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U. S. DEPARTMEN r OF AGRICULTURE

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS
A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

EXPERIMENT STATION
RECORD

Volianne XXII, 1910

LIBRARY

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1910

/9/0

U. S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Scientific Bureaus.

Weather Bure/^u — Willis Ti. Moore, Chief.
Bureau ok Animal Industry— A. I). Melvin, Chief.
Bureau of Plant Industry — B. T. Galloway, Chirf.
Forest Service— II. S. Graves, Forester.
Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.
Bureau of Chemistry—II. W. Wiley, Chemist.
Bureau of Statistics — V. H. Olmsted, Statistician.
Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist.
Bureau of Biological Survey — C. Hart Merriam, Chi^f.
Office of Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama—

College Station: Auhurn; J. F. Duggar."
Canebrake Station: Uniontown: F. D. Stevens."
Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Imtitute; G. W.
Carver.a
Alaska— SiVfca.- C. C. Georgeson.''
Arizona— rucson; R. H. Forbes.«
AuKAnsAS—Fayettcville: V. F. Adams.a
CfLhWonmA— Berkeley: E. J. Wickson.n
Colorado— Forr Collins: C. P. Gillette.o
Connecticut—

State Station: New Haven; E. H. Jenkins."
Storrs Station: Storrs; L. A. Clinton.o
Delaware— A'cwarfc.- H. Hay ward."
Florida— Gainesville: P. H. Rolfe.o
Georgia— Experiment: Martin V. Calvin. «
GvAM--Agana: J. B. Thompson. 6
Hawaii—

Federal Station: Honolulu: E. V. Wilcox.!'
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; C. F.
Eckart.o
Idaho— Moscow: W. L. Carlyle.o
Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport."
Indiana— Lo/aj/c^^f.- A. Goss."
Iowa — Ames: C. F. Curtiss.«
Kassas— Manhattan: E. H. Webster.*
Kentucky — Lexington: M. A. Scovell.o
Louisiana—

State Station: Baton Jtouge:\
Sugar Station: A uduhon \

Park, New Orleans;
North La. Station: Calhoun;]
Maine— Orono.- C. D. Woods."
Maryland— CoZZc^e Park: H. J. Patterson."
Massachusetts — Amherst: W. P. Brooks."
Michigan— i'ast Lansing: R. S. Shaw."
Minnesota— University Farm, St. Paul: A. F.

Woods."
Mississippi — Agricultural College: J. W. Fox."

Uv.R.Dodson."

" Director.

6 Special agent

Missouri—

College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford."
Fruit Station — Mountain Orovc; Paul Evans."
Montana— JSozf rnara.- F. B. Linfield."
Nebraska— imcoZn.- E. A. Burnett."
Nevada— iJpno.- J. E. Stubbs."
New Hampshire— Dwrftarn.- J. C. Kendall."
New Jersey — Neiv Brunsivick: E. B. Voorhees."
New Mexico— ^^ricwZ^MroZ College: Luther Fos-
ter."
New York—

State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan."
Cornell Station: Ithaca; H. J. Webber.";
North Carolina—

College Station: West Raleigh; V. B. Williams."
State Station; Raleigh: B. W. Kilgore."
North Dakota— Agricultural College; J. U.

Worst."
Omo— Wooster: C. E. Thorne."
Oklahoma— Stillwater: B. C. Pittuck.c
Oregon — Corvallis: 3. Withycombe."
Pennsylvania—

State College: T. F. Hunt."
State College: Institute of ,\iiimal Nutrition,
H. P. Armsby."
Porto Rico — Mayaguez: D. W. May. 6
Rhode Isla'sd— Kingston: H. J. Wheeler."
South Carolina— CZcmson College: J. N. Harper.".
South Dakota— Brookings: J. W. Wilson."
Tennessee— .K'woiyiZZc.- H. A. Morgan."
Texas— College Station: H. H. Harrington."
Vt AH— Logan: E. D. Ball."
VERMO'ST-BurUngton: J. L. Hills."
Virginia—

Blacksburg: S. W. Fletcher."
Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson."
Washington— PuZZman.- R. W. Thatcher."
West Virginia— J/or^anZoMiri.- J. H. Stewart."
Wisconsin— jV/adison.- H. L. Russell."
Wyoming— iomTnie.- H. G. Knight."
in charge. c Acting director.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology ]„.' ^j' ■. ' '
Field Crops Ij^j^^^^^^

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. \V. Mor.se.

Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker.

Rural Engineering .

Rural Economics — J. B. Morman.
Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXII.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Page.

Live stock shows in relation to theory and practice .- 1

Animal feeding and the conservation of the food supply 5

Government v. administration in relation to the agricultural colleges and ex-
periment stations 101

The economic condition of agriculture 201

The need for studies in rural economics 203

The field and influence of the agricultural college 401

An important discovery 501

Fourth session of the Graduate School of Agriculture 505

Julius Kiihn, professor of agriculture 601

A new theory of bacterial activity in the soil 605

STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED.

Alabama Canebrake Station:

Bulletin 27, January, 1910 633

Alabama College Station:

Circular 3, February, 1909 260

Twenty -first Annual Report, 1908 694

III

IV CONTENTS.

Alahama Tuskegee Station: Page.

Hullotin If), October, 1909 449

17, March, 1910 729

Arizona Station:

Bulletin (50, Juno 30, 1909 29, 34, 38, 41, 43, 45, 53, 74, 76, 89

(il, October 20, 1909 418

()2, Decenil)er 24, 1909 735

Arkansas Station:

lUillelin 104, 1909 190

105, 1910 788

California Station:

Bulletin 203, November, 1909 244

204, December, 1909 577

205, December, 1909 526

Circular 46, October, 1909 93

47, November, 1909 494

Colorado Station:

Bulletin 146, June, 1909 74

147, June, 1909 42

148, June, 1909 191

Circular 3, May, 1909 640

4, May, 1909 640

5, May, 1909 .*. 640

6, May, 1909 640

Connecticut State Station:

Bulletin 164, October, 1909 235

165, November, 1909 254

Biennial Report, 1909-10, pt. 1 624, 626

2 662

3 670

Connecticut Storrs Station:

Bulletin 58, June, 1909 79

59, August, 1909 180

60, December, 1909 489

61, January, 1910 735

Biennial Report, 1908-9 703, 711, 743, 798

Florida Station

Bulletin 100, December, 1909 534

101, January, 1910 640

Georgia Station:

Bulletin 87, November, 1909 575

88, December, 1909 633

89, December, 1909 635

Hawaii Station:

Bulletin 18, 1909 58

19, 1910 645

20, 1910. . 642

Press Bulletin 25 731

Annual Report, 1908 12, 26, 29, 41, 45, 46, 58, 64, 69, 94

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station:

Division of Agriculture and Chemistry —

Bulletin 30, 1910 613

CONTENTS. V

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station — (Continued. Page.
Division of Entomology —

Bulletin 6, October 25, 1909 155

7, November, 1909 458

8, December 24, 1909 464

Division of Pathology and Physiology —

Bulletin 6, 1909 49

Illinois Station:

Bulletin 137, September, 1909 479

138, September, 1909 579

139, October, 1909 578

140, October, 1909 577

141, November, 1909 674

142, November, 1909 673

Circular 131, August, 1909 484

132, October, 1909 589

133, October, 1909 574

Indiana Station:

Bulletin 136, October, 1909 269

137, November, 1909 271

138, February, 1910 752

139, February, 1910 725

Circular 16, July, 1909 94

17, September, 1909 42

Twenty -second Annual Report, 1909 660, 694

Iowa Station:

Bulletin 106, September, 1909 174

107, October, 1909 184

108, September, 1909 142

Kansas Station:

Bulletin 161, August 12, 1909 21

162, December, 1909 575

163, January, 1910 685

164, January, 1910 775

Feeding Stuffs Bulletin 4, November 1, 1909 172

Circular 3, 1909 39

4, October 23, 1909 457

5 655

6 726

7 754

Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 232, 234, 237, 238, 251, 263, 295

Kentucky Station:

Bulletin 144, November 20, 1909 767

145, December, 1909 729, 751

Louisiana Stations:

Bulletin 117, August, 1909 115

Feed Stuffs Report, 1908-9 670

Fertilizer Report, 1908-9 434

Maine Station:

Bulletin 168, September, 1909 571

169, November, 1909 546

170, November, 1909 547

171, November, 1909 552

VI CONTENTS.

Maine Station C'onliimcd. Page.

Official Inspection l:?. 1!»()!) 67

1-4 J 5 4()7

1(J 56(5

17 638

Makyi.and Station:

Bullot in l:{7. July, J909 ' 55

138, Aii<,'U.st, 1909 75

139, October, 1909 587

140, November, 1909 553

Massachusetts Station :

Meteorological Bullet ins 249-250, Septeinber-Oclober, 1909 117

251-252, November December, 1909 419

253-254, January- February, 1910 615

Circular 17, September, 1908 573

Twenty-iirst Annual Report, 1908, pt. 1 232, 235, 244, 251, 259, 264, 268, 295

pt. 2 209, 210, 212, 228,

230, 231, 236, 241, 245, 253, 275, 276, 284
Michigan Station:

Bulletin 256, August, 1909 26

257, October, 1909 573

Special Bulletin 49, May, 1909 247

50, July, 1909 285

Technical Bulletin 1, June, 1908 480

2, September, 1909 482

3, October, 1909 586

4, November, 1909 618

Twenty-second Annual Report, 1909 615, 651, 659, 660, 681, 694

Mississippi Station:

Bulletin 124, October, 1909 642

125, November, 1909 670

126, November, 1909 624

127, December, 1909 624

Missouri Station:

Bulletin 81, December, 1909 771

Circular of Information, 35 734

Missouri Fruit Station:

Bulletin 21, October, 1909 258

Nebraska Station:

Bulletin 111, December 15, 1909 422

112, December 15, 1909 444

113, February 15, 1910 636

Circular 1, September 1, 1909 146

Twenty-second Annual Report, 1908 39, 40, 47, 48, 53, 84, 94

Nevada Station:

Bulletin 69, July, 1909 87

70, May, 1909 67

Circular 2, January, 1910 _ 664

3, January, 1910 664

4, January, 1910 664

5, January, 1910 662

6, January, 1910 660

7, February, 1910 ■ 664

CONTENTS. VII

New Hampshire Station: Page.

Bulletin 141, September, 1909 279

142, December, 1909 424

143, December, 1909 754

144, December, 1909 747

145, December, 1909 726

146, December, 1909 719

147, December, 1909 776

Scientific Contribution 3, 1909 551, 554

New Jersey Stations:

Bulletin 222, September 14, 1909 259

223, September 30, 1909 228

224, December 13, 1909 G20, 625

225, December 15, 1909 658

226, January 11, 1910 748

227, January 28, 1910 715

Annual Report, 1908 117, 120, 130, 134, 140, 141, 150, 156, 159, 162, 177, 197

New Mexico Station:

Bulletin 72, August, 1909 13

73, November, 1909 792

74, January, 1910 732

75, February, 1910 735

New York Cornell Station:

Bulletin 268, June, 1909 76

269, July, 1909 73

270, December, 1909 781

271, December, 1909 ^ 793

272, December, 1909 747

New York State Station:

Bulletin 316, August, 1909 70

317, September, 1909 • 178, 17&

318, November, 1909 434

319, December, 1909 660, 662

320, December, 1909 661, 662

321, December, 1909 798

Technical Bulletin 10, September, 1909 112

11, November, 1909 649

12, December, 1909 650

North Carolina Station:

Bulletin 205, January, 1910 750

North Dakota Station:

Bulletin 86, December, 1909 710

87, January, 1910 744

Special Bulletin 11, May, 1909 262

12-18, June-November, 1909. 262

19, November, 1909 465

Paint Bulletins 1-3, February, 1910 793

Seed Bulletin 1, July, 1909 '. 236

Ohio Station:

Bulletin 205 (Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1909), July, 1909 420, 495

206, August, 1909 23

207, August, 1909 68

VIII CONTENTS.

Ohio Station— Continued. ^'^K''-

Bulletin 20S, August, 1909 1 H

209, August, 1909 \7:i

210, October, 1909 453

213, December, 1909 771

Circular 9G, October 1 , 1909 797

97, January 30, 1910 798

Oklahoma Station:

Bulletin 86, February, 1910 739

Eighteenth Annual Rei)ort, 1909 773, 77G, 780, 798

Oregon Station:

Bulletin 106, August, 1909 248

Pennsylvania Station:

Bulletin 95, December, 1909 475

96, February, 1910 640

Porto Rico Station:

Bulletin 8 (Spanish edition), March, 1910 733

Annual Report, 1908 222, 224, 236, 241, 245, 252, 267, 295

Rhode Island Station:

Bulletin 136, June, 1909 479

137, July, 1909 434

138, November, 1909 526

South Carolina Station:

Bulletin 147, June, 1909 526

Twentieth Annual Report, 1907 625, 639, 694

Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 625, 639, 676, 694

Twenty-second Annual Report, 1909 637, 640, 648, 655, 656, 670, 681, 687, 694

South Dakota Station:

Bulletin 114, May, 1909 71

115, June, 1909 33

116, November, 1909 579

117, November, 1909 535

Annual Report, 1909 711,727,798

Texas Station:

Bulletin 124, October, 1909 461

Utah Station:

Bulletin 105, August, 1909 425

106, December, 1909 617

Vermont Station:

Bulletin 144, August, 1909 670

145, October, 1909 642

146, November, 1909 638

Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 798

Virginia Station:

Bulletin 182, June, 1909 191

183, June, 1909 137

Virginia Truck Station:

Bulletin 1, September 24, 1909 147

2, September 29, 1909 ... 161

3, September 30, 1909 . 136

CONTENTS. IX

Washington Station: Page.

Bulletin 89, 1909 537

Popular Bulletin 17, April 1, 1909 4(il

18, April 30, 1909 449

19, May 20, 1909 433

20, July 15, 1909 495

21, October 1, 1909 537

22, October 20, 1909 520

23, November 1, 1909 539

24, December 1, 1909 538

Special Bulletin 1, 1909 791

Sixteenth Annual Report, 1906 34, 94

Seventeenth Annual Report, 1907 94

Eighteenth Annual Report, 1908 94

Wisconsin Station:

Bulletin 177, July, 1909 137

178, July, 1909 13G

179, July, 1909 140

180, August, 1909 125

181, September, 1909 181

182, October, 1909 484

183, November, 1909 442

184, November, 1909 475

185, November, 1909 589

186, December, 1909 676

187, December, 1909 677

188, December, 1909 676

Research Bulletin 1, June, 1909 172

2, June, 1909 125

3, June, 1909 576

4, June, 1909 526

5, June, 1909 573

6, June, 1909 678,679

Circular of Information 1, July, 1909 172

2, August, 1909 181

3, August, 1909 247

4, August, 1909 236

5, September, 1909 289

6, September, 1909 289

7, November, 1909 294

8, November, 1909 233

9, December, 1909 577

10, January, 1910 515

WyominCx Station:

Nineteenth Annual Report, 1909 *. 615, 694

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS

ABSTRACTED.

Circular 30 74

31 638

32.. ..." 636

Farmers' Bulletin 127 (revised) 163

370 89

371 89

X CONTENTS.

Page.

Farmers' Bulletin 372 ". 39

■m:\ 135

374 197

375 167

376 152

377 166

378 163

379 287

380 284

381 295

382 447

383 549

384 595

385 , . 594

386 535

387 740

388 798

Food Inspection Decisions, 110 r 165

111-112 566

113 664

114 767

Notices of Judgment, 91-101 67

102 269

103 262

104-105 269

106-108 262

109 269

110 ' 262

111 263

112-122 467

123-133 566

134-164 664

165-214 767, 776

Bureau of Animal Industry:

Bulletin 39, parts 24-25 53

115 79

116 83

117 179

118 531

119 281

120 703

121 485

Circular 68 (revised) 285

149 14

150 87

151 77

152 179

Bureau op Biological Survey;

North American Fauna, 29 53

30 53

Bureau of Chemistry;

Bulletin 109 (revised) 613

127 238

128 730

CONTENTS. XI

Bureau of Chemistry — Continued. Page.

Bulletin 129 214

130 516

Circular 46 112

47 114

48 415

49 410

50 412

51 614

52 614

53 709

Bureau of Entomology.-

Bulletin 58, pt. 4 260

5 260

81 550

82, pt. 1 56

2 257

3 554

83, pt. 1 157

84 162

85, pt. 1 .256

2 256

3 758

16, pt. 3 (technical series) 554

Circular 112 461

113 463

114 463

Forest Service:

Bulletin 76 242

78 243

Circular 168 45

169 35

171 450

172 450

174 540

176 539

Silvical Leaflets 43-44 44

46-50 145

The Use Book— Grazing, 1910 542

Instructions for making forest surveys and maps, 1910 644

Bureau op Plant Industry:

Bulletin 154 16

155... 50

156 37

157 35

158 49

159 36

160 12, 43

161 443

162 529

163 635

164 631

165 625

166 630

XII CONTENTS.

Bureau of Plant Industry — Contiiuu'd. Page.

lUillotin 1()7 638

108 630

1 (i!) : 632

1 70 791

Circular 3i) 142

40 213

41 238

42 445

43 445

44 492

45 573

46 538

47 534

48 637

49 725

50 729

Bureau of Soils:

Bulletin 57 18

59 20

60 18

62 23

63 526

Circular 20 423

21 617

Bureau of Statistics:

Bulletin 51 243

74 593

75 593

76 293

77 692

Circular 18 233,

Crop Reporter, Vol. XI, No. 10, October, 1909 26, 91*

11, November, 1909 195

12, December, 1909 293

Supi)lement 293

Vol. XII, No. 1, January, 1910 493

2, February, 1910 593

3, March, 1910 692

4, April, 1910 796

Index, Vols. 8-10. , 92

Weather Bureau:

Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory, vol. 2, pt. 3 418

Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXVII, No. 5, May, 1909 215,216,217

6, June, 1909 215, 217

7-10, July-October, 1909. . . 419
11-12, November-Decem-
ber, 1909 614,615

Brief List of Meteorological Text and Reference Books 117

Report, 1907-8 418

CONTENTS. XIII

Office of Experiment Stations: Page.

Bulletin 216 88

217 88

219 289

220 294

221 467

222 588

223 560

224 595

Circular 86 190

87 190

88 190

89 170

90 - 294

91 - 294

92 588

93 595

• 94 693

Farmers' Institute Lecture 11 797

Special Circular [Document 1210] 197

Annual Report, 1908 170, 189, 190, 195, 196, 197

Office of Public Roads:

Circular 91 793

Division op Publications:

Circular 6 94

Library:

Bulletin 73 197

74 798

75 595

Monthly Bulletins 1-2, January-February, 1910 798

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor : B, W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPAKTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzeb, Ph. D.

Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal.

Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D.

„. , , ^ f J. I. Schulte.

FieldCropsjj Q_ j^^j^^jj^

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse.

lOconomlc Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker.

Rural Engineering .

Rural Economics — J. B. Morman.
Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXII, NO. i.

Editorial n otes : Pa&e.

Live stock shows ii. relation to theory and practice 1

Animal feeding and the conservation of the food supply 5

Recent work in agricultural science 8

Notes 95

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.

Concerning protein, Pfliiger 8

The leucin fraction of proteins, Levene and Van Slyke 8

The leucin fraction in casein and edestin, Levene and Van Slyke 8

On the partial hydrolysis of edestin, Skraup and Wober 8

Elei'trolysis of iron pipe, Siebel 8

Contributions to micro-chemical analysis, Schoorl 8

Nessler's reagent, Schneider 8

A new acidimetric method employing lime water, De Gregorio Rocasolano. . . 9

Accuracy of the Volhard method for chlorin, Rothmund and Burgstaller 9

Aluminum as an impurity in barium sulphate precipitate, Creighton 9

A new method for phosphoric acid in alkaline phosphates, Pozzi-Escot 9

Moisture discrepancies in phosphate rock of the Pacific, James 9

Limitations of starch as an accelerator, Francis 9

The determination of phosphoric acid by the Neumann method, Schaumann. 9

The determination of phosphorus in flesh, Trowbridge 9

Handbook of biochemical methods, Abderhalden 9

A contribution to the biological differentiation of proteids, Rickmann 10

The Bang method for the determination of sug.ar, Jessen-Hansen 10

Color reactions for sugars with the indol bodies, Gnezda 10

The detection of saccharose and calcium sucrate, Rothenfusser. 10

Estimation of ash in sugars and sirups from the electrical conductivity. Main. 10

Direct determination of starch according to Baumert and Bode, Baumert 10

A comparative study of methods for starch, Giltay and Blanksma 10

A rapid method for hydrolyzing starch, Olson 11

The estimation of starch in feeds and foodstuffs, Scholl 11

The indirect determination of alcohol in raspberry sirup, Giinzel 11

The determination of volatile organic acids in tobacco, Kissling 11

The value of the nitrate reaction in milk, Rothenfusser 11

The estimation of the dirt content of milk, Weller 11

The influence of heating upon butter fat, Behre H

The Polenske method for the detection of animal fats, Laband 11

About melting point determinations, Giith 12

The value of the oil of sesame reaction, Hoton 12

Comparative halogen absorption of oils, Remington and Lancaster 12

A short handbook of oil analysis, Gill 12

18556—10 1 I

II CONTENTS.

Page.

Report of the experiment station at Jena. I, Afrriciiltural-clu'inical division. 12

Report of Orebro Chemical Station and Seed Control Station, l'J08, Widt'n... 12

[Analyses of koa and ohia l)ark and slum gum], Thompson 12

The by-products of the lemon in Italy, Chace 12

Denatured alcohol from tunas and other sources, Hare et al 13

Sterilization of canned goods, Duckwall 13

Cause of cloudy li(juor on peas, Duckwall 13

Pure yeast selection and control, M ussi) 13

The nomenclature of the lactic-acid bacteria, Wolff 13

Proposals for the nomenclature of the Lipoids, Rosenheim 13

A cold-storage evaporimeter, Hastings 14

Refrigeration and the cold-storage industry, Ferretti 14

METEOIJOLOGY — WATER.

Study of meteorology as a branch of agricultural science, Dunlop 14

Treatise on physical geography, De Martonne 14

Effect of climate on crops, Palmer _. 14

Meteorological, magnetic, and seismic observations at Havana, Gangoiti 14

The climate of Buenos Aires in 1908 14

The weather during the agricultural year 1907-8, Brodie 14

Meteorological observations 14

Report of the Meteorological Commission for 1908, Smith et al 14

Climate [of Japan], Shimooka 15

On the extreme variations in rainfall, Hellmann 15

Percolation, evaporation, and condensation, Latham 15

The nature and extent of air jiollution by smoke, Cohen and Ruston 15

Water: Its origin and use. Coles- Finch 16

Surface water supply of the South Atlantic coast, 1907-8, Hall and Bolster. . . 16

Underground water resources of Connecticut, Gregory and Ellis 16

Geology and underground waters of South Dakota, Darton 16

Farm water supplies of Minnesota, Kellerman and Whittaker 16

Typhoid fever in Ohio, with observations on outbreaks at various places, Platter. 17

Bacteriology of drinking-water supplies in tropical climates, Clemesha et al.. 17

The purification of some textile and other factory wastes. Stabler and Pratt . . 17

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Crop yields and soil composition in relation to soil productivity, Whitney 18

Preliminary report on Volusia soils, their problems and management, Carr. . . 18

The minus quantity in California soils, Shaw 19

The agricultural soils of Cape Colony, Juritz 19

The physical composition of some Cape Colony soils, Juritz 20

The importance of mechanical analysis of soils, Eberhart 20

The determination of the external and internal soil surface, Scheeffer 20

Heat transference in soils, Patten 20

The system water, calcium carbonate, carbonic acid. Leather and Sen 20

The influence of snow cover on soil temperature, Friesenhof 21

Recent investigations in soil bacteriology and their value, Simon 21

The influence of depth of cultivation upon soil bacteria. King and Doryland. . 21

The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil micro-organisms, Stranak. . . 22

BacUlns ami/lohacter and the power of assimilation of free nitrogen, Weiss 22

Denitrification by indirectly denitrifying bacteria, Grimbert and Bagros 22

Bog toxins and their effect upon soils, Dachnowski 22

The physiological action of soil extracts, Fischer 23

Soil culture in dry regions where irrigation is impossible, Kostritsine 23

Observations on the value of stall manure, Pfeiffer 23

The influence of fertilizers on the composition of plants 23

Experiments with fertilizers and manure on tobacco, corn, wheat, and clover. 23

Fertilizers for cotton soils, W^hitney 23

New nitrogenous fertilizers utilizing atmospheric nitrogen 24

Utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, particularly for air saltpeter, Bernthsen. . 24

Calcium cyanamid and dicyandiamid, Prianishnikov 24

Nitrolime, Pagondet 24

Do certain potash salts exert a beneficial influence on the growth of plants

through their water-holding capacity? Tacke 24

The injury resulting from kainit in bedding domestic animals, Brandes 24

The use of potash silicate as a fertilizer, Wein 24

Phonolith, a new potassium fertilizer, Verwey 25

CONTENTS. Ill

Page.

Phonolith, a new fertilizer, Lindeman 25

Development of chemical activity in superphosphate manufacture, Schucht. . . 25

The lime in basic slag, Hendrick 25

Investigations on the fertilizing value of sulphur water 25

Peat resources of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, Davis 25

Fish guano, Douglas 26

Production and consumption of manufactured fertilizers 26

Progress in the fertilizer industry, 1905-1908, MoUer 26

[Analyses of fertilizers, soils, and waters] , Thompson 26

Commercial fertilizers and chemicals, Hudson, Stallings, et al 26

Fertilizer analyses, Patten and Collingwood 26

New state fertilizer laws 26

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

The perception of light in plants, Wager 26

The photodynamic effect of extracts from etiolated plants, Hausmann and Von

Portheim 27

Influence of nutrient solutions on germination and development of fungi, Lutz. 27

The effect of heat on diastatic ferments, Apsit and Gain 27

The rennet and proteolytic ferments and their function, Gerber 27

A method for the rapid recognition of hydrocyanic acid in plants, Mirande. . . 28

The influence of anesthetics and freezing on gkicosids in plants, Guignard 28

The elaboration of nitrogenous material in the leaves of plants, Andre 28

The reduction of assimilation during cloudy weather, Miintz and Gaudechon. 28

Investigations on the later resting stages of bulbs, Christensen 29

The possible effect of cement dust on plants, Peirce 29

Vitality of seeds under water, Thornber 29

FIELD CROPS.

Field crop experiments, Krauss 29

Report of work for 1907 and 1908 at Highmore Substation, Willis 33

Fall and winter forage crops, De Cillis 34

[Work with sugar beets and potatoes] , Thatcher 34

A lesson in diversified farming, Forbes 34

The Truckee-Carson experiment farm, Scofield and Rogers 35

Natural revegetation of depleted mountain grazing lands, Sampson 35

Some experiments in the hybridizing of Indian cottons, Fyson 35

Local adjustment of cotton varieties, Cook 36

A study of diversity in Egyptian cotton. Cook, McLachlan, and ]\Ieade 37

Cotton growing in Arizona, Clothier 38

Cotton production, 1908, Roper 38

Potato culture, Remy 39

Soy beans, Piper and Nielsen 39

Improved seed wheat, Ten Kyck 39

Second report of the Nebraska seed laboratory, Wilcox and Stevenson 39

Constant problems in modern agriculture. Von Riimker '. 40

[Agricultural products of Japan] , Shimooka 40

HORTICULTURE.

The inheritance of color in the seeds of the common bean, Emerson 40

The importance of uniformity of varietal character in vegetable seeds, Tracy. . 41

Manurial experiments in onion cultivation, Jervis 41

Winter onions in the Southwest, Crane and Forbes 41

Report of the horticulturist, Higgins 41

Phenological notes for 1 908, King et al 42

Top working fruit trees, Whipple 42

The farmers' orchard, Troop and Woodbury 42

The St. Everard apple 42

Foundations of American grape culture, Munson 42

Investigations on the question of manuring of grapevines, Liechti 42

Statistics on grape and olive products for the year 1908 43

The Italian lemon industry, Powell 43

Practical manual of coffee and cacao culture in the Belgian Kongo 43

Tea culture in Java 43

Tea manufacture, Shimooka 43

Progress and prospects of date-palm culture, Forbes 43

History of gardening, Ranck , 43

IV CONTENTS.

Page.

The influence of forest cover on the temperature of the soil, Cuif 44

InvoHtigations on the pruning of forest trees, Zederbauer 44

Sil vi.al leaflets 44

The natural pine forests on the Ulea River, North Central Finland, Trice 45

Experiment with seed of riiiiis s/ilrentrin, Story 45

Connnercial importance of the White Mountain forests, Ayres 45

Forest conditions in the Crow's Nest Valley, Alberta, Macmillan 45

The forest trees of Canada 45

Kejjort of the superintendent of forestry, Campbell 45

Resistant eucalypts for planting in southern Arizona, Thornber 45

[Rubber investigations at the Hawaii Station], Wilcox 45

[Pot experiments with fertilizers for rul)ber], Tiionipson 46

Caoutchouc and gutta-percha in the Dutch East Indies 46

Ecanda rubber {Raphionacme utilis) 46

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The development of disease-resistant plants. Reed 46

Some plant bacterial diseases, Sackett 46

Plant diseases, Collens 47

The life history of the cedar rust fungus, Heald 47

Influence of chemical stimulation upon Melanosporapampeana, Heald and Pool. 48

The life history and parasitism of Diplodia ze:e, Heald, Wilcox, and Pool 48

Investigations on the combating of barley snmts, Appel 48

The rust of wheat, Vernet 49

Fungus maladies of the sugar cane, Cobb 49

The root rot of tobacco caused by Thielavia basicola, Gilbert 49

Cucumber and tomato canker, Massee 50

The gummosis of fruit trees, Blin 50

Spraying for apple scab or black spot, Mally 50

The control of black rot of the grape. Shear, Miles, and Hawkins 50

Coffee diseases of the New World, Massee 51

Notes on the Hemileia disease of coffee, Von Faber 51

Mulberry diseases, Butler 51

The white-pine blister rust, Pettis 52

Note on the biology of Pesialozzia hartigii, Fischer 52

Fomes lucidua, a suspected parasite, Butler 52

Wood-destroying fungi, Schorstein 52

Some common ])lant diseases, McCallum 53

Directions for the control of Nebraska plant diseases, Wilcox and Stone 53

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Biological investigations in Alaska and Yukon Territory, Osgood 53

The rabbits of North America, Nelson 53

[The introduction of the American robin into England] 53

Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, Stiles and Hassall 53

Zoological yearbook, 1908, Mayer 53

Our insect friends and enemies. Smith 53

The role of air in the ecdysis of insects, Knab 54

Contribution to the biology of the Aphididse, Mordwilko 54

Contributions to experimental entomology, Reiff 54

Notes on microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new species, Busck 54

First report on suppressing the gipsy and brown-tail moths, Kirkland 55

Second report on suppressing the gipsy and brown-tail moths, Kirkland 55

Third report on suppressing the gipsy and brown-tail moths, Kirkland. 55

The Angoumois grain moth, Symons 55

Mosquitoes of Brazil, Peryassu 55

Chemical observations with the meat fly Calliphora, AVeinland 55

Further observations on the developmentof trypanosomes in Glossinse, Kleine. 55

Further investigations on the etiology of sleeping sickness, Kleine 56

Siphonaptera observed in the plague campaign in California, McCoy 56

The Colorado potato beetle in Virginia in 1908, Popenoe 56

The blue-green beetle, Houser 57

Notes on some of the Eucnemidse of the Eastern States, Van Horn 57

Some species of Calligrapha, Knab 57

The sweet-potato weevil ..- 57

CONTENTS. V

Page.

A brief note on Chalcodermus collarishorn, Hyslop 57

New Chalcidoidea, Crawford 57

A new family of parasitic Hymenoptera, Crawford 57

Report of the state entomologist [of Nebraska for 1907-8] , Bruner 57

Report of the entomologist, Van Dine 58

Report on insects which affect cotton in the Hawaiian Islands, Fullaway 58

The injurious olive insects and their natural enemies, Martelii et al 59

Garden insects and how to control them, Sanderson 60

Our honey bees, Sajo 60

Eri or castor silk, Lef roy 60

Sericulture [in Japan], Shimooka 60

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

The effect of cold storage upon beef and poultry, Emmett and Grindley 60

Report on the nature of " black spots " on chilled beef, Klein 62

The average amount of salt in Vienna pickled meat, Lampret 62

Isolation of the pressor principles of putrid meat, Barger and Walpole 62

The extractives of fish flesh, Suzuki and Yoshimura 62

Artificial egg yolk, Bordas and Touplain 62

Desiccated foods, Toggenburg 62

The bleaching of flour, Halliburton 62

Flour bleaching, bread production and nutrition, Wesener and Teller 63

The cooking of bread, Marchand 64

Notes on the prognosis and treatment of pellagra, Lavinder 64

Chemical studies of rice and rice products, Thompson 64

Rice, Shimooka 65

The extractives of rice, Suzuki, Yoshimura, and Fuji 65

The chemical composition of tamari-shoyu, Yoshimura 65

The examination of English marmalades, Hiirtel and Mueller 65

The acidity of cherry, raspberry, strawberry, and currant juices, Muttelet 65

Composition of Scuppernong, Concord, and Catawba grape juices, Goie 65

Grapes and their products as food for man and animals, Grimaldi 66

The examination of Gironde white wines, Blarez, Carles, and Gayon 66

Segonnaux wines, Descomps 66

Fruit l:>eers 66

The content of sulphurous acid in beer, Bonn 66

The chemistry of hops, Siller 66

Evidence taken by the royal commission on whisky and other potable spirits. 66

The caffein content of coffee and the loss by roasting, Lendrich and Nottbohm. 67

The fat and water content of cocoa powders, Reinsch 67

The adulteration of mustard, Jorgensen 67

The adulteration of saffron, Collin 67

The chemical composition of licorice bonbons and similar products, August. . 67

Notices of judgment 67

Official inspections 67

Food and drug inspection 67

[Pure food work in Florida] 67

Report of the state food commissioner, Jones 67

Foodstuffs [and drugs] , Hooper 68

Products for foodstuffs and special use, Shimooka 68

The balance between inorganic acids and bases in animal nutrition, Forbes 68

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

[Analyses of Hawaiian fodders], Thompson 69

[Analyses of feeding stuffs] , Rose and Greene 69

Commercial feeding stuffs, Stallings 69

Inspection of feeding stuffs. Baker et al 70

By-product feeding stuffs, Armsby 70

American molasses feeds; their manufacture and composition, Halligan 70

How should dried potatoes be fed ? Parow 70

The self-heating of hay, Boekhout and De Vries 70

Digestion coefficients with sheep, Shepard and Koch 71

Protein metabolism with sheep on a ration of pure grasses, Hagemann 71

On the digestibility of globulin (blood bread) by wethers, Hagemann 71

Heredity, thought, and memory from the standpoint of the physicist, Eichhorn . 72

On the alleged influence of lecithin upon sex in rabbits, Punnett 72

VI CONTENTS.

Past'.

The inflneiicc of difforoiit nntrionts on the niiinl)or of l)loo(l oorpnsclos, Just. . 72

Iiillut'iice of tlifferciit fci'dson inovt'inciitof tlie </\/./.nrd, Munj^'old ami FoUdin. 72

Tlic intliu'iict! of uiru on tlic botly ti'niin'ratnre of geese and dncks, l^oer 72

Loss of live weight in animals during transportation, llerter 72

The animal husbandry of the colony of Eritrea, Marchi : ... 72

[Stock breeding in ihipan], Shimooka 73

Stock breeding in Formosa, Shiniooka. 73

Substitutes for skim milk in raising calves, Savage and Tailby, jr 73

Indian cattle in Jamaica, Gosset 74

Second annual report of the American Bison Society, 1908-9 74

F'arm management with sheep, Wilson 74

Hog raising in the South, Knapp 74

Raising hi >gs in Colorado, Cottrell 74

Timely hints to horse breeders. Gay 75

Can the laying ability of a hen be determined by external characters? I landrik . 75

Egg-laying competitions at Hawkesbury Experiment F'arm, Thomjjson 75

Danish egg collecting 75

The poultry industry in Maryland, with suggestions, Opperman 75

[Poultry keeping in Japan], Shimooka 75

Preserving eggs, Vinson 76

Snail gardens, Geyer 76

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

The substitution of roots for concentrated foods in milk production. Savage. . . 76

Effect of raw potatoes, flakes, and chips on milk production, Hansen et al. . . 76

The Swiss Spotied-Cattle Breeders' Association 77

Rei)ort of association for development of dairy industry of Hoorn, 1908 77

Influence of the health of the animal on the nutritive value of milk, Moussu. 77

The milk of sheep, Alvarado y Albo 77

Value of sterilized, pasteurized, raw, and dried milk, Aviragnet and Pehu... 77

[Copper in certified milk] , Springer and Springer, jr 77

Competitive exhibitions of milk and cream, Lane and Weld 77

Pure milk for cities, Halstead 78

The necessity for the control of the milk industry, Hougardy 78

The Lady Talbot Milk Institute 78

Mountain dairying, Funder 78

Danish dairying, 1908, Boggild 78

Production and use of milk, butter, and cheese among natives of Africa, Koch. 78

The condensed-milk industry, Burch 78

Creamery cost, Potts 78

[Analyses of butter], Nestreljaew 79

An abnormal sample of butter from a Cheshire herd of cows, Smetham 79

Camembert cheese problems in the United States, Thom 79

Cheese making with pasteurized milk, Martin 80

Making soft cheese from pasteurized milk, Guerault 80

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

On the increase of the hemolytic power of serums, Embleton and Shaw 80

On the toxicity of castor-bean meal, Miessner 81

Diseases of domestic animals [in Japan] , Shimooka 81

The diseases of the eye in domesticate(l animals, Gray 81

Bacteriological diagnosisof anthrax by cultures f : om skin, Ciucjl and Stoicescu . 81

Vaccination against anthrax, Balint 81

Chemotactic power of the toxin produced by Sclewstomum bideniatum, Vallillo. 82

Nodules and neoplastic lesions of intestines in relation to glanders. Hummel. . 82

Contribution to the pathological anatomy of rinderpest, Arloing and Ball 82

The therapeutic immunity reaction in differentiating trypanosomes Terry 82

Trijpanosoina ehertld and other forms from the fowl, Martin and Robertson. . . 82

Trijpartosomn ingens n. sp. , Bruce et al 83

The development of Tri/panosoyna lewisi in Hsematopinus spinulosus, Baldrey 83

Toxin formation in trypanosomiasis 83

Further experimental treatment of trypanosomiasis, Plimmer and Fry 83

The drug treatment of canine piroplasmosis, Nuttall and Had wen 83

The drug treatment of piroi^lasmosis in cattle, Nuttall and Hadwen 83

Remedy for malignant jaundice and redwater, Nuttall and Hadwen 83

Tests concerning tubercle bacilli in circulating blood, Schroeder and Cotton. . 83

CONTENTS. VII

Page.

Investigations of the tubercle bacillus in cattle, Rothhaar 84

The anatarao-patholoKical forms of bovine tuberculosis, Vallee and Chausse.. 84

Tuberculous lesions of the bovine trachea, Chretien 84

Tuberculosis of sheep, INIayer 84

Tuberculosis in a panther, Bergeon 84

Dissemination of tuberculosis by manure, Peters and Emerson 84

The frequence and detection of tuberculosis of the bones, Stroh 85

The ophthalmo, cuti, and vaginal reaction in tuberculosis, Richter 85

Application of precipitin reaction of Bonome to diagnosis of tuberculosis and

to differentiation of human and bovine types, Dammann and Stedefeder. . . 85

The intradermal reaction to tuberculin, Vallee, Deglaire, and Herbet 85

Potassium iodid and tuberculin, Sorel 85

A new contribution to the study of the defects of tuberculin, Lignieres 85

A new contribution to the study of local reactions to tuberculin, Lignieres 86

New methods of employing tuberculin in diagnosis, Lignieres 86

Vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, Rappin 87

Ovariotomy in the goat, Oceann 87

Experiments with specific serums in immunizing against hog cholera, Stadie. . 87

A study of a serious anaemic disease among horses. Mack 87

A note on Argas larvte which attack fowls in Persia, Carre 87

Regulations governing entrance to the veterinary inspector examination 87

BURAL EXGINEEBING.

A report on irrigation laws and litigation in Nevada, Thurtell and True •. 87

Irrigation in Idaho, Stephenson, jr 88

Drainage of irrigated lands in the San Joaquin Valley, Fortier and Cone 88

Drainage of irrigated lands, Brown , 89

Pumping plants for irrigators, Smith 89

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Replanning a farm for profit, Smith and Froley 89

Landowner and tenant, McBride 90

The problem of small lando wnership, Modona 90

The operation of the small holdings act during 1908 90

Government loans in Russia, Ragsdale 90

The insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work, Bandini et al. . 91

The proposed law of E. Conti regarding accidents at agricultural labor, Ferrari. 91

Insurance of farm laborers in Switzerland against accidents, Aguet 91

Agriculture in Japan, Shimooka 91

The cultivation of tobacco from the economic point of view, Vigiani 91

Crop Reporter 91

Crop Reporter: Index to Vols. 8-10 92

[Bibliography of agriculture] , Hasse 92

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Agricultural education in America, Macdonald 92

Provisions relating to agricultural education, Shimooka 92

The teaching of agriculture in the high school, Giles 92

Agriculture in the high school, Harbourt 92

Public-school agriculture, 1909 93

Agriculture for common schools, Fisher and Cotton 93

Practical agriculture, Wilkinson 93

The school garden book, Weed and Emerson 93

Suggestions for garden work in California schools, Babcock 93

Agricultural extension '. 94

MISCELLANEOUS.

Annual Report of Hawaii Station, 1908 94

Twenty-second Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1908 94

Sixteenth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1906 94

Seventeenth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1907 94

Eighteenth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1908 94

Publications of U. S. Department of Agriculture and how they are distributed. 94

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in tlie United States.

U. S. Depaitmeul of Atjricultnre.

Arizona Station:

Page.

Page.

Bui. 60, June 30, 1909

29,

Circ. 30

74

34, 88, 41, -'3, 45, 53, 74,

76,89

Farmers' Bui. 370

89

California Station:

Farmers' Bui. 371

89

Circ. 4(), Oct., 1909

93

Farmers' Bui. 372

39

Colorado Station:

Notices of Judgment 91-101

67

Bui. 14(5, June, 1909

74

Bureau of Animal Industry:

Bui. 147, June, 1909

42

Bui. 39, pts. 24-25 (10 cents
each )

Connecticut Storrs Station:

53

Bui 58 June 1909

79

Bui. 115 (10 cents)

79

Hawaii Station:

Bui. 116 (5 cents)

83

Bui. 18, 1909

58

Circ. 149

14

An Rpt. 1908

12,

Circ. 150

87

26,29,41,45,46,58,64,
Hawaiian Su<rar Planters' Station:

69,94

Circ. 151

77

Bureau of Biological Survey:

Div. Path, and Phv-siol. Bui. 6,

North American Fauna No. 29

1909

49

(50 cents)

53

Indiana Station:

North American Fauna No. 30

Circ. 16, July, 1909

94

(15 cents)

53

Circ. 17, Sept., 1909

42

Bureau of P^ntomology:

Kansas Station:

Bui. 82, pt. 1 (5 cents)

56

Bui. 161, Aug. 12, 1909

21

Forest Service:

Circ. 3,1909

39

Circ. 168

45

Circ. 169

35

Off. Insp. 13, 1909

Maryland Station:

67

Silv. Leaflets 43-44

44

Bureau of Plant Industry:

Bui. 137, July, 1909

Bui. 138, Aug., 1909

55

Bui. 154 (15 cents)

16

75

Bui. 155 (15 cents)

50

Micliio'an Station:

Bui. 156 (15 cents)

37

Bui. 256, Aug., 1909

Nebraska Station:

26

Bui. 157 (10 cents)

35

Bui. 158 (15 cents)

49

Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1908.
40, 47, 48, 53

39,

Bui. 159 (10 cents)

36

84,94

Bui. 160 (15 cents)

12,43

Nevada Station :

Bureau of Soils:

Bui. 69, July, 1909

87

Bui. 57 (20 cents)

18

Bui. 70, May, 1909

67

Bui. 59 (10 cents)

20

New Mexico Station:

Bui. 60 (20 cents)

18

Bui. 72, Aug., 1909

13

Bui. 62 (5 cents)

23

New York Cornell Station:

Bureau of Statistics:

Bui. 268, June, 1909

76

Crop Reporter, vol. 11, No. 10,

Bui. 269, July, 1909

73

Oct., 1909

26,91

New York State Station:

Crop Reporter, index, vols. 8-

Bui. 316, Aug., 1909

70

10

92

Ohio Station:

Oflfice of Experiment Stations:

Bui. 206, Aug., 1909

23

Bui. 216 (15 cents)

88

Bui. 207, Aug., 1909

68

Bui. 217 (15 cents)

Division of Publications:

88

South Dakota Station:

Bui. 114, May, 1909

71

Circ. 6

94

Bui. 115, June, 1909

33

Washington Station:

Sixteenth An. Rpt. 1906

39,94

Seventeenth An. Rpt. 1907 ..

94

Eighteenth An. Rpt. 1908 ...

94

Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be
purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all
remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per vol-
ume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical pub-
lications are given above. The publications of the state experiment stations are dis-
tributed from the stations and not from the Department.

^EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXII. January, 1910. No. 1.

The last International Stock Exposition, reported on another page
of this issue, brought to a close the first decade of a notable enterprise
for the encouragement of animal industry. As an educational event
it has been fully appreciated b}^ the progressive stockmen of the
country, especially by those who live in the Central States, and as a
great show it has stimulated interest in this industry far beyond
expectation. It has increased in size from year to year, and its
effect on quality has been shown in the higher standards of succeed-
ing exhibits.

The primary object of this exposition is to encourage and improve
the breeding and feeding of live stock for well-defined practical pur-
poses, and up to the present time it has met with extraordinary suc-
cess in accomplishing this object. To take a comprehensive view of
the large collection of animals is an inspiration; the opportunity to
inspect the superior types at close range is a temptation to all lovers
of stock to go and do likewise. Year by year the various classes of
stock have steadily improved. The International has undoubtedly
been an important factor in this country in raising the standard of
breeding, feeding, and methods of judging.

It was an important step in advance when the exhibitors in the fat
cattle division and short-fed specials were required to furnish a
statement of the feeds used and method of feeding emploj^ed in the
production of their exhibits. From the standpoint of the managers
of the show it may not be advisable to require more data on feeding
and breeding from the exhibitors, but the educational value of the
show would be increased by such a showing. It is a fine art to pro-
duce finished animals in the form and condition of many of the prize
animals, but the finish should be made economically. The attainment
of the perfect type by feeding cream and eggs contributes little to
science and nothing to the economics of agriculture.

In addition to the special exhibition of animals, the student of
animal husbandry has an excellent opportunity to increase his store
of knowledge by observing the customar}^ business activities of stock
yards and meat-packing plants in the vicinity, which occupy a square
mile of ground and give employment to over half a million of

1

2 • EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Chicago's popiilalion. TIumi (here is the dressed-carcass exhibit,
Avhich is instructive to those who have studied the live animals and
their rating. Unfortunately this exhibit is seen by only a few people,
owing to its inaccessibility. One who attends the show for the first
time must make many inquiries and sul)mit to othei- inconveniences
in order to view it. There would seem to be opportunity for improve-,
ment in this respect.

The influence on the improvement of live stock which results from
the rivalrv of public exhibitions is apparent in (he changes in animal
types wherever such exhibitions have been held. The fat stock show
had its origin in Great Britain, in connection with fairs where stock
had been assembled at convenient centers for j)urposes of sale.
Eventually breeders often claimed in advance that they would have
for sale the best individual animals or herds, and backed their claims
by offering money stakes. A judge would be appointed and the
verdict given at the fair.

For a long time these fairs were local, but they became of general
interest toward the latter half of the eighteenth century. The results
of these and other similar events, like the Holkham and Woburn
sheep shearings, Avere known far and wide. On the organization of
the Smithfield Club one hundred and eleven years ago, the fat stock
show^ became a national event, and led to the improvement of live
stock in Great Britain as in no other country. The showing of the
fat stock is preliminary to the sale, so that the practical element is
kept constantly in view. The possibilities of early maturity is one
of the more important lessons which have been learned from the fat
stock shows. The improvement of the breeding classes is a more
difficult problem, but even here the influence of the exhibitions, like
those of the Smithfield Club and the International, may be seen by
referring to the types of ten years ago.

One ver}^ important influence of the International has been in con-
nection w ith the agricultural colleges, especially of the central West.
These institutions have been conspicuous in the show ring and on the
list of judges. Their success in training and supplying expert judges,
and in feeding animals for exhibition, has revealed their practical
character and the practical value of their courses.

The International has been a common meeting ground for practical
stockmen and the alleged theorists of the agricultural colleges. It
has been a potent agency in popularizing the colleges and winning
the respect and confidence of practical men. At first practical
breeders and feeders w^ere skeptical, and held that the professors of
agriculture could theorize but were unable to put their theories into
practice. It w^as time for the professor of agriculture to show what
he could do, and he has " made good." He has gone into the open
market, bought, bred, fed and fitted for the show animals that have

EDITORIAL. 3

not only won prizes but championships and grand championshijos
year after j^ear. A leading stock paper, in speaking of the last show,
says:

" The agricultural college is fairly dominant in the meat-making
sections. They practice what they preach. . . . Facing the achieve-
ments of the past few years in the International arena, no critic
raises a note against the practical ability of the college force in the
breeding and feeding of meat-making animals. This fact alone is
worth all the International has cost, as it establishes on impregnable
foundations an agricultural education as expounded at the land-
grant colleges."

That the educational value of the International is appreciated by
the colleges is attested by the attendance of both teachers and students
in large numbers. This year delegations of students were sent from
at least sixteen colleges, Missouri leading the list with three hundred
and ninety-five men.

The exhibition of live stock, not only at the International but at
state shows, has been in the nature of a necessity during a certain
stage in the evolution of the agricultural college. But the time has
come when it is a debatable question in some of the colleges whether
they should not withdraw from prize contests and confine their
exhibits, if made at all, to animals shown for educational ends solely,
eliminating entirely the competitive feature.

This is a question for each college to decide for itself. In some
States it may not be necessary longer to demonstrate the importance
of the college to the agricultural community, but in many places
such evidence of the practical character of the institution is helpful
in winning the cooperation of the farmers, and the exhibits themselves
have an educational value. In all cases, however, the spirit of com-
mercialism and shrewd competition should be absent, and the plain
effort should be to educate the people by furnishing illustrations of
the application of scientific principles to the practical affairs of
breeding and feeding.

The past twenty-five years has witnessed great improvement in the
judging of live stock. There is a relation of external form to func-
tion and to the value of the dressed carcass. This is illustrated by the
gradually closer agreement between the ratings of animals on the
hoof and on the block in the slaughter tests at the International.

Until lately the study of the conformation of animals has been ex-
tremely superficial, but recently, both in this country and in Europe,
investigations have been reported which show that the relation of
form to function in domestic animals has taken on a more serious
aspect. For instance, at the Missouri Station the changes taking
place in the body conformation of steers when kept on maintenance

4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

and submaintenaiKv rations I'lirnisli an illiisli ai ion of (his rclation-
slii]). Full-fod steers Avere found to increase in liei<i;ht more rapidly
than those on a maintenance ration. Bones were found to increase in
len<!;th, and fat was resorbed when the weight remained stationary.
It is on the results of investigations like these tliat the stockman must
base his practical work. In the past the feeder has too often been
governed largely by empirical rides, and the breeder has relied upon
his abilit}' as a judge of exterior form to improve his stock. The
latter nnist be able to look beneath the surface in making his selection,
and both must understand the laws which govern the growing organ-
ism from the early stages of development to maturity.

Breeders and feeders are artists who work Avith living plastic ma-
terials. Their art. like that of those who work in clay and oil, is more
the product of knowledge and ideals than of manual skill. As the
painter knows the properties of the different pigments which he uses,
so the breeder and feeder must know the properties of the feeds he
uses, and the laws of the animal body as respects inheritance and re-
sponsiveness to feed and treatment.

Knowledge is a greater factor in the molding of living forms than
in manipulating inert matter. Material composed of w^ood, metal,
or clay becomes a work of art by the harmonious working of hand
and brain. The creation of plant and animal types is dependent very
largely upon a knowledge of the law^s which govern the transmission
of characters and the growth and development of living things. The
ideal animal types of the future must be attained with the aid of
principles discovered by the patient research of the physiologist and
biologist. Here as elsewhere the improvement of agricultural prac-
tices of the future must be founded on the investigation of the
present.

The American Society of Animal Nutrition, whose first annual
meeting was held in connection with the International show, bids
fair to be an efficient agency for promoting investigations of the
more fundamental principles which underlie the arts and practices of
animal industry. A brief account of this first regular meeting is
given elsewhere (p. 97).

This society had its origin at an informal meeting of investi-
gators in animal nutrition during the session of the Graduate School
of Agriculture at Cornell University, in 1908. At that time a com-
mittee was appointed to consider the desirability of forming a per-
manent organization, which made a favorable report at the second
meeting, held in Chicago, in November, 1908. The society accord-
ingly was organized, with thirty-two members representing eighteen
state colleges and experiment stations and the U. S. Department of
Agriculture. Its avowed purpose is " to improve the quality of inves-

EDITORIAL. 5

tigation in animal nutrition, to promote more systematic and better
correlated study of feeding problems, and to facilitate personal
intercourse between investigators in this field." All persons engaged
in investigation or instruction in animal nutrition and related sub-
jects in the United States and Canada are eligible to membership.

It augurs well for the society that at the first annual meeting the
membership had more than doubled since its organization, and thirty-
three States were represented. Although there were only a few
papers read, the society was fairly launched and the way prepared
for an important series of deliberations.

The principal paper was the address by the president, Dr. H. P.
Armsby, upon The Food Supply of the Future. In this he departed
from the usual statistical and economic treatment, and dealt with the
relation of the animal feeder in conserving and utilizing more effi-
ciently the supply of food materials. The new point of view in this
presentation is an interesting and important contribution to the dis-
cussion of future food supply, which has recently been such a popular
theme. The address furnishes a strong argument for thorough-going
investigation in animal nutrition, and for a different kind of feeding
experiments.

The problem of food supply, Dr. Armsby said, is essentially a
problem of energy supply, the ultimate source of which is the sun.
Food represents the stored-up energy of the sun's rays, and the density
of population which a country can support from its own resources is
limited absolutely by the amount of solar energy which can be re-
covered in the form of food products. It was shown that the larger
part of the energy stored in an acre of crop is contained in inedible
products. Thus, from one-half to two-thirds of the organic matter
of the corn crop is contained in the stover and cobs, and about 60 per
cent of that of the average wheat crop is in the straw.

In the milling of wheat to prepare it for man's use, about 25 jDer
cent of the grain passes into the oflfals, and only 75 per cent serves
for purposes of human nutrition. In other words, out of the total
energy stored up by the growth of an acre of wheat, only about 30
per cent serves directly for the nutrition of man. Substantially the
same thing is true in greater or less degree of other food crops.

The loss of human food in converting grains into meat was said to
be even more wasteful. In support of this, figures were cited from
Jordan to the effect that in the production of beef or mutton less than
8 per cent of the digestible organic matter in the feed is recovered as
human food in the edible portion of the carcass, and in the case of
})ork only about 15 per cent.

" We can not continue indefinitely to use edible grains as stock
food — the waste of energy in the transformation is too great. . . .
The feeder of the future will utilize by-product feeds to an extent as

6 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOHD,

yet unrealized. ... As the demand for food grows more intense,
it will become increasingly important to so husband these by-products
and combine them into efficient rations, and to feed these rations
under such conditions and to such types of animals, as to save the
largest possil)le percentage of the energy Avhich they contain."

This furnislies the germ of the new line of eft'ort. We are not only
far from utilizing the various by-products to the greatest advantage,
but we are feeding human food to live stock, and in this roundabout
conversion of grain into human food through the aninuil are follow-
ing a i)rocess demonstrated to be very w^asteful. Up to the present
time our experiments have aimed to show how grain might most
efficiently be converted into meat, rather than how much of it might
be saved for nuurs direct use; '"Ave shall soon have to reverse the
point of view," and this will call for a gradual revolution in agricul-
ture and ])articularly in the production of aninuil foods, requiring a
nuicli higher degree of skill in adapting means to ends than has been
necessary in the past.

AVith resj^ect to their attitude toward the problem of the future
food supply, it was pointed out that the experiment stations must
take up in earnest the conservation rather than the exploitation of
food resources, and the agricultural colleges, while still teaching the
apjjroved ])ractices of the present, must as their chief aim seek to
equip their students with a sound knowledge of underlying facts and
laws, and thus prepare them to meet the changing conditions of the
future. Such an attitude toward the subject of animal husbandry
and such methods of teaching, it was suggested, will serve to impart
to it a higher pedagogic value than it generally has at present, and
will tend to make it a disciplinary as well as an infornuitional
subject.

To prepare for the future, Dr. Armsby urged that there should be
" a far more extensive and pi'ofound study of the scientific princi])]es
of animal nutrition than has yet been nuide," and he presented the
reasons and need for such investigation with unusual clearness. He
said :

" That he may utilize the materials of which I have been speaking
as completely as possible, the stockman needs to know in the first
place what proportion of the energy Avhich these various materials
contain it is possible or practicable to recover. This knowledge will
enable him to effect a Avise selection in the compounding of rations,
as well as have an influence upon the whole system of farming. In
the second place, he needs to know the relative efficiency of different
species, breeds, and types of animals as converters of energy, and how
their efficiency is influenced by their natural or artificial environment.

EDITORIAL. 7

" These, however, are questions of animal physiology. In effect
they ask how does the animal mechanism operate when supplied with
different raw materials or placed under varying conditions. They
are problems for rigorous scientific research and too much stress can
not be laid upon the importance of such research."

Another main line of experimental effort suggested relates to the
economic application in practice of the principles discovered by in-
vestigation— a wide field for fruitful experimental work; and here
especially a coordination of effort and of opportunity was regarded
as highly important.

In papers by Dr. F. G. Benedict, of the Carnegie Institution, and
Dr. C. F. Langworthy, of this Office, timely suggestions were made for
the study of the protein requirement of animals, the relation of pro-
tein to carbohydrates, and the influence of mineral matter. These
large problems were thought to present good opportunity for coordi-
nate action or cooperation by stations working under different condi-
tions of feed supply and environment. The possibility of using small
animals, which complete their life cycle in a ishort period, was sug-
gested as a means of getting data on some points associated with the
relation of food to growth, in a preliminaiy way.

Taken as an introduction to the new society, the papers presented
at its first meeting are so suggestive as to give promise of a career of
great usefulness in directing thought and action in the field of animal
feeding. The society, as Dr. Armsby said, owes its origin largely
to a feeling of dissatisfaction with the more or less fragmentary and
elementary nature of feeding studies in the past, and is the embodi-
ment of a desire on the part of investigators for closer relations with
each other and a more broadly conceived programme of investigation.
As a foundation for this the beginning was most propitious.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

Concerning protein, E. PFLLKiKU (Arch, riiyniol. [Pfliiger], 129 (1909),
No. 1-2, PI). 99-102). — The author discusses recent work on the cleavage prod-
ucts of protein and cautions against drawing sweeping deductions from avail-
able data.

The leucin fraction of proteins, P. A. I.eveni; and D. D. Va?^ Slyke (Jour.
Biol. Chem., 6 {1909), No. 5, pp. 391-^18). — According to the authors' experi-
ments, " 1-leucin and d-isoleucin may be separated quantitatively from d-valin
by precipitation as the normal lead salt, Pb (C6H]202N2). The relative pro-
portions of the leucin isomers may be determined polarimetrically by the
rotation of their analytically pure mixture in 20 per cent hydrochloric acid.
An exact analysis of the important leucin fraction of proteins is thus rendered
possible for the first time. . . . Isoleucin preparations from casein and edestin
showed, after repeated purification by means of the lead and copper salts, and
by recrystallization, specific rotations of -f 37.35° and + 37.44°, respectively, in
20 per cent hydrochloric acid."

The leucin fraction in casein and edestin, P. A. Levene and D. D. V.\N
Slyke {Jour. Biol. Chem., 6 {1909), No. 5, pp. 4^9-^30).— Determinations of
leucin, valin, and isoleucin from casein and edestin are reported in comparison
with earlier work.

On the partial hydrolysis of edestin, Z. H. Skraup and A. Wober {Monatsh.
Chem., 30 {1909), No. 3, pp. 289-309).— From 100 parts of edestin the author
obtained 22 parts of acid precipitate (protalbin acid), and 72 parts of albumose
(lysalbin acid), 30 parts being peptone (lysalbin peptone). The last two
contained ammonium sulphate as an impurity.

Electrolysis of iron pipe, F. P. Siebel {Ice and Refrig., ,37 {1909), No, 4,
pp. 116-119, figs. .'/). — Iron pipes, when immersed in water of good purity and
free from Leptothrix ochracea, pitted more readily upon the passage of an
electric current. Pipes containing a low amount of carbon corroded much
more quickly than those with a high carbon content, but according to the
author, the amount of carbon in a metal does not altogether control the condi-
tion but rather the distribution of the carbon particles and whether it is present
in the free or combined state. Cast irons containing much silicon are also
readily decomposed.

Contributions to micro-chemical analysis, N. Schoorl {Ztschr. Analyt.
Chem., .'/8 {1909), No. 10, pp. 593-611) .—Thin further contribution to the subject
(E. S. JR., 21, p. 702) treats of magnesium, lithium, potassium, and sodium.

Nessler's reagent, A. Schneider {Pharm. Zentralhalle, 50 {1909), No. 26, p.
546; o&.s'. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 99, licpert., p. 429).— The author calls
attention to the fact that frequently Nessler's reagent prepared according to
different methods gives no reaction with ammonia, and attributes this to the ab-
sence of mercuric iodid which has been removed by filtration.

8

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 9

A new acidimetric method employing' lime water, A. de Geegoeio Rocaso-
LANo (Rev. R. Acad. Cien. Madrid, 7 {1908), No. 6, pp. 375-382, figs. 2; abs. in
Chein. Ztg., S3 (1909), No. 89, Repert., pp. 386, 387).— The volumetric limewater
solutiou method can be employed for hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric,
oxalic, citric, and tartaric acids. The solution, prepared by saturating water
with lime, is siphoned off through a filter paper or membrane attached to the
proximal end of a wide bored siphon, and the siphon is in turn connected with
a burette. At each reading of the burette the temperature of the solution must
be taken and compared with a table appended by the author. The general for-
mula for calculation is also given.

The accuracy of the Volhard method for the determination of chlorin, V.
Rothmund and A. Burgstaller {Ztsclir. Anoryan. Clicm., 63 (1909), No. J/, pp.
330-336). — According to the authors the Volhard method without filtering off
the silver chlorid is only accurate when rather lai'ge amounts of chlorid are
present and the solution is not too dilute. The addition of an excess of silver
nitrate has a favorable influence upon the reaction, but an excess of thio-
cyanate solutiou must be avoided in titratiug back.

Aluminum as an impurity in barium sulphate precipitate, H. J. M.
Creigiiton (Ztschr. Anorgan. Clicin., 63 {1909). No. 1, p/). .JJ-.J.S, fig. 1). — The
presence of small amounts of aluminum salts in a solution has a tendency to
increase the weight of the barium sulphate precipitate.

A new method for the rapid determination of phosphoric acid in alkaline
phosphates, M. E. Pozzi-Escot {Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. ct Distill., 26 {1909),
No. 12, pp. 1162, 1163). — The method is a volumetric one and consists in taking
10 cc. of the phosphorus solution, adding 2 drops of a 0.2 i)er cent solution of
heliauthiue and 5 drops of a 1 per cent solution of phenolphthalein, and then
just so much dilute sulphuric acid as will give the solution a reddish tint.
The color of the solution is brought back to yellow, which is the neutral point of
the helianthine, by the addition of soda solution, and then titrated with tenth-
normal alkaline solution until the pink tint is obtained. Each cubic centimeter
of the tenth-normal alkaline solution employed is equivalent to 0.0071 gm.
phosphoric acid.

Moisture discrepancies in phosphate rock of the Pacific, C. C. James {Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 {1909), No. 9, pp. 657-659). — Phosphate rock when
ground for analysis shows a perceptible loss in moisture. Tests were made to
demonstrate this. Stress is laid upon the proper selection of representative
samples.

Limitations of starch as an accelerator, C. K. Francis {Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chem., 1 {1909), No. 9, pp. 678, 679). — In a soil analysis it was found
that the blank containing starch and sodium peroxid gave the same percent-
ages of phosphorus as some of the soil samples. An examination of several
samples of starch revealed a phosphoric acid content, ranging between 0.169
and 0.0.S6 per cent. The author has substituted sugar for starch in this work.

The determination of phosphoric acid in metabolism experiments by the
Neumann method, H. Schaumann (Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., ^8 {1909), No. 10, pp.
612-617, figs. 3). — A description of Neumann's method as employed by the
author in metabolism work is given. The filtering apparatus used is shown.

The determination of phosphorus in flesh, P. F. Trowbridge {Jour. Indus,
and Engin. Chem., 1 {1909), No. 9, pp. 675, 676).— With 72 samples of flesh the
percentage of phosphorus by ashing was 0.0028 higher on an average than that
obtained by digestion with sulphuric acid.

Handbook of biochemical methods, E. Abderhalden {Handbuch der bio-
chemischen Arbcitsmethodcn. Berlin and Vienna [1909], vol. 1, pt. 1; rev. in
18556—10 2

10 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Zvnibl. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path. Staff wcchficls, n. ser., // (1909), No. 11, pp. 687,
6SS). — A digest of data regarding biochemical methods designed for laboratory
use.

A contribution to the biological differentiation of proteids, W. Rickmann
(ZlHchr. Ilcisch u. MilcJilim/., 11 (1901), No. 6, pp. 191-201; abs. in Ztschr.
Uniersuvli. Nahr. ii. (IcnussmH., 18 {1909), No. 3, p. 220).— The author investi-
gated the precipitin reaction and the deviation of comi)]ement in regard to their
sensitiveness in differentiating human from hog proteids. lie found that the
presence of 0.00001 cc. of human serum completely checks the hemolysis,
whereas in the presence of 0.1 cc. of hog serum hemolysis continues, so that a
specifity of 1 to 10,000 exists. With the precipitin reaction the specifity was
only 1 to 100. The deviation of the complement method is recommended to be
run in parallel with the precipitin reaction.

The Bang method for the determination of sugar, H. Jessen-Hansen
{Compt. Rend. Lab. Carlsberg, 7 {1909), No. //, pp. 218-226; abs. in Chem. Ztg.,
33 {1909), No. 91, Rcpcrt., p. .'//,s').— This is a critical study of the Bang method
for determining sugar, which the author considers the best method known for
the purpose. Special attention is called to the method employed in mixing the
solutions which go to make up the principal solution in order to obtain the
proper concentration. The rapidity with which the white solution is added is
also of great moment. The rate recommended is 20 cc. in 15 seconds, and the
temperature for the titration 32° C. The space occupied by the solution has a
definite effect on the results.

Color reactions for sugars with the indol bodies, J. Gnezda {Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], U8 {1909), No. 8, pp. JiS5-489; abs. in Bui. Soc. Chim.
France, .'/. .ser., 6' {1909), No. 15, p. 8^0). — This reaction is based upon the pro-
duction of a blue, brown, or green precipitate by the methylindols in alkaline
solutions of sugars containing the group CHO upon acidification with HCl.

The detection of saccharose and calcium sucrate, particularly in milk, S.
Rothenjx'ssi;r {Ztschr. Untrrsuch. Nahr. u. Gcnussmtl., 18 {1909), No. 1-2, pp.
135-155). — The reagent employed consists of 20 cc. of a .5 per cent alcoholic solu-
tion of diphenylamin, 60 cc. of acetic acid, and 120 cc. of 1 : 1 hydrochloric acid.
Saccharose gives a blue coloration with this reagent. Lactose does likewise, but
less rapidly.

With milk it is necessary to precipitate as much as possible of the lactose and
other substances. This is done by adding a solution consisting of 2 parts by
volume of lead acetate solution (German pharmacopoeia) with 1 part by volume
of 10 per cent ammonium solution, to an equal volume of the milk or cream,
shaking well and filtering. From .3 to 4 cc. of the filtrate are then mixed with
double the amount of the diphenylamin reagent and placed in the boiling water
bath. In about 2 to 3 minutes a blue color appears if saccharose is present to
the extent of 0.05 per cent.

The estimation of the ash in sugars and sirups by the determination of the
electrical conductivity, H. Main {Internat. Sugar Jour., 11 {1909), No. 121, pp.
3S.'i-339, fig. 1). — Determining the conductivity of the ash solution by Kohl-
rausch's apparatus, with some modifications, is a: convenient method for indus-
trial work.

The direct gravimetric determination of starch according to the method
of Baumert and Bode, G. Baumert {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl.,
IS {1909), Nos. 1-2, pp. 161-168). — Various influencing factors have been elimi-
nated and hydrochloric acid is now used in this method.

A comparative study of the titrimetric and polarimetric methods for the
determination of starch, Anna Giltay and J. J. Blanskma {Pharm. Weelcbl.,
.',6 {1909), No. 21, pp. 689-110).— A critical study of these methods for the

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. 11

determination of starch. Among the tltrimetric methods that of Sachsse is to
1)0 given preference. No definite conclusion could be drawn for the polari-
nietrie method.

A rapid method for hydrolyzing' starch, G. A. Olson {Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Vlicm., 1 {I'Mi)), Xo. 7, pp. Uo-.'/.'p; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No.
103, Repcrt., p. M6). — Owing to the length of time required in the Sachsse
method the author proposes the following, which can be done in 4 minutes :
Place 1 gm. of the finely ground sami)le in a 500 cc. Kjeldahl flask with 10 cc. of
(lislilled water, add 6 cc. of concentrated sul]ihnric acid (specific gravity 1.84),
and heat with shaking over the free flame until the solution is transparent.
Then add 10 to 15 cc. of distilled water, heat with shaking until the mixture
boils, cool, neutralize with sodium hydroxid, transfer to a 250 cc. flask and fill
to the mark with water. Determine dextrose in aliquot.

The estimation of starch in feeds and foodstuffs, A. Scholl {Ztschr.
Unicrsiich. Xahr. u. GenusHmtl., 18 {1909), No. 1-2, pp. 157-166).— In the analy-
sis of potatoes for starch content by the liintner and Ewers method the author
found considerable dirticulty in clarifying the solution with phosphotungstic
acid. A method is described which eliminates the phosphotungstic acid from
the process. The method is reconnnended for feeds and foodstuffs in general.

The indirect determination of alcohol in raspberry sirup, E. Gijnzel
(Zt.schr. Untcrsuch. Nahi: u. GcnussintL, 18 {190U), .Vo. 3, pp. 206-211).—
Determining alcohol indirectly by the specific gravity without diluting gives
higher results than those obtained l)y the distillation method. If, however,
both the original and the dealcoliolized sirups are diluted the results agree well
with the distillation method. Diluting the portion to be dealcoholized and em-
ploying the original undiluted docs not give good results.

The determination of volatile org'anic acids in tobacco, II. Kisslino (Chem.
Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 79, pp. 719, 720).— This is a criticism of Toth's method for
determining the volatile organic acids of tobacco and an answer to T6th in
reference to the volatilizing of oxalic acid.

The value of the nitrate reaction in milk, S. Eothenfusseb (Ztschr. Un-
tcrsuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18 (1909), No. 0, pp. 353-363).— The author con-
cludes from a large series of tests with milk and water from known sources
and milk purposely i)olluted with nitrates, that the nitrate reaction is a very
valuable means to judge milks from a .sanitary standpoint, and that it is possi-
ble to detect by this method milks of poor quality having a small addition of
water. The author made some 300 barn tests of milk and found in no instance
cither a nitrite or nitrate reaction. Milk from pastured animals also did not
give the nitrate reaction.

The estimation of the dirt content of milk. H. Weller (Ztschr. Untcrsuch.
Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18 (1909), No. 5, pp. 309-313).— A criticism of the method
of Fendler and Kuhn and the standard established by them. Examples are
presented to show that the Weller method is more reliable.

The influence of heating upon butter fat, A. Behre (Pharni. Zcntralhnllc,
50 (1909), No. 8, p. 158; abs. in Ztschr. Untersvch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18
(1909), No. 3, pp. 233, 23^).— In butter fat which was heated for 3 hours for
the removal of water over an open flame the acidity ran between 3.5 and 3.75.
The Reichert-Meissl number at the beginning was 27.06 and at the end 27.44.
The saponification number at first was 226.2 and finally 227.1. It is evident
from these figures that heating causes no appreciable change in these constants.

The Polenske method for the detection of animal fats in a mixture of
other animal fats, L. Laband (Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18
(1909), No. 5, pp. 289-299). — The author concludes that the Polenske method
(by dift'erence between the melting and solidifying points) is only applicable

12 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

for the detection of foreign fats in l^utter when the other constants deviate
eqnaliy from the normal fignres. With butters which have a medium or a high
saponification value and Reichert-Meissl figure, and also a high difference num-
ber, it only lias a limited '.alue. The method is deemed valuable for the de-
tection of bovine fat in lard, but it must be carried out in accordance with the
author's directions.

About melting point determinations, PI. Gt;TH (I'hann. Zcntralhalle, //.9
(J'JOS), No. 37, pp. 139-lJil; ahs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GcnuNsmtL, 18
iUWO), No. J, p. 32()). — Comparative tests with the melting-point method as
described in the German pharmacopoeia and that described by Polenske showed
that the two methods give different values.

The value of the oil of sesame reaction, L. Hoton (Ann. Falsif., I {IH08),
No. 2, pp. l)-'J-<)7). — A discussion of the furfurol reaction with sesame and olive
oils from various sources.

The comparative examination of the halogen absorption of oils by the
methods of Hubl, Wijs, Hanus, and Mcllheney, J. S. Kemington and X. Lan-
caster (Pharm. Jour. [London], J/, ser., 29 (1909), No. 2389, pp. IJ/G, IJfl ; ahs.
in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 28 (1909), No. 16, p. 8.92).— The Mcllheney bromin
method is deemed much better than any of the other 3 methods, as the absorp-
tion is almost instantaneous and the solutions can be easily prepared. The
Wijs method gave better results than the Ilubl and Hanus methods, and was
most accurate and rapid when there was an excess of 70 to SO per cent of
halogen. The maxinnmi absorption was obtained in 2 hours with linseed oil
and in l hour with nondrying oils. Seniidrying oils required 1 hour.

A short handbook of oil analysis, A. H. Gill (Philadelphia and London,
1909, 5. ed., rev. and enl., pp. 179, figs. 6). — In this revised and enlarged edition
those portions dealing with the detection of animal and vegetable oils, the
treatment of nnsaponiIial)le matter, and the turi)entines have been entirely re-
written. A new chapter upon waste fats and oils has I)een added.

Report on the work of the agricultural experiment station at the Uni-
versity of Jena. I, Agricultural-chemical division (Bar. Landtc. Vers. Stat.
Univ. Jena, 1908, pp. /-/'/). — A report as to analyses made of fertilizers, feed-
ing stuffs, milk and dairy products, the maximum, minimum, and average con-
tent of the various constituents being reported in some instances, with brief
notes.

Report of Orebro Chemical Station and Seed Control Station, 1908,
.7. AViDEN (Orebro Kern. Stnt. och Frokontrollatist. Arsher. 1908, pp. 32). — This
is a suniiiiai'v of the results of work during the year.

[Analyses of koa and ohia bark and slum gum], Alice R. Thompson
(Hairaii Sta. Rpt. 1908, p. 62). — Analyses of koa and ohia bark showed a
tannin content of 19.91 and 5.73 per cent, respecti\ely, calculated to dry sub-
stance. A sample of extracted slum gum was found to contain only 25.27 per
cent of wax.

Italian lemons and their by-products. II. — The by-products of the lemon
in Italy, E. M. Ciiace (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 160, pp. 35-50,
plx. 3, figs. 2). — This is a description of the various lemon-producing districts
of Italy and of the methods of producing lemon b.v-products.

The methods of i)ruducing tlu- essential oil of lemon by the two and three
piece sponge methods and the machine method are described in detail. The
machine method yields the best grade of oil. There are also descriptions of
the treatment of the peel residue, which in most instances yields an inferior
grade of oil, and of the manufacture of calcium citrate from the pulp .juice.
Data are given as to the cost of production of these by-products in comparison

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 13

with the prices paid therefor by llie various essential oil and cheniical dealers
of the United States and Europe.

Denatured alcohol from tunas and other sources, K. F. Hare, S. R.
JIiTCiiELL, and A. P. Bjerregaakd (New Mexico ^7rt. Bui. 12, pp. 5-52, pi. 1,
fifjH. 5). — This is a study, in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of
this Department, of the possibilities of alcohol i)roduction from the tuna and
closely related plants.

Comparisons are given between the yield of alcohol from corn, molasses,
sugar, wheat, potatoes, and tuna fruits. The tuna has the advantage that it
does not require a iireliminary malting, as it contains no starch and can con-
tain as much as 10 to 15 per cent of sugars, mostly de.xtrose. The actual yield
of tunas per acre has not been commercially establishod, but the authors cite
plat exi)erimeHts in which a yield of 9 to 14 tons per acre was secured. With
10 tons per acre, sold at the rate of 15 cts. per 100 lbs., $30 could be secured per
acre. The total cost of producing alcohol from tunas, aside from the initial
cost of the distillery, will probably not be over 15 to 16§ cts. per gallon. The
greatest difficulty encountered has been the time consumed by the picking proc-
ess, and some more rapid method must i)e devised before the industry can be
made profitable.

Laboratorj- fermentation tests showed that it was possible to ferment as much
as 92 per cent of the total sugars of the tuna. These tests were conducted with
the minced pulp and the juice of the tuna. The results were not altogether
favorable to preliminary sterilization, though the yield, and probably the profit,
is increased thereby. Various stimulants and accelerators for the fermentation
were employed, and it was notetl that the Pasteur nutrient fluid failed to show
anj' results at all, whereas on the other hand n)anganese salts seemed to increase
the yield slightly. It is necesary to employ pure species of yeast for this
fermentation.

Sterilization of canned g'oods, E. W. Duckwall (Canncr and Dried Fruit
Packer, 29 (1000), No. 8, pp. 26, 28, 30, figs. 2).— A popular article, giving con-
crete examples of the proper and practical methods of sterilization of canned
goods.

Cause of cloudy liquor on peas, E. W. Duckwall (Canncr and Dried Fruit
Packer, 29 (1909), Xo. J, pp. S.'i, 36). — An examination of the liquor showed that
the cloudiness is produced by the starch from the peas. The direct cause is
overheating.

Pure yeast selection and control, L. Musso (lUil. Agr. Algcric ct Tmiisie,
15 (lOO'j), Xo. n, pp. 389-395). — The author describes the methods of pure
yeast control and the selection of the desired species, and reports 21 fermenta-
tion tests, in which the sugar fermented, alcohol produced, degree of fermenta-
tion, and organoleptic test (bouquet, etc.) were noted.

The nomenclature of the lactic-acid bacteria. A, Wolff (Cenihl. liakt.
[etc.], 2. Abt., 24 (1909), Xo. 1-4, pp. 55-58). — A polemical article in which Is
pointed out the vast differences which exist in the morphological and physio-
logical classifications of the various organisms classed among the lactic-acid
group, with special reference to certain names given by various investigators.

Proposals for the nomenclature of the Lipoids, O. Rosenheim (Bio-Chem.
Jour., // (1909), Xo. 8, pp. 331-336; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 69, p.
623).— It is recommended that the nomenclature of those bodies which are in
the cholesterin group, the cerebro-galactosids, and the phosi)hatids be arranged
in 3 groups as follows: Those which contain neither phosphorus nor nitrogen;
those which are free from phosi»horus but contain nitrogen ; and finally, those
which contain phosphorus and nitrogen.

14 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

A cold-storag'e evaporimeter, M. M. Hastings ( U. /S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim.
Indus. Circ. l.'i'.), pp. 8, ]i(j. 1). — A practical apparatus for determining tlie hu-
midity in cold-storage houses which store cheese, eggs, etc., is described. The
principle of the apparatus is the same as that recommended by Livingston of
the Carnegie Desert Laboratory (E. S. R., IS, p. 328). The substance employed
therein, however, is a dilute sulphuric-acid solution which, like other substances
of the same nature, has a certain more or less definite equilibrium vapor pres-
sure at which absorption and evaporation e(pialize each other.

Refrigeration and the cold-storage industry, U. Ferretti (L'Industria del
Freddo. Rocca San Casciano, Italy, 1909, pp. XI-\-li>i5, figs. 251). — This volume
is an extended treatise on the cold-storage industry from the standpoint of
agriculture, commerce, hygiene, horticulture, etc. Refrigerating machines, the
production of artificial ice, food preservation, and other topics are considered.

A bibliography is appended to the volume.

METEOROLOGY— WATER.

study of meteorology as a branch of agricultural science, W. R. Dunlop
{Agr. Gaz. [London^, 70 (1909), No. 1855, p. 57).— This is a brief article ex-
plaining the relation of the more common weather observations to weather pre-
diction, and intended to encourage the giving of more attention to this subject
by farmers.

Treatise on physical geography, E. de Martonne (Traits de O^ographie
Physique: Climat, Hydrographie, Relief du Sol, B log eo graphic. Paris, 1909,
Nos. 1, pp. 20.'t; 2, pp. 202, illus.; rev. in Rev. Gen. Chim., 12 {1909), No. llf, pp.
255, 256). — This treatise deals with climate, hydrography, physiography, and
biogeography.

Effect of climate on crops, W. S. Palmer {Proc. Dry Farming Cong., 3
{1909), pp. 168-113, figs. 2). — The climatic conditions in Wyoming are briefly
summarized with reference especially to so-called dry farming.

Meteorological, magnetic, and seismic observations of the College of
Belen of the Society of Jesus, Havana, 1907 and 1908, L. Gangoiti {Oh-
servatorio Meteorologico, Magnetico y Seismico del Colegio de Belen de la Cam-
pania de Jesus en la Hahana, afio de 1907, 1908. Uavana, 1908, pp. 90, dgms. 3;
1909, pp. 97, dgms. 3). — Detailed reports, largely tabular and diagrammatic, of
the usual observations.

The climate of Buenos Aires in 1908 {Yearbook City Buenos Aires, 18
{1908), pp. 3-9). — Observations on pressure, temperature, rainfall, humidity,
sunshine, vapor pressure, and wind are summarized for each month of the year
and for each 10-day period. Determinations of the amount of ozone, carbon
dioxid, free and organic ammonia, and bacterial content of the air, and of
organic and free ammonia and nitrous and nitric acid in rain water are also
reported.

The weather during the agricultural year 1907-8, F. J. Brodie {Jour. Roy.
Agr. Soc. England, 69 (1908), pp. 384-393) .—The general character of the dif-
ferent seasons in the United Kingdom is described and summary tables of ob-
servations on temperature, sunshine, and rainfall are given.

Meteorological observations (Stnfis. Ycariook [Natal], 1908, pp. 26-30). —
Tables give observations on pressure, temperature, rainfall, cloudiness, and
wind during the period from 1885 to 1908 at Durban, and on temperature and
rainfall during the period from 1894 to 1908 at a number of other places in
Natal.

Report of the Meteorological Commission for the year ending December
31, 1908, C. A. Smith et al. (Rpt. Met. Com. [Cape Good Hope], 1908, pp.

METEOROLOGY WATER.

15

XII +53). — In addition to various administrative details, this report contains
tabular summaries of observations on pressure, temperature, rainfall, sunshine
and cloudiness, evaporation, and wind movement at various places in Cape of
Good Hope.

Climate [of Japan], C. Shimooka (In Agriculture in Japan. Tokyo: Govt.,
1908, pp. 27-38). — The principal climatic features of Japan are briefly described
in this article. It is pointed out that while the greater portion of the country
is situated in the temperate zone and the whole country is surrounded by seas,
which make the climate much milder than that of Manchuria, Siberia, and
Korea, the facts that the country extends over 30 degrees of latitude and has a
great variety of topographical conditions give rise to wide variations in climatic
features.

On the extreme variations in rainfall, G. Hellmanx (Ztschr. Gesell. Erdk.
Berlin, 1908, Xo. 0, pp. 605-613; ahs. in Ann. Hydrog. u. Marit. Met., 37 (1909),
No. Jf, pp. 183, 18'i). — On the basis of observations on rainfall in different parts
of the world, an attempt is made to formulate certain laws controlling the
variations in rainfall and to determine variation quotients for different regions.

Percolation, evaporation, and condensation, B. Latham {Quart. Jour. Roy.
Met. Soc. [London], 35 {1909), No. 151, pp. 189-211, figs. 8).— This article gives
the results of observations with rain gages and pex'colating gages on chalk
soils.

Each of the percolating gages was exactly one square yard in area and con-
tained 1 cu. yd. of material. The edges of the gages stood about I5 in. above
the surface of the soil inside and outside of the gage. One gage was filled with
chalk soil, the other with a gravel soil containing vegetable remains. The
observations recorded began in 1878 and have been continued daily up to the
present time. The amount and composition of the percolating waters and the
evaporation as measured by standard evaporators are reported. The results
are summarized in the following table:

Monthly average rainfall, percolation, evaporation, and condensation at Croydon
for the 30 years 1879 to 1908.

Month.

Rainfall.

Percola-
tion,
chalk.

Percola-
tion,
gravel.

Evapora-
tion,
floating
evapora-
tor.

Conden- Evapora-

sation ,
floating
evapora-
tor.

tion
exposed
evapora-
tor.

Tempera-
ture of
water,
floating

evapora-
tor, at
9 a. m.

Tempera-
ture of
dew-
point at
9 a. m.

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Yearly average.

Inches.
1.849
1.854
1.733
1.616
1.806
2.253
2.299
2. 265
2.007
2. 963
2.612
2.199

Inches.

1.7095

1. 6275

1. 2730

.5472

. 4045

.4387

.3096

.3240

.1686

.9876

1. 4314

1.6221

Indies.

1.6446

1. 5150

1. 1346

.3893

.2056

.3089

.2881

. 2645

.1217

.9567

1.6811

1. 8324

Inches.

0.246

.344

.936

1. 808

2.698

3.116

3. 305

2. 679

1.521

.825

.426

.233

Inches.
0. 0608
.0460
.0180
.0040
.0012
.0028
.0003
.0018
.0018
.0378
.0654
.1190

Inches.

0.743

.994

2.189

3. 515

4.893

5.261

5. 549

4.658

2.931

1.554

.893

.670

°F.
36.15
36.86
39.88
47.34
.55. 53
62.16
65.30
63.38
57.61
49.26
42.79
37.75

25.456 i 10.8437

10. 3425

18. 137

.3589

49.50

°F.
34. 45
34.81
36. 53
40.02
45. 31
.51. 18
54.48
54.71
52.22
45. 75
40.96
35. 93

43.87

The nature and extent of air pollution by smoke, J. B. Cohen and A. G.
RusTON {Abs. in Nature [London], 81 {1909), No. 2085, pp. 468, 469, figs. 2).—
This is an abstract of a paper read at the Health Congress at Leeds July 17,
and gives the results of detailed examinations of samples of air taken at 10
representative stations in Leeds and one at Garforth about 7* miles from Leeds.

16 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

" Tbe impurities, in the form of suspended matter, consist of soot, tar, sand,
mineral substances, and, in solution, of suli)liurous and suipluiric acids or their
salts, chlorids, largely in the form of hydrochloric acid or common salt, and
nitrogenous matter, in the form of nitrates or free and albuminoid, matter."
Injurious effects of these substances on vegetation are discussed.

Water: Its origin and use, W. Coles-Finch (London, 1908, pp. 506; rev.
■in Chcm. Notes, 9!) {1909), No. 2565, p. //8). — This book treats in an elementary
way of the water of the atmosphere, rain, snow, ice, springs, and wells. Some
account is given of different methods of obtaining water, sinking wells, the con-
struction of waterworks, and the preparation of water for domestic use. The
use of water for irrigation and for operating hydraulic machines is also briefly
discussed.

Surface water supply of the South Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of
Mexico, 1907-8, M. R. Hall and R. II. Bolster {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-
Suppli/ Paper No. 2Jf2, pp. 226, pis. 3, fig. 1). — This is part 2 of a series of bul-
letins on the Surface Water Supply of the United States, 1907-8, and gives the
results of measurements of flow of streams in the drainage basins of the fol-
lowing South Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico streams : James, Roanoke,
Yadkin or Pedee, Santee, Savannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, Satillo, St. Johns,
Peace, Withlacoochee, Suwanee, Ocklockonee, Apalachicola, Choctawha tehee,
Escambia, Mobile, Pascagoula, and Pearl rivers.

UnHergTound water resources of Connecticut; a study of the occurrence
of water in crystalline rocks, H. E. Gregory and E. E. Ellis ( U. 8. Geol.
Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 232, pp. 200, pis. 5, figs. 31). — This bulletin
treats in some detail of the geography and geology of Connecticut; the occur-
rence and recovery of ground water ; ground water in crystalline rocks, triassic
sandstone and traps, and glacial drift ; the water supply of typical areas ; the
general character of ground water in Connecticut ; well construction ; and
springs.

A bibliography of literature bearing on the subject is also given.

Geology and underground waters of South Dakota, N. H. Daeton (U. 8.
Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 221, pp. 156, pis. 15, figs. 7). — "This
report is intended mainly to set forth the geologic conditions bearing on the
occurrence of artesian waters in South Dakota. It comprises a description of
the sedimentary rocks, a statement as to the results of all the deep borings
which have been reported, and predictions as to the probable depths and area
of flow of the deeper-seated waters in all portions of the State. The water
resources for shallow wells are not considered except in areas where such
waters afford flows." Suggestions are given regarding the construction and
management of artesian wells.

Farm water supplies of Minnesota, K. F. Kellerman and H. A. Whit-
taker (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 15 '^ pp. 87, figs. 73). — This
bulletin discusses briefly the increasing danger of pollution of water supplies
with increasing population, classifies farm water supplies with reference to
factors of pollution, describes the methods of collection and examination of
water supplies used in the investigations reported, and gives a detailed account
of' the particular water supplies examined, including dug, boi'ed, drilled, and
driven wells, springs, rivers, surface reservoirs, and cisterns. The rural
typhoid fever problem is also dealt with. The scope of the investigations was
limited to a single State but covered a wide range of rural conditions. The
results of the investigations are briefly summarized as follows :

" Both farm and city are suffering from the careless management of rural
sanitation.

METEOROLOGY — WATER. 17

" Previous investigations of rural water supplies have been more or less
unsatisfactory, due eitlier to tlie local or fragmentary character of the investi-
gations or to the use of a single method in studying the supplies in question.

"^Exhaustive data upon 79 carefully selected and typical rural water sup-
plies show that 20 were good and, usually because of careless or ignorant
management, that 59 were polluted.

" Of the polluted wells, 11 are so located that even extreme care would not
make them safe; 10 are poorly located, but improvements in the protection
fi-om surface wash and infiltration would make them safe; 25 are bad only
because of poor surface protection and could easily be made safe; 1 is polluted
from unknown, probably distant, sources. One spring supi)ly is polluted because
of poor surface protection and could easily be made safe. The rivers, surface
reservoirs, and cisterns are polluted, and it is doubtful whether satisfactory
supplies can be secured for farm use from such sources. Where their use is
necessary, water for drinking should be boiled or otherwise disinfected.

" During this investigation 23 of the farms examined showed a record of
typhoid fever. On 11 of these farms it was found impossible to locate the
source of infection, on 2 farms possible sources were determined, while on 10
the data seemed to locate definitely the source of infection. The water supplies
upon 5 of these farms were not polluted and the infection was traceable to out-
side sources ; the water supplies of the remaining 18 farms were polluted.

" The protection of farm supplies by common-sense methods obvious to any-
one who will try to discover the dangers incident to bis own water supply
would render safe the majority of the farm supplies which are now polluted.
Exhaustive studies of rui-al conditions at the present time, therefore, are war-
ranted only in connection with epidemiological studies."

Typhoid fever in Ohio with some observations on outbreaks at various
places, H. M. Platter (Quart. Bui. Ohio Bd. Health, 1 (HJO!)), Xo. 3, pp. 18-',-
190). — In view of an unusual increase in typhoid fever in Ohio during the sum-
mer of 1909, investigations were made as to the extent and causes of the
outbreaks. The unusual pi'evalence of rural typhoid shown by these investiga-
tions is attributed to a variety of causes, including the spending of vacations in
infected communities, the wide interchange of milk and raw food supplies, and
contaminated water supplies.

"A great number of farm wells are contaminated from the surface. Under
such circumstances if a member of the family acquires typhoid fever away
from home and the most scrupulous care is not taken of the discharges from
the beginning of illness the water supply becomes contaminated with the
typhoid poison and, if the patient be in the family of a milk or vegetable pro-
ducer, [such contamination] will be followed by other cases not only in the
family, but by epidemics of no mean proportions in the city consuming his
supply."

A study of the bacteriolog'y of drinking water supplies in tropical climates,
W. W. Clemesha, I. S. AiYAR, and V. G. Mudaliyar (Madras: Govt., 1909, pp.
3.',6; rev. in Lancet [London], 1909, II, No. 15, pp. 1076, J077).— This book is
based largely upon studies of the water supplies of Madras. India.

The purification of some textile and other factory wastes, H. Stabler and
G. H. Pratt (U. S. Geoh Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 235, pp. 76).— "This
paper gives a brief outline of the processes of scouring wool, bleaching cotton
yarn and cloth, dyeing cotton yarn, and manufacturing oleomargarine, glue, and
fertilizer. The waste waters of these processes are considered in detail and
means of purifying them are discussed at length, special prominence being given
to the investigations of the authors. These investigations . . . consisted of the
determination of the effects of special industrial wastes on streams, their

18 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

piersisteuce, their relation to health, their damage to natural water resources,
and the best methods of disposing of thorn, imrifyinf; thoin, or recovering valu-
able materials contained in them."

Attention is called to the fact that " a large amount of fertilizer is made
from slaughterhouse wastes, such as blood, waste meat, bones, hoofs, hair,
tainted meat, diseased animals, and taid<age or residue from rendering and
glue-making processes. In converting these substances into commercial ferti-
lizer, blood is dried at a moderate heat and crushed to powder ; bones may be
ground without preliminary treatment, or they may be treated with a volatile
solvent or boiled with steam to remove fats and gelatin and then ground for
fertilizer; and tankage is dried, powdered, and mixed with other fertilizing
material. The vjiluable ingredients sought for in all stock are nitrogen,
potassium, and phosphorus."

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

A study of crop yields and soil composition in relation to soil productivity,
M. Whitney {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. 57, pp. 127, flg.s. 24). — This
study is based upon evidence presented by yields of crops in Europe and the
United States and on individual farms as well as upon the chemical composition
of the soils of the United States as compared with those of Europe. The
statistics for the United States are confined mainly to yields of wheat and corn
(luring the past 40 years. The data for chemical composition include tables
containing all analyses of soils which have been made in the United States by
the acid digestion method during the past IS years, as well as similar tables of
analyses of soils of various European countries.

The author states that a careful study of the data presented appears to
justify the following conclusions :

" The productivity of the newer agricultural soils of the United States and
of the older agricultural soils of Europe, taken as a whole and for a nation,
are not declining, as is popularly supi)osed. Individual farms deteriorate, and
soils wear out as they have always done, but as a whole it seems probable that
we are producing more crops per acre than formerly. This is undoubtedly due
to many factors ; to better and more intelligent cultivation, more and better
systems of rotation of crops, and, in later years, to intelligent use of fertili-
zers— three methods of control in the hands of every individual farmer. In
addition, we must recognize the increase in farm animals and stock, the im-
provement in seed by selection and breeding, and the inci'easing density in
population, which is forcing attention to more intensive methods.

" So far as our information goes there is apparently no significant difference
at the present time between the composition of the older agricultural soils of
Europe and the newer agricultural soils of the United States with respect to
potash, phosphoric acid, lime, and magnesia."

A preliminary report on the Volusia soils, their problems and manage-
ment, M. E. Carr (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr.. Bur. Soils Bui. 60, pp. 22, pis. 10, fig. 1).—
The series of soils discussed in this bulletin occupies a belt of country in south-
ern New York, northern Pennsylvania, and northeastern Ohio, covering an area
of over 10,000,000 acres, in which for the past 25 years there has been a general
tendency toward decline in price of land and in some cases toward actual
abandonment of farms. The name " Volusia," as applied to this group of soils,
ifc derived from a small village in Chautauqua County, N. Y., where such soils
were first encountered and mapped in 1901 by the Bureau of Soils.

The bulletin " discusses fully the characteristics of these soils and their
capabilities, treating briefly the general soil problems encountered and their

SOILS FERTILIZERS.

19

bearing upon the economic problems of the region," and is based upon informa-
tion obtained in soil surveys in different parts of the region as well as upon
special studies of the soil conditions in parts of the region where soil surveys
have not been undertaken.

The general conclusion reached is that "the soils of the Volusia series are
not ' Avorn out ' in any proper sense of the word, but, so far as the mineral mat-
ter of the soil is concerned, are abundantly supplied with the plant-food ele-
ments for the production of good crops. The difficulties encountered in crop
production upon the Volusia soils arise chiefly from lack of drainage, poor phys-
ical condition, and a depletion of organic matter."

Methods of management and cropping adapted to the imi)rovement of condi-
tions are discussed.

The minus quantity in California soils, G. W. Shaw (Cal. Cult., 32 (1909),
No. 10, 1)1). 275, 29 Jf, 295). — The cause of decline in fertility of California soils
and practical methods of restoring their productiveness are discussed. The
decline in productiveness is attributed to poor physical condition and deficiency
of humus, and the method of improvement proposed is based upon the belief
that " the maintenance of fertility or i)roductiveuess of soils is very largely a
matter of the upkeep of the humus content."

The agricultural soils of Cape Colony, C. F. Jubitz (Agr. Jour. Cape Good
Hope, S-'t {1909), Nos. h, pp. Ji22-',36; 5, pp. 550-567, flg.s. 2, dgm.'i. 2; 6, pp. 675-
697, figs. S, dgms. 2). — This series of articles discusses the geological relations
and plant food, alkalinity, and physical composition of Cape Colony soils in a
stunming up of the results of a rather comprehensive and systematic study of
these soils. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 1014).

The average composition of the various types of soil examined is as follows:

Geological origin and average conipo.'iition of types i>f Cape Colony noil.

Geological formation.

Number

of soils

analyzed.

Water.

Lime.

Potash.

Phos-
phoric
oxid.

Pre-Cape rocks:

Malmesbury series

16
9

7
9

12

46
18

11
4

2
24

21

2
11

Per cent.
1.02
1.19
3.99
2.90
1.48

1.08
1.27

.93
3.49

2.44
2.29

1.44

Per cent.

0.079
.049

4.169
.246
.048

.034

.387

.042
.051

1.013
.233

.299

.078

.584

Per cent.
0. 124
.069
.048
.068
.055

.031
.231

.141
.058

.138
.172

.181

.030
.153

Per cent.
0 039

Granite

048

Campbell Rand series

.057

Pniel series

.069

Olive shales

031

Cape system:

Table Mountain series

.036

Bokkeveld series

.118

Common horizon of Table Mountain and Bok-
keveld series

.075

Witteberg series

.065

Karroo system:

.059

Burghersdorp beds and Stoimberg series

Cretaceous system:

Uitenhage series

.078
.087

Recent deposits:

Sand downs

.027

Transported silts and river deposits

2.86

.106

The methods and results of special studies of the amount and character of
the soluble salts in different groups of soils as affected by irrigation, rainfall,
and other conditions are reported and discussed. Sodium chlorid and sulphate
were often found to be dominant constituents of the soluble salts, sodium car-
bonate less frequently. The soils are classified with reference to mechanical
composition, especially the percentage of fine earth, which varied from 56.3 per
cent in one group to 100 per cent in another.

20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Investigations into the physical composition of some Cape Colony soils,
C. F. JuRiTz {Reprint from Ann. lipt. So. African Atisoc. Adv. ScL, 1908, pp.
IS). — Detailed mechanical analyses of a large number of typical soils are re-
ported. These analyses were made for the purpose of ascertaining the physical
condition and properties of soils especially adapted to different classes of crops,
as well as the amount of moisture these soils are capable of retaining. The
method of mechanical analyis used is briefly outlined.

The importance of mechanical analysis of soils, C. Eberiiart {Fiihling's
Landw. Ztg., 58 (190'J), No. 5, pi>. 176-188). — The importance of mechanical
analysis and the relative merits of different methods are discussed.

A method for the determination of the external and internal soil surface,
F. ScHEEFFER (Joiir. Lundic, 57 ( IHO!)), No. 2, pp. 121-135, figs. 3; ahs. in Vlicin.
ZcnthJ., 1909, II, No. 11, p. 931). — The method proposed is based upon the de-
termination of hygroscopic water over sulphuric acid and the increase in
weight when the dried soil is Ivcpt over 9 per cent carbon tetrachlorid. Tests
of the method with satisfactory results on humus free soils are reported.

Heat transference in soils, H. E. Patten ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui.
59, pp. 5), figs. 22). — The primary object of the investigations reported in this
bulletin " was to determine the relation between the heat conductivity and
moisture content of a soil with special reference to the importance of the
' optimum water content,' " as explained in Bulletin 50 of the Bureau of Soils
(E. S. R., 19, p. S18).

In the investigations reported with sand and soils of various kinds use was
made of a modification of Forbes's method, which " consists in measuring simul-
taneously the rate of temperature rise in a soil at regular distances from the
constant temperature heat source, and the difference of temperature gradient
which causes this rise." The special forms of apparatus used are described
and the complete data obtained are presented in tables and diagrams.

A general result of the experiments was to show that a soil conducts heat
better and more quickly with a moisture content near but somewhat below that
recognized as the optimum.

" The reason for this is that at the optimum water content we have the soil
grains formed into larger aggregates and the spaces between these aggregates
act as an air insulation against the passage of heat. As more water is added
some of these soil grain aggregates break up and their constituent grains now
serve to fill in the spaces between the larger aggregates, and the added water
gives still better contact between the soil crumbs and the small grains. Thus
the total effect is a better conduction of heat and a faster rise of temperature.
But when water is added to the soil over a certain percentage (which is different
for each soil) the temperature of the soil will rise more slowly, although heat
is being conducted by the soil better than at a lower moisture content. This
effect is produced by the high heat capacity of water, which is almost five times
that of a dry soil."

" The practical value of the work lies in pointing out the nature of the soil
control which should be exercised in the planting of general farm crops to se-
cure a warm seed bed and good germination, in the handling of cranberry
marshes, and other special agricultural lines."

The system water, calcium carbonate, carbonic acid, J. W. Leather and J.
Sen {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Chem. Ser., 1 {1909), No. 7, pp. 117-131, pi. 1,
charts 6). — The solubility of minerals in the soils and rocks has been previously
shown to be greater in the presence of carbon dioxid than with ordinary water.
These tests, however, were generally made under conditions which are not as
they exist iu nature. From their work ou the concentrations of calcium car-

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 21

bonate and carbonic acid in water, the authors conclude that soils treated with
water, calcium carbonate, and carbonic acid in such proportions as they exist in
nature act differently than is generally assumed.

The influence of snow cover on soil temperature, (i. Friesenhof {Met.
Ztschr., 2(1 (1U09), Xo. G, pp. 273-275). — The need and importance of systematic
studies of this subject are pointed out and the conditions which must be taljen
into consideration in making such studies are explained.

Results of recent investigations in soil bacteriology and their value for
agricultural practice, J. Simon ( Mitt. Okonom. Gesell. ,Sachsen, 1908-9, pp.
1-27, figs. 2). — This article discusses the importance from an agricultural stand-
point of the activities of micro-organisms in the soil in the light of recent prog-
ress in this field of Investigation, and indicates the practical means that may be
used to promote the beneficial activities.

The influence of depth of cultivation upon soil bacteria and their activi-
ties, W. E. King and C. J. T. Doryland {Kansa.-i /Sf«. Bui. 161, pp. 211~2.'j2,
pf/s. 3, dgms. 2). — This is an account of preliminary experiments on the influence
on the bacterial content of stirring (plowing) silt loam and fine sandy loam to
different depths (2 to 12 in.).

The following volumetric method was used in these studies:

" One cc. of soil was placed in a sterile test-tube to which was added 19 cc.
of sterile distilled water. This was shalven for Vi minutes, and from each tube,
by means of a sterile platinum loop, which was constructed and graduated to
hold 1 cu. mm. of water, approximately 1 cu. mm. of the soil suspension was
transferred into 10 cc. of sterile liquefied agar. The inoculated medium was
then poured into a sterile Petri dish."

A special form of small steel soil sampler and a sample case used in the work,
as well as the method of taking the samples, are described.

" The soil samitler is made of steel and consists of a steel tube 7 cm. long
with an inside diameter of f in. and an outside diameter of I'g in. The plunger,
with a plunger-rod h hi- in diameter, is connected with the cylinder through a
I in. hole, and is clamped and held at the desired place by a set screw. The
plunger-head is just a working fit inside the cylinder. The plunger-rod is
graduated so that the plunger-head allows 1, 2, 3 or 4 cc. of soil to be taken, as
desired." -

The following conclusions are suggested l)y the results:

" Deep plowing (8 to 10 in.) tends to increase the number of soil bacteria in
both sandy and silt soils.

" Deep plowing tends to increase bacterial activity. More ammonia is pro-
duced.

" Deep plowing tends to decrease deuitrification or the reduction of nitrates
and the liberation of free nitrogen.

" The volumetric method of quantitative bacteriological soil analysis has the
following possible advantages over the gravimetric method: (a) It is more
simple and convenient; (h) there is less danger of contamination; (r) the re-
sults are placed on a more accurate basis for comparison. The volumetric
method can be used to advantage when comparative results are desired.

" Increased soil temperature increases bacterial activity.

"An excess of moisture in soil reduces the number of bacteria and is detri-
mental to bacterial activity.

" The maximum number of bacteria is found within the fifth and sixth inches.
Either side of this zone the numbers of bacteria decrease.

" Due to certain conditions, different siiecies of bacteria are present in soil,
at different times in predominating numbers.

22 EXPERIMENT STATION l^KCORl).

"Bacterial life and activity soein to i-isc .-md tall with iiiorc or l(>ss ri'.uu-
larity. These periods of maximum and minhmnii activity are to a certain
extent independent of moisture and temperature and are possibly due to tlio
l)rt'sence of bacterial by-])roducts."

The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil micro-organisms, F.
Stkanak {Ztsclir. ZuckcriinlK.s. liohmcn, 33 {190!)), Xo. 10, pj). oDD-Gl.'/ ; ahs.
ill Chcm. Aim., 3 {1009), No. 18, pp. 2192, 2193; Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London]. 9t;
(1909), iVo. 5G2, II, p. 692; Chcm. Zenthl., 1909, II, No. 8. pp. i;',7. ().',S; CUrni.
Ztg., 38 {1909), No. 9o, Rcpcrt., p. J,09 ; Ccnlhl. Unit, [etc.], 2, A hi., 23 {1909),
No. 10-13, pp. 320, 321). — The work of other investigators on this subject is
reviewed, and the author's own experiments with Azotohacter chroococcum are
described with a full account of methods of isolating the organism.

A comparison of various sugars as carl)ohydriite food for the organism
showed that arabinose was the most efficient source of such food and indicates
that the pentosans of the soil are of great importance in the assimilation of
nitrogen by soil bacteria. The average consumption of carbohydrates per gram
of nitrogen assimilated was 1G5 gm. in case of glucose. In the presence of
lutrates Azotobacter derived its supply of nitrogen from this source and not
from atmospheric nitrogen. The organism reduced nitrate nitrogen to ammonia.

In soil tests inoculation with Azotobacter caused a pronounced increase in
the yield of beets, grain, and potatoes. In a pot experiment inoculation with
pui'e culture of Azotobacter gave less increase in yield than was obtained with
inoculating material preparetl as follows: Inoculate 5 kg. of soil containing 2.")0
gm. of glucose with 500 cc. of a glucose culture of Azotobacter and allow to
incubate for 3 months at 24° C.

Azotobacter was found to be widely distributed in cultivated fields, meadow
land, and forest soils, but absent from many virgin soils and soils at consider-
able elevations. It was abundant, however, in virgin soils having a luxuriant
growth of blue and green alg.-e.

Bacillus amylobacter and the regeneration of the power of assimilation
of free nitrogen, J. P]. Weiss {Jahrh. Natuno., 2} {1908-9), pp. 221-223).—
This is a brief review of the investigations of Bredemann on this subject (E. S.
R., 21, p. 717).

On. the mechanism, of denitrification by indirectly denitrifying bacteria,
L. Grimbert and M. Bagros {Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 6. ser., 30 {1909), No. 1,
pp. 5-10; ab-'^. in Rev. G6n. ScL, 20 {1909), No. 20, pp. 832, 833).— A continua-
tion and completion of previous investigations is here reported. The influence
of different kinds of carbonaceous food on the fixation of nitrogen by Bacillus
coli was studied No denitrification occurred in nitrated peptone cultures when
either various carbonaceous substances or amid or amin compounds were added
separately, but when the two classes were combined there was innnediate and
active development.

Bog toxins and their efEect upon soils, A. Dachnowski {Bot. Gaz., l/l
{1909), No. 5, pp. 389-li05, figs. 2). — Investigations are reported which indicfrte
that the sterility of many swamp and nuick soils is due to the presence of toxins
dependent mainly upon physical and chemical factors but also influenced by
excretion from roots and rhizomes of [ilants. The roots of wheat plants grown
in untreated bog water contained on their surface numerous colored bodies re-
sulting from the oxidizing action of the roots, but the general decay of the root
tips indicated that the oxidizing power was insufficient to decrease the injurious
effects of the bog toxins. Treating the bog water with an insoluble absorbent
agent invariably proved beneficial. The presence of small amounts of toxic sub-
stances accelerated growth. The capacity of soils for retaining the toxins was
found to be higher the greater the content of humus.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 23

The physiological action of soil extracts, H. Fischer (Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.],
2. Abt., 24 (1909), No. l--'i, pp. 62-7'/ ) .—Studies of the Lohnis-Remy method of
bacteriological examination which gave results unfavorable to the method are
reported.

Soil culture in dry regions where irrigation is impossible, jNI. Kostritsine
{Ann. Gcmhloux, 19 (1909), No. 11, pp. 593-617, fig. i).— The experience of dry
regions of the United States and other countries is reviewed and discussed with
reference to application to Russian conditions. A short bibliography is given.

Observations on the value of stall manure, T. Pfeiffer (FuhUng's Landiv.
Ztg., 5S (1909), No. 5, pp. 161-176). — Valuation based on the content of phos-
phoric acid, potash, and nitrogen is discussed.

The influence of fertilizers on the composition of plants (Engrais, 24
(1909), No. JfO, p. 1108). — This is a note based upon investigations at the experi-
ment station of Pas-de-Calais on the effect of superphosphate and a mixture of
superphosphate and potash on three varieties of wheat, and at the Agronomic
Institute of Paris on the effect of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda on
the gluten content of grain.

In the first experiments it was found that both the phosi)hatic and potash
fertilizers increased the yield but not the gluten content of the grain. The
results of the second experiments were not conclusive as to the effect of nitrog-
enous fertilizers in increasing the gluten content.

Experiments with fertilizers and manure on tobacco, corn, wheat, and
clover in the Miami Valley (Ohio 8ta. Bui. 206, pp. 21, dgniti. 3). — "These
experiments were begun in 1903 on tobacco, grown both continuously and in
rotation with wheat and clover, and in 1904 and 1905 on corn and wheat,
grown in a rotation of corn, wheat, and clover. A description of the soil and
the plan of the experiments with tobacco are given in Bulletin 161 of this sta-
tion [E. S. R., 17, p. 245], and a continuation of the work with tobacco up to
1905 is reported in Bulletin 172 [E. S. R., IS, p. 138]. The rotation of corn,
wheat, and clover is in part reported in Bulletin 182 [E. S. R., 19, p. 315], and
the statistics of all the crops up to 1906 are given in Bulletin 184 [E. S. R., 20,
p. 428]."

This bulletin contains data for 1907 and 1908. The results for the whole
period l)ring out the general fact that the judicious use of manures and fer-
tilizers will greatly and profitably increase the yield of crops on the upland soils
of the Miami A'alley. These soils were originally very fertile but have been sub-
jected for many years to a course of agriculture which involves systematic soil
exhaustion. " They show that the most effective manure is that which has not
been subjected to the losses which occur in the open barnyard, and they indi-
cate that the most effective fertilizer is one containing nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium — all three.

" No urgent need of lime has as yet been developed in the soil under these
experiments, and this was to be expected from its geological history. It has not
yet been demonstrated, however, that moderate applications of lime may not be
useful, especially upon those fields in this region which have been longest under
cultivation."

Fertilizers for cotton soils, M. Whitney (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. 62,
pp. 24, fig. 1). — This bulletin gives a compilation of yields of cotton on ferti-
lized and unfertilized soils of various kinds obtained in 2,802 tests reported by
the state agricultural experiment stations during the period from 1887 to 1907.

Comparing the yield with various fertilizing materials singly and combined
in various ways with the yields obtained on unfertilized plats of the same soil,,
deductions are drawn as to the effectiveness of single substances and mixtures,
the effect of various amounts of fertilizers, and relation at fertHtzei: effect to

24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

natural productiveness of the soil, but as pointed <Mit in the bulletin "the
duplicate 'check' plats show such wide variations that considerable latitude
must be allowed in the interpretation (if nil results, and the quantitative com-
parisons should not be siyen too ^^reat weij^ht."

New nitrogenous fertilizers utilizing atmospheric nitrogen [Rev. Gen.
Chilli., 12 (1909), No. 11, Sup., pp. 7/.7,'M6*3).— This is an abstract of a report
by II. Guillin to the International Conj^ress of Applied Chemistry at London
regarding what has been done in France in the manufacture and use of such
products, referring more particularly to Schloesing's modification of the Nor-
wegian process of manufacturing nitrate of lime and Graudeau's experiments
to dotorniine the fertilizing value of the atmospheric products.

The utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, particularly for the manufacture
of air saltpeter, A. Bernthsen (Eiif/iii. and Miii. Jour., 88 (1909), No. 16, pp. 77.?-
776-; Rev. Gen. Cliim., 12 (1909), No. 15, pp. 257-272; Umschau, 13 (1909), No.
31, pp. (JJi3-(}50, figs. 5; Rev. Elcctrochiin. ct Electrom^tal., 3 (1909), No. 7, pp.
193-208) .—»ee a previous note (E, S. R., 21, p. 53).

Calcium cyanamid and dicyandiamid, D. N. Prianishnikov (Ahs. in Chem.
Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 69, p. 626; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 (1909), No. 13,
p. 724). — This is a note on a paper presented at the International Congress of
Applied Chemistry at London, which reports the results of experiments on
various plants with calcium cyanamid in comparison with nitrate of soda.

In pure sand in which micro-organisms were not active the cyanamid acted
as a poison on all plants when the seed was planted at less than 1* months
after the application of the fertilizing material. A study of the changes which
occur in connection with loss of nitrogen from the cyanamid showed that when
the material was spread out in thin layers as high as 66 per cent of the total
nitrogen was lost. A part of the nitrogen was recovered as ammonia when
the gaseous products of decomposition were drawn through sulphuric acid.
About 27 per cent of the total nitrogen of the cyanamid was dissolved by treat-
ment in the cold, about 49 per cent when subjected to hot solution.

The formula of dicyandiamid is discussed.

Nitrolime, Ragondet (Jour. Soc. Cent. Agr. BcJg., 56 (1909), No. 8, pp. 250,
251). — The advantage of mixing nitrolime (lime nitrogen) with nitrate of lime
is discussed. Such mixtures have a high content of nitrogen and good mechan-
ical condition.

Do certain potash salts exert a beneficial influence on the growth of plants
through their water-holding capacity? B. Tacke (Driit. Landir. Pressc, 36
(1909), No. 71, pp. 753, 75'/). — In pot experiments it was found that the use of
amounts of potash salts which may be employed in practice exerted an ap-
preciable influence in reducing the amount of water taken up from the soil.
The influence was more marked in the case of crude salts than in case of pure
salts, due to the larger amounts used of the former.

On the injury resulting from the use of kainit in the bedding of domestic
animals, O. Brandes (Ueber die SchudHchkcit des Einstreuens von Kainit in die
Stallstreu der Haustiere. Inaug. Diss. Bern, 1908; rev. in Deut. Tierdrztl.
Wchnschr.. 17 (1909), No. 32, pp. .'/7//, .',75; Deut. Landiv. Presse, 36 (1909),
No. 6-'i, p. 689). — The use of kainit under animals as a manure preservative is
condemned on account of a pronounced injurious effect on the skin of animals,
which is described, and its poisonous action on fowls which pick up and eat
particles of the salt.

The use of potash silicate as a fertilizer, E. Wein (Deut. Landw. Presse, 36
(1909), Nos. 75, pp. 79//, 795; 76, ;)/). 807, 808; 77, pp. 816, 817; Illus. Landw.
Ztg., 29 (1909), Nos. 7/,. pp. 699-702; 75, pp. 707, 708; 78, pp. 739, 7.'/0).— In
four years' experiments oii different soils and crops the use of potash silicate
gave on the whole very good results as compared with other potash salts.

I

SOILS FEKTILIZEKS. 25

Phonolith, a new potassium fertilizer, A. Verwey (Chcm. Weekbl., 6 {1909),
No. 21, pp. 359-361 ; abs. in Chem. Abs., 3 {1909), No. 18, p. 219.',; Chein. ZentbL,
1909, II, No. 8, p. 648). — This is a discussion of the value of phonolith as a ferti-
lizer, based on the results of numerous analyses made by the author and on
his interpretation of the conclusions of Wein already noted (E. S. R., 20, p.
822).

The average percentage of potash is given as 9.51, none of which is in a
water-soluble form: about 3 per cent is soluble in a large quantity of concen-
trated hydrochloric acid.

The following points in regard to the use of this substance as a potash ferti-
lizer are given: (1) It can be easily applied, since it is in a dry and fine
condition; (2) no injury to the hands is to be feared, since it is an almost
neutral material; (3) it has no properties injurious to plants; (4) the absence
of chlorin is an advantage for plants like potatoes, beets, etc.; (5) the time of
application is immaterial, since leaching is not to be feared.

Methods of analysis are described in considerable detail.

Phonolith, a new fertilizer, II. Lindeman (Chem. Wcekl., 6 {1909), No. 25,
pp. U3-Jt30; abs. in Chem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 18, p. 2191,; Chem. ZentbL, 1909,
II, No. 8, p. 61,8). — The author disagrees with some of the statements and most
of the conclusions of Verwey noted above, and thinks additional experiments
are needed to ascertain the value of phonolith as a fertilizer.

Development of chemical activity in the field of superphosphate manu-
facture, L. ScHiCHT (Chem. Ztf/., 33 {1909), No. 6(1 pp. 589-592).— This is a
paper presented at the International Congress of Applied Chemistry at London,
and reviews chemical work bearing upon the process of converting raw phos-
phates of various kinds into superphosphate.

The lime in basic slag, J. IIendrick {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No.
II,, pp. 775-778; abs. in Chem. ZentbL, 1909, II, No. 9, p. 7//2).— Chemical studies
of various samples of Thomas slag are reported which " indicate that the basic
lime in slag is not only a very variable quantity, but that it consists of lime in
various forms of combination. A little of it is free caustic lime. The rest is in
combination, such as silicates and basic phosphates. A part of this combined
lime is readily liberated, and will probably readily act in the soil as a base.
Other portions are only liberated with greater difficulty and slowly. As the
conditions are very complex, it is impossible to draw any line and state an exact
percentage of basic lime in slag except in terms of a strictly defined method of
determining it."

Investig'ations on the fertilizing value of sulphur water {Dent. Landiv.
Presse, 36 {1909), No. 67, p. 717). — Experiments on winter barley and wheat
with the condensed liquid obtained in the coking of brown coal are reported.
This material contains a considerable amount of nitrogen (about 1.5 per cent)
and was of some fei'tilizing value when used in moderate amounts and applied
some time in advance of the sowing of the grain in order to permit of weather-
ing of the sulphur compounds present. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p.
431.)

Peat resources of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, C. A. Davis
{U. 8. GeoL Survey BuL 39',, pp. 62-6*9 ) .—The available supply of peat in the
United States is roughly estimated at 12.888,500,000 tons, the greater part of
the material occurring in that portion of the country which has no productive
coal fields. The successful use of peat " as a source of producer gas. of a form
of charcoal or coke, of various by-products from the coke retorts similar to
those obtained from wood distillation, of fuel and illuminating gas, of fertilizer
filler, of paper, of litter for stables, and of packing materials " is referred to.

18556—10 3

26 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Fish guano, L. M. Douglas (Irish Funiiinn World, 22 (1909), A'o. }09.'i, p.
J76). — This is a brief account of the extent and methods of manufacture of
fish guano in the Ignited Kingdom and of the fertilizing value of the product
obtained.

Production and consumption of manufactured fertilizers ( U. 8. Dcpt. Agr.,
Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, It (1909), Xo. 10, p. 71). — Statistics compiled from
the censuses of 1900 and 1905 (E. S. K., 20, p. 825) are given, with an estimate
of the amount of fertilizers consumed in 1907-8 in the States of Kentucky,
Tennessee, Mississippi, Virginia, Florida, North Carolina, Louisiana, Alabama,
South Carolina, and Georgia. The total consumption for the States named is
estimated at 2,786,430 tons.

Progress in the fertilizer industry, 1905-1908, W, Moller (Chem. Zt(;.,
33 {1909), Nos. 60, pp. o38-5J,0, figs. J,; 61, pp. .5-i6'-,J.'/8, figs. 4; 62, pp. 554-556,
figs. 5; 63, pp. 562-56. 'i ; 6J/-65, pp. 511-574). — This review deals with raw mate-
rials, plant, machinery and processes, and scientific investigations bearing on
the fertilizer industry.

[Analyses of fertilizers, soils, and waters], Alice R. Thompson (Haivnii
Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 60-62). — Determinations of the fertilizing constituents in
castor pomace, peanut meal, and whole plants of cowpeas, pigeon peas, and
jack beans, as well as chemical analyses of 7 samples of Hawaiian soils, are
reported and briefly discussed. Analyses of an alkaline irrigation water and
of 14 samples of lysimeter drainage waters are also referred to.

The castor pomace contained 5.2 per cent of nitrogen, 1.8 per cent of phos-
phoric acid, 1.3 per cent of potash, and 1 per cent of lime; the peanut meal 8.4
per cent of niti'ogen, 1.6 per cent of phosphoric acid, 1.3 per cent of potash, and
0.5 per cent of lime. The irrigation water contained 78.27 gr. per gallon of total
solids and 35.23 gr. of salt. Its use had resulted in the death of young fruit
trees. It is stated that the results of the analyses of the rice lysimeter drain-
age waters " indicate that ammonium sulphate used as a fertilizer causes loss
of lime in the soil. Addition of magnesium salts causes an increase of magnesia
in the drainage water. Only traces of phosphoric acid were found in the sam-
ple of water."

Commercial fertilizers and chemicals, T. G. Hudson, R. E. Stallings. et al.
(Bui. Ga. Dept. Agr., 1909, No. J,9, pp. i8.5).— This report gives the text of the
state fertilizer laws and rulings of the commissioner of agriculture under the
law, fertilizer formulas for special crops, tables giving the average composi-
tion of fertilizing materials of various kinds, and analyses and valuations of
2,274 brands of fertilizers inspected during the season of 1908-9, representing
estimated scales of about 884,000 tons.

Fertilizer analyses, A. J. Patten and C. B. Collingwood (MieJiigan Sta. Bui.
256, pp. 345). — This is a report in the usual form of the results of the inspec-
tion of 346 samples of fertilizers representing 167 different brands collected
during the months of April, May, and June, 1909.

New state fertilizer laws (Amer. Pert.. 30 (1909). A'o. 6, pp. 76-22).— The
text is given of the amended South Carolina law which went into effect on the
date of its approval by the governor, March 2, 1909, and of the amended Penn-
sylvania law which was approved May 1, 1909, to go into effect on and after
July 31, 1909.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

The perception of light in plants, H. Wager (Ann. Bot. [London], 23 (1909).
No. 91, pp. 459-489, pis. 2, figs. 3). — The author has investigated the claims of
Haberlandt that the cells of the epidermis of diaheliotropic leaves cause a con-
vergence of the rays of light, resulting in the heliotropic orientation of the leaf.

AGEICULTURAL BOTANY. 27

Tho author claims that this hypothesis is open to mtieism, both on morpho-
lojiical and physiological grounds.

The lens cells are present in many cases on leaves and other organs where
there is no question of their functioning in light perception. In experiments in
\A'hich the elimination of the lens function has been effected the results have
been so contradictory that no definite conclusions can be based on them. In
some special cases the lens cells did appear to bring about a concentration of
the light on the chlorophyll grains, and this would seem to indicate that they are
effective in promoting a greater illumination of the chlorophyll grains. With
the possible exception of these few cases, the author concludes there is no satis-
factory evidence to show that the lens-shaped cells can be regarded as special
adaptations, either for light perception or for the more efficient illumination of
the chlorophyll grains.

The photodynamic effect of extracts from etiolated plants, W. Hausmann
and L. von Portheim (Biochcm. Zt-schr., 21 (UJOD), No. 1-2, pp. 5/-5S).— Ex-
periments were made with methyl-alcoholic extracts of etiolated seedlings of
wheat, oats, maize, barley, peas, and beans, and the extracts were found to have
a photodynamic effect even though the solutions were only slightly tinged with
yellow. The extracts were found to produce hemolysis of blood corpuscles in an
hour or less, dependent upon the source from which they were obtained, when
placed in the light, but they were without effect when kept in the darkness.
Attention is directed to the fluorescent effect possessed by the extracts.

The influence of some nutrient solutions on the germination and develop-
ment of fungi, O. LuTz (.l///(. MiicoL. 7 iVJO'.)), Xo. 2, pp. .0/-/ J,?). —Experi-
ments are reported in which various fungi were sown in culture media in which
fungi had been previously grown. One lot of the media was sterilized, the other
not, and the fungi used in the experiments were Aspergillus niger, Botrytis
cincrca, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium solani, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium
glaucum, and Rhizopus nigricans. The effect of the media on germination and
development was noted.

In some instances the growth was retarded and in others accelerated, the ex-
act reason for this behavior and the chemical nature of the materials left by the
growth of the fungi being undetermined. The action is apparently euzymic, the
substances secreted by the fungi readily passing through a filter. They are
destroyed or greatly modified by high temperatures, and an exposure of 20
minutes to direct light or to the violet rays of the spectrum destroyed them.
F. solani and A. niger sown in the medium which had formerly grown these
organisms wei-e stimulated in their vegetative growth. The metabolic products
given off by the fungi enumerated above were found to stimulate or retard not
only the same species grown in the medium, but other fungi as well.

The effect of heat on diastatic ferments, J. Apsit and E. Gain (Compt. Rend.
8oc. Biol [Paris], 61 (1U09), No. 28. pp. S67-369) .—The effect of heat on the
diastase of wheat was investigated, grains being subjected to boiling water for
25 minutes and to the action of dry heat at 160° for 20 minutes. In both cases
the vitality of the seed was destroyed, but the diastatic functions were retained.

It appears that the diastases resist the action of heat to a greater extent than
the germinative faculty. In the wheat grains the vitality of which had been
destroyed by heat there was still sufficient amylase present to bring about the
saccharification of starch.

The relation between the rennet and proteolytic ferments of plants and
their function, C. Gerber {Compt. Rend. Hoc. Biol. [Paris], 67 {1909), No. 28,
pp. 332-334). — From a study of the active principle found in the papaya the
author is led to believe that there is a close relationship between vegetable
rennets and proteolytic enzyms of plants. Their wide distribution and action
leads him to suppose that they have a diastatic action assisting in the synthesis,

28 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

translocation, and use of the reserve i)roteids, and that they are actively con-
cerned in the nntrition of the pollen tube in its development.

A method for the rapid recognition of hydrocyanic acid in plants, M.
MiBANDE {Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], U9 (1909), No. 2, pi>. I't0-l'f2).—
The author has found that by introducing specimens of plants containing glu-
cosids that yield hydrocyanic acid in tubes or flasks containing chloroform and
a fragment of the picric-sodium pjiper described by Gulgnard (E. S. K., 18,
p. 626), the presence of hydrocyanic acid is quickly determined by the change
in the color of the pai)er.

By making experiments with vapors of mercury, carbon bisulphid, chloroform,
ether, etc., it was found that under the influence of vapors which susi)end the
chlorophyll function of plants the plants conttiiniug hydrocyanic compounds
will give off the acid, and that even after the plants are dead the action will be
continued for some time.

This forms a simple method for the recognition of hydrocyanic acid in plants,
and by this means it has been possible to show the presence of that compound
in plants where the ordinary methods of maceration and distillation failed.

The influence of anesthetics and freezing on the splitting up of glucosids
in plants, L. Guignard iVoiiiiit. Rend. Acad. /S'c(. [I'aris], I'/D ilDOO), Xo. 2,
pp. 91-93). — Attention is called to the method of Mirande (see above) for the
rapid demonstration of the presence of hydrocyanic acid in plants, and in addi-
tion to anesthetics, freezing of plants is said to result in a similar manner.

The elaboration of nitrogenous material in the leaves of plants, G. Andre
(Compt. Rend. Acad. ^ci. [I'an-s], l.'iS (1909), No. 25, pp. 1685-1687) .—A study
was made of the nitrogen content of chestnut trees at various stages of their
growth.

The highest total nitrogen was found at the earliest date of examination, May
13, and the proportion of nitrogen to dry matter decreased regularly throughout
the season. The percentage of amid nitrogen to total nitrogen was greatest just
after the leaves had attained full size. It fell off quite sharply toward the
flowering period, after which there was a progressive increase until the end of
the season. The amount of nitric nitrogen found was small at the beginning,
and soon was represented by a mere trace. The small amount of nitric nitro-
gen present raised the question as to the source of nitrogen in the metabolism
of the plant, and it is thought probable that some other source of nitrogen must
be available than the nitrates obtained from the soil.

The reduction of assimilation by plants during cloudy weather, A. MiJNTz
and H. Gaudechon (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1J,9 (1909), No. 3, pp. 190,
191; Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 69 (1909), No. 7, pp. 63S-635 ) .—The authors
have investigated the relation existing between the illumination of plants and
their carbon dioxid assimilation. Experiments were conducted with wheat plants
in which the illumination was varied to correspond to different degrees of cloudi-
ness, and the oxygen given off was determined as a measure of the carbon
dioxid assimilation. In direct sunshine the plants were found to assimilate
4 or 5 times as much carbon dioxid as was the case under heavy clouds and
rainy weather.

From these data the authors have computed the rate of assimilation per
hectare for wheat and find that on a bright day a hectare of wheat would
assimilate carbon dioxid sufficient to form 22 kg. of starch, representing 33 kg.
of wheat, while on an overcast day the amount assimilated would correspond
to 4.7 kg. of starch, representing 7 kg. of grain.

The authors conclude that in France a large proportion of cloudy days during
June and the first half of July will materially reduce the harvest through the
reduction of chlorophyll activity on the part of the plants.

FIELD CROPS. 29

Investigations on the later resting stages of bulbs, P. Cheistensen ( Overs.
K. Danskc Vidensk. Sclsk. Forhandl., 190S, A'o. 6, pp. Ji27-.'f6S). — The object
of the study was to ascertain the causes for the difference iu rate of growth
of bulbs planted iu October, December, and January. Experiments were con-
ducted during two years with tulips, tlie buU)S being planted in flower pots
and stored in a dark frost-free cellar until subjected to examination. The
time required for the shoots to attain definite lengths was noted, and the bulbs
with their leaves and shoots were subjected to a chemical examination in which
the dry matter, various forms of nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates, starch, and
pentosans were determined.

From the data obtained the author is led to believe that the difference in
the growing power of bulbs planted in October, December, and January could
not be referred to differences shown by a quantitative or qualitative study of
the reserve material in the bulbs. The slow growth of the October bulbs was
not due to a lack of readily soluble compounds that go to make up the reserve
material in the bulb, but is believed to be associated with the metabolism
accompanying growth.

The possible effect of cement dust on plants, G. J. Peikce (Science, n. ser.,
30 {190'.)), So. 77 J, pp. 6.')2-(j.j.'f). — The author's attention has been called to the
deposit of light gray dust on p'lants and various surfaces in a valley not far
from San Francisco. Upon investigation it was found that the foliage of the
native and cultivated plants for a distance of more than G miles was covered
with dust from cement works. The upper surface of many leaves, such as
oak, willow, grape, etc., was thickly covered, but on glossy leaves, such as
peach, lemon, and orange, it was not held. On the fruits it was quite evident
and could not be removed without rubbing off the bloom.' On investigation
the material was found to be so finely ground and to cover the leaves to such
an extent that the exchange of gases in the leaves was prevented to a consider-
able extent, the stoniata in some cases being clogged with the fine particles.

The conclusion of Haselhoff and Lindau (E. S. R., 14, p. 633) that cement
dust does no harm to vegetation in Germany since it is washed off by frequent
showers, is held not to apply in California, where the atmospheric conditions
are quite different, there being practically no rain after the leaves of deciduous
plants have developed. In some parts of California the frequent summer fogs
give rise to considerable moisture, but these together with the rains that may
be expected do not wash the cement from the leaves, but tend to form it into
a permanent crust.

Vitality of seeds under water, J. J. Thornber (Arizona Sta. Bui. 60, pp.
438--'i'il ) . — On account of the fact that the Colorado River annually overflows
its banks, submerging the land from 2 to 6 weeks, the author investigated the
vitality of a considerable number of species of seeds which were submerged
for various periods of time. A preliminary account of these investigations
has already been noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 628).

In general it was found that amber cane or common sorghum is the only
crop that can be sown successfully before a protracted flood period begins.

FIELD CROPS.

Field crop experiments, F. G. Krauss (Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 65-8-i,
pis. Jf). — This is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 137).

A sketch of and data pertaining to the rice growing and milling industries
in Hawaii are presented, together with United States customs statistics on the
exportation and importation of rice for the five years ended June 30, 1907.

During the year the third comparative test was made of 130 varieties of rice
originally obtained from this Department. Pure strains of some of the varieties

30

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

grown the previous year were disseminated among rice growers and pure strains
of stock seed of Nos. 19, 39, Go, 68, 153, and 154a are reported as available for
distribution. Of those already distributed No. 19 is the most noteworthy but
is suitable for fall culture only. No. 153, a strain of .Tai)an rice, yields as
heavily in 110 days as the more slowing maturing Hawaiian type of Gold Seed.
No. 65 yields well but is slow in maturing and lacks the flavor desired by
Japanese consumers. No. 152 failed to set seeds after the first year, during
which it had promised well. No. 73, anotlier Philippine rice, yielded well.
Seven Japanese varieties, 5 new and 2 previously tested, all promised well.
In a milling test of 4 varieties, Nos. 65 and 73 showed the best results, each
with 67 per cent of prime rice and 1 per cent of broken rice.

With refei'ence to the Japanese claim that Hawaiian-grown rice is lacking in
strength, richness, and fattiness as well as in flavor, analyses made l)y tlie
Bureau of Chemistry of this Department are reported as follows:

Compara'tive composition of imported and Haipaiian-groivn Jajxtn rices.

Types.

Moisture.

Protein
(NX6.25).

Fat.

Carbohy-
drates.

Crude
fiber.

Ash.

Imported Japan (in brown)

Per cent.
10.97
10.40
11.16
10.76

Per cent.
7.19
7.38
6.63
7.31

Per cent.

2.08

2.23

.38

.68

Per cent.
77.53
77.26
80.91
79.93

Per cent.

1.02

1.07

.46

.60

Per cent.
1.21

Hawaiian-grown Japan (in brown)

1.66
.49

Hawaiian-grown Japan (fully milled ) . . .

.82

Fertilizer experiment 1 of 1908 was a continuation of experiment 3 of 1907.
Its object was the determination of the residual value to the spring crop of
Japan and Gold Seed rice, of fertilizers ai)plied to the previous fall crop. The
data secured are summarized in the following table :

Relative residual value of the various commercial forms of fertilizers on rice:
Paddy produced by 100 clumps of rice.

a

Fertilizer applied. a

o

a

Yield when
fertilized be-
fore planting.

Yield when limed
(750 lbs. per acre)
and fertilized be-
fore planting.

Yield when fer-
tilized after
plants were three-
fourths grown.

Increase in yield
due to residue of
fertilizer (13 per
cent allowed for
experimental
error).

Japan
seed.

Gold
seed.

Japan
seed.

Gold
seed.

Japan
seed.

Gold
seed.

Japan
seed.

Gold
seed.

1

Nitrate of soda

Sulphate of ammo-

Lbs.
266

200
95

180
125

156

156

350

350

350

Lbs.
2.4

2.5
2.3

2.3
2.4

2.2

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.3

Lbs.

3.8
2.7

2.7
2.6

3.2

3.0

3.7

3.7

3.0

Lbs.
2.7

2.5
2.4

2.4
2.6

3.5

2.5

2.4

2.3

2.5

Lbs.
4.4

4.0
3.3

3.2
3.4

3.7

3.6

3.8

4.0

3.0

Lbs.
2.5

3.3
3.1

3.4
3.1

3.1

3.0

2.6

2.5

2.6

Lbs.

C)

4.6
4.5

4.7
5.1

4.5

4.3

4.5

4.2

4.0

Per cent.

Per cent

{")

03

2

30
21

34

21

21
17

3

4

5
6

Sulphate of potash.

Sulphate of potash
and magnesia

Acid phosphate

Reverted phos-
phate

60

67
83

60

7

8

Thomas slag phos-
phate

Complete fertilizer
A

52
CO

9

Complete fertilizer
B

48

10

Complete fertilizer
c

40

" Plats 1 and 2 each received 40 lbs. of nitrogen ; plat .3, 45 lbs. of KoQ ; plat 4, 45 lbs.
of K2O and 61 lbs. of MgSOi ; plats 5 and 6, 25 lbs. of I'.Os each ; plat 7. 25 lbs. of PnOs and
62 lbs. CaO ; plat 8 received 28 lbs. of nitrogen, 17.5 lbs. of P2O5 and 31.5 lbs. of K2O from
a mixture of nitrate of soda, acid phosphate, and sulphate of potash ; plat 9 received 28 lbs.
of nitrogen, 17.5 lbs. of I'oOs and 31.5 lbs. of K^O from a mixture of sulphate of ammonia,
fish guano, reverted phosphate, and sulphate of potash ; and plat 10 received 28 lbs. of
nitrogen, 17.5 lbs. of P0O5 and 31.5 lbs. of K2O from a mixture of nitrate of soda, Thomas
slag phosphate, sulphate of potash and magnesia.

" Weight lost.

FIELD CROPS.

31

The complete fertilizers contained only TO per cent of the constituents applied
singly and are therefore not deemed comparable with them.

Fertilizer experiment 2 was a continuation of pot fertilizer experiment 2
of the 1907 series. The pots laid fallow 6 months, then the originally fertilized
soil was submerged, stirred to a depth of 4 in., allowed to settle, and planted
with five 15-day-old seedlings per pot of Japan rice No. 153. Three pots con-
stituted "each series, one limed, one drained, and one untreated, save for the
application of the fertilizer noted. The limed pots showed a depression of 14
to 40 per cent in yield of straw and paddy. Draining and consequent leaching
produced no apparent decline. A comparison of the results of the 2 years shows
that the more vigorous varieties derived the greatest benefit from the fertilizers
applied. A residual value appears from most fertilizers when applied before
the i)lanting of the previous crop, but this residual value increases with the
application of fertilizer to the previous crop when well advanced in growth.
It remains to be determined whether the greater residual benefit of the later,
application of fertilizer outweighs the greater immediate benefit of application
before planting.

Fertilizer experiment 3 consisted of 3 tests, at different seasons of the year,
of the relative value of the different sources of nitrogen. The fertilizers applied
and results are summarized in tlie following table:

Relative value of various forms of nitrogen for rice.

Plat
num-
ber.

Fertilizer applied.

Amount
of ferti-
lizer per
acre.

Height
of plants
at
matu-
rity.

Green
weight,
whole
plants.

Number Weight
of culms I of paddy

per
clump of
6 plants.

per 100
clumps
of rice.

Date
of ma-
turity.

Check (no fertilizer) . .
Complete fertilizer . . .

Stable manure

Complete fertilizer

Check

Green manure

Sulphate of ammonia ,

Lime nitrogen

Check

Nitrate of soda

Pounds.

350

5,000

350

20, 000
200
266

Jnch€!>.
33-35
38-40
40-45
40-43
34-35
40-48
44-48
38-42
30-34
35-38

Pounds.
45

48
55
51
46
60
64
50
44
47

15-20
20-22
21-23
20-25
17-20
20-26
25-27
22-24
16-18
20-22

Pounds.
5.3
7.1
6.8
7.9
5.7
5.9
8.1
6.7
5.2
5.9

July 20
July 22
July 25
July 20
July 22
July 30
July 25
July 25
Julv 20
July 28

Fertilizer was applied to plat 4 before planting. All other fertilizers except
stable manure and green manure were applied when the crop was two-thirds
grown. The green manure consisted of legumes and weeds.

Fertilizer experiments 4 and 5 to show the relative value of commercial forms
of nitrogen as fertilizers for Japan Seed and Hawaiian Gold Seed rice agreed
with former experiments for the same purpose in showing the greatest benefits
from sulphate of ammonia, lime nitrogen, and nitrate of soda, in the order
named. In experiment 4, the Gold Seed required 30 days longer than the Japan
Seed to reach maturity, as an apparent result of fertilization. Nitrate of soda
appeared to give its maximum benefit from late application, whereas sulphate
of ammonia must be applied earlier and lime nitrogen still earlier to produce
their maximum results. Large applications of nitrate of soda wasted most of
the nitrogen.

Fertilizer tests on dry-land rice showed a less definite influence on the yield
of paddy, on account of the very dry season. On both silt and gravelly loam
muriate of potash, sulphate of ammonia, and nitrate of soda increased the yield
of straw in degrees varying in the order named. No apparent influence was
exerted by the other constituents applied as in experiment 1.

S2

iEXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Cooperative experinu'iits with a 5:!»:12 fiTtilizer were condncled on 3 sep-
arate plantations. The iiiixlnre was a]iplied at tlio rate of about SHO lbs. per acre,
at a total cost of approximately $10 per acre. On the I'unaluii iilantation, Oahu,
the increased yield was estimated at iiH per cent and the increased net profit at
.$G per acre. The experiment on a 1-year paddy field adjoining the rice trial
grounds at Waikiki showed an increased yield of paddy at the rate of 1,150 lbs.
per acre, or 39 per cent higher than on an unfertilized portion of the field. This
gave a net profit of $15 per acre due to fertilization. An adjoining test in
which the greater amount of nitrogen as sulphate of ammonia was applied
showed a still higher yield. The third cooperative experiment at I'alama plan-
tation near Honolulu showed an estimated increase of between 75 and 100 per
cent.

In the experiment with upland rice grown with minimum irrigation all the
varieties from last year's test have been eliminated except Nos. 65, 68, and
154a, and possibly No. 19. The results with these varieties are indicated by
the following table:

Results obtained loith a minimum amount of water upon upland rice.

Variety.

No. 19 (S. P. I. Inv. No. 1250S).
No. 65 (S. P. I. Inv. No. 17144) .
No. 68 (S. P. I. Inv. No. 17917) .
No. 68 (S. P. I. Inv. No. 17917).
No. 154

Method of
planting.

Drilled

do

do

Aftermath.
Drilled

Length of
growing
season.

190
143
109
34

145

Total water
received

(irrigation
and rain-
fall).

Acre-inches.
47.0
30.6
23.5
6.9
30.0

Yield of
paddy.

Pounds.

5,014
2,080

Yield of

hay
(approxi-
mate).

Pounds.
10, 000
9, 926
6, 920
2,240
5,000

Nos. 19 and 154 failed to set seed well, while the yield of paddy for No. 68
was not estimated. The rainfall in this table is included with the biweekly
Irrigation which was at the rate of 2i acre-inches per application, equivalent to
about 0.2 in. per day. Nos. 65 and 68 showed a 20 per cent increase in hay
yield and No. 19 a 50 per cent increase upon the application of double this
amount of water, but the grain yield did not increase in proportion. Growth
under submerged conditions failed to increase the yields of hay or paddy above
the point reached l)y the weekly application. All varieties failed to make a
crop with the application of 2i acre-inches once in 4 weeks, hence the biweekly
irrigation at the rate of 2* acre-inches is regarded as the minimum moisture
requirement for rice and the weekly application at that rate as about the
optimum.

Under minimum moisture conditions 2 factors of equal importance in insur-
ing a crop are light seeding and deep and thorough tillage. Seeding at the
rate of 60 lbs. per acre (16 seedlings per foot) resulted in the failure of all
varieties to reach the fruit stage under 10 in. of rainfall, while the quick-ma-
turing variety. No. 68, thinned to stand 6 to 12 in. apart in drills 8 in. apart,
tillered well and produced perfect seeds. With 8 plants per foot, little tillei--
ing and seed resulted. Root development under good tillage was from 4 to 6
times as great as in poorly prepared soil. " The same relative development was
(rue of plants set well apart and those that were crowded."

Trials with salt-marsh rice gave acre yields of 14,212 lbs. total green weight,
5,852 lbs. air-cured matter as hay, and 2.842 lbs. as cured paddy. The product
was valued at $73.15 per acre as cured hay, and at $56.84 per acre as paddy.
The cost of harvesting, curing, and preparing for market would be about equal.

FIELD CROPS. 33

Experiments have been conducted for 2 years with the Chinese mat rush
(Cyperiis tegetifonnis) and Japanese Bingo-i mat rush (Jiincus etfusus). The
former yielded 19,701 lbs. per acre of cured reeds, varying in length from 36
to 60 in. and over. From 6 to 7 months were required from planting to matu-
rity and 5 months for the rattoon crop. Sample reeds forwarded to a factory
proved of commercial quality. The Japanese mat rush as yet lacks sufficient
length for commercial purposes but is improving with each crop and does not
require splitting.

Sea Island and Caravonica cottons have yielded a large amount of long,
strong, lustrous fiber. Lint percentages ranged from 30 to 40. All cotton varie-
ties so far tested are perennial in these islands. The shape of trees and time
of maturing bolls may be controlled by pruning. These trees will average at
least 5 lbs. at each of 2 pickings per year. A recent experimental picking
yielded 15 lbs. of seed cotton from a single plant.

In tests of soy bean varieties obtained from the Bureau of Plant Industry of
this Department, Xo. 21080, produced 600 lbs. of shelled beans, imported Japan,
SOO lbs., and Kona seed, 1,060 lbs. per acre. The plants are less than 12 in.
in height and upright in growth. They require little moisture and permit close
planting. It is believed that the crop could be made a profitable one for the
small farmer.

A'ariety and cultural tests are under way with the Spanish, Bunch Jumbo,
Running Jumbo, and Virginia Running varieties of peanuts, 3 types of soil,
varying in elevation and amount of soil moisture, being used in the test. A
small quantity of seed of the wheat from the straw of which Italian Leghorn
hats are made has been drilled in I'ows 12 in. apart. The plants tiller well
and have apiiarently the same moisture requirements as upland rice. Between
March 23 and June .30 the height of 36 to 40 in. was attained.

Report of work for 1907 and 1908 at Highmore substation, C. Willis
(South Dakota Sta. Bill. 115, pp. 551-510). — Work on cereals previously noted
(E. S. R., 18, p. 133) has been continued and later work is reported.

In 1907 the yields per acre in a variety test of Kafir corn were for Black-
hull, 3 tons 993 lbs. for Milo, 2 tons 1,794 lbs., for Red Kafir, 2 tons 1,439 lbs.,
and for Shallu, 2 tons 1,217 lbs. Kaoliang (brown) gave an average yield of 2
tons 1,571 lbs. A series of tenth-acre plats gave average yields at the rate per
acre of 5,.350 lbs. sorghum fodder, 2,076 lbs. Bromus inermis hay. 11.25 bu. of
flax 1,152 lbs. corn fodder, 23.99 bu. corn, 28.78 bu. wheat, 49.47 bu. oats, and
30.23 bu. of barley. Broom-corn millets in a variety test gave the following
yields per acre: Tainboy, 27.08 bu.. White Ural, 24.16 bu., Black Voronezh,
22.5 bu.. Red 74-10625, 20.83 bu., Early Fortune, 20.41 bu.. Red Russian, 19.58
bu., and Red Orenburg, 14.5 bu. The varieties of oats yielding 30 bu. or more
per acre were American Triumph and American Beauty, each yielding 35.31 bu.,
Minnesota No. 26, 34.68 bu., Minnesota No. 6, 33.75 bu.. Banner and Sixty Day,
each 31.56 bu., Lincoln, 30.62 bu., and Swedish Select, 30.31 bu. Of the five
varieties of Durum wheat tested, Kubanka showed the highest average yield
at the rate of 26.87 bu. per acre. Arnautka yielded on the average 24.24 bu.
per acre, Beloturka, 24.16 bu., lumillo, 22.16 bu., and Wild Goose, 22.5 bu. per
acre. Among the common wheats. No. 61.3clc yielded 24 bu. per acre. No. 2492,
19.16 bu.. Red Fife 18.66 bu.. South Dakota Climax and Velvet Chaff, each
18.5 bu., and Blue Stem, 16.66 bu. per acre.

During the year 1908, the varieties of Durum wheat gave average yields per
acre as follows: Beloturka, 27.83 bu. per acre, Arnautka, 26.55 bu., lumillo,
25.83 bu., V\'ild Goose, 25.16 bu., Kubanka, 24.12, and Pererodka, 22 bu. per acre.
The varieties of oats yielding an average of 30 bu. or more per acre were
Sixty Day, 47.5 bu., Kherson, 45.76 bu.. Red Algerian, 32.81 bu., and Danish

34 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

and AVhite Tartar, each 30.31 bu. The yield of varieties of coruiuou wheat pro-
ducing 10 bu. or more per acre were: No. Oleic, 17.5 bu.. Velvet Chaff, 16.10
bu.. Blue Stem, 13.58 bu., No. 2492, 13.08 bu.. Minnesota, 13.05 bu., and South
Dakota Climax, 10 bu. Small areas of Einkorn and Emmer, seeded at the rate
of 2 bu. per acre, yielded at the rate of .500 lbs. of grain per acre of the former,
and 31.77 bu. of grain per acre of the latter.

In a variety test of barley at Iliglunore and Brookings covering the years
190.3-1908, the average yields per acre were: Strlegum, 27.3 bu., Gold .Melon,
29.79 bu., Minnesota, .34.5 bu., Princess, 31.25 1)U., Chevalier, .37.9 bu., Hannchen,
.37.68 bu., Primus, 31.99 bu., Hanna No, 24, 31.10 bu., Hanna No. 203, 29.43 bu.,
and Hanna No. 34, 29.71 bu.

In a test of 15 varieties of corn, the 5 highest yields were: Selection 1.33,
.30.89 bu. per acre, Minnesota 13, 30.57 bu., Rustler White Dent, .30..53 bu..
Triumph Yellow Flint, 29.73 bu., and Northwestern Dent, 28.98 bu.

The results of rotation experiments with wheat, oats, corn, barley, brome
grass, rye, iteas, sweet clover, and sorghum, in various combinations, are pre-
sented to show the relative merits of disking, fall and spring plowing, green
manuring, summer fallow, listing, and moisture conservation methods.

Fall and winter forage crops, E. de Cillis {1st. Agr. Biciliano " Valdisavoja "
Relaz. 1906-1908, pp. 147-155, figs. //). — The results of experiments with forage
crops conducted for 2 years have shown that horse beans, berseem, and vetch
are best adapted to Sicilian conditions. Crimson clover proved a failure.
Berseem gave the best yields when grown alone, while horse beans were most
l)roductive when mixed with oats. A variety called white vetch gave better
results than hairy vetch. A single cutting of berseem during the season gave a
better yield than 2 cuttings. An application of superphosphate, lime, and
sulphate of potash increased the yield of horse beans considerably.

[Work with sugar beets and potatoes], R. W. Thatcher {Washington Sta.
Rpt. 1906, pp. 19-21). — Analyses of 124 samples of sugar beets grown in the
vicinity of Ellensburg indicated that beets of high quality can be grown in that
locality.

Starch determinations of 237 potato samples from various parts of the State
indicated great variations in the starch content of the different varieties and in
the same variety from the various localities. In no case was the starch con-
tent of a single variety constant for the different localities in which it was
grown. The percentage of starch varied in general inversely with the amount
of annual rainfall, the highest starch content being found in potatoes grown
in the drier sections of the State. Of the methods of determining the starch
content tested the polariscopic method proved apparently worthless for the
purijose, but the official and specific gravity methods agreed quite closely. The
work was carried out by M. T. Brislawn as a senior thesis.

A lesson in diversified farming, R. H. Forbes {Arizona Sta. Bui. 60, pp.
.'il7-.'i26). — This experiment was conducted in continuation of work previously
reported (E. S. R., 20, p. 326).

Conditions during the past year were more favorable than formerly. Diver-
sification was attempted to a much greater extent than in the previous year
when dependence was placed upon tomatoes. The most successful crops grown
were white Bermuda onions, Rockyford cantaloups, sweet potatoes, and to-
matoes. The crop of late watermelons was destroyed by plant lice, the fall
crop of potatoes was a failure, and the spring crop gave poor returns. The
varieties of tomatoes giving the most favorable results were Sparks Earliana
and Dwarf Champion. Several new varieties proved ill-adapted to the i-egiou.

FIELD CROPS.

35

A full statement is given of the method of cultivation and marlieting, and tlie
conclusion is drawn that the greater diversity and intensity of cultivation have
been advantageous. The work of the year is summarized in the following table :

Financial results of intensive and diversifled cropping on the Ijasis of net cash
returns to the small farmer.

Acreage.

Marketable
crop.

Gross re-
ceipts.

Expendi-
tures.

Net re-
turns.

Days' labor.

Crop.

Men.

Women
and
boys.

Team.

White Bermuda onions . .
Rockyford cantaloups . . .

1.20
1.00
.52
.49
1.50
.25
.50

23, 950 lbs.
1.600doz.
5, 200 lbs.
6, 380 lbs.

13^ tons.

790 lbs.

8605.73
517.71
173.40
154.99

'"'si.' 60'

844.28
98.79
47.47
10.85
20.35
3.75
.70

8561.45
418.92
125. 93
144. 14

87
100
48
53
22

{1

9

12
22

10
22

7

Sweet piotatoes

8

Alfalfa

7

1 27.15

4

1

Total

5.46

1,483.43

226.19

1,257.24

327

43

59

The alfalfa, which was fed to the team, was valued at $100 additional.

The Truckee-Carson experiment farm, C. S. Scofield and S. J. Rogers
{TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 157, pp. 38, pis. 2, figs. .^).— This
bulletin describes the region in which the Truckee-Carson reclamation project
is located with reference to climatic and agricultural conditions. Notes are
given on possible agricultural industries which may be establishetl there and
the experiment farm together with the work inaugurated is also discussed.

Experiments on the clay land show that it should not be plowed deep at
first and that special farm implements, such as turning and slicing harrows and
corrugated rollers, and careful irrigation are necessary to get crops started.
The sandy soils need protection from the action of the wind during the spring.
It has been found that redtop, rape, and sweet clover are best adapted to the
heavy soils when first broken, and that good crops of beets of a high sugar
content may be secured in that section. Potatoes, corn, wheat, oats, barley,
and alfalfa can also be grown. Alfalfa, which is the most important crop of
the region, yields 2 or 3 cuttings per year. It was further found that crops
of sugar beets, sorghum, and some grasses may be grown on alkali land with
proper care in tillage and irrigation.

Natural reveg'etation of depleted mountain grazing lands, A. W. Sampson
(U. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest Service Circ. 169, pp. 28, figs. 5). — Previous results
of this work have been noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 629).

This circular is a progress report of experiments looking toward the increase
of the grazing capacity of lands in the national forests. The work was begun
on the Wallowa National Forest in the spring of 1907, and has embraced
studies of the abundance, distribution, seed habits, and forage value of the
forage plants, their life histories, and the revegetation of overgrazed areas.

It has been determined that good seeding can be secured without the loss of
any part of the season's forage. It is suggested that an area of choice for-
age be reserved for late grazing, and that a protective grazing system be con-
tinued until seedling plants are beyond great danger of injury. Artificial
seeding may be resorted to where the natural seedling stand is insufficient after
a year's protection.

Some experiments in the hybridizing of Indian cottons, P. F. Fyson (Mem.
Dept. Agr. India, Bot. 8er., 2 (1908), No. 6, pp. 21, pis. 9). — A general descrip-
tion of Indian cotton plants is given and the results in breeding to the fifth
hybrid generation are tabulated and discussed.

36 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The first and most obvious result was a great iucrease in the size and vigor
of the plants. In a cross between Jowarl and Jari the first hybrid generation
consisted of small plants, but in succeeding generations some plants ran up to
6 or 7 ft. in height. In general the plants boiled freely and bore well, although
some of the third generation of a certain lot were very poor. The smaller and
7ieglectum-leiived plants bore first and I)<)re quite heavily, while the majority
were still only in flower. Their seeds were naked and had a long silky staple
but none of the lot survived.

The plants were in some cases very variable especially hi the shape of the
leaf. In some of the plants of the neglcetum type the lobes of the leaf were
vei'y narrow, almost linear and a few had wavy margins. As wavy margins do
not occur in the leaves of either Jari or Jowari and also since they appeared
less frequently in later generations the authors are inclined to consider them
as monstrosities due to variation induced by hj^bridization and by change of
climate and soil. It was also found that there was a general tendency for
plants to approximate in character with age, and that with those more than 12
months old it was often diOicult to specify the nature of the leaf or of the
bi'anching.

Local adjustment of cotton varieties, O. F. Cook (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Plant Indus. Bui. 159, pp. 75). — Local adjustment is "the process of selection
to restore the uniformity of a variety in a new place." It is attained chiefly
by selection, but is entirely distinct from plant breeding for the origination
of new varieties or the improvement of old ones. In many instances the intro-
duction of well-established varieties into new localities for the purpose of
variety tests or crop production has resulted in a diversity among the indi-
vidual plants that can not be accounted for by ordinary variation or the uni-
form change in environment. This diversity and apparent deterioration has
caused the rejection of these varieties, in many instances, as unfit for their
new environment.

Biologically, local ajustment is analogous to acclimatization. It is of much
more frequent application and more easily accomplished. It requires no greater
care or ability than can be exercised by the average farmer's family. Texas
experiments indicate that it will counterbalance the loss due to the boll weevil
if aided by improved cultural methods and superior varieties. Local adjust-
ment has I'emained unused because the new place diversity which renders it
necessary has been confused with changes due to hybridization, direct effects
of environment, accommodative changes, and ordinary variation found in all
plants and in all places and seasons. New place diversity is quite different
from these and more closely related to mutation as described by De Vries. An
accommodative change is more likely to be uniformly assumed by all the plants
of a variety, as when one variety adapts itself to a windy region by stronger
central stem, while the individuals of another variety quite uniformly accom-
plish the same end by assuming a prostrate form.

The Triumph cotton in the fields of its originator is one of the most uniform
of seed-propagated plants. Fifty acres produced but 3 plants that were
definitely off type, yet a field of this variety at Kerrville, Tex., compared with
one at Lockhart, Tex., the home of the variety, showed most radical new place
diversity, adjacent plants in many instances being obviously unlike. These
divergent characters are fully described in this bulletin. Some of them at
least were transmitted to plants grown from the seed of these divergent plants.
Still fuller notes are presented on an experiment to test this point conducted
at San Antonio, Tex., with the King variety in 1907.

Failure to understand and take advantage of the facts of local adjustment
has vitiated results of both the farmer's method of testing a new variety in a

FIELD CROPS. 37

small patch aud the experimenter's variety test. Tliis arises from the fact that
the variety is too frequently judged either on the basis of a single year's per-
formance and before local adjustment could possibly have taken place, or with-
out the selection necessary to remove the divergent individuals and restore
the former uniform excellence. Local adjustment applied in such instances
shows marked improvement in quantity and quality of fiber as well as in
uniformity of plants during the first few years after introduction into a new
locality.

Correlated characters have been observed to change in accordance with their
usual laws during local adjustment in at least two instances. At Yuma, Ariz.,
in 1908. upland cottons showed a general tendency to small round bolls and an
equally general tendency to shortening of the lint, which usually accompanied
this character. At Del Rio, Tex., in 1908, several selections showed increased
luxuriance of vegetation accompanied by inferior lint as compared with the
crop of 1907.

The utilization of local adjustment in the introduction of new varieties is
essentially a matter of selection to restore the variety's uniform excellence and
is completed when that end is attained. The usual precautions are to be ob-
served with reference to a mixture of pollen by insects or of seed at the gin
in order to maintain the purity of the variety.

The wide introduction of a few varieties of known excellence is recommended
to displace the present multiplicity. This will bring about uniformity in the
crop and simplify the problems of grading, marketing, and manufacturing.

A study of diversity in Egyptian cotton, O. F. Cook, A. McLachlan, and
R. M. Meade (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 156, pp. 60, pis. 6).— This
bulletin points out the relationship of Egyptian cotton to American varieties,
discusses the nature of diversities aroused by new conditions, calls attention to
the diversity of recognized Egyptian varieties, and discusses the relation be
tween diversity and external conditions and the occurrence of diversity in
Egyptian-Upland hybrids. In this connection the frequencj' of cross-fertiliza-
tion, the distinctive characters of hybrids, the principal characters for dis-
tinguishing hybrids, and the correlations of characters in such plants are also
considered. A synopsis of the principal types of hybrids is given.

It is stated that the Egyptian and Upland cottons belong to the same general
series of American types and are capable of showing similarly wide ranges
of diversity, especially when grown under new conditions. Egyptian varieties
grown at Yuma from imported seed show many forms of diversity and in
plantings of Arizona-grown Egyptian seed this diversity appears to have in-
creased even after all individuals distinguishable as hybrids have been ex-
cluded. The authors believe that the difficulty of acclimatizing Egyptian cot-
ton is increased by the fact that the varieties have been distinguished by their
lint characters alone with little or no reference to the vegetative features. It is
stated that selection for long lint has not reduced the diversity of forms and that
the crossing of these varied forms with each other tends to prolong the condi-
tion of diversity. It is recommended that for the purpose of securing prompt
acclimatization, selection should have reference to the normal behavior of the
plants rather than to new characters, or to especial excellence in particular
characters.

It was found that incomplete acclimatization renders the plants unusually
susceptible to differences of external conditions and this is explained by the
facts that fertility and early bearing depend upon the habits of branching
which the individual plants may adopt and that these habits are readily in-
fluenced by environment. The appearance in the Egyptian fields of numerous
hybrids between the Egyptian varieties and the Upland varieties is the source

38 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

of additional diversity. It is cxplaiiu'd tliat cotton fiowers at Yuma are visited
by insects tliat are api>arently more active than at ottier points wliere cotton
experiments iiave been carried on, and it is considered tliat these insects will
render it practically impossible to maintain pure stocks of Egyptian seed if
Upland cotton is grown in the same localities.

It was observed that hybrid plants at least in the first generation are more
fertile than the pure Egyptian and produce longer and stronger lint. The pro-
duction of very high grades of lint from lirst generation hybrids and their ex-
treme vigor and productiveness seem to warrant their cultivation and for
this purpose to obtain hybrid seed in commercial quantities. As certain char-
acters of the Egyptian cotton are strongly prepotent, especially in the first
generation, the production of fields of hybrid i)lants is considered advisable.
It is pointed out that if Egyptian were crossed on the small Kekchi-Upland
type the young hybrids could readily be distinguished from the Kekchi plants
and these removed in thinning. To recognize the young hybrids among Egyp-
tian seedlings is regarded as much more difficult if not actually impossible.

Attention is called to the fact that while the utilization of hybrids is a possi-
bility, hybrids in fields of Egyptian cotton are a distinct disadvantage. The
elimination of hybrids is quite difficult because many of them show no percep-
tible differences in their growth to distinguish them from the pure Egyptian
plants before the involucres and floral buds have developed. The removal of the
hybrid plants, however, must take place as soon as they begin to flower in
order to prevent their pollen from infecting the next generation. To reject the
seed of these plants does not completely purify an Egyptian stock that has once
been hybridized.

The results of these observations are taken as making it evident that Upland
cotton must either be excluded from regions when Egyptian cotton is to be
grown or local sources of supply of pure acclimatized Egyptian seed must be
established and very carefully guarded from contact with Upland cotton. If
Egyptian cotton growing is to be placed on a commercial basis, the results here
discussed also indicate that it is not sufficient to complete the process of
acclimatization of Egyptian cotton in any one locality if this seed is to be
planted afterwards in any other localities. The need of adjustment to local
conditions must be taken into account whenever the crop is to be extended to
a different district.

Cotton growing in Arizona, R. W. Clothier { Arizona Sta. Bui. 60, pp. 426-
431). — Experiments seem to indicate that the Egyptian cotton is the best
adapted to Arizona conditions. Samples of Mit-afifi fiber grown at the station
and submitted to the Lowell Textile School for tests of quality were found to
be 14 per cent stronger than Egyptian-grown fiber and there was 15 per cent
less waste. The maximum yield at the station farm, 2,200 lbs. of Mit-afifi seed
cotton per acre, was obtained upon a heavily irrigated plat.

The article also contains a digest of data previously noted from Bulletin 128
of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Deiiartment (E. S. R., 20, p. 136) and
from Circular 29 of the same Bureau (E. S. R., 21, p. 330).

Cotton production, 1908, D. C. Roper (Bur. of the Census [U. K.], Bui. 100,
pp. 52, dgms. 4, maps 12). — This publication presents a summary of cotton
crops of the United States from 1899 to 1908, and treats especially and in de-
tail of the crop of 1908. In addition, statistics on the world's production of
cotton are given and the relation of the Oovernmeut to the cotton industry
and the commercial and industrial importance of American cotton are dis-
cussed.

The figures finally compiled for the crop of 1908, including linters an half
bales, show a total production of 13,432,131 bales. Expressed in 500-lb. bales

FIELD CROPS. 39

the crop of 1908 jimounted to 13,587.300 bales; of 1907, 11,375,461 bales; of
1906. 13,595,498 bales; of 1905. 10,804,556 bales; and of 1904, 13,679,954 bales.
The crop of 1908 is the third largest ever produced, that of 1904 being the
largest and that of 1906 standing next. Notes are given on the estimation of
unginned cotton, linter cotton, and extension of the cotton-growing area, to-
gether with tables showing the status of the cotton industry in different States.

At the close of February, 1909, the stocks of cotton in the country amounted
to 5,263,349 bales, of which 1,820.033 bales were in the hands of manufacturers,
367,959 bales still held by the producers. 2,238.224 bales stored in independent
warehouses, 542,543 bales in the hands of transportation companies, and 294,590
bales controlled by other holders. From September 1, 1908, to February 28,
1909, inclusive, 6,566,571 bales were exported. The indicated consumption in
this country for the 6-month period ended February 28. 1909, was 2,534,040
bales, including 15.0G0 bales destroyed by fire.

Potato culture, T. Remy {Der Hackfruchtbau. — /, Der Kartoffelbau. Berlin,
1909, pp. VI +177, figs. 21).— Th\s book is published as part 1 of a series deal-
ing with the culture of hoed crops. The extension and importance of growing
hoed crops are discussed and a general treatise on potato culture is presented.
The history of the potato is related and the chemical composition, culture,
storage, and i)reparation for market of the crop are described.

Soy beans, C. V. Piper and H. T. Nielsen (U. S. Dcpt. Agi:, Fanners' Bui.
372, pp. 26, figs. 6). — This describes the climatic and soil requirements of the
soy bean, gives full cultural directions, and discusses the use of the crop for
hay, pasturage, ensilage, and as feed in the form of grain. Descriptions are
given of the following varieties: Mammoth. Hollybrook, Ito San, Geulph. Buck-
shot, Ogemaw, Wisconsin Black, \yilson. Meyer, Austin, Haberlandt, and Rice-
land. Notes are also given on growing the soy bean in combination with other
crops and on storing soy-bean seed.

Improved seed wheat, A. M. Ten Eyck (Kansas Sta. Circ. 3, pp. 12, figs. 2). —
During the past year, variety tests were conducted with 82 samples of wheat.
The hard red winter wheats which were distributed were Kharkof No. 382,
Turkey Red No. 380, Turkey Red No. 570, Malakoff, Bearded Fife, Defiance,
Crimean No. 1125, Hard Red Winter No. 839, and Ghirke, and the soft wheats
distributed were Zimmerman, Fultz, Cux-rell, Fulcaster, and Mediterranean.
Descriptions of these varieties are given.

Reports from growers indicate that the Kharkof and Turkey Red wheats dis-
tributed by the station are superior to much of the wheat now commonly
grown in the State in vigor, drought resistance, early maturing qualities,
greater absence of lodging, and in some cases somewhat greater resistance to
the Hessian fly.

Second report of the Nebraska seed laboratory, E. M. Wilcox and Nelle
Stevenson (Nebraska St a. Rpt. 1908. pp. 143-158).— In continuation of work
previously noted (E. S. R., 21. p. 435), 701 seed samples were received during
the fiscal year ended July 1, 1909. The samples came from 13 States, about
one-half being from Nebraska. The results of the examination and of the
purity and germination tests are presented in tabular form.

The frequency of occurrence of 163 kinds of weed seeds in the seed of alfalfa,
clovers, flax, and grasses and grass mixtures is presented in an extended table.
Special tables give the names and frequency of occurrence of the various kinds
of weed seeds found in alfalfa, red clover, and awnless brome grass seed. In
249 samples of alfalfa seed, 98 different weeds were found, green foxtail, found
in 151 samples, and Russian thistle, found in 75 samples, being the most com-
mon. In 138 samples of red clover, 83 different weeds were found, green fox-

40 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

tail, found in 113 samples, being the most common. In 11 samples of awnless
bromo grass, 14 different weeds were fouiul, clH'at. found in 8 samples, being
the most common.

Constant problems in modern agriculture, K. von Rumkeb {Tagcsfnujcn aus
(1cm modcnicii Ackcrbait. Berlin, lUUD, pp. VII+-o98, figs. 2). — This book is
made up of 10 numbers of a publication appearing irregularly since 1901.
The first number has reference to soil and its cultivation, the second to the
use of fertilizers, the third to barnyard manure and green manuring, the fourth
to crop rotations, the fifth to the proper selection of varieties for certain con-
ditions of soil and climate, the sixth to variety selection of hoed crops and the
methods of variety testing, the seventh to seed growing and seed growers'
associations, the eighth to seed and its care, the ninth to weed destruction,
and the tenth to the harvest and the storing of crops. Bibliographies on a
number of the different subjects are included.

[Agricultural products of Japan], C. Shimooka (In Agriculture in Japan.
Tokyo: Govt.. 1908, pp. 157-239). — These pages treat of the staple and special
field crops grown in Japan.

HORTICULTURE.

The inheritance of color in the seeds of the common bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris), R, A. Emerson (Nebraf^ka Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 65-101, figs. //).— This
is a further report upon the author's hybridization studies of beans, some of
the results of which have been noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 563). In this paper the
numerical relations in respect to color inheritance secured with the various
hybrids are presented and discussed, both with reference to Mendelian prin-
ciples and in connection with the results reported by other investigators along
the same line.

In the many crosses made illustrating the inheritance of pigment in bean
seeds, the presence and absence of pigment were found to constitute an allelo-
morphic pair inherited in typical Mendelian fashion (E. S. R., 13, p. 744)
Certain exceptions which occurred are attributed to the small numbers dealt
with in those cases.

In respect to total and partial pigmentation, the writer finds that the latter
condition usually appears around the " eye " of the seed, being confined to a very
small spot about the hilum in some races and covering as much as four-fifths of
the surface of the seed in others. He is of the opinion that thei'e are no dis-
tinct factors for pigmentation about the eye and for pigmentation of the back of
the bean. " It is simply a matter of whether the pigment extends over the
entire surface of the seed or only over a part (large or small) of it." When
totally pigmented beans were crossed with partially pigmented (eyed) beans,
total pigmentation occurred exclusively in the first generation hybrids, the
eyed form reappearing in the second generation hybrids and breeding true
in subsequent generations. Of the totally pigmented second generation hybrids
some have bred true while others on being self-fertilized yielded both totally
pigmented and eyed forms.

In a number of crosses of eyed beans with nonpigmented (white) beans, the
first generation hybrid plants produced totally pigmented seeds. In the second
generation hybrids of these crosses totally pigmented, eyed, and white seed
were produced. On the other hand, these same white races when crossed with
totally pigmented ones yielded no eyed individuals in the second generation
hybrid plants. The conclusion is reached that total pigmentation is latent in
these particular races of white beans, such as the Davis, Jones Stringless. and
Navy, Mottled pigment-paittern was dominant to self-color, both conditions

HOKTICULTUKE. 41

following as a whole Mendeliau numerical relations in subsequent generations.
Certain white beans crossed with self-colored ones produced mottled offspring
in the first generation of hybrids, and mottled, self, and white individuals in
the second generation of hybrids. Other white beans similarly crossed gave
only self-colored fir^t generation hybrid seeds, which fact the writer points
out as an indication but not proof that mottling may be latent in some white
beans and not in others. In the tests here reported crosses of various self-
colored races gave only self-colored offspring.

The paper concludes wih a discussion of the theories regarding mottling,
relation of mottling to color hypostasis, and the relation of color hypostasis to
albinism.

The importance of uniformity of varietal character in vegetable seeds,
W. W. Tracy (Market Growers' Jour., 5 (1909), No. 18, pp. 2-Ji). — In this paper
the author calls attention to the importance of using seed which will develop
into plants of identical varietal character, points out some of the difficulties
which arise in selecting such seed, and outlines methods for carrying on seed
selection.

Manurial experiments in onion cultivation, L. Jeevis (Bui. Dcpt. Agr.
Bahamas, 4 (1909), No. 3, pp. 88-91). — Data are given of some demonstration
experiments with onion fertilizers, commenced at the station in 1908.

Winter onions in the Southwest, E. L. Crane and R. H. Forbes (Arisona
Sta. Bui. 60, pp. Ji-ol-'too). — A popular account of onion culture in southern
Arizona discussing soils, arrangement of ground, methods of planting, irriga-
tion and cultivation, insect pests and diseases, varieties, harvesting and market-
ing, costs, yield and profit.

Report of the horticulturist, J. E. Higgins (Hanaii Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 4"2-o0,
pis. 2).— The fruit shipping investigatons were continued as the chief work of
the year. As a result of the experiments conducted in 1907 and previously
noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 538), commercial shipments of pineapples were made to
Denver and Chicago during the following year. The station tested .3 promising
orchard cover crops, of which the cowpea makes the quickest and most
luxuriant growth but is quite susceptible to the attacks of aphis. The pigeon
pea required a much longer time to come to maturity and is difficult to plow
under when full grown. The jack bean, a plant of lower growth and less ram-
bling habit than the cowpea, makes a good cover and is quite free from insects.
Such orchard insects as scales, mealy bugs, and aphis were held in check by
using kerosene emulsion and by the use of a sticky mixture to keep ants from
the trees.

Different stocks are being tested in the citrus orchard, including the rough
lemon, shaddock, sweet orange, and pomelo, and which in vigor of growth cor-
respond to the order named above, the rough lemon making a very strong
growth and far excelling all the other stocks. A list is given of 43 varieties of
bananas now growing on the station grounds.

Experiments were made in the budding of mangoes. Of the Alphonse buds
80 per cent have grown, but the results with some other varieties are less favor-
able. It appears that the mango has more than one season of active growth.
Budding to be successful must be done in the early part of these active growth
periods. Experiments in transplanting 2 or .3-year-old mangoes seemed to jus-
tify the handling of the mango as a nursery tree. Inarching, although more
expensive than budding, appears to be the surest means of propagating fine
varieties of mangoes. Shipments of young trees by mail from the Bureau of
Plant Industry of this Department to the station indicate that only trees with
firm wood and a dormant terminal bud can be successfully shipped by this
18556—10 4

42 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

luethod. The season of tlowerins of the iiianuo in lldiiululii has been noted for
several years. Records made in 1!)0()-1!M».S show the general blooming season
to have been a month earlier in each sncceeding year. In si)raying for the con-
trol of mango blight with several strengths of Bordeanx mixture to determine
what strength could be used with safety, G lbs. each of copijcr sulphate and lime
and 50 gals, of water gave the best results, more than .5 lbs. of lime being neces-
sary to prevent injury from free copper. The report concludes with statements
relative to plant acquisitions and distributions and miscellaneous work.

Phenolog'ical notes for 1908, Ciiaklotte INI. King kt al. (Trans. lotoa Ilort.
Soc. .',3 (l!)OS), pp. 276-2.96).— Records for 1008 are given by a number of ob-
servers from diff<'rent parts of the State, showing the dates of first blooming of
trees, shrubs, and flowering [tlants.

Top working fruit trees, (). P.. AVhii'pi.k (Colorado tS7«. Bill. I.'fl, pp. 3-16,
f'Kjs. 7). — This bulletin contains popular directions for topworking both old and
young fruit trees.

The farmers' orchard, J. Thoop and C. G. Woodbury (Indiana Sta. Circ. 17,
pp. Ji2, figs. 36). — A popular discussion of the home orchard, with special refer-
ence to apple culture. Consideration is given to the selection of site, soil, and
varieties, planting operations, pruning and cultivation, and the protection of
the tree and fruit from attacks of its most common diseases and insect enemies.
The circular concludes with suggestions for renovating neglected home orchards.

The St. Everard apple (Card. Cliron., 3. ser., J,6 (1901)), No. 1191, p. 276,
fig. 1 ) . — A brief illustrative description is given of the St. Everard apple which
is a seedling from the Cox Orange Pippin crossed with Margil. The fruits,
which are of medium size and round in shape, are described as being richly
flavored and ranking as a first-class dessert apple.

Foundations of American grape culture, T. V. Munson (Denison, Tex., 1909,
pp. 2J2, pis. SO, figs. 13). — This work is the outgrowth of the author's experi-
ence of over 30 years as a grape investigator and practical viticulturist. Dur-
ing this period his chief object has been to collect and test the best wild and
cultivated varieties, to cross and hybridize them, and to produce new varieties
of the best possible qualities, with a view to filling out an ideal list of varieties
which shall furnish a succession of fruit throughout the summer months. In
addition, an attempt has been made to provide the best possible resistant graft
stocks upon which to graft Vinifera varieties.

The present work embodies to a lai'ge extent the author's earlier reports on
the subject and brings his results up to date. During the course of his inves-
tigations the botany of North American grapes has been thoroughly worked
over, and it is believed that the exhaustive and complete descriptions and classi-
fication given in chapter 1 will prove of value to botanists, as well as to viti-
cultural students. The minute description of each species concludes with a
number of viticultural observations and remarks. Chapter 2 is, as a whole, a
short treatise on the breeding of varieties of grai)es. Succeeding chapters take
up the description of varieties, adaptation of varieties, how to start a vineyard,
protecting the vineyard from insects and fungi, disposition of the crop, and the
grape for home adornment, shade, fruit, and health.

In the preface the author gives a sketch of his career as a grape breeder, to-
gether with a resume of his educational work on American grapes and their
development.

Investigations on the question of manuring of grapevines, P. Liechti
(Landiv. Jalirh. Schweis, 23 (1909), Ao. 9. pp. 523-528). — A number of coopera-
tive experiments are being carried on in several Swiss vineyards to determine
the value of commei'cial fertilizers as an adjunct to and as a substitute for

HOKTICULTURE. 43

stable manure. Results thus far secured indicate that stable manures can be
displaced by commercial fertilizers containing similar kinds and amounts of
plant foods, and that nitrate of soda, the only fertilizer thus far tested in con-
nection with stable manure, can be so used at an increased net profit. A rota-
tion of manure in one year and commercial fertilizers the next year seems
advisable.

Statistics on grape and olive products for the year 1908 {Estadistica de las
I'rodiic-ciones Viticola y OHvarera en el Afio 1908. Madrid: Junta Agronomica,
1909, pp. 9). — ^A statistical report showing the approximate production of
grapes, wine, olives, and olive oil in various regions and provinces of Spain for
the year 1008.

Italian lemons and their by-products, I. — The Italian lemon industry, G. H.
Powell {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 160, pp. 7-33, pis. 3, figs. 3). —
This paper contains an account of the present status of the lemon industry in
Italy, together with methods used in growing, marketing, and distributing the
crop. Statistics showing the extent and commercial importance of the industry
and of the trade in lemons and lemon by-products with this country are included.

A companion paper on The By-Products of the Lemon in Italy, by E. M. Chace,
is noted on page 12 of this issue.

Practical manual of coffee and cacao culture in the Belgian Kongo (Manuel
Pratique de la Culture du Cafeirr et du Vacaoyer au Congo Bclgc. Brussels:
Govt., 1908, pp. 96, pis. 7, figs. 21). — Part 1 of this work, which consists of a
practical manual especially prepared for prospective planters in the Kongo,
treats in detail of coffee culture, the following phases being discussed : Species
and native varieties, climates and soils adapted to the principal species, selec-
tion of varieties, propagation, selection of site, preparation of the soil, planting
operations, shading and windbreaks, fertilizers, pruning, plantation renewal,
harvesting and preparing the coffee, marketing, and diseases and other enemies
and their control. Part 2 discusses the culture of cacao in a similar manner.

Tea culture in Java (/?er. Handel u. Indus., 13 (1909), Xo. J/, pp. 123-137). —
This is a consular report on the Javanese tea industry relative to its history and
present status, methods of culture and manufacture, and statistics of produc-
tion and commerce.

Tea manufacture, C. Shimooka (In Agrieulture in Japan. Tokyo: Govt.,
1908, pp. 300-308). — A sketch of the history and present condition of tea manu-
facture in Japan and Formosa.

Progress and prospects of date palm culture, R. H. Forbes (Arizona Sta.
Bui. 60, pp. 433-437, fig. 1). — This paper consists of a popular summary of
experience gained in the planting and care of date palms in Arizona since the
establishment of the cooperative date palm orchard at Tempe in 1899. It dis-
cusses soils, localities, cutting and transplanting suckers, enemies, production,
varieties, and planting seed. The date palm is considered valuable not only for
its own products, but as a means of protection for less hardy plants. The
wholesale planting of date palms is not recommended, however, since the ques-
tion of varieties best suited to the region is still in its experimental stage.

History of gardening, C. Ranck (Gesehiehtc der Gartenkunst. Leipsie. 1909,
pp. 100, figs. 'il). — A short historical sketch of garden design, with chapters on
the utilization of old ideas in modei-n gardens. Succeeding chapters of the work
deal with the garden in ancient periods and in the Middle Ages, the garden of
the Italian Renaissance, the French garden, the landscape garden, the modern
English home garden, and the new German garden. A brief bibliography is
appended.

44 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

FORESTRY.

The influence of forest cover on the temperature of the soil at different
depths, E. CuiF {Bui. Soc. ScL ^'(Ulcu, 3. ser., 10 {1000), No. 1, pp. 51-63, pis.
J/). — This paper contains a summary of the ix'sults and conclusions thus far
secured at the Nancy Forestry Station on the ahove line of investigation. The
geothermic ohservations were carried on in the forest domains of Amance and
filieux, by methods which are described. Besides comparing the temperatures
of exposed soils and those under forest cover, observations were also made of
soil temperatures under different kinds of forests.

The data secured at Amance led to the following conclusions : The forest
soil under deciduous stands is about 2° C warmer in winter and about 3° colder
in the summer than exposed soil, for all depths up to SO cm. The variations
in the soil temperature are about 3^° less under the forest cover than outside
of the forest. For all the depths the presence of a deciduous forest is prac-
tically the same whether the stand is high-standard or reserve sprout forest.
In the summer, other conditions being equal, the soil is about i° cooler under
a reserve sprout forest 16 years of age than under a high-standard forest 100
years old. With reference to the daily variations of the temperature of the air
and soil under forest and outside of forest, the studies led to the conclusions
that the amplitude of the daily oscillations of the temperature of the soil at
a depth of 20 cm. is relatively very feeble when compared with the daily oscil-
lations of the tempex'ature of the air over exposed soil. The presence of the
forest appears to reduce the temperature about 1°. At a depth of SO cm. these
daily oscillations are practically inappreciable, both under forest conditions
and outside of the forest. The maximum daily temperature of the air over
exposed soil occurs about 2 o'clock in the evening, while that of the soil tem-
perature at a depth of 20 cm. is reached at about 6 o'clock in the evening.

The observations made at Elieux led to similar results. The results as a
whole confirm the conclusions reached l)y stations in other countries.

Investigations on the pruning of forest trees, E. Zederbauer {Ccntbl.
Gesam. Forstw., 35 {1909), No. 10, pp. J,13-.'i27, pi. 1).—The effect of pruning
at different times of the year and different methods of pruning forest trees,
including the beech, oak, Douglas fir, and spruce, was studied for a number
of years. The details are given of the work, together with the practical deduc-
tions made.

Contrary to the common opinion that fall and winter are the best times for
pruning the trees, the present investigations show that pruning is less injurious
to the trees when carried on in the early spring, at which time an active devel-
opment of healing tissue takes place. When the wounds are covered with tar,
however, pruning can be carried on in the fall without much danger of disease
entering the wounds. With the coniferous trees the exuding pitch answers as
a protection for the wounds.

Fall pruning usually results in a brownish discoloration of the bark about
the wound, thereby increasing its size. This was more noticeable with the
hardwood species. The smallest amount of subsequent injury is experienced
by the tree when the cuts are made smooth and close to the trunk. The prun-
ing of dry limbs does not exert a harmful influence on the development of the
tree, but the removal of a considerable number of green limbs checks the
growth of the tree to a greater or less extent.

Silvical leaflets (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Sili: Leaflets, 'iS-'t'i, pp. .'/
each). — These leaflets discuss, respectively, the red or Norway pine {Piniis
remnosa), and the jack pine iP. divaricata), their range, climate, associated
species, habit, soil and moisture, tolerance, growth and longevity, susceptibility
to injury, reproduction, and management being considered.

FORESTRY. 45

The natural pine forests on the Ulea River, North Central Finland, M. P.
Price (Quart. Jour. Forestry, 3 {1909), Xo. 4, pi). 311-820, pis. ^).— This is a
brief descriptive account relative to the conditions under which these forests
flourish, the silvicultural methods employed in their management, and the
economics of their conversion into knnber.

Experiment with seed of Pinus sylvestris, F. Story {Quart. Jour. Forestry,
3 {1909), Xo. J, pp. 326-329). — The comi)arative merits of Scots pine seed from
different countries is being tested by various experiment stations in Europe, the
seed having been previously husked and cleaned at the Eberswalde Station, from
whence it was distributed to the different countries. A record is here given of
the work conducted at the University College of North Wales, and showing the
number and average height of 2-year-old seedlings obtained from the seed of
various countries.

Commercial importance of the White Mountain forests, P. W. Ayres ( U. 8.
Dept. Agr.. Forest Serv. Circ. 168, pp. 32, map 1). — In this circular data are
given and discussed showing the importance of the White Mountain forests as a
source of timber supply, tlieir need of protection from fire, as an influence on
water power and on navigation, and as a place of health and recreation.

Forest conditions in the Crow's Nest Valley, Alberta, H. R. Macmillan
(Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. 5, pp. 22, pis. 12, maps 2). — This
bulletin comprises the results of a study of the Crow's Nest Valley, which region
is believed to be for the most part typical and representative of the eastern slope
of the Canadian Rockies. Consideration Is given to the topography, soils, eleva-
tion and the original forest on this area, and the present conditions are dis-
cussed relative to the condition of the timber lands, lumbering and mining
operations, and agricultural possibilities. A number of measurements are also
given, showing the rate of growth of Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine, and
Douglas fir. The report concludes with suggestions for the reforestation and
management of the area.

The forest trees of Canada (Canad. Forestry Jour., 5 (1909), Xo. 3, pp. 130-
136). — A list is given of some 141 species of trees native to Canada, including
their common and botanical names and geographic distribution.

Report of the superintendent of forestry, R. H. Campbell (Rpt. Supt. For-
estry Canada, 1909, pp. 96, pis. 13). — This consists of a general report of the
work of the forestry and irrigation branch of the Canadian Department of the
Interior for the year 1908-9, and of the reports of the officials in charge of the
different divisions of the work.

Resistant eucalypts for planting in southern Arizona, J. J. Thornbeb
(Arizona Sta. Bui. 60. pp. J/ 11-'/ 17, figs. 2). — Notes are given on several species
of eucalypts recouunended for planting in southern Arizona.

[Rubber investigations at the Hawaii Station], E. V. Wilcox (Haicaii Sta.
Rpt. 1908, p. 11). — The chief results from the rubber investigations of the
year have been previously published (E. S. R., 20, p. 245).

Experiments in planting Hevea rubber seeds indicated that they germi-
nated and grew best when the shells were previously removed and the seeds
planted in clean sand. The herring-bone system of tapping Ceara rubber trees
gave quite favorable results, as many as .30 consecutive tappings being made by
excising a thin slice of bark from the old wound. A good flow of latex was ob-
tained during the whole period. The use of a water bag, or an ammonia bag,
was found to increase the relative amount of first-grade rubber as compared
with scrap rubber. Some difficulty experienced in coagulating the latex was
overcome by the addition of hydrogen peroxid and sulphuric acid. Consider-
able difference was noted in the amount of latex obtained from yearling trees,

46 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

which point is probably of valuf in indicatinj; llic Irrcs wliich should be pre-
served in the i)ernianent plantation.

[Pot experiments with fertilizers for rubber), Ai.uk K. Tiiomp.son (Hdiniii
Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 6'2-6V/). — A fertilizer experiment was made with r\ibber
plants, the wire-basket method devised by the liureau of Soils of this Dejjart-
ment beinjj used.

The results for Para rubber show that where manure, sodium nitrate, or
lime was the single fertilizer, transpiration increased materially. Combinations
of acid phosphate and potassium sulphate gave a large increase, but acid phos-
phate in other combinations either decreased the transpiration or gave but
little increase.

In the work with Ceara rubber the best results were obtained with lime,
sodium nitrate, and the two combinations, sodium nitrate and potassium sul-
phate, and sodium nitrate, potassium sulphate, and acid phosphate. Manure
alone and potassium sulphate alone gave fair results. The experiments as a
whole indicate that sodium nitrate used alone is a good fertilizer for rubber
trees, while acid phosphate appears to have some deleterious effect ui)on them.

Caoutchouc and gutta-percha in the Dutch East Indies (lier. Handel u.
Indus., 13 (1009), No. -'/, pp. 137-1 -'/l'). — A consular report on the rubber in-
dustry in the Dutcli East Indies, relative to its extent, varieties grown, ex-
ploitation, and commerce.

Ecanda rubber (Raphionacme utilis) (Roy. Bot. Gard. Krw, Bui. Misc.
Inform., 1909, No. 8, pp. 321-325, pi. 1, figs. 3).— This is a further report on this
recently discovered tuberous rubber plant (E. S. R., 20, p. 545), relative to its
mode of growth under natural conditions and its exploitation in Angola, together
with notes on the growth of seedlings being studied at the Kew gardens.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The development of disease-resistant plants, G. M. Reed (Ann. Rpt. Mo.
Bd. Hort., 2 {1908), pp. 28Jf-296). — A summary is given of various investigations
that have been carried on as to the prevention of plant diseases by the develop-
ment of disease resistance on the part of the host. A considerable number of
instances are quoted in which some degree of resistance has been attained, either
by selection of plants that have withstood attack or by crossbreeding varieties
known to be resistant with susceptible ones and selecting the resistant progeny.

Some plant bacterial diseases, W. G. Sackktt i Houtliircsl. fitocknuDi, 28
(J909), No. 15, pp. 1, 4, 5). — An account is given of a bacterial disease of alfalfa
and of pear blight.

The alfalfa disease has been previously reported (B. S. R., 18, p. 553), and
further investigations have confirmed the conclusion that it is of bacterial
origin. Its presence can be recognized, it is said, by the short sickly growth
of the first crop and the absence of the deep green color characteristic of a
thrifty stand. A close examination of the stems show them to be shriveled
and blackened for 2 or 3 in. from the ground, the infection attacking the
plants next to the soil and working up the stem. As the disease progresses it
produces a watery, semitran spa rent, brownish appearance of the tissues, which
turn black with age. The leaves attached to the diseased part of the stem
usually show the watery yellow color at the base and especially at the base of
the petioles. One-year-old plants exhibit blackened areas in the crown and
black streaks running down into the tap root. As the plant grows older the
blackening increases until the whole crown is involved, and either the crown
buds are destroyed or the root is no longer able to perform its functions.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 47

So far as the autlioi-'s observations have gone, the disease appears to run
its course with the first cutting. Little or no trace of the disease may be
found during the remainder of the season, but the following spring an aggra-
vated outbreak may be expected. The disease apparently does not kill many
plants the first year, but they begin to die after the blight has been prevalent
more than one; season, and after 2 or 3 years the stand is practically worthless.
It is thought that there is some relation between this disease and the pasturing
and irrigation of the alfalfa fields. The subject is to be given further investi-
gation.

The author describes the pear blight, giving its characteristics, means of
spread, and methods for prevention and treatment.

Plant diseases, A. E. Collens (Dcpt. Ayr. Trinidad, BiiJ. Agr. Inform., I'JOi),
n. ser., No. 61, pp. SS-J/S). — The author briefly describes the attack of Kutj/pa
erumpens on cacao, the fungus proving a destructive i)arasite. In addition
to this host it is also known to attack banyan trees, mangoes, lilchi trees, and
various forest species. The presence of the fungus may be recognized by the
occuri-ence of iri-egular black patches on the bark with a dull grainy surface.

Notes are given on the occurrence of Diplodia cacaoicola on grape cuttings
and D. maydi.s on Indian corn. The fruiting stage of Ncctria theohroma;
has also been found on exposed roots of (iliricidia maculata and stems of
mangoes and avocados, all of which were growing near cacao trees affected by
the disease.

A tabulated account is presented of th(> fungus and insect pests of cacao, in
which descriptions are given of the parts affected and the symi)toms, with sug-
gestions for control. Similar data are given for the principal diseases of
sugar cane.

The life history of the cedar rust fungus, F. D. Heald (Nebraska Sta. Rpi.
J908, pp. 103-121, pin. 13, map I). — Attention is called to the general prevalence
of cedar lust throughout the eastern half of the State and the relation of this
disease to aitple rust. The great abundance of the disease in Nebraska is said
to be due, in part at least, to the general practice of employing cedars as
ornamental trees or for wind-breaks, and also the extensive planting of such
varieties of apples as Wealthy and .loiuithiui, which are especially susceptible
to the disease.

The cedar rust fungus {(lymnosporangium juniperi-virginiance) spends one
stage of its life history on the cedar, producing the so-called cedar aj)ples, the
other upon the leaves and fruit of the apple tree. The different stages of the
fungus are described at length, and on the basis of liis observations, the author
summarizes the life history of the fungus, stating that the galls are produced
on the cedar in May and that the teliospores germinate and produce sporidia
which infect the aiiple trees during the next few days. The first aecidia become
mature during July and viable spores are produced during this and the two fol-
lowing months. These spores infect the cedar, but no visible signs can be noted.
The mycelium apparently remains dormant during the winter and with the
resumption of growth in the spring the fungus stimulates the cedar at the
point of infection and the result is the formation of cedar apples, which first
become visible in the month of June. These cedar apples grow throughout the
summer and fall, remain dormant during the winter, and with the return of
favorable conditions in the spring produce the characteristic gelatinous masses.
From this it will be seen that 23 months elapse from the time of the infection
of the cedar to the period when the resultant galls produce the gelatinous spore
masses.

Spraying experiments have been carried on with varying degrees of success,
and it is said that the practical ai)plication of spraying cedars for the proven-

48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

tiou of cedar apples ruust depend largely upon the local conditions. The reduc-
tion of the number of galls is not sufficient to be of much value in preventing
the infection of adjacent apple trees, but if the life of valuable cedars is
threatened by the abundance of the fungus, spraying would prevent tlieir mate-
rial injury.

The influence of chemical stiniulation upon the production of perithecia
by Melanospora pampeana, F. D. IIeai.d .uul Vknus W. Pool {Nebraska Sta.
Rpt. 1908, pp. 129-134, pis. 2). — An account is given describing the relationship
found to exist between M. pampeana and certain species of Fusarium and
other fungi. This fungus was first isolated while studying the fungi connected
with moldy corn, and the perfect fruits of the fungus were found growing
among hyphte of Fusarium moniliformc.

Careful examination of lianging drop cultures of Fusarium and Melanospora
failed to reveal any attachment between the two, but there was apparently a
chemical stimulation. The mycelial growth produced by BasisporiuDi gaJlarum
and F. monilifonne showed that if an old culture was used the formation of
perithecia was entirely inhibited; if younger cultures were used the perithecia
wei'e formed in 4 to 7 days.

It is stated that one of the authors has found that Sordaria longicaudata
produces an abundance of perithecia following a copious growth of Pilobolus
on horse manure, but this fungus always fails to produce "perithecia on steril-
ized comi)ost which has not previously borne a crop of Pilobolus.

The life history and parasitism of Diplodia zeae, F. D. Heald, E. M. Wil-
cox, and Venus W. Pool {Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 1-19, pis. 10, fig. 1).—A
study has been made at the Nebraska Station of various fungi associated with
moldy corn, and a report is presented on one of them, D. sew, which has been
shown to be the cause of a very serious dry rot of the ear as well as to affect
other parts of the plant.

This fungus produces a condition which is called di"y rot, though it is be-
lieved that the majority of corn growers refer to such ears as molded. In ad-
vanced stages the ear is very light in weight, shriveled, and dark in color, the
kernels are either dull or have a dried, brown appearance, and flaky masses of
mycelium occur among the grains and on the cob.

The fungus is described at some length, and a statement is given showing
that it may cause a loss of at least 50 per cent in weight of ear.

In experiments made to demonstrate the parasitism of the fungus, it was
found possible to produce typical disease through puncture inoculations into
the husk or into the stalk, or by placing mycelium among the silk at the time
of pollination. Little or no infection was found to take place from one ear to
another during the same season.

A brief account is given of the distribution of this disease throughout
Nebraska, and a bibliography of the literature completes the report.

Investigations on the combating of barley smuts, O. Appel {llliis. Landio.
Ztg., 29 (1909), No. 55. p. 521). — A report is given on investigations on the possi-
bility of controlling barley smuts by treating the seed with hot air.

In the first lot of experiments dry seed was passed through the drying ap-
paratus, the temperature ranging from 72 to 89° C. Various modifications of
this treatment were carried out, the time of passing the seed and the tempera-
ture being modified. As a result of the treatment it was found that the vitality
of the seed was very materially injured while the smut was not entirely pre-
vented.

In a second series of experiments the seed grain was first soaked for 4 hours
in water at a temperature of 35°, after which it was passed through the drying
apparatus at temperatures of 58 to 73°. In some other cases the temperature

DISEASES OP PLANTS. 49

was reduced to as low as 42°. By this treatment the smut spores were de-
stroyed and relatively little injury was done the seed grain except where the
temperature was above 64°. It is believed that this method of treating grain
has advantages, and that if the temperatui-e is allowed to go above 60° the dura-
tion of treatment should be reduced.

The rust of wheat, E. Vernet (Prog. Agr. ct Vit. (Ed. VEst-Ccntre), 30
(1009), No. ^0, pp. Jt28-433). — An account is given of a number of varieties of
wheat that have proved resistant to wheat rust (Puccinia graminis).

Fungus maladies of the sugar cane, N. A. Cobb {Hawaiian Sugar Planters'
Sta., Div. Path, and Physiol. Bui. 6, pp. 110, pis. 7, figs. 6//).— This bulletin is in
continuation of a previous one of the same title (E. S. R., 18, p. 843) and gives
supplementary observations upon a number of the diseases previously described,
together with notes on some diseases not treated in the former publication.

Particular attention is given to the root diseases of sugar cane. The author
states that there are 5 fungi connected with the root diseases, Marasmius sac-
chari, M. hatvaiiensis, Ithyphallus coraJloidcs, Clathrus trilobatus, and a fungus
as yet undetermined but which is characterized by the occurrence of stellate
crystals upon the mycelium. In addition it was thought probable that Dictyo-
pliora sp. may cause a root disease of cane.

Additional notes are given on the witlier tip of the cane leaf, a disease appar-
ently of fungus origin, which, while not serious, may delay the grovv'th of the
cane to some extent. The relation between the pineapple disease of cane, due
to Thielaviopsis cthaceticus, and a disease of pineapples is pointed out, and
notes are given on the ring-spot disease of the cane leaf (Leptosphwria sac-
chari) and the eye-spot disease (Cercospora sacchari). A possible relation
between the rind disease and seed cane is pointed out in that the top shoots
containing buds and but little sugar are often discarded or used for planting.
These stalks apparently are capable of carrying over the rind disease from one
crop to another.

Remedies for the diseases are discussed, after which an account is given of
nematodes. Since the previous publication the author states that two addi-
tional species have been found parasitic on the roots of cane, one of the species,
Tylenchus biformls, being described as new.

The bulletin concludes with a discussion of timber rots due to fungi, and
suggestions are given for their control.

The root rot of tobacco caused by Thielavia basicola, W. W. Gilbert ( U. S.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 158, pp. 55, pis. 5). — According to the author,
a root disease of tobacco due to T. basicola has caused considerable loss to
growers in different sections of the United States.

The fungus attacks the roots, blackening them and causing their decay. If
attacked while very young the seedlings are killed, in much the same manner
as by the damping-off fungi. In other cases, where the conditions do not favor
as severe an attack, the roots are invaded and the plants stunted. The stunted
condition of the plant may be often observed in the field where diseased material
has been transplanted. When badly diseased plants are set in the field they
may turn yellow, wilt, and die to such an extent that often large areas must
be replanted.

A description is given of the fungus and historical data are presented on its
discovery and distribution, its host plants, etc.

Experiments were carried on to test the practicability of treating seed beds,
and it was found that steam sterilization gave best results, followed by surface-
fire treatment. Two plats treated with formalin are said to have been but
little better than an untreated check plat, but several reasons are advanced to
account for the failure.

50 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The conditions conducive to serious iiijuiy fioiii root rot are the infection of
the seed bed or of the field with the fungus, a lieavy soil rich in humus, ex-
cessive fertilization, heavy watering, and lack of ventilation of the seed beds.

Cucumber and tomato canker, G. Massee {Roy. Bot. (lard. Kciv, JiuL Misc.
Inform., HW9, Xo. 7, pi). 2!) J, 2'.>.i, pt. J ; Jour. Bd. Affr. { London], 16 (1900), No.
7, PI). ,T7.''-.)iS/). — Attention is called to a disease of melons in the T'nited States
recently described as due to MycosphwreVa citruUina (E. S. R., 21, p. 148),
and it is stated that specimens of diseased tomato plants as well as cucumber
plants have been examined at Kew and found affected by the same fungus. The
conidial form of the fungus is apparently responsible for the rapid extension of
the disease. It is shown that the si)oros from diseased cucumber plants readily
infect young tomato plants, as would the spores from tomato plants infect the
vegetable nuu-row plants.

While dclinite results have not been obtained by Investigations, it is thought
that thorough spraying witli Bordeaux mixture would prevent the occurrence
of this disease.

The gummosis of fruit trees, H. Blin (Rev. Hort. [Paris], 81 {1909), No. 5,
pp. 115-117). — A description is given of the gummosis of fruit trees, which has
proved particularly destructive to peaches, but also attacks apricots, clierries,
and plums. This disease has been attributed to various causes, and attention
is called to it in the hope that definite investigations will be carried on to de-
termine the specific cause as a preliminary to the discovery of methods of con-
trol.

Spraying for apple scab or black spot, C. W. Mally {Agr. Jour. Cape Good
Hope, 35 {1909), No. 2, pp. 202-211, figs. Jf). — An account is given of spraying
experiments for the control of the apple scab {Fusieladium dendritieum),
which has appeared as a destructive parasite in southern Africa. The experi-
ments were conducted in an orchard which was kept under good cultivation,
over 300 trees being used in the test. Bordeaux mixture of the 6 : 4 : 50 formula
was used, and 1 to 3 applications given the trees.

The control trees were badly attacked by the disease and at least half the
fruit dropped and the remaining poi'tion was badly deformed by the scab. The
trees receiving one spraying showed about 60 per cent sound fruit, the trees
receiving the first and second sprayings, over 90 per cent, and those sprayed
three times were practically free from disease. Where the trees were siirayed
three times, however, the fungicide caused some injury, which about counter-
balanced the extra margin of sound fruit.

The control of black rot of the grape, C. L. Shear, G. F. Miles, and L. A.
Hawkins {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 155, pp. Jf2, pis. 5, figs. 2). —
A report is given of a series of investigations undertaken to demonstrate the
efficiency of the best methods practiced and at the same time to improve if pos-
sible methods and mixtures for the control of the black rot of the grape, and
also to secure additional knowledge regarding the life history and habits of the
black rot fungus {Guignardia bidwellii) and other parasitic fungi of the grape.
This work was begun in 1006 and has been extended until in 1908 it was car-
ried on in Pennsylvania, Michigan, New York, and New Jersey. A considerable
number of fungicides were tested, most of them being various copper com-
pounds, but comparisons were made with lime-sulphur mixtures. The work at
the different stations is described at length.

A study of the tables presented shows that where different numbers of appli-
cations were made, 5 applications at the proper times gave nearly or quite as
satisfactory results as 6, 7, or 8. A Bordeaux mixture prepared according to
the 4 : 3 : 50 formula was found as effective in preventing black rot as fungi-

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 51

cides containing larger quantities of copper sulphate or lime. Five or 6 appli-
cations, beginning when the shoots were about 8 in. to 1 ft. long, generally gave
as good results as where 1 or 2 additional earlier applications had been made.

Where unsprayed grapes were a total loss from black rot in 1907, the rot on
the sprayed plats was reduced to 28.3 per cent. The next season, 1908, when
the rot was almost equally destructive on the unspi*ayed plats, on the sprayed
plats it was reduced to less than 1 per cent, apparently showing a cumulative
effect of treatment for the two seasons.

The experiments have shown the necessity of covering the vines thoroughly
with a fine si)ray of properly prepared Bordeaux mixture, and where the black
rot is serious or the foliage very keavy it is found desirable to use trailers
attached to the spraying apparatus and have the nozzles directed by hand, so
as to properly cover the foliage and fruit.

The tests of the various lime-sulphur preparations have not yet been suffi-
cient to determine their value as a preventive of black rot. Neutral copper
acetate in the proportion of 1 lb. to 50 gals, of water has been found the best
nonstaining preparation for final applications.

Coffee diseases of the New World, G. Massee (Roy. Bot. (Jard. Keio, Bui.
Misc. Inform., 1909, No. 8, pit. 337-3 U, fio. 1) ■ — A technical description is given
of a leaf spot disease of coffee due to Sphcerostilbe flavida. This disease has
been known for a number of years and is said to have been reported from
several Central and South American countries.

The leaves, young shoots, and fruits are first attacked, circular whitish
patches being produced upon the leaves. I>eaves that are attacked soon become
yellow and fall, and in severe cases the tree may become nearly defoliated. On
the young shoots the diseased spots are whitish and more or less elongated.
The cortex in such i)laces becomes dry and cracks and finally breaks away in
small flakes, leaving the browned wood exposed. On the berries the spots are
usually whitish and almost circular in outline.

The fungus spreads rapidly, and it has been found possible to infect young
coffee plants by placing ascospores of the SphiBrostilbe stage upon the un-
broken surface of the leaves. The fungus is carried over from year to year on
diseased shoots and on the fruit, whether hanging or fallen from the tree. All
infected shoots should be cut out and, together with the diseased fruit and
leaves, collected and burned.

Notes are also given on a tap-root disease of the coffee tree, duje to nematodes,
which is said to be a common disease in the coffee plantations of Sao Paulo.
The tap root seems to be the portion attacked by the nematodes, and presents a
very characteristic appearance, being swollen and covered with thickened bark
soaked with water. The diseased trees are said to be very conspicuous and
readily detected, and as a tree once attacked apparently never recovers, it is
recommended that all such trees be uprooted and burned. Treating the soil
with carbon bisulphid it is thought will also prove an efficient method of con-
trolling this disease.

Notes on the Hemileia disease of coffee and the resistance of certain spe-
cies to the fungus, F. C. von Faber (Tropcnpflanzer, 13 {1909), No. 5, pp. 235-
238). — An account is given of the leaf spot disease of coffee, due to H. vastatrix,
together with estimates showing the amount of loss that it has occasioned.
The peculiar susceptibility of Coffra arahica and its varieties to this fungus is
pointed out, and a number of species are mentioned as being more or less
resistant.

Mulberry diseases, E. J. Butler {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 2 {1909),
No. 8, pp. 18, pis. 4, figs. 2; Indian Agr., 3/, {1909), No. 8, pp. 249^252).—
Descriptions are given of twig blight of mulberries {Coryneum mori), mulberry

52 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

leaf spot (Scpfocjlauiii niori). mildew ( rinilldctinia (oriilrn), and trunk rot
(. Polj/porus hisiridiis).

Of these diseases the twig blight is prolKibly the most important, as it
directly affects the yield of the leaves required in silk culture. The fungus is
parasitic on the smaller branches, usually near the base, and is not confined
to living trees, but is also found on dead prunings and broken branches on the
ground. It is apparently a wound parasite and attention should be paid to the
pruning of mulberry trees and the methods of gathering the leaves. In addi-
tion to the nnilberry, this fungus has been found on a number of other plants,
producing symptoms exactly similar to those on tlie mulberry.

The white pine blister rust, C. K. Pettis (Forestry Quart., 7 {1909), No. 3,
pp. 231-287). — Attention is called to the introduction in this country of the
blister rust (Pcridcrmium strobl) which attacks the white pine. This disease
is not indigenous to this country, but was imported from Europe on pine seed-
lings in the spring of 1909. The alternate form, Cronartiiim rihicola, has been
reported before and an account given in a previous publication (E. S. R., 18,
p. 747).

The presence of the fungus was noted on a large importation of pine seed-
lings obtained in the spring of 1909 from Germany and its identity established.
Subsequently, a conference was held in New York to determine measures for
the control of the disease, and a plan has been adopted for the State which in-
cludes the inspection of all premises where white pine seedlings have been in-
troduced and the destruction of all infested pines or Ilibes plants. It is
thought that jirohalily the inspection should be continued for several years.

Note on the biology of Pestalozzia hartigii, C. E. C. Fischer {Jour. Econ.
Biol., 4 {1909), No. 3, pp. 12-11, pi. /).— This fungus, which has long been
known as an active agent of a seedling disease of several timber trees, is said
to attack, both in the nursery and in natural surroundings, seedlings of beech,
ash, maple, spruce, and silver fir. It causes constriction on the stem just
above the level of the soil and destroys the cambium all the way around the
stem.

Hitherto there has been no connection discovered between this species and
any of the definite groups of higher fungi, and the author carried on experi-
ments to determine if possible the life history of the parasite. Cultures were
made, and it was found comparatively easy to germinate the conidia and grow
the fungus. A number of inoculation experiments were undertaken with quite
a range of seedlings, but in no case did infection result from the inoculation.
It seems probable that some conditions which are supplied in nature were
lacking in the experiments. It is thought possible that the cooperation of some
other organism is necessary to enable this species to attack actively its host
plants. Thus far no form of reproductive organs has been obtained other than
those already known.

Fomes lucidus, a suspected parasite, E. J. Butler {Indian Forester, 35
{1909), No. 9, pp. 514-518, pi. i).— The author states that this species, one
of the largest and handsomest of the bracket fungi, is widely distributed
throughout the world, reaching its greatest development in the Tropics. It has
been usually considered a saprophyte, but recent observations on a considerable
number of species of trees seem to indicate that it is a common and widespread
destructive tree parasite in India and possibly elsewhere.

Wood-destroying fungi, J. Schorstein (Ostcrr. Forst u. Jagd Ztg., 21
(1909), Nos. 29, pp. 255-251, figs. 10; 31, pp. 212, 213, figs. i5).— Illustrated de-
scriptive notes are given on a number of the more common fungi which attack
timbers of various sorts, 22 species being noted.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 53

Some common plant diseases, W. B. McOallum (Arizona Sta. Bui. 60, pp.
JfoG-Jtd'i) . — Directions are given for the preparation and use of fungicides, and
I)opular notes on a number of fungus and bacterial diseases of plants, together
with suggestions for their prevention.

Directions for the control of Nebraska plant diseases, E. M. Wilcox and
R. E. Stone {Nebraska Sta. Rpt. IDOS, pp. 21-63). — The symptoms and cause
of the different diseases are described and methods given for their control or
prevention. The diseases are arranged alphabetically by their prevailing com-
mon names, under the various crops which are arranged in a similar manner.
Bibliographies containing references to some of the more recent literature are
given under the different diseases.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Biological investigations in Alaska and Yukon Territory, W, H. Osgood
{U. S. Dipt. Agr., Bur. Biol. Surrcjf, Xorth American Fauna Xo. 30, pp. 96. pis.
5, figs. 2). — Biological investigations made in the interior of Alaska and Yukon
Territory in 1903 and 1904 are here reported. Three distinct areas are consid-
ered, namely, East Central Alaska (pp. 7^4), the Ogilvie range, Yukon Terri-
tory (pp. 45-65), and the Macmillan River, Yukon Territory (pp. 66-92).

The physiography of these areas is described and detailed accounts are given
of the animal life of the region, especially the abundance, ranges, and general
habits of the game and fur-bearing animals. It is considered that under proper
regulations the fur-bearers should increase and that the game animals of
Alaska should continue indefinitely to be a source of food and profit to the
Territory.

The rabbits of North America, E. W. Nelson (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Biol.
Survey, North American Fauna No. 29, pp. 31Jf, pis. 13, figs. 19). — ^This mono-
graph includes all the known hares and rabbits in North America.

Although the commonest of Noi'th American mammals, yet within compara-
tively few years they were represented in collections by extremely scanty and
imperfect material. Ninety-seven species and subspecies are recognized, 2 or 3
of which in the light of more satisfactory material may prove unworthy of re-
tention in the list. In the preparation of this monograph, more than 5,500
specimens were examined, of which about 3,.500 were skins with skulls, the
others odd skulls. Representatives of every species and subspecies recognized
are said to have been examined. The revision includes a key to the species and
subspecies, maps illustrating their distribution, and a bibliography of the more
important papers.

[The introduction of the American robin into England] (Nature [London'\.
81 (1909). No. 2078. p. 26"'/).— An attempt is being made near Guildford, in Sur-
rey, to acclimatize Merula migratoria.

Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, C. W. Stiles and A.
Hassall (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bill. 39, pts. 24, pp. 1807-1893;
25, pp. 1895-1979). — Part 25 includes titles arranged by authors alphabetically
from R to Rizzo, and part 20, those from Roack to Rzewuski.

Zoological yearbook, 1908, P. Mayer (Zool. Jahresder., 1908, pp. VIII +
235+31). — Bibliographical lists are given, also summaries of the more im-
portant literature issued during 1908 relating to the . variods groups of the
animal kingdom.

Our insect friends and enemies, J. B. Smith (Philadelphia and London,
1909, pp. 314, pi. 1, figs. 121). — In this work the author discusses the relations
of insects to plants as benefactors and as destroyers, to each other, to the
animals that feed on them, to weather and diseases that affect them, to other
animals, to man as benefactors and as carriers of diseases, to the household, and

54 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

to the farmer and fruit jn'owcr. The closiiij; cluiptcr is devoted to a discussion
of the war on iuseets.

The role of air in the ecdysis of insects, F. Knab {Proc. But. Sac. Wash.,
11 (I'.Hi!)). -No. .?, 1)11. (jS7,i). — A brief consideration of this subject.

Contribution to the biology of the Aphididse, A. Mokdwilko {Biol.. Centb!.,
21 (I'JOl), A OS. 11, piK 520-550; 18, pi>. 561-575; 23, pp. 77/7-767; 2'/, pp. 769-
816. figs. 22; 28 (1908), Xos. 19, pp. 631-639; 20, pp. 6.'i9-662; 29, (1909), Nos.
3, pp. 82-96, figs. 2; J,, pp. 97-118; 5, pp. L'i7-160; 6, pp. 16 J/ -182). —The biology
of the plant lice is here considered at length.

Contributions to experimental entomology, AV. Kkifk (Jour. Expt. ZooL.
6 (1909), \o. .}, pp. 553-569). — The experiments which the author here reports
were with Junonia ccenia, collected on Long Island.

In regard to the period of pupation at different temperatures for caterpillars
reared at out-of-door temperature, he reports as follows : " The time of pupa-
tion, that is, the time which elapses between the attachment of the caterpillar
and the complete pupa, differs according to the prevailing temperature. At 23°
C. pupation took place in from 10 to 12 hours; 18° caused the catei-pillars to
pupate in IT hours; 9° in about 48 hours; 0° in GO hours, and below +4° pupa-
tion did not take place at all. The caterpillars, which I subjected for a long
time (up to S days) uninterruptedly to a low-er temperature, varying between
0 and +3°, died, no matter in what stage they happened to be."

From the experiments conducted the author concludes that this species never
passes the winter in the northern States as a caterpillar and that all caterpil-
lars die as soon as the temperature siuks to -f3° for several daj-s. The pupa
is not quite so sensitive to continued cold as the caterpillar, but still is sensi-
tive to a considerable degree. All of the pupje which were exposed to a con-
stant low^ temperature ( — 5° or below) for more than 48 hours, died. "All the
pupfe which I exposed to a temperature of 45° for more than 2 hours, or such
as were exposed to 44° for more than 5 hours, died. Of all the pupse which re-
mained in the apparatus 5 hours at 43°, only one later produced a butterfly,
but this was a complete cripple. All the pupse endured very well for several
hours a temperature of from 40 to 42°. My method was to expose the pupje on
the first day to a temperature of 40° for 4 hours, the second day to 41° for 5
hours, and on the third day to 42° for 4 hours." The coloration and marlving
of butterflies bred from pupte which had been exposed to low temperature were
in complete contrast to those not thus exposed. The author considers this
species as probably in the act of adapting itself to cold.

Notes on microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American
species, A. BuscK (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. 87-103).— Sev-
eral biological notes are included in this account.

Anacaiitpsis crcsccntifascidla is said to have been bred from Kramcria se-
cundiflora at Dallas and Victoria, Tex. Oletlircutcs alhicUiana w^as bred from
the stalks of touch-me-not (Impatiens) collected at Magnolia, Mass. "The
larva lives in the hollow stalk and in the succulent pith in the swelled joints;
it overwinters as larva and toward spring gnaws a small circular hole in the
stalk near a joint, leaving only the extreme epidermis intact as a semitrans-
parent port hole; just inside this it spins a few threads of silk and pupates
with its head toward the window, through which eventually the imago issues.
In the insectary the first moth issued the latter part of April."

The lar\a of Tisficria alhostrauiinca makes a small, pale straw-colored ui)per
mine in the leaves of oak about Washington, D. C. The mine is normally
placed at the edge of the leaf, frequently causing the edge of the leaf to bend
over in a small fold. The species has several generations in the vicinity of
Washington.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 55

First annual report of the superintendent for suppressing' the gipsy and
brown-tail moths, A. H. Kirkland {Aim, Hpt. tiupt. Suppressing Gipsy and
Brotcn-tail Moths [J/ass.], 1 (1905), pp. 161, pis. 17). — The work conducted
in 1905 following the appropriation in May of funds for suppressing these pests
is reported.

As against 34 cities and towns covering an area of 359 square miles of terri-
tory infested by the gipsy moth in 1900, 124 cities and towns covering an area
of 2,224 square miles were found to be infested in 1905. The work with natural
enemies is considered at length, the report of the consulting entomologist,
C. H. Fernald, the report of the work with insect enemies of these pests by
L. O. Howard, and the report of work with fungus parasites of the brown-tail
moth, by G. E. Stone, being incorporated.

Second annual report of the superintendent for suppressing the gipsy
and brown-tail moths, A. H. Kirkland (sliin. Rpt. Supt. Suppressing Gipsy
and Brown-tuil Moths [Mass.], 2 {1906), pp. 110, pis. 13).— The work conducted
during 1906 is here reported at length, including the report of the consulting
entomologist. C. H. Fernald, the report of the work with insect parasites by
L. O. Howard, and an account of the pathology of the browu-tail moth derma-
titis, by E. E. Tyzzer.

Third annual report of the superintendent for suppressing the gipsy
and brown-tail moths, A. H. Kirkland (Ann. Rpt. Supt. Suppressing Gipsy
and Brown-tuil Moths [Mass.], 3 (1907), pp. 228. pis. 13).— The details of the
work of supressiou during the year 1907 and investigations of natural enemies,
including a report on parasites by L. O.. Howard, are considered at length.
In an appended special report on importing parasites are incorporated the
individual reports made by American and foreign entomologists following per-
sonal investigations of the work under way. The entomologists thus reporting
are C. P. Lounsbury, R. Heymons, R. Blanchard and G. Horvath, W. W. Frog-
gatt, A. Severin, J. Fletcher, E. M. Ehrhorn, E. P. Felt, H. A. Morgan, H.
Osborn, S. A, Forbes, J. B. Smith, and M. V. Slingerland.

The Angoumois grain moth, T. B. Syjions (Maryland. Sta. Bui. 137, pp. 7,
figs. 2). — A popular account of the life history, habits, and methods of control
of this pest of stored grain, which is generally disseminated throughout
Maryland.

Mosquitoes of Brazil, A. G. Peryassxj (Os Culicideos do Brazil. Rio de
Janeiro, 1908, pp. 407, illus.; rev. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 3, pp.
13,5, 136). — Detailed descriptions are given of 131 species and 5 subspecies of
Brazilian mosquitoes. Eight genera of the subfamily Anophelinre are repre-
sented by 14 species. The distribution of mosquitoes in Rio de Janeiro, obser-
vations on the larvjTe of 30 species, experimental studies on the biology of
Stegoniyia faseiata, and other data are included.

The work is accompanied by numerous plates.

Chemical observations with the meat fly Calliphora, E. Weinland (Biol.
Centbl., 29 (1909), No. 18, pp. 56-',-577, figs. 3).— A study of the biochemical
processes going on during the cycle of development of the Calliphora.

Further observations on the development of trypanosomes in Glossinae,
Kleine (Dent. Med. Wchnschr., 35 (1909), No. 21, pp. 92Jf, 925; ads. in Sleeping
Sickness Bur. [London], Bui. 7, jyp. 2Ji9, 250). — This is in continuation of ex-
periments previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 785).

Sixty-six days after the flies had fed on iiafected animals the surviving 20
were placed on sheep, calves, and goats, one to an animal, and a calf and a goat
became infected after an incubation interval of 11 days. In another experiment
in which 147 freshly caught Glossina palpalis were fed for 2 days on 2 sheep
infected with trypanosomes and then for the successive periods of 4 days on

56 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

different healthy calves, no animals became infected. The experiments were
repeated with 200 freshly canjjjht CI. palixiliK, and after 20 days, when the flies
had fed on 5 healthy animals without producinj; illness, they became infective.

Experiments were conducted to determine whether infective flies (d. paliiaUs)
convey Triiininoxoma gamhicnse to a healthy animal once only (mechanically)
or are al)le to infect many animal.s. out- after another, in the course of several
days or weeks. From the results obtained the author concludes that transmis-
sion is not merely mechanical but that the Glossintc are true hosts of the
trypanosomes. He succeeded in infecting flies hatched out from pupte by feed-
ing them on sick monkeys and in thus conveying sleeping sickness to several
healthy ones. It is concluded that the developmental period in the flies may be
shorter than the 20 days he had assumed it to be from his first experiment.

Further investigations on the etiology of sleeping sickness, Kleine (Deut.
Med. Wcliiisclir., S.') (11)09), Xo. 2D, pp. I,i57-IM0, fiij-s. .'/..^• abs. in Sleeping
Sickncs.'i Bur. [London], Bui. 9, pp. 321-323). — In continuation of investigations
noted above, 410 flies were fed on infected animals. Of these 22, or 5 per cent,
became infective, but as about half die early in captivity the author thinks the
percentage may be doubled. The limit of infectivity of the flies has not been
determined. A captive Olossina morsitans, however, was found to convey trypa-
nosomes after S3 days. Emphasis is placed on the fact that all the author's
observations were made on fiies bred from paipse.

Siphonaptera observed in the plague campaign in California, with a note
upon host transference, G. W. McCoy iPul). llaiUh and Mar. Hosp. Scrv. U. S.,
Pub. Health Rpts., 2Ji {1909), No. 29, pp. 1013-1022).— The author presents in
tabular form the results of identifications of fleas taken on various small mam-
mals during the campaign against rodents for the purpose of exterminating the
infection of plague among these animals in California. There were identified
12,347 fleas representing 18 species. The large majority of fleas were found
associated with their pi'oper hosts, but there was some accidental distribution
to adventitious liosts. Rat fleas were found several times upon squirrels and
the squirrel fleas uimn rats.

Some insects injurious to truck crops. The Colorado potato beetle in
Virginia in 1908, C. H. Popenoe {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 82, pt. 1, pp.
8, pis. 2). — This is an account of the investigations of the life history and
methods of control of the Colorado potato beetle in the tide water region of
Virginia, conducted in cooperation with the Virginia Truck Experiment Station.

This section of Virginia is considered as probably the greatest center for
the production of early potatoes in the eastern United States. Two crops are
raised in a small portion of this area, but over the greater part only a single
planting is made, this being made during the latter part of February and the
first of March and the crop of new potatoes being harvested in June. As the
early blight does little injury to the plants, the Colorado potato beetle becomes
the worst drawback to the culture of the potato in this locality. The methods
of control practiced are said to be very crude.

In general the life history agrees with the description by Chittenden pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 159). In 1908, 3 generations or broods were
reared during the summer and very young larvje were seen on the tomato
at Norfolk as late as September 1. The period of {estivation which generally
follows the second generation in this species was shortened to 4 days in the
beetles which were carried through the stages at Norfolk. The beetles which
pass the winter are usually those of the third generation. On warm days with
an offshore wind great numbers of the hibernated individuals are blown or
carried out to sea where they perish, the beach often being covered with wind-
rows of the dead beetles.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 57

Insect enemies noted were rudtsufi macuUventris and the usual tachinid; the
eggs of the latter being seen on 3 to 4 per cent of the larvae. Harpaline ground
beetles were abundant and Lehia grnndis is thought to have been a factor in the
control of the potato beetle.

A number of experiments performed with a view to discovering the cheapest
and most effective insecticide for coutrolliug the pest are reported. " In con-
clusion it is suggested that at least 3 thorough applications of Paris green, or
arsenate of lead, with Bordeaux mixture be made, the first applied about the
time that the first eggs begin to hatch, and the later applications at intervals
of about 3 weeks. By this method the beetles should be easily controlled and
the injury therefrom almost entirely obviated."

The blue-green beetle, J. 8. Houser {Ann. Rpt. Cuban Nat. Hort. Soc, 3
(1909), PI). o.i-oS). — While there are 3 species of the Cuban blue-gi'een beetle,
Pachnwus azurescens is responsible for most of the injury to Cuban citrus
products. The biology of this pest is briefly considei-ed. Field experiments are
said to have demonstrated that spraying with poisons can not be relied upon to
fully control the beetle ; that the ordinary spray mixtures of poisons adhere
with difficulty to the oily, growing shoots of the citrus plants, and that knapsack
sprayers are wholly inadequate for nursery orchard spraying. The collection of
adults, the encouragement of birds, the possible spraying with poisons, and the
promoting of the general health of the trees are the measures recommended.

Notes on some of the Eucnemidae of the Eastern States, R. W. Van Horn
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11 {1909), No. 2, pp. 5^-62, pi. 1, figs. 2).— An account
of the habits of these beetles.

Some species of Calligrapha, F. Knab (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11 {1909), No.
2, pp. 83-87). — Calligrapha rhoda, which feeds exclusively upon the hazel
{Corylus americana) , both in the imago and larval stages; C. roivena, the food
plant for which is unknown ; and C. amelia, which, in the imago and larval
stages, recurs exclusively upon alder {Alniis rugosa), are here described as
new. C. phUidcliihica is said to live only upon Cornus (C. stolonifera) .

The sweet potato weevil {Agr. Neics [Barbados], 8 {1909), No. 192, p. 282,
figs. -i). — A brief account is given of Cri/iitorhynchus batatw which attacks
sweet potatoes in the field.

A brief note on Chalcodermus collarishorn, J. A. Hyslop {Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., 11 {1909), No. 1, p. -JO). — This weevil was bred from seed pods of
Cassia chamcechrista at Marr's Station, Md.

New Chalcidoidea, J. C. Crawford {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11 {1909), No. 1,
pp. 51, 52). — Lciicospis robcrtsoni from Florida and Lariophagus texanus, para-
sitic on Laria (Brnchus) prosopis, also bred from stems of Lcucosyris spinosus
at Victoria, Tex., are described as new to science, the latter species represent-
ing a new genus.

A new family of parasitic Hymenoptera, J. C. Crawford {Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash., 11 {1909), No. 2, pp. 63, 6J/, pi. 1). — Vanhornia eucnemidarum secured
from the cells of larvae of the family Eucnemidae represents a new family
(VanhorniidiB), genus, and species.

Report of the state entomologist [of Nebraska for 1907-8], L. Bruneb
{Rpts. State Ent. and Bot. Nchr. 1907-8, pp. 5-13, figs. 2).— Brief mention is
made of the insects investigated from July to December, 1907, previously noted
from another source (E. S. R., 20. p. 114(3; 21, p. 249).

Among the more injurious insects investigated in 190S were the box-elder
aphis, melon aphis, strawberry leaf-roller, corn earworm, chinch bug, and sev-
eral species of social caterpillars including the walnut datana, fall webworm,
and white-marked tussock moth. In the uurseries of portions of the State,

18556—10 5

58 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Carolina poplars were attacked by the cotton leaf beetle (Lina scripta). An
entirely new wheat insect, probably an Eleotles, appoaretl among the wheat
fields, the larvjc attacking the seed in the gronnd before it germinated.

Other insects mentioned are a sawfly {Monostege rosce) which injured culti-
vated roses, the Colorado potato beetle, potato stalk borer, and cabbage but-
terfly, and a new grass-infesting scale {EiiopcJtis coloradensis). A detailed
study of the life history of this scale showed it to be at least 2-brooded and
capable of becoming a very important pest of the wild-hay crop in the western
counties of the State.

Report of the entomologist, D. L. Van Dine { Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 190S, pp. 11-
jfl). — Investigations were made of the insects affecting live stock and bee keep-
ing, and in Oahu further work was undertaken on the insects affecting pine-
apple, cotton, and mangels. The horn fly and sheep-maggot fly iCaUiphora
dux) are discussed and brief mention is made of several important cotton in-
sects, of which a more detailed account is noted below.

The year is reported to have been marked by a decided impetus to the bee
keeping industry, the season's crop showing an increase from 600 tons to nearly
1,000 tons, and the honey and wax crop being estimated as worth $100,000.
The number of colonies at present in the Territory is not far below 20,000. A
list is given of the honey trees and plants found in the Islands.

The mealy bug {Pseudoooccus citri) has become as serious a pest of the pine-
apple as is the pineapple scale {Diaspis hromelice), previously noted (E. S. K.,
16, p. 683). Aside from the injury to the plant, the mealy bug injures the fruit
directly by its feeding and indirectly by acting as an agent in the spread of the
pineapple rot. During the season it was demonstrated that the scale and
mealy bug can be controlled in the field and that clean shipments of fruit are
possible by proper methods of fumigation.

Trial fumigation of plants before setting them in the field indicates that
plants will not stand as large a dosage of hydrocyanic gas as will fruit for ship-
ment. For plants to be set in the field it is recommended that for every 100
cu. ft. of space, 1 oz. potassium cyanid, 2 fluid oz. sulphuric acid, and 4 fluid oz,
of water be used, with an exposure of li hours. For fruit for shipment lA oz.
of potassium cyanid for every 100 cu. ft. of air space is recommended. For
field treatment an emulsion of kerosene is recommended for the scale and
tobacco dust for the mealy bug.

A revised list is given of the injurious insects of Hawaii,

Keport on the insects which affect the cotton plant in the Hawaiian
Islands, D. T. Fullaway {Hawaii Sta. Bui. 18, pp. 5-21, figs. 78 ).— Although
cotton has not up to the present time been one of the agricultural industries in
the Hawaiian Islands, experiments conducted by the station haA-e given re-
markably promising results. This investigation of the insects affecting the cot-
ton plant has been conducted in view of the fact that the profit to be obtained
from its growth will largely depend upon the extent of the insect injury.

In Honolulu, a stem maggot has been found which attacks the plant soon
after germination. Although adults have not been bred it is thought to be a
common species, as carnations and pigeon peas have been noticed to suffer from
similar attacks. A wireworm which attacks germinating cotton is thought to
be Simodactijlus cinnamomcus. Agrotis ypsilon is the cutworm which has been
observed to attack cotton most frequently. Cotton suffers more or less from
Aphis gossypii, and at certain seasons the damage becomes a great handicap to
the plant. Adoretus tcmtimaculatus has injured cotton to some extent through
attacking the foliage. The mealy bugs Pseudococcus virgatus and P. fllainenfo-
sus are serious pests, the former occurring in the Islands on Dolichos lablab,

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 59

poinsettia, oleander, violets, litchi, and klu. P. filamentosus, which is probably
the most destructive coccid in the Islands, attacking hibiscus, mulberry, grape,
and citrus trees, has been a pest of cotton for several years.

The worst insect enemy of cotton is the Hawaiian bollworm {Gelechia gossy-
liiclla) which primarily attacks the boll, although the immature worms some-
times enter the ovary and devour the young ovules preventing the normal form-
ing of the boll, which either di'ops or opens prematurely, before the lint has
been formed. In the boll it causes premature opening, rotting, and soiling of
the lint. In a planting where no effort was made to control the pest it was esti-
mated that 50 per cent of the bolls and about 15 per cent of the seeds were in-
fested. For practical reasons the use of artificial remedies is not advised at the
present time. The regular destruction of infested boUs by burning; severe
pruning, and bui-ning after the last picking in the fall; the collection and burn-
ing of all fallen bolls; ginning soon after picking, etc., are recommended. The
parasite Clielonus bluckburni li;is been bred by the author from this pest.
Heliothis obsolcta has not as yet been found to attack cotton, although it often
infests corn and has occasionally been bred from other plants. Its parasites
are so efficient that it is not expected that it will become an important factor in
cotton production in the Islands.

The leaf-folding caterpillar ArchipH postvittanus does some injury to the
foliage. The larva of the phycitid Cryptoblabes alirna has been found upon
cotton, an undetermined species of the genus Myelois has been bred from
infested cotton bolls, and Sinoxylon cpnigerum has been found to bore in cotton
stems.

Under minor pests the author mentions a thrips as being commonly found in
the blossoms, but apparently the source of little injury. A red spider (Tct-
ranychus sp. ) commonly found on the foliage of bolls is probably responsible for
some spotting, A psocid and 3 coleopterous species are connnonly found about
cotton.

I'nder beneficial insects found in cotton fields, the author mentions a number
of lady beetles, Syrphus flies, and several predaceous hemiptera. The impor-
tance of strict quarantine measures with regard to imported seed or cotton
stock is emi)hasized. The most promi^^ing field for improvement in conditions
is thought to lie in cultural methods.

Contribution to the knowledge of the injurious olive insects and their
natural enemies, G. Martelli, F. Silvestri and L. Masi {Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen.
e Ayr. R. Sciioht Sup. Ayr. Portici, 2 {1908), pp. 1-358, fiys. 151). — A collection
of ai'ticles from the entomological laboratory at Portici.

A note is given on the feeding habits (pp. 3-12) and another on the number
of generations (pp. 13-17) of the olive fly. The ectophagus hymenopterous
parasites of the olive fly obs-erved up to the present time in southern Italy, and
their importance in combating this pest, are discussed at length (pp. 18-82),
Dinarmus dacicida, described as new, and Eulophus longulus, Eupelmus uro-
zonus, and Eurytoma rosce are the species considered. Tables are included for
their separation in larval, pupal, and adult stages. Studies made of the per-
centage of olive flies parasitized at different localities in Italy are presented
and their economic importance and possibilities discussed.

The olive leaf tineid i Prayx oJccUuh) and its parasites are considered at some
length (pp. 83-184), considerable attention being given to the chief natural
causes which prevent the multiplication of the pest. These are taken up imder
the headings lepidopterous. dipterous, and hymenopterous insects. The classi-
fication of the parasites of the olive fly is briefly considered (pp. 185-194). A
lepidopterous pest belonging to the family LyonetiidiP, which lives in the olive
leaves, is described as representing a new genus and species, (Ecophyllembius

60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

neglect Uft (pp. 105-21(5). Under the title (>1)S(m- vat ions on the Coccidre ()f the
Olive and their rarasites in Puglia and Calabria, Lecanium olew. riiiliitpin
olew, A.^iddiotus hetuhi, and PoUinia poUhii are considered (pp. 217-2!M!). The
fig coecid (Veroplaste.s rusei) and its natural enemies are also discussed (pii.
20(i-8!J8).

Garden insects and how to control them, E. D. Sanderson {Trans. Mass.
Hurt. Hoe., I'JOl), pt. 1, pp. .ii)-dS). — A paper read before the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, January 1(J, 1909.

Our honey bees, K. Sajo {Unsere Hoiiujhieiie. Htuttgart, l'.)()i), pp. lOH, fig.'i.
',1). — This is a small handbook on bees, their structure and habits, and the
business of bee keeping.

Eri or castor silk, H. M. Lefroy {Agr. Jour. Jndia, '/ (I'JOO), No. 2, pp. Uij-
133, pis. 8). — Eri silk is described as the cocoon of Attacus ricini, probably the
domesticated form of A. eijnthia which is found in a wild stage in Assam and
in the outer forested slopes of the Himalayas. " Eri silk is domesticated in
the Assam valley, where it is grown for local use and, to a limited extent, for
export. With Muga silk {Anthcnra assama) it forms what is known in India
as 'Assam silk ' as apart from tussur and from nuilberry silk. At the present
time, eri is not generally cultivated outside Eastern Bengal and Assam, Rung-
l)ur being about its western limit. During the past 2 years it has been ex-
perimentally grown at Pusa, and it is being grown also in other parts of India,
from seed obtained from Pusa.

" Eri silk has pecularities which distinguish it from all other silks cultivated
or collected in India. In the first place, the worms require only castor leaves
for food ; mulberry is not a food plant. In the second, the cocoon is not a
closed one and is not reelable in the same way as are mulberry or tussur silk
cocoons; the caterpillar, in preparing the cocoon, leaves one end closed only
with converging loops of silk, so that, while nothing can get in, the moth can
push out ; but the cocoon is made in layers, is not composed of a single thread
and can not be reeled by the ordinary process. On the other hand, the silk
has this immense advantage, that the cocoons do not require to be ' stifled,'
that is, killed, to prevent the egress of the moth ; in preparing mulberry and
tussur silk, the cocoon is killed, since the moth in getting out so damages the
cocoon that it can not be reeled so well. Seven or eight broods are obtained
yearly, and as the production of eggs is large, a large brood can be secured
from a small quantity of initial seed when castor is plentiful, and several
crops of cocoons are obtainable yearly. The silk cocoons can be utilized just
as cotton is, but yield a cloth far more durable and lasting. Dyed cloth is
produced with ease by dyeing the cocoons, the thread, or the cloth."

A detailed account of the industi-y is contributed.

Sericulture [in Japan], C. Shimooka (In Agriculture in Japan. Tokyo:
Govt.. 190S, pp. 30S-32Ji). — The author reviews the history of sericulture in
Japan, showing that the origin of the industry belongs to antiquity. In 1906
there were 1.407,7(56 families engaged in silkworm raising. Silk production
now forms one of the most important industries of Japan, coming close after
rice and barley in importance as an article of domestic production, while as
an article of export it stands first in imi)ortance.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Chemistry of flesh. A preliminary study of the effect of cold storag'e upon
beef and poultry, A. D. Emmett and H. S. CiRindley {Jour. Indus, and Eiigin.
Chem.. 1 (JDO!)), Nos. 1, pp. 413-Jf36; 8, pp. 580-597).— This includes two series
of studies.

FOODS HUMAN NUTKITION. 61

In the first series (pp. 413-436), the results are reported of 3 extended experi-
ments, 2 with beef and 1 with fowl. In the case of the beef, uncooked meat
held in storage for different periods was used, dfferent cuts being analyzed. In
the case of the fowl, fresh, unstored chickens, drawn frozen chickens, and un-
drawn frozen chickens were analyzed, the samples in each instance being cooked.

In the case of the refrigerated beef which was stored for 22 days, the average
data indicate, according to the authors, that there was no loss of water.

" The percentage of the water-soluble solids, the soluble, insoluble and total
protein, the noncoagulable protein, the nitrogenous and total organic extractives,
the forms of ash, the total nitrogen and the total phosphorus, all remained
practically unchanged.

" The only consistent real changes were a distinct increase in the total soluble
and the soluble inorganic phosphorus, being S and 17.9 per cent respectively,
and a decrease of 8.3 per cent in the nonnitrogenous organic extractives.

"The nutritive value of the meat was unaltered."

As regai'ds the beef which was refrigerated for 43 days, there was a loss of
water amounting to 1.3 per cent, causing a proportional increase in all the
other constituents. This loss of water "produced differences in some instances
which was sufficient to overbalance the amounts in the fresh samples."

The ratio of the nonproteid to proteid nitrogen was lessened.

" When allowance was made for the loss of moistui'e, the additional changes
which occurred in cold storage consisted in a definite increase in the soluble
dry substance, the nitrogenous, nonnitrogenous, and total organic extractives,
the total soluble nitrogen, the soluble inorganic phosi)horus, and a slight in-
crease in the soluble coagulable and total soluble protein nitrogen, and also in
the insoluble and total nitrogen.

" The chemical changes in the 43-day refrigerated meats were greater in
number than in the 22-day samples, yet as far as nutritive value was concerned,
the former showed an increase in the organic extractives and soluble protein,
and but an insignificant decrease in the total protein.

" The analyses of the frozen drawn and undrawn chicken showed, when allow-
ances were made for the variations in fat and moisture, that there was almost
no difference between the two. one being equally as good as the other.

" The analysis of the fresh and the frozen drawn and undrawn fowl, obtained
from the same lot, showed that the latter changed but slightly and to such an
extent that there was practically no difference in the nutritive value of the
three, after correcting for the differences in the fat and moisture content."

The second series (pp. 580-597) included extended studies of the comparative
losses, and the chemical changes resulting therefrom, in the cooking of refrig-
erated meat held in cold storage for varying lengths of time.

In general, the authors concluded that " many of the differences between
cooked meats from the samples which were held in cold storage for 6 and 43
days corresponded to those which were found to exist for the uncooked
refrigerated samples.

" The cooked meats from the 43-day storage sample lost less in cooking either
by boiling or roasting than did those from the 6-day sample, the broths and the
drippings in these cases being on the average lower in their percentage content
of soluble, insoluble, and total dry substance, of organic extractives, of soluble
protein, of soluble ash, and of fat.

" The cooked meats from the longer stored sample were higher in their per-
centage content of moisture and were therefore juicier, higher in soluble and
insoluble dry substance, in nitrogenous, nonnitrogenous and total organic ex-
tractives, in fat, in total ash, and in soluble inorganic, total soluble, and total
phosphorus. Further, the percentages of total nitrogen, insoluble and total

62 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

protein were practically tbo same as were those for tbe samples from the G-day
storage meat. Therefore the cooked meats from the 43-day samples, judging
from the chemical composition, were at least as nutritious as were those from
the samples stored for the shorter period of time."

Report on the nature of ''black spots" on chilled beef, E. Klein (Meat
Trades' Jour., 30 {190'.)), 2fos. 1113, p. 23J,; 111 J,, pp. 2G0, 20 1, figs. 2 ) .—Accord-
ing to the author's ol)servMtions, the so-called " black spots " are due to a fungus,
O'idium carnis. The development of this fungus is described.

In the light of experiments with animals, according to the author, the mate-
rial of the black spots " is harmless to the animal body. . . . The presence of the
mycelium does not in any way alter the normal character of the tissue ele-
ments themselves, either those amongst which the mycelium is situated or those
beyond its extension."

The averag'e amount of salt in Vienna pickled meat, A. Lambert ( Tierdrztl.
Zentbl, 32 (1909), Xo. 26, pp. J,0.',-Jil 1).— The average salt content of 95
samples was 6.4 per cent. Disregarding extreme values, the average was 5.3
per cent. Even this quantity is considered excessive as 5 per cent, in the
author's opinion, sufficed for satisfactory pickling for the local market.

Isolation of the pressor principles of putrid meat, G. Baeger and G. S.
Walpole (Jour. Physiol., 38 (1909), No. .',, pp. 3^/3-352, figs. 2 ) .—According to
the authors' summary, bases are formed in the putrefaction of horse meat
which cause a rise of arterial blood pressure, when injected intra veneously, and
which are derived from amino acids by loss of carbon dioxid.

"The following have been insolated : Isoamylamiu (from leucin), ;>hydroxy-
phenylethylaniin (from tyrosin), and probably phenylethylamin (from pheny-
lalanin). Of these the second is the most active."

The extractives of fish flesh, U. Suzuki and K. Yoshimura (Jour. Col. Agr.
Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. 21-58; Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 62 (1909),
No. 1, pp. 1-35). — This study included the flesh of lobster, eel, and several sorts
of fish, fresh and dried. Determinations were made of creatin, creatinin,
xanthin, etc., and the presence of various monamino acids was demonstrated.
The investigation was conducted along the same lines as is customary in the
study of meat extract, the methods followed l)eing described.

The extracts varied with reference to the kind and amount of the bodies
isolated. The occurrence of hexon bases in quantity in fish and lobster flesh
is especially noteworthy.

M. Yamakawa and Y. Irie were associated with the authors in the investiga-
tion.

Artiflcial egg yolk, F. Bordas arid F. Touplain (Ann. Falsi/., 2 (1909),
No. 10, pp. 370-372). — The samples analyzed consisted of casein colored with
coal-tar dye.

Desiccated foods, F. Toggenburg (Schweiz. Wehnschr. Chem. u. Pharm., Ifl
(1909), No. 31, pp. Ji77-Ji80). — The process of manufacture of highly desiccated
commercial food materials from cereals is described, and analyses are quoted
of an oat product of this character and data given regarding the amount of water
which such foods will absorb in comparison with ordinary products. A high
degree of heat is used in the manufacture of these goods and a decided increase
in the soluble carbohydrates was noted.

The bleaching of flour, W. D. Halliburton (Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge], 9
(1909), No. 2, pp. 170-180). — Investigations are reported in connection with a
general discussion of flour bleaching.

According to the author's results with samples of starch and protein (fibrin)
to which small quantities of sodium nitrite were added, the nitrite hindered

POODS HUMAN NUTRITION. ^3

and lessened the action of amylolytic and proteolytic enzyms, the retarding
action being very great in the presence of quite minute amounts of nitrites.

" Seeing that nitrous acid and its salts produce no known chemical action
on starch, their inhibiting action on its digestion by amylolytic enzyms can
only at present be explained by their action on the enzyni.

" But in the case of protein there are two possibilities, action on the enzym
and action on the substrate (protein)."

From further studies of this question the author concludes that " the presence
of nitrous acid (even in the comparatively innocuous form of a salt) hinders
enzym action.

" Previous treatment with nitrous acid alters a protein in such a way as to
render it less readily susceptible to the solvent action of digestive juices."

Similar results to those with starch were obtained in salivary digestion of
sami)les of bleached Hour.

In studies with separated gluten the comparative indigestibility of that from
bleached specimens of flour was marked. The decrease in digestibility was not
proportional to the amoimt of nitrite-reacting material i»resent in the flour.
" From this one would judge that the main deleterious action is exerted by the
nitrous fumes while in contact with the flour, and the diminution of digesti-
bility does not depend on the more or less accidental quantity left behind. . . .

" The results obtained by those who have had the opportunity of examining
the breads show that the lessening of digestibility of the bread is less marked
than it is in the flour. This appears to be partly due to the reduction of the
amount of nitrite-reacting material which occurs during baking, and in refer-
ence to the protein (gluten) one can only suggest that the process of baking
increases the difficulty of digestion of that substance even in unbleached speci-
mens, so that any difference in digestibility between a loaf made from it and
one made from bleached flour would not be so noticeable. It can hardly be
doubted that this, which after all is the most important question from the stand-
point of the consumer, has had considerable influence with judges in deciding
as they have that the objection to artificial bleaching is more or less theoretical.
But knowing as we do the possible practical dangers which might ensue were
millers allowed a free hand in the use of the vei-y strong reagent they employ,
it is necessary that a strict watch should be exercised to keep its use within
the limits of safety."

Flour bleach.ing, its relation to bread production and nutrition, J. A.
Wesener and G, L. Teller {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 {1909), No. 10,
pp. 700-711). — To secure data regarding the effects of bleaching on flour an
experiment of 11 weeks' duration was undertaken, in which bread and biscuits
made from bleached and unbleached flour were fed to rats. The composition
of the flour before and after bleaching was determined and data regarding the
yield of bread, the size and quality of the loaf, and other similar information
were recorded for the 2 sorts of flour.

The authors state that even in the short process of bread making followed
the nitrites of the bleached flour were in many instances entirely removed.

At the end of the period a number of rats from each lot were dissected. A
second test with rats, covering a period of several months, was also made but
the data are not reported, the general findings, according to the authors, being
substantially the same as in the experiment referred to above. " There were
noticed no nutritional disturbances of any kind, and the post-mortem examina-
tion showed no lesions which in any way could be attributed to the bread made
from . . . [bleached] flour. In addition to the feeding experiments conducted
with the rats, we have fed the guinea pigs, which we have always on hand for
experimental purposes, bread from bleached flour covering a period of more

64 EXPERIMENT STATION IIKCOKI).

than 6 years. Duriiif: tliis tiiuo we liavo nevor once noticed any symptom or
sign in the health of Ihe animals which could in any way be traced to the bread
made from bleached tlonr. Post-mortem examinations never revealed any
lesion which could in any way be associated with the food which they had been
receiving."

From their experiments and a general summary of data, some deductions are
drawn from which the following are quoted:

"The essential action of the bleaching of flour is to remove from it a small
amount of yellow color which in itself is in no wise a valuable constituent in
the flour from a food standpoint, and the presence of which is objectionable
because it detracts from the tlour in the eyes of the consumer by whom the
demand for flour is created. The best results are obtained by its use only
when thorough purification and cleaning are adopted; and it in no way con-
tributes to the covering up of an unsound or damaged condition in the wheat.
. . . The most searching investigations have failed to show the presence in the
commercially bleached flour of any substance that in the minute quantities in
whicii it is present is in any way injurious to the bread-making qualities of the
flour, or is in any way poisonous or has any toxicological or preservative
action, or any action which is prejudicial to digestion or nutrition."

The cooking' of bread, H. Marchand {Meun. FraiiQ., 25 (1909), No. 288, pp.
208-210). — Larger numbers of micro-organisms were found, after baking, in
loaves weighing '2 kg. than in those weighing 1 kg. On an average a larger
amount of starch was converted into soluble form in the smaller than in the
larger loaf.

Notes on the prog'nosis and treatment of pellagra, C. H. Lavinder {Pub.
Health and Mar. Hasp. Serv. U. S., Pub. Health Rpts., 2) (W09), Xo. 37, pp.
1315^1321). — According to the author, "so far as a dietary containing corn is
concerned, there is abundant evidence that good corn is not only a wholesome
but a harmless food, and not a few writers have pointed out the folly of those
who counsel the total rejection of so valuable a cereal. At the same time,
entirely wholesome corn is not always easily differentiated fi-om harmful corn.
In the light of our present knowledge, therefore, maize should be admitted, it
seems to me, into the dietary of certain institutions, like insane asylums, with
the utmost caution. As for the use of corn or its products elsewhere or in one's
individual diet, that is a matter which is as yet, to some extent, sub judice, and
must for the time perhaps be left to individual judgment."

Chemical studies of rice and rice products, Alice R. Thompson {Hatvaii Sta.
Rpt. 1908, pp. 51-58). — Analyses are reported of imported Japanese rice, station-
grown Japanese rice, and Hawaiian " Gold Seed " rice, both polished and un-
polished seed, and also of rice paddy and straw from imported and Hawaiian
rice and from rice grown under different conditions. In every case the different
nitrogenous constituents were determined. In the rice grain proximate analyses,
and in the rice straw and paddy, proximate and ash analyses, are reported.

Little variation was noted in the chemical composition of the different varie-
ties of rice, and the author is of the opinion that the claim for superiority of
Japanese imported over Hawaiian grown rice is not substantiated so far as
nutritive value is concerned. The work along this line will be continued.

Comparison of the analyses of polished and unpolished grain showed that the
unpolished rice contained about four times as much fat as the polished, as well
as more protein, crude fiber, and ash. Practically all the nitrogen of the rice
grain was found to be i)roteid nitrogen.

As regards rice feeding stufTs. the data reported show, according to the author,
that " Japan Seed rice paddy has the lowest protein value. The Japan Seed

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 65

rice and the dry-land grown rice contain a little more fat than the Gold Seed,
and abont 4 per cent more fiber. Studying the ash constituents, the Japanese
rice and the dry-land grown rice contain the highest percentage of potash, the
Japan the least jihosphoric acid, the Hawaiian rice the most lime. The mag-
nesia is about the same all through.

" In one case the dry-land rice variety was grown under wet-land conditions.
T'nder these conditions the pi-otein and fiber became less, the lime a little higher,
but no other especial change was produced.

"The composition of the rice straw is not so definite as that of the paddy.
Rice of the same variety varies.

"As for its ash constituents, the dry-land variety of straw takes up less lime
but much more phosphoric acid than the other rices.

" In case the dry-land variety is grown under wet-land couditions, the crude
fiber and lime increase and the protein and phosphoric acid decrease. There is
not much difference between the Japan wet-land rice and the Hawaiian wet-
land rice.

" The composition of rice hay is calculated from the analyses of both paddy
and straw, knowing the proportion of paddy to straw. Only the dry-land rice
hay is at px'esent of practical importance, as it can be most cheaply grown. As
it has the highest protein content, it will be of more value as a fodder."

Rice, C. SiiiMOOKA (In Agriculture in J<ii)(iii. Tokyo: Govt., W08, pp. 170-
210). — A summary of statistical and other data regarding the production and
use of rice and concerning the rice industry in Japan and Formosa.

According to the author's summary, the average annual consumption of rice
per person in Japan for 1902-1906 was 5.05 bu.

The extractives of rice, U. Suzuki, K. Yoshimura, and S. Fuji {Jour. Col.
Agr. Imp. Utrlv. Tokyo, 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. 77-88).— The authors studied the
kind and quantity of the cleavage products of the proteid of polished rice and
of rice bran. From the full data reported regarding the cleavage products it
may be noted that the rice proteid contained on a dry-matter basis 14.3 per cent
leucin, 14.5 per cent glutaminic acid, and l.Ci per cent arginin, as compai'ed with
8.6 per cent leucin, 4.7 per cent glutaminic acid, and 3.4 per cent arginin in the
bran.

The chemical composition of tamari-shoyu, K. Yoshimura {Jour. Col. Agr.
Imp. Univ. Tokyo. 1 {1909), No. 1, pp. 89-96) .—The author believes that tlie
putrescin and ornitin isolated from tamari-shoyu, a special kind of soy sauce,
are formed from arginin.

The examination of English marmalades, F. Hartel and W. Mueller
{Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 11 {1909), No. 11, pp. 667-669).— The
results of comparatively complete analyses of 24 English marmalades are
shown. Salicylic acid and agar were present in only one instance.

The acidity of cherry, raspberry, currant, strawberry, and black currant
juices, F. MuTTELET {Ann. Falsif., 2 {1909), No. 10. pp. 3S3-386) .—"SlaVic acid
was found in cherry juices and citric acid in the other fruit juices. Tartaric
acid was not present, at least in quantities sufficient for determination. The
author concludes therefore that the presence of tartaric acid in preserves,
jellies, or sirups made from the fruits enumerated indicates sophistication, and
that when tartaric acid is the only acid present the goods do not contain the
juices of these fruits.

Composition of Scuppernong', Concord, and Catawba grape juices, with
some notes on the determination of total acid, H. C. Gore {Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chcm., 1 {1909). No. 7, pp. J/Se-Ji'tl). — Quotations from the author's
summary follow :

GC) EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

■■ The Scuppernon.!; ^rai)e juices were considerably less rich than the other
varieties in all constituents except total acid, and two out of the three varieties
analyzed contained sucrose.

"The maceration of the cold-pressed Concord Juice for 1(> hours had little
efl'ect on its composition.

" The hot-pressed Concord juices were considerably richer in solids than the
cold-pressed, and this difference was due to slijiht increase in ash. total acids,
and total tartrates, an increase in nitrogen and decided increases in undeter-
mined solids, and tannin and coloring matter.

" The Catawba grape juice was similar in composition to the cold-pressed
Concord, but higher in total acids, total tartrates, and protein. . . .

"When grape juice low in tannin' and coloring matter was titrated, litmus
indicated from 9G to 98 per cent of the acids ])resent.

"When juices high in tannin and coloring matter were titrated, but from HTi
to 00 per cent of the acids apparently i)resent were indicated by litmus. After
removing the tannin and coloring matter litmus indicated from 9() to 07 per
cent of the amounts of acid shbwn by pluMiolplithaleiii.

" Litmus is to be preferred to phenolphthalein in the titration of total acid in
products containing appreciable quantities of tannin and coloring matter since
by its use these substances are not appreciably titrated."

Grapes and their products as food for man and animals, C. Grimaldi {Bol.
' Quiiul. 8oc. Afir. ItaL, U, (1909), No. 8, pp. 369-388).— An extended summary
and discussion of the manufacture and use of grapes, wine, and other grape
products, and similar topics.

The examination of Gironde white wines, IU.akez. Carles and Gayon (Ann.
Falsif.. 2 (1909), No. 10, pp. 375-378). — Analyses are reported and briefly dis-
cussed.

Segonnaux wines, A. Descomps (Ann. Falsif., 2 (1909), No. 11, pp. J/OS,
J,09). — A number of analyses are reported.

Fruit beers (Pharm. ZentralhaUe, 50 (1909), No. 33, pp. 6S.'/).— Fruit beers,
called " bees," are described and analyses of a home-brewed and a commercial
product reported.

The contents of sulphurous acid in beer, A. Bonn (Ann. Falsif., 2 (1909),
No. 3. pp. Ji-'i, .'/.5). — The results show the amount of sulphurous acid in l»eer
to which no addition of sulphites had been made.

The chemistry of hops, R. Siller (Ztsclir. Vntcrsucli. Nahr. a, CtenussmtL,
18 (1909), No. .'f, pp. 2fil-271, figs. //). — This is a contribution to the chemistry
of hops and consists chiefly of a study of the bitter substances. The investiga-
tion includes a study of the nature of the bitter acids and the resins.

Minutes of evidence taken by the royal commission on whisky and other
potable spirits with appendices ( London: flort., 1909, vol. 2, pp. 273, map 1). —
This volume contains a list of witnesses appearing before the royal commis-
sion and the minutes of evidence, while a number of papers are included in
the appendices, among others, contributions on analyses of various samples of
rum. by J. Heron ; on analyses of Jamaica rums from the docks, by F. L. Teed ;
analyses of eaux-de-vie, cognacs, etc., by Fernbach ; analyses of genuine cognac
brandies, by P. Schidrowitz ; analyses of whiskies, brandies, rums, gins, and
other goods, and a study of pot still and patent still spirits and analytical
analyses undertaken to show the changes in spirits during storage in wooden
casks and in glass bottles, together with data on the examination of commer-
cial spirits and methods of estimating the secondary constituents, by T. E.
Thorpe; information regarding the law and practice of the board of customs,
by A. J. Tedder ; and other similar topics and summaries of data on pure food
legislation.

FOODS^ — HUMAN NUTEITION. 67

The caflFein content of coffee and the loss of caffein by roasting, K. Lendkich
and E. Nottbohm (Ztschr. Untersuch. Xalir. a. Genussmtl., IS {1909), No. 5,
pp. 299-308). — Coffees from various sources were analyzed as to their caffein
content before and after roasting in 300 gm. lots in the laboratory. The caffein
originally contained in the coffee on the average was 1.46 per cent, calculated
to dry substance. The caffein loss by roasting was on the average 5 per cent
of the total caffein.

The fat and water content of cocoa powders, A. Reinsch {Bcr. Chcm.
Untersuch. Amt. Altona, J908, pp. 29-31; «6.s'. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u.
Genussmt!., IS (1909), No. .'/, p. 281). — Twenty-five samples of cocoa were ex-
amined, 11 showing a fat content of from 13.1 to 20 per cent, 12 from 20.1 to
25 per cent, and 2 from 25.1 to 30 per cent. Among 21 samples of cocoa pow-
ders 6 had a water content below 5 per cent, 0 liad from 5.1 to 0 per cent,
5 from G.l to 7 per cent, and 1, 7.34 per cent.

The adulteration of mustard, (I. Jorgensen {Ann. Falsif., 2 {1909), No. 10,
pp. 372-375). — Determinations are reported of mustard essence and thiosin-
namin in different species of Brassica seed, the data being discussed with ref-
erence to pure food law requirements.

The adulteration of saffron, E. Collin {Ann. Falsi/., 2 {1909), No. 10, pp.
378-383, figs. 2).— An illustrated, histological study of vegetable substances
with .M view to the detection of the adulteration of saffron.

The chemical composition and analysis of licorice bonbons and similar
products, A. AuGUET (.1///;. Falsif., 2 { 1909), No. 10, pp. 387-390). — The examina-
tion of such goods is discussed and analytical data reported.

Notices of judgment {U. ^'. Dcpt. Ayr., Notices of Judgment 91, pp. 2; 92-93,
pp. h; 9.'i-99, pp. 8; 100-101, pp. Ji). — The subjects included are the misbranding
of lemon, raspberry, and strawberry extracts, canned peaches, plums, pears,
and apricots, beans, water, canned corn, canned tomatoes, sirup, and a cereal,
the adulteration of oats, and the adulteration and misbranding of sirup.

Official inspections {Maine 8ta. Off. I)isp. 13, pp. 93-100). — Data are given
regarding the examination under the state law of a number of samples of
coffee, gelatin, sweet oil, and honey.

Food and drug inspection {Nevada Sta. Bui. 70, pp. 5-32). — This bulletin
contains the text of the pure food and drug law enacted by the Nevada state
legislature of 1909 and the standards of purity adopted. The supervision and
enforcement of this law are placed in the hands of the director and staff" of
the Nevada Station.

[Pure food work in Florida] {Fla. Quart. Bui. Agr. Dept., 19 {1909), No. 3.
pp. 59-69, 9.'i-107). — The text of the Florida pure food law is quoted and data
reported regarding the examination of a large number of samples of alcoholic
beverages, drugs, butter, coffee, condensed milk, flavoring extracts, catsup,
baking powder, and miscellaneous materials.

Beport of the state food commissioner, A, H. Jones {Ann. Rpt. State Food
Comr. III., 9 {1908), pp. V 11+316, pis. 2).— In addition to the report of the
commissioner summarizing the work of the department, this volume contains
the report of the state analyst, T. J. Bryan, the report of the stock food
chemist, Lucy F. Doggett, reports of the food and stock inspectors, the text of
the state pure food law, tentative food standards, summaries of bulletins issued
by the state food commission's office, and similar data.

Out of a total of 5,420 foods of different sorts and stock foods, 3,642 were
found to be legal and 1,778 illegal.

The report of the commissioner and the reports of the chemist contain a
considerable amount of data regarding the manufacture and use of different
food products.

68 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Foodstuffs [and drug's], I). Hooi'kk (.1/(//. Riit. Indian Mks. Indus. Sect..
J'JOS-'J, pp. 13-16). — Data are given regarding the analyses of Burmese sea-
weed (Catanclla impudica), cassava starch, plantain meal, the fruits of a wild
date (Phwnix paludo/ia), and a number of samples of rice and drugs. The
wild date fruits were tested for sugar, but the (piantity found was so small
that iu the author's opinion it could not b«' lu'ofitably separated for industrial
purjMjses.

Products for foodstuffs and special use, (\ Siiimooka (In Af/riciillnrc in
.Iiijiiin. Tokifo: (lort., I DOS, pp. J.ll-llH). — Data are given regarding the aver-
age acreage over a jteriod of years and the average yearly i)roduction in .Japan
of rice of different sorts and of other cereals, of soy beans, sweet potatoes, j»ota-
toes, and some other agricultural crops.

Scattered thi-ough this and other sections of the volume may be found nnich
information regarding the kind and amount of vegetable and animal food
jiroducts used in .Japan, the present food habits as compared with those of
earlier times, and similar topics.

The balance between inorganic acids and bases in animal nutrition, E. P>.
Forbes (Ohio Std. liiil. 21)1, pp. .i.i-').i). — This bulletin seeks to show the bear-
ing upon practical animal nutrition of the relationship between those mineral
elements of our foodstuffs and of living animal tissues, which in the body give
rise to Inorganic acids, and the various means at the disposal of the animal
for accomplishing protection from these acids through effecting their neutraliza-
tion. The relation of ash constituents to human nutrition in general is also
considered. The results of investigations on this subject are reviewed in detail
and some of the conclusions of the author are as follows:

" [Mineral] acids are formed chiefly by the cleavage and oxidation of the
proteids, either of the body or of the food, the sulphur and phosphorus con-
tained therein, as constituent parts, being oxidized to the corresponding in-
organic acids. . . .

•' The continued neutralization of excessive amounts of acids by some of these
means, especially by use of the carbonates of the bones, may mold the whole
style of development of a gi'owing animal; may cause serious states of malnu-
trition and may act as contributory causes of a number of diseases of both man
and other animals. . . .

•' The practical bearing of the subject is on the feeding of such animals as
are reared most largely on cereals, namely, swine and poultry ; especially on
the growth of the bones of animals; on acidosis in infants; and on the care
of sufferers from rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, bran disease, and
diabetes. . . .

" It is important not only that there be a considerable excess of mineral
bases in the food but also that this excess be maintained at a high level, that
is, that aside from the balance between acid and base, the total quantity of ash
should be considerable. . . .

"The capacity of the animal body to neutralize and eliminate alkali seems
to be entirely adequate. In practice, animals do not experience injurious excess
of alkali as they do excess of acid.

" Consumption of a needless amount of protein unnecessarily taxes the acid-
neutralizing capacity of the anmial, and if carried to a sufficient extreme, results
either in discouragement of the formation of bone or in malnutrition of the
bones. . . .

"A high fat-content, or indigestible character of the fat of milk fed to infants
suffering from digestive disturbances, causes acid intoxication by withdrawal
of alkalis, by way of the feces, in the condition of difficultly soluble calcium
soaps. . . .

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

69

"Any such circumstances, as drought, or poverty of the soil in calcium and
])hosphorus, as tend to diminish the content of the forage in these elements,
at the same time limits the growth of the bones and favors the development of
diseased conditions in the animals consuming them.

" No animals which consume fruits, vegetables, milk, or roughage in sufficient
proportion to other food are likely to suffer from an excess of mineral acids
in the body. Animals fed too little else than meat, eggs, and cereal foods, in-
cluding bread, are more likely than others to suffer from an excess of inorganic
acids or a deficiency of inorganic liases.

" Growing animals, when fed for protracted periods on either cereals or meats
alone, suffer from malnutrition of the bones, this ailment being caused by the
deficiency of these foods in mineral bases.

" Swine, because of their very rapid growth, have especial need for calcium
in the food, as is indicated by the unusual richness of sow's milk in calcium.
Corn contains less calcium than other common grain foods and on that account
is less i)erfectly adapted to serve as an only food for swine.

"Clover and alfalfa are especially rich in calcium and hence serve to make
good the deficiency of corn in this element."

A bibliography is appended.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

[Analyses of Hawaiian fodders], Alice R. Thompson (Hawaii Sta. Rpt.
W08, pp. 58, 59). — Analyses are reported of Rhodes grass, cassava waste, Ameri-
can wheat hay, and cowpea, pigeon pea, and jack bean green fodder, as
follows :

Composition of Hawaiian foddrrs.

Kind of fodder.

Water.

Pro-
tein.

Amid
nitro-
gen.

Fat.

Nitro-
gen-
free ex-
tract.

Crude
fiber.

Ash.

Potash.

Lime.

Phos-
phoric
acid.

AIR-DRIED.

Rhodes grass ha v . .

Do :...

Per ct.

11.75

9.87

9.44

83. l.-i
70.00
76.81

Per ct.
6.08
7.25
4.48

3.71
7.11
5.21

Per ct.

0.212

.204

.106

.169
.139
.204

Per ct.
2.31
1.39
1.82

.22

1.65

.48

Perct.
42.51
44.64
46. 14

5.26
7.88
8.44

Per ct.
30.20
29. 21
31.80

5.75
10.72
6.36

Per ct.
7.15
7.64
7.32

1.91
2.64
2.70

Per ct.
1.314

.681
.904
.650

Per ct.

0.730
.805
.375

.290
.428
.780

Per ct.
0.280

FRESH MATERIAL.

Cowpea ( Vigna cat-
jang)

........

.183

Pigeon pea (Caja-
nusindictis)

Jacli bean ( Ca7iava-
lia enaiformis)

.259
.162

" The fat content of the cowpea is lower than that of American cowpeas, but
the jack bean and pigeon pea contain a good deal of fat (as estimated by ether
extraction). The cowpea has a higher fiber content than the average pea
grown in America."

[Analyses of feeding stuffs], R. E. Rose and E. P. Greene (Fla. Quart. Bui.
.Af/r. Dept., 19 (1909), No. 3, pp. 8Jf-93). — Analyses are reported of rescue grass
hay, marsh grass hay, wheat bran and middlings, cotton-seed meal, barley, oats,
and mixed feeding stuffs.

Commercial feeding' stuffs, R. E. Stali.ings (But. Ga. Dept. .\gr., 1909, No.
JfS, pp. 81). — This contains the text of the feeding stuffs law and comments
thereon, also rules and regulations prescribed by the commissioner of agricul-
ture which relate to the execution of the law. Analyses are reported of bran,

70 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

middlings, and otlicr wlioat products, cotton-stH'd meal, dried hoot pulp, corn
chop, oats, hominy, and poultry and mixed foods. Formulas are given for
condiniontai stock foods and examples of rations for all kinds of live stock.

Inspection of feeding- stuffs, E. L. Baker et al. (New York State Sta. Bui.
old, pp. 163-251). — This hulletin contains a list of brands of feeding stuffs
licensed for 1000 and reports analyses of 403 samples of feeds which include
cotton and linsood meals, malt sprouts, distillers' and brewers' grains, corn
brans, gluten, hominy, and comiuiunded feeds, and animal products.

" With a large number of the compounded foods analyzed during the past
season the proportion of protein and fiber and the general appearance of tlio
mixtures, or other reasons, led to a more detailed examination than the mere
determination of protein and fat. Not only have the percentages of pi'otein,
fat, and fiber been determined, but these mixtures have been studied with
reference to the ingredients from which they were compounded. These ex-
aminations not only reveal the presence of oat hulls, peanut hulls, rice hulls,
ground corncob and weed seeds in the feeding stuffs found in New York
markets, but also show that many of these mixtures are misbranded in a way
calculated to deceive the purchaser, a deception which must be regarded as
intentional."

Wheat offals wereoften found adulterated with ground corncob. "The en-
trance of oat hulls into the feeding stuffs trade has made it possible to adulter-
ate gi'ain mixtui'es in a way that escapes ordinary observation. Often the
term 'chop' or 'corn and oat' is a part of the brand name and carries with
it the significance that has been attached to it in the past and thus adds to
the deception."

Molasses feeds were often found to contain weed seeds, oat hulls, oat glumes,
and straw. " The writer is informed on good authority that the mill and ele-
vator sweepings made in Buffalo are shipped to the manufacturers at a uni-
form price of $9 per ton at the place of mixing. After mixing these are sold
to the consumer at prices approaching $27 or $28 per ton."

A table is given showing the composition and digestibility of buckwheat hulls,
corncobs, oat feed, peanut feed, husks, and shells, and rice hulls, which are
used in adulterating feeding stuffs. The text of the feeding stuffs law as
recently amended is also included.

By-product feeding' stuffs, H. P. Armsby {Amrr. Hay, Flour, and Feed Jour.,
Jo (1909), No. 6, pp. 31, 32). — This is a discussion of the feeding value of
by-products. It is pointed out that under the present process bran is a much
njore expensive feeding stuff than standard middlings as a source of energy.
Lilvowise, linseed meal is more expensive than distillers' grains. The cost per
therm of tliose and other by-products is given.

American molasses feeds; their manufacture and composition, J. E. Hal-
LiGAN {Amer. Ilaij, Flour, and Feed Jour., to (1909), No. 6, pp. 27-29; Jour.
InduH. and Enyin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 7, pp. ^i-'fl-4'i5). — This is an account of
the methods of manufacturing molasses feeds. Analyses are given of foreign
and domestic brands found on the market.

How should dried potatoes be fed? Parow (Ztsehr. Spiritu.tindus., 32
(1909), No. 39, pp. U9, ',50; Deut. Landw. Prcsse, 36 (1909), No. 79, p. 81,2).—
Seventy-four different rations containing dried potatoes in the form of flakes or
chips are suggested for various kinds of live stock.

The self -heating of hay, F. W. J. Boekhout and J. J. <). de Vries (Cenihl.
Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 23 (1909), Nos. 1-5, pp. 106-108).— From the results of
these experiments, which are in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 17, i>.
1001), it is evident that water has a great influence on the oxidizing process
occurring during the heating of hay and that temperatures under 100° C. favor

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

71

oxidation with free oxygen and tlie formation of carbon dioxid. Pure oxygen
does not liaA-e any greater influence upon the oxidizing process than does
ordinary air. The heating of hay is due. to oxidation at the beginning, and the
rate of oxidation rises with the temperature.

Digestion coefficients with sheep, .7. H. Shepaud and A. E. Ivoch ( South
Dakota S^ta. Bui. Jl'i, />/>. 525-55'/). — This bulletin reports digestion experiments
with 6 grade Merino wethers. The results are given in the following table:

Average coefficients of digctitiMlity obtained irith sheep.

Kind of feed.

Number
of trials.

Lowland prairie hay (native grasses)

Bromus inermis hay

Sixty-Day oats

Swedish Select oats (Brome grass roughage) . .

Emmer or speltz (various roughages)

Oat straw

Alfalfa hay

Hanna barley (various roughages)

Manchuria barley ( Brome grass roughage) . . .

Durum wheat (Brome grass roughage)

Black Voronezh millet (various roughages) . . .

Red Orenburg millet (oat straw rousjhage)

Minnesota No. 13 corn (Brome grass roughage

Upland prairie hay

Cord grass hay (Spariina cynosuroides)

Slough grass hay (native grasses)

Kentucky blue grass hay

Western wlieat grass hay

Sorghum fodder

Corn ensilage

Corn stover

Protein.

Per ct.
42.5
48.3
85.5
77.2
79.6
13.7
77.9
76.6
83.9
78.1
70.1
54.8
77.6
32.0
39.1
41.6
66.6
51.5
53.4
56.7
52.5

Ether Nitrogen-

Per ct.
39.9
35.6
79.3
87.9
88.2
31.1
37.4
75.5
80.0
65.0
81.6
88.0
87.4
31.7
50.1
54.0
.53.2
39.4
76.7
66. 4
36.3

Per ct.
56.5
64.4
85.7
82.3
88.2
51.7
71.8
91.4
90.9
92.0
88.1
88.2
96.0
50.7
49.0
54.6
62.2
60.9
64.1
78.4
63.7

Crude
fiber.

Per ct.
60.1
59.0
49.7
35.5
50.5
71.6
43.8
56.3
54.3
39.8
40.2
24.3
29.3
52.7
56.1
58.8
67.0
68.2
70.8
68.3
72. 1

Protein metabolism with sheep on a ration of pure grasses, O. Hagemann
{Arch. Physiol. [Pfliigcr], J28 (1009), No. .'f-5, pp. .^JS-25()).— Digestion experi-
ments with growing wethers are reported with English rye grass (Lolium
pcrennc), bird's foot trefoil (Lotus coruiculatus). meadow fescue (Festuca
pratensis), and meadow foxtail {Alopecurus pratensis). The most striking
result obtained was with the meadow foxtail, as will be seen from the following
table :

Coefficients of diyestiltiiitu of different haijs, olttained with sheep.

Kind of luiv.

Lolium perenne

Lotus corniculatus . . .
Normal meadow hay

Festuca pratensis

Alopecurus pratensis .
Normal hay

Number

of

days.

Dry
matter.

Protein.

Per ct.

Per ct.

59.6

68.7

59.8

75.5

.55.8

63.7

58.1

42.4

66.1

73.7

55.5

62.6

Ether
extract.

Per ct.
52 6
42.9
64.5
39.6
.38. 8
52.6

Nitrogen-
free
extract.

Per ct.
63.2
64.3
61.7
63.7
71.0
61.8

Crude
fiber.

Per ct.
52.3
48.5
49.6
58.2
71.0
49.9

Per ct.
53.0
62.5
36.7
37.7
34.3
35.5

On the digestibility of globulin (blood bread) by wethers, O. Hagemann
{Arch. Physiol. [I' ft tiger], 12S (1909), No. 10-12, pp. 587-,5^'y).— Defibrinated
blood from a slaughterhouse was mixed with different kinds of meal, baked,
and then fed to 2 wethers, 600 gm. of hay and 200 gm. of the bread being fed
daily to a sheei) weighing about 38 kg. The digestion coefficients of the blood
bread were computed as follows: Dry matter S3.4, nitrogen 66.1, ether extract
33.8, nitrogen-free extract 94, and ash 79.4 per cent. The coefficients for a

72 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

sht'i'i) weighing 49 kg. on a daily ration of (JfHt gni. of hay and 300 gni. of blood
broad were dry matter TH.a, nitrogen 00.3, etlier extract 01, and nitrogea-free
extract S(;.r> per cent.

The re.'^piratory exchange in the lungs was estimated by measurements, a
detailed report of which is to be published. The resi)iratory quotient obtained
was 0.922. According to the computations of the author there was a daily
gain of 13.0 gm. protein and 1!).0 gni. fat.

Heredity, thought, and transcendental memory from the standpoint of
the physicist, G. Eichhorn ( Irrrrhinifj, (icddchtiii.s mid Transzrndnitdic Erin-
iKiuiKjcn riiiii Siainli)uiiktr f/cs- I'lnjsilccrK. muttgart, 1!)0D, pp. X + 116; rev.
in yature [London], 81 (190!)), Xo. 2082, p. 361; Arvli. IJntu:irkl. Mrrh. Orf/an..
27 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. 310-312). — An attemi)t to reconcile the explanation of the
jiroperties of organisms manifested as inheritance, thought, and memory with
other properties of matter by means of the electron theory.

On the alleged influence of lecithin upon the determination of sex in
rabbits, H. C. Punnett (Proc. Cambridge Phil. Hoc.. 15 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. 92.
.'^9).— The author has repeated the experiments of Russo (E. S. R., 21, p. 200).
with negative results. In a series of treated does the proportion of males to
females was 24 : 23, and in a series of untreated does 54 : 49.

On the influence of different nutrients on the number of blood corpuscles
in herbivorous animals with simple stomachs, J. Ju.st (Zcntbl. PiiysioL. 23
(1909), Xo. 12, pp. 319-391). — No appreciable increase of either white or red
corpuscles was observed in rabbits during the digestion of sugar, fat, peptone,
egg albumen, legumin, or water. These results agree with those previously
found in other in\estigatioiis on ruminants.

On the influence of different feeds on the movement of the gizzard in hens,
Mangold and Felldin (Zcntbl. Physiol, 23 (1909), Xo. 9, pp. 302. 303).— This
is an abstract of a paper read before the German Physiological Society at
(ireifswald. Contractions of the gizzard muscles were more frequent with
hard than with soft feeds. The length of the peristole with a feed of potatoes
ranged from 20 to 30 seconds, mixed feeds 22 to 2.5 seconds, wheat 18 to 22
seconds, and barley 15 to 18 seconds.

The influence of age on the body temperature of geese and ducks, Loer
{Arch. Physiol. [PJiiiger], 128 il909), Xo. 10-12, pp. of)-') -.5 59) .—From 3 to 7
months of age the average body temperature of geese was 40.85° C. : from 0
to 12 months, 40.05°; from 2 to 5 years, 40.7 to 40.8°; and at 20 years, 41°.
In ducks the average body temperature was as follows: From 1 to 3 months,
41.54° ; 3 to 5 months, 41.83° ; 0 months, 42.11° ; 7 to 9 months, 42.15° ; 1 year,
41.45° ; 2 years, 41.40° ; and 3 years, 42.45°.

Loss of live weight in animals during transportation, Herter (Dcut.
Landw. Prcssc, 36 (1900), Xo. 78, pp. 829, 830). — This contains data on the
loss in weight sustained by animals when sent to market by wagon, railroad, or
on foot.

The animal husbandry of the colony of Eritrea, E. Marchi (Agr. Colon.
[Italy], 3 (1909), Xos. 2, pp. 11-111, figs. 33; 3, pp. 1J,9-183. figs. 9; J,, pp. 229-
268, figs. 10). — This is a statistical and general account of the animal hus-
Ij^ndry, which is the chief occupation of the inhabitants of this Italian colony.
According to the census of 1905 the number of live stock in the colony was,
camels 40.853, horses, asses and mules 29,789, cattle 250.891. and sheep and
goats 730.1.32.

[Stock breeding in Japan], (\ Shimooka (In Agriciilliirc in .Inpnn. Tokyo:
(lort., 1908, pp. 32.'i-338). — Cattle were kept in Japan in prehistoric times and the
slaughter of cattle for food and for sacrifice was common until the introduction
of Buddhism. The use of milk and butter was kuuwu, but the chief object for

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

73

keeping cattle was for draft purposes. The first step iu modern improvement of
cattle was tlie importation of 15 head in 1869. At the present time there are sev-
eral native breeds besides the introductions of Ayrshires, Dutch, Simmenthaler,
Brown Swiss, Devon, Jersey, and Shorthorn cattle.

The horse appears to have been indigenous to Japan. The first authentic
record of foreign importation was in 247 A. D., when the King of Korea made
a present of several horses to the Japanese court. European horses were im-
ported in the sixteenth century. The native breeds are described. Sheep rais-
ing was not undertaken until 1817, and for some reason has never been very
successful. Goats have been introduced from China and Korea. The rear-
ing of swine dates back to antiquity, but was discontinued later because of
religious prejudices.

In recent years the Government has encouraged the breeding of all kinds of
live stock. In 1906 the total number of cattle was 1,190.373, horses 1.465,466,
sheep 3.501. and goats 74,750.

[Stock breeding in Formosa] , C. Shimooka ( In Agriculture in Japan. Tokyo:
Govt., lUOS. Pit. ,io2-.35'f ) . — Stock breeding iu Formosa is not engaged in to any
large extent. There are two varieties of horses, the Chinese and Japanese,
water buffaloes, and two varieties of yellow cow. A few foi'eign breeds of
cattle have been introduced. Swine are quite extensively raised and are of
the Chinese type. The goats are small and used as offerings at festivals.

Substitutes for skim milk in raising calves, E. S. Savage and G. W.
Tailby, Jr. {Xeir York Cornell Sta. Bui. .id!), pp. .',91-517, flg^. 2'/).— This bul-
letin reviews the work of other investigators on feeding substitutes for skim
milk, and reports nivestigations at this station for the ])ast 2 years.

The calves which ^^■ere used in this experiment were at first given whole milk,
which was gradually replaced by skim milk or other substitute, and also were
fed daily a grain mixture of ground corn and oats, bran, and oil meal, of which
they were given all they would eat up clean. Hay was kept before them at all
times. Whole milk was estimated to be worth .$1.65 per 100 lbs. and skim
milk 15 cts. per 100 lbs.

The following table contains the gains made on the various substitutes :

(Jains made hy calves on skim milk and skim milk substitutes.

Kind of feed given in addition to whole milk,
hay, and grain mixture.

Number

of
calves.

Skim milk i 5

Schumacher calf meal 6

Lactina Suisse 5

Skim milk 7

Skim milk powder 6

Schumacher calf meal 1

Blatchford calf meal 4

Number ,^,^. Average

days. ^°°i°g' -^

Bays.

120 I 52.6
120 19.6

105 Birth.

150 :...do....

150 ...do....

150 ...do

150 ...do....

Pounds.
1.76
1.25
.70
1.53
1.-23
1.10

Average

cost per

pound

gain.

Cents.
4.8
8.1

11.6
4.8
6.4
9.0

13.4

" It is evident from the results of these experiments and those elsewhere that
good, strong, healthy calves can be raised without skim milk or milk of any kind
after the first 30 days.

" Skim milk, hay, and grain make the best substitute for whole milk in rais-
ing calves. A calf fed on skim milk should reach a weight of 300 lbs. at 5
months of age, and the gain should be made at the rate of 1.5 lbs. per day, at a
cost of less than 5 cts. per pound.

18556—10-

-6

74 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

"If skim milk is iiol ;U buiul, the licst sulisliUite for it seems to be third-
grade dried skim milk powder. The average gains made in this experiment
were not so large as with the skim milk, but were good. A calf fed on this
food should reach a weight of 250 to 200 lbs. at 5 months of age, making an
average gain of 1.25 lbs. per day at a cost of less than 0.5 cts. per pound.

"A tablespoonful of soluble blood m<>al mixed with each feed served to keep
the bowels of the calves in l:»etter condition, and since it is conii)arative].v inex-
pensive a wider use of it might be prolital)le."

Indian cattle in Jamaica, B. S. (Jossprr (Bui. Dcpt. Agr. Jamaica, n. scr., 1
(1909), Xo. 2, pp. 102-1 1. i, pis. Jf). — The Mysore, (Jugerat, Gir, and Hissar breeds
of cattle imported from India are described. All 4 l)reeds appear to be well
adapted to the island conditions. The Mysore is an excellent draft animal and
is used in place of mules to transport bananas to shipping places. The Gir
breed is a good dairy breed, but the Hissar appears to be the most useful of all
the humped breeds of Indian cattle which so far have been imported, as it is a
general purpose animal.

Second annual report of the American Bison Society, 1908-9 (Ann. Rpt.
Amer. Bison Noc, 2 ( 1'.I08~D), pp. 85, pi. I, figs. 21). — This report includes an ac-
count of measures which have been taken to preserve the American bison, and
contains descriptions of some of the herds of pure-bred bison and bison crosses
with cattle.

Farm management with sheep, F. W. Wilson {Arizona Sta. Bui. 60, pp.
J{^2-451, figs. 3). — This contains information for the practical man on the pas-
turing, feeding, and general management of sheep.

Hog raising' in the South, S. A. Knapp ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office »S'ec. Circ. 30,
pp. 8, fig. 1). — This circular was written to show how hog raising in the South
may be made one of the most profitable lines of animal husbandry, and sum-
marizes data for the most part previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 480; 19, p.
1170; 20, p. 509).

" The best way to make hog raising profitable in the South is to graze the
hogs upon pasture preiiared especially for them, supplementing the green food
by the addition of a small grain ration. Upon this i)lan hogs can be raised at
an average cost of 1* to 8 cts. a pound, depending mainly upon the management
of the sows and pigs and upon an economic plan of fattening."

Details are given of a cropping plan for economical pork itroductiou. Because
of the instability of the weather at killing time large losses would be pre-
vented if every market town in the South had an abattoir, sheds for holding
hogs, a refrigerating plant, and rooms for curing hams, shoulders, and bacon.

Raising' hogs in Colorado, H. M. Cottrell (Colorado Sta. Bui. I'/G. pp. 3-32,
figs. 7, ilg)ii. I). — This is a popular summary of information on hog raising
under Colorado conditions.

The feeds sjiecially recommended are barley, field peas, alfalfa i>asture. and
milo maize. " Barley, under irrigation, costs less an acre to raise than corn in
the Mississippi Valley States, and will produce more pork. From 500 to 1.000
lbs. of gain can be put on hogs during the season from an acre of alfalfa
pasture. It costs, including the rent of the land, from $3 to $0 an acre to raise
field peas, and feeders estimate that an acre of good peas, when pastured off,
will put 400 lbs. of gain on hogs."

The plants recommended for hog pasture are alfalfa, dwarf Essex rape, rye,
winter wheat, sorghum, and sweet clover. Methods of feeding and manage-
ment and finishing for market are described.

" One hundred thousand hogs are needed each month in Denver territory to
supply the demand for pork and pork products.

ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 75

" The Colorado packer wants a well-tiuished, fat, blocky hog weighing alive
from 220 to 250 lbs. During the winter months there is a good, but limited
demand for the city whole carcass trade, for well-finished hogs weighing alive
from 150 to 175 lbs. each.

" Most of the Colorado hogs marketed in the past three years have been un-
finished and too light in weight. A well-finished hog will dress 80 per cent;
the average at the Denver packing houses in 1908 was 73 per cent.

" The chief trouble has been that most Colorado farmers neglect their hogs
through the summer, stunting them, and stunted hogs do not finish well."

There are illustrations and brief descriptions of a portable hog house, an
alfalfa rack for feeding, and the piggery at the Colorado College.

Tim.ely hints to horse breeders, C. W. Gay {Penn. Dcpt. Af/r. Bui. i<S/. ;)/).
23). — This is a popular article and contains hints for the practical breeder.

Can the laying- ability of a hen be determined by external characters?
Mrs. Ha^'drik iZtscltr. Lfindir. Kdmmcr Schlcsicn, 13 (lOOU), Xo. 39, pp. JJ6D-
1173). — The author furnishes some data to show that neither the width of the
pelvis nor the length of the back is an index of egg production.

Egg'-laying' competitions at Hawkesbury Agricultural College and Ex-
periment Farm, D. S. Thompson (Agi: (Jaz. X. 8. Wales, .U) {1U09), Xo. 6, pp.
517-533, figs. 18). — This is a report of the seventh annual and the second 2-year
egg-laying competitions.

The effect of these competitions has been to increase the average egg i)roduc-
tion from 130 eggs per hen in the first competition to 180 in the seventh. The
size of the eggs has also been increased with a view to reach the commercial
standard of 24 oz. per dozen. In the first test the hens in 22 per cent of the
pens laid eggs which were undersized. The 2-year test was won by white Leg-
horns, which laid an average of 245 eggs the first year and 101 eggs the second
year.

Danish egg collecting- (.Y, Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 28 {1909), Xo.
25, pp. 10J,2, lO'i'i, 10',6, figs. 3).— An account of the work of the Danish
Farmers' Cooperative Egg Export Association, organized in 1895, and now com-
prising 500 circles or local associations aggregating some 4.S.000 members, who
pay about 13.5 cts. each as an entry fee. The object of the association is to
establish the best possible market in foreign countries for Danish eggs by guar-
anteeing that the eggs delivered with the registered trade mark stenciled on
each egg are absolutely fresh and clean, and by protecting the general interests
of the Danish poultry keepers by preserving eggs, fattening and selling the
poultry of the members, and promoting a rational poultry management. The
methods of packing the eggs for export are described. The work of the asso-
ciation has been very successful. The sales during 1907 amounted to 10,000,000
lbs. of eggs and poultry, valued at $1,080,000.

The poultry industry in Maryland, with suggestions for successful poul-
try management, C. L. Opperman (Manjland .S7rt. Bui. 138, pp. 9-71, figs. 27}. —
This is a statistical and general account of the poultry industry of Maryland,
much of the information having been obtained by visits to successful poultry
farms in the State.

The methods of housing are described in considerable detail. There are de
scriptions of colony and continuous houses, both with open and with closed
front. Other topics treated are incubation, natural and artificial brooding,
feeding, and marketing. There is a bibliography of poultry literature and an
account of the common diseases of poultry by (i. E. Gage.

[Poultry keeping in Japan], C. Shimooka (In Agriculture in Japan.
Tokyo: Govt., 1908, pp. 3.'f8-351). — In very early times poultry was kept for the
flesh and for cock fighting. In 1876 the Government attempted to encourage

76 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD,

the iudustry, wliicii prosiierod I'ur ti time. Quite recently moro interest hna
been taken. Many European and Asiatic breeds have been introduced, but not
enough eggs are produced to supply the home demand. The number of fowls
in IDOG was 10,248,410, tlie number of ducks 2n!).219, turkeys 8,18S, ajid geese
0,041. The number of eggs i)roduced in 1007 was 099,404,137.

Preserving' egg's, A. E. Vinson (Arhona .SV«. JiuL GO, pp. y/3/-.'/3.?).— Methods
of preserving eggs by means of limewater and water glass are described.

Snail gardens, D. Geyer {Sci. At)in: Slip., 6'.S {J 900), Xo. J75',, p. !)!)).— An
account of the edible snail industry of France, Wurttemberg, and Baden, which
seems to be of growing importance. Many of the snail farmers are beginners
and their methods of caring for the animals, described in detail, show little
evidence of a knowledge of the real needs. Most of the snails are sent to the
I'aris market, which opens the first of November.

"The great French demand for snails has led to the invention of imitations.
The snail farmers collect the empty shells that have acciunulated during the
summer, wash them and sell them for about 25 cts. per thousand. Tlie shells
are sent to Paris, where they are filled with a mixture of snail flesh, liver, butter,
and herbs."

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

The substitution of roots for concentrated foods in rations for milk pro-
duction, E. .S. Savage (Xcw York CornvU St a. Bill. 268, pp. .'/.JJ-//87', fi<js. 0). —
The object of these feeding trials was to compare the value of the dry matter
in mangels with that in silage and in grain, and they were conducted in a man-
ner similar to that of a Danish feeding trial previously reported (E. S. R.. 10,
p. 900). There were four groups of 5 cows each. The feeding period lasted 0
weeks, but the data do not include the first week of each period. The mangels
were estimated to be worth $4.50 per ton and the silage $2.25.

In the experiments of 1007-S ration 1 consisted of hay. silage. Ajax flakes,
corn meal, wheat bran, and cotton-seed meal. In ration 2, 2 lbs. of mangels
were substituted for each pound of silage. In ration 3, mangels were substi-
tuted for one-half the grain ration. In 1908-9 the rations were similar, but the
grain ration consisted of Ajax flakes, buckwheat middlings, corn meal, wheat
bran, and oil meal.

For the 2 years the total dry matter required for the production of 1 lb. of
milk fat on the hay, grain, and silage ration was 22.34 lbs., on the hay, grain,
and mangels ration 20.93 lbs., and on the ration whei-ein one-half of the grain
was substituted for silage and mangels 22.02 lbs. The average cost of 1 lb. of
milk fat on these rations was 20.7 cts., 27.4 cts., and 20.7 cts., respectively.

No conclusions were drawn as to the effect of the dift'erent rations on the
live weight of the cows. One lb. of dry matter in mangels was considered
equal to 1 11). of dry matter in grain, which agrees wnth the Danish experiment,
and a little more than equal to 1 lb. of dry matter in silage, but the cost of
ration 2 was considered too high to be economical.

Estimating the average price of commercial feeding stale's at $30 per ton,
"it would seem to be a safe assumption tliat farmers can raise mangels for $4
per ton and thus reduce their feed bill very materially, by the judicious use of
mangels to replace one-half of the grain ordinarily fed in the ration."

The effect of raw potatoes, potato flakes, and potato chips on milk pro-
duction, J. Hansen et al. (Fii Ming's Landic. Zfrj., 58 (lilOf)), No. 16, pp. .'>11-
ggj), — The object of these trials was to determine the best form in which to
feed potatoes to milch cows. The basal ration consisted of 8 kg. of hay, 3 kg.
of oat chaff, 3 kg. of brewers' grains molasses, and 5 kg. of peanut cake per 1,000

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.

77

kjr. live weight. The effect of feeding these different nil inns was (initc uniform,
as will be seen by the accompanying table.

Avcrdjjc ildilii ijirld of inilk iritli a siipplciiiciihirii ration of potatoes.

Period.

1
2
3
4
n
6

Number
of cows.

Supplementary feed.

Potato flakes

Raw potatoes

Potato flakes

Dried potato chips

Potato chips soaked in water
Potato flakes

Yield of
milk.

Kg.
17.03
15.67
15.23
15.12
14.79
14.46

Specific
gravity.

1.0316
1. 0321
1. 0320
1.0322
1.0323
1. 0323

Fat.

Per cent
3.23
3.19
3.15
3.04
3.11
3.04

Solid.<-
not-fat.

Percent.
8.81
8.87
8.87
8.93
8.93
8.92

The Swiss Spotted-Cattle Breeders' Association (Latidir. Jahrh. Schiceiz,
23 (1909), No. 6, pp. 3o5-39.i). — This contains the yields of milk, i)ercentages of
fat in milk, and other data relating to this breed. The annual yield of milk
ranged from 1,750.7 to 5.70(!.5 kg., the percentage of fat from 3.40 to 4.40, and
that of solids-not-fat from 12.13 to 14.32.

Annual report of the association for the development of the dairy in-
dustry of Hoorn, 1908 {\ii:sta(j Vcr. E.rpJoit. I'rocfzHirrJhorrdcrij Hoorn,
J908, pp. 59, pi. 1, fig. I).- — This report includes investigations on short cheese,
self-heating of hay, feeding experiments with linseed meal, and trials of a new-
churn by F. W. J. Boekhout and K. H. M. Van der Zande, previously reported
from other sources.

The influence of the health of the dairy animal on the nutritive value
of milk, Moussu (Hyg. Viandc ct Lait, 3 {1909), No. 10, pp. //7J--J8S).— The
author calls attention to the excretory properties of the mammary gland, which
is an organ of excretion as well as secretion. Alcohol, ether, chloroform, and
l>otassium iodid have been found in milk. If these are in the feed, or other
poisons are formed in the body during the lactation period, they may be elimi-
nated by the mammary gland. Milk from animals in a diseased or abnormal
condition must have less nutritive value and in many cases should be dis-
carded altogether.

The milk of sheep, J. Alvarado y Albo (.1//7c7( Ztg., 38 {1909), No. .',1, pp.
482, 483). — The author discusses the value of sheep's milk, especially in hot
countries, and suggests that it should be studied from the physiological stand-
point as most of our knowledge of milk has been obtained from investigations
of cow's milk.

The relative nutritive value of sterilized, pasteurized, raw, and dried milk,
E. C. Aviragnet and M. Pehu (Rev. Hyg. et MM. Infant., 8 (1909), No. 3, pp. 250-
261). — The authors conclude that raw milk of good quality is an ideal nourish-
ment, and that pasteurization induces little change in the physical and chem-
ical character of milk, while considerable change is induced by sterilization; An
opinion regarding dried milk is reserved.

[Copper in certified milk], A. Springer and A. Springer, Jr. (Jour. Indus.
and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 9, pp. 676-678 ) .—Certified milk supplied from
a certain dairy was found to contain traces of copper. Upon investigation, the
authors found that the origin of the copper was from a boiler compound, and
had been transmitted to the milk by means of the live steam employed in steri-
lizing the milk cooler.

Competitive exhibitions of milk and cream, C. B. Lane and I. C. Weld
(U. .S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Cire. 151, pp. 36). — This circular contains
an account of a competitive exhibition of milk and cream he'd at Pittsburg, Pa.,

78 EXPERIMENT STATION liKCOHO.

uiulor the iUiSpiCOS of tlif ( 'liaiiilicr i>\' ( 'niiiincicr nf Ih.il (li.v ;iii(l ill (•(t()|i('r;ili()ii
with the Dairy Division (if lliis Dcpfniincnl. r.csidcs n (Icscriiition of tlic nictiiods
of MWiinlins tlx^ jirizcs, :i lisl of the iiri/.c wimicrs. mikI ;i r<<\\y (if tiic rcvisod
score cjird for fni'iii dailies, ilic circular cdiilaiiis several addresses ou dairy
coutests, the scoring; of milk and cream, and (iliier iirdhlems connected with
dairying and dairy legislation.

Pure milk for cities, A. IIai.stkad iDaUtj Cons, (iiitl Tnulr Rpts. [U. *SM, t{)0!),
A'o. 3G26 p. 7).— This is a reiiort on recent efforts whicli have heen made l)y the
health department of the city of Birmingham. England, to comhat the spread of
tuberculosis by supplying dairy farmers within 10 miles of the city with free
tuberculin and veterinary assistance for testing their cows.

The necessity for the control of the milk industry, A. Hougardy {Ann.
MM. Vf^t., r>S {1909), Xo. 10, pp. r>G8-ri79). — An account of the danger of using
unsanitary milk. Regulations on the sale of milk in r.elgium are given, to-
gether with suggestions for making them more stringent.

The Lady Talbot Milk Institute (./oin: Drpt. Agr. Victoria, 7 (1909), No. 9.
pp. ')'t5-5(}S, fiy^. l.'i). — This is the first annual report of the institute, which
was established on the plan of the Gouttes de Lait in France, with the ol^ject
of reducing the death rate of infants in the city of Melbourne and surrounding
municipal districts due to insanitary milk in Ihe summer months. There is
also an account by J. M. B. Connor of the equipment and methods adopted at
the model dairy farm which supjilies the milk distributed by the institute.

During the 5 months the institute was distributing milk. 300 infants were
supplied, of whom only 8 died, a remarkable showing when it is considei-ed
that a majority when first put on the milk were already suffering from troubles
caused by impure milk.

Mountain dairying, L. Funder (Norsk Landmandshlad, 28 (1909), No. 38,
pp. 465-467). — An article containing a brief account of present methods of
mountain dairying in Norway, with suggestions for their improvement.

Danish dairying, 1908, B. Boggild (Tidsskr. Landokonomi, 1909, No. //, /)/).
193-20S). — The usual general account of the conditions of the Danish dairy
industry during the year is given.

The production and use of milk, butter, and cheese among the natives of
Africa, O. Kocii (Tmschdit, 13 (1909), No. 1,2, pp. 869-872, figs. 4).— Brief
notes are presented on the primitive methods used in dairy husbandry by the
native tribes of Africa.

The condensed milk industry, D. S. Burgh <.V. Y. Produce Rcr. and Amcr.
Cream., 2S (1909). No. 2.J, itp. 1016, 1018, 1020, 1022, figs. '/).— A short sketch
of the development of the condensed milk industry in this country, which began
in 1850.

In 1880 there were 1,1,0(10,000 lbs. of condensed milk manufactured; in 181)0,
33,000.000; in 1900, 187,000,000; in 1905, 303,000,(M)() ; and it will probably reach
500,000,000 lbs. in 1909. The amount exported amounts to about 25,000,000 lbs.
annually, and the amount imported to about 7,000.000 lbs. Figures are quoted
to show that by paying better prices for milk, condenseries usually take business
away from creameries and cheese factories.

Creamery cost. It. C. Potts (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 28 (1909),
No. 2.5, p. 998). — Estimates are given for the cost of creamery construction and
equipment for cooperative creameries such as are in successful operation in
Oklahoma. There is an itemized list of the equiinnent necessary for a daily
capacity of 1,800 lbs. of butter. The entire cost of such a creamery is estimated
to be for equipment $1,180.70, for freight on equipment $100, for cost of install-
ing machinery $70, for buildiiig the boiler and refrigerator room $1,600, and
for water supply and sewerage $200, making a total of $8,150.70.

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING.

79

[Analyses of butter], A. Nestrel.iaew {MUehw. ZcnfhL, 5 (1909), No. 10,
pp. J,.'i7-Jir)3). — This is a report regarding butter constants as determined in
the years 1907-8 at the dairy laboratory at Smeinogorsli, Siberia. The range,
classes of frequency, and deviation of these ' constants through the different
months of the year are presented in tabular form.

The data can be summarized as follows: Range of water content 7.00 to
1G.05 Iter cent, with the mode (or class of greatest frequency which indicates
the tyi»e) 11 to 12 per cent. The salt content was mostly under 2 per cent.
The range of the acridity of the butter was 1 to 8.53 per cent, and the mode
8 to 4 per cent ; acidity of the biitter fat, range 0.61 to 7.66 per cent, and the
mode 1 to 2 per cent; refractive index at 40° C, range 40.5 to 46.1, and the
mode 43 to 44 ; Reichert-Meissl number, range 19.65 to 33.14, and the mode 27
to 28; Hehner value, range 84.93 to 90.91, and the mode 86 to 87; range of
si)ecific gravity at 100° C, from 0.8638 to 0.8698; Kottstorfer number, range
218.14 to 234.47. and the mode 224 to 225 ; and the iodin number, range 29.92
to 46.45, with 60 per cent of the sami)les between 33 and 40.

An abnormal sample of butter from a Cheshire herd of cows, A. Smetham
(Analyst, 3Jf (1900), No. /fOO, pp. 30.',, 305).— The source of a sample of butter
suspected of having been adulterated with foreign fats was Investigated and
the abnormality was found to be due to the lateness of the period of lactation.
The following data show variations which may occur in unadulterated butter:

Clicmicul constants of butter from i-^arious sources.

Source of butter.

Reiehert-
Wollny
figure.

Iodin
number.

Saponifi-
cation
number.

Milk from new milch cows, Feb. 23

Milk from the .same cows. Mar. 13

Milk in advanced stage of lactation

Whey butter from all the cows

Butter from whey cream and " beestings

36.3
34.4
19.8
30.4
30.9

36.9
39.9
38.2
38.4
36.9

224.0

224. 0
226.8

Camembert cheese problems in the United States, C. Thom (Connecticut
St07-rs *S7fl. Bui. 58, pp. 317-374, figs. 6; V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bui.
115, pp. 5Jf, figs. 6). — This is a report of the progress made in the cooperative
work of the Connecticut Storrs Station in connection with the Dairy Division of
this Department, and is largely devoted to an investigation of the difficulties to
be overcome in the manufacture of European varieties of soft cheeses in this
country. The factory equipment and conditions are described in detail and
analyses of Camembert cheeses are given.

In a study of the quality of milk necessary for the manufacture of Camembert
cheese and the use of starters it was found that gassy curds prevalent in Janu-
ary, February, and March were due to the presence of the coli-aerogenes group
of bacteria. Bacillus lactis acidi failing to develop. For the successful manu-
facture of Camembert cheese more attention should be given to the production
of the starter in these cold months. " The intrqduction of 0.5 per cent or
slightly more pure starter with ripening over night at 50 to 57° F. has produced
sufficient ripening to reduce gas formation to a minimum, without raising the
acidity test (phenolphthalein) above 0.22 to 0.23 per cent."

In new factories the milk should be inoculated with Camembert mold spores,
but when once in the factory the mold will propagate itself. Undesirable molds
can be kept out only by strict cleanliness in the factory. The best temperature
for the factory is from 52 to 58° F., but the humidity of the air in the ripening

80 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

room is more important tlian tomperaturo. The ])oiut of (>(iiiilil)riiiin of vapor
tension differs with cheeses of different water content, being considerably higher
for cheeses at (".(» per cent water content than for cheeses at 50 per cent, " In
one experiment aliout 150 gm. of cheese testing about 65 per cent water. evapo-
rated at tlie rate of 1 gm. per day, whereas a similar amount of cheese testing
about 10 iier cent less lost weight at the rate of only 0.:] gm. per day in the same
room at a relative humidity approximating SS jier cent. Although the tempera-
ture was low, the samjjle high in water content showed marked signs of decay
in 10 days under these conditions. A relative humidity of 88 per cent was
manifestly too high to handle cheese as wet as this. The other was found in
excellent condition,"

It is believed that the limits as to relative humidity are from about 83 to 90
or 92 per cent, the optimum depending upon the temperature selected and the
water content of the cheeses. " For cheeses evenly drained and fairly firm at
beginning of ripening (perhaps 57 to 59 per cent water) probably the optiuuim
would be 8() to 88 per cent relative humidity at 52 to 54° F."

Successful ripening depends upon the balance of the activities of the bacteria
and mold. Climatic conditions in America are so different from those of France
that ripening rooms adapted to French conditions would not be successful here.
Of a number of cities studied, San Francisco alone was found to have conditions
approaching those of the Camembert district of France, In other places fac-
tories must have a better control of the temperature and humidity than those in
France. This can be obtained by better insulation of the rooms.

Experiments show that Camembert cheese can be cooked or canned and thus
a loss may be prevented, which has often occurred in the past when the cheese
is overripe. Although good Camembert cheese can be made on the farm the
difBculty of making a uniform product is greater when working on a small
scale.

A bibliography of the literature on the subject is appended.

Cheese making with pasteurized milk, C, Martin ( Wiener Landw. Ztg.,
59 (1909), No. 78, p. 773).— This is a review of the work of Gorini, Maze,
Jenssen, and other investigators on making Parmesan, Roquefort, and other
cheeses from pasteurized milk.

Making' soft cheese from pasteurized milk, P. Guerault ( Wiener Landiv.
Ztf/., .7.9 {1909), No. 7.9, j). 782). — The method of making soft cheese as described
is based on the theory of Maze (E, S. R., 17, p. 291) and has been used by the
author for the past 2 years. The quality of the cheese made in the summer is
much superior to that made from milk not pasteurized.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

On the increase of the hemolytic power of serums, D. Embleton and H. B,
Shaw (Brit. Med. Jour., 1909, No. 25-',8, pp. 1268-1271, fig. i).— " It appears pos-
sible, as a result of the experiments here described, to develop in the serums of
animals into which injections have been made of the organs of another animal
of the same species, a change which consists in part at least in the increase of
the hemolytic power of the serum, an observation which so far as we are aware
has not hitherto been made. Other changes which may occur as a result of the
experimental introduction of organic extracts are being studied by us by the
method of ' absorption ' introduced by Ehrlich and Morgenroth.

" Further, as shown by the above experiments, the emulsions of different
organs appear to have different powers of checking the hemolytic property
of such experimental serums, the kidneys possessing the greatest and the liver
the least power, while the spleen and heart occupy an intermediate position,

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

81

and are equally or nearly iviually potent; it would appear from one of the
experiments that the organs so effective are not limited to those of the guinea
pig. The nature of this body or bodies is also being investigated by us.

" The form of these experiments may prove of use in determining the strength
of the hemolytic power of an experimental serum. Instead of estimating the
titer by reference to red corpuscles, this may be done by estimating the titei; in
terms of extracts of organ."

On the toxicity of castor-bean meal, Mikssnee (Abs. in Rec. MM. V^t., 86
(J 909), No. 9, PI). 33Jf-336). — The author has conducted experiments to deter-
mine the amounts of castor-bean meal which are fatal when fed to domestic
animals, and summarizes in the following table the amounts found to be fatal
when administered at a single meal.

Doficfi of cuHtor-heaii meal causing death in domefitic animaU.

Species.

Fatal doses
per kilo-
gram.

Absolute

mean fatal

dose.

Species.

Fatal doses
per kilo-
gram.

Absolute
mean fatal

dose.

Fowl

Grams.
14.0

5.5

4.0

2. 3-2. 4

2.0

1.3-1.4

Grams.
18.0
105. 0-140. 0
7.4

16. 0- 20. 0
360.0-460.0
60.0

Sheep

Grayns.

1.26

0.7-1

.5

.4

.1

Grams.
30.0

Goat

Rabbit

1.5

Duck

Calf

16. 0-20. 0

Shoat

1.1

Cow

Horse

30. 0-60. 0

Hog

Diseases of domestic animals [in Japan], C. Shimooka (In Agriculture in
Japan. Tokyo: iiori., 190H, pp. 338-3JiG). — According to the statistics given, the
diseases of domestic animals most prevalent in Japan are anthrax, farcy, and
rinderpest, while symptomatic anthrax appears to be increasing from year to
year. Foot-and-mouth disease, swine erysipelas, and rabies also occur, but hog
cholera, sheep pox, and i)leuro-i)nounionia have not been reported.

The diseases of the eye in domesticated animals, H. Gray {Vet. Rec, 21
(1909), No. 1082, pp. 678-688). — An account presented at the meeting of the
Central A'^eterinary Medical Society at the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons,
April, 1909.

The bacteriological diagnosis of anthrax by cultures from, the skin, A.
CiucA. «/((/ (J. Stoickscu {Arliira ]'<'t., 6 {1909), No. 2, pp. 71-85; ahs. in Vet.
Rec., 22 {1909), No. 1095, pp. 3, J,).— The authors have drawm the following
conclusions fi*om the investigations here recorded :

"The vegetative form of the anthrax l)acillus does not endure for more than
48 hours within the carcasses of animals dead of anthrax, on account of the
putrefactive processes which take place in the cadaver. In the capillaries of
the skin, it endures longer, and can there find conditions suitable for sporula-
tion later. The spores of the anthrax bacillus in the .-skin resist the action of
atmospheric agents and of chlorid of sodium for more than a year. The
bacteriological diagnosis of anthrax is always possible by cultures from the
skin of putrefied carcasses, stretched upon a piece of wood to dry, and sent to
laboratories. This method should be adopted as soon as possible for the
diagnosis of anthrax in suspected carcasses when immediate investigations can
not be undertaken — especially in summer, when the organs rapidly putrefy d,e-
spite all precautions."

Vaccination against anthrax, A. Balint {AUatorvosi Lapok, 31 {1908), No.
2-',, pp. 298, 299; ahs. in Uul. Inst. Pasteur, 7 {1909), No. 6, p. 268).— The author
has vaccinated more than 6,000 animals with Pasteur's vaccines without failure

82 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

or accidonl, hut iiilciids In rcstirt in the liituiv t(» llic im'tliod of Sohcnihciiu l).v
wliich iunmniity can be conferred tlirouKli a sinjile treatment. He reconnnends
the inJecticMi separately of Ti cc. of sernni and I cc. of tlie culture. Tlie serum
can he used as a curative airent.

The chemotactic power of the toxin produced by Sclerostomum bidenta-
tum and its larvae on the polynuclear eosinophiles, G. Vallillo iArc]i. Wiss.
u. Praia. Ticrhcilk:, J', (/.90.S), A"o. ,7-0". iw- ')0'>-i)2i) ; ('lin. }'rt. [Milan], ^ez.
Sci., 31 (1908), No. 6, pp. 257-279; ahs. in Rec. MM. V6t., SO (1909), No. 5,
p. IS.'i). — The toxin produced hy ,s'. hiihiitatum possesses a positive chemotrop-
isni for the polynuclear eosinophile leucocytes. It has no chemical relation to
the toxin produced hy the jjlanders bacillus, which exercises cheniotaxis i)riu-
cipally upon the neutrophile leucocytes. The jiray translucent nodules in the
luu^s of the horse ai'e not produced hy the .inlanders bacillus hut exclusively by
a toxin produced hy »S'. hidoitutiim.

Comparative investigations of the nodules and neoplastic lesions of the
intestines of the horse in their relation to glanders, I'. Hummel {Arch. WisH.
II. I'nikt. Ticrhrilk., J} ( I90S), Xo. J-O', i)i). o.JO-oSO, pis. .', ; ahs. in Rec. Med. Vet.,
S6 (1909), Xo. o, p. IS.'i). — It is concluded that the nodules and neoplastic
lesions of the intestines of the horse are usually of parasitic origin. The lesions
of the intestinal wall produced by entozoa are always characterized by the
appearance of eosinophiles. Glanderous lesions of the uuicous meml)rane of the
intestines appear to be very rare.

Contribution to the pathological anatomy of rinderpest, S. Arloing and
V. Ball (Arch. MM. Expt. et Anat. Path. [Paris], 20 (1908), No. 6, pp. 693-715,
pis. J,; ahs. in Rec. MM. Vet., 86 (1909), No. 9, pp. 333, 33',).— A study of the
disease, which ravaged Egypt in 1904 and 1905.

The therapeutic immunity reaction in the differentiation of trypanosome
species, B. T. Terry (Jour. Expt. Med., 11 (1909). Xo. 6", pp. 802-809 ).—•' It
is evident that the guinea pig is an unfavorable animal in which to preserve the
virus, if the therapeutic immunity reaction is to be employed in the differentiation
of trypansome species, for the experiments clearly show that trypanosomes
of common origin, never in contact with medicaments of any sort, may behave
like different species after having been preserved in these animals for 1 year."

Preliminary note on Trypanosoma eberthi (=Spiroch8eta eberthi) and
some other parasitic forms from the intestine of the fowl. C. H. Martin
and Muriel Robertson (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Scr. B, 81 (1909), Xo. B
5Jf9, pp. 385-391, pi. 1). — In a preliminary investigation tlie authors examined
the cecal and rectal contents of 14 fowls of various ages and at various stages
of digestion. During the investigation flagellate parasites of 4 types were found
in the cecum.

In 3 of these types large numbers of individuals were found in which the
characters of each group were sharply marked ; at the same time numerous
transitional forms were found. The first form, which the authors considered
to be T. eberthi, is characterized by a rather elongated body, a very well
marked undulating membrane along the edge of which a flagellum runs from
the anterior end of the animal to end freely at the posterior end. A second
form (Trichomonas condition) is described as a typical Trichomonas of
variable size, apparently resembling the form described by Wenyou from the
mouse. The third form (Monocercomonas condition) is roughly egg shaped.
The fourth form was a sharply marked type, found in small numbers on two
occasions, with an anterior and posterior trailing flagellum which can be coiled
around the body. It is of very small size, roughly half the size of the smallest
first form seen, and of approximately torpedo shape. Every fowl examined
was found infected with one or other of these flagellate forms.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83

lu addition to these forms small, rounded, generally motionless forms were
met with in which the typical nucleus and blocks of the first form were seen.
Infection is probably only effected by food contaminated by feces containing
cysts of the parasite.

Trypanosoma ingens n. sp., D. Bruce et al. (Proa. Roy. Soc. [London],
Ser. B, 81 (WOD), Xo. B 5/,9, pp. 323, 32.',, pi. i).— This species was found in
the blood of a reed buck, a bush buck, and an ox at Xamukekera. Uganda.

Experiments and observations on the development of Trypanosoma lewisi
in Haematopinus spinulosus, F. S. H. Baldrey {Arch. Protistenlc, 15 {1909),
Xo. 3, pp. 32G-332, figs. 2; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London], Bui. 9, pp.
323, 32Jf). — The author thinks that the mechanical transmission of T. lewisi by
lice is an exception.

Toxin formation in trypanosomiasis {Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London],
Bui. .'', pp. ,{.>i)-.i2S). — A brief review of the literature on the subject.

Further results of the experimental treatment of trypanosomiasis; a
progress report to a committee of the Royal Society, II. G. Plimmer and
W. B. Fry (/'roc. Roy. Soe. [London], Ser. B, HI {1909), No. B 5J,9, pp. 35.',-
371). — This is a continuation of experiments with the same strains of surra as
previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 985).

Rats were treated with antimony and several of its compounds, with quassia,
and with arsenophenylglycin. Dogs used in experiments with antimony were
found to be extremely susceptible both to the disease and to antimony.

Further experiments upon the drug treatment of canine piroplasmosis,
G. H. F. NUTTALL and S. IIadwen {I'arnsitology. 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 229-235).—
A continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 488).

" Trypanblau injected subcutaneously into dogs a day before or a day after
they have been inoculated with blood containing Piroplasma canis effectually
prevents the development of piroplasmosis by destroying the parasites at the
onset of infection. Trypanblau given by the mouth is ineffective, since it exerts
no apparent influence either upon the parasite or upon the course of the disease.
Tryparosan, when injected subcutaneously or when given by the mouth, has no
effect upon the parasite and is ineffective as a remedy against piroplasmosis in
the dog."

The drug treatment of piroplasmosis in cattle, G. H. F. Nuttall and S.
Hadwen {Parasitology, 2 {1909), Xo. 3, pp. 236-266, charts 7).—" Trypanblau
promises to be an efficient remedy for bovine piroplasmosis, since it exerts a
direct and obvious effect upon the parasites. The effect of the drug upon
Piroplasma hovis is similar to that which it produces upon the canine parasite.
As in canine piroplasmosis, the disappearance of the parasites from the blood
may be temporary. The parasites also disappear and reappear in small num-
bers (after 2 to 11 days) in animals undergoing natural recovery. In 3 treated
animals the parasites reappeared in exceedingly small numbers after .5 to 6
days; in 2 they had not reappeared after 16 and 18 days, respectively. The
animals show no symptoms and progress toward recovery. Although doses of
150 to 200 cc. of a saturated watery solution of the dye were used, it is probable
that smaller doses will prove efficient. The drug appears to produce no ill
effects upon cattle."

The discovery of a remedy for malignant jaundice in the dog and for
redwater in cattle, G. H. F. Nuttall and S. Hadwen {Proc. Roy. Soc. [Lon-
don], Ser. B, 81 {1909), Xo. B 5^9, pp. 3J,8-350).—'SloTe detailed accounts are
noted above.

Tests concerning tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood, E. C. Schroedeb
and W. E. Cotton {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bui. 116, pp. 23).— In-
vestigations conducted in order to determine whether tubercle bacilli occur In
the circulating blood are here reported in detail.

84 EXPERIMENT STATION HKCORD,

Duriii;; the roiirse of the iuvestif^iilion tests were iiiiule of II' liiheirulous
boviues by transferring their blood as raiiidly as iMissililc Id ihc pcrilimcal
cavities of guinea pigs. The results obtained liave licen sununarizcd as ridlows;

"We failed utterly to find tubercle bacilli in flic blood of tuberculous cattl(>
which we examined microscopically in accordance with the method described
and used by Doctor Rosenberger.

" The negative results of our microscopic examinations are confirmed by
the negative results obtained with 95 guinea pigs, each of which received an
intraabdominal injection of blood from a tuberculous cow or bull.

"As the number of cattle from which blood was injected into the 95 guinea
pigs was 42, and as these cattle represented practically all stages of tuber-
culosis from mildly affected recent cases to old and completely generalized cases,
we feel that our work shows beyond the remotest doubt that tuberculosis is
not to be classified, in any sense of the word, as a bacteriemia."

In an appended note mention is made of an independent investigation by
Dr. J. R. Mohler, in which the blood of S infected cattle was examined micro-
scopically and the blood of each animal injected into fj guinea pigs. Four of
the cattle used were slaughtered for meat, but upon inspection were found to
be so extensively affected with tuberculosis that it was necessary to condenui
and tank their carcasses under tlie Federal meat-inspection regulations. The
other 4 were passing tubei'cle bacilli from their bowels. However, no tubercle
bacilli were discovered microscopically and not one of the 40 injected guinea
pigs contracted tuberculosis.

Investig'ations of the tubercle bacillus in cattle, E. Rothhaab (Unter-
suchungoi iibcr Tubcrkcl-Bazillcn hcim Rinde. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, J!)08,
irp. 25+XLII; rev. in Bui. Inst. Pastcvr, 7 (1909), No. 9, p. 398).— The author
confirms the work of Kossel, Weber, and Ileuss (E. .S. R., 15, p. G14) on the
characters peculiar to the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus.

A bibliography of 34 titles is appended.

The anatamo-patholog'ical forins of bovine tuberculosis, H. Vall^e and
P. Chausse (Rci: G^n. Med. Vet., 13 {1909), No. 1-',S, pp. 177-185; abs. in Bui.
Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 9, p. 396). — During a 2 yeai's' investigation of
the forms of bovine tuberculosis, 700 cases were studied. Two forms, the
hypei'trophic and the nodular, were distinguished, IG per cent of the cases be-
longing to the former and 84 per cent to the latter class.

Tuberculous lesions of the bovine trachea, A. Chretien (Hyg. Viande ct
Lait, 3 (1909), No. 3, pp. 97-102, fig. 1; abs. in Vet. Rec, 21 (1909), No. 1085,
pp. 726-728). — The author calls attention to the prevalence of tuberculous
lesions of the bovine trachea and describes their nature.

Tuberculosis of sheep, R. Mayer (Die Schaf Tuberkulose. Inaug. Diss.,
Univ. Bern, 1908, pp. 77, /^L 1; rev. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (190!)), No. 9, p.
396). — Tuberculosis is extremely rare in sheep, being found in less than 0.1 of
1 per cent. The author here describes very completely 9 cases observed per-
sonally. The lesions seem to indicate that the affection originates in the ali-
mentary canal, the animals being infected while young through cow's or ewe's
milk. The bacilli, which are apparently of the bovine type, are rare and often
degenerate.

A bibliography of 148 titles is appended.

Tuberculosis in a panther, Bergeon (Rev. Vet. [Toulouse], 3^ (1909), No.
2, pp. 93-95). — An account of the disease in a 3-year-old panther which had
been in captivity for about 16 months, at the Saigon botanical garden.

Dissemination of tuberculosis by the manure of infected cattle, A. T.
Peters and C. Emerson {Xrhntska Hta. Rpt. inos. pp. 135-1 'iD. — In the inves-
tigations here reported 41 animals were used, the majority of which were in

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 85

excellent condition, the fact that they were suffering; from the disease being
indicated only by the tuberculin test.

In 22 of these cases, acid-fast bacilli morphologically similar to the tubercle
bacillus were demonstrated by the microscope as present in the manure. Sub-
sequent inoculation tests, however, showed that in but 3 of these cases were
the cows passing virulent tubercle bacilli, which result indicates that a micro-
scopic examination alone is untrustworthy in the determination of the pres-
ence of tubercle bacilli in cow manure.

Of the 3 animals which wore i)assing virulent tubercle bacilli in their feces,
2 were in good physical condition. In one of these the disease would not
have been suspected from her appearance, yet the feces contained large numbers
of acid-fiLst rods, some of them virulent tubercle bacilli. The second, a male
of exceptionally fine appearance, siiffei*ed from a persistent but moderate cough.
The third, a cow, was thin but the symptoms of the disease were not marked.
In this case the number of acid-fast bacilli in the feces as revealed by the
microscojie was exceedingly large.

The authors conclude that " hogs should not be permitted to run in the same
pen with cattle, especially if the latter are known to be tuberculous. Dairy
products from tuberculous cows, even though there is no infection of the
udder, are a source of danger to man. The number of tuberculous cows which
show no symptoms of disease but which excrete virulent tubercle bacilli in
their manure is sufficiently large to make this an important factor in the con-
trol of tuberculosis."

The frequence and detection of tuberculosis of the bones in slaughtered
animals, (J. Stroii (Ztschr. Fleisch u. MilchJiijff., IH (IDO!)), No. H, pp. 265-
271). — The author here reports studies conducted from 1902 to 1908 at the
Augsburg abattoir.

The ophthalmo, cuti, and vaginal reaction in tuberculosis, J. Richteb
(Ztschr. Infcktionskrank. u. Hyg. Ilaustiere, 5 (1909), No. S-'i, pp. 2.'f3-28S;
abs. in Bui. I)is-t. Pnsfrur, 7 (1909), No. 9, p. //OO).— The author thinks that the
use of concentrated preparations is necessary, as he finds the undiluted tuber-
culin suitable for the ophthalmo, cuti, and vaginal reactions. For the ocular
and vaginal tests the best results were obtained from the tuberculol D and
tuberculin Dohna ; for the cuti reaction the tuberculin of Iloechst and tuberculin
Dohna. He does not think that the local tests should be substituted for the
subcutaneous.

Application of the precipitin reaction of Bonome to the diagnosis of tuber-
culosis and to the differentiation of the human and bovine types of the
tubercle bacillus, Dammann and Stkdefeder {Dent. Tlcrdrztl. Wchnschr., 17
( 1909), No. 2, pp. 17-19; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 9, p. 399).—
After repeating the exi)eriments of Ronome (E. S. R., IS, p. 1163), the authors
find that they can not recommend the use of his precipitin reaction as a means
for diagnosing tuberculosis and much less as a means for distinguishing be-
tween human and bovine types of the bacillus.

The intradermal reaction to tuberculin, Vallee, Declaire, and Herbet
(Bui. t<or. Cent. Mdfl. Vet., 86 (1909), No. 6, pp. 107-115).— The authors find
this to be a ^ery exact method of obtaining Pirquet's cutaneous reaction and
think that it should be used in jiractice in preference to all others.

Potassium iodid and tuberculin, F. Sobel (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 23 (1909),
No. 7, pp. 533-546, chart 1). — The author finds that the reaction of tuberculous
guinea pigs to iodid of potassium is apparently caused by a specific product.
This product is not tuberculin.

A new contribution to the study of the defects of tuberculin, J. Lignieres
(Bui. Soc. Cent. Med. V6t., S6 (1909), No. 6, pp. 91-103).— The author considers

86 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD,

a puyitivo roactiou to tlu> subcutaneous injection of tuberculin to be of absolute;
value. From 5 to S per cent of tuberculous animals do not react to the subcu-
taneous injection even when those fraudulently injected and those tested within
30 days have been eliminated. Subcutaneous injections should, in his opinion,
be supplemented by local tests.

A new contribution to the study of the local reactions to tuberculin, J.
LiGNifeuKS {Bui. Soc. Cent. M6d. Vet., 86 (1909), No. 8, pp. 1J,6-1 67). —The au-
thor here discusses at some length the cuticular, ophthalmic, dermic, local, sub-
cutaneous, and Intradermal reactions to tuberculin. Much of the substance of
this account is included in the following abstract.

New methods of employing tuberculin in the diagnosis of tuberculosis,
J. LioNiiiRES (Bui. /S'or-. Cent. Med. Vet., 86 (1909), No. 10, pp. 206-211 ; Jour.
Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 (1909), No. 3, pp. 2,77-2//5 ) .—After discussing
this subject at some length and considering the results obtained in a number
of individnals the author draws the following conclusions :

" In practice the thermal I'eaction and the local reaction to tuberculin form
a satisfactory means of diagnosing tuberculosis. No single method is sutficient
in itself. It is absolutely necessary to employ several, capable of mutually
controlling one another, in order to increase the chances of a positive diagnosis.
This forms the method of associated reactions. The choice of tests must de-
pend on the conditions under which the investigator is working, but the
ophthalmic test should always be employed, and, if possible, repeated. The
thermal reaction I'esulting from subcutaneous injection should always be sup-
plemented by the local-subcutaneous test.

" The diagnosis of tuberculosis depends absolutely on the development of a
clearly marked positive reaction, of whatever kind. In practice negative re-
sults have no significance in face of a single well-marked positive reaction.
If, when employing the associated method, several reactions prove positive the
operator's confidence in his diagnosis is increased, and he is encouraged to
carry out the necessary sanitary measures in their entirety. Doubtful reac-
tions are of great importance. They enable us to segregate the animals for
the purpose of carrying out further investigations or repeating certain tests
under more favorable conditions. The ophthalmic reaction is the best method
of detecting tuberculosis in herds of animals which live in the open throughout
the year. It can be repeated quite frequently, and each time enables us to
reduce the number of doubtful cases, and so, by reducing the total number, to
employ other tests.

" The local tests which do not influence the thermal reaction, such as the
cuticular, dermic, and especially the ophthalmic test, can be employed shortly
before the subcutaneous injection ; while local tests which might interfere
with the general thermal reaction, such as the local subcutaneous and the
intradermic tests, should not be employed in pi-actice if one wishes soon after-
wards to obtain the best results from an ordinary subcutaneous injection.
All the local tests may give positive results in tuberculous subjects even wheu
the animals are simultaneously injected in the ordinary way (that is, subcu-
taneously. The ophthalmic test is least affected by a subcutaneous injection,
and the intradermic the most. As a general rule, it is desirable to wait a
certain time before applying one of the local tests to an animal which has
recently received an ordinary subcutaneous injection, but 3 to 4 days after
a subcutaneous injection the cuticular, dermic, and especially the ophthalmic
reactions may be used with success. The local-subcutaneous and the intra-
dermic are much more influenced by a previous injection of tuberculin. Twelve
to 14 days, and sometimes much more, should be allowed to lapse if one wishes
to insure the best conditions.

EURAL ENGINEERING. 87

"One of the simplest, most prnctical, and. most certain of tlie associated
methods consists in simultaneously carrying out about 8 p. m. an ophthalmic
test, then at the base of the neck making a dermic injection, and finishing up
by injecting tuberculin subcutaneously at the same point. The following
morning about 5 'or 6 o'clock one begins by looking for the ocular reaction,
next observes the local-subcutaneous reaction, and finally takes the temperature.
It is much more difficult for tuberculous patients to escape detection under
such associated tests than under any single one."

Vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, Kappin (Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol.
[Purifi], 66 (1909), No. 10, pp. J,l(), .',11 ; Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 11,9
{1909), No. 6, pp. J,08--'ilO). — Favorable results are said to have been obtained
from the vaccination of bovines with bacilli modified through the use of sodium
fluorid.

Ovariotomy in the goat, P. J. Oceann {Ahs. in Vet. Jour., 65 (1909), No.
IfOS, pp. 318, 319). — An account of the operation, which has the following ob-
jects in view : " In order to cure the goaty smell of milk — ovariotomy is the
simplest, least costly, and quickest method in its effect; in order to incite milk
secretion and lengthen its continuance, which lasted on an average from 13 to
15 months in the goats operated on . . . ; in order to favor fattening and profit
on the flesh, which becomes better in quality and without bad taste and goaty
smell ; in order to favorably influence the physiological milk-forming elements —
while the quality of butter and casein increases, the lactose is diminished."

Experiments with specific serums in immunizing against hog cholera, A.
Stadie (licrliii. Ticrdrztl. Wchnsclir., 25 {1909), No. 6, pp. 113-123; al)s. in Bui.
Inst. Pasteur, 7 {1909). No. 6, p. 268). — Cattle, sheep, and hogs were used in
the attempt to obtain an immunizing serum, but the serums obtained failed to
give satisfactory results in practice.

A study of a serious anem.ic disease among horses, W. B. Mack (Amer.
Vet. Rev., 36 {1909), No. 2, pp. 222-2Jfl, charts 2).— A paper presented at the
nineteenth annual meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion at Ithaca, August, 1909. A more detailed account has previously been
noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 5S4).

A note on Argas larvae which attack fowls in Persia, C. Carre {Bui. tioc.
Cent. Med. Vet., 86 {1909), No. 8, pp. 172, 173). — Argasids appear to be very
widespread at Teheran where they occasionally cause considerable loss of
poultry.

Regulations governing entrance to the veterinary inspector examination
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 150, pp. 11). — The regulations relat-
ing to the matriculation examination and course of instruction required in
veterinary science at veterinary schools and colleges to educate and qualify
persons for the civil-service examination for the position of veterinary in-
si)ector in the Bureau of Animal Indnstrj- of this Department are here pro-
mulgated. These regulations include a list of the institutions at present
accredited to supply graduates eligible to enter these examinations.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

A report on irrigation laws and litigation in Nevada, H. Thurtell and
G. H. True {Nevada Sta. Bui. 69, pp. 7-57),— This bulletin gives the history of
irrigation legislation in the State of Nevada, beginning with a law enacted in
1866 providing for the recording of claims to water, summarizes the filings under
this law and a subsequent law enacted in 1889, reviews litigation regarding
irrigation, and gives a synopsis of the present law, which was enacted in 1903

88 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

and has been ameiuled since that time. The piinciiKil jirovisions of the present
law are as follows:

"(1) All natnral water conrses anil natural lakes, not in private ownership,
belong to the public, and are subject to appropriation for a beneficial use.

"(2) The rijjht to the use of water so appropriated for irrigation shall be
appurtenant to the land irrigated and beneficial use shall be the basis, the
measure, and the limit of the right.

"(3) The office of state engineer is created.

"(4) The state enginetr shall prejiare l'(/r each sti-eani a list of the appro-
priations of water according to jjriority.

"(5) The state board of irrigation shall divide the State of Nevada into
water districts and may appoint water commissioners to divide the water
according to the adjudications."

Provision No. 4 has been interpreted to empower the state engineer to deter-
mine what rights are in existence and the l)nlletin describes this determination
for the Walker River, which was the first to be decided.

Irrigation in Idaho, J. Stephenson. Jr. (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas.
Bui. 216, pp. 59, pi. 1). — This is one of the series of reports on irrigation in the
different States and Territories of the arid region, prepared especially for pro-
spective settlers on the irrigated lands in those States. It discusses climate,
water supply, agricultural resources, irrigated lands, and the various irrigation
projects which ai*e providing the water supplies for these lands.

Drainage of irrigated lands in the San Joaquin Valley, California, S. For-
TiEK and V. .M. Cone ( f '. N. Dcpt. Agr.. Office E.ipl. Stas. Bill. 217. pp. 58, pis. 2,
figs. 9). — This bulletin gives the results of experiments in reclaiming lands at
Fresno and in the Modesto and Turlock irrigation districts, which w^ere for-
merly productive but which had been injured by the rise of ground water and
the accumulation of alkali. The experiments reported form a part of the
cooperative irrigation and drainage investigations carried on by the Office of
Experiment Stations and the State of California.

In the Fresno district, lands which were formerly in highly productive vine-
yards, valued at $350 per acre up, had ceased to produce crops and were held at
values as low as $15 and $20 per acre, and used for pasture. In the Modesto
and Turlock districts a similar injury was beginning to be done, although these
lands had been under irrigation but a few years. The experiments were under-
taken for the purpose of working out methods of keeping down the level of the
ground w^ater and removing from the soil the alkali which had accumulated on
account of the heavy evaporation with the ground water near the surface.

At Fresno the ground water rises from about the first of the year to the first
of May and from that time until the end of the year falls again. It remains,
however, within less than 4 feet of the surface for about half the year, thus
submerging the roots of plants and hindering their growth or destroying them
entii'cly. The experiments consisted of putting in tile drains leading to sumps,
from which the drainage water was pumped, with the object of holding the
ground water level below the root zones of plants, and the application of water
to wash the accumulated salts from the soil into the drains and thus have it
carried out through the pumps. Such experiments were carried out on tw'o
tracts, one of which had ceased to bear any vegetation and the other of which
was rapidly becoming so wet that crops were dying. In both cases the condi-
tions were so far relieved that good crops were grown. The report discusses
methods of putting in the drains, giving data as to cost. On the basis of these
experiments, which cover quite small areas, recommendations for the treatment
of all the affected areas in the Fresno district are made.

RURAL ECONOMICS. 89

The work in the Modesto and Tnrlock districts, discussed lu the report, was
done principally by the district organizations, with the advice of this OflSce, and
consisted in the digging of open ditches to take away surplus water and hold
the level of the ground water below the danger limit. The method of digging
these ditches and cost data are given.

Drainage of irrigated lands, C. F. Brown ( U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers^ Bui.
371. pp. 52, figs. 19). — This supplements Farmers' Bulletin 187, previously
noted (E. S. K., 15, p. 934) on the drainage of farm lands, and reports studies
carried on in Utah with a variety of soils and conditions on the drainage of
irrigated lauds which had been seriously injured or rendered wholly unpro-
ductive by the seepage of irrigation water or by the rise of alkali, or by both
combined. The work was conducted under the supei vision of the Drainage
Investigations of this Office in cooperation with the Utah Station, and a por-
tion has been previously noted in Bulletin 99 of the Utah Station (E. S. R.,
18, p. 1166).

Details are given as to the plans, construction, cost, and results of the drain-
age of the various irrigated tracts, together with a brief description of methods
employed in other States and a discussion of the principles and practice under-
lying the drainage of these lands.

It is stated that not less than 150,000 acres of irrigated land in Utah have
been ruined or seriously injured by seepage or alkali, and will require drainage
in oi'der to restore them to a productive state, while in all the other irrigated
States from 10 to 20 per cent of the land which has been under irrigation for
10 years or more requires drainage. The experiments reported indicate that
drainage of these lands is profitable. The cost varied with the conditions, but
in most cases was about $15 per acre.

" Success is dependent upon correct plans and proper construction of drains.
Careful and systematic surveys aud subsoil examinations should never be
omitted. The form of drain or section of ditch should be chosen with reference
to its efficiency in the particular soil formation and water conditions.

"The subsequent care and treatment of drains and lands will also determine
the ultimate success. . . . Drainage systems in arid countries, where irrigation
is practiced, require watching and treatment after they are laid. The care is
necessary in relation to surface waters, and the treatment of lands necessary
when they are affected with alkali."

Pumping plants for irrigators, G. E. P. Smith (Arizona Sta. Bid. 60, pp.
399--'ill. fld^- •?^- — This discusses the sinking and curbing of wells, pumps,
strainers, and power iihints.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Replanning a farm for profit, C. I>. Smith and J. W. Froley ( V. H. Dept.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 370, pp. 36). — This bulletin suggests six different farming
systems for a run-down 80-acre farm in central Illinois, with the estimated
expenditures and returns of each type.

The total income of the whole farm in 1908, estimating crops at average
jirices, was less than $450 per year, whereas the estimated gross incomes from
the different types of farming proposed, after deducting the cost of fei-tilizers
or feeding stuffs, range from $862 to $2,334 per year. The results of the
inquiry are summarized as follows :

" Habit frequently continues a type of farming in a community long after
that type has become unprofitable.

"Changes in the farm system are often deferred (1) because of lack of
knowledge of how to replan the farm, (2) because of lack of funds in carrying
out new plans. (3) because new fences, buildings, or equipment are called
18.556—10 7

90 KXl'ElllMENT STATIOK RECORD.

fur iu the new iihiii, and (4) boenusc a c-liaiip' rrcciiiciii l\ icqnin-s a ivadjusl-
lueiit of many of the usual ways of thinkiuK and ddiii}^.

"In rephinning the farm. holi» may be obtained from visits to successful
farms, from farm literature, agricultural ])ai)ers, the state experiment st.itions,
the agricultural colleges, the United States Department of Agriculture, and
from agricultural experts.

" The farm cau be as successfully planned as other businesses are, provided
the plans are made to cover average conditions over a period of years.

" Profitable farming results from good farm plans comprehending every fea-
ture of the farm carefully coordinated and effectually carried out.

"A good farm plan provides (1) a reasonable i-eward for the capital and
labor invested and (2) the maintenance or increase of soil fertility, and (3) it
must be v,-ithin the comin-ehension and ability of the owner to carry out.

"The income from the same farm cau often be doubled or trebled without
increased exi)ense by adopting a system of farming suited to the land, the
locality, and the owner."

Landowner and tenant, J. N. McBride {Breeder's Oaz., 56 {1909), 'No. 13,
p. 686). — The evils of the present tenant system on farms are pointed out in
this article, and the organization of farm stock companies between landowner
and tenant with the rights of each carefully defined by contract is advocated.
It is believed that this plan would secure to the tenant the rewards of his invest-
ment and the maximum value of his labor, while the landowner would receive
the maximum return on the land, maintain the fertility of the soil, and retain
an equal voice in the management of his own farm.

The problem of small landownership, L. X. Modona {Atti R. Accad. Econ.
Agr. Georg. Firense, 5. ser., 6 {1909), No. 3-.'t, pp. 319-408). — This article reviews
the history of legislation in France, Belgium, Denmark, England, Norway,
Australia, New Zealand, and Italy with regard to changes in land owning and
particularly with reference to small holdings. The progress which has been
made b.v the governments of the different countries for the encouragement and
protection of small landowners and their families is described in detail. The
study of the American homestead system and its adoption with certain modi-
fications to meet rural conditions iu Italy and other European countries are
advocated. The results of legislation in the different countries are shown to
have improved agricultural conditions, prevented rural depopulation, and pro-
moted national welfare.

An extensive bibliography relating to agrarian legislation in various countries
is included.

The operation of the small holding's act during- 1908 {Jour. Bd. Agr.
[London], 16 {1909), No. 7, pp. 575-579). — "The result of the first year's work
since the small holdings and allotments act, 1907, came into operation, has
been that 23,285 applications have been received by county councils for 373,601
acres ; that 13,202 applicants have been approved provisionally as suitable :
that the estimated quantity of land required for the suitable applicants is
185,098 acres; that 21,417 acres have been acquired by county councils, of
which 11,346 acres have been purchased for £370,965, and 10,071 acres leased
for total rents amounting to £11,209; that the land acquired will provide for
about 1,500 of the applicants; and that 504 of them were in actual possession
of their holdings on December 31, 1908."

Government loans in Bussia, J. W. Ragsdale {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts.
[U. 8.1, 1909, No. 3619, p. 6). — The principal stipulations of a new project for
furnishing credit for agricultural and agrotechnical purposes in Russia are
reported.

The ministry of agriculture is to be allowed $1,030,000 annually for 10 years
as a special fund from which loans will be made for: (1) Agricultui-al im-

EURAL ECOXOMICS. 91

provements such as draiuing, irrigatiou, and clearing laud; (2) improveuieuts
lu such special branches of rural economy as horticulture, sylviculture, and
cattle breeding and the organization of mills, dairies, and establishments for
the working of timber; and (3) construction of elevators, warehouses, kilns,
etc., for facilitating the export of the products of rural economy. These loans
can be made through zemstvos, rural and credit associations, and various agri-
cultural organizations to an amount not exceeding 75 per cent of the cost of
the proposed improvement at 4* per cent interest. On loans for the improve-
ment of roads only 2 per cent interest is to be charged. The loans may run
from 5 to 30 years and are secured by mortgage of lands if the loan exceeds
$500, or if less by a simple bill of exchange.

The insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work, I. Baxdini
ET Ai.. (Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital., 14 (1909), No. 18, pp. 899-905).— Objections
raised by Professors Gioda and Ferrari to the plan of insurance proposed by
I. Bandiui (E. S. K., 21, p. 492) are published in letters to the editor, together
with the reply of I. Bandini who not only answers the objections, but also gives
additional reasons for a flexible system of insurance based upon assessed valua-
tion of farms and adapted to the agricultural conditions and practices in the
different provinces of Italy as compared with the obligatory and uniform plan
proposed by the government.

The proposed law of E. Conti regarding accidents at agricultural labor,
P. Ferrari (Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5. ser., 6 {1909), No. 3-4,
pp. 261-288). — This article discusses some of the more important features of the
law proposed by Senator E. Conti regarding obligatory insurance of farm
laborers against accidents at their work, points out wherein the law should be
modified as regards its methods of fixing the rates of premiums, and calls
attention by means of statistics and discussion to the results secured under the
voluntary system by the mutual insurance societies of Vercelli and Tuscany.

The insurance of farm laborers in Switzerland against accidents at their
work, J. Aguet (Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital., 1', (1009), No. 11, pp. 838-841).—
This article presents a brief summary of legislation in Switzerland with refer-
ence to the insurance of laborers against sickness and accident, including the
provisions of the kiw relating to agricultural laborers. The important features
of the Swiss laws are compared with the provisions of the law proposed by
Senator E. Conti, which favors obligatory insurance. Experience in Switzer-
land has shown the advantage of optional insurance, and this system is urged
for Italy as more just and less burdensome to employing farmers than obliga-
tory insurance.

Agriculture in Japan, C. Shimooka (Tokyo: Govt., 1908, pp. X+455). — This
volume discusses the geography, governmental administrative system, popula-
tion, land tenure system, condition of agriculture, agricultural products, govern-
mental provisions for agricultural research and education, the encouragement
and protection of agriculture, and the commerce in agricultural products of
Japan. A table of Japanese terms relating to money, weights, and measures
with English equivalents is included. The sections dealing with most of these
topics are abstracted separately elsewhere in this issue.

The cultivation of tobacco from the economic point of view, D. Vigiani
(Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5. ser., 6 (1909), No. 3-4, pp. 309-
318). — Statistics on the cost of raising tobacco in different parts of Italy, the
net returns to the producer under the systems of independent farming and farm-
ing on shares, and the economic advantages to farmers in the cultivation of
tobacco are discussed in this article.

Crop Reporter (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Stalls. Crop Reporter, 11 (1909), No. 10,
pp. 65-72), — Notes and statistics on the condition of crops in the United States

92 EXPERIMENT STATION KKCOHD.

and foreign countries, and tlie farm \ahu's of imijortant pi-oducts and tlie range
of prices of agricultural products in tlie chief markets of the United States are
reported, together with data on the production and consumption of manu-
factured fertilizers alistraeted on page L*(i of this issue.

Crop Reporter: Index to Vols. 8-10 (U. S. Dcpt. At/r., lUir. Htatis. Crop Re-
porter, Index, Vols. 8-JO, pp. 15).

According to the autlior Its function is '• to get nations to complete their crop-
reporting systems, to get them to harmonize the data to the end that the
institute may gather from the nations the facts regarding their crops, sum-
marize them, and disseminate them promptly to all the world."

The progress that the institute has made in bringing about these results is
briefly described and it is believed that it will be in a position to liegin its
regular official service in January, 1910.

[Bibliography of agriculture], Adi;laiuk II. Hasse (Carnegie Inst. Wash-
ington, Pub. 85 (Me.), pp. 11-21; (N. II.), pp. 9-12; (Vt.), pp. 11-lJ,; (N. Y.),
pp. 25-41; (R. I.), i}p. 23-27; (Mass.), pp. 21-28; (Cal), pp. 12-1,8; and (III),
pp. 33-104). — The Index of Economic Material in Documents of the States
of the United States, which is being issued by the Carnegie Institution of
Washington, contains a bibliography relating to agriculture and agricultural
societies. The States for which the material has been published are Maine,
New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, California,
and Illinois.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Agricultural education in America, W. Macdonald (Neic York, IDOH. ))p.
VII -\- 162, pi. 1). — This gives a brief survey of the legislation by the National
Government respecting agricultural education witli the results that have grown
out of it, and has been prepared for the particular purpose of influencing a
similar development in the Transvaal, from which country the author came to
the University of Minnesota for a graduate course in agriculture. The book is
a dissertation for the degree of doctor of science, and deals principally with the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, agricultural endowments, the rise of Cornell
University, farmers" institutes, and agricultural education in Minnesota.

Provisions relating to agricultural education, C. Shimooka (In Agrieultnrc
in Japan. Tokyo: Govt., IDOS. pp. Slio-SSS). — A brief description is given of the
system of agricultural education in Japan. This includes 2 university colleges
of agriculture, 6 technical institutes or agricultural high schools, 78 common
schools of agriculture for middle class farmers, 101 common schools of agricul-
ture for small farmers, and supplementary and miscellaneous instruction in agri-
culture, including local agricultural institutes, peripatetic lectures, primary
agricultural schools, and schools for the training of teachers of agriculture.

The teaching of agriculture in the high school, F. M. Giles (Sehool Rev.,
n ilHOD), No. 3, pp. 15-'/-165). — This paper recommends tlie use of elementary
agriculture as an introduction to high-school science for the following reasons :
(1) It meets the interest of adolescent pupils far better than the traditional
science courses derived from the colleges; (2) it conforms better to the peda-
gogical order of the practical organization of facts before their philosophical
organization; and (3) it secures to a larger degree the approval of school
patrons. From these bases the author concludes that the agricultural instruc-
tion should explain environment rather than give technical skill, and that its
educational value is as marked for city as for rural schools.

Agriculture in the high school, S, A. Harbourt (Jour. Ed. [Boston], 10
(1909), No. 16, pp. 1(30, 431). — From the exi)eriences and results of four years'
teaching of agriculture in the Andover (Ohio) High School the author concludes
that the work has increased the interest of pupils in other school subjects, led

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 93

to practical farm experimenting by tliom, cultivated practical judgment, and de-
veloped moral principle. Nearby farmers are now imderdraining and liming
their land, treating seed potatoes for scab, improving dairy herds, pruning or-
chards, building good roads, and caring for farm machinery. " One can not buy
a secondhand agricultural book in Andover." They are kept for reference in the
home library.

Public school agriculture, 1909 (Mass. Agr. Col., Dept. Agr. Ed. [Pamphlet],
pp. 82). — This course in elementary agriculture, prepared by a committee of five
appointed by the Conference on Agi-icultural Science at the Massachusetts
Agricultural College in 1908, consists of a series of practical exercises, for each
of which appropriate materials and directions are suggested. There are 54 of
these exercises, covering such topics as types of soil and subsoil, plant roots and
root nodules, effect of humus and lime in clay soil, determination of the per-
centage of water and air in soils, testing soil solutions for acidity or alkalinity,
soil temperatures, capillarity and evapoi*ation, soil drainage, transpiration in
plants, study of various seeds, corn germination, variations in plant growth, im-
provement by selection, home gardening, grafting, pruning, and budding, plant
enemies and diseases, prep;iriiti(in of Bordeaux mixture, milk testing, and milk
bacteria.

Agriculture for common schools, M. L. Fisher and F. A. Cotton (New York,
1909, pp. XXIII-\-3Sl, figs. 93).— The contents of this book are arranged under 5
main sections — soils, farm crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, and dairying.
The last section includes a chapter on bees and 2 chapters on poultry. There
are also 3 appendixes, presenting (1) digestion tables, (2) reference books, and
(3) education and agriculture. The last named is a short chapter suggesting
how the teacher can best use neighborhood material for adding interest and ef-
fectiveness to the teaching of reading, si)elling, arithmetic, and geography.

Practical agriculture, .J. W. Wilkinson (New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago,
1909, pp. 383, figs. 165, dgms. 2, maps 5). — This is a new text on agriculture for
the common schools. In addition to the usual topics and illustrations, it has
chapters on the history of agriculture, special herb and leaf crops, nut crops,
civic improvement, roads and road improvement, fuel and light, and country
life conveniences. An appendix contains tables of feeding standards, weights
and measures, dates for crop planting, score cards for corn and cotton, and a
list of apparatus and supplies for simple experiments and laboratory work. A
glossary of the more unusual terms follows the appendix.

The school garden book, C. M. Weed and P. Emekson (New York, 1909,
pp. IX+320, pi. 1, figs. 107). — This is intended as a general guide for teachers
in directing school garden work and in utilizing its educational, economic, and
social values in the training of children. The botanical structure of flowers is
clearly illustrated. The home-gardening habit is the objective point in all the
instruction given. Part 1 consists of 12 chapters under the general title. The
Garden Month by Month, beginning with September, and contains cultural
directions and descriptive matter concerning the principal flowers and garden
vegetables. Part 2, entitled Garden Exercises for Pupils, is devoted to sug-
gestions for carrying on the various gardening operations.

Suggestions for garden work in California schools, E. B. Babcock (Cali-
fornia Sta. Circ. 46, pp. 5-.'t6, figs. 13). — The author reviews briefly the progress
of the children's garden movement, gives illustrations of successful school
garden work in California, outlines a scheme successfully carried out at Chico,
Cal., for the business management of school gardens through the organization
of a school b;ink, and gives general suggestions to teachers who are beginning
school-garden work as to the creation of public sentiment for the work and as to
details of the work in small rural or ungraded schools and in large rural or
city schools.

94 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Ill tlio small niral schools it is roconinioiulod tiiat liotli individnnl i)lats and
coniimmity plats bo dovclopoil, the foriuor to bo devoted to plant i)ropagatioii and
oxperiineiital plant iniprovoniont. and the latter to fertilizer tests, a collection
of native plants, and a model kitchen jiarden. It is also sn;;j,'estod that as the
pupils advance in garden work they be encouraged to start homo gardens. liists
are given of crops snitable for experimental plant improvement, including field
crops, vegetables, and garden fruits. For the work in large rural or city
schools a graded scheme is adapted from Circular (50 of this Office, previously
noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 935).

Lists are given of plants 'that will thrive with large amounts of water and
of others that will thrive with little water, also directions as to where to obtain
seeds and bulbs. There are further instructions for teachers beginning garden
work as to selection of location, laying out of gardens, preparation of soil.
]ilanting seeds, bulbs, shrubs, and trees, furrow irrigation, cultivation, time
necessary for garden work, means of carrying on garden work during vacation,
and how to secure special preparation for teaching nature study in California.
The circular closes with a bibliography of publications referred to in the text,
and a list of publications of the California Station.

Agricultural extension (Indiana .S7ff. Cirr: 16, pp. //J, fips. 33). — A descriptive
circular containing general information relative to the work of the experiment
station and school of agriculture, including a brief outline of the work of each,
department and summaries of recent publications.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Annual Report of Hawaii Station, 1908 {Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 8Jf). —
This consists of the organization list, a summary by the special agent in charge
as to the investigations of the year, and reports of the entomologist, horticul-
turist, and assistant chemist and of the experimental work with field crops,
all of which are abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Twenty-second Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1908 {Nebraska Sta,
Rpt. 1908, lip. XXIV-{-J58). — This contains the organization list, a review of the
work of the station during the year, a financial statement for the federal funds
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 190S, for the state funds for the fiscal year
ended November 30, 1908, and for the remaining funds for the fiscal year ended
July 31, 1908, and special articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Sixteenth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1906 (Washington Sta.
Rpt. 1906, pp. 32). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director
on the work of the year. Including reports of heads of departments of which a
portion of that of the chemist is al)stracted on page 34 of this issue, and a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 190G.

Seventeenth Annual Report of "Washington Station, 1907 (Washington Sta.
Rpt. 1907, pp. 20). — This includes the organization list, a report of the director
on the work of the year, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1907, a summarized report by the director on the work of the station for the
past 14 years, and a list of the publications availal)le for distribution.

Eighteenth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1908 (Washington Sta.
Rpt. 1908, pp. I.')). — This includes the organization list, a report on the work of
the station during the year, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1908.

Publications of the United States Department of Agriculture and how
they are distributed (L. S. Dcpt. Agr.. Dir. f'i(hs. C'irc 6. pp. 3). — ^This gives
an explanation as to the methods of distributing the various classes of publi-
cations of this Department.

NOTES.

Alabama College and Station. — J. C. C. Price has been apiioinreil assistant in
horticnltnre.

California University. — In connection with the short courses recently com-
pleted at Davis, the first Farmers' Week was held, beginning October 25. A
special feature was a conference on rural life, at which W. A. Beard, of the
recent Commission on Country Life, acted as chairman. The total attendance
at the Farmers' Week and the short courses was about 200.

Colorado College.— A building 60 by 120 ft. is under construction for the
department of civil and irrigation engineering, and is expected to be completed
at an early date.

B. O. Longyear, professor of botany, is also to act as professor of forestry.

Georgia College. — An appropriation of $125,000 was made by the last legis-
lature for maintenance during the ensuing biennium. Of this sum, $10,000 is
for extension teaching, which with funds available from other sources will
supply about $14,000 a year for this purpose. As a result of these appropria-
tions departments of chemistry and veterinary medicine have been organized,
the college staff is being increased, and much needed equipment is being added.

W. A, Worsham, jr., who is a graduate of the Universitj- of Georgia, and
has received the M. S. degree at Harvard University, has been appointed
adjunct professor of chemistry; and Dr. A. G. G. Richardson, formerly con-
nected with the Bureau of Animal Industry, of this Department, has been
appointed professor of veterinary medicine.

J. E. Hite, formerly of the Tennessee Station, assumes charge of extension
work, with Thomas A. Early in charge of school extension, A. Maclaren in
charge of dairy extension, and S. A. Minear in charge of horticultural exten-
sion work, and R. L. Nixon as assistant in the organization and direction of
institute work. This will give a staff of five men devoting their time exclu-
sively to extension work in the State. There has been a hearty response to the
extension work thus far organized, and it is planned during the winter to hold
a series of itinerant schools at the conclusion of the cotton school, the stock-
men's short course, the farmers' conference, and other meetings to be held at
the college in January.

Hawaii Federal Station. — Funds have been allotted fi"om the Territorial income
tax to erect a new office building for the station. It is proposed to provide in
this building rooms for the library, storage of bulletins, and ofBces for five or
six members of the staff. The old office building will then be turned over to
the joint use of the chemist and entomologist, and the quarters now used by
the agronomist will be used for storage purposes.

An arrangement has just been completed for starting a rotation experiment
of 60 acres on the island of Molokai. Tliis experiment is to be under the
direction of the station and the work done by the owner of the laud. The
laud will be at the disposal of the station until the experiment is concluded.

05

96 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Idaho Station. — \V. L. Cailyle, foniiLTly of tlic Colorado College and Station,
has been appointed dirertor, and entered ui)on his dnties January 1.

Minnesota University and Station. — A. V. Woods, assistant chief of the
Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, has been aiipointed dean and
director to succeed J. W. Olseu, resigned, and will enter upon his duties about
February 15. O. M. Olson, deputy superintendent of farmers' institutes at the
Washington College, has accepted a position with the extension department of
the college of agriculture.

Nebraska University and Station. — Charles S. Allen and William G. Whitmore
have been reelected regents, and Frank I^. Haller, of Omaha, has been elected
to fill a vacancy on the board. G. Herbert Koons, adjunct professor of agri-
cultural botany, has also been appointed assistant in agricultural botany in the
station.

New Mexico College and Station. — F. L, Bixby, connected with the Irrigation
Investigation of this Otlice, has been appointed professor of civil and irrigation
engineering in the college and irrigation engineer in the station, and entered
upon his duties January 1.

Ohio State University. — Owing to the increased enrollment in the regular
courses in domestic science and the resulting lack of room and equipment, the
home makers' short course in domestic science has been discontinued for the
present year. Extension schools continuing for one week are being held in 35
counties in the State, under the appropriation made by the last legislature.
O. C. Cunningham has been appointed instructor in dairying.

Oregon College. — The department of industrial pedagogy, authorized by the
board of regents in January, 1908, but held in abeyance through lack of funds,
was given concrete form last August when E. D. Ressler, for 7 years president
of the Oregon State Normal School, was appointed professor in charge. The
first semester is being devoted to instruction in the county institutes and to the
general promotion of industrial education in the State. Classes will be organ-
ized in the second semester in the pedagogy of elementary agriculture, domestic
science and art, and the mechanic arts. A summer school of 7 weeks will also
be organized for the benefit of public school teachers who desire opportunity to
fit themselves to teach the industrial subjects.

Clemson College, — President P. H. Mell retired early in January, and will
reside in Atlanta, Ga. Walter M. Riggs, director of the mechanical and elec-
trical department, has been appointed acting president.

West Virginia Station. — O. C. Beck, an 1899 graduate of Columbia University,
has been appointed assistant chemist and entered ui)ou his duties December 1.

Wisconsin University and Station. — Itecent aijpointments include the following
assistants : Miss Emily M. Bresee and J. C. Jurrjens in the feed and fertilizer
inspection, J. Johnson in horticulture, J. M. Napier in agronomy, P. P. Peterson
and W. W. Weir in soils, W. W. Sylvester and F. White in agricultural engi-
neering, and W. II. Peterson in agricultural chemistry.

American Society of Animal Nutrition. — The first annual meeting of this society
was held in Chicago, November 27, in connection with the International Live
Stock Exposition. About 40 college and station workers were in attendance.
The secretary reported an increase in the membership to 92, representing 33
States.

The presidential address by H. P. Armsby dealt with The Food Supply of the
Future. Some of the principal features of this address are noted editorially.

A brief report on aflnliation with other societies was made by H. J. Waters.
The society voted to authorize the president and the committee on affiliation
to make such arrangements toward affiliation as they saw fit.

NOTES. 97

Chairmau F. B. Mumford, of the committee ou methods of reijortiug results
of feeding experiments, recommended that bulletins of the stations which report
results of investigation should be issued in a series distinct from those prepared
especially for the use of the practical farmer. This recommendation was con-
curred in by the society. Dr. N. S. Mayo related his practice when preparing
bulletins of a popular nature in Cuba of submitting his manuscript to the
criticism of a practical farmer, stating that in t^his way many valuable sug-
gestions were obtained.

A paper was presented by H. R. Smith, of Nebraska, ou How are Feeding Ex-
periments to be of Greater Value to the Farmer, this being devoted chiefly to
the discussion of meat production. The author reported recent experiments
wherein he had obtained favorable results in feeding alfalfa and corn to steers.
Farmers in the corn belt were advised to devote one-fourth of their land, now
in grain, to the raising of alfalfa.

B. W. Morse, of this Oflice. made a few remarks concerning cooperation in
nutrition investigations, and read two papers by Dr. F. G. Benedict, of the
Carnegie Institution, and Dr. C. F. Langworthy, of this Oflice, on Suggestions
for Experiments in Studying the Protein Requirement of Animals. The authors
of these papers called attention to the discordant results of investigations on
protein requirement. These were believed to be due to factors which had been
overlooked but which can be taken into consideration in future experiments by
having a well-matured plan. The relation of protein to carbohydrates and the
influence of mineral matter were thought to be factors which hitherto had not
been given suHicient consideration.

It was suggested that it would be of great advantage if a number of stations
would cooperate in this work, each investigator working on the same plan,
but with different animals and with different feeding stuffs. The pig was
recommended as an excellent animal with which to conduct nutrition investi-
gations, provided the technique in carrying on the work could be improved.
Such experiments would also throw light on problems connected with human
nutrition. Preliminary experiments with small animals were also advocated
as they are much less expensive to feed and care for and the effect on inherit-
ance of any system of feeding can be obtained much more quickly. The ques-
tion of cooperative experiments was referred to the committee on experiments.

Officers were elected for the ensuing year as follows : President, H. P.
Armsby; vice-president, C. F. Curtiss; secretary-treasurer, D. H. Otis; registrar
of elections, J. T. AVillard ; committee on experiments, the president ex-officio,
H. W. Mumford, J. H. Skinner, H. J. Waters, H. R. Smith, T. L. Haecker, and
B. B. Forbes; committee on terminology, H J. Waters, H. W. Mumford, W. J.
Kennedy, P. F. Trowbridge, and H. S. Grindley ; committee on reporting results,
F. B. Mumford. D. H. Otis, and H. R. Smith ; and the committee on affiliation,
H. J. Waters, L. C. Hall, and H. Hayward. It was voted to have the proceed-
ings printed in full.

The next meeting will be held in Washington, D. C. in connection with that
of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.

International Live Stock Exposition. — The tenth exhibition of live stock, held
in Chicago, November 27 to December 4, amply illustrated how materially the
show has raised the standards of breeding, feeding, and judging during the
past decade. Judged by the number and quality of the animals exhibited, the
sales of pure-bred stock, and the large attendance at the meeting of the Breed-
ers' Association held during the week, popular interest in pure-bred stock has
never been so great. The entries numbered 3,908, filling all the available
.space, and in most classes the quality of stock was superior to that of previous
years. The prizes offered aggregated .$75,000. Nearly all sections of this coun-
try were represented, together with numerous exhibits from Canada and other

98 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

forcij^n i-ountrios. ami including for the (irst time an t^xliibitor and i>ri7-e winner
from Argentina. The apiiearance of the stock in the arena was nnich improved
by the novel expedient of dyeing the arena sawdnst green, therelty improving
the light and simulating outdoor conditions.

The death of the secretary-treasurer of the association. .MortiuK-r Levering,
occurred during the show. To succeed him li. H. Heide was elected secretary
aud H. G. I.,eonard treasureiv.-

The agricultural colleges and expeiimcnt stations fully maintained their
positiou of leadershii) at the exposition, liguring largely in the prize winnings
and in the list of .judges. Their entries were especially strong in the fat-stock
classes, and in the single bullock show they made a surprising record by win-
ning all the chami)ionships. There was the usual large attendance of their
students and teachers, 10 institutions being represented, and the Missouri Uni-
versity alone sending 30r> men.

In the student judging contest, 7 colleges were represented, Iowa wimiing
with a score of 4,940 out of a possible 5,000, followed by Ontario, Ohio, Kansas,
Nebraska, Missouri, aud Texas. The Iowa team won first on cattle aud hogs,
that of Missouri on horses, and that of Ohio on sheep. A comparison of the
scores with those of ])revious years showed that 5 men exceeded the highest
previous individual record, and 6 of the 7 teams the highest previous team
record.

The largest number of breed entries was in the Shorthorn classes, where
there were 295 entries of Shorthorns in the breeding aud 48 in the fat ckisses.
There was a special class for milking Shorthorns, 50 per cent being allowed for
beef and 50 for milk production. In the Shorthorn steers the Kansas College
took first prize on calves and fifth on two-year-olds, aud Iowa stood second on
calves. In the yearling class Minnesota took the first prize, Ohio the fourth.
In the Shorthorn association special, Kansas stood first and Iowa second in the
senior calves class, and Missouri w'on two prizes in the junior calves.

The Angus breed ranked next to the Shorthorn in the number of entries and
captured the single steer championship, the reserve championship, the cham-
I)ion herd, and the champion group the get of one sire, and also won 7 out of the
10 prizes offered in the dressed carcass contest. The Galloway types exhibited
indicated that much improvement has been made in their quality as a beef
breed since their first introduction to this country, and 2 prizes in the slaughter
test went to this breed. The Polled Durham entries showed an increase to 52,
and the Red Polls were also represented in greater numbers than ever before.

In the fat-stock classes there were a large number of exceptionally good
steers. The Kansas College won the grand championship with a pure-bred two-
year-old Angus steer, King Ellsworth, bred in Illinois and exhibited last year
at the show when he weighed 1,400 lbs. He was purchased a year ago by the
college and fed a ration of corn, bran, oil meal, and alfalfa hay, increasing his
Aveight to 1,750 lbs. The, reserve champion was also owned by the Kansas Col-
lege. In the Angus steer contest, Kansas won first on two-year-olds, with
^Minnesota second, Ohio third, Nebraska fourth, and Purdue fifth, aud also first
and fifth on yearlings, with Nebraska second, Iowa third, and Minnesota fourth.
On calves Minnesota was first, Nebraska second, and Kansas third, the last
named also taking the breed championship and that for a pen of three. The
colleges also took a large number of prizes In the Galloway steer classes, and
in the Polled Durhams Iowa won first in yearlings, calves, and herd, and
second in two-year-olds.

The grades and crosses were judged from butchers" standards by the cham-
pionship judge, William Heap, of Manchester. England. The standing of the
colleges in these classes was also noteworthy. On two-year-olds Iowa won sec-

NOTES. 99

ond ami fourth, Missouri third; senior yearlings, Nebraska first; junior year-
lings, Iowa first and third, Ohio fifth ; senior calves, Missouri first, Purdue
fifth ; junior calves, Iowa third and fourth ; pen of three, Iowa second and third,
Missouri fourth ; pen of three, get of one sire, Kansas first, Iowa second.

The value of the car-lot exhibit was much increased by the feeding data
which were available. The Shorthorns won the championship in both the fat
and feeding cattle classes and for the first time the champion load, these being
yearlings weighing 1,190 lbs., and selling for $15 per hundredweight. This lot
was wintered on a ration of corn on the cob with some bran, a little oil cake,
and roughage consisting of clover, alfalfa, and timothy. They were carried
through the summer in a 20-acre feed lot, with oil cake as a supplementary
feed. Cotton-seed meal was tried at one time, but as it was not relished a re-
turn to oil cake was made. Six weeks before the show brown sugar was fed,
each steer being allowed 1 lb. daily, and 4 weeks prior to shipping they
were given a daily ration of oats. The prize car lot of 15 short-fed yearlings
were Angus, which made a gain of 5,025 lbs. at a cost of $9.59 per hundred-
weight. The feed consumed in addition to pasture was stated to have been 360
bu. old corn, 450 bu. new corn, 75 bu. crushed oats, 1 ton oil meal, and (5 tons
clover hay. The premium car lot of two-year-olds were Herefords which gained
4,900 lbs. at a cost of $9..30 per hundredweight. In addition to pasture they con-
sumed 3,785 lbs. snapped corn, 4,599 lbs. corn-and-cob meal, 2,095 lbs. linseed
meal, and 3,335 lbs. alfalfa hay. The prize winners in the car-lot feeding cattle
were mostly from Colorado.

In the cattle slaughter test 7 out of 10 prizes went to the Angus breed, 2 to
the Galloway, and 1 to the Red Polled. The first prize in the class for animals
one year old and under two was won by the Universitj^ of Nebraska on a grade
Angus with a live weight of 1,390 lbs., dressing 65.8 per cent, and selling for
14.25 cents per pound. The first and second prizes for animals two years old
Mud under three were also wonby the University of Nebraska, and other prizes
in this contest were won by the Iowa College and the Ohio State University.

The display in the fat classes of sheep w^as of high character and showed a
growing interest in mutton sheep in the corn belt. Many prizes were won by
the Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Ohio universities. In the dressed carcass contest
all the prizes were won by the Wisconsin University except the second prize,
which went to the Iowa College. The Southdown was the only breed repre-
sented in this test. The first prize yearling dressed 63.48 per cent of the live
weight and sold for 10.25 cts. per pound. The first prize lamb dressed 60.64
Iter cent live weight and sold for 51 cts. i)er pound. A notable feature of this
contest was the uniformity in rating on foot and on the block, the lambs that
won first and second in the carcass test having won first and second in the open
classes for Southdown lambs. The Wyoming University showed a novelty in a
Highland-Cotswold cross. This was cut for inspection, as were the best 5 sheep
in both yearling and lamb classes. The forequarter proved to be too heavy,
and the percentage of fat to lean far too excessive. The pea-fed lot of year-
lings submitted by the Wisconsin University won first as in the past 2 years.

After an interval of several years the breeding classes for swine were re-
established this year. Prizes were obtained by the Iowa College and the Ohio
State and Purdue universities. In the dressed swine contest the prize went to
a Poland China, which dressed 87.42 per cent, the Iowa College winning third
on a Duroc Jersey that dressed 86.27 per cent. The Ohio State University had
the only exhibit of fat Large Yorkshires, and showed 3 barrows of the curly
coated Lincolnshire breed — the first brought to this country. Two of these
were slaughtered and dressed 77.8 and 77.11 per cent respectively. The Iowa
Station showed a number of pens of swine that had been used in experimental
work which illustrated the efi'ect of feeding different rations.

100 EXPERIMENT STATTOX HKCORI).

In the special classes for collej^e and station slocl<, Kansas won tirst on two-
year-olds, followed by Iowa, Missouri, and Ohio; and also first on yearlinjis,
with Nebraska second. Iowa third, and Minnesota fourth. On calves Missouri
won first and third, with Kansas second, and Iowa fourth; and the cliiniipion-
ship for a single animal and a pen of five went to Kansas.

Local Short Courses for Farmers and Teachers in Tennessee. — The 'Nanhvillc
Banner of November 27 states that the State Commissioner of Agriculture in
Tennessee has inaugurated a system of itinerant short courses for farmers and
public school teachers and officers. It is expected that the instruction given
will enable teacliers to give elementary instruction in agriculture in their own
schools.

European Horticultural Departments. — According to The Gardeners' Chroniele,
an enactment signed by the King of Belgium. November 0, establishes a spe-
cial department of horticulture in that country. The councilors in whose hands
the work of organizing the department has been placed are Messrs. E.de Meyer,
E. Henriouille, and I^. Jooseus. This is believed to be the first definite depart-
ment devoted exclusively to the interests of horticulture ever organized.

By a legal enactment taking effect September 9, a technical commission of
horticulture was organized in the French ministry of agriculture. This com-
mission is to be comiiosed partl.v of members ex-ofiicio, including leading officials
in the ministry of agriculture and other administrative departments of the
government, as well as the president of the National Horticultural Society of
France and the director of the National Horticultural School of Versailles,
and partly of members to be appointed by the minister of agriculture. It is
to meet subject to the call of the minister of agriculture and pass upon all
questions submitted to it for examination.

Miscellaneous. — At the recent Dry Farming Congress at Billings, Mont., a reso-
lution was adopted urging " that a Weather Bureau expert be detailed to each
experiment station for the purpose of investigating soil moisture and tillage,
in order that records may be obtained by which precipitation and evaporation
may be determined."

At the recent Dry Farming Congress at Billings. Mont., a resolution was
adopted urging " that a Weather Bureau expert be detailed to each experiment
station for the purpose of investigating soil moisture and tillage, in order that
records may lie obtained b.y which precipitation and evaporation may be
determined."

Dr. Albin Braf, royal imperial minister of agriculture of Austria, has re-
signed to become royal imperial privy counsellor, and has been succeeded by
Dr. Josef Ritter v. Popp, section chief in the ministry of agriculture.

W. Batesou, professor of biology at the University of Cambridge, has ac-
<;epted the position of director of the newly established .John Innes Horti-
<;ultural Institution.

d

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D.

Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers— W. H. Beal.

Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology— W. H. Evans, Ph. D.

T7- ij ri 13. 1. Schulte.

FieldCropsjj Q j^^^.j^j^^

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse.

Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine— W. A. Hooker.

Rural Engineering .

Rural Economics — J. B. Morman.
Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXII, NO. 2.

Editorial notes: - P^g«-
Government r. administration in relation to the agricultural colleges and

experiment stations 101

Recent work in agricultural science Ill

Notes 198

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.

The so-called nitrogen-free extract substances, Konig and Sutthoff Ill

The nature of the kutin contained in crude fiber, Sutthoff Ill

Determination of starch by means of trichloracetic acid, Biourge 112

The sugars in asparagus, Tanret 112

The occurrence of pinene in lemon oil, Chace 112

Determination of sodium benzoate in ketchups, Hillyer 112

Carbonophosphates in milk, Barille 112

A volumetric method for casein in milk. Van Slyke and Bosworth 112

A rapid method of determining the percentage of casein in milk, Robertson. . . 113

The influence of cold on constants of fat, Wagner and Bohrisch. ... 113

The influence of preservatives on the Reichert-Meissl number, Grimaldi 113

Butter, margarin, lard, cocoa butter, and coco fat, Matthes and Streitberger. . . 113

The value of the silver number for butter fat, Matthes and Streitberger 114

The determination of fat in cheese by the Babcock test, Sammis 114

A modified Kjeldahl connecting bulb, Jennings 114

Report of the provincial laboratory at Roulers, Van den Berghe 114

Work in milk chemistry and dairying for the first half of 1909, Grimmer 114

Studies of the slime-producing lactic-acid bacteria, Burri and Allemann 114

The hydrolysis of salicin by the enzym emulsin, Hudson and Paine 114

Racemic glutaminic acid during put'-efaction, Neuberg 114

I

n CONTENTS.

rage.

The chomical composition and biological role of an oxydase, Euler and Bolin. 115

The influence of copper sails upon alcoholic fermcntatinn, Seiss 115

Influence of manganese on Saccharomyces eUipsoideus and S. apiculatus, Seiss.. I J5

The nucleic acid of yeast, Levene 115

An experimental study of bagasse and bagasse furnaces, Kerr and Percy. ..... 115

Sugar and com sirup as raw materials for confectionery and ])reserves, liosck-y. 1 17

A uniform nomenclature for the products of sugar manufacture, Strohmer 117

METEOROLOGY — WATER.

Meteorology, Kleinschmidt 117

Brief list of meteorological text-books and reference books, Talman 117

Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Station, Ostrandcr and 1 )anion. 1 1 7

Weather observations 117

Physical and meteorological service, Jaubert 117

Meteorology and climate [of New South Wales] 117

On the composition of atmosj^heric air, Claude 117

Analysis of air, Miquel 117

Apparatus for the purification of air J 1 7

The duration of hailstorms 1 18

A test of hail protection, De Beaucham]) 118

Some observations on dew ponds, Martin 118

Dew ponds 118

Fluorescent substances in waters, Dienert 118

Methods used for measuring fluorescence in waters, Dienert 118

The use of the acoustele in hydrology, Dienert 118

Study of the subterranean waters of Paris, Miquel 118

Potable and drainage waters of Paris, Miquel 118

Pure water in town and country 118

Drinking water on trains 118

Changes in drinking water due to the metal of distributing conduits, Ferrier. . 119

The Yallahs smell, Ashby 119

Regulations regarding potable waters 119

Present standards as a guide to the wholesomeness of drinking water, McLean. 119

New bacteriological standard for water analyses, Starkey 1 19

Investigations on permeability of soils for bacteria, Ditthorn and Luerssen ... 119

Fundamental principles of sewage purification on land, Hering 119

Standards of purification for sewage effluents, Thompson 119

Organic colloid substances in sewage waters, Rolants 119

Sewage sludge disposal at Brockton, Mass 119

Conditions and object of agricultural hydrotechnical work in Russia, Jilinsky. 120

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Report of the soil chemist and bacteriologist, Lipman et al 120

Partial sterilization and the production of plant food, Russell and Hutchinson. . 121

The accumulation of green-manure nitrogen in light sandy soils, von Seelhorst. . . 122

Relation of native legumes to soil nitrogen of Nebraska, Alway and Pinckney. . 122

Soil nitrogen, Wrightson 122

Some effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on nonleguminous plants, Bottomley. . 122

The fixation of nitrogen by soil bacteria. Hall 123

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nonleguminous plants, Bottomley and Hall 123

Important bacteria in Jamaica soils, Ashby 123

The regeneration of the nitrogen-fixing power of bacteria, Bredemann 123

The identity of nitrogen-fixing Clostridia, Pringsheim 123

The fertility of the soil, Puttemans 123

Analyses of soils 123

The natural regeneration of worn-out cocoa soils, Jardine 123

The uncultivated soils in Denmark 123

On the earth temperature at Osaka, Okada 123

The water economy of the soil, Quante 124

Soil moisture in crop production 124

Soil acidity, Kelley 124

Effects of salts on soils, Taylor 124

Factors influencing the phosphate content of soils, Whitson and Stoddart 125

Fertilizers for Wisconsin farms, Woil 125

On the value of barnyard manure in agriculture, Vibrans 125

CONTENTS. Ill

Page.

The fertilizing value of pigeon manure, LoUi 125

Top-dressing sugar beets with liquid manure, Kausek 125

Top-dressing of the sugar beet with liquid manure, Kuhnert 125

The water capacity of peat litter and its determination, Tacke and Minssen. . . 125

The nitrogen problem in crop production, Russell 125

Manufacture of air nitrate fertilizers, Bordewich and Webster 125

The nitrate deposits and industry in Chile, Lema 126

Calcium and sodium nitrates, Urban 126

Investigations on denitrification, Doyarenko 126

Comparative value of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia as manures 126

Application of sulphate of ammonia on light soils 126

The physiological characteristics of ammonium salts, Prianishnikov 127

Experiments with different organic nitrogenous fertilizers, Doyarenko 127

Nitrogen and nitric acid, Carl 127

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen 127

The manufacture of air nitrate, Schonherr 1 27

The manufacture of calcium carbid 127

On calcium cyanamid, Prianishnikov 127

The loss of nitrogen in the storage of calcium cyanamid, Yakushkin 128

Dicyandiamid, Yakushkin .- 128

Potash silicate, Barcia y Trelles 128

Sand cultures with various potash minerals, Doyarenko 128

Sand cultures with raw phosphates, Shulov 128

The action of podzol soils on raw phosphates, Doyarenko 129

Phosphorus and humus in relation to Illinois soils, Hopkins 129

Florida phosphates, Vogt 129

Russian superphosphates * 1 29

The reduction of bones by alkalis, Sokolov 129

The free lime and soluble phosphates in basic slag, Morison 129

On the behavior of aluminum and iron phosphate, Prianishnikov 129

The influence of calcium carbonate on calcium phosphates, Prianishnikov 130

Lime experiments, Prianishnikov 130

The definition of marl, Stewart 130

The agricultural ut ilization of the town garbage in Breslau 130

Fertilizers, Cathcart 130

Fertilizers as sold, 1909, McGill 130

Fertilizers in South Australia 131

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

The role and function of mineral salts in the life of the plant, Deleano 131

The transfer of calcium and magnesium ions from plant cells, Niklewski 131

The biology of chlorophylls, Stahl 131

A study of chlorophyll bodies, d'Arbaumont 131

Synthesis and chlorophyll assimilation, Lefevre 132

Influence of radium radiations on the functions of plants, Hebert and Kling. . . 132

The relation between carbohydrates and the formation of anthocyanin. Combes. 132

Oxidases and peroxidiastases, Brocq-Rousseu and Gain 133

The occurrence of urease in higher plants, Takeuchi 133

An experimental study of acclimatization, Harshberger 133

Studies in symbiosis, Bernard 133

A bibliography of mycological literature, Lindau and Sydow 133

FIELD CROPS.

Dry farming: Its principles and practice, MacDonald 133

Seed time and harvest time of crops grown in Bengal 134

Notes on some introduced plants of southern California, I, Parish 134

Report of the animal husbandman, Minkler 134

Irrigation of alfalfa, Fortier 135

Barley cultivation in Ireland, McMullen 135

Twenty-three years' field trials with six-rowed barley, Mortensen and Hansen. 135

Results of experiments with domestic and foreign barleys, 1908, Neumann 135

Report of society for encouragement of culture of brewing barley, Kreiss et ai. 135

Caravonica cot ton 136

The results on the flax experiment farms of Silesia in 1908 136

The so-called white wild oats and what they are, Griddle 136

IV CONTENTS.

Page.

The fi(;l(l pea in Wisconsin, Moore and Dehviche 136

Some seed potato questions in 1909, Jolinson 136

Potato cuUiire in northern Wisronsiu, Sandsten and Dehviche 137

The influence of carbon disulphid on the development of the sugar beet ... 137

Beet crop estimator, Bensel 137

Invest if^ations and progress of the manufacture of sugar. Bock 137

Work at the tobacco stations, Mathewson et al 137

Reports of the Deli Experiment Station at Medan, Vriens 138

Supplement to "The Best ^\^leats," De Vilmorin 138

[Culture, breeding, and variety tests of wheat, oats, and rye], Kilgore et al 138

Changes in grain kernels under the influence of climatic conditions, Raum. . . . 138

The grain production of the world in 1909 140

The eradication of farm weeds with iron sulphate, Moore and Stone 140

HORTICULTURE.

Report of the botanist, Halstcd, Owen, and Shore 140

Report of tlic horticulturist, Blake and Farley 141

Report of fruit branch of Department of Agriculture, Ontario, Hodgetts et al. . 142

The decay of cabbage in storage: Its cause and prevention, Harter 142

Cold storage for Iowa-grown apples, Eustace and Beach 142

Report on grape shipments, Stubenrauch 143

Development of the leaf perimeter in relation to the yield of grapes, Sacca 144

Grape culture, Kirk 144

Handbook of grape growing and wine making, von Babo and Mach 144

Protection of fruit trees from rodents, Ballou 144

Pecans, Hutt 144

The coconut, Prudhomme ■ 145

Official catalogue of sweet-pea names, 1909, Cuthbertson 145

FORESTRY.

Silvical leaflets 145

Trees every child shcnild know, Rogers 145

Illustrations of conifers, Clinton-Baker 145

Bamboo in the Dutch Indies, Loeber, jr 145

The collection of data relating to the principal Indian species, Caccia 145

A method of studying growth and yield of longleaf pine in Texas, Chapman. . . 145

The failure of silver fir regeneration in the central Murg Valley, Stoll 145

Fertilizer experiments with forest trees, Kuhnert _ 146

On the thinning of thick beech regenerations and beech seedings, Tiemann . . 146

Cooperative experiments in forest planting, Phillips 146

Our national parks, Muir 146

Forest reservation in Burma in the interests of the water supply, Rodger 146

The selection system in Indian forests, Caccia 146

Commercial aspects of the forests of the Dominican Republic, Woodward 146

The estimation of forest revenue, Arnould _. 147

Forest mapping and timber estimating as developed in Maryland, Besley 147

The standardizing of log measures, Ziegler ._. 147

Wood preservation — a determining factor in forest management, Weiss 147

Shakes and shake making in a California forest, Shinn 147

DISEASES OP PLANTS.

The control of malnutrition diseases of truck crops, Harter 147

Effects of conditions of growth on susceptibility to fungus diseases, Duggar 148

A contribution to the cytology of Synchytrium, Kusano 148

Some differential characters of Merulius lacrymans, Beauverie 148

Recent studies on the specialization of grass rusts, Eriksson 148

Studies on the stem rot of cereals, Krtiger 148

The proper reference of the smut of Bromus secalinus, Magnus 148

The reputed relation of Myxomonas to root diseases of beets, von Faber. . 148

Distribution of the cause of root disease through beet seed, Busse and Ulrich . . 149

Chrysophhjctis endobiotica and other Chytridiacese, Johnson 149

The dry rot of potatoes, Longman 149

Notes on a scab fungus of potatoes, Eichinger 1 49

Observations on powdery potato scab {Spongospora subterranea) , Johnson 149

CONTENTS. V

Page.

Leaf curl or bacterial ring disease of potatoes, Brandl 150

The ring disease of potatoes, Coleman 150

A new rust of orchids in greenhouses. Griffon and Maublanc 150

Orchard fungus diseases, Rolfs -. 150

A disease of neglected peach trees, Rolfs 150

[Some peach diseases], Blake and Farley 150

A coffee disease in Guatemala, d'Herelle 151

Some diseases of cacao, von Faber 151

Diseases of cacao. Hart 151

Some Botrytis diseases of Ribes, Wulff 151

Some diseases of grapes and rust diseases of plants. Griffon and Maublanc 151

A species of Discosia on living bull pine seedlings, Heald 151

Abnormalities in Hevea brasiliensis, Fetch 151

The immunity and susceptibility to disease of woody plants, Miinch 152

Instructions for spraying. Chandler 152

Copper in vineyard soils 152

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Game laws for 1909, Palmer, Oldys, and Brewster 152

Report on the use of virus for extermination of rats, Young 152

Plague among ground squirrels in Contra Costa County, California, Rucker 153

The birds of Ontario in relation to agriculture, Nash 153

Some indigenous insectivorous birds, Curnow 153

Crustacea and Arachnids, edited by Harmer and Shipley 153

Classification of the Strongylidae, Railliet and Henry 153

Bibliography of Canadian zoology for 1907, Lambe 153

Bibliography of Canadian entomology for the year 1907, Bethune 153

Economic entomology in the United States, Silvestri, trans, by Rosenstein. . . 153

A portable outfit for the study and transportation of ants, Buckingham 153

Relation of lepidoptera to the fertilization of Asclepiadacese, d'Herculais 153

Revision of the Attidae of North America, Peckham 153

Observations on two species of Hyalopterus, Hayhurst 154

Some new and little known Coccida^, Cockerell and Robbins 154

Contribution to a study of the Coccidse of West Africa, Marchal 154

Scale insects from West Africa, Marchal 154

The parasitic fungi of scale insects in the West Indies 154

The apple sucker and its treatment, Theobald 154

The genus Chermes in its relation to forestry, Macdougall 154

Studies on the Trichoptera of Wisconsin, Vorhies 154

Fourth report on suppressing the gipsy and brown-tail moths, Worthley 154

The Hawaiian cane bud moth — some allied species and natural enemies, Swezey 155

The habits and Injury of the asparagus fly in the vicinity of Paris, Lesne 156

Biological investigations of Glossina palpalis, Roubaud 156

Distribution of certain biting flies in the Federated Malay States, Pratt 156

Report on the mosquito work for 1908, Smith 156

Mosquitoes and malaria in Dehra Doon, India, Thomson 157

Bark beetles of the genus Dendroctonus, Hopkins 157

New South American Hymenoptera, Schrottky 159

Nutritive exchanges in the bees during the 4 seasons, Parhon 159

The Ichneumons of Great Britain, Morley 159

The oviposition of Aphelinus mytilaspidis, Marchal 159

Report of the entomologist, Smith 159

Report of the government entomologist for the year 1907, Lounsbury 160

Some insect pests of last season, Thomsen 161

A study of three injurious insects 161

Some insects injurious to cabbage, cucumbers, and related crops, Chittenden. . 161

Prays oleellus and other insects of the olive in Calabria, Del Guercio 162

Protection of woodlands in Ireland, Forbes 162

Spraying for San Jose scale, Blake and Farley 162

Fumigation of apples for the San Jose scale, Quaintance 162

Important insecticides: Directions for their preparation and use, Marlatt 163

Methods of exterminating the Texas fever tick, Graybill 163

The poultry tick, Scholl 163

Silkworm culture in the Transvaal, Gunn 163

VI CONTENTS. «>

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

PnffO.

F()0(1« and condimonts, Iheir preparation and adultoration, Jollos 1(13

Theoretical and ])ractical treatise on frauds and adulterations, Monier et al.. . I(i3

New lef:;islation and enactments regard i n;^' fraud and adulteration, Ronx Kit

Report on the work of inspectors of foods, IDOti-lOO.S, J'.uclianan i()4

Food analyses, Juritz 1()4

Quality in wheaten Hour, Humphries 164

Diabetic bread from soy beans and gluten. Chevalier 164

The milling and baking industries, Maurizio 164

Electric meat curing yjrocess 164

Refrigeration in the meat industry 164

Official inspection of slaughterhouses and meat products, Geudens 164

The efficient inspection of Chinese pork. Green 164

The sardine industry, Lemy 164

Edible marine Crustacea, Bouvier ; 64

Shellfish 165

Production and trade in eggs 1 65

Local sugar consumption in regard to local production 165

Judging brandy drops and similar sorts of confectionery, Forster 165

Distilled liquors, Quebec, McGill 165

Note on the manufacture and composition of kirsch liqueurs, Roux and Bonis. . 165

Free tartaric acid in the wines of the Loire-Inferieure, Andouard 165

Analyses of Gard and Camarque wines for 1907 and 1908, Astruc and Mahoux. . 165

Analyses of wines in accordance with the pure food law, Cocco-Ortu 165

Official control of wines in Australia, Nourry 166

Vinegar from milk, Filaudeau and Vitoux 166

Data on the production of caffein and thein-free food products, Kippenberger. . 166

Deleterious ingredients of food, Smith 166

Preservatives in food materials. — Their detection and effect, Bergey 166

[The application of formaldehyde to meat], Buchanan and Schryver 1 66

Harmfulness of headache mixtures, Kebler, Morgan and Rupp 166

Prices of food products and other commodities 1 07

Inquiry regarding the price of foodstuffs carried on in 70 schools, Levasseur. . . 107

Modern kitchen equipment on a large scale, Sternberg 1 07

Cookery books, Oxford 1 07

365 orange recipes, [Lane] 107

Care of food in the home, Abel 1 07

Practical dietetics, Thompson 1 07

Report on national vitality, its wastes, and conservation, Fisher 168

Theory of nutrition based on energetics, Bircher-Benner 168

The applicability of the mass-energy law to living matter, Friedenthat ! 68

Regular ration of French army: Composition and energy value, IMaillard 168

Army diet 168

Analysis of prisoners' diet, Kreis 168

A study of malnutrition in the school child 168

Towards social reform, Barnett - 168

[An old age home] 168

The aetiology of pellagra, Lavinder 1 69

Agricultural aspects of the pellagra problem in the United States, Alsberg 169

Proteins. — The relation between composition and food value, Armstrong . . 169

Influence of sodium chlorid on the digestion and absorption of protein, Paderi . 169

The influence of carbohydrates and fats on protein metabolism, Cathcart 169

Lowering the rate of metabolism, Stehelin 170

The Harvey lectures, 1906-7 IVO

Organization, work, and publications of Food and Nutrition Investigations 170

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Animal nutrition problems in relation to the exi)eriment stations, Langworthy. 170

'ine problem of age, growth, and death, Minot 171

The "presence and absence" hypothesis, ShuU 171

Inheritance of yellow color in rodents, Hagedoorn 171

Canary breeding.— A partial analysis of records from 1891 to 1909, Galloway. . . 172

Note on partial leucosis in a hen. Finch 1 72

The role of inorganic phosphorus in nutrition. Hart, McCollum, and Fuller 172

The relative value of feeding stuffs, Shutt 1 72

Registered feeding stuffs 172

The Wisconsin feeding stuff law, Woll ^ 1 72

CONTENTS. VII

Page.

A guide to the domesticated animals (other than horses), Lydekker 1 72

Guide to the specimens of the horse family (Equidae), Lydekker 173

On the science of hippology, Nicolas 1 73

The Xellore cattle, Gearhart 1 73

Rations for fattening swine, Carmichael ] 73

Preparation of corn for hogs, Kennedy and Robbins 174

Swine breeding in Germany , with special reference to economic problems, Crone . 1 76

Baldamus' illustrated book of poultry breeding, Beeck 176

Chickens, and how to raise them, Johnson 176

Notes on the behavior of the domestic fowl, Hadley 177

The marketing of eggs, Hawkins 177

Studies of natural oyster propagation at Bamegat, 1908, Nelson 177

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Milking machines: Effect on germ content of milk, Harding et al 178

Milking machines and clean milk, Hall 1 79

The production and handling of clean milk, Winslow ] 79

The score card in dairy regulation, Glover ] 79

Disinfection of dairy premises and employees after scarlet fever, North 1 79

Directions for the home pasteurization of milk, Rogers. . . '. ] 79

Leucocytes in milk : Methods of determination and effect of heat, Campbell 1 79

Bacterium lactis acidi and its sources, Esten 180

The projjagation of pure starters for butter and cheese making, Hastings 181

The ])ro; lagation of pure starters, Farrington and Hastings 181

Slime-producing lactic-acid bacteria in Emmental cheese, Burri and Thoni 181

The bacterial flora of Emmental cheese in different stages of ripening, Thoni. . 181
The participation of obligate anaerobic spore-forming putrefactive bacteria in

the normal ripening of Emmental cheese, Burri and Kiirsteiner 182

Monilia nigra as the cause of black spots in Emmental cheese, Burri and Staub . . 182

The manufacture of whey butter, Koestler and Miiller 182

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Laboratory methods for the experimental study of immunity, McCampbell 182

Studies in immimity 1 82

A text-book upon the pathogenic bacteria, McFarland 182

A new bacteriological method of meat examination, Conradi 183

Thepresenceof the Giirtnergroup of organisms in the animal intestine. Savage. . 183

The pathology of the suprarenal glands of domestic animals, Folger 183

The farmer's veterinarian, Burkett 183

Stock diseases [in New Zealand], Reakes 183

Bacteriological diagnosis of anthrax by skin cultures, Ciuca and Stoicesco 1 83

Demodex folliculorum, Gmeiner 183

The cutaneous and ophthalmic reactions in glanders, Dietrich 184

Studies on trypanosomiasis, Breinl and Nierenstein 184

Comparative studies of tubercle bacillus of man and domestic animals, Zwick. . 184

Tubercle bacilli cultivated on glycerinated beef bile, Calmette and Guerin 184

Bacteriolysis of tubercle bacilli, Deycke and Much 184

Tuberculosis and its detection 184

The combined tuberculin test for cattle, Littlejohn 185

Researches on the immunization against tuberculosis, Vallee 185

Vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis with nonvirulent bacilli, Klimmer. . 186

Report upon the bacteriology and pathology of garget in cows. Savage 186

The prevention of milk fever 186

The transmission of East Coast fever by inoculation of the spleen, Meyer 186

Cattle plague in China, Keylock 187

Diurnal variations in the temperatures of camels, Cleland 187

Echinorhynchus gigas of pigs, Dimock 187

Hereditary or transmissible diseases in horses, Marshall 187

Cryptogamic poisoning in horses, McCarroll and McMullen 187

Investigations of the enzootic eerebro-spinal meningitis of the horse, Marcq — 187

The immunity of horses against horse sickness, Theiler 187

Some observations upon sidebone, Zimmerman 188

Government certification of stallions, Cameron 188

Infectious diseases following bench shows, Phillips and Garrahan 188

Echinorhynchus canis:, Kaupp 188

The presence of a leucocy tozoon in dogs in Tonkin, Mathis and Leger 188

Tumors in the common fowl, Tyzzer and Ordway 188

VIII CONTKNTS.

Page.

A Microfilaria of Iho fowl, Malhis and T/'p;or 188

A try])ani)soino of Ihe fowl, Mat his and J/'tjor 189

Studios on Hi)irochetosis of fowls caused by S pirnc.Jixta gaUhiarum, IJlaizot 189

The occurrence of ppirochetosis of fowls in Somaliland, Brumpt 189

The ectoparasites or the red grouse, Shipley 189

The tapeworms of ihe red grouse, Shipley and Bygrave 189

The threadworms of the red grouse, Shipley 189

Internal parasites of birds allied to the grouse, Shipley 189

[Notes on endoparasites], Henry 189

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Review of ten years of Irrigation Investigations, Teele 189

Organization, work, and publications of Irrigation Investigations ] 90

Organizat ion, work, and publications of Drainage Investigations 190

The alluvial lands of the lower Mississippi Valley and their drainage, Morgan.. 190

The St. Francis Valley drainage project in northeastern Arkansas, Morgan 190

Farm drainage, Norgord 190

Cement and concrete fence posts, Bainer and Bonebright 191

Silo construction, Carrier 191

Combination laundry and dairy house, Bridgman 192

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Relation of the farmer to the present high prices of cereals and l^read, Oswald . . . 192

What we must do to be fed, Hill 192

Railroads and agriculture, Richards 193

Practical farm economics, Ogilvy 193

The legal status of farm crops, Snyder 193

Agricultural statistics. — Chattel mortgages, Duff 193

[Agricultural laborers in the United Kingdom], Askwith 193

The German agricultural labor problem, Rohrbeck 194

The care of sick and injured employed in agriculture and forestry, Schumacher. 194

Experiments in the settlement of forest workers, Rohrig 194

Producers' associations and cooperative societies in France to January 1, 1909. . 194

[Mutual agricultural credit banks in France in 1908], Ruau 194

Cooperative credit in Bengal 194

Rural New England, Ladd 195

Competitions for the Leon Faucher prize in 1908, Levasseur 195

Rural settlement and agriculture 195

Crop Reporter 195

Imports of grain in the cereal year 1908-9 195

International Institute at Rome, Lubin 195

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Progress in agricultural education, 1908, Crosby 195

Statistics of land-grant colleges and experiment stations, 1908, Spethmann... 196

The farmers' institutes in the United States, 1908, Hamilton 196

The agricultural and industrial educational movement in the South, Cook... 196

Education and economic development, Ellis 196

School of Domestic Economy and Education of the Province of Bergamo, Balp . . 196

Corn Day annual for the public schools of Illinois, Blair 196

What one class in agronomy did, Clute 196

The fly-aways and other seed travelers, Fultz 196

Forestry in nature study 197

Farm forestry, Akerman 197

Dumb animals and how to treat them, Whitehead 197

MISCELLANEOUS.

Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations, 1908 197

Annual Report of New Jersey Stations, 1908 197

Experiment Station Work, LIII 197

Accessions to the Department Library, July-September, 1909 197

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Wisconsin Station — Continued.
Research Bui. 1, June, 1909....
Research Bui. 2, June, 1909....

Circ. Inform. 1, July, 1909

Circ. Inform. 2, Aug., 1909

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Farmers' Bui. 127 (rev.).

Farmers' Bui. 373

Farmers' Bui. 374

Farmers' Bui.
Farmers' Bui.
Farmers' Bui.
Farmers' Bui.

375.
376.
377.
378.

Stations in the United States.

Arkansas Station: Page.

Bui. 104, 1909 190

Colorado Station:

Bui. 148, June, 1909 191

Connecticut Storrs Station:

Bui. 59, Aug., 1909 180

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station:

Div.Ent.Bul. 6, Oct. 25, 1909. 155
Iowa Station:

Bui. 106, Sept., 1909 174

Bui. 107, Oct., 1909 184

Bui. 108, Sept., 1909 142

Kansas Station:

Feeding Stuffs Bui. 4, Nov. 1,

1909 172

Louisiana Stations:

Bui. 117, Aug., 1909 115

Massachusetts Station:

Met. Buls. 249-250, Sept.-Oct.,

1909 117

Nebraska Station:

Circ. 1, Sept. 1, 1909 146

New Jersey Stations:

An. Rpt. 1908 117.120,130,134,

140, 141, 150, 156, 159, 162, 177, 197
New York State Station:

Bui. 317, Sept., 1909 178,179

Tech. Bui. 10, Sept., 1909. ... 112
Ohio Station:

Bui. 208, Aug., 1909 144

Bui. 209, Aug., 1909 173

Virginia Station:

Bui. 182, June, 1909 191

Bui. 183, June, 1909 137

Virginia Truck Station:

Bui. 1, Sept. 24, 1909 147

Bui. 2, Sept. 29, 1909 161

_ Bui. 3, Sept. 30, 1909 136

Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 177, July, 1909 137

Bui. 178, July, 1909 136

Bui. 179, Julv, 1909 140

Bui. 180, Aug., 1909 125

Bui. 181, Sept., 1909 181

Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be
purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all
remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is SI per vol-
ume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publi-
cations are given above. The publications of the State experiment stations are
distributed from the stations and not from the Department.

172

125
172
181

163

135

197

167

152

166

163

Food Insp. Decision 110 165

Bureau of Animal Industry:

Bui. 117 (5 cents) 179

Circ. 152 179

Bureau of Chemistry:

Circ. 46

Circ. 47

Bureau of Entomology:

Bui. 83, pt. 1 (25 cents) 157

Bui. 84 (20 cents) 162

Forest Service:

Silv. Leaflets 46-50

Bureau of Plant Industry:

Circ. 39

Bureau of Statistics:

Crop Reporter, vol. 11, No. 11,

Nov., 1909

Weather Bureau:

Brief List of Met. Text and

Ref . Books

Office of Experiment Stations:

Circ. 86

Circ. 87

Circ. 88

Circ. 89

Spec. Circ. [Doc. 1210]

An. Rpt. 1908 (40 cents paper,

60 cents cloth) 170,

189, 190, 195, 196, 197
Library:

Bui. 73 (10 cents) 197

112
114

145
142

195

117

190
190
190
170
197

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXII. February, 11)10. No. 2.

The distinction between government and administration in the
management of educational institutions is not always as sharply
drawn or as carefully observed as it should be. There is frequent
confusion in the minds of governing boards as to their duties and
those of the president of the college and other officers; and this con-
fusion leads to an assumption of tlie duties of the executive by the
board, which the latter is not fitted by training or experience .to
discharge. The result is detrimental to good organization and effi-
cient administration, and leads to no end of internal difficulty. In
a broad way it retards the development of the proper spirit and the
conception of an institution for higher learning.

This difficulty is by no means new in our agricultural colleges and
experiment stations. There has been reason to expect, however, that
it would pass away as the institutions grew in years and in expe-
rience and the example of the whole system became crystallized into
a method of procedure. AA^iile this has been the case quite generally,
there continue to be evidences of the evils which result from an
improper attitude and a false conception on the part of persons
selected to govern these institutions. The matter is so vital to the
progress and welfare of the colleges and stations, and to their general
standing in the educational world, that it seems worthy of considera-
tion.

As state institutions the agricultural colleges and experiment sta-
tions stand in unusually close relation to the public. In many ways
besides through their appropriations they feel the pulse of the people,
and their proper development depends upon an enlightened public
opinion. Being creatures of the State, they are often regarded as
subjects for special control and direction from a variety of sources,
in order that they shall carry out the will and the ideas of the people
in all matters. The necessity for a broad and consistent policy and
a just conception of the position and requirements of such institu-
tions is not always fully realized by the public, and the recognition
of these matters depends in a general way upon the education of the
people of the whole State.

The people's part in the government of educational institutions is
exercised through the governing boards, sometimes elected by popular
vote, and more often appointed by the governor. It is on the assump-

101

102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

tion that such boards will serve as the governing body of the insti-
tution, lending stability and continuity to it, guiding its develop-
ment, and standing between it and the people, that the appointment
of a Ijoard of trustees rests. On no other assumption as to their func-
tion are boards needed, for the institution must of necessity have exec-
utive officers to whom the details of administration are in all pro-
priety committed, and these officers might be made directly responsi-
ble to state officials for the use of funds and the carrying out of the
laws enacted by the people. Freedom and latitude must be accorded
the administrative officer if efficient and progressive work is to be
done.

Upon the attitude of the men comprising the board and their con-
ception, not only of the institution but of their own functions as
officers, depends in a very vital way the usefulness of the board as
a wdiole to the institution. Members sometimes feel that as they are
the trustees of the people it is their duty to see that the public's ideas
are being carried out, not only in effect, but at all stages in the work-
ing out of the details. Their office is assumed to carry large respon-
sibilities of directorship and administration, and this leads members
to undertake duties for which expert officers are necessary and have
been provided. Their efforts at control in detail are usually spas-
modic for lack of time, as they are further inefficient from lack of
expert knowledge. They lead the board into an impossible position,
resulting in ill-considered action and often in injuries to the institu-
tion and to individuals.

These are not theoretical considerations but are based on actual ex-
perience. They indicate that a sharper distinction between the duties
of government on the one hand and of administration on the other is
very desirable from every point of view.

The real function of the board of trustees or regents is to govern
the institution, to determine its general policy and to select a presi-
dent to whom the administration of its affairs is committed. It will
have discharged its highest function when it has selected an admin-
istrative officer, appointed a corps of workers, and made arrange-
ments by which these men can render the best possible service of which
they are capable.

In carrying out this function the board will naturally appoint offi-
cers, on the nomination of the president, fix salaries, approve the plans
of work and the budget of expenditures, and audit the accounts. It
should also jjrovide means, pecuniary and physical, for meeting the
needs of the institution; and it may investigate complaints of admin-
istration which come to it in an official way. In the interest of good
administration it is its duty to support and sustain the president in
carrying out the approved policy of action, as long as he is retained

EDITORIAL. 103

in that office; and it should at all times stand firmly behind the insti-
tution, defending it against unfair or captious criticism and the inter-
ference of political or other influences not worthy to be considered in
the management of an educational or scientific institution.

In this field lies its greatest usefulness. If it discharges these
duties it will have given strength and dignity to the administration,
and done all that can be wisely expected of it. AMien a board as a
whole, or through committees, goes beyond this and undertakes to
run the institution in detail, it oversteps the bounds of its official
province, and trouble always results.

This view of the board's functions, while accepted at some insti-
tutions, is radically departed from at others, usually with the best
of intentions, but nevertheless to the embarrassment of the head of
the institution. Instead of adding to their efficiency and the economy
of the funds, it constitutes one of the present weaknesses of such
institutions. Boards often feel, for example, that as the personnel
of the college is one of the most important factors in its development,
its selection should be one of their chief functions ; and they are not
always mindful of the difficulties, mistakes, and injustice which such
a course entails. In the case of dismissals they do not appreciate
how serious a blow may be struck to academic integrity and to the
dignity of the teacher's position, as Avell as to the good name of the
institution.

The selection of the heads of the various departments requires an
expert executive, familiar with the requirements of the positions and
fitted by association and experience to pass upon the academic quali-
fications of men. It is for such duties that the board of regents
chooses a president, and upon his fitness and judgment in selecting
and attracting strong men to the institution will the strength of its
various departments in large measure depend. Ability in this direc-
tion has been described as the highest quality of the trained college
executive. To sustain him in attaining this ideal is one of the highest
functions of the board of regents.

In other cases, the trustees have themselves undertaken to pre-
scribe and revise courses of study, regardless of the teaching force,
and have insisted upon the elimination of branches which did not
appear to them to be practical. Such action is not only unwise on
general principles, but it leads to the grave danger of making the
courses too specialized and of overlooking the fact that these colleges
are for education as well as for manual training. The grade and
general scope of an institution can be indicated without taking the
curriculum out of the hands of the experts employed to devise and
arrange it with reference to the attainment of desired ends.

Cases have arisen in which administration by committees of the
board has been carried to such an extent as largely to rob the presi-

104 EXPERIMENT STATION KEt'ORD.

(U'lil of authority and j)ow('r in caryin^i; out the licncial j)olicy of the
institution, and to place him in an undi^nihcd position before his
facuhy and the people of his State. Such practice is the end of
or<!:anization and esprit de corps, for it leads every man to work for
himself with his particular committee, and leaves no airency to i)re-
serve the symmetry and integrity of the institution. Good adminis-
tration is impossible, for responsibility is divided and a common
purpose in working out a general plan is lacking.

One college president has recently resigned because of the presistent
attempts of the board to manage the college by committees which
took upon themselves administrative duties, and because of the in-
sistence of members in placing their friends and relatives on the
faculty of the institution. In this college there w^ere ten such people
out of a total of about forty. Aside from being an improper infringe-
ment on the president's functions, such practice is manifestly unfair
to him, for in the end he is held for results and is looked upon to se-
cure efficiency, maintain academic standards and spirit in the institu-
tion, and promote a feeling of loyalty and of security among the
members of his faculty. His reputation as a college executive is at
stake, and the reasons for his lack of success can not be generally
explained.

An instance in which personal strife within the boartl has been
allowed to go so far as to seriously interfere with the work of an
institution may also be cited. A board election for treasurership
was contested by one of the members, carried to the courts, where
the records of the board were reversed, and the case appealed to the
highest state tribunal, where it at present awaits action. Meanwhile
the college and station are deprived of the use of their funds, resulting
in serious embarrassment in the conduct of the institutions, which
increases as the delay is prolonged. Here the welfare of the insti-
tution which the board was appointed to protect and to j)romote is
sacrificed in the contest for a small personal advantage, in which the
institution has no interest and apparently nothing to gain.

The same distinctions between the functions of the governing board
and the executive apply wdth equal or perhaps greater force in the
management of the experiment station. The station usually bears
a much more direct relation to the board than other departments of
the college do. While it is a department of the institution, it usually
has a quite distinct autonomy, and is presided over by a special
administrative officer. His duties and responsibilities in relation to
the station work are analogous to those of the president to the insti-
tution as a whole.

Because of this separateness of the station and the special char-
acter of its work, it has been customary to assign it to a committee

EDITOEIAL. 105

of the trustees or a board of control. Such bodies may be very help-
ful to the station, acting in much the same way that the full board
does for the whole institution ; but misdirected and undue activity on
their part may be even more harmful than in the case of the college,
and seriously handicaps its workers.

The first action of the board of control should be to appoint a
director who by training and other qualifications is competent to
have intrusted to him the scientific activity, the business, and the
general management of the station. He is to be the administrative
officer of the station, in charge of the persons on its staff, its work as
a whole, and its general business. He is the keynote of the organiza-
tion. In the final analysis he will be held largely responsible for
the success of the station, and if he is given support and opportunity
the making of the station will be largely in his hands. His position
is therefore a responsible and important one, and requires for success
a man3^-sided ability, as it does a just recognition of the functions of
his office.

The director must be first of all a man of scientific training, having
judgment and sympathy in regard to investigation for agriculture
in a broad way. To this he should add experience in experiment
station work and familiarity with its field. Such a man is indis-
pensable to the upbuilding and maintenance of a strong corps of
workers and the intelligent development of their work. The time
has passed when the administration of a station can properly be
assigned to a farmer or any other business man, however competent
and progressive he may be along agricultural lines. Agricultural
investigation and experiment is a work for experts, and the general
direction of such persons requires a man of broad training in science,
able to appreciate the work of the specialists, to guide it in profitable
channels, and to encourage and stimulate the investigators to their
best efforts.

The successful director must also be a man of executive ability.
This applies not only to the investigation work but to the business
side of the station. He must be able to so organize the affairs of the
station that they will move smoothly and in a businesslike manner;
and while giving large freedom and responsibility to members of the
staff, he must consider the lines of work which are to be taken up
and keep in touch with the progress in the various departments.
All persons connected with the station should be responsible to him
as far as their station work is concerned, and the board and the presi-
dent of the college should deal with them on station matters through
the director. There can not be a divided responsibility in this
matter, and there can be no efficient administration when the men are
subjected to direction from members of the board or are encouraged
to go around the director in seeking support from the board.

100 EXPEHIMKNT STATION HKCORD.

lAkv (lie pit'sidcnl of {\\v colli'^'. (lie dircctoi' iiiii-l be n <roo(l jlldp^e
of men noedi'd lo carry on the statioirs work, and his jud<i:ment nuist
ho lar<i;ely relied upon in matters pei-tainin*? to the staff. For the
hoard to ivmove competent men against his advice, or to force upon
him men who are evidently incompetent or unsuited, is unjust to
him and to the men of his statT, for it de<i:rades the positions and
is leflected in a lessened efficiency for which the director is not
responsible.

The position of the dii-ector recjuires that he should be given large
latitude and free(h)in in carrying out the general policy of work
and expenditures which has been approved by the board. It is
worse than useless for the board itself to attempt to deal with matters
in detail; and it is unjust to the director, with the responsibilities
which his position carries, to hamper him by undue restrictions, or
through his relations with the college as a whole, the farm, or other-
wise. And the scope of his i-esj)onsibility should rarely be broadened
to include the management of the college farm or the college forest,
or other functions which have no particidar relation to the station's
activities. With the rapid growth of the stations in appropriations,
variety of work, and demands upon it, the director who follows mat-
ters up as he should has plenty to do, and if he has any spare time
he may better devote it to some investigations of his own rather than
assume additional duties which may endanger the success of his
administration.

The practical character of the station has made it especially sub-
ject to undue interference in matters of detail. This grows out of a
failure to realize the actual function of the board, a false concep-
tion of what is im})lied in the "control " of the station, and a lack of
appreciation of the recpiirements of scientific work. It implies a
feeling that the specialists employed to administei- and conduct the
station's oj^'ralions are not practical in business ailairs and often in
their work, and need supervision of a kind which the director can
not be relied upon to give them. Although prompted by the kindliest
motives, it may l)ecome humiliating to nun\ of science, and in elfect
be a restriction of academic freedom to which their work entitles
them. It has often made positions in the stations seem undesirable
and unattractive to men trained in the more liberal institutions.

In some instances members of the board have, with the best of in-
tentions, undertaken to direct the work in certain lines, contrary to
the judgment of the station officers. Being practical men and keenly
interested in the station's work, they have felt that their position war-
ranted their interference in minor details, or the imposition of re-
srictions and limitations. The attempt to carry out undei'takings
that were insisted u])on by the boai'd has more than once resulted in
misuse of the federal funds, which has had to be adjusted later at

EDITORIAL. 107

considerable incoiivenieiici': and the attitude of directors in resist-
ing such attempts has resulted in comijlications of a serious char-
acter, sometimes leading up to removal.

In some cases all travel is forbidden members of the staff, thus
detracting from the accuracy and efficiency of their work. Rides
are imposed })roviding that the work shall not entail any actual ex-
pense, or endanger the good appearance of the herd, or interfere
with certain plans or operations on the farm. In other instances
all requisitions are i-equired to be signed by a connnittee of the board
before purchases can be nuide, entailing annoyance and delay, and
implying a lack of confidence in the administrative officer. Again
members of the board have arrogated to themselves the purchase of
certain live stock and supplies, the superintendence of building
operations, the management of branch stations, the control of labor,
and similar matters pertaining directly to the station's work. In
one specific case a member of the board was detailed to take personal
charge of the outdoor, work in spring, to see that the seed was prop-
erly put in, and other details of experimental work carried out in
accordance with his ideas.

While these things in themselves rarely affect the station work in
a very serious way, they are petty and annoying, and detract from
the dignity of positions in the stations. They indicate a wrong atti-
tude and idea of duty, which sooner or later make trouble. Such
activities can not be said to be of any real advantage to the station,
and they ])revent it from getting and retaining high class experts
in the work.

The planning and conduct of the work of an experiment station
should be left to its expert officers. The best trained men possible
should be secured, and then they should be given ample facilities
and time, and left to work in accordance with scientific methods and
principles. It should always be kept in mind that an experiment
station is primarily a scientific institution ; that its purpose is to
bring science to the aid of agricultural practice; but that it must be
allowed to work this out in its own way.

While th(>, necessity for security and permanency in the staff is
more generally recognized than formerh^, there have recently been
several instances of violation of this principle of justice and efficiency,
and of unwise activity on the part of the board in relation to the sta-
tion staff. In one case the director and several members of the staff
"were dismissed without notice, and positions on the staff were filled
by the board without the assistance of a director in selecting the men.
The board itself was obviously not competent to choose men for such
positions. The result was that in less than a year several of the new
men were dismissed ; and in continuation of the former policy the

20872— No. 2—10 2

108 EXPERIMENT STATION KEC'ORD.

resignations of other old employees were called for. No station could
escape the effects of such a course. Its work is materially set back,
and the station is given an undesirable roi)utation among men avail-
able for filling such positions.

In another case a conscientious and successful director Avas forced
to resign by the attitude of his superiors, and because this was gen-
erally resented by the staff as being an injustice and a blow at faith-
ful service, other dismissals followed. Such a course will inevitably
cripple the station for years to come, and will interrupt lines of in-
vestigation which have been in progress for some time. The morale
of the whole institution is affected, as w^ell as its standing among sci-
entific institutions.

Quite recently the director of a station has been forced to resign
under conditions which are especially disconcerting. He was ob-
viously a man of the type needed in station management to-day, with
good scientific training, considerable experience in station work,
business ability, active and energetic, and sympathetic toward agri-
culture and its needs in the State. In the short time he had been
director he had brought about decided improvement in the organiza-
tion, business, and work of the station, and in its relations to the
agricultural interests of the State. For the first time the station had
had an existence as an entity, with a solidaritj- and a spirit among
its staff which were already counting for much. To the outsider the
station seemed to be well administered and on the road to a far greater
usefulness than ever before. The president strongly indorsed the
management of the station and recommended the director for his zeal
and ability. The board had reelected him at its annual meeting some
months previous.

In view of all these facts, the summary dismissal of this man in the
middle of the year came as a great surprise to those familiar with the
general conditions, and this surprise was not dispelled by the char-
acter of the charges formulated. No important definite criticism of
his management of the station was brought forward, but it became
evident that the real difficulty lay in his personal relations with indi-
vidual members of the board who had attempted to take the station
management into their own hands. The surprising thing is that the
personal equation should have so far overshadowed the generally good
condition of the station with the board as a whole, as to permit of his
dismissal against the recommendation of the president and other
advisers.

It is this which gives the case its broader interest, for no station
can exist unto itself, and confidence in the stability of station posi-
tions based on competent service was rudely shaken. That so im-
portant a position as that of director should be subject to personal
prejudice, regardless of the general condition and welfare of the sta-

EDITORIAL. 109

tion, makes it clear that we have much to gain in the recognition of
principles of good government as applied to these institutions. It
is an indication of an attitude which is dangerous, and which unless
curbed by public sentiment or by changes in the kind of men ap-
pointed on such boards is sure to make trouble for any director.

The director must be able to get on with the board as a whole, and
must satisfy it of his ability to administer the station atfairs in a
competent and sympathetic manner. He must be judged by the
general results, in a broad way. To subject him to the dictation of
individual members of the board between meetings places him, or any
member of the staff, in an impossible position. The station work can
not be efficiently administered on such a basis,

Xo two men would ever run a station in the same way, and there is
alwa3'^s abundant material for criticism in detail. Criticism may be
helpful if sympathetic, and suggestions of lines of work or of features
of investigation should be welcomed and given respectful considera-
tion at all times. But an attempt to force the station into an under-
taking which is not properly within its field, in order to serve the
purposes of individual members of the board, suggests the need of
reform in the attitude of the board, rather than a change in the type
of man for director.

Membership on the board is a position of trust, and implies a duty,
not merely an honor. It is a compliment in the sense that it expresses
the confidence of the people. The honor will depend on the attitude
of the board as a whole, and upon the manner in which the duties
properly belonging to it are discharged. Such a position is an op-
portunity to serve the people in one of the highest capacities, for the
wise development of its educational and research institutions is one
of the highest services which can be rendered. It is not to be taken
lightly.

The discharge of this trust calls for breadth of view, an open
mind, and freedom from personal or political bias or narrow con-
siderations of personal advantage. It calls for the exercise of a
proper perspective in dealing with matters, and a just sense of pro-
portion. Mistakes and errors of judgment are made at all institu-
tions, but the relative importance of these when considered in their
broad relations to the activities of the institution as a whole deter-
mines their seriousness. A man like an institution is not to be judged
by his mistakes alone, but by what he accomplishes.

We have many excellent men on the governing boards of the agri-
cultural colleges and experiment stations, men who are actuated by
the highest motives of patriotic and conscientious service, and who
imderstand well the directions in which their services will be most
useful. The time is also passing happily when politics often inter-
rupt the continuity of the board, or seriously influence its action

110 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

with roferenro to the personnel of the station. But there is still need,
in some eases, of a higher standard for the composition of these
boards, based on the service which Avill be; re(inired of their mem-
bers and their great importance in the proper development of these
institutions.

In some cases the state laws and even the state constiiitions have
placed undue limitations on the kind of men to be appointed to the
board, and have thus robbed it of a breadth of representation which
is very desirable. In some cases only men engaged in farming are
eligible to appointment, and there is no provision for an officer hav-
ing familiarity or connection wdth educational work. It not infre-
quently happens that a majority of the members are not college
graduates and are without previous opportunity for coming into
touch with the traditions and practices of such institutions.

The restriction of the duties of the board to those of the general
government of the institution in no sense detracts from the impor-
tance of that body, or the necessity for selecting men carefully for it.
The fact that it deals with matters in a large way and looks to experts
of its own appointing for advice and for the carrying out of details,
makes its action none the less fundamental. The weight of its in-
fluence in. giving continuity and in maintaining proper public senti-
ment and in securing appropriations for the institution's work gives it
a place of first importance.

A high sense of the obligation which membership in the governing
board implies is equally as essential as a definition of function. Ap-
pointments are often too lightly made and accepted, and as they do
not carry monetary consideration are greatly underestimated in im-
portance or in the duty they imply. Acceptance of a trusteeship
implies an agreement with the people to give the best of a man's
ability, and to devote the time necessary to attending meetings and
discharging intelligently the duties of membership. A neutral or
passive attitude, or failure to attend regular meetings, deprives the
public of an active and aggressive representative. It is a failure
to recognize a public duty which has been voluntarily assumed.

The appointment of competent, broad-minded, public-spirited per-
sons on the boards of these institutions is of very great importance,
and is worthy of far greater public interest than it usually receives.
It is fundamental, because such boards have it in their power to
largely determine the course of development of these institutions and
their standing in the educational system. Xo executive officer should
be obliged to spend his energy in attempting to numage his board.
The appointment of men having the necessary qualifications may
w^ell receive the active attention of bodies and organizations which
have the welfare of these institutions at heart, and are seeking to
promote their progress.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGKICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The so-called nitrogen-free extract substances in foods and feeding stuffs,
J. KciNiG and W. SuTTHOFF (Landw. Vers. Stat., 10 {1D09), No. 5-6, pi). S.'iS-
403). — This article deals chiefly with a study of those bodies which are gener-
ally included under the term " nonnitrogenous extractive matter " minus the
true carbohydrates.

In connection with this work studies were made of the various starch deter-
mination methods with a view to obtaining one which dissolves the least possi-
ble amount of substances other than starch during the process. It was found
that the Mayrhofer direct method yielded the best results although it can not
be employed in all cases because in some instances it yields a cloudy and un-
filterable solution. Next to this are preferred the inversion steam pressure and
the acid inversion methods, but in both of these deductions must be made for
the pentoses produced during the process. The Lintner method (polarimetric)
yields good results even with substances having a low starch content. The
chief ditficulty lies, with all these methods, in the different conceptions which
workers have in calculating the starch content.

Among the thus far undetermined constituents of the "nonnitrogenous ex-
tractive matter " the author states that there are bodies with a high carbon
content and which probably belong to the " lignin group." By extracting sub-
stances free from starch and soluble carbohydrates with dilute sulphuric acid,
bodies were obtained whic"h had a higher carbon content than either cellulose
(44.4 per cent of carbon) or pentosan (45.5 per cent of carbon). A portion
of this extract is soluble in water only under steam pressure or in Konig's
glycerin-sulphuric acid mixture, but the portion soluble in water has a lower
carbon content than that soluble in glycerin-sulphuric acid. This is slightly
higher than that of the lignin in the " crude fiber."

Digestion experiments with sheep showed that the digestibility of the crude
fiber carbon group is nearly always more than that of the group extracted by
sulphuric acid and glycerin and considered physiologically is on a par with cel-
lulose. The carbon content of the digested " total nitrogen-free extract " is
usually higher than that of the digested nitrogen-free crude fiber, and evidently
more cellulose than lignin is digested. The authors show that the analysis of
fodders as conducted at present gives us no clue as to the lignin content par-
ticularly where this term is to mean bodies which contain more than 45.5 per
cent of carbon. These bodies are probably present in a more condensed condi-
tion like the hemihexosans, cellulose hexosans, etc.

The authors conclude that the use of the term " carbohydrates " for food-
stuffs and fodder rich in " crude fiber " is not warranted while the name " non-
nitrogenous extractive matter " is confusing and imparts the belief that these
bodies are easily soluble in water.

The nature of the kutin contained in crude fiber, W. Sutthoff (Ztschr.
Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 11 (1909), No. 11, pp. 662, 663). — With "kutin"
obtained according to Konig's method, the author on saponifying with a 20 per

111

112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

cent pdlMssiiiiu liydi-fixid solutidii ;iii<l cxtincl inj: witli |ict rnlcinii cllicr (ildniiicd
:i jiniyish-wliito crystallino alc-oliolic body which li.id :i iiiclliii}; pohit lying
between ;"> and r>C>° C. On acidifying the soap sohition an acid was also obtained,
solnbh' in iielroienni ether bnt which crystallized with great ditl'culty. More
of this acid, however, was obtained than of the alcohol. The acid had a niclliiig
point of ."50° C.

An elementary analysis of both substances was made and it was found that
on comparing the carbon content of each with that in the total kutin the ratio
of the acid to alcohol must be 10 : 1. The alcohol contained either 17 atoms of
carbon, or a mixture of alcohols containing from 10 to 18 atoms of cari)on in
the molecule. The acid is a mixture of bodies, as it docs not crystalliz(> easily,
and has an indefinite melting point, and further l)ecause an ester whose alcohol
contains IT atoms of carbon and its acid 10 to the molecule must contain more
than an equal amount of the former. On comparing the above this was not
apparent.

Determination of starch by means of trichloracetic acid, P. Biourge (Abs.
in Chcm. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 103, Rcpert., p. .'t ',(>). —The starch is dissolved in
trichloracetic acid in a closed flask and heated for 2~> minutes at 1 atmosphere.
It is then filtered and the filtrate made uji to a bulk of 110 to 12.^ cc, clarified
with clay, and polarized in a 200 mm. tube. The value thus obtained agrees
sufficiently well with the true results for quick analytical work. The rotation
of starch is taken as 200° but if the value aD=197° is used, the results are
much more exact. The presence of other carbohydrates interferes with the
results and these must be removed with barium hydroxid and alcohol.

The sugars in asparagus, G. Tankkt (Bui. Sac. Chhn. Frwiice, Jf. so:, 5
(1909), No. 16-17, pp. 889-895; Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1J,9 (1909),
No. 1, pp. .',8-30; abs. in Chem. ZeritbL, 1909, II, No. 8, pp. 633, 63'/).— The
new sugars, asparagose and pseudo-asparagose, were isolated from the root
and green berries. They were not found to occur in the j'oung sprouts or in
the ripe fruits, in both of which only reducing sugar occurs.

The occurrence of pinene in lemon oil, E. 'Si. Chace ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Chem. Circ. Ji6, pp. 2-'t, figs. 2). — As the result of extensive investigations carried
on in Sicily as to the manufacture of lemon oil, it is stated that the contention
of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department that certain Sicilian lemon oils
were adulterated, either by the addition of turpentine or by some manipulation
in the method of manufacture, is substantiated.

The circular contains a discussion of methods of analysis and reports the
results obtained in the examination of a number of samples of lemon oils.

According to the author, the only reasonable conclusion from his investigation
" would seem to be that where pinene is found in lemon oil, using only ordinary
means of distillation, it is prima facie proof of adulteration, whether or not the
physical constants of the oil are abnormal."

Determination of sodium benzoate in ketchups, W. E. Hillyer (Jour. Indus,
and EngUi. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 8, pp. 538-o'fO). — This method is based on the
differences in solubility of silver benzoate and silver nitrate in ethyl alcohol.

Carbonophosphates in milk, A. Barille (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris],
1J,9 (1909), No. 5, pp. 356-358; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 (1909),
No. 17, p. 957). — The author assumes the pi'esence of carbonophosphates proved
by the fact that calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate are precipitated
when milk is heated at 50° C. for 24 hours. Carbon dloxid is also liberated at
this temperature and is jirobably produced by the decomposition of the car-
bouophosi)hates.

A volumetric method for the determination of casein in milk, L. L. A'an
Slyke and A. W. Bosworth (Neio York 8tute Hta. Tech. Bui. 10, pp. 231-2.'i9,

AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 11$

pi. 1). — Tlie Mattbaiopoulos method (E. S. R., 20, p. 705) has beeu modified
and simi)llfied iu so far that the results may be obtained more rapidly and are
more accurate.

The metliod consists of diluting 17.5 cc. of milk with about 80 cc. of distilled
water in a 2()0 cc. flaslj. The milk is then neutralized with sodium hydrate
until a pink color is obtained with pheuolphthalein. (The authors find it ad-
vantageous to use a specially prepared color standard for this purpose.) The
casein is then precipitated at 65 to 75° F. with a standard acetic acid solution
(79.5 cc. normal solution diluted to 1,000 cc), adding this in 5 cc. amounts,
and agitating after each addition. When 25 cc. have been added the casein is
examined as to its flocculence and as to whether the fluid above it is compara-
tively clear. If this is not so 1 cc. more of acid is added and the process is
continued until the desired result is obtained. The number of cubic centimeters
of acetic acid solution used is recorded as (A). The flask is then filled up to
the 200 cc. mark with distilled water, well shaken, and filtered through a dry
filter into a dry beaker. The filtrate must be clear. Then 100 cc. of filtrate is
pipetted off and titrated with a standard alkali solution (79.5 cc. normal
solution hydroxid diluted to 1 liter) until a pink tint constant toward phe-
uolphthalein is obtained. The number of cubic centimeters of alkali used is

A

recorded as (B). The calculation is ^^—B= Percentage of casein in the milk.

A rapid method of determining the percentage of casein in milk, T. B.
Robertson {Jour. Itidufi. and Eiiyiii. Cliciii., 1 (I'JOU), No. 10, pp. 723-72.5). —
The metho<I consists of precipitating 50 cc. of diluted milk with 75 cc. of tenth-
normal acetic acid, filtering off the precipitate, and washing it with distilled
water. After the precipitate is allowed to drain for 1 hour, it is taken, together
with the filter paper, and macerated with decinormal sodium hydroxid solution
until all the casein is dissolved. The solution is then filtered and the refrac-
tive index of the filtrate determined with the Pulfrich refractometer. The
readings are taken within 1 minute of the angle of total reflection at 20° C.

The calculation is made by taking the refractive index of decinormal sodium
hydroxid as 1.33444, when the number of grams of casein in 50 cc. milk equals

jj^ \ 33444

'- , vvhere n is the refractive index of the final solution as obtained

0.00152

above.

The influence of cold on constants of fat, H. Wagner and P. Bohbisch
(Ztschr. Untersuch. Xahr. u. Gcnussmtl., 18 {1909), No. 6, pp. 366, 367).—
Samples of lard, oleomargarine, mutton tallow, and artificial food fat were
exposed to temperatures of — 7 to — 10° C. It was found that practically no
changes were apparent in the chemical constants save a change in the iodin
number. The melting and solidifying points changed slightly.

The influence of preservatives on the Reichert-Meissl number, C. Grimaldi
(Chcm. Ztfj., 32 (1908), Xo. 67, p. 7.9.}; ahs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. ti.
Genussmtl., 18 {1909), No. 6, pp. 381, 382). — The presence of benzoic acid in
butter, oleomargarine, and coco fat increases the Reichert-Meissl number
slightly, the increase being proportional to the amount present. Salicylic acid
increases the Reichert-Meissl number in oleomargarine and coco fat, but less
so than benzoic acid, and decreases it in cow butter if the amount present is
over 0.5 per cent.

The refraction of butter fat, margarin, lard, cocoa butter, and coco fat,
H. Matthes and F. Streitberger {Pharm. Zentralhalle, Jf9 {1908), No. 7, pp.
119-121; (iTjs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18 {1909), No. 6,
p. 380). — The differences between the refraction of the fat and the nonvolatile
fatty acids are for butter 11.2 to 11.5, margarin 13.2 to 13.7, coco fat 16.1 to

114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

16.5, lard 13.2 to 14.5, and cocoa butter 12.4 to 12.7. Judging from these
figures, Iloton'.s suggestion to dotort ndultcratioTi in lliis manner docs not
seem feasible.

The value of the silver number for butter fat, II. Mattiies and F. Stukit-
BEKOEK (I'hiinii. Z(ntr(tUi(iJ}(\ .)<} (IDOS), Xo. .'>. pii. SI, 82; abs. in Ztschr.
Unter.sucJi. \alir. u. (Iciiustontl., JH (1<)0!)), \o. (i, p. .387).— On the basis of
a large number of analyses the authors declare the silver number to be of lim-
ited value in testing for the purity of butter fat.

The determination of fat in cheese by the Babcock test, j. L. Sammis (Jour.
Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 1 (1909), No. 8, p. 60.'/). — This is a method for hasten-
ing the execution of the test, in which 8 to 10 gm. of cheese are weighed into
a Babcock cream bottle, 10 cc. of water at 05 to 70° C. added, and upon this
17.6 cc. of sulphuric acid, 1 cc. of the acid Ix'ing added at a time at the begin-
ning of the operation, with mixing and shaking after each addition.

A modified Kjeldahl connecting- bulb, ('. A. Jennings (Jour. Indus, and
Engin. Chcm., 1 {1909), Xo. 10, pp. 737, 738, fig. J).— This consists of the ordi-
nary bulb with an external opening in the bulb and a neck continuous with the
same. The object is to eliminate the necessity of disconnecting the tube from
the bottle when fluids are to be brought into the flask.

Report of the provincial laboratory at Roulers, J. Van den Berghe {L<ib.
Prov. Roulers Rap. 1908, jtp. 18). — A report of the work of this laltoratory dur-
ing 1!I08.

Report of the work in milk chemistry and dairying for the first half of
the year 1909, Grimmer {.l/ilchw. Zentbl., 5 (1909), Xo. 9, pp. 377-393).— This
summarizes most of the important work in these fields.

Biochemical studies of the slime producing lactic acid bacteria, R. Bukbi
and O. Allemann (Ztschr. Untersuch. Xalir. u. GenusHmtL, 18 (1909), Xo. 8,
pp. Jf49-.'/61). — The authors produced the slime substance by symbiotic cultiva-
tion, that is, mycoderma with either B. casei e or B. casei 3 in specially pre-
pared whey media. They conclude that the body is a kind of galactose mucoid
combination and that it is closely related in composition to the bacterial and
higher fungi membranes. Its composition also shows a resemblance to chitin.

The hydrolysis of salicin by the enzym emulsin, C. S. Hudson and H. S.
Paine (U. »S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. .)7, pp. 8, figs. 2). — The object of this
investigation was to obtain an accurate polariscopic method for measuring the
range of activity of the enzym emulsin.

The authors find that the glucose produced by emulsin from salicin has a
rotation of 15 to 25°. This agrees with the known rotation of /3-gIucose (20°),
but not with that of a-glucose, the rotaticm of which is 110°. This indicates that
in all pi'obability the glucose is the /3-kiud. Further, it is shown that a second-
ary reaction occurs in which the mutarotation affects the polariscopic readings.of
the salicin solutions during the hydrolysis by emulsin. This is considered the
source of error in the measurements of Henri, who assumed that the hydrolysis
of salicin did not occur in the unimolecular order. The real rate at 0° and 30°
C of hydrolysis of salicin by emulsin was measured by checking the enzym
action during the intermediate stages with sodium carbonate and before taking
the polariscopic readings. The rate was found to follow the unimolecular order.
Emulsin is active in only a very small region of acidity and alkalinity near the
neutral point.

Racemic glutaminic acid during putrefaction, C. Neubebg (Biochem. Ztschr.,
18 (1909), No. 3-5, pp. 1,31-43.',; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, II, No. 7, p. 512).—
Racemic glutaminic acid is not changed to the optically active form by the
various excitors of putrefaction. In this way it does not differ markedly from
the decomposition of the natural right-handed rotary acids.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 115

The chemical composition and biological role of an oxydase, H. Euler and
I. BoLiN iZtschr. Phys. Chem., 69 {1909), pp. 187-202, Jigs, i?),— Laccase was
prepared from Medicago sativa and was found to be chiefly composed of neutral
calcium combinations with a 1, 2, and 3 basic oxyacid. The acids found were
citric, succinic, mesoxalic, and glycollic, with traces of glyoxylic. Plants con-
taining manganese accelerate the oxidizing action of laccase toward polyphenol
and its derivatives, particularly where the media is either acid, alkaline, or
neutral. In such instances the laccase plays a definite biological role in the oxi-
dizing pi'ocesses of the plant. Laccase can not oxidize fats and sugar directly,
this being done by the various fermenting enzyms. In view of its resistance to
heat, it should, according to the author, be classed with the catalyses and not
with the enzyms proper.

The influence of copper salts upon alcoholic fermentation, Clara Seiss (Ber.
K. Lchratifit. ITe/a, Obst v. Gartcnbau Gcisenheim, 1908, pp. 170-175, charts .J). —
This is a study of the effects of copper sulphate on the fermentations produced
by Saccharomyces cllipsoideus and 8. apiculatus. The concentrations of copper
sulphate were 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg. per liter of must, respectively. Twenty-
five mg. per liter was found to produce a slight retarding of the process, and
50 mg. showed a very strong retardation.

The influence of manganese on the alcoholic fermentation of Saccharo-
myces ellipsoideiis and S. apiculatus, (/lara Seiss (Bcr. K. Lchranst. ^V('in,
Obst V. Gartenbau Geisenheim, 1908, pp. 167-170). — The addition of 1 per cent
of manganese nitrate to musts being fermented by S. apiculatus produced a
higher degree of fermentation than in those with nd addition. 8. ellipsoideus
(Piesport and Laureiro) was only influenced when as much as 1.8 per cent
of manganese nitrate was present. The limit of its etficiency was found to
be 2.5 per cent of the salt.

The nucleic acid of yeast, P. A. Levene (Biochem. Ztschr., 17 {1909), No. 1-3,
pp. 120-131; abs. in Chan,. Abs., 3 {1909), No. 15, pp. 176.',, 1765).— On the
basis of experimental data a constitutional formula is suggested.

An experimental study of bagasse and bagasse furnaces, E. W. Kerr and
E. M. Percy (Louisiana Stas. Bvl. 117, pp. 106, figs. Ji5). — This is an experi-
mental study of bagasse as a fuel and of the adaptability of the various types
of furnaces for burning it. With reference to its fuel value various factors
were considered, as, for instance, the amount of bagasse burned, its content of
moisture, sucrose, fiber, ash, and calorific value, the grate and heating surface
and their ratio, the total boiler horsepower per ton of cane in 24 hours, bagasse
horsepower per ton of cane in 24 hours, diameter and height of the smoke-
stack, dimensions of the furnace, draft and temperature in the furnace, draft,
temperature, and composition of the flue gases, volume of air supplied to the
furnaces by the blower and draft doors, and the excess of air. The furnaces
employed in the test belonged to the Dutch oven, the ordinary, or the heartb
types, or to a combination of one or more of these types.

In the furnace tests it was found that the heat value of the dry bagasse
in Louisiana factories varied between 8,283 and 8,431 B. T. U. The average of
all was 8,368 B. T. U. With Cuban factory conditions the limits were S,.300
and 8,650 B. T. U., with an average of 8,433 B. T. U. There was, therefore, but
very little variation between the heat value of the bagasse for the two places.
The factors which influence this in the dry bagasse are the sucrose and ash.
From the tables for wet bagasse it is shown that the ash content averaged 1.14
per cent for Louisiana bagasse and for Cuban bagasse 0.79 per cent. Calcu-
lating these results to dry substance and comparing them with the, above heat
values, the value per pound of actual combustible material (dry bagasse minus
ash) is for Louisiana bagasse 8,559 B. T. U. and for Cuban bagasse 8,568

116 EXPERIMENT STATION HKCOKl).

r.. T. r. Tlieroforo, a varying ash ((mtcnl piddnccs a corrospoiidinf!: difforence
ill the lioat valiu'. Diirinj; tlu' coiiibiistinn di' ili(> li;mass(' tlu> avorafio flue gas
analysis yiokled S).01 per cent carl>()n dinxid, ;>.s:! iht coiit oxynen, and 0.17 per
cent carbon nionoxid, a total of I'.KOI per cent. Tins is 2 per cent le>'*s than the
theoretical t1j:nres, or tlie quantity which niijiht exist if caii)oii compounds and
oxyj^en were the only constituents of the f^as aualyztHl. The rate of combus-
tion (pounds of bagasse per square foot of yrate surface per hour) varied be-
tween 44 and 197, and the author assumes that under proper conditions the
rate should never be under 100. The air supply to the pound of bagasse \vas
ou the average 33.4 cu. ft., which witli a moisture content of 52 per cent in
the bagasse is equivalent to 16.03 cu. ft. i»er iiound as fired. The l)lower
supplinl on the average 24.7 per cent of the air.

In regard to the relation of furnace tem])erature to air excess it was found
that with an average air excess of S5 per cent the average furnace temperature
was 1,475°, or with an average excess of 272 per cent 1,140°, showing that the
furnace temperature varies inversely with the air excess. "An air excess of 50
per cent or less is sufficient for bagasse."

In studying the control of the air supply, the influence of the stack damper,
the ash-pit doors, and the speed of the blower were considered. With an
increasal air excess and wide-opened dampers there was much increase in
stack temperature, but the latter may also be due to an overload of bagasse
on the heating surface. According to the results in this series it is evident that
the stack temperature may be used to advantage in controlling the air. In
50 per cent of the furnaces tested the stack temperature was above 600° F,
Those of the Louisiana fui'nace temperatures, which could be measured by a
700° F. thermometer, averaged 540° F., whereas in only one of the Cuban
houses was the temperature above 600° F. The cause for the difference in
stack temperature was found in the different areas of heating surface. From
the results of the tests in the Louisiana houses it was seen that the high
stack temperature was always present when the furnace had an overload of
heating surface.

In addition to the furnace tests an evaporative test was made with a 318 H. P.
boiler (rated) in order to establish the evaporation value of bagasse. The
weights of bagasse employed were obtained by difference, that is, by subtract-
ing w^elght of juice from total amount of cane employed. With an overload
of 24 per cent firing, based on the builder's rating, an equivalent evaporation
of 2j lbs. of water per pound of bagasse was found. The amount of moist
fuel fired (52.1 per cent of water) was G,017 lbs. per hour, and the temperature
of the furnace was on the average 1,200° F.

Comparing these i-esnlts with those obtained in one of the test series,
which had a normal evaporation of about 3 lbs. per square foot of heating sur-
face, it is shown that the evaporation by the bagasse was 6.1 lbs. of water
per square foot, which is an excess. Calculating on a normal basis, " not more
than 1.5 lbs. of bagasse should be burned per square foot of heating surface
per hour." The boiler capacity per ton of cane for 24 hours is less in Louisiana
than in Cuban or Hawaiian houses. " Not less than 1.5 boiler H. P. should be
provided per ton of cane for 24 hours."

Burning oil and bagasse together " may i-esult in higher furnace temperatures
than with either of them alone, also in better combustion if the furnace is of
proper design, but care must be taken to prevent overloading the heating
surface.

"A good working furnace depends more upon the proportion of heating
surface to grate surface, rate of combustion and other matters of design, and
operation than upon the form or type.

METEOROLOGY WATER. 117

"Higher tenipei-atnros are produced in the sepai-ate oven than in the ordi-
nary grate type.

" In the ordinary grate type much of the advantage of the oven type may
be secured by increasing the distance from grate to l)oiler."

Sugar and corn sirup (starch, glucose) as raw materials for the confection-
ery and preserves industries, L. K. Boseley (Internat. Sugar Jour., 11 (1909),
No. 127, pp. S.'iS, S.'i-'f). — A summary of the requirements for the above-named
products in the confectionery and preserving industries, based upon experiments
by the author.

A uniform nomenclature for the products of sugar manufacture, F. Stroh-
MER (Ztsclrr. Vcr. Deut. Zuckcrindus., 1909, No. 6Jf.'i, II, pp. 778-782). — A plea
for the unification of terms and descriptions of the products of the sugar
industi'y,

METEOROLOGY— WATER.

Meteorology, E. Kleinschmidt (JaJirh. Nainnc, 2) {1908-9), pp. 112-133). —
Pi'ogress in aerology, solar radiation, composition of the atmosphere, atmos-
pheric electricity, terrestrial magnetism, weather forecasting, and other meteor-
ological subjects, is reviewed as usual.

Brief list of meteorological text-books and reference books, C. F. Talman
(17. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur., 1909, pp. 76),— This is a list of about 150
works suitable for general, scientific, and university libraries in the United
States, and " intended to provide a ready means of complying with the many
requests received by the Weather Bureau from teachers, students, and others
for the titles of books dealing with meteorology and its several branches."

Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Ostrandee and C. M. Damon (Massachusetts 8ta. Met. Buls.
2't9, 250, pp. Jf each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pres-
sure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and
casual phenomena during September and October, 1909. The data are briefly
discussed in general notes on the weather of each month.

Weather observations (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp. 86-89, 298-301).—
Tables are given which show daily and monthly precipitation at the New Jersey
Station farm during the year ended October ol, 1908, monthly precipitation
since January 1, 1896, monthly maximum and minimum means of temperature
since 1896, and rainfall, temperature, and sunshine during the growing season,
April to September, for the State, for the period from 1889 to 1908.

Physical and meteorological service, .J. Jaubert (Ann. Ohserv. Muriic.
(Observ. Montsouris) [Paris], 9 (1908), No. 3-4, pp. 373-//22).— Tables of
observations on temperature, pressure, precipitation, humidity, wind, and
evaporation for the year ended November P>0, 1908, are given.

Meteorology and climate [of New South Wales] (Off. Yearbook N. S. Wales,
1907-8, pp. 15-23).— This article summarizes in tables and text the principal
meteorological and climatic conditions of New South Whales.

On the composition of atmospheric air, (i. Claude (Compt. Rend. Aead. Sci.
[Paris], 1.1,8 (1909), No. 22, pp. l.',5Ji-1456, fig. 1; abs. in Beibl. Ann. Phys., 33
(1909), No. 20, p. 1050). — Apparatus and methods employed in the determina-
tion of the rarer constituents of the atmosphere are described.

Analysis of air, P. Miqukl (Ann. Ohserr. Mitnie. (Observ. Montsouris) [Paris],
9 (1908), No. 3-J,. pp. ,?//3-257 ) .—Numerous analyses of the air of parks, tuu-
Qels of underground railways, dwellings, public monuments, etc., are reported.

Apparatus for the purification of air (Rev. Sci. [Paris], 7/7' (1909), II, No. 5,
p. 1U).—A brief account is given of au apparatus and process proposed by

118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

C. Kicliet, based uiK)n interruptions of the How of the current of air while
in contact with viscous li(iui(ls, {glycerin and soap solution, or simply water.

The duration of hailstorms (Rcr. *S'(/. [Paris], p' (1!)0!)), II, 'So. 11', p. 533). —
This is a note on a report by IMnniandon on a largo number of observations
from 1886 to 1908. While a lar.ce inimber of the storms observed were of short
duration some of them lasl(>d as lonj^ as an hour. Storms of long duration were
observed at all altitudes from 300 to 1,200 meters. No general cause is assigned
for such storms.

A test of hail protection, re Beauchamp (Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris],
J/,9 (1909). No. 1, p. 73; abs. in Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 18 {1909), No. J,9, p.
767). — An attempt to dissipate hailstorms in a region near Vienna subject to
great damage from this source by means of high towers carrying metal con-
ductors connecting with copper plates in contact with the ground water i^^
briefly described.

Some observations on dew ponds, E. A. ISIartin {Geogr. Jour., 3Jf {1909), No.
2, pp 174-195, dgms. 7; ab.s. in Nature [London], 81 {1909), No. 2085, pp. J,58,
J/59). — This article reports a series of observations in Sussex on methods of
construction and conditions determining the filling of dew ponds. The observa-
tions indicate that dew furnishes a comparatively small part of the water col-
lected in these ponds, particularly in case of ponds on the lower lands. During
the winter, rain, snow, and mist as well as dew contribute to the water supply.
In summer and in times of drought the water supply is derived from mist, fog,
and dew.

Dew ponds {Agr. Students' Gaz., n. scr., U, {1909), No. .',, pp. 105-107).— This
is a concise summary of information regarding the nature, construction, and
use of dew ponds.

Fluorescent substances in waters, F. Dienert {Ann. Observ. Munic. {Obscrv.
Montsouris) [Paris]. 9 {190S), No. 3-',, pp. 322-325, fig. i ) .—Apparatus and
delicate methods for studying fluorescent substances in waters are described.

Methods used for measuring fluorescence in waters, F. Dienert {Ann,
Observ. Munic. {Observ. Montsouris) [Paris], 9 {1908), No. 3-1,, pp. 326-328,
figs. 2). — Apparatus and delicate methods for this purpose are described.

The use of the acoustele in hydrology, F. Dienert {Ann. Otiscrv. Munic.
(Observ. Montsouris) [Paris], 9 {1908), No. 3-4, pp. 315-321, figs. 2).— The con-
struction of the Daguin acoustele, an acoustic cornet, is described and its use in
locating undergi'ound water is explained.

Study of the subterranean waters of Paris, P. Miquel {Ann. Observ. Munic.
(Observ. Montsouris) [Paris], 9 (1908), No. 3-1,, pp. 303-^05).— Detailed ex-
aminations of a number of samples are reported.

Potable and drainage waters of Paris, P. Miquel {Ann. Observ. Munic.
{Observ.' Montsouris) [Paris], 9 (1908), No. 3-J,, pp. 258^0//).— Bacteriological
and chemical examinations of samples of water from reservoirs in Paris and
its environs and from fountains, schools, and the Seine, as well as of sewage,
are reported.

Pure water in town and country (Va. Health Buh, 1 (1909), No. 1',, pp. 363-
376, figs. 6). — It is stated that the purpose of this bulletin is to explain the
conditions which are necessary for the maintenance of a good water supply and
those which lead to contamination and impurity of water. Simple means of
protecting springs and wells from pollution are described.

Drinking water on trains {Va. Health BuL, 1 (1909), No. 10, pp. 284, 285).—
The water supply on railroad trains in Virginia was found by the state board
of health to be satisfactory but objections were made to the manner of handling
ice. It is stated that the railroads have ample regulations for such matters
but that they are disregarded.

METEOROLOGY WATER. 119

Changes in drinking water due to the metal of the distributing conduits,
O. Ferkier (Rev. Sci. [Paris], 7/7 (1909), II, No. 8, p. 21,8).— li is shown that
water coutaiuing a small amount of mineral matter more readily attacks lead
and iron pipes than that containing a large amount of mineral matter, and it is
proposed to overcome the danger from this source by adding a small amount
of lime to the water.

The Yallahs smell, S. F. Ashby {Bui. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, n. ser., 1 {1909),
Nos. 1, pp. Ji2, J,.3; 2, pp. 73-92, pis. 3). — Chemical and bacteriological studies
of the waters and muds of the Yallahs salt ponds near Kingston, Jamaica,
are reported, showing that the offensive odor of these ponds is due mainly to
hydrogen sulphid produced by Mlcrospira wstuarii.

Regulations regarding potable waters (Rev. Sri. [Paris], J/7 (1909), II, No.
16, p. 50.'i). — The regulations promulgated by the government of France with
regard to the potable waters to be used in the mariue service are given.

Are present day standards of analysis reliable as a guide to the wholesome-
ness of drinking water? C. J. li. McLean (Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 30 (1909),
No. 9, p. 39 'i).- — It is pointed out that "there is seldom any connection between
the purity or impurity of water supplies in rural or small urban districts and
the existence or prevalence of typhoid fever," and it is held that " absence of
typhoid fever in the rural and small urban districts, with impure or polluted
water (according to modern standards), is a proof of the nonreliability of such
standards."

New bacteriological standard for water analyses, T. A. Starkey (Jour. Ron.
Sanit. Inst., 30 (1909), No. 9, pp. 391, 3.9,2).— The author proposes the
" labyrinth " or *' zig-zag " method for isolating members of the colon-typhoid
family, and believes that " if representatives of the colon-typhoid group beyond
about the mid-point toward the typhoid end are present, then the water is
actually dangerous; it matters not in what quantity of water they are found."

Investigations on the permeability of soils for bacteria, F. Ditthorn and
A. LuERSSEN (Gsndhts. Ingcn., 32 (1909), No. >,l, pp. 6S1-6SG, figs. 2).— This
is a study of the efficiency of soil filtration as a means of purifying water.

Fundamental principles of sewage purification on land, R. Hering (Engin.
Ncivs, 61 (1909), Nos. IS, pp. J,93-.',96; 21, pp. 583-586; 22, pp. 605, 606).—
Conclusions based chiefly u])on results of inspection of European works, but
also on observations on works in this country, are summarized and the relation
of the different factors involved in sewage purification is reduced to an equa-
tion— p=b a t, in which 6 is the bacterial surface in square feet, a the air
supply in cubic feet per day, and t the time in minutes. These A'ary directly
with the number of persons furnishing the sewage.

Standards of purification for sewage effluents, J. T. Thompson (Jour. Roy.
Sanit. Inst., 30 (1909), No. 9, pp. 1,07, //08).— The general principles and the
adaptations to local conditions are discussed.

Organic colloid substances in sewage waters, E. Rolants (Rev. Hyg. et Pol.
Sanit., 31 (1909), No. 8, pp. 775-78-'/). — The investigations reported indicate that
there was an increase of the proportion of colloid substances to total oxidizable
matter in the septic tank but a decrease on the bacterial beds. The proportion
of organic nitrogen to organic carbon in the colloid substances decreased in the
septic tank and in the passage through the bacterial beds.

A brief bibliography of literature relating to this subject is apppended.

Sewage sludge disposal at Brockton, Mass. (Engin. Netcs, 62 (1909), No. 10,
p. 251, fig. 1). — A brief accoiuit is given of the use of manure spreaders for the
handling of the sludge and of the history of sludge disposal at Brockton since
the works were started 15 years ago. The sludge is given to farmers in the

120 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

vicinity for a period of r» years in consideration of its immediate" removal from
the plant at the time of cleaning the slnd^re beds.

The material lias been very couvenieutly and elliciently handled i)y means of
manure spreaders. It has been used as a fertilizer on corn, potatoes, millet, and
other grasses with very good results. With corn it appeai-s to give good results
when used alone. With other crops better results are obtained when potash
and phosphoric acid are added.

While the composition of the material varies with the season, the moisture
ranging from !"> to .50 per cent, an average of several analyses shows moisture
16.22, jihosphoric acid 0.78, potassium oxid OSA, nitrogen 1.4.5, calcium oxid 0.3.
and insoluble matter, sand, etc., 70.13 per cent.

The conditions and object of agricultural hydrotechnical work in Bussia,
J. JiLiNSKY (Conditions ct But des Travaux IJydrotechniques Agricoles en
Russie. St. Pctershurg: Govt., WOS, pp. 22).— A brief general statement.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS .

Report of the soil chemist and bacteriologist, J. G. Lipman et al. (New
Jersey Stas. Rpt. I'JOS, pp. Si-i-J?).— This report contains accounts of investiga-
tions on ammonia formation in soils and culture solutions ; moisture conditions
as affecting the formation of ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates ; soil bacteriological
methods and culture media ; behavior of Azotobacter in culture solutions ; and
soil inoculations with A. beycrincki.

The studies of ammonia formation in shale and sandy loam soils and in
culture media of different kinds showed among other things that the addition
of dextrose as a rule retarded the formation of ammonia or hastened its trans-
formation into other forms of combination. The addition of peptone, on the
other hand, hastened the formation of ammonia. With peptone alone there
was decidedly more rapid formation of ammonia in the shale soil than in the
sandy loam soil. The addition of dextrose alone apparently did not cause a
very great increase in the number of bacteria in the soil, whereas the addition
of peptone alone caused an enormous increase. When dextrose was used with
the peptone the increase was checked to an appreciable extent. The addition
of starch and filter paper did not exert the same depressing effect as the
dextrose.

In experiments with a gravelly loam soil it was found that saturation of the
soil with water greatly increased the rate of ammonification.

From the results in general " it would seem . . . that the suppression of the
aerobic decay bacteria and the more vigorous growth of the anaerobic putre-
factive bacteria lead to the production of more ammonia in the peptone solu-
tions. . . . The amounts of ammonia produced in the soil itself are a function
of the bacteriological activities and soil conditions, in this particular instance
largely moisture and aeration conditions. . . . Varying moisture conditions favor
the production of more or less ammonia as they fa\or or depress the activities
of the ammonifying bacteria. At the same time, they probably produce changes
in the bacterial flora which are not merely quantitative, but at times also
qualitative."

Saturation of the soil api>arently increased the activity of urea bacteria as
well as putrefactive bacteria.

The studies of the effect of the addition of dextrose with varying amounts of
moisture on ammonification gave inconclusive results.

A decided decrease in nitrates, i)articularly in certain soil samples, was
observed which is attributed to the transformation of nitrate into proteid
nitrogen.

SOILS FERTILIZEES. 121

Determinations of tlie numbers of liacteria in soil under different conditions
indicated not only an enormous increase in tlie presence of peptone but also an
approximate relation between the number of bacteria and the amount of am-
monia produced.

In experiments on red shale and clay loam soils with peptone, urea, dried
blood, and albumen, it was found that ammonification was most active in the
clay loam soil in case of the peptone and in the shale soil with urea and dried
blood. As measured by ammonification the urea, peptone, dried blood, and egg
albumen were available in the order given.

Minor studies on nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation in the
same soils, and on media for quantitative estimation of soil bacteria, as well
as miscellaneous data concerning the growth of Azotobacter in culture solu-
tions are also reported. The latter studies included the influence of small
amounts of calcium carbonate, acid potassium phosphate, previous treatment
of the soil, and varying amounts of mannite on 'the nitrogen fixation of Azoto-
bacter.

Soil inoculations with A. hcyerincki in soils on which corn was grown gave
results which are summarized as follows : " Ground limestone hastened the de-
composition of the inert humus compounds and made available a larger supply
of nitrogen to the corn crop. Applications of ground limestone at the rate of 4
tons per acre proved even more effective than applications of 2 tons per acre in
hastening the decomposition of the inert humus compounds. Applications of
sugar, starch, and ground filter paper depressed the yields of dry matter and
of nitrogen in the corn crop. Inoculation with A. bcycrinchi in the presence or
absence of organic substances depressed rather than increased the yields of dry
matter and of nitrogen in the corn crop."

The effect of partial sterilization of soil on the production of plant food,
E. J. Russell and H. B. Hutchinson (Contrib. Lab. Rothamsted Expt. Sta.,
1909, pj). lll-lJf.'f, pis. 2, figs. -}; ret>rinted from Jour. Agr. Sci., 3 {.1909), Wo. 2,
pp. 111-l^Jf, pis. 2, figs. Jf). — The soil used in these investigations contained mod-
erate amounts of nitrogen, organic matter, and calcium carbonate. It was par-
tially sterilized, either by heating to 98° C. or by adding 4 per cent toluene. In
the latter case the toluene was either allowed to evaporate at the end of 3 days
by spreading out the soil in a thin layer or it was left in the soil during the
whole of the experimental period. In a few of the experiments the soils were
heated to 125° to kill all organisms. After treatment the soils were moistened
and kept for definite periods at ordinary laboratory temperatures in bottles
stopped with cotton wool.

Observations were made on the production of ammonia and unstable nitrogen
compounds, changes in humus and total amount of nitrogen, and on nitrification,
and the part played by bacteria in these transformations. The effect of the
treatment on the productiveness of the soil was studied in pot experiments
with rye.

The results showed that partial sterilization increased the amount of am-
monia produced and the increased productiveness of soils so treated is ascribed
to this increase of ammonia,

" The excess of ammonia is the result of increased decomposition of soil sub-
stances by bacteria.

" Hiltner and Stiirmer's discovery that the bacteria increase rapidly after
partial sterilization, and finally become much more numerous than in the origi-
nal, untreated soil, is confirmed. The increase in number proceeds pari passu
with the increase in ammonia.

" The new bacterial flora arising after partial sterilization is a more potent
decomposing agent than the original flora, but tbe individual species have not

122 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

become more, but apparently less potent. The increased decomposing power of
the new flora is associated with its numerical superiority over old flora.

" The rates of decomposition and of bacterial increase in the toluened soil
were found to be adversely affected by the addition of the original untreated
soil. The original soil therefore contains some factor which linuts bacterial
action.

" Chemical hypothesis having been found unsatisfactory the factor is shown
to be biological. Large organisms (protozoa) were found in the untreated, but
not in the partially sterilized soils, at least two of which are known to destroy
b.Mcteria.

" These large competing and destructive organisms are killed by heat and
most of them by toluene, and can then serve as food for bacteria. In both these
directions the effect of partial sterilization is beneficial.

"As the effect of partial sterilization in increasing productiveness is shown
on so many soils, and apparently always in the same way, it may be expected
that these competing and destructive protozoa are of common occurrence and
constitute an important factor in soil fertility.

" In relation to plant growth partially sterilized soils are peculiar in that
they supply not nitrate, but other nitrogen compounds such as ammonia, to the
plant. The nitrifying organisms will develop if they get into the toluened soil,
but they did not work in the heated soils. With this difference in the course of
nitrogen nutrition may be correlated the difference in nitrogen content of the
plant and in the character of growth."

Experiments on the accumulation of green manure nitrogen in light sandy
soils, C. VON Seeliiorst (Mitt. Deut. Landw. GcselL, 2-J (1909), No. 33, pp. 512-
516). — This is a report of a continuation of experiments with large vegetation
tanks (E. S. R, 19. p. 319; 20, p. 316).

The results reported show that in the case of wheat about the same amounts
of nitrogen were removed in the drainage and in the crop, but that this was
not true in the case of rye and barley. With barley on soil which had received
a late green manuring the greater part of the nitrogen removed from the soil
was found in the crop. With rye on soil receiving an early green manuring
the greater part was found in the drainage. Larger losses of the nitrogen of
the soil were observed in the case of potatoes than with cereals and this is
accounted for by the larger proportion of nitrogen removed in the drainage.
The amount taken up in the crop was the same with potatoes as with cereals.

On the relation of native legumes to the soil nitrogen of Nebraska prairies,
F. J. Alway and R. M. Pinckney (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909),
No. 11, pp. 771, 772). — Analyses are reported which show the distribution of
nitrogen in typical Nebraska prairie soils at different depths down to 6 ft.,
and the probable relation of the nitrogen content of the soil to the natural
vegetation, particularly the leguminous plants, is discussed.

It was found that the nitrogen in one of the soils to a depth of 6 in. varied
from 0.25 to 0.317, with an average of 0.2S4 per cent, and it is estimated
from the data obtained that the soil contained about 10.000 lbs. of nitrogen
per acre to a depth of 2 ft. It is estimated that the natural growth of legu-
minous plants on this soil furnishes about 10 lbs. per acre of nitrogen annually.
The indications are that the nitrogen content of the soil has long since reached
an equilibrium.

Soil nitrogen, J. Wrightson (Agr. Gaz. [London], 70 (1909), No. 1854, P-
30). — In this article it is contended that leguminous plants are not the only
fixers of atmospheric nitrogen.

Some effects of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the growth of nonleguminous
plants, W. B. Bottomley (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 81 (1909), No. B

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 123

548, pp. 287-289; Centbl. Bakt. [eic], 2. AU., 25 {1909), No. 5-9, pp. 270-272;
abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, II, No. 9, p. 742). — The nitrogen-fixing power of
Pseudomonas alone and combined witli Azotobacter (both obtained from root
tubercles of Cycas) was studied in culture experiments and in pot tests with
barley, oats, parsnips, and hyacinths. The results as measured by the increase
of nitrogen in the culture solution and by the growth of the plants indicated
in the author's opinion a decided fixation of nitrogen by the combined cultures.
The fixation of nitrogen by soil bacteria, A. D. Hall {Nature [London], 81
{1909), No. 2073, p. 98). — Discussing the above experiments, the author main-
tains that the results of the experiments were not conclusive because there
were no tests of Azotobacter alone and no means of accurately measuring the
experimental error.

Nitrog'en-fixing bacteria and nonleguminous plants, W. B. Bottomley and
A. D. Hall {Nature [London], 82 {1909), No. 2095, pp. 218, 219).— This is a
further discussion of the reliability of the conclusions drawn by Professor
Bottomley noted above.

Important bacteria in Jamaica soils, S. F. Ashby {Bid. Dept. Agr. Jamaica,
n. ser., 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 92-96, pi. 1). — Studies of the rate of nitrification
and nitrogen fixation in 3 different soils are reported, as well as tests of a cul-
ture prepared by Bottomley for increasing the assimilation of nitrogen by sugar
cane. This culture was found to contain Clostridia but not Azotobacter and
was without effect when used on sugar cane.

The regeneration of the nitrogen-fixing power of bacteria, G. Bredemann
{Centbl. Bald, [etc.], 2. Abt., 23 {1909), No. 1-5, pp. 41-47).— A controversial
note replying to Pringsheim (E. S. R., 20,. p. 18).

The identity of nitrogen-fixing Clostridia, H. Pringsheim {Centbl. Bakt.
[etc.], 2. Abt., 24 {1909), No. 18-22, pp. 488-496).— This is a controversial ar-
ticle replying to criticisms of the author's work by Bredemann (noted above).
The fertility of the soil, H. Putticmans (Ann. EscoUi Polytcch. Mo Paulo, 9
{1909). pp. 301-344, pi. 1, figs. 10). — This article reviews the present knowl-
edge and theories with regard to soil fertility, discussing the physical, chemical,
and micro-biological factors determining it.
A bibliography of 41 references is appended.

Analyses of soils {Rev. Asoe. Rural Uruguay, 38 {1909), No. 8, pp. 586-589,
dgms. 2). — Physical and chemical analyses of several samples of soil from the
Campana model farm in Uruguay are reported with a description of the char-
acter of the soil at different depths.

The natural regeneration of worn out cocoa soils, W. C. Jardine {Dept. Agr.
Trinidad, Bid. Agr. Inform., 1909, n. ser., No. 63, pp. 81-88).— The utilization of
the natural vegetation for restoring the fertility of such soils is discussed.

The uncultivated soils in Denmark {Rev. Sei. [Paris], 47 {1909), II, No. 5,
pp. 142, 143).— This is a brief note on the activities of the Landes Society of
Denmark in the reclamation of swamp and other unproductive soils.

On the earth temperature at Osaka, T. Okada {Tokyo Hug. But. Kizi [Proc.
Tdkyo Math. Pliys. Soc.], 2. ser., 4 {1908), No. 21, pp. 427-438; abs. in Beibl.
Ann. Pliys., 33 {1909), No. 14, p. SOO).— Hourly observations of temperature at
the surface, and at depths of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.0 meter during 1901 to 1906, and
monthly mean temperatures at the surface and at depths of 0.3, 1.2, 3, and 5
meters from 1895 to 1904, are reported. On the basis of these observations and
of determinations of the moisture content of the soil studies were made of the
diurnal and annual variation of the temperature of the soil, diurnal and annual
heat exchanges of the soil, and thermal conductivity of the soil. The specific heat

20872— No. 2—10 3

124 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

of the soil at depths of 0.3 and 1 meter with a watei* content of 0.074 gm. per
cubic centimeter as a mean of 5 measurements was 0.204 gram-calorie per cubic
centimeter, hence the thermal capacity of the soil per unit volume was 0.4.
The diurnal variation of the temperature became almost insignificant at a
depth of 60 cm.

The extreme temperatures for each month at the different depths, as well as
the constants as analyzed by the Fourier series, are given. At a depth of 5
meters the minimum temperature was observed in May, the maximum in
November. The analysis by the Fourier series indicates that the soil studied
may be taken roughly " as a homogeneous substance, and that the differential
equation for linear flow of heat with a constant diffusivity may be applicable
for any stratum of the soil at that locality. . . .

" The amount of the diurnal thermal exchange of the Osaka soil is 42.3 gram-
calories per unit area* in average. It is subject to a very great variation in the
course of a year, being greatest in May and least in January. The diurnal heat
content varies wuth season and weather condition. . . .

" The thermal conductivity of the Osaka soil diminishes regularly with the
depth. . . .

" There is a marked annual variation in the diffusivity of soil. The maximum
occurs in March and the minimum in August in the surface layer ; the maximum
takes place in July and the minimum in August in the second layer ; the maxi-
mum occurs in July and the minimum in November in the third layer ; and
the maximum takes place in February and the minimum in September. This
periodic variation of the thermal diffusivity of soil is probably due to the annual
variation of the soil temperature and of water contained in pore spaces of the
soil."

The water economy of the soil, Quante {Filliling's Landw. Ztg., 58 {1909),
Nos. 16, pp. 592-605; 17, pp. 609-627). — This article reviews investigations bear-
ing on the subject and discusses the importance of water in plant growth on
different kinds of soil, as well as the influence of cultural methods on the water
content of soils.

Soil moisture in crop production (Mark Lane Express, 102 (1909), No. Jf067,
p. 25.i). — This is a note on a paper read by F. H. King at the meeting of the
British Association at Winnipeg. The paper discussed water as a plant food
and as a carrier of plant food in the soil and plant, as well as the amount of
water required to produce a ton of dry matter in different crops. Omitting
evaporation, this is stated to amount to 200 to 400 tons. It is estimated that,
including evaporation, 3.6 to 4.3 in. of water are required to produce 12 bu. of
wheat or 20 bu. of barley.

Soil acidity, W. P. Kelley (Amer. Pert., 31 (1909), No. -J, pp. 22-24) .—This
article discusses briefly the various methods which have been proposed for the
determination of soil acidity as well as the origin of the acid condition and
practical methods of correcting acidity.

Effects of salts on soils, C. S. Tayloe (Dept. Agr. Bengal, Quart. Jour., 2
(1909), No. J,, pp. 281-287). — This article describes the types of alkali soils
occurring in Bengal. These include not only the so-called usar and reh soils,
which have been formed by the accumulation of salts resulting from decomposi-
tion of the soil constituents in place, but also the nitrate soils and those which
have been rendered saline by frequent inundations of brackish water. Atten-
tion is directed mainly to the latter class in this article, and it is shown that
their sterility is not due entirely to excess of saline substances but partly at least
to the fact that they are almost absolutely devoid of bacteria and contain very
small amounts of nitrogen. Determinations of the soluble salts in such soils at
different depths are reported.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 125

Factors influencing" the phosphate content of soils, A. R. Whitson and C. W.
Stoddart (Wisconsin Sta. Research Bui. 2, pp. 4I-6O). — This contains two arti-
cles which have been noted from other sources ( E. S. R., 20, p. 1114 ; 21, p. 218 ) .

Fertilizers for Wisconsin farms, F. W. Woll* ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 180, pp.
3--i6). — This bulletin calls attention to the increasing need of fertilizers in
Wisconsin and discusses methods of conserving soil fertility, the care of stable
manure, and the purchase and use of commercial fertilizers. A report is also
given of the results of inspection during. 1909 of 31 brands of licensed fertilizers
prepared by 11 manufacturers.

On the value of barnyard manure in agriculture, O. Vibbans (Bl. Zucker-
riibcnbau, 16 {1909), Nos. 7, pp. 106-110; 8, pp. 12.^-127; 9, pp. 131-13',).— A.
general discussion.

The fertilizing value of pigeon manure, A. Lolli (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 42
(1909), No. J,-6, pp. 356-360; ahs. in Chcm. Zcntbl., 1909, II. No: 10, pp. 856,
857). — The author discusses the value of commercial pigeon manure on the
basis of its content of phosphoric acid (1.7 per cent), potash (0.15 per cent),
and nitrogen (3.97 per cent), with moisture 7.8 per cent. The results of counts
of seeds in the manure are also given.

Top-dressing sugar beets with liquid manure, A. Kausek (Mitt. Deut.
Lancltv. GeselL, 2.', (1909), No. 32, pp. 502-507).— Good results with liquid
manure as compared "ith nitrate of soda are reported. The author advises
keeping the manure heap moist and collecting and applying the liquid manure
separately.

Top-dressing of the sugar beet with liquid manure, A. Kuhnert (Mitt. Deut.
Landw. Gesell., 24 (1909), No-. 36, pp. 5^9, 550).— The results of the experiments
here reported confirm those of Kausek noted above.

The water capacity of peat litter and its determination, B. Tacke and H.
MiNssEN (Ztschr. Moorkultiir 11. Torfvericert.. 7 (1909), No. 3, pp. 141-149).—
In the experiments reported in this article it was found that drying decreased
the absorptive capacity of peat litter and that the coarser the air-dry material
the less the absorption. The method used in making the tests of absorptive
power is described.

The nitrogen problem in crop production, E. J. Russell (Jour. Roy. Agr.
Soc. England, 69 (1908), pp. 104-114)- — This article is based mainly upon
investigations made at Rothamsted and discusses the sources of nitrogen avail-
able to the farmer, including nitrogen compounds in the soil, purchased
manures, purchased feeding stuffs, nitrogen fixed by bacteria alone and in symbi-
osis with leguminous plants, and losses of nitrogen on the farm due to drainage
and to bacterial action. The value of a rotation adapted to the maintenance of
the nitrogen supply is pointed out.

Manufacture of air nitrate fertilizers, H. Bordewich and W. H. H. Webster
(U. S. Dept. Com. and Labor, Bur. Manfr., 1909, pp. 16, figs. 2). — This report
briefly discusses the fertilizer trade of the United States, the nitrate fertilizer
factories in Norway, and the cyanamid industry in Canada.

It is stated that " the imports of materials largely used in the manufacture
of fertilizers, and of fertilizers not included under other names, amounted to
$12,205,710 in 1907 and $11,968,537 in 1908. Sulphate of ammonia to the value
of $1,847,772 and nitrate of ammonia to the value of $425,573 were also im-
ported in 1908. A small part of the nitrate and from one- half to two-thirds of
the sulphate were employed in making fertilizer. The extent to which the
Chilean nitrate fields are drawn upon by the United States is shown by thet
imports, which increased from $8,855,753 in 1904 to $13,595,458 in 1907 and
$12^277,464 in 1908. That the value of nitrates imported from Chile is perhaps
imderestimated is shown by the annual reports of United States Consul Alfred

126 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

A. Wiuslow, of Valparaiso, wlio gives the declared exports of nitrate of soda
from Chile to the United States for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907, as
$16,699,723, and for 190S, $14,765,250.

" Exports of fertilizers from the United States to other countries amounted
in value to $8,590,711 in 1907 and to $10,970,931 in 1908. Adding to the value
of the imports of nitrates the value of materials imported and largely used in
the manufacture of fertilizers and the value of fertilizers imported and declared
as such, and then deducting the exports of fertilizers from this country, the
conclusion is reached that a balance of api)roximately $17,000,000 goes abroad
every year for fertilizers."

The nitrate deposits and industry in Chile, li. Lema (Mining Set., 58 (1908),
Nos. 12, PI). 225-227, figs. 3; 13, m>. 2J,Ji, 2.'i5, figs. 3; 1',, pp. 265-267, fig-f. -'t ;
Chem. Engin., 10 {1909), No. 1, pp. 1-9, figs. i2).— This is a series of historical,
statistical, and technical articles, giving also methods of extraction and prep-
aration of the nitrate.

Calcium and sodium nitrates, J. Urban (Bl. ZucJcerrUhenbau, 16 (1909),
No. 8, pp. 113-116). — From his own experiments and those of other investigators,
the author concludes that as regards yield calcium nitrate is fully as effective
as sodium nitrate and that as regards quality of the crop it is apparently
superior.

Investigations on denitrification, A. G, Doyarenko (Izv. Moskov. Selsk.
Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscoul, 15 (1909), No. 1, pp. 98-108, figs. 6).— In
experiments to determine the influence of the different components of manure
on the yield, adding nitrogen also in the form of nitrate of soda, ammonium
nitrate, and ammonium sulphate, it was observed that an injurious effect re-
sulted when strawy manure was used in connection with sodium nitrate and
ammonium nitrate, but not in the case of ammonium sulphate.

The comparative value of nitrate of sodium and sulphate of ammonium as
manures (Agr. Gaz. [Tasmania^, 17 (1909), Nos. 5, pp. 112-119; 6, pp. lJ,0-lJi2 ;
7, pp. 161, 162). — This article is based upon experiments at Rothamsted,
Woburn, and other places in England and Scotland.

Among the conclusions reached are that sulphate of ammonia can not be
profitably used on soil deficient in calcium carbonate, but should be plowed
under on soil containing a large amount of calcium carbonate. As a rule it
gives the best results when plowed or harrowed in before seeding. It does not
give its best results on dry soils and in dry seasons since it is not so readily
nitrified under such conditions, and in any case is slower in action than nitrate
of soda. The effect of sulphate of ammonia is more dependent than that of
nitrate of soda upon the presence of an abundant supply of mineral fertilizers.
In a 10-year series of field experiments with cereals the average return of
grain was 93 from sulphate of ammonia as compared with 100 from nitrate of
soda, and of straw 79 from the sulphate as compared with 100 from the nitrate.
With hay croiJS the sulphate was 85 to 88 per cent as efficient as nitrate of soda.
In 10-year experiments at Rothamsted the yield of potatoes with the sulphate
was on an average equal to that obtained with the nitrate. With mangels the
sulphate was 76 iier cent as efficient as the nitrate, but the quality of the roots
was better with the sulphate.

In experiments with turnips in Scotland and the north of England the sul-
phate and nitrate were apparently equally effective.

Application of sulphate of ammonia on light soils (Mark Lane E-rprciS, 101
(1909), No. Ji072, p. .'f03). — Reference is made to experiments in which sulphate
of ammonia was applied (1) entirely in autumn, (2) one-fourth in autumn and
three-fourths in sirring, (3) all in spring in one application, and (4) in spring
in two equal applications, the first just when growth had started and the sec-

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 127

ond 3 weeks later. The crop used was rye, and the exi)erimeuts extended over
2 years. The soil was well supplied with potash and phosphoric acid.

Spring application gave better results than fall application. Apparently the
best results can be expected from 2 applications in the spring, one just at the
beginning of growth and the second about 3 weeks later. The soils should in
all cases be supi)lied with an abundance of lime. See also a previous note
(E. S. R., 21, p. 720).

The physiological characteristics of ammonium salts, D. N. Prianishnikov
(Isv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Jn.st. Agron. Moscou^, 15 (1909), No. 1,
pp. 2.'i-31, figs. 2). — The experiments reported showed that ammonium sulphate
in the presence of raw phosphates exerted two opposite influences, one positive,
due to the solvent action resulting from the physiological acidity of the salt,
the other negative, resulting from the injurious effect on plant growth of an
excess of acidity. When calcium carbonate was added in increasing amounts
the acid reaction was reduced and the yield increased, except that when too
much calcium carbonate was added the yield was again reduced as a result of
unfavorable conditions for the assimilation of the phosphoric acid of the raw
phosphate. Analysis showed that the phosphoric acid content of the crop
decreased with increasing amounts of calcium carbonate.

Experiments with different organic nitrogenous fertilizers, A. G. Doya-
RENKO {Izv. Moskov. Sclsk. Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou], 15 {1909),
No. 2, pp. 127-136). — Experiments are reported which show that the nitrogen
of castor pomace and certain wastes from tobacco factories is very effective as
a fertilizer, but that the nitrogen of by-products of the biological process of
water purification is very slow in action.

Nitrogen and nitric acid, R. Carl (Osterr. Chcm. Ztg., 12 {1909), No. 18, pp.
237, 238). — This is a brief review of progress during 1906 to 1908 in electro-
chemical methods of utilizing the nitrogen of the air.

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (Electrochem. and Metallurg. Indus., 7
{1909), No. 7, pp. 303-305). — Papers on the electrical fixation of atmospheric
nitrogen by A. Bernthsen, S. P^yde, and N. Caro are briefly reviewed.

The manufacture of air nitrate, O. Schonherr (Elektrotech. Ztschr., 30
{1909), Nos. 16, pp. 365-369, figs. J,; 17, pp. 397-i,02, figs. 6; aJ)s. in Sci. Abs.,
Sect. B— Elect. Engin., 12 (1909), No. 138, pp. 231, 232; Electrochem. and Metal-
lurg. Indus., 7 {1909), No. 6, pp. 245-2Jf7, figs. 3). — The electric process worked
out by the author is fully described.

The manufacture of calcium carbid {Engineering [London], 87 {1909), Nos.
2256, pp. Jt05-Jt08, 410, 411, 422, figs. 19; 2257, pp. 443-445, figs. 11; 2258, irp. 7/77,
478, 480, 481, 492, figs. 22; 2259, pp. 520-522, figs. 12; 2260, pp. 546-550, 552, figs.
21; 2262, pp. 617-620, 634, fiil>^- 14; ^^65, pp. 720-723, figs. 6; 2267, pp. 777-7S0, 782,
figs. 12; a1)s. in Sci. Abs., Sect. B— Elect. Engin., 12 {1909), No. 139, pp. 272-
274; Electrochem. and Metallurg. Indus., 7 {1909), Nos. 5, pp. 212-216; 7, pp.
309-313, figs. 8; 8, pp. 360, 361, fig. i).— This article describes in detail the
factories and pi-ocess used at Odda, Norway, in the manufacture of calcium
carbid and calcium cyanamid.

On calcium cyanamid, D. N. Prianishnikov {Iisv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst.
[Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou], 15 (1909), No. 2, pp. 145-165, figs. 6).— The results
of pot experiments with different crops showed that calcium cyanamid in most
cases was nearly as efl'ective as nitrate of soda. With most plants on pro-
ductive soils the time of application seemed to be of no special importance,
although in this respect white mustard was somewhat more sensitive than the
Gramineae. In sand cultures,the calcium cyanamid was poisonous to all plants.
This appeared to be dependent to a large extent upon the biological processes by
which the cyanamid is rendered available in the soil.

128 EXPERIMENT STATION HKCOIM).

Th.e loss of nitrogen in the storage of calcium cyauamid, I. V. Yakusiikin
(Izv. Moskov. Selslc. Ehoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Ayron. Moscoti], 15 (1909), No. 2,
pp. 166-176, dgm. 1). — The experiments reported show that the loss of nitrogen
in the storage of calcium cyanamid varies widely with atmospheric conditions.
AVhen the air was humid and the cyanamid was spread out in thin layers large
losses (as mucli as GG per cent of the total nitrogen in 7 to 8 months) were
observed. On the other hand, 10 kg. of cyanamid Icept in a sack in a moderately
dry atmosphere lost only 10 per cent of tlie total nitrogen in 2 years, and in
very dry air the loss was still smaller. No ammonia was observed when the
cyanamid was kept under a cover glass over sulphuric acid.

Dicyandiamid, I. V. Yakushkin (Izv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst.
Agron. Moscou], 15 (1909), No. 2, pp. 177-192). — An attempt is made to con-
struct a formula for this substance on the basis of results obtained by the action
of nitrons acid on the dicyandiamid.

Potash silicate, J. Barcia y Trelles (Prof/. Agr. >/ Peeuario, 15 (1909), No.
63J/, pp. 399-JfOl). — A complete analysis of the commercial product sold as a
fertilizer is reported, as well as studies of the solubility of the potash in differ-
ent solvents.

Sand cultures with various potash minerals, A. G. Doyarenko (Izv. Moskov.
t^elsk. Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscow], 15 (1909), No. 1, pp. 7//-88,
figs. 8). — In the series of experiments reported it was found as a rule that
orthoclase was a very poor source of potash for plants, while potash mica gave
better results. The best i-esults, however, were obtained with a stone contain-
ing nepheline, with which one-third of the potash present was assimilated by
plants. The results with orthoclase varied very slightly from those obtained in
cultures without potash. On the other hand, the results with potash mica and
nepheline stone were relatively good, though decidedly poorer than those
obtained with the normal culture containing potassium chlorid.

These results were obtained in cultures in which the nitrogen was supplied
in the form of nitrate, but no better results were obtained when ammonium salts
were used, the observations differing in this respect from those in the case of
raw phospliates.

Sand cultures with raw phosphates, I. S. Shulov (Izv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz.
Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou], 15 (1909), No. 1, pp. 32-73, figs. 19). —
These experiments showed that while ammonium salts exerted a marked solvent
action on raw phosphates, potassium chlorid showed no such action, although
the conditions were apparently very favorable for the ])urpose. The substi-
tution of air nitrogen (calcium nitrate) for nitrate nitrogen increased the
assimilation of the phosphoric acid of raw phosphates by peas, although it
might have been assumed that the marked physiological alkalinity of the
calcium nitrate would depress assimilation.

Raw phosphates of different origin showed decided variations in assimilability
by certain plants, particularly buckwheat, lupines, and peas, these crops show-
ing a higher degree of assimilation of the raw phosphate and responding more
readily to increasing applications. Experiments with tricalcium phosphate
showed an unfavorable effect upon assimilability as a result of heating. Ex-
traction of ashes in many cases increased the assimilability of the phosphoric
acid, this being especially true in the case of straw ash.

In tests of culture solutions it was found that a normal culture containing
monocaleium phosphate and ammonium nitrate gave better results than the
ordinary combination of monopotassium phosphate and calcium nitrate, and the
latter gave better results than monopotassium phosphate and ammonium nitrate.
It appears that the f rst combination is more likely to give a neutral reaction

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 129

of the solution, wliile the second Iftwers the alkalinity and the third gives an
acid reaction.

The action of podzol soils on raw phosphates, A. G. Doyarenko [Izv. Mos-
kov. Selsk. Ehoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou], 15 {1909), No. 2, pp. 224-
229). — In view of the fact that raw phosphates give good results as fertilizer
on podzol soils, experiments were made to determine whether such soils exert
any special action upon the solubility of the phosphates. The experiments,
however, gave negative results since less phosphoric acid was dissolved by
means of acetic acid from a mixture of soil and phosphate than from the two
treated separately.

Phosphorus and humus in relation to Illinois soils, C. G. Hopkins {Ann.
Rpt. III. Farmers' Inst., IS {1908), pp. 177-19',).— This article sets forth quite
fully the author's well known views regai'ding the use of raw rock phosphate
for the improvement of certain classes of Illinois soils.

Florida phosphates, A. Vogt (Amcr. Fcrt., 31 (1900), Xo. -'/, pp. 5-7). — The
origin, formation, and discovery of these phosphates are briefly discussed.
The author claims to have discovered the phosphate deposits of Florida in
1888.

Russian superphosphates {Chem. Trade Jour., .',5 {1909), No. 1157, p. 80). —
A brief note is given upon an inquiry by the Russian agricultural department
into the possibility of cheapening the supply of phosphatic fertilizers and on
extensive cooperative fertilizer experiments which have been undertaken by
the department. A congi-ess has been called to consider the question.

The reduction of bones by alkalis, K. D. Sokolov (Izv. Moskov'. Selsk. Khoz.
Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou], 15 (1909), No. 2, pp. 219-223).— By treating
coarsely gi'ouud bones with various alkaline mixtures, either heating for 7
hours or treating in composts, it was found that mixtures of ashes and calcium
hydroxid or of alkali cai-bonate and calcium hydroxid under all conditions
tested increased to a marked extent the citrate solubility of the phosphoric
acid (77.7 to 87 per cent of the total phosphoric acid).

The amount of free lime and the composition of the soluble phosphates in
basic slag, C. G, T. Mokison (Contrih. Lab. Rothamsted Expt. Sta., 1909, pp.
161-170, figs. 2; reprinted from Jour. Agr. Sci., 3 (1909), No. 2, pp. 161-170,
figs. 2). — By shaking the slag for a considerable time with distilled water free
from carbon dioxid and titrating with standard acid, using phenolphthalein as
an indicator, it was found that the free lime present varied from about 5 to 6
per cent.

Further chemical studies of the slag gave results confirming Kroll's conclu-
sion " that the principal constituent of basic slag is a compound hitherto un-
known, consisting of a silico-phosphate of lime and ferrous iron." The formula
indicated by the analytical data is (CaO)5FeO. P^OsSiOo.

" The absence of ci-ystals of tetracalcium phosphate, which were undoubtedly
obtained from basic slag by earlier observers, and the low percentages of free
lime now found to be present in the slag, may be correlated with the increased
percentage of phosphoric acid in slags of modern manufacture, less lime being
nowadays employed in the dephosphorization process than formerly."

On the behavior of aluminum and iron phosphate, D. N. Fbianishnikov
{Izv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou], 15 (1909), No. 1,
pp. 16-23, figs. -J). — In the pot experiments with oats, barley, and buckwheat
reported, the addition of calcium carbonate always exerted a depressing action
on the assimilability of the phosphoric acid of these phosphates. In laboratory
experiments it was found that the addition of calcium carbonate reduced the
amount of phosphoric acid dissolved from these phosphates by water alone or
water charged with carbon dioxid.

130 EXPERIMENT STATION KEC'OKD.

The influence of calcium carbonate on the action of different calcium phos-
phates, D. N. PuiANisiiNiKov (7^1'. Moskow Sclsk. Khoz, Inst. [Ann, /u.sV. Ar/ron.
Moscoii], 15 (1909), No. 1, pp. 1-15, figs. 10). — Pot experiments with different
crops, using varying amounts of calcium carI)onate in combination wltli tlie
different phosphates, showed that the action of Thomas slag, monopotassium
phosphate, and nionocalcium phosphate was almost unaffected by the addition
of calcium carbonate. With raw phosphate, bone meal, and triealcium phosphate
the depressing action of the calcium carbonate was very marked. Chemical
analysis as well as the yields showed that the assimilation of phosphoric acid
was very greatly influenced in many cases. The results described were obtained
with Gramineaj and buckwheat, but when plants such as lupines and flax, which
are antagonistic to lime, are used, the action of the calcium carbonate was
always more or less depressive.

Lime experiments, D. N. Prianishnikov (Isv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst.
[Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou'], 15 {1909), No. 1, pp. 109-115, figs. 2). — In experi-
ments to determine the influence of increasing amounts of calcium carbonate
on different soils and plants it was observed that liming was frequently injurious
to Graminese when the amount of calcium carbonate added was more than 0.25
per cent of the weight of the soil. When less than this amount was used the
results were very favorable. It was observed also that lupines, which are gen-
erally considered antagonistic to lime, responded favorably to liming in small
amounts on certain kinds of soils. The limits of favorable action of the lime
for lupines on such soils were, however, lower than for Graminese.

The definition of marl, C. A. Stewart {Econ. Geoh, k (1909), No. 5, pp. .'t85-
489). — The various uses which have been made of the term marl are given and
the author concludes that in his opinion the term " should be employed in its
original sense — as any rock that is valuable as a natural fertilizer (with the
exception of the phosphate rocks and such well-defined minerals as gypsum
which seem to be separated in general usage)."

The agricultural utilization of the town garbage in Breslau (Gesundheit,
1909, p. 152; abs. in Wasser ti. Abwasser, 1 (1909), No. 13, p. 551). — The main
features of the city regulations regarding the handling of garbage are given.

Fertilizers, C. S. Cathcart (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp. 7-13). — This is a
summary account of inspection of fertilizers in New Jersey in 1908, the details
of which have been given in bulletins of the station (E. S. R., 20, pp. 625, 926).

A table is given which shows the wholesale price in New York in 1907 of
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in various fertilizing materials.

During 1908, 735 samples of fertilizing materials were examined. " Every
brand examined this year, with two exceptions, was accompanied by a guaranty
as required by law. A large number, about one-third, of these guaranties, how-
ever, were defective in respect to phosphoric acid, either the total or available
phosphoric acid alone being given.

" The quality of the fertilizers was excellent, with but few exceptions.
Water-soluble nitrogen was present in 325 samples, 153 of which contained ni-
trogen in the form of niti'ates, 243 in the form of ammonia salts, while in 73
brands both of these soluble forms were present. Thirty-two brands contained
the potash in form of sulphate.

" There were 276 failures to reach the guaranty. These failures were dis-
tributed among 236 brands, 200 being deficient in one element, 32 in two ele-
ments, and 4 brands in all three elements."

Fertilizers as sold, 1909, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui.
186, pp. 13). — This bulletin reports the results of analysis and valuation of 66
samples of fertilizers collected during May and June, 1909. Of this number
38 samples were found to be up to the guaranteed values.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 131

Fertilizers in South Australia (Ar/r. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 20 (1909), No. 9, p.
806). — This is a brief note calling attention to the rapid extension of the use
of fertilizers in South Australia. The amount of fertilizers used has increased
from 3,000 tons on 60,000 acres in 1897 to 76,500 tons on 2,100,000 acres in 11)09.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

The role and function of mineral salts in the life of the plant, X. T. Deleano
([Trav.l In.it. Bot. Univ. Geneve, S. ser., 1908, Nos. 2, pp. 33, dgms. 13; 3, pp.
35-61, dgms. 9). — In a previous communication (E. S. R., 20, p. 27) the author
has shown the negative migration of mineral matter in annual plants. He has
continued and extended his observations to inchide biennial plants and the
leaves and fruits of perennials.

In the biennial plant, which is represented by the carrot, there was a migra-
tion of mineral matter from the stem and leaves to the root toward the end of
the first year. There was little increase in the ash content of the root during
the second year, but a very decided one in the aerial portions of the plant, from
which pronounced negative migration took place later, the root in this case
acting somewhat as a regulator.

A quantitative determination was made of the mineral and organic matter
in the leaves and fruits of Prunus insititia at various stages of development.
While the fruit is green the leaves and fruit are said to possess practically the
same composition, but as the fruit begins to ripen the leaves develop more
rapidly and the proportion of mineral salts that they contain is at the same
time increased. After the fruit has ripened the leaves continue to develop and
present a maximum content, which diminishes toward the end of their exist-
ence. At the end of the period of vegetation there is a decided decrease in
the dry weight, due in part to the translocation of starch, but also to the loss
of organic nitrogenous material, potash, and phosphoric acid.

The transfer of calcium and magnesium ions from plant cells, B. Niklewski
(Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell, 27 {1909), No. o, pp. 22J,-22~ ; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc.
[London], 96 (1909), \o. 562. II. pp. 69), 6.95). — A study was made of experi-
ments reported by Hansteen in which it was shown that wheat grown in water
cultures and supplied with calcium salts made normal growth, but that when
the cultures contained potassium, sodium, or magnesium salts alone, toxic
symptoms were observed. By the addition of a small quantity of calcium salt
the poisonous property seemed to be removed and the plant restored to normal
growth.

The author believes that an explanation of this phenomenon is that there
was a moving out of calcium and magnesium ions from the cells into the cul-
ture solution and that the injurious effect was counterbalanced when the cal-
cium ions in the solution reached a certain concentration.

The biology of chlorophylls, E. Stahl (Ziir Biologie des Chlorophylls. Jena,
1909, pp. V-{-15.'t, pl- 1, figs. 4). — Studies are given of chlorophyll in relation to
light, leaf colors, yellowing, and etiolation. In the various chapters the author
discusses the influence of atmosphere on the absorption of light by chlorophyll,
the relation between light absorption and carbon dioxid assimilation, the bio-
logical significance of chlorophyll absorption, the effect of light of different
colors on assimilation, regulatory apparatus of plants for light, biology of the
nongreen alg^e, autumn coloring of leaves, and the biological significance of
yellowing and etiolation.

A study of chlorophyll bodies, J. d'Arbaumont {Ann. 8ci. Xat. Bot., 9. ser,,
9 {1909), No. 4-5, pp. 197-229) .—On the basis of a study of a large number of
Augiosperms and Gymnosperms the author divides chlorophyll bodies into two

132 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

groups. One of these is lucMlizcd in special cells, and the bodies are more or
less lenticular or spherical and of uniform contour. These are the chlorophyll
grains or chloroplasts of literature. The second form he calls pseudo-chloro-
plasts and recognizes four forms. These are more generally distributed than
the chloroplasts, occurring in leaves, stems, etc., and are characterized by their
irregular shape.

The chlorophyll bodies of the tirst group are held to be morphologically
superior to the others, but they are subordinate to the pseudo-chloroplasts in
their role in the assimilation of carbon dioxid gas. The second group of chlo-
rophyll bodies can be formed with or without starch, and during the summer
season they appear to be quite indifferent to starch formation.

Synthesis and chlorophyll assimilation, J. Lefevke {Rev. Gen. Bot., 21
(1909), No. 2Ji2, pp. 68-15).— In a previous publication (E. S. R., 18, p. 26) the
author showed the possibility of growing plants in artificial media containing
amids with the total exclusion of carbon dioxid. These experiments have been
extended, cress, nasturtiums, and other plants being grown in light and dark-
ness in media containing various amids.

It was found that green plants deprived of carbon dioxid but grown in amid
media are able to develop in the light without the liberation of any oxygen,
hence without any chlorophyll assimilation. On the contrary, if the plants
are deprived of both carbon dioxid and organic material, or placed in the
dark and supplied with amids, there is no development and the plants
quickly die.

There appears to be a function of plants which is due to chlorophyll that is
entirely separate from the ordinary chlorophyll assimilation. This function
not only continues but completes assimilation by the plant when in contact with
air and obtaining its nutrition from the soil, and it suffices to bring about the
development of the plant through synthesis when deprived of carbon dioxid
but furnished with the necessary amids. This function the author calls
chlorophyll synthesis.

Influence of radium radiations on the chlorophyll and respiratory func-
tions of plants, A. Hebert and A. Kling {Coimpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1^9
{1909), No. 3, pp. 230-232; ahs. in Jour. Chem. 8oc. [London], 96 {1909), No.
563, II, p. 753). — Accoi'ding to the investigations reported, radium radiations
had no .appreciable influence on the composition of the atmosphere in which
plants were growing. Chlorophyll was found not to exercise its functions
under the influence of the radiation when light was excluded. The cells of
the plants, however, were found to undergo alteration, and respiration and
assimilation were considerably diminished in the case of leaves which had been
exposed to the radiation before being placed in daylight. The ratio between
respired oxygen and carbon dioxid assimilated was not affected by preliminary
exposure to radium.

The relation between carbohydrates and the formation of anthocyanin,
R. Combes {Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 9. ser., 9 {1909), No. 1,-5, pp. 275-303).— A
study was made of leaves that are characterized by a reddish color when grown
in intense light, those that assume red tints in autumn, and those that become
red following the annular decortication of the stems, in order to determine the
relation between the formation of carbohydrates and anthocyanin. Compari-
sons were made with normal green leaves, and the sugars, glucosids, dextrins,
starches, and cellulose were determined.

The results show that the red color in leaves is associated with an increase
of carbohydrates. The author claims that anthocyanin, which is a glucosid, is
not formed from preexisting glucosids but constitutes a considerable portion of
the increased glucosids found in the plant. In a similar way it is not derived

FIELD CHOPS. 133

from existing chromogens but is the result of ;iii increasecl couteut of the more
important carbohydrates. With the increase of sugars and the acceleration of
oxidation, there is a decided increase in the glucosids, and a considerable por-
tion of this increase is anthocyanin.

Oxidases and peroxidiastases, D. Brocq-Rousseu and E. Gain {Rev. G6n.
Bot., 21 {J 909). No. 2Ji2, pp. 55-62, fig. 1). — In previous publications (E. S. R.,
20, p. 130) the authors have shown the wide distribution of peroxidase in seeds
and also the duration of that enzym in old seeds, and the present note gives an
account of investigations to obtain oxidase from the seeds of morning-glory.
Oxidase is known to be very active in these seeds, but all attempts to isolate it
failed ; in every case the precipitate gave a reaction of peroxidase without any
trace of oxidase. This raised the question of the relationship between the two
diastases.

The occurrence of urease in higher plants, T. Takeuchi {Jour. Col. Apr. Imp.
Univ. Tokyo, I {J 909), Xo. 1, pp. 1-1. 't). — In studying the enzyms of some of
the higher plants, the autlior discovered in the resting seeds and seedlings of
the soy bean a powerful urease, which demonstrates that this substance exists
not only in lower organisms but in higher plants as well.

An experimental study of acclimatization, J. W. Habshbergeb (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 61 (1909), pt. 1, pp. 57-110).— \ study has been made of the
sequence of the opening of buds of various species of plants.

The experiments were conducted with a number of different varieties of twigs
obtained near Philadeli)hia and their normal development compared with that
induceil by various chemicals. The following spring twigs of 20 species and
varieties of perennial plants were obtained from 12 different localities and the
effect of the chemicals in altering the normal se<iuence of bud development was
investigated. In general the sequence of develoi)ment was maintained, showing
that acclimatization had occurred, and the differences in the time of bud devel-
opment illustrated the extent to which the variations had become established.

Studies in symbiosis, N. Bernard {Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 9. ser., 9 {1909), Nos.
1, pp. 1-6 'i. figs!. 12; 2-^3, pp. 65-192. pis. .'/, figft. 16; ',-5, pp. 193-196).— In a
previous paper (E. S. R., 14, p. 635), the author has shown the dependence of
many species of orchids on fungi for their germination and subsequent develop-
ment. In the present article a detailed account is given of the interrelation-
ship of the two organisms. In many cases species of Rhizoctonia appear to be
symbiotically associated with orchids, although it has been found possible in
artificial media to secure germination by increasing the concentration, the
result of this being the same as that produced by the fungus. Other conditions
equivalent to symbiosis are described.

A bibliography of mycological literature, G. Lindau and P. Sydow ( Thesau-
rus litteratiira' mycologicw et Jichcnologicw ratione habita prwcipue omium
quw adhuc scripta sunt de mycologia appUcata. Leipsic, 1909, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp.
S21-808). — This is the concUision of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p.
33), the total number of papers represented being 29,750.

FIELD CROPS.

Dry farming: Its principles and practice, W. Macdonald {New York, 1909,
pp. XIV+290, pis. 32). — This work devotes a chapter each to the following
topics : History of dry farming, some points in practice, the conservation of soil
moisture, rainfall and evaporation, the problem of tillage, the Campbell system,
dry-farming zones, dry-land crops, the traction engine in dry farming, and dry-
land experiments.

134 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Seed time and harvest time of crops grown in Bengal (CaJcuttu: Dcpt. Agr.
Jicufjul, 1908, PI). 11+27). — Tables are given showing tlie time of seeding and
harvesting cereal, leguminous, vegetable, spice, oil. drug, dye, fiber, and mis-
cellaneous crops in the different districts of P.engal.

Notes on some introduced plants of southern California, I, S. B. I'akisii
(Muhlenbergia, 5 (1909), No. 8, pp. 109-115). — This article notes the introduc-
tion during or prior to 1888 of Bromus rubens and B. maximus var. gussoni
into the San Bernardino Valley. The introduction was through the agency of
foul seed grain. Both varieties spread rajiidly and are now the most widespread
and abundant grasses of the region. Either one established excludes the other
or any other form of vegetation.

Soft chess, mainly B. hordeaceus var. mtermcdiun has spread rapidly since
1895 as far east along the Southern Pacific Railway as Rochester. It is less
objectionable than the 2 bromes, but of little forage value, although recom-
mended for thin sandy land that will not support better grasses.

Other bromes noted are B. madritensis, introduced about 1887, B. arenarius,
rarely found, and B. secalinus found in southern California. Setaria glavca is
reported as persisting a few years when introduced, but disappearing when
overgrazed, without tendency to spread in any case. Rare stools of timothy
and orchard grass are reported as mere waifs. Cenchrus tribuloides is well
established and destined to become a serious pest. Johnson grass (Sorghum
halepense) flourishes by the roadsides, in waste places, and in alfalfa and cul-
tivated lands but is not troublesome. Lamarclcia aurea is common but recom-
mended only for its beauty. Gastridiuni lendigerum is common only in the
coastal region but may extend inland as a few plants were found in San Ber-
nardino in 1907.

Report of the animal husbandman, F. C. Minkler (Neiv Jersey Stas. Rpt.
1908, pp. 25-'il). — A brief account is given of the woi'k on the college farm for
the year.

The more successful soiling crops with their yield per acre in tons and their
cost per ton for growing and harvesting, were as follows: Rye, 6.38 tons at $1.02
per ton ; wheat, 5.3 tons at 79 cts. per ton ; oats and peas, 8.79 tons at $1.41
per ton ; Japanese barnyard millet, 7.05 tons at $2.59 per ton ; barnyard millet
with silage, 6.95 tons at $1.85 per ton; Thoroughbred White Flint corn, 10.5
tons at $1.32 per ton; rowen (green), 78 cts. per ton; cowpeas, 4 tons at $2.94
per ton ; and cowpeas and Kafir corn, 2.75 tons at $4.07. Oats and Canada field
peas were i-egarded as the most successful forage crop except alfalfa.

Among the field crops, mixed hay produced an average yield per acre of .3.77
tons, 4 cuttings of alfalfa, 2.02 tons, and oats and peas, 2.82 tons of cured hay.

On seed-corn plats Reid Yellow Dent produced at the rate of 70 bu. per acre.
Improved Learning 08..57 bu.. Silver King 71.8 bu., and Boone County White 84.6
bu. on the tasseled rows. The detasseled rows produced yields from 3 pk. to
4 bu. in excess of these figures, except for Reid Yellow Dent, for which the two
yields were exactly equal.

In a field test of varieties, Boone County White yielded 49.4 bu. per acre,
white corn from Monmouth County .53.1 bu., yellow corn from Gloucester County
26.2 bu., and yellow corn from Middlesex County 19.9 bu.

Twenty-three acres of corn after rye, planted on June 1, with cowpeas drilled
in at the first cultivation, produced 214.8 tons of silage, at a total cost per ton
of $3.51 in the silo.

In a fertilizer experiment with silage corn, 8.86 tons per acre were produced
on plats fertilized with 300 lbs. basic slag, 200 lbs. tankage, and 100 lbs.
muriate of potash per acre. On plats fertilized with 120 lbs. of tankage,
100 lbs. ground bone, 250 lbs. acid phosphate, and 100 lbs. of muriate of

FIELD CROPS. 135

potash per acre, 8.4 tons were produced, and 8.5 tous on plats fertilized with
200 lbs. of Peruvian guano, 100 lbs. tankage, 200 lbs. acid phosphate, and
100 lbs. of muriate of potash per acre.

Irrigation of alfalfa, S. Fortier ( IJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 373, pp. J/S,
figs. 32). — This discusses the adaptation of alfalfa to varying conditions, the
removal of the native vegetation from arid land, its preparation for irrigation,
the border, check, flooding, and furrow methods of irrigation, and the estab-
lishment and maintenance of ditches. Subirrigation, winter irrigation, and
the winterkilling of alfalfa are also discussed. Directions are given for seed-
ing, and the effects of ground water, silt, and disking discussed. The profits
of growing alfalfa in various districts are tabulated.

Barley cultivation in Ireland. A. McMtjllen [1909, pp. 130). — This pamphlet
summarizes at length the results of experiments with barley together with
other observations made on the crop. General notes on barley cultivation are
given, manuring and soil analysis are discussed, the classification of barley
varieties is presented, and the results secured in barley experiments in Ireland
are reviewed.

The barley experiments conducted in Irehuid for S years indicate that Archer
is the most profitable of the so-called narrow-eared barleys. The pure selected
strains of this variety, known as Danish Archer and single-ear Archer, gave the
best results. Goldthorpe was the most profitable of the wide-eared barleys,
and its most profitable strain was the pure/selected seed raised by cultivation
from a single ear. It is considered that on most farms it would pay better
to grow Archer than Goldthorpe.

A pure selected seed raised by cultivation from a single ear resulted in i
greater evenness of growth and a smaller amount of infertility in the ear as
compared with ordinary commercial seed. It is stated that barley can not be
profitably grown on the same land for more than 3 or 4 years in succession.

Twenty-three years' field trials with varieties of six-rowed barley, M. I^.
MoBTENSEN and K. Hansen (Tidsskr. Landhr. PUintravl, JG (1909), No. 2,
pp. 19-'f-2Ji2). — Experiments with 10 different varieties of barley begun in 1886,
and since then in i)rogress at 5 Danish exi)eriment stations, are repoi'ted. The
origin and general characteristics of the different varieties are described and
data relating to yields of grain and straw, bushel weight, maturity, and the
strength of the straw are included.

Tystofte Korsbyg and Frederiksen Six-rowed gave the heaviest avei-age yields
of grain. Tystofte Korsbyg gave the highest yields of straw and ripened
latest, while the other variety gave the lowest yield of straw and ripened
earliest.

Results of experiments with domestic and foreign barleys at the Jubilee
Exposition, 1908, O. Neumann (Wchnschr. Bran., 26 (1909), No. 39, pp. J/GS-
469) .—The principal points determined were that the influence of the nitrogen
content of the barley on the malt and extract production is practically the
same in barleys of different countries; that the weight of the grain ceases
to be a factor in determining the value when it is more than 42 gui. per
thousand grains; and that heavy barleys which germinate vigorously do not
require a longer time for their dissolution than relatively thinner and lighter
barleys.

Report of the society for the encouragement of the culture of brewing bar-
ley in France, A. Kreiss, P. Petit, and Blaringhem (Societe d'Encouragciiivnt
de la Culture des Orgcs dc Brasserie en France. Paris, 1908, pp. 28, pis. 4). —
This report describes the situation of the brewing barley industry in France
and discusses the results of numerous experiments conducted with brewing
barley throughout the country.

136 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Caravonica cotton iZtHchr. I'nrb. Imlux., d (190U), \o. J!), pp. >D'f-2!>U, figs.
10). — All article comparing different varieties of cotton but giving sjiecial
attention to the Caravonica varieties of which actual lint and manufactured
yarn are given for illustrative purposes. The observations on which the article
is based were made in the German African colonies.

The results on the flax experiment farms of Silesia in 1908 (Ztuchr. Landtc.
Kaiumrr Hrlth.sirn. IS (1!J0!)}. Xo. .',(). pp. I lUl-liOi). — The gi-oimd for these
experiments was plowed deeply in fall or in winter and fertilized at the rate
of OfHJ kg. of kaiiiit i)er hectare (abotit .>34 lbs. ijer acre) and in the spring
before seeding with 4^(0 kg. of sni>erpliosi)hate. In addition to this the land
received 10<J kg. per hectare of either nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia.

The yields were in nearly all cases very largelj' increased through the use of
nitrogenous fertilizers, and these were much more effective on the level low-
lands than on mountain soils. Sulphate of ammonia was apparently more
effective in increasing the yield of fiber flax than nitrate of soda, but with
reference to seed production the results were practically the same.

The so-called white wild oats and what they are, X. Ckiddle (Ottawa Nat.,
23 {1D0'.)\, Xo. 7. pp. l.n, 128).— The white wild oats, which resembles in its
seed form the wild species Arena fatua, is regarded by the author as a sport or
a probable form of atavism active in all or nearly all varieties of both tyi^es,
A. sativa and A. orientalis. It is stated that these so-called white wild oats
clo.sely re.semble in the seed form the variety from which they were selected.
This supposed wild oat, however, is always awned with a strong twisted black
and white awn and has also the horseshoe .shaped biise of .1. fatua. "Thus it
resembles in color, shai)e, and size the variety from which it originated and in
other respects the wild species, excepting that the basal hairs are absent or
nearly so."' Specimens of these white wild oats were found in Banner, New
Market, Abundance, Storm King, and Bumper King. The greater number of
si)e<inieiis was found in New Market and Storm King.

The field pea in Wisconsin, K. A. Moore and E. J. Delwiche (Wisconsin Hta.
Bui. 178, pp. 3-12, figs. 4). — This bulletin presents notes on the adaptability
of field and caiming i)eas to Wisconsin conditions with directions as to planting,
cultivation, rotation, liMrvesting, and thrashing. The value of peas as fofxl and
as soil improvers is discussed.

A variety test begun in 11X)8 on a heavy red clay soil at Ashland without
the addition of any fertilizers gave for plats ranging in size from 1/80 to 7/10
acre the following yields per acre: Golden Vine 18.66 bu.. Potter 23.66 bu..
White Marrowfat 20..33 bu., Bruce Blue Prussian 16.66 bu., Canadian Beauty
23 bu., f:arly Britain 21 bu., Scotch 20 bu., Green 21.33 bu„ and Common Yel-
low 24.60 bu. These results are regarded as confirming the value of such soil
for peas.

Some seed potato questions in 1909, T. C. Johnson ( Virginia Truck Hta. Bui.
3, pp. ol-o-J). — A i)reliniinary report on this subject has already been noted
(K. S. R., 21, p. -4.30).

The present bulletin describes the method of producing seed potatoes under
Maine conditions for the purpose of arriving at a iwssible explanation of the
failure in tidewater Virginia, in 1909, of the potato crop grown from Maine
seed. No definite conclusions, however, are reached. Jn recent years, Irish
Cobbler seed jK^tatoes from .Maine and certain other States have been use<l vA'ith
gfx»d results until 19<J9, when losses from rotting of the crop produced were
siistainefl. It is stated that the custom of harvesting the crop while immature,
together with climatic conditions in Maine, tends to reduce the danger from late
blight ( Phytophthora infestans) to the minimum. Fro.st in Maine, early in
September, 1909, checked this disease.

FIELD CROPS. 137

A disease locally known as blackleg, wliicli made its appearance at the same
time, is believed to have been introduced into various localities by means of
the seed. It was found that in many cases the Virginia fields of Irish Cobbler
were mixed with other varieties, mainly Green Mountain.

Potato culture in northern Wisconsin, E. P. Sandsten and E. J. Delwiche
iWiaconsiii Sta. Bui. 177, pp. 3-17, fig. 1). — In continuation of work previously
noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 131), experiments with potatoes indicated the need of
adding nitrogen and humus to the sandy soils of northern Wisconsin. For this
purpose dairy farming combined with potato raising is recommended as is also
the application of barnyard manure. A 3-year rotation recommended is clover,
potatoes, and barley, oats or rye. Good results have been obtained by allow-
ing the clover to grow until June 1 following the year of seeding, then turning
it imder before planting to potatoes. When the clover crop has occupied the
ground for a long period and has been cut for hay, fall plowing has given the
best results.

Planting between May 25 and June 5 in rows 36 to 40 in. apart and with hills
15 in. apart has been found to give the best results. At Iron River, potatoes
planted 4 in. deep yielded at a rate of IG bu. and 12 lbs. higher than those
planted 6 in. deep and 88 bu. and 12 lbs. higher than those planted 8 in. deep.
Level cultivation succeeded best on sandy soils but hilling was necessary on
heavy clay soils to provide drainage and prevent sun-burning.

Ten varieties of potatoes tested at Iron River Substation in 1908, ranged in
yield per acre from 56 to 172 bu. The leading varieties and their yields per
acre were as follows: Carmen No. 3 172 bu.. Burbank 166 bu., Xoroton Beauty
156 bu., and Early Rose 153 bu. At the Ashland Substation, these same varie-
ties ranged in yield per acre from 37 to 107 bu., the leading varieties and their
yields being Stray Beauty 107 bu., Burbank and Rural New Yorker No. 2 97
bu., and Carmen No. 3 87 bu.

The influence of carbon disulphid on the development of the sug'ar beet
((Jaz. Cuknjiciticza, 1909. p. .'f79; abs. in Wchnschr. Cent. Ter. Riibcnz. Indus.
[Vienna], -'/7 (1909), Xo. 21, p. 31S). — Experiments conducted in Poland to de-
termine the influence of carbon disulphid on the growth of the sugar beet are
here reported. The carbon disulphid was placed in holes 20 cm. deep which
were made between 2 rows of beets at intervals of 35 cm. The quantity used
per hole was about 6.5 gm.

The average weight per beet in each check experiment was 291 gm. as com-
pared with 309 gm. for the rows treated with the carbon disulphid. The sugar
content for the check rows was 16.79 per cent and in the treated rows 16.95 per
cent. The treated rows showed an increase in yield of 4.070 kg. per hectare
(about 3.622 lbs. per acre), but this increase was insufficient to pay for the
carbon disulphid used. It is, therefore, concluded that carbon disulphid can
be used with profit only on beet lands infested with nematodes.

Beet crop estimator, C. E. Bensel (Amer. Sugar Indus, and Beet Sugar Gas.,
11 {1909), No. 10, p. 428, fig. 1). — An instrument used in estimating the tonnage
of sugar beets is described and directions for its use are given.

Annual report on the investigations and progress of the manufacture of
sugar, J. Bock (Jahrcsher. Zuekerfabril: [Stammer], J,S (1908), pp. XII+287,
figs. 12, eharts 5). — This publication contains reviews of books and articles re-
lating to the agricultural, mechanical, chemical, and statistical phases of the
beet sugar industry in the different beet growing countries of the world.

Work at the tobacco stations, E. H. Mathewson et al. (Virginia Sta. Bui.
18S. pp. -'i-16, figs. 9). — This has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 21.
p. 433).

138 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Reports of the Deli Experiment Station at Medan, J. G. C. Vriens {Meded.
DeU-1'rocfstat. Medan, 3 (1909), No. 9, pp. 2S5-a.9J).— Cooperative fertilizer
experiments with tobacco carried on in different localities for several years in
succession are reported.

Amons other results it was found that liglit applications of ammonium sul-
phate at the time of transplanting had a very beneficial effect. Tobacco ash
proved to be a very efficient potash fertilizer. Nitrate of potash was not always
effective as a source of nitrogen but as a source of potash, especially as a fac-
tor in the improvement of the burning quality, it gave good results.

Supplement to "The Best Wheats," P. de Vilmorin {Supplement a ax Meil-
leids liU's. Paris, 1908, pp. //+0(S, pis. 27). — This book is a supplement to a
previous work entitled Les Meilleurs Bles, by Henry de Vilmorin. A classifi-
cation is given of all the varieties described in the 2 volumes. Brief notes on
the description and culture of the principal varieties of spring and winter
wheats are presented and the heads and grain of each variety are figured.

[Culture and methods of breeding- wheat and oats and variety tests of
wheat, oats, and rye], B. W. Kilgore, J. L. Burgess, and F. T. Meacham {Bui.
N. C. Dept. Agr., 30 {1909), No. 8, pp. 35).— Data relating to the history and
statistics of wheat in the United States are presented and the adaptation of
wheat to cultivation in North Carolina outlined in so broad a way as to include
general directions for all small grains. Rotations and fertilizers are suggested
for the various soils and sections of the State.

The wheat tests were chiefly to determine the varieties best suited to the
soils and climate of North Carolina. The Golden Chaff, Fanta Ray, and Fish-
headed produced the highest yields in 1906. Improved Amber, Bearded Ful-
caster, Golden Chaff, and Ultra were most satisfactory in 1907, while Bearded
Fulcaster, Guruis, and Red Wonder stood highest in 1908. Of 5 varieties that
have been tested during a period of 5 years the smooth-headed variety Golden
Chaff yielded the highest amount of grain and stood second in yield of straw.
It is well adapted to the red loam soils of the Piedmont section. During the
same period Bearded Fulcaster stood second in yield of grain and first in yield
of straw. No material difference has been obsei'ved in yield between the
bearded and the smooth varieties of wheat.

In the work with oats the Red, Appier, and Burt have proved the highest
yielders. Fall sowing invariably outyielded spi'ing sowing of the same variety
and matured about the same time. Full-sown Appier oats yielded 15.38 bu.
per acre while the Red yielded 20.G bu. A comparative test of Culberson oats
planted in drills and in open furrows resulted in an increase of 2.7 bu. per
acre in favor of the open-furrow method.

Three varieties of rye ranked as follows : Georgia, with a yield of 31.25 bu.
per acre, Albrnzzen No. 4343, with a yield of 16.66 bu., and Petkus No. 5058,
with a yield of 10.66 bu.

Morphological changes in grain kernels under the influence of climatic
conditions, J. Raum {Zur Eenntnis der morpJwlogischen Verdnderungen der
Gefrridckonicr nnter dein Einflusse klimatiseher Verhdltnisse. Diss. K. Tech.
Hoclischvle Miincheti, 1906, pp. 137, pis. 6). — The experimental work forming
the basis of this thesis consisted of determinations of the weight, length, thick-
ness, and width of grains of oats, barley, wheat, and rye. The author's conclu-
sions are briefly summarized.

Completely awnless varieties of oats were not found. The existence of
awns is considered a very important character in oats, although influenced by
climatic conditions and particularly by the rainfall. The weight of the grain
(hull and kernel) increased approximately 10 per cent with the presence of
the awn.

FIELD CROPS. 139

The introduction of foreign varieties into Bavaria caused a marli:ed reduction
in the weight of the grain during the first year these varieties were grown
under the new conditions. In later years variations in the weight of the grain
were similar to those occurring in the standard sorts. Five years after their
introduction, varieties related to the native sorts showed no difference in the
grain weight, but the improved heavy grained North German varieties retained
in part at least their characteristic heavy weight of the grain as long as the
eighth year of their culture in Bavaria. A gradual approximation of the grain
weight of the native oats, however, was apparent. The variation in the size of
the grain was controlled in general by the amount of precipitation during the
period the kernel was forming.

The weight of the hulls of the inner grains was from 5 to 10 per cent lower
than the weight of the hulls of the outer grains. A difference sometimes
amounting to 3 per cent was observed in the weight of the hulls of the awned
and the awnless outer grains, those of the awned grains being the heavier. In
most of the improved varieties examined, the hulls were not so heavy as in
the common varieties. During the first 2 years the hull content in the highly-
bred varieties varied in a manner similar to that in the native standard sorts,
but in Fichtelgebirg oats the hull content inci'eased considerably during the
first and second year after its introduction at Weihenstephan. The hull con-
tent was not found to be a very constant variety character.

In studying the length of the grains it was observed that the inner grains
were about 15 per cent shorter than the outer ones and the awnless outer grains
about 5 per cent shorter than the awned. All introduced varieties grown at
Weihenstephan lengthened their grains. In the common varieties this length-
ening took place during the first and second years of their culture in the new
environment, while the improved varieties followed in a measure the variations
in the domestic sorts, attaining the greatest grain length in the same seasons.
The yearly variation in the length of the grain was greater in the common
than in the improved varieties. The variations in the length of the inner grains,
as a rule, was not so marked as in the outer grains. The length of the grains
was increased when the precipitation decreased during the time the grain was
developed.

The inner grains of the spikelet were found to be shorter than the outer ones
and the awnless outer grains shorter than the awned. During the first years
of the experiment at Weihenstephan all introduced varieties showed an increase
in the length of the hull and the kernel, the greater increase being made by
the improved as compared with the common varieties. The maximum kernel
length in the common varieties was attained during the second year of the test,
while the highly-bred varieties varied in this particular very much like the
standard varieties. The third year all varieties approached the standard
variety in length of kernel. The variations in the length of the inner kernels
of the spikelet were more marked than those of the inner grains and those of
the outer kernels. Long grains were correlated with short kernels. The tip of
the inner grains was in general absolutely and relatively smaller than the tip
of the awnless outer grains, but in the awned grains it was larger than in the
outer ones. The awned grains were in all cases thicker than the awnless but
the difference was seldom more than 0.1 mm. The common varieties in general
had thinner grains in the original seed and the later crops than the improved
sorts. The thickness of the grain varied in the same manner as the length.
With reference to the width it was found that grains in the common varieties
were narrower than those of the improved varieties. This was true of the

20872— No. 2—10 4

140 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

original seed as well as of the grain ])r<)(lnce(l later. This cUange or degenera-
tion in the form of the grain in all varieties observed followed the same general
rnle for all dimensions.

The length of barley grains was not inflnenced as in the case of oats when
the varieties were grown under changed climatic conditions. Newly introduced
barleys during the first 2 years showed no change in quality and an increase
in quantity, but with the third year they began to approach the standard
variety in productivity. The length of the outer grains was observed to in-
crease with the amount of precipitation at the time the grains were developing.
The thickness varied practically the same as the length.

A study of wheat grains showed that moist as compared with dry seasons
favor the production of a heavy and wide grain. No uniformity with refer-
ence to the influence of the change of climatic conditions on the length and
thickness of the grain among the different varieties could be established.

The grain weight of rye was increased with the amount of rainfall but the
relation was not so well defined as in the other crops. The length and thick-
ness varied with the precipitation. During dry seasons the proportion of yel-
low grains was very high, while in wet seasons it was very low, but this
characteristic was largely controlled by the variety.

The grain production of the world in 1909 {Saaten, Diinger u. Futtermarkt,
1909, Xos. 38, pp. 988-995; 39, irp. 102.'i-1026; J,l, pp. 107 1-1080) .—The data
regarding the production of the principal grain crops of the world, as published
by the Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture, are presented by countries.

The eradication of farm weeds with iron sulphate, R. A. Moore and A. L.
Stone iWisconsin .S7«. Bui. 179, pp. 3-/7, figs. 6). — This is a continuation of
work previously noted (E. S. R.,18, p. 1042),

In 1907, wild mustard was eradicated from fields of grain and other crops
by the use of a solution of iron sulphate at the rate of 52 gal, per acre. The
strength recommended is obtained by dissolving 100 lbs. of iron sulphate in
water and diluting to 52 gal. The total cost of materials and application was
$1.25 per acre.

The treatment proved efficient in the eradication of dandelions in lawns but
less so in fields. Cocklebur, ragweed, daisies, wild lettuce, and several other
common weeds were partially eradicated where tests were on mustard, Can-
ada thistles and sow thistles were blackened but soon recovered even when sul-
phuric acid was added to the spray. Clean cultivation and rotation, however,
killed the thistles, hemp being found to be an effective crop for the purpose.

HORTICULTURE.

Report of the botanist, B. D. Halsted, E. .1. Owen, and N. D, Shore {New
Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp. 181-297, pis. 33). — The breeding and selection work
with truck crops (E. S, R,, 19, p, 1039) was continued. In this work the
production of new and improved varieties of vegetables has now been made
secondary to the search for the rules underlying the improvement of plants.

The chief crops studied during the year were sweet corn, tomatoes, egg-
plants, beans, squashes, peas, peppers, and okra.

Notes are given on the newer and some of the more promising older crosses
being tested, together with excerpts from the reports of the cooperative seed
testers. Several crosses and hybrids were secured among ornamental plants,
these including dianthus, nicotiana, pansy-violet and foxglove hybrids, and
petunia and snapdragon crosses.

Among other studies with sweet corn, the test in selecting flinty seed was
continued with the Malamo variety. The results again show the tendency of

HORTICULTURE. 141

flinty grains to reproduce tlieir kind. Tlie opinion is advanced that tlie tend-
eucj- to produce starch is neither an ear characteristic, as is the color of the
cob, nor a grain character, like the color of the grain, but takes an inter-
mediate place between them. Malakosby white grains and pinkish grains were
again tested. The white seed bred true, while of the pinkish seed, one-half
of the resulting ears were pinkish and one-half were white. Iowa Silver Mine-
Country Gentleman cross proved its superiority over ordinary sweet corns by
malving a good crop of ears under bad conditions, such as poor soil and a dry
season.

When the Pride of Nishua, a large field variety of dent corn with reddish
cob, was crossed with white cob varieties of sweet corn, the redness of cob of
the former variety appeared to be transmitted as a dominant Mendelian
character.

The effort to produce a tomato of marketable size with a long axis and a
seedless, fleshy interior, was continued, and it is thought that the desired form
of tomato is nearly realized. An attempt is also being made to eliminate the
•glands upon stem and foliage which yield the i-ank-smelling exudation common
with ordiuarj- kinds of tomato plants. Notes are given on the structure of
the tomato flower cluster and the tomato calyx.

The work with eggplants is largely with hyl)rids of American and Chinese
species, in the hope of developing a fruit of marketable size with a firm flesh
that will neither shrivel nor decaj' in the short period which suffices for the
destruction of the ordinary kinds. In addition to notes on the newer ci'osses,
a study with tabular data is given of the characters of hybrid fruits.

The breeding work with beans was continued along lines previously noted.

The newer investigations with squashes have to do with studies of trans-
mitted characters and correlations l)etween characters. The study of crossing
and continued selection to establish the cross has now been carried through 4
years of selection. A list of crosses is given showing the stages of variability
throughout the 4 years. Biometric records are given of the parents and
blends, both for winter and for summer squashes, together with observations
drawn from the study of blends with their parents.

Similar character studies are reported for peas and peppers.

Report of the horticulturist, M. A. Blake and A. J. Farley (Xcw Jersey Stas,
Rltt. 1908, ijp. 'i3-53, 56-61, 63-86, pis. 13, dgms. 4). — This includes a progress
report on the peach investigations being conducted at High Bridge and Vine-
land, the long-continued fertilizer experiment with apples, strawberry tests,
and asparagus breeding work (E. S. R., 19, p. 1037). Experiments with roses
have been taken up in which two kinds of soils, nitrogen in five different forms,
and various amounts of potash are being compared. An experiment was also
begun to determine the proper jiroportions of sand and compost to add to red
shale soil to secure the best returns in growing carnations.

The data and discussion relative to the experimental peach orchards have to
do with the operations of pruning, fertilization, spraying, cover cropping, and
general orchard management, including figures on the cost of the various
operations, and on the annual growth made by the trees during the season of
1907. The total expense of the High Bridge orchard for the three seasons
ending in 1908 has been 47 cts. per tree. During the past season the Vineland
orchard was enlarged to over 1,000 trees. The details of the work in estab-
lishing this new section are given.

The various row systems of planting and training strawberries are discussefl.
A number of varieties of strawberries are being tested preliminary to further
investigations. Data are given showing the names of the varieties, the dates
of the first, the heaviest, and last pickings, and the total yield per row in
grams.

142 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

In the fertilizer experiments with apples, started in 1896, the differences
due to fertilization are bocominK more prominent e:icli year. Tlie trees on the
plat which has received no fertilizer are as large, in most cases, as correspond-
ing trees on the plat which has received 500 lbs. of an even mixture of bone,
muriate of potash, and acid phosphate. The trees on the plat on which 150
lbs. of nitrate of soda has been added to the above mixture have shown the
largest amount of normal growth each year, the leaves being noticeably larger
and a darker green. The fruit upon this plat, particularly that of certain
\ari('ties. matures a little later and averages slightly larger in nearly all cases.
Tables are given showing the yields of apples secured from the various plats
during the seasons of 1907-8.

Some progress has been made in the attempt to breed a rust-resistant
asparagus. During the past season considerable "rust developed upon the
plants grown from seed obtained from various sources. Data are given show-
ing the sources of the seed a!id the percentages of plants free from rust in
October, 1908. This percentage varied from no plants in some cases up to
74.4 per cent. Imported seed in all cases produced quite rust-resistant plants.
In all cases but one, seed selected from plants more or less free from rust
produced plants more resistant to the disease.

Report of the fruit branch of the Department of Agriculture, Ontario, 1908,
P. W. HODGETTS ET AL. {Ri>t. Fniit Branch fXpt. Agr. Ontario, 1!)08, pp. J 20,
figs. 32). — This is the first report of the recently organized fruit branch of the
Ontario Department of Agriculture. It contains a general survey of the work
of the fruit growers' and bee keepers' associations, the experimental fruit
stations, spraying and nurseiy inspection, horticultural exhibitions, and
cooperative associations, together with detail reports of the A^arious fruit
stations in Ontario relative to the varieties of fruits and vegetables being
tested.

Other subjects reported are the extent of the vegetable industry in the
Leamington district, the strawberry season for 190S, and cultural experiments
with cranberries and onions.

The decay of cabbage in storage: Its cause and prevention, L. L. Hartee
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 39, pp. 8). — The results of investiga-
tions into the causes of the decay of cabbage in storage are reported and
discussed under the following general headings : Factors contributing to decay,
organisms concerned in decay, storage conditions and the proper construction
of storage houses for preventing decay, and methods of storing cabbage.

The author finds that soft rot and leaf blight are the immediate causes of
the decay of cabbage in storage. The organisms causing these decays gain
access to the tissues of the leaves, both through wounds made by careless
handling and by following up the fibro-vascular bundles which have been
previously killed by black rot.

It is recommended that diseased or badly bruised cabbage should not be
stored. Care should be taken to keep the cabbage dry and the storage house
well ventilated, with the temperature at about the freezing point.

Cold storage for Iowa-grown apples, H. J. Eustace and S. A. Beach {Iowa
Sta. Bui. 108, pp. 39-'f-.'it.'i). — Investigations in the cold storage of Iowa apples
carried on in 1906-7 and in 1907-8, in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry of this Department, are rei)orted.

The principal points covered in this work are the relation between the han-
dling of the fruit during the operations of picking, packing, and shipping, and
its behavior in cold storage;, a comparative test of a number of varieties to
determine their behavior and value in cold storage, including, as far as prac-
ticable, fruit of the same varieties from different sections of the State ; a com-

HORTICULTURE. 143

parative test of the influence of different styles of packages upon the keeping
(juality of the fruit when stored; and the influence of paper wrappers on the
keeping qualities of fruit. The fruit was held in storage at a temperature of
34° F. in 1906-7, and at 33° F. the following season.

In storage, hard, firm, well-colored fruit keeps best. Northwestern Greenings
of this type remained in prime condition a month longer than poorly colored,
I)rematurely picked fruit. With the Patten, the scald was more conspicuous on
the poorer colored lots. The difference was greater and more striking with the
Wealthy than with any other varieties tested.

Fruit stored inunetliately after i)icking was in better condition, harder, firmer,
and lasted longer after removal from storage, than lots of the same variety
which were held in the orchard or in an open shed for two weeks, and then
forwarded to the storage house. This was more noticeable with early ripening
varieties when the delay in storage comes during warm fall weather. With
varieties subject to scald, immediate storage tends to reduce and retard the
development of that trouble to a marked degree.

With hard, late-ripening sorts, the advantage of wrapjiing in paper was not
very apparent, while with tender varieties, the wrapper appears to extend the
life of the fruit, preserving its natural brightness and lessening the amount of
decay.

In the package trial, ordinary apple barrels, slat crates, and boxes holding
50 lbs,, were compared. With the Northwestern Greening and Patten, the
difference between the different packs was not marked. Wealthy kept in the
best condition in boxes. The bruising was greater in the barrel and shriveling
was greater in the slat crate than in either barrel or box. Data are given show-
ing the ra])idity of cooling of air and fruit in different styles of packages in
cold-storage warehouses.

A sununary is given of the orchard conditions in which the fruit used in the
experiments was grown, together with a record of the varieties tested with ref-
erence to their keeping qualities in storage.

The results of the work as a whole confirmed earlier experiments conducted
by the Bureau of Plant Industry along this line (E. S. R., 15, pp. 581).

Report on grape shipments, A. V. Stubenrauch (Cal. Fruit Groiver, JfO
{1909), Ao. 11 lo, 1)1). 1, .'/). — The storage and transportation experiments with
table grapes being conducted in California by the Bureau of Plant Industry
were continued during the season of 1909 with results similar to those pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. S40). The report here given originally appeared
in the Lodi Sentinel.

Data are given showing the percentages of decay in individual shipments of
Tokay grapes on arrival in New York, and the average percentage of decay in
all experimental shipments to New York during September and October, 1909.
The average percentage of decay in the commercial packs upon arrival was
4.35 per cent, and in the carefully packed crates 0.9 per cent. The decay in
the commercial lots increased to 7.42 i)er cent after 3 days exposure to market
conditions, to 11.95 per cent at the end of 5 days, and to 15.78 per cent at the
end of 7 days, while in the carefully packed crates the average decay at the
end of 7 days was only 8.87 per cent. When the grapes were packed in boxes
with ground cork only 4.08 per cent developed decay 7 days after arrival in
market, and when redwood sawdust was used only 1.13 per cent.

Investigation was made of the percentages of decay resulting from injuries
and the percentage of injured berries in a number of commercial packs obtained
from different growers and held in California in an iced car for about two
weeks, or the equivalent of a trip across the continent. At the end of the first
day 9.02 per cent of the grapes were decayed and 12.82 per cent showed injuries.

144 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

At the eiul of the seventh day 2J>.()2 per cent of tlie grapes were decayed and
only 4.21 per cent of the injured fruit was free from decay.

One species of Botrytis was found to penetrate the unbroken skin of the
berry after the grapes had been subject to a rainy period, the so-called " slip-
skin " found after the rains being an early stage of the decay. The importance
of culling these out before jiacking the fruit is cnipliasized.

The development of the leaf perimeter in relation to the yield of grapes,
R. A, Sacca {Lo Smluppo del Periinetro Fogliare in Ro/Jiwrto alht I'nxlut-
liviid, (leUe Viti. Piacenza, 1<)0!), pp. 12. pf/x. 3). — This is the report of an in-
vestigation conducted in the botanical laboratory of the Royal Agricultural
High School of Portici.

A study of various species and varieties of grai)es grown under similar
conditions showed a correlation between yield and the amplitude of the angle
formed by the median nerve and the lowest constant lateral nerve. In the
data secured, the varieties as studied are groui)ed into 3 types according to
whether the above-mentioned angle is obtuse, right, or acute. In general the
jield decreases with the size of the angle. Eighteen obtuse-angled varieties
had an average angle of 113° 26", and an average production number of 24.95.
Eight varieties showing an average angle of 90° 22' 30", gave an average pro-
duction number of 10.105. Four varieties with an average angle of 69° 34' 30"
showed an average production number of 6.38. The same correlation is noted
in respect to the sugar content of the must, the acidity increasing as the
angle decreases. Cultural conditions appear to influence the intensity of the
skeleton network but not to affect the relative direction of the nerves.

Grape culture, A. Kirk (London and GIas(/otr, 1909, pp. 75, pis. 19, figs. 36). —
A treatise on growing grapes under glass, based upon the author's experience
and observations covering a long period of years. The text is well illustrated.

Handbook of grape growing and wine making, A. von Babo and E. Mach
(Handbuch des Weinhaaes and ker KeUericirtschaft. Berlin, 1909, vol. 1, first
half, 3. ed., pp. XX +623, figs. 276).— The present edition of this old work has
been considerably revised and enlarged with a view of including recent viti-
cultural knowledge and practice. A'olume 1 takes up the subject of grape
growing.

The first half of this volume, which is here presented, deals in detail with
the restoration of phylloxera-infested vineyards. The introduction deals briefly
with the history of grape culture, and succeeding chapters discuss the organ-
ography, anatomy, and physiology of the grape, ampelography, under which
the more important American and European varieties are considered, the
selection of American stocks for the reconstruction of vineyards, breeding new
varieties, ])ropagati<m, grafting, nursery i)ractices, climate in its relation to
grape growing, soils, and the location of new vineyards. The concluding
chapter discusses the care of young vineyards during the first five years after
planting.

Protection of fruit trees from rodents, F. H. Ballou (Ohio Sta. Bui. 208,
pp. 53-70, figs. 20).— A popular discussion of the injury done to young fruit
trees by bark-eating rodents, with illustrated instructions for using various
protective coverings and healing girdled trees by bridge grafting.

Pecans, W. N. IIutt (Bui. X. C. Dept. Agr., 30 (1909), Xo. 9, pp. 50, figs. 25).—
This bulletin is a preliminary report of the author's observations and researches
during the last three years on the subject of pecan culture in North Carolina.

General consideration is given to the possibilities for commercial pecan grow-
ing and the geographic distribution and soil requirements of the pecan. In-
formation follows relative to the establishment and culture of pecan groves,
taking up the cost of trees, transplanting and planting operations, fertilizing.

FORESTRY. 145

the pecan bloom, selection of varieties, age of bearing, marketing, and the
enemies of the pecan. Other phases discnssed include instructions for crack-
ing pecans, pecans as food, and the pecan as a shade tree.

The coconut, E. Prudhomme (Le Cocotici: Paris: Govt., 1906, pp. J/Dl, figs.
83). — A treatise on the culture, trade, and commerce of coconuts in the princi-
pal countries of production. Part 1 treats in detail of the coconut relative to
its botany, culture, and uses. Part 2 deals with the preparation of coconiit
products, including copra, oil, fiber, and various derivatives. Part 3 discusses
the trade and commercial importance of various coconut products in different
countries.

Ofl&cial catalogue of sweet pea names, 1909, Jessie Cuthbertsox {Brentford,
1909, pp. 16). — This catalogue has been prepared under the direction of the
National Sweet Pea Society from the seed lists of the principal British and
American raisers and distributers, with the view to preserving old names and
titles, thus preventing future duplication of names.

FORESTRY.

Silvical leaflets (Z7. 8. Dept. Agr., ForeM Serv. Silv. Leaflets -'t6-'>0, pp. 4
each). — ^A series of leaflets, each one dealing with the range and occurrence,
climate, associated species, habit, soil and moisture, tolerance, growth and
longevity, reproduction, and management of one of the following species of
trees in the order corresponding to the leaflet numbers above : Limber pine
(Pinus flexilis), piilon pine (P. eduUs), pignut hickory {Hicoria glabra),
shagbark hickory (H. ovata), and big shellbark, king-iiut hickory (H.
laciniosa ) .

Trees every child should know, Julia E. Rogers (Neic York, 1909, pp. 263,
pis. .J7). — This popular work contains tree studies for autumn, winter, spring,
and summer, consideration being given to the more common American trees
and shrubs. Identification keys to tree groups and families are also given.

Illustrations of conifers, H. Clinton-Baker (Hertford, 1909, vol. 1, pp. 75,
pis. 68). — This work consists of a series of life-size illustrations of the cones
and foliage of conifers growing in the British Isles, supplemented by analytical
keys of the species and by short and concise descriptions of each tree repre-
sented.

Bamboo in the Dutch Indies, J. A. Loeber, Jr. (Bui. Kolon. il/HS. Haarlem,
1909, \o. 1,3, pp. 90, pis. 26, figs. .'/). — This bulletin describes the various uses
for which the bamboo may be employed,* as for building purposes, furniture,
supporting columns, musical instruments, ornamental work, etc.

The collection of statistical data relating to the principal Indian species,
A. M. F. Caccia ([Indian Forest Dept.] Pamphlet 8, Working-plan Ser. 2, pp.
II+II+77). — ^A series of experiments, with the rules and forms governing
them, have been drawn up and are here presented, with the hope that after
their details have been discnssed by the various forest conservators in India
they will be recognized as the standard rules for collecting statistical data
regarding the development of the principal timber trees in India.

A method of studying growth and yield of longleaf pine applied in Tyler
County, Texas, H. H. Chapman (Proc. Soc. Amcr. Foresters, // (1909), No. 2,
pp. 207-220). — This method is described and discussed.

The failure of silver fir regeneration in the central Murg Valley, H. Stoll
(Das Versagen der Weisstannenverjiiugiing im mittlercn Murgtale. Diss. Teeh.
Hoehschule Karlsruhe, 1909, jyp. 6//, figs. 6). — The author presents evidence to
show that the common failure of silver firs to reproduce in the region studied,
as well as in similar regions of the Black Forest, is brought about by the

146 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

unfavorable soil contlitious. The factors which create unfavorable conditions
for reproduction are then examined and the results obtained in his investiga-
tions are reviewed. The failure of the firs to reproduce appears to be brought
about by the souring and packing of the germinating bed. These conditions are
to a great extent due to lack of hunuis in the soils, such soils being usually
too cold ;uid droughty for satisfactory germination purposes.

Fertilizer experiments with forest trees, Kuhnert (Deut. Landw. Presse,
36 (1909), No. 82, pp. 818, 819, figs. //). — The results are given of commercial
fertilizer experiments conducted in several forests in Schleswig-Holstein. The
work included both deciduous and coniferous trees, and the results as a whole
show the superiority of a complete fertilizer over the use of individual elements.

In one experiment with oak trees, started in 1903, the trees on the complete
fertilizer plat were at the end of 5 years double the size of the trees on the
plats receiving only partial fertilizer.

On the thinning of thick beech regenerations and beech seedings, D. Tie-
MANN (Allg. Forst. v. Jagd Ztg., 85 {1909), pp. 368-31^). — Suggestions are
given relative to methods of carrying on experimental thinnings in young
beech stands.

Cooperative experiments in forest planting, F. J. Phillips (Nebraska 8ta.
Circ. 1, pp. Jf). — In this circular the author discusses the present attitude
toward forestry in Nebraska, points out the need of experimental work and
cooperation, and explains the nature of cooperative experiments which the sta-
tion proposes to take up with interested farmers.

Our national parks, J. Mum (Boston and New York, 1909, rev. and e^nl. ed.,
pp. 382, pis. 31, map 1). — The present edition of this work has been revised and
enlarged to include more recently established national parks and forest reser-
vations. The successive chapters discuss wild parks and forest reservations
of the West, the Yellowstone National Park, the Yosemite National Park and
its forests, wild gardens, animals, birds, fountains and streams, the Sequoia and
General Grant National Parks, and the American forests. The appendix con-
tains information relative to the location, area, and control of national parks
and monuments.

Forest reservation in Burma in the interests of an endangered water supply,
A. EoDGER ( [Indian Forest Dept.] Pamphlet 6, Sylvicult. Ser. 2, pp. 2Jf, pis. 3,
map 1 ) . — A progress report of forest reservation work under way in the
Natmauk township of the Magwe district, Burma. The report includes a gen-
eral description of the tract, specific descriptions of the forests, and details
of the work for 1907-8. An appendix contains a list of species found in the
township.

The selection system in Indian forests as exemplified in working-plans
based on this system, with a short description of some continental methods,
A. M. F. Caccia (Indian Forest Rec, 1 (1909), No. .',, pp. 309-//i7).— The pur-
pose of this monograph is to present in concise form the different methods
which have sprung up in the various provinces of India, to contrast these
methods, and to indicate the advisability of adopting a standard system for
the calculation of the possibility by the number of trees and by the volumetric
methods, respectively.

Commercial aspects of the forests of the Dominican Republic, K. W. Wood-
ward (Bui. Internat. Bur. Anier. Repuh. [English Sect.'], 29 (1909), No. 5,
pp. 91.'t-92Jt, figs. 6). — In addition to export statistics of various timbers for
1907-8, an account is given of the timbered areas in Dominica, together with
lists of trees growing in the different areas.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 147

The estimation of forest revenue, A. Aknould {licr. Eviix ct FovvIh, JS
(1909), No. 21, PI). (l'/l-6Jf9). — A discussion of methods of estimating forest
revenue for the purpose of taxation.

Forest mapping and timber estimating as developed in Maryland, F. W.
Besley (Proc. Soc. Amcr. Foresters, J, {1909), No. 2, pp. 196-206). — A detailed
account of work accomplished along this line in Maryland is given as having
suggestive value at least for similar work in other States.

The standardizing of log measures, E. A. ZnxiLKR {I'roe. ^oe. Amer. Forest-
ers, .'i {1909), No. 2, pp. 112-lHJi). — The author discusses the results secured
by using several of the various log rules employed in this country, and comes
to the conclusion that these measurements could be best standardized by
measuring logs by the middle diameter and selling them by the cubic foot or
hundred cubic feet, each producer in the various wood-using industries to
determine his own factor for converting raw material into quantities of finished
products.

Wood preservation — a determining factor in forest management, H. F.
Weiss {I'roe. Soe. Amer. Foresters, .) {1909), No. 2, pp. 18')-t95). — The author
states that the preservative treatment of timber may be considered a specialized
branch of forestry, and aims in this paper to show the relation of this
specialization to forestry and how one is an integral part of the other.

Shakes and shake-making in a California forest, C. H. Shinn { Proe. Soc.
Amer. Foresters, .'/ {1909), No. 2, pp. 151-171). — This is a brief presentation
of the claims and limitations of this miuor forest industry relative to its posi-
tion in modern forest managcmeut.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

The control of malnutrition diseases of truck crops, L. L. Harteu ( Virgmia
Truck 8ta. Bui. 1, pp. Jf-16, figs. 4)- — The practical conclusions derived from
experiments made in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this
Department on the control of diseases of truck crops due to faulty nutrition
are given. The technical results of the investigation are to be the subject for
another ijublication.

In the region covered by this investigation commercial fertilizers are used
to a great extent in connection with the production of trucking crops, and
in some cases diseases have appeared that partially or wholly destroyed the
crops. The diseased condition can be recognized by the retardation of growth,
changes in color, root injury, etc. The most prominent conditions discovered in
the lands subject to this trouble were their acidity, deficiency in humus, and
absence of nitrifying bacteria.

One of the most important factors contributing to malnutrition was found
to be the exhaustion of the organic material in the soil, and various methods
were investigated to remedy or prevent the prevailing conditions. The means
attempted were the limitation of the amount of fertilizer used, the adjust-
ment of the composition of the fertilizer to the crop requirements, and the
maintenance of organic matter in the soil. It was found that for many crops
the amount of commercial fertilizer could be profitably reduced to a considerable
extent, and the addition of lime was also of direct benefit with most crops.
Stable manure applied at the rate of 10 to 20 tons per acre gave large increases
in yield of cabbage and spinach, and experiments with cowpeas showed that
good results could be obtained by the cultivation and plowing under of the
crop. This, together with a proper rotation, it is thought will correct the
troubles complained of.

148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The effects of conditions of growth upon susceptibility to fungus diseases,
B. M. DuGGAK (Tnuia. Mufsa. Ilort. 8oa., 1909, pt. I, pp. .j1-UG).—Iu this lecture
before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society the author discussed the water
relation, role of light, aciditj and alkalinity of soil, nutrition, and temperature
as factors of environment that contribute to predisposition to disease on the
I)art of ])l;ints.

A contribution to the cytology of Synchytrium, S. Kusano (Bui. Col. Agr.
Tokyo Imp. Univ., 8 {1909), No. 2, pp. 79-1J/7, j)]s. ^). — A study has been made
of S. pucrari(E and 8. decipiens, in which it was found that the fungus always
infects the host by responding to the chemical stimulus exerted by subepidermal
cells which contain little or no chlorophyll. The swarm spores develop in
these cells, at first in a single cell, but subsecpiently causing considerable en-
largement by dissolving the walls of the surrounding cells and producing wide
intercellular chambers.

The principal portion of the paper is taken up with a discussion of the
cytology of the species.

Some differential characters of the vegetative state of Merulius lacrymans,
J. Beauvebie {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 66 (1909), No. 18, pp. 8Jfi-
S.'i2). — On account of the difficulty of recognizing the dry-rot fungus in its vege-
tative stage, the author has made a study of it in order to ascertain whether
its presence could not be diagnosed without the fruiting bodies. He has found
that the nuclei of the mycelium offer an excellent means for its determination.

Recent studies on the specialization of grass rusts, ,T. Eriksson (Ark. Hot.,
8 {1909), No. 1-3, Art. 3, pp. 26, pi. J).— A study has been made of the special-
ization of the crown rusts {Puccinia coronifera and P. coronata) occurring on
various grasses. Inoculation experiments show that there are specialized
forms of each species that readily infect certain grasses and not others.
Eight form species of P. coronifera and 3 of P. coronata are recognized and
their morphological and biological characters are described.

Studies on stem rot of cereals, F. KrItger {Arb. K. Biol. Anst. Land a. Forstw.,
6 {1908), No. 3, pp. 321-351, pi. 1). — A series of experiments has been con-
ducted to determine the cause of a stem rot of cereals which attacks the plants
near their bases. A number of fungi have been associated with this disease,
and the author conducted inoculation experiments with species of Leptos-
phseria, Dictyosporium, Ophiobolus, Hendersonia, Coniosporium, Fusarium, etc.,
in order to find out whether they are the immediate cause of the disease, as has
been claimed, and also to establish if possible a relationship between some of
the foi'ms.

It was found that Leptosplueria hcrpotrichoidcs occurred not only on rye
but occasionally also on wheat and that Ophiobolus herpotriclius attacked
wheat and barley and also occurred on rye. No connection could be established
between these fungi nor with Hendersonia hcrpotricha. It is claimed that
while Leptosphferia and Ophiobolus do cause a disease of cereals, they are not
the immediate cause of the trouble. Anything that weakens the plants, such
as too much rain, frost injury, etc., makes them especially subject to attacks
of these fungi, which are believed to be true parasites.

The proper reference of the smut of Bromus secalinus, P. Magnus {Hed-
wigia, 1,9 {1909), No. 2-3, p. 100).— The author calls attention to the fact that
the Tilletia described as T. belgradeiisis (E. S. R., 20, p. 846) and also as T.
velenovskyi had been previously described by Harlot as T. guyotiana occurring
on B. erectus. This fungus is said to be rather commonly distributed through-
out Prance, Servia, Bulgaria, and probably other parts of Europe and Asia.

Concerning the reputed relation of Myxomonas to root diseases of beets,
F. O. VON Fabeb {Arb. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstw., 6 {1908), No. 3, pp. 352-

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 149

362). — As a result of extended investipif ions the author is led to believe that
Brzezinski is mistakeu in considering Myxomonafi hetie a cause of the heart
and dry rots of beets. In his investigation the author was unable to find
this organism in any cases of beet diseases studied. A preliminary account of
his conclusions has been previously given (E. S. R., 20, p. 247).

The distribution of the cause of root disease through beet seed, W. Busse
and P. Ulrich {Arh. K. Biol. Anst. Land ii.. Forstw., 6 (UlOH), No. 3, pp. 373-
384). — In investigating beet seed as a means of the distribution of the spores of
beet diseases, the authors found that practically every lot of seed examined,
no matter from what source obtained, contained infected material capable of
causing diseased plants. Of the fungi observed on beet seeds Phoina beta' was
by far the most common.

Chrysophlyctis endobiotica and other Chytridiaceae, T. .Johnson (Sci. Proc.
Roy. Dublin »S'oe., n. set:, 12 {WOU), Ao. ///, pp. 131-14'i, pis. 3).— The author
reports having found in Ireland in October, 1908, specimens of warty potatoes
affected by C. endobiotica. An examination of the diseased material showed
that the trouble was not confined to the tubers, but also affected all parts of
the underground stem.

Notes are given on the life history of this fungus and its relationship to
other members of the group, together with a brief account of methods for the
prevention of the disease. On account of the peculiarities of the family of
fungi as a group, it is believed that wet, undrained potato fields favor the spread
of this disease. Experiments are being conducted in treating the warty tubers
with fungicides to determine the possibility of destroying the fungi, but for
the present the author thinks it desirable to destroy all tubers where the fun-
gus is obviously present.

The fungi causing beet tumor (Urophlyetis Icproides) and flax yellowing
(Asterocystis radicis) are said to belong to the same group as that causing the
warty disease of potatoes.

The dry rot of potatoes, Sibyl Longman (Jour. Linn. Sac. [London], Bot.,
39 {1909), No. 270, pp. 120-129, pi. 1). — Investigations have been carried on to
determine whether the fungus of dry rot of potatoes (Fusarium solani) is
capable of inducing disease in the growing potato plant, and whether the dry
rot can be induced in potato tubeis directly by inoculation with spores, as it is
coumionly supposed dry rot usually follows wet rot.

As a result of the study, the author has reached the conclusion that F. solani
is not only a true parasite of the resting tuber but also is capable of attacking
the growing potato plant. In regard to the second question, there appears to
be no time relation between an outbreak of dry rot and one of wet rot, and it
is shown that dry rot may be induced by inoculating healthy potato tubers
with cultures of the dry-rot fungus.

Experiments were made to determine the possibility of disinfecting the po-
tato tubers by heating, but it was found that this was impracticable, as the
death temperature of the fungus is higher than that of the potato.

Notes on a scab fung'us of potatoes, A. Eichinger (Ann. Mycol., 7 (1909),
No. 4, pp. 356-364, figs. 3). — Investigations are reported on the life history of
^pondylocladium atrovirens, a fungus that causes a kind of scab of potatoes.
Particular attention is given to the germination of the spores and to the
development of the mycelium.

Observations on powdery potato scab (Spongospora subterranea), T. John-
son (Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin 8oc., n. scr., 12 (1909), No. 16, pp. 165-174, pis.
3). — Notes are given on the fungus causing a form of potato scab which the
author calls " powdery " scab. He quotes the opinions of diflierent iuvesti-

150. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

gators as lo tlic ciiusc of lliis tlisc-isi' .•iiid tlic identity of the fungus, ;ind de-
cides that from the evidence at hand it sliould l)e called »S'. fiubterranea.

Experiments have been carried on in pot cultures to test the possibility of
preventing this disease. Treating scabby tubers with a 2 per cent sohition of
Bordeaux mixture gave a crop free from scab, but the use of sulphur was with-
out any benefit. Covering uncut tubi rs with spores of the fungus did not
affect the resulting crop. As a result of his experiments, the author recom-
mends the planting of whole tubers previously treated with fungicides.

Leaf curl or bacterial ring disease of potatoes, J. Branol ( Wiener Landio.
Ztg., 59 (1909), Nos. 10, pp. 69t-(!93, figs. /,; 7/, pp. 101, 702, figs. 5).— A
popular description is given of the leaf curl or bacterial ring disease of potatoes,
which it is said has become widely distributed throughout Germany, Denmark,
Holland, and Switzerland, and lately has become quite troublesome in a num-
ber of portions of Austria and Hungary.

The ring disease of potatoes, L. C. Coleman (Dcpt. Agr. Mysore, Mycol. Ser.
Bui. 1, pp. 15, pis. U/). — This is a preliminary popular report on the bacterial
disease of potatoes known as the ring disease, and is to be followed by a more
technical paper giving the results of the author's investigations.

A new rust of orchids in greenhouses, E. Griffon and A. Maublanc (Bui.
Trimcst. Soc. Mycol. France, 25 (1909), No. 3, pp. 135-139, pi. 1).—X descrip-
tion is given of Hemileia oncidii n. sp., a fungus causing considerable injury to
species of Oncidium growing in greenhouses.

Orchard fungus diseases, F. M. Rolfs (Ann. lipt. Mo. Bil. Hort., 2 (190S),
pp. 63-70). — Descriptions ai'e given of a number of the more common fungus
diseases of peach trees, with suggestions for their control. For most of the
diseases the author has found self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture, if properly
prepared and applied, to be very satisfactory.

A disease of neglected peach trees, F. M. Holfs (Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Hort.,
2 (1908), pp. 278-283). — Attention is called to a disease of peach trees due to
the fungus Cytospora, which has previously been described as occurring in
New York (E. S. R., 13, p. 148).

Experiments conducted at the Missouri Fruit Station showed that the Cy-
tospora is the imperfect form of Valsa leucostoma, and that the organism is
capable of attacking the limbs, twigs, and trunks of peach, plum, apricot, and
cultivated and wild cherry trees. It has also been observed on apple and
pear trees and rose and rasjjberry canes. On the peach tree infections are
said to take place invariably at the buds. If the weather conditions are favor-
able for its growth, the fungus becomes active during the late winter and early
spring months, and periods of warm weather followed by late frost appear to
render the tissues extremely favorable to its development.

During 1907 observations were made on the rate of advancement of the
fungus, and the advancement on the twigs was found to average about 8 in.
between February and October. Inoculations on healthy twigs of pure cultures
of the fungus produced the characteristic winterkilled appearance. The fungus
seems to start the wounds and plays a prominent part in extending the injury,
but after it once gets established other organisms materially aid in destroying
the trees.

Applications of Bordeaux mixture and lime-sulphur wash materially reduced
the twig infections but did not check the enlargement of the cankers or sun-
scald areas produced by the fungus, and consequently these fungicides can not
be relied upon as means of controlling the disease after the organism has once
become established.

[Some peach diseases], M. A. Blake and A. J. Farley (Neio Jersey Stas. Rpt.
1908, pp. 53-56, pis. 3). — Descriptions are given of peach leaf curl and peach

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 151

yellows. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture or witti lime-sulpliur compouud
is recoiumended for peacli curl, and the removal and destruction of the trees
is suggested where yellows has become established.

A coffee disease in Guatemala, F. H. u'Heuelle (Bui. Trimcfit. Soc. Mycol.
France, 25 (IDOD), Xo. 3, pp. 171-185, pis. 1).— The author describes Phthora
vastatrix n. sp., a fungus which is said to cause a serious disease in Guatemala,
being particularly destructive in the plantations on the Pacific coast of that
country.

The fungus causes the death of the trees by the hyphte penetrating and
clogging up the sieve tubes and by the destruction of the cambium. It seems
to infect the trees beginning with the roots and spreading from them to the
trunks.

Some diseases of cacao, F. C. von Faber (A/&. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstw.,
6 (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 385-Jf06, pi. 1, fig. i ) .—Descriptions are given of the
witches' broom disease of cacao, due to Taphrina bussei n. sp., which attacks
the young shoots, leaves, etc., and of a stem canker caused by a species of
Nectria. Both diseases are said to be quite troublesome in Kamerun.

Diseases of cacao, J. H. Hart ( ITcs-^ India Com. Vive, 2't {1909), Xos. 289,
pp. 509-513, figx. /, ; 290, pp. .533-537, figs. 6).—X summary is given of the
diseases to which cacao is subject in the West Indies, with suggestions for
their control. In all the author describes about 20 fungus diseases.

Some Botrytis diseases of Ribes, T. Wulff (Ark. Bot., 8 (1909), No. 1-3,
Art. 2, pp. 18, pis. 2, figs. //). — Descriptions are given of- diseases of Ribes
aureum, R. rubruni, and R. grossularia due to Botrytis sp., and the relation
of the fungus to Sclcrotinia lihcrtiana is discussed.

The young shoots api)ear to be the portions most affected and on them the
sclerotia are largely formed. Cutting out the shoots to admit air and light
is recommended. Niti'ogenous manures should be used sparingly about the
bushes, as they seem to have an unfavorable effect.

Notes on some diseases of grapes and on rust diseases of plants, E. Griffon
and A. Maublanc (Bui. Trimest. Sac. Mycol. France, 25 (1909), No. 3, pp.
1^0-146). — Brief notes are given on the downy mildew attacking the flowers
of the grape and on black rot. The rusts described are Puccinia gramints,
white pine rust (Peridennium strohi), and a rust of willows due to a species
of Melampsora.

A species of Discosia on living bull pine seedlings, F. I). Heald (Mycologia,
1 (1909), No. 5, pp. 215-217, pi. 1). — A technical description is given of D.
pini n. sp., which was found during an examination of the National Forest
at Halsey, Nebr., in 1907, while an effort was being made to determine the
cause of a blight of young pine seedlings. A number of species of this genus
are recorded, but all seem to be saprophytic. This species, which is apparently
new, was found growing on living seedlings of Pinus ponderosn. It has not
yet been determined whether this fungus was connected in any way with the
blight that was then prevalent.

Abnormalities in Hevea brasiliensis, T. Fetch (Circs, and Agr. Jour. Roy.
Bot. Gard. Ceylon, .', (1909), Nos. 17, pp. Ilt7-15.'f, pis. 2; 18, pp. 155-164, pis.
2). — Attention is called to some frequent abnormalities in seedlings of H.
hrasiliensis ^nd also in the trunks of the trees. The principal abnormality
of the seedlings consist of peculiar twistings of the different parts of the plant
following germination, while in the trunks the author describes certain burs
and nodules that occur in the bark or immediately beneath it which seem to
be associated in some way with the pricking instruments used in tapping this
tree.

152 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Investigations on the immunity and susceptibility to disease of woody
plants, E. MiJNCH (A'aturw. Ztachr. Foist u. Laudic, 7 {li)09), Xos. 1, i)i>. J.'/-7J,
fig. 1; 2, pp. 81-lllt, figs. 4; 3, pp. 129-160) .—Studies have been made of the
effect of moisture, air, and other factors in wood on the development of fungi.
Inoculation experiments were made with the spores of various fungi and tlie
growth determined.

In exi»eriments with bhio rot of timber (('enitostomclla cccrulca) the sapwood
of pine was found to be immune to tlie fungus attaclv when the volume of air
in the timber was about 15 per cent of tlie volume of the fresh wood. This was
obtained when the normal winter watci- content was increased about 12 per
cent. A water content of 17 per cent and a volume of air equaling 42 per cent
was found the optimum for the development of the fungus. Free water was
not necessary for the development of the mycelium, but if the water of imbibi-
tion was reduced considerably the growth of the fungus was impossible.

Simihir experiments were carried on with various species of Agaricus, Poly-
porus, Stereum, etc., on horse chestnut, poplars, and other species, with Nec-
tria on elm and beech, etc., and the volume of air in proportion to the moisture
content was found to be an important factor in fungus development. Differ-
ent species of fungi were found to differ very materially in their requirements
in this respect.

Instructions for spraying, W. H. Chandler (Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Hart., 2
(1908), pp. Sl'i-S^.'t, pis. 5). — Directions are given for the preparation and
application of some of the more common fungicides and insecticides, and the
author indicates the times of application and the best form of solutions to use
for different diseases. In this connection attention is called to the i-esults that
have been obtained with dust sprays. It is stated that dust sprays are so much
less efficient in controlling insects and fungus diseases of orchards that they are
seldom if ever to be recommended.

Copper in vineyard soils (Rev. Sci. [Paris], .'{7 (1909), 11, No. 4, PP- 114>
115). — An account is given of investigations conducted from 1886 to 1906 by
E. Chi'ard. of Lausanne, in which he sought to determine the amount of cop-
per deposited in soils by spraying. During this time he estimates that there
was about 26 gm. of copper deposited in each square meter of the soil, and an
attempt was made to determine^whether this remained in the sujierficial por-
tions of the soil or was carried below and out of reach .of the roots. Analyses
showed that the quantity of copper found in the surface was small, the greater
portion of it having been washed into the soil by infiltration.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY—ENTOMOLOGY.

Game laws for 1909, T. S. Palmer, H. Oldys, and C. E. Brewster (Tl. 8.
Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 376, pp. 56, figs. 2). — This summary, similar in scope
to those issued annually since 1902, includes changes in the laws made during
the present year. The information given has been revised and the section
relating to seasons entirely rewritten to show the open instead of the closed
seasons. In the section relating to the legislation of the year a review is given
of the new laws and the more important bills which failed to pass.

Report on the use of virus for extermination of rats, ,J. M. Young (Aberdeen
and No. of Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 12, pp. 10). — Tests were made of 3 commercial
products claimed to be pathogenic in rats, namely, Danysz bacillus, Liverpool
virus bacillus, and the bacillus of ratin (Nos. 1 and 2), the 3 preparations being
used in localities at considerable distances from each other.

From the reports received the following conclusions have been drawn : Each
product was successful in killing rats. There was no suggestion of any being

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 153

harmful to other animals, except in one instance, where one product was
thought to be fatal to hens, but of this direct proof was lacking. The com-
parative cost for the extended areas used in this test was, per 100 acres, for
the Liverpool virus fl, for the ratin virus £2 5s., and for the Danysz virus
f 1 10s.

Plague among ground squirrels in Contra Costa County, California, W. C.
RucKEB (Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Scrv. U. S., Pub. Health Rpts., 24 {1909),
No. 35, pp. 1225-1235). — The author states that there is reason to believe that
the booby owl. which is a constant companion of the ground squirrel, occupy-
ing the same burrows with it, may play an important role in the dissemination
of the epizootic. It is thought that this bird, flying from burrow to buri'ow,
may carry infected fleas for long distances. Squirrel eradicative agents and
the campaign against the ground squirrel are considered at some length.

The birds of Ontario in relation to agriculture, C. W. Nash (Ontario Dept.
Agr. Bui. 113, pp. 95, pis. ^8). — This is the fourth edition of a work previously
noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 1023).

Some indigenous insectivorous birds, S. H. Curnow {Jour. Dept. Agr. 8o.
Aust., 13 {1909), No. 1, pp. 17-20). — A brief account of some of the more
useful birds occurring in South Australia.

Crustacea and Arachnids, edited by S. F. Harmer and A. E. Shipley {New
York and London, 1909. vol. /,. pp. XVIII +566, figs. 287).— This volume, which
completes the series entitled Cambridge Natural History, contains an account
of the Crustacea by G. Smith and W. F. R. Weldon, of the Trilobites, by H.
Woods, of the Arachnida, by A. E. Shipley, H. Woods, and C. Warburton, and of
the Pyenogonida, by D. W. Thompson.

Classification of the Strongylidae, A. Railliet and A. Henry {Compt. Rend.
Soc. Biol. [Paris], 66 {1909), Nos. 2, pp. 85-88; 4, pp. 168-171).— Favt 1 of
this account is devoted to the Metastrongyllnse and part 2 to the AnkylostominiB,
this term being applied to those Strong^iidje that have a buccal capsule. Sis
genera and several species are described as new.

Bibliography of Canadian zoology for 1907, L. M. Lambe {Proc. and Trans.
Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. ser., 2 {1908), Sect. IV, pp. 77-87).— This lists 113 titles
ascribed to 85 authors.

Bibliography of Canadian entomology for the year 1907, C. J. S. Bethune
{Proe. and Trai}s. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. ser., 2 {1908), Sect. IV, pp. 89-103).—
This lists 127 titles by 124 authors.

A survey of the status of economic entomology in the United States, F.
SiLVESTRi, trans, by J. Rosenstein {BoL Quind. Soc. Agr. Itah, IJf {1909), No.
8, pp. 305-368; Hawaii. Forester and Agr., 6 {1909), No. 8, pp. 287-336) .—This
is a report on the present status of economic entomology, following a visit to
the United States including the Hawaiian Islands. Artificial methods of insect
control are considered but more particular attention is given to natural control.

A light-weight, portable outfit for the study and transportation of ants,
Edith N. Buckingham {Amer. Nat., 43 {1909), No. 514, jyp. 6II-6I4, figs. 2).—
A brief description is given of the apparatus used by the author in biological
studies of ants.

The relation of lepidoptera and other insects to the fertilization of the
Asclepiadaceae, particularly Araujia sericofera, J. K. d'Herculais {Compt.
Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 148 {1909). No. 18. pp. 1208-1210) .—The author con-
cludes that the role of insects in the fertilization of the milkweeds is much less
important than that attributed to them by most naturalists.

Revision of the Attidae of North America, G. W. and Elizabeth G. Peckham
{Trans. Wis. Acad. ScL, Arts and Letters, 16 {1909). pt. 1. No. 5. pp. 355-646,
pis. 23). — A genus and many species are described as new to science.

154 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Observations on two species of Hyalopterus, P. Hayhuust {Jour. N. Y. Ent.
Soc, n (,190V), No. 3, pp. J 07-115, pi. 1). — Hyalopterus aquilcgiw-flavus which
infests the columbine and rose in Europe has been found on these phints at
Forest Hills, Mass. //. (lactylklia, taken from the orchard grass in the Dis-
trict of Columbia and at Forest Hills, is described as new. Li/.siplilcbus cera-
snpltis and Ephvdrux si), were bred at Forest Hills fi'om this new si)ecies.

Some new and little known Coccidse, T. D. A. Cockrell and W. W. Hobbins
Uour. N. Y. Ent. ^'or„ 77 (1909). No. 3, pp. 101,-107, figs. 3) .—A.spidtotus arcto-
staphyli from leaves of Arctostapliylos viscida taken at Red Bluff, Cal., and
Vhionaspis sassceri from the orange at Fallbrook, Cal,, are described as new to
science.

Contribution to a study of the Coccidae of West Africa, P. Marchal (Mem.
Soc. Zool. Franvc, 22 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. 165-182, pis. 2, figs. 8).— Eleven
species of scale insects are here considered.

Scale insects from "West Africa, P. Marchal ( Vonipt. Rend. Soc. Biol.
ll'aris], 66 (11)09), No. 13. pp. 5S6-588). — The genus Houardia and 2 species
from Senegal are described as new.

The parasitic fungi of scale insects in the West Indies (Agr. News [Barba-
dos], 8 (1909), No. 193, p. 229).— There are said to be 4 species of fungi
parasitic on scale insects at present known in the West Indies. These are
the red-headed , fungus (Sphwrostilbe coccophila), the white-headed fungus
(Ophionectria coccicola), the black fungus (Myriangium duriwi), and the
shield-scale fungus.

The apple sucker and its treatment, F. V. Theobald (Irish (Jard., J, (1909),
No. 37, pp. 33-35. fiyx. 8). — An account of the biology of Psylla mall and the
methods of combating it.

The genus Chermes in its relation to forestry, R. S. Macdougall (Jour. Bd.
Agr. {London], Ui (1909), No. 6, pp. .',1,1-1,53, pls. 2, fig. 1, dgms. 3).— A brief
account of the species of Chermes occurring in Great Britain.

Studies on the Trichoptera of Wisconsin, C. T. A'orhies (Trans. Wis. Acad.
Sci., Arts and Letters. 16 (1909), pi. I, No. 6, pp. 61,7-738. pis. 76i).— Studies
of the life history and habits of caddice iiies, with technical descriptions of
the stages. A complete bibliography of the American species is ai)itended.

Fourth annual report of the superintendent for suppressing the gipsy and
brown-tail moths, L. H. Worthley (Ann. Rpt. Supt. Suppressing Gipsy and
Brown-tail Moths [Mass.], 4 (1908), pp. 75, pis. 12).— During 1908 the fight
against the gipsy and brown-tail rn,oths was carried on along practically the
same lines as in the 3 preceding years (E. S. R., 22, p. 55). The climatic con-
ditions were favorable to the caterpillars but decidedly adverse to the increase
of certain fungus and bacterial diseases which have in recent years been of
great assistance as checks, so that the pests developed very rapidly. The prin-
cipal devastation was confined to woodlands of low valuation.

The experience of the year showed the importance of equipping each city
and town with adequate spraymg outfits. Scouting during the early part of
the year by about 100 trained men resulted in the discovery of a number of
small colonies of the gipsy moth in several towns along the border of the
district previously known to be infested.

The brown-tail moth was found to extend over an area comprising more than
\5,000 square miles. A list of 192 towns known to be infested by the gipsy
moth, and maps showing the area infested by the 2 pests on .January 1, 1909,
are given.

Experiments conducted have shown that young gipsy moth caterpillars can
not live on white pine foliage in their early stages, and seem to give final and
conclusive proof that where the hardwood growth is thoroughly destroyed in

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 155

a pine forest, there need be no fear from damage by tlie gipsy moth caterpillars,
provided the trees are properly protected from invasion from without by the
use of sticky bands. This discovery is considered to be of great practical im-
portance as it will permit of the general planting and cultivation of white pine
without fear of damage from the moths.

During the year experts were employed to investigate the wilt disease of
the gipsy moth, which is probably bacterial, but no definite conclusions were
arrived at.

An investigation during the summer by G. P, Clinton of the fungus disease
of the brown-tail moth, due to Entomophtliora aulicce, led him to express the
opinion that the outlook for a practical application of this disease by means
of the distribution of infected material is unfavorable. At the same time, as
the unusual dryness of the season afforded the most unfavorable conditions
possible, it is considered that a continuation of the investigation is necessary,
particularly since in 1907 considerable success was met with in the dissemina-
tion of the disease.

A report by F. Silvestri, of the Royal School of Agriculture, Portici, Italy,
following an investigation of the work of suppression, is presented in which
the author recommends a continuation of the work along the same lines, par-
ticular emphasis being placed. upon the work with parasites.

The report of L. O. Howard, under whose direction the work with parasites
is being carried on, is appended to the general report. " There have been
imported, in all, 23 species of hymenopterous parasites, of which 16 are
European, 6 are from Japan, and 1 at least is common to both regions. Eleven
of these have been reared from the gipsy moth, 6 from the brown-tail moth,
nnd 6 from both insects. A number of species of secondary parasites have
been reared and have been killed. Of dipterous parasites, at least 29 distinct
species have been imported, of which nearly all are parasitic upon both gipsy
and brown-tail moths. Of Coleoptera, 5 species have been imported, all of
which will feed upon both gipsy moth and brown-tail moth. This makes a
total of 57 beneficial species, enemies of gipsy moth or brown-tail moth, or
both, that have been brought over in the course of this work."

The outlook is deemed more favorable than at any period during the prog-
ress of the work. While success seems an ultimate certainty, the time at
which obvious results will be apparent is as yet uncertain.

The Hawaiian sug'ar cane bud moth (Ereunetis flavistriata), with, an
account of some allied species and natural enemies, O. H. Swezey (Hatoaiian
Sugar Planters' Sta., Div. Ent. Bui. 6, pp. -)0, pis. Jf). — E. flavistriata, variously
known as the bud moth, budworm, or sheath moth of sugar cane, is very abun-
dant in all cane fields throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Its eating of the
leaf sheaths and the leaves does no apparent injury to the cane as it is done
on the dead or nearly dead leaves. The eating of the rind may be considered
as injurious in the extent to which it may allow an entrance for fungus spores,
etc. The eating of the eyes, however, is a very serious injury not merely from
its producing a condition, or an opportunity for the admission of fungus spores,
but chiefly by its rendering the cane valueless for seed.

The larvfe of this moth also feed on dead leaves of palms, bananas, pine-
apples, and Pandanus, and among the bananas on the bunch, eating dead tissues
and sometimes the skin of the fruit. The eggs are laid singly or often a few
near together on the inner surface of the leaf sheath, sometimes on the outer
surface as well, deposited lengthwise in the slight longitudinal grooves of its
surface. The larvae become full-grown in 8 weeks from the time of hatching,

20872— No. 2—10 5

156 EXPERIMENT .STATION EECORD.

Tlie pnpa is formed within a cocoon made in tlie same location in wliich tlie
larva fed. The moth emerges in 2 or 3 weeks.

Of 5 other species of Ereunetis which occur in Hawaii and here noted, 3
are described as new to science. Four species of Opogoua are noted of which
2 are described as new. The so-called dancing moth, an undetermined species,
is abundant in Oahu, its larvre often being found in sugar cane associated with
larvae of the bud moth. The larvfe of Autosticha pelodes are sometimes asso-
ciated with budworms in the cane, l)ut probably do no injury. The larvae of
Batrachcdra rUcyi has been found feeding beneath leaf stalks of dead cane and
also in bored cane stalks. Crr/ptohlabcs alicna, which is described as new to
science, appears to be a general feeder.

Three parasites, Siet-ola molokaietisis, Melittobia haivaiicnsis, and Microdus
hatcaiicola have been bred from the budworm. The red ant (Pheidole megace-
phala) destroys more or less of the young budworms and of the other moths
here considered. Several species of Odynerus have been observed in cane fields
hunting for budworms and other tineid larvae. It is said that the injury done
by the eating out of the eyes of the cane is not sufficient to warrant any exten-
sive operations against the budworm.

Observations on the habits and injury of the asparagus fly (Platyparea
poeciloptera) in the vicinity of Paris, I\ Lesne {Compt. Rend. Acad. 8cL
[Paris], U8 (1909), No. S, pp. 191-199).— Thin fly is said to be the source of
injury in a large territory to the north of Paris, but does not seem to have made
its appearance to the south. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of the
destruction of all affected shoots as soon as they wither.

Biological investigations of the viviparity and larval life of Glossina pal-
palis, E. RouBAUD {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], IJ/S {1909), No. 3, pp. 195-
197). — This is a brief report of biological investigations of the tsetse fly.

Distribution of certain species of biting flies in the Federated Malay States,
H. C. Pratt {Jour. Trop. Yet. Sci., 4 {1909), No. 3, pp. 390-39J,).— This is a
brief report on a large number of flies of the family Tabanidae and of the
genus Stomoxys, which were obtained in various parts of the Federated Malay
States in connection with the work on surra.

Report on the mosquito work for 1908, J. B. Smith {Neio Jersey Stas. Rpt.
1908, pp. 381-428, pis. 2). — The season of 1908 is said to have been an abnormal
one in many respects and favorable to the development of mosquitoes of all
kinds. In the expenditure of the appropriation of .$20,000, an area of 6,669
acres was drained, 888,650 ft. of ditching being dug. From a study of mos-
quito eggs on salt marsh, it is concluded that an individual ovum may main-
tain its vitality for 2 or even 8 years. It was found that in the same woodland
pool, 3 different species may appear in 3 successive years, each species by
itself and without any admixture of the species that was in the same pool at
the corresponding time in the previous year.

Due to the favoi-able season the house mosquito was so abundant in the
larger cities that the benefits derived from the absence of the salt-marsh mos-
quito were not fully appreciated.

Notes made by J. T. Brakeley on Culex perturMns are presented. The first
larvae of this species were collected on March 7, at which time 6 well-grown
individuals were washed out, having evidently been attached to the floating roots.
It thus appears that they freeze and thaw out with the floating vegetation. It
is concluded from the observations that the pupae of this species never volun-
tarily come to the top in a state of nature, but that the adults emerge under
water and pop up to the surface;

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 157

A paper by J. "A. Grosbeck entitled The Mosquitoes of the Season, with notes
on the eggs found in the salt-marsh work is appended to the report. Culex
dijari was collected in the State for the first time.

Mosquitoes and malaria in Dehra Doon, India, F. W. Thomson {Jour. Roy.
Army Med. Corps, 12 {1909), A'o. 5, pp. 502-508). — A list of mosquitoes inhab-
iting Dehra Doon and the country in the immediate neighborhood is included
in this account. The commonest species in the barracks were Myzomyia
rossii, M. culicifacies, Nyssorhyjichvs maculatus, all the Stegomyife, and Culex
fatigans.

Practical information on the scolytid beetles of North American forests.
I, Bark beetles of the genus Dendroctonus, A. D. Hopkins ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Eut. Bid. S3, pt. 1, pp. 169, pis. 2, figs. i02).— This work deals with the
more practical results of extensive investigations conducted between 1891 and
1908, and thereby supplements Technical Bulletin 17, pt. 1, previously noted
(E. S. R., 21, p. 557). A detailed account is given of the distribution, seasonal
history, habits, economic features, and methods of control, so far as known,
of 23 species.

The investigations are said to have clearly shown that some of the species
of this genus of beetles are the most destructive enemies of the coniferous forest
trees of North America, and it is considered probable that if the timber de-
stroyed by these insects in the United States in the past .50 years were living
to-daj' the stumpage value would be more than .$1,000,000,000. In regard to the
possibilities of control the author reports that experiments and practical de-
monstrations make it clear that wherever private, state, or national forests are
under organized management for fire protection and economic utilization, the
control of these insects is often a less difficult and less expensive problem than
that of controlling forest fires.

All of the species of Dendroctonus studied have demonstrated their ability to
attack healthy trees and kill them whenever the individuals of a species occur
in suflicient numbers to overcome the resistance of the tree. In combating these
pests success depends largely on a knowledge of the proper time to begin and
end certain timber-cutting or barking operations for the destruction of the
broods of the beetles. The natural enemies are considered under the headings
of insects, birds, diseases of the insects and diseases of the trees.

The western pine beetle {Dendroctonus brevicornis) attacks western yellow
pine and sugar pine and is destructive to living timber in the mountains of
California and northward and eastward to Washington and Montana. It is
especially destructive to the western yellow pine in central Idaho and in the
mountains of the higher valleys of eastern Washington, Oregon, and California.
In localities where it is known the principal clumps of infested trees should
be located from September to March, and the infested bark on the main trunk
and larger branches removed and burned or the logs converted into lumber
and the slabs burned, between October and June 1.

The southwestern pine beetle {D. barberi) attacks western yellow pine in
southern Colorado and Utah, and in the mountains of Arizona, New Mexico,
western Texas, and northern Mexico. The methods of control are similar to
those of the western pine beetle. The roundheaded pine beetle {D convexi-
frons) attacks western yellow pine from southern Arizona to northern New
Mexico and southern Colorado. As this species is usually associated with
others its specific relation to the death of trees is doubtful. The southern pine
beetle {D. frontalis) attacks all of the pines and spruces of southern Pennsyl-
vania southward into Florida and westward into eastern Texas and Arkansas.

158 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

In order effectually to destroy the insect it is only necessary to remove the
infested bark from the trunks and burn it.

The Arizona pine beetle {D. ai-izonicus) attacks western yellow pine in cen-
tral Arizona. The smaller Mexican jiine beetle (D. mcxicanus) and the larger
Mexican pine beetle (D. paralhUjcoUis) attack pine trees in Mexico. The
Colorado pine l)eetle (D. appro.viinatiis) attacks western yellow pine from cen-
tral Colorado and Utah to soutliern Arizona and New Mexico. The mountain
pine beetle {D. monticolw) attacks silver or western white pine, western yellow
pine, and lodgepole pine, in Montana, western Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon, and
Washington, and also sugar pine, western yellow pine, and lodgepole pine in
the mountains of Washington, Oregon, and California. The simple removal of
the bar(s without burning is sufficient to kill the broods of this species, 'llu;
infested trees should be located and marked in September and the infested bark
removed from the main trunks during the period from October to July.

The Black Hills beetle (D. pomlerosw) attacks yellow pine, lodgepole pine,
limber pine, Mexican white pine, white spruce, and Engolmann spruce from the
Black Hills, South Dakota, to southern Arizona and westward into Utah, and
is very destructive. The bark should be removed from the main trunk of the
trees between October 1 and June 1. It appears to have been brought under
complete control within the radius of some hundreds of square miles in the
vicinity of Colorado Springs, Colo., through the felling and barking of trees
within the period necessary to destroy the bi'oods. At another locality in
Colorado where more than 250,000 ft. of timber was infested it was brought
under control through the cutting and barking of the timber or the destruction
of the slabs by burning, as recommended.

The Jeffrey pine beetle [D. jeffreyi) attacks Jeffrey pine and yellow pine
in the Yosemite National Park and San Bernardino County, California. The
methods of -control are the same as for the two preceding species. The eastern
larch beetle (D, simplex) attacks eastern larch, from New Brunswick west-
ward to northern Michigan, and probably to the western and northern limit
of this tree, and south in the higher Alleghenies to northeastern West Virginia
and western Maryland. The infested trees should either be barked, burned, or
placed in water, and the stumps barked, during the period between September
and the following May. Trap trees felled during May and June should serve
to attract the beetles away from living trees and thus facilitate their destruc-
tion by removing the bark during the following fall and winter.

The Douglas fir beetle {D. pseudotsugw) attacks Douglas fir, bigcone spruce,
and western larch, wherever these trees grow from British Columbia south-
ward into New Mexico, Arizona, and California. In order effectually to check
its ravages at least 75 per cent of the trees affected should have the infested
bark removed from the main trunks or the logs converted into lumber and
the slabs burned during the period beginning with the first of November and
ending the first of the following March. The eastern spruce beetle (Z>. jHcea-
perda) attacks the red, black, and white spruce from New Brunswick, Canada,
southward in the mountains of New York and Pennsylvania and westward to
Michigan. The removal of the infested bark from the trunks of the trees with-
out burning is all that is necessary to kill the immature stages of the insect at
any time. If the work be done during the period beginning with the middle
of October and ending with the middle of ]\Iay, say at or below an elevation of
about 1,800 ft. at latitude 45°, the parent adults and developed broods of adults,
together with the immature broods, will be killed. It is stated that the injury
to mature spruce in northwestern Maine appears to have been checked through
the concentration of logging operations in infested sections, as recommended
by the author.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 159

The Engelmanu spruce beetle {D. engelmanni) attacks the Engelmann spnice
and probably other spruces from central Idaho southward to the mountams of
southern New Mexico and the white spruce in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
The methods of controlling this beetle are essentially the same as for the
eastern spruce beetle. The Alaska spruce beetle (D. horeaUs) is but little
known. The Sitka spruce beetle (D. obesus) attacks the Sitka spruce from
Newport, Oreg., northward along the coast of Alaska, probably following the
distribution of the tree in which it lives. The redwinged pine beetle {D.
rufipennis) attacks felled white pine in northwestern Michigan. The lodge-
pole pine beetle (D. murrayanxe) attacks Ihe lodgepole pine in southern Wyo-
ming and occurs northward to Alberta, B. C.

The Allegheny spruce beetle {D. punctatus) has been collected in West Vir-
ginia on a red spruce tree felled the previous winter. But little is known of its
habits. The European spruce beetle (D. micans) attacks spruce, pine, fir, and
larch from central to northern Europe and in Denmark, Russia, and eastern
Siberia. The black turpentine beetle (D. terebrans) attacks pine and spruce
from Long Island, N. Y., southward to Florida and westward to Texas and
West Virginia, but it is more common in the South Atlantic and Gulf States.
Methods of control should be based on the prevention of the primary injury
by preventing the undue multiplication of the beetle, or by furnishing a con-
tinuous supply of more attractive breeding places, as iu the case of continued
lumbering operations. The red turpentine beetle (D. valens) attacks pine and
spruce in eastern United States and Canada, northward from the mountains of
North Carolina, westward to the Pacific coast, and southward from British
Columbia into Mexico. The methods of control for this species are much simi-
lar to those for the black turpentine beetle.

A bibliography of the economic literature is appended to the account.

New South American Hym^enoptera, C. Schrottky (An. Soc. Clent. Argen-
tina, 67 {1909), No. 5, pp. 209-228). — Of the numerous new species here de-
scribed from Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina, several from Paraguay
represent the parasitic families.

Nutritive exchang'es in the bees during the 4 seasons, Maeie Paehon (Ann.
^'c/. Nat. ZooJ., 9. srr., 9 {1909), No. 1, pp. 1-57, fif/s. 23; abs. in Naturiv. Rund-
schau, 2'f {1909), No. 35, pp. .'i'i3--'i'i5) . — A physiological study of the bees.

The Ichneumons of Great Britain, C. Morley {Plymouth, 1907, vol. 2, pp.
XVI+351, pi. 1, fff/s. 22; 1908, vol. 3, pp. XVI+328, pi. 1, figs. l-'i).—A de-
scriptive account of the families, genera, and species indigenous to the British
Islands, together with notes as to the classification, localities, habitats,
hosts, etc.

In the first volume, previously noted (E. S. R., 10, p. 279), the Ichneumoninaj
are considered ; in the second volume the Cryptinte are taken up, 41 genera and
317 species being recorded, of which 2 genera and 7 species are new to science;
and in the third volume the Pimplinre are considered, 39 genera and 211 species
being recorded, of which 1 genus and 8 species are new to science.

The oviposition of Aphelinus mytilaspidis, P. Marchal {Compt. Rend.
Acad. Scl. [Paris], 1J,S {1909), No. 18, pp. 1223-1225).— A report of the author's
observations on the oviposition of this parasite in Aspidiotus ostrewformis. It
is considered probable that some of the scales are punctured simply for food.

Report of the entomologist, J. B. Smith {New Jersey 8tas. Rpt. 1908, pp.
305-378, pi. 1, figs. 8). — During the year under report the elm-leaf beetle ap-
peared in large numbers, resulting in the largest brood that the author has
known. Attempts to establish the parasite Tetrastichus xanthomelamw, im-
ported from France as previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 957), apparently failed
in New Jersey.

160 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The white- ninrkod tussock moth was iimisiinlly jilmndnnt on shafle trees in
cities and towns in the eastern part of tlie State. The wood leopard moth was
less troublesome in the large cities than for several years previous. Parasiti>s
appear to have caused the almost complete elimination of the catalpa' sphinx
during 1908. The moths of the snow-white Eugonia appeared in great abun-
dance in Hudson and Essex counties, this being its first appearance in numbers
for several decades.

The black peach aphis was abnormally abundant on the roots of trees in
the southern sections of the State. The fungus Sphwrostilbe coccophila was
found in September on Asindiotus forhcfii, infesting cherry trees. Other insects
of the year briefly noted include the pear psylla, grape plum moths, rose chafer,
strawberry leaf roller, strawberry weevil, cutworms, cabbage worms, tomato
worms, corn worms, onion thrips, flea beetles, plant bugs, asparagus beetles,
digger wasps {Sphecius speciosus), Chinese mantids, ants, Angoumois grain
moth, and the mushroom sciara (Sciara multiseta).

Insects mentioned as alTecting cranberries are cutworms, flea beetles, and
grasshoppers. Notes are given on the life history and habits of the flea beetle
{Chxetocnema confinis), which was the source of injury to the sweet potato.
The use of arsenate of lead or a delay in setting out is recommended. Three
species of tortoise beetles or gold bugs were also found in more or less abun-
dance on sweet potatoes.

Fi'om observations on root maggots, reported by E. L. Dickerson, it appears
that the great majority, if not all of the cabbage root maggots, passed the win-
ter in the pupal stage. PhorMa ceparum, Euxesta notata, and Tritoxa flexa
were bred from infested onions. There was no evidence that the fertilizer con-
taining cai'bolic acid had been of any benefit in checking the maggot, although
it may prove that it does if applied at just the right time. Cooper's Vi and V2
fluids used liberally upon maggot-infested plants proved of little value. As a
protection to the cauliflower and cabbage plants the tarred paper disks proved
to be both practical and effective.

Under records of the experiment orchard it is stated that such scale-kill-
ing materials as were tried proved ineffective. Notes are also given on vari-
ous insecticides, including arsenate of lead, miseible oils, aphine, picric acid,
carbolic acid, carbolic acid emulsion, carbolic acid fertilizer, lime and carbolic
acid, Bogarfs sulphur compound, lime and sulphur, and Cooper's Yi and V2
tree sprays. The author considers that for use against plant lice in the garden
and greenhouse, Aphine has not been excelled by anything known to him and
thinks that in the field it will probably do as well should the price be sufficiently
low.

Report of the government entomologist for the year 1907, C. P. Lounsbuet
(Rpt. Govt. Ent. [Cape Good Hopel, 1907, pp. //5-57). — In the inspection of*im-
ports apples from Tasmania, apple stocks from England, and roses from Hol-
land were found infested by the oyster-shell scale and a quantity of gooseberry
bushes from England by an undetermined Lecanium. Several small consign-
ments of Madeira apples were refused admittance on account of fruit fly infes-
tation.

Under the nurseries inspection and quarantine act, the red scale (Chrysotn-
phalus aurantii), the circular purple scale (C. aonidum), the Ross black scale
(C. rossi), the purple or mussel scale {Lepidosaphes heckii), the Glover or long
scale (L. gloverii), the white peach scale (Aulacaspis pcntagoiia), and the
woolly aphis were proclaimed pests within the meaning of the act. The red
scale, white peach scale, and woolly aphis are said to be very common pests.
The circular purple scale was found to be well established in 2 florist nurseries.
The Ross scale, while common in the Transvaal, has not been found in the Cape

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 161

nurseries. The purple scale was fouud in 1 nursery and was exterminated,
while the Glover scale was found near nurseries but not on any nursery stock.

Preliminary work in a study of the transmission of blue tongue or malarial
catarrhal fever of sheep was begun. Attempts made to feed mosquitoes on af-
fected sheep were not carried to a satisfactory termination through the great
difficulty in getting mosquitoes to feed on the animals.

The work against locusts is considered at some length. As predicted in the
previous reijort, the colonies suffered a greater infestation by the brown locust
than has been experienced since 1893. The Plasmopara vine disease is briefly
discussed. An apparently undescribed scale which is closely related to the San
Jose scale was discovered to have become established at Bloemfontein. Three
parasites were reared from codling moths collected in the Cape peninsula, 2 of
which have been determined as Pimpla Jieliophila and Hymenibosmina pomo-
nellce. Attempts to introduce a parasite of the red scale from West Australia
were unsuccessful. In experiments with the fruit fly {Ceratitis capitata) in
which boxes were kept at temperatures of 38 to 40° F. for 21 days, all of 266
maggots were found to be dead when examined and 2 puparia discovered failed
to develop. The Kafir corn aphis was a subject of special inquiry. The Eriuose
disease of the vine, caused by Phytoptis vitis, is said to have spread widely in
western vineyards in late years.

Some insect pests of last season, F. Thomsen (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 7
(1909), No. 28, pp. 675-678, pis. 3, map 1). — ^An account of the more important
insects occurring in the Transvaal.

A study of three injurious insects (Bui. Mens. Off. Renscig. Agr. {Parish,
7 (1908), No. 12, pp. lJi91-1513). — This article forms the principal part of a
report of work conducted in the Gironde in 1907 upon Eudentis hotrana, Phyl-
lodecta vulgatissima, and Termes lucifngus.

Some insects injurious to cabbage, cucumbers, and related crops, F. H.
Chittenden (Virginia Truck Sta. Bui. 2, pp. 19-Ji8, figs. 14). — These studies
were in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology of this Department.

Aphids are said to have been the most important insect pests in tidewater
Virginia during the past few years. During the spring of 1908, a serious out-
break of the cabbage aphis occurred, the loss amounting to from 65 to SO per
cent of the crop in infested fields. A braconid, Lipolexis piceus, was the most
effective agent in the natural control of this pest.

In remedial experiments, conducted during the year and reported by C. H.
Popenoe, it was found that atmospheric and other conditions being equal, and
without high winds or ensuing rain, there is little difference in the effects of
kerosene-soap emulsion, diluted with 15 parts of water, and whale-oil soap at
the rate of 8 lbs. to 50 gal. of water. Experiments indicate that fumigation
methods can scarcely be of value in the treatment of field cabbage for the
cabbage aphis.

The spinach aphis (Myzus persicce), was the source of very, severe injury
in the trucking region of Norfolk, Va., during the fall and early winter of
1907, affecting about 1,000 acres and causing loss estimated at $750,000. The
seed-corn maggot (Pegomya fusciceps) was observed during April and May
doing great damage to late-planted beans in the vicinity of Diamond Springs,
Va. In certain areas, rows were entirely killed off, necessitating replanting.
As many as 5 to 10 maggots were found in single seed beans, and in many
cases in nearly every seed.

During 1908-9, the imported cabbage worm was present in all fields of cab-
bage and other cole crops doing its customary amount of damage to early
cabbage in May. Brief mention is made of the cabbage looper (Atitographa

162 EXtEKIMEiSTT STATION EECORD.

hrassicw), cross-striped cabbage wonn {Evergestis rimosalis), and the harle-
quin cabbage bug.

Uuder insects injurious to cucurbits mention is made of the striped cucumber
beetle and the southern corn root-worm (Diabrotica 12-in(,nctata) . An account
of insecticides and their application concludes the bulletin.

Observations on Prays oleellus and other insects of the olive in Calabria,
G. DKL GuERCio {Atti It. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5, scr., 6 {190!)),
No. 1, pp. 31-99, 2ils. Jf). — Prays oleellus is here considered at length (pp. 33-
81). Other species discussed include Parlatoria proteus, Aspidiotus hederce,
Lecanium olew, Ceroplastes rusci, etc.

Protection of woodlands in Ireland, A. O. Foebes {Dept. Agr. and Tech.
Imtr. Ireland Jour., 9 (1909), No. Jf, pp. 65/f-66Jf, j)ls. 10, figs. 5).— An account
of the insects injuring forest trees in Ireland, the nature of their injury, and
the practical protective measures that are often necessary to prevent serious
loss.

Spraying for San Jose scale, M. A. Blake and A. J. Fakley (Neio Jersey
Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp. 61-63). — The authors report that 675 one-year-old peach
trees were sprayed with lime-sulphuB at an expense of $1.83. In this work the
barrel pump was used, 3 men being engaged. The outlay for the equipment
was $23.70.

Fumigation of apples for the San Jose scale, A. L. Quaintance ( V. 8. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. S/f, pp. J/S, pis. 2, figs. 3). — Details of investigations con-
ducted by the author in cooperation with W. A. Taylor, of the Bureau of Plant
Industry of this Department, to determine the possibility of fumigating apples
with hydrocyanic-acid and other gases, are here reported. Although the chances
of the establishment in new localities of the San Jose scale from shipments of
infested fruit are considered by American entomologists in general to be ex-
ceedingly remote, in certain European countries the danger has appeared suffi-
cient to warrant the enactment of legislation excluding from entry all fruits
from America which, on inspection, show the presence of the San Jose scale.
Data are given from a report of the chief inspector of the station for plant pro-
tection at Hamburg which show that an undesirable amount of scale-infested
fruit finds its way into our export shipments, thereby entailing a considerable
loss to exporters.

A detailed description and the plans of a fumigating apparatus constructed
for the worlk are given. The experiments conducted are reported under the
headings : Strength of gas, length of exposure, package, variety of fruit, injury
to fruit, and low temperature. In the fumigation of Baldwin apples loose in
baskets all scales were killed with strengths of potassium cyanid at the rate of
from 0.1 to 0.5 gm. per cubic foot and exposed 45 minutes, and also at the rate
of 0.2 gm. per cubic foot with periods of exposure ranging from 20 minutes to 3
hours. In ho instance was there injury to the fruit.

Under the package series it is reported that all insects were not with cer-
tainty killed, except in the case of fruit in boxes, wrapped and unwrapped, and
in barrels in which each head had been pei'forated with numerous auger holes.
The only variety of apple used in the tests showing gas injury was the Rhode
Island Greening. Observations made at different times on fruit fumigated in a
dry, moist, and wet condition showed that its condition in this respect was im-
material. Fumigation of scale-infested apples in a local cold storage plant with
a temperature of 30° F. showed that adequate diffusion of the gas occurred,
killing all of the scale insects without injury to the fruit. The treatment of
scale-infested fruits with carbon bisulphid in strengths varying from 0.069 to
1.81 cc. per cubic foot for a period of 3 hours failed to kill the scales to any
extent.

IPOODS HUMAN NUTKITIOl^. l68

" The data presented point out, it is believed, the practicability of destroying
the San Jose scale on apples and suggests the desirability of the adoption of
the practice of fumigation by exporters if such treatment will result in the
acceptance by foreign countries of fruit so treated. A certificate of proper
fumigation on each . barrel, box, or package should constitute a sufficient
guaranty that any scales present had been killed. It is considered probable
that, if desirable, fumigation could be practiced in the case of numerous fruits,
as pears, oranges, lemons, etc. In the fumigation of apples in barrels it
\A'Ould appear sufficient to remote the upper head only, or to use for the original
heading boards with numerous i or 1 in. auger holes — a total of 15 or 20 at
each end."

There are appended synopses of the laws and decrees in force in foreign
countries bearing on the introduction of live plants and fresh fruits, and of
the laws and regulations of the various States in this country bearing on the
transportation and sale of fresh fruits infested with San Jose scale or other
Injurious insects.

Important insecticides: Directions for their preparation and use, C. L. Mar-
LATT ([/. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 127, rev., pp. .'/S, figs. 7). — In this second
revision there are some changes of old formulas, necessitated by the important
additions to our knowledge of insecticides since the last revision, in 1903.

Methods of exterminating the Texas fever tick, H. W. Geaybill ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Fanners' Bui. 378, pp. 30, figs. 15). — Information of practical value relat-
ing to the cattle tick, including data from investigations personally conducted,
has been brought together in 'this publication.

Following a brief description of the life history of the cattle tick, the methods
of eradication are taken up and discussed at some length. Tables are given
which show the time required to free i)astures from ticks by starvation, and
the time requii'ed for all ticks to drop from cattle placed on tick-free land.
Methods of rotation by which cattle and pastures may be freed from ticks in
4, 4i, and 8 months are described and illustrated by figures. The destruction
of ticks by dipping, spraying, and hand dressing is considered, directions being
given for the preparation and use of crude petroleum, emulsions of crude petro-
leum, and the arsenical dip. Specifications and materials for a dipping vat
which will hold 2,0SS gal. are accompanied by drawings, and the bill of mate-
rials for the vat and draining pens.

The poultry tick, E. E. Scroll {Farm and Ranch, 28 (1909), No. 36, p. U,
figs. 3). — A brief account of Argas miniatus including remedial measures.

Silkworm culture in the Transvaal, D. Gunn (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 7
(1909), No. 28, i>P' 662-673). — A brief account of and guide to silk raising in the
Transvaal.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Foods and condiments, their preparation and adulteration, A. Jolles (Die

Nahrungs und Genussmittel, Hire Herstellung und Verfdlscliiing. Leipsic and
V-ienna, 1909, pp. 209; rev. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 107, p. 945; Hyg. Rund-
schau, 19 (1909), No. 22, p. 1308).— In this text-book a large amount of infor-
mation is presented regarding the character and manufacture of food products,
food adulteration, and related topics.

Theoretical and practical treatise on frauds and adulterations, F. Monieb,
F. Chesney, and E. Roux (Traite Th^orique et Pratique sur les Fraudes et
Falsifications. Paris: Govt., 1909, vols. 1, pp. XY-{-653; 2, pp. 558).— Historical
matter, legislative enactments, and similar questions are included, as well as
summaries on inspection of food and beverages, standards, and related ques-

164 EXPERIMENT STATION HECORD.

tions. The volumes us a whole coiislltiile au exhaustive treatise on food adul-
teration, with special roforence to French conditions.

New legislation and legislative enactments regarding fraud and adultera-
tion, E. Koux (Legislation ct Jurisprudence Nouvellcs siir Ics Francles et Falsifi-
cations. Paris: Govt., 1909, 2. ed., pp. 551). — New material has been incorpo-
rated in this summary of French pure-food enactments and legislation. A full
index is provided.

Report on the work of inspectors of foods for the two years 1906-1908,
G. S. Buchanan {Ann. Rpt. Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.], 37 (1907-8), pp.
129-1 Ji-'t)- — Information is summarized regarding the scope and extent of the
food inspection work for the period covered.

Food analyses, C. F. Juritz (Rpt. Senior Anal. Cape Good Hope, 1908, pp.
100-108). — ^Analyses are reported of a number of samples of milk and other
dairy products, vinegar, vinegar essence, Kafir beer, ice, Cayenne pepper,
curry powder, jam, brandy and other beverages, and similar articles, a number
of the analyses having been carried on in accordance with the local pure
food law.

Quality in wheaten flour, A. E. Humphries (Millers'' Gaz., 33 (1909), No. 29,
pp. 352-35Jf). — In this summary of a paper presented at the meeting of the
British Association at Winnipeg, 1909, the author considers flavor, color,
strength, size and shape of loaf, stability of doughs, and yield of bread per
sack of flour.

Diabetic bread from soy beans and gluten, J, Chevalier (Bid. G6n. Th^r.
Med. et Chiriirg., 157 (1909), p. 8^5; al)s. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 100,
Repert., p. 433). — A process of making soy bean and gluten bread is described
and data given regarding its composition.

The milling and baking industries, A. Maurizio (Die Miillerei und Baclcerei.
Hanover, 1909, pp. VIII+89). — A popular treatise.

Electric meat curing process (Ice and Refrig., 37 (1909), No. 5, pp. 165-167,
figs. 6). — An illustrated description of a meat curing process in which an
electric current is passed through a vat containing meat in pickle (E. S. R.,
21, p. 659).

Refrigeration in the meat industry (Ice and Cold Storage [London], 12
(1909), Nos. 137, pp. 173-179, figs. 11; 138, pp. 199-206, figs. 11; 139, pp. 225-
232, figs. 14). — An illustrated discussion and summary of data regarding vari-
ous questions concerned with the cold storage of meat, including the effects
of freezing upon meat fibers, the transportation of frozen and chilled meat,
and the transport of such meat on board ship.

Official inspection of slaughterhouses and meat products, G. Geudens
(Handel. Vlaamsch Natuur en Geneesk. Cong., 12 (1908), pp. 200-206) .—ThQ
author recommends that slaughterhouses be provided with laboratories and
makes other suggestions.

The efficient inspection of Chinese pork, J. W. Green (Brit. Food Jour., 11
(1909), No. 129, pp. 155, 156). — Information is given regarding the importation
of frozen pig carcasses and other animal food products from China into England.
In view of the extent of this frozen pork trade and the conditions under which
pork is produced in China, the author believes that provision should be made
for rigid inspection.

The sardine industry, P. Lemy (Ann. Falsif., 2 (1909), No. 8, pp. 264-266).—
A discussion of the adulteration of canned goods by the substitution of other
fish for sardines.

Edible marine Crustacea, E. L. Bouvier (Rev. Gen. Sci., 20 (1909), No. 19,
pp. 803-808). — A summary of statistical, descriptive, and other data regarding
the use of shrimp, crabs, and other sea food.

POODS HUMAN NUTEITION. 165

Shellfish (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Food luHp. Decision 110, pp. 2). — The handling
and marketing of oysters is discussed with reference to the Food and Drugs Act
of June 30, 1906.

Quotations from the discussion follow:

" It Is unlawful to ship or to sell in interstate commerce oysters or other
shellfish which have become polluted because of packing under insanitary con-
ditions or being placed in unclean receptacles. In order to prevent pollution
during the packing or shipment of oysters, it is necessary to give proper atten-
tion to the sanitary condition of the establishment in which they are packed
and to use only receptacles which have been thoroughly cleansed as soon as
emptied. In order to prevent the possibility of contamination, it is desirable
that such containers be sterilized before using.

" It is unlawful to ship or to sell in interstate commerce oysters or other
shellfish which have been subjected to ' floating ' or ' drinking ' in brackish
water, or water containing less salt than that in which they are grown. . . .

" The packing of shellfish with ice in contact may lead to the absorption by
the oyster of a portion of the water formed by the melting ice, thus leading to
the adulteration of the oysters with water.

"Only unpolluted cold or iced water should be employed in washing shucked
shellfish, and the washing, including chilling, should not continue longer than
the minimum time necessary for cleaning and chilling."

Production and trade in eggs {Rev. 8oc. Set. Ilyg. Aliment., 7 (1909), No. 6,
p. XXXVIII). — According to the information sunmiarizod, the average annual
consumption of eggs per head is 118 in France, 127 in (Jerniany, 97 in England,
94 in Belgium, and 91 in Holland.

Local sugar consumption in regard to local production {[Bur. Agr. Stat,
and Inform. Mauritius], 1909, pp. l-'i, chart 1). — A summary of statistical data
regarding the sugar industry in Mauritius.

Judging brandy drops and similar sorts of confectionery, Foester (Ztschr.
Offentl. Chem., 15 {1909), Xo. 13, pp. 2//3-2//5).— The alcohol content was deter-
mined of a number of sorts of bonbons containing liqueur.

Distilled liquors, Quebec, A. McCJill {Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui.
187, pp. 13). — A report of analyses of 100 samples of liquors collected in Quebec
and purchased as whiskey, gin, and brandy, the inspection being made " in conse-
quence of a rumor to the effect that much spurious liquor was offered for sale
in the province named. . . .

" The absence of any legal standards for spirits in Canada makes it impossible
to pronounce upon the character of the samples now reported further than to say
that they contain no methyl alcohol, and no substances that can be described as
poisonous."

Note on the manufacture and composition of kirsch liqueurs from culti-
vated and wild cherries from the Fougerolles region, Roux and Bonis {Ann.
Falsif., 2 {1909), No. 6, pp. 150-15S). — Analytical data are reported and dis-
cussed.

Free tartaric acid in the wines of the Loire-Inf erieure, A. and P. Andouard
{Ann. Falsif., 2 {1909), No. 8, pp. 267-274). — An extended study is reported of
the acidity of different sorts of wine. The results are discussed with reference
to wine making and the permissible limits of tartaric acid.

Analyses of Gard and Camarque wines for the years 1907 and 1908, H.
AsTRuc and J. Mahoux {Ann. Falsif., 2 {1909), No. 12, pp. J, /f3-',60).— Analyses
are reported of a large number of samples of wine.

Analyses of wines in accordance with the pure food law, F. Cocco-Ortu
{Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Rome], 8 {1909), Ser. A, No. IJf, pp. 33Jt-337).—
Analyses of a number of samples of wines are reported.

166 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Official control of wines in Australia, C. Nourky {Rev. 8oc. Sci. Hyg. AU-
mciit., 7 (1909), No. G, pp. 161-110, }i{/s. G). — Tho system of goveriunent insi)ection
of Australian wines is discussed.

Vinegar from milk, (J. Filavokau and Vnoux (Ann. Falsif., 2 {1909), No. 8,
pp. 21S-2S0).— The manufacture of so-called "milk vinegar" from skimmed
milk or wbey is described, and an analysis of such a product reported.

According to the authors, milk vinegar, while it lacks the fine bouquet of
good wine vinegars, is a wholesome and agreeable condiment, which could be
used in place of some of the commercial vinegars made from alcoholic materials.

Data on the production of caffein and thein-free food products, C. Kippen-
BERGER {Ztschr. Augew. Chem., 22 {1909), No. 38, pp. 1837-1 8.', 1\.— A discus-
sion especially with refei-ence to a patent process of removing caffein and thein.

Deleterious ingredients of food, E. E. Smith {Science, n. ser., 30 {1909), No.
773, pp. 569-571). — In a paper presented before the section of biology. New
York Academy of Sciences, May, 1909, the author discusses the question of
food preservatives.

According to his summary, " we conclude that substances added to food are
essentially injurious when incapable of serving a useful purpose in amount
widely separated from the quantity that may produce deleterious effects; and
that they are not essentially injurious when capable of serving a useful pur-
pose in amount widely separated from the quantity that may produce deleteri-
ous effect, even though, in this latter instance, they may become deleterious
by abuse of the quantitative relation."

Preservatives in food materials. — Their detection and effect, D. H. Bergey
{Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 53 {1909), No. 10, pp. 755-757). — A series of tests
was undertaken to determine with what degree of accuracy the presence of pre-
servatives may be detected in foods by means of the antifermentative action
of the preservatives on trypsin.

According to the author, " the use of the antifermentative test for the detec-
tion of preservatives in foods does not give results that are satisfactoi-y in
every particular. The employment of this test must be carried out in such a
manner as to eliminate normal antifermentative effects in the food substances,
and attempts to remove these normal antiferments may lead to the simultane-
ous removal of the preservative.

" In view of our knowledge of the detrimental effects of chemical food pre-
servatives there is no more reprehensible practice than that of permitting their
use in foods in any quantity whatever."

[The application of formaldehyde to meat], G. S. Buchanan and S. B.
ScHRY\'ER {Local Govt. Bd. [(It. Brit.], Food Rpts., 1909, No. 9, pp. 12).— This
report contains an account of the circumstances of the investigation by G. S.
Buchanan (pp. 1-4), and data on the i)resence and detection of formaldehyde
in meat by S. B. Schryver (pp. 5-12), from which the following conclusions
were drawn :

" The results indicate that, in the case under consideration, formaldehyde
was not readily removed from meat even when the latter had been kept for
prolonged periods after formalization ; that where muscular surface was ex-
posed to the vapor, the contamination was relatively large (1 in .3,500) ; and
that a common depth of penetration into muscular tissue was 20 mm. under a
thin superficial layer of connective tissue."

Harmfulness of headache mixtures, L. F. Kebler, F. P. Morgan, and P. Rupp
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 377, pp. 16). — ^A popular summary of a report
previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 563) discussing the character and possible
harmful effects of acetanilid, antipyriu, and phenacetin.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 167

According to the authors, " it seems advisable, iu view of the widespread use
of these agents in remedies sold without a physician's prescription, especially
in headache mixtures, that the general public should be informed as to the
nature of these drugs, their tendency to form habits, and their injurious effects,
particularl5^ their depressing action on the heart."

Prices of food products and other commodities {Bol. Min. Indus, i Ohras
Pub. [Chile], 7 (1908), No. 3, pp. J/o-aS). — A considerable amount of statistical
data is reported regarding the prices of foodstuffs and other commodities in dif-
ferent localities in Chile.

Inquiry reg'arding the price of foodstuffs carried on in 70 schools, Levas-
si:uR {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 60 {19G9), No. 7, pp. 678-697, dgm. i).— Noted
from another soui-ce (K. S. R., 21, p. 567).

Modern kitchen equipment on a larg'e scale, W. Sternberg (Z/.sc/ir. Hii<j. n.
Infectionskrank., 63 (1909), No. 2, pp. 177-198). — Historical and other data are
summarized iu this discussion of kitchen equipment on a large scale. The
author approaches the subject from the standpoint of hospital kitchen equip-
ment but his suggestions and generalizations have a wider api)lication.

Cookery books, A. W. Oxford (In Notes from a Collector's Catalogue. Lon-
don, 1909, pp. 39-109). — A lif-t of bibliogi-aphical data of English books on cook-
ery and carving up to the year 1G99 and also a number of titles of English
cookery books published after 1700, and notes on a few foreign cookery books
and on some manuscript collections.

365 orange recipes [Mrs. J. L. Lane] {Philadelphia, 1909, pp. 1.58). — A col-
lection of recipes for puddings, jams, salads, and other dishes in which oranges
are used.

Care of food in the home, Mary H. Abel {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 375,
pp. -'16+11, figs. 2). — The author in this bulletin has summarized the results of
experiments and tests specially undertaken, as well as the results of experience
obtained in the practical handling of such problems, and the information which
is collected has been supplemented by general data gathered from a variety of
sources. The questions considered have to do with the economical use in the
home of products of the farm, dairy, and garden, and also with the subject of
household hygiene. The subjects discussed include among others mold, bacteria,
and the spoiling of food, flies, dust in relation to food, food supply, storage of
food, the handling of food and utensils in the kitchen, the importance of good
house plans and home conveniences, and cleanliness in public eating places.

" In conclusion it may be said that the preparation of food must more and
more come to be considered as an occupation that requires of the person who
undertakes it knowledge and habits quite beyond what is now expected of a
person who is simply a ' good cook.'

" It is even more essential that the housewife who buys food and who attends
to her own food preparation should have such knowledge."

Practical dietetics, W. G. Thompson {Neio York and, London, 1909, }. ed. enl.,
pp. NXVI-T-92S, figs. Ji3). — In this volume a large amount of data has been in-
corporated which has accumulated since the last edition was published. As a
whole the volume constitutes an extended handbook on the composition and
preparation of food, characteristics of animal and vegetable foods of different
sorts, cooking, digestion, dietaries, and other topics concerned with normal nu-
trition, in addition to the chapters which deal with diet in different kinds of
disease and other special conditions, and information regarding the diet in dif-
ferent hospitals.

In an appendix a large number of recipes are given for preparing beverages
and foods for sick room use. A detailed index to the volume is provided.

168 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD.

Report on national vitality, its wastes, and conservation, I. Fisher (Bnl.
('(nil. One Jliinilird Xal. llvuUh \\VnsUiiKjtim\, IHOD. No. SO, pp. VIH + 13H).—
Aniouf,' the subjects taken up are the conservation of national vitality through
public hygiene, seniipublic hygiene, and i»ersonal hygiene, the prevalence of
undue fatigue, and conservation through heredity.

The question of diet and fatigue is discussed in relation to the tlieory that
the average jjrotein consunii)tioii at the present time is excessive, and in the
discussion iuvestigations which in the author's opinion would suppin't this
theory are summarized.

As a whole, the bulletin is a valuable summary of statistical and other data.

Tlieory of nutrition based on energetics, :\I. Bikciier-Renner iOrundziifjc
dcr Erndhrungstherapie auf Grund der Energetik. Berlin, 1909, 3. ed.; rev. in
Zcntbl. Physiol., 23 (1909), No. 13, p. 431). — This volume which advocates a
vegetarian and more specifically a raw fruit diet, is critically reviewed by the
al)stract()r.

The applicability of the mass-energy law to energy changes in living mat-
ter, I, II. Friedenthat {Zenfhl. Physiol., 23 (1009), No. IJ,. pp. J,37-Jt39) .—An
introductory pajier.

Regular ration of the French army: Chemical composition and energy
value, L. C. Maillard (Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg. Aliment., 7 (1909), No. 6, pp. 127-
166). — In this report of the commission appointed for the study of the food of
the French army a large amount of information is summarized regarding the
scope of the inquiry, the methods of investigation, and the rations served and
their food and energy value.

The protein in the rations of 1.37 regiments and l)attalions ranged from 125
to 19.^ gm. and the energy value from 3,126 to 4,500 caloines. or considering the
energy of digestible food, from 2,S13 to 4,131 calories. As regards the principal
divisions of the army, the author states that in the case of the artillery the
energy value of the rations was 3,407 calories; of the infantry, 3,280; and of
the cavalry, 3,160.

In his discussion of the subject the author concludes that the French army
ration is deficient in protein of animal origin, deficient in fat, and contains an
excessive amount of protein of vegetable origin and an excess of carbohydrates.

Army diet (Rev. Soc. Sci. ILyg. Aliment., 7 (1909), No. 6, pp. XXXVI,
XXXVII). — A discussion of the above paper.

Analysis of prisoners' diet, H. Kreis (Ber. Chem. Lab. Basel, 1908, pp. 39-^1 ;
abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Getmssmtl., IS (1909), No. 7, p. Jf26). —
From a study covering a week it was calculated that the daily food per person
supplied 109.6 gm. proteiu, 61.7 gm. fat, 18.3 gm. crude fiber and 465.9 gm.
other carbohydrates, and 46.9 gm. ash. including 36.5 gm. salt.

A study of malnutrition in the school child (Jotir. Amcr. Med. Assoc., 53
(1909), No. 9, pp. 7 12-71 -'t). — A discussion of a paper by Sill, previously noted
(E. S. R., 21, p. 567).

Towards social reform, Canon Barnett and Mrs. S. A. Barnett (New York,
1909, pp. 352). — A number of essays on social welfare topics which have ap-
peared at different times have been quoted in this volume. The article on the
public feeding of school children (pp. 106-116) is of interest to students of
nutrition.

[An old age home] (In Copartnership in Housing. London, [1909], pp. 27,
28, pi. 1). — An illustrated description of a home for aged persons which gives
an opportunity ff)r cooperation in baking and in laundry work.

A special object of the enterprise is to provide aged couples with quarters
insuring the privacy of the home with the conveniences possible by systematic
cooperation.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 169

The aetiology of pellagra, C. H. Lavinder ( .V. Y. Med. Jour: and Phila. Med.
Jour., 90 {1909), Xo. 2, pp. 5-'t~o8). — From a review of the literature of the
subject the author believes that the following conclusions can be drawn, at
least tentatively :

" The cause of pellagra is essentially unknown. The idea, in one form or
another, of an ^etiological relation between pellagra and the use of maize as
food, is held by the majority of students of the disease. Such an idea is
almost as old as the history of the disease itself. It rests to some extent upon
the observations and experimental work of many able men, and in consequence,
it is not to be lightly cast aside, though, at the same time, it would seem unwise
to hold such views so dogmatically as to exclude investigation along other sug-
gestive lines."

Agricultural aspects of the pellagra problem in the United States, C. L.
ALSBEK«i (y. Y. Med. Jour, and Phihi. Med. Jour., 90 {1909), No. 2, pp. 50-5.',).—
"^'arious theories regarding Indian corn as a cause of pellagra are discussed.

The author believes that as a preventive of pellagra corn with a small quan-
tity of fat, that is, with a small proportion of germ, should be cultivated as
" when corn becomes moldy it is always the embryo that is affected first."
Further, toxic substances formed in the embryo are thought to be a cause of
pellagra. Corn, he points out, should be well grown, well ripened, and cured
before marketing and grinding, and he believes that it is the dealing in moist
corn which is a vei'y important factor in the spoiling or deterioration of corn
and the spread of the disease.

" The remedy is then to cause the corn to be thoroughly dried before trans-
portation. To bring this about, corn must be sold upon a basis of its moisture
content. But to make this possible there must be an efficient impartial system
of grain standardization. Such a system under the complex conditions of our
present civilization can, without doubt, be best carried out by the federal gov-
ernment. Federal grain standardization would not merely tend to restore to
us our lost markets, it would not merely increase our economic efficiency, it
would not merely make for higher business morals and greater commercial hon-
esty, but it would also be a most important pviblic health measure."

Proteins. — The relation between composition and food value, E. F. Arm-
strong {Chern. Ncivs, 100 {1909), Xo. 2600, pp. 151, 152). — In a paper read at
the meeting of the British Association at Winnipeg, 1909, the author discusses
the problem of the food value of protein on the basis of theories now held
regarding its structure. He sums up as follows :

'' When discussing the value of foods, it is not enough to know merely the
gross amount of nitrogen-containing matter, but the nature and proportion of
its constituent units must also be taken into account. The ideal diet should
contain as much variety of protein as possible in order to provide sufficient of
all the possible units of constructive metabolism."

The influence of sodium chlorid on the digestion and absorption of protein,
C. Paderi {Arch. Farmacol. Sper. e Sci. Aff., 8 {1909), Xo. 6, pp. 2Jt9-261).—
Experimental data are reported and discussed.

The influence of carbohydrates and fats on protein metabolism, E. P. Cath-
CART {Jour. Physiol., 39 {1909), Xo. J,, pp. 311-329, dgms. 2).— In these experi-
ments, which were made with men, the carbohydrate diet was composed of such
materials as tapioca, sugar, honey, and corn flour or of banana flour and honey;
the fat diet of butter and cream; and the fat-protein diet of casein bread,
cheese, butter, and eggs.

According to the author. " with a carbohydrate diet, practically nitrogen and
fat free, there is a fall in the output of urinary nitrogen,

170 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

" With a fat diet, practically nitrogen and carboliydrate free, there is a
marked rise in the output of urinary nitrogen.

" During starvation creatin is constantly present in the urine.

" The output of creatin induced by fasting at once falls when the diet consists
of carboliydrate, wliercas with the fat diet the amount excreted increases.

" The amount of creatin excreted during the fat period is not markeilly
reduced by the addition of protein food (carbohydrate free) to the diet.

" The hypothesis is put forward that the carbohydrates are absolutely essen-
tial for eudocellular syntlietic processes in connection with protein metabolism.

" It is probable that foodstuffs should be valued, as Chauveau suggested, more
on account of their isoglycogenic than their isodynamic value."

The author notes that the banana flour which was made into small calves
and eaten with honey " was not on the whole very w^ell utilized."

Lowering- the rate of metabolism, R. Stehelin {Dent. Med. Wchnschr., 35
(190!)), No, l.'i, pik GOD-GIJ). — Both fat and carboliydrates lower the metabolism
of protein when taken with it, according to the author's conclusions. The paper
as a whole has to do with metabolism in disease.

The Harvey lectures, 1906-7 .(I'hiladelpJiia and London, 1908, pp. Sl.'i, pis. Ji,
figs. J/S, charts //). — Among the papers included in this A'olume several are of
special interest in connection with physiological chemistry, nutrition, and re-
lated subjects, namely : The Principles of Vaccine Therapy, by A. E. Wright ; The
Common Bacteriological Infections of the Digestive Tract and the Intoxications
Arising Therefrom, by C. A. Herter ; The Myelins and Potential Fluid Crystals
of the Body, by J. G. Adami ; The Factors of Safety in Ajiimal Structure and
Animal Economy, by S. J. Meltzer (E. S. R., 19, p. 63) ; Metabolism During
Inanition, by F. G. Benedict (E. S. R., 19, p. 866) ; and Some Recent Studies
on Heredity, by E. B. Wilson (E. S. R., 19, p. 271).

Organization, work, and publications of Food and Nutrition Investigations
(U 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 89, pp. 18). — ^A short account is given
of the organization and scope of the Nutrition Investigations of the Office of
Experiment Stations, to which is appended a list of publications of the Office
relating to the food and nutrition of man. In addition to the usual biblio-
graphical data, brief notes are given in every case regarding the character of
the publications listed.

The purpose of these Nutrition Investigations, as stated in this circular, is to
study various aspects of the problem of the value for human food of agricul-
tural products, both animal and vegetable.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Animal nutrition problems in relation to the work of the experiment
stations, C. F. Langwokthy ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp.
331-35 Ji). — In this article the important progress made in the growth of scien-
tific methods for studying the problems of animal nutrition is discussed.
Recent noteworthy investigations, particularly at the American experiment
stations, are cited to show how the methods of the practical feeder depending
upon empirical knowledge are gradually giving way to exact methods, which
can be discovered only by laboratory investigations.

Among other topics briefly treated are the chemistry of embryonic life, the
need for a better knowledge of the relation of the protein requirement to the
ash requirement and other factors, and the study of new or little known feed-
ing stufl's. Lines of work are suggested which pi'omise results of theoretical
and practical importance. There are numerous references to the literature.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 171

The problem of age, growth, and death, C. S. Minot (New YorJc and London,
li)08, pp. XXII +230, figs. 73). — This book summarizes the results of investi-
gations on the correlation of age and growth and attempts to throw light on
the problems of growth, differentiation, senescence, and death by the demon-
stration of laws governing the proportionate volume of the nucleus and cell
body in the growing organism. It is based largely on investigations of the
author.

Measurements of growth, or increase of protoplasm, show very rapid gains
for a short time in the early stages of an organism. A few days after birth a
chick may add 9 per cent of its weight in a single day, but the rate of growth
diminishes rapidly until at 2 months of nge it never adds more than 3 per cent
per diem to its weight and at 3 months only 1 per cent. A male rabbit the
fourth day after its birth may add over 17 per cent of its weight per diem, and
at 2i months only 1 per cent. Growth curves of chickens, guinea pigs, rabbits,
and human beings are given. The appendixes contain a description of an
age-reckoner, data on the growth of rabbits dud cliickens. and related matters.

The author sums up his investigations by formulating 4 laws: "First, reju-
venation depends on the increase of the nuclei. Second, senescence depends
on the increase of the protophism, and on the differentiation of the cells.
Third, the rate of growth depends on the degree of senescence. Fourth, senes-
cence is at its maximum in the very young stages, and the rate of senescence
diminishes with age. As the corollary from these, we have this — natural death
is the consequence of cellular differentiation. . . .

" If it be true that the growing old depends upon the increase of the proto-
plasm, and the proportional diminution of the nucleus, we can perhaps in the
future find some means by which the activity of the nuclei can be increased
and the younger system of organization thereby prolonged."

The "presence and absence" hypothesis, G. H. Shull (Amer. Nat., JfS (1909),
\o. 511, pj). JflO-JiW). — The aim of the author is to show that the dominance
of " absence " over " presence " can be explained without recourse to inhibiting
factors. Simple chemical experiments are cited to show that what appears to
be a pair of characters is really the presence and absence of a single character.
When absence dominates over presence the positive character is latent in the
heterozygote. Visible Mendelian characters are always secondary and are
dependent at some stage of analysis upon chemical reaction.

Inheritance of yellow color in rodents, A. L. Hagedoorn {Univ. Cal. Pitbs.,
Phijs., 3 (1909), Xo. 14, pp. 95-99). — This is a discussion of results obtained
by recent experiments on the subject.

The author thinks it probable that Castle's barring factor is in reality com-
posed of 2 factors, one of which is the modifying factor present in the domi-
nant strains of yellow rodents. Its action is seen in a partial inhibiting of the
2 darker pigments whenever these are present with it in one zygote, for which
is proposed the name " inhibiting factor." The barring of the hairs and the
body markings should then be due to the other component of Castle's barring
factor, for which is proposed the name " marking factor."

The other conclusions reached are as follows: "Different strains of yellow
rodents exist, the differences between the strains being due not only to pig-
ments but also to other definite modifying factors. Yellow mice are not neces-
sarily heterozygous. A reversion of the order of dominance does not. take
place. It is impossible for one pigment to dominate over another. The pres-
ence of one pigment is simply dominant over its absence. Bateson's hypothesis,

20872— No. 2—10 6

172 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

tliMl MondoliMii (loiiiiiumcc ami rccessiveness are simply the effects of presence
and alisciuH" of one (Ictinilc (Iclcrniiiiaiit, is correct."

Canary breeding.— A partial analysis of records from 1891 to 1909, A. 11.
Galloway {JHomrtrihu, 7 (190!)), No. 7-2, pp. 1-J,2, ph. 5, figs. /,).— This paper
contains the results of 17 years' breeding with many types of canaries. The
author considers thai divcisily of type has arisen from crosses between cinna-
mon sports and the wild green bird. This theory is advanced from (1) a
study of wild sports in nature and in confinement, (2) cinnamon and cinnamon
bred hybrids which freipiontly show characteristics of canary varieties arising
de novo, l?.) collateral evidence of a similar nature in poultry and i)igeons, and
from (4) a sludy of the earliest canary literature.

Mendelian inheritance in canaries is discussed at length. Dark-eye and pinli-
eye are found to behave generally in Mendelian fashion, for it is evident that
there is a homozygous type of dark-eye canary and also a heterozygous or
impure form occurring in the male as well as the female. There is some evi-
dence that the female of the homozygous type of dark-eye canary is homozygous
as well as the male. Other characters which are seen to behave as recessives
are buffness and crest -l>red plain-headedness; their corresponding qualities (yel-
lowness and crestedness) exhibit more or less imperfect dominance. The
majority of crests appear to be heterozygous with respect to crest.

Some of the results obtained by Davenport (K. S. R., 20, p. 1072) are stated
to be different from those of the author, because of the breeding stock used by
Davenport and his interpretation of fancy points. The need for a more strict
definition of characters and their nomenclature is indicated. Colored plates
and engravings are used to assist in improving the tei-minology of canary
fanciers.

Note on partial leucosis in a hen, W. 0. Finch (Biometrika, 7 (1909), No. 1-2,
pp. 23.'f-236, /(V/.s. .5). — An account of birds which were obtained by a cross
between an Indian game and a true Houdan. One hen turned from black to
spotted in her first year, the spots since that time having diminished annually.
Another hen has been once black, once white, then once spotted, and again
white.

The role of inorganic phosphorus in the nutrition of animals, E, B. Hart,
E. V. McCoLLUM, and J. G. Fuller (Wisconsin Sta. Research Bui. 1, pp. 38, figs.
7). — The investigations reported have been noted from another source (E. S. R.,
21, p. 69).

The relative value of feeding stuffs, F. T. Siiutt (Rpt. Select Standing Com.
Agr. null Colon. [Canada^, 1009, pp. 22-42). — Analyses are reported of molasses,
apple pomace, Paddy rice, by-products of corn, wheat, oats and peas, cotton-seed
and flaxseed meals, and mixed feeds.

Registered feeding stuffs (Kansas Sta. Feeding Stuffs Bui. 4, PP- -i)- — This
contains a list of all feeding stuffs registered in the State for the year ending
June .30, 1010, and also a list of manufacturers of cotton-seed meal and condi-
niental feeds whose registrations have expired.

The Wisconsin feeding stuff law, F. W. Woll ( Wisconsin Sta. Circ. Inform.
1, pp. 9). — This contains the text of the Wisconsin feeding stuff law as amended,
by the legislature of 1909, and comments thereon. Standards of pure feeds of
different kinds are suggested in order to aid manufacturers and dealers in
determining the guaranties under which their various feeds may safely be sold.

A guide to the domesticated animals (other than horses), R. Lydekkeb
(London; Govt., 1908, pp. 5.'i, pis. 8, figs. 7). — A brief account of the different
types of domesticated animals, chiefly cattle, sheep, and dogs, represented by
specimens iu the British Museum.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

173

Guide to the specimens of the horse family (Equidae), R. Lydekkek (Lon-
don; Oovt., 1907, pp. 42, pis. 15). — This contains an outline of the evolution of
the horse and an account of the specimens in the British Museum, which repre-
sent different types of living and extinct relatives of the horse.

On the science of hippolog-y, E. Nicolas (Rev. G6n. Med. V^t., IJf (1909), No.
159-160, pp. 129-168, figs. 3). — The author explains the need for more exact
information relating to the characteristics of horses, and outlines a method of
procedure which should be adopted in purchasing horses to be used in the
French army. Measurements and various tests should be made periodically,
from the time of purchase until the death of the animal. Accurate records
of the form, physiological characters, adaptability for different kinds of work,
and a post-mortem examination would eventually supply data for an exact
science of liippology.

The Nellore cattle, F. C. Geaehart (Pliilippinc Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 2
(1909), Xo. 7, pp. 373-375, pi. 1). — A brief account of a shipment of Xellore
cattle from India to the Thilippine Islands. It is thought that these cattle are
superior to any of the indigenous breeds. Up to the present time European
breeds have not proved to be of any value under natural range conditions in
the Orient.

Rations for fattening swine, B. E. Carmichael (Ohio 8ta. Bui. 209, pp. 71-
89). — Young growing animals were used in all the experiments.

The following table gives the cost of gains made with diffcreni rations when
fed in the dry lot. estimating corn to be worth 50 cts. per bushel, middlings $25
per ton, soy beans $30 per ton, tankage $40 per ton, and skim milk $3 per ton :

Comparison of grain rations for sicine in 3 dry lots.

Number

Number

of

01

animals.

da>

s.

6

6fi

6

6fi

6

66

6

66

6

66

5

84

5

84

5

84

6

56

6

56

Ration.

Average
daily
gain.

Grain
con-
sumed

per
pound
gain.

Cost pel
pound
gain.

Dressed
weight.

LOT 1.

Corn meal

Corn meal and soy-bean meal 4 : 1

Corn meal and middlings 1:1

Com meal and tankage

Corn meal and skim milk 1:2.77..

LOT 2.

Corn meal

Corn meal and tankage 8:1

Corn meal and soy-bean meal 4 : 1

LOT 3.

Corn meal and tankage 8:1

Corn meal and soy-bean meal 4: 1

Lbs.
0.571
1.075
1.2.50
1.612
2.023

1.002
1.682
1.616

1.458
1.443

Lbs.
6.177
4.279
4.216
3.602
2.899

5.549
3.941
3.984

4.377
4.336

as.

6.18

4.71
5.06
4.12
4.11

5.55
4.38
4.38

Per ct.

80.05
82.19
80.79

79.32
77.53

In lot 1 the pigs did not relish the soy-bean meal mixture. In lots 2 and 3
the amount of food constituents consumed daily is estimated. Analyses of the
feeds are given.

The following table shows the results of feeding different rations in the dry
lot V. the pasture. Corn was estimated at 60 cts. per bushel and tankage at
$42.60 per ton.

The exjieriments were made for 3 years and there were 5 auimals iu each lot.

174 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

FcciliiKj toiin nith .siciitc in tliv drij lot and at pasture in I'JO'o, 1907, and 1908.

Number
of days.

Corn and pasture

Corn, skim milk aud pasture

1907.

Corn meal on pasture

Corn meal in dry lot

Corn meal and tankage G:l on pasture
Corn meal and tankage 6:1 in dry lot.

1908.

Corn meal on pasture

Corn meal in dry lot

Corn meal and tankage 8:1 on pasture
Corn meal and tankage 8:1 in dry lot.

Average
daily
gain.

Lbs.
1.091

1.630

1.396

.838

1.989

1.916

1.198

.674

1.619

1.574

Feed con-
sumed
per ■
pound
gain.

JJ)8.

3.815
2.635
corn;
8.768
skim
milk.

4.674
5.945
3.809
3.892

3.444
5.083
3.213
3.478

Cost per
pound
gain.

Cents.

4.09
5.45
4.02
4.14

In comparing light v. heavy grain rations in the dry lot there was no marked
difference in the economy of gain in the different lots, but there was a wide
difference in length of time reijnired to produce a pound of pork. If concen-
trates are to be used exclusively a full grain ration should be fed, but if
pastured, by feeding a light grain ration the hogs are induced to eat a large
amount of grass with a marked economy in the production.

The following table shows the amount of grain consumed in the dry lot and
at pasture:

Comparison of tight iiud licary yrain rations icitli sivinc in tlic drij lot and at

pasture.

Number

of
animals.

Number
of days.

4

198

4

198

4

198

4

198

5

62

5

62

5

55

5

55

Ration .

IN DRY LOT.

Corn meal, middlings, skim milk
Do. i full feed

Corn meal and tankage 8:1

Do. i full feed

Corn meal and tankage 8:1

Do. i full feed

IN PA.STUUE.

Corn meal

Do. ffullfeed

Average
daily

gain per
pig-

ids.
1.277
.972
1.785
1.307
1.574
1.167

1.396
1.118

. Feed consumed
perpound gained.

Milk.

Lbs.
3.934

3.868

Concen-
trates.

Lbs.
2. .588
2. 645
4. 260
4.363
3.478
3.520

4.674
3.867

Three experiments were conducted to secure data in regard to the amount
of tankage which could be fed to hogs in cattle feed lots. On the wihole
greater gains resulted from i lb. of tankage daily per pig than from only J lb.

Preparation of corn for hogs, W. J. Kennedy and E. T. Robbins {loiva St a.
Bui. 10(j, pp. 30o-'i.j!), fifjs. I.i). — During the past 2 years the question of grind-
ing and soaking corn has been investigated by this station with 312 hogs of all
ages. The conditions were much the same as are found on most Iowa farms
where spring pigs are raised, the only departure frQm commou custom being

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

175

iu feeding the young pigs a full feed of corn in summer on pasture instead of
a part feed as is often done. Eacli of the lots at pasture had a small movable
hog house for shelter and shade. The grass was mostly timothy and blue
grass, with a little sprinkling of fescues, cheat, and sedges, but no clovers.
Meat meal was used to supply protein to all hogs that did not have access to
pasture, in order to produce more rapid and cheaper gains than could be made
with corn alone. The cost of shelling corn was 1 ct. per bushel, of shelling
and grinding 3 cts., and of grinding corn-and-cob meal 6 cts.

Corn-and-cob meal gave the poorest results of any form iu which corn was
supplied. The claim occasionally made that a pound of corn-and-cob meal is
equal to a pound of corn meal for pig feeding found no support in these results.
When fed either dry or soaked 12 hours the cob appeared to be worse than
useless. In each case when ear corn, which would have yielded 83 per cent
of shelled corn, was ground into corn-and-cob meal it was found that less than
83 per cent of its weight in corn meal would produce an equal amount of pork.
The wasting of feed w;is undoubtedly greatest with the lots getting dry corn
meal.

The following table gives a summary of the 2 years' work :

Summary of results of feeding corn prepared in different icays to hogs of all

ages.

SPRING PIGS STARTED AT WEANING TIME ON PASTURE.

Number
of hogs.

Number
of days.

Average
daily
gain.

Feed consumed.

Cost per
pound

Kind of com.

Com.

Meat
meal.

gain,

corn at 60

cts. per

bushel.

Drv ear com

38
38
38
38

172
172
172
172

Lbs.

0.95

.94

.85

.93

Lbs.
4.00
4.06
4.08
4.44

Lbs.

0.20

.20

.19

.20

Cis.
5.03

Soaked shelled corn

6.19

Drv corn meal

5.87

5.79

HOGS WEIGHING 100 LBS. AT START, FED IN SPRING AND SUMMER IN DRY

YARDS.

Dry ear corn

Soaked shelled corn

Dry corn meal

. Soaked com meal . . .

10

140

1.32

5.66

0.49

10

140

1.30

6.28

.46

10

140

1.21

5.15

.45

10

140

1.52

6.21

.54

5.33
5.14
5.53
5.32

HOGS WEIGHING 200 LBS. .\T START, FED IN SPRING AND SUMMER IN DRY

YARDS.

Dry ear com

Soaked shelled com .

Dry corn meal

Soaked corn meal

10

84

1.74

7.40

0.74

10

84

1.92

7.88

.77

10

84

1.99

8.18

.81

10

84

2.00

8.40

.82

5.41
5.26
5.44
5.55

HOGS WEIGHING 200 LBS.

A.T START,

FED

IN SUMMER ON

PASTURE.

11
11

45
45

1.31
1.42

7.13

7.18

6.00

5 64

OLD THIN SOWS WEIGHING 225

LBS. AT START,

FED IN PALL

IN DRY

YARDS.

Dry ear corn

10
10
10
10

56
56
56
66

2.04
2.49
2.40
2.44

8.14
9.21
9.00
9.20

0.59
.68
.65
.67

4.84

4.58

4.75

Soaked com meal

4.80

176 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

"Shelled corn soaked 11! hours was iiiuro i)alatable and produced faster and
more eeononiical gains than shelled corn soaked 24 hours.

" With hogs over 200 lbs. in weight the soaking of corn was of greater ad-
vantage to those running on pasture than to those confined in dry yards.

"It proved useless to grind corn for hogs of any age when the weather was
warm enough to permit soaking. In every case, where grinding has shown a
saving of corn, simple soaking 12 hours in water has shown a still greater
saving.

" Soaking corn meal added nothing to its feeding value for hogs that relishe<l
dry corn meal sufficiently to eat it readily in that condition. Young pigs did
not relish dry corn meal so well as did older hogs.

" In general, hogs that had been accustomed to corn prepared in some form
received at least a temporary check in rate and economy of gains when for any
reason a change was made to dry ear corn. When the gains had been very
rapid on the soaked or ground corn this effect was more marked and in some
cases offset any beneficial effect of the preparation of the corn.

" These results clearly indicate the most profitable farm practice where com
was the main part of the ration for hogs. The fastest and most profitable gains
were secured by feeding dry ear corn until the hogs were close to 200 lbs. in
weight. The scoop shovel was all that was needed to prepare corn for them.
Then if the hogs were to be fed longer, and the weather permitted, the most
profitable gains were secured by changing them to soaked shelled corn. Spring
pigs to be sold the next fall and winter thus gave the best results when fed dry
ear corn until sold. Fall pigs and the spring pigs carried over to be fattened
the following spring w^ere handled most profitably by feeding dry ear corn until
the weather became mild enough for soaking corn in the following spring, and
then feeding soaked shelled corn until the finish. This was especially true
when the hogs were run on pasture. The old sows made faster and more eco-
nomical gains on dry corn meal than on ear corn, but the benefit from this was
largely lost when it was finally necessary to ship them to market on ear corn.
They were handled most profitably by feeding soaked shelled corn."

The development of swine breeding in Germany, with special reference to
economic problems, A. Crone {Die Enticicklung tier Schiceinc.zucJit in Dcutsch-
land utiter besonderer Beruclcsichtigung der WirtscliaftUchen Fragcn. Inaug.
Diss., Univ. Jena, 1907, pp. 112). — This contains a general survey of the growth
of the swine industry in Germany, with statistics since 18G0. Native and intro-
duced breeds of swine are described, and there is an account of public and pri-
vate methods for promoting the industry.

Baldamus' illustrated book of poultry breeding, A. Beeck (Baldamus' Illus-
iriertes Handbiich der Federviehsucht. Berlin, 1908, 4- €d., vols. 1, pp. XIII-\-
871, pis. 6, figs. 205; 2, pp. VIII+Jf07, pis. 2, figs. 133).— This treatise on poultry
breeding for pleasure and profit is a revised edition of a work originally writ-
ten by A. C. E. Baldamus.

The first volume contains a short sketch of the history and present status of
the poultry industry, an account of poultry associations and other measures for
encouraging the poultry industiy, and of the management of poultry, and de-
scriptions of the different breeds of fowls, bantams, peafowl, guineas, pheasants,
and turkeys of all countries, including frizzled, rumpless, short-legged, and
bald-necked fowls, prairie hens, Curassow, and other little known varieties of
poultry. The second volume treats of pigeons, ducks, geese, and swans.

Chickens, and how to raise them, A. T. Johnson (Philadelphia, 1909, pp.
159, figs. 26). — A popular work on poultry, which contains discussions of prac-
tical methods of rearing the chickens, managing incubators, the common dis-
eases of fowls, and related topics.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 177

Notes on the behavior of the domestic fowl, P, B. Hadley (Amer. Nat., Jf3
(WO'J), No. 515, pp. 609-676, fig. 1). — An account of an acquired habit of an
adult Buff Rock cockerel of so manipulating an automatic feeder containing
bran, corn, and whole wheat as to secure a larger proportion of the corn and
wheat.

The marketing' of eggs, H. V, Hawkins {Jour. Dept. Agr, Victoria, 7 (1909),
No. 9, pp. 569-571). — Practical hints are given on producing, grading, and mar-
keting strictly No. 1 eggs. Not only should eggs for market be fresh but also
they should not be exposed for any length of time to the sun, dampness, or un-
savory odors. Dirty, misshapen, or doubtful eggs should not be sent to market.

Studies of natural oyster propagation at Barnegat, 1908, J. Nelson (New
Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp. 1/(9-177, pis. 6). — This is a continuation of earlier
studies (E. S. R., 19, p. 1073).

The length of time which elapses between spawning and spatting was found
to depend on the temperature of the water. At a temperature ranging between
70 and 75° F., the fry required about 3 weeks to mature to the spatting stage.
At a temperature ranging from 75 to 80° the period is only 2 weeks in length.
This result has great importance, because the nearer the planter can place his
cultch to the date when a batch of fry is setting as spat, the better will be his
catch of seed. The proper time can be estimated with approximate accuracy
by opening oysters each week, particularly at the close of a warm spell during
June or during July, until it is seen that the majority of the oj^sters have com-
pleted spawning. Then if the average temperature of the water for a period
of 10 days is below 75°, the shells should be in place 3 weeks from the date
when spawning was completed; but if the average is above 75°, the length of
the waiting period should be only 2 weeks. In no case should the cultch be
planted before the oysters have spawned, as it will become coated with a slime
that will prevent the spat from adhering.

The best shells collected as many spat after being out a single night as did
other shells that were simultaneously exposed, but that were out long enough
to include the daylight period either before or after. There was a vast differ-
ence between different clean shells newly placed in power to attract spat, but
very little difference between the spat-catching power of the 2 sides of the
shell except in the case of the outer surface when placed on the bottom of a
floating box. While the shell was in the iX)sition in which it naturally falls
when planted, that is, with the hollow side up, the outer or lower surface
caught twice as many spat as in the reverse position ; while the hollow side
caught an equal number in either position. This result is deemed rather sur-
prising, as when a shell lies in its natural position, it is in a reverse position
from that of the tiles as placed in European oyster culture. Independent com-
parison of the two surfaces, by taking all cases, showed an average of 18 spat
per shell on the hollow side for all positions, and 14 spat for the outside in all
positions. In actual practice the planted shells collect much mud on the hollow
upper side, yet as a rule most of the spat are found on that side on the exposed
rim.

The fry were not abundantly present in water of less degree of saltness than
1.008 specific gravity, which means either that fry can not live long in water
fresher than this, or that the adult oysters do not spawn in water fresher than
this. It becomes important therefore in making new artificial oyster beds to
study the saltness of the water at the proposed place, if there are no natural
beds in the vicinity.

The methods of filtration and making experimental cultch are described.
Data on spawning, development, and spatting are presented in graphic and
tabular form.

178 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Milking machines: EfEect of method of handling on the germ content of
the milk, H, A. Harding, J. K. Wilson, and G. A. Smith {New York ^tate Sta.
Bill. J/7, 2)1). 25S-2!)2, i)ls. //). — This bulletiu repoi'ts original iuvestigatious
witli uiillcing niacbiiios and reviews other Investigations, on the same subject.

The point that is emphasized by these studies is that the quality of milli
obtained from the milking machine depends largely upon its care and manipu-
lation. " The most important item in this connection is the careful immersion
of the milking parts in a brine or similar solution between milkings. This has
been shown to be many times more efficacious than the most careful steaming.
While there is room for improvement in this particular, a 10 per cent solution
of common salt is fairly satisfactory for immersing the tubes. The limit to
which the germ content of the milk can be reduced turns largely upon the
efficiency of the air filters and these have varied widely upon the different
types of machines which have been studied."

The trials with the Globe milking machine in 190G did not remove all of the
milk and the bacterial count was abnormally high. Later trials, reported in
this bulletin, were with the B-L-K machine.

AVhen the teat cups and rubber parts were immersed in a 10 per cent salt
solution between milkings the number of germs per cubic centimeter averaged
17,086; when not so immersed, 188,580. An inspection of the tubes in the
preliminary work showed that they contained air in considerable quantities.
Thereafter the condition of the tubes was inspected at 10 o'clock each day on
which samples were to be collected at the night milking, and the air which was
practically always found in the tubes was expelled. Later an attempt was
made to measure the effect of allowing air to remain in the tubes, and it was
found that when the air was excluded the count was 1,990; when left in the
tubes, 4,740.

In experiments with cotton filters when the vacuum was broken at the
stanchion cock the germ content on the suction filter side was 19,856, and on
the other side 8,290. Without the filter the figures were 51,600 and 12,650,
respectively. In using cotton filters when the vacuum was broken through the
teat cocks the germinal count on the filter side was 4,383 ; on the other side
7,764. Without the filters the counts were 10,758 and 7,177, respectively.
These results indicate that the larger suction filter is .capable of removing the
germs from the air which rushes in at the time the stanchion hose is removed
from the stanchion cock.

Later experiments were made with a new type of machine in which no
unfiltered air w-as admitted to the milk chamber, and in l^e relief filters the
cup for cotton was much larger than in the type used in the previous experi-
ments. With this machine the average bacterial count was 3,210 as compared
with 8,340 with the older type. Two later machines were tested which differed
from the preceding form in that they did not have a relief filter on the dome
of the milking machine, and the relief filters at the teat cup connectors had
correspondingly larger openings for the entrance of air. In one of the ma-
chines the filter was in the form of a cone, which admits the air into the teat
cup connector in front of the opening coming from the forward pair of teats.
The filtering cotton was prevented from entering this cone by a perforated
sheet of metal. The object of this change was to equalize the milking action
of the 4 teats. The test was intended to determine whether this change in form
influenced the filter action when the capacity of the filter remained constant.
The results were slightly better on the average with the filter supplied with
a coue, but the difference was not marked.

DAIRY FAEMING DAIRYING. 179

A test was made of the effect of filling only the suction filter cup with cotton
and contrasting this with the results where the cotton was not used. With the
cotton the count was 4,405; without the cotton, 16,185. These results indi-
cate that where the dairyman does not feel that there is sufficient time to fill
all the filter cups with cotton the maximum benefit will be obtained by filling
the suction filter.

A comparison was made of the relative filtering efficiency of absorbent and
ordinary cotton, but there was no observable difference. Carrying the pail to
the barn with the top removed increased the bacterial count, as was to be ex-
pected. Also, disconnecting the parts to rearrange the teat cups when changing
from one cow to another only occasionally increased the germ content to a
marked extent.

Milking' machines and clean milk, F, H. Hall (Neic York State Sta. Bui.
317, popular ed., pp. 10). — A popular edition of the above.

The production and handling of clean milk, K. Winslow (iVew York, 1909,
2. ed., pp. 367, i)ls. 18, figs. So). — In this edition much of the original text
(E. S. R., 19, p. 779) has been revised. The following new chapters have been
added: Essentials of Milk Bacteriology, Quantitative Bacterial Analysis of
Milk, Media Making and Apparatus Keciuired for Bacterial Analysis of Milk,
and Classification and Identification of Bacteria, by II. W. Hill, and Laboratory
Work in Dairy Bacteriology, by II. W. Conn.

The score card in dairy reg'ulation, G. H. Glo\'eb (Hoard's Dairyman, JfO
(1909), No. Jfl, pp. 1197, 1209).— It is pointed out that the score card for
dairy work should be adapted to suit local conditions as the different items
do not have the same relative significance in all places. " Ten points allowed
for cleanliness of cows is just as important in Colorado as it is in Chicago,
but 22 points allowed on stables is not, for the reason that dairy cows in
Colorado are only kept in stables while they are being milked for one-quarter
of the year. Again, the cooling of milk is just as important in Colorado as
in Chicago, but the tuberculin testing of cows has not the same importance
because there is much less of tuberculosis among cattle in the arid West."

The author has devised a score card in which he reserves 20 points out of
equipment for general conditions in order to have a greater freedom in allow-
ing for local conditions.

Disinfection of a larg'e dairy premises and many employees after scarlet
fever, C. E. North (Enghi. News, 62 (1909), No. Jf, p. i 06'). —Details are given
of the method of disinfecting the employees and premises of a large dairy
after 2 cases of scarlet fever had been discovered among the employees.

The milk was pasteurized each day in order to give consumers absolute safety
from infection without interrupting the operation of the plant. The dairy
house, dairy utensils, and dormitories for the employees were disinfected,
and the dormitory disinfection was tested by control cultures of bacteria.
The employees were disinfected, provided with sterilized clothing, and their
throats and noses examined daily by the visiting physician. At the end of
15 days, no other cases having been discovered, the pasteurization of the
milk was discontinued.

Directions for the home pasteurization of milk, L. A. Rogers (U. S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 152, pp. 2).— This circular describes a simple
outfit for the home pasteurization of the milk delivered in the cities in the
summer mouths which is to be used chiefly for children.

Leucocytes in milk: Methods of determination and the effect of heat upon
their number, H. C. Campbell ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bui. 117,
pp. 19). — The experimental work reported was conducted in cooperation with
the Pennsylvania state live-stock sanitary board.

180 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The Stoke, Stewart, TroimiisddrlT, and l)(jane-Buckley methods of determin-
hig loiifocytes in milk are described and compareil. In 20 samples of market
milk these methods showed a. certain, althongh not a uniform relationship.
When one ran high the others usually also showed a high count. Streptococci
were found either on staining tlie sediment or on the agar plates in each of the
20 samples examined.

In all samples taken in a careful uuuuu'r from a young cow in her first lacta-
tion period the leucocyte count and the percentage of sediment was very low,
considered with relation to the standard. No streptococci were found either
on examinaton of the sediment or on the agar plates. In the majority of sam-
ples from a cow having inflammation of the udder streiitococci were found
either in the sediment or on the agar plates. There seemed to be some relation
between the presence of the strejitococci and the number of leucocytes.

The fore milk, middle milk, and stri])pings, both luiheated and heated to 70°
C, were studied, and 40 out of 42 samples examined showe<l a much larger
number of cells in the heated samples than in the unheated. A number of
samples were also examined at different temperatures in order to observe at
what point the change in the apparent leucocyte content occurred.

" The most satisfactory results were obtained between 00° C. and 70°.
Tliere was an increase at SO, !)0. and 100°, but the results were not so uniform
and the examination was much more difficult to make on account of the coagu-
lated albumin, which interfered with the count. At the high temi)eratures the
leucocytes were moi-e or less disintegrated and could not be so easily differenti-
ated from foreign material, hence the count was rendered less reliable.

" In pasteurized milk the leucocyte count is usually higher than in raw milk ;
therefore it was thought desirable to examine a series of four tubes from the
same sample. The first tube was unheated ; the second was heated to 70° ;
the third was heated and then cooled, and kept at 15° for twenty-four hours;
the fourth was heated, then cooled, kept at 1.5° for twenty-four hours, and then
heated again. ... In every instance after the milk was once heated the cooling
did not bring it back to its original conditicm, while the second heating to 70° C.
did not increase the count over the first heating. . . .

" It appears that heating is as essential as any other part of the technique
in determining as nearly as possible the number of cellular elements in milk.

" Since heating greatly increases the number in the count of the leucocytes,
it seems necessary that a higher leucocyte standard shall bo adopted in judging
milk."

Bacterium lactis acidi and its sources, W. M. Estkn ( Connecticut Storrs 8ta,
Bill. .5.9, 2>I>- 0-27, //f/.s. .5). — This is a continuation of investigations previously
noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 178). It gives a brief resume of the economic importance
of B. lactis acidi, and reports investigations concerning the source of the
organism.

Except in cases thought to be accidental, this species was not found in
different soils or hays, on leaves of trees and plants, or on grass. Of the grains
tested, cotton-seed meal, gluten bran, middlings, mixed feed, and corn meal,
only the corn meal contained a lactic-acid bacterium. Several parts of the
surface of the human body were tested, but no positive results were obtained
until the inside of the mouth gave evidence of a largo colonization. The bac-
teria were present in the feces of 11 out of 25 cows, but seemed to be somewhat
modified, having but little power to curdle milk.

The organisms were found in abundance in the mouths and on the exterior
of nearly all the cows and in the feed troughs and mangers. In a few cases
the results were questionable, but it was thought that a repetition would give
positive results. Evidently the cow's mouth is the most abundant source of the

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 181

organism, although it may be considered a harmless parasite there and possibly
of the stomach and intestines. The intestinal origin of the organism is probably
from the mouth.

The evidence seems to prove conclusively that all objects which are reached
by the tongue of the cow are an abundant source. Apparently, there are two
or more types of this organism and it is thought that these investigations, which
throw light on its origin, may assist in its classification.

The propagation of pure starters for butter and cheese making', E, G. Hast-
ings (Wiscon-sm Sta. Bui. 181, pp. 3-17, figs '/). — This bulletin discusses the
sources of flavor in butter and cheese, and describes apparatus and methods of
preparing starters for both I)utter and cheese making.

The propagation of pure culture starters for butter and cheese making,
E. H. Farrington and E. G. Hastings (Wiiiconsin Sta. Circ. Inform. 2, pp. //). — •
A popular summary of the above.

On the properties and significance of slime-producing lactic-acid bacteria
in the manufacture of Emmental cheese, R. Burri and J. Thoni {Landw.
Jahrh. Schiveiz, 23 {1909), No. J,, pp. 227-3///).— Further studies are reported of
Bacterium, giintherl and other species of bacteria (E. S. It., 16. p. 197) which
are found in the curd of Emmental cheese.

When slimy fermentations occur the viscosity of the curd prevents the escape
of the whey. Clusters of irregular shaped holes are formed. The cheese mass
acquires a more or less strong taste and the rind fi'equently cracks. Several
lactic-acid forms which produce the trouble were found to be the same species
as those found in normal cheeses, which indicates that strictly lactic-acid forms
can under certain circumstances enter into a slimy condition and in this state
are more resistant to hexit. Artificial inoculations of the slime-forming bacteria
produce the defects which sometimes occur in practice.

The results obtained confirm earlier work in establishing a close relationship
between B. giintheri and pathological and uonpathological streptococci. Bacil-
lus casei 5 and B. casei e, though closely related, could be distinguished by their
behavior toward saccharose. The presence of these injurious forms can be
detected in the factory by taking samples of whey containing granules of curd
from the cheese kettles and keeping them at 30 to 38° C. If present, the slimy
curd will appear in from 24 to 36 hours. The bacteria have a wide distribution
but cause no harm unless present in large numbers, in which case the milk cans
and dairy utensils should be thoroughly sterilized. If present in the rennet, the
supply should be obtained from another source.

Contribution to the knowledge of the bacterial flora of Emmental cheese
in different stages of ripening, J. Thoni {Landtv. Jahrh. Schweiz, 23 (1909),
Nos. 7, pp. 395--i21; S, charts 3). — This is a study of the bacterial flora of the
inner and outer portions of cheeses at different periods during the process of
ripening. The bacterial counts at different stages are presented in graphical
form.

The interior portion contained a larger number of microbes in the fresh cheese
mass than in any later stage and these consisted chiefly of lactic-acid bacteria
and cocci. In the cheeses of normal size the cocci were more numerous than the
lactic-acid forms during the first day, but in the small cheeses the lactic-acid
forms predominated from the start. Other organisms found included aerobic
spore-forming, coli aerogenes and proteus groups. Bacterium casei Umhurgensis,
B. zopfii, Cladosporium hutyri, and yeasts. The organisms present in the rind
were more numerous than in the interior and consisted chiefly of cocci and B. easel
Umhurgensis, although yeasts, B. casei, and aerobic spore-forming bacteria were
present. The natural rennet cheeses differed from the artificial rennet cheeses by
a higher germ content in the fresh cheese mass, and iu the predominance of long

182 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

rod forms of lactic-acid bacteria from tlie begiuninjL,', and produced a better
ripened cheese witli better flavor and aroiua.

The participation of obligate anaerobic spore-forming putrefactive bacteria
in the normal ripening of Emmental cheese, K. Burri and J, KiJusTEiNEU
(Lainla: Jiilirh. kicliicciz. 23 {l!)0!)),.No. 7, pp. //2,3--'/S.i ) ■— The authors review
previous contributions by different investifjators on the much discussed i)rol)lem
of whether or not strictly anaerobic spore-forming putrefactive bacteria are
essential in the ripening of hard cheeses, and report recent experiments of their
own with Bacillus putrificus coli and B. para plectrum fcctidum, which are of this
group.

- These organisms in the spore form, which were found to be of common occur-
rence in the air of the cow stables and in milk, are very resistant to moist heat.
Tliey remain largely in the si)ore form in the cheese and their number is insig-
nificant compared to that of the lactic-acid forms. When added to cheese milk
they produced no abnormal result and did not increase to any appreciable extent
during ripening because of the acidity. For these reasons the authors do, not
agree with Rodella (E. S. R., 17, p. 1010), that they participate in the ripening of
hard cheese.

A bibliography is appended.

Monilia nigra as the cause of black spots in Emmental cheese, R. Burei and
W. Staub ( La lid a- . Jahrh. i<chiiyiz, 23 (IDO!)), l\o. 8, pp. JiS7-522, pis. 2, fig. 1) .—
Black spots of irregular shape and size, up to 2 cm. in diameter, were noticed on
the rind of Emmental cheese. The cheese mass in the vicinity of the spots was
dry and crumbly, a condition which extended for some distance into the cheese.

A microscopical examination revealed the presence of bacteria, yeast, and an
unknown species of fungus with yeast-like cells 10 to 16 microns long, and hyphse
containing a brownish-black coloring matter. In pure cultures the fungus
formed yeast-like buds, yet developed into organisms with branching hyphte,
although no conida or other spores were observed. Its growth was checked by
alcohol and by formalin but not by salt. It was able to produce fermentation
with dextrose and saccharose. The formation of the black color was considered
to be due not to enzyms but to a purely chemical process. The authors named
this new species M. nigra.

The manufacture of whey butter, G. Koestler and F. MtJLLER {Landw.
Jahrh. Schioeiz, 23 (1909), No. 9, pp. 529-552). — The investigations reported in
this article have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 678).

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Laboratory methods for the experimental study of immunity, E. F. Mc-
Campbell {Columhiis, Ohio, 1900, pp. 196). — In this laboratory guide, the
author takes up those general topics in connection with the phenomena of im-
munity with which the student of experimental medicine must be familiar
before attempting to investigate any of the more important problems of immuno-
pathology.

Studies in immunity (Neiv York and London, 1909, pp. r//+5//5, pi. 1). — The
writings on this subject by J. Bordet and his collaborators, including Gengou.
Sleeswijk, and Streng, have been collected and translated by F. P. Gay. A
General Resume of Immunity, written by Professor Bordet expressly for this
publication, concludes the work.

A text-book upon the pathogenic bacteria for students of • medicine and
physicians, J. McFarland (Philadelphia and London, 1909, 6. ed., rev., pp. 709,
2)ls. 3, figs. 201, charts 2). — A thoroughly revised edition of this work (E. S. R.,
IS, p.- 674).

VETERINAKY MEDICINE. 183

A new bacteriological method of meat examination, H, Coiseadi (Ztschr.
Ficisch u. MiMihyg., 19 (1909), No. 10, pp. 3J, 1-31,5 ; abs. in Jour. Compar. Path,
and Ther., 22 {1909), No. 3, pp. 260-263).— The method here described necessi-
tates a close acquaintance with bacteriological methods and the possession of
such appliances as are to be found in most small bacteriological laboratories.
It depends upon the principle of developing the isolated micro-organisms present
in the organ to be examined while preserving the specimen from accidental
contamination or fresh infection.

Further report upon the presence of the Gartner group of organisms in the
animal intestine, W. G. Savage (Ann. Rpt. LocnJ Govt. Bd. [G7. Brit.], Sup.
Rpt. Med. Officer, 37 (1907-8), pp. ^25-U-i ; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc.
[London], 1909, No. 5, p. 628). — ^The author shows from his observations that it
is convenient to recognize a more exclusive enteritidis group (type organism
Bacillus enteritidis Gartner) as a subgroup of the larger group containing
organisms of the Gartner type. Members of the Gartner group with the char-
acters of the recognized pathological members of this group are not found in
the healthy animal intestines of the ordinary domestic animals used for food.
Organisms which superficially resemble bacilli of the Gartner group, both B.
paratyphosus (b) and («), are met with in small numbers. There is no evi-
dence that these Gartner simulating organisms found in the healthy intestine
are of any pathological significance. By extended cultural study they can be
differentiated from the true meat-poisoning bacilli.

The pathology of the suprarenal glands of domestic animals, A. F. Folgeb
(Monatsh. Prakt. Ticrheilk., 20 (1908), No. J,, pp. L',.5-192, pis. .',, figs. 16; abs. in
Vet. Rec., 21 (1909), No. 1086, p. 7.^6).— The author has made an extensive study
of the pathological anatomy of the suprarenal glands. He concludes that the
importance of these glands is not yet fully realized in pathology, and that a
careful examination of them, in autopsies in which the origin of the disease is
problematic and especially if the illness has been marked by a loss of vital
power, convulsions, and disturbances of digestion, might clear up many obscure
questions.

Metastases, suppurative inflammation of the suprarenal glands and. in cows,
tuberculosis, are among the conditions described. Tumors of these bodies are
apparently commoner than has hitherto been supposed. In 300 horses the
author found 46 such tumors, these being chiefly in old horses. The most im-
portant of these tumors are hypernephroma, melanosarcoma, and capillary
telangiectasis, or vascular tumor consisting of enlarged and dilated blood
vessels.

The farmer's veterinarian, C. W. Burkett (Neio York, 1909, pp. X-\-275,
pis. 7, figs. 50 ) . — A practical treatise on the diseases of farm stock.

Stock diseases [in New Zealand], C. J. Reakes (Rpt. Bien. Conf. Agr. and
Past. Assocs. New Zeal., 8 (1909), pp. 58-64). — An address by the chief govern-
ment veterinarian on the diseases of sheep, horses, and cattle.

Compared with older countries. New Zealand is considered fortunate in being
free from many serious diseases affecting live stock generally, and also in hav-
ing, by comparison, only a small portion of its animal population affected with
the specific diseases which have gained a foothold. Exceptions to this, however,
are contagious abortion and contagious mammitis of cows.

The bacteriological diagnosis of anthrax by cultures from the skin, A.
CiucA and G. Stoicesco (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 67 (1909), No. 25, pp.
IJfO, i-i 7). —Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 81).

Demodex folliculorum, F, Gmeiner (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 25 (1909),
No. 38, pp. 695-700; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1909), No. 1112, pp. 291-293).— This
article is said to be a summary of the author's investigations upon the D. fol-

184 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

UciilDnini (if mail ami dou's. Ihc dchiils of whirh have been proviously published
in 1* works.

The cutaneous and ophthalmic reactions in glanders, Diictkich (Ai'ch. Wiss.
II. Pmlct. Ticrhrilk., 3.', (J908), No. 3, pp. 2J,()-,io1 ; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path,
and Thcr., 22 ( /.90.9), No. 3, pp. 257, 258). — In his experiments, the author found
that the cutaneous and ophthalmic reactions with mallein gave no positive re-
sults in 10 glandered guinea pigs, tliough the results were also negative in the
case of 6 healthy ones. Six of 13 glandered horses gave a positive ophthalmic
reaction but 2 of the 0 gave reactions of the second degree only. No horse gave
a positive cutaneous reaction and a healthy horse gave negative results to both
tests. The cutaneous and ophthalmic reactions are therefore deemed so unre-
liable in glanders of the horse and guinea pig as to possess no practical value
for the purpose of diagnosis.

Biochemical and therapeutical studies on trypanosomiasis, A. liREiNL and
M. NiKRENSTEiN {Ami. Tvop. Med. and Par., 3 (1909), No. 3, pp. 395-/f20).— This
is a detailed report of observations on experimental trypanosomiasis, the treat-
ment of infections with different pathogenic trypanosomes, and the mechanism
of the tlierapeutical action of various trypanocidal compounds.

Comparative studies of the tubercle bacillus of man and of the domestic
animals, W. Zwick (Ztschr. Infektionskranlc. u. Hyg. Haiisticre, Jf {1908), Nos.
3-J,, pp. 161-200, pi. 1, figs. 2; 5-6, pp. 321-373; ahs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7
{1909), No. 9, p. 398). — Comparative studies of the tubercle bacillus are here
reported in detail. A bibliography of 102 titles is appended.

Some properties of tubercle bacilli of bovine origin cultivated on glycer-
inated beef bile, A. Calmette and C. Guerin {Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris],
l.'i9 (W09), No. 18, pp. 716-718). — Experiments have shown that when guinea
pigs are inoculated with bacilli cultivated in this way a much greater virulence
is developed, although this becomes steadily diminished by successive cultures.
Further experiments, on horses and heifers, have shown that with the former
the virulence is not only increased but remains so, while with the latter thei*e is
the decreasing virulence observed in the guinea pig.

Bacteriolysis of tubercle bacilli, G. Deycke and H. Much {Miinchen. Med.
Wchnschr., 56 {1909), No. 39, pp. 1985-1987; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Inst. Pub.
Health, 17 {1909), No. 11, p. 687). — ^Although previous attempts by many work-
ers to find a method of dissolving tubercle bacilli in order to obtain those sub-
stances that could stimulate the production of effective specific antibodies, had
been without a%ail, the authors report success with lecithin, choliu, and neurin,
the last-named proving particularly effective. When to 2 cc. of a 25 per cent
solution of neurin 0.5 cc. of a thick emulsion of tubercle bacilli was added, a
minute after the addition was made a clearing up of the mixture was observed
while the control mixture made with normal salt solution or distilled water re-
mained thick and turbid. It w'as possible to follow out, under the microscope,
the stages of the dissolution of the tubercle bacilli.

Tuberculosis and its detection {Iowa Sta. Bui. 107, pp. 361-390, fig. 1, charts
6). — In part 1 (pp. 3G4-8S2), C. H. Stange briefly considers the methods com-
monly used in the detection of bovine tuberculosis. He reports in detail tuber-
culin tests and subsequent post mortems made of the college herd, the tempera-
ture charts of reacting animals being given.

In part 2 (pp. 383-387), W. J. Kennedy and W. Dinsmore report experiments
upon the transmission of tuberculosis from cattle to hogs. It was found that
22 of 28 healthy pigs, kept in a pasture for about 3 months to clean up after
a carload of cows affected with tuberculosis, had unmistakable lesions of the
disease w^hen slaughtered a short time after removal. Of the 22 tuberculous
bogs, the liver was affected in 9 cases, the mesenteric glands in 6, and each other

VETERIlSrAKY MEDICINE. 185

organ which is ordinarily liable to infection was diseased in 2 or more cases.
In 17 of the cases which were only slightly infected the diseased portions wei-e
removed and the remainder used for food, but 2 had so many internal organs
affected that they could not be safely used for anything but lard, and 3 had
the disease so generalized throughout the body as to be unfit for domestic uses
of any kind. None of the hogs had been with the tuberculous cattle more than
7 weeks and all were slaughtered in Si months from the time they were first
put with the cattle. Of a check lot of 6 smaller and less thrifty pigs fed in a
dry lot on corn alone, all were found to be free from any signs of the disease.
Brief mention is made of an experiment previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 377),
which showed that hogs fed milk containing virulent bacilli of bovine tubercu-
losis are very certain to become quickly and seriously infected with the disease.

In part 3 (pp. 388-390), W. J. Kennedy and W. Diusmore report that from 9
cows retained from the tuberculous herd at the college and held under quaran-
tine, 6 calves wei-e reared. All were allowed to nurse their dams about 0
months and were then weaned and tested. But 1 calf developed tuberculosis
and this was from a dam far advanced in the disease.

The combined tuberculin test for cattle, A. R. Littlejohn (Jour. Gompar.
Path, and Titer., 22 {1909), No. 3, pp. 217-237).— The details of a comparison
of the simple conjunctival test, the subcutaneous or general test, and the com-
bined test are reported in tabular form.

Of 64 cows that were tested, 26 reacted as tuberculous to the subcutaneous
test. -Of these, 3 failed to give any conjunctival reaction before the subcu-
taneous injection, and 7 gave a very slight reaction. All the. 26, however, gave
a conjunctival reaction after the subcutaneous injection. One cow out of the
64 tested gave a marked conjunctival reaction before and after the subcu-
taneous injection, but failed to react to the subcutaneous test. In a study
made of the 26 which reacted it was found that the instilled eye gave a positive
reaction most commonly on the fifth day, there being fewer nonreacters and
the largest number of marked reacters on that day. Studies of the results
at the ninth, twelfth, and fifteenth hours after the subcutaneous injection
showed that the instilled eye gave a marked reaction at the fifteenth hour in
every case but one, and that case had been marked at the ninth hour, and
also that about half the cases gave a muco-purulent reaction throughout the
ninth, twelfth, and fifteenth hours.

From these tests it is concluded that the simple conjunctival test does not
appear to be as reliable as the subcutaneous test, but that the combined con-
junctival test is apparently quite as reliable.

Researches on the immunization against tuberculosis, H. Vallee (Ann. Inst.
Pasteur, 23 (1909), Nos. 8, pp. 585-603; 9, pp. i)6d-676, charts 7).— This is a
detailed account of experiments conducted since 1903, in which 166 grown
cattle and 500 calves were used.

The best results were obtained with intravenous inoculation of living
tubercle bacilli of a much attenuated strain derived from a horse. The slight
virulence of this sti'ain and its complete absorption after inoculation are im-
portant factors in the results obtained. Inoculation with killed bacilli never
produced satisfactory results. Ingestion of the cultures by the mouth con-
ferred temporary immunity, the more complete the younger the animal. Vac-
cination by the mouth permitted the young cattle to resist for a year close
contact with other cattle with open lung tuberculous lesions, and after 2 years'
intercourse with infected animals they presented only insignificant or hidden
lesions, while the control animals showed signs of severe and advanced tuber-
culosis.

1.86 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

This vaccination liy ilio inoutli of llio yonnu; calllo snpplemontod liy the
olimiiiatioii of all cattle with ojkmi ti11)orcnlons lesions is thought to open a
prosi)e(l for a simple, safe, and certain method of eradication of tuberculosis
from cattle. Tlie attempts to hyperinunnni/.e the horse by means, of living
tubercle bacilli of human and l)ovine types are thought to be tlie lirst to have
been made. Of 11 horses injected in tlie course of 5 years, 3 died accidentally
and 4 were slaughtered but no trace of tubeix-ulosis could be detected in any
case while the serum of all had evidently acquired limited specific qualities
adai)ting it for human vaccination.

Vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis with nonvirulent bacilli, Klim-
MER iZlKchr. Tuhrrkiilosc, J2 (1D08), Nos. 5, pp. 353-883; 6, pp. //87-.I/.S; Centhl.
Bald, [rlc], 1. AM., Rcf., .1^3 {1909), No. 1-5, pp. 10-18). — Investigations of the
resistance of vaccinated cattle to natural and artificial infection ai-e reported in
detail. See also a previous note (E. S. II., 20, p. 4S0).

Report upon the bacteriology and pathology of garget in cows, W. G. Savage
(Ann. Hpt. Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.}, Sup. Rpt. Med. Officer, 37 {1907-8), pp.
359-.'i2Ji; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1909, No. 5, p. 627). — The
author finds that this affection in cows is due either to streptococci, staphylo-
cocci, or Bacillus coli, but chiefly to streptococci of a definite type spoken of
as Streptococcus mastidis. The characters of this type are long twisted chains
staining by Gram's method and producing acid in milk and clot within .3 days
at 37° C. Acid is produced in lactose and in saccharose media, but never in
maunite and not usually in salicin, raflinose, or inulin. They are nonpatho-
genic for mice on subcutaneous injection. They grow rapidly but readily die
out in ordinary broth. Infection apparently arises by an upward invasion of
the udder through the teats.

The prevention of milk fever (Ahs. in Vet. Rec, 21 ( 1909), No. 109J,, pp. 867,
868). — Various continental authorities regard the milking out of the cow imme-
diately after calving as an imjiortant cause of milk fever. Siegel, of Norway,
advises that the cow should not be milked by hand at all, the calf being left to
suck. Sahlmann and Dommerhold, district veterinary surgeons, in Germany and
Holland, resqiectively, disagree with this, holding that the calf should receive the
necessary colostrum as soon as possible after birth and not wait until driven to
suck by hunger. Their advice is, after calving, to draw just so much milk as
is required for the calf and abstain from further milking.

Donnnerhold reports that this method has been tested for some years in
Holland with satisfactory results, especially in the province of Friesland, which
contains not only the most milch cows but also the best. He explains its success
in preventing milk fever by the continental theory that the disease is due to a
cerebral anemia which is induced by the disturbance of the circulation caused
by the milking out of a distended udder. Plenitude and distension of the udder,
no matter whether it is filled with potassium iodid solution, saline solution, air,
or milk, regulates the circulation and so prevents the cerebral anemia of milk
fever or corrects it if present. Pie also mentions as another beneficial effect of
infusions of air that the thick venous blood becomes thinner under the influ-
ence of air and thus flows away more easily.

Preliminary note on the transmission of East Coast fever to cattle by intra-
peritoneal inoculation of the spleen or portions of the spleen of a sick
animal, K. F. Meyer (Jour. Com/par. Path, and Ther., 22 (1909), No. 3, pp.
213-217, fig. 1). — The author's experiments appear to show that East Coast
fever can be artificially transmitted through intrai)eritoneal inoculation of large
and intact portions of spleen.

VETEKINAKY MEDICINE." 187

Cattle plague in China, H. E. Keylock (Jour. Coinpar. Path, and Thcr., 22
(1909), No. 3, pp. 193-213). — An account of the author's experience with rinder-
pest which appears to be indigenous to the whole of China.

Diurnal variations in the temperatures of camels, J. B. Cleland (Proc. Linn.
8oc. N. S. Wales, 3/, {1909), pt. 2, pp. 268-271).— The autlior has found that
there is a wide variation hi the temperatures of camels varying with the exter-
nal conditions, the oscillations sometimes being nearly as much as 8° F.

Echinorhynchus gigas of pigs, W. W. Dimock (Hanidad y Bcncfic, Boh Of.
Sec. [Cuba], 2 {1909), No. 2, pp. 115, i76).— The finding of this worm in the
small intestine of pigs, on several occasions and in different localities, has led
the author to believe that it is much more common in pigs in Cuba than is snp-
I)osed and that it may be the cause of a series of symptoms common to Cuban
pigs, to which a variety of names are given. The use of turpentine (in milk),
calomel and santonin, creolin, naphtlialin, male fern, etc.. has. in many instances,
resulted in marked improvement in the general condition of the animals treated.

Hereditary or transmissible diseases in horses, C. .T. Marshall {Amer. Yet.
Rev., 35 {1909), No. 2, pp. 126-1 /f2). — A paper read before the annual meeting
of the Pennsylvania State JNIedical Association, March, liM)9.

Cryptogamic poisoning in horses, R. N. McCareoll and R. H. McMullen
{Amer. Vet. Rev., 35 {1909), No. 2, pp. 157-159). — This article deals with the
poisoning of horses which followed the ingestion of moldy beet tops, and which
occurred during a period following alternately freezing and very mild weather.

Investigations of the enzootic cerebro-spinal meningitis of the horse,
J. Marcq (A«h. mm. Vet., 58 {1909),- No. 1, pp. ll-2.'i; at)S. in Amer. Vet. Rev.,
35 {1909), No. -i, p. ^63). — This disease, known in Belgium as Aizeau's disease,
is thought by some to be a specific microbian disease, by others to be an intoxi-
cation from a substance existing in fodders. The affection lias been observed
in England, Austria, Germany, and America. The author has studied the dis-
ease in several horses and from cultures of the cerebral substance of one he
succeeded in isolating a microbe. The mortality may reach 70 or SO per cent.
The results of medicinal treatment are doubtful.

The immunity of horses against horse sickness, A. Theiler {Transvaal Agr.
Jour., 7 {1909), No. 27, pp. 355-377). — "The experiments show that tlie immun-
ity obtained by one virus is by no means absolute, inasmuch as breakdowns
do occur. These breakdowns must be considered to be due to the injection
with a different strain which is of another nature. The experiments, however,
with the Tzaneen strain clearly indicate that the virulency of a strain varies
as it passes through the different generations, and it is probable that in practice
a similar proceeding takes place, which at the present time we have not been
able to follow up. The experiments have to be tested further with the other
strains before we can definitely state that such an occurrence takes place with
them. The experiments further prove that the immunity can be increased by
mixing various strains together and ci'eating a polyvalent strain, and it is clear
from the tabulated analysis that the more injections an animal receives, either
with a monovalent or with a polyvalent strain, the better the immunity.

" So far, in experimenting with a number of horses, we have not been able
to produce such an immunity that it can in no way. and under no conditions,
be broken, and it has, therefore, to be expected that, notwithstanding the
number of times an animal has been injected with many different vira of mono-
valent and polyvalent character, a certain percentage of breakdowns will occur.
The experience in practice so far shows that these breakdowns have in one year
amounted to 13 per cent, and it is at this figure that I am inclined to place

20872— No. 2—10 7

188 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

the mortality of inmuiiiizoil horses, even when inmuinized with several mono-
valent or polyvalent strains. It stands to reason that when we increase the
nnniber of injections and increase the poly valency of a virus the less the subse-
quent relapses will follow, but I am not prepared to say that by injecting horses
several times, and thereby reducing the mortality from relapses, a complete
immunity will be obtained sufficient to protect all injected animals. It is a
noteworthy feature in the immunization and in the test of horses that relapses
with dik-koi) may occur nu>re than once. In our experiments of 300 horses
injected and tested, 194 showed dik-kop once, 4G dik-kop twice, and 1 animal a
third dik-kop (15 ])er cent horses showing 2 dik-kops), and these dik-kops have
sometimes been noted within 3 weeks of each other."

Som.e observations upon sidebone, Zimmerman {Abs. in Vet. Rcc, 22 {WO'.)),
No. 1113, p. 308). — The author reports upon examinations made of 1,000 horses,
with a view to estimating the frequence of ossification of the lateral cartilages.

Of the 62 heavy horses examined, 44 or 70.9 per cent were affected with ossi-
fication, of the 900 lighter van or coach horses, 279 or 31 per cent, and of the
remaining 38, which were saddle horses, 10 or 26.2 per cent. All but 21 of the
horses examined were over 5 years of age, but in none of the younger ones with
1 exception could alterations indicating ossification be demonstrated. The
investigation confirms the fact that the fore feet are more affected than the
hind and the outer cartilage more often than the inner.

Governm.ent certification of stallions, S. S. Cameron {Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Vic-
toria, 7 {1909), No. 7, pp. 447-Jf80, figs. 12). — This is the second annual report
on the veterinary examination of stallions for the government certification of
soundness and approval.

Infectious diseases following' bench shows, J. M. Phillips and L. P. Garra-
HAN {Amcr. Vet. Rev., 35 {I'lOO), No. 3, pp. 2S0-2S5).— In the disease of dogs
commonly known as canine distemper, the author recognizes 2 forms, namely
true distemper and dog plague. The plague is thought to occur less frequently
than distemper, and its mortality is estimated at 30 per cent of all cases. An
attack apparently confers complete immunity to plague but not to distemper,
and a severe attack of distemper does not seem to confer any immunity to
plague.

Echinorhynchus canis, B. F. Kaupp {Amcr. Vet. Rev., 35 {1909), No. 2, pp.
15.'f, 155, figs. 3). — Four specimens of a parasite taken from the intestines of a
dog are described as representing a new species {E. eanis).

The presence of a leucocytozoon in dog's in Tonkin, C Mathis and M. Lkgeb
(Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 67 {1909), No. 25, pp. 98-i 00). —During the
course of their investigations of canine piroplasmosis in Tonkin, the authors
have found a parasite in the leucocytes of a young dog that is apparently
identical with the one discovered by Bentley in India in 1905 and since studied
by several other workers. Only the mononuclear leucocytes were invaded by
this parasite.

Tumors in the common fowl, E. E. Tyzzek and T. Ordway {Jour. Med. Re-
search, 21 {1909), No. 3, pp. Ji59-.'i77, pis. -'/).— Tumors are apparently of fre-
quent occurrence in the common fowl. Apart from certain specific peculiarities
these are in every way analogous to the tumors of human beings. In addition
to the tumors hitherto found in the hen, myxosarcoma and leiomyoma are de-
scribed in the present series of cases.

A Microfilaria of the fowl, C. Matiiis and ]M. Leger (Compf. Rend. Soc. Biol.
[Paris], 67 {1909), No. 29, pp. 1,07-1,09, fig. i).— Under the name Microfilaria
seguini the authors describe a new parasite wliich occurs in fowls in Tonkin
associated with Filaria mansoni.

EURAL ENGINEERING. 189

A trypanosome of the fowl, C. .Mathis and M. Leger (Compt. Rend. Hoc. Biol.
[Paris] . 67 (1909), No. 30, pp. //J^-.).5.}, fifj. i).— The authors here describe a
trypanosorue which they found during the course of investigations of the para-
sites of the blood of the domestic fowl in Tonliiu, to which they give the name
Trypanosoma calmettei. The parasite is rarely found and does not appear to be
pathogenic.

Studies on the spirochetosis of fowls caused by Spirochaeta gallinarum,
L. Blaizot {Compt. Rend. Hoc. Biol. [Paris], 67 il909), Nos. 2.9, pp. Jt2l-J,23; 30,
pp. 'i-'P'-'iYJ)- — The author finds that when the disease is transmitted by ticks
(Argas persicus), the chickens almost always die before or on the day the spiro-
chetes appear in the blood. In direct passage, by the injection of blood, the
virulence of the spirochetes constantly increases as the transmission from fowl
to fowl is continued.

The occurrence of spirochetosis of fowls in Somaliland, E. Brumpt (Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 61 (1909), No. 26, pp. i7-'/-i~6).— Spirochetosis pro-
duced in fowls through the application of ticks (Argas persicus) received from
Dirredaoua, Somaliland, was found to be due to Hpirochwta gallinarum. This
tick is said to have been the source of a considerable loss of poultry at Dirre-
daoua. The author recognizes 4 species that are the cause of si)irochetosis of
fowls, namely, S. anserina in Caucasia ; S. gallinarum in Brazil, South Gran,
and Somaliland; 8. neveuxi in St. Louis, Senegal; and 8. nicollei in the oasis
of Degache, Tunis.

The ectoparasites of the red grouse, A. E. Shipley (Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1909, II. pp. 309-33.',, pis. /.i).— Noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 183).

The tapeworms of the red grouse, A. E. Shipley and W. Bygrave (Proc. Zool.
8oc. London, 1909, II, pp. 351-363, pis. 5). — The 3 species of tapeworm which
live in the alimentary canal of the grouse are Davainca urogalli, D. ccsticillus,
and Hymenolepsis microps. Examinations made of certain insects and arach-
nids for the cysts of these 3 species have been without results.

The threadworms of the red grouse, A. E. Shipley (Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1909, II, pp. 33.')-3.50, pis. 8). — Trichostrongtjlus pergracilis, the red or fork
worm (Syngamus traclicalis), Trichosoma longicollc, and Heterakis papillosa
are the species here described as the source of disease in red grouse.

Internal parasites of birds allied to the grouse, A. E. Shipley {Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1909, II, pp. 363-368). — This is an annotated list of the cestode,
trematode, and nematode parasites of the grouse, the ptarmigan, the black
cock, and the cai^ercaillie.

[]Srotes on endoparasites], A. Henry (Bui. Soc. Cent. Med. Vet., 86 (1909),
Xo. /-}, pp. 297-209). — The occurrence of a very large Coenurus in a rabbit, a
Cysticercus in a hare, and an intestinal obstruction in a dog, caused by Tcenia
cccnurus, is noted.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Review of ten years of Irrigation Investigations, It. P. Teele ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Office Erpt. Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp. 355--'i03). — This is a summary of the
work of the Irrigation Investigations of this Office during the ten years since
the inauguration of that work by Congress. It contains tabular summaries of
the investigations of the duty of water, losses in transmission, checking of
seepage losses, lining of canals, losses by evaporation and percolation, pumping
water for irrigation, windmills, the use of alcohol as a fuel for pumping water
for irrigation, construction of earthen reservoirs for storing storm water in
the semiarid region, irrigation of rice, and irrigation in the humid sections of
the United States. These summaries contain little matter which has not been
included in previous bulletins, but bring together results there published.

190 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

Organization, work, and publications of Irrigation Investigations ( U. S.
Bciit. Agr., Ojjicc Expt. IStUfi. Vire. 87, pp. 12). — Data are given as to the per-
sonnel of, scope of the work nnder way by, and brief synopses of the publica-
tiojis relating to the Irrigation Investigations of this Office.

Organization, work, and publications of Drainage Investigations ( U. S.
Dcpt. A (jr.. Office E.rpt. »S7«.s. Circ. 88, pp. 6"). — Data similar to the above are
given for the Drainage Investigations of tliis Office.

The alluvial lands of the lower Mississippi Valley and their drainage, A. K.
Mor(;a.\ ( r. S. Dcpt. Aur.. Office Evpl. Htds. Rpt. 1!)0S, pp. -'lOl-J,!!', pl.<s. 2. fl<j'<.
2). — The author refers briefly to some of the classic instances of successful
drainage of alluvial lands, discusses the extent, formation, and characteristics
of the alluvial lands in the Mississippi Valley, and emphasizes particularly
the need of comprehensive and carefully organized drainage projects for the
reclamation of these areas.

" It is a conservative statement that the key to the drainage of the southern
Mississippi Valley, both of the alluvial lands and of the coastal plain adja-
cent, is the i)r()per planning and construction of the main drainage outlets. . . .

" In the States of the lower Mississippi Valley are 10,000,000 to 15,000,000
acres of land awaiting drainage. The investigations of recent years have estab-
lished the feasibility of this work, the state legislatures are providing for the
necessary legal procedure, and a great public interest is awakened in the pros-
pect for reclamation. The outlook is that during the next few years a vast
area of exceedingly fertile land will be added to our agricultural domain,
that malaria in the alluvial region will pass away, as it has passed in some
of the more northern States, where it was once prevalent, and that a pros-
perous rural people will occupy the entire alluvial lands of the lower Mississippi
Valley."

A preliminary report on the St. Francis Valley drainage project in north-
eastern Arkansas, A. E. Morgan {V. *S'. Bcpi. A (jr.. Office E.rpt. Stas. Circ. S6,
pp. 31, fig. 1, maps 2). — This is a brief statement and discussion of a compre-
hensive i)lan for the reclamation of nearly 1,000,000 acres of wet and over-
flowed lands of the St. Francis Basin in northeastern Arkansas. The pro-
posed plan provides for the disposition of run-off waters from 4,000 square
miles of land in Missouri, aud 1,500 square miles in Arkansas; also for a detail
system of complete drainage, and for the possible requirements of navigation.

The featui-e of the i)lan is the proposed system of wide floodways lined by
dikes or levees, to carry the excessive volumes of flood waters from Missouri
through the district, in place of the customary plan of improving the present
natural channels. It is estimated that the cost of construction of an adequate
system of floodways carrying storm run-off above ground level would not be
more than 10 per cent of the cost of improving the natural channels sufficiently
to accomplish the same purpose. The report concludes with an estimate of the
cost of the proposed reclamation, amounting to nearly $7,000,000, or about $8
per acre.

Farm drainage, C. P. Norgord (Arlfiiixns Stu. Bui. 10.'/. pp. 281-31-'/, figs. 17). —
This bulletin discusses the benefits and methods of farm drainage in Arkansas,
describing both the tile and open ditch systems, and giving tables for the selec-
tion of the proper sizes of tile, spacing, and depth to be used. Brief popular
descriptions are given of the various systems of tile draining, with instruc-
tions on the use of leveling instruments, determining proper grades, digging
the ditches, laying the tiles, and refilling.

By way of illustration, data are given as to the cost of reclaiming and thor-
oroughly tile draining about 20 acres of swampy laud rented by the station.
The cost averaged $19.53 per acre.

EURAL ENGINEERING. 191

Cement and concrete fence posts, II. M. Bainer and H, B. Bonebkight {Colo-
rado Sta. Bui. 1^8, pp. 3-36, p'gs. JO). — As a result of the increasing scarcity
and cost of wood and the prohibitive cost of iron fence posts, cement and con-
crete posts are beginning to be used as substitutes. Though these are some-
what expensive at present, they are long-lived,. present a good appearance, and
can be made on the farm.

Part 1 of this bulletin discusses the materials suitable for their construction,
gives directions as to propoi'tions for use, the mixing of materials, and the
making, reinforcing, curing, and handling of both poured and tamped posts,
describes a homemade concrete mixer designed by the station, and several
forms of post molds and wii'e fasteners, and gives other useful data. Part 2
reports experiments conducted for the purpose of determining the method of
building the best posts at the least cost. In these experiments a total of 238
line posts and 8 corner posts, variously constructed and reinforced, were tested
as to breaking strain under conditions as nearly like those of fencing as possi-
ble. The results are reported in tabular form, and the following conclusions
are drawn :

" Poured posts are easier to make than tamped ones. They are somewhat
more expensive because one mold will make but one poured post per day, while
the same mold may be used for making as many tamped posts as the builder
can mix and tamp in the same time.

" According to the tests made poured posts ai-e a little over 25 per cent
stronger than tamped ones of the same size, mixture and I'einforcement.

" I'oured posts are not so porous as the tamped ones and iire therefore more
nearly waterproof, thus making them better able to withstand the action of
frost and alkali.

" The poured post is enough better in every respect to justify its construction
and use in preference to the tamped one.

" Most commercial molds make a post which tapers from the base to the
top, but the most economical mold is one which casts a post as large at the
ground line as at the base, tapering from the ground line to the top. . . .

"The best form of post is one which is equally strong from all directions.
The square, or round post, fulfills this requirement. The triangular post does
not meet the requirements because it can not be economically constructed so as
to be equally strong from all directions.

" To be economical, the amount of reinforcement should be in proportion to
the size of the post and strength of the mixture. . . .

" The material used for reinforcement should be strong, light and rough
enough to permit the mixture to get a firm grip upon it. It should be very
rigid, with little or no tendency to spring or stretch.

" The smooth reinforcement tends to slip even if hooked at the ends.

" Two or more wires twisted together make as satisfactory a reinforcement
as can be obtained.

" Crimped wire tends to straighten and thereby breaks pieces out of the post
at the point of greatest stress.

" The reinforcement should be placed in each corner of the post at a depth
of from H to f in. from the surface. . . .

" The posts should be cured in the shade for at least 60 days, the first 30
days of which they should be sprinkled daily."

Silo construction, L. Carrier (Virginia Sta. Bui. 182, pp. 3-23, figs. 13).— This
bulletin describes materials, methods and costs of constructing types of silos
which have proved satisfactory and which it is believed will be used in the
future.

192 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

One of the types deserilK'd is .1 niiiial silo with wooden hoops which stands
ill the corner of a basement hnni mihI is s It. 4 in. in diameter and 30 ft. high.
The first 0 ft. is of bricl<, and the iijtper ;]() ft. was constructed of 1 by 2i-in.
matched Norway pine flooring, held in place by 16 wooden lioops. The hoops
can be made of any wood that is toujrh and flexible enough to bend to the
required circle, but green elm is recommended for the purpose. The strips
should !)»> h in. in thickness and I in. wide. A special frame for building these
wooden hoops is described.

In the erection of a concrete block silo the expense can be reduced by using
a homemade form for making the blocks. Both wooden and sheet iron forms
for building a solid concrete wall are considered in detail. The injurious action
of silage acids on the cement wall can be prevented by giving the inside wall a
thin coating of cement every year or two, which can be done at filling time with
very little trouble. A solid brick wall silo is expensive but the cost can be
materially reduced by using the double wall method reenforced by metal.

Details are given for constructing foundations, doors, and roofs. Emphasis
is laid on the necessity of reenforcing the concrete and brick silos. The inner
surface of the superstructure should be placed flush with the inner edge of the
foundation to i)revent rotting of the silo at the joints. The cost of the roof
ranges from $2.^5 to .$50, but it is usually desirable in order to lessen the proba-
bility of freezing and also to keep out excessive rainfall. It is thought unwise
to build silos much larger than 22 ft. in diameter. A silo of only 8 or 10 ft. in
diameter should not be over 28 or 30 ft. in height.

A list of publications on silos and silage published by this Department is
given.

Combination laundry and dairy house, J. E. Bridgman {Texas Farm and
Ranch, 2S (1909), No. J/S, p. 15, fid. 1, dgm. /). — Plans are given and described
for a combination farm dairy and laundry.

ETJRAL ECONOMICS.

The relation of the farmer to the present high prices of cereals and bread,
R. J. Oswald (ll'/c/fjr Landw. Ztg., 59 (1909), No. 66, pp. 651, 6'5.?).— This
article gives statistics of the highest and lowest prices of wheat, rye, barley,
oats, and corn in Austria during each of the years 1869-1909, inclusive, and
discusses their bearing on the prices of bread.

The farmer is shown to derive no benefit from the high prices of bread and
other products made from cereals, as, if any gi-eat profit is secured, it goes to
the middleman. The complexity of the social organization by means of which
the raw materials are passed through many hands before reaching the con-
sumer in the form of food supplies is held to be the cause of the high prices
of bread and other necessities to the consumer. To meet this difliculty, the
organization of cooperative mills and bakeries to bring producer and consumer
together is advocated, statistics being quoted to show that such cooperative
societies have been operated in cities with large profits.

What we must do to be fed, J. J. Hill (WorUVs Work, 19 (1909), No. 1, pp.
12226 -1225.'t, fios. 22).— This is a popular article dealing with the problem of
our increasing population and lack of proportionate increase in our wheat
production.

Among the remedies suggested are the establishment of a land system that
shall encourage bona fide settlers; the establishment of government model
farms; more intensive culture of farms; and the improvement of farm methods,
which means that a farmer must cultivate no more land than he can till thor-
oughly, and that there must be a rotation of crops, and soil renovation by

EURAL ECONOMICS. 193

fertilization. In tliese ways, tlie autlior believes that tLe average vpheat pro-
duction in the United States can be raised from 14 to 28 bushels per acre.
This will enable our country to provide bread for a population of 200,000,000.

Eailroads and agriculture, M. V. Richards {1909, pp. Jf). — This is an address
delivered before the Farmers' National Congress, held at Raleigh, N. 0., No-
vember 4-9, 1909.

The article discusses the field in the United States for agricultural expan-
sion, the extent of agricultural freight traffic handled by railroads in 1908, the
forms of active assistance given by rnllroads to agriculture including the
special educational trains furnished the instructors in agricultural colleges and
experiment stations or to state officials for carrying instruction to farmers, and
the relation of the railroads to the settlement of farm lands. " They have
used nearly every method at their command to aid in the work of making farm-
ing profitable, of increasing the productiveness of the lands, and of advancing
agricultural conditions."

Practical farm economics, L. Ogilvy {Breeder's Qnz., 56 {WOO), No. 15, p.
6SG). — The author advocates in meetings of farmers during the winter months
the discussion of questions relating to farm economics as a result of their own
experience. It is believed that much practical information regarding farm
management, the amount of capital to invest in machinery, the keeping of live
stock to the greatest advantage, and the farm labor problem could be derived
from such meetings and be used to good advantage in rural economy.

The legal status of farm crops, H. L. Snyder {Ohio Farmer, 12Jf {1909), No.
18, p. 353). — The manner of regarding crops by the courts as real or personal
property in different States under land ownership and tenant lease is pointed
out in this article.

Agricultural statistics. — Chattel mortg'ages, J. S. Duff {Ann. Rpt. Bur.
Indus. Ontario, 19US, pp. .'/7). — Statistics on the acreage, production, and market
value of the field crops and fruits ; the classes, number, and value of the live
stock ; farm labor and wages ; the value of farm properties and implements ;
farm values and rentals per acre ; and the value of chattel mortgages both
against all occupations and against farmers on record and undischarged in the
Province of Ontario, on December 31, 1908, are tabulated and discussed.

Harvest wages ranged from $1 to $2 a day with board, while monthly rates
varied from $15 to $35 with board, according to experience. " The quality
of most of the labor offering was not up to the standard, but capable men were
yet much in demand. Many farmers are now depending upon improved ma-
chinery and an interchange of work with their neighbors to meet the labor
situation. The problem of getting adequate female help in the farm house-
hold is as yet unsolved, domestic servants being scarcer than ever." Wages
were a little lower in 1908 than in 190G except for domestic servants.

The number of farm mortgages was 7,098 amounting to $2,768,786 as com-
pared with 6,4.38 amounting to $2,442,589 in 1907.

[Agricultural laborers in the United Kingdom], G. R. Askwith {Bd. Trade
[Gt. Brit.l, Rpt. Changes in Rates of Wages and Hours of Labor, 16 {1908),
pp. 31-3Jf, 111-111,). — Statistical data of the changes in rates of wages, hours
of labor, and the number of agricultural laborers of all classes employed in
1908, as compared with similar data for the years 1899-1907, inclusive, are
tabulated and discussed.

In England and Wales " the estimated number of agricultural laborers in
districts where wages were reported to have changed in 1908 was 53,914, while
the number in districts where wages were reported as unaltered was 320,289.
Wages were raised in districts containing 40,134 laborers, and reduced in dis-
tricts containing 13,780 laborers. The estimated net increase in 1908, in the

194 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

\vaj;os of those affocted. in the districts in wliich clianges were reported,
aniountoil to £727 per week as coiuijared with an increase of £370 in 1907,"
In Scothind there was little or no change in wages at the spring and snnimer
hirings, bnt during the latter part of the year wages showed a downward tend-
ency. On the returns in Ireland 71 per cent showed no change in wages, while
the remainder disclosed an upward tendency in the rates of wages due to an
increasing scarcity of labor caused partly by emigration.

The German agricultural labor problem according to the latest investiga-
tions, W. liouKBixK {Ztschr. Agrarpolitik, 7 (I'JOi)), Nos. G, pp. 311-32.'i; 9, pp.
.'iS5-.'i(i6). — These articles summarize the results of economic and social studies
published during the years 1902 to 1909, inclusive, discussing the labor, wages,
housing, and settlement of farm l;iborers.

An extensive bibliography relating to the agrarian jiroblem in Germany is
included.

The care of sick and injured persons employed in agriculture and forestry,
SciiVMACiiER {Dent. Land to. Prcsse, 36 (1909), Xos. 76', pp. 805, HOG; 77, pp.
81Jf, 815). — These articles set forth the provisions made by the State and mutual
societies in Germany for the attendance of physician, medicine, and financial
assistance rendered to those taken sick or injured while employed in rural
liursuits. whether in the field or as domestic servants.

Experiments of the Prussian forest commission in the settlement of forest
workers, Rohrig (Ztschr. Foist u. Jagdiv., 41 {1909), No. 10, pp. 629-G60).~The
advantages of a system of forest settlements devised and carried out by the
state forest control in Prussia are described in this article.

The plan consists in general in the establishment of forest employees in
settlements rather than in isolated homesteads, the providing of good dwellings
and laud for cultivation, the granting of certain firewood and other privileges,
etc. The advantages consist in enabling the children to attend school, in
avoiding the ordinary Isolation of a forester's life for self and family, the
opportunity afforded the forester to employ his time to the best advantage, the
encouragement of the young to engage in agricultural pursuits, and the check-
ing of rural depopulation.

Producers' associations and cooperative selling and credit societies in
France to January 1, 1909 (Bui. Off. Travail [France], IG {1909), Xos. 7, pp.
759-771; S, pp. 858-86.',; 9, pp. 975-98-',; 10, pp. iOSO-i 085). —Complete returns
for the year 1908 are presented and discussed.

The producers' associations numbered 431, the selling associations 2,491, and
the cooperative credit societies or banks 2,636, there being material increases
over the year 1907 (E. S. K., 20, p, 888), The district mutual credit banks
increased from 88 in 1907 to 94 in 1908.

[Mutual agricultural credit banks in France in 1908], J, Ruau {Bui. Mens,
Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 8 {1909), No. 9, pp. 1211-1231; Econ. Franc., 37
{1909), II, No. 37, pp. 390-392) .—This is a report by the minister of agriculture
on the work of these societies during 1908.

The number of local banks increased from 2,108 to 2,636, the number of mem-
bers from 96,192 to 116,866, and the loans made to 40,129,192 francs, of which
29,720,297 francs were outstanding at the close of the year. The rates of
interest ranged from 3 to 5 per cent, the general average for the year being
from 3i to 4 per cent.

Cooperative credit in Bengal {Indian Agr., 31, {1909), No. 9, pp. 266, 267). —
The progress of cooperative credit societies for the 9 months ended March 31,
1909, is reported. There were 359 rural societies, an increase of 33 during the
period. Of the purposes to which loans from societies were applied, repayment

EURAL ECONOMICS. 195

of debts accounts for 37 per cent of the total and cultivation of land and the
purchase of cattle for 30 per cent.

Rural New England, Charlotte II. F, Ladd (Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc, 1909,
pt. 1, pp. 119-129). — This paper points out some means for the Improvement of
rural conditions in New England, such as improving soil fertility, intensive agri-
culture, road improvement, better rural schools, and state aid in encouraging
agriculture.

Competitions for the Leon Faucher prize in 1908, E. Levasseur (Concours
pour le Prix Leon Faucher 1908. Paris, 1908, pp. 168). — This is a summary of
the essays which received prizes in this competition in 1908. The topics dis-
cussed relate to the agricultural development of 17 provinces in France, as to
changes which have taken place during the past half century in the methods of
culture, products, markets, prices, and conditions of the landowners and
laborers.

Rural settlement and agriculture (Off. Yearbook N. S. Wales, 1907-8, pp.
263-276, 3.'t7-Jt08). — Statistics on the number, size, and character of land hold-
ings in New South Wales in 1908 are tabulated and discussed.

The number of holdings above 1 acre in extent was 81.732 comprising
49,901,837 acres, or an average size of 611 acres per holding. Of these holdings
23.591 were under 16 acres, 30,908 from 16 to 200 acres, and 10,451 from 201 to
400 acres in extent. Of the total acreage only 2.362,590 acres are cultivated.

Statistics are also given on the nature, yields, and value of crops, the number,
classes, and value of the live stock, and on the kinds and value of dairy
products.

Crop Reporter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 11 (1909), No.
11, pp. 7 J-861).— Statistics on the condition, value, and prices of the principal
crops in the United States, notes on foreign crop conditions, and articles on
statistics of mortality among farmers, per capita production of farm products,
and wheat prices in England in six centuries are reported.

Imports of grain in the cereal year 1908-9 (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 16
(1909), No. 6, pp. 470-474). — The production of grain crops in Great Britain,
the average prices for the year, and the imports of cereals, including the
countries from which they were consigned, are tabulated and discussed in this
article. Comparative data are also given of the imports of wheat, wheat flour,
barley, oats, and corn, from 1897-8 to 1908-9.

" It will be seen that, except in the case of wheat, practically no expansion
in the supply has taken place during the past few years, the imports being
either more or less stationary, or, as in the case of flour, maize, and oats,
actually less than in earlier years."

International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, D. Lubin (Cal. Cult., 33
(1909), No. 14, pp. 315, 324). — This article describes the functions and work of
the institute.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Progress in agricultural education, 1908, D. J. Crosby (V. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp. 231-288, pis. 5).— A brief summary of progress
in agricultural education during the 11 years from 1897 to 1908, inclusive, is
followed by a review of the principal developments in agricultural education
during the last half of the flscal year 1908, including the educational work of
this Department, the principal developments in agricultural education in foreign
countries, the work of the National Education Association, and the leading items
of interest concerning the colleges of agriculture in the United States, and

196 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

secoudarj- and elementary schools in which agriculture is taught. The data
concerning the secondary schools includes recent legislation in some of the
States and outlines of several high-school courses of study.
Statistics of land-grant colleges and agricultural experiment stations,

1908, Marie T. Spethmann {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp.
191-230). — A compilation from official sources of general statistics, courses of
study, attendance, value of funds and equipment, revenues, and additions to
equipment of the land-grant colleges, and of the lines of work, revenues, and
additions to equipment of the agricultural experiment stations in the United
States for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908.

The farmers' institutes in the United States, 1908, J. Hamilton (U. 8.
Dcpt. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp. 289-335).— This is the annual report
of the Farmers' Institute Specialist of this OfBee concerning the work of the
Office in promoting farmers' institutes and the development of the farmers'
institute movement in the different States and Territories. Data ai*e also in-
cluded concerning college extension work, movable schools of agriculture, a
winter agricultural school, farm clubs, demonstration fields, and other educa-
tional activities closely related to farmers" institute work.

The agricultural and industrial educational movement in the South, G. B.
Cook (Proc. Conf. Ed. South, 12 (1909), pp. 69-8^).— A brief survey of some
of the features of general industrial advancement in the South is followed by
some general considerations concerning the progress in agricultural education
and more particularly by references to recent features of progress in the
Southern States.

Education and economic development, A. C. Ellis (Proc. Conf. Ed. SoutJi,
12 (1909), pp. 171-186). — In this address the author gives numerous illustra-
tions of the economic development resulting largely from the instruction given
in the agricultural and mechanical colleges, such for example as recent develop-
ments in selecting and gi-owing corn, the successful combating of ravages of the
white scale in California, and the fight against the cotton boll weevil and the
Texas fever tick. He also refers to other economic developments in the fields of
mining, medicine, and economics.

School of Domestic Economy and Education of the Province of Bergamo,
S. Balp (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Rome], 8 (1909), Ser. C, No. 7, pp.
13-38). — A report, made at the inauguration of the school on August 2, 1909,
at Parma, on the origin, development, regulations, and scope of the school, in-
cluding the course of study. The instruction includes (1) moral education, (2)
elements of science, and (3) practical instruction in all matters relating to
the home.

Corn Day annual for the public schools of Illinois, F. G. Blair (Dept. Pub.
Instr. [III.], Circ. 38, pp. 43, figs. 20). — This circular is intended to awaken and
direct still further the interest of Illinois school boys and girls in the study
and growing of corn, with special reference to the observance of " Corn Day."
It includes a careful study of the ear, kernel, growing plant, soil, water, and
tillage conditions necessary to its success, and the diseases and insects which
attack it. Osmosis, capillarity, transpiration, soil temperature, fertilizers,
crop rotation, corn products and their food values, and seed testing are some
of the additional topics incidentally considered.

What one class in agronomy did, W. N. Clute (School Sci. and Math., 9
(1909), pp. 731-735). — An account is given of one season's work in class room
and gardens at the Joliet (111.) Township High School.

The fly-aways and other seed travelers, F. M. Fultz (Bloomington. III.,

1909, pp. 186, figs. 9'/). — This i& a nature study book for children. The story
of seed dispersal is truthfully told but in language simple enough for the five-

MISCELLANEOUS. 197

year-old child to understand. Illustrations are given of the dispersal of seeds
by wind, water, birds, and animals, and by the voluntary action of man.

Forestry in nature study ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Spec. Circ, pp.
JO). — This circular, prepared by the Forest Service of this Department for
special distribution among teachers attending the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposi-
tion, presents an outline of a tentative course in elementary forestry for the first
eight grades of the conmion schools. There is also an appendix containing a
list of appropriate bulletins and circulars issued by this Department, and also
a list of 29 other publications.

Farm forestry, A. Akerman (Athens, Ga.: Ga. Forest Assoc, 1900, pp. 2;i). —
This is a preliminary outline of what is to be developed into a text-book of
forestry for use in the schools of Georgia. It contains brief descriptions of the
trees of the State, suggestions for prop.igation and planting. i)rotection from
forest fires, and the harvesting and disposal of forest i)roducts.

Dumb animals and how to treat them, E. K, Whitehead {Denver, 1909, pp.
XX+128, fif/s. Jfo). — This book is designed to give some definite teaching to
children concerning their duties toward domestic and other animals, and seeks
to supply effective motives for treating animals with justice and kindness. The
following topics selected from its table of contents illustrate its agricultural
bearing: Profit in kindness to domestic animals; feeding, watering, sheltering,
and exercising animals; proper harnessing and care of horses; shoeing, driving,
and training horses; treatment of balking; cows and other cattle; sheep and
hogs; chickens, ducks, geese, and other fowls; wild birds and animals; insects
and reptiles; and our ignorance concerning animals.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations, 1908 ( IJ. S. Dept. Agr.,
Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1908. pp. Jill, pis. 1',, figs. //).— This includes the usual
report on the work of this Office for the fiscal year ended June .30, 1908, and of
the work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations in the United
States, including those of Alaska. Hawaii, and Porto Rico, an account of agri-
cultural conditions in tlie Island of Guam, statistics of the land-grant colleges
and experiment stations for 1908, and several articles and reviews abstracted
elsewhere in this issue.

Annual Report of New Jersey Stations, 1908 (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1908,
pp. ^28). — This contains the organization list of the stations, a financial state-
ment for the State Station for the fiscal year ended Ocober 31, 1908, and for
the College Station for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, and a brief report by
the director, together with departmental reports which are abstracted else-
where in this issue. A report on the inspection of feeding stuffs has been pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 69), as has also one on the inspection of Paris
green and lead arsenate (E. S. R., 20, p. 656).

Experiment Station Work, LIII (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. Sl.'i, pp. 32,
figs. 5). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Inoculation
and lime for alfalfa, citrus culture in southern Texas, pruning rotundifolia
grapes, nutritive value of native hays in the arid region, Bermuda grass, short
V. long feeding of beef cattle, contagious abortion of cattle, preventing losses at
lambing time, winter lambs for the Pacific coast market, feeding work horses,
colony houses for poultry, food of the crow blackbird, and flour for baking
powder biscuits.

Accessions to the Department Library, July-September, 1909 {U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Library Bui. 73, pp. 63).

NOTHS.

Arkansas University. — l>oaii Adiiins recently accompanied the members of the
Ixi.irds of trustees of the four secondary schools of the State on a visit of inspec-
tion to the aRricultural schools of Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. Follow-
ing the trip an agreement as to the respective functions of the collegiate and
secondary agricultural institutions was formulated.

R. J. Nelson, head of the department of agricultural education, resigned Janu-
ary 1 to accept the editorship of Farm (iiiil RancJi, and has l)een succecnled by
adjunct i)rofessor J. W. Wilson. The department of farmers' institutes is under-
taking the develoi)ment of a state and county fair system, and is also endeavor-
ing to stinuilate ])ublic interest in tlie reclamation of swamp lands.

Connecticut State Station. — The research laboratory was destroyed by fire on
the early morning of January 10, nothing being left but a portion of the walls.
The cause of the fire is unknown. The building and contents were well insured,
but there will still be a large loss, especially in the chemical department, the
most serious item being the very valuable chemical library, and animals which
had been under experiment for five months. The forester's ortice and the office
and laboratory of the plant breeder were also located in the building. The more
valuable records were in a fire-proof vault, which was uninjured.

Georgia College. — Itinerant schools are being organized by the extension de-
partment, and it is expected to hold at least 11 within the next 3 months. The
attendance upon the cotton school and other short courses offered this winter has
been very gratifying. Tests have been made witli a new style of gin and with
a cotton i)icker. The gin gives promise of so delinting cotton as to cause less
Injury to the fiber than the methods now in use.

Some interesting studies concerning the breeding of cotton and corn are being
prepared for publication. These tests were conducted in the demonstration
field, which is maintained by the college as a part of its laboratory system for
students, but which at the same time enables the prosecution of research work.

Idaho University. — It is planned to hold an annual recognition day, the pur-
pose of which will be to give official recognition to men who have been promi-
nent in the development of the State and the promotion of its interests. It is
expected that the list will include many who have promoted the development of
irrigation, live stock, fruit growing, and other agricultural enterprises, and also
many prominent in educational circles. The cei-emony will take place each year
as a part of the commencement exercises.

Illinois University.— A Farmers' Hall of Fame has been established in the
college of agriculture " to record the services and commemorate the lives of the
great leaders of the State in the development of agriculture from a pioneer art
to a civilized science on which the prosperity of all classes will ultimately de-
pend." The selection of names rests with a commission, which thus far has
chosen 4 men : Cyrus Hall McCormick, inventor of the reaper; James N. Brown,
first president of the state board of agriculture; Isaac Funk, a successful and
influential pioneer farmer; and Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, an early advocate of
the land-grant plan for the support of industrial education. Exercises were
198

NOTES. 199

held December 15 installing the name of Mr. McCormick in the Hall of Fame.
The ceremonies included the unveiling of a portrait, and addresses by GoA-ernor
Deneen, President Grout of the commission, Dean Davenport, and others.

Louisiana Stations. — Dr. P. A. Yoder has resigned as research chemist at the
Sugar Station.

Massachusetts College and Station. — S. C. Damon, of the Rhode Island Station,
has been succeedtHl on the board of trustees by H. L. Frost, of Arlington, who
has also been chosen to the committee on the station. W. H. P.owker has been
succeeded on this committee l\v Charles H. Ward.

E. K. Eyerly, Ph. D., has been appointed assistant professor of political science
and lecturer in rural sociologj-, vice George N. Ilolcomb, who is to continue as
lecturer in political science. Fred W. Morse, formerly of the ^ew Hampshire
College and Station, has been appointed research chemist in the station and
entered upon his duties January 18. For the present his work will be chiefly
connected with the asparagus investigations.

Missouri University. — The new agricultural hall was dedicated December 28,
addresses being made by Governor Herbert S. Hadley, President A. Ross Hill,
of the uni\ersity. Dean Mumford, and representatives of various state boards
and societies. The exercises were followed in the evening by the sixth annual
banquet to the farmers of the State, this completing the programme for the
annual Farmers' Week.

The Wabash Railroad has offered to each of the IS counties in the Slate
through which its lines run a scholarship of $50 in the short winter courses.

Nebraska University. — Claude K. Shedd has been appointed instructor in
farm mechanics.

Nevada Station. — Charles S. Knight, assistant in agronomy at the Kansas
College, has been appointed assistant professor of agronomy, and has entered
upon his duties.

North Dakota College and Station. — Fire of unknown origin destroyed the
chemical laboratory building on the evening of December 24, causing a loss on
building and e<piipment estimated at .$(J3,(MX).

Cornell University and Station.— A fruit special was sent out December 6 on a
trip of nearly 600 miles, during which it made 76 stops and was visited by
about 15,000 people, many of them school children and city residents. The
illustrative material "was made ui) largely of an extensive exhibit of New York
apples packed in California standard boxes, a collection of 150 varieties of
apples from all over the United States, and an exhibit of the more prevalent
plant and insect pests.

The third annual Farmers' AVeek was held at the college February 7-12.
Among the special features this year were a state potato show, judging demon-
strations of live stock, fruit, and other farm produce, a boys' and girls' corn
congress, potato and alfalfa schools, meetings of the drainage and plant
breeders' associations and the experimenters' league, a poultry institute and
exhibit, and a housekeepers' conference.

A second industrial fellowship has been established in the depai-tment of
plant pathology, to which V. B. Stewart, a 1909 graduate of Wabash College,
has been appointed. This fellowship is limited to two years, and has for its
p'rpose the investigation of the diseases of nursery stock, esi)ecially fire blight.

Ohio University and Station. — The college, the station, and the state board of
agriculture operated an educational train in southeastern and southern Ohio
during the last two weeks in January, covering a distance of about 500 miles.
Lectures were given in fruit growing, dairying, and forestry.

Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition. — Homer Cloukey and Hiram A.
Dodge, 1909 graduates, respectively, of the Oklahoma College and the Uni-

200 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

versity of Vermont, have been appointed assistants, vice John W. Calvin,
resigned to accept a position as assistant chemist at the Kansas Station, and
Koy C. Jones, resigned to become instructor in dairying at the Montana College.

Rhode Island College.— A Farmers' Week devoted to work in agronomy and
(lairyiui:. was iicld (Ills winter for the first time, beginning December 27, with a
good atti'nd.-iiicc and nnich interest.

Texas Station.— Kayniond II. Pond, Th. D., recently connected with the Munic-
ipal Sewage Commission of New York, has been appointed plant pathologist
in the station. Dr. O. M. Ball will hereafter confine himself to work in the
college.

An Agricultural Short Course in a Missouri State Normal School. — Caiman's
Rural World for December 29, 1909, states that the normal school at Cape
Girardeau. Mo., will offer a G weeks' course in agriculture for the benefit of
those in the agricultural district surrounding this school who can not attend
I'cgular school work hut desire some training in the business of farming.

Madras Agricultural College. — The Tropical Agriculturist and Magazine of
the Ceylon Agricultural Society for Octol)er announces the completion and
dedication of the agricultural college at Coimbatore, which was authorized by
Ihe government of India in 1905. A farm of 4-50 acres has been under culti-
vation during the past 2 years, and 20 students were admitted in June of this
year. The course of training extends through 3 years and includes theoretical
and practical instruction in general agriculture, entomology, agricultural engi-
neering, veterinary science and kindred subjects, with special provision for
research investigations. The present staff consists of an expert agriculturist,
a botanist, and an agricultural chemist, and eventually will include an ento-
mologist and mycologist.

Miscellaneous. — At the recent meeting at Boston of the American Association
of Economic Entomologists, officers were elected for the current year as fol-
lows: President, E. Dwight Sanderson; first vice-president, H. T. Fei-nald;
second vice-president, P. J. Parrott ; and secretary-treasurer, A. F. Burgess.
The next meeting is to be held in Minneapolis. December 28.

W. J. Colebatch, for several years on the staff of the Victorian Department
of Agriculture, has been appointed to the i)osition of superintendent and in-
structor in agriculture in South-East Australia and manager of the Kybybolite
Experimental Farm in South Australia, and entered upon his new duties
November 16. He will also be in charge of the Roseworthy Agricultural Col-
lege during the absence of Professor Perkins this year.

A recent number of the Wiener LandioirtschaftUche Zeitung announces the
retirement of Prof. Julius Kiihn, at the age of 85 years, as director of the
Agricultural Institute of Halle, and the appointment of Prof. F. Wohltmann as
his successor. Professor Kiihn will still continue some of his lecture work.

A recent number of the Wioicr Landwirtschaftliche Zeitung announces the
appointment of Dr. Otto Gratz as director of the Royal Hungarian Dairy Ex-
periment Station at Magyar-Ovar (Ungarisch-Altenburg).

The Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Presse of November 27, 1909, announces
the appointment of E. Tietz, former assistant at the Berlin Royal Agricjultural
High School, as professor of agriculture and forestry at the German-Chinese
High School opened October 28 at Tsingtau (Klautschou), China.

A recent number of La Tribune Horticole announces the death of Clement
Marchandlse, inspector of horticulture in the Rural Office of the Belgian Min-
istry of Agriculture. He was prgfessor of horticulture in the National School
of Horticulture at Vilvorde, France, from 1864 to 1909.

o

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Th. D., Assistani Director.
Assistaut Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistly and Agrotechny^L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D.

Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal.

Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D.

„. 1 , ^ f J. I. Schulte.

FieldCropsjj Q j^^^^^^_

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse.

Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker.

Rural Engineering .

Rural Economics — J. B. Morman.
Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXII, NO. 3.

Editorial notes:

The economic condition of agriculture 201

The need for studies in rural economics 203

Recent work in agricultural science 208

Notes 296

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricxiltural chemistry — agrotechny.

Relation of investigations on colloids to agricultural chemistry, Ehrenberg. . . . 208

Colloid substances in cultivated soil, Rohland 208

Notes on colloid chemistry as applied to soil investigation, Ehrenberg 208

( 'olloid-chemical processes in wood formation, Wislicenus 208

The question of the nomenclature of chlorophyll chemistry, Marchlewski 208

Protein hydrolysis by hydrofluoric acid, Hugounenq and Morel 208

The action of dilute acid on edestin, Petrow 208

The occurrence of adenin in bamboo sprouts, Totani 209

Contributions to a knowledge of rennet action, Van Dam 209

The influence of chemicals in stimulating the ripening of fruits, Vinson 209

Soy beans and soy bean oil, Holland 209

The acidity, sulphite content, and color of gluten feed, Goldsmith 210

Chemical conversion tables. Battle and Gascoyne 210

Gravimetric estimation of nitric acid, Busch 210

Busch's nitron process, Pooth 210

[Colorimetric method for the determination of phosphorus], Gibson and Estes. . 210

Determination of phosphorus in phosphates, Jannasch and Jilke 211

Phosphate feed-lime, Kellner 211

The quantitative separation of calcium from magnesium, Blasdale 211

Determination of sulphuric acid as barium sulphate, Sacher 211

Estimation of potassium in soils as phosphomolybdate, De Sornay 211

A modification of Esbach's albuminoid test, Kwilecki 211

Methods for fat analysis. Holland p2

A color reaction for fats, Schlumberger ;•-.--- "^^

Determination of milk eugar by Michaelis and Rona iron method, Oppenheim . 212

I

11 CONTENTS.

Page.

Roartions for lactic and glycollic acids, Deniges 212

Detection of hoik'd milk by the microscope, Morres 212

Delect io!i oi mar^'arin in butter, IJardelli 212

|Tlie detection of iron and c<:i)])er in cheese cnrdj, Schaeffer 212

Is formaldehyde j)roduced by boilino; solutions of cane sugar? La Wall 212

Lead number of vanilla extracts, Jackson and McGeorge, jr 218

(Oflicial methods of wine analysis of P>ench Ministry of Commerce] 21:^

Detection of fluorids in wines, Mensio 213

The determination of saccharin in beer, Jorgensen 213

A simi^le method of detecting sulphured barley and oats, Carroll 213

Uniform methods for analysis of cotton-seed i)roduct3 213

A practical method of detecting peanut hulls in linseed cake, Collin 213

p]xamination of molasses feeds with the immersion refraclometer, Schlicht. ... 2! t

A comi)arison of various methods for sugar in urine. Funk 21-1

Report of the senior analyst for the year 1 908, .Turitz 214

Fermentation bacteriology and control of fermentation industries, Hennc^berg. 214

A study of the micro-organisms of Japanese vinegar, Takahashi 211

A preliminary note on the varieties of Aspergillus oryzA, Takahashi 211

Enological studies, Alwood 214

A method for removing dextrose from mixtures of dextrose and levulose, Adler. . 215

A manual of sugar chemistry, Sidersky 215

METEOROLOGY — WATER.

Monthly Weather Review 215

A chronological outline of the history of meteorology in the United States 21(j

Report of the Iowa \\'eather and ( 'rop Service for 1908, Chappel 216

Fourth annual report of the meteorological committee 21G

The mean temperature of the air at sea level, Fritsche 216

The probable influence of the moon on atmospheric radioactivity, Besson 216

Correlation in seasonal variation of climate, Walker 217

Cirrus clouds and rainfall 217

Frost damage prevented by covers, McAdie 217

The cold waves of south-central Wisconsin, Bartlett 217

Biology and meteorology, Prochnow 217

Methods and apparatus for the ol)servation and study of evaporation, Marvin. 217

An annotated bibliography of evaporation, Livingston 217

Underground water in crystalline rocks, Clapp 218

The selection of a water supply, Ogden 218

The location, construction, and care of wells, Wachter 218

The pollution of streams by domestic sewage and industrial wastes, Horton 218

Report on sewerage and water supplies, Herbert 218

Purification of potable waters 218

SOILS FERTILIZERS.

Electrochemical methods in soil investigations, Cameron 219

The physical properties of soils, Trnka 219

The influence of lime on the movement of water in soils, Blanck 219

The action of commercial fertilizers on percolation of water in soils, Blanck. . . 220

The soil considered as a transformation laboratory, Maiziferes 220

Investigations on assimilable jjotash in soils, Bieler 220

Contriljution to the knowledge of humus compounds, Donath 221

Investigations on Azotobacler chroococcum, Krzemeniewski 221

The bearing of carbon determinations on nitrogen fixation in soils, Ehrenberg. 221

Some conditions favoring nitrification in soils, Lyon and Bizzell 221

A contribution to the nitrogen problem under dry farming, Alwav 221

The yeast of the soil, Bowker ._ '. 222

Inoculation of the soil with the bacteria of leguminous plants, Grandeau 222

Inoculation experiments with bacteria from different sources, Doyarenko 222

Brack soils, Juritz 222

Experiments on alkali soils in Temir in the Ural region, Skalov 222

Nebraska soils, Condra 222

Notes on the soils of Porto Rico, Loew 222

Soils in the vicinity of Berlin, Orth 223

Soil analyses 223

CONTENTS. Til

Page.

The porphyrite soils of the Southern Harz region, Gruner 223

Chemical analyses of some Benadir soils, Rossi 223

Note on the soils of Bengal, Mookerjee 223

The law of minimum and the law of diminishing soil yields, Mitscherlich 223

Soil fertility, Hunt 223

Various smaller experiments with fertilizers and soils, Shulov 223

Vegetation and laboratory experiments, Prianishnikov et al 224

Experiments on the fertilizer requirements of soils, Doyarenko 224

Report of the chemist, Gile 224

An analysis of nitrate of soda, Schulze 224

Precautions to be taken in employing nitrate of soda as a top-dressing, Hitier. . 224

The great guano deposits of Peru 225

The development of the ammonia industry in gas works, Hilgenstock 225

Brief statistical notes on sulphate of ammonia, Siemssen 225

Ammonia from Boot, Steely 225

On the electrochemical fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, Zammarchi 225

Manufacture of lime nitrogen, II, Foerster and Jacoby 225

The industry related to atmospheric nitrogen, Manueili, trans, by Quesneville. 225

The cyanamid industry of France, Pluvinage 225

The new nitrogenous fertilizers in our agriculture, De Cillis 226

Various experiments with calcium cyanamid, De Cillis 226

Fertilizer experiments with lime nitrogen, Behrens 226

The influence of calcium carbonate on transformations of cyanamid, Verevkin. 226

The agricultural value of lime nitrogen, Frear 226

German potash industry, Thackara 226

The use of potash in German agriculture in 1908, Krische 227

Different forms of phosphoric acid in commercial fertilizers, Ravent6.=i 227

Drying of superphosphates, Pierron 227

The world's production of mineral superphosphate in 1908, Maiziferes 227

The phosphate deposits of the United States, Van Horn 227

Production of phosphate rock in Florida, Sellards 227

' ' Humifera " as a fertilizer, De Cillis 227

Report of the fertilizer division, Haskins 228

The inspection of commercial fertilizers in 1907 228

Analyses and valuation of commercial fertilizers, Cathcart et al 228

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Frear 228

AGRICULTUKAL BOTANY.

The influence of various salts on the germination of corn, Chudinuki 228

Influence of electricity on micro-organisms, St(me 228

The efiect of colored lights on carbon dioxid assimilation, Kniep and Minder. . 229

The transpiration current in submerged water plants, Thoday and Sykes 229

Investigations of Phaseolus vulgaris at different stages, Pfenninger 229

The concentration of asparagin in seedlings of Viciafaba, Krestovnikova. 229

Alleged utilization of atmospheric nitrogen by special trichomes, Kovessi 230

The presence of a cyanogenetic glucosid in Linaria striata, Bourquelot. ... 230

Investigations on the effect of formaldehyde on green plants, Grafe and Vieser. 230

Smoke injury from steam engines, Herbig 230

Studies in heredity of Juglans, (Enothera, Papaver, and Solanum, Cannon 230

Variation in peas, Waugh and Shaw 230

On self-sterility in red clover, Witte 231

FIELD CROPS.

Report of the agriculturist. Brooks, Fulton, and Gaskill 231

Report of the agronomist. Ten Eyck 232

Report of the cooperative experiment station, McPherson, Cory 232

First report of the agricultural college farm, Poona, Knight 232

Oil-yielding grasses grown at Bandarawela, Jowitt - - 232

Experiments on the manuring and inoculation of the bean crop, Wright 232

The cost of a bushel of corn. Brooks 232

Corn judging, Moore 233

Annual report of the Ontario Corn Growers' Association, 1908 233

Cotton breeding for farmers, De Loach 233

Observations on the effects of storage on cotton seed, Tempany 233

Report of the flax supply association for 1908-- - 233

IV CONTENTS.

Page.

Varieties of oats, Malpeaux 2:d:i

The effects of ])laiiting sprouted seed on the yield of the potato crop, Wright. . 233

Report of the cuUivation of potatoes with chemieal fertilizers, ("avaleanti 233

Annual of the rice culture exi)eriment station 233

Tobacco districts and types, Killebrew 233

Bright tobaccos, Charlrn 234

Tobacco, Charlan 234

Investigations concerning seed wheat, Burkett 234

The fertilization of wheat, I.avallee 234

Zapupe: A new tvi)e of liber plant, De Santisteban 234

[Wyethia viollis], lleller ■ 234

Certain Californian Thalictra, Greene 234

Notes on some introduced plants of southern California, II, Parish 235

Dodder v. alfalfa, Wilcox 235

[The effects of chemicals on vegetation and weeds), Stone. 235

Garden and field seeds sold in Connecticut in 1908-9, Jenkins and Jagger 235

[Seeds, screenings, and weeds in Massachusetts], Smith, Chapman, and Stone. 235

Seed work. Stone : 236

The seed control act, Bolley 236

The Wisconsin seed inspection law, Stone 236

HORTICULTURE.

Report of the horticulturist. Torus 236

Report of the horticulturist, Dickens 237

[Horticultural work at the Fort Hays Substation], McClelland 238

The South African ])ipe calabash, Fairchild and Collins 238

The cardoon in Chieri, Chiej-Gamacchio 238

The influence of environment on sweet corn, 1905-1908, Straughn and Church. 238

Manganese in some of its relations to the growth of pineapples, Kelley 240

Cliniatology and soil and their influence on fruits, McHatton 240

[Experiments in orchard heating], Hamilton et al 240

The history and relationship of the citron ( Citrus medico), Ferrari 240

Fig culture. Van Velzer 240

Report of the government viticultural expert for the year 1903, Dubois 240

Report for the half-year ended June 30, 1904, Dubois et al 241

The outlook for apple growing in the Ozarks, Walker 241

The influence of stock on scion in the graftage of plums, Waugh 241

The treatment of trees which are barren as a result of too deep planting, John. . 241

How to preserve ripe fruits for exhibition purposes 241

Report of the coffee expert. Van Leenhoff 241

A new large W'alnut 242

Lavender plantations, Lamothe 242

FORESTRY.

How to grow and plant conifers in the Northeastern States, Pettis 242

Report of state forester, Hawes 242

Forest laws of California and rules for the prevention of forest fires 242

Report on rubber-yielding plants of French Guinea, Chevalier 243

Rubber production on the Ivory Coast 243

Rubber and gutta-percha in New Guinea, Warburg 243

Wood preservation in the United States, Sherfesee 243

Forest products of the United States, 1908 243

Foreign trade of the United States in forest products, 1851-1908 243

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Report of superintendent of southern California stations, 1906-1909, Smith. . . . 244

[Notes on plant diseases]. Stone ' 244

Report of the botanist. Stone 245

Report of the plant pathologist, Fawcett 245

Relation between the weather and the occurrence of plant diseases, Stormer.. . 245

The immunity of agricultural crops toward parasitic fungi, Henning 245

The hot- water treatment for seed grain at creameries, Ravn and Elberg 245

On smut of wheat, barley, and oats, Eriksson 246

On barley smut and methods for its eradication, Tedin 246

CONTENTS. V

Page.

Trials with the hot-water treatment for six-rowed barley, 1908, Mortensen 246

Preliminary note on a serious stem disease of alfalfa 246

The club root disease, Ravn 246

Black rot of ginseng roots, Rankin 246

Observations on potato canker, Josting 246

The leaf curl and bacterial disease of potatoes, Steglich 246

Directions for spraying potatoes, Milward 247

Observations concerning the American gooseberry mildew, 1906-1908, Lind . . . 247

Apoplexy of grapevines, Ravaz 247

Treatment for powdery mildew, Chappaz 247

Grape spraying experiments in Michigan, 1907-8, Shear and Hawkins 247

Spraying for peach fruit spot, Cordley and Cate. 248

The bleeding stem disease of the coconut tree in Ceylon, Fetch 248

A fungus parasite of rubber. Funk 248

A new fungus pest of Para rubber, Ridley 248

The biology of Armillaria mucida, Fischer 248

Studies on the biology of Gymnosporangium juniperinum, Fischer 249

Studies of Xylaria hypoxylon, Harder 249

Some fungus parasites of algie, Atkinson 249

Experiments in combating nematodes, Kiihn 249

Bordeaux mixtine, how to make and apply it, O'Gara 249

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

A bibliography of the Russian fauna, Koppen 249

Antiplague operations on the Pacific coast to November 1, 1909 249

The squirrel campaign in Contra Costa County, California, Rucker 250

The decrease of certain birds, and its causes, Forbush 250

Protozoology, Calkins 250

The relation of certain parasites to bacterial disease, Shipley 250

The role of Collembola in economic entomology, Collinge 251

A flagellate parasite in the latex of Euphorbia piluli/era, Lafont 251

Herpetomonas aspongopi, Aders 251

Note on two new flagellate parasites in fleas, Mackinnon 251

Report of the entomologist, Headlee 251

Insects of the year, Fernald 251

Report of the entomologist, Tower 252

Some observations concerning injurious insects, Rostrup 252

Reports of injurious insects in Finland in 1906-7, Reuter 253

A handbook of the destructive insects of Victoria, French 253 "

Standards of the number of eggs laid by insects, VIII, Girault. ... 253

The life history of the agrionid dragon fly, Balfour-Browne 253

Destruction of the houtkapper white ants 253

The periodical cicada in Massachusetts, Hooker 253

The cane sucker, Urich 253

The Desmodium aphid, Microparsus rariabilis n. sp.. Patch 254

A new pest of the Florida orange. Back 254

The San Jose scale and methods of controlling it, Britton : 254

The gloomy scale, Sherman, jr 254

New observations on the olive tineid, Dumont 254

Insect plague in Saxony, Norton 254

Tineids attacking pears, Passy 255

Robber-flies of America belonging to Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae, Back. 255

Tabanidse of Brazil and neighboring countries, Lutz 255

The breeding of the common house fly during the winter months, Jepson 255

A possible natural enemy to the mosquito, Atkinson 255

Contribution to the study of the mosquitoes which live in salt water, Clerc 255

The regional distribution of fleas on rodents, McCoy and Mitzmain 255

Revision of the New Zealand Cossonidae, with new genera and species, Broun. 255

On the Ichneumonid genus Echthromorpha, Kreiger 255

[The North American Cynipidse and their galls], BeutenmuUer 255

Ants of Formosa and the Philippines, Wheeler 256

The lesser clover-leaf weevil, Webster 256

The slender seed-corn ground-beetle, Phillips 256

Insect enemies of corn, Sherman, jr 257

Some insects injurious to truck crops, Chittenden 257

Spraying apples for curculio and codling moth, Taylor -'58

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

Fumigation dosage for forcing crops, J'\'rnald 259

Analyses of Paris green and lead arsenate, Cathcart 259

Insecticides and spraying ai)j)aratus: Dealers and manufacturers, Hinds 2G0

Insect depredations in North American forests and methods of control, Hopkins. 2G0

The souf hern pine sawyer, Webb 260

Insect carriers of typhoid fever, Button 201

Myiasis intestinalis due to dipterous larvae, McCampbell and Corper 20i

Bee keeping [in Ireland] 201

Apiculture in the colonies, Marchal 202

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

[Pure food topics], Ladd and May 202

[State beverage and sanitarv inspection laws], Ladd 202

Law bulletin ' 202

Notices of judgment 202

Notice of judgment 203

Administrative measures for the protection of the food supply, McPhail 203

Administrative measures for the protection of the food supply, Savage 203

New meat inspection regulations in Hungary, Meyer 203

Meat inspection in a small town 300 years ago, Schmutzer 263

Report of the department of food and drugs for September, 1909, Barnard .... 203

A note on the constituents of meat extract, Krimberg 203.

( 'otton-seed products, Brode 203

The odor of sea fish, Panzer 203

Meat substitutes, Salkowski 203

[Milling and baking tests], Willard 203

Studies on bread fermentation, Vandevelde 264

Dirty bread. Young 264

The bread problem at Budapest 264

The tomato, Albahary 264

The composition of Antigua and St. Kitt's molasses. Watts and Tempany 264

The preservation of maple sirup. Stone 264

Fermented vinegar and vinegar essence, Lehmann 264

The bactericidal action of wine and alcoholic drinks, IVIunier and Seiler 264

Malt extracts 264

Another advance in commodity prices 265

Wholesale prices of food, Rhode Island, 1892-1909 265

British food prices, Griffiths 265

Retail prices and cost of living [in Marseille], Rule 205

The cost of living 205

[Nutrition investigations of the Solvay Institute], De Foville 205

The sanitary officer's handbook of practical hygiene, Wanhill andBeveridge. . 205

[Army rations, training schools for bakers and cooks, and other topics], Sharpe. 265

Criteria and standards in infant feeding, Allen 265

A convenient method for determining caloric values of formulas, Bowditch 200

Heubner's system of infant feeding expressed in energy units, Lackner 206

Children in health and disease, Forsyth 266

The macroscopic and microscopic appearances of stomach contents, Weinstein. 266

A metabolism experiment with special reference to uric acid, Plimmer et al. . . 200

Comparative physiology of purin metabolism, Wells 267

The effect of work on the creatin content of muscle, Brown and ( 'athcart 267

Distribution of fat, chlorids, phosphates, potash, and iron in muscle, Menten. 207

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Report of the assistant animal husbandman, Ritzman 207

Work in animal feeding, Lindsey and Smith 208

On the feeding value of dried by-products of the sugar beet, Hansson 208

Soya bean and products 209

Notices of judgment 269

Winter steer feeding, 1908-9, Skinner and Cochel 269

Dairy by-products as supplements to corn for hogs, Skinner and Cochel.. 271

The development of the chick, Lillie 272

Experimental biology, Przibram 272

The development of the animal egg by means of chemical stimuli, Loeb 272

Note on the chemical mechanics of cell division, Robertson 272

CONTENTS. VII

Page.

Recent work on the determination of sex, Doncaster 273

The making of species, Dewar and Finn 273

On the colors of horses, zebras, and tapirs, Pocock 273

The Scandinavian origin of the hornless cattle of the British "isies, Wilson 273

Cattle breeding in Holland, Zwaenepoel and Coppens 274

Export of Malagasy cattle to France 274

Breeding Merino sheep in France, Thomson 274

The Friesian breed of sheep, Marre 274

Measurements and weights of goats at live-stock show, Leipsic, 1909, Augst. . . 274

Goats' hair and mohair from Uganda 274

The absorption of moisture from the atmosphere by wools, Wright 274

Measurements of swine, Junghanns 275

Fowls and eggs in China, Dorsey 275

Live stock and hides, Slechta, Betts, and Winslow 275

Live-stock statistics for the years 1907 and 1908 275

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Alfalfa meal v. wheat bran for milk production, Lindsey 275

Animal residues as a food for farm stock, Lindsey 276

Effect of soy bean meal and oil on the composition of milk and butter fat and

the consistency of butter, Lindsey, Holland, and Smith 276

On inheritance in the production of butter fat, Rietz 278

Relation of milk to the public health, Evans 279

A study of farm buttermaking in New Hampshire, Rasmussen 279

On the staining of cheese by iron and copper salts, Schaeffer 280

"Kokkelin " a Finnish cheese food 280

Cheese milk payments, Olson 280

[Hydrostatic cream balance] 280

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Studies on blood and blood parasites, Crawley 281

The leucocytozoa: Protozoal parasites of the colorless corpuscles. Porter 281

Modes of division of Spirochseta recurrentis and S. duttoni, Fantham and Porter. 281

Further observations upon tsetse flies and trypanosomes, Kleine 282

The development of Trypanosoma gambiense in Glossina palpalis, Bruce et al. . 282

The seasonal prevalence of Trypanosoma lewisi, Petrie and Avari 282

A case of Trypanosoma theileri in Madras, Valladares 282

Trypanosoma theileri and galziekte. Pease 282

Note on occurrence of a trypanosome in the African elephant, Bruce et al 282

The presence of anthrax in intestinal contents of animals, Ciuca and Fenea. . . 283

Vaccination against symptomatic anthrax, Balavoine 283

The specific changes in the ganglion cells in rabies and distemper, Lentz 283

The rapid diagnosis of rabies, Neri 283

Rabies in the street dogs of Constantinople, Remlinger 283

Contribution to the study of hemorrhagic septicemia, Gaiger 283

Rocky Mountain fever and Mexican typhus fever, Anderson and Goldberger. . 284

The relationship between avian and human tuberculosis, Shattock and Dudgeon 284

Antibodies in tuberculosis and their relation to tuberculin, Butler and Mefford . 284

The loco-weed disease, Marsh 284

An unrecorded poison plant, Ewart 284

Fatal colics in consequence of mold {Penicillium glaucfiim) poisoning, Hack 284

Poisoning by raw potatoes 284

Cattle poisoning from arsenate of lead, Paige 284

Diseases of the stomach and bowels of cattle, Murray 285

The Grand Traverse disease or Lake Shore disease, Smith 285

Contagious abortion of cattle, Nuesch _..._. 286

On biliary fever in cattle in German Southwest Africa, Leipziger 287

Specific chronic enteritis of cattle ( Johne's disease) 287

Avian tuberculin as a diagnostic agent in Johne'.-J disease, Bang 287

Hook-worm disease in calves, Duschanek 287

An epizootic among Algerian sheep, Caze 287

Protective inoculation against sheep pox, Voigt 287

Coenurus serialis in a goat, Dey ^-^I

Hog cholera, Dorset - 2°'

VI n CONTENTS.

Page.

The use of serum from immune hojip for combating hog cholera, Dorset 288

The control of hnir cholera, Connaway 288

An epidcmii- nf lini-scs due tn a Trichophyton, Pecus and Sahouraud 288

Canine di.-^teinpcr, its i)revention and treatment by inoeulaticm, Richter 288

Kala-a/ar in Madras, Donovan 288

A new i)ait(^riinn common in the livers of healthy dogs, Wolbach and Saiki. . . 288

Lliiguatulti t:rnoi(lr.'i, (laiger 289

I/ehnian's jxtultry doctor. Lehman 289

Investii^atinn of spirillosis of fowls in Tunis, Comte and Bouquet 289

On theljathou'enic action (»f helminths in birds, Wehrmann 289

Asrarin c(in is and .1 . filis, Glaue 289

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Irrigation in North Dakota, Atkinson 289

Svnopsis of Wisconsin drainage laws with forms and general suggestions, Jones. 289

Tlie hollow concrete fence post, Ocock 289

Concrete silos, (Jaylord and Wilson 290

i '.oiler explosions in (lermany during 1908 290

lleating the farmhouse 290

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Some needs of agriculture, Dean 290

Economic organization of rural life. Coulter 290

Land reform, Gutzeit 290

The right of land inheritance according to the new law in Switzerland, Rudloff . 290

Report and tables relating to Irish agricultural laborers, Adams 291

The usefulness of rural banks, Hinek 291

The Bank of Spain and agriculture, De Eza 291

Peasants' agrarian bank [in Russia), Woodhouse 292

[Cooperative credit societies in Bombay Presidency], Joglekar 292

The mission, history, and times of the Farmers' Union, BaiTett 292

The farm community, Bailey 292

A statement on the agricultural situation in New York State, Bailey 292

Agriculture in British Columbia, Clarke 292

Imports of farm and forest products, 1906-1908 293

Crop Reporter 293

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Agricultural education: The United States Department of Agriculture, Davis. . 293

Agricultural education, Davis 293

Tal)les of expenditure! for agricultural education 293

De])art ment of agriculture and technical education 293

Agriculture 293

The Saidapeth Agricultural College and Farm, Benson 293

Public school agriculture. Storm 294

Normal school instruction in agriculture. Abbey 294

Secondary education in agriculture in the United States, True 294

Secondary agricultural education in Alabama, Owens 294

The agricultural extension service 294

A public library on wheels, Farrington 294

Outlines of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, etc., Tavermer 294

MISCELLANEOUS.

Twenty-first Annual Report of Kansas Station, 1908 295

Twenty-first Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1908 295

Annua"! Report of Porto Rico Station, 1908 295

Experiment Station Work, LI V 295

Report of the department of agriculture of Norway, 1908, Tandberg 295

A treatise on general agriculture, Leplac 295

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Jr'age.
Alabama College Station:

Circ. 3, Feb., 1909 2tjO

California Station:

Bui. 203, Nov., 1909 244

Connecticut State Station:

Bui. 164, Oct., 1909 235

Bui. 165, Nov., 1909 254

Indiana Station:

Bui. 136, Oct., 1909 269

Bui. 137, Nov., 1909 271

Kansas Station:

Twenty-first An. Rpt., 1908. . . 232,
234, 237, 238, 251, 263. 295
Massachusetts Station :

Twenty-first An. Rpt., 1908,

pt. 1 232,

244, 251, 259, 264. 268, 295
Twenty-first An. Rpt., 1908,

pt. 2 209.210,

212, 228,230,231.236,241,
245, 253, 275, 276, 284, 295
Michigan Station:

Spec. Bui. 49, May, 1909 247

Spec. Bui. 50, July, 1909 285

Missouri Fruit Station:

Bui. 21, Oct., 1909 258

New Hamp.shire Station:

Bui. 141, Sept., 1909 279

New Jersev Stations:

Bui. 222, Sept. 14, 1909 259

Bui. 223, Sept. 30, 1909 228

North Dakota Station:

Spec. Bui. 11, May, 1909 262

Spec. Buls. 12-18, June-Nov.,

1909 202

Spec. Seed Bui. 1, July, 1909. 236
Oregon Station:

. Bui. 106, Aug., 1909 248

Porto Rico Station:

An. Rpt. 1908 222,

224, 236, 241. 245, 252. 267, 295
Wisconsin Station:

Circ. Inform. 3, Aug., 1909. . . 247
Circ. Inform. 4, Aug., 1909. . . 236
Circ. Inform. 5, Sept., 1909. .. 289
Circ. Inform. 6, Sept., 1909. . . 289
Circ. Inform. 7, Nov., 1909. . . 292
Circ. Inform. 8, Nov., 1909.... 233

U. S. Department of A gricvlture.

Page.

Farmers' Bui. 379 287

P'armers' Bui. 380 284

P'armers' Bui. 381 295

Notice of Judgment 102 269

Notice of Judgment 103 262

Notices of Judgment 104-105 269

Notices of Judgment 106-108 262

Notice of Judgment 109 269

Notice of Judgment 110 262

Notice of Judgment 111 263

Bureau of Animal Industry:

Bui. 119 (5 cents) 281

Circ. 68 (rev.) 285

Bureau of Chemistry:

Bui. 127 (10 cents) 238

Bui. 129 (5 cents) 214

Bureau of Entomology:

Bui. 58, pt. 4 (5 cents) 260

Bui. 58, pt. 5 (10 cents) 260

Bui. 82, pt. 2 (5 cents) 257

Bui. 85, pt. 1 (5 cents) 256

Bui. 85, pt. 2 (5 cents) 256

Forest Service:

Bui. 76 (10 cents) 242

Bui. 78 (10 cents) 243-

Bureau of Plant Industry :

Circ. 40 ' 213

Circ. 41 238

Bureau of Statistics:

Bui. 51 (5 cents) 243

Bui. 76 (10 cents) 293

Circ. 18 233

Crop Reporter, vol. 11, No. 12,

Dec, 1909 293

Crop Reporter, vol. 11, No. 12,

Dec, 1909, Sup 293

Weather Bureau:

Monthly Weather Review, vol.
37, Nos. 5-6, May-June, 1909
(20 cents per number, $2.50

per year) 215, 216

Office of Experiment Stations:

Bui. 219 (10 cents) 289

Bui. 220 (10 cents) 294

Circ 90 294

Circ. 91 294

Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be
purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all
remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per vol-
ume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publi-
cations are given above. The publications of the State experiment stations are
distributed from the stations and not from the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXII. March, 1910. No.

Popular interest in economic questions relating to the agricultural
industry has recently assumed unusual prominence. Generally speak-
ing, it conceiTis itself primarily with the food supply of the future in
relation to our agriculture, and the present production and prices of
agricultural products; but the broad consideration of these matters
leads into the field of the present condition and trend of our agricul-
tural system, and the relationship of the industry to other industries
and to the welfare of the country as a whole.

While often approached from a superficial and local standpoint,
both classes of questions turn upon economic conditions which reach
deep into the systems developed in this country for producing, trans-
porting, and distributing the products of the soil. Considering the
vital importance of the subject this interest is timely, and it presents
an opportunity which should not be lost sight of. The present situa-
tion strongly emphasizes the need and the utility of thoroughgoing
economic studies in this field, and it likewise brings out the dearth
of data at present available for an intelligent and effective considera-
tion of the economics of the food supply of the j^eople.

Gradually the underlying importance of agricultural production
to human progress and welfare has impressed itself upon a few
writers, wdio have set forth in no uncertain terms the trend of the
present practice and its inadequacy to meet the needs of the near
future. It has been shown that production of the staples in this
country is not keeping pace with the increased home demand, and that
without a change in the methods of farming and the establishment of
a permanent, self-sustaining agriculture, such as has not yet been
established in any country, the food supply of the future will not be
adequate to meet the needs of the teeming millions.

Farming in the true sense, under systems which conserve the fer-
tility instead of mining it, has been little practiced as yet, and the
skimming process has been transferred from one section to another
until the limit has been nearly reached. More conservative and thor-
ough methods are already forced upon the farmers in some sections,
involving more efficient but usually more expensive production. The

201

202 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD.

settling up of the new lands and the passing of the oi^en range have
brought ai)Out new econoniic conditions of production, which have
been far-reaching in their influence.

Suddeidy. almost, llic people are made to feel the result of such
changes in an increased price of staple products, and interest in the
subject becomes widespread and intense. The attempts of the public,
to account for (his advance are only partially effective. They are
often one-sided, and lay undue em])hasis on certain factors which are
singled out. A true sense of 2)roporti(m and a careful weighing of all
the contributory influences are lacking, and this makes the generaliza-
tions subject to attack. While nnich light may be thrown on the
subject by various forms of inquiries, such inquiries must inevitably
lack in scientific qualiticvS, because the data are not at hand for a
thorough scientific study nor the means for acquiring that data.

Even among economists there is divergence of opinion as to the
cause and the legitimacy of the recent advance in prices, and also as to
what stage from the farmer to the consumer is chiefly responsible for
the change, or profits unduly by it. In the absence of definite eco-
nomic studies in this field, the discussion of the subject becomes to
considerable extent a matter of speculation, and the public is without
guidance. It sees the result and arrives at conclusions hastily. Broad
deductions are made which are very largely based on general opinion,
oft/cn colored by the personal point of view. Without the facts, re-
sponsibility for the cause can be shifted from one stage to another,
to the added confusion of the consumer. He is misled b}^ his own de-
ductions and by misrepresentations, and is incited to unjust and inef-
fective action.

In the meantime the farmer, who must look ahead in his business
and must always bear an undue share of the risk of production and
distribution, stands in great danger of suffering most from such an
agitation. "V\Tiatever agency the popular mind fixes the responsi-
bility for high prices upon, there is danger that the burden will be
shifted to his shoulders, because he is unorganized and less able to
defend himself; and a disturbance of economic conditions at once
affects his business and adds to its uncertainties. It becomes difficult
for him to plan ahead, and he is without means to protect himself
from the results of agitation or the wdiims of the market.

Herein lies an argument for thoroughgoing economic studies, made
in a scientific manner, which shall marshal and weigh all the facts
and put a scientific interpretation upon them. The farmer is only
one factor, but his interest is very large and important. The fact
is that the whole industrial system of production and distribution of
food supplies is involved. The subject is a comj^lex and compli-
cated one. and is a work for experts.

EDITORIAL. 203

The (question is a much larger one than the ultimate price of pota-
toes and the accrued profit. It lies at the basis of a fundamental in-
dustry-, and a reasonable return for brains and capital and labor
devoted to it. Upon it rests the opportunity of the largest bod}' of
real Avealth producers in the world — the development- of the condi-
tion of the farmer and of the people of the country, upon whom the
towns and cities have drawn so heavily.

The subject of agricultural economics is a comparatively new one
in this country or in Europe, and its field and the utility of its
studies have not yet been widely recognized. Its studies have been
restricted and more or less fragmentary, and permanent agencies for
conducting them have been provided to only a quite limited extent.
Such studies as have been made have been largely confined to pro-
ducticm rather than to distribution, and have left many large ques-
tions bearing on the agricultural industry and its broad relations
still to be worked out.

Not only do such economic studies need to be made for the intelli-
gent and wise development of our agriculture, but they are highly
desirable in the interest of the general public — the consumer. The
interests of the producer and the consumer are in reality very close,
but in practice the two are very far apart at present. They are sep-
arated by various intermediate agencies which they do not fully
realize or understand, and which have the practical effect of depress-
ing prices at one end and expanding them at the other.

There is a nearly virgin field for economic inquiry into the dis-
posal of farm products from the producer to the consumer. Between
what the producer receives and Avhat the consumer pays for products
which are not manufactured, l)ut are merely handled, a wide nuirgin
is nearly always apparent. The question is as to whether the accrued
difference is a reasonable and necessary one. And this can not be
fully and fairly answered until the economics of the production,
transportation, and distribution of various classes of products have
been worked out — a thing which has not yet been done for the dis-
posal of any class of farm products in a thorough and scientific man-
ner. Until the margin of difference is satisfactoril}^ accounted for,
the public and the farmers alike will query whether they are not
being imposed upon.

The question as to what determines prices at the farm and to the
ultimate consumer is still an open one. Do the supply and demand,
considered in a world sense, determine the price of a given crop, or
are there artificial agencies which intervene to diminish or eliminate
competition and to set up fictitious prices? ^\liat are the factors
operative to account for the differences uniformly observed between
the prices at the farm and to the consumer, and is this difference a

204 EXl'KHIMKNT STATION RECORD.

reasoiiahlo one, or is our iiuliistrial syslcni unnecessarily cumbersome
and expensive to both the i)r(Hlucer and the consumer? Questions
of this sort are highly important, and sc^m eminently appropriate
subjects of investigation. To be conchisive, such investigations need
to be made bv men com])etent to phin and conduct them in a scientific
manner, and to Aveigh the (hita impartially in the light of existing
conditions. The public needs to have this information from a source
it can rely upon, and it needs it not only for its protection from
imposition, but that it may apply correctives intelligently and pos-
sibly simplify and cheapen the j^rocess of distribution. A great deal
has been done in the latter direction by private interests which have
entered into cooperation for that purpose.

The lack of data and of knowledge of the facts are at once con-
spicuous when a (piestion involving the economics of agriculture is
approached. In very few States and for very few branches of the
industry have there been anything approaching systematic and
thorough economic studies on the extent and cost of production, the
machinery and expense of distribution, and the effects of these
factors on the condition of the farming industr}^, on the condition and
opportunities of the people engaged in it, and the broader relations
of these matters. Such data as are to be had are fragmentary and
incomplete, and are not satisfying to a thorough student. They do
not enable economics to be taught from a rural point of view in
any complete w^ay.

Facts to be of value and a safe basis for reasoning need to be cor-
related and given their proper weight. Isolated facts are dangerous
things when considered out of their environment and given undue
proportion. Science is knowledge classified, correlated, and arranged
in an orderly manner, and the office of science is to study the sequence
of phenomena. In agricultural economics very little of the knowl-
edge on which to base a science is yet available, and very little of the
study of the sequence and relations of phenomena or facts to furnish
a bod}' of scientific investigation is to be found.

This constitutes one of the present deficiencies in the rounding out
of agi'icultural science and the fund of knowledge. The lack of this
knowledge halts the development of the condition of the farmer, for
it retards the day when industry and ability on the farm yield the
return which they reasonably should, and prevents the farmer and
his industry from being assigned to the position they are entitled to
occupy. The producer lacks the information he should have to give
greater independence and security to his business.

There should be, it would seem, some local agencies which should
know the exact status of the agricultural industry at a given time,
which should study it in its economic relations. This does not lie in

EDITORIAL. 205

the field of the experiment stations, and the agricultural colleges can
hardly burden themselves with the collection and study of statistics.
They can, however, recognize the imi)ortance of this subject by estab-
lishing departments of rural economics on a basis w^hich will give
opportunity for investigation as well as instruction, and these de-
partments can joerform an important function by working out
methods, in order to develop means of investigation in this field and
furnish examples of its utility.

The development of methods is one of the needs at the present
juncture, the field is so new and experience so limited. By taking up
a restricted problem or field and studying it in a thorough and scien-
tific manner, much might be done to give impetus to investigation, and
at the same time broaden the basis of the science. Investigation needs
to be stimulated, the field blocked out, and special agencies provided
Avhich will deal regularly and continuously with the economic phases
of this industry. I'his opens up an important field for the state de-
partments and boards of agriculture, in which they may extend and
supplement the work which is being done by the National Department
of Agriculture.

The farmers need ad\ice of a kind which they can not expect the
experiment stations to furnish, and uhich relates directly to their
business. Agricultural conditions are changing, and these changes
need to be recognized by the farmers in a given locality in shaping
their course. Changes in any industry must be gradual and must be
made intelligently, but at present there are no established permanent
agencies to follow the trend in agriculture, to study the movement in
a broad way, and to advise the farmers, or even to give them the facts.

For example, the dairy situation changes in a locality from an in-
creased demand for milk, either from milk contractors or condenseries
attempting to draw a supph' from a new region. This is complicated
by new^ regulations, new standards, high prices for feed, and a changed
basis of selling. The farmer is often perplexed to know whether he
should abandon his butter or cheese making or his connection with the
creamery, and fit up for the new market for his raw product. It is
difficult for him to get information as to the real status of the in-
dustry or the experience in other localities. Are the farmers else-
where prospering under such a system, or is dairying generally de-
clining in that section under the changed economic conditions?

From a broad study of this matter and a knowledge of general
conditions, the state department or board of agriculture should be
able to give the dairyman the facts which would enable him to shape
his course more intelligently. There are some examples of such
studies, notably on the economics of milk supply and distribution in
New York and London. They do not necessarily effect a change in

206 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

the practice at once, but they \ay bare the facts and give a basis for
action. This in itself is an important first step.

From their isohition and their separateness farmers are deprived of
information of a kind Avhich business men of the towns and cities
possess. The commercial reports give the business man the informa-
tion he needs as to the status of the markets and the special demands,
but they do not go beyond his field of interest. The producer on the
farm is not informed as to the tendencies and the influences which are
operative, and can not take advantage of them, but the fact that his
business is not elastic makes advice all the more necessary.

Studies of the cost of production are beginning to be made and are
already showing some surprising facts. The farmer has had very
little data of this sort, even for the production of staples, to guide him
in his business. Inquiries into thi' methods of farm management,
the returns from various systems, and the development of systems
which are more rational and give a larger return, are also yielding
residts of much value and importance. These things, while still
young in their development, emphasize the field which is open for a
special type of inquiry.

Each 3'ear brings increasing interest in the problems of agriculture
and the development of the agricultural industry. Interest and faith
in land are steadily increasing. xV large number of people in the
towns and cities are turning their eyes countryward, drawn by the
prospect of greater freedom and the attractions of country life. This
is evidenced by the increasing attention given to agricultural matters
in the public press and in magazines, and was shown by the large
attendance of city people at the Land and Irrigation Exposition,
held in Chicago the past fall.

At the suggestion of the State Commissioner of Agriculture in
Xew York. Prof. L. H. Baile}^ prepared a pamphlet on the agricul-
tural situation in that State, dealing especiall}^ with the so-called
abandoned lands, and advocating a survey of agricultural resources.
In this he insisted upon a higher rating for agriculture among hu.nian
occupations, and urged greater faith in the land and its possibilities
and its utilization to the best advantage. Instead of continuing to
dwell on the discouraging features of farming, he urged that the good
side should be set forth, and that '* ever}^ time we describe one aban-
doned farm we ought to describe three well-occupied farms."

The Boston Chamber of Commerce has indicated a new interest in
Agriculture hj the appointment of a permanent committee on that
subject, afid has issued a very optimistic report upon the future of the
Xew England farm. It states that interest is awakening in various
branches of agriculture and in the development and better adapta-

EDITORIAL. 207

tioii of lands, and that the indications point to a remarkable de^elop-
nient of the agricultural industry all over New England.

The interest of the railroads in the promotion of agriculture has
been exemplified in various ways — by the operation of trains over its
lines for institute work, the giving of prizes and scholarships in agri-
cultural colleges, and by other means. Recently the president of a
large railway system in the East has announced the policy of estab-
lishing several demonstration farms to indicate what can be done
with a reasonable expenditure and intelligent management to j^ield
a good living on lands now largely out of commission. The road
has purchased a run-down farm for that j^urpose and plans to buy
two others in the near future. As these farms are brought up they
will be offered for sale and others purchased. Another road has
l)roposed to purchase one or more run-down farms in Xew York
State, to be turned over to the state department of agriculture or
the colleges having courses in agriculture, for the purpose of demon-
strating improved farm practice and showing the opportunities in
such land.

A similar departure has been made by another railroad system in
the East, which, in addition to demonstrating the renovation and
utilization of farm land, will aid in the promotion of agriculture by
institute work, exhibits, and in other ways. In neither case has the
railroad large areas of land to dispose of, as some of the western roads
have, but the movement is prompted by a faith in agriculture and a
belief in the greater utilization of farm lands.

These and many other things point to a widespread revival of in-
terest in the agricultural industry, which is being furthered by
various agencies. Economic and sociological studies are recognized
as among the most important to the present development of the busi-
ness of farming and the conditions under which it is carried on. A
great field is here represented, which has only just begun to be occu-
})ied, and is not yet full}^ blocked out. It offers large opportunity
for extending the usefulness and influence of the agricultural colleges
and the departments which preside over the agricultural interests of
the States. Development along these channels seems at the present
time especially opportune.
25493— No, 3—10 2

RECliNT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The relation of investigations on colloids to agricultural chemistry, II,
P. Ehrenbkrg iZtschr. Chem. v. Indtif<. KoUoidc, // (1909). No. 2-3, pp. 7H-S(i ;
o&.s. //). yjxchr. Aiif/rir. Clirm.. 22 (1909), No. 28, p. i7//5).— This is a further
contribution to the discussion already noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 301).

Colloid substances in cultivated soil, I*. Koiiland (Ztschr. Chem. ii. Jiulits.
KoUokJc. 5 {1909), No. 5, pp. 2Ji3, 2Ji.'i'\. — Replying briefly ta statements by
Ehrenborg (see above) the author restates certain points which have been
brought out in his own investigations (E. S. R., 21, p. 117). He believes It safe
to conclude that the more colloid substances soils contain the more productive
they are.

Notes on colloid chemistry as applied to soil investigation, P. EiiRENUKKd
(Ztschr. Chem. u. Imliis. KoUoide, 5 (1909), No. 2, pp. 100, iO/).— Brief his-
torical notes on investigations relating to this subject are given.

Colloidal-chemical processes in wood formation, H. Wislicenus (Tlianiiid.
Forstl. Jahrb., 60 (1909), pp. 313-358, figs. 4; a&s. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909).
No. 102, Repert., p. .'/'/.?). — The author comes to the conclusion that the vital
process of wood formation is regulated by and dependent upon certain laws of
colloidal chemistry.

The question of the nomenclature of chlorophyll chemistry, L. March-
LEWSKi {Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 98, p. 871; abs. in Chem. ZentU., 1909, II,
No. 13, pp. 1056, 1057). — A discussion relating to the terms phaophytin v. chloro-
lihyllan and phyllogen. The author also deems it advisable to retain the term
alkachlorophyll for the alkali-changed products instead of substituting for it
Willstatter's chloro|)hyllin.

Protein hydrolysis by hydrofluoric acid, Ii. Hugoitnenq and A. Morel
(Com lit. h'riii]. Acad. .S'cj. [Paris], l.',9 (1909). No. 1, pp. -^i-/,.?).— Gelatin was
completely hydrolyzed by a 15 per cent solution of hydrofluoric acid, whereas a
20 to 30 per cent solution of this acid yielded only amino acids with dipeptids
and tripeptids. A 35 per cent acid solution gave polypeptids of a more complex
structure, and a cctutinued hydrolysis of one of these gave 5 acid amids, viz,
arginin, lysin, alananin, phenylalanin, and glycocoll. A 45 per cent solution
of the acid gave only dianiins. These peptids were not synthetic products.

The action of dilute acid on edestin, G. G. Petrow (Izv. Moslcov. Selsk.
Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou], 15 (1909), No. 2, pp. 200-218).— The
author reports the results of an experimental study of the action, at different
temperatures, of 4 per cent sulphuric acid on crystalline edestin.

According to his summary, the acid has a very marked effect, inducing cleav-
age to amido acids, organic bases, and ammonia. Peptones to the extent of 50
per cent" of the nitrogen present are formed at first, but later the quantity dimin-
ishes. The peptones are evidently an intermediary step in the hydrolytic cleav-
208

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY, 209

age. The difCereiit components wLicli make up tlie ]irotein molecule naturally
unite iu a similar way in bodies so closely related as edestin and legumiu, small
differences being exi)lainal)le as due to secondary i)rocesses. It seems fair to
conclude that similar results are obtained with strong acid acting for a short
time and with dilute acid acting for a long time.

The occurrence of adenin in bamboo sprouts, G. Totant (Zt-sclir. Pln/i^iol.
Chcm., 62 {1909), No. 2-3, pp. 113, 11.',). —The author reports the presence of
adenin in bamboo sprouts.

Contributions to a knowledge of rennet action, W. Van Dam {'/AHclir.
riii/siol. Clicm., 5S {1909), .Vo. 'i, pp. 29-1-330, fif/.s. 3: ahs. in Zenthl. PhysioJ.. 23
(1909), No. 12, p. .'i02). — The author investigated why the milk of some cows
does not coagulate with rennet. The number of hydrogen ions was found to
he highest (0.14— 0.32 X10-« ), with milk which coagulated well, but with milk
having a deficient coagulation it was O.IG — 0.22 X10~®. He, therefore, con-
cludes that the deficiency of hydrogen ions is not the cause of the noncoagula-
(ion of milk, but thai this is probably duo to a lack of colloidal calcium in the
milk.

The influence of chemicals in stimulating' the ripening of fruits, \. E. Vin-
son (Nr/(7(cr, II. sci:. 30 [1909), So. 77'/. /*/*. (iO'i, GO',). — A preliminary report
is made of the successful ripening of dates by exposing them to the vapor of
acetic acid for 12 or 15 hours. "At the end of this time they have become
transparent nearly to the seed and will then ripen naturally without further
treatment. The process can be accelerated by exi)osing them to siuishine, or
more rapidly by heating for some hours to 45° C. The process, it is anticipated,
will permit the shipping of dates green and ripening them at their destination as
bananas are now handled.

"The fresh, ripe date is very soft and prone to sour quickly, while the unripe
fruit is very firm and not easily bruised. Furthermore, the ripe, fresh date de-
teriorates very rapidly in flavor, due largely to the inversion of the cane sugar.
For example, the unripe fruit of the seedling used in these experiments contains
15 or 20 per cent of cane sugar when ready to ripen, but very soon after com-
plete ripeness tliis cane sugar disappears. This is due to tUe release of the
intracellular invertase at the time of ripening. . . . By artificial ripening at
their destination, the more inferior invert sugar varieties can be placed upon
the table of the distant consumer with their maximum quota of cane sugar and
consequently of flavor.

" After moderate treatment with acetic acid, the tannin of the date has not
yet become entirely insoluble but all astringency disappears in the next few
hours. The intracellular invertase, however, passes into solution to quite an
appreciable extent immediately after the treatment, and probably other in-
tracellular or insoluble catalytic agents are released simultaneously."

The author also studied the effect of other chemical substances on the ripen-
ing of dates.

Soy beans and soy bean oil, E. B. Holland {Massachusetts Sta. lipt. 190S.
pt. 2, pp. 111-119). — Soy beau oil was extracted from the beans by rolling,
heating the mass, and finally pressing by torsion. Analysis of the press cake
showed that 55 to 60 per cent of the oil was extracted.

The physical analysis showed that the oil had a dark amber color, specific
gravity 0.9206 at 15° C, specific viscosity 8.43 at 70° F. (Boverton-Redwood
viscosimeter), refractive index 1.4749 at 20° C, 1.473 at 25°, and 1.4675 at 40°.
The mean dispersion was 0.00938 at 20° C, 0.00934 at 25°, and 0.00922 at 40°.

The results of the chemical analysis were as follows: Saponification number
191.95, acid number 1.27, ether number 190.68, 99.37 per cent neutral fat (95.07

210 KXI'EKIMENT STATION RPXORD.

per ciMit fatty acids. Ki.lJ ikt (vnt .u;lyc»'r(.l ), (M).". per (-(Mit unsapouitiable

inatttT. <>.(■>.■> ptT coiit five fatty arids.

(I. ."lit pi'r coat sulublc fatty acids

0. 1!> Reicbert-Meissl number

(1.11 por cent volatile fatty acids

, , . ^ ... I Palmitic acid
ir>. ol per cent insoluble fatty

!»r..T() Iter cent total fatty acids.
Neutralization number, 200.57,
Mean molecular weight, 279.99.

Oleic acid
acids. L . , . . ,

Lmoleic acid

Aeiilralization number, 200.22
.Mean molecular weight, 2S0.48

The acidity, sulphite content, and color of gluten feed, 1'. Y. (Joi.nsMiTH
(.yassdrlni.sctts Sht. Ix'pt. I90S, pt. 2, pi). 139-lfiS). — Dark feeds have a stronger
acid reaction to i)benolphthaleiu than the lighter ones. The acidity which is
present is an apparent acidity, as shown by the results with the indicators
phenolplithalein jind methyl orange and, further, by sulphate and chlorid de-
lerminations. The .•iiithor, therefore, presumes that the acidity is due to some
form of phosphorus. Sulphites were present in only very small amounts, while
anilin coloring matter was evident in SO per cent of all the feeds examined. An
aqueous extract of the feed showed a large amount of phosphoric acid, prob-
ably in combination with potassium and magnesium, and which may exist in
the feed as some organic complex such as the phytin of wheat bran.

Chemical conversion tables, H. B. Battle and W. J. Gascoyne (Baltimore,
M(l., 1909. pp. 119). — This publication is a successor to that published by II. B.
Battle and F. B. Dancy in 18S.5. Its particular application for the agricultural
chemist is for the analysis of commercial fertilizers, cotton seed, iron, and food
products. New additions made in this edition include alumina, chlorin, sul-
phur, i)h()si)horus, silicon, manganese, and magnesia tables.

Gravimetric estimation of nitric acid, M. Busch (Zt.scJir. Aiialjjt. Chcin.,
J,8 {1909). No. 6, pp. 368-370; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 (1909), No.
561, II, p. 615).— A reply to Hes (E. S. R., 20, p. 1104). The use of dried filters
is deemed ob.1ecti enable. With reference to the concentration to be employed,
the author believes that 10 to 12 cc. of a 10 per cent solution of nitron acetate
should be added to SO-lOO cc. of the solution to be examined. As Hes employs
5 cc. to 250 cc, and finally 5 cc. to 750-1,000 cc, this may explain his failure
to get accurate results with the nitron method for nitrates in water.

Busch's nitron process, P. Pooth (Ztschr. AikiIiiI. Chciii.. J/S (1909), No. 6,
pp. 375, 376; ahs. in ./our. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 (1909). No. 561, II, p. 615).—
To get accurate results, only small quantities of nitron solution should be added
at a time. The nitron should be kept in a dark place. The hydrochloric-acid
content should not exceed 1(K» cc normal solution for every 0.1 gm. of nitrate.

[Colorimetric method for the determination of phosphorus], R. B. Gibson
and ('. Estes (Jour. Biol. Chem.. 6 {l!M>9), No. J,, pp. 3 'i 9 -3 57). —An indirect
method.

To an aliquot of a solution of a fusion containing about 0.04 to 0.1 per cent
of phosphorus are added ammonium hydroxid to a little in excess of neutrality,
5 cc. of an acetic-acid solution (20 gm. of sodium acetate and 100 cc. of 30 per
cent acetic acid, filled up to 1,000 cc. with water), and 50 cc. of uranium acetate
solution (0.7092 gm. jter liter). The mixture is made up to 100 cc. and allowed
to stand over night, following which 10 cc. of the clear filtrate is treated with
1.5 cc. of a 10 per cent potassium ferrocyanid solution and diluted to 100 cc.
This solution is then cvmipared as to color with a blank (minus the phosphate)
which has been prepared in the same way. The calculation is as follows : Un-
known : Known=50 cc. : x CC.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 211

Determination of phosphorus in phosphates by the volatilization method,
r. Jannascu iuid W. JiLKE (Jour. I'rakt. Client., ii. scr., 80 (I'JOU), No. 15, pp.
H 3-127, figs. 2). — This was done as follows: The i)hosi)hatc of either iron,
chromium, uranium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, or manganese was placed in a silica
combustion boat and the whole inserted in the combustion tube, one end of
which was packed loosely with glass wool. Carl)on tetrachlorid vapor was then
passcil over the phosphate in the tube, which was heated first at a dull and
(inally at a red heat. The glass wool served to retain the metal in the tube
while the phosphorus passed over into a receiver, possibly as phosphorus oxy-
ihlorid, and was estimated as magnesium pyrophosphate.

Phosphatic feed-lime, <). Kii.i.nkk [Lmuhr. Ir/x. tiini., 70 (191)!)), No.. 5-6.
Itp. .'/7/-.}.S0; (lbs. in Jour. (Jieni. Nor. lljmdon]. HIJ ( l!)Oi)), No. 5lil. 11, p. 617).—
'Vhe author reconmiends a method for determining idiosphoric acid wliereby 2.5
gm. of the finely powdered feed-lime is placed in a dry 4(M» cc. flask with 250 cc.
of I'etermann's citrate solution and the whole shaken A hour in the rotary
a|)paratus. The solution is then filtered through a dry filter into a dry beaker
and .50 cc. of the filtrate treated with 2(t cc strong nitric acid and 50 cc. of water
and boiled for 10 minutes. The phosphoric acid is then determined by precipi-
tation.

The quantitative separation of calcium from magnesium, W. C. Blasdale
(Jour. Anicr. Clicni. So<:. ,JI ( l!)0!)). No. 8, pp. 917-!>22). — There are three main
sources of error in this analysis, namely, the precipitation of magnesium
oxalate, the incomplete precipitation of calcium, and errors from occlusion.
With a solution containing 0.0 gm. of the sample of calcium and magnesium
carbonate, the magnesium not exceeding the calcium, tlie author jjroposes to
add 3.5 gm. of anunonium chlorid. dilute with 300 cc. of water, boil, and
precipitate with 1 gm. oxalic acid. The solution is tlien neutralized with a 1
per cent anunonium-h,vdroxid solution, doing it gradually during a period of
5 minutes. When the amount of magnesium is greater than the ciilcium the
metliod is modified by making the i)recipitation in 2 stages, just enough pre-
cipitant being added during the first to precipitate the calcium.

Determination of sulphuric acid as barium sulphate, .J. F. Saciier (Clirni.
Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 107, pp. 9.',1, 9//2).— After repeating his work (E. S. R., 21,
p. 100), the author points out that the losses observed by liup]»in and Folin in
this determination are due to the solubility of the precipitate in chlorid of
potash, and also to the insufficient excess of the precipitating agent present.
The amount of barium sulphate obtained is dependent upon the length of time
of heating during and after the precipitation. Precipitation in the cold does
not necessitate a large excess of barium chlorid.

A typographical error in the author's original article, "the amount of hydro-
chloric acid must be 1 pei- cent," is corrected to read " some 1 per cent hydro-
chloric acid should be added."

Estimation of potassium in soils as phosphomolybdate, 1'. de Sornay (Bui.
Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et DistiU., 26 (1909), No. 10, pp. 978-980; ahs. in Jour. Chem.
Sor. [London], 96 (1909), No. 561, II, p. 618).— By adding a definite amount of
phosphomolybdic acid to solutions of potassium chlorid, potassium nitrate, and
potassium sulphate containing a known amount of potassium, and determining
the phosphoric acid in both the filtrate and the precipitate, the author found
that potassium phosphomolybdate is not constant in composition.

A modification of Esbach's albuminoid test, Kwilecki (Miinchen. Med.
WchnscJir., 56 (1909), No. 26, p. 1330; abs. in Chcm. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 102,
Rcpcrt., p. 4'tl). — The modification consists in adding ferric chlorid solution to
the acidified urine and precipitating the albumin at 72° C. It is claimed
that bv this method the albumin can be determined in 2 to G minutes.

212 KXI'KHIMKN'I' STATION HKCOHD.

Methods for fat analysis. K. U. Holland { Md.^sdchnsctts l^^ta. Rpt. /.90.S, pt.
„^ pp. /J0-7JiS'). — A (U'scriptioii of the usii.il iiiclliocls of fill anulysis, with souio
slight UKHliticatiou of the jirocodun's fur llic purpose of simplicity and uiii-
fomiity of results iu feeding stuffs and butter analyses.

A color reaction for fats, M. E. Sciilumberger (Mix. in Ztschr. Aiificir.
Chcin., 22 (JifOD), No. 2T, p. 137/,). — This is described as a reaction for all fats
which contain olein or oleic acid, including castor oil and ricinoleic acid. To
10 gUL of the cooled oil and 10 gni. concentrated sulphuric acid are added a
solution consisting of ft gui. of glucose in 2 gni. of water; this latter solution
having been previously cooled to the crystallizing po'int. Without allowing the
mixture to rise above 35° C, 30 gnu additional of sulphuric acid is added,
whereupon the solution takes on a red coloration, which on heating on the
water bath and agitating constantly changes to a cherry-red and finally a
purple coloration.

The determination of milk sugar by the Michaelis and Bona iron method,
K. Open- II KIM {('liciii. Ztth, -i-i {lHOi)), Xo. 10',, pp. !)27, 928). — The method as
applied to milk is as follows: Ten cc. of milk are diluted with 13 cc. of water
and 7 cc. of colloidal iron hydroxid, the iron hydroxid being added drop by
dro]) and shaken during the addition. The mixture is then filtered through a
dry tiltci- and the solution itolarized with the Schmidt and Haensch polarimeter.

Beactions for lactic and glycollic acids, G. Deniges (liul. Hoc. Chi in.
France, .'/. ser., 5 ( HWD), No. 11, pp. 6.'i7-6/i9 ; ahs. in Jour. Chcm. Hoc. [London |,
96 (1909), No. 5(U, J I, p. 627).— For lactic acid a quantity not greater than O.l!
cc. of a 2 per cent solution is warmed at a temiierature of 100° C. with 2 cc.
sulphuric acid for 2 minutes, cooled and a droj) of an alcoholic solution of
guaiacol or codeine added. (luaiacol yields a rose-red coloration, and codeine
an orange-red coloration. The method for glycollic acid is practically identical
except that the solution must be heated to a higher temperature. With it
codeine yields a yellow coloration, which changes to violet. Guaiacol gives a
violet, changing to brown on diluting with alcohol.

Detection of boiled milk by the microscope, W. Morres ( Milch w. ZcnthL.
') (1909). No. 9, pp. 'il6, -'il7). — A continuation of the author's work on the
microscopical detection of adulteration in butter ( E. S. K., 20, p. 1010). The
fat globules in unboil(>d milk are seldom larger than 10 microns, whereas in milk
which has been Ixiiled they seem to cohere and become between 2(i and 100
microns in size.

Detection of margarin in butter, C. C Rardelli (Ififf/. Yiandc ct Lnit, 3
(1909), No. 7. pp. 310-312).— The author draws attention to the fact that the
Jahr method is very nuich simpler and easier to execute than the refractometric,
Iiolarimetric. volatile ac'd determinations, and other existing methods.

[The detection of iron and copper in cheese curd], A. Schaeffer (Milclnr.
ZcnthL, .', (1909), No. 10, pp. .'i27--'i30). — Testing for iron and copper in the ash
or in the cheese curd itself, according to the author's experience, does not yield
satisfactory results. He recommends the following procedure for iron, which
may also be used quantitatively : To 20 gm. of cheese curd in a porcelain dish
add ammonia until all the casein is dissolved. About 20 drops of ammonia
generally suffices. Then add 5 drops of yellow ammonium sulphid, knead the
mixture, trjinsfer the mass to a piece of filter paper or anything with a white
l)ackground. and compare the color with the color scale prepared by the author.
With copper the results were not satisfactory.

Is formaldehyde produced by boiling solutions of cane sugar? C. H.
LaWall (Anicr. Jour. I'liarni., SI (1909), No. 8, pp. 39.'i-396). — Cane sugar and
jelly distillates were examined as to formaldehyde production and tested against
Hehner's. Rimini's, and the aniliu acetate tests. The author concludes that cane

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 213

susar does not prodiu-e formaldehyde when boiled under ordinary conditions,
l)ut that furfuraldehyde is j)roduced, which reacts in such a manner with the
Ileliner test as to deceive the analyst who relies upon it alone without con-
firmation by the liimini test.

Lead number of vanilla extracts, H. L. Jackson and W." T. McGeorge, Jr.
(Jour. Indii-'i. and Enyln. Vhem., 1 {1909), No. 7, pp. JflS, Ji79). — It was found
that the Win ton lead number as applied to vanilla extracts is a constant for
any one bean employed, regardless of the percentage of alcohol used in the
preparation of the extract. Some fui-ther tests seemed to indicate a possibility
of utilizing the lead number to indicate the quantity of beans used to make the
extract.

[Official methods of wine analysis of the French Ministry of Commerce
and Industry] yZl.schr. Offciiil. Cliciii., !.'> {l!)o;>), .Vo. /'/, ]ip. 202-268).— This
is a descrij)tion of all the official methods of wine analysis agreed upon.

Detection of fluorids in wines, C Mensio (Staz. ^pcr. Agr. Itnl., J/l {190f^),
lip. <St9-832; abfi. in Chcm. Zentbl, 1909, I, No. 12, p. W46; Jour. Chem. 8oc.
[Ijondon], 96 (1909), No. 561, 11, p. 67//).— The method consists in adding to
100 cc. of wine 2 to 3 cc. double normal sodium carbonate solution, heating, and
lir('ci])itating with calcium clilorid. The precipitate is washed, and heated in a
platinum dish with suli)huric acid, <'xposing the vapors to a wax-covered watch
glass having a lilllc l);n-(> spot for the fumes to act ui)()n. The test is sensitive
to 0.009 per cent.

The determination of saccharin in beer, G. Jorgensen {Ann. Falsif., 2
{1909), No. Ji, pp. .58, 59; ahs. in Chem. '/Ay., 33 {1909), No. 106, Rrpcrt., p.
}J8). — In this method 500 cc. of the beer is concentrated to sirupy consistency
on the water bath and the residue extracted 2 or 3 times with 9(j per cent alco-
hol. The alcoholic extract is then submitted to distillation and the residue,
;;fter adding a few drops of dilute sul])huric acid, extracted with ethei*. The
ethereal extract is evaporated to small bulk, some dilute sulphuric acid and
water added, and then oxidized with saturated potassium permanganate solu-
tion. The manganese precipitate obtained is taken up with oxalic acid and
the solution extracted with ether-petroleum ether. The ether-petroleum ether
extract upon evaporation yields the saccharin in crystals.

A simple method of detecting sulphured barley and oats, W. P. Carroll
{U. >S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. .'lO, pp. S, figs. 3). — The method con-
sists of treating the sulphured grain with zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid and
passing the hydrogen sulphid produced into a 2 per cent solution of lead ace-
tate. Tests of unsulphured barleys gave negative results.

CJniform methods for analysis of cotton-seed products (Oil, Paint and
Drug Reporter, 76 {1909), No. 17, pp. 2SD, 28E). — A description of methods pro-
posed by a committee of chemists appointed by the Interstate Cottonseed Crush-
ers' Association. With cotton-seed meal the methods agreed upon for moisture,
oil, and nitrogen are stated, also a method for the determinati«m of the fatty
acids in soap stock. The committee recommends a water determination in all
analyses of cotton-seed meal or cake.

A practical method of detecting peanut hulls in linseed cake, E. Collin
{Ann. Falsif., 2 {1909), No. 5, pp. 131, 132; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No.
107, Repert., p. 46-'f). — Five gm. of the reduced substance are rubbed up with
hot water and filtered through a sieve. The residue is boiled with alkaline
water, washed, and treated with sodium hypochlorite. Peanut shells are not
decolorized by this treatment and can easily be recognized by their specific
gravity and the resistance which they offer when touched with sharp-pointed
instruments.

214 EXPERIMENT STATION HEOORD.

Examination of molasses feeds with the immersion refractometer, A.
Srili.KiiT iClHin. Ztji.. -U {I'.KIH). \ns. 10.',, j,/). 'I..'-',, ;i.>(i : KXi, ii/i. !l.i.'>. ;U(J\. —
Attention is driiwn (o tlic fiul tli.il the true liter iimst not be en)ployed without
ninkini,' the neeess.iry correct iuus. For in'aetical puriioses, however, the Mohr <•<•.

liter tan ])t' nseil. K(m- convenience the Nebauer fornuila M Vi / r_'T«\_g niay >)e

.«l>lit int.) ;> parts, viz, [w [a — !)],( — aT),Hn(U ^^ , , rwy » „ j, and the calculation can

be so arranged tiiat tlie percentage of dry substance can be directly obtained. The
author states that tlie refractometer can be used witli more certainty and more
rapidly than the i)ycnonK'ter.

A comparison of various methods for the estimation of sugar in urine, ('.
Funk (Ztfultr. I'liy.siol. riiciii.. .',i; iJllOS), \o. ,7-6", pi). .',07-511; «/>.st. Ui Zentbl.
I'hj/siuL, 2S {1909), A o. hi. jj. .'/Ol). — The Liang method for sugar in urine does
not give accurate results. The liertrand method presents none of the in-
accuracies.

Report of the senior analyst for the year 1908, C. F. Juritz {Ri)t. Hcnior
Anal. Cape (load Hope, J908. pp. 99-12^). — Results of analyses of foods, water,
coke, minerals, and miscellaneous agricultural and toxicological materials are
given.

Fermentation bacteriology and control of the fermentation industries, W.
He.nnkhkiu; ( (luniiiii'<hiil:lir'KtJo<ji.-ic}i(s I'raktikum Bctrich.siDiter.suchitngen und
Pilzkuitdc. licrlin, 1909, pp. XV+dlO. fig.s. 220). — This book discusses suc-
cessively the various stages of bacteriology and parasitology. Concrete ex-
amples ai-e presentetl for the study of problems which occur in the routine work
of each industry, that is, baking, dairying, brewing, distilling, alcohol and press
yeast manufacture, viuegar manufacture, lactic-acid making, and wine mak-
ing. The pure culture of yeasts and the preparation of all mtnlia, air and water
examination, a list of the common infections occurring in the above-named
industries, and a chapter on parasites which affect the cereals are included.

A study of the micro-org'anism.s of Japanese vinegar, T. Takahashi {Jour.
Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 {1909), No. 1, pp. 103-136, pi. 1). — In investigating
the micro-organisms of " tanezu," which is a kind of Japanese vinegar, the
author found most of the fermentation to be caused by bacteria, of which
Bacterium rancens, B. aceti, and B. .Tylirundes were the most important. Of
these a number of varieties are recognized, producing from 1 to 5 per cent of
acetic acid, and differing as to their fermentation products in alcohol-free
media according to the diflerent varieties.

A preliminary note on the varieties of Aspergillus oryzae, T. Takahashi
{.Jour. Col. Ayr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 {1909), Xo. 1, pp. Lil-l-'tO). — In studying
the fungus A. oryzw, which plays an important role in the brewing of sake, the
author has found that there are 3 varieties, differing in their morphological
and physiological properties.

Enological studies, W. B. Alwood {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 129,
pp. 32, fig. 1 ) . — This consists of two papers.

I. Exprritnvnifi in cider making applicable to farm conditions. — The first of
the cider making experiments was made with apples of low grade in hot
weather. Apple musts were fermented with yeast types No. 8, 53, 66, and 73
of the Bureau of Chemistry collection. In each instance a portion of the fer-
mented must was racked out into kegs and allowed to go through the entire
process of after fermentation, etc., without treatment. The other portion was
clarified by passing through a milk separator. Analysis some months later
showed that the samples passed through the separator retained about the same
sugar content throughout the storage process, while those untreated were prac-

METEOROLOGY — WATER. 215

tically dry. The unclarified ciders were superior in flavor, altliough both ciders
were of very fine quality,

A second series of fermenting tests was made with winter apples in cold
weather and with the object of establishing a good method of procedure for
cider making. It is shown that the casks which were yeasted with pure yeast
fermented much more rapidly than those which were allowed to start spon-
taneously and one yeast gave about 1 per cent more alcohol. It was further
shown that some yeasts fermented more sugar than others, and that in one
instance an unyeasted batch gave more volatile acid than the others. The alco-
hol content of the cider ranged in the unyeasted samples from 3.(i4 to 5.12 per
cent ; with the yeasted ones the limits were 3.86 to 5.55 per cent.

II. Notes on the use of pure yeasts in tcine making. — Fermentation experi-
ments were conducted with red wine must, one portion of which was pitched
with a Geisenheim wine yeast and the other allowed to ferment spontaneously.
The object of the test was to note the changes wrought by fermenting under
the different conditions and the procedure was that generally followed in
wineries. The final analysis of the pure yeast wine yielded the following:
Alcohol 8.77 per cent, reducing sugar 0.297 per cent, and total acidity 0.739 per
cent, of which 0.058 per cent was volatile and 0.660 per cent was fixed. The
unyeasted samjile gave alcohol 9.22 per cent, reducing sugar 0.318 per cent, and
a total acidity of «.6(>4 per cent, of which 0.058 per cent was volatile acid and
0.501 per cent was nonv<tlatile.

A m.etliod of removing' dextrose from mixtures of dextrose and levulose,
O. Adler {Ber. Dent. Jhem. Gesell., Jf2 {1909), No. 8, pp. 17Jf2-nJf6; abs. in
Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 (1909), No. 561, I, pp. oil, olS). — When benzidin
is added to an alcoholic solution containing dextrose and levulose and concen-
trated by evaporation to a sirupy consistency, most of the dextrose can be
removed in the form of the crystalline benzidin derivative. The mother liquor
contains most of the levulose.

A manual of sugar chemistry, D. Sidersky (Manuel du Chimiste de 8u-
ererie. Paris, 1909, pp. 360, fiys. l,i). — This volume is chiefly concerned with
the analysis of cane, beet, and starch sugars. It is divided into G parts, viz :
IMiysics and chemistry of the principal sugars; theory and practice of sac-
charimetry ; methods of analysis of the different saccharin products; methods
of analysis of cane and beet sugars, etc. ; the starch sugars and products of the
glucose industry; and the analysis and judgment of substances employed in the
manufacture of sugar, such as animal charcoal, etc.

METEOROLOGY— WATER.

Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 37 (1909), Nos. 5, pp. 173-
220, figs. 25, charts 7 ; 6, pp. 221-26-'f, figs. 15, charts 6). — In addition to the
usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop conditions, meteorolog-
ical tables and charts for the months of May and June, 1909, recent papers
bearing on meteorology and seismology, recent additions to the Weather Bureau
library, etc., these numbers contain A Chronological Outline of the History of
Meteorology in the United States (see p. 216) ; An Annotated Bibliography of
Evaporation, by Mrs. G. J. Livingston (see p. 217). and the following articles
and notes :

No. 5. — A Balloon Among Thunderstorms, by C. J. Glidden ; The 21-hour Day,
by C. A. Mixer ; A Simple Application of the Theory of Probabilities to W'eather
Prediction (illus.), by C. E. Van Orstrand ; A Method of Advertising Climate,
by F. A. Carpenter; Tornado at Savannah, Ga., by H. B. Boyer; Meteorology
at Colby College, by H. E. Simpson ; Methods and Apparatus for the Study of

216 EXPERIMENT STATION' RECORD.

Evaporation (illus. ). by C F. -Marvin i sec |i. lilT) : Metoorolofiical Observatory
at Teueriffe; The Itt'lations ul" the Inversions iu llio Vortical (Jradiout of Tem-
perature in tlie Atmospliere to Areas of Heat and Cold i ilhis. ). by II. H. Clay-
ton; Photosrai)liin.ti the T.oonids of November, 100!); Highest Ikilloon Ascension
in North America, l)y A. 1.. Kolch; Tornadoes in Olvlahoma ; Meteorological Reg-
istrations in Samoa, ]!)0l2-(i — 1 1. Itainfall (illus.). l)y O. T^teus ; Weatlier Notes
from Puerto I'lata, Dominican lU-piiblic, by R. J. Totten ; Tornado<'s in :Missonri ;
Tornado at Anniston, Ala., »»y W. F. Clarlc ; Destructive Storms in Alabama, by
E. C. Horton; and Destructive Storms in Micliigan, by C. F. Schneider.

Xo. 6.— Annual Rise of the Columbia River, 1909 (illus.), by E. A. Reals;
Frost Damage Prevented by Covers, by A. G. McAdie ; The Fireball of September
20, 1909. l)y F. W. ^■ery ; Tornadoes in Kansas and Missouri ; Weather Cycles in
the Growth of Rig Trees, by A. E.Douglass; Squalls and Thunderstorms (illus.),
by J. Loisel, trans, by C. Abbe, jr.; E.Khibit of Meteorological Data (illus.), by
D. T. Mariug; Meteorological Registrations in Samoa, 1902-190G — III, Sun-
shine, by O. Tetens; The Seasons and (lie Mean Daily Minimum at Mexico, Mo.
(illus.), by G. Reeder; Ice Conditions on tlie Great Lakes, Winter of 1908-9,
by N. B. Conger; and the Zodiacal Light.

A chronological outline of the history of meteorology in the United States
of North America [Mo. WcathcrRcv., 37 {]!)0!)), Xos. 3, pp. 87-80; J,, pp. J',6-
lJi9; J. pp. 17 8-1 HO). — This is a chronology of what are regarded as the most
important events in the history of the science of meteorology, which has been
prepared " to meet a somewhat general demand for the information it contains."

Beport of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1908, G. M. Chappel
{loicu Yearbook Ayr.. '.) [I'.IOS), pp. 3-'j7, df/iiis. 10, cltart /). — "This report i.-s
a condensation of the monthly and weekly bulh^tins and reports of the Iowa
Weather and Crop Service. It contains, in a condensed form, all of the" salient
climatic features of the year, together with tabulated statistics of the staple
soil products of the State."

Fourth annual report of the meteorological committee (Ann. Rpt. Met.
Com. [Gt. Brit.], Jf {190'.)). pp. l-'/O, pis. .'/, fig. 1). — This consists as usual of
administrative reports regai-ding organization and operations (during the year
ended March 31, 190S) in marine meteorology, forecasts and storm warnings,
climatology, publications, investigation of the upper air, and miscellaneous sub-
jects, with appendixes as follows: Financial statement, supply of information
to the public, lists of observers who sent in " excellent " meteorological logs
during the year and of logs and documents received from ships, distribution
of instruments, report on inspection of meteorological stations, and lists of per-
sons and institutions from whom publications and meteorological data have
been received and to whom i)ublications are sent..

In 1908 the percentage of complete success in forecasts for the British Isles
was 58, of the sum of complete and partial successes 92. This is above the
average for 10 years.

The mean temperature of the air at sea level, calculated as a function of
geographical longitude, latitude, and season of the year, H. Fritsche {Die
mittlere Tempcratur der Luft im Meeresniveau, dargesteUt als Funktion der
geogruphisehen Ldnge, Breite uiid Juhre.'izeit. Riga, 1909. pp. I'lJ,, 2)ls. 7). — The
calculations are given in detail in tabular form.

On the probable influence of the movement of the moon on atmospheric
radioactivity, P. Besson {Compt. Rend. Anid. Sei. [Paris], 1 ',9 {1909), So.
15, pp. 595-597). — The meteorological relations of this influence were studied.
It was found that with the passage of the moon to meridian the radioactivity
increases while the atmospheric pressure decreases, and that with a constant

METEOROLOGY WATER. 217

pressure the radioactivity reaches the maximum with the passage of the moon
to meridian and the minimum with the jiassajie to the opposite meridian.

Correlation in seasonal variation of climate, (J. T. Walker {Mem. Indian
Met. J)ci)t., 20 (1909), pt. 6, /ip. i/7-/2//).— Correlation coefiicients based upon
the exponential law of distribution are worked out.

Cirrus clouds and rainfall (Rev. Sci. [Paris]. .',7 (1909), II. Xo. 18, pp. 561,
562). — A direct relation between the formation of cirrus clouds and rainfall is
traced.

Frost damage prevented by covers, A. G. McAdie (Mo. Weather Rev., SI
(1909), No. 6, pp. 22.'i, 225). — From a brief review of the evidence on the sub-
ject the author concludes that the use of open fires as iiracticed in California
orchards, for example, is not sutficient alone to protect plants under severe con-
ditions. "'The ideal method of frost iirotection is a (•oml)ination of a cover
device and a heating device."

The cold waves of south-central Wisconsin, J. Ij. B.\rtlett (Tranfi. Wi>i.
Acad. ,SW., Arts, and Letters, 16 ( 1908), pi. 1, No. 3, pp. 289-306, fig. 1, charts
7). — The nature and causes of these cold waves are explained and it is stated
that " the chief damage caused by cold waves in this section is through their
overtaking and freezing perishable merchandise which has been shipped during
the preceding warm weather. Fruits, \egetables, canned goods, and liquids of
all kinds may be seriously damaged by very cold weather. For this reason
shippers of such jiroducts in the large cities watch weather conditions very
closely during the winter months and often hold back their shijmients until the
temperature is more favorable."

Methods of obtaining advance knowledge of cold waves are explained.
, Biology and meteorology, (). Puochnow (Ztsc'hr. Vris-s. InHclctenhiol., 5
(1909) No. !), pp. 271-2111, d{jni. I). — The biological relations of meteorological
conditions are briefly discussed.

Methods and apparatus for the observation and study of evaporation, C. F.
:Maiuin (I/O. Wcatlnr Rcr., 37 (1909), \(,s. J. /ip. l',l-li,6. pg. I; 5. pp. 182-
191, figs. 19). — In connection with investigations on evaporation undertaken
by the Weather Bureau under the supervision of F. H. Bigelow (E. S. R.. 21.
p. 115), the author was called upon to aid in supplying certain iustrumental
equipment required for the desired observations. In order to do this in a
satisfactory way it was necessary to examine carefully the whole problem of
evaporation. This article gives briefly the results of this examination as well
as the conclusions reached as to methods and api)aratus which seem likely to
lead to the most useful and accurate results.

An annotated bibliography of evaporation, ■Mrs. (i. J. IjIvingston (Mo.
Weather Rev., 36 (1908), Nos. 6, pp. 18t-186; 9, pp. 301-306; 11, pp. 375-381; 37
(1909), Nos. 2, pp. 68-72; 3, pp. 103-109; J,, pp. 157-160; 5, pp. 193-199; 6, pp.
2ff8-252). — It is stated in the introduction to this bibliography that "the aim
of the bibliographer Jias been not merely to give a list of the titles of publica-
tions bearing on or referring to the subject of evaporation, but to set before the
reader a sufficiently full sunmiary of each reference, so far as it has been acces-
sible, .so that the actual work need not be consulted except in cases where the
fullest information is required. Articles bearing on the subject from the point
of view of the meteorologist, the agriculturist, the irrigation and hydraulic en-
gineer, have been included wherever found. Hygrometry, however, has been re-
garded as a distinct subject and only articles which deal with the subject in a
general way, or which relate it in any way to the measurement of evaporation
have been included. Evaporation from plants, or transpiration, has not been
specifically included, as that subject has been so thoroughly reviewed by Bur-
gerstein in Transpiration der Pflanzen."

218 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

Underground water in crystalline rocks, V. (i. ('lapp {ttngin. Rec., 60
(1909), No. 19, pp. o2o-527, //f/.s. S). — This article deals with the mode of occur-
rence of water in crystalline rocks and the sinking of wells to obtain a water
supply under such conditions.

It is stated that it is safe to assume " that a well drilled in crystalline rocks
will, with about 90 per cent of probability, strike enough water to supply a
family for domestic purposes. The probability that enough water will be found
within 100 ft. of the surface is about 85 per cent. It is not well to give up
without siidving at least 200 ft., hut drilling over 200 ft. is not advised, although
a few wi'lls have got water at greater depths. If a well owner is unfortunate
and does not obtain sntlicient water at that dei)th. he is advised to sink a
second well 100 ft. or more distant, and the chances are good that he will be
successful in the second attempt if not in the first.

"Although water in these rocks is moderately charged with mineral matter,
they are not hard, and are not known in many cases to contain sufficient iron
or other mineral to interfere wi'rh their use. They are good for laundry and
boiler purposes, but the supi)ly is seldom sufficient for large plants. The cost
of drilling in these rocks is high, but deep wells in them will always pay in the
long run."

The selection of a water supply, H. X. Ogden (Pror. Ann. Conf. Sanit. Off.
N. Y., S {1908), pp. 161-171, dgrns. 2). — The conditions and requirements of a
wholesome water supply are explained.

The location, construction, and care of wells, L. M. Wachter (Proc. Ann.
Vonf. ^^anit. Off. N. Y., 8 (1908), pp. 172-182) .—The general requirements in the
location, construction, and care of wells are explained.

The pollution of streams by domestic sewage and industrial wastes, T.
HoRToN (Pro€. Ann. Conf. Sanit. Off. N. Y., 8 (1908), pp. 136-1 'i6) .—The danger
from this source is pointed out.

Report on sewerage and water supplies, H. jNI. Herbert (Ann. Rpt. Bd.
Health N. J., 32 (1908). pp. 265-.'i52, pis. //).— This is a report of the state sew-
erage commission and of the division of sewerage and water supplies of the
New Jersey State Board of Health for the year which began November 1, 1907.
It contains detailed reports on various water supplies, sewerage systems, and dis-
posal plants throughout the State, and discusses the danger of polluted water
as a means of directly or indirectly transmitting disease. The rapidly growing
need for careful supervision of public water supplies, including thorough in-
spection of the entire watershed from which the supplies are drawn, is strongly
emphasized.

Attention is also called to railroads as a source of danger in the spread of
disease.

It is stated that the artesian well supplies of New Jersey are in good condi-
tion. The waters, however, are not always wholly acceptable to the consumer
on account of the extreme hardness or excess of iron.

The surface supplies of the State are filtered and in most cases well purified.
The filtration plants in some cases were found to be in bad condition and had
become an additional source of pollution to the water.

Purification of potable waters (Bill. Off. Intrrnat. Hi/ft. PidJ. [Paris], 1
(1909), No. 3, pp. 206-220).— This is an extract of the reports of city officials
having charge of the water and drainage of Paris, and describes briefly the
various methods which are being employed for obtaining a pure water supply for
the city.

SOILS FERTILTZERS. 219

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Electrochemical methods in soil investigations, F. K. Cameron {Tran.t.
Amer. EIrctrocfinu. Soc, J5 {100'.}), pp. .5,W-.')67 ; ah.^. in Chem. Ahs., .? {lf)09),
No. 21, pp. 2601, 2602).— It is stated that "the eheinistry and physics of the
soil as related to crop ijroduction is primarily a solution study, and, sjieaking
generally, the electrooheniical methods which have proved effective in studying
solutions elsewhere are all more or less applicahle to soil studies."

The article discusses the application of the Wheatstone bridge in the determi-
nation of salt content, temi)erature, and moisture in soils, and in solution and
absorption studies; the electro-analysis of soils; and the use of the Ostwald
half-cell in the determination of the concentrations of dissolved material held
close to the soil grain surfaces.

"One of the most useful instruments which has been devised for soil work
is a slide wire bridge, of a form which can be readily carried into the field for
observations there as well as in the laboratory. The essential feature of this
bridge is a circular wire so calibrated that the ratio of the bridge arms is read
directly, and by a si)ecial iittachment a slight turn of the wrist will enable one
to read resistances of 10 to 1<I(> ohms, from 1(K» to ].(KH) ohms, and from 1,0(X» to
lo.dUO ohm.s. The whole apparatus, with dry battery induction coil, telephone,
and other attachments, is conveniently packed in a small case measuring 8 by
7 by 7 in. and weighing approximately G lbs. In areas where there is an
accumulation of .soluble salts or 'alkali,' the amoiml of alkali in the soil can be
determined approximately by mixing so much distilled water with the soil as it
will take up without allowing any free water to flow from it — in other words,
saturating the soil — placing the saturated soil in a hard rubber cell of known
dimensions, fitted with parallel electrodes. These electrodes each form a part
of the cell and are then slipped between si)ring contact-cliiis on the bridge box
and the resistance read off, the temperature of the wet soil being taken at the
same time by means of a small thermometer. The saturation of the soil is
accomplished with great readiness and precision after a little practice, as well
as the estimation of the texture of the soil; with this data the salt content of
the soil can be readily read off from tables i)reviously i)repared."

The Siime principle has not been .so successfully ai)i»lied in the determination
of moisture on account of tlie difficulty of securing good soil contact of the
electrodes.

The physical properties of soils, K. Thnka (Die itlniKil-dliKchrn Eigcnschnf-
ten dcs Bodena. Prague, 1909, pp. 2Jf, figs. S). — This is a description and report
of tests of modifications of Kopecky's methcMls for determination of the volume
w-eight and porosity of soils. The object of these modifications was to obtain an
accurate, rapid, and easy method of determining the physical properties of the
soils in place. The special apparatus devi-sed is described and the importance
of determining these properties under natural conditions is discussed.

The influence of lime on the movement of water in soils, E. Blanck
(Landir. Jahrb., 38 (1909), No. 5-6, pp. 715-758; abs. in Deut. Landiv. Pre.s.s-e,
36 {1909), No. 87, p. 93/ ; Chcm. Abs., 4 {1910), No. 1, pp. 73, 7//).— The investi-
gations on this subject were made with sandy loam soil to which lime was
added at the rate of 20 gm. per 1,000 gm. of soil. Glass pots containing 1,000
gm. of soil were used and the carbon dioxid content of the soil was determined
at intervals during the experiments. Studies of the effect of the lime on the
capillary rise of water, water capacity, and hygroscopicity of the soil were al.so
made.

It was observed that the caustic lime applied to the soil was converted into
carbonate of lime to a depth of 6 cm., slowly in undisturbed soil but more

220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

rapidly when tlie soil was stirred. Carbonate of lime had almost no ett'ect
(possibly a slight increase) upon the rise of water from below and caustic
lime reduced the capillary rise of water almost in proportion to the amount of
lime used. It also increased the water capacity of both air-dry and moist
soils. Carbonate of lime in the form of ground limestone reduced the water
capacity in bolli cases, rrocipitated lime was without effect on air-dry soils
but increaswl the water capacity in moist soils.

Caustic lime increased the permeability of the soil, especially in case of
moist soils. Carbonate of lime, both as ground limestone and as precipitated
carbonate, reduced the i)ernieability in case of air-ilry soils and increased it in
case of moist soils. Caustic lime was rapidly washed out of the soil by water,
but carbonate of lime, either as limestone or as precipitated carbonate, was
not dissolved.

Evaporation was most rapid from unlimed soil. The soil receiving caustic
lime contained the largest amount of moisture at the end of the evaporation
experiments, while that receiving carbonate of lime was intermediate in this
respect between the unlimed soil and that receiving caustic lime. As far as
the appearance would indicate, however, the limed soil dried out most rapidly.

The hygroscoi)icity of the soil was reduced to the greatest extent by the
caustic lime and least by the precipitated carbonate.

The author is careful to point out that these results were obtained with a
light sandy loam soil and might not be ap])licable to soils in general.

The action of cominercial fertilizers on percolation of water, in soils, E.
Blaxck (Ldiidv. Jdhrh., ,?8 (J90<)). .Yo. 5-6'. jijt. S63-S(;!) : dhs. in Chcm. ZrntbL,
1009. II, No. 22, PI). ISS8. 788.9).— In tlie investigations reported it was found
that tlie addition of kainit, superphosphate, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammo-
nia, caustic lime, and calcium carbonate to a sandy loam soil containing 10 to
11 per cent of water at rates of 1 per cent of the soil decidedly accelerated
percolation in all cases except with nitrate of soda, which decreased it. The
increases were especially marked in case of superphosphate and caustic lime.
In soils containing 1 per cent of water only the lime accelerated percolation,
all other materials decreasing it. With air-dry soils the capacity to retain
water was less with all fertilized soils except those receiving lime than with
unfertilized soils. Soils treated with nitrate of soda showed the lowest water
capacity.

The soil considered as a transformation laboratory, Maizierks (Engrais,
2Jt (1909), No. 38, pp. lOJiS-1051) .—The soil processes by which plant food is
rendered available are discussed.

Investigations on assimilable potash in soils, T. Bieler (Ann. Agr. Siiiss-r,
10 (1909). No. .'/. pp. 161-lH'i). — Potash was determined in a number of soils
from different parts of Switzerland by means of various solvents, including
concentrated cold hydrochloric acid, ammonium chlorid, boiling water, and
water containing carbon dioxid. The analytical results are compared with
the results of field experiments with different fertilizers.

The results indicate that extraction with water containing carbon dioxid
gives results for both assimilable potash and phosphoric acid more comparable
with the results of field experiments than those obtained with concentrated or
dilute acids. As a rule soils containing less than 0.15 to 0.2 per cent of potash
soluble in carbonated water need potash fertilizers. Calcareous soils yield
slightly less potash when treated with carbonated water than noncalcareous
soils. Contrary to common belief it was found that clay soils are sometimes
much poorer in potash than light soils. Soils containing less than 2.5 per cent
of total phosphoric acid and 0.15 per cent of potash soluble in carbonated water
were in need of phosphatic fertilizers.

SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 221

Contribution to the knowledge of humus compounds, E. Donath {Ztschr.
Angeic. Chem., 22 {1909), No. 30, pp. l.',91, IJ,92 ; ah.s. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909,
II, No. 13, p. lOl.'i). — A critique of an article by Milclauz on this subject (E.
S. K., 21. p. 220) showing the agreement between the latter's results and those
of earlier work by the author on the same subject.

Investigations on Azotobacter chroococcum, S. Krzemeniewski {Bui. In-
tcrnat. Acad. tici. Cracovic, CI. Sci. Math, et Nat., 1908, No. 9, pp. 929-1051,
pi. 1, figs. 2; ahs. in Ztschr. Landtc. Versiichsw. Osterr., 12 {1909), No. 6, pp.
5-'>S. 559). — A report of tliese investigations has already been briefly noted
from another source (E. S. II., 21, p. 318). This is an elaborate memoir giving
a detailed account of the author's investigations and containing a bibliography
of 29 references to the litewiture of the subject. The following are among the
more important results referred to in the summary of the memoir :

Azotobacter chroococcum fixes very small amounts of nitrogen in pure cul-
tures in ordinary nitrogen-free nutrient media. Fixation is decidedly increased
by the addilion of soil humus either as free humic acid or as salts of iiotassium,
sodium, or calcium. Fixation varied, however, with humus derived from differ-
ent soils. Artificial humus prepared by boiling sugar with acids could not
replace soil humus as an aid to fixation of nitrogen. Natural humus boiled
with hydrochloric acid was unich less effective as an aid to fixation than that
not so treated. The treatment with acid dissolved a considerable part of the
nitrogen comjtounds of the humus. The humus served as a source both of
carbon and of nitrogen.

For each gram of glucose used Azotobacter fixed 17 mg. of nitrogen, and
for the formation of 1 gm. of dry substance it required G gm. of glucose. The
metabolic products of Azotobacter included acids, alcohol, and hydrogen. Azo-
tobacter was shown to be distinctly aerobic. The optimum temperature for
its activity was about 28° C. and the limits of its activity appeared to lie
between 9 and 33°. The nitrogen-fixing power of the organisms was apparently
unaltered after it had been bred for almost a year in an artificial nutrient
medium.

Uadiobactor and other bacteria exerted no infiuence on the nitrogen fixation
by Azotobacter. Its nitrogen-fixing power, however, appeared to vary accord-
ing to its origin, indicating different physiological races of the organism. In
the nutrient solution obtained from Azotobacter cultures nitrogen compounds
were obtained of which neither the origin nor the composition are definitely
known.

The bearing of carbon determinations upon nitrogen fixation in soils,
P. EiiRENBEKG (FHhHiig'.s Landw. Ztg., 58 {1909), No. 18, pp. 663-671).— The
relat'on of the carbon supply in the soil to the activity of nitrogen-fixing
organisms is discussed.

Some conditions favoring nitrifi.cation in soils, T. L. Lyon and J. A. Biz-
ZELL {Science, n. scr., 30 {1909), No. 778, pp. 773, 77// ) .—Nitrification tests of
sanii)les of soil from limed and unlimed iilats and from plats on which
leguminous and nonleguminous plants wei'e grown gave results pointing to the
conclusion " that the presence of a certain degree of basicity in the soil, and
possibly the growth of certain nodule-bearing legumes, are each favorable to
nitrification in the soil. These and other conditions may account for very con-
siderable differences in nitrification tests in different soils."

A contribution to our knowledge of the nitrogen problem under dry
farming, F. J. Alway {Abs. in Chem. News, 100 {1909), No. 2600, p. 151;
Chem. Abs.. J, {1910), No. 1, p. 77, ) .—Determinations of nitrogen in samples of
soils from different parts of the arid region are used as a basis for the dis-
cussion of the question of the loss and maintenance of nitrogen in such soils.

222 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

It is jioinlod out tliiit fallowiiiu. wliicb is f(»nsi(lonHl iiocossnr.v as a moans of
conserviiij,' soil nioisturo in dry farniin};, t-ausos decidt'd losses of nitrogen. On
the otlier liand. the use of jrreen niannres to increase the nitrofjen content of
the soil results in a decided loss of water. The author concludes that the
nitrofjen problem is less likely to become acute in Saskatchewan than in the
central and southern iiarts of the arid region.

The yeast of the soil, W. H. Bowker (Trans. .1/ass. Ilort. Soc, 1909, pt. 1,
PI). I,i-2S). — The yeast of the soil as discussed in this article " is not plant food,
but low organisms of life which exist in the soil and but for which agricultural
soils would be practically barren." The article discusses the relation of bac-
terial activity to comjiosting. drainage, and cultivation, the potential fertility
of the soil, the maintenance of the fertility balance, the use of stable manure
and conunercial fertilizers, and intensive agriculture.

Inoculation of the soil with the bacteria of leguminous plants, L. Gran-
DEAti {./i,iir. Af/r. I'idl.. u. .sTr.. /,s' ( /.9fl.9), No. J,2, pp. 529, 530).— This is a brief
summary of tests of various methods of soil inoculation with cultures of organ-
isms which fix nitrogen in symbiosis with leguminous plants.

Inoculation experiments with tubercle bacteria from different sources,
A. G. DoYAKKNKO ( /.c c. J/o.sAor. Sclsk. Khoz. lust. [Ann. Inst. Agron. Mo.scou],
Jo [1909), No. 1. pp. 89-97, Jigs. 3). — The experiments reported were undertaken
to determine to what extent the tubercle bacteria of one leguminous plant may
be effective with another. The results obtained agree in general with those
recently reported by Nobbe, Richter, and Simon (E. S. R., 20, p. 620).

Brack soils, C. F. Juritz {[1909], pp. 11, dgms. 3). — The cause, cultivation,
and cure of alkali soils ai'e discussed in this paper, the discussion being based
to a large extent upon the results of investigations on this subject in the United
States.

Experiments on alkali soils in Temir in the Ural region, B. Skalov {Zhur.
Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 9 (1908), No. 3. pp. 3Ji3-361 ; abs. in
Chem. Abs.. 3 (1909), No. 21. p. 2601). — Studies of the composition, character-
istic flora, and effect on cultivated plants of the alkali soils of this region are
reported.

Experiments with simimer wheat during two seasons indicated that the injury
observed was generally due to chlorids and less frequently to alkaline car-
bonates. With ordinary moisture conditions an injurious effect was observed
when the chlorin content exceeded 0.01 iier cent and the growth of wheat was
hindered when the chlorin content was 0.04 to 0.05 per cent. Injurious effects
were observed with 0.00.5 to 0.00(5 per cent of alkaline carbonates. With higher
moisture content these limits were slightly I'aised. No injurious effect was ob-
served with 0.0032 per cent of sulphuric acid. On virgin steppes there was a
distinct correlation between soluble salt content and vegetation. With 0.02 per
cent chlorin and 0.005 per cent alkalinity the grasses began to be replaced by
Artemisia maritinia. With a chlorin content of 0.04 per cent and corresponding
increase in alkalinity .1. paiiciflora, Atriplr.v canum and Brachylcpis salsa
api)eared. ,

Nebraska soil, G. E. Condra (Nrhr. Farmer. .'/7 (1909). No. J,"!, pp. 1018.
1019, figs. ,5). — The soils of the loess, sand hill, high plains, and bad land regions
of the State are described and their distribution shown.

Notes on the soils of Porto Rico, O. Loew (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp.
JfO-Jfff). — The genei-al characteristics of Porto Rican soils, particularly tobacco
and cane soils, as shown by samples examined at the station are discussed.
Particular attention is given to certain soils which have been found to be un-
productive as a result of excess of acidity, alkali, or magnesia (as compared
with lime). It js stated that as a rule the soils of cane and tobacco plantations

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 223

in I'orto Rico show a very favorable percentage of potasli and pliosplioric acid.
'• Doubtless various defects exist in these soils, but they are of such a nature
that they are easily remedied. Thus the outlook for increase of returns is a
very favorable one." The use of lime free from magnesia to correct the un-
favoraltle jiroportiou of lime to magnesia in some of these soils is advocated.

Soils in the vicinity of Berlin, A. Orth {Landw. Jalirh., 38 (1909), Er-
gdnznngsh. 5, pp. 1—51). — This is a i-eport of a detailed study of the origin,
formation, chemical and physical properties, and agricultural value of typical
soils of this region. The data regarding composition and properties are ac-
companied by profiles of the princii»al soil types.

Soil analyses [BnJ. Dir. (icval Agv. Hstac. Agron. Lisboa, 9 {1909), No. 3,
pp. 32, 33). — Physical and chemical analyses of samples of soil talvcn on dif-
ferent dates and at different depths on the experimental field of the agronomic
station of Lisbon are reported.

The porphyrite soils of the southern Harz region, H. Gruner {Landw.
Jahrb., 38 {1009), ErgUnzniigsb. J, pp. 59-78, fig. I). — A study of the origin,
formation, and physical and chemical properties of these soils is reported,
with brief notes on their value foi- agi-ieultural and forestry purposes.

Chemical analyses of some Benadir soils, G. V. Rossi {Agr. Colon. [Italy],
3 {1909), No. 2, pp. 116-130). — Analyses of 41 samples of soils from the terri-
tories of Merca, Brava, and Giumbo are given and the agricultural possibilities
of these soils are discussed. It is stated that the average temperature of the
region is 73° F. and it is pointed out that such a temperature is favorable to
the growth of soil organisms.

Note on the soils of Bengal, D. N. Mookerjee {Calcutta: Dcpt. Agr. Ben-
gal, 1909, pp. .77, vKip I). — Noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 718).

The law of minimum and the law of diminishing soil yields, E. A. Mit-
sciiERLiCH {Landw. Jahrb., 38 {1909), No. 4, pp. 537-552, figs. 2; abs. in Chem.
Abs., 3 {1909), No. 21, p. 2602).— The laws are defined and the degree in which
the yield is dependent upon the minimum factor, phosphoric acid, is formulated
upon the basis of results of experiments with oats grown in pure quartz sand
with fertilizers to which monocalcium, dicalcium, and tricalcium phosphates
were added in increasing amounts, the phosphoric acid, however, being always
kept the minimum factor.

Soil fertility, T. F. Hunt {Penn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 177, pp. 98-105).— This is
a brief discussion of some of the results of a long series of experiments at the
Pennsylvania Station (E. S. R., 20, p. 1017).

Various smaller experiments with fertilizers and soils, I. S. Shulov {Isi'.
Moskov. Selsk. Khos. Inst. {Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou), 15 {1909), No. 1, pp.
116-125, figs. 3). — The following minor experiments are reported :

InfluencG of soda and common salt on the yields of flaw and millet in sand
cultures. — In these experiments soda was applied at the rates of 0.025, 0.05,
0.075, and 0.1 per cent, and common salt at the rates of 0.05, 0.075, 0.15, and
0.2 per cent. The results indicated that while millet was not affected by the
addition of soda up to 0.075 per cent, flax was more sensitive. The experiment
with common salt was not conclusive.

Influence of chlorin on the development of buckwheat in water cultures. —
Various experiments extending over a number of years are reported which
indicate that chlorin is not necessary for the normal development of plants.

Cultures with different amounts of moisture in the soil. — In experiments
with oats on fertilized and unfertilized podzol soil containing 40, 60, and SO per
cent of the total moisture capacity of the soil it was found that the yields were
in all cases larger on the fertilized soil, the greatest increase being ol)tained in
the soil containing the highest percentage of moisture. Ou the unfertilized
g5493— No. 3—10 ^

224 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

soils the largest yield was obtained with the iiiedimii percentage of water. In
similar experiments with llax on i)ealy clay the lowest yield was obtained with
the highest moisture content. With the other moisture contents the results
were variable and inconclusive. In experiments with tobacco on a sandy soil
the largest total yield was obtained with (50 per cent of moisture, the largest
relative yield of leaves with 40 per cent. White mustard on the same soil gave
the highest yield with the lowest peix-entage of moisture. Wheat on the same
kind of soil gave the highest yield with the medium percentage of moisture and
the smallest yield with the least moistiu'e.

Ashes as fertilizer. — Straw ashes were used with good I'esults as a source of
potash in a series of experiments.

CiiUurc on alkali soil from the Ural region.' — Experiments with sunun<'r
wheat on mixtures in varying proportions of pure clay soil and an alkali soil
are reported. The yield was not affected by the addition of 1 part of alkali
soil to 3 parts of clay soil.

Report on veg'etation and laboratory experiments, 1904, 1906, and 1907,
I). N. Pkianisiinikov et al. {Iz Ueziilator \'< (/ctatzioiuuiikh Opiiitov I Luhont-
tonuiikh Eahot za WO.',, tDOG. i 1907. Moseoiv, 1909. pp. T7+2.37, pi. 1, figs. 65.
(Ignis. 6). — This is a collection of articles, dealing mainly with fei'tilizer experi-
ments, and noted from other sources (E. S. R.. 22, pp. 126. 127, 128, 129, 130,
20S. 222. 223. 224, 226, 228, 2.30).

Experiments on the fertilizer requirements of soils, A. G. Doyabenko {Izv.
Moslcov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. (Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou), 15 {1909), No. 2, pp.
137-1-'/-'/). — Comparative tests of different fertilizers on clay and sandy soils in
pot and field experiments arc reported, showing that while the influence of the
different fertilizers was in the same direction in the pot and field experiments
the increase due to fertilizing were much greater in the former than in the
latter.

Report of the chemist, P. L. GiLE (Porto Rico Sta. Bpt. 1908, pp. 29-32).—
A brief account is given of the work during 1908, which included mainly exami-
nations of soils and bat guanos, and studies of the decomposition of calcium
cyanamid in storage.

Of the 23 samples of soils examined in a general way for acidity, lack of
humus, and similar unfavorable conditions, many were found to be decidedly
acid, and some were found to be unproductive on account of a strongly alkaline
condition. A stimulating effect on pineapples as a result of treatment of some
of the soils with carbon bisulphid is reported.

Examinations of 16 samples of bat guano from caves in different parts of the
island showed nitrogen varying from 0.04 to 9.27 per cent, phosphoric acid 0.75
to 21.42 per cent, and potash 0.05 to 1.9 per cent. In the samples showing the
highest percentages of nitrogen this constituent was found to be largely in the
form of unavailable chitin derived from undecomposed wing and body coverings
of insects.

Analyses are reported which show that thetuitii-ogen in calcium cyaHamid stored
in an open bin fell from 13.05 per cent, August 8, to 10.89 per cent, December
10. The nitrogen escaped largely, if not entirely, in the form of ammonia.

An analysis of nitrate of soda, F. Schulze (Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw.
Osterr., 12 (1909), Xo. 7, pp. 586, 587). — Samples taken from 3 different sacks
showed marked variation in nitrogen content. The average composition of the
mixed samples was nitrate of potash 7.69, nitrate of soda 36.93, magnesium
sulphate 17.79, sodium sulphate 0.66, sodium chlorid .30.31. sodium chlorate 0.61,
insoluble matter 1.11. and water 1.43 i)er cent.

Precautions to be taken in employing' nitrate of soda as a top-dressing',
HiTiER (Engrais, 2-'/ (1909), No. 23, pp. 630, 631; ahs. in Chem. Ahs., 3 (J909).

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 225

No. 21, p. 2602). — The injury resulting to beets from top-dressing with nitrate
of soda in dry weather is explained on the basis of Miintz and Gaudechon's
investigations (E. S. R., 21, pp. 23,621) as due to a localized and concentrated
solution of the salt.

The great guano deposits of Peru (Bui. Internat. Bur. Amcr. Repub. {Eng-
lish Sect.), 29 {1909), No. 5, pp. 88-'i-891, figs. 5; Soi. Amer. Sup., 69 {1910), No.
1775, pp. 28, 29, figs. 5). — The guano deposits are described and the history and
present status of tlie industi'y are briefly discussed. Attention is also called to
the proiwsal to protect the guano-producing birds and thus to insure a coutinu-
jiiice of the sui)p]y of guano.

The development of the ammonia industry in gas works during the last
fifty years, R. W. Hilgenstock {Chcm. Engin., 10 {1909), No. 3. pp. 77-83, figs.
12). — Progress in processes and apparatus, and cost of production by certain
German processes are reviewed.

Brief statistical notes on sulphate of ammonia, Siemssen {Dent. Landw.
Prcssc, 36 (JHOH). No. 93, p. 993, <lgiiis. J). — The i)n)duction and consumption of
sulphate of ammonia in Germany are presented in notes and diagrams. It is
shown that the production increased from 79.000 tons in 189.5 to 291.000 tons
in 190S, while the consumption increased from about 50,000 tons in 1895 to over
310,000 tons in 1908. The exi)ort increased from an insignificant amount in
1895 to about 70,000 tons in 1908. The imports have been very variable, but
were only slightly greater in 1908 than in 1895.

Ammonia from soot, J. E. Steely (Power and Engin., 31 {1909), No. 22,
p. 929). — The reactions l)y which ammonium compounds are produced in the
combustion of coal are explained and attention is called to the importance of
jircveiiting this source of waste. It is estimated that with a plant using 100
tons daily of coal containing 1 per cent of nifrogen and 2 per cent of sulphur
there would be produced more than 4 tons of ammonium sulphate per day worth
over $200.

On the electrochemical fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, A. Zammarchi
{Comment. Ateneo Brescia, 1908, pp. 131-180, pi. 1, figs. 13). — This is a review
of the different methods of obtaining nitrogen from the air. A bibliography of
61 references is appended.

Manufacture of lime nitrogen, II, F. Foerstek and H. Jacoby {Ztschr.
EU'ldroehem., 15 {1909), No. 21, pp. 820-83.'t. figs. .J).— This is a continuation of
:i previous discussion of the subject (E. S. R., 19, p. 423) and deals particularly
with the relation of temperature with and without addition of other substances
(calcium chlorid and fluorid and potassium chlorid) to the rate of formation of
calcium cyanamid. Observations, especially upon the self-heating of the mass
accompanying the formation of the cyanamid, are recorded in detail.

The inJlustry of cyanogen derivatives as related to atmospheric nitrogen,
M. Manuelli, trans, by M. Quesneville {Eiigrais, 2'/ {1909), Nos. 32, pp.
887-893; 34, pp. 9 4 1-9. ',3). —The hi.story and present status of this industry are
quite fully stated and the principles underlying the processes employed are
explained.

The cyanamid industry of France, C. Pluvinage (6/^7. Soc. Encour. Indus.
Nnt. [Paris], 111 (1909), No. 3, pp. 549-562, figs. 3; abs. in Nature [London],
81 (1909); No. 2077, pp. 222, 223).— This article describes the plant and methods
of manufacture used at Notre Dame de Briangon, France, where abundant
water power is available. Results of tests of the fertilizing value of the
cyanamid are also reviewed. The author concludes as a result of his observa-
tions that the material may be used with advantage at rates of from 150 to 250
kg. per hectare (133.5 to 222.5 lbs. per acre) applied before planting. It may be

226 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

mixed with basic slas or ])otasli salts but should not be mixed with super-
phosphate.

The new nitrogenous fertilizers in our agriculture, E. De Cillis {1st. Agr.
Siciliano "Valdisavoja'' Rclaz. 1906-1908, pp. 111-115). — The author discusses
briefly the various sources of nitrogen for agricultural use, and gives a brief
description of the diftereut methods of obtaining nitrogen from the air. Con-
clusions regarding the changes that calcium cyanamid undergoes in the soil and
the results of culture experiments at ditferent places are summarized.

Various experiments with calcium cyanamid, E. De Cillis {1st. Agr. 8i-
eiUano " Valdisavoja '' Relaz.' 1906-1908, pp. Ill-ISO, fig. i).— Two series of
experiments are reported, the first of which is a study of the changes in nitro-
gen content which take place when calcium cyanamid is exposed to the air.
From this it is concluded that calcium cyanamid exposed to the air absorbs a
considerable quantity of moisture, resulting in an increase of volume and of
weight and a decrease in percentage of nitrogen ; the decrease in the percentage
of nitrogen corresponds roughly to the increase in weight. There is no per-
ceptible loss of ammonia nor of other volatile nitrogenous compounds. The
limits of increase in weight and of the corresponding decrease in the percentage
of nitrogen are extremely variable and are proportional to the humidity of the
atmosphere. The daily increase in weight was from 0.16 to 1.4 per cent of the
weight of the original substance and the relative loss of nitrogen varied from
0.028 to 0.19 per cent per day.

The second series of experiments reported is a comparison of calcium cyana-
mid with other nitrogenous fertilizers, namely, sulphate of ammonia, nitrate
of soda, and dried blood, applied to corn for forage and to sugar beets. Cal-
cium cyanamid gave results about equal to those obtained from nitrate of soda
and decidedly superior to those from sulphate of ammonia. As a top-dressing
it was not so effective as when broadcasted before planting.

Fertilizer experiments with lime nitrogen, J. Behrens {Ber. Landw. Vers.
Anst. Augustenb., 1906, pp. JfO-Jf2). — Plat experiments on barley with lime nitro-
gen, nitrogen lime, and nitrate of soda are briefly reported. The three sub-
stances were applied at rates furnishing equal amounts of nitrogen. The lime
nitrogen and nitrogen lime were applied 7 days before seeding and the nitrate
of soda as a top-dressing some time after seeding.

The results with the nitrate were decidedly better than with the other two
substances. The examination of the grain with reference to nitrogen content
gave no results which could be ascribed to the varying effect of the different
fertilizers.

The influence of calcium carbonate on transformations of cyanamid in
the soil, P. D. Verevkin {Isv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron.
Moscou^, 15 {1909), No. 2, pp. 193-199, dgm. 1).—The principal results of the
investigations here reported are given in a diagram, which indicates that the
addition of calcium carbonate interfered somewhat with the formation of
ammonia but promoted nitrification of cyanamid in the soil.

The agricultural value of lime nitrogen, W. Frear {Penn. Dept. Agr. Bui.
177. pp. 78-81). — This is a brief account of the manufacture and use as a fer-
tilizer of this material. Attention is called to recent experiments indicating that
it is well adapted to mixing with superphosphates.

German potash industry, A. M. Thackara {Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts.
\JJ. S.^, 1909, No. 349, pp. 175-180). — The importance of this industry from the
American standpoint is shown by the fact that one-half of the export from the
German potash mines is consumed in the United States. It is explained how
the rupture in the German Potash Syndicate has resulted in lower prices to the
American consumer with a prospect of further reduction in the future. Static-

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

227

tit'S of the outiJiit of the ditt'ereut salts uud of the cost and profits of production
of different mines are given.

The output and value of the different salts during 1908 are sliown in the
following table:

Outjjut and value of iieinnan ijolasli salts, l'M)8.

Description.

Output.

Value.

Average
value per ton.

Kainit

Other potash salts

Muriate of potash a

Sulphate of potash

Sulphate of potash-magnesia.

Total

Metric ions.

2, 589, 804

3, 500, 635

508, 622

55, 755

33, 149

«8, 812, 426
8,064,630

13, 387, 738

2, 037, 994

663,068

6,687,965 , 32,965,856

$3.40
2.30
26. 32
36.55
20.00

a Including 117,390 tons of manure salts, worth $1,843,786.

The use of potash in German agriculture in 1908, P. Kkisciie (Ennihr.
I'/lnnze, 5 (1909), Nos. 20, yp. IGJ-KS',, ihjm. 1; 21, pp. /7.i-/7,S').— A detailed
analysis is given of statistics of consumption in the different provinces of the
German Empire during the year. It is stated that during 1908, 300,288.23 tons
of potash salts were used.

Different forms of phosphoric acid in commercial phosphatic fertilizers,
J. Kavkntos (Rev. Inst. Agr. Cataldn San Isidro, 58 (1909), Nos. 16, pp. 2Jf5-
2J,9; 17, pp. 263-265; 19, pp. 298-300; 21, pp. 332-335).— A rather complete
sunmiarj' of the information on this subject is given.

Drying of superphosphates, L. Pikkkon {Rev. Chim. Indus.. 19, pp. 328-332;
20, pp. 15-27; abs. in Chem. Abs., 3 {1909), No. 21, p. 2605).— 0\d and modern
methods are described and the conditions necessary to success are explained.

The world's production of mineral superphosphate in 1908, MAizifiEES
{Engrais, 2Jt {1909), \g. J,5, pp. 12Ji5, 12J,6). — The total production is given as
!i.(X)0.000 metric tons, requiring for its manufacture .^),000.00() tons of mineral
jihosphate. The largest producers were the United States 2,.'{49.000 tons,
France 1.008,000 tons, (iermany 1..')S(;.000 tons, and Italy 1.080,000 tons.

The phosphate deposits of the United States, F. B. A^an Horn ( f7. S. Geol.
Survey Bui. S9.'i, pp. 157-171). — The various phosphate deposits in the United
States are described and statistics of their production and exportation are given.
Special emphasis is laid upon the importance of conserving the phosphate re-
sources of the United States.

Production of phosphate rock in Florida, E. H. Sellards {Proc. Fla. State
Hort. Soe., 22 {1909), pp. 13S- 1. ', 1 ) .—Th\i> is a brief statement regarding the de-
velopment and present status of phosphate mining in Florida. Attention is
called to the large loss of floats in ordinary methods of milling and to the
importance of finding means of preventing such wastes.

" Humifera " as a fertilizer, E. De Cillis {1st. Agr. Siciliano " Valdisavoja "
Relaz. 1906-1908, pp. 131-141).— This is a fertilizing material made from refuse
olive skins.

Analysis showed ash 12.69, water 12.61, organfc nitrogen 1.65, phosphoric acid
0.43, and potash 1.61 per cent. The ash analysis gave phosphoric acid 3.39,
potash 12.79, various salts, carbon dioxid, etc., 22.4, and insoluble matter 61.42
per cent.

From the experiments reported the general conclusion is drawn that " humi-
fera " is a good organic fertilizer and of value in regions where stable manure

228 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

is scarce. It is not siiitaldc for rapidly firowiufX crops, but may be used in
orchards and in j^cncral wliere a fertilizer of slow action is desired.

Report of the fertilizer division, II. I). IIaskins iM(issachu.srtts t<i(i. Riit.
1908, lit. ,i. pp. JN-i7.).— A l)rief account is here given of fertilizer inspection
and of the e.\aniination of materials sent to the station by farmers and farmers'
organizations. During the spring of 1!)0S, 624 samples of fertilizers represent-
ing 400 distinct brands were collected and 454 samples were examined. The
increase in the use of high grade fertilizers is noted and commended.

The inspection of commercial fertilizers in 1907 {Rpt. Bd. Agr. [N. 11.],
30 {I'.IOJ-S), pp. J.';,S-J/,i).— The results of inspection of 94 brands of mixed
fertilizers and 0 samples of chemicals offered for sale in New Hampshire are
reported. Of the fertilizers examined. 20 brands were found to be deficient in
one or more constituents to an extent which would reduce theii- value below that
of the guaranty. The deficiencies, however, appeared to be accidental rather
than intentional.

Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers, C. S. Cathcart et al.
(New Jersey tSias. Hid. 22.3. pp. J-J.9). — This bulletin reports analyses and valu-
ations of 498 samples of fertilizers representing .30.5 commercial brands and
including also 130 samples of fertilizer supplies, 10 home mixtures, and 35
special compounds.

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. Frear (Penn. Dept. Agr. Bills. 173,
pp. 57; 185, pp. 87). — These bulletins contain reports of the inspection of fer-
tilizers in the State from August 1. 1908, to August 1, 1909, and include analyses
of 1,105 samples of fertilizing materials.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

The influence of various salts on the germination of corn, Olga and
Elizabeth Chudinui (Isv. Moskov. ^elsk. Khoz. Inst. {Ann. Inst. Agron.
Moscou), 15 (1909), No. 2, pp. 230-23.',, figs. 2, dgm. i).— The experiments
described by the authors were undertaken to determine the influence of calcium
salts on the germination of seed, the results being supplemented by a study
of the role of other connnon nutrient substances. The experiments were carried
on with corn in modified water cultures, comparisons being made of the growth
in distilled water, a complete nutrient solution, and solutions lacking various
elements, such as lime, nitrogen, potash, phosphorus, and magnesia.

The seedlings were grown for 10 or 20 day periods, at the end of which time
they were collected, the cotyledons separated from them, and both dried. The
length of stems and roots was measured, and those collected at the end of the
10-day period, when the reserve material of the seed was not yet exhausted,
indicated that calcium plays a more important role than the other elements,
inasmuch as its absence from the nutrient media resulted in the least growth.
At the end of the 20-day period the results were still more striking, the solution
deficient in lime giving the least growth of any of the solutions, and even less
than that produced In distillcvl water.

Influence of electricity on micro-organisms, G. E. Stone ( Bot. Gaz., Ji8
(1909), No. 5, lip. 359-379, figs. 2). — The results of investigations showing the
influence of electricity on the growth and multiplication of micro-organisms are
given. The studies were carried on to determine the influence of electricity
on bacteria in water, milk, and soils, as well as the influence of electrical stimu-
lation on yeasts.

The studies with water were taken up primarily to determine the possibility
of obtaining pure water by means of electricity, but it was soon found that
instead of a decrease in the bacterial content there was an increase from the

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 229

electrical stimulation. This was found to be quite constant where the strength
of the current was not too great.

Similar results were obtained with milk, and where static electricity was
used a positive charge was found to favor the development of bacteria to a
very considerable extent. Where heavy charges were used the number of
organisms decreased very decidedly, but feeble electrical currents and small
static charges acted as stimuli to bacteria in milk, increasing their number
perceptibly. In this connec-tion it is stated that conditions during thunder-
storms may accelerate bacterial action by electrical stimulation and thus in-
crease the number of bacteria and incidentally hasten souring.

As a result of all the experiments in the growiug of plants, it was found that
when currents of 0.1 to O.G milliampere were used all forms of plant life were
stimulated.

The stimulating effect of weak currents on yeast is shown in the increased
amount of carbon dioxid given off by the yeast.

The effect of various colored lights on carbon dioxid assimilation, H.
Kniep and F. Minder (Ztschr. Bot., I {1D09), No. 10, pp. 619-650, fig. 1).—
Studies were made with Elodea canadensis to determine the effect of different
colored lights on carbon dioxid assimilation. The usual claim that it is the
red rays which are principally concerned in increasing assimilation was found
to be only partially true. Other rays of the spectrum that have short wave
lengths were found lo stimulate assimilation to a marked degree.

Preliminary observations on the transpiration current in submerged
water plants, D. Thoday and M. G. Sykes {Ann. Bot. [London], 23 (1909),
No. 92, pp. 6S5-637). — On account of the possible bearing of the subject on the
explanation of the ascent of water in tall trees, the authors have made an
investigation of the transpiration current in submerged plants, studying vari-
ous species of Potamogeton and other aquatics. The results showed that there
was a decidedly rai)id movement of water in detached rootless stems of P.
luccns and that this current was largely dependent on the leaves.

Investigations of the beans of Phaseolus vulgaris at different stages of
growth, U. Pfenningeu Uirr. Dent. Bot. (Icsell., 21 [191)9), No. 5, pp. 227-23Ji;
aJ)S. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 (1909), No. 562, II, p. 696).— The author
has established the translocation of various nitrogenous compounds from the
pod to the seed, his experiments showing that the decrease of nitrogenous sub-
stance in the pod is accompanied by an increase in the seed.

In the early stages of development 1.41 per cent of nitrogen was found present
in the pods as protein and 1.65 as nonprotein. In the final stages the total
nitrogen was O.SS per cent, of which 0.S7 per cent was protein. The total
nitrogen in the seeds was 5 per cent in the first stages, 3.59 per cent being
protein and 1.41 per cent nonprotein. In the final stage the total nitrogen was
4.23 per cent, of which 4.01 per cent was protein. When the seed was fully
ripe it was found to contain more nonprotein nitrogen than in the earlier stages
of development.

The concentration of asparagin in different portions of seedlings of Vicia
faba, Lydia Kkestovnikova ilzv. MoKkov. tivlsk. Khoz. Inst. (Ann. Inst. Agron.
Moscou), 15 {1909), No. 2, pp. 2J.5-^37).— Previous experiments of Prianish-
nikov have shown that the concentration of asparagin becomes greater in the
seedling than in the cotyledon as the growth of the plant is developed. The
present investigation was undertaken with the object of determining whether
the concentration of asparagin is the same in the upper and lower portions of
the seedlings. Beans were germinated in sand and transferred to a netting
placed over distilled water and the cultures maintained for 14 days. After this
time the cotyledons and radicles were separated from the rest of the plant and
the asparagin content of the upper and lower portions of the stems determined.

230 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

From the data obtaiiu'd it seemed that there was practically no difference in
tile proportion of aspara^iu in the upper and lower portions of the two-weeliS-
old stems. While there was considerable tiuctnation between Individuals, the
determinations showed such sllpht differences that the author thinks they could
be disregarded.

Alleged utilization of atmospheric nitrogen by certain special trichomes
in plants, F. Kovkssi (Com /it. Rend. Acdd. Scl. [f'aris]. ] )'.) (I'.lOD), \o. /.
jjp. 5G-o8). — Following the publication of the investigation of Janiieson (E. S. R.,
19, p. 127), the author has made a study of the special trichomes which it is
claimed are able to store ui) and utilize the nitrogen of the air. He cultivated
a large number of species of plants in hermetically sealed jars and later ex-
amined them and found that the trichomes on plants cultivated either in the
open air or in atniosi)heres deprived of nitrogen developed in precisely the same
manner. These trichomes on examination showed no evidence that the albumi-
noid substances contained in them were obtained from the nitrogen of the air.

The presence of a cyanogenetic glucosid in Linaria striata, E. Boukquelot
{Jour. Pharm. ct Chun., 6. ser., 30 (1909), No. 9, pp. 385-389).— The author
reports that L. striata, a rather common roadside weed, is shunned by sheep,
and a study was made to determine the cause. He found the plant to contain a
cyanogenetic glucosid which under the action of emulsion gave hydrocyanic
acid, benzoic aldehyde, and a reducing sugar, probably glucose.

Investigations on the effect of formaldehyde on green plants, V. Grafe
;ind Emmy Vieser (Ber. Dent. Bot. GcscJI., 21 {190'.)), A-o. 7, pp. 431-U6, figs.
2). — In continuation of a line of experiments previously reported (E. S. R.,
21, ]). 128), studies have been made on the effect of formaldehyde gas on green
plants. Bean seedlings were grown in atmospheres containing this gas with
and without carbon dioxid and the effect noted. The report is only a pre-
liminary one and the authors state that no deductions are to be drawn from
their experiments.

Smoke injury from steam eng'ines, W. Herbig {Ztsclir. Angew. Chem., 22
{1909), No. 39, pp. 1882-1890, figs. 2). — A review is given of literature showing
the injurious effect of smoke and dust from flues of different kinds of indus-
trial works, and attention is called to the injury due to locomotive engines
which is attributed not only to sulphuric but also to sulphurous acid given
off by them.

Studies in heredity as illustrated by the trichomes of species and hybrids
of Juglans, (Enothera, Papaver, and Solanum, W. A. Cannox (Carnegie
Inst. Washington Pnh. Ill', pp. 61, pis. 10, figs. 21). — Studies were made of
the trichomes of 11 different species and hybrids of .luglans, CEnothera, Pa-
paver, and Solanum, which represent considerable range of life conditions as
well as types of variation.

The GEnothera hybrids were found to inherit chai-acters from both parents,
but did not revert to either line. Only one type of trichome was found in
Papaver which had in the hybrids an intermediate structural character. In
the Solanum hybrid as well as in the species two types of trichomes were found,
but of these only one was common to both parental lines and the hybrid. The
second type found in the hybrid was inherited from »S. giiinense. In the Jug-
lans hybrids examined the first and second generations showed intermediate
leaf characters and each hybrid was found to bear all the trichomes found in
both parents. In the second generation some abnormal trichomes were found
that were evident modifications of the types already existing.

Variation in peas, F. A. Waugh and J. K. Shaw {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt.
1908, pt. 2, pp. 161-173, dgms. 3). — In continuation of the previous report (E. S.

FIELD CROPS. 231

U., 20, p. 325) the authors give an account of studies being conducted to deter-
mine accurately the Aariation in a common variety of garden peas. In connec-
tion witli this work the subject of heredity and correlation of characters is
being considered, but nothing has been developed in the way of correlations.
The studies in variation showed marked differences in the different strains of
Iieas. In the studies in heredity the second generation gave no very conclu-
f^ive results.

On self-sterility in red clover, H. Witte (Sreriyes Utsadcsfor. Tidskr.. 19
(1909), No. 2, PI). 106-1 tO). — Experiments conducted by the author led to the
conclusion that some of the varieties of red clover are entirely self-sterile, and
that this is also the case with alsike clover and bird's foot clover.

FIELD CROPS.

Report of the agriculturist, W. P. P.uooks, E. S. Fultox, and E. F. Gaskill
i Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1908, pt. 2, pp. 32-36). — This is a report of work of
which previous results have been noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 327). It was con-
(Inclcd with 384 pots in the vegetation house, 136 closetl plats, and 313 field
plats.

In the exiterinient begun in 1890 to determine the relative value of barnyard
manure, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood as a source of
nitrogen, the year's crop was alsike clover mixed with grasses that came into
the plats. The relative rank of these materials for the year was dried blood,
nitrate of soda, barnyard manure, and sulphate of ammonia. The average per-
centage basis for all results secured since 1890 is as follows: Nitrate of soda,
100 ; barnyard manure, 81.57 ; sulphate of ammonia, 60.18 ; and dried blood, 68.40.

*' Since a pound of nitrogen usually sells at a lower price in nitrate of soda
than in either of the others, the wisdom t)f making a large use of this material
as a source of nitrogen is apparent."

On a field where potash salts had been applied for 11 years to certain plats the
average results were in favor of the potash plats in the case of corn to the
extent of 2.7 per cent, but in favor of the no-potash plats in the case of cab-
bage to the extent of 6.33 per cent. During the previous season potatoes were
grown on this field and showed a difference of 36.96 per cent in favor of the
potash plats.

The field where a special corn fertilizer was tested produced in 1908 the
heaviest crop in its history, 94 bu. of sound corn and 7.760 lbs. of stover per
jicre being yielded with the special fertilizer as compared with 90.23 bu. of
sound corn and 9,224 lbs. of stover with a. fertilizer richer in potash. This
experiment has continued now 18 years without a single unprofitable crop.

An acre which has grown corn and grass for 19 years, most of the time in
alternate periods of two years produced corn at the rate of 90.43 bu. of hard
grain and 8.800 lbs. of stover per acre on the portion fertilized with manure
alone at the rate of 6 cords per acre, whereas on that portion fertilized at the
rate of 4 cords of manure and 160 lbs. of high-grade sulphate of potash per acre,
86.72 bu. of hard corn and 8,280 lbs. of stover per acre were produced. The
greater yield produced with manure alone is insufficient to balance the greater
cost of this method.

The field used to test different phosphates was planted to cabbages. Drought
affected the yield but not the comparative results. The highest yields were
obtained from the plats receiving raw bone at the rate of 20,240 lbs., dissolved
boneblack, 20,018 lbs., and basic slag meal, 19,120 lbs. per acre, respectively,
these being eight times greater than those on the no-phosphate plats.

On a nine-acre field of grass land top-dressed with manure, bone and potash,
and wood ashes at the rates of 5,005, 5.345, and 4,624 lbs. per acre, respectively.

232 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

the yield was at tlio rate of 4,077 lbs. per acre. The average yield for the pe-
riod of 1S!K> to i;»()S, inclusive, was (>,220 lbs. per acre. Deficiency in rainfall
reduced the yield of rowen in 1908.

In the experiment comparing winter and si)ring applications of manure the
crop was mixed grasses and showed a 10 per cent greater yield of hay and a 14^
per cent greater yield of rowen in the case of the spring application.

Report of the agronomist, A. yi. Tkn Eyck {Kansati Htti. Rpt. t'JOH, />/).
A'A'A'/-A'A'A'ry//). — A general sunnnary of the various lines of work carried on
by the department of agronomy of the station is given.

The continuation of fertilizer experiments wilh wheat and oats shows marked
results in favor of the use of barnyard manure. Nitrates and phosphates also
gave increased yields especially with wheat. An experiment with alfalfa to
determine the relative value of barnyard manure and chemical fertilizers ap-
plied to a previous crop on worn land indicated a yield on the land treated with
well-rotted barnyard manure, double that obtained from unfertilized plats.
Culture methods of desti-oying bindweed were ini successful, but there is indica-
tion that success will result from winter plowing and the use of such smother
crops as Kafir corn and sorghum.

Report of the cooperative experiment station, McPherson, V. L. Cory
{Kansas l^ta. Ri)t. lOOS, pp. XXI\-XXVin).—A general outline of the work
with field crops at this station is presented.

Among the various things enumerated it is pointed out that Boswell winter
oats, a black variety of English origin, yielded 50.55 bu. per acre and that winter
plantings of durum wheat gave an average yield of IS.ll bu. per acre as com-
pared with G.55 bu. for spring plantings. The highest yield per acre, 37.57 bu.,
resulted from a fall-sown durum wheat which had been grown as a winter
wheat for 3 years. Thirteen varieties of spring barley selected for winter plant-
ing gave average yields of 25.12 and 37.13 bu. per acre from fall and spring
planting respectively. A test of winter oats gave promising results. Ten varie-
ties of buckwheat, planted at intervals of 1 week beginning with the first Tues-
day in April, gave results in favor of the earlier plantings during the 3 years of
the test. The average yield for all varieties at the best planting date w^as 17.14
bu. The best variety averaged 15.5 bu, for all plantings.

First report of the agricultural college farm. Poena, July 15, 1908, J. B.
Knight {Dcpt. Agr., BcDiibaij, Ann. Rpt. Expt. Work Agr. Col. Sta. [Poona],
1907-8, pp. 5). — This farm of 145 acres has a great variety of soils ranging
from deep black to light calcareous soils. Work has been begun with varieties
of jawars, wheats, cottons, turs, and chillies, in each of which local adjustment
has been observed, as the seed was introduced from other localities.

Oil-yielding grasses grown at Bandarawela, J. F. Jowitt (Circs, and Agr.
Jour. Roil. Bot. Curd.. Cci/Inn, J, {lOOS), \o. U,. pp. 109-12It).— This article con-
tains notes on the growing of, and distillation of oil from, citronella grass,
lemon grass, and certain other grasses grown on Bandarawela soil.

Report on the results of experiments in 1905 and 1906 on the manuring
and inoculation of the bean crop, II. P. Wright (^Ycst of Scot. Agr. Col. Ann.
Rpt., 9 {1909). pp. 80-98) .—Dm-ius 1905, 16 experiments were conducted to
determine the value of inoculation, but with contradictory results on each of
the types of soil used. During 1906 the inoculation trials were discontinued
and the scope of the experiments was altered to include the entire subject of
manuring. The results with various fertilizers differed so widely that final
conclusions are withh<']d pending further trials.

The cost of a bushel of corn, W. P. Brooks {Massachusetts 8ta. Rpt. 1908,
pt. 1, pp. 12-17).— The data presented here was derived from the experimental
cultivation of an acre of corn for a period of IS years. It is shown that the

FIELD CROPS. 233

average product has been about 56 bu. and that it has cost about 45 cts. per
bushel to produce it.

Corn judging-, R. A. Moore (Wisconsin Sta. Circ. Inform. 8, pp. 16, figs. 10). —
The importance of corn judging as a basis of improvement is stated and a
score card prepared with special reference to Wisconsin conditions is presented
and fully explained.

Annual report of the Ontario Corn Growers' Association, 1908 (Ann. Rpt.
Ontario Corn Groweis'' Assoc. 1908, pp. ^7, figs. 13). — This report contains the
constitution of the association and a series of addresses and articles of a
popular nature on the problems of corn production.

Cotton breeding for farmers, R. J. H. De Loach (Bill. Univ. Ga. No. 106.
pp. 2-'i. figs. 9). — A popular i)resentation of the general subject of cotton breed-
ing, with information on diseases and varieties of cotton.

Observations on the effects of storage on cotton seed, H. A. Tempany ( West
Indian Bui., 10 {1909), No. 2, pp. 12I-12Ji). — It was observed that after a period
of storage, crushed cotton seed gave a bright yellow color when mixed with
water, due to rupture and chemical change in the resin cavities in the seed
mass. A study of the effects of storage showed that fresh seed had a germi-
nation percentage of 51 on February 24, 1908, of 49 on .lune 3. but of only S
on April 24, 1909. Substantially the same results were obtained when seed
from the same lot was preserved in a desiccator over strong sul])buric acid for
the same length of time.

Forty-first annual report of the flax supply association for the improve-
ment of the culture of flax in Ireland, and the dissemination of informa-
tion relative to the production and supply of flax for the year 1908 {Ann.
Rpt. Fla.v tiuppiii Assoc. Inland, J,l {1908). pp. J)). — Statistical data on the
flax and linen industries in Ireland and other countries are given.

Varieties of oats, L. Malpeaux {.four. Agr. Prat., n. scr.. 18 {1909), No. J/O.
pp. 1(67-469). — Studies in seed selection and in variation in nitrogen content
and in difficulty of mastication as related to cellulose content are presented
in this article, together with analyses and other data in tabular form for the
d'Yvois, de Kirsch, Hvitting, Pluie d'Or, Abondance, Ligowo de I'Ecole, Ligowo
II, Probster Blanche, and des Salines varieties. From the standpoint of nitro-
gen content and yield the best results were obtained with Abondance, Pluie
d'Or, d'Yvois, and Probster.

Report on an experiment in 1906 on the effects of planting sprouted seed
on the yield of the potato crop, II. P. Wuigiit ( W(:<<t of IScot. Agr. Col. Ann.
Rpt., 9 {1909), pp. 101-114). — The object of this experiment was to determine
the effect upon yield of sprouting potato tubers before planting. The increase
varied with the varieties tested, the later varieties showing a decided increase.

Report of the cultivation of potatoes with chemical fertilizers at Penha,
P. Cavalcanti {Lavoiira; Bol. Soc. Nac. Agr. [Brazil], 13 {1909), No. 4-6, pp.
102-104). — In a combined variety and fertilizer test, the best yield was obtained
from Aspargo, followed by Rose-native and Lechs.

Annual of the rice culture experiment station {Ann. Staz. Sper. Risicolt.
VerceUi, 1908, pp. 179, pis. 18, figs. 23). — This publication is a digest of informa-
tion for the rice producer, in which the status of the industry is outlined. Cuts
and descriptions of, and data concerning, varieties of rice are followed by
general information on seed selection, manuring, methods of preparation of the
soil, planting, cultivation, h:irvesting, drying, and storing. Statistics of imports
and exports are also given.

Tobacco districts and types, J. P. Killebrew (U. S. Dept. .Agr., Bur. Statis.
Circ. 18, pp. 16). — This circular describes briefly the several tobacco districts

234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

of the United States, the types of tohawo jirown. and the methods of handling
the ci-oiis.

Bright tobaccos, F. (Miari.an {CinidtJn Dcjil. Am:. Tobdcco Dir. Bui. A7, pp.
l.'i). — This bulletin discusses soils, fertilization, cultivation, curing, and market-
ing as related to the tobacco industry in southern Virginia and North Carolina.

Tobacco, F. Charlan (Canada Dcpt. A (jr.. Tobacco Div. Bills. Al, pp. 10;
A2, pp. 8; A3, pp. I'f). — In the first of these bulletins general information with
regard to the setting up of the forcing bed, germination, sowing, weeding, thin-
ning, ventilation, and transplanting of seedlings is given, as well as data as to
the diseases and insect pests of (he plant. In the second data are presented on
the plant food requirements of the tobacco crop and the essential qualities of
smolvlng tobacco, with directions for the proj^er use of manures to secure a crop
of good quality. The third bulletin contains notes on the selection, pre])aration
and manuring of land for tobacco, sowing, setting out, resetting, cultivation,
hilling, thinning, topping, sucliering, harvesting, and the selection of seed plants,
directions for curing, stripping, bulking, tying, and the control of fermentation,
and descriptions of the diseases and insect enemies of tobacco.

Investigations concerning seed wheat, C. W. Burkett {Kansas iita. Rpt.
1908, pp. T-XII). — The text of the state law of 1907, authorizing the importa-
tion of seed wheat is given, together with a partial account of the observations
of the director of the station during a trip to Turkey and Russia for the pur-
pose of investigating the sources of seed wheat supply and arranging for im-
portations. Brief descriptions are given of the 17 varieties of wheat imported
for trial at the station.

The fertilization of wheat, P. Lavallee (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. .sen, 18 {1909),
A'o. 39, pp. .'fS'i. .'i3'>). — An account is given of a combination test of varieties of
wheat and of superphosphate as a fertilizer on a clay soil.

The varieties tested were Hatif Inversable, Ble de Noe, Rouge de Bor-
deaux, Japhet, Precoce d'Avrille, Bon Fermier, Blanc a Epi Rouge, and Jaune
a Barbes. Jaune a Barbes was the latest single variety to ripen but produced
the highest yield of both grain and straw. The second in yield was Hatif
Inversable which was also the earliest of all varieties tested. The average
yield for all varieties was at the rate of 3,022 kg. per hectare (about 2,690 lbs.
per acre). This was 471 kg. per hectare more than was obtained on neighbor-
ing farms, and is deemed to justify the application of superphosphate at the
rate of 400 kg. per hectare before sowing.

Zapupe: A new type of fiber plant, J. B. de Santisteban (Zapupe: Nuevo
Tipo de Planta Fibrosa. Mexico, 1909, pp. 56, figs. 11).— The industrial and
natural history of the plant are outlined, and Agave zapupe, A. lespinassei, A.
endlichiana, A. aboriginum n. sp., and A. deweyana are described. Notes on
the cultivation of the plant and status of the industry are presented and a
bibliography appended.

[Wyethia mollis], A. A. Heller {MuJilenbergia, 5 (1909), Xo. 9. pp. 131,
132). — This plant, locally known as mule ears, is most abundant at altitudes of
6,000 to 8,000 ft., and is important as a forage crop for sheep. Nearly all of
the 15 species of the genus are native to the Pacific coast and only W. mollis
and W. amplexicaulis are found in Nevada. W. lanceolata is local in the Blue
Mountains of Oregon. W. arizoniea and IF. scabra are found in the southern
Rocky Mountains and W. amplexicaulis and W. helianthoides in the northern
Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin. Seven species are confined to California.

Certain Californian Thalictra, PI L. Greene ( Muhlenbergia, 5 (1909), Xo.
9, pp. 128-131). — Tlialictrum polycarpum is renamed T. ametrum and more fully
described. T. mendocinum, T. magarum, and T. lutiiisculum are described as
new.

FIELD CROPS. 235

Notes on some introduced plants of southern California, II, S. B. Parish
(Muhlcnbergia, 5 {190'.)), No. 0, pp. 121-128). — It is stated that only one variety
of prickly lettuce (Lnctuca scariola var. integrata) has reached the Pacific
coast. Notes on the history and distribution of Taraxacum officinale. HUyhnm
marianum, Xanthium spinositvi, i^alsoJa kali tragus, Raphanus raphanistrum,
K. sativa, Tribulus tcrrestris, Medicago lupulina, McUlotus alba, PJantngo lan-
crolata. Daucus carota, and Datura tatula are also given.

Dodder v. alfalfa, E. M. Wilcox (Insect Pest and Plant Disease Bur. Neir..
Div. Hot. Circ. 3, pp. 3, figs. -)). — This circular presents a popular discussion of
dodder as a parasite, its Introduction, detection, and removal from seeds, and
its eradication from alfalfa fields.

[The effects of chemicals and proprietary preparations on vegetation and
weeds], G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 190S. pt. 1, pp. 62-12, pi. /).— In
general in these experiments a solution of 1 part of the chemical employed to
20 parts of water or 4 lbs. to 10 gal. was applied at the rate of 10 gal. per
square rod.

Carbolic acid killed vegetation more quickly than any other substance, but
the treatment was not perceptible 2 months later. Fifty per cent mixtures of
benzin and gasoline in water produced similar results, while a .50 per cent
mixture of kerosene had little effect. Sodium arsenite killed all plants but new
grass appeared, and lead acetate only slightly burned the grass and plantain.
White arsenic and sal soda 1 : 2 proved very effective but when used in a solu-
tion of 1 part to 66 parts of water new grass appeared within 2 months after
the application, although all vegetation was killed when the solution was ap-
plied. Salt and Paris green, while killing some plants, produced no permanent
effect. Corrosive sublimate destroyed vegetation effectively but not perma-
nently. Equal parts of arsenate of soda and corrosive sublimate killed all plants
with permanent effect. Nitrate of soda proved of little value in this connec-
tion and sodium sulphid and niter cake gave a similar result. Arsenate of
soda and corrosive sublimate (1:1) permanently killed all vegetation. White
arsenic was very effective and arsenic sulphid dissolved in an alkaline solution
of potassium sulphid was also very destructive to plant life.

The results of the different experiments indicate that, as a rule, soil treated
with a mixture of 2 lbs. of arsenic compounds and 10 gal. of water at the rate
of 10 gal. per square rod will remain free from weeds for a number of years.
It is stated that a few applications will kill poison ivy. but it is recommended
that the solution be not used on small trees and be kept away from the feeding
roots of all valuable trees. Notes are given on other methods of killing weeds
and on the use of different preparations for this purpose.

Garden and field seeds sold in Connecticut in 1908-9, E. H. Jenkins and
Mary G. .Jagger (Connecticut State Sta. Bui. IGJf, pp. 3-26).— This bulletin
gives directions for sampling and submitting seeds for test, and presents in
tabular form studies of the purity, germination, and viability percentages of
samples of the seed of red. mammoth, alsike. white, and crimson clovers, alfalfa,
redtop, timothy. Kentucky blue grass, and Hungarian millet, and of the ger-
mination percentage and weight per hundred seeds of samples of lettuce, radish,
cabbage, onion, muskmelon, and watermelon seed.

[Notes on seeds, screening's, and weeds in Massachusetts], P. H. Smith,
G. H. Chapman, and G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1908, pt. 1, pp.
29_^2).— Notes on the value of screenings as a feeding stuff and on the objec-
tions to their use are given together with descriptions of 14 weed seeds most
common in grass seed and cattle foods, and a brief historical sketch of weeds
in the Stat©,

236 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The results of separating parsnip, lettuce, celery, and onion seeds into differ-
ent grades are briefly reported and point out the superiority of the heavy over
the light seed. Every sanii)le of onion seed examined for the purpose contained
numerous rust and smut spores.

Seed work, (i. E. Stonk ( .U«.s.S'r/r7/».vf7/.s- Khi. h'lit. I'.)0><. pt. 2, pp. .7.'/-,'7<S ) . —
The seed work of the station is briefly doscrii)ed. During the year more sam-
ples of seed for germination tests were received than in any preceding season,
the excess over 1907 in seeds separated being 81)8 lbs. The mode of separation
of small seeds has been previously described (E. S. R., 19, p. 108G). The
average germination percentages for each of the principal kinds of seeds tested
were as follows: Onion 74.2, tobacco 78.2, celery 79, corn 87.9, lettuce 99, and
pansy 80.9. Twelve purity tests of clover, alfalfa, and mixed grass seeds
showe<l the presence of 0.6 to 14.7 per cent of impurities, largely noxious weed
seeds.

The seed control act, II. L. Bolley {North Dakota Sta. Spec. Seed Bid. 1,
pp. 3-15, fly. 1). — This bulletin contains the text of the state pure seed law,
with notes and comments on the same.

The Wisconsin seed inspection law, A. L. Stone ( Wiscon.nn 8ta. Circ.
Inform. Jf, pp. 10). — The text of the state seed inspection law is given, together
with the standards of purity and germination established, and general infor-
mation as to impurities, adulteration, misbranding, and testing of seeds under
this law.

HOETICTJLTURE.

Report of the horticulturist, M. J. Iouns {Porto Rico Stn. Rpt. 1908, pp.
17-22, i>L 1). — The horticultural work was continued largely along the lines
previously reported (E. S. R., 20, p. 38).

The cooperative fertilizer expei'iments with citrus fruit growers are already
giving some tentative results. Complete fertilizers again seemed markedly
superior to those made up of 1 or 2 elements. Nitrogen, derived from dried
blood, and potash from potassium chlorid, gave the greatest amount of vegetative
growth. In bearing groves the legumes, when plowed under, appear to supply
the greater part of the necessary nitrogen. The quality of the fruit seems to be
materially affected by the source and relative proportion of different food ele-
ments, organic fertilizers giving a coarser fiber and skin, and unbalanced combi-
nations giving poorly flavored and insipid fruits. The amounts of fertilizer and
time of fertilizing appear to affect the time of fruiting.

The work of experimenting with fertilizers, cover crops, and culture in the
orchards was considerably enlarged. In order to have true standards for com-
parison, a new grove was planted with the more general named varieties of the
various citrus fruits. A comparative test of stocks will also be made, the ti'ees
being budded on the sour orange, the rough lemon. Citrus trifoliata, native seed-
lings, and other stocks. In the orchard of miscellaneous and introduced fruits,
Averrhoa caramhola, Lucunia rivicoa angustifolia, several of the new Anonas,
Triphasia monophyUa, Myrtxis tomcntosos, and Spondias axiUari.'i, produced
some fruit during the year. Twenty improved mangoes from different coun-
tries have been added to the station's collection. Native mango trees of from 1
to 4 or more inches in diameter can be transplanted with little lo.ss when the
work is done in the rainy season, the roots being well balled with earth and the
tops cut back severely. Some 30 species of eucalypts are on trial, largely with
a view of finding some quick growing valuable tree for barren hilltops and other
waste lands.

The fruiting season of roselle ai)pears to be affected by the time of plant-
ing. When set out from January to May, the plants began to bear very young,

HORTICULTURE. 237

successive crops being formed ou nt-w growth until June or July when the
fruit was liei)t piclied. Fruit bearing then ceased until the latter part of
October when tlie main crop was borue, after which the plant usually died.
With plantings made from May to August no fruit was borne until the main
crop was produced in October and November. The grapes in the station vine-
yards continue to make excei)tional growth, the tendency being to produce
vegetative growtli at the expense of fruit. Three varieties have been forced into
bearing by 2 heavy prunings, one in spring and the other in the early fall, to-
gether with frequent bud pinching. Other varieties have not been benefited by
this practice and in some cases the effect seems to be negative.

The work of acclimatizing, selecting, and breeding various vegetables was
continued. Grafting eggplant was found to be not only practicable but advis-
able, especially for home use. The best stock for this purpose is the Berengena
cimarrona, which is found in almost every part of the island. The " susumber,"
which is used in Jamaica as a stock for eggplant, has not thus far proved very
successful in Porto Rico. A strain of cucuhibers of the White Spine type has
been developed that is m'uch more resistant to disease than the ordinary form,
and bears heavy crops of extra fine fruit. A strain of peanuts developed by
selection is reported as liaving an extra fine large sweet nut, and as yielding
at the rate of over 90 bu. per acre in the trial planting. Three strains of cow-
peas have been developed, one of which has a i)od of a dark purplisli color when
ripe. It made good growth and matured good crops of seed when all other
varieties tried nearly failed. Several varieties of cowpeas and sword beans,
procured from Venezuela and some of the islands of the West Indies, are being
acclimatizefl. The strain of " melon de China," previously noted, has been
further developed by cross breeding with the Kockyford melon. Tests of the
cross thus far reported are very favorable. Trial plantings were made of a
large ntimber of Blinn's best resistant strains of muskmelon (E. S. R., 19, p.
944), but the results as to disease resistance were almost without exception
negative. Native resistant types have also failed during periods of intense
disease ravages.

In the work of propagating ahd distributing various fruits, it was found that
the breadfruit tree can be quite successfully propagated from a modified form
of root cutting. The soil is removed from the base of the parent plant and the
larger roots are exposed for a distance of several feet. These are severed about
2 ft. away from the tree and the ends left exposed. In a short time new^ plants
start from each cut end which can be transplanted when well rooted.

The results of pineapple experiments and observations have been previously
noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 45). It has been found that the Red Spanish variety
does not adapt itself well to the heavy soils, while the Cabezona seems to prefer
such soils, provided they are well drained. Some of the sandy soils appear to
be too fine grained for good drainage, and are not considered suitable for
pines. The work of breeding a variety of spineless pine by selection gives some
promise of success.

Report of the horticulturist, A. Dickens (Kansas <s7rt. Ri)t. 1!)08, pp. LIII-
LV). — Lime-sulphur wash used on peach trees as a preventive of scale also
proved effective in combating the peach louse, leaf curl, and brown rot. The
trees were sprayed in March and observations made in May. It was found
that the late varieties suffered a heavier loss from rot than earlier ones, thus
indicating the need of a later spray.

Work in protecting peach trees from frost during and immediately after the
blooming period, indicates that when the wind velocity is below 7 to 8 miles an
hour, pots of crude oil placed at the rate of 100 per acre, will afford protection
down to 22° F. One gallon of crude oil burned in an open pot lasted nearly 4

238 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

liours. Ill the general observatious relative to frost injury, the value of good air
drainage was apparent, poorly drained sections both in the vineyard and in the
apple orchard having suffered quite seriously.

In the fertilizer tests on potatoes and other vegetables, peas, beans, tomatoes,
potatoes, and sweet corn have not paid for si^ecial fertilizers, whereas these
proved to be valuable with onions, celery, and lettuce. The forest tree nursery
work is giving promising results.

[Horticultural work at the Fort Hays Substation], C. K. McClelland
{Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1008, pp. XVIII, A7A).— A brief statement of horticultural
investigations under way, together with some data on plantings of fruit and
forest trees.

The South African pipe calabash, D. Fairchild and G. N. Collins (U. S.
Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. J/l, pp. .9, pis. 2). — Seeds of this gourd
(Lagcmina vulgaris) have been introduced from South Africa, and the plants
appear to thrive in all parts of the United States. The necks of the fruit are
extensively used as tobacco pipes. Instructions are given herein for growing
and shaping the gourd, together with directions for the home manufacture of
pipes. The raising of these gourds on a large scale in the expectation of a
commercial demand is, however, not deemed advisable.

The cardoon in Chieri, G. Chtej-Gamacchio {Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino,
51 {1908), pp. -'i7-62). — Methods of growing the cardoon {Cynara cardunculus)
in the vicinity of Chieri are described, and data are given on the cost of the
various cultural operations, together with notes on the insect pests of this
plant.

The influence of environment on the composition of sweet corn, 1905-1908,
M. N. Straughn and C. G. Church {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 127, pp.
69, figs. 11). — These studies were conducted jointly by the Bureau of Chemis-
try and the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department in cooperation with
the experiment stations of Florida, South Carolina, Maryland, Connecticut,
New Jersey, and Maine. The results on breeding for increased sugar content
and the adaptation of varieties are to be interpreted by the Bureau of Plant
Industry. The work here reported has to do with a study of such factors of
environment as length of day with its concomitants, the amount and distribu-
tion of sunshine, the altitude, the temperature and the amount and distribution
of rainfall in respect to their influence on the sugar content of sweet Indian corn.
Two varieties of sweet corn, the Stowell Evergreen and the Crosby, were grown
at all of the stations mentioned except the Maine Station, where the Crosby
alone was grown. The work was conducted at the New Jersey Station for
only 1 season, and at the Florida Station for only 3 seasons.

The general plan pursued was similar to that followed in former studies
with sugar beets (E. S. R., 17, p. 549). In addition to the chemical deter-
minations as to sweetness and general character of the corn both in its table
stage and after maturing, organoleptic tests were made throughout the studies.
The details of the work, together with the data secured each year at the
various stations are reported and discussed, the general effect of environment
being illustrated by graphic charts. The work for the 4 seasons is then sum-
marized as a whole and discussed. In the following tables the Elaine figures
for 1907 are not given because the corn did not reach the edible stage before
the first frost.

HORTICULTURE.

239

Summiiri/ of (innlytual (laid for four stntions, 1005-1908.
CROSBY VARIETY.

Station.

Average sugar content,
edible condition.

Average moisture Average sugar content cal-
Average moisture. culated to water-free basis.

1905.

1906.

1907.

1908.

1905.

1906.

1907.

1908.

1905.

1906.

1907.

1908.

I'lorida

Perrt.

Peret.
5.01
4.73
5.01
4.23
5.66

Perrt.

5.57
7.25
6.40
4.83

Perct.
4.99

Per ct.

Peret.
67.11
76.77
69.79
65. 26
71.88

Per ct.
72.11
74.27
75. 14
71.19

Perct.

67.89

Per ct.

Per ct.
15. 64
20. (;4
17.46
12.46
20.94

Perct.
20. 89
28.98
22. 72
17.19

Perct.
15 74

South Carolina

12.22

5. 19 65. 84

76.72 36.05

23. 17

1 iinnectit'Ut

Miiiiie

7.73
6.50

4.76 1 73.01
4. 06 1 79..<!0

70. 12 1 30. 44
73.72 1 32.76

16. 58
18 17

STOW J:I.L evergreen VARIETY.

Florida

South Carolina

Maryland

'ii'.m

5.78
4.26
5.36

4.07
4.99
3.77

5.43
4.95
4.83

4.. 59
4.41
5.20

75. 54
78.13
69.28
74.62

70.27
71. 72
72.34

77.08
76. 82
80.59

76.24
75. 50
77.92

27. 95
27.18
14.12
21.70

13.94
18.07
13.61

24. 25
22. 05
24.97

20.03
18.43
24. 02

New Jersey

Connecticut

3.92

3.69

2.92

73.38

78.20

70.91

15. io

17.11

10.12

Summary of analytical and meteorological data, 1905-1908.
[Data avcra^t'd fur month of plantinj; to month of harvesting, inclusive.]

Station.

Total
sugars.o

Mean
tempera-
ture.

Precipi-
tation.

Clear
days.

Sun-
shin L".

Florida:

1906 . . .

Per cent.

°F.
71.0
74.0
75.0

Inches.
22.66
11.66
12.55

34

72
66

Per cent.
62.0

1907

71.2

1908

74.0

18.41

73.3

15.62

57

09.1

South Carolina:

1905

72.7
71.6
68.7
71.2

19.80
28.07
13.59
19.23

80
67
81
73

61.0

1906

60.0

1907

65.2

1908 .

61.0

24.42

71.0

20.17

75

61.8

Marvhiiid:

1905.

68.0
68.4
63.4
70.7

24.49
28.88
16. 95
11.92

104
50
58
63

62.0

1906

53.0

1907

56.6

1908 .

63.0

Average

21.66

67.6

20.56

69

56.1

New Jersey:

1905

14.12

68.0

16.91

87

61.0

Connecticut:
1905

66.2
67.8
64.6
67.8

17.11
21.46
17.58
20.30

45
56
60
71

60.0

1906

55.0

1907

57.2

1908

74.0

17.59

66.6

19.11

58

61.5

Maine:

1905 . .

62.7
65.0
66.1

10.64
8.53
9.70

45
53
66

1906

1908

23.90

64.6

9.62

55

a.lverage of Crosby and Stowell Evergreen corn calculated to water-free
25493— No. 3—10 4

240 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

TlM' .ueiun-al conclusions drawn from this work as presented by H. W.
Wiley are in substance as follows: The content of sugar in sweet corn does
not depend so much on tomi)erature and length of day as in the case of the
sugar beet. The amount and distribution of rainfall appears to be the most
important factor affecting the edible quality of green Indian corn, a moderate
and well-distributed rainfall, especially during the growing season, being nec-
essary to produce a crop having the best qualities. As reported earlier in the
investigations by the Maryland Station (E. S. R., 19, p. 840), the sugar content
of sweet corn rapidly diminishes after the ear is separated from the stalk.
Under ordinary conditions of storage the speed of diminution is more rapid
with a higher and slower with a lower temperature. The disappearance of
the sugar is attributed to the continued growth of the grains of the ear and
the transformation of the sugar into starclj or some other form of nonsaccharine
carbohydrate. A higher average sugar content was found in the corn grown
in South Carolina and in Florida than that grown in Connecticut and in Maine,
but the chief difference between the sweet corn of the extreme North and the
extreme South is found not so much in its sugar content as in Its succulence,
the lower temperatures of the North making the corn more tender and edible
for a longer period than the extremely high temperatures of the South. The
superiority in sugar content of the southern corn suggests the possibility of
acclimating the most favorable varieties, and by selection and careful cultivat-
ing greatly improving the southern grown product. The data secured from
the work as a whole indicate that curves showing variations in temperature,
latitude and altitude, the amount of sunshine, and the quantity and distribu-
tion of the rainfall can not be so readily compared with the lines showing the
sugar content as in the case of the sugar beet.

Mang'anese in some of its relations to the gro^vth of pineapples, W. P.
Kelley {Jour. Indus, and Engiii. Chcm., 1 (1909), No. 8, pp. 533-538; abs. in
Jour. Sac. Chcm. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 11, pp. 9^8, 9^9; Chem. A&s., 3 (1909),
No. 21, p. 2605).— This has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 139).

Climatology and soil and their influence on fruits, T. II. McHatton (Oa.
Bd. Eiit. Bui. 21, pp. Jtl-52). — A brief general discussion of this subject in rela-
tion particularly to the more important Georgia fruits, including the peach,
plum, apple, pear, and grape.

[Experiments in orchard heating], J. L. Hamilton et al. (Aim. Rpt. Bd.
Ilort. Colo., 1909, pp. 41-56). — Accounts are given of the experience of different
Grand Junction fruit growers in the use of orchard heaters for protecting the
crops against frost.

The history and relationship of the citron (Citrus medica), E. Ferrari
(Atti R. 1st. Iiiconigg. Xdpoli. 6. scr., 1 (1909) , pp. 21) . — A study of the citron,
in which consideration is given to its natural and cultural range, its history,
and its botanical, biological, and chemical relationships with other citrus fruits.
A bibliography of the literature consulted is included.

Fig culture, A. C. Van Velzkr (Houston, Tex., 1909, pp. 218, j}ls. 2. figs. 52,
dgms. 3). — This work is offered as a statement of the history, variety, and
botany of the fig in Asia, Africa, and America, and a special treatise of its
propagation, cultivation, and curing in North America. It combines informa-
tion gained from field investigations by the author with that gained from
prevous literature on the subject. The preface contains an extensive bibliog-
raphy for collateral reading.

Report of the government viticultural expert for the year 1903, R. Dubois
(Cape Good Hope Dept. Agr., Rpt. Govt. Vit. Expert, 1903, pp. 23). — 'In this
report the author outlines the various branches of work which the viticultural
branch of the Cape of Good Hope Department of Agriculture planned to take

HORTICULTURE. 241

lip for tho development of the grape and wine industries. An appendix con-
tains the report of C. Mayer, agricultural assistant, on the work in connection
with viticulture during the season of 1903.

Report of the government viticultural expert for the half-year ended
June 30, 1904, R. Dubois et al. {Cape Good Hope Dept. Agr., Rpt. Govt. Vit.
Expert, I'.lO.'i, June 30, pp. 23). — This report includes summary reports from
those in charge of different sections of the viticultural worl<. together with a
survey of the general worlv of the viticultural lirancli. which is discussed under
the following heads: Organization of the branch, educational worl<, and inspec-
tion work. Advice and recommendations regarding questions pertaining to the
grape and wine industry are also included.

The outlook for apple growing in the Ozarks, E. Walkkr ( Proc. Ark. State
Hart. Soe. 1000, pp. 10.1-111, figs. //). — A paper on this subject in which the
author outlines the present status of apple growing in the Ozark region, and
makes an appeal for mf)re thorough orcliard management, suggestions being
given relative to methods of cultivation, pruning, spraying, packing, and mar-
Iveting.

The influence of stock on scion in the graftage of plums, F. A. Waugh
(MasmchmettH ma. Rpt. 1008, pt. 2, pp. n.',-tS2, figs. -)).— In 1899 the author
began a series of ex[)eriments in cross-grafting plums at the Vermont Station,
in which the Milton and several other varieties were grafted on the Americana,
Wayland, Mariauna, and peacli stocks. The results secured in this work fi*om
1900 to 1905 have been noted (E. t?. R., 17, p. 1009), and comparative notes
based on a large number of measurements of the trees made by C. S. Pomeroy
in 1908 are here reported, showing the growth behavior of the Milton variety
on the various stocks. The other cross-grafted varieties are said to have shown
substantially the same modifications. The characters specially reported on
include the form and size of the loaf, marginal serrations, and rate of growth.
Variations along these lines are illustrated by tabular data and g;*aphic curves,
and discussed.

The conclusion is reached that distinct modifications do occur in plum trees
due to the influence of the stocks in which they are grafted, these influ-
ences appearing to extend to all characters of leaf, twig, habit of growth, etc.
Similar observations have not as yet been made for the fruit. In the experi-
ments reported, the Marianna stock in particular seems to produce the most
obvious changes in the growth of scions, these changes being evidenced in
broader leaves, finer marginal serrations, greater annual growth, larger inter-
nodes, greater diameter of branches, and greater variability in all characters.

On the treatment of trees which are barren as a result of too deep planting,
C. John (Deut. Obsfhau Ztg., 1900, A'o. 31, pp. .iGO-J/JS, figs. 11).— The author
points out that one of the principal causes of unfruitfulness and of the sickly
condition of many fruit trees is too deep planting of the trees. In his own
experience, trees thus planted, and which failed to bear fruit, have been brought
into abundant fruitfulness by removing the strong adventitious roots which
have formed on the upper part of the root collar or about the base of the stem.
His method of procedure is described.

How to preserve ripe fruits for exhibition purposes (Rogue River Fruit
Grower, 1 (1000), No. 7, pp. 12, i3).— This consists of general directions for pre-
serving specimen fruits, together with the formulas used by the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture and a formula used in California, as well as a list of fruits
and of the preservatives to be used in each case.

Report of the coffee expert, J. W. van Leekthoff (Porto Rico 8ta. Rpt. 1008,
pp. 33, 34). — The yield of the coffee crop as a whole was unfavorably influenced

242 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

by weathor conditions prevailing durinji tlic year. Tlio l)ananas planted as
provisional wind-breaks proved to be ellieient protection for tlie young coffee
during the strong winds in the beginning of 190S, and also seemed to have
greatly benefited the growth of the young permanent wind-breaks planted be-
tween the rows. Considerable damage by weevils is reported, especially at
altitudes of 2,000 ft. above sea level and over, and mainly in the young coffee.
Borers have done considerable harm to the guava shade trees in several dis-
tricts. The coffee leaf miners, although abundant everywhere, appear to be
held in check by their parasite.

The experiments in improving an old coffee grove and in establishing a new-
grove (E. S. R., 20, p. 45) were continued. The yield from the renovated
grove was only 2,472 lbs. in 1907 as compared with 4,349 lbs. in 1906. The
average total cost of gathering and preparing 100 lbs. of coffee ready for market
was $5,275, and the average price obtained $11.23. The total expense per acre
for the fourth year in the new 3-acre planting was $12.44, and the yield 214
lbs. of coffee. The net cost per acre of this planting for the 4-year period has
been $91.56. The foreign coffees being tested are reported as doing well.

A new larg'e walnut (Pacific Rural Press, 78 {1909), No. 23, p. 357, figs.
/,). — A description, with illustrations of the tree and nut, is given of a new
and promising English walnut, the Willson Wonder, originated by F. C. Willson
in California. The original tree of this variety is 8 years old and has borne
heavily since its second year. It is stated that the nuts are large in size, with
a thin shell, and a light-colored, rich, sweet kernel.

Lavender plantations, L. Lamothe {Lavrnde et Spic. Le Grand-Serre, 1908,
2. ed., pp. ^2). — This work, which is published with a view of stimulating the
plantation culture of laveuder in the mountains of France, contains information
relative to varieties, cultui-e and fertilization, production, distillation, uses, mar
kets, and imitations.

FORESTRY.

How to grow and plant conifers in the Northeastern States, C. R. Pettis
(U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Bui. 76, pp. 36, pis. 5, dgms. Jf). — The instruc-
tions contained in this bulletin are based upon 7 years of nursery and planting
operations at the New York State nurseries in the Adirondacks, and upon
studies of planting in New England. It is believed that the methods devised
may be applied generally in the Northeastern States.

The important phases discussed include procuring the seed, either by pur-
chase or collection, curing, drying and stoi'ing seeds of various species, estab-
lishing a forest by planting trees, including nursery practice, transplanting, and
planting operations, data on the cost of this work, and the establishment of a
forest by seeding where the forest is to grow, under which is discussed broad-
cast sowing and partial seeding by the strip method and seed spots.

An appendix contains planting and seed tables, etc.

Beport of state forester, A. F. Hawes {Ann. Rpt. Comr. Agr. Tt., 1 {1909).
pp. 173-182, dgm. 1). — This report deals largely with data on forest planting
operations in Vermont during 1909. There were sold to different landowners
195,500 forest seedlings, mostly white pine, but including Scotch pine, red
pine, Norway spruce, and locust. The forester is prepared to furnish the
schools of the State with trees for Arbor Day planting and directions are
given for the establishment of small nurseries by schools. At the date of this
report the state nursery had on hand 707,800 trees.

Forest laws of California and rules for the prevention of forest fires { Sac-
ramento, Cah, 1009, pp. 22). — This is issued by the state board of forestry.

FORESTRY. 243

Report on rubber-yielding plants of French Guinea, A. Chevalier (BuJ.
Off. Colon. [France], 2 {1909), No. 18, pp. 5J,5-557).—A brief report on the
present status of wild rubber exploitation and on the artificial plantings being
developed in French Guinea, including information relative to the rubber-yield-
ing species, methods of harvesting and coagulating the latex, and the prepara-
tion of rubber for the trade. The author concludes that the rubber-yielding
species of East Africa are too dissimilar to make possible the unification of the
various grades of rubber produced.

Rubber production on the Ivory Coast (Bid. Off. Colon. \ France], 2 (1909),
Xo. 19. pp. 577-500). — A report on this subject, discussing the extent of produc-
tion, rubbcir-yielding species, harvesting, and methods of coagulating the latex,
.counnercial grades of rubber, and market conditions.

Rubber and gutta-percha in New Guinea. Warburg {VerJiandl. Kolnn.
WirtscJiaftl. Kom., 1909, No. 2, pp. S.'f-Jf.)). — A brief report on the present status
of the rubber industry in the German colonies, with special reference to New
Guinea.

Wood preservation in the United States, W. F. Sherkesee ( F. S. Dept. Agr.,
Forest 8crv. Bill. 78, pp. 31, pis. .'/, figs. 3). — The purpose of this bulletin is
to discuss briefly but completely the general principles of wood preservation
and its status in tlie United States to-day. General consideration is given to
the nature of decay, methods of retarding it, and the preservatives and processes
in use. These processes are then discussed in detail, including the various
pressure and nonpressure processes, the low-pressure process, and superficial
treatments, such as the brush method and dliii)iug. The effect of ti'eatment on
the strength of tiuiber, au<l the national value of wood pi'eservation are also
considered.

The estimated total annual destruction of cut timber in the United States is
given at 9,607.340 M ft., b. m. The estimated reduction in annual cut which
would ensue from a projier preservative treatment of all timber from decay is
given as 5,9.50,195 M ft., b. m. The estimated annual financial saving by proper
preservative treatment is $71,780,000.

Forest products of the United States, 1908 (Bur. of the Census [U. S.],
Forest J'rodiicts 10, pp. 137, tlgins. ,i). — This bulletin contains statistical data
compiled by the Bureau of the Census in cooperation with the Forest Service
of this Department relative to the production of lumber, lath, and shingles, the
cross-ties purchased, the consumption of pulp wood, tan bark and tanning ex-
tracts, the production of slack and tight cooperage stock, luimht'r of poles pur-
chased, wood consumed in veneer manufacture, wood distillation, pine distilla-
tion, and exports of forest products in 1908.

The total value of forest i)roducts of the United States in 1908 was estimated
to have been $1,050,000,000, a decrease of nearly 18 per cent from the value in
1907. This decrease is attributed chiefly to the business depression.

Foreign trade of the United States in forest products, 1851-1908 (f^ 8.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Bui. 51, pp. 32). — This consists of a compilation of the
statistics of the imports and exports of forest products in the foreign trade of
the United States for the period 1851-1908, the data being secured from reports
of the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commei-ce and Labor. The value of
domestic forest products exported from the United States increased from an
annual average of $6,000,000 in 1851-1855 to $.59,000,000 in 1901-1905. The in-
crease in the value of forest products imported for the corresponding j^eriods
was from $2,000,000 to $72,000,000. The highest values given are for 1907,
when $92,948,705 worth of forest products was exported, and $122,420,776 worth
was imported.

244 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Report of the plant pathologist and superintendent of southern California
stations, July 1, 1906, to June 30, 1909, K. E. Smith {California Sfa. Bui.
203, pp. 5-63, figs. 23).— An account is sivon of the pathological work of the
stations and particularly of the investigations which have been carried on in
connection with the southern California stations at Whittier, Riverside, and
Santa Monica. After describing the establishment of the new lalxn-atories, the
author gives accounts of some of the investigations, which include studies of
pear blight, walnut blight, lemon rot, sugar-beet blight, peach blight, rose dis-
eases, apricot diseases, olive knot, onion mildew, brown rot of stone fruits,
celery blight, apple mildew, and tomato diseases.

In connection with the pear blight work, which is carried on in cooperation
with this Department, the author thinks that sutiicient work has been done to
demonstrate the method of combating the disease and that further work on as
large a scale as the past few years would not be profitable. In these investiga-
tions some peculiarities of the pear blight in California have been brought to
light. Among these are the large amount of infection that takes place through
the twigs and green shoots, and the number of trees which become infected in
the body near the ground or just under the ground. Insects seem to play an
important part in infecting these portions of the trees, and the point of attack on
the lower part of the trunk seems to be the buds or young sprouts. As some of
the stocks used for growing Bartlett pears tend to send up root shoots, it is
suggested that other stock should be employed that has little or no tendency
to low branching or the sending up of suckers.

Investigations with walnut blight have shown the presence of immune varie-
ties, and the author believes that the solution of the problem of walnut culture
will be the use of innnune varieties grafted upon resistant stocks.

In the investigation of the apricot disease the author reports that much of
the trouble has been caused by the fungus Coryneum hcycrinkii. This fungus
not only attacks the foliage but destroys many of the fruit buds. In- addition,
a physiological effect somewhat resembling that produced by the fungus is
described. From experiments in spraying peaches it is believed that the
Coryneum disease may be controlled by one spraying of Bordeaux mixture in
November followed by a second in February.

Investigations are being continued on the olive knot, a previous account of
which has been given (E. S. R., 10, p. 55). These investigations are being con-
ducted to learn the source and method of infection.

In cooperation with the Orange County Celery Growers' Association suc-
cessful experiments have been carried on for the control of the celery blight,
caused by Scptoria petroselini apii. This fungus in 1908 caused very serious
losses, but as a result of general spraying the disease was practically controlled
during the season of 1908-9.

The report concludes with a list of diseases of plants that have been observed
since the last report.

[Notes on plant diseases], G. E. Stone {Massachusetts »S7«. Rpt. 1908, pt.
1, pp. Ji3, Jfli, J16-6I, pi. 1). — Notes are given on bacterial rot of the cabbage and
cauliflower, crown gall, onion rot, onion smut, a disease of the radish, celery
crown rot, and a disease of lettuce due to nematodes and methods of control.
These different diseases are discussed in a popular manner and suggestions
given for their prevention.

In connection with the treatment for onion smut, the author devised a simple
and inexiiensive api>l lance for attachment to the onion drill, by which the seed
can be moistened with formalin at the time of planting. It was found that if

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 245

the seed and the soil aliout it for a space of an inch or so was moistened with
dilute formalin the onion smut would be prevented to a considerable extent.

The disease of radishes described is apparently a new one and is attributed
to Ascochi/ta sp. It was observed in a number of instances and in some cases
caused considerable injury to tlie seedlings. Experiments were carried on to
determine the effect of sterilization of tlie soil, and this proved an efficient
remedy.

The celery crown rot, which is said to have been quite destructive in some
localities, is of a bacterial nature, but the symptoms of the disease do not
coincide with those of any previously described. A study is being made of the
trouble, both in the laboratory and in the Held.

The presence of nematodes in greenliouse-grown lettuce is rei)orted, this being
the only instance where this crop was observed to be affected in this manner
for about 10 years, although the greenhouse then infested has been used for
growing lettuce and cucumbers during this time. In investigations which have
been carried on for some time, the autlior found that subirrigation was quite
efficient in controlling the nematodes in the case of cucumbers, no galls being
noticed on the roots where the plants were subirrigated. while those that were
top-watered were in all cases severely infected. It is thought that probably
the ai)i)lication of excessive amounts of water for brief periods may prove
a practical method of ridding the soil of this pest. On account of the popular
belief that lime exerts an influence on nematodes, the author has investigated
the subject and finds that lime has little or no effect upon tliem. Summarizing
the various methods which have been suggested for destroying nematodes, the
author recommends sterilization of the soil, hard fi-eezing. thorough drying, the
use of abundant water, as described above, and trapping, or the catch-crop
method, which has been found successful in Germany.

Report of the botanist, G. E. Stonic iMass<i(ini.'<(tts K/r/. Rpt. 190S, pt. 2,
pp. 52-54). — A synopsis is given of investigations carried on under the author's
directions during the period covered by the report, including studies of a large
number of plant diseases. The season is said to have been unusually dry and
on this account many of the more common fungus diseases were not as abundant
as usual.

Report of the plant patholog-ist, G. L. Fawcett (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1908,
pp. 35, 36). — A report is given on a preliminary survey of the diseases of citrus
fruits, pineapples, and sugar cane prior to beginning laboratory and field experi-
ments as to their causes and means of prevention.

Relation between the weather and the occurrence of plant diseases, K.
Stormer (Landw. Wchnschr. Sachsen, 11 (1909), Nos. 20, pp. 202, 203; 21, pp.
210-212). — A discussion is given of the relation of temperature, rainfall, soil
moisture, etc., to the prevalence of disease in various crops.

The disposition and immunity of agricultural crops toward parasitic fungi,
E. Henning (K. Landthr. Akad. Hciiidl. och Tidskr., .',8 (1909), .Vo. 3, pp.
112-211). — A general resume of our pi'esent knowledge of the subject.

The author concludes that barberry shrubs should be dug up and destroyed,
this being especially important in the case of shrubs in the vicinity of grain
fields. Borders of wild grasses between and around grain fields should be cut
often, so as not to form centers of contagion by spreading uredospores to the
small grains.

The hot-water treatment for seed g'rain at creameries, F. K. Ravn and O.
Elberg (Landmandsbhide, J,2 (1909), Nos. 1',, pp. 181-186; 15, pp. 193-196).—
The paper describes an arrangement made at Danish creameries for treating
seed grain according to the hot-water method, the work being done by the
regular creamery help.

246 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

On smut of wheat, barley, and oats. .7. Khiksson (/v. LanilfJn: Akdd. llnndl.
(ich Tidslr.. Jp ilUOS), Xo. .',, pp. 27-'i-iS'). /if/s. G). — Hrief illustrated descrip-
tions of the different kinds of smuts are given, with preventive measures.

On barley smut and methods for its eradication, II. TiiriN ( Kririffcs I't-
mdcsfiii: Tidslo:, 19 (HW'J), Xo. 2, pp. U'.)-i.iO). — The author reconnnends the
hot-water treatment as a reliable method for eradicating loose barley smut.

Trials with the hot- water treatment for six-rowed barley, 1908, M. I^.
MoRTENSEN [Tidsskr. Landbr. Plantcarl, 16 {1909), No. 1, pp. 110-119).— Ex-
periments were conducted on 6 different farms with six-rowed barl(>y treated
by the hot-water method for J'lcospont gruniinca.

There was an average increase of about 10 i)er cent in the yield of grain
and 8 per cent in the yield of straw. The best method of treatment was found
to be dipping the grain without previous treatment 20 times in the course of 5
minutes in water heated to 56-57° C, and immediately spreading it in a thin
layer on a clean floor to cool. Since about 1 per cent of seed will be likely to
remain diseased after this treatment, it is recommended that treating the seed
grain every year be continued.

Preliminary note on a serious stem disease of alfalfa (Agr. Jour. Cape
Good Hope, S.') ( IU09), No. Ji, pp. 393-396). — An account is given of a disease of
alfalfa that has been found in a number of parts of Cape Colony. The trouble
is due to TylrnHiiis dip-'^aci, a stem-infesting nematode known to occur as a
pest in Europe on rye, oats, onions, hemp, potatoes, clover, alfalfa, and other
plants. The nematodes cause characteristic distortions of the stems, and the
discoloration of the plants serves to indicate their presence.

It seems to be pretty well established that the disease was introduced into
South Africa from Europe in seed, and attention is called to the possibility of
disseminating the disease through the sowing of infected seed.

The i)resent report, which is regarded as preliminary, is to be followed by a
more detailed study.

The club root disease, F. K. Eavx (Tid.sskr. JjUndbr. I'lanlcavl. 15 (1908),
No. Ji, pp. 527-620, maps -)). — This is a repoi't on the history of the club root
disease, its method of distribution and conditions of contagion, the appearance
of the disease in Denmark- and methods of combating it. An extended bibli-
ography is given at the end of the paper.

Black rot of ginseng' roots, W. H. Rankin (Spec. Vropx, n. ser., S (1909),
No. 87, pp. 208-210, flgs. 3). — The black rot of ginseng, due to Rhizoctonia sp.,
is described and some observations are given on the fungus causing it. The
diseased roots when dug are said to be coal l»lack in color, devoid of fibers, and
covered with peculiar protuberances.

The fungus, which is sterile, has been studied to some extent, and the author
states that a peculiar thing about the disease is that its period of attack on the
roots is in the winter, during the cold weather. At a temperature of 40° F.
the fungus grew luxuriantly and produced sclerotia in plate cultures.

An attempt was made to determine some means of control, but it was found
that the fungus grew equally well on an acid or alkaline medium. It Is, there-
fore, probable that soil ti-eatments, such as changing the acidity or alkalinity
of the soil, would not be of any value.

Observations on potato canker, H. Justing (Dent. Laitdic. I'ressc, 36 (1909),
No. 68, pp. 725, 726, figs. 5). — Notes are given on potato canker, due to Chryso-
phlyctis endobiotica, and observations made on the relative susceptibility of dif-
ferent varieties of potatoes to the disease, its introduction through the planting
of infected tubers, and the distribution of the fungus through the soil.

Investigations on the influence of cultivation and fertilizers on the leaf
curl and bacterial disease of potatoes, B. Stecjlich (tidchs. Landw. Ztschr.,

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 247

o7 (toon). Xo. 11. pp. 29G-29H). — Studies were made of 25 varieties of potatoes
in wliicli the effect of cultural methods and different applications of fertilizers
on leaf curl and bacterial rin;;; disease was investigated. Tubers were planted
at different dei»tlis, large and small whole tubers and cuttings were compared,
and the relative effect of stable manure together with other fertilizers, large
applications of nitrate of soda, and the addition of lime were all tested.

The effect of the different treatments on the diseases could not be definitely
stated, as many of the varieties differed widely in susceptibility and probably
in the amount of their previous infection. T^nusual depth of planting, either
too deep or too shallow, was found to be unfavorable to the plants. In many
cases it was imi)ossible to demonstrate the presence of the organisms causing the
disease, but the author believes that the lowered yields indicated the occurrence
of the fungi or bacteria even when mici'oscopical and bacteriological means
failed to reveal their presence.

The author is led to believe that these diseases of potatoes are of an enzymic
nature and that the fungi and bacteria are of secondary importance.

Directions for spraying potatoes, .T. G. Milward {^V^sconsin Sta. Circ.
Inform. S, pp. 8. fifjs. 3). — According to the author the early blight often develops
rapidly in Wisconsin after August 1. Only the standard medium late and late
varieties are much benefited by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. It is recom-
mend(>d that not less than 4 applications be given and that the spraying begin
not later than August 1ft. Where potatoes are grown on fertile soil and the
vines have made a healthy growth the spraying will usually be followed with
good results, but on poor soil where the growth is scanty it will seldom be
found profitable. The cost of spraying any considerable area should not exceed
$.'^>.20 per acre.

Directions i)reviously noted (II S. R.. 20. j). 948) are given for the prepara-
tion and aitplication of Bordeaux mixture and arsenicals, together with sugges-
tions (m spraying machinery.

Observations concerning' the American gooseberry mildew, 1906—1908,
G. LiND (K. Landtbr. Alcad. Handl. ocJi Tidskr., Jf8 {1909), No. 1, pp. 33-51,
fig. 1). — The results of three years' work conducted by the horticultural depart-
ment of the experiment station at Albano, Sweden, are given, with conclusions as
to the best methods of controlling the disease.

Apoplexy of grapevines, L. Ravaz (Prop. Apr. ct Tit. {En. VEftt -Centre'),
30 (1909), A'o. .'i5, pp. 57-'i-579. pi. 1. dr/nis. /,). — A description is given of a
disease of grapevines due to a fungus, probably PoJiiporux'ignariu!^. Old vines
seem most sul^ject to the disease, and wlien cut into, the trunks are more or
less filled with matted masses of the fungus mycelium. Considerable loss is
reported in the Mediterranean region due to this cause.

If the stock is not badly affected it is recommended that the diseased tissues
be cut out and the wounds covered with tar. When the fungus has severely
attacked the vines the diseased specimens should be entirely destroyed.

Treatment for powdery mildew, G. CiiArPAz (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEnt-
Crntre), 30 (1909), Xo. 18, pp. 532-536. pi. 7).— For the prevention of powdery
mildew of grapes the author recommends mixed treatments as being efficient
and saving of labor. Sulphur may be combined with some of the copper solu-
tions for the first, third, and subsequent applications. For the second applica-
tion it is suggested that sulphur alone should be used and that it should be
apiilied just before the flowering of the grapes begins. By following this plan
both powdery and downy mildew may be combated at a considerable saving of
labor.

Grape spraying experiments in Michigan, 1907-8, C. L. Shear and L. A.
Hawkins (Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. .'f9, pp. 3-16, figs. 6).— This is a detailed

248 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

account of S])r;i.vin<i ("xiicrinicnts cMnicd on in cooin'ralion hclwccii llio station
and the Hnroan of riant Industry of this Departnicnt, a jnwions report of
which has l)een noted (E. S. K., 22, p. 50).

Spraying for peach fruit spot, A. I?. Cordi.i.v and C. C. Catk (Oregon Sta.
liul. 106, PI). ,i-l.j, jitjH. 8).- — Peach fruit spot, il is said, has occasioned con-
siderable loss In Oregon and experiments have been carried on for its control.
The investigations thus far conducted have shown that this disease, which
occurs not only on the peach but also on the apricot, can be practically elim-
inated by spraying, (iood results can be obtained with either Bordeaux mix-
nu"e or lime-sulphur solutions, but so far the results are in favor of the Bor-
deaux mixture.

In connection with the sjiraying fcu' the prevention of this disease fall appli-
cations of fungicides seem to be essential and are apparently the most efficient.
For this purpose, if the San Jose scale is present, lime-sulphur solution should
be used; if not, Bordeaux mixture may be used if preferred. The fall appli-
cation is said to be beneficial also in controlling the peach twig blight.

The peach fruit s]jot fungus attacks the fruit between May 10 and June 15,
and the first sunnner si)raying should be made about May 10 and the second
about June 1. Other applications should be made dei)ending upon the season.

The bleeding stem disease of the coconut tree in Ceylon, T. Fetch (Brit.
MycoJ. Soc. Tnin-s., 3 (J908), pt. 2, pp. 108, JO!l). — A description is given of a
disease of the coconut tree, a preliminary account of which has been noted
(E. S. R., 20, p. .347).

This disease is of fungus origin and is due to Thiclariopsis ethaceticus. The
attack is principally upon the stem,, where the pi-esence of the fungus may be
noted by the occurrence of rusty wet patches on the bark, which turn brown
and finally black. On cutting into the stem the internal tissues are found to
1)6 decayed. At first the diseased tissue is of small extent and well defined,
but diseased areas coalesce and finally involve the whole stem.

The preventive measures recommended are the same as those previously
described, and consist of cutting out the diseased tissues, scorching the interior
of the wound with torches, and painting with hot coal tar.

A fungus parasite of rubber, B. Funk (Trop. Agr. (ind Mag. Ceylon Agr.
Soc., 32 (190!)), No. 5, p. 502; Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, 8
(1909), No. 7, p. 312). — An account is given of a disease of cacao and rubber
ti'ees due to Hyinenochwte noxia. This fungus is said to produce a curious
l)rown growth on the roots, causing their destruction.

A new fungus pest of Para rubber, H. N. Ridley (Agi: Bui. Straits and
Fed. Malay States, 8 (1909), No. 7, pp. 310-312). — A description is given of a
fungus disease of Para rubber, in which the branches of the trees are destroyed
by the attacks of a bark fungus hitherto unknown to the author. The attack
seems to begin on the shoots, which turn black, and the disease continues to
descend the trunk of the tree, which is eventually destroyed.

Examination of the material showed the presence of a fungus which is be-
lievetl to be allied to the genus Cucui-bitaria parasitic on Laburnum in Europe.

Notes are given on the distribution of the fungus. From the accounts pre-
sented it is apparently very rapid in its destruction of young trees.

Pruning the trees, cutting well below the affected portions, and the use of
a fungicide to prevent the germination of spores are recommended as preventive
measures.

The biology of Arniillaria niucida, C. E. C. Fischer (Ann. lint. [London],
23 (1909), No. 92, pp. 515-')35, pis. 2).— A study was made of this fungus, which
is said to be common wherever beech trees occur, in order to trace its life

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — EKTOMOLOGY. 249

history, investigate its action on tbe wood, and determine jn-eventive and reme-
dial measures.

Tlie fungus was found to grow sapropliytically on various substances, but
all attempts to infect living beech wood failed and no proof could be obtained
to indicate that it is strictly parasitic in its growth. It was found to excrete
enzyms which liquefied gelatin, dissolved starch, and reduced lignin to cellulose.
Its decomposition products contained neither tannin nor oil.

Among the remedial and preventive measures for the control of this fungus
the author recommends the treatment of the wounds on trees with an antiseptic,
and the removal and destruction of the diseased parts before the sporophores
reach maturity.

Studies on the biology of Gymnosporang'iuni juniperinuni, E. Fischer
(Ztschr. Bot., 1 {,1909). Xo. 11, pp. G83-71J,, figs. 8).— In continuation of the
author's investigations on heteroecious fungi, a study is reported giving the
results of inoculation and other experiments with G. junipcrinum, the aecidial
stage of which oceui-s on species of Sorbus and Amelauchier.

Studies of Xylaria hypoxylon, R. Harder iXaturw. Ztschr. Forst ». Laudic.
7 {1909). Xos. 8, pp. J,29-J,3G, fig. 1; 9, pp. J,.',l-Ji6~, figs. /6).— Studies are re-
ported of X. hypoxylon, a little known fungus that attacks various kinds of
trees.

On investigating the life history of the fungus the author found that in
addition to its being a saprophyte it could under some conditions become an
active parasite, attacking living wood. The wood attacked by this fungus has
a peculiar black color, which is not believed to be primarily due to the Xylaria
but is attributed to accompanying fungi. The rot produced by Xylaria is
white or yellowish in color, but it is surrounded and penetrated by the black
crust-like formations, which are very characteristic of this trouble. There
appear to be two kinds of mycelium present, one of the forms being colorless,
the other dark brown. The nature of the coloring matter was investigated,
but it has so far proved resistant to reagents.

Some fungus parasites of algae, G. F. Atkinson {Bot. Gaz., .{8 {1909), No.
5, pp. 321-338, figs. 8). — Descriptions are given of a number of new species of
fungi found to occur on Spirogyra and other algiB.

Experiments in combating nematodes, J. Ki^HN (Dciit. Zuckerindus., 3^
{1909), Xo. .'I'h Bcihigc 1, pp. 8.'il, 8//2). — An account is given of the experi-
ments which have been carried on at the agricultural institute of the Univer-
sity of Halle since 1900 in which catch crops are grown for the purpose of
removing nematodes. In one series of experiments in which sugar beets fol-
lowed the catch crops the yield of sugar beets was 168 centners per morgen
(about 29,286 lbs. per acre) as compared with 94 centners where catch crops
were not used.

Bordeaux mixture, how to make and apply it, P.J. O'Gara {Rogue River
Fruit Grower, 1 {1909). Xo. 7, pp. 1-3). — Directions are given for the proper
making of Bordeaux mixture on a large scale and suggestions offered concern-
ing its application for the control of apple diseases and similar troubles.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

A bibliography of the Russian fauna, T. Koppen (Bihliotheca Zoologica
Rossica. ,S7. Petersburg. 1905, vol. 1, pp. XVI+.5o2; 1908, vol. 2, pp. VII+
532).— The literature up to 1885, relating to the animals of Russia, is here
brought together and classified.

Antiplague operations on the Pacific coast for the fiscal year 1909, and
to November 1, 1909 {Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. S., Pub. Health
Rpts., 2't {1909), Xo. 50, pp. 181ft, 181f8). — In San Francisco, the number of rats

250 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED,

cau.ubt duriiiu the ihtkkI uiul(>r rop<>i"< was 1. ")(;,().")'.). of which 93,558 were exam-
ined. In Oalvland. 25.SS!) were caught, of which ](i.r)!),3 were examined, 2
being found infected witli phii^ne. In Los Anjieles, in August, 190S, a case of
human plague was rejtortcd, and shortly afterwards a ground squirrel was
found with plague infection. During the period from September 24, 1908, to
April 12, 1909, 13,992 animals were killed and examined for plague infection,
including 4.722 ground S(piiiTels and 8,977 rats, but none was found infected.
In Seattle, during the fiscal year, 51,750 i-ats were caught and 48,652 examined,
10 being found infected. In the campaign against ground squirrels in Contra
Costa (\)unty, Cal., up to October 30, 44.843 squirrels had been destroyed, of
which 298 wer(> found to be infected.

The plague eradicative measures (squirrel campaign) in Contra Costa
County, California, W. C. Hucker (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 53 {1909), No.
2Ji, pp. 1995-1999, fig. 1). — This is a more detailed account than that previously
noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 153).

The author describes the epizootic that destroyed great numbers of ground
squirrels in 1904, 1905. and 1900. This is sui)posed to have been bubonic plague,
as this disease was found in 1908 to be epizootic in these animals. In a careful
study of the habits of the scpiirrels {CitcUus licecliyi), it was found that tliey
spend the winters, that is the wet months, in the foothills, and that there the
young are born. They are usually collected into colonies and sometimes dig
very extensive l>urrows, honeycombing an entire hillside. The nest is formed of
straw and pieces of 'soft bark and is usually alive with fleas. Commercial
carbon bisulphid and poisoned wheat gave good results in poisoning the
squirrels.

" Carbon bisulphid seems to be the ideal agent for tlie extermination of
squirrels in a jilague campaign, for the reason that it not only kills the
squirrels, but also the fleas on them, and in the tunnels, thus precluding the
possibility of infected fleas remaining to perpetuate the epizootic in another
colony of squirrels subsequently occupying the same burrow. . . . The poison-
ous agent used in treating wheat is either sti'ycbnin sulphate or cyanid of
potassium, preferably a mixture of the two, api)lied to wheat with a little
glucose, or other sweet material, and then dried. . . . Phosphorus has not
proved as useful in the destruction of ground squirrels as in the poisoning of
rats. . . . Several varieties .of traps have been experimented with, but none
has proved very successful."

The squirrels as shot are shipped to the laboratory at San Francisco for
examination, a total of about 250 having been found up to October 1, 1909, to
be infected.

Special report on the decrease of certain birds, and its causes, with sug-
gestions for bird protection, E. H. Forbush (Boston, 1908, 2. rd., rev., pp.
118, pis. 2, map 1). — A second revised edition (B. S. R., 17, p. 1088).

Protozoology, G. X. Calkins {New York and Philadelphia, 1909. pp. /X+
31/9, pis. .'i, fif/s. 125). — An introduction to the study of modern protozoology. In
chapter 1, the general mori)hology, the organs of locomotion and the classifica-
tion are considered. The following chapters are dovoted to the i^hysiological
activities of the protozoa : pi-otoplasmic age of protozoa ; conjugation, matura-
tion, and fertilization; parasitism; pathogenic flagellates (3 chapters) ; patho-
genic hemosporidia ; and pathogenic rhizopoda.

An extensive bibliography is appended.

On the relation of certain cestode and nematode parasites to bacterial
disease, A. E. Shipley {Jour. Ecoii. Biol., .'i {1909). No. 3, pp. 61-71, /iff. 1). —
A paper read before the Associatiou of Economic Biologists at Oxford, July 13,
1909.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 251

The role of Collembola in economic entomology, W. E. Collinge {Jour.
Econ. Biol, .', (WOO), A'o. 3, pi). SS-86, fig. 1).—It is concluded that probably all
Collembola are more or less injurious to plant life. A list is given of 13 species
which are distinctly injurious.

On the presence of a flagellate parasite in the latex of Euphorbia pilulif era,
A. Lafont (Coinpt. Rend. t:yOc. Biol. [Paris]. 66 (1909), No. 22, pp. 1011-
1013). — The author reports the discovery of a flasjellate in the latex of E.
piluJifcra on the Island of Mauritius. This parasite presents all the characteris-
tics of the genus Leptomonas (Herpetomonas in the sense of certain authors)
and is given the name Leptomonas davidi. The plants examined have varied in
infestation from none to immense numbers. The parasitized plant loses its
leaves and growth is retarded. Of 144 individual plants collected from different
parts of the island, 4!) were parasitized. The sap of 21 additional species of
plants was examined without finding the parasite.

Herpetomonas aspongopi, W. M. Adkrs {I'arasitologii, 2 {1909), Ao. 3, pp.
202-207, figs. 2). — Tlie author has found //. ospongopi to be a true parasite of
the melon bug {Aspongopu.s viduatus) at Khartoum. The complete life cycle of
development takes place in the alimentary tract of the bug. The parasite is not
transmitted hereditarily but is probably conveyed from host to host by the
ingestion of feces containing resting forms.

Note on two new flagellate parasites in fleas, Doris L. Mackixnon {Ptira-
sitologg, 2 {1909), Xo. 3, pp. 228-296, pi. 1). — Herpetomonas ctenophthahni and
Critliidia hystrichopxylhc are described as new.

Report of the entomologist, T. .1. IIkadi.ee {Kansas ^la. Rpt. 1908, pp.
XL] 11-LIIl). — The noxious insects and rodents mentioned include the Hes-
sian fly, corn ear-worm, chinch bug, greater wheat straw worm, green bug,
fall army worm, fall wobworm, olm twig girdlor, ])ocket gopher, and prairie
dogs.

In cooperation with the lUireau of Entomology of this Department, a study
of the Hessian fly was made in Sumner County. It wiis found that in May
many of the flaxsee;ls formed in the spring gave up adult flies that laid eggs
upon young plants sprouting up from the bases of the older plants. Biological
studies as related to the control of the pest are now under way.

A careful study of the green bug and its parasitic enemies both in the field
and laboratory was carried on. The rate of reproduction of the green bug at
different tem])eratures and its ability to withstand low temperatures as well as
the rate of rei)roduction of the principal ])ara sites under different temperatures
and the effect of low temperature on its mortality are said to have been deter-
mined, "The present state of the work would indicate the parasite LgsipJilchus
tritici to be, under proper conditions of temperature, a most effective check on
the green bug; that it can survive lower temperature than the green bug; that
it can use several common species of plant lice as hosts, and is therefore
unlikely to be totally absent from any locality in this State where the green
bugs are present in damaging numbers; that the destruction of volunteer wheat
and oats, thus depriving the green bug of some of its common summer food
plants, would help to prevent it from infesting the regular crop; and that
plowing under spots of seriously infested wheat is effective in preventing
further spread from those spots."

Insects of the year, H. T. Fernald {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1908, pt. 1, pp.
7J-77). — In this brief report mention is made of the San Jose scale, elm-leaf
beetle, green-striped maple-worm, brown-tail moth, etc, Heterocampa gutti-
vitta, previously noted as occurring in Maine and New Hampshire (E, S, R.,
21, p. 759) appeared in forest areas in the western part of the State. The
oriental moth has continued to spread but has not thus far shown any indica-

252 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.

tioii of hoc'oniiiiK an imixirtaiil pest. The diseovery of gipsy moth egg clusters in
the Connecticut Valley during tlie spring indicates that sooner or later this
insect may be found in all parts of the State.

Report of the entomologist, W. V. Tower (Porto Rico <s7rt. Rpl. J DOS, pp.
ii3-2S, pi. 1). — Particular attention was given to Insects affecting the orange
and pineapple. Among the new lines of work talien up were the fumigation
of pineapple slips for the mealy bug, the destruction of ants in pineapples and
oranges, and the determination of the value of various oil emulsions used by
planters in combating the purple and white scales.

It is stated that at present the hemispherical scale '(Saissctia hemisphcerica)
can be found in groves only in limited numbers. The purple scale (Lepido-
saphes hcckii), however, is the source of injury in all plantations not protected
from the wind and where systematic spraying is not practiced. The life history
of this scale has been worked out and is here described. It is recommended
where kerosene and crude emulsions are used that a second application be made
about 21 days following the first, as by this time the females which escape the
first spraying have deposited eggs and these have had time to hatch.

The life history of the red scale (Clinjsomphalus flciis) has also been worked
out. It was found that the female develops in about the same time as the
female of the purple scale but unlike that species the young come forth at a
definite period. It is said to be much harder to kill than the purple scale.
The white scale {Chionaspis citri) appeared in a large number of the older
groves during the season and was a source of considerable iiujury. It requires
about the same time for the completion of its life cycle as does the purple scale.
While this insect is not preyed upon by as many fungi as the purple scale one
fungus has been found attacking it. As a remedy kerosene emulsion 1 : 7 or 1 : 8,
or crude oil emulsion, 1 part of stock solution to 20 parts of water, is recom-
mended, 3 applications to be made at intervals of 3 weeks. The rufous scale
{Pseudaonidia arUcuUitus) was found in a few groves causing slight injury.

The orange leaf weevil (Diaprepes spengleri) , previously described as appear-
ing during the latter part of May, was observed in large numbers during No-
vember, there being 2 broods during the year. The " vaquita," a small green
beetle, is reported to have been the source of Injury in orange groves on the
northern coast. " Caculos " and ]May beetles were the source of injury in young
groves, one or two cases having been reported where young trees were defoliated.
The mealy bug has been found in all the pineapple sections of the island.
Very satisfactory results were obtained from the fumigation of slips and suck-
ers with hydrocyanic-acid gas, 1 oz. of potassium cyanid to every 100 cu. ft.
being used. The coffee weevil was found in a number of plantations around
Ponce, and in some districts the planters complained that it did a great deal of
damage. The coffee stem borer was reported as the source of some damage in
1 or 2 localities.

Five nuclei of Italian bees purchased in July had developed sufficient bees by
December 13 to raise a brood and develop IT frames of comb, 10 of which were
filled with honey. The fungus causing mummy disease of guavas is thought
to have entered young fi-uit through the punctures of mealy bugs. Kerosene
emulsion, 1 part of stock to 6 or 7 of water, was found to control these bugs.
Great numbers of thrips observed on the under side of mango leaves are thought
to have been the indirect source of injury through their punctures being en-
trance points for the spores which produce anthracnose. The formula 1 pt. of
crude carbolic acid (100 per cent crude), ^ lb. of whale oil or common laundry
soap, and 1 qt. of water, proved very effective in desti-oying ants' nests.

Some observations concerning' injurious insects, Sofie Rostrup (Tidsskr.
Landbr. Planteavl, 16 {1909), No. 2, pp. 283-302, figs. 6).— This article treats of

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY EXTOMOLOGY. 253

injurious insects of minor iuiitorlance wliirli appeareil in Denmark during the
years 1!M)T-.S.

Reports of injurious insects in Finland in 1906—7, E. Keutf.r (Landthr.
Styr. Meddel., J90D, Nos. 6.'t, pp. 17; 60, pp. 26). — The author here reports upon
the insects of economic importance in Finland during the years 1906 and 1907.
The occurrence of several fungus diseases is also noted.

A handbook of the destructive insects of Victoria, ■with notes on the
methods to be adopted to check and extii-pata thena, C. French (Melbourne,
1891, pt. 1, pp. lo3+ir, pis. 21; 1893, pt. 2, pp. 222, pis. 32; 1900, pt. 3, pp.
229, pis. Ji6; 1909, pt. .'i, pp. 19.5, pis. 3'/). — The accounts here given of insects of
economic importance are accompanied by colored plates which illustrate their
life history, injury, and natural enemies.

Standards of the number of egg's laid by insects, VIII, A. A. Girault
(Eiii. ^e^i■s, 20 (1909), No. 8, pp. J.J.5-3.77).— Records of counts made of 20 egg
masses each of Chionaspis americana, C. pinifoliw, C. salicis, and the oyster-
shell scale are reiiorted.

The life history of the agrionid dragon fly, F. Balfoxjr-Buowne (Proe.
Zool. Soc. London, 1909, II, pp. 253-285, pis. 2, chart 1). — In these studies
nymphs were first fed upon Paramoecia which thej- ate readily. As they grew
the Paramoecia were replaced by daphnids, of which they caught and demol-
lished large specimens. The daphnids are said to have served as food all
through the nymph stage after the protozoa became insufficient.

A bil)liogra])liy of 2.'i titles relating to the biology of the Odouata is appended.

Destruction of houtkapper white ants (Agr. .lour. Cape Good Hope, 35
{1909), Ao. 1, pp. 81, 82, fig. 1). — The ant destroyer machine here described is
said to have been used with good results in the destruction of termites. While
manj' kinds of true ants can also be readily destroyed in their nests and runs
with the aid of this apparatus, it is not at all applicable to Iridomyrmcx humilis
which has become a nuisance in and about many colonial towns.

The periodical cicada in Massachusetts, C. W. Hooker (Massachusetts Sta.
Rpt. 1908, pt. 2, pp. 200-210). — Four species of cicada (Cicada septendecim,
C. cunicularis, C. saiji, and C. linnet) are said to be commonly found in Massa-
chusetts, while two others (C. rimosa and C. Jiierogli/phicd) occur but are not
common. Although the periodical cicada has not been recorded from Maine
and is'ew Hampshii-e and only twice from Vermont, the rest of New England
has parts of several well-defined broods which are more or less important.
The earliest known record of the occurrence of this species was at Plymouth,
Mass., in IGP.o. Massachusetts is credited with 4 broods, and members of a
fifth have probably entered the State. The history of each brood is here
reviewed.

The first brood, which occurs in Barnstable and Plymouth counties, last ap-
peared in 1900. Part of the second brood occurs in Dukes County and last
appeared in 1900. The third brood, which was due to appear in 190.3, seems
to have died out in Massachusetts, while the fourth brood reported by Fitch
to occur in the southeastern part of Massachusetts is, if still active in the
State, small and of no importance. No colony of the fifth brood has been re-
ported in Massachusetts, but they come so close to the state line on the south-
west that stragglers at least must have crossed into Massachusetts when they
last appeared in 1894.

An annotated Iiibliography of 26 titles is appended to the account.

The cane sucker, F. W. rRicii (Dept. Agr. Trinidad, Bui. Agr. Inform., 1909,
n. ser.. No. 61, pp. .'t3-.'f5, pi. i).— The larvse of Castnia licvs are said to have in-
jured a large percentage of the sugar-cane stools in one district in Trinidad.
The pest also appears to injure the banana and coconut.

254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

The Desmodium aphid, Microparsus variabilis n. sp., Edith M. Patch
{E»t. Xcir.s, .iO in)0!l), \o. 8, ii]). S.n-3',l, pis. ;2).— This paper forms Entonio-
lofiical Contribution No. ;-55 from the Maino Station.

M. variabUis, which has for tlie past 2 years been iiresent In enormous num-
bers ui>on the Canadian or sliow.v ticli-trefoil (DcsnKKliinn canadcniic), is hei'e
described as representing a new genus and species. The entire life cycle of the
colonies observed is passed on this plant. "The species reproduces upon the
trefoil during the summer, and during July the colonies of apterous and alate
viviparous forms thickly crowd the tips of the branches and the ventral surface
of the leaves, which become badly twisted and curled. From the middle of
August to the middle of September the true sexes, the winged males and the
apterous oviparous females, are abundant."

A new pest of the Florida orange, E. A. Back {Fla. Fruit and Produce
Neics, 2 (I'JOD), No. 9, p. 5). — The author calls attention to the fact that a spe-
cies of white tly. distinct from the citrus white fly (Alcyrodcs citri) and the
spotted-wing white fly (.1. nuhifcrn), has been discovered for the first time in
this country. This white fly has been found on orange trees at Tampa, Fla.,
where it has become of economic importance. The species is said to have been
known for several years to infest orange trees on several of the islands of the
West Indies, [)articularly Cuba.

The San Jose scale and methods of controlling- it, W. E. Rritton {(lonnec-
ticut State Sta. Bui. 165, pp. 3-2.'t, figs. 12). — This is a revised and enlarged
edition of Bulletin 135 previously noted (E. S. II., 13, p. 7(36). In an abridged
edition of the former list of food plants common names are used in place of
Latin names. The pest is said to have now spread to nearly every portion of
the State. Natural enemies are not very effective in holding it in check in
Connecticut, the most important being 2 species of lady beetles.

The gloomy scale, F. Sherman, Jr. {Bien. Rpt. Comr. Agr. .Y. C. 1907-8. p.
'>20). — It has been found that this scale does not attack the hard maples, even
when grown close to badly infested soft maples. An examination, in several
places, notably in Robeson County, has shown many red and silver maples
dying under the attacks of this pest, while the sugar and Norway maples were
found flourishing.

New observations on the olive tineid (Prays oleae), T. Dumont {Vompt.
Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], l-',8 {1909), No. 21, pp. 1.1,08, i//09).— An account of
studies of the life history and habits of this pest. There was found to be a
considerable variation in the period required for the life cycle, this depending
largely ujxin the kind of food on which the larv;e fed.

Insect plague in Saxony, T. H. Norton (Daili/ Cons, and 'I'radc Rpts. [[/. S.]
1909, No. 35U6, pp. 8, 9). — The nun moth Ocncria (Li parts) monacha was the
source of great injury to Saxon forests in 1908. At Zittau, powerful suction
ventilators were stationed lietween electric arc lamps and large numbers of the
moths destroyed.

" In the perfected device, as Anally iidopted, 2 searchlights are employed.
They are adapted for currents from 30 to 50 amperes and are shielded in front
by highly polished glass disks. In front of them and somewhat lower are the 2
arc lamps regulated for currents of 10 amperes and protected by glass globes.
Immediately below and between these 2 lamps is the opening of the ventilator.
An electric motor attached to this produces 1.200 revolutions per minute, and
sucks through about 2.800 cu. ft. of air in the same time. The outgoing blast
of air enters an open box alongside. 3 sides of which are composed of wire net-
ting. In this the moths meet their fate, and it is emptied as fast as their
bodies accumulate in such quantities as to obstruct the free passage of the air
blast. Four of these devices were installed in the town of Zittau upon the

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 255

roofs of the electrical works, the town hall, a schoolhouse, and a factory. The
effectiveness of this new destructive agency seems to have been somewhat
variable and dependent upon meteorological conditions. The maximum result
attained in a single night by such an installation as above described was a total
weight of 141 lbs., representing about 400,000 dead moths. Frequently, however,
the weight would be less than 70 lbs."

At times females showed a slight numerical predominance and generally they
composed at least 40 per cent of the slaughtered insects. Similar experiments
on a smaller scale, in which the electric arc was replaced by acetylene lamps,
were instituted in the heart of the forest, and gave satisfactory results.

Tineids attacking pears, P. Passy {Rev. Hort. [Pari.s], 8/ {1909), No. 16,
pp. 386-389, flijH. 6). — In France Coleophora hemerobiclla and C. flavipenella
frequently injure the pear, although the latter species seems to prefer the
apple.

The robber-flies of America, north of Mexico, belonging' to the subfam-
ilies Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae, F. A. Back {Trans. Amcr. Etit. ,b'oc.,
35 {1909), No. 2-3, pp. 137-J,00, pis. ii).— Thirty-six genera and 194 species are
recognized of which 1 genus and 20 sjiecies are here described as new.

Tabanidae of Brazil and neighboring countries, A. Lutz (Zoo?. Jnhrb., ]909.
Sup. 10, No. 4, pp. 619-692, pis. 3). — In this work several genera and many
species are described as new to science. Fifty-seven species are portrayed in
colors.

The breeding of the common house fly (Musca domestica) during the
winter months, F. P. Jepson {Jour. Econ. Biol., J, {1909), No. 3, pp. 78-82).—
A paper read before the Association of Economic Biologists at Oxford, July 13,
1909.

A possible natural enemy to the mosquito, J. M. Atkin.son {Lancet [Lon-
don], 1909, II. No. 10. pp. 708-710, figs. 3; Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg. [London],
12 {1909), No. 17, pp. 255, 256, figs. 3). — The author reports that an Anthomyid
{Lispa sinensis) has been observed near Hong Kong feeding upon mosquito
larvjp.

Contribution to the study of the mosquitoes which live in salt water, A.
Clerc (Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol. [Paris], 66 {1909), No. S, pp. 120, 121).— Young
Anopheles larvfe transferred from stagnant to salt water died in 1 or 2 hours
but more mature larvse lived and in 4 or r> hours transformed to nymphs, then to
imagos. The adults bred were apparently Anopheles maculipennis.

The regional distribution of fleas on rodents, G. W. McCoy and M. B.
MiTZMAiN {Parasitologii. 2 {1909), No. 3, pp. 2 97 -30. 'i).— From the data pre-
sented it appears that the favorite location for the common rat fleas in the
vicinity of San Francisco, Ceratophyllus fasciatus and Loemopsylla cheopis, is
about the hind quarters of the rat, while Ctenopsyllus musculi prefers the region
of the head and neck. The same regional distribution of rat fleas was found in
the case of guinea pigs. Squirrel fleas are most numerous on the hind quarters.

Bevision of the New Zealand Cossonidse, with descriptions of new genera
and species, T. Broun {Trans. New Zeal. Inst., 4I {1908), pp. 151-215, pis.
2). — Forty-one genex-a and 141 species are here described.

On the Ichneumonid genus Echthromorpha, R. Kreiger {Mitt. Zool. Mus.
Berlin, J, {1909), No. 2, pp. 295-31,',, figs. 20).— Nine of the 17 species recognized
are described as new.

[The North American Cynipidae and their galls], W. BEUTENMtJLLER {Bui.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 23 {1907), pp. 629-651, pis. 5, figs. J,; 26 {1909), pp.
29-66, 135-11,5, 2^3-256, 277-281, pis. i7).— Each of the first 4 of these papers
is devoted to the species of a single genus, the genera considered being Rhodites,
HoJcaspis, Amphibolips, and Diastrophus, respectively. In the fifth paiJer the
25493— No. 3—10 5

256 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

species of Biorhiza, I'hilonlx, aiul allied genera are taken up. Numerous illus-
trations of the .ualls formed accomimny the accounts.

Ants of Formosa and the Philippines, W. ]M. Wmkeler {liul. Amci: Mas.
Nat. Jlist., .Hi (1 !)()!>), pp. 3S3-8.'i.j). — Twenty species are listed from Formosa
of whicli 2 si)ecies and 2 subspecies are described as new to science. In a
coniitU'te list here iiiven, of the species known to occur in the I'hilippine Archi-
pela,i,'<). 70 are recorded of which 2 are decribed as new to science.

Papers on cereal and forage insects. The lesser clover-leaf weevil, F. M.
Wehstkr {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 85, i)t. 1, pp. 12, figs. S).— This dis-
cusses the history of Phytonomus nigrirostrls, first in Europe showing that it
occurs from Scandinavia southward into Egypt and Asia Minor, then in America,
bringing out the fact that it is injurious only throughout the northern and
central Atlantic coast region, never having been abundant inland. It seems
jtrobable that the species was introduced into either Canada or New England
early in the last half of the last century. The diffusion of the weevil south-
ward is said to be more or less obscure, but it is suggested that it may have
been carried by streams or winds to the ocean, thence southward and deposited
by the tides on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay. While known for some time
both to the north and south of the District of Columbia, only within the last
two years has it become at all abundant within the District. Notes are given
on interrupted investigations carried on there during 190!).

In the vicinity of Washington, D. C, the adults come forth from their
hibernation in the fields as soon as warm weather starts the young growth of
the clover, probably during the last of March in ordinary seasons. Females
collected on April 1, during the somewhat cold and backward spring of 1909,
deposited eggs indoors on April 6. The egg period was found to vary from
7 days 20 hours to 8 days 12 hours. The larval period varies from 17 to 20
days, during which time 2 molts are passed. The pupal stage occupies normally
about 0 days, and the entire period from egg to adult about 32 days. While
there is clearly but a single annual generation, the breeding season is greatly
prolonged, egg deposition probably covering upward of 0 weeks and late in the
season all stages may be observed at the same time. While the larvae can
feed on all parts of the clover plants above ground, they prefer the tenderest
unfolding leaves and in the fields select these parts and feed among the folds;
later they attack the heads, both young and in full bloom. After emerging the
adults probably scatter abroad over the fields and hibernate among the leaves,
matted grass, and other rubbish. The red, mammoth, crimson, white, and
alsike clover, and alfalfa serve as food plants. Technical descriptions are given
of the stages.

A tachinid {Anisia sp.) and a species of Bracon have been reared from the
larvae. The pupae are destroyed by a fungus (Empusa [Eiitoinophthora]
sphwrospcrma).

A bibliography of 12 titles is appended.

Papers on cereal and forage insects. — The slender seed-corn ground-beetle,
W. J. Phillips (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 85, pt. 2, pp. 13-28, figs. 6).—
This paper is based upon observations carried on for several years in the
vicinity of New Paris, Ohio.

The pest (Clivina impressifrons) works below ground in the kernels of corn
and confines itself to swampy, peaty soils, sometimes as many as 15 or 20 indi-
viduals being found in or about a single hill. It has been reported from New
York and New Jersey and as far west as Kansas and Iowa. Descriptions are
given of its several stages, with life history notes. The larvae are said to devour
larvae and pupie of other insects and will, in confinement, destroy each other;
they are very difficult to rear and in no case can be carried further than 1 or

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 257

2 molts. In the field tliey are found from a depth of a few inches to about 2 ft.
The i)U])al stage lasts from D to 10 days. When found in the field the pupa
is always inclosed in a little, oblong, earthen cell, about ^ in. long. The species
breeds throughout the entire season, very small larvae up to full-grown pupae
and adults being found during the entire season. The winter is passed in
the adult stage.

As soon as the corn is planted and starts to germinate the beetles begin to
attack it, as many as .5 beetles having been talven from a single kernel. Some-
times the yomig plant may push through the earth to the surface of the ground
and then die, owing to the fact that the kernel has been destroyed and the
root system has not been developed suflSciently to support it. Details are given
of experiments in which a number of repellents were used, the best results being
obtained with oil of cajeput, citronella, and lemon. It appears that the greater
part of the damage may be avoided by late planting, as, in the vicinity of Rich-
mond, Ind., corn planted about the middle of June is but little injured. A
small mite (Canestrinia sp. ) has been found which apparently destroys the
beetle.

A bibliography of 13 titles is appended.

Insect enemies of corn, F. Sherman, .Jr. (Bicn. Rpt. Comr. Agr. N. C,
1907-8, pp. Ji91-519, figs. 11). — This article discusses the insects attacking the
corn plant and the methods of dealing with them. Among the more important
insects considered are the wireworms, cutworms, Diabrotica 12-punctata, corn-
root webworm (Cramltus caliginoceUus), corn bill-beetle (Sphenopliorus callo-
6H.S'), larger cornstalk borer [Diatnca saccharalis), chinch bug, corn ear-
worm (H(U')this ohsolcta), and grain weevils.

Some insects injurious to truck crops. — The parsnip leaf-miner. The
parsley stalk weevil. The celery caterpillar, F. H. Chittenden ( U. S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent. BuJ. 82, pt. 2, pp. 9-2Jt, figs. 6).

The parsnip leaf -miner (Acidia fratria) (pp. 9-13). — This pest occurs from
the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. It has appeared in the District
of Columbia since 1903 in such considerable numbers that in some years beds of
parsnips are so extensively infested by the maggot by July that 2.5 per cent of
the leaves are destroyed. The larva^ under observation in 1908 transformed to
puppe May 22, and the first adults issued June 6. A chalcidoid parasite, Synto-
mosphyrnm sp., was reared by the author from the maggot. As the fly shows
a fondness for plants which run to seed, beds should not be planted in the
vicinity of parsnip or other susceptible crops. Sprays of kerosene emulsion
and carbolized kerosene emulsion which have been reported to be successful in
the treatment of young plants affected by the celery leaf-miner, are suggested
for use as deterrents.

The parsley stalk weevil (Listronotus latiuseulns) (pp. 14-19). — Following an
account of its injurious occurrence, technical descriptions are given of the
stages. Mention is made of injury by the insect at Four Mile Run, Va. The
eggs are deposited in parsley stalks in which the larvae live and from which
they bore down into the roots. In some cases plants are killed by its punctures,
particularly when quite small and delicate, in which case the larvae desert the
stems by tumbling out to the ground into which they crawl and attack the
roots by boring in from outside. The insect has also been found in the seed
capsules or heads and in stalks of the common arrowhead {Sagittaria varia-
bilis) and in the lower parts of reeds (Phragmites). It is thought that the
pest can be reached with bisulphid of carbon or kerosene emulsion applied about
the roots in the same manner as for maggots and similar insects.

258 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The celery rdlcriiilhir [I'dinlio jxihj.vcncs) (pp. 20-24). — Descriptions are
given of its stajies, followed by an accomit of its distribntion, life history, and
habits. It appears to have no special life zone, occnrrinj; from Canada sonth-
ward thronph Central America and the West Indies to South America at least
as far as Venezuela. Its principal insect enemies are species of iclmeumon Hies
(Trogus cxesorius and T. exidianator), Apanteles lunatus and a dragon fly
(Anax longipcs). When the sfiecies become too numerous to be kept in control
by handpicking arsenicals will control the pest.

Spraying apples for curculio and codling moth, E. P. Taylor (Missouri
Fruit Sill. Bill. 21, pp. !t-()9. figs. JS). — The iiuijorlant facts in the life history
and habits of the plum curculio are tirst discussed. It was found that "a
single male and female kopt in a cage for over 3 months and supplied with
fresh fruit made a total of 721 separate egg or food punctures. Had they been
distributed singly in the api)les in the orchard 4.8 bu. of apples, estimating 150
per bushel, could have received punctures from this single pair."

A review of the life history and habits of the codling moth then follows.
" In 1908 the first hibernating larvse found changed to pupsB in the orchard
at Olden were on April G, and the first moth was seen in the orchard May
5. At this date the first few scattering eggs were found on apple leaves
of early blooming varieties. The first eggs were found hatched on Ingrams,
May 23. when this variety measured about * to | in. in diameter. The maxi-
mum hatching of eggs did not take place for 10 days to 2 weeks following, and
a few stragglers were entering the apples well into the month of June. The
dates at which the first generation larvae enter apples has a very important
bearing upon the times of sprays. . . .

"A few apples were found with worms escaped by June 11, and larvae pre-
paring to pupate were first caught under burlap bands on trunks June 16. From
this date forward almost up to the time the apples were picked in October,
larvfe continued beneath the bands. . . . The first moth of the second genera-
tion was secured on June 29, and a number of others were secured during the
first week of July. Early in July the first of the second generation eggs were
to be found, though the maximum number did not appear for some weeks later."
A freshly deix)sited codling moth egg was found while examining apples on
October 7. probably being one of the third generation of the insect.

A practical spraying experiment was conducted in 1908 upon a block of about
20 acres of Ingram apples in a large commercial Ozark apple orchard for the
purpose of showing the best kind of spray, the proper time to spray, and the
best way to spray apples to prevent codling moth and curculio injury. Three
early sprays resulted in 97.6 per cent picked apples free from curculio crescents
while 45.5 per cent were damaged on the trees unsprayed. Of these apples
99.83 per cent were free from codling moth wormholes, 14.5 per cent being
infested on the trees unsprayed, and 97.4 per cent of the apples were free from
both kinds of injuries as compared with 46.1 per cent from the unsprayed trees.
The three early sprays by preventing windfalls also gave 45 per cent more
picked apples than the unsprayed trees.

It was found that the spraying had doubled the cash returns for the crop,
the net profit due to spraying amounting to $65.36 per acre, or $7 for every
dollar expended for spraying.

It is considered that 3 early sprays, if thoroughly applied, will be sufficient to
control both codling moth and curculio under the average conditions in Mis-
souri. Paris green was not quite so efficient as arsenate of lead and, although
used with every precaution, seriously damaged the fruit by causing blackened
areas about the blossom end, nearly one-fourth of the picked fruit being re-
jected from the first grade for this cause. The rainy weather prevailing at the

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 259

time nearly all the sprays were applied intensified the damage from the Paris
green, but the adjoining block treated similarly with arsenate of lead failed
to develop more than about 1 per cent of apples blackened at the blossom end.
In the picked fruit sprayed with ai'senate of lead, 3.8 per cent bore either cur-
culio crescents or codling moth wormholes, while 7.67 per cent bore these in-
juries in the plat sprayed with Paris green. Including both windfalls and
picked fruit, 96.18 per cent in the arsenate of lead plat and 93 per cent in the
Paris green plat were free from these injuries. This difference in cases of
heavy yields of high priced fruit is thought to justify the use of the lead, even
though the cost of the Paris green might be slightly less.

There seems to be good evidence that arsenate of lead possesses some fungi-
cidal value as foliage was held on the trees in a vigorous condition late in the
fall, while unsprayed trees adjoining were stripped early in the fall by fungus
diseases.

rumigation dosage for forcing crops, H. T. Febnald (Massachusetts 8ta.
Rpt. 1908, pt. 1, pp. 73, 7//). — A summary is here presented of hydrocyanic-acid
fumigation experiments with tomatoes and cucumbers under glass which ex-
tended over a period of 4 years.

" Fumigation during sunlight can not be practiced without resulting in the
serious injury or death of the plants. Fumigation during cloudy days is very
unsafe at best and is not advised. Fumigation on moonlight nights is also
unsafe, frequently resulting in considerable injury. Good results are obtained
by fumigation on clear nights, without a moon, or on cloudy nights. The best
results are obtained by fumigation on clear, dark nights, with a house temper-
ature of from 55 to 65° F., followed by complete ventilation for from 15 to 30
minutes and a rather low temperature in the house the next day. Plants
fumigated while drops of water remain on them are likely to be injured ; fumi-
gation should, therefore, be given only to plants not so recently watered as to
have leaves or stems still wet. The moisture in the house (humidity) should
not be high, to obtain the best results. Under the conditions above named,
fumigation for tomatoes, using 0.01 gm. of 98 per cent potassium cyanid for
each cubic foot of space for a period of 40 minutes, should insure satisfactory
results, and the time with cucumbers could safely be extended to IJ hours with
advantage.

" In general, the experiments show that with tomatoes the period during
which fumigation can safely be applied to the plants is hardly long enough to
more than kill the adult white fly, but a repetition of the treatment 3 times
at intervals of 2 weeks should be effective. With cucumbers, treatment can be
prolonged with safety, but it is doubtful if the eggs can be destroyed, using a
safe strength of the cyanid, and for this reason repetition of the treatment
as with the tomato is desirable."

Analyses of Paris green and lead arsenate, C. S. Cathcart (New Jersey
Stas. Bui. 222, pp. 3-13). — All of the 17 samples of Paris green analyzed con-
tained the required 50 per cent of arsenious oxid combined with copper, but
7 samples indicated a lack of care in the process of manufacture. The average
composition of the 17 samples examined was : Total arsenious oxid, 55.26 per
cent ; water-soluble arsenic compounds, 1.66 per cent ; copper oxid, 28.81 per
cent ; and arsenious oxid combined with copper, 53.87 per cent.

Fifteen samples of arsenate of lead analyzed showed the following varia-
tions: Water from 39.06 to 68.16 per cent, arsenic oxid from 6.07 to 19.71 per
cent, lead oxid from 21.13 to 40.08 per cent, soluble arsenic oxid from 0.05 to
0.28 per cent, and the soluble impurities other than arsenic oxid from 0.06 to
3.10 per cent. These results show that there has not been any decided improve-
ment in the uniformity of the various brands.

260 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Insecticide materials and spraying apparatus: Addresses of dealers and
manufacturers, W. E. IIinhs {^AIhIxuiki Cal. ,s'/a. Cirr. 3, pp. .'i). — Address lists
of some of tlio lirius nmnufacturins or dcaliiifj in insecticide materials and
apparatus are .irivcii.

Some insects injurious to forests. — Insect depredations in North American
forests and practical methods of prevention and control, A. D. Hopkins
(U. S. Dipt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 58, pt. 5, pp. 57-101). — The author here gives
a summary of facts, conclusions, and estimates relating to the forest-insect prob-
lem as applieil to North American conditions and calls attention to its inij)or-
lance in the future maiiagoinout of private and public forests.

In the first part of the paper (pp. 57-71) insect depredations in North Amer-
ican forests are considered, their character and extent being discussed at some
length. The methods of prevention and control are then taken up (pp. 71-!tl),
followed by general conclusions. It is stated to be evident that if the informa-
tion now available is properly utilized in the future it will result in the pre-
vention of an equivalent of at least 30 per cent of the estimated annual waste
of forest resources that has been caused by insects within recent years. Meth-
ods by whicli this can be accomplished have been summarized as follows :

" The adoption or adjustment of certain requisite details in forest manage-
ment, in lumbering and manufacturing operations, and in storing, transporting,
and utilizing the products which, at the least expense, will bring about the
necessary reduction of the injurious insect and unfavorable conditions for their
future multiplication or destructive work.

" The adoption of policies of control, based upon expert technical knowledge
or advice relating to the species, habits, life history, and natural enemies of the
insects involved, and methods for their control, supplemented by expert knowl-
edge or advice on the principles of technical and applied forestry in the proper
management, care, and utilization of the forest and its resources and still fur-
ther supplemented by practical knowledge and exi)erience relating to local con-
ditions and facilities favorable and unfavorable for successful application
according to a given method or policy of control. . . .

" Utilization of so-called matured timber, and especially dense or pure stands
of such timber, thus removing one of the favorable conditions for rapid deterio-
ration through attacks by wood-boring insects or death through the attack of
destructive bark-boring or defoliating insects.

" The utilization of a knowledge of the principles of natural conti'ol as a
means of contriltuting to the efficiency of artificial control.

" Prompt recognition of the first evidences of the work or destructive out-
breaks of the principal insect dej^redators, authentic identification of the species
involved, and prompt action in adopting the proper method or methods of con-
trol for the prevention of losses."

Attention is called to the fact that it is useless to attempt the extermination
of an insect enemy of the forest or its products. It is only necessary to reduce
and weaken its forces at least 75 per cent, so that it can not continue an ag-
gressive invasion, but must occupy a defensive position against its own enemies
and become dependent upon favorable conditions resulting from avoidable neg-
ligence and mismanagement by the owners of the forests and the manufacturers
of forest products.

An extensive list of publications relating to forest insec-ts and to forest sta-
tistics is appended.

Some insects injurious to forests. — The southern pine sawyer, J. L. Webb
{U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 58, pt. Jf, pp. Jtl-56, figs. 12). — An account of
Monohammus titillator, its injury and remedial measures based on investiga-
tions conducted in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Ai-kansas.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 261

So far as known this species attaclis only pine trees, of which it apparently
attacks all species within its range of distribution, when felled or injured.
The storms of 1906, 1907, and 190S furnished conditions favorable to this pest, and
it is estimated that in the storms of 1907 and 1908, 2,180,800,000 ft. of timber
was blown down, practically all of which was damaged by the sawyer. In the
vicinity of Baxterville, Miss., where most of the author's investigations were
carried on, from 75 to 90 per cent of the trees felled during the storm of April
24, 1908, were infested by the sawyer at the time of the visit of July 6. The
damage to each log infested is the work of the larvae or grubs which mine in
and through the sapwood and even penetrate the heartwood, making large
unsightly holes which cause the lumber made from this portion of the log to be
thrown into the very lowest grade. Approximately 25 per cent of the lumber in
each log infested by the sawyer is seriously damaged.

Technical descriptions are given of the 4 stages in the life of the sawyer,
followed by an account of its seasonal history and habits. In southern Missis-
sippi the egg-laying periods last from about the first of March to the middle of
October. Preparatory to laying the eggs the female digs with her mandibles
quite a conspicuous egg pit in the bark. The eggs are deposited in a circle
around the bottom of the egg pit, as many as 9 eggs having been found deposited
through a single pit opening. The larvse hatch out in about 5 days and begin
feeding upon the soft inner bark. They soon work their way through it, but
do not enter the wood until they have attained considerable growth. Previous
to pupation the larva extends the gallery into the sapwood until the heartwood
is reached. It is probable that while the larval period may last for several
months the pupal period is not longer than 2 or .3 weeks. The length of time
occupied in passing from the egg to the adult stage varies greatly in different
individuals. A few adults emerge in the fall but the greater number pass the
winter in the larval stage.

Larvae of the coleopterous family Trogositid.ie, the larva of an elaterid beetle
of the genus Alans, and a parasite (Bracon [Melanobraeon^ webM), here de-
scribed by H. L. Viereck as new to science, are mentioned as natural enemies.
None of these, however, has been powerful enough to thin appreciably the ranks
of the sawyer.

Remedies considered under the headings fire, scoring, ])lacing logs in water,
and barking the logs are summarized as follows : " If possible saw all storm-
lelled trunks into logs and place the logs in water before the larvae enter the
wood, or within 40 days after the eggs are laid. If it is impossible to place the
logs in water, they should be barked within 40 days after the first egg pits arc
observed in the bark."

A complete bibliography consisting of 20 titles is appended.

Insect carriers of typhoid fever, W. F. Button {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc,
53 (1909), Xo. 16, pp. 1248-1252, figs. 7).— A brief account is given of the in-
sects that are agents in the transmission of typhoid fever. The author con-
siders the study of entomology and its relation to disease to offer one of the
most prolific and promising fields in preventive medicine. A list of some of
the more important works upon the subject is appended to the account.

Myiasis intestinalis due to infection with 3 species of dipterous larvae,
E. F. McCampbell and H. J. Corpeb {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 53 {1909). No.
15, pp. 1160-1162, fig. 1). — Anthomyia canicularis, Miisca domestica, and Eris-
talis tenax are the 3 species that were implicated.

Bee keeping [in Ireland] {Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Statis.
190S, pp. XX. l.',0, i//i).— According to the returns received there appears to
have been a decrease of 31.6 per cent in the quantity of honey produced in 1907
from that of the preceding year, as compared with an increase m 1900 of 0.6

262 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

per cent over 1005. The (inautity of honey produced in 1908 was 322,160 lbs.,
of which 2.^)1.2!);! ll)s. wori- inodiiced in hives havinj; movable combs. There
were 2.3.S7 ll>s. dt wnx iiianufacturod in 1907. of which 1,794 were from hives
having movable (-01111)8.

Kee-keepini; statistics are given (pp. 140, 141) showing by counties and
provinces the numi»ei- of stocks at various dates in 1907 and 1908, with the
quantity of honey produced and wax manufactured in 1907.

Apiculture in the colonies, 1". Marchal (Agr. Prut. Fays Chauds, 9 {1909),
No. 7N, /;/>. 179-188). —A lirief report on apiculture in the French coloniep.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

[Pure food topics], E. F. Ladd and Emily E. May {\ort1i Dnknta F^fa. Fipec.
Bills. I.i, pp. IJ,; IS. pp. 16; IJ,, pp. n-J,5 ; 15, pp. 1,7-62; 16, pp. 63-78; 17, pp.
79-88; 18, pp. 89-10.'/). — These bulletins discuss a variety of to]ucs connected
with the state pure food law and its application and report analytical data.

The principal subjects included are the following : Analyses of waters and a
list of beverages registered under the state law ; the results of the examination
of drugs ; a discussion of the use of food preservatives based on replies re-
ceived from 171 North Dakota physicians in reponse to a circular letter of in-
quiry; data regarding the examination of ice creams and nonalcoholic bever-
ages: the results of water analyses and analyses of whiskies and the results of
the examination of a number of miscellaneous food materials, together with a
discussion of a drug called " coca-bola ;" the text of the model food law bill
presented at the Denver convention of the Association of State and National
Dairy Departments, by E. F. Ladd ; and analytical data regarding a so-called
tonic germicide (oxy-tonic), and the results of the analyses of a number of
samples of drugs, miscellaneous foods, and sugar beets, together with data re-
garding the comiK)sition of numerous stock remedies.

The stock remedies were found to consist of such drugs as crude petroleum oil
and ammonia, gas drip, tincture of iodin, and potassium hydroxid and air
slaked lime. The ingredients would cost 2 to 5 cts. per bottle, it is stated,
though the selling price of the goods was $1 per bottle. "As the result of
our examination of the various products which have been submitted, we
would say that they did not possess the virtue which has been claimed for
them ; that the sale of these products at the prices claimed is exorbitant ;
that the farmer who purchases them will be. to a considerable extent, de-
frauded ; and that some of the products are practically nothing more than
waste products from petroleum refineries or from the manufacture of coal gas."

In addition to the tojiics enumerated, a number of the bulletins contain short
notes on a variety of special subjects connected with pure food work and
sanitation.

[State beverage and sanitary inspection laws], E. F. Ladd (North Dakota
Sta. Spec. Bui. 11, pp. IJf). — The text of the state pure beverage law and the
sanitary insi»ection law. each of which was approved March 15. 1909, is given,
together with rulings and discussions as to these laws.

Law bulletin {I'cnn. Dcpt. Agr. Bid. 180. pp. 68).— The text of the law estab-
lishing a department of agriculture in Pennsylvania, the various acts of assem-
bly committed to the dairy and food division for enforcement, and a brief digest
of numerous decisions of courts relating to the aforesaid laws, rules, and regu-
lations are included in this bulletin.

Notices of judgment (U. 8. Dept, Agr., Notice.^ of Judgment 103, pp. 2-1/ ;
106-108, pp. 9-15; 110, pp. 17, 18).— The subjects included are the adulteration
of eggs and the misbranding of cane sirup, Vermont or maple sugar, preserves.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRlTIOlsr. 263

and sirup. In the case of eggs the special topic considered was the presence
of putrid and decomposed animal matter.

Notice of judgment (U. H. Dcpt. Agr., Notice of Judgment 111. pp. 2).—
This has to do with the misbranding of catsup as to the amount of benzoate of
soda pi-esent.

Administrative measures for the protection of the food supply produced
in this country, J. McPhail (Jour. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health. 11 {1909), Xo. 11,
pp. 673-676). — Conditions existing in Great Britain are discussed and remedies
suggested.

Administrative measures for the protection of the food supply, W. G.
Savage (Jour. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health, 17 {1909). No. 11, pp. 677-683) .—A sum-
mary of data and discussion of conditions in Gi'eat Britain.

New meat inspection regulations in Hungary in comparison with Ger-
man regulations, W. Meyer {Ztschr. Fleisch. u. Milchyg., 20 {1909), No. 2, pp.
35-Jfl). — A critical discussion.

Meat inspection in a small town 300 years ago, Schmxjtzer {Ztschr.
Fleisch ii. MUchyg.. 20 {1909), No. 2, pp. -i/-//6).— The historical data sum-
marized have to do with Waldhoim, a town in Saxony.

Report of the department of food and drugs. State Board of Health, for
September, 1909, H. E. Baknarh (Mo. But. Ind. Bil. Health, 12 {1909), No. 9,
pp. 118-120). — Brief statements are ruade regarding the examination of 232
samples of dairy products, ice cream, flavoring extracts, summer drinks, etc.
Of these 184 were declared to be legal. Some data are also given regarding
the inspection of dairies, grocery stores, markets, etc.

A note on the constituents of meat extract, R. Krimberg {Ber. Deut. Chem.
GeselL, J,2 {1909), No. /.',. pp. 3878-.i880).—X controversial article.

Cotton-seed products, J, L. Erode {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [TJ. S.],
1909, No. 36.'i.'). pp. !-■')). — The author describes the sardine industry of Norway
and discusses the efforts which are being made to induce packers to use a high
grade of cotton-seed oil in preparing fish for the market.

The odor of sea fish, T. Panzer (Ztschr. Angeiv. Chem., 22 (1909), No. 40,
p. 1931). — According to the author the peculiar odor sometimes noted in fish
that are packed in ice is due to the presence of traces of indol.

Meat substitutes, E. Salkowski {Biochem. Ztschr., 19 (1909), No. 1-2, pp.
83-131). — In the experiments reported albumin obtained from meat used in the
manufacture of meat extract, albumin from blood and from horse beans, a
wheat gluten preparation, and bean meal were studied. The author reaches
the conclusion that there seems little likelihood that suitable protein material
of vegetable origin can be prepared as a palatable and economical substitute
for meat.

[Milling and baking tests], J. T. Willard (Kansas Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp.
XLIV, XLV). — The character and extent of milling and baking tests with Kan-
sas wheats at the station are briefly outlined. With a view to insuring greater
accui'acy a special baking pan was designed for use in this work.

The effect of germination on the baking quality of wheat was studied by
allowing samples to remain for different lengths of time under conditions suit-
able for germination, then drying, grinding, and subjecting the resulting flours
to baking tests and chemical examination. In all cases a deleterious effect was
observed on the milling qualities. When the wheat was kept under germina-
tion conditions no longer than 3 days the baking quality was little affected,
but if the period was longer than this, the flour became progressively weaker,
resembling that from soft wheat. It was found that adding to the wheat all
the water which it would absorb and allowing it to remain moist for varying
lengths of time at a low temperature affected but little the baking quality of

264 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

flour pround from it. If. however, llio moist wlical was lieated, the hakiiiR
(liinlity was markedly lowered.

Studies on bread fermentation. A. J. J. Vandkvki.dk (/}/(/. »S'or. Cliiiii. Bclfi.,
23 (HfO!)), Xo. 6, i)p..2G7-28J).—Th(} fermentation of tiours differing as to gluten
content and also tlie effect of heat on fermentation were studied by the author,
and he concludes that his nsniis ai-e in harmony with the view that the action
of gluten is largely a meclianicnl one, any modifications whicli the gluten under-
goes being slight.

Dirty bread, M. Young (Ann. Rpt. Med. Off. Health Marylehone [1908^ ;
rev. in Pub. Jl'cvUh [London], 23 (JDOO), No. 2, p. CO).— Attention is called to
the i)robal)le contamination of bread when it is carried through the streets for
delivery without si)ecial protection, and some information is given regarding the
cost of wraiiping bread so as to insure protection. In the experience of a lion-
don baker the cost of paper and string for this purpose was jibout 8 cts. per 100
2-lb. loaves.

The bread problem at Budapest (Lancet [London], 1D09, II, No. 19, pp.
1383, 138.'i). — The municipal bakery at Budapest, which is designed especially
to produce clean bread under sanitary conditions at a reasonable price, is de-
scribed. It is said that the enterprise is successful. Some infoi-mation is also
given regarding municipal bread baking in Paris.

The tomato, J. M. Albahary (Ann. Falsif., 2 (1909), No. 5, pp. 1.1,0-1.',.',; abs.
in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 106, Repert., p. //JT). — ^Analyses are reported. The
author notes that the content of oxalic acid is less than usually claimed and
therefore there is no reason for the opinion often expressed that the tomato
should not be freely used as food.

The composition of Antigua and St. Kitt's molasses, F. Watts and H. A.
Tempany (Wefit Indian BiiL, 10 (1909). No. 1, pp. 29-3.',). — Analyses are re-
ported and discussed.

According to the authors' summary, the amount of sucrose present in St.
Kitt's molasses is notably small when compared with that from Antigua, no
other vei"y marked or regular differences being noted in the composition of the
different samples. As regards taste, smell, color, and appearance, " it was found
that, whereas the Antigua samples, in the majority of instances, were possessed
of a pleasant fruity smell, and in flavor were sweet, fruity, and palatable, the
St. Kitt's samples were generally rough and harsh."

The preservation of maple sirup, G. E. Stone (MassacJi ii.^ctif< tS7«. Ri)t.
1909, ])t. /, p. J,')). — The author states that he has obtained good results in
sterilizing maple sirup to prevent fermentation and loss of flavor. There is
much difference in the specific gravity of sirujts, some grades spoiling more
quickly than others. Fermentation is evidently due, according to the author, to
contamination with micro-organisms, and by sterilization the freshness and
much of the flavor of the sirup can be retained. The ordinary blue molds,
Pemcilliiini glaucum and Aspergillus glaucus are occasionally found growing in
maple sirup. P. hrevicaule was also found.

Fermented vinegar and vinegar essence, K. B. Leiimann (Ztsehr. Offrntl.
Chem.. 15 (1909). No. 15, pp. 2SS-292). — In an address delivered before the As-
sociation of German Food Manufacturers and Dealers the author discusses
problems concerned with the vinegar industry.

The bactericidal action of wine and alcoholic drinks, Munier and F. Seiler
(Schweiz. Wehnschr. Chem. u. Pharm., 1,1 (1909), No. 1,!,, pp. 683-687 ) .—Ex-
perimental data are reported and discussed.

Malt extracts (Brit. Med. Jour., 1909, No. 2551, pp. 1J,77, 77/78). —Data are
reported regarding the composition of a number of proprietary malt extracts.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION, 265

Another advance in commodity prices {Bradsircct's, 37 (1909), No. 1637,
pp. 729, 730). — Data are summarized regarding the comparative prices in the
United States of 106 commodities including foodstuffs, fuels, and other ma-
terials, the period covered being 1896-1909.

Wholesale prices of food, Rhode Island, 1892-1909 {Bd. Trade Jour.
[Providence'], 21 {1909), No. 11, pp. 559, 560).— Ot 47 articles considered 41
show increases in price over the average for the entire 18 years. The 6 articles
which show lower average prices than the average for the period covered are
evaporated apples, cabbage, canned corn, prunes, rice, and turnips.

" The 12 articles other than meats which show the greatest percentage of
increase in prices in 1909 over the average prices for the 18 years considered
were : Pie apples, 61.6 ; potatoes, 51.1 ; cheese, 44.6 ; beans, yellow eye, 43.4 ;
flour, buckwheat, 16.1 ; flour, wheat, 34.9 ; lard, pure leaf, 33.0 ; lard, compound,
31.7 ; meal, corn bolted, 30.8 ; butter, tub, 29.0 ; eggs, domestic, 27.1 ; and butter,
print, 21.1.

" Classified by groups, the average increase in percentage, for each group, gives
an approximate idea of the comparative increases for various lines of food
products. Cereals show an average increase of 24.6; dairy products, 25.9; fish,
18.1; fruits, 18.7; meats, 19.5; vegetables, 10.8; and miscellaneous, 7.4 per cent."

British food prices, J. L. Griffiths {Daily Cons, and Trade R2)ts. [U. 8.],
1909, No. 3626, p. 13). — A summary of data regarding the prices of food in Great
Britain for 1906, 1907, and 1908. In general, an advance in prices is noticeable.

Retail prices and cost of living' [in Marseille], Rule {Diplo. and Cons.
Rpts. [London"], Ann. Ser., 1909, No. Jf270, p. 11). — Some statistics are given
regarding the cost of food and other living expenses.

The cost of living' {Economist, 69 {1909), No. 3.',53, pp., 865, SG6).— The in-
creased cost of living in Vienna is considered and some statistical data are
given.

[Nutrition investigations of the Solvay Institute], A. de Foville {Econ.
Franc, 37 {1909), II, No. 33, pp. 235-237).— In an article on the International
Statistical Institute of Paris information is summarized regarding the nutri-
tion studies carried on by the Solvay Institute in the families of laboring men
(E. S. R., 19, p. .562).

The sanitary officer's handbook of practical hygiene, C. F. Wanhill and
W. W. O. Beveuidge {London, [1909]; rev. in Piih. Health [London], 23 {1909),
No. 2, pp. 59, 60). — It has been the authors' intention to provide a practical
handbook on analytical chemistry and bacteriology for the use of military
and civilian medical officers who have to carry on their work away from
well equipped laboratories and libraries.

Methods are given for the chemical examination of water, sewage, air, foods,
and beverages, and one chapter is devoted to the calculation of diets and con-
tains a sample of a mess sheet.

[Army rations, training schools for bakers and cooks, and other nutri-
tion topics], PI. G. Sharpe {R2)t. Commis. Gen. [TJ. S. Army], 1909, pp. 11-15). —
In this report information is summarized regarding rations for officers and
civilian employees serving in the field, the new army ration, field trials with
field ranges, ovens, and fireless cookers, the kitchen touring car, detachment
mess car, and portable gas cooker for army use, and related topics.

Information is also given regarding the character and extent of the work
of the army training schools for bakers and cooks.

Criteria and standards in infant feeding, T. G. Allex {Jour. Amer. Med.
Assoc, 51 {1908), No. 20, pp. 1687-1691) .—Infant feeding is discussed in rela-
tion to the proteid and energy quotients and it is suggested that these values
be used as a basis for determining the food requirements of infants.

266 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

A convenient method for determining' caloric values of formulas based
on percentage feeding of infants, II. 1. I'.owuitcii (Jour. Avicr. Med. As.soc,
53 (1909), No. 16, pp. 126.'), 1266). — rrobleius in infant feeding are discussed
from two staud]K)ints. namely, the percentajie composition of food materials and
the enerji.v value of tLn> fo(Ml. The author believes that the two metliods should
be combined and has prepared a table which in his opinion facilitates the
calculations involved.

Heubner's system of infant feeding expressed in calories and energy units,
E. Lackner (Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, ■',.] (1909), Ao. 16, pp. 1267-1269) .—In
this paper the author discusses the food requirements of infants expressed in
calories per kilogram of body weight, and other topics concerned with infant
feeding. The paper is followed by a discussion.

Children in health and disease, D. Forsyth (London [1909]; rev. in Puh.
Ucdltli \ Loudon \, 2.3 (1909), No. 2, p. 59). — This volume deals with the physi-
ology of school children, the hygiene and medical aspects of schools and school
life, medical inspection and supervision of scholars, infantile mortality, the
proper feeding and management of infants, diseases of childhood and their
diagnosis and treatment, and similar topics.

The macroscopic and microscopic appearances of stomach contents, J. W.
Weinstein (Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 53 (1909), No. 21, pp. 1110-1116, figs.
8). — The autlior presents data regarding the appeai'ance of the stomach con-
tents withdrawn ;it intervals after test meals which are reported in comparison
with similar information for pathological conditions. The methods of staining
samples for microscopic examination are outlined.

A metabolism experiment with special reference to the origin of uric acid,
R. H. A. Plimmer, M. Dick and C. C. Lieb (Jour. Physiol., 39 (1909), No. 2,
pp. 98-111, dgm. 1). — ^A meat diet, a purin-free diet, and a purin-rich diet were
studied. According to the authors, although their results agree with those
of previous investigators that the output of uric acid is greater on a meat or
mixed diet than on what is ordinarily termed a purin-free diet, yet they do
not support the views which are commouly advanced regarding the origin of
uric acid in the urine.

" It is generally assumed that all the purins, whether endogenous or exog-
enous, undergo practically complete conversion into uric acid, and that one-
half of this was destroyed by oxidation whilst the other half appeared as uric
acid. The fact that in our experiments the purin base output remained mini-
mal and was not affected by any changes in the diet confirms the idea that
these substances undergo total conversion in the body, but our results do not
bear out the further statement that one-half of the converted purins appears
in the urine as uric acid."

This was shown by the fact that the administi'ation of guanin and xanthin
gave practically no rise in the uric acid output; further, while the administra-
tion of very large quantities of purins in the form of herring roe increased
the output of uric acid, the excess corresponded to only about one-tenth ofi
the total purins ingested. Meat extract caused a large increase in the excretion
of uric acid, more than half of the purins present in it being converted into
uric acid. " On the above view, this could only be explained if it were as-
sumed that with this substance for some reason or other uricolysis or destruc-
tion of uric acid had diminished.

"There is thus scarcely any relation between purins and uric acid in our
subject. Purins arising from the destruction of the nuclei of the leucocytes are
therefore probably not the precursors of the uric acid in the urine. . . . What
then is the relationship between leucocytes and uric acid? In all living animals
foodstuffs undergo metabolism ; in mammals the end product is urea, in birds,

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 267

reptiles and fishes it is urea and nric acid, in many invertebrates it is uric
acid. In leucocytes, as invertein-ates, tlie end product of metabolism is most
probably uric acid. We are therefore inclined to conclude that the uric acid
in the urine is an expression of their metabolism. . . .

" Further work will be necessary before the view here put forward can be
regarded as established, but our results certainly throw considerable doubt
on the prevalent opinion that the purins of the food and of the tissues are the
sole source of the uric acid in the urine."

Comparative physiolog-y of purin metabolism, PI. G. Wells {Trans. Chi-
cago Path. *Soc., 7 (1909), No. 8, pi). 2////-J//8; Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 53
(1909), No. 21, p. 17J/1). — According to the investigations summarized, "the
invertebrates are able to convert adenin into hypoxanthin and guanin into
xanthin, showing the presence of the enzyms, adenase, and guanase, but the
metabolism proceeds no farther. Passing upward in the scale of animal life
to the birds and reptiles we find that nitrogen is excreted chiefly in the form
of uric acid. Mammals form uric acid only from the purins and have the
power of destroying some of the uric acid formed. The enzyms that destroy
uric acid seem to be the last formed in development and are possessed by vari-
ous mammals in varying degrees and in the same animal often show an uneven
distribution in the various organs of the body. This uricolytic power is rela-
tively weak in man." The paper is followed by a discussion.

The effect of work on the creatin content of muscle, T. G. Brown and E. P.
Cathcabt (Bio-Chem. Jour., Jf {1909), No. 9, pp. .'120-426). — The general result
of the series of experiments reported, according to the authors, is that, "with
the circulation intact, stimulation of the muscles brings about a constant,
although small, decrease in the amount of total creatinin (i. e., creatin -f crea-
tinin) extracted from the stimulated muscle." The experiments were made
with small animals.

The distribution of fat, chlorids, phosphates, potassium, and iron in
striated muscle, Maud L. Menten {Univ. Toronto Studies, Pliysiol. 8er.,
1908-9, No. 7, pp. 21, pi. 1; reprinted from Trans. Canad. Inst., 8 {1909), III,
No. 18, pp. 403-Jt22, pi. 1). — The distribution of a number of the muscle con-
stituents was studied microscopically by the use of stains which imparted char-
acteristic colors to each. The data reported have to do chiefly with the micro-
chemistry of muscle of Insecta and Crustacea.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Report of the assistant animal husbandman, E. G. Ritzman {Porto Rico
Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 37-39). — This report contains brief notes on the live stock
industry in Porto Rico and methods of caring for different farm animals at the
station.

The exportation of cattle from Porto Rico to the neighboring islands has
gradually diminished, but the quality of the stock kept on the island has some-
what improved. In attempting to increase the size of the horses and mules
some good results have been obtained by the importation of saddle-gaited and
trotting-bred stallions. It costs less to keep horses and mules at the station
than in the States. Two horses with very little exercise received 2 lbs. each
of oats per day and 2 smaller ones received only 1 lb. per day, with Para grass
for roughage. The mules, which are constantly worked, received 3 lbs. of oats
daily in addition to the Para grass. Silage from Para grass has also been fed
to the mules and cattle. When sprinkled with about 1 liter of cane molasses
diluted with water it is eaten with relish, but without molasses they do not
seem to care for it.

268 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Suggestions are given for improving the native cattle by using pure bred
imported stoclc. During the past year tlie station has obtained 5 ewes and 1
ram of African wool less sheep, with a view to encourage the production of
nuitton which is in groat demand. ITp to the present time they have not been
troubled with insect pests or i)arasites and no indication of foot rot has been
noticed during the rainy period as they are kept in a well-drained jiaddock with
access to a dry shed, (ioats are nuich more numerous on the island than sheep
and at present furnish a large part of the meat, which is sold for mutton, as
well as the milk for family use to the poorer classes. Berkshires are the only
breed of pigs kept at the station. They keep hi good health, are thrifty and
vigorous, and appear to do well <»u the native grasses. They are also fetl
shorts, coi'n meal, and tankage.

Work in animal feeding, J. B. Lindsky and P. II. Smith ( Mas finch ii.sclts
Std. /'lit. 1908, pt. J, pp. 18-28). — Results of investigations noted from other
sources are given.

On the feeding value of dried by-products of the sug'ar beet, N. IIansson
(McddcL Ccntralanst. Forsoksv. Jordbrulcsomradet, No. 12; FilliUiKfs Landw.
Ztg., 58 (1909), No. 21, pp. 753-775, chart J).— The report gives a detailed
account of experiments with cows, horses, and swine conducted during 1906-
1909 at 6 different Swedish farms.

The group system worked out by Fjord was adojited in the conduct of the
exi)eriments, each group being as uniform as possible and containing 5 to 8
animals. The feeds compared were siloed beet pulp, fodder beets, dried sugar
pulp (Steffen process), and dried molasses pulp. The experiments with milch
cows were conducted partly during the winter and partly in summer time
under soiling conditions. Both dried products proved well adapted as substitutes
for fodder beets or siloed beet pulp for feeding milch cows. It was found that
the feeding value of 1 kg. dry' matter in fodder beets was about equal to 0.87
kg. dry matter in sugar pulp, 0.88 kg. dry matter in the siloed pulp, and 0.9
kg. dry matter in molasses pulp.

In the summer feeding experiments when the dried pulp was fed with soiling
crops as sul)stitutes for concentrates, like ground mixed grains, wheat bran,
etc., the pulp had a somewhat lower value than the mixed grains, but a higher
A'alue than malt sprouts and " molasin " (peat molasses). Both kinds of dried
pulp were eaten with great relish by the cows and no deleterious influence
was found either in the quality of the products obtained or the well-being of
the cows. The results indicated, however, that the feeds high in sugar have
a tendency to lower the fat content of the milk by a few hundredths of 1 per
cent.

Fed to horses the dried sugar pulp was also eaten with relish and was equal
to the same weight of a mixed grain ration. It proved less desirable as a feed
for swine and was not especially relished by them. The best results with swine
were obtained when it was fed at an early stage of development prior to the
fattening period proper as a substitute for root crops at a rate of not over 1 lb.
per 100 lbs. live weight. The quality of the pork produced was good on the
pulp feeding, but this increased the loss in dressed weight by 2.42 per cent.
Even under the most favorable conditions it may therefore be assumed that at
least 1.3 to 1.4 kg. of dried sugar pulp are required to take the place of 1 kg. of
grain in feeding swine.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

269

The average analyses of the main feeds used are shown in the followhig table:
Chemical composition of various feeding stuffs.

Feeding stuff.

Moisture.

Protein.

Albumi-
noids.

Ether
extract.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Sugar.

Cellulose.

Ash.

Siloed beet pulp

Dried molasses beet
pulp

Per ct.

88. 53

12.44

11. 84
19.20
24. 60

P,r ct.

1.28

7.24

6.11
12.00
8.40

Prr ct.
1.10

5.51

5.13

7.40
0.70

Per ct.
0.20

.35

.47
1.00

Per ct.

8.75

74.27

78. 12
62. 60

Per ct.

Per ct.

13.17
11.89

Per ct.
1.30

4.70

3.46
5 20

Dried sugar beet
pulp

26. 90

Molasses feed

"Molasin"

58.60

8 40

" Peat nitrogeu.

Soya bean and products (Spec. Cons. Rpts. [U. S.], J/O (1909), pp. 35). —
This report contains statistical information gleaned from the United States
consuls from different parts of the world concerning the production and use of
the soy bean, with special reference to soy bean products which are coming into
competition with the products of cotton seed. The methods of preparing soy
beau oil and cake are described. Analyses of the cake are given and tests of
its value for feeding cattle are reported.

Notices of judg'ment (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 102, pp. 1, 2;
lO'f-105, pp. 'i-O ; 109, pp. 15, 16). — These notices relate to the misbranding of
distiller's dried grains and the adulteration and misbranding of stock feeds,
cereals, and cotton-seed hulls.

Winter steer feeding', 1908—9, J. II. Skinner and W. A. Cochel (Indiana
Sta. Bui. 136, pp. 3-JiS). — This bulletin reports results in steer feeding in con-
tinuation of exi)eriments previously reported (E. S. R., 20, pp. 969, 971), and
which were conducted under conditions which confront the practical stock
feeder. The animals used were grade Angus. In all cases a profit was secured
without taking into account the inci'eased fertility which resulted from the large
accumulation of manure in the feed lots. Cotton-seed meal was estimated at
$28, clover at $8, and corn silage at $2.50 per ton, and corn at its market value
at the time it was fed, which varied from 52 to 67 cts. per bushel.

In the first experiment 20 calves, 10 yearling steers, and 10 two-year-old
steers were fed 6 months to study the influence of age on profit in fattening.
The ration consisted of shelled corn, cotton-seed meal, and clover hay. The
consumption of hay decreased according to the age of the cattle while the con-
sumption of grain increased. The amount of corn consumed by both calves and
yearlings shows a consistent increase throughout the entire period, but with the
two-year-old cattle the grain consumption increased during the first 4 months,
after which there was a gradual decrease in spite of the fact that the hay was
decreased at the same time. This indicates that the maximum consumption of
grain by two-year-old cattle occurs during the fourth month after the beginning
of the feeding period. The yearlings made a slightly more rapid gain than the
two-year-olds. The results, shown in the following table, were very similar to
those reported previously and show that the older the cattle when started into
the feed lot the greater will be the amount of feed required to produce a pound
of beef, so that the margin between buying and selling prices of calves need not
be so great as on older cattle in order to insure a profit from feeding.

270 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.

Influence of age in futtciiiufi steers (lurin;/ a period of si.r months.

Average
initial
weight.

Average
daily
gain

per steer.

Dry mat-
ter per
pound
gain.

Cost per
pound
gain.

Initial

value

per cwt.

Value

per cwt.

in feed

lots.

Profit

per

steer.

Calves

Lbs.
•157. 7
684. ti
966. U

Lbs.
2.00
2.33
2.27

IM.

7.74

Cts.
l.Tl

84.75
4.40
4. 55

86.75
6.90
7.10

86.73

Yearlings

9. 26 9. 43
11.52 11.71

10.84

Two-vcar-olds

12.80

Tile set'ond experiiueut was a study on the relative value of silage, cottou-
seed meal and clover hay as supplcnients to corn in fattening two-year-old
steers. Forty steers weighing about J)40 lbs. each, and with an initial value
of $4.55 per hundredweight, were divided into lots of 10 each. The greatest
consuuiption of corn was in the lot receiving only clover hay as a supplement.
If the experiment had closed a month earlier, the amount of feed and dry
matter as well as the cost in producing gains would have been less in each
case. Other data are given in the following table:

Results; of feeding supplements to corn with tico-year-old steers during a period

of siic months.

Supplementary ration.

Average
daily gain
per steer.

Cost per
pound
of gain.

Dry matter
fed per
pound
of gain.

Value of

cattle in

feed lot per

cwt.

Profit per
steer.

Pounds.
2.27
2.58
2.33
1.89

Cents.

11.44

9.39

10.93

12.35

Pounds.

11.52

9.98

11.34

13.50

86.75
6.90
6.80
6.55

812. 79

21.51

Cotton-seed meal ; clover hay ; corn silage .

15. 80
9.89

In an experiment in short versus long feeding, 25 two-year-old steers of a
higher grade than those in the preceding experiment were used. The ration
consisted of shelled corn, cotton-seed meal, and clover hay. TTie method of
feeding was such that the 15 short-fed cattle received a more concentrated ra-
tion than the 10 in the long-fed lot. There was a gradual increase in the
amount of corn consumed by the short-fed cattle. The maximnm amount of
corn consumed by the long-fed cattle was reached during the fourth month of
their feeding period, which lasted ISO days. Other data on this experiment are
given in the following table:

Long versus short feeding periods for two-year-old steers.

Average
initial
weight.

Average

daily
gain per
pound.

Cost of
gain per
pound.

Dry mat-
ter fed
per
pound of
gain.

Initial i Value of

value per cattle in

cwt. I feed lot.

Profit
per steer.

Pounds.

Long-fed (first 120 davs) 966

Long-fed ( entire 180 days) i 966

Short-fed (120days 1,140

Pounds.
2.27
2.27
2.67

Cents.
10. 73
11.44
11.19

Pounds.
11.60
11.52
11.16

84.55
4.65
4.75

86.10
6.75
6.45

89.65
12.79
12.54

Other conclusions of the author are as follows:

"Two-year-old cattle placed in the feed lot in equal condition and given a full
feed attain a higher finish during a six months' feeding than either yearlings or
calves.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 271

•'I'Lo margin botweeu buying and selling prices necessary to insure a profit
increases with tlie age of the cattle. . . .

" The amount of pork purchasetl from the droppings increased with the age
of the cattle. . . .

"The profit per dollar invested in cattle, hogs, and feeds for 6 months was
12.5 cts. in feeding calves, 13.7 cts. in feeding yearlings, and 12.5 cts. in feeding
two-year-olds. . . .

"A greater margin is necessary to insure a profit from feeding a period of ISO
days than from one of 120 days.

" The margin necessary to prevent loss on short-fed cattle was .$1.41 per hun-
dred ; on long-fed cattle, $2.07 per hundred."

" The addition of corn silage to a ration of shelled corn, cotton-seed meal, and
clover hay resulted in a more rapid and cheaper gain and a higher finish on
the cattle."

Dairy by-products as supplements to corn for fattening hogs, J. H. Skin-
ner and W. A. Cochel {Indiana Hta. Bui. 137, pp. 51-72). — This is a continua-
tion of a series of experiments undertaken to determine the value of various
supplements to corn in pork production (E. S. R., 17, p. 387; 20. p. 369). Its
object was to determine the value of skim milk and buttermilk as supplements,
and to compare dairy by-products with home-grown and commercial nitrogenous
concentrates.

The feeds used were shelled corn, corn meal, skim milk, buttermilk, mid-
dlings, tankage, linseetl oil meal, soy bean meal and rape. In 1906, 5 pigs
weighing 6S lbs. each, kept on a ration of shelled corn and skim milk for 90
days, made an average daily gain of 1.22 lbs. per head and required 2.53 lbs.
of shelletl corn for each pound of gain. Another lot on shelled corn and rape
pasture made an average daily gain of O.Sl lb. per head and required 3.97 lbs.
corn for each pound of gain. The experiment was repeated in 1907 with 6
pigs in each lot, and fed for 50 days. Those receiving the skim milk made an
average daily gain of 1.57 lbs. per head and required 3.08 lbs. of shelled corn
in addition to make 1 lb. of gain. The lot which was on rape pasture made a
corresponding gain of 0.97 lb. per head and required 4.5 lbs. of shelled corn
for each pound (»f gain.

In comparing supplements to corn meal 5 lots of 5 pigs each, weighing about
113 lbs. each, were fed for 60 days. The average daily gains per head were
as follows: On corn meal and linseed meal 8: 1 1.75 lbs. at a cost of 3.63 cts.
l\ev pound ; on corn meal and soy bean meal 7 : 1 1.82 lbs. at a cost of 3.57 cts.
per pound; on corn meal and tankage 15: 1 1.83 lbs. at a cost of 3.71 cts. per
pound ; on corn meal and middlings 1 : 1 1.97 lbs. at a cost of 3.88 cts. per
pound ; and on corn meal and skim milk 1 : 1.5 2.02 lbs. at a cost of 3.56 cts. per
pound. In calculating the cost the different feeds were estimated as follows :
Corn meal $18, linseed meal $30, soy bean meal $30, tankage $40, and middlings
$25 per ton, and skim milk 20 cts. per hundredweight. In the lot where corn meal
and tankage were fed, there was a greater amount of corn used in proportion
to other feeds than in any other lot, and where corn meal and middlings were
used, the proportion of corn was smallest. The smallest amount of dry matter
necessary to produce a pound of pork was in the lot fed on corn meal and
skim milk, and the greatest amount was in the lot fed corn meal and tankage.

In another test of supplements to corn, 3 lots of 6 pigs, weighing about 105
lbs., each were fed for 60 days and made the following average daily gains per
head: Corn meal and skim milk 1: 1.5 1.76 lbs. at a cost of 4.6 cts. per pound;
corn and linseed meals 8 : 1 0.98 lbs. at a cost of 6.36 cts. per pound : and corn
/ind soy beau meals 8 : 1 0.9 lb. at a cost of 6.16 cts. per pound. The prices of
25493— No. 3—10 6

272 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

feeds used in this experiment wore: 70 cts. jxt l)nsliel for corn, with an addi-
tion of 10 cts. per hnndrod j)onn(ls for jirindni};; 25 cts. per hundred pounds for
slviui milk; juid $80 per Ion loi- Ixitli linseed and soy bean meals.

Three lots of 10 ho^s eaeli were fed .'>0 days to eoni]):ire shelled corn, shelled
corn and lankase. and shelled corn and buttermilk for fatteniuf? liof?s, weighing
about L'<M» lbs. at the beginning of the oxiieriment. On the shelled corn ration
the average daily gain was 1.40 lbs. jier head at a cost of 4.74 cts. per pound;
on the shelled corn and tankage ration 1.73 lbs. i)er head at a cost of 4.25 cts.
per pound; and on liie shelled corn and buttermilk 2.20 lbs. per head at a cost
of 4.09 cts. per pound. The tanlcage was estimated at $2 and the buttermilk
at 20 cts. per hundredweight and the corn at 60 cts. per bushel. If the corn had
been estimated at 40 cts. i)er bushel there would have been little difference in
the costs of gains in the difCei'ent lots.

The development of the chicli, F. R. Lillie (Neio York, 1908, pp. Xl+Jt12,
pis. 7, //f/.s'. 2'il). — This book is intended as a text-book for the study of the
embryology and development of the chick, and at the same time serve as an
introduction to the study of embryology in general.

The introduction contains a resume of the cell theory and the general char-
acter of the ovum and spermatozoon. Part 1 treats of the anatomy and physi-
ology of tlie ovary, the structure and chemical composition of the egg, and the
changes in the egg during the tirst 3 days of incubation. The matter concern-
ing the later development is classitied by the organs concerned and constitutes
part 2.

Experimental biology, H. Przibbam {VerJiaudJ. K. K. Zaol. Hot. (Icsell.
Wien, 58 (HJ08), Xo. 0-7, pp. (.171)-{180) ; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. 8oc.
[London], 1909, No. J, p. 563). — This is a lecture in which many interesting
cases are cited to show the value of experimental methods in studying the
fundamental principles of plant and animal life.

The development of the animal egg by means of chemical stimuli, J.
LoEB (Die (lictniscJic EnttcickJungscrr( giiiitj des TicriscJicii Eics {Kilnstliche
Parthenogciicsc). Berlin, 1909, pp. XXIV+259, figs. 56; rev. in Aatiire [Lon-
don], 81 {1909), No. 2085, p. 1(59). — This is an attempt to interpret the process
of fertilization of the ovum in terms of chemistry and physics, and is based
largely on the researches of the author.

The introduction contains a concise resume of investigations in artificial
parthenogenesis. The development of the egg is considered to be a chemical
process depending mainly on oxidation, in which there is a synthesis of nuclear
material from the cytoplasm. The formation of the membrane is regarded as
the most important factor of fertilization. It has also a deleterious effect
which must be counteracted in some way. In natural fertilization of the egg
the formation of the membrane is brought about by a lysiu carried by the
spermatozoon, which also brings a second substance which serves to counteract
the evil effects of membrane formation.

Note on the chemical mechanics of cell division, T. B. Robertson (Aj'c/i.
Entwickl. Mcch. Organ., 21 (1909), No. 1, pp. 29-3^).— The author points out
that cell division can not be brought about through an increase of surface
tension at the equator, as suggested by Biitschli, as an increase of surface ten-
sion at that point would induce a streaming of material toward the equator
and the formation of a flattened disk instead of cellular division.

Further conclusions of the author are as follows:

"If a thread moistened with a base, or a sufficiently concentrated solution
of the base, be laid across a diameter of a drop of oil containing a trace of
fatty acid, the drop undergoes division along that diameter.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 273

" If the thread be merely smeared with a soap of the base, even in the presence
of considerable excess of fatty acid, the same resnlt is achieved; the effect is
therefore due to soap formation and not to hydroxyl ions.

" The mechanical division of the droplets is brought about by violent stream-
ing movements from the equator of the drop toward the poles, due to the lower-
ing of the surface tension in the equatorial region brought about by the soap.
It is pointed out that these facts confirm Loeb's hypothesis that cell division is
bi'ought about through the mechanical agency of streaming phenomena.

" It is suggested that the equatorial lowering of surface tension and conse-
quent streaming phenomena which lead to cell division are brought about by
cholin or soaps of cholin liberated in the cell through the splitting of lecithin
in nuclein synthesis."

Recent work on the determination of sex, L. Doncaster (8ci. Prog. Twen-
tieth Cent., Jf (1909), No. 13, pp. 90-10J,).—A sketch of recent work on the
evidence concerning the presence of a sex determinant in the germ cells com-
l)arable in nature with the Mendelian unit, from which the author concludes
" that the probabilities are overw^helmingly in favor of the idea that the de-
termination of sex is not consequent on the accidental preponderance of one
or other of two nicely balanced tendencies, but is due to fixed and unalterable
characters inherent in the germ cells." There are numerous references to the
literature on the subject.

The making- of species, D. Dewak and F. Finn {London and New York,
J 909, pp. XlX+JfOO, pis. 16). — This book attempts to present in simple language
biological problems such as the natural selection theory, hybridism, fertility of
hybrids, jNIendeliau inheritance, and other factors concerned in the evolution
of species in nature and under the influence of man. Throughout the book
there is a strong protest against the views of the post-Darwinians. It is
lK)inted out that bionomics, or the science of living animals, occupies too small
a place in English scientific literature. In a discussion as to what species will
survive in the future, it is stated that the making of species, their survival,
and the future of biology lie largely in the hands of the practical breeder.

On the colors of horses, zebras, and tapirs, II. I. Pocock (Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. [London], 8. scr., 4 {1909), No. 23, pp. 40-Mi5).— This contains a dis-
cussion of the nomenclature of colors and color patterns in Equidse and other
large mammals. Various theories which account for the causation and inherit-
ance of albinism, dappling, and the zebroid pattern are reviewed. The author
thinks that the Equidje are descended from dark colored animals patterned with
white spots, running into longitudinal lines originally and in a late state of evo-
lution becoming arranged in transverse bars over the neck and body. If this
theory is true, then the white spots of dapple-grey horses represent phylogeneti-
cally the white spots of a tapiroid progenitor, a stage antecedent to the vertical
zebroid bands hitherto regarded as the most primitive pattern extant in the
Equidte.

The Scandinavian origin of the hornless cattle of the British Isles, J.
AViLSON {8ci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., n. ser., 12 {1909), No. 15, pp. 145-164,
figs. 6). — It is the purpose of this paper to show that the existing and extinct
British breeds of hornless cattle may all be traced back to a Scandinavian origin,
which is contrary to the itrevaleut opinion that most of the British hornless
breeds of cattle have originated independently. The lines of evidence pi'esented
are that these hornless breeds were originally of similar character, and therefore
presumably of connnon origin ; that their arrival in the British Islands coincided
with that of the Norsemen ; that cattle of similar character were taken to other
parts of Europe with which the Norsemen were associated; and that traces at

274 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

least of cattle of similar character are to be found in Scandinavia. The author
admits, however, that this theory does not account for the hornless wild white
herds, nor the hornless cattle skulls found in the Roman fort at Newstead.

Cattle breeding in Holland, Zwaknepoix and Coppens {Ann. Med. V6t., 58
(l!>Oi>). Ao.s. 2. PI). SD-SS. fig. 1; 3, pp. 1.') 1-156, pis. 2; Jf, pp. 196-212; 5, pp.
253-262). — This series of articles contains data on cattle, dairy products, de-
scriptions and measurements of the breed, and methods of registerins cattle, in
the Holland herd book.

Export of Malagasy cattle to France {liul. Off. Colon. [France], 2 {HJOV),
No. 22, pp. 101-103). — An account of the possibilities which the Island of Mada-
gascar offers as a source of meat supply for France. The colony contains
nearly 4.()00.(»()() head of zebus, which is more than enough for home consump-
tion. A small shipment has recently been made to Marseille, and if successful a
company will be organized to export cattle on a large scale.

Breeding Merino sheep in France, A. H. Thomson {Breeder's Gaz., 56
{1909), No. 18, pp. 881, 888). — This is a brief account of the modifications of the
Merino breed, chiefly in the Toissonnaise and Chatillonais districts where a type
of Merino has been evolved which is distinguished from the others by its larger
size, more regular conformation, and greater precocity. The wool of the Tois-
sonnaise Merino is of superior quality and the food value of the carcass has
been increased over that of the primitive type.

The Friesian breed of sheep, E. Marre {Bill. Mens. Off. Renseig. Apr.
[Paris], 8 {1909), No. 9, pp. 12-'i0-125.',, pi. 1; Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-
Centre), 30 {1909), No. 42, pp. 411-^86, fig. 1). — An account of the dairy sheep
of East Friesland, which the author thinks should be imported to the Roque-
fort and other daii-y districts of France.

Measurements and weights of goats at the live stock show in Leipsic, 1909,
AtJGST {Jahrh. Dent. Landw. Gesell., 24 {1909), No. 3, pp. SJy/-S57 ) .—Weights,
body measurements, and other data of 19 white hornless goats are given.

Goats' hair and mohair from Uganda {Bui. Imp. Inst., 1 {1909), No. 3, pp.
263-266). — Several samples of goat hair received from Uganda showed it to be
a much better type than Afghan and others which are exported to England ; It
resembles somewhat an inferior kind of mohair and will probably be salable in
England. From the same country there were also received 2 fleeces of pure-
bred Angora goats, imported to that country from America, and 1 fleece from a
second-cross Angora male. From an examination of these samples it was evi-
dent that mohair of a very promising quality can be produced in Uganda, but
it is certain that unusual care will have to be taken in breeding the Angora
goats in order to maintain a satisfactory flock.

The absorption of moisture from the atmosphere by wools, A. M. Wright
{Jour. 8oe. Vhem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 19. pp. 1020-1 022). ^The purpose of
this investigation was to determine under what conditions wool absorbs mois-
ture from the atmosphere, and what constituents cause it to absorb relatively
large amounts.

The results are summarized as follows: "The relative humidity of the atmos-
phere [influences the absorption of moisture], more moistui-e being absorbed
during a period of high relative humidity than when the humidity is low.
Pure wool fiber, of which greasy wool contains from 50 to 70 per cent and slipe
wool about 75 per cent, can absorb from IS to 20 per cent of its weight of mois-
ture from the atmosphere, but this amount is not sutticient to account for all the
moisture absorbed by the dry normal wool fiber. Natural wool fat, present in
greasy wool to the extent of nearly 17 per cent and in slipe wool to 6i per cent,
is capable of absorbing about 17 per cent of its weight of atmospheric moisture.
Suint, or wool perspii-ation present in greasy wools to the extent of nearly 13

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 275

per ceut, and iu slipe wools to about 2 per cent, is very hygroscopic, and can
absorb from 60 to 67 per cent of its weight of moisture when exposed to the
atmosphere. Fatty matter other than natural wool fat, present in slipe wools
to an amount of from 2 to 6 times that found in greasy wools, and picked up
by the wool from the greasy underside of the sliins during the washing process,
has a retarding effect on the amount of moisture absorbed."

Measurements of swine, Junghanns (JaJirl). Deut. Laiidw. GesclJ., 24
(1909), Xo. S, PI). 825-853). — Body measurements are reported of 59 Berkshires,
and 222 Improved German white and mixed German breeds of swine.

Fowls and eggs in China, W. R. Dorsey {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts.
[U. /S.], 1909, No. 3637, pp. 1-3). — ^An account of the poultry industry in China.

China has, perhaps, more fowls than any other country, yet there are few
farms where chickens are reared in large numbers. The present price of eggs
is from 5 to 7 cts. per dozen in United States money. Ducks are reared in
immense numbers about the lowlands of Hankow and are herded lilve sheep.
Factories in Hankow prepare a large amount of albumen and egg yolks for
export to Europe.

Live stock and hides, J. J. Slechta, E. Betts, and E. D. Winslow {Daily
Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1909, No. 3688, pp. i-3).— These reports include
data from Brazil, Colombia, and Sweden.

The number of cattle in Brazil is about 25,000,000, but the statistics for other
kinds of live stock are not adequate for an estimation of the number. The total
exports of hides from Brazil in 190S were as follows, in metric tons: Salted
hides, 23,314; dry hides, 7,095; goat skins, 2,.579; sheep skins, 760; lamb skins,
94 ; miscellaneous, 130.

In Colombia there are about 4,000,000 cattle. The number of cattle slaughtered
in 1907 was 341,528, and the weight of hides exported was 3,447,562 kg. The
figures for the live stock in Sweden in 1906 are as follows: 178,931 oxen,
1,792,075 cows, 579,079 calves, 1,051,119 sheep, 65,285 goats, and 563,634 horses.

Live stock statistics for the years 1907 and 1908 {Riqueza Pecuaria
ExistcHcia. Iinportancion y Consinno de Ganado, Anos 1901 y 1908. Habana:
Govt., 1909, pp. 73, pi. 1).—In 1908 on the Island of Cuba there were 2,892,457
cattle, 491,830 horses, 55,184 mules, and 3,102 asses, an increase in all cases over
the figures of 1907. Since 1904 the number of importations has steadily
descreased.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIEYING.

Alfalfa meal v. wheat bran for milk production, J. B. Lindsey {Massa-
chusetts 8ta. Rpt. 1908, pt. 2, pp. 158-166).— The object of this experiment was
to compare the effect of alfalfa meal with wheat bran upon the general health
and condition of the animal, upon the yield of milk, milk solids and milk fat,
and to note th,e economy of alfalfa meal as compared with bran as a feed for
dairy stock.

In the first half of the trial 3 of the 6 new milch cows received the alfalfa
meal ration for 6 consecutive weeks, the other 3 receiving the wheat bran
ration. In the second half of the trial the conditions were reversed. The
basal ration consisted of hay, rowen, gluten feed, and corn meal, to which
was added 4.8 lbs. of either alfalfa meal or wheat bran.

The herd gain in live weight was 119 lbs. with the alfalfa meal, and 165 lbs.
with the wheat bran. During the bran ration the average daily yield of milk
was 19.36 lbs. at a cost of 1.21 cts. per pound, and during the alfalfa meal ration
19.06 lbs. at a cost of 1.32 cts. per pound. The cost of butter with the 2 rations
was 19.5 and 21.S cts. per pound, respectively. The bran was estimated at $22
and the alfalfa meal at $30 per ton.

276 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The variations in tlio quality (tf the milk were nol sufliciently pronounced
to warrant any i)articular deduction. It required substantially equal amounts
of digestible matter to produce equal amounts of milk and milk products.
Owing to the excess of fertilizer ingredients, es])ecially nitrogen, in the wheat
bran, that ration would furnish a somewhat riclier manure. It is believed that
if the grain rations had consisted of simplj- alfalfa and corn meal, or bran and
corn meal, the results would have been more favorable to the bran. The author
sees no advantage in replacing bran by alfalfa meal, for the reason that the
quality of the latter is measured by the grade of the hay employed and is likely
to vary considerably. Late-cut alfalfa has a low digestibility, and will prove
decidedly inferior to a good quality of bran.

Animal residues as a food for farm, stock, .J. B. Lindsey {Massachusetts
Sla. Rpt. 1908, pt. 2, pp. l-'id-l-jl). — This is a discussion of the use of meat
and fish meals as feed for stock. An experiment is also reported, the object
of which was to compare the total protein of dried blood with an equal amount
of protein in cotton-seed meal upon the yield of milk and milk ingredients.

Two lots of 2 cows each w^ere fed by the usual reversal method for 2 periods
of 2 weeks each separated by an interval of 7 days. The average basal ration
consisted of 20 lbs. hay, 3 lbs. bran, 3 lbs. hominy, while the supplementary
ration was 1 lb. hominy and 1.13 lbs. blood, against 2.25 lbs. cotton-seed meal.
The extra pound of hominy was added to make up the deficiency of carbohy-
drate material in the blood.

The yields of milk, total solids, and fat were practically identical in each
period and practically the same amounts of dry and digestible matter were
required. The blood meal ration favored a noticeable increase in live weight.
Estimating the hay to be worth $15, bran $22, hominy $24, cotton-seed meal
$29, and blood $55 a ton, the milk cost 1.04 cts. and butter 17.7 cts. per pound
with the blood meal ration and 1.02 and 16.9 cts., respectively, with the cotton-
seed meal. It was not possible to detect any objectionable flavor which could
be attributed to the blood. The blood ration in no way interfered with the
normal condition of the animals, all of which consumed it readily.

The following conclusions are drawn :

" Dried blood contains some 85 per cent of protein, and when properly pre-
pared (not overheated) has proved itself to be highly digestible and well suited
as a concentrated 'protein nutrient for farm stock.

" For cows in milk it may be fed in amounts varying from 1 to 2 lbs. daily,
mixed with concentrates of vegetable origin. A satisfactory combination for a
day's ration consists of 2 to 3 lbs. of wheat bran, 2 to 3 lbs. of corn or hominy
meal and 1.5 lbs. of dried blood. Other mixtures can be made containing blood
as a constituent.

" It is believed to be the part of economy to first utilize blood as an animal
food rather than to apply it directly as a fertilizer.

" The present price of prepared blood, its lack of distribution in local mar-
kets and the ignorance of the consumer concerning its merits as a food have
thus far preventetl its general use for feeding purposes."

Effect of soy bean meal and soy bean oil upon the composition of milk
and butter fat, and upon the consistency or body of butter, J. B. Lindsey.
E. B. HoLLAiND, and P. H. Smith {MassacJiusetts Idtu. Rpt. 1D08, pt. 2, pp. 66-
110). — This is a continuation of a series of experiments designed to study the
effect of different feeds upon the character and composition of dairy products.

Two lots of 6 cows each were fed 3 periods. One lot received throughout an
average daily ration of bran, ground oats, corn meal, gluten feed, cotton-seed
meal and mixed hay, the grain mixture amounting to 7.5 lbs. The second lot
were fed the same ration in the first period, which lasted 14 days, but in the

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 277

second period of 28 days, 2.8 lbs. of the gralu ration was replaced by 2..3 lbs. of
soy beau meal minus the oil, and in the third period, lasting 21 days, 0.6 lb. of
the normal grain ration was replaced by the same amount of soy bean oil. In
the second period the second lot consumed about ^ lb. more digestible protein
than lot 1, and in the third period 0.6 lb. more fat. One cow lost in live weight
owing to digestive disturbances in the second period, but the flow of milk
appeared normal except in the case of one cow in lot 2 near the close of the
third period. Methods for determining the chemical composition of the milk
fat are given.

In the first period lot 1 yieldetl a fat with a little higher saponification value
than lot 2. Other minor difCerences were also noted. In the second period
careful study of the analytical data failed to reveal auy marked differences that
could be attributed to the change in the ration. In the milk fat from lot 2 the
higher iodin number might indicate a small increase in the amount of unsatu-
rated acids beyond that resulting from the advance in the period of lactation.
If such were the case the increase in all probability should be attributed to the
influence of the oil rather than to the bean protein. In the third period when
the bean meal was replaced by the normal ration and the soy bean oil, the Kotts-
dorfer number in lot 2 fell from 2ol.r)0 to 221.65, and the Reichert-Meissl from
27.05 to 23.27. The iodin value increased from 81.90 to 40.25, giving additional
evidence of the increase of oleic and possibly of linoleic acids. In terms of oleic
acid, by calculation, this increase amounts to 9.26 points. In the first 2 periods
both herds showed quite similar acid numbers, varying from 0.32 to 0.38. In
the third period, in case of lot 1, the acid number increased slightly to 0.48, and
in lot 2 to 1.39. The ether number naturally varied with the saponification and
acid numbers, being lowest in the milk fat produced by lot 2 in the third period.
The percentage of glycerol in fat fell to 12.04 in the case of lot 2 in the third
feeding period. The total fatty acids were quite uniform except during the last
period for lot 2. The Yalenta test had a slightly lower turbidity point in lot 1
than in lot 2. In the second period this difference was more noticeable, and it
was very marked in the third period, amounting to nearly 12°. Other differences
were noted in the third period in the refractive index, insoluble fatty acids, the
saponification number of the insoluble acids, and the soluble fatty acids. Meth-
ods for determining these and other contents are given.

The butter produced by lot 2 was much softer than that from lot 1. Samples
were scored by experts in Boston and New York, and some of them, particularly
those in lot 2 in the third period, were off flavor. Churning data and analyses
of feeds are given.

The following conclusions were drawn :

" Soy bean meal partially extracted (2.3 lbs. per day and head) seemed to be
without influence in changing the proportions of the several milk constituents or
in imparting any flavor to the milk.

' Soy bean oil (0.6 lb. per day and head) was likewise without influence on the
composition and flavor of the milk.

" Soy bean meal did not modify the chemical character of the butter fat,
neither did it have any effect upon the separation of the fat from the milk
serum, the time of ripening of the cream nor on the thoroughness of the churn-
ing. Expert butter scorers could not detect any particular flavor in the butter
as a result of feeding the meal. The meal impartefl a noticeable softness to the
body of the butter, but not sufficiently so as to injure its commercial value ex-
cepting during the warm months. The softness of the body of the butter was
due probably to the oil contained in the bean meal and not to the bean protein.

"Soy bean oil depressed the volatile fatty acids ( Reichert-Meisel number)
and thus lowered the saponification number of the butter fat; it increased the

278

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

percentage of unsaturated acids (iodin iniiiilxir) and the total insoluble acids.
The acid number and Valenta test wt'ic also increased. The oil did not notice-
ably change the melting point of the fat as measured by the Wiley test; it
increased somewhat tbe refi'active index.

"The oil caust'd a marked softness of the l)ntter ; the latter also contained
some 2 per cent more moistnre than did the butter produced by the normal
ration. No other changes were observed."

On inheritance in the production of butter fat, II. T>. Rtetz iliiometrika,
7 (WOi)), Xo. 1-2, piK J()()-U6). — This is a statistical investigation of inheri-
tance in the production of butter fat made from data in Vols. 11-18 of the Ad-
vanced Register of the IIolstein-Friesian Association of America. Vols. 1-10
were not used because they gave very few pairs of variates that satisfied the
conditions. The piii)er is a i»ioneer study of this important side of cattle breed-
ing and is of much interest theoretically because allowance has to be made for
double selection, since only cows with a certain mininnnn of butter fat pro-
duction are admitted to the record. Correlation tables are given and the results,
which are discussed in detail, are summarized as follows :

" The correlation of age and production of butter fat by cows under 4.75 years
is approximately two-thirds, and the regression is linear. The correlation of
age and production of cows over 4.75 years is substantially zero. The coefficient
of variability in production increases gradually from youth to 3 years old, and
then decreases to maturity. Production of butter fat is a function transmitted
to a marked extent. The coefiicient of heredity between cows and dams in the
performance of this function is probably at least as large as the coefficient of
mean parental inheritance of physical characters in man. Inheritance in pro-
duction is more pronounced in mature than in immature cows. A comparison
of the results corrected for selection with the uncorrected values illustrated the
great influence of selection in modifying the correlation coefficient."

The correlation coefficient for cows under 4.75 years old is 0.662±0.007 ; for
cows over 4.75 years it is 0.030i!=0.016. If the 15 most extreme variates are
excluded the correlation coefficient is 0.004±0.026. By including older cows the
correlation coefficient is 0.688±0.006, a slight increase, while the regression of
production on age is decreased. For the group under 4.75 years the regression
of production on age is 1.901±0.021 ; for the group under 5.25 years, 1.819±
0.018. The mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and coefficient of
correlation are given in the following table :

Mean, staiiditnl deviation, coefficient of varialyilitji. and coefficient of correlation
"f offspring, dams, and (jranddams.

Relationship of animals.

Offspring and dams (Offspring

under 4 years \Dams

Offspring and dams ^Offspring

over 4 years \Dams

Offspring and dams )o«snrinir
differing by less [nMms "'■■
thanl vear uams

Granddams and off- |^(*™^

spring

t ern a 1
granddams.

10.687 + 0.057
10.605 + 0.057
15.316 + 0.070
15.368 + 0.070

12.913 + 0.063
12.915+0.063

15. 383 + 0. 073
15. 423 ±0.077

Standard de-
viation.

2.136 + 0.040
2.141 + 0.040
2.543 + 0.049
2.646±0.051

3. 292 J
3.380d

0.045
0.046

2.377 + 0.052
2. 495±0. 055

Coeflieient of
variability.

19.99+0.38
20.19 + 0.38
16.60 + 0.33
17.22 + 0.34

25.46 + 0.36
26.17 + 0.38

Coefficient cor-
relation.

\ 0.344 + 0.023

I 0.28^ ±0.025

I 0.(551 ±0.011

i 0.301 ±0.028

The correlation of milk fat production with the production by dams of sires
mated to the cows was 0.140±0.025. Multiple correlations showed that a few
paternal granddams selected for fancy points affected the correlation coefficient

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 2Y9

when the ancestors are weighted with their offspring. The method for making
corrections for efiiciency selection is described in detail. After making selec-
tions the standard deviation for cows under 2.25 years was 1.99, for cows 3 years
old 2.89, for cows 4 years old 3.06, for mature cows 3.89, and for the entire group
under 4.5 years 2.94. The corrected correlation coetficieuts are as follows: Be-
tween dam and offspring, for mature cows 0.63, for cows under 2 years 0.2.5, and
for cows under 5 years O.IS; between granddam and offspring, for maternal
granddams 0.38, and paternal granddams 0.25 ; and between dams and dams of
.sires with which they are mated, 0.39. It is thought that these values are some-
what higher than they should be, as breeders are liable to keep from the test
animals that can barely meet the requirements. Use was made of the partial
correlation coefHcient to obtain an average value during growth.

" We have then 0.38 for a sort of average value of the correlation coefficient
at fixed ages in the period of growth, 0.145 and 0.25 for uncorrected and cor-
rected coefficients of cows under 2.25 years old, 0.28 and 0.63 for uncorrected
and corrected coefficients after maturity. These results seem convincing of the
fact that inheritance in production of butter i.s, in general, much more pro-
nounced after maturity than at a fixed stage in the period of growth."

Relation of milk to the public health, W. A. Evans (Milk Man, 2 {1909),
No. 9, pp. -)-7). — Besides a general discussion of the danger of using unsanitary
milk, this paper, which was read before the American A'eterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, gives an account of the results of pure milk ordinances in Chicago
which went into effect January 1, 1909 ( E. S. R., 20, p. 783).

" Of Chicago's 30,000 8-gal. cans of milk 18,000 are pasteurized ; 7,000 are
from tuberculin tested cows, and 5,000 cans are not complying with the ordi-
nance. The 7,000 cans of tuberculin tested milk come from 30,000 tuberculosis-
free cows. Nearly all of our milk supply from Indiana comes from cows which
have been tuberculin tested; about one-third of that from Wisconsin is from
tested cows; but little of that in Illinois is from tested cows.

" The tuberculin testing has been a source of much fraud. Veterinarians
have faked reports and farmers have immunized their cows preparatory to
the test. In Indiana the work was done by the State and it averaged very
satisfactorily. In Wisconsin and in Illinois it is promiscuously done and much
incompetency and much fraud has been shown and some has been proven./
The pasteurizing is done by 43 plants in town and 100 in the country. Some
of the plants have done excellent work ; some are faking, and some are incom-
petently run. Most of the faking is done by creameries and other butter plants.
The holding pasteurizers are almost uniformly good, the flash pasteurizers are
sometimes good and sometimes not. . . . Not infrequently a milk which was
good at the pasteurizer was spoiled by a dirty bottle, a dirty cup, or dirty
fingers in capping. The maximum number of bacteria found in a supposedly
sterile bottle was 24,000. A count of 800 was not unusual.

"All in all, we are sure that it is easier to control pasteurizers than it is
to control tuberculin testing, and certainly than to control 12,000 farms. With
us these ordinances are not only getting us better milk, but they are helping
us to get the farms cleaned up. ... We are sure that in optional tuberculin
testing and pasteurization, properly controlled, we have found the proper solu-
tion of this vexed milk question, a solution which in time will be foimd
acceptable alike to farmer, dealer, consumer and health official."

A study of farm butter making in New Hampshire, Y. Rasmussen {New
Hampshire 8ta. Bid. lU, PP- 2.'f7-2S0, flgs. 6).— This bulletin reports an inquiry
concerning the condition of the dairy industry and the methods of butter mak-
ing as practiced on the farms throughout the State, and gives many sugges-
tions on butter making with special reference to farm conditions.

280 EXPERIMENT STATION REC^ORD.

The inforiiKition coiiceniin.i: tlic dairy cimdit ions was oblaiiUHl by sending out
circular letters and l)y a field agent wlio visited over 100 farms in different
parts of the State. Dairying seemed to l)e increasing in some sections, decreas-
ing in others. A large quantity of bultcr is made on farms because of poor
transportation facilities, a widely scattered population, small herds of dairy
cows, and a special demand for good dairy butter.

The amount of butter made on farms varied from 7 to HOO lbs. i)er week and
averaged about 5S.5 lbs. The majority of farmers churned only once or twice
a week and sold to private trade in jirints. The price of butter ranged from
20 to 40 cts. per pound.

The more common defects found in the farm butter were rancidity, jioor
flavors, and a mottled condition, and were due to i)oor equipment, lack of cleanli-
ness, and indiffei-ence or ignorance of modern sanitary methods in handling
milk and making butter. The overrun vai-ied from 4.7 to ID per cent. :Much of
the cream was old and sour and was often churned at too high a temperature.
Overchurning and overworking are also common faults.

Details are given of the equipment required for making farm butter by mod-
ern sanitary methods on a farm carrying about 20 cows.

On the staining of cheese by iron and copper salts and the analytical
proof of this metal in cheese curd, A. Schaeffeb (Milclnr. Zrntbl., o (190!)),
No. 10, pp. .'i2-')--'iS0). — Attention is called to the frequent discoloration of cheese
due to contact with the different metals of which dairy utensils are made. It
was found that 0.0005 per cent of ferric oxid in the curd may cause enough
discoloration to affect the market value of the cheese, although a cheese
may contain as nnich as 0.0002 per cent when ripened quickly with soda and
show no discoloration for about S days. When stored for a longer period the
cheese is discolored. Staining occurs less frequently with copper, and 0.001
per cent of cupric oxid is necessary to cause it. Methods of analysis are given
on page 212 of this issue.

" Kokkelin " a Finnish cheese food ( A . Y. rroduce Rer. and Amer. Cream.,
29 (1909), No. 2, p. 63). — A note on an article by (Jrotenfelt. ccmcerning a daii-y
dish used in Finland whereby the skim milk is utilized and preserved for
winter use.

" When the cream has been removed the milk, which at that time genei-ally
is more or less coagulated (shallow setting), is placed near the bake oven or
other warm place so that the milk coagulates firmly and the whey separates.
When firm, the whey is removed and the 'kokkelin' (curd) is placed in a
wooden vessel and covered with bark pieces (birch bark). On top of this is
poured cold water wliich. now and then, is removed and replaced so as to get
rid of the last sour whey. The whey is used mixed with water or milk as a
drink for man and beast and the curd thus treated may be kept under water
for months and constitutes an important item in the wanter food."

Cheese milk pasnnents, G. A. Olson (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream.,
29 (1909), No. 2. pii. 7'/, 7(>'. 77). — The disadvantages of various methods of cal-
culating the yield of cheese are pointed out. The author submits a table for
computing the yield based on the percentages of both fat and total solids;

rHydrostatic cream balance] (Hoard's Dairyman, J/O (1909), No. -'lO. p. 1185.
fig. 1). — A simple and sensitive hydrostatic cream balance for weighing cream
in testing the percentage of fat is illustrated and described.

This apparatus, known as the Wisconsin hydrostatic cream balance, was de-
vised at the Wisconsin Experiment Station. It consists of a brass float similar
to a hydrometer, which is placed in a cylinder of water. The float supports a
platform on which are placed a cream bottle and a 9 gm. weight. Small (0.1

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 281

gm.) weights are added until the float sinks to a line marked on the spindle.
The 9 gm. weight is then removed and the cream pipetted into the bottle in
sufficient amount to sink the float again to the mark.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Studies on blood and blood parasites, H. Crawley (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Aiiim. Indus. Bui. 119. pp. 31, figs. 3). — Thus bulletin consists of three papers.

I. Observations on mammalian Wood with darlc-field illumination (pp. 5-15). —
The apparatus used in these studies consisted of a substage condenser, arc lamp,
and rheostat, the latter serving to cut down the laboratory current to 4 amperes.
Attention is called to the fact that in the use of this apparatus the top part of
the condenser, the slide, and the cover glass must all be scrupulously clean and
that the film of oil between the condenser and the slide must be free from air
globules. The blood studied was that of the cow, sheep, rabbit, guinea pig,
white rat, and man. The phenomena obser^■ed are treated under the captions
blood dust, beaded threads, flagellated erythrocytes and free flagella, bodies
showing pseudopodia, erythrocytes, leucocytes, and blood plates.

II. The priority of Cryptobia Lcidy, IS-'iG, over Trypanoplasma Laveran, and
Mesnil, 1901 (pp. 16-20). — It is shown that the rules of priority compel the use
of the generic name Cryptobia. The synonymy of the genus Cryptobia and the
several si)ecies belougiug to it has been worked out and is presented together
with a bibliography of the literature i-elating to the subject.

III. Trypanosoma americanum n. sp., a trypanosome which appears in cul-
tures made from the blood of American cattle (pp. 21-31). — The author has
studied the blood of cattle in this country and found that when cultured in
common beef bouillon it develops trypanosomes in from 2 to 4 days, varying with
the temperature. These trypanosomes also appear in cultures of cow's blood in
mutton bouillon, either acid or alkaline. They appeared in the blood of all
cows tested including animals parasitized with and animals free from Piro-
plasnia bigeminiim. Although many of the cultures were examined daily from
the first, flagellates were never found on the first day and but once on the second.

" It may be concluded that the trypanosome here described and figured is a
common parasite of healthy American cattle. Its morphological peculiarity is
that the trophonuelens and kinetonucleus lie very close together. This pecul-
iarity is shown by T. transvaUensc, taken to be a variety of T. theileri, and, as
well as can be made out from his figures, by the trypanosome found by Miya-
jima. If this last fact be so, then Miyajima is in error In his conclusion that his
flagellate is a phase of Piroplasma. At all events, the fact that trypanosomes
appear in cultures of blood from healthy cattle is of considerable significance,
and is decidedly against the belief that they are stages in the life history of
a htemosporidian."

The leucocytozoa: Protozoal parasites of the colorless corpuscles of the
blood of vertebrates, Annie Porter (Sci. Prog. Twentieth Cent., .'i {1909). No.
IJf, pp. 2/f8-266, figs. Jj). — Following a general description of the leucocytozoa
an account is given of their movements, comparative morphology, multiplication,
and reproduction, mode of transmission, distribution, and nomenclature.

A bibliography of 19 titles is included.

The modes of division of Spirochaeta recurrentis and S. duttoni as ob-
served in the living- org-anisins, H. B. Fantham and Annie Porter iProc.
Roy. Hoc. [London^, 8er. B, 81 {1909), No. B 551, pp. 500-505).— From observa-
tions on the living organisms the authors find that both longitudinal and trans-
verse division occur in spirochetes as seen in Sf. recurrentis, ti. duttoni. S.
anodontw, and 8. balbianii.

282 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED.

Further observations upon tsetse flies and trypanosomes, Kleine (Deut.
Med. \vchnschi:, 35 {1909), tio. 1,5, pp. 1956-1958, figs. J,; Sleeping Sickness
Bur. [London], Bui. 11, Sup., pp. Ji'i9-.'i5.'i). — This is a continuation of investiga-
tions previously noted (E. S. II., 21, p. 785).

From experiments conducted in wliicli large numbers of flies bred from pupa-
riums were fed upon infected monkeys and later upon healthy monkeys, it is
concluded that Glossina niorsitans does not transmit Trypanosoma gaml)ien.sc.
No less than 805 G. palpalis and 722 G. niorsitans bred from pupariums were
fed first on infected and then on healthy animals, but no observation was made
which sui)ported the hypothesis of hereditary transmission of pathogenic
trypanosomes.

The author concludes that in the epidemology of sleeping sickness and of
animal trypanosomiasis no part is played by inherited trypanosomes and that
mechanical transmission has a subordinate importance or none at all. In the
course of his investigations he has met with no case in which trypanosomes
were conveyed mechanically from animal to animal, 1,910 flies (G. palpalis and
morsitans) having been fed on infected animals and 18 to 24 hours afterwards
on susceptible healthy animals without a case of infection. He states that it
seems fairly certain that trypanosomes of mammals in the gut of flies can be
distinguished from the flagellates of unknown origin. T. tnllochii is believed to
be a developmental form of T. gambiense, as it was often seen in G. ;)a7p«/is
artificially infected with that trypanosome. He doubts if T. gambiense can be
distinguished in the fly from T. brueei and perhaps other mammalian
trypanosomes.

J'eeding experiments conducted seem to show that only those flies which feed
on warm-blooded animals drop larvfe. The experiment also shows that the
female fly requires mammalian blood to produce young and that crocodile
blood can not replace it.

The development of Trypanosoma gambiense in Glossina palpalis, D.
Bruce et al. {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 81 {1909), No. B 550, pp. J,05-
J/lJf, pis. 2; abs. in Sleeping Siclcness Bur. [London] Bui, 10, pp. 369-371). — In
the authors' experiments flies flrst became infected 18 days after their first
feed on infected animals and continued infective up to 75 days. There is some
evidence that but one of the 60 artificially infected flies used became infective.
It is considered that in nature the proportion must be even less, as many of
the flies, in many localities at least, can never have fed on an animal the blood
of which contained Trypanosoma gambiense.

On the seasonal prevalence of Trypanosoma lewisi in Mus rattus and in M.
decumanus and its relation to the mechanism of transmission of the infection,
G. F. Petrie and C. R. Avaei {Parasitology, 2 {1909), No. 3, pp. 305-32/t, charts
8). — The authors find that there are definite seasonal variations in the preva-
lence of trypanosome infections in Mus rattus and M. decumanus. It is prob-
able that temperature operates by influencing a developmental cycle of the
trypanosomes in the transmitting insects.

A case of Trypanosoma theileri in Madras, I. F. Valladares {Jour. Trop.
Yet. Sei., Jf {1909), No. .'i, pp. 5J-J, 5-'/5, pi. 1). — A report of the symptoms in a
bull at Madras which is thought to have died of trypanosomiasis. T. theileri
was found in blood smears but no piroplasmata were discovered.

Trypanosoma theileri and galziekte, H. T. Pease {Jour. Trop. Yet. Sei., 4
{1909), No. 4, pp. 532-539) .—From, recent investigations and inquiries it appears
that T. theileri is fairly common among the cattle and bufl'alo of India, and
that it is doubtful whether this pai'asite gives rise to any disease in them.

A note on the occurrence of a trypanosome in the African elephant, D.
Bruce et al. {Prue. Roy. Soc. [London]. Scr. B, 81 {1909), No. B 550, pp. /////-

VETERINAEY MEDICINE. 283

J/16, j)l. J). — Tlie authors describe a trypauosome found in the blood of an ele-
phant shot near Ngogole on the east shore of Lake Albert. The parasite has
been given the proA'isional name Tri/pano-sonia elephantis.

The presence of anthrax in the intestinal contents of animals, A. CiucA
and (4. Fenea (CoHtpf. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 67 (1909), No. 27, pp. 301,
302). — The authors examined the feces of guinea pigs, rabbits, sheep, and pigs
affected with anthrax aud almost invariably found that the bacilli were present
and in numbers inversely proportional to the rapidity of the disease. The in-
testine favors spore formation, in which stage the bacillus is resistant to the
putrefaction, as anthrax cultures can always be obtained by heating the fecal
matter to 65° C. Under these conditions the colonies are the more numerous
the later the examination is made. A bacteriological examination of the feces
therefore affords a certain means for deciding whether an animal has died of
anthrax, even though the cadaver has become more or less putrid.

Vaccination against symptomatic anthrax in Switzerland and some other
countries, R. Balavoine (Schwciz. Arch. TicrheiUc, 51 (1909), No. 3, pp. 137-
185, figs. 7; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 {1909), No. 11,. pp. 636, 637). — A review
of the work on protective inoculation against this disease.

The specific changes in the ganglion cells of animals afEected with rabies
and distemper, O. Lentz [Ztsclir. Ili/ff. ii. Infcktionskrank., 6.1 (1908), No. 1,
pp. 63-9 'i. pi. 1). — A contribution to our knowledge of the origin aud importance
of Negri's bodies.

The rapid diagnosis of rabies, F. Xeri (Ccntbl. Bivkt. [etc.], 1. Aht., Orig.,
50 (1909), No. 3, pp. Ji09-Jil2). — A new method for staining Negri's bodies is
described.

Kabies in the street dogs of Constantinople, P. Remlinger (Bui. Hoc. Cent.
Med. Vet., 86 (1909), No. 8, pp. 137-1',!,; Jour. Trop. Vet. 8ci., J, (1909), No. 4,
561-566). — The street dogs of Constantinople, estimated at from 60,000 to
80,000, are allowed al)solute liberty, the vicious ones being destroyed from time
to time.

In spite of this almost complete absence of sanitary policing, rabies among
these dogs is extremely rare. It has been suggested that they are more or less
immune to the disease. This, however, is not the case, as during the course of
8 years' residence in Constantinople the author has inoculated hundreds of
street dogs under the most varied conditions and with different strains of
virus, but has never observed any particular resistance of the indigenous dog.

It is also shown that the rarity of I'abies in street dogs is not due to the
prevalence of the paralytic form of the disease, as furious rabies is about twice
as common as the paralytic form. It is believed that it is " the special condi-
tions under which street dogs live, their distribution into distinct groups, and
the subtle instinct which makes others avoid a rabid dog to which we must
attribute more than to any peculiarities in the disease itself the rarity of
rabies in Constantinople street dogs."

Contribution to the study of hemorrhagic septicemia, S. H. Gaiger (Jour.
Trop. Vet. Set., J, (1909), No. J,, pp. 501-52',, pi. 1, fig. 1, charts 8).— The cultural
characters, morphology, biology, pathogenicity, and distribution of the bacilli
in the animal body are here reported upon.

The bacilli are said to be present in every organ and fluid of the animal body.
The accepted theory is that they live in the damp soil or in the soil water, that
the disease appears during the rains when the soil water rises, and that ani-
mals become infected by ingestion. Immunity can be conferred on animals by
feeding on virulent bouillon cultures; by starting with less than a fatal dose
of pure bouillon culture, and giving increased doses; by commencing with an

284 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

iiioc'ulatioii of bacilli sopuratocl from their toxins and later giving toxin sub-
cutaneously in increased doses; and by inocnlating attenuated bacilli.

On the relation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever to the typhus fever of
Mexico, J. F. Andickson and J. Goldjjebuku (rah. Health and Mar. llosit. Xcrr.
v. S.. I'lih. Health Rpts., 2J, (1009), No. 50, irp. 1861, i862).— Observations of
typhus fever in INIexico City bring out certain definite clinical differences betwetMi
this disease and Kocky Mountain spotted fever.

A further note upon the relationship between avian and human tubercu-
losis, S. G. Shattociv and L. S. DunciKON ( Lancet [London], 1!)0!), If, Xo. .l),
pp. 1139-llJi2). — "These various results show that the white rat is inunune to
the avian tubercle bacillus, whether the bacillus is experimentally injected (in
pure culture or directly from the diseased viscera) or whether it is introduced in
large quantities by the mouth."

The antibodies in tuberculosis and their relation to tuberculin inocu-
lation and vaccination, W. J. Butlee and W. T. IVIefford {.Jour. Anier. Med.
Assoc.. .').i (l!)0!>). No. 25, pp. 2092-209. 'i) . — The authors have drawn the follow-
ing conclusions:

" No relation exists between the complement-binding authority and tuberculin
inoculations and vaccinations, between the complement-binding antibody and
the opsonic index, or between the opsonic index and the tuberculin skin reaction.

"Not only have our examinations failed to show any relation between tuber-
culin antibodies and tuberculin reactions and inoculations, but, on account of
observing occasionally an inhibition of hemolysis with normal serums, we are
strongly inclined to believe that the complement-binding reaction is not specific
for tuberculosis."

The loco-weed disease, C. D. Marsh {U. /S'. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 380,
pp. 16, figs. Jf). — This is a brief practical presentation of the results of the work
on the loco disease, intended to meet* the immediate needs of ranchmen and
stockmen on the western ranges and the National Forests. Detailed accounts of
field and laboratory investigations have been previously noted (E. S. II., 20,
p. 280; 21, p. 484).

An unrecorded poison plant, A. J. Ewaut (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 7
{1909), No. 6, p. 391). — Pimpernel or shepherd's weather glass (AnagaUis
arvensis), formerly prized as a medicine, is reported to have killed a number
of sheep. The active principle is unknown, but it appears to be a narcotic.
It is also reported to have killed dogs, to which it was administered as a medi-
cine, by producing inflammation of the stomach. A blue flowered form (A.
coEriilea), which is very common, has similar properties.

Fatal colics in consequence of mold (Penicillium glaucum) poisoning-.
Hack {Ztschr. Vctcrinark., 21 {1909), No. 7, pp. 328-330, fig. 1 ; abs. m Vet.
Jour., 65 (1909), No. J/} 3, pp. 590, 591). — A report on the poisoning of horses in
Hamburg l)y the feeding f)f moldy grain.

Poisoning by raw potatoes {Veroffentl. Jahres.-Vet. Ber. Tierdrzte Preuss.,
7 {1906 [pub. 1909]), pt. 2, p. 3^; Vet. Rec, 22 {1909), No. lll't, p. 326).--Two
outbreaks of cattle poisoning due to eating large quantities of raw potatoes
are reported. In the first, which was among a herd of cattle numbering 64
head, the symptoms resembled those of foot-and-mouth disease. In the second,
2 cows which had been fed potato parings developed eczema of the hind limbs,
as in the first outbreak, and in addition diarrhea. Emaciation set in and in
one case was so severe as to necessitate slaughter.

Cattle poisoning from arsenate of lead, ,J. P.. Paige {Massachusetts Sta.
Rpt. 1908, pt. 2, pp. 183-199). — In order to determine whether farm animals
are poisoned by the ingestion of grass and foliage of shrubs sprayed with arse-
gate of lead as used in the destruction of the gipsy moth, feeding experiments

VETERINAEY MEDICINE. 285

were conducted with 5 mature cows wliicli had been condemned as tuberculous.
The details of the experiments including the symptoms of the animals are
reported in tabular form, followed by reports of the post-mortem examinations.
Disparene was the form of arsenate of lead used. " In the case of cow No. 1,
2!) gm., administered at the rate of 1 gm. per day, produced violent symptoms
of poisoning. With animal No. 2. 16.5 gm., given in daily doses of 4 gm. per
day, caused violent purging, loss of appetite and paresis. No. 3 took 151 gm.
in 2, 3 and 4 gm. doses daily before equally marked symptoms of poisoning
appeareil. With No. 4, 28.35 gm. given at one dose in capsule at 9.45 a. m.
jiroduced toxic effects in less than 24 hours, from which the animal did not
recover completely for 6 or 7 days. In the case of No. 5, 56.70 gm. caused death
in 69i hours. A study of the records of the 5 animals shows that frecpiently
repeated small doses of the arsenate have the same effect in the end as do
large nonfatal doses given at one time. In feeding the lead arsenate paste
it was found necessary to adopt every conceivable means to induce the cows to
take it after a few doses had been given. At first when mixed with the hay
or grain it \\as readily eaten, but after a short time the animals would care-
fully separate every particle of the paste from the hay or grain and leave it
uneaten. . . . When the hay that had been drenched with 1 and 2 oz. of lead
arsenate in water was allowed to become thoroughly dried, it was readily eaten
by the cows that had previously refused the fresh paste, even when thoroughly
mixed with hay and grain, or inclosed without cai)sule inside of pieces of roots
and apples."

Milk was analyzed, and also fed to a calf, but failed to give evidence of the
presence of lead or arsenic. I'arts from the different organs of the second
animal were analyzed as a composite specimen and found to contain abundant
evidence of lead and traces of arsenic. A brief summary is given of the symp-
toms of acute and chronic poisoning, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

A moderately heavy growth of herdsgrass grown on an area 35 ft. in diameter
was found, when thoroughly hayed, to weigh 50 lbs. From this it is computed
that with a drip of 1 gal. in 10 of a mixture of 10 lbs. of the arsenate to 100
gal. of water, each 10 lbs. of the hay would carry 9.06 gm. of the arsenate
paste, or practically one-half of that amount of the dried arsenate. The author
does not consider it probable that a single feeil of such hay would produce
serious effects but that the continuous feeding of it for several days in succes-
sion would do so. Judging from the experience in the feeding of treated hay,
it is thought that the animals would eat sufficient to cause fatal poisoning.

In these experiments the author was unable to detect an individual sus-
ceptibility to the action of the poison. It is thought that the harmless effects
of arsenate of lead on a horse noted by Kirkland (E. S. R., 10, p. 567) is ac-
counted for in part at least by the natural nonsuseeptibility of the animal to the
action of lead, to which ruminants appear to be particularly susceptible.

Diseases of the stomacli and bowels of cattle, A. J. Mukray ( U. iS*. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 68, rev., pp. l.'/). — A reprint with slight changes
from the Special Report on Diseases of Cattle previously noted (B. S. R., 21,
p. 283).

The Grand Traverse disease or Lake Shore disease, C. D. Smith (Michigan
Sta. Spec. Bui. 50, pp. 3-10). — Complaints having been made to the station in
1904 of the prevalence of this disease about West Olive in Ottawa County and
elsewhere, animals were purchased for examination and treatment. Investi-
gations have also been conducted under the Adams fund and are here reported
in detail. A report of a visit to the section where the disease occurs by Dr. W.
Giltner is appended to the account.

286 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

" Tlu> symptoms of Ibis disease are well defined. They consist of general
emaciation so extreme as to indicate that all of the superficial fat of the body
had been used, leaving the sliin appai'ently attached to the bones. At the out-
set the head is carried low with drooping ears. The coat stares and the ap-
petite falls oft". The animals drink less and less as the disease advances, until
finally they refuse to drink altogether. As the appetite fails it becomes de-
praved. The cattle eat such materials as wood, leather, rope or bark from
stumps. The chewing of bones is quite common, as it is in many other ail-
ments of the digestive tract. From the beginning the bowels show a tendency
toward constipation, whicli increases. As the disease advances the gambi*el
joints or hocks approach each other, while walking. The animal places one
foot in front of the other, describing a half circle with each hind foot, at each
step. . . .

" The third stomach, or n)anifolds, seemed to be the seat of the disease and
here extensive lesions were often found. Where the disease had so far i)ro-
gressed that the animal was scarcely able to stand, the contents of the mani-
folds were dry, hard and seemingly attached, as if glued, to the lining mem-
brane. When the autopsy took place after doses of oil and gruel bad been
given, there were found openings in the contents of the stomach through which
food could pass, but where the examination was made prior to the beginning
of the laxative treatment, the contents of the stomach seemed to be one solid
mass, filling the various divisions between the folds of the stomach. Even after
the laxative treatment was well under way, when post-mortems were held,
masses of dried, hardened feed were still found occupying the spaces between
the folds. When the disease had progressed so far that the animals were too
weak to stand, the lining membrane of this third stomach seemed to slough off
in a slimy condition ; in other cases the divisions of the manifold itself were
readily torn by slight pressure of the fingers. The gall bladder was almost
invariably enlarged, sometimes to twice its natural size."

No specific agent has been incriminated as the cause of the disease. It ap-
peared to be due to several conditions that prevail, namely, dry June grass
pasture followed by dry fodder in winter, ingestion of more or less sand, in-
sufficient water, the presence of great numbers of horn flies, ergoted rye, and
cold winter quarters with insufficient attention.

All animals able to stand on arrival at the station and fed laxative feed re-
covered and made astonishing gains after the return of the appetite and the
ability and willingness to drink. Observations about West Olive confirmed
the idea that the removal of cows from their own districts to higher lands,
where more abundant rations could be fed them, usually resulted in recovery.
Cows which had been pastured continuously on clover pastui'e, or on any suc-
culent pasture, did not have the symptoms of this disease in the late fall. The
rule seemed invariable that the cows then sick with the disease were only such
as had been running on dry pasture where the grass was thin, ripe, and dried
iip. It sometimes transpired that cows which had been pastured on succulent
pasture when placed on very dry feed succumbed to the disease late in the
winter or in the spring following.

Contagious abortion of cattle, A. Nuesch (Schtveis. Arch. Tierheilk., 50
(1908), No. 5, pp. 323-326; aJ)S. in Vet. Bee, 22 {1909), No. 1097, p. 48).— The
author has checked this disease by the internal administration of carbolic acid,
and recommends 1| to 2f pts. of a 1 per cent solution of carbolic acid in water
daily in a single dose. Both pregnant cows and those which have already
aborted are thus treated, and the daily medication is continued from 5 to 10
days. No unfavorable effects of the drug were observed.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 287

On biliary fever in cattle in German Southwest Africa, E. Leipziger {Deut.
Tierdrztl. Wchnsehr., 11 {li)09). No. 11, pp. 150-152; abs. in Jour. Trop. Vet.
Bci., 4 {1909), No. -J, p. 596). — In this account of the disease and its occurrence
in German Southwest Africa, the author calls attention to the fact that he
has never found any trypanosome in the blood of the affected animals which
came under his observation, although Theiler (E. S. R., 20, p. 680) considers
the disease to l)e so caused.

Specific chronic enteritis of cattle (Johne's disease) (Vet. Jour., 65 (1909),
No. .'/l-'i, pp. 608-6 l.'i). — A summary of papers presented at the International
Veterinary Congress- at The Hague, 190!), by B. Bang, E. Lienaux, W. Stuur-
mau, Miessner, H. Markus, and J. Bongert.

Avian tuberculin as a diagnostic agent in Johne's disease, O. Bang
{CentU. BaJct. [etc.], 1. Aht., Grig., 51 (1909), No. J,, pp. J,50-J,55; ahs. in Vet.
Rec, 22 {1909), No. 1115, pp. S.'i3, 3^// ) .—Although cattle sutfering from Johne's
disease do not react to injections of ordinary tuberculin, unless they are also
simultaneously affected with tuberculosis, experiments conducted by the author
show that they do react to avian tuberculin. The doses of avian tuberculin
employed ranged from 0.75 gm. to 2 gm. (appi'oximately 13 to 35 minims).
He contests the assumption that Johne's disease may be caused by the bacillus
of avian tuberculosis, objecting to it because fowls are resistant to attempts
to infect them by feeding and inoculation with material from Johne's disease,
and because cattle, after feeding with avian tubercle bacilli, develop true
tuberculosis.

Hook-worm disease in calves, J. O. Duschanek (Tierarztl. Zcnthl., 32
(1909), No. S, pp. ll.'t-llS; abs. in Vet. Rec., 22 (1909), No. 1115, p. 3U).— The
{luthor records an outbreak of hook-worm disease on a farm at Pi*ague, in
which 28 out of 40 calves ranging from 5 months to a year old were lost. He
recommends kamala and aloes, 5 gm. of each to be administered in water and
continued until the evacuations become diarrheic. Calves which are treated in
this manner sufficiently early recover completely. In addition the stalls should
be thoroughly disinfected, the dung burned, and the animals kept within doors.

An epizootic among Algerian sheep, L. Caze (Rev. Gen. Med. Vet.. 13
(1909), No. 155, pp. 633-639). — Further investigations have led the author to
conclude that the disease of sheep in Algeria, which has resulted in considerable
loss, is due to some cause other than parasitic worms as previously noted
(E. S. R., 21, p. 789). Micro-organisms have been found in great numbers in
the blood, liver, spleen, lungs, and suprarenal capsules. It is thought that the
disease is a pasteurellosis.

Protective inoculation against sheep pox, L. Voigt (Arch. Wiss. u. Pralct.
Tierheilk., 35 (1909), No. 3, pp. 295-301; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1909), No. 1116,
p. 360). — The author confirms the results obtained by Konew as previously
noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1185).

The method consists of the subcutaueous injection of the goat with sheep pox
material and the continued passing of the material thus obtained from goat to
goat. The immunity conferred in this way is said to last for a year.

Coenurus serialis in a goat, D. Dey (Jorir. Trop. Vet. ScL, 4 (1909), No. Jf,
pp. 556-560. pi. 1 ) . — A record of the occurrence of this parasite in the goat.

Hog cholera, M. Dorset (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 319, pp. 23, figs.
3).— This supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 24 (E. S. R., 6, p. 664) and has been
prepared especially for the use of the practical farmer. The author urges
those interested in preventive inoculation to cooperate with the state authorities
who have control of the preparation of the serum.
25493— No. 3—10 7

288 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The use of serum from im.inune hogs for combating hog cholera, M. Dor-
set (T'e^. Jour., 65 (.1909), No. J/IS, pp. ooO-oGJ/). — A report presented at the
Ninth International Veterinary Congress at The Hague, in Septeuil)er, 1909.

Attention is directed to 3 factors upon which the success of the worlc depends,
namely, careful standardized serum, an efficient organization, and the com-
mencement of the work in the spring or early summer.

The control of hog cholera, J. W. Connaway {Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Agr., J,l
(1908), pp. 289-325, figs. 10; Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui., 7 (1909), No. Jf, pp. 39,
figs. 10). — An address before the Missouri Swine Growers' and Breeders' Asso-
ciation on January 6, 1909, in which preventive and curative measures are
discussed.

An epidemic of horses due to a Trichophyton, M. Pecus and II. Sabouraud
(Rev. G&n. Med. Vet., 13 (1909), No. 15 'i, pp. 561-586, figs, i-)).— Pecus here re-
ports upon an outbreak among cavalry horses, in which 800 animals were
affected, and due to a new variety of Trichophyton (T. gypseum granulosum).
Cultural and inoculation studies of this parasite are reported by Sabouraud
(pp. 571-586).

Canine distemper, its prevention and treatment by inoculation, Richter
(Die Hundestawpr. Hire Vorbciignng nnd Bchandlung durch Impfung. Dessau,
1908, pp. 211, pis. S; ahs. in Rev. Gen. Med. Vi^t., 13 (1909), No. 152, pp. Ji59,
Jf60). — During the course of the author's investigations in which antidistemper
serums were used, including those of Piorkowsky and Gans, and the vaccines
of Copeman, Phisalix, and of Jenner (cowpox), 140 dogs, ranging in ages from
a few days to several months, were experimented upon. From the results ob-
tained it appears that none of these possess any preventive or curative action
against distemper.

A bibliography of 103 titles is appended to the work.

Kala-azar in Madras, especially with regard to its connection with the
dog and the buf (Conorrhinus), C. Donovan (Lancet [London], 1909, II, No.
21. pp. l-'f05, 1^96). — In 1,150 dogs obtained from Madras and Georgetown, the
only parasites found were the so-called leucocytozoon of the dog, 94 being in-
fected by this organism. There was no certain evidence of Piroplasma (Babe-
sia) or Trypanosoma infection. In no case was Leishmania donovani found in
the spleen, and attempts to inoculate dogs with it gave negative results. See
also a previous note (E. S. R., 21, p. 183).

It has been determined that the reduviid bug (Conorrhinus ruhrofasciatiis) ,
recently suspected of having some relation to the causation of kala-azar, feeds
voluntarily on human blood, but attempts to procure the pullulation of L.
donovani in its guts have failed.

The author has confirmed the discovery by Lafont ( see p. 251 ) , having found
the flagellates in the latex of EupliorUa piluUfera growing in Madras. He be-
lieves this flagellate to represent a new genus for which he suggests the name
Phytomonas.

A new anaerobic spore-bearing bacterium commonly present in the livers
of healthy dogs, and believed to be responsible for many changes attrib-
uted to aseptic autolysis of liver tissue, S. B. Wolbach and T. Saiki (Jour.
Med. Research, 21 (1909), No. 2, pp. 261-218, pi. J).— Out of a series of 23
healthy dogs of all ages, both sexes, and representing many different types
(mongrel) killed during a period of 7 months, 21 yielded the same bacillus —
hitherto undescribed. In only one case did the liver contain any other kind
of micro-organism.

The presence of this bacillus is in no way connected with the necroses com-
monly found in the livers of dogs (in this series in 15 out of the 23 dogs). It
is a large spore-bearing, nonmotile, nonencapsuled, nonpathogenic, faculative

RUEAL ENGINEERING. 289

aerobe. The reaction to Gram's stain is intermediate. To the presence of this
bacillus in livers of normal dogs may be attributed many results of so-called
aseptic autolysis of liver tissue.

Linguatula tsenioides, S. H. Gaigee {Jour. Trop. Yet. Sci., .'t (1909), Xo. ^,
PI). o2S-o3I. pi. I). — The author reports an extraordinary prevalence of this
parasite among pariah dogs in India. Anchylostomum trigonocephalum is said
to have been found also in almost every dog examinwl, and to be the principal
cause of excessive hemorrhage from the nostrils of European dogs in India.

Lehman's poultry doctor, H. H. Lehman ([Ashhiml. Ohio, 1D09], pp. 96,
pis. do, fi(/s. (1). — A treatise on poultry diseases, intended for the farmer and
poultry raiser.

Experimental investigation of the spirillosis of fowls in Tunis, C. Comte
and H. Bouquet (Arch. Imt. Pasteur Tunis, 4 (1908), Oct., pp. 163-168; abs.
in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), 'So. 5, pp. 201, 208). — The Tunis virus trans-
mitted by Argas pcrsicus is said to infect geese and ducks as well as hens.

On the pathogenic action of helminths in birds, Sarah Wehrm.vnn {Arch.
Par.. 13 ( I'.iOH). So. 2, pp. 20'i-23S. ji<js. (i; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909),
So. 8, pp. 357, 338). — The author rei)orts studies made of the lesions produced
by intestinal parasites, particularly Echinorliynchus polymor pints, E. filicollis,
and Ilystrichis clegans. It appears that certain helminths of birds play a role
in the transmission of infectious diseases.

A tabular list of the intestinal parasites which were found in birds is
appended.

Ascaris canis and A. felis, II. Glaue (Zool. Anz.. 33 (1909). So. 2^i-25, pp.
785-790, p(js. 3; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [Lon(lon^, 1909, So. .'/, p. Ji63). —
The author finds that these 2 species are readily distinguished, the dog ascarid
being twice the size of the cut parasite,

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Irrigation in North Dakota, T. U. Atkinson ( U. N. Dept. Agr., Office Expt.
Stas. Bui. 219, pp. 39, map 1). — This is one of the series of reports published
by this Office giving the present status of irrigation in the several arid States
and Territories, the aim being to supply such information as is needed by one
contemplating settlement in the arid region. It gives data as to rainfall, water
resources, irrigated and unirrigable areas, character of the lands and the
products of irrigated land, and describes the existing and proposed irrigation
projects. A discussion of the laws of the State controlling irrigation is also
included.

The condition of the agricultural lands of the State in reference to water
supply is summed up, as follows: Lands needing drainage, .3,255,000 acres; now
drained, 432.000 acres; irrigable, 1,540,000 acres; and now irrigated, 64,000
acres.

Synopsis of Wisconsin drainage laws with forms and general suggestions,
E. R. Jones (^Yiscons^n 8ta. Circ. Inform. 6, pp. 19; Sup. pp. g).— This synopsis
of the Wisconsin drainage laws is supplemented by general suggestions, speci-
men forms for petitions, reports, and specifications, and a list of dredge owners,
tile makers, and drainage engineers.

The hollow concrete fence post, C. A. Ocociv (Wisconsin Sta. Circ. Inform,
5, pp. 4, fig. 1). — Data as to the construction of hollow and solid concrete fence
posts for farm use are presented, including directions for building the forms,
preparing the concrete mixture, and reinforcing and curing the posts.

290 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Concrete silos, C. W. Gaylord and P. H. Wilson (Washington, D. C.
[1909], pp. 68, figs. 37). — This contains (lescrii)tions of single and double wall
concrete and cement block silos. Directions for building are also given.

Boiler explosions in Germany during 1908 (C'hcm. Ztg., 33 (1909), Nos.
12.'i. pp. 1101. I lOS, figs. 7; 12.',, p. I ] IG. figs. 3). — A compilation of boiler ex-
plosions which occurred in Germany during 1!K>.S with a description of the type
of boiler, time in use, the method of manipulation and keeping in repair, and
the possible cause of the explosion.

Heating the farmhouse (Country Gent., 7-i (1909), Nos. 2961, p. 1017; 2962,
p. lOJfl; Sci. Amer. Sup., 68 (1909), No. 1769, p. 339).— In this paper the de-
sirability of equipping farmhouses with modern plumbing and lighting systems
and heating api)liances is pointed out. In the opinion of the author furnace
heating possesses a number of advantages over other systems, such as the low
initial cost of the apparatus and the supply of pure, fresh air which is available
provided a proper fresh air inlet and cold air box are installed.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Some needs of agriculture, H. H. Dean ( Venn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 177, pp.
150-153). — The needs emphasized in this article for the improvement of agri-
culture and rural conditions are organization and cooperation among farmers,
regarded as of the greatest importance, freedom from tariff burdens, more
direct representation of farmers in all legislation pertaining to the farm, more
direct interest in and control of agricultural institutions by farmers, and more
agricultural education of a scientific and practical nature.

Economic organization of rural life, J. L. Coulter (Proc. Conf. Ed. South,
12 (1909), pp. 112-129). — This is an address before the twelfth conference for
education in the South held at Atlanta, Ga., April 14-16, 1909.

The paper emphasizes the necessity for the reorganization of agriculture and
rural life in which cooperation is to dominate as a means of enabling the
farmer to secure a reasonable profit and a larger net income as a result of his
industry. Other steps to be taken for the " uplift of agriculture and the agri-
cultural class are better educational facilities, better roads, more extended
rural mail delivery, the parcels post, and better sanitary conditions."

While the author is convinced that a modification of our present educational
system by placing it on a more extended agricultural basis is urgently needed
in order to help solve some of the present economic problems of the farmer, he
is still firm in the belief that " agriculture and life in the open country can
never be elevated to the place it deserves until it is placed upon a profitable
business basis," and that cooperation would be instrumental iu bringing about
this result.

Land reform, P. Gutzeit (Die Bodenreforni. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Leipsic, 1907,
pp. IJfl). — This gives a critical history of modern schemes of land holding that
have been advocated by reformers in England, America, Australia, France,
Switzerland, and Germany, with particular reference to the relation of pro-
posed reforms in land-holding to socialism and the physiocratic economic
school. The criticisms offered by the author in conclusion relate to land nation-
alization as a means of solving social problems in their entirety and improving
agrarian economic conditions, and to the land reform of small holdings.

The right of land inheritance according to the new law in Switzerland,
H. L. RuDLOFF (Fiihling's Landiv. Ztg., 5S (1909), No. 5, pp. iSS-i.94).— This
article points out some of the features of the laws in different cantons in
Switzerland bearing upon the rights of the heirs to real property (E. S. R., 21,

EUEAL ECONOMICS. 291

p. 492), and discusses some of the features of the new law with particular
reference to farm properties and rural conditions.

The chief difficulty has been to prevent the further subdivision of farms
imder the largely general custom of the inheritance of equal shares in real
property among sons and daughters. Under the new law provisions are made
for the keeping intact of a farm property and the operation of a farm by the
oldest son or other heir most competent to conduct the holding to the best ad-
vantage. The law provides for the protection of the other heirs in their
rights, whether the property is sold or operated as a family holding.

According to the author, " the chief significance of the law lies in the fact
that it has prevented the division of farm properties without overburdening
in indebtedness the party who undertakes to operate the holding and without
depriving him of his natural share in liis inheritance."

Report and tables relating to Irish agricultural laborers, W. G. S. Adams
(Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Stat is. 1908-9, pp. //8). — Complete
returns relating to the Irish migratory laborers in 1908 and of the wages of
agricultural laborers in Ireland in 190S-9 are reported, discussed, and sum-
marized as follows :

" In 190S approximately 22,500 agricultural laborers migrated for an average
of 5 to 7 months to England and Scotland, where they found employment as
farm laborers. The wages earned by these laborers (excepting women work-
ers), when engaged by the week, month, or season, commonly ranged from
16s. to 22s. per week and the average wage may be placed at not less than
ISs. a week. When working on piece-work, which the workers much prefer,
considerably higher earnings were made, exceeding in some cases 30s. per week.

"As a rule, employers of Irish workers in England and Scotland express a
high opinion of their capacity as workers,

" The number of agricultural laborers in Ireland has seriously decreased.

" While in some cases wages of agricultural laborers in Ireland reach from
14s. to IGs. per vi'eek, and even higher, the average wage, taking the country
as a whole, including the value of allowances in kind, is estimated to be from
12s. to 13s. per week.

" The number of farms exceeding 30 acres, on most of which hired labor is
required, exceeds 1G5.000, and embraces three-fourths of the total agricultural
area of Ireland. While there has been a considerable increase in the use of
agricultural machinery there are many districts where there is little machin-
ery available, and where the work of tillage is carried on almost entirely by
manual labor."

The usefulness of rural banks, G. Htnek {Boh R. (Uittcdre AnibiiL Agr.
Sardcgna, 1 {1909), No. 4, pp. J, 9-5 2) .—The advantages of cooperation, and
especially of the formation of agricultural mutual credit banks, to small holders
in Sardinia are pointed out in this article. The chief benefits mentioned are
the ability to purchase better and cheaper commercial fertilizers, purer and
better seeds, stronger plows and other implements, and the reduction of interest
to rates ranging from 5 to 6 per cent, instead of rates ranging from 100 to 200
per cent the small farmer has been accustomed to pay to money-lenders in
Sardinia.

The Bank of Spain and agriculture, Viscount dk Eza {BoJ. Asoc. Agr.
Espai'ia, 1 {1909), II, No. 6, pp. 1.55-169).— This article discusses the sections of
the law which enable the Bank of Spain to extend credit to agricultural asso-
ciations, gives statistics to prove that with the extension of agricultural credit
there has been a rapid increase in the number of such associations, describes
the manner in which the associations borrow money of the bank and the limita-
tions of their business relations, and outlines the causes which have operated

292 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

to limit the bank in extending credit jimoug the agricultural classes not con-
nected with agricultural associations. As a result, the author believes tliat
(he Bank of Spain should he enabled to extend its influence for the improvement
of agricultural conditions in Spain by granting credit to the poorer classes of
unorganized tenants and farmers, who are greatly in need of such credit at the
present time.

Peasants' agrarian bank [in Russia], A. W. Woodhouse (Diplo. and Cons.
Rpts. [London], Ann. 8cr., 1D09, No. J/SIO, pp. 15, 16). — The business operations
of the bank are briefly outlined. " Of the total quantity of hind belonging to
the bank authorized to be sold to the peasants from November 3, 190.5, till
January 1, ]!)09, leases were concluded in 14,997 ti'an.sactions for 1,483,488 acres
for the sum of £6,332,453, with loans on the same amounting to £6,167.0.53.

" In order to enable peasants to pui'chase land from private owners, with
the aid of the bank, authority was given during the above-mentioned period
for 20,987 advances to be made on 7,543,962 acres, at the total purchase price of
£39,710,104, the loans advanced on the same being £32,817,539.

" Partly on these transactions and partly on transactions previously author-
ized, 14,628 peasant leases with landowners were confirmed for a total of
5,140,678 acres of land acquired fo.- the sum of £28,168.957, with the help of
advances amounting to £23,744,973."

[Cooperative credit societies in Bombay Presidency], G. V. Joglekae (Ann.
Rpt. Work. Coop. Credit Soc. Bombay Pres., 1907-8, pp. 39+3, map 1). — The
operations of the societies during the year are tabulated and discussed in detail.
On June 30, 190S, the societies numbered 145, of which 99 were rural and 46
urban, with a membership of 8,477. The rate of interest averaged 9^ per cent
as compared with 8* per cent the preceding year (E. S. R., 20, p. 91), while the
average charged by money lenders in the presidency is estimated at 18|
per cent.

The mission, history, and times of the Farmers' Union, C. S. Barrktt
(Nashville, Tenn., 1909, pp. 419, figs. 51). — This volume gives an account of the
origin and development of the Farmers' Educational and Cooperative Union,
with chapters on the principles and purposes of its organization and the causes
which called it into existence in 1902, and discusses the economic advantages
to farmers of education and cooperation. The society claims to have 1,000,000
members in the South and West.

The farm community, L. H. Bailed' (Conservation, 15 (1909), No. 10, pp.
627-630). — This paper calls attention to the nature of community rural life in
sections of the country where irrigation is practiced, the dangers of irrigation in
destroying soil fertility, and the advantages of irrigation to agriculture under
proper conditions even in humid regions.

A statement on the agricultural situation in New York State, L. H.
Bailey (N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 12, pp. 11). — This bulletin compares the agri-
cultural conditions in the East and the West and points out the present possi-
bilities in the State of New York with reference to general agriculture, forestrj',
irrigation, and drainage. It is concluded that the State should make " a
thorough-going survey in detail of the agricultural possibilities in every town-
ship in order that we may have the local facts on which to found a scientifically
and economically sound country litf."

Agriculture in British Columbia, F. I. Clarke (Bur. Prov. Inform. {Brit.
Cohimbia], Bui. 10, 9. ed., pp. 103, pi. 1, figs. 13, map 1). — The agricultural pos-
sibilities of this province for the production of fruit, dairying, the live stock
industry, poultry raising, and general farming are described in this bulletin.
Information is also given on the climatic and physical characteristics of the
I'egion, the laws affecting agriculture, and other data of a miscellaneous nature.

AGRICULTUKAL EDUCATION. 293

Imports of farm and forest products, 1906-1908 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Statis. Bui. 76, pp. 65).— Statistical data of farm and forest products, including
the countries from wliich consigned, are reported. The value of farm products
imported for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, was $539,600,121, the value of
forest products $97,733,092, as compared with $626,836,808 and $122,420,776, re-
spectively, in VMl (E. S. R., 20, p. 690).

Crop Reporter iU. S. Dcpl. Ayr., Bur. titatin. Crop Reporter, 11 (1909), No.
12, pp. 81-88; Sup., pp. 89-96). — These give the yield and condition of crops in
the United States and foreign countries, the farm values and range of prices of
agricultural products in the United States, the schedule of questions on agri-
<?ulture in the forthcoming census, and the annual report of the Bureau of
Statistics of this Department for the fiscal year 1909.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Agricultural education: The United States Department of Ag'riculture,
B. M. Davis (El. School Teacher, 10 {1909), Xo. 3, pp. 101-109).— In this, the
first of a series of articles on agricultural education, the author traces the
history of agricultural education back to the first organization of associations
for the promotion of agriculture in 1785. He then gives an account of the or-
ganization of this Department and its rapid growth, and describes the educa-
tional work of the Department, calling attention to Department publications
iind methods of procuring them, the work of the Weather Bureau, Forest Serv-
ice, and Bureau of Plant Industry in relation to schools, and particularly the
work and publications of the OtEce of Experiment Stations. A bibliography of
Department publications is appended.

Agricultural education, B. M. Davis (El. School Teacher, 10 (1909), No. 4,
pp. 163-176). — In this paper the author describes the work of the U. S. Bureau
of Education in relation to instruction in agriculture, quoting from the reports
of that Bureau and from the correspondence of the Commissioner of Education
to show the attitude of the Commissioner toward agricultui-al education and
toward proposed federal legislation to promote instruction in agriculture in the
different States. He also describes state departments of education and their
functions and gives a tabular summary showing what has been done in each
of the States by legislation or by official encouragement to provide for instruc-
tion in agriculture in the public schools and in agricultural high schools. Ref-
•erences to literature bearing on this paper are given.

Tables of expenditure for agricultural education (apart from secondary
schools and elementary schools) (London: Bd. Ed., 1909, pp. 13). — This re-
port explains the relations of the general Board of Education and the Board
of Agriculture and Fisheries in the support of agricultural teaching in the
universities, independent colleges, and the secondary and elementary schools of
England and Wales in the counties named. These have also been previously
discussed (E. S. R., 20, p. 201).

Departm.ent of agriculture and technical education (Cairo, Egypt: Min.
Ed., 1909, pp. .56). — Notes on the work of the department and on the schools
under its direction and inspection, with lists of the exhibits of the schools at
the exhibition of the Khedivial Agricultural Society held at Ghezireh, Cairo,
ilarch 3-9, 1909, are presented.

Agriculture (Ann. Edgar Co. [III.] Pnh. Schools. 1909-10. pp. 89-10.',).—
Suggestions are given for the study of weeds, crops, and farm animals, month
hy month, from October to April, inclusive.

The Saidapeth Agricultural College and Farm, C. Benson (Ayr. Jour.
India, 4 (1909), No. -'/, pp. 335-3^3).— This institution has now, after a check-

294 EXPEKIME^'T STATION KECOED.

ered existence of over 40 years, been closed. A brief iiislorical account of the
organization and worlv of tlie farm and college is given.

Public school agriculture, A. V. Storm {loica Yearbook Agr. 190S, pp.
S.>f-()0). — In lliis address the author discusses the need of agriculture in the
public schools for the purpose of improving agriculture, for better homes and
citizenship, and for better schools. He calls attention to the farmers' insti-
tutes, agricultural colleges, and the teaching of agriculture in the public schools
as means to bring about improvement in rural conditions, and in discussing the
educational value of agriculture in the public schools brings out the fact that
the psychologists of to-day agree with the people who are demanding the intro-
duction of agriculture in the public schools, because they believe in the educa-
tional value of whatever will help adjust the individual to his environment and
enable him to solve the problems of his surroundings.

Normal school instruction in agriculture, INI. J. Abbey ( U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Office E.rpt. iitas. Cir. HO, pp. 31). — This circular deals with the purposes and
methods of teaching agriculture as the subject has been developed during the
past 4 years at the State Normal School, Mayville, N. Dak. Consideration
is given to the text-book and laboratory instruction, typical laboratory exer-
cises, apparatus and illustrative material, school garden, practice teaching,
excursions, methods of instruction, and the correlation of agriculture with
other normal school subjects. The circular contains suggestive outlines for
the study of cereals and farm animals and references to the literature found,
in the normal school library.

Secondary education in agriculture in the United States, A. C. True ( U. S,
Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 91, pp. 11). — An address delivered at the
1909 meeting of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experi-
ment Stations, and previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 508).

Secondary agricultural education in Alabama, C. J. Owens {JJ. 8. Dept.
Agr., Office E.rpt. Stas. Bui. 220. pp. 29, pis. 8). — This bulletin deals with the
history, legislation, organization, and equipment of the 9 Congressional district
agricultural schools of Alabama, with an estimate of their influence on the
agricultural and educational work of the State. It includes the report of com-
mittees appointed to formulate a uniform course of study and a plan of ex-
perimentation, and a record of some of the more important plat experiments
undertaken by the se^'eral schools.

The agricultural extension service {Wisconsin Sta. Circ. Inform. 7, /*/).
IJf). — A description of the work under way in the different departments of
the agricultural extension service of the Wisconsin College and Station, and
of the ways in which farmers of the State may secure this service.

A public library on wheels, E. I. Farrington {Suburban Life, 9 {1909), No,
6, pp. 299, 300, figs. 7). — A description is given of the work of the library wagon
of the Washington County Free Library at Hagerstown, Md. This wagon, in
addition to carrying boxes of books to library depositories in different parts
of the county, carries 200 books on shelves which are available to every farm-
house along its 16 routes. It is stated that in 1908 .3.700 volumes were
circulated.

Outlines of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, etc., .T. W. Taven-
NER {Normal, 111., 1909, pp. 2.'i). — The author has preparetl this small pamphlet
as an aid to pupils as well as teachers of agriculture. It includes outlines of
courses in soils,. soil fertility, field crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, bee-
keeping, farm mechanics, the farm home, forestry, and cooking, references to
the Farmers' Bulletins of this Department, experiment station bulletins, and
other llteratin-e being appended to each outlined course.

MISCELLANEOUS. 295

MISCELLANEOUS.

Twenty-first Annual Report of Kansas Station, 1908 (Kansas Sta. Rpt^
1908, pp. LV+3.'f3-346), — This includes tlie organization list, a report of the
director and heads of departments, including the Fort Hays, Garden City, and
McPherson substations, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June
oO, 190S, and an index to Bulletins HS-155 of the station. The experimental
work reported is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Twenty-first Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1908 (Massachu-
setts Sta. Rpt. 1908, pts. 1, pp. 83; 2, pp. 217). — Part 1, which is the portion de-
signed for general distribution, consists of papers of a popular nature, based
on the results of observations and experiments of the station, and of a brief
summary by the director of the more important conclusions from these articles.
Part 2 includes the organization list, a report of the director, a financial state-
ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, reports of heads of departments,
and numerous special articles. The experimental work reported in each portion
is for the most iiart al)stracted elsewhere in this issue.

Annual Report of Porto Rico Station, 1908 (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp.
J^Jf). — This contains in addition to the organization list and a summary by the
Special Agent in Charge of the investigations conducted at this station duriug^
the year, separate reports of the horticulturist, entomologist, chemist, coffee
expert, plant pathologist, and assistant animal husbandman, and an article en-
titled Notes on the Soils of Porto Rico, which together with the experimental
work presented in the various reports is abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Experiment Station Work, LIV (V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 381, pp.
32, figs. 9). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Methods
and cost of clearing land, tobacco improvement work, calf feeding, gasoline-
heated colony brooders, and measuring acidity in cheese making and butter
making.

Report of the department of agriculture of Norway, 1908, G. Tandberg
(Aarshcr. Ofjentl. Foranst. Landhr. Fremme, 1908, Statsforanstalt., pp. LVI+
661, pi. 1, fig. 23, dgms. 2). — This is the annual report of the secretary of agri-
culture, containing reports of agricultural conditions in Norway for the year,
and of officials and institutions for the advancement of Norwegian agriculture.
Reports of the state entomologist, the chemical and the milk control stations at
Christlania, Bergen, and Trondhjem, the cow-testing associations, etc., are in-
cluded in the volume.

A treatise on g'eneral agriculture, E. Leplae ( Tr'aite d' Agriculture Generale,.
Louvain and Paris. 1908. pp. 6SS, figs. 8-'t) . — The comprehensive treatise deals
with the origin and history of agriculture and systems of culture, the influence
of climate on agriculture, the soil, agricultural plants, farm animals, and farm
capital, labor, and administration.

NOTES,

Alabama College. — T^. N. Duncan, recently transferred from the assistant
professorship of agriculture to the professorship of agricultural school work,
is making a tour of the State for the purpose of organizing boys' corn-growing
-clubs. This work has been successfully carried on in Tuskaloosa and Calhoun
counties, and will now be extended throughout the State. A leading purpose
is to interest the county school superintendents and through them get the work
introdurod in the rural schools.

Tuskegee Institute. — More than 2,000 farmers and their families attended the
annual farmers' conference in January. In connection with the conference a
meeting of agricultural workers in the various negro colleges and schools was
held for the purpose of forming a permanent association of such workers to
consider methods of instruction in agriculture and related topics. The program
consisted of papers and addresses on the management of school farms, organi-
zation of departments of agriculture in negro schools, experimental work on
school farms, agricultural extension work, how to encourage students to take
agrieultui-al courses, and the training of teachers of agriculture.

Connecticut State Station. — Donald J. Caffrey, a graduate student of the
Massachusetts College, has been appointed assistant in entomology and has
entered upon his duties, which for the present will be largely in connection
with the gipsy moth campaign. E. M. Stoddard, a graduate student of the
■Connecticut College, has been appointed assistant in botany.

Georgia Station. — Dr. L. J. Herring has been appointed animal pathologist
and veterinarian, and entered upon his duties .January 1.

Guam Station. — Considerable progress in clearing station land is reported.
During the fall nearly the entire area has been brought under cultivation, roads
liave been laid out, and fences built. A small plantation of coffee, comprising
approximately one acre of hill land, has been established with a view to dem-
onstrating the practicability of cultivating the relatively large areas of land of
this class which are now unused. Several acres of newly prepared land have
been seeded to forage crojis. vegetables, etc., and the general appearance of the
station has been considerably improved.

Iowa College and Station. — H. C. Pierce has resigned as poultryman to accept
a position with this Department in connection with its investigations on market
poultry. L. G. Michael has resigned as chemist to accept a position with the
Russian Government as special expert in connection with corn breeding work
in Bessarabia. J. H. Criswell, of the farm crops department, has accepted an
appointment as agronomist at the Winona College of Agriculture, at Winona,
Ind. ; and B. W. Crossley, assistant professor of farm crops, retired January 1.
M. L. Wilson has been appointed assistant in farm crops in the extension
division.

Kansas College and Station.— A department for the investigation of problems
■dealing with the handling and milling of grain has been established, with L. A.
Pitz, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, in charge. An

296

i^OTEs. 297

experimental baking plant is to be operated, which will have the twofold pur-
pose of testing the bread-making capacity of flours from different kinds of
wlieat, and of conducting experiments in the technique of baking. Later it is
hoped to erect an experimental mill for use in a study of the milling qualities
of wheats and of milling operations.

The new department will cooperate with the entomologist in studies of insects
damaging stored wheat and flour in transit, with the botanist to control plant
diseases which affect the quality of flour, and with the agronomist in the distri-
bution of improved seed wheat. Much interest is being manifested in the new
department, and the millers of the State are actively cooperating in its work.

Hon. T. Blodgett, of ^Yichita, has been appointed to the board of regents,
vice Hon. W. A. Harris, deceased. A. M. Ten Eyck has been appointed director
of the Fort Hays Substation, and will enter upon his new duties about June 1.
The work at Fort Hays is to be materially enlarged.

Louisiana University. — A two-weeks short course has been held for the first
time, beginning January 22. The subjects offered included stock judging and
feeding, dairying, forage crops, trucking, corn judging, fertilizers, soils,
economic botany and. entomology, ornithologj-, and the common ailments of
farm animals. There was a registration of 50, and the course is regarded as so
successful that extensive i)reparations for next year have already been begun.

Minnesota University and Station. — ^The post-office address of the college and
station has been changed to University Farm, St. Paul.

Arrangements have been made whereby 12 demonstration farms of 80 acres
each have been established, and plans are being completed for 7 similar fai'ms
in addition. The State Federation of Commercial Clubs is actively cooperating
in the enterprise, and a special feature is to be the foi-mation of a farmers'
club in each locality adjacent to the farms, to hold meetings for the general dis-
cussion of farm problems.

E. C. Huntington, who has been connected with newspaper work in the State,
has been appointed chief editor of publications in the agricultural extension
and home education course, provided by the last legislature. In addition to
editing and presenting in popular form the various publications of the college
and station, it is planned to devise an elementary course in agriculture and a
correspondence course, and to arrange short lectures and demonstrations in
various parts of the State. George F. Howard, formerly a county superintend-
ent of schools, has been appointed rural school specialist.

William liobertson, superintendent of the school of agriculture and substation
at Crookston, died January 11, at the age of 52 years. Professor Robertson was
graduated from Carleton College in 1885, and had also studied at the University
of Minnesota. He had had long experience in educational work, serving 8
years as a teacher in rural schools, 4 years as school superintendent, and 15
years as instructor in physics, botany, and other subjects at the college of agri-
culture. In 1905 he assumed charge of the substation at Crookston, and 2 years
later of the newly established school of agriculture. In the 3 years during
which the school has been under his guidance it has grown to an attendance
of 132, with 9 instructors and modern buildings and equipment.

Theodore D. Urbahns, of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, has
been appointed assistant in entomology.

Missoiiri University and Station.— The college of agriculture has offered a
special two-weeks course in poultry husbandry, with F. H. Stoneburu, of the
Connecticut Storrs College and Station, as instructor.

M. F. Miller has been granted a year's leave of absence for study in Europe,
to date either from June 1 or September 1. William H. Chandler has been
promoted to the grade of instructor in horticulture, and F. H. Demaree and C, B.

298 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Hutchinson to that of instrnclor in iii^rononiy. Jolin ,M. Kvvard, assistant ani-
mal luisbandnian, has resi.icnod.

Rutgers College. — The short coui'ses in agriculture have heen well attended.
The additional courses offered this year included farm manafjemcnt, feeds and
feeding, agricultural bacteriology, entomology, and horticulture.

New Mexico College and Station. — Wilbur Ij. I'ovvers, assistant agronomist
at the Oregon College and Station, has been appointed in charge of the depart-
ment of soil physics, vice .7. I). Tinsley. whose resignation has been previously
noted.

North Carolina State Station. — The division of horticulture has begun issuing
a .series of horticultural circulars. Circular 1 discussing Pruning Fruit Trees,
and Circular 2 How to Plant a Tree.

Rhode Island Station. — John Daniel has resiguetl as assistant in agronomy to
engage in farming, and E. T. Southwick, a graduate of the University of Maine,
iuid J. T. Falconer, a graduate of the New Hampshire College, have been
appointed assistants in agronomy. Robert A. Lichtenthaeler, of the Pennsyl-
vania Institute of Animal Nutrition, has been appointed assistant chemist.

South Dakota College. — William White, a 1908 graduate of the University of
Minnesota, has been appointed assistant in dairying, and entered upon his
duties January 1.

Utah College and Station. — E. H. Walters, assistant chemist, has accepted a
position with the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department, and has been
succeeded by C. T. Hii-st.

Washington College and Station. — George Severance, professor of agronomy
and acting head of the department of agriculture in the college and agronomist
in the station, resigned January 1 to enter commercial work, as has also H. B.
Berry, instructor in agronomy. Director R. W. Thatcher, of the station, has
been appointed professor of agricultural chemistry and head of the department
of agriculture in the college.

Wisconsin University and Station. — A department of economic entomology
has been organized with J. G. Sanders, of the Bureau of Entomology of this
Department, as assistant professor in charge. Other appointments include Dr.
John Spencer, formerly of the Virginia College, as lecturer in veterinary science,
beginning February 1. and McGarvey Cline as director of the forest laboratory.

Office of Experiment Stations. — J. O. Wright, supervising engineer in the
Drainage Investigations, resigned February 15, to accept a position as engineer
to the State Drainage Commission of Florida, which is charged with the drain-
age of the Everglade lauds. A. E. Morgan, also a supervising engineer, has
resigned to enter private practice as a consulting engineer.

William H. Long has been appointed scientific assistant in plant pathology
and will be associated with the Experiment BtaUon Record in connection with
the abstracting of the literature i)ertaining to bacteriology.

Pennsylvania Railroad Demonstration Farm. — A run-down farm of 50 aci'es,
at Bacon, Del., has been purchased by the Pennsylvania Railroad and is being
renovated as a demonstration farm. H. S. Lippincott, a graduate of the college
of agriculture of Cornell University, has been appointed superintendent. In
addition to the management of the farm it is expected that he will also make
addresses at farmers' institutes, granges, and similar gatherings, exhibits, etc.
Special attention is to be given to fruit and grass gi'owing, and greenhouses are
to be erected for indoor work.

Association of Feed Control Officials. — Following a conference held in Wash-
ington, D. C. in September, between a number of state and federal officials and
the manufacturers of feeding stuffs, representatives of 12 States and this De-

NOTES. 299

partment lield a meeting in Washington, January 26 and 27, at which a perma-
nent organization was effected under the name of the Association of Feed
Control Officials.

The object of the association, as expressed in the constitution adopted, is " to
promote uniformity in legislation and rulings, and the enforcement of laws
relating to the manufacture, sale, and distribution of commercial feeding
stuffs." Membership is to consist of state officials, the Secretary of Agriculture,
and heads or chiefs of experiment stations, bureaus, divisions, sections, and
laboratories charged l)y law with the examination of these products or the
execution of laws relating to their sale. Officers were elected as follows :
President, B. L. Purcell, Virginia ; vice-president, E. H. Webster, Kansas ; secre-
tary, J. D. Turner, Kentucky : executive committee, the president, the secretary,
and L. F. Brown, of New York, W. J. Jones, jr., of Indiana, and P. H. Smith,
of Massachusetts.

In addition to the work of organization, a program was presented consisting
of addresses and papers relating to the work of the association and various
phases of the feed stuffs industry, among the speakers being Secretary James
Wilson, of this Department, Dr. H. P. Armsby. Directors E. H. Jenkins, B. W.
Kilgore, E. H. Webster, and C. D.« Woods, Dr. J. K. Haywood, W. J. Jones, jr.,
Benjamin L. Purcell, and representatives of several organizations of feed stuffs
manufacturers and dealers. A tentative draft of a national feed stuffs law
was submitted, and it was decided to make its consideration the chief item of
business at the next meeting, in November, to be announced later.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers. — The third annual convention 6f
this society was held December 28 and 29, 1009, at Ames, low'a, and was well
iittended.

Among the subjects discussed was the formulation of standards for farm ma-
chi ie construction, similar to the standards set by other engineering societies
for the guidance of machine purchasers, and a special conunittee was appointed
to consider this subject and report at the next annual meeting. Among the
other papers may be mentioned those on Land Rollers, by H. B. Bonebright, of
the Colorado College; A New Six-Stroke Cycle Engine, by M. L. King, of the
Iowa Station ; and Good Roads, by J. T. Stewart, of the University of Minne-
sota. The officers chosen were as follows: President, P. S. Rose; vice-presi-
dents, M. L. King and J. B. Bartholomew; and secretary, E. W. Hamilton.

Agriculture at Columbia University. — On Tuesday, January 19, 1910, what is
said to be the first lecture at Columbia University on an agricultural topic since
Prof. S. F. Mitchell gave up the chair of agriculture in 1S04. was delivered by
iieorge T. Powell to a gathering, of 140 persons in Schermerhoru Hall. This
is the first of a series of lectures on economic agriculture to be given by various
speakers during the year, and is regarded as the beginning of a plan to develop
some form of agricultural school in connection with Columbia University.

Proposed Agricultural Instruction at Syracuse University. — It is announced
that the trustees of Syracuse University have decided to establish a college of
agriculture and forestry. As a preliminary step there will be organized from
facilities already available an agriculture group and a forestry group, drawn
ospecially from the departments of botany, chemistry, engineering, geology
(ii luding meteorology), and zoology. These courses will be open to election
with the next college year. Temporarily the organization of the new college
will be under the direction of Prof. William L. Bray, of the department of
botany.

Experiment Station in Palestine.— An organization has been recently incor-
porated in New York under the title of Jewish Agricultural Experiment Sta-

300 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

tion. which has for its object the establisliment and maintenance of an experi-
ment station in Palestine. Funds for tlie enterprise have been furnished by
several Jews in this country, Jacob H. Schiff and J. Rosenwald contributing
$20,0(K) for initial equipment, and, together with Paul M. Warburg, I. N. Solig-
man. I. Straus, and others, guaranteeing a minimum budget of $10,000 for
maintenance.

A site has been secured about 7 miles from Haifa, Palestine. A tract of 12.")
acres of laud lias already been obtained, and a station building is to be erected.

The station is under the general management of a board of trustees, mainly
citizens of this country, the president being J. Rosenwald, of Chicago. Aaron
Aaronsohn, a graduate of the agricultural scliool at Grignon, who has been con-
ducting investigations in Palestine and the surrounding region, will be director.

Both research and practical demonstration worli are contemplated, the general
object being the improvement of agriculture among tlie Jewish colonists and
farmers of the region. A special line of investigation is to be the wild proto-
types of the cereals.

Northwestern and Southwestern Country Life Commissions. — According to a
recent number of the North Pacific Rural Sinrit, a plan is being developed by
which the States of Oregon, Idaho, Montana,*and Washington may provide for
the appointment of a joint commission on country life. In Oregon the meniDers
have already been appointed. The report of the Roosevelt Commission ha&
been reprinted voluntarily by the Spokane Chamber of Commerce and at its
own expense.

Announcement has also been made of a meeting of the Southwest Interstate
Commission on Country Life at Dallas, Tex., May 22 and 23, in which it is
expected that delegates from 15 States will participate.

Miscellaneous. — Emile Breal, well known for his contributions to the subject
of nitrogen assimilation by leguminous plants, died in Paris, December 21, 1909,
in his seventy-tliird year. He was one of the first to isolate the organism of
symbiosis and to conduct inoculation experiments with it in culture. The
Academy of Sciences awarded to him the Desmazieres prize in 1SS9 in recogni-
tion of the importance of his work.

Dr. M. Greshoff, well known for his investigations on cyanogenetic glucosids
in plants, died in Haarlem, December S, 1909.

An International Congress of Tropical Agriculture will be held in Brussels,
Belgium, in May, 1910. The International Botanical Congress will meet at
Brussels at the same time.

A recent number of La Semaihc Agricole states that Director J. Crochetelle,
of the Agricultural Station at Lezardeau, near Quimperle, has been appointed
director of the Agricultural Station of Somme, at Amiens.

Prof. R. H. Bittiu has succeeded Dr. William Carruthers as consulting bot-
anist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England.

Dr. H. T. Gussow has been appointed botanist to the Dominion Experimental
Farms, Ottawa, Canada. '

o

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D.

Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal.

Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D.

V ^A n fJ. L SCHULTE.

Field Cropsjj ^ ^^^^,^

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy P^arming — E. W. Morse.

Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker.

Rural Engineering ; .

Rural Economics — J. B. Morman.
Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXII, NO. 4.

Page.

Recent work in agricultural science 301

Notes 399

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.

The proteins, Robertson 301

Newer contributions to special (juestions of protein chemistry, Abderhalden. . 301

Recent progress in the chemistry of the proteins, Bradbury 301

The cleavage of proteid by means of dilute mineral acids, Oswald 301

The hydrolysis and constitution of proteids, Hugounenq and Morel 301

Researches as to the nature of lactic-acid fermentation, Horth 301

Influence of acid on inactivation of rennet by shaking, Schmidt-Nielsen .302

The theory of the function of catalases, Loew 302

The action of rennet on paracasein calcium. Van Dam 302

The state in which calcium exists in milk, Rona and Michaelis 302

Distribution of nitrogen in milk by acid and rennet precipitation, Friedheim. . 303

[An ammonia-producing enzym in the silkworm], Takeuchi and Inoue 303

Contributions to micro-chemical analysis, Schoorl 303

Total nitrogen determination by the Kober method, Gill and Grindley 303

Determination of small quantities of nitrates, Farcy 303

Determination of potash with phosphomolybdic acid, Grete 303

The detection of arsenic acid in presence of arsenious acid, Lutz and Swinne. . 303

The carbonates of copper and the cupricarbonates, Pickering 304

Phenolphthalein as a reagent for hydrocyanic acid, Dobriner and Oswald 304

A characteristic reaction for free tartaric acid, Tagliarini 304

Formaldehyde, Orloff, trans, by Kietaibl 304

^Methods of analysis of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries] 304

Note on a rapid method of analysis of waters, Marcotte 304

The determination of chlorid of magnesium in water, Emde and Senst 304

{The determination of chlorid of magnesium in water], Pfeiffer 304

I

rr CONTENTS.

Page.

The determination of magnesium chlorid in water, Emde and Senst 304

The interpretation of chemical water analysis, Klut, trans, by Gieseler 304

Colorimetric method for molecular weights of carbohydrates, Wacker 304

A method for determining different sugars in a mixture of .sugars, Geelmuyden. 305

Simple method for quantitative determination of reducing sugars, Duschsky.. 305

The quantitative determination of starch sirups, Kayser 305

Detection of cane sugar and glucosids in plants, Miihe 305

Sugar determination in molasses feeds, \'uaflart 305

The analysis of galactose, Fernau 305

Quantitative analysis of glycogen and uni(iueness of liver substances, Pfliiger.. 305

The determination of gum in sirups, Auguet 305

The determination of starch, Buisson 306

Determination of starch in barley, Neumann 306

Determination of phosphorus in foods, feces, and urine. Gill et al 306

Method for the detection of small amounts of water in lard 306

The cholesterin content of eggs, Cappenberg 306

Color reaction for gelatin, Liesegang 306

Detection of traces of chlorids in commercial gelatin, Liesegang 307

The recognition of flour adulterations by the serum method, Magnus 307

The ash content of honey, Rohrig 307

[Methods for] sulphurous acid in lime juice, Dowzard 307

A rapid method of determining sulphurous acid in wine, Dujardin 307

The determination of ethereal oil and eugenol in cloves, Reich 307

The determination of gingerol in ginger, Garnett and Grier 308

Starch in table mustard, Collin 308

Tests to distinguish between vanillin and coumarin, Kahn 308

Vanilla v. vanillin, Tiffeneau 308

[Detection of saccharin], Genth, jr 308

An apparatus for detecting hydrofluoric acid in foods, Rosset 308

Total solid determination in milk, Zillikens 308

The indirect determination of total solids in milk, Giribaldo and Peluffo 308

Fat content and specific gravity of milk solids, Witte 309

Hart's casein test, Shutt 309

The nitrogen factor for casein, Richmond 309

[The relation between the protein and the aldehyde figure of milk], Richmond. 309

The sin-acid and sal method for the determination of fat in milk, Windisch 309

[The alcohol test with milk], Auzinger 309

On Jaffe's colorimetric method for the estimation of creatinin, Chapman 309

On the estimation of purin bases in urine, Kennaway 310

A simple method for the determination of ammonia and acetone in urine, King. 310

Method for estimation of urea, allantoin, and amino acids in urine, Lindsay 310

The chemistry of food fat in the intestinal tract, Rousselet 310

The analysis of beeswax, Ryan 310

A rapid method for detecting stearin in beeswax, Ostrogovich and Petrisor 310

The calorific value of beeswax, Sokolov 310

Determination of saponification number, fatty acids and neutral fats, Stiepel. 310

Tunis olive oils and the special reactions, Marcille 310

The furfurol reaction for detecting sesame oil, Durand 311

New characteristic reaction of oil of sesame, Guarnieri 311

The thermal degree and the thermoleometer, Tortelli 311

A new form of polarimeter for the refracti^'e index of opaque bodies, Barrett. . . 311

Standardizing chemical apparatus at the Belgian measure and weight bureau. . 311

Yearbook of chemistry, edited by Meyer et al 311

Yearly report on agricultural chemistry, Dietrich 311

Yearly report of the progress in the examination of foods for 1908, Beckurts 311

Report of the state dairy, food and oil commissioner of Wyoming 311

Report on the work of the Lille Municipal Laboratory during 1908, Bonn 311

Cane sugar and its manufacture, Prinsen Geerligs 312

Conversion of sulphurous to sulphuric acid in sugars, Saillard and Wehrung. . . 312

Manufacture of cornstarch and its by-products in the United States 312

The storage and shipping of honey, Weigert 312

Calcium hypochlorite in cider making, Alliot and Gimel 312

Chemical changes affecting quality of canned goods, Duckwall 312

Sterilizing by intermittent processing, Duckwall 312

Oil production at the French and Italian Riviera, Slaus-Kantschieder 312

About the processes of leather formation, Fahrion 312

CONTENTS. Ill

METEOROLOGY — WATER.

Page.

Meteorology. — Part 1, Statistical meteorology, Klossovskii 312

The correlation of climatic variations, Arctowski 313

Extreme winters and summers 313

On Lockyer's 35-year period in the solar activity, Easton 313

The appearance and return of cold waves. Less 314

Variations in climate, Bruckner 314

Local forecasting by differences in temperature, McLeod and Barnes 314

The prediction of periods of good weather 314

Observations on air currents by means of pilot balloons, Bomstein 314

Comparisons of various forms of hygrometers, Starkey and Barnes 314

Atmospheric electricity, Thomson 314

Annual report of the director of the [Philippine] Weather Bureau for 1907 314

Meteorological observations 314

Meteorology (of British Guiana], Bartlett 314

Roumanian agricultural climatography, Prager 315

Evaporation in Egypt and the Sudan, Keeling 315

The rains of the Nile Basin and the Kile flood of 1 007, Lvons 315

Rainfall in Italy ". 315

The fertilizing Aalue of rain and snow, Shutt 316

Water systems. Chase 316

Well waters from farm homesteads, Shutt 316

The Charlottenburg sewage field and its industrial importance, Geissler 316

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Soils, Vageler 317

General soil and plant culture, Hoffmann 317

Report of the Vienna Agricultural Experiment Station for 1908, Bersch 317

The present status of soil bacteriology, Fischer 317

The organisms of the soil, Schwarz 317

Bacterial population of soils from Obdorsk and Yamal Peninisula, Severin 317

Weathering of rocks under the influence of humus substances, Nikiforov 317

The decomposition of green manuring plants in the soil, Lemmermann et al. . 318

Nitrification from the biological side, Makrinov 318

On the decomposition of nitrates by bacteria, II, Severin 319

On the decomposition of nitrates by bacteria. III, Severin 319

Inoculation of an old cultivated soil with nitrogen bacteria, Blandov 320

Tubercle bacteria and clover sickness, Budinov 320

Importance of physical studies of the soil, Roche 320

The proportion of mineral constituents in granitic soils, Perret_ 320

Soils, Shutt 321

The soil conditions of the Mkatta steppe, Vageler 321

Studies of the physical properties of the soils of Upper Egypt, Roche 321

A long-period variation in height of ground water in dunes of Holland, Dubois. . 322

Improvement of peat soils and their chemical and physical composition. Hitler. 322

Ireland's bogs and moor lands: Their treatment for tillage, Ryce 322

The manuring and improvement of moss land 322

Manuring of black f enland 322

Soil management, Keyser 322

Plant food: Its sources, conservation, preparation and application, Bowker. . 322

Is liberal fertilizing likely to prove injurious? Clausen 322

The use of fertilizers in Spanish agriculture, De Hera 323

Alpine fertilizer experiments in Carinthia, 1907-8, Svoboda 323

The season and chemical fertilizers. Mares 323

Preparation of nitrate of soda from the air and sea water, Binaghi 323

The present status of the manufacture of nitric acid from the air, Russ 324

The agricultural value of dried superphosphate, De Molinari and Ligot .324

The utilization of tricalcium phosphate by Cruciferse, Ravenna and Zamorani . 324

Kainit and silicate of potash, Clausen 324

Field experiments with phonolite and humus silicic acid, Hiltner and Lang. . 324

Phonolite as a fertilizer, Popp 325

Fertilizing materials, Shutt 325

Utilization as fertilizer of tomato-cannery refuse, Accomazzo 325

The utilization of night soil 325

IV CONTENTS.

AGRICULTUKAL BOTANY. Page.

A history of botany, 1S60-1900, Green 325

Annual report of the Association for AppUed Botany 325

Distribution and movements of desert plants, Spaldinu; 325

On the<^ermination of old and mutilated seeds, Macchiati 326

Influence of the seed bed on amount and uniformity of (germination, Muth .. 326

Intensity of respiration and germinative ability, Ilausmann and Iwanissowa. . 326

The respiration of the vegetative organs of vascular })lants, Nicolas 327

Influence of physical factors on transj)iration, Sampson and Alleti 327

Carbon dioxid assimilation and nutrition of plants with formaldehyde, Hokorny. 328

Direct assimilation of ammonium salts by plants, Hutchinson and Miller 328

The chlorin content of leaves, Vandevelde 328

The acid excretion of roots, Aberson 328

Some conditions for the formation of chlorophyll, Issatchenko 329

Phosphorus in relation to chlorophyll, Brdlik 329

Relation of intensity and duration of illumination to oat seedlings, Blaauw. . . 329

The biological significance of nectar in the flower, Burck 329

The influence of air moisture on the duration of vitality of pollen, Pfundt 329

Some factors controlling fruit formation in Hymenomycetes, Wak(>field 330

Tulip thieves, Plemper van Balen 330

FIELD CROPS. '

Field experiments with farm crops, Saunders et al 330

Reports on experiments with some new nitrogenous manures, Berry 333

Report of the Aligarh Agricultural Station, 1909, Parr 334

Report of the Partabgarh Agricultural Station, 1909, Hadi 335

Fifth annual report of the Minnesota Field Crop Breeders Association 335

Yields of cereals on different kinds of fallow cultivations, Bichikhin 335

Identification of American brewing barleys on the Swedish system, Nilson 335

The cotton plant: Its cultivation in various parts of the world, Girola 335

The production and commerce of the feather grass of Algeria 336

Report on variety tests of oats, Wright and M'Alpine 336

Potato breeding questions and observations, Arnim-Schlagenthim 336

Potatoes: Cultivation, manuring, varieties, and seed supply in Bengal, Smith. 336

The influence of water content upon the value of beet seed, Hegyi 336

[Report on experiments carried out on sugar plantations during 1907], Harrison. 337

The sugar laws, Legier 337

The importance of rotations in tobacco cidture, Chevalier 337

Report on the tobacco industry in Ontario, Barnet 337

Experimental work carried on in 1908 337

Report on trials with varieties of wheat, Stewart 338

Lime nitrogen as a means for the destruction of wild mustard, Heinrichsen. . . . 338

Dry farming in Wyoming, Cooke 338

HORTICULTURE.

Horticultural work at the Canadian experiment stations, Macoun et al 338

The seeds of horse-radish and the results from sowing them, Brzezinski. . . . 339

On the mineral nutrition of the mushroom, Hebert and Heim 339

Pineapple growing in Bataan and Bulacan pro^dnces, Cruz 339

Grape culture: Planting, grafting and pruning, De Bano 339

The hybrid direct bearers in the valley of the Rhone, Desmoulins and Villard. . 340

Production of cacao in the French colonies, Berteau 340

Hybridization in the Citrus genus and origin of the sweet orange, Trabut 340

The latest developments in fig culture. Swingle and Rixford 340

A new hawthorn-medlar graft hybrid, Daniel 340

Notes on the native seedless persimmon, Woodburn 340

Tillage v. sod-mulch, Hedrick 340

Varieties of fruit trees recommended for the region north of the central Mesa. . 340

The development of a picking table for the more important pip fruits, Junge . . 340

The preparation of fruit and vegetables for market, Shaw 341

Pre-cooling fruit, Kellogg 341

Methods of preserving fruit fresh. Doty . ... 341

Conservation of fresh grapes in granulated cork, Robert 341

The exportation of fresh fruits from South Africa 341

CONTENTS. V

Page.

The present and future of horticulture and pomology in Italy, Zannoni 341

[Reports of the agricultural stations of the Gold Coast], Tudhope et al 341

Making horticulture pay, Kains 341

The planters' handbook, Bunyard 341

Dutch bulbs and gardens, Silberrad and Lyall 341

Reproduction of flowering plants, Rios 341

The book of fern culture, Hemsley 342

FORESTRY.

Silviculture, Heyer 342

Forest taxation, Weber 342

Deforestation and its effects among the hills of southern Indiana, Culbertson. . 342

A tentative scheme for the utilization of waste lands, Fernow 342

On the drying up of forest plantings in the steppes, Stepanov 342

Marking in practice, Recknagel 342

Methods of determining the time of the year at which timber was cut, Zon 342

Forest products of Canada, Ross 343

[Forestry statistics of Ireland, 1908], Adams 343

Report on reforestation in Italy from 1867 to 1908 343

Woods and forests department, 1908, Broun 343

Forestry in New Zealand, Kensington 343

Report on forest administration of lower provinces of Bengal, 1907-8, Mclntire. 343

Annual report on forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara, 1907-8, Pritchard. . 344

Forestry in China, Gracey 344

The histological difference between Pinus tasda and Pinus palustris, Bitting. . . 344

Indo-Malayan woods, Foxworthy 344

Andaman Padouk {Pterocarpus dalbergioides), Osmaston 344

Teak forests of Siam, Hansen 344

Japanese charcoal kiln, Eckbo 344

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Fungus diseases of plants, Duggar 344

Report of the section for plant protection, 1908, Lemcke 345

Notes on some plant diseases, Liistner and Morstatt 345

The disinfection of seeds. Mares 345

Smut preventives, Murray 345

Experiments in combating the loose smut of grains, Detken 345

Clover canker, Ulrich 346

A leaf spot of cucumbers, Quanjer 346

Coniothecium arachideum, a new fungus on peanuts, Lucks 346

Notes on some potato diseases 346

Potato diseases, Schander 346

Resting spores of the potato fungus, Jones 346

The leaf curl of potatoes, De Caluwe 347

Notes on the leaf roll disease of potatoes, Appel 347

The leaf roll of potatoes, Schleh 347

Internal brown rot 347

Sugar beet and potato diseases in 1908, Stift 347

The root rot of beets and its control, Riehm 347

The orobanche on tobacco, Constancis 348

Deterioration in wheat yields due to rots and blight-producing diseases, Bolley . 348

The secidial stage of Calyptospora columnar is, Fraser 348

The American gooseberry mildew and its distribution in East Prussia, Lemcke. 348

Combating the gooseberry mildew, Lemcke 348

Further studies on the callus disease of raspberries, Wulff 348

Experiments in combating the downy mildew of the grape, Liistner 349

The early treatment against the mildew of grapes, Guicherd 349

A remedy for the gray rot of grapes. Total 349

The apple mildew and its control, Eriksson 349

Characteristics of apple-tree anthracnose, Cordley 349

Control of pear scab. Smith 350

Diseases of the native plum, Macoun 350

Some diseases of citrus trees, Fawcett 350

Yellow spotting of citrus leaves, Floyd 350

The diseases and insect injuries of coffee, von Faber 350

The coconut stem disease, Petch 351

Some studies of nonparasitic plant diseases, Graebner 351

Gas injury to street trees, Hoeming 351

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

A new Exobasidium disease on azaleas, Laubert 351

The diseases of euonymus, Foex 351

A remedy for the mildew of euonymus, Jany 351

A nematode disease of chrysanthemums, Molz 351

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Cave vertebrates of America, Eigenmann 352

Protection of woodlands in Ireland, III, Forbes 352

Methods of destroying rabbits generally adopted , Crawford 352

Pathology and bacteriology of plague in squirrels, McCoy 352

Field mice and their natural enemies, Pitt 352

A preliminary report on tumors found in wild rats, McCoy 352

Notes on the birds of San Domingo, with a list of the species^ Verrill 352

British birds for cages, aviaries, and exhibition, Birchley 352

The birds of Java and their economic importance, I and II, Koningsberger . . . 353

A manual of Philippine birds, McGregor 353

The American toad {Bufo lentiginosus americanus) Miller 353

The occurrence of Bufo columhiensis east of the Rocky Mountains, Young 353

Fungal parasites of men and animals, Coupin 353

The Laboulbeniacese and their pa 'asitism of insects, Picard 353

Flagellates in GZossina paZpaZis and G. morsitans, Kinghorn and Montgomery. 353

Determination of the blood-sucking insects and arachnids, Sergent 353

The Colorado laws governing horticultural inspection 354

Report of the division of entomology and botany, Saunders 354

Report of the government entomologist for the year 1908, Lounsbury 355

Treatment and observation of crop pests on the Pusa farm, Lefroy and Misra. . 356

Insect pests [in Fiji in 1908], Knowles 356

Report of the government entomologist for the year 1908, Pratt 356

Studies in the life histories of Australian Odonata, Tillyard 356

The brown locust campaign, 1908-9, Thomsen 356

Preliminary account of the life history of Phyllium crurifolium, Leigh 357

Notes on termites, Thomsen 357

Thrips in tea, Lefroy 357

The rice bug or paddy fly, Drieberg 357

The root louse of grapevines, Gunn 357

Contribution to the study of the biology of the Chermes, Marchal 357

The scale insects and their dissemination, Lindinger 357

Some experiments on flacherie in the gipsy moth, Reiff 357

A revision of the Arctianse of Japan, Miyake 358

On certain Pieris caterpillars, Forbes 358

Notes on the eggs of Epagoge sulphureana, Webster 358

A lepidopteious pest of coconuts, Brachartona catoxantha, Pratt 358

The geographical distribution of butterflies, Pagenstecher 359

Check list of the Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera of the Transvaal, Swierstra 359

The Rhopalocera of Java, Piepers and Snellen 359

A feeding habit of some Louren^o Marques butterflies, Howard 359

Influence of cold and moisture on Lepidoptera, Kosminsky 359

The flower-bud maggot of cotton ( Contarinia gassy pii) , Ballou 360

Observations on Culicidse, Galli-Valerio and Rochaz de Jongh 360

Contribution to the study of the mosquitoes of Cuba, Pazos 360

Investigations of muscid larvae entoparasitic on arthropods, Nielsen 360

The warble flies, Carpenter 361

A new Gastrophilus larva in the horse, Henry 361

On the British species of Phora, II, III, Wood 361

Syrian and Egyptian diptera, Bezzi 361

Poultry fleas and the red hen mite, Theobald 361

Classification of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico, Hay ward 362

The twig girdler, Matheny 362

A buprestid and other Coleoptera on pines in northwestern Surrey, Champion. 362

Revision of the Coccinellidae of Madagascar, Sicard 362

The principal ladybeetles in Hokkaido, Okamoto 362

Report on the sugar cane borer in the Moluccas, Muir 362

Combating Pissodes notatus, Eckstein 362

European bark beetles and coleopterous and hymenopterous enemies, Kleine. 362

A further note on the Chilgoza bark-boring beetles of Zhob, Stebbing 362

Revision of Australian Curculionidse belonging to the Cryptorhynchides, Lea.. 363

The chalcidoid parasites of Eulecanium nigrofasciatum, Girault 363

CONTENTS. VII

Page.

Oligosila amertcnna n. sp., a new chalcidoid from Illinois, Girault 363

A second cooperative study of Vespa vulgaris, Thomson, Bell, and Pearson 363

Ant communities and how they are governed, McCook 363

Ants and plants, Escherich 363

Ticks on the California ground squirrel, ),\Tierry and Wellman 363

A new species of Haemaphysalis from East Africa, Howard 363

Arthropods and their role in disease transmission, Blanchard 363

The insect and allied pests of the hop, Theobald 364

Hop insects, Remisch 364

[Rice pests in India] 364

Animal enemies and diseases of the sugar beet, Stift 364

Enemies of the orchard, \ ermorel 364

Coffee and tea pests, Anstead 364

The fauna of the cacao field. Hart 364

Some parasitic diseases of the cinnamon tree in Ceylon, Bois and Gerber 365

Insect and fungus injuries to forest trees, Beck 365

Fungicides, insecticides, and vermin killers, Sargeant 365

Insecticides and fungicides, Shutt 365

Remedies for orchard and vineyard pests, Lounsbury 365

[Spraying to control ajjhis], Macoun 365

Killing moths in vineyards, Bardel 365

Carbolineum as an insecticide 365

Proceedings of twenty-ninth session of Colorado State Beekeepers' Association. 365

Spring losses of bees, Beuhne 365

Dysentery of the honey bee, Kiistenmacher 365

Ants and bees as pets, Collins 365

Silkworms, Lambert 366

The cultivation of shellac as an agricultural product, Lefroy 366

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Air, water, and food, Richards and Woodman 366

International Congress on Pure Foods and Alimentary Substances, Douglas. . . 366

Dairy products and eggs 367

The regulation of commerce in food products and condiments in Switzerland. . 367

Report of department of food and drugs, from March to October 1, 1909, Bernard 367

The inspection of meat establishments for pickling and preparing meat, Martel 367

Horse flesh as food, Martel 367

Concerning the constituents of meat extract, Engeland 367

Milling and baking tests, Saunders 367

Flour bleaching by " nitrous fumes " 368

New English method of bread making. Bright 368

The survival of pathogenic bacteria in bread after cooking 368

Rice dishes 368

Blanching vegetables, Maurel and Carcassagne 368

The loss of salt when cereals and vegetables are boiled, Maurel and Carcanague 369

Markets for cranberries 369

Fruits as carriers of micro-organisms, Sartory and Fillassier 369

[Olive oil and cotton-seed oil in the Levant], Brode 369

The caffein content of coffee and the loss of caffein in roasting, Rieter 369

Coffee extract and coffee infusion, Berger 369

The toxicology of tin, with special reference to canned foods, Schry ver 370

Tin poisoning, Eckardt 370

Diet as an element in resistance, Kellogg 370

Overfeeding and mineral metabolism, Biernacki 370

Fish and the metabolism of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium, Slowzoff . . . 370

Daily menus for the school year and a dietary study for October 371

The school child's breakfast, Hollopeter 371

Penny lunches, Bonnell 371

The feeding of school children, Crowley 372

School canteens in Paris, Butte 372

Free noonday meals for needy children, Driessens •^72

Public charity in relation to food, Cornet 372

Cost of living — prices — wages, Bayley 372

List, with local prices, of tools and implements and utensils, Bayley 372

Cost of living in China, McNally 372

Studies of the physiology and pathology of fat distribution, Mansfield 372

VIII CONTENTS.

Page.

Variations in amylolytic power of saliva of nnrsin^- infants, Finizio 372

The iron content of the spleen, ('apezzuoli 372

Some observations on the stndy of the intestinal bacteria, Kendall 373

The fecal bacteria of healthy men, MacXeal, Latzer, and Kerr 373

Some observations on a twenty-four hours' walking race. Cook et al 374

The effects of rapid and prolonged deep breathing, Comstock 375

New institute for animal physiology at Imperial Agricultural College, Zuntz. . 375

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Handbook of animal feeding and feeding stuffs. Pott 375

Stock feeds, Kilgore et al 375

Commercial feeding stuffs of Pennsylvania in 1908, Fuller 375

Fodders and feeding stuffs, Shutt 375

Bran, shorts, chop-feed, Gerald 375

Soy bean cake 375

[Feeding experiments] 375

The management and feeding of cattle, Shaw 377

Live stock: Breeding and management, McConnell 377

The biologist's part in practical plant and animal breeding, Harshberger 377

Inheritance in mice with reference to their susceptibility to tumors, Tyzzer. . . 377

Some effects of external conditions upon the white mouse, Sumner 378

Reappearance in offspring of artificially produced modifications, Sumner 378

Basic principles of breeding established in improvement of live stock, Hoffmann 378

Hornless cattle, Ewart 1 378

The inheritance of horns and face color in sheep. Wood 378

Improving Australasian sheep 379

Sheep at Bathurst Experiment Farm, Peacock 379

The history of the mule-footed hog, Spillman 379

The Lincolnshire curly-coated pig, Plumb 379

The factor hypothesis in its relation to plumage color, Davenport 379

Atavism in guinea-chicken hybrids, Guyer 380

Is there a cumulative effect of selection? Pearl and Surface 380

[Experiments with poultry], Gilbert 380

Two years with poultry 380

Practical poultry raising in British Columbia, Hodson 380

Turkeys: Their care and management for exhibition or for market 380

Incubation and brooding. Hawks ' 380

Artificial v. natural incubation, Dryden 380

Animals that should be introduced and bred for meat production, Irwin 380

New meat supply, Griffiths 381

The horse exports and imports of 1908 381

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Dairying in Alberta, Marker 381

Dairy farming on mixed land : 381

Dairying in Wiirttemberg, Triidinger 381

The Vienna city creamery 382

The possibilities of China as a market for dairy cattle, Houlding 382

Condensed milk trade 382

Dairy investigations in County Durham and the northeast of England 382

[Records of dairy cattle], Grisdale 382

The variation in the composition of milk, Lauder and Fagan 382

The effect of imperfect milking on the fat content of the milk, Hoft 382

Seasonal deviations in the fat content of cow's milk, Eckles 382

The nature of the cellular elements present in milk, Hewlett et al 383

On the composition of tuberculous milk, Monvoisin 383

Physiology of Bacterium lactis acidi, Budinov 383

Data on the so-called Bulgarian micro-organism and "lactobacillin." Severin. . 383

The Bulgarian micro-organism in Don and Caucasian sour milk, Makrinov 384

Lactic acid stimulator of the Don curdled milk, Muravyev 384

On lactic-acid bacteria of the so-called Bulgaricus type, White and Avery 384

Bacterial population of Russian-Swiss and Emmental cheeses, Budinov 384

The ' ' Friwi " system of butter making, Weigmann. 385

Manual of worlang methods and standards ior use of Medical Milk Commission. . 385

CONTENTS. . IX

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Page.

An introduction to the study of the compc'rative anitomy of animals, Bourne. . 385

Numbers, proportions, and characters of the blood corpuscles, Goodall 385

Studies on immunity, Muir 385

The present status of the theories of immunity, Metchnikoff 385

General ideas on antibodies: Agglutinins, precipitins, and hemolysins, Panisset. 385

Serums aid viruses ' 385

Preliminary report of investigations of serums and vaccines, Hektoen et al 386

Extracts from state veterinary surgeon's report of 1908, Koto 386

Report on veterinary sanitary service of Paris and the Seine for 1908, Martel 386

Proceedings of tropical section of International Veterinary Congress, 1909 386

Trypanosomiasis of domestic stock in northern Rhodesia, Montgomery, and

Kinghorn 387

Trypanosoma theileri and related trypanosomes found in cattle, Mayer 387

The cultivation of trypanosomes on artificial media 387

The role of insects in trypanosome infection 387

The mechanism of infection in tick fever, Leishman 387

Tuberculosis in animals and its relation to man 387

Tuberculosis in domestic animals, and human tuberculosis. Bang 390

Relative importance of the types of tubercle bacilli. Park and Krumwiede 390

Tuberculosis in dairy cows, Wilson 391

Influence of ingested dead tubercle bacilli on infection, Rosenau and Anderson. 391

The pathological histology of atypical actinomycosis, Choukevitch 391

The period of emission of bacteria in acute parenchymatous mammitis, Fauss. 391

Experimental investigations of bacillary pseudotuberculosis of sheep, Noack. . 391

Convulsions in young pigs due to verminous infestation, Bru 392

The causative agent of epizootic lymphangitis of equines, Galli-Valerio 392

Three years of rabies in Indiana, Simonds 392

Investigations of spirochetosis of fowls and of Argas persicus, Galli-Valerio 392

Further observations on fowl spirochetosis, Balfour 392

The parasitism of Cytodites nudus and Ilxmaphysalis chordeilis, Hadley 393

Naphtha soap as a disinfectant, Dzerzgowski and Stepanova 393

Meat inspection in Hungary, Laszlo 393

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Actual significance of law of diminishing returns in agriculture, Auhagen 393

The economic returns for 21 years from a peasant farm in Kurhessen, Rudloff.. 394

The significance of erecting small dwellings on farms, Noack 394

Small holders: What they must do to succeed, Pratt 394

Agricultural small holdings in f>ance 395

[Agricultural holdings in Belgium] 395

Agricultural associations in Belgium, Turmann 395

Organization among the farmers of the United States, Coulter 395

The reform of the commission business, Streeter 395

Adaptability of the South to the needs of homeseekers in foreign lands, Willey. 396

A new St. Helena, Ferrero 396

An agricultural survey of Nebraska, Warren 396

[Agriculture and colonization in Canada], McKenzie et al 396

Agricultural statistics of Ireland, with detailed report for 1908, Adams 396

Agriculture in Dahomey, Savariau 396

The International Institute of Agriculture, Louis-Dop 396

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The duty of the agricultural college, Waters 397

Agricultural instruction and associations, Giglioli and Rossi-Ferrini 397

Report of the agricultural department of Finland for 1907 397

Foreign veterinary schools and their plan of instruction, Coderque 397

Annual of the Winnebago County schools, 1909, Kern 397

Practical school gardening, Elford and Heaton 398

School gardens in Ceylon, Drieberg 398

The study of nature, Schmucker 398

Nature study in congested city districts, Sylvester 398

Boys' agricultural clubs, Roy 398

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXII. Abstract Number. Xo. 4.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The proteins, T. B. Robertson (Univ. Cal. Puh.s., Physiol., 3 (1909), No. 16,
pp. I15-I9.'i). — A digest of data regarding the chemical structure of proteids
and their physical projierties, the compounds of proteids and their properties,
the physical-chemical properties of protein solutions, and the hydrolysis and
synthesis of proteids.

The publication, the author states, consists substantially of the Hei-zsteiu
lectures which he delivered at the University of California in 1908.

Newer contributions to special questions of protein chemistry, E. Abdek-
HALDEN (Neiicrc Ergchnisse auf dem (Jcbictc der Speziellen Ei'weisschemie.
,1(11(1, 1909, p. 12H). — This digest of data includes chapters on the total hydroly-
sis of proteids by acids, a description of different cleavage products, and a
summary of information regarding the amino acids contained in certain pro-
teids, and partial hydrolysis and polypeptids.

Recent progress in the chemistry of the proteins, R. H. Bradbury {Jour.
Franklin //(*/., 108 {1909), No. 2, pp. S.j-IO'i). — A digest of data regarding the
chemical structure and synthesis of proteids.

The cleavage of proteid by means of dilute mineral acids, A. Oswald
{Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 62 {1909), No. .5-6, pp. //92-//9.5).— Experimental data
olttained with iodin albumin are briefly summarized.

The hydrolysis of proteids with hydrofluoric acid and the constitution of
proteids, L. Hugounenq and A. Morel {Rev. Gen. ScL, 20 {1909), No. 20, pp.
839-8-^.3. figs. 2).— A digest of data. See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 22,
p. 208).

Researches as to the nature of lactic-acid fermentation, F. Hokth {Ver-
suche sur Erkenntnis der Milchsduregdrung. Diss. Tech. Hochschule Karlsruhe.
1909, pp. 96). — The results show that certain bodies of diverse composition, such
as the aldehydes, ketones, and substances having alcohol groups, are attacked,
that the process is not confined to the hexoses but extends to the bioses, a triose,
pentoses, and a glucosid, and further, that only those bodies which are optically
active are acted upon. Tlie lactic acid produced is mostly of the optically active
kind, but always, however, contains small amounts of the racemate. With
press yeast, however, an inactive form was produced with a certain carbohy-
drate, while with others the right or left hand rotary acid was formed. The
author attributes this to the occurrence of two lactic-acid enzyms in the same
organism.

301

302 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

The influence of acid on the inactivation of rennet by shaking, Signe and
SiciVAL ScuMiUT-XiKLSKN (Ztuclir. I'ltt/s. CItnit.. (i!) (I!)0!)), pii. '>.',7-~)'>(i, fig. /). —
Ilydroohlorie acid was found to provont the rendering inactive of rennet action
by shakinjr. while acetic acid had no intluence in this rej,'ard.

The theory of the function of catalases, (). Loew (Anli. rin/.siol. [Pflih/cr],
I, is [I'.KJU). .\i). 10-1. i, PI). 5(!0-'>(i.'i). — A further discussion in rej^ard to the
existence and functions of the catalytic enzyni.

The action of rennet on paracasein calcium, W. Van Dam (Ztfsfhr. Phifsiul.
Clfiii.. ill (IDOf)), Xo. 2, pp. L'i7-J63, flgn. 2). — The digestion of paracasein by
rennet is dependent upon the content of hydrogen ions in the media. Furtlier,
the rapidity of digestion is proportional to the hydrogen ions contained therein,
and in this respect resembles the rai)idity of coagulation. The rai)i(lity of
digestion and coagulation of paracasein lime runs parallel when different ren-
nets of the same acid content are employed. The author contends that para-
casein is digested by the chymosin and does not agree with Petry in regard to
the presence of a specific enzym for casein in rennet. Sodium chlorid acceler-
ates this digestion.

The state in which calcium exists in milk, I*. Kona and L. Michaelis
Biochem. Ztschr., 21 {1909), No. 1-2, pp. ll',-122; ab.s. hi MoJk. Ztg. [Hildc-
nheim], 23 (1909), No. J,5, pp. 1270, i,27/).— Although from milk passed through
a bisque filter a portion of the calcium is retained, there is a possibility that
its state changes as the milk passes over and through the filter and that the
retained calcium is not necessarily present in the colloidal or suspended form.
In a study of the dissolved calcium a procedure which simulated as nearly as
possible natural conditions was devised, by dializing milk against other sub-
stances of almost the same composition but of lower or higher calcium content.
The solutions employed were rennet whey with a low calcium content and iron
whey in which the proteids were jirecipitated by colloidal iron hydrate and
in which the calcium was mostly in insoluble form.

The results obtained showed that the calcium content of the rennet whey
increased in the dialysis while that of the iron whey decreased, so that the
final calcium content of both wheys differed very little. Dialysis of a small
amount of distilled water against a large amount of milk yielded in the former
about the same amount of calcium which the latter originally contained. The
insoluble calcium content therefore was between the final calcium content of
both wheys and in these investigations it fluctuated between 0.06 and 0.07 per
cent and was equivalent to 40 to 50 per cent of the total calcium. By pre-
cipitating the casein by rennet, the amount of diffusible or soluble calcium was
hardly changed. This was also true as to the electrical conductivity and the
lowering of the freezing point, and indicates that by coagulating with rennet
only such bodies are precipitated as were originally present in a colloidal state.
On the contrary, with the iron whey the dissolved calcium was decidedly in-
creased.

It is difficult to say in which form the calcium is present in the milk and it
is peculiar that the phosphoric acid content of the iron whey was very low
whereas that in the corresponding rennet whey was ten times higher. There
was evidently a precipitation of the phosphoric acid by the iron and a rendition
of the nondiffusible calcium into a diffusible state. No appreciable amount of
colloidal phosphate of calcium can be present in milk, as if this were the case
it would be precipitated totally by the iron. It is more certain that the greater
portion of the calcium is present as a salt of casein in solution. With raw milk
it is often possible to dialize out the calcium quantitatively with running water.
Casein probably has the faculty of forming with calcium a soluble and not
easily disassociatiable salt. The binding of the calcium by casein was also

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY, 303

shown in that no more coagulation with rennet took place when caseiu was
dissolved in raw milk.

The distribution of nitrogen in cow's, buffalo's, goat's, woman's and ass's
milk by acid and rennet precipitation, W. Friedheim (Biochcm. Ztsclir., 19
(1909), Xo. 1-2, PI). 132-155, pJ. i).— It is shown by this work that what is
characteristic of cow's milk in regard to the distribution of nitrogenous matters
in the whey from rennet is also characteristic of goat's, buffalo's, and human
milk, this whey containing as much as 10 per cent more soluble nitrogenous
bodies than the whey which is obtained by coagulating with acid. Only in the
case of ass's milk was it less.

[An ammonia-producing enzym in the silkworm], T. Takeuchi and R.
INOUE (Jotir. Col Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 {1909), No. 1, pp. 15-20).— An
enzym was obtained from the silkworm moth which is capable of yielding
ammonia from the amino compounds. The greatest bulk of ammonia was
produced from asparagin.

Contributions to micro-chemical analysis, N. Schoorl (Ztschr. Analyt.
Chem., ^S {1909), No. 11, pp. 665-678, 728).— This is a continuation of work
previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 8). It considers (pp. 6G5-678) the sulphates
of calcium, strontium, barium and lead, silver nitrate, bromid. iodid and cyanid,
the oxids of antimony, iron, chromium, zinc and aluminum, silicic acid and sili-
cates, and a few substances such as Berlin blue, calcium fluorid, sulphur, and
graphite. Corrections to the different articles in this series are also given
(p. 728).

Total nitrogen determination by the Kober method, F. W. Gill and H. S.
Grindley (Jour. Anicr. Chem. *SV;f., ,}/ (1909), No. 11, pp. 12-'t9-1252) .—The
authors conclude that Kober's aeration method in nitrogen determinations in
organic compounds has many advantages over the other distillation methods
and can well be used except in instances where magnesium and phosphorus are
present together in relatively large amounts. In this case good results can be
obtained by keeping the Kjeldahl flask warm during the aerating period.

Determination of small quantities of nitrates, L. Farcy (Bui. Soc. Chiiii.
France, If. ser., 5 (1909), No. l.'i, pp. 775-779; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus.,
28 (1909), No. 15, p. 849; Chem. Zenthl., 1909, II, No. 13, p. 1078).— From a
study of methods the author concludes that MacGowan's method (E. S. R., 16,
p. 949) yields good results in the presence of chlorids but not in the presence of
ammonium salts. Frerichs' method (E. S. R., 17, p. 112) in the presence of
chlorids gives results 4 or 5 per cent too high and is also without value in the
presence of ammonium salts. The method of Grandval and Lajoux as modified
by Perrier and Farcy (E. S. R., 21, p. 8) is considered more accurate.

Determination of potash with phosphomolybdic acid, Grete (Chem. Ztg.,
33 (1909), No. 127, p. 1128).— The author attempted to determine the potash by
precipitation with phosphomolybdic acid, dissolving it in an ammouiacal solu-
tion, precipitating with magnesia mixture and titrating the phosphoric acid
with Grete's glue-molybdic acid method. The results were not entirely satis-
factory.

The detection of arsenic acid in the presence of arsenious acid with mag-
nesia mixture, O. Lutz and R. Swinne (Ztschr. Anorgan. Chem., 64 (1909),
No. 3, pp. 298-301 ) . — The authors conclude from the results of their work that
it is well-nigh impossible to obtain a satisfactory separation, either qualitative
or quantitative, of arsenic acid from arsenious acid, when present in appreciable
amounts, by the usual magnesia mixture method. Solutions of arsenious acids
in water or ammonia were found more sensitive tow.-u-d magnesia mixture
than an alkali arsenite, and the presence of much annnonia salt hinders the
reaction to quite a degree. If. however, the arsenite is present in certain con-

304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

ceiitrations (loss than 1/200 uioleculo for the usual magnesia mixture or less
than 1/50 molecule when much anunonia salt is used) a qualitative separation
can be had, but on the other hand the dilution must not be carried so far as
to get beyond the detection point of the arsenic ion.

The carbonates of copper and the cupricarbonates, S. IT. Pickering (Jour.
Chcm. Soc. [London], .9,7 (190!)), No. 562, pp. U09-l-',29, chart i).— This work
has some reference to the copper compounds as they might exist in Bordeaux
mixture.

Phenolphthalein as a reagent for hydrocyanic acid, P. Dobriner and A.
Oswald (Zt.schr. Annli/t. Client., .',8 {1909), No. 11, pp. 109, 7i0).— By adding
to hydrocyanic acid Ji few drops of an alkaline hydroxid phenolphthalein solution,
and then coiiper sulphate solution (1: 2,000) a red coloration is obtained, which
is due to the oxidation of the phenolphthalein. It is sensitive to 1 : 500,000.
Paper impregnated with phenolphthalein copper solution is also colored red by
hydrocyanic acid.

A characteristic reaction for free tartaric acid, A. Tagliarini {Bol. Chim.
Farm., 46 (1907). pp. 49S-Jf95 ; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nalir. u. Genussmtl..
18 (1909), No. 8, p. JfTO). — The author reports that the reaction proposed by
Ganassiui for tartaric acid can also be obtained with oxalic and citric acids, but
not with formic, acetic, and succinic acids.

Formaldehyde, J. E. Orloff, trans, by C. Kietaibl (Forinaldehyd. Leipsic,
1909, pp. VIII-\-327, pis. 3, figs. 9). — This is a comprehensive volume of most of
the important facts pertaining to formaldehyde, and includes the various
processes of production, the reactions for formaldehyde, its uses, analyses, the
conversion of methyl alcohol into formaldehyde, the new condensation products
of formaldehyde, the pyrogenetic contact reactions, and the methods for the
detection of formaldehyde.

[Methods of analysis of fertilizers and feeding stuffs for 1908 by the
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries] (Analyst, 34 (1909), No. 403, pp. 461-
468). — This is a description of the methods of analysis of fertilizers and feed-
ing stuffs agreed upon by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Note on a rapid method of analysis of waters, L. Marcotte (Ann. Observ.
Munic. (Observ. Montsouris) [Paris], 9 (1908), No. 3-4. pp. 339, 340).— A quick
fermentation method is described.

The determination of chlorid of magnesium in water, H. Emde and R.
Senst (Ztschr. Angnr. Vlicni., 22 (1909), No. ',2, pp. 2038-2040).— The: authors
find that Pfeiffer's method for determining magnesium chlorid by noting the
content of chlorin in the water before and after incineration of the ash does not
give satisfactory results, and conclude that the only way to obtain correct re-
sults is to make the usual analysis.

[The determination of chlorid of magnesium in water], Pfeiffer (Ztschr.
Angrir. Chrm.. 22 ( 1909). No. ',2. p. 20)0). —\ reply to the above.

The determination of magnesium chlorid in water, H. Emde and 1\. Senst
(Ztschr. Angciv. Chcm., 22 (1909), No. 46. pp. 2236-2238) .—A reply to Pfeiffer
(see above), with some tests to prove the authors' former conclusions.

The interpretation of chemical water analysis, H. Klut, trans, by E. A.
Gieseler (Engin.. Rec, 60 (1909), No. 18, pp. 498-500). — This is a translation
of an article already noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 521).

Colorimetric method for the determination of molecular weights of car-
bohydrates (starch, glycogen, dextrins), L. Wacker (Bcr. Dent. Chem.
Gesell., 42 (1909), No. 12, pp. 2675-2680; abs. in Jour. 8oc. Chcm. Indus., 28
(1909), No. 16, p. 898). — The basis of the method is the coloration produced by
an alkaline solution of phenylhydrazinsulphonic acid, this being constant for
equimolecular concentrations of various carbohydrates. The color standards

AGRICULTURAL, CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 305

are prepared from a tliousandth-normal dextrose solution, or, still better, from
maltose.

A method for determining different sugars in a mixture of sugars, H. C.
Geelmuyden (Ztschr. Analyt. Chcin., .'18 (1909), No. 3, pp. 137-163; abs. in
Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18 (1909), No. 8, p. 469). — This pro-
cedure has its application chiefly for diabetic urine, and consists of a combina-
tion of the various methods of sugar determination, that is, titration (T),
polarization (P), fermentation, etc.

The tirst experiments in this direction were with glucose and maltose and
with fructose, maltose, and glucose. The constants of the evolved formulas
were calculated from polarimetric determinations and from the reducing values
obtained by Kuapp's method. Thus there was obtained for glucose (G) and
fructose (F) the formula: F=0.355 (T— P), G=0.378 P+0.022 T; for maltose
(Ma) and fi-uctose: Ma =0.270 P+0.444 T, F=0.663 T— 0.169 P; for glucose
and maltose: Ma=0.511 (P— T), G=1.337 T— 0.337 P, Ma=0.639 (P— Pi),
Ma=2.556 (Ti — T) ; if the maltose is determined by inversion: G=Ti — 1.053
Ma=Pi — 1.053 Ma. The researches were done with pure sugar solutions and
urines. The results were found to be vei'y accurate. The author will report
on his tests with the pure yeast species fermentation tests at a later date.

A simple method for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars,
J. DrscHSKY (Dcut. Zuclccrindus., 3Jf (1909), No. 26, pp. 621, 522; ahs. in
Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 22 (1909), No. Sk, p. J!69//).— Comparative tests of the
various methods for reducing sugars showed that M. Miiller's, in which the
l»recipitated cuprous oxid is oxidized with iron oxysulphate and the remaining
oxysuiithate determined by titration with jtotassium ])ermanganate. is the best.

The quantitative determination of starch sirups, R. Kayser (Ztschr.
Offcntl. Chem., 15 (1909), No. 20, pp. 390-393).— Juckemu-k and Pasternack's
method for the determination of starch sirups in food does not in all instances
yield reliable results.

Detection of cane sugar and glucosids in plants, H. MIxhe (Ztschr. Analyt.
Chem., 48 (1909), No. 11, pp. 718-721).— A description of methods to detect
these sulistances l>y means of eiizyms.

Sugar determination in molasses feeds, L. Vuaflart (Jour. Fabric. Siier.,
50 (1909). No. 27, p. 1; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909). No. 93, Rcpcrt.. p. ',0-'t).—
The newer methods, together with that of Herles, use the polariscopic method
after clarifying with lead acetate. Lead acetate often does not precipitate cer-
tain optically active plant substances, and it was found that the error may be
as much as 50 per cent. It was often necessary to determine these sugars after
inversion with copper solution or to extract them with alcohol and determine
according to Clerget's method.

The analysis of galactose, A. Fer?iau (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 60 (1909),
No. 3-.'t. pp. 28Jf-2SS; abs. in Zcntbl. (iesam. Physiol, u. Path. Stofficechsels.
n. ser., 4 (1909). No. 19, p. 7-'i3). — This is a modification of the Tollens method.
It consists of taking 5 gm. of galactose in a tared glass receptacle, adding 60 cc.
ammonia and concentrating to a bulk of 15 to 16 cc. After adding 40 cc. of water
and allowing the mixture to stand for 12 hours the sediment is filtered off and
dried to constant weight. Pure galactose by this procedure yields 70 per cent
of mucic acid.

Quantitative analysis of glycogen and the unique character of liver sub-
stances, E. Pfluger (Arch. Physiol. [I'fluger], 129 (1909), No. 6-7, pp. 362-^.
S7S).—A controversial article, dealing especially with the methods of glycogen
determination as proposed by Abderhalden (E. S. R., 22, p. 9).

The determination of gum in sirups, A. Auguet (Ann. Falsif., 2 (1909), No.
5, pp. 136-138). — This is a combination of the Meyer and Roussin methods and

306 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

consists of precipitntiiif: 25 j;in. of sirup with H cc. of porchlorid of iron, col-
lecting tbo gum on tho tiannel tilter, dissolving it in fiftli-nornuil hyrtrochloric
acid and water, and rciu'ocipitatini? with 12 to 15 times its volunio of 95 per
cent alcohol. The precipitate is collected on a tareii filter, dried, and weighed.
The weight niultii)lied by 40 gives the amount of gum per liter of sirup.

The determination of starch, Buisson {Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill.,
26 (1909), No. 10, pp. 980-983; ahs. in Rev. G6n. Chim., 11 (1909), No. 77. pp.
35S, So'/). — This is a modification of Baudry's method, in which 5.41 gm. of the
finely ground material is talcen. 25 cc. of a saturated solution of picric acid and
100 cc. of water added, and the mixture boiled for 45 minutes in a bath of cal-
cium chlorid. The fiask is then filled up to the 200 cc. mark and the solution
filtered and i)olarize(l in a 400 mm. tube.

Determination of starch in barley, O. Neumann (Wchnschr. Bran., JC)
(1909), No. 25, pp. 306-309; ahs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 22 (1909), No. 3Jh p.
169o). — A compilation of the various newer methods for the estimation of
starch in barley.

The determination of phosphorus in foods, feces, and urine, F. W. Gill,
J. B. Peterson, and H. S. (Jkindley (I'roc. Anicr. *S'oc. Bioi. Chon., 1 (1909).
No. //, p. 159). — This is a comi)arative study of methods for total inorganic and
organic phosphorus determination in fiesh, etc.

It was found that the magnesium nitrate, nitric acid, Kjeldahl, nitric and
hydrochloric acids, and direct ashing methods gave practically the same results.
It was further shown that barium nitrate in the presence of ammonium hy-
droxid, or barium hydroxid alone, precipitated from an aqueous extract of meat
containing no coagulable protein the same amount of inorganic phosphorus as
does the method of Hart and Andrews (E. S. R., 15, p. 42S).

Taking economic factors into considei'ation, tests were made with the nitric-
hydrochloric acid digestion method, which was found to convert all the phos-
phorus into a form from which it can be precipitated as molybdate. Compai"a-
tive tests with urines of the uranium acetate solution (volumetric method) and
the nitric-hydrochloric acid method showed that the former gave somewhat
lower results.

Method for the detection of small amounts of water in lard (Ztschr.
Untersuch. Nahr. u. Geimssmtl, 18 (1909), No. 7, Bcihigc, pp. 387-389). — This
is the official test used by the treasury department of the German Government.

Ten gm. of fat is brought into a trani^parent glass tube !) cm. long and with
a capacity of 18 cc, which can be stoppered and in which a thermometer is in-
serted which dips into the fat. When the tube is heated to 70° C, if the fat is
clear the water content, it is concluded, is below 0.3 per cent. If it is cloudy
at 70° it is heated up to 95°, allowed to cool gradually, and the temperature
detei'mined at which cloudiness sets in. If this is found to be constant at over
75° the lard contains more than 0..3 per cent of water.

The cholesterin content of eg'g's, H. Cappenberg (Chcm. Ztg., 33 (1909),
No. 112, p. 985). — The fact that lecithin is easily decomposed makes it an un-
certain constant for judging l)akery ]iroducts containing eggs, and the author
suggests employing the cholesterin content in its stead. A series of analyses
showed that the fatty egg oils contain an average of 3 per cent of cholesterin,
and therefore that eggs with an average content of 12 per cent of fat have
about 0.36 per cent cholesterin.

A method for determining cholesterin is appended.

Color reaction for gelatin, K. E. Liesegang (Ztschr, Chem. u. Indus. Kol-
loidc, 5 (1909), No. 5, p. 2^'i8). — If diffusion streams consisting of a 40 per cent
tricalcium phosphate and a 10 per cent copper chlorid solution are allowed to

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 307

meet in a gelatin jelly strata there ensues a deep violet color with no
turbidity.

Detection of traces of chlorids in commercial gelatin, R. E. Liesegang
(Ztschr. Chem. u. Indus. KoUoide, 5 (1909), No. 5, pp. 2-'f9, 250).— Slight
traces of chlorids in gelatin can not be detected by the addition of silver nitrate.
The author proposes taking a 10 per cent solution of gelatin, allowing it to
solidify on a glass plate, and then adding several drops of a 10 per cent silver
nitrate solution in the same manner as described in his work with jellies. The
reaction only becomes ai)parent after a time, when at the periphery of the drop
there appears at first a turbidity which gradually becomes greater until it may
reach a diameter, according to the size of the drop, of 1 to 2 cm.

The recognition of flour adulterations by the serum method, W. Magnus
(Landw. Jahrb., 3H {1909), Eig<in::u)ifj><h. 5, pp. 207-215; abs. in Chem. ZentM.,
1909, II, No. 11, p. 936). — The author describes a method to utilize the precipitin
reaction to detect adulterations of flour with products from closely related
plants and nonrelated plants. In the case of closely related plants, rye and
wheat, the specificity was good. Three per cent of rye in wheat flour could be
easily recognized.

The ash content of honey, A. Rohrig (Bcr. Chem. Unter.'nich. Anst. Leip-
zig, 1908, p. 34; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18 {1909), No.
8, p. Ji82). — Pure honeys had an ash content between 0.068 and 0.284 per cent.
The average of 38 samples was 0.136 per cent. In artificial honey it was not
always under 0.1 per cent and in fact in four cases it was from 0.18 to 0.292 per
cent. .ludging honey on these grounds may often lead to error.

[Qualitative and quantitative methods for] the detection and determina-
tion of sulphurous acid in lime juice, E. Dowzaud (Antcr. .Jour. I'hurm., 81
{1909), No. 12. pp. .507 -.7';/, ) .—The official qualitative method ( E. S. R., 19, p.
506) is modified by adding phosphoric acid to the reagents, distilling off 50 cc.
of the juice, and collecting the distillate in a 1 per cent solution of sodium
bicarbonate. The modified quantitative method consists in shaking out with
chloroform the essential oil from this distillate, and titrating the aqueous por-
tion in the usual manner.

A rapid method of determining- sulphurous acid in wine, Dujardin {Feuille
Vin. Gironde, 34 {1909), No. 46, p. 184, fit)- i)- — A specially constructed volu-
metric tube termed " the sulphuro-onemetric tube " is used. The reagents
employed are a solution of iodin, potash, starch, etc. The i"esults are given in
milligrams per liter.

The determination of ethereal oil and eugenol in cloves, R. Reich {Ztschr.
Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18 (1909), No. 7. pp. 401-412, fig. 1).—The best
cloves have a high oil and eugenol content, but the essential oils from them
show a lower percentage of eugenol than those obtained from inferior cloves
and clove powders, the reason for this being that the former oils contain more
esters and ketones. The author, therefore, considers the determination of
eugenol important.

On analysis Amboina cloves were found to contain 21.3 to 22.1 per cent of
oil, whereas Zanzibar cloves contained 18.4 to 20.1 per cent. The respective
eugenol contents were 17 to 17.6 per cent and 15.4 to 16.6 per cent. With pure
ground commercial cloves the oil content fluctuated between 17 and 19.3 per
cent and that of eugenol between 15.5 and 16.3 per cent. Clove stems showed
only 5.8 to 6.7 per cent of oil and 5.4 to 5.7 per cent of eugenol. Examination
of oils distilled by the author gave a minimum eugenol content of 79 per cent
and a maximum of 87.9 per cent.

28918— No. 4—10 2

308 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The determination of gingerol in ginger, 11. Garnett and J. Grier (Phnrm.
Jour. [Loitdvn], .',. .sn\, 2!) (lilOi)), Nu. 23S9, pp. 150, 160; abs. in Analy.st, .l>,
(l!)0<i). A'o. -',03, p. .'////).— The authors state that anhydrous ether is probably
tbe bost oxtractivo for fiingorol. The subso(iuent treatment of the ginger con-
sists of cvaporatiuf: off tbt> ether, extracting' tbo residue several times with
diflVrcut portions of iK'troleum spirit, filtering tbo solution, evai)orating again,
and extract inj: witb CO per cont alcohol. Tbo gingerol is then shaken out with
ether or »)isulphid of carl)on. using a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid to prevent
ptissible oinulsification.

Starch in table mustard, E. Collin (Ann. Falsif., 2 (1909), No. 7, pp. 206-
215. fi(js. 7). — A study of microscopical methods for nuistard to which starch
has been added.

Tests to distinguish between vanillin and coumarin, J. Kahn (Amer.
I>ru(i., 5.S U90S). .\<i. 1. p. 5: Schiniz. W'chnsclir. Chctn. u. Pharm., Ift (1909),
Ao. 30. p. 1,63; Phann. ZentraJhaUc. 50 (1909). So. J,.',, p. 916).— Three tests are
proposed, as follows: (1) An acpieous solution of vanillin gives a blue coloration
with ferric chlorid, changing to brown on boiling and to a white precipitate on
cooling; (2) on the addition of 1 cc. of sulphuric acid to 0.1 gm. of vanillin in
1 cc. of acetic acid a green-blue color is obtained; (3) 0.1 gm. of vanillin in
alcohol yields with 1 cc. of sulphuric acid a green coloration, which on heating
<-hauges to a wintered and finally to a violet. Coumarin does not give any ot
tbe above reactions.

Vanilla v. vanillin, M. Tiffkneau (Rev. Sci. [Paris], .J? (1909). II, No. 20,
pp. 622-626). — A description and discussion of these products from the various
view points.

[Detection of saccharin], F. A. Genth, Jr. (Amer. Jour. Pharm.., 81 (1909),
No. 11, pp. 536, 537). — The residue from the ethereal extract, when free from
salicylic acid, is talien up with 1 cc. of water, made slightly alkaline with
ammonia, and evaporated to dryness. Then a drop or so of M^ater and a piece
of sodium hydroxid are added, and the whole evaporated to dryness and gradu-
ally fused. After cooling 1 cc. of water is added to the mass, the greater por-
tion of the alkali is neutralized with hydrochloric acid, 1 to 2 drops of a 1 per
cent iron alum solution is added, and the remaining alkalinity neutralized
carefully. If saccharin is present a violet color is obtained.

An apparatus for detecting hydrofluoric acid in foods, H. Rosset (Ann.
Vhim. Analyt., 1', (1909). No. 10, pp. 365, 366, fig. J).— This consists of a lead
flask in which the fluorin (isolated as barium or calcium compounds) is placed
with 5 to 10 cc. of sulphuric acid. Upon the flask is a disk of glass which
serves as the surface to bo etched, and upon this is placed a metal condenser
so arranged that tbe water going through it acts as a cooling surface for the
glass disk. Two hours' heating on a hot plate are reciuired for the test.
Very small amounts of fluorin can be detected in this way.

Total solid determination in milk, F. Zillikens (Pharm. Ztg., 54 (1909),
No. 3.',, p. 336; abs. in Milchtc. Zentbh, 5 (1909), No. 7, pp. 317, 3/8).— The
following methods wex*e investigated : Fleischmann's formula, Hinard's method,
IJevis's method, and one in which 10 cc. of milk plus 5 to 6 drops of acetic acid
(1.5 per cent) is evaporated on the water bath oven to constant weight. The
method of Revis seemed to be the best on account of the rapid drying, its
results agreeing with those obtained by Fleischmann's formula. The ease
with which the dishes can be cleansed was also a factor in its favor.

The indirect determination of total solids in milk, D. Gikibaldo and A.
Peluffo (J/0Hi7. Sci.. ■',. ser., 23 (1909), II, No. 812, pp. .',89-1,99; abs. in Ztschr.
Angew. Chem., 22 (1909), No. 1,2, p. 2051,).— The formula is as follows where
E=the dry substance, D=the density, B=the fat: E=282 (D— 1)+1.19 B.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMLSTRY AGROTECHNY. 309

For the fat-free dry substance (P), therefore, P=282 (D— 1)+0.19 B. For
the percentage of fat in the dry substance (M) the formula is as follows:

ivi-»* 282+1. I9B

(D-l).

Fat content and specific gravity of milk solids, Witte (Ztschr. Untersuch.
Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18 (1909), No. 8, p. -'iS-'t). — The author made the observa-
tion that the fat content of the dry substance (p) stands in a definite relation
to the specific gravity of the milk-dry substance (m), thereby enabling the
direct calculation of the latter. A table is presented giving the specific gravity
corresponding to various percentages of fat, there being a decrease of 0.01 per
cent in the specific gravity for every increase of 1.1 per cent of fat. These
factors only apply to conditions in which the fat content is between 20 and 32
per cent, as outside of these limits the calculation must be made by the usual
method.

Hart's casein test, F. T. Siiutt [Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1909, pp. 192,
19S). — A comparison of this test (E. S. K., 19, p. 707) and the ordinary chem-
ical method gave the following results : Out of 7 samples Hart's test yielded
in 2 cases 0.1 per cent less than the chemical test, in 2 other cases 0.1 to 0.2
per cent less, and in the remaining 3 cases between 0.2 and 0.3 per cent less.

The nitrogen factor for casein, H. D. Richmond (Analyst, 33 (1908), No.
386, pp. 179-184; abs. in Molk. Ztg. [Hildesheim], 23 (1909), No. Jt2, p. 1191).—
After calculating the results to fat, ash, and aldehyde-free casein, the factor
6.39 was obtained. Comparing the Kjeldahl with the Dumas method, the
author concludes that the former furnishes the more accurate results.

[The relation between the protein and the aldehyde figure of milk], H. D.
Richmond (Anali/st. 33 (I'JOS), No. 385, pp. IL'f-UG; abs. in, Molk. Ztg.
[Hildesheim], 23 (1909), No. 42, p. 1191).— The author believes that the alde-
hyde figure can be employed as a rapid method for the determination of nitrog-
enous bodies in milk. According to his investigations the aldehyde figure
multiplied by 0.171 gives approximately the protein content of the milk, provid-
ing that strontium hydroxid is used in the titration. For woman's milk the
factor is 0.13G. The factor 0.171 is not applicable to milk preparations.

The sin-acid and sal method for the determination of fat in milk, K.
WiNDiscH (Milchw. Zentbl., 5 (1909). No. 8. pp. 3'/'/-3.52).— With fresh milk
both methods yielded good results, the difference seldom being over 0.1 per cent.
The results attained also agreed well with Gerber's sulphuric acid method,
except that with milks having a high fat content the alkali method differed
markedly in its results. Milks preserved for several weeks by potassium
bichromate did not give good results when tested with the sin-acid and sal
methods, and indicated that these methods are inapplicable for such milks.
The sulphuric acid method, on the contrary, yielded good results.

[The alcohol test with milk], A. Auzinger (Milchw. Zentbl., 5 (1909), Nos.
7. pp. 293-31.'); 8, pp. 352-310; 9, pp. 393-^11) .—The author concludes that the
alcohol reaction with fresh milk is not dependent upon the amount of acid pres-
ent but is probably caused by a transference of the calcium in its relation to the
protein substances. This, however, does not apply to colostrum. It is thought
that the positive test occurs much more frequently than indicated by Henkel.
The alcohol test combined with the leucocyte test, Koning catalase test, and
the Schardinger reaction is considered a good means for the hygienic control
of milk.

On Jaffe's colorimeter method for the estimation of creatinin, A. C. Chap-
man (Analyst, 34 (1909), No. 4O-',, pp. 475-483; Chem. News, 100 (1909), No.
2602, p. 175). — Several suggestions are made for the satisfactory carrying out
of this method.

310 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

On the estimation of purin bases in urine. K. L. Kknnaway (Jour. Pfipsioh,
3'J iUXUi), \o. .'/. I)/}. .i'.Hi-SIO). — Accordin},' to the author's sunuiiary, " uric acid,
when treated by the Camerer-Arnstein method for the estimation of tlie total
purins of urine, loses nitrogen in the form of ammonia. The formation of
auniioiiia occurs when the precipitate of silver-magnesium urate is boiled.

" Till' jiurin l)as('S which were examined were foniid not to undergo this loss."

A simple, rapid, and accurate method for the determination of ammonia
and acetone in urine, It. W. Kino {Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 53 (l!)0!)). No. 21,
lilK HAS- 11)0. fifi. 1). — The author outlines a method for clinical purposes
which he considers satisfactory.

A method for the estimation of urea, allantoin, and amino acids in the
urine, Dorothy E. Lindsay (Bio-Chem. Jour., .) (1909), No. 9, pp. JfJ,8-Ji5-'f). —
A critical study of methods.

The chemistry of food fat in the intestinal tract, A. Rousselet {Jour.
PlKinn. cf ('him.. I!, scr.. 30 (1909). No. ,i, pp. (iO-tid). — An improved method of
extracting fat from feces, which insures the removal of the soaps, is described.
This is I)i-<)iiglit .-ibout by extraction with ether, treatment with alcohol con-
taining hydrochloric acid, and extracting again with ether. Comparative data
are reported.

The analysis of beeswax, H. Kyan (8ci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Sac, n. ser., 12
(1909), No. 21, pp. 210-215). — Samples of beeswax gathered from different
parts of the world showed a practically constant composition. The suggestion
of the author and Hehner to determine the purity of beeswax, or beeswax in
complex mixtures, by determining the molecular weight of the free acids and
assuming that the molecular weight of cerotic acid is higher than any others
which may be ))resent in beeswax, is not found to hold good in every instance.
It is shown that l)y melting together Montana wax, the acids of which have a
higher molecular weight, and stearin, a wax could be obtained which furnishes
practically the same figures as beeswax and differs only in regard to the melt-
ing point.

A rapid method for detecting stearin and other glycerids in beeswax, A.
OsTROcovicii and Mile. S. Petrisor (Bui. Hoc. Sti. BiicKresii. IS {1909). No.
2-'h pp. 121-130; ubs. in Analyst, 3.'t (1909), No. J^OJf, p. 7,95).— This method is
based upon the fact that acrolein is produced by acting upon the liberated
glycerids with zinc chlorid and may be detected by means of Barbet and Jan-
drier's reagent, which is a 30 per cent solution of phloroglucinol in sulphuric
acid. With this method it is possible to detect the presence of 5 per cent of
stearin in beeswax, although such a mixture analyzed according to the usual
method will not show the adulteration.

The calorific value of beeswax, N. Sokolov (Zhur. Russ. Fiz. Khim. Obshch.,
37 (1905), /, No. 1, pp. S18-822: abs. in Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., J,l (1908), No.
6-7, p. Ul; Chem. Ccntbh, 1906, I, No. 5, p. 39// ) .—Beeswax from various
sources gives a constant in the neighborhood of 10.312 calories. This is due to
the fact that the calorific value of cerotic acid and palmitic acid myricylic
ester are almost alike. The caloric value of paraffin and ceresin, on the
other hand, is on the average 11,234 calories, and for every per cent of these
bodies added to beeswax the calorific value rises 9.2 calories.

The determination of the saponification number and the free-fatty acids
and neutral fats in dark fats and oils, C. Stiepel (Seifenfabrikant, 29 (1909),
pp. 509. 53.',: "bs. in Pliarni. ZentralhaUe, 50 (1909), No. 4',, p. 9i6).— This
method is l)ased on the fact that chlorid of barium takes down the coloring
matter during the formation of barium soap.

Tunis olive oils and the special reactions, R. Marcille (Ann. Falsif., 2
(1909), No. 7, pp. 224-230; ubs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, II, No. 13, p. 1084). —

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 311

Certain Tunis olivp oils give color icactions with furfurol liydrocbloric r.eid,
but these are different from those obtained with oils which contain minute
amounts of sesame oil, and further, these oils react to Bellier's test. Washing
the oils with sodium bicarbonate removes the reacting bodies. When ran-
cidity sets in the reaction also disappears.

The furfurol reaction for detecting' sesame oil, L. Durand {Ann. Falsif., 2
iJ!)09), No. 9, pp. 317-319). — The Villavecchia-Fabris reaction at times gives
erroneous results with certain Algerian olive oils. When modified as recom-
mended by Milliau and Marcille the results obtained are better.

New characteristic reaction of oil of sesame, P. Guarnieri (Staz. Sper, Agr.
Ital., Ji2 (1909), No. .',-6, pp. 387. 388).— Two or ,3 drops of a reagent consisting
of an ethereal solution of hydrogen peroxid are added to 1 cc. of the oil in
question and a double volume of nitric acid. Upon agitating the mixture
strongly for a few seconds and allowing a separation to take place, a green-
blue color indicates the presence of oil of sesame.

The thermal degree and the thennoleom,eter, M. Tortelli (Ga~. Chim. Ital.,
39 (1909). II, Ao. 1, pp. 71-100, figs. 2).— The thermal degree consists of an
accurate determination of the Maume figure with the author's thermoleometer.
The determination of this constant accurately is of particular value for detect-
ing adulterations in edible oils and fats, as each oil or fat, or a mixture of
them, has a different thermal degree. Olive oil, for instance, has a lower
thermal degree than any of its usual adulterants.

Tables are given which show the thermal degrees of the different animal and
vegetable oils and fats, and the ratio between these and the iodin number.

A new form of polarimeter for the measurement of the refractive index
of opaque bodies, W. F. Barrett (/SV/. Proc. Ron. Duhliii Soc. n. ser.. 12
(1909), No. 19, pp. 198-201, figs. 2). — This is a newly devised jKilarimeter which
can be employed for opaque liquids and solids which have an angle of ])olariza-
rioii lying between 4S and OS".

Standardizing' chemical apparatus at the Belgian measure and weight
bureau (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 22 (1909), No. 46, pp. 2235, 2236).— Directions
and requirements in regard to the standardization of chemical apparatus are
given.

Yearbook of chemistry, edited by R. Meyer et al. (Jahib. Chctii., 18 (1908),
pp. XII+.')87). — A report of the most important additions in pure and applied
chemistry during the year 1008.

Yearly report on agricultural chemistry, T. Dietrich (Jahresber. Agr.
Ghent.. 3. ser., 11 (1908), pp. XXXVI+656). — This is a report of the progress in
agricultural chemistry for the year 1908. It includes practically all the im-
portant advances in agricultural chemistry and the allied sciences.

Yearly report of the progress in the examination of foods for 1908, H.
Beckurts (Jahresber. Nahr. u. Genussnith. ]8 (1908). pp. 20'>). — This is a
compilation of the progress made in food chemistry and closely allied subjects
throughout the world for the year 1908. It includes a description and discus-
sion of the newer and modified methods for food analysis, a discussion of the
results obtained, and recommendations for the interpretation of results of the
analyses of the different food materials.

Report of the state dairy, food and oil commissioner of Wyoming' (Ann.
Rpt. Dairy, Food and Oil Comr. Wyo., 5 (1909), pp. 112, pis. 6). — This is the
fifth annual rejiort and is for the year ended October 1, 1909.

Report on the work of the Lille Municipal Laboratory during the year
1908, A. Bonn (Ann. Falsif., 2 (1909), No. 12, pp. -J^.O-./, J3).— Data are given
regarding the scope and extent of the analytical work carried on at this labora-
tory.

312 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Cane sugar and its manufacture, II. C. Prinskn Gekrlics (Manchester,
l!i(i!>. i>i>. XI+3i>0 + \\'I). — As stntiHl in the preface, the object of this work
is to fompile in one boolc everytliinf,' that is known about the chemistry and
tecimolofiy of sugar ciine and c:ine sugar manufacture. It is primarily for the
c-heniist and .-ivoids technical discussions of machinery, although describing
Die dilTcrent processes of manufacture. The nomciiclaturi' of Emil Fischer for
the dilTereiit carboliydrates is used throughout.

Conversion of sulphurous acid into sulphuric acid in sugar products,
SAiu..\Kn and Wkiikung (Abs. in Driit. /AickcrinduH., Jj (IDOU), \o. Jij, p.
8.>,3).— It is shown that sulphuric acid is jn-oduced during the manufacturing
process, and further, that the amount is dependent upon the amount of air ad-
mitted with the sulphurous-acid gas to the sugar solution.

Manufacture of corn starch and its by-products in the United States
(driiiv Ciril. '>■', (IDOU), So. 13, pp. 2'iO~2.',2. fin. I; <ih.s. in Chem. Ztf/., 33
{linn)). \o. 103, Repert., p. .'i'i(i). — A descrijitiou of the manufacture of these
products, with statistics indicating tlie amounts of these products, particularly
corn oil, which are exported to Euro])e.

The storage and shipping of honey, Weigert {Leipzig. Bicncn Ztg., 2Jf
(I!K)9), \<>. 8, pp. 120-122). — A description of practical methods for the storage
!Uid slii]inient of honey.

Calcium hypochlorite in cider making, H. Alliot and G. Gimel (Compt.
Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 1J,<) (1909), So. 12, pp. 532-534).— A series of experi-
ments from 1905 to 1909 indicated that calcium hypochlorite can be employed
to advantage in cider making. It is of particular value when the apples are
dirty, as the preliminary washing of such apples in hypochlorite solution pre-
vents-abnormal fermentation of the must. Calcium hypochlorite also has a
favorable effect upon the ultimate clarification of the beverage, particularly
as it brings about a rapid deposition of the pectic substances and a coagulation
of some of the other bodies, and further is decidedly fungicidal toward malfei--
ments. When pure yeasts are used it is of exceptional value in the conserva-
tion of the purity of the yeast. The amounts of calcium hypochlorite employed
do not increase the mineral constituents materially.

Chemical changes affecting quality of canned goods, E. W. Duckwall
(Canner and Dried Fruit Paelcer, 29 (1909), No. 21, pp. 2',, 26, 27).— A pop-
ular article on the chemistry of canned goods.

Sterilizing by intermittent processing, E. W. Duckwall (Canner and Dried
Fruit I'aeker, 29 (1909), So. IT, pp. 2^, 26-28).— A theoretical and practical
discussion of this method of processing.

Oil production at the Frencli a,nd Italian Riviera, J. Slaus-Kantschieder
(Ztsehr. Landn-. Verfiuehsw. Osterr., 12 (1909), No. 7, j)p. 561-585, fig. 1).—
This is a discussion in regard to the production of olive oil in these localities.
Reference is made to the methods of producing the oil and there is a very gen-
eral description of the machinery.

About the processes of leather formation, W. Fahrion (Ztsehr. Angew.
Chem., 22 (1909), Nos. .',3, pp. 2083-2091; /,/,, pp. 2135-21U; 45, pp. 2187-219',).—
A consideration of the various chemical processes which occur in the conversion
of hide into leather.

METEOROLOGY— WATER.

Meteorology. — Part I, Statical meteorology. A. Klossovskii (Meteorol-
ogltiga. Clidst I. stallehcxkaiid Mctcoroloi/hiija. Odessa, 1908. pp. XI-\-6Ji2, pis.
9. figs. 197; rev. in Mitt. Justus Perthes' Ccogr. Anst., 55 (1909), No. 1, Lit.
Ber., pp. 17-19; Nature [London], 81 (1909), No. 2080, pp. 303, 30//).— The com-

METEOROLOGY WATER. 313

plete treatise, of which tliis is part 1, will be in four parts. The reviewer in
Nature considers this first volume very complete and up-to-date. He states
that " in no other treatise are the questions relating to underground tempera-
ture expoimded in so complete a manner. The discussion of the results of the
author's observations on the temperature at different depths in soil covered
with grass and otherwise is especially noteworthy."

The titles of the chapters in this volume are as follows : Composition of the
atmosphere, physical properties, water in the atmosphere, the oceans, solar
radiation, terrestrial radiation, earth temperature, increase of heat with depth,
ocean temperatures, tempei-ature of the lower strata of the atmosphere, at-
mospheric pressure, formation of hydrometeors, temperature and pressure in
the upper atmosphere, [and] abnormal departures.

The correlation of climatic variations, H. Arctowski { L' E nchainement dcs
Variations Cliinatitjiics. Briis.'^eJs, J'JOO, pp. 13'), Jigs. 6.2 ; rev. in Science, n. ser.,
31 (1010), Xo. 78'/, pp. 25, 26). — ^This is a memoir based on a review of mean
annual temperatures, 189] to 1900, for the northern hemisphere. The varia-
tions are illustrated by means of charts for each year showing the geographical
distribution of annual departures from normal temperatures (10 years). On
these maps areas of positive departures are called thermoi)leions or simply
pleions and negative areas antipleions. The pleions and antii)lelons are bounded
by what is designated the quasinormal line, while lines of equal positive and
negative departures are termed hypertherms and hypotherms.

In a review of this memoir in Science the author states:

" The pleions represent inflections of the isothermal lines toward the pole, or,
more properly speaking, toward the regions of colder climate.

" The antipleions, on the contrary, characterize a local abnormal descent of
the isotherms toward the equator.

" The maps of successive years, for the same country, ahd those of different
countries for the same year, show remarkable correlations in the distribution
of the departures.

"A pleion, in most cases, exists during several years, moving from place to
place. When one compares the different maps, and especially those of Euro-
pean and Asiatic Russia, one is led to believe that the pleions are produced by
immense waves intercrossing. It seems that for the whole world the years are
either too wai*m or too cold following the predominance of pleions or anti-
pleions. For example, the year 1893 was exceptionally cold, 1900 on the con-
trary was too warm. The temperature of the earths atmosphere was at least
one-half a. degree Centigrade higher during the year 1900 than during 189.3. It
is a notable fact that neither the Alps, the Caucasus, nor the Rocky Mountains
form barriers, not even the Himalayas interrupt the progress of a pleion or an
antipleiou. This demonstrates the fact that the thermopleions and antipleions
are products of temporary alterations of the general circulation of our atmos-
phere."

The utilization of these correlations as a basis for weather prediction and for
developing methods for further investigation is briefly discussed.

Extreme winters and summers (Rev. Sci. [Paris], Jfl (1909), II, No. 16,
pp. 500, 501). — An attempt is made to show a certain periodicity in the occur-
rence of extreme winter and summer temperatures and to trace a relationship
between such seasons and certain solar activities.

On Lockyer's 35-year period in the solar activity, C. Easton (K. Akad.
Wetensclt. Amsterdam, Proc. Sect. Sci., 11 (1908-9), pt. 2, pp. 8/,2-S-!t7, pi. 1).—
Evidence is adduced to show " that Lockyer's opinion, according to which a
35-year period should be traceable in the materials now at hand, is untenable,"

314 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The appearance and return of cold waves, E. Lkss (Landtc. Jahrh., 38
{I'.mn. i:n;,iii:uii!/sh. .',. /»/(. }0.>-//;?,3. /iys. J,). — Various types are charted and
disfUssiMl.

Variations in climate, 10. liuik-KNKR (Mitt. Dent. Landw. GcselL, 2.'f (100!)),
\(>. .17, /III. .'>.'>ii-'>tll ). — Viirialions in toniijerature jiml rainfall for the northern
lu'iiiisiilifrc, i>iit esitec-ially for (Jerniany. lor loiii,' periods of years are Kiven
and discussed, and a i-ertain periodieily in rainfall and correlation between
rrop yields and cliniatic variations in the (Jerniau Knipire are shown.

Local temperature forecasting- by differences in temperature between
Mount Royal and McGill College Observatory, ('. II. McLeoo and II. '1'.
liAK.NKs {I'roi: and Trans. Rot/. Sov. Canada, 3. set:, 2 (1008), Sect. Ill, pi).
157-162, fiiiH. ^).— This is a continuation of studies (E. S. II., 20, p. 513) which
have shown that the difference in temperature between tlie high level and low
level stations furnishes a satisfactory means of predicting temperature condi-
tions at the low-level station a day in advance. This is l)ase(l upon the fact,
which seems to be well established, " that the comparatively low regions of the
ujiper atmosphere show advance changes over those at the earth's surface,
whereas above the inversion layer there appears to be a lag." Examples of the
successful ai)plication of the method are given.

The prediction of periods of good weather {Bui. Internat. Bur. Cent. Met.
France, 50 H<)09), No. 223, pp. J,; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], J,7 (1909), II, No.
20, p. 627). — The inauguration of the pi'actice of making such predictions by
the French and English meteorological services is referred to.

Observations on air currents by means of pilot balloons, R. Bornstein
{Landtc. •lalirb.. 3S ilUO'.)). Knjiinznnfjsh. ,7, f)p. 3'.>5-'iO'i, fif/s. 6). — A series of
observations is rejiorted and charted.

Deficient humidity of the atmosphere — II, Comparisons of various forms
of hygrometers, T. A. Starkey and H. T. Barnes (Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc.
Canada, 3. scr., 2 (1908), Sect. Ill, pp. 187-193). — In continuation of previous
investigations (E. S. R., 19, p. 414) a study was made of the pi-ecise conditions
under which the wet and dry bulb instrument gives accui'ate readings or deduc-
tions. It is shown that "the instrument can be manipulated so as to give faii'ly
approximate results, but hitherto no conditions have been attached to its use;
the well known tables of (Jlaisher have always been taken as correct and
sullicient without further data, but [it is shown that] results may be obtained
differing widely in their nature by simply altering the conditions of the instru-
ment, and of the currents of air around it, etc."

Atmospheric electricity, E. Thomson (Science, n. scr., 30 (1909), No. 781,
pp. 857-809). — An important feature of this paper is a discussion of the nature
and origin of electrical storms or disturbances in the atmosphere, including a
consideration of lightning flashes or strokes and their control.

Annual report of the director of the [Philippine] Weather Bureau for
the year 1907 (Ann. lipt. [I'hilipptnc] Weather Btir., 1907, pt. 1, pp. 153).—
A record of hourly meteorological observations at the Manila Central Observa-
tory during the year.

Meteorological observations (Ann. Statis. Citij ToXio. 6 (1909), pp. 1-15). —
Observations on temjierature, pressure, precipitation, humidity, and wind made
at Tokyo since 1.SS2 are summarized in tabular form.

Meteorology [of British Guiana], A. W. Bartlett (Hattdhook Brit. Guiana,
1909, pp. 91-100). — A sununary is given of observations for varying periods of
years on pressure, temperature, rainfall, humidity, sunshine, and wind, at the
Botanic Gardens, (ieorgetown, and other places in British Guiana.

It is stated that the climate of this region compares very favorably with that
of most tropical countries. The mean annual temperature, 1899 to 1908, was

METEOROLOGY WATER. 315

about SO" F. and varies very slightly throiighont the year. The mean annual
rainfall, ISSO to 1908. was 92.84 in. The year is roughly divided into 2 wet and
2 dry seasons, a long wet season beginning about the middle of April and last-
ing until the beginning of August and a short wet season covering a part of
November, December, and January. The nights are cool enough to be pleasant
but are not subject to a great fall of temperature.

Roumanian agricultural climatography, W. Prager {Rumdnien's Land-
v-irtschafUk-he KUmutographie. IlaUc, 1909, pp. XV+203, pis. 7, chart 1). —
This book, which is intended to aid in the improvement of Roumanian agricul-
ture l)y diffusing a better knowledge of the relation of climate to crops, describes
in detail the physiographic and climatic features of 3 typical districts, namely,
the mountains, the foothills, and the plains, and discusses the selection and
culture of crops with reference to the climatic conditions.

Attention is given especially to the climatic conditions of the plains, which
constitute the great crop-producing area of the country, and which are subject
to disastrous droughts. In opposition to Hepites' contention that the climate
of Roumania has not undergone any change the author maintains that the
rainfall has diminished as a result of the removal of forests. As a remedy
for the unfavorable conditions he recommends reforesting and irrigation with
the use of methods of culture specially designed to conserve the soil moisture.

Evaporation in Egjrpt and the Sudan, B. F. E. Keeling (Survey Dept..
Egypt, Paper No. 15, pp. 29, pi. 1). — " The present report is an attempt to sum-
marize the present knowledge of the rate of evaporation from water surfaces
in Egypt. The first section describes the results of a series of comparisons
which have been made at Helwau Observatory between several types of evapo-
rinieter which have been used in Egypt from time to time. Afterwards, a sum-
mary is given of the rates of evaporation which have been observed at the
second-order meteorological stations in the Nile Valley. In the third section
an attempt is made to evaluate the rate of evaporation from the Aswan Reser-
voir and other natural water surfaces in Egypt, and the results are given of
some measurements which have been made of the rate of evaporation from the
Nile in the neighborhood of Cairo. In the last section some remarks are made
on the relation of the evaporation to the other meteorological factors, and the
diurnal variation of the evaporation is described. The evaporation from the
cultivated land is not treated, as up to the present few or no reliable experi-
ments have been made."

The rains of the Nile Basin and the Nile flood of 1907, H. G. Lyons (Sur-
rey Dept., Egypt, Paper No. 9, pp. 60, pis. 8, fig. 1). — The detailed data which
are given show that the flood of 1907 was deficient as compared with that of
1906, and an attempt is made to explain the variation in flood volume with a
view to early pretliction of the probable abundance or deficiency of the water
supply for summer crops. The importance of more complete information as to
the monsoon and winter rains of Abyssinia in relation to such prediction is
pointed out.

Rainfall in Italy (Ann. Uffic. Cent. Met. e Geod. Ital., 25, pt. 1; abs. in
Nature [L-ndon], 80 (1909), No. 2059, p. i92).— Rainfall data for 26 years.
1880 to 1905. obtained at 215 of the 700 rainfall stations of the Italian meteoro-
logical service are summarized in this report.

The shortest period dealt with in any case is 15 years. The largest annual
rainfall reported was 90 in. at Gemona. near the Austrian frontier, the smallest
18.6 in. at Foggia. Wide seasonal variations in different parts of Italy are
recorded, the maximum rainfall occurring in midsummer in the extreme north
and in midwinter in Sicily. On the northern plains and in the northern half
of the country in general two maxima, in May and October or November, occur.

316 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

In tho southern half of the iieiunsnla the principal iiiMxinimn ofcurs in October
and secondary maxima in January and April,

The fertilizing value of rain and snow, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms
/?/)/,s'. I'.KHi. lip. Ji)0-ni2). — This is a continuation of investigations referred to
in the last report of the station (E. S. K.. 21, p. 308) and includes data regard-
inj; the amount and nitrojien content of precipitation durinj: tlie year ended
P>bruary 2S, litOi),

It is shown that the rain and snow at Ottawa during' this period amounted to
32,U3 in. of water containing S.3(J4 lbs. per acre of nitrogen as comi)ared with
37.35 in. of precipitation containing 4.323 lbs. of nitrogen per acre the previous
year. Of the total amount of nitrogen 84 per cent was in the form of free and
alburninoid ammonia, and 16 per cent as nitrates and nitrites. It is estimated
that 0<) per cent of the nitrogen was furnished by the rain.

The rain falling in September. October, and November was particularly rich
in ammonia. This is attributed to the fact that a very severe drought prevailed
during August, September, and the first 3 weeeks of October, and to the bush
fires which prevailed during this period. Another cause of irregularity in the
nitrogen content of rain and snow was the high winds that prevailed from time
to time immediately before or during the early part of a rain, when the surface
soil was dry.

"As such usually occur after a period of longer or shorter drought, when the
surface of the cultivated fields is dry and loose, the air is filled with particles
of organic matter, manure, and debris of various kinds. Naturally the rain
falling through such an atmosphere has its nitrogen content very greatly in-
creased. Unfortunately there seems to be no plan or method whereby this
source of error can be eliminated or avoided, and it is quite possible that a
part of the larger amount of nitrogen, recorded for the past year, is due to the
greater frequency of such winds during periods of dryness last summer,"

The average composition of the snow was very nearly the same as that of the
preceding winter.

Water systems, L, AV. Chase (Ann. Rpt. Nebr. Bd. Agr., 1909, pp. 353-362).—
The sources of water supply used in Nebraska are described and the advantage
and methods of securing betti-r water systems in rural homes are discussed.

Well waters from farm homesteads, F. T. Shtjtt {Canada Ejpt. Farms
Rpts. 1909, J)]}. 193-197 ).^'rhe results of examinations of 96 samples of water
from different parts of Canada are reported. Of these, 26 w-ere adjudged as
pure and wholesome, 32 as suspicious and probably dangerous, 26 as seriously
polluted, and 12 as saline.

In presenting these results the author, as in previous years, lays special
emphasis upon " the importance of pure water and the danger that lurks in
the barnyui'd well." It is stated as a result of 20 years' investigation that it
is q\]ite exceptional to find a water from a shallow well free from pollution.

The Charlottenburg sewage field and its industrial importance, Geissler
(Crndts. Ingen., 32 (1909), No. J,.',, pp. 738-742).— This farm is described and
its cost of operation and efficiency as compared wuth other sewage farms in
Germany are discussed.

Of the total area of about 2,181 acres included in this farm, 659 acres are
under irrigation. The average daily amount of sewage used on this area during
periods when no rain falls is 30,000 cubic meters. This is increased to 60,000
cubic meters at times of heavy rainfall. In 1907, 11,170,00 cubic meters
of sewage W'as disposed of. The raw sew-age as applied contains on an
average per liter 750 mg. of suspended matter, 1,330 mg. of dissolved matter,
60.5 mg. of nitrogen of which 50.2 mg. is organic nitrogen and 10.3 mg. ammo-
niacal nitrogen, and 270 mg. of chloriu. The potassium permanganate con-

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 3 17

sumption is 220 mg. per liter. The sewage is used for tlie irrigation of grass,
beets, potatoes, and garden vegetables. The running expense of the farm in
1907 was 4 cents per head of population served.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Soils, P. Vageleb {Bodenkunde. Leipsic, 1909, pp. ll.'f). — This is a brief
simple presentation of the more important facts relating to the agricultural
classification, origin and formation, physics, chemistry, and biology of soils.

General soil and plant culture, M. Hoffmann (JaJtrcsber. Landw., 23
(1908), pp. 1-96, figs. 2). — This is a review, similar to those of previous years,
of investigations during 1908 on weather and water; chemistry, physics, and
biology of soils; fertilizers; and fertilizing. The review is made up of plain
concise statements of the essential facts of practical value developed in the
different investigations, but the statements and references are sufficiently
explicit to be of value to investigators.

Keport of the work of the Vienna Agricultural Experiment Station for
the year 1908, W. Bersch (Ztsehr. MoorkuUur u. Torfvcrweri., 7 {1909), No.
2, lip. 55-12; (lbs. in Chem. Ahs., 3 {1909), No. 23, p. 2.S//S).— Summaries of the
results of investigations by Wilk on the absorptive capacity of peat litter
(E. S. R., 21, p. 225), and by Miklauz on the effect of alkalis and mineral acids
on the humus compounds of peat (E. S. R., 21, p. 220) form a part of this
review of the work of the year.

The present status of soil bacteriolog'y, H. Fischer {Jahresber. Ver. Angeic.
Bot., 6 {1908), pp. 31-J,(}, Xr, XVI; abs. in Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.^, 2. Abt., 25
(1909), No. 10-13, pp. 315, 316).— A review with a bibliography.

The organisms of the soil, E. H. L. Schwarz {Sci. Prog. Twentieth Cent.,
4 (1909), No. 13, pp. 150-160). — This is a summary of the more important facts
brought out by investigations in recent years on algse, molds, fungi, bacteria,
and myxomycetes which take part in soil formation, decomposition of soil con-
stituents in general, and especially the transformation of nitrogen compounds
of the soil and the symbiotic and nonsymbiotic fixation of nitrogen.

Bacterial population of samples of soils from the Far North (City of
Obdorsk and Yamal Peninsula), S. Severin (Vyestmk Bakt. Aghron. Stantzil
V. K. Fen-ein, 1909, No. 15, pp. 116-128; Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 25 (1909),
No. 19-25, pp. JflO-Jfl9). — Examinations of 6 soils from northern Siberia are
reported, showing wide variations in the bacterial content.

The bacterial content appeared to depend directly upon the amount of
organic matter in the soil. The largest numbers of organisms were found in a
garden soil and in the soil of a high tundra. These soils were also rich in
molds. The garden soil contained mainly micro-organisms which peptonized
gelatin, but it also contained nitrifying and denitrifying organisms. In samples
of soil from a street in Obdorsk bacteria were found which energetically
oxidized nitrous to nitric acid but none which oxidized ammonia to nitric acid
or which completely decomposed the nitrates. Denitrification to the extent of
reducing nitric to nitrous acid was observed in all of the soils.

Weathering of rocks under the influence of humus substances, A. Niki-
forov (Zhiir. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. .Jour. Expt. Landw.), 9 (1908), No. 3, pp.
362-386; abs. in CJiem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 23, p. 28^7; ZentU. Agr. Chem.,
38 (1909), No. 11, p. 778). — Examinations of rocks which had undergone
weathering in moors showed that under the influence of free humus acids a
yellowish-white coating had been formed on the rocks from which nearly all
the bases had to a large extent been leached out. There was, however, in
some cases a relative increase in potash over that found in the unweathered

318 KXPKHIMEXT STATION RECORD.

:«)(•!<, roKiiUiii;: rmm :i lucn- i ind (lisappc rnii-c of llic otlior bases. This
potash was foiiiiil to bo less solubli' in liyilrocliloric acid than that in the un-
weatheivd fot-iv. Tliere was a muc-li lai-f,'er jx'i-centa;;*' of silicic acid in the
weathered material than in tlic unweathered rock.

The results indicate that the lower the aluuiimim content of the rocU-forni-
inj; minerals the fxroater their solubility.

The author is of the opinion that the formation of kaolin takes place to only
a slijjht extent in the presence of humus acids. In the weathering of podzol
soils tlie same kind of chan^'os ^o on in the silicates as in moor soils. He sug-
gests that tlie formation of liardpan in such soils is due to the leaching down
of the liumus acids into the lower layers of the soil, where they are neutralized
l)y the bases j)resent.

Sinular changes in silicates, due to the action of humus acids, occur in black
soils, but in such soils the action of the acids in forming difficultly soluble
compounds is masked by the presence of easily soluble salts in the surface soil.

It was found that in calcareous soils the lower layers of the soil were en-
riched in bases at the expense of the upper layers.

Investigations on the decomposition of various green manuring plants in
the soil, (). Le.mmeumann. A. Tazknko, and 11. Fischer (Ldiidir. Jahrh., SH
ilHO!)). Eniimzungab. 5, pp. 10J-1J6; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 25
(1909). No. 10-13, pp. 317, 318). — Pot experiments with serradella, rape, beans,
vetches, and lupines with and without the addition of straw, superphosphate,
and calcium carbonate are reported.

The results showed that in most cases there was no loss of free nitrogen 3^
months after tlie green manures had been turned under, although nitrogen had
evidently been lost in the form of ammonia. AVith lupines, rape, and beans
much less nitrogen Ix'came soluble in water than with vetches and serradella.
The greater the proportion of crude fiber in the green manuring plants the
smaller the amount of nitrogen rendered soluble. The addition of straw,
superphosphate, or calcium carbonate exerted no important influence on the
loss of nitrogen. The addition of straw, however, reduced the amount of
nitrogen rendered soluble.

In vegetation exi)eriments the green manuring plants had very little effect.
T'nder the conditions of the experiments the crude fiber exerted a beneficial
influence on the action of the green manures. During an experimental period
of 28 days there was very little difference in the decomposition of the carbo-
hydrates of the various green manuring plants.

Nitrification from the biological side, I. A. Makrinov (Vyestmk Bakt.
Af/hron. !:itantzil V. K. Fcrrcin, I'JOH, Xo. l.'/. pp. 132-119; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn.
Af/ron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Lattdtc), 10 (1909), No. 3, pp. 1,27, 428).— From an
extended review of the literature of this subject the author concludes that :
(1) Organic matter in the form of humus, however abundant in the soil, does
not injuriously affect nitrification, but is rather favorable to it. (2) At the
same time this abundance of organic matter is not a necessary condition, be-
cause soils poor in humus can in the course of time produce intense nitrifica-
tion. (3) Humic substances, apparently, act favorably on the multiplication of
organisms ; and in general, the more the soil is provided with active organisms
and the more it is capable of carrying on a rapid nitrification the more humus
it contains.

The author's own investigations also relate to the significance of organic
matter in the process of nitrification. With the aid of gelatinous silica obtained
by dialysis in jiarchment tubes, a nitrous micro-organism was separated from
two soils (one alkaline). This micro-organism is l.S fi long and 1.3 fi wide,
consequently is somewhat smaller than the St. Petersburg micro-organism of

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 319

Omelianski, which it greatly resembles in all other morphological properties.
Cultures were made on the magnesia-gypsum disks of Omelianski and magnesia
disks of Perotti. As a substratum Omelianski's solution of salts with the
addition of varying quantities of extracts from dry leaves was used, and
ammonia was added in the form of the slightly soluble ammonium-magnesium
phosphate (NH* Mg PO4).

The results of this preliminary work are summed up as follows: (1) Organic
matter in the form of soil, or of extracts from dry leaves or soil, exerted a
favorable influence on the growth of the nitrous organism on a solid substra-
tum, but an unfavorable influence in a liquid. (2) An increase of the precentage
content of carbonate of magnesia also exerted a favorable influence on the
growth of the nitrous organism. (3) Pure magnesium carbonate appeared to
be a very suitable substratum for the growth of the organism.

On the decomposition of nitrates by bacteria, II, S. Severin {Vycstnlk
Bakt. Aghron. Htantzil V. K. Fcrraii, 190S. No. ./.}, pp. I.'i-.'i2). — The investiga-
tion reported was a continuation of earlier work by the author (E. S. R., 21,
p. 22) and dealt with 2 organisms, Bacillus pyocyancus and Vibrio denitriflcans,
the latter discovered by the author. The former report described a study of
these organisms in an artificial nutritive medium of a meat-peptone bouillon,
under aerobic conditions; the present report deals with studies of their life
activity under anaerobic conditions, and also with their denitrifying power in
the soil.

The author gives data on the denitrifying activity of the organisms In nitrate
bouillon in an atmosphere of hydrogen and carbon dioxid. The denitrifying
process was found to be more energetic in an atmosphere of hydrogen than
under aerobic conditions. Carbon dioxid lowers considerably the activity of
the organisms, especially of T'. denitriftcans, but even in the latter case this
activity is still quite energetic. In the opinion of the author these organisms
as well as all denitrifiers, which decompose nitrates to free nitrogen, are aerobic
in their nature, but the denitrifying process excited by them is an anaerobic
process to a greater or less extent. For this reason there must be in the soil,
when well aerated by cultivation, an energetic multiplication of the denitrifiers,
but a feeble exercise of their denitrifying function, and conversely, in a soil
compacted and poorly aerated there must be a feeble multiplication of the
denitrifiers, but increased denitrifying activity.

The author describes studies of the life activity of the 2 organisms in 17
samples of most diverse soils. It appears that the energy of multiplication of
the organisms in the soil depends directly upon the proportion of nutritive
substances in the soil. The more fertile the soil the greater the multiplication
of the denitrifying organisms. B. pyocyaiieus is the more energetic organism
and develops comparatively well even in poor soils; on the other hand, V.
denitrificans being less active multiplies only in good soils. The introduction
of manure and straw into the soil apparently intensified the life activity of
B. pyocyancus. both as regards its multiplication and its denitrifying power, but
did not seem to affect appreciably V. denitrificans.

On the decomposition of nitrates by bacteria. III, S. Severin ( Vyestmk
Bakt. Aghron. Stantzii V. K. Fcrrcin, 1909, Xo. 15, pp. 37-53; Centbl. Bakt.
[e*c.], 2. At)t., 25 {1909), No. 19-25, pp. 47 9-Jf92).— The author here reports a
continuation of the above studies.

In unfertilized clay soil these organisms in pure cultures produced almost no
denitrification, but when fertilizers were added denitrification not infrequently
became very marked. In chernozem soils the organisms produced no denitrifica-
tion whether fertilizers were added or not. When the soils were heavily
manured both organisms developed abundantly in the soil, but only one, B.

320 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

lil/oci/iiiKiis. iinuluciHl M slijilit (IcnitriticMtioii. When the chernozem soil was
sterilized, however, and inoculated with the or>janisni and with soil extract
containing various other organisms, denitritication was quite marked, especially
when fertilizers were added, and the soil nitrates were completely decomposed
when straw was added to the extent of 4 per cent of the soil.

Experiment in inoculation of an old cultivated soil with nitrogen bacteria,
N. X. ISlandov ( \!icsttilh- Hakt. AyUion. Htanlzil V. K. Ferreln, 1907, No. 13, pp.
lJf-16). — On one plat clover soaked with the culture was sown and on another
clover not so treated. Oats were used as a cover crop in both cases. The first
year no mark"d difference in the yield of clover was observed, but the next year
the yi(>l(l li-oin the treated seed exceeded by 50 per cent that from the untreated
seed.

Tubercle bacteria and clover sickness, L. Budinov {Vyestnlh Bakt. Aghron.
Stantzil V. K. Fcrrein, 1907, No. IS, pp. 17-109, dgms. 10).— On the basis of
several years' observations on the subject the author describes in detail the
characteristics of clover from clover-sick soil as compared with that grown on
normal soil.

Apparently the most characteristic difference was found in the rate of
development of the root tubercles, and the author concludes that clover sick-
ness is due to a weakening of the virulence of Bacillus radicicola in conse-
quence of which the organisms are unable sufflciently to infect the root system
of the clover plant and form the necessaiy tubercles. As a result the plant
is unable to fix atmospheric nitrogen with sufficient energy to develop normally.

The beneficial effect of applying phosphatic and potash fertilizers to clover-
sick land is ascribed not only to the favorable action of the fertilizers on the
plant host but also to their action in increasing the life activity of the nitrogen-
fixing organisms.

Importance of physical studies of the soil, R. Roche {Bui. Inst. Egyptien,
5. ser., 2 {1908), No. 1, pp. Jt7-5.'t).—A. general discussion of this subject.

The proportion of mineral constituents in granitic soils, C. Pekret {Prog.
Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Ccntre), 30 {1909), Nos. J,9, pp. 691-693; 50, pp. 728-
732). — This paper is based upon a 9 years' study of the granitic rocks and
soils of the Forez Mountain region of Saint-Bonnet-le-Chateau, Loire.

As a result of this study the author maintains, contrary to the general con-
clusion reached by Risler that granitic soils are rich in potash and poor in
phosphoric acid, that the granitic soils in question are rich in both total and
assimilable phosphoric acid, and in many cases are benefited by the application
of potash fertilizers.

The mineral composition of the rocks and the physical and chemical prop-
erties of the soils are discussed. Seventy per cent of the rocks of the region are
granitic, consisting essentially of quartz, feldspar, and black mica. There are,
however, variations of the type rocks with a corresponding variation in the
character of the soil resulting therefrom.

Examinations of 5 samples of typical soils are reported, showing fine earth
varying from 31 to 88.6 per cent, nitrogen in fine earth from 0.06 to 0.4 per cent,
total phosphoric acid from 0.12 to 0.79 per cent, assimilable phosphoric acid
from a trace to 0.36 per cent, total potash from 0.41 to 1.18 per cent, assimilable
potash from 0.007 to 0.04 per cent, and lime from 0.003 to 0.95 per cent.

Analyses of typical samples of the rocks from which the soils were formed
showed phosphoric acid varying from 0.19 per cent in gneiss to 0.56 per cent in
basalt.

The results show beyond question that these granitic soils are well supplied
with phosphoric acid as well as potash. Fertilizer experiments with various
crops indicated that the phosphoric acid was to a large extent readily assiiaila-

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 321

ble, while in many cases the potash was in very nnavailable form and the soils
responded to potash fertilizing.

Soils, F. T. Shiitt {Vanada Erpt. Farms Rpts. 190V, pp. iJi-i -5.9). —This
includes the results of further chemical studies of soils collected during an
agricultural tour of the Upper Columbia and eastern Kootenai districts of
British Columbia (E. S. R., 19, p. 920) ; the results of examinations of samples
of alkali soils from British Columbia and Ontario : further results of experi-
ments on the nitrogen enrichment of soils through the growth of legumes (E. S.
R., IS, p. 120) : and results of observations on the value of soil inoculation for
alfalfa.

Analyses of 12 samples of British Columbia soils are reported and discussed.
Five of the samples were from typical sagebrush country. The examination of
these soils showed :

"(1) That they are for the most part light chocolate, or brownish, sandy loams
of a loose, almost ash-lilve character. The sand grains ai'e chiefly very fine and
the projKjrtion of clay is <iuite small. They are soils that are extremely easy
to work, but careful management is necessary when irrigating to prevent the
cutting of deep channels and the washing away of the surface soil. There is
no strong color line of demarcation between the surface and the subsoil, the
former merging almost imperceptibly into the latter. As might be expected,
however, there is more humus, and consequently the soil is somewhat darker,
nearer the surface.

"(2) While the results of analysis do not show that uniformity in composi-
tion that characterizes many tracts of northwestern prairie soil, the evidences
from the chemical standpoint are strongly indicative of a common origin.

" Their nitrogen content is exceedingly good and much higher than might be
conjectured from their physical appearance. They are characterized by a large
percentage of lime, a further feature betokening fertility. The amounts of
potash present are also very satisfactory,

" The proportion of the mineral plant food constituents in available form is
worthy of special attention. Although the soils are not rich in total phosphoric
acid, the amount present that is more or less immediately assimilable is in all
cases, save one, far above the average. As already noted, the potash content
of the soils is excellent and the data denote a very large proportion of this store
to be immediately available. The figures for the available lime also are very
good, indicating undoubtedly a high degree of productiveness."

More or less complete examinations of several samples of alkali soils are
reported, with descriptions of the character of the alkali present.

Continuing observations on the experiments begun in 1905, it was found
that under continuous cropping with clover there was a decided increase in
nitrogen in a light sandy soil each year during 6 successive years.

The application of .300 lbs, per acre of soil from an alfalfa lield to land on
which alfalfa was being grown for the first time not only greatly increased the
yield over that obtained from inoculated soil, but resulted in a marked increase
in the protein content of the alfalfa obtained.

The soil conditions of the Mkatta steppe, P. Yageler {Tropenpftanzer, IS
(1909), No. 11, pp. 505-.511). — The results of a reconnoissance of this steppe
from the mouth of the Myombo to Tame, East Africa, are briefly summarized,
showing the general character of the soil, the weather conditions, and crop
possibilities (cotton, tobacco). Attention is called to the fact that the rainfall
is small and irregular and that irrigation is necessary for most crops.

Studies of the physical properties of the soils of Upper Egypt, R. Roche
[Bui. Inst. Egyptien, 5. ser., 2 {1908), No. 1, pp. 55-67). — The physical prop-

322 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

ertios with rcfiTiMuc to ichitivc fertility of 2 soil types of Upper Egypt (one
lifrlit. tlu' other heiivy) iire dcscrilx'd.

On a long'-period variation in the height of the ground water in the dunes
of Holland, E. Duhois (K. Akad. Wetcnsch. Amstenhnn, Proc. Sect. Sci., 11
{liHiS^iD. i>t. J. pp. (}Ti-6^l). — I'eriodlc- variations depeiuliuir upon rainfall are
described.

Improvement of peat soils and the chemical and physical composition of
such soils. IIitii;k {liiil. Soc. Xat. Agi: France. 69 (1900), No. 8, pp. 770-773).—
A brief acrount is f.'iven of tho inii)rovonK'nt of peat soils by drainage, burning
the loose surface material. f(>rtilizing with 44(5.28 lbs. of slag and 207.77 lbs. of
kainit per acre, and allowing the soil to be compacted by the trampling of
cattle. By this treatment the soil conditions were so improved that valuable'
pasture grasses replaced the coarser swlges and swamp plants. The original
soil contained 14 to 15 per cent of sand, 3 per cent of clay, 2 per cent of lime,
50 per cent of organic matter. 22 per cent of humus, and 2 per cent of nitrogen.

Ireland's bogs and moor lands: Their treatment for tillage, G. Ryce
{Fannci-.s' <l(iz.. (iS (1909). No. ',9. pp. 1059-1061, figs. 7).— The extent and
character of the Irish moor lauds and their reclamation and utilization for
agricultural purposes are discussed. It is shown that wnth proper drainage,
preparation, and fertilizing these lands can be made highly productive for a
variety of useful crops.

The manuring and improvement of moss land (Scot. Farmer, 17 {1909),
No. 884, p. 10Ji2). — An account is here given of an address by R. P. Wright
based upon the results of experiments made under the auspices of the West of
Scotland College of Agriculture. The result of 6 years' experiments showed
that the productiveness had been decidedly increased for the 6 years from one
application of basic slag and of slag and kainit.

Manuring of black fenland (Cambridf/e Univ., Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 6,
pp. -'/). — Experiments with mangolds and potatoes on several types of fen
soils to determine primarily how much superphosphate can be profitably used
on such soils are reported. The superphosphate was compared with basic slag
and was used alone and in combination with nitrogen and potash. The best
results were obtained with a heavy application (6 cwt. per acre) of super-
phosphate, and indicate that soluble phosphate is the most valuable form to
use on fenlauds. The addition of nitrate of soda with a smaller application of
superphosphate gave good results in the case of mangolds but was as a rule
luiprofitable in the case of potatoes.

Soil management, A. Keysee {Ann. Rpt. Nehr. Bd. Agr., 1909, pp. 167-
176). — The subject is discussed from the standpoint of management of the land
(1) to produce the maximum crop for the time being, and (2) to maintain its
])roductive capacity. The article deals especially with the conservation of soil
moisture, prevention of soil washing, and rotation of crops, the purpose being to
demonstrate that soil fertility may not only be maintained but also increased
by the use of means possible on every farm.

Plant food: Its sources, conservation, preparation and application, W. H.
BowKER {Boston, 1909, 2. ed., pp. 52). — This book discusses the fertilizer re-
quirements of plants, the essential elements of plant food, " bulk " in ferti-
lizers, chemically mixed v. dry mixed and home mixed fertilizers, the " yeast
of the soil " or soil bacteria, the comparative value of stable manure and com-
mercial fertilizers, intensive farming, the application of fertilizers (including
general directions for their use), specific directions for fertilizing different
crops, and commercial valuations of fertilizers.

Is liberal fertilizing likely to prove injurious? Clausen i fUiis. Landir.
Ztg., 29 {1909), No. 85, pp. 799, SOO).— Experimental data are reported to show

SOILS FEETILIZERS. 323

that when the fertilizing constituents, particularly phosphoric acid, are used
in excess of the actual needs of the crop or out of proportion to the other
fertilizing constittients an injurious effect may result.

The use of fertilizers in Spanish agriculture, A. A. de Ilera {Prog. Agr. y
Pecuario, J.J (IVOO), Xos. (i',5, pi). 51-'i-5l6; 6'i6, pp. 590-59.5, charts 3; 6^7,
pp. 606-608). — Statistics are presented of the consumption of the more im-
portant fertilizing materials in different provinces of Spain, 1907-8. Charts
show the extent of use of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen. Data are also
given with reference to the cultivated area and the production of the principal
crops.

Alpine fertilizer experiments in Carinthia, 1907-8, H. Svoboda {Ztschr.
Land IV. Versiirhsw. Ostcrr.. 12 <1909). Xo. 10, pp. 697-712).— The results of a
large number of cooperative experiments on grass lands are summarized, and
show very profitable returns from the use of both stable manure and commer-
cial fertilizers on the thin soils of the Alpine meadows. The use of either
manure or commercial fertilizers doubled the yield of green forage and hay,
and a combination of manure and fertilizers increased the yield of green fodder
2i fold and of hay 3 fold.

The season and chemical fertilizers, R. Mares {Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie,
15 (1909), No. 22, pp. 509-513).— The effect of nitrogenous, phosphatic, and pot-
ash fertilizers on the growth of cereals on typical soils under the climatic con-
ditions of Algeria is discussed.

Method of preparation of nitrate of soda, for agricultural use, by means
of the nitrogen of the air and the sodium chlorid of sea water, R. Rinaghi
(Siaz. t^per. Agr. Ital., J,2 {1909), No. 7, pp. .'tl5-J,36, figs. 2; abs. in. Chem.
Zenthl., 1909, II, No. 15, p. 1281). — A patented process invented by the author
is described.

The apparatus used is as follows: (1) A Hoffman voltameter with a stopcock
at the base of the right branch; (2) an aspirator of 10 liters capacity; (3)
eight Grenet cells; (4) a high potential induction coil; (.5) a fiask with 3
tubes, the 2 side tubes connecting with the aspirator and the nitrous vapor
generator, and the middle tube, provided with a stopcock, being placed under
the discharge of the right branch of the voltameter; and (6) a tube of strong
glass provided with 8 platinum points soldered inside, and with stopcocks at the
extremities of the tube. Sea water is put into the voltameter and on passing
a continuous electric current through the water by connecting 2 of the Grenet
cells to the voltameter, chlorin collects at the anode and hydrogen and sodium
hydroxid at the cathode.

The sodium hydroxid is drawn from the right branch of the voltameter into
the flask described under (5) above. Electric sparks are passed through the
platinum points of the tube (6) by means of the induction coil and the other 6
Grenet cells, forming nitrous vapor which is made to pass into the flask contain-
ing the sodium hydroxid by opening the stopcocks of the tube and that of the
aspirator. A constant current of air and successive formations of nitrous vapor
being established, the sodium hydroxid is transformed into nitrate.

The mass that is formed in the flask is made up of sodium nitrate, traces of
nitrites, alkaline hypochlorites (sodium, potassium, and magnesium), chlorids,
and traces of calcium, but hypochlorites oxidize the greater part of the nitrite
to nitrate. The liquid is decanted off and the residue dried at a low heat.

The salt was found to contain 86.8 per cent of sodium nitrate, equal to 14.3
per cent of nitrogen. A theoretical calculation gives 16,022 horsepower hours
as the amount of power required to produce a metric ton of sodium nitrate by
this process. At 4 mills per horsepower hour the cost of a metric ton would
be $64.08.

28918— No. 4—10 3

324 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The present status of the manufacture of nitric acid from the air, F. Russ
(Ostcrr. Chriii. Ztii.. U (lil<)i>), ^<>- •-•-. l>n- -'"^ 2U.>) .—'\'\ni theory of the pro-
duction of nitric- ac-id by the oxidation of .-itmosplieric air under the action of
electrical discharges is brielly explained and the various processes which have
been devised to utilize this |)rinciple are referred to.

The agricultural value of dried superphosphate, M. de Molinari and O.
LiGOT (Ann. V,vmhloH.r, Ji> (IHOU), ^o. U, pih GG3-669, ;)/.s. 2).— In pot experi-
ments with oats grown on soil and sand, ordinary superphosphate containing
15.07 per cent of phosphoric acid s(»lul)ie in alkaline ammonium citrate was
compared with the same superphosphate dried at 105° C. and containing 17.34
per cent of phosphoric acid soluble in alkaline ammonium citrate when pre-
cipitated with annnoniiim nitromolybdate but only 4.22 per cent when precipi-
tated with magnesia mixture by the direct method.

The results in general confirmed those of previous experiments by the authors
and by Gregoire and Hendrick (E. S. R., 16, p. 32; 20, p. 726). They showed
that the drying of superphosphate at 165° C. increased the rate of assimilation
of the jihosphoric acid :ui<l indicated the accuracy of ordinary chemical meth-
ods (if deteniiiniiig the iiv;iil;ibility of piiosi)lioric iicid.

On the utilization of tricalcium phosphate by Cruciferae, C. Ravenna and
M. Zamokani (Staz. fe'pcr. Agr. ItaL, .',.1 {Um)), No. 7, />/*. 389-396) .—Two
series of pot experiments are described in which the plants used were mustard,
vetch, and oats, and the cultures were made in pure quartz sand. In the first
series the plants were watered weekly with a nutritive solution containing per
liter of water, monocalcium phosphate 0.25 gm., calcium nitrate 1 gm., potassium
chlorid 0.25 gm.. magnesium sulphate 0.25 gm., potassium nitrate 0.25 gm., and
ferric chlorid trace. In the second series pure tricalcium phosphate was mixed
with the sand at the rate of 3 gm. per kilogram of sand, and the plants were
watered with a solution corresponding to the one described above except that
the monocalcium i)hosphate was omitted.

Tables are given comparing the two series and the different plants, with
respect to the weight of the green plants, their weight in a dry state, the per-
centage of ash, the percentage of phosphoric acid in the ash, and the phosphoric
acid absorbed during cultivation. Six per cent more phosphoric acid was
absorbed by the mustard in the first series than in the second, but in the case
of vetch the increase was 24.3 per cent and with oats 43.1 per cent.

Kainit and silicate of potash, Clausen (Lanclw. WchnW. Schles. Hoist.,
59 {1909). Xos. J,7, pp. 801-80-'i; -'/S, pp. 821-823) .—Comparative tests of these
tv\'0 fertilizers by means of field and pot experiments with various crops, in-
cluding potatoes, buckwheat, peas, and clover, gave variable results but indi-
cated that in many cases kainit used in the ordinary way may prove positively
injurious. It is pointed out, however, that these injurious effects may be over-
come by proper use of the kainit in rotations of crops and that therefore the
results of these experiments should not be taken as bearing out Wein's con-
clusions (E. S. R.. 20, p. 822: 22, p. 24) as to the relative value of potash sili-
cate and other potash fertilizers.

Field experiments to test the action of silicate of potash (phonolite) and
humus silicic acid, L. Hiltner and F. Lang iPrakt. Bl. Pflanzenbau u. Schutz,
n. ser., 7 (1909). Nos. 10, pp. 126-132; 11, pp. 139-151, dgm. 1; abs. in Illus.
Landw. Ztg., 29 (1909), No. 86, pp. 811-812). — Field experiments with oats and
potatoes indicate that humus silicic acid has a very slight direct fertilizing
value, but that under certain conditions it may increase the action of fertilizing
constituents already in the soil or added in the form of fertilizers. The phono-
lite was shown to have a certain fertilizing effect, but much less than that of
ordinary potash salts.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 325

Phonolite as a fertilizer, M. Poi»p (Mitt. Deut. Landic. GeselL, 2ft (1909),
No. .'i9, pp. 72^-728). — The results of a series of plat experiments with oats,
comparing phonolite with kainit and 40 per cent potash salt, are reported, and
the conclusion is drawn that phonolite in the form of fine meal exerts a dis-
tinct fertilizing: effect on oats, which, however, is only 75 per cent of that pro-
duced hy e;isily soluhle potash salts. The use of the phonolite as a fertilizer
was less i)rofit:ible than that of the potash salts. Apparently the oats utilized
only the potash of the phonolite soluble in hydrochloric acid.

Fertilizing materials, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1909, pp.
159-166). — Analyses, with descriptive notes, are given of samples of fish scrap
from dogfisli reduction works, and of mucks, muds, marls, gypsum, wood ashes,
manure ashes, black muck ashes, c-ow manure, boiler scales, and flue dust.

Analyses of the dogfish fertilizer prei)ared at the government reduction woi'ks
at Shippegan, New Brunswick, showed 7.73 per cent of phosphoric acid and 8.78
per cent of nitrogen. This represents a considerable increase in phosphoric
acid iis compared with the i>roduct of previous years. There was also a notable
improvement as shown by the smaller amount of oil present, about 16 per cent
in inos as compared with 2". per cent the previous year.

Utilization as fertilizer of tomato-cannery refuse, P. Accomazzo (Riv. Agr.
[Parma], lo (1909). Ao. '/N. pp. 7-57, 7.>.s'). — Analysis of this refuse (dried to
7.5 per cent of water) showefl nitrogen 3.S5 ])er cent. i»liosphoric acid 1.31 per
cent, and potash 0.6 per cent. The author calculates that the wet refuse is
worth about 7 cts. i)er 100 Il)s. as fertilizer but considers that wherever i)ossible
it can l)e more profitably used for feeding cattle.

The utilization of nig-ht soil (Enfjrais, 2.', (1909), No. ^7, pp. 1306, IS07).—
The industrial advantages and disadvantages of incineration are discussed.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

A history of botany. 1860-1900. .T. K. Green [Oxford, 1909. pp. r,.',3).—
This is a continuation of Sachs" History of Botany, 1.530-1860, the English
edition of which appeared in 1800. The general lines of the previous work have
been followed, although greater effort has been made to show the trend of
thought in the different departments of botany, and the book may be con-
sidered an epitome of the botanical activity during the latter part of the nine-
teenth century. A conmiendable departure is an exhaustive bibliography of
the works referred to in the text.

Annual report of the Association for Applied Botany (Jahresber. Ver.
Angcxv. Bot., 6 (1908), pp. XLII+29',. pl.s. 2. pfjs. 7 I.— This is a report of the
meeting at Strasburg in August, 1008, and among the papers presented were
the following: Botany in the Agricultural Experiment Stations, by F. Muth ;
The Desirability of an Organization to Render Expert Decisions in Official
Matters, by L. Wittmack ; The Present Status of Soil Bacteriology, by H.
Fischer (see p. 317) : The Theories Concerning Smoke Injury and Some Reasons
for Their Nonagreement, by A. Wieler ; Summary of the Literature Relating
to Smoke In,iury During 1007. by A. Wieler: Potato Breeding Experiments and
Investigations, by Arnim-Schlagenthin (see p. 3.36) : Investigations on the In-
fluence of Seed Bed on the Amount and Uniformity of Germination, by
F. Muth (see p. 326) ; Some Diseases of Tropical Culture Plants, by C. Brick
(E. S. R.. 21, p. 744) ; and Notes on the Leaf Roll Disease of Potatoes, by
O. Appel (see p. 347).

Distribution and movements of desert plants, V. M. Spalding (Carnegie
Inst. Washington Pvb. 113, pp. F+/7/4, pis. 31). — An ecological study has been
made of the flora of the vicinity of the desert laboratory on Tumamoc Hill,

32fi EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

lu'iir Tucson. Ariz., and withiu the limits of tlie laboratory domain and tliat
part of the valley immediately adjacent 12 plant associations have been recoR-
nized and defined. Tliese naturally fall into 4 groups corresponding with the
main t()iu>t;rai)liical features of the area under observation.

The observations made in this area, supplemented by comi)aratl\e studies in
the Gila Valley and elsewhere, have led to the conclusion that soil properties
and aspect are of p:iramount importance in determining the local distribution
of desert plants. AVith regard to the former it has been learned that soil water
exercises a controlling influence, but that for certain species aeration and the
percentage of alkali salts are also important.

Peculiarities of structure and habits, correlated with water supply on the
one hand and temperature relations on the other, are exhibited by a large
percentage of plants of the laboratory domain, and these structures and habits
are lielieved to have determined and to be still determining the existence of
the species in places where they are now growing.

On the g'ermination of old and mutilated seeds, L. Macchiati {Bill. Soe.
Bot. Itah, 1!)08, No. 7-9, pp. L'ft-lol). — Experiments are reported on the germi-
nation of seeds of maize, barley, millet, chick-peas, and beans, in which old seeds
were contrasted with those of the crop of 1907.

At temperatures ranging from 9 to 17° C, with a daily temperature at 3 p. m.
of 12 to 16°, 18 per cent of maize, 51 of barley, 70 of millet, 22 of beans, and
23 of chick-peas germinated in 3 weeks when the seed was fresh, while of the
old seed only 7 per cent of maize, 5 of barley, and 12 of millet germinated.
None of the old leguminous seed sprouted and of the nongerminating seed the
legumes were the first to rot. Where the temperature was increased to 20 to
24° the fresh seed gave the following germinations: 86 per cent of millet, 96 of
maize, 100 of barley and beans, and 97 of chick-peas, while the old seed did not
show any considerable increase.

In studying the effect of mutilation on germination it was found that one or
both cotyledons of the leguminous seeds and one-half to two-thirds of the
endosperm of grains could be removed without preventing the germination of
the seeds when placed in favorable conditions. In some instances mutilation
seemed to hasten germination.

The influence of seed bed on the amount and uniformity of germination,
F. MuTH Uahresher. Ver. Angeiv. Bot., 6 (1908), pp. 152-222, fig. i).— The
author has studied the influence of the seed bed on the germination of a large
nimiber of seeds, testing filter paper, a yellow clay seed bed, and 2 forms of a
white clay seed bed. The germination of the different kinds of seed in the
different seed beds is given at length.

The author finds that filter paper is best for the germination of French rye
grass, alfalfa, spurry, hemp, parsnip, rape, mustard, fennel, onions, and garden
beets. The yellow earthenware seed bed seems to be adapted to English rye,
fescue, barley, oats, wheat, white clover, alsike clover, tobacco, flax, white pine,
common pine, fir and larch, while the white clay seed bed was preferred for the
germination of timothy Italian rye grass, redtop, orchard grass, red clover,
crimson clover, serradella, vetch, cress, field spurry, buckwheat, etc.

The relation between the intensity of respiration and the germinative
ability of seeds, (). K. Hausmann and 11. P. Iwanissowa {Isv. Imp. »S7. Pctcrh.
Bot. Sada (Bui. Jurdin Imp. Bot. St. Petcrsh.), 9 (1909), No. 5, pp. 91-lOii).—
The author has reported upon experiments made to test the method proposed
by Qvam (E. S. R., 17, p. 860) for the determination of the germinative ability
of seeds. He found that while there was undoubtedly a relation between the
respiration and germination of seeds, the connection was not sufficiently close

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 327

to warrant the taking of the carbon dioxid given off as an index to the germina-
tive capacity of the seeds.

The respiration of the vegetative organs of vascular plants, G. Nicolas
(Ann. Set. Nat. Bot., 9. scr., 10 (1909), No: 1-3, pp. 1-113).— An investigation
was made of the comparative respiration of the blades of leaves and their
petioles and of stems, roots, and other parts of plants that may function as
respiratory organs. After reviewing the various theories regarding respira-
tion and describing the methods of his experiments, the author gives detailed
accounts of his investigations on the normal and intramolecular respiration of
different parts of a large number of species of plants.

The blades of the leaves were found to respire more per unit of weight than
the petioles and the petioles more than the stems. The exchange of gases in
respiration is largely effected through the epidermis, while the water vapor
escapes through the stomata. This was shown by applying layers of vaseline
to the lower surfaces of the leaves, thus closing the stomata, when it was
found that this prctceduri' reduced transpiration much more than it checked
respiration.

The author also considered the possible relation of the number and nature
of the chloroleucites to resipration, the zymase theory of respiration, the rela-
tion between respiration and acidity of tissues, etc.

An extensive bibliography completes the article.

Influence of physical factors on transpiration, A. W. Sampson and Louise
M. Allen (Minn. Bot. Studies, Jf (1909), pt. 1, pp. 33-59, dgms. //) .—Experi-
ments were carried on with a large number of plants to determine the individual
variation of species ; to measure individuals of the same species, some of which
had developed in the shade and some in the sun ; and to determine the effect
of altitude and pressure on ti'anspiration, the relation between the internal
structure and transpirations and the effect of acids, alkalis, and soil types on
transpiration.

The authors found that the variation in transpiration per unit of surface for
a given time was very slight in plants of the same species, whether grown in
their natural habitats or in the plant house.

Of polydemic forms, when measured in their natural habitats, those devel-
oped in the sun were found to lose from 2 to 4 times as much water as those
developed in the shade. When the two forms are placed in a sunny or shady
situation the inequality of their transpiration is about as manifest in the sun
as in the shade.

Other things being equal, an increase in the altitude was found to stimulate
an increase in transi)iration, and this was not due to dift'erences in light inten-
sity or lessened air humidity but was due to decreased pressure. This con-
clusion was checked under controlled conditions, showing that the greatest
transpiration takes place where there is the least pressure.

Generally speaking, acid solutions accelerate and alkaline solutions retard
transpiration, but in a few cases extremely weak alkaline solutions were found
to increase it. Transpiration is often found to give as marked response to weak
solutions as to stronger ones. Plants were found to lose more water through
transpiration per unit of surface when grown in soils of coarse texture than when
grown in soils of fine texture. This is believed to be due probably to the fact
that physiological water is more abundant in coarse soils than in the finer ones.
The soil texture appeared to have nothing to do with the amount of green
material produced in the experiments. There appeared to be a slight tend-
ency for transiiiration to be depressed in the better soils and a correlation was
found to exist between transpiration and the green weight of the tops of plants.

328 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Carbon dioxid assimilation and the nutrition of plants with formalde-
hyde. T. BoKOKNY {Anil, rin/si"!. \rflHgcr], 12S {llillli), Xo. 10-12, pi). ,56"J-
'>S(;). — Tlie author reporls liaviuK found that alpe could utilize formaldehyde
in niakinj; starch, and hv has continued his experiments, growing cress, peas,
and seedlings of other flowering plants in cultures under glass jars in the
al»sence of (■.•iri)on dioxid with similar results. The hearing of his experiments
on the various hypotheses regarding photosynthesis is discussed.

Direct assimilation of ammonium salts by plants, II. B. Hutchinson and
N. II. .1. Mii.i.KR h/our. Ai/r. .s'cf., .i (lilO!)), No. 2, pp. n!)-l<)'i, pi. J, fign. 2).—
From water cidture experiments which are reported in detail the authors con-
clude that ■• agricultiH'al jdants of \arious iiinds can produce normal growth
when supplied with nitrogen in llie form of ammonium salts under conditions
whii-h exclude the possiliility of nilrilic-it ion. Some jilants grow equally well
with ammonium salts or nitrate as som-ce of nitrogen. Other plants, while
assimilating annnoniacal nitrogen in the absence of nitrates, ai)pear to prefer
nitrates. It is less certain whether ammoniiun salts can ever i)roduce better
final results than nitrates although we have indications that this may be the
case.

•' Lehniann found that whilst buikwheat failed to grow well with ammonium
salts, maize did far better with this form of nitrogen than with nitrates during
the first period of growth. I^ater on the nitrate plants recovered, and the
annnonia i>lants became unhealthy. Kellner showed that i)addy rice also jtre-
fers annnoninm salts to nitrates to commence with, and that nitrates are better
than annnoninm salts for the later growth. The best results of all were
obtained when ))oth forms of nitrogen were employed together.

" I'lants which take up nitrogen exclusively in the form of ammonium salts
generally contain very distinctly higher percentages of niti'ogen than when sup-
plied with nitrates. The question arises whether the high percentages of nitro-
gen in leguminous plants may be due to the nitrogen — or most of it — being
assimilated in a form more suited to the rapid production of proteids than
nitrate."

A bibliography of .'^.0 references to literature of the subject is given.

The chlorin content of leaves, A. J. J. Vandevelde {Handel. Vlaamach
Xdtinir rn (Icnrcsh: Cong., 12 (1H08), Xo. 2, pp. 225-22!!).— A study was made
in l!t(»7 and 1008 of the chlorin content of the leaves of a large number of plants,
and according to their maximum content the author has grouped them into 6
classes as follows: (1) Those in which the chlorin content increases from May
to September, attaining a maximum at that time, (2) those having a maximum
in September with a minimum in July, (.'}) a maximum in .July with a minimum
in May and September, (4) a maximum in May with a minimum in September,
(5) a maxinnnn in May with a minimum in July followed by an increa.se in
September, and (0) those in which there is no regular i)eriodicity in regard to
their chlorin content.

The acid excretion of roots, J. H. Aberson (Meded. Rijks Hoogere Land,
Tuin en Bo.<ic]ibouwsch., 1 (1908), pp. 1-18, pis. 4; Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. [Prings-
heim], .//7 (1909), Xo. 1, pp. 1-56). — A study was made of the excretions from
the roots of a variety of plants, and the author found that they were not acid
in the usual sense of the word. Where an acid reaction to litmus was observed
it was found to be due to phosphoric acid. The concentration of hydrogen ions
was found too weak to make the excretions of much value as agents for bring-
ing other elements into solution. The hydrogen ions in the carbonic acid given
off from the root hairs were found sufficient to bring into solution various
elements of the soil, particularly the phosphates. The same was found to be
the case with humic acid, the concentration of the excretion being suflScient

AGEICULTUEAL BOTANY; 329

to secure a maximum yield tl]rouf.'ti the solutiou of plant food in cultui'e
experiments.

Some conditions for the formation of chlorophyll, B. L. Issatchenko {Izv.
Imp. St. Peterh. Bot. Sada (Bui. Jardin Imp. Bot. SI. Pctersh.). 9 {1909), ^'o. 5,
pp. 107-120). — The author has given a resume of his investisiations relating to
the conditions under which chlorophyll is formed.

He has found that a temperature as low as — S° C. does not check the forma-
tion of chlorophyll and that pigment is rapidly formed at the low temperature,
illumination being the necessary condiiion for its formation. Chlorophyll, he
claims, is formed under anaerobic conditions, and atropiu, morphin, and other
poisonous substances do not retard its production. It is also formed in the [ires-
ence of vapors of formaldehyde or of chloroform, and this is believed to indi-
cate that si)ecific ferments liave no part in its production. Hydrogen i)eroxid
in a solution of 10 to 20 per cent checked the production of chlorophyll in etio-
lated leaves for 2 or 3 hours. After this time it was formed if the leaves were
placed in the light, but if k('])t in darkness protochlorophyll was produced.

Phosphorus in relation to chlorophyll, V. Brdlik (Sitzbcr. E. Aknd. Wiss.
[Vienna], Math, ^aiul■tt■. KL, HI H908). Xo. 5-6, pp. ii29-5.'f6). — The author
states that not only does the physiological action indicate a close relation be-
tween phosphorus and chloi'ophyll in the plant cell, but alcoholic and benzol
extracts of green leaves show an inorganic phosphorus compound as well as col-
orless phosphatids, indicating that phosphorus plays a very important role in
chlorophyll formation. The phosphorus in the plant was found to occur not
only in combination with glycerin but also in other forms, and it is believed to
play as important a role in the physiological activity of the plant as magnesium
or potassium.

The relation between the intensity of lig'ht and the duration of illumina-
tion to the response in oat seedlings, A. J. Blaalw {K. Ahad. WctcnscJt.
Amsterdam, I'roc. Sect. Sci.. 11 (1908-9), pt. 1, pp. 230-23-'/).— Experiments are
reported with etiolated seedlings of oats in which the phototropic response to
the intensity of light and the length of illumination was measured. Welsbach
burners, kept constant by means of a gas-pressure regulator, were used for
the weaker intensities, while for the greater light intensities electric arc
lamps together with condensers were employed. The periods of illumination
varied from 0.001 second to 13 hours, after which the plants were placed in
darkness, and examined for phototropic curvature after about 2 hours.

The results show that a definite quantity of light is required to produce
reaction, the intensity being inversely proportional to the length of exposure.
For the production of phototropic curvature a definite quantity of radiant
energy is necessary, and whether this is supplied in a very short time or with
extreme slowness is a matter of indifference on the part of the plants.

The biological significance of nectar in the flower, W. Burck (K. Alcad.
Weten.scti. Amsterdam, Proc. Sect. Sci., 11 (1908-9), pt. 2, pp. U5-'f.59).—A
study was made of the function of nectar in plants.

The author holds that there is a connection between the secretion of water
and nectar in plants and that by the nectar secretion the sex organs in the
flowers are protected. He has found that the nectar serves to keep the flower
moist during the flowering period, thus aiding in the pollination. A number of
so-called nectarless plants were investigated, and it was found that these secrete
wax or mucilage, the biological significance of which is similar to that attrib-
uted to nectar.

The influence of air moisture on the duration of vitality of pollen. M.
Pfundt (Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. [Pringsheitn], Jf7 (1909), Ao. 1, pp. l--iO, dgm. 1).—

330 EXPERTMENT STATION RECORD.

The effect of luoistni-c in the :iir. ms well ;is some other faetors. on the vitality of
pollen has Iteen investigated.

The author found a wide range of moisture required to pi'eserve the viability
of pollen for any lenjith of time, pollen grains of a species of Abutilon keeping
best where the atniosi»here contained GO to 90 per cent of moisture, while for
many other species of plants 30 per cent or less of moisture in the air proved
l)est. In no case were the pollen tubes found to withstand drying. The mini-
nnim temperatui'e for the germination of freshly collected pollen from winter or
early spring l)looming flowers was found to be 4 to 5° C.

In a snpiilementary chapter the author gives data regarding the range and
optiintnn concentrations of sugar solutions for the gci'inination of pollen grains.

Some factors controlling- fruit formation in Hymen omycetes, Elsik M.
Wakefield (Naturw. Ztscln: Foist, n. Jj(in<lir., 7 ( l!IO!}), \o. 11. i>p. 521-551, pi.
1, figs, 3). — Studies were conducted with SchizophyUum commune and Stereuni
purpurenm to determine the conditions under which sterile and fertile plant
bodies and fruiting organs are produced.

As a I'csult of artificial cultures and observations on fungi grown under
natural conditions, the author claims that the tendency to form fruiting bodies
is an individual characteristic with these species and is perhaps the same for
all fungi. Through artificial cultures a race of continual spore-bearing genera-
tions lost to a marked degree the ability of producing plant bodies. It was
found ]iossible to induce the formation of fruiting bodies by reducing or entirely
removing the nutrition of the mycelium.

The external conditions of light and transpiration w-ere found to play an
important part in the fruiting of fungi. Light seemed to have a direct effect,
and transi)iration, as influenced by the moisture of the air, was found to deter-
mine to a large degree the development of the fungi, the vegetative growth
being greatly increased where the transpiration was lowered by reason of a
saturated atmosphere, while the production of fruiting organs was favored by
an increased transpiraticm of dry air.

Tulip thieves, B. A. Plemper van Balen (Meded. RijJcs Hoogere Land, Tuin
en lioschhouicscli., 1 {1908), pp. lJi'1-158). — An explanation is offered for the
nonfiow^ering of tulips when single leaves are put up from the bulbs instead of a
flower-bearing stalk. Various reasons have been given for this behavior, such
as atavism, degeneration, and bud variation. The author thinks, however, that
it is due to pressure within the bulbs, resulting from their growth in very rich
soils. The overfeeding of the bulbs, he claims, results in the production of a
single large leaf that rapidly develops at the expense of other portions of the
bulb and finally exerts so much pressure that tbe flower stalk is prevented from
developing. Such bulbs tend to perpetuate this character, especially if well
nourished, and when flowers are formed they are of very poor character.

FIELD CROPS.

Field experiments with farm crops, W. Saunders, J. H. Grisdale, W. T.
Macoun, F. T. Shutt, C. E. Saunders, R. Robertson, J. Murray, A. Mackay,
W. H. Fairfield, G. H. Hutton, and T. A. Sharpe {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts.
J909, pp. 6-32, 89-102, 119-122, U/O-lSl, 176-178, 200-20J,, 208-223, 2J,9-267, 271
275, 276-289, 303-320, 332-336, 3f,l-357, 368-391, m-J,09, pis. 8).— Results with
field crops in 1908 are reported in a manner similar to that of previous years
(E. S. R., 21 p. 321). At the various farms tests were conducted with numer-
ous varieties of each of the following crops: Corn, oats, two and six x'owed
barleys, spring, winter, and durum wheat, emmer, spelt, buckwheat, flax, spring
and winter rye, millet, horse beans, peas, field peas, alfalfa, red clover, alsike,
timothy, mangels, turnips, carrots, sugar beets, and potatoes.

FIELD CROPS. 331

In tests at the various farms to determine tlie best widtli between rows of
ensilage corn, that planted in rows 21 in. apart quite generally yielded a higher
total weight than that planted in rows 28, 35, or 42 in. apart. In a test of
methods of planting corn conducted at the Indian Head and Lethbridge farms,
the corn planted in rows produced a greater yield than that planted in hills,
the average difference at the Lethbridge farm being 1 ton 980 lbs. per acre.
An early planting of root crops followed i\v another about 2 weeks later almost
invariably showed a decisively greater yield in case of the earlier planting.

Tabulated data show the results of vitality tests of barley, wheat, and oats
from each of the provinces.

At Ottav^-a, in special experiments with fertilizers continued for 21 years, no
change from last year's plan was made, and the relative standing from each
treatment for the whole period of test remained the same. With every crop, the
average yield for whole test of each of these plats fertilized with some form of
l)arnyard manure, exceeds that of the remainder of the 21 plats enriched with
mineral fertilizers. In 1908 the yield on the rotted-manure plats of ensilage
corn averaged 14 tons 676 lbs., or 1 ton 1,030 lbs. more than on plats fertilized
with fresh manure. On the wheat plats, the difference was but 20 lbs. per
acre in favor of the well-rotted manure, with turnips, ISO lbs., and with mangels,
1.387 lbs. Among rotations involving various crops and cultural methods
adapted to sheep, hog, and other ^types of farming, in a 4 years' test a corn-
grain-clover-hay rotation gave the highest net profit ($10.30 per acre). Po-
tatoes spread out in a light room for a period of 1* months before planting,
liroduced yields averaging IS bu. per acre higher than those produced by seed
kept in a cellar at a temperature of 50 to 60° F., and 31 bu. per acre above
those produced by .seed kept in cold storage at 40°.

Chemical analyses showed (1) that a high water content of the soil decreased
the protein content of the wheat, (2) that prolonged vegetative growth increased
the starch content, and (3) that early rii)ening, lessening of soil moisture, and
high temperature at time of maturity, produced hard, glutenous wheat. Dur-
ing storage flour and wheat increased in ash, protein, gliadin, and gluten con-
tent in every instance. Wheat that had remained " tough " for 8 months,
showed no abnormality in any point save for a change in color. Neither fer-
mentation nor heating occurred.

No perceptible difference in the content of sugar beets due to climatic differ-
ences of the stations, or to varied water supply, could be detected.

Turkey Red wheat produced the strongest flour but the lowest yield per acre.
Egyptian Amber produced very good flour and yielded 51A bu. per acre. Oats
sown at the rate of 2i bu. per aci-e in-oduced 3 bu. 18 lbs. per acre more than
those sown at the rate of 2 bu. per acre.

At the Nappan farm, applications of 250 and 500 lbs. of commercial fertilizer
to turnips produced increased yields, but at an economic loss. The yields varied
from 18 tons 610 lbs. to 23 tons 556 lbs. per acre. The use of clover as green
manui'e on clay loam secured an increase per acre of 2 bu. 20 lbs. of wheat,
7 bu. 34 lbs. of barley, and 9 bu. 2 lbs. of oats. No advantage appeared from
inoculating clover and alfalfa with nitroculture. A slight dressing of air-
slaked lime on marsh or dike lands showed a decided advantage. "Run-out"
heavy clay, very deficient in humus, on which was sown a mixture of 3 bu. of
oats, barley, and peas, 12 lbs. of timothy, and 10 lbs. of clover per acre, showed
an increase in yield per acre of 17 bu. due to the application of manure at the
rate of 10 one-horse cartloads per acre, of lOJ bu, from the application of 300
lbs. of fertilizer, and 8^ bu. from the application of 150 lbs. of fertilizer. Pre-
ceding this crop the field had been sown at the rate of 3 bu. per acre with a

332

EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED.

iiii.xuire of peas, oats, and vetches, and the crop plowed under for two successive
years. The "take" of clover and timothy was good and the field appeared
lo be in good condition for croj) growing. Marsh or dike soil was treated with
nuiriate of potash, sulphate of potash, basic slag, bone meal, and complete
fertilizer in varying amounts and combinations, harrowed in before planting.
On a parallel series on which the fertilizer was applied after planting and
without harrowing, the yields were distinctly greater, the maximum difference
being nearly 22 bu. of oats per aero. The maximum yield, however, was i)ro-
duced from an application of 300 lbs. of fertilizer harrowed in before seeding.
Experiments on marsh lands with lime, basic slag, bone meal, and a commer-
cial fertilizer were continued from those of 1907 with the most perceptible
residual advantage from basic slag and bone meal as indicated by the hay crop
grown on these plafs during this year. On the plats for special experiments
with fertilizers, the residual benefit, during this, the fifth season without addi-
tional fertilization, was, in the series without clover, most marked on the plats
previously treated with manure, complete fertilizer, and marsh mud. The
plats with clover almost invariably gave decisively greater yields than those
without, the maximum increase being 10 bu. 10 lbs. of oats on plats treated
with marsh mud.

At the Brandon farm, seed oats dipped or sprinkled with either formalin or
i)luestone, or dipped with anti-fungi, in every case produced cro])s entirely
free from smutty heads. In a rotation experiment testing the feasibility of
substituting the turning under of leguminous crops for bare summer fallow, the
1908 yields were as follows:

Relative value of legumes plowed under every third year and bare summer
fallotv, at the Brandon and Indian Head farms.

Rotation.

Yield per acre.

Rotation.

Yield per acre.

1906.

1907.

1908.

Bran-
don.

Indian
Head.

. 1906.

1907.

1908.

Bran-
don.

Indian
Head.

Wheat

Alfalfa

Red clover

Wheat and

alsike.

Fallow

Oats

Wheat..
Barley..

Wheat..
....do...

Bushels.
33.08
41.70

36.41
24.25
33.41
32. 92
34.50

27.17
24.25

Bushels.
29. 83

Vetch . .

Oats

Wheat..

Do...

Oats ....

Wheat . .

Oats

Barley..
Alsike ..
Fallow..
Alfalfa..

Wheat..
Fallow .
....do...

Oats ....
Wheat..
....do...

Bushels.
57.36
35. 75
35. 58
23.92

Bushels.
52. 00
31.66

31.17
14. 10

36.07

Barley

Do

Oats

do...

14.58

Peas

....do...

31.26

Wheat

....do...

Vetch ..
Alsike..
Alfalfa .
Wheat..
....do...
. do

....do...

32.00

Oats

Vetch

Alfalfa and
alsike.

Wheat ....
..-.do

....do...
....do...

....do...
....do...

....do...

30.60

Barley

do...

31.66

Oats

46.06

Peas

22.33

Red clover.

do

27.60

Oats as a nurse crop at Brandon produced a heavier crop of grain and left
a better stand of grasses and clovers, which stood the winter better and pro-
duced a heavier crop of hay the following year than resulted when clovers and
grasses were started with spring rye or barley.

At Indian Head, injury during 2 successive years resulted from artificial
infection of the soil with smut, whether the seed was treated with bluestone
or formalin or left untreated. Bluestone appeared to excel formalin, and the
tests indicated that " wheat treated 1 year in advance of sowing is not ruined
for seed."

At Lacombe. summei'-fallowed land gave yields of wheat more than 3 times
as great as those produced by brome grass sod plowed under and 2.8 times as
great as timothy sod plowed rnder. Wheat following sod matured in about
4 days less time than that following summer fallow. Successive sowings of

FIELD CROPS. 333

winter wheat made on August 7, 14, 21 and 28, and September 4, gave yields
decreasing as sowing was deferred. The first sowing of Dawson Golden Chaff
yielded 30 bu. jier acre, and the last sowing 8* bu. Turkey Red wheat sown
at the rate of 2i bu. per acre matured earlier and gave a greater yield than
that seeded at any lower rate. Spring wheat on timothy sod averaged 36 bu.
15 lbs. per acre, as compared with an average yield of 28 bu. 48 lbs. for the
same varieties on corn and root land, and matured in 6 days less time. Oats
seeded at the rate of 3 bu. per acre produced an average yield of Go bu. 10 lbs.,
at the rate of 3i bu., 66 bu. 6 lbs., and at the rate of 4 bu., 57 bu. 12 lbs. In
case of oats sown on Ai)ril 15. 21 and 28, and May 5, the larger yields were
obtaineil from the sowings of the two later dates. On both packed and un-
packetl soil, oats seetled at the rate of 22 bu. per acre excelletl in yield those
seeded at the rate of 2 bu. per acre. The packed soil yielded at an average rate
of 85 bu. 8 lbs. per acre, as compared with a yield of (58 bu. 30 lbs. on unpacked
soil. The soil tested " is a heavy vegetable mold in most places inclining to
clay " with limited sandy areas, and of a generally loose texture due to a large
percentage of hiunus. An application of manure at the rate of 20 tons i)er acre
decreased the yield by 12 bu. 12 lbs. on one plat and increased it approximately
8 bu. on another, as compared with their respective check plats. A similar
conflict of results followed the application of 10 tons. With direct applications
of 20 tons and of 10 tons of manure per acre to Mensury barley the period re-
quired for maturing decreased about 3 days, and the yield decreased 16 bu. 12
lbs. in each case. Successive sowings of 2 and 6 row barleys at intervals of 1
week beginning April 17, produced maximum results in each case from the sow-
ings made on the earliest date. Alfalfa grown on land inoculated by sowing
soil at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre produced nearly 3 times as great a yield as
was obtaiuHl from uninoculated land. The advisability of inoculating red
clover is also indicated.

At Lethbridge, on the nonirrigated farm, an average Increased yield of 2 bu.
8 lbs. of wheat per acre was apparently obtained from back-setting as compared
with the yields obtained from breaking without back-setting. Successive sow-
ings of wheat at intervals of about 2 weeks, from August 15 to December 1,
showed a yield of 54 bu. per acre from the sowing made September 1, an
increase of more than 7 bu. per acre over that sown August 15, and of 15 bu.
per acre over that sown September 10. Seeding at rates of 15, 30. 45 lbs., etc..
per acre up to 120 lbs., gave maximum results from 75 lbs. per acre in case of
winter wheat, and from 105 and 90 lbs., respectively, in case of spring wheat
and oats, while on the irrigated farm seedings of 60 and 75 lbs. of spring wheat,
75 lbs. of oats, and 60 lbs. of barley, gave the best results. Good results were
obtained from the inoculation of alfalfa by sowing soil, from sowing 5 to 30 lbs.
per acre of seed, and with various clovers and grasses.

Beports on experiments with some new nitrogenous manures on oats,
hay. potatoes, mang'el and sugar beet, R. A. Berry ( West of Scot. Agr. Col.
Ann. Riit.. 0 {1909). pi>. l'>-31). — This series of experiments is a comparison of
the value of lime nitrogen, lime nitrate, and basic lime nitrate, with nitrate of
soda and sulphate of ammonia as sources of nitrogen.

Eight' plats planted to oats showed no advantage in applying lime nitrogen
alone, and less advantage in applying it in combination with other mineral
fertilizei's than was derived from the same amount of nitrogen in nitrate of
soda in the same mixture. Other plats with the same crop showed very
little difference between the results of an application of 100 lbs. of nitrate of
soda and the same amount of niti'ogen in lime nitrate, but the same amounts
of nitrogen in basic lime nitrate and lime nitrogen gave lower results approx-
imately equal to each other.

334 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Three plats of hay, fertilized with noO lbs. of nitrate of soda and the same
amounts of nitrogen in sulphate of ammonia and lime nitrogen, gave results in
the first two cases of approximately 2 tons 480 lbs. of hay per acre, and 1 ton
1.994 lbs. for the lime nitrogen. Other plats of hay showed an increased yield
of 1,180 lbs. per acre in case of plats fertilized with 125 lbs. nitrate of soda per
acre as compared with the check plats. The application of an equivalent
amount of nitrogen as basic nitrate of lime and of nitrate of lime gave in-
creased yield of COS lbs. and 400 lbs. per acre, respectively.

Plats of mangels showed a difference of but 870 lbs. per acre in favor of an
application of 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre, as compared with the same
amount of nitrogen supplied in lime nitrate when each was applied with 10
tons of manure and 400 lbs. of superphosphate per acre. This difference
increased to 2h tons per acre when each was applied in one and one-half times
as great quantity with superphosphate and kainit.

On other plats there was an increased yield of 2 tons 1,305 lbs, of mangels
over that of the check plat in case of lime nitrogen, of 5 tons and 720 lbs. in
case of nitrate of soda, and of 4 tons 1,130 lbs. in case of sulphate of ammonia.
Each of the fertilizers was ajiplied in drills in the spring in amounts to supply
per acre the amount of nitrogen contained in 250 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia,
except that one-half of the nitrate of soda was reserved for later application
as a top-dressing.

In the potato plats there was a difference in yield of 1,600 lbs. per acre in
favor of an application at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre of sulphate of ammonia
over the same amount of nitrogen supplied in lime nitrate when each was
applied with manure, superphosphate, and sulphate of potash. The difference
increased to 2 tons and .50 lbs. wlien twice the amount of nitrogen was applied
in each form in mixture with larger amounts of superphosphate and sulphate of
potash. Lime nitrogen gave a slightly higher percentage of merchantable
potatoes.

Another series of plats gave yields of potatoes differing but 1,750 lbs. per
acre when fertilized with 150 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia and an equivalent
amount of nitrogen in lime nitrate, each mixed with sulphate of potash and
basic slag.

The Vilmorin and Klein Wanzlebeu varieties of sugar beets produced nearly
3 tons more of roots per acre than did the Aderstedt variety. Roots gi'ow^n in
drills 20 in. a])art were slightly smaller than those growni in drills 27 in. apart,
but excelled them in yield, percentage of dry matter, and percentage of sugar
in juice, the sugar yields per acre being 2.25 tons and 1.75 tons, respectively.
The effect of manuring on the sugar content was variable and within the limits
of experimental error.

Eeport of the Aligarh Agricultural Station of the United Provinces of
Agra and Oudh, for the year ending June 30, 1909, A. E. Parr (Ri)t. Aligarh
Agr. Sta. United Prov. Agra unci Oudh, 1909, pp. 5, map 1). — The experiments
rei)orted were mainly with cotton. The American variety, Watagodu, produced
21.4 per cent more when sown early with irrigation than when sown early with
rains. Mixed country cotton showed a difference in favor of planting wnth rains
instead of irrigation of 32.7 per cent. Although at the station American cotton
liroduced lower yields than did the ordinary country cotton, the crops grown by
private individuals in the district showed opposite results.

Hybrid American cotton produced 21.4 per cent greater yield on ground
plowed early and plowed three times than on ground plowed but once and that
immediately before sowing. Another American cotton produced a yield 21.8
per cent greater when sown after the plow in rows 3 ft. apart than when
broadcasted.

FIELD CROPS. 335

Other experiments were with indigo, English and Canadian oats, fruit trees,
and Australian saithusiios.

Report of the Partabg-arh Agricultural Station of the United Provinces
of Agra and Oudh, for the year ending June 30, 1909, S. M. Hadi {Rpt.
rar1ah(/(irli Ai/r. Sta. Lnitcd /'roc. Aiira (uul Oudh, I'.IOD, pp. 10).— Of 5 varie-
ties of transplanted rice tested, Shanighata produced the highest yield (at the
rate of 2,4o9.2t! lbs. i)er acre). Of the local varieties tested, Banki produced at
the rate of 745.71 lbs. per acre.

In a variety test looking to the introduction of maize, a maximum yield at
the rate of 3,564 lbs. per acre was produced by the Jaunpur variety. In an
experimental planting of jute, the variety Capsularis yielded at the rate of 714
lbs., and Olltorius at the rate of 697 lbs., of fiber per acre. These yields are
regarded as favoring this crop. San hemp. yielded at the rate of 540 lbs. of
fiber, and 812 lbs. of seed, pt-r acre. Of 10 varieties of sugar cane teste<l, Reora
of Benares produced the ma.ximum yield.

Other crops experimented with were white soft wheat. Cape oats, white lin-
seed, pale gram, white Kabuli gram, dark gram, barley, peas, and brown lin-
seed. Noteworthy yields were, per acre, wheat 2,580 lbs., pale gram (in th(>
jhil) 3.064 lbs., white Kabuli gram 1,154 lbs., oats (in the jhil) 3.857 lbs., and
peas after rice 2.742 lbs.

Fifth, annual report of the Minnesota Field Crop Breeders' Association
{Ann. Rpt. Minn. Field drop Breeders Ansae, 5 (/.90S), pp. H.',, figs. /;^).— This
report contains the constitution of the association, minutes of the fifth annual
business meeting, and addresses of a general and educational nature on oat
production, corn, onion, and potato culture, and information with regard to
agriculture at the state fair.

Comparative yields of cereals on different kinds of fallow cultivation,
A. BiCHiKiilN {Zap. Imp. Ohshch. Hclxk. Klioz. Ynzh. Ross.. 77 (1907). Nn.
Jl-12, pp. Ji7-09). — This article gives a survey of the results obtained without
fertilizers at I'oltava. Kherson, I'loti. Odessa, and Don experiment fields, in a
test of bare fallow, nonfallqw, and early, middle, and late green fallow. In
each series of experiments with fallow, winter rye and winter wheat were used.
Soil analyses and meteorological data for each field are tabulated.

As shown b.v the results at the 5 fields, early green fallow produced yields 10
per cent greater than those produced by middle green fallows. 53.7 per. cent
greater than those produced by late green fallow, and had a still greater ad-
vantage over the yields produced on nonfallow land. The infiuence of fallow
culture on the second crop following it proved insignificant. The limited ex-
perience thus far seems to indicate that when a summer cereal follows the
winter crop the stubble should receive an early shallow breaking, followed by
fall plowing or a regular plowing in July, and that the introduction of corn,
potatoes, beets, and other intertilled crops into the rotations would be advan-
tageous.

Identifi^cation of American brewing barleys based upon the Swedish sys-
tem, A. NiLSON (Jour. .Soc. Brrn\ Tech.. I (WOO). Xo. o. pp. 263-280. figs. 25).—
A discussion of certain botanical characteristics as a means of identifying
barleys.

The cotton plant: Its cultivation in various parts of the world, C. D.
GiBOLA (El Algodonero su Ciiltivo en las Varias Partes del Mitndo. Buenos
Aires, 1910, pp. XXi+1092, figs. 226, maps 10). — This is a treatise dealing ex-
haustively with the production of cotton, cotton oil, and certain other cotton-
seed products.

Data regarding the history, geographical distribution, and botanical char-
acters of the plant are followed bj- a discussion of its physiology, histology, and

336 KXPKHTMKNT STATION RECORD.

(•liciiiit;il cuiiiiHisitioii. Its cliiiiiilc and soil requirements jire stated, together
with the fertilizers best juhxpled to its growth. Clioice of varieties, seed sele<--
tion, and cotton brwding are discussed in full. Other topics treated are prepa-
ration of the soil, diseases, harvesting, ginning, baling, marketing, the i)rincipal
cotton markets of the world, and the extraction of oil from the seeds. The
food value of the various cotton-seed i)roducts ai*e stated in full.

An extensive bibliography is appended.

The production and commerce of the feather grass of Algeria ( If ill. Off.
Goiirt. <lrn. Ah/rric. UK)!). .Yo, ,?/, i^u/)., pi). I.il-I'iii). — This grass is iirincipally
used in the manufacture of paper of various grades and for various purposes.
Its natural geographical distribution is given, together with a list of the prin-
cipal countries to which it is exported.

Report on variety tests of oats, R. P. Wright and A. N. M'Alpine ( West of
Scot. Agr. Col. Arm. Rpt., 9 {1909), pp. 37-77, 127-161, 167-193, 199-220).^
Kxperinients were conducted with uniform station-grown seed on twentieth-acre
plats on 147 different farms, during the G-year period ended with the season of
lOOCt. The average yields of the 3 typical varieties tested were Banner, G6 bu.
of dressed grain per acre. Potato, 57 bu., and Sandy, 53 bu.

In a test of 27 varieties conducted on 3.'J different farms, 429 iron frames
were used, these frames being bottomless and each enclosing a part of the field
in which 82 seed oats were sown at uniform distances and under uniform con-
ditions. "The produce of this miniature acre is intended to show the links of
connection between the variety of the oat and the acre yield of the crop."
The characters studied were the mortality of the varieties, their tillering power,
proportion of mature straws to barren shoots, straw length, straw bore, ear
length, and number of spikelets per ear.

Studies based on about 2(X) samples of oats representing 20 varieties and
grown on 17 different farms, indicated that marks of good seed are (1) proper
weight per thousand seeds, and (2) assurance that the seeds have come from
jirolific ears or heads. A study of maximum and minimum weiglits per thousand
kernels of various varieties show^ed that among those designated as small oats,
the average weiglit per thousand kernels ranged from 21.8 gm. to 23.6 gm.
Among the large oats the range was from 25.4 gm. to 31.5 gm. Even for the
same variety of oat, however, higher bushel weight was found to be no guide
to higlier kernel weight, and manurial applications Iiad little effect on the
kernel weight. Data are also presented on the proportion of kernel to husk
and its relation to milling power.

Potato breeding questions and observations, Arnim-Sciilagisnthin {Jahrcn-
hrr. Ver. Angew. Bot., 6 [1908), pp. 118-130).— The author discusses the be-
havior of the potato on crossing and observes that bud variations involving
morphological and accompanying variations result. Variable and fluctuating
characters and those which appear as a result of local influences may become
constant. A variety having red tubers produced, from cuttings, variants with
white tubers. Among other tendencies w^hich seemed to be transmitted was
that to a fixed form of leaf and to correlation between the colors of the blossom
and the tuber, the stem and the leaf, and the habit of growth of the plant and
its inner characters. Seedlings of the same cross showed a varying suscepti-
bility to disease.

Potatoes: Cultivation, manuring, varieties, storing, and seed supply
in Bengal, F. SiiixH {Drpt. Agr. Bengal. Quart. Jour., 3 (IDOD), No. 1, pp.
1-12). — This article outlines experiments conducted since 1890, including fer-
tility, variety, planting and rotation tests, and experiments with storage
methods and on the use of potatoes of various sizes as seed.

The influence of water content upon the value of beet seed, D. Hegyi
{Osterr. Ungar. Zt.schr. Zuckerindus. u. Landw., 87 {1908), No. 6; Zentbl. Agr.

FIELD CROPS. 337

Chem., 38 (1909), No. 7, pp. Ji65-Ji(i7). — Exiteriments were couducted with 5
samples of beet seed, each divided into 3 parts, oue of which was dried in air
for 5 days, another at 50° C, and the third liept in a damp room for the
same period, at the close of which tlie air-dried seeds averaged 13.08 per cent
water, those dried at 50° C, 4.86 per cent, and those l^ept damp. 20.9 per cent.

Tests made of the vitality and viability showed that the drying exerted a
favorable influence upon both, as indicated by tlie strong and rapid develop-
ment of the embryos. The recommendation is made that where beet seed offered
for sale has a water content of more than 15 per cent, a redaction be made
for each additional per cent.

[Report on experiments carried out on sugar plantations during the
year ended December 31, 1907], J. B. Harrison ((feorgetown, Demerara:
Govt., 1908, PI). 7). — Data are presented for the crops of the year, witli tables
giving information relating to the various varieties tested on 31 different
plantations. These tests were conducted to determine the quantity of product
and its quality as related to its manufacture and the fuel value of the megass.

The sugar laws, K. I.eciku (Les Lois Siicricrc.s. Paris: (lort., 1909, pp.
1857). — This volume presents a collection of French laws, decrees, proclama-
tions, and certain other legal documents relating to sugar, covering the period
1304-1909. A brief history of the origin of sugar laws is also given.

The importance of rotations in tobacco culture, O. Chevalier (Canada
Dept. Agr., Tobacco Div. Bui. A'>, pp. 12). — This bulletin contains notes on the
plant food and soil requirements of tobacco, the fertilizer and moisture require-
ments of the soil, and the rotations and cultivation best suited for tobacco pro-
duction. The rotation recommended is (1) tobacco, (2) a cereal, and (3)
clover.

Report on the tobacco industry in Ontario, W. A. Barnet (Canada Dept.
Agr., Tobacco Div. Bui. A4, pp. I'l). — ^This bulletin contains a general report
and recommendations on methods of prei)aratiou of land, manuring and fer-
tilizing, cultural methods, seed selection, and the eradication of insect pests.

Experimental work carried on in 1908 (Canada Dept. Agr., Tobacco Dw.
Bui. A6, pp. 31). — This Itulletin consists of three articles.

I. PrrVuninunj experiments in growing seed plants, F. Charlan. — These experi-
ments undertook to determine, (1) the limitations of the use of bags during
fertilization, (2) the effects upon seed production of the entire or partial re-
moval of the leaves. (3) the influence of season and temperature, and (4) the
proper time of harvesting seed. Capsules fertilized under bags and ripened in
the open air had an average germination percentage of 10.4 above that of cap-
sules fertilized and ripened under bags, and of 1.61 per cent above that of
capsules fertilized and ripened in the open air. It is concluded that all leaves
should be left on seed plants save the bottom leaves that would ordinarily
disappear at priming and the top leaves ordinarily removed at the time of
topping. Harvesting should be completed early and the capsules picked just
before the sepals turn brown.

II. Experiments in the sterilization of soils, F. Charlan. — Soils were sterilized
experimentally during the years 1906-7 to control the blight or mosaic disease
by means of formalin and by treatment for 30 minutes with steam under 60
lbs. pressure. The formalin was used in a solution containing 2* lbs. of for-
malin to 50 gal. of water and applied at the rate of 1 gal. per square foot.
Both methods appeared effective. The treatment by steam also killed weed seed
and is preferred except in the absence of a boiler.

III. Commercial fertilizers in tobacco culture, O. Chexalier. — This aiticle out-
lines plat fertilizer experiments by which the tobacco grower may test the fer-
tility requirements of his soils.

338 KXPKHIMI.XT STATION RECORD.

Report on trials with varieties of wheat, J. (i. Stewart (Edinb. and East
nf Scot. Col. A</r. Hill. IS. itp. U). — hi this viirioty test of wheats Browick
stood lirst ill yield of straw and salal)]e ^'raiii, and AVhite Chaff Squarehead,
second.

Lime nitrogen as a means for the destruction of wild mustard, Heinrich-
SEN {I'rakt. HI. r/lanzcnbaii ii. tichutz, n. sen, 7 {1909), No. 8, pp. 110-112, fig.
1). — An experiment was carried on with lime nitrogen for the reduction of
wild mustard, in which it was applied as a top-dressing at the rate of 150 and
."KM) lbs. per hectare. The application was made on May 8 and the harvest of
the oat crop followed June 12. at which time there was a decided reduction
in the amount of wild mustard. The author states that for 3 or 4 days after
the application the oats were yellowish in appearance, but soon recovered.
The mustard, however, became brown in a short time. Clover that had been
sown with tlie crop was not injured.

Dry farming in Wyoming, V. T. Cooke (Cheyenne, Wyo., [1909], pp. IJf,
figs.' 2). — This publication contains a statement of conditions in the arid re
gions of Wyoming and the cultural systems, harvesting, type of farming, and
crops best adapted to these regions.

HORTICULTURE.

Horticultural work at the Canadian experiment stations, W. T. Macoun,
R. Robertson, J. Murray, A. Mackay, G. H. Hutton, W. H. Fairfield, and
T. A. Sharpe (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1909, pp. 103-119, 122-12-',, 127-136,
270-271, 293-301, 321-331, 357-365, 392, 393, 409-421).— The usual report on the
cultural experiments and variety tests of various fruits, vegetables, trees,
shrubs, and flowers being grow-n on the different experimental farms in Canada,
together with general notes on the work being conducted along horticultural
lines (E. S. R., 21, p. 331).

At the Central Farm at Ottawa, W. T. Macoun in charge, a record has been
kept since 1898 of the first day when the frost was out of the ground sufficiently,
and the ground dry enough, to permit of working in the nursery. The earliest
date was March 23, and the latest April 19, the average for the 11 years being
April 11.

A large number of seedling fruits received for examination during the year
are listed and described, together with the several new or little known apples
in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and apples originated in the station
orchards which fruited in 1908.

In connection with apple breeding work, seed was saved from Wealthy fruit
grown at the station in 1898. Of the seedlings produced, 98 have fruited during
the course of ten years, and a table is given showing the percentages of various
characteristics found, as based on the descriptions of 93 of these seedlings.
Although the W^ealthy apple is said to have originated from " cherry crab seed,"
only 6 of the 93 seedlings w'ere distinctly crablike. The fruit from 93.5 per cent
was large enough to be marketable. None of the fruit was entirely green or
yellow, all having more or less red, the Wealthy itself being yellow splashed or
washed with crimson. Fifteen per cent bore fruit orange red in color. Sixteen
per cent of the apples were sweet and 1 per cent was mildly subacid, 65 per cent
being above medium in quality. As to season, 23 per cent of the seedlings w^ere
about as the Wealthy and over 18 per cent were later. A large proportion of
the apples bore considerable resemblance to the Wealthy.

Records have been kept since 1898 of the yields from each apple tree in the
station orchards, and these are presented in tabular form. Thev show a marked

HORTICULTURE. 339

difference in the yields of trees of tlie same variety, planted in the same year,
and in abont the same kind of soil.

Further data are given on the strains of tomato seed being saved at the
station. The selection for earliness has resulted in plants which bear ripe
fruit 19 days earlier than the plants from the selection which has been made
for productiveness. Plants which were selected for earliness and uniformity
without regard to productiveness yielded 20.42 per cent less than the plants
selected for productiveness, while the amount of ripe fruit up to August IS
was 46.11 per cent greater in the selection for earliness alone than in the selec-
tion for productiveness. The selection for uniformity has not given as marked
results as the selection for earliness. Where the selection for earliness has
been made from the individual plant each year, the average date of the first
ripe fruit is 5 days earlier than where the selection was made from the first ripe
fruit in the field.

Height and diameter measurements are given for the trees growing in the
forest belts at the farm, together with descriptive lists of the best hardy orna-
mental, evergreen, and deciduous trees, and of a number of single and double
varieties of lilacs being tested.

R. Robertson, in charge of the substation at Xappan, N. S., reports data on
the dates of picking and yields of different varieties of strawberries, garden
peas and beans, and on the yields of tomatoes.

Similar data are given for a large number of vegetables grown at the Sas-
Ivatchewan Substation, A. Mackay in charge, together with the blooming periods
of a large number of annual and perennial flowers.

In addition to the usual varietal notes, J. Murray, of the Manitoba Sub-
station, and G. Hutton, of the substation for Central Alberta, give notes on a
large number of trees and shrubs planted in 1907, sliowing their condition the
following spring, and T. A. Sharpe, of the British Columbia Substation describes
several varieties of apples or pears which are very little known or fruited at
the station for the first time in 1908.

The seeds of horse-radish and the results from sowing' them, J. Brzezin-
SKi {Bill. Int(rnat. Acad. .Sv-/. Cmcovlc, CI. Sci. JIath. et Xat., WOO, No. 7, pp.
392-408, pis. -'/; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], .',8 {WW), I, No. 1, p. 2i ) .—Successful
experiments in the production of perfect seed of the common horse-radish
{Cochlearia armoracia) through the agency of annular decortication are re-
ported, and the progeny secured from these seeds discussed.

Two strongly different types of plants were found among the seedlings which,
if their source had not been known, would hardly have been classed as belong-
ing to the same species. The ordinary horse-radish resembled some interme-
diate forms secured. The author is of the opinion that common horse-radish
is merely a hybrid and that the contrasting forms secured are the result of the
breaking up of this hybrid into its original types.

On the mineral nutrition of the mushroom (Agaricus campestris), A.
Hebert and F. Heim {Nancy [W09], pp. 12). — On the basis of the analyses
presented of various parts of the mushroom the authors are of the opinion that
both lime and potash fertilizers could be used with profit in mushroom culture.

Pineapple growing' in Bataan and Bulacan provinces, M. M. Cruz {Phil-
ippine Agr. Rev. [EtujUsh Ed.], 2 {W09), No. 9, pp. 502-507, pi: 1).—A brief
general account of pineapple growing in these provinces, including suggestions
for imjjrovements in methods of culture.

Grape culture: Planting', grafting and pruning, J. De Bano {Estac. Agr.
Cent. [Mexico] Bol. 11, pp. 25, figs. 36). — A popular bulletin on grape culture
dealing specifically with methods of propagation, planting, grafting, and
pruning.

28918— No. 4—10 4

340 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Recent observations on the hybrid direct bearers in the valley of the
Rhone, A. Dksmoulins and V. Villakd {Prog. Agr. ci Vit. {Ed. VE ■'it. -Centre),
30 {1909), N OS. .>,(i, pp. 60J,-61Jf; -47, pp. GJ,3-6Jt5; .',8, pp. 657-659; J,9, pp.
687-691). — Observations similar to those noted in previous years (E. S. R., 19,
p. 144) are reported on a large number of hybrid direct bearing grapes.

Production of cacao in the French colonies, A. Berteau {Agr. Prat. Pays
Vliaitds. It {1909), \(>. SI), pit. ,UI3-3S3). — A statistical review of the cacao in-
dustry in the French coUjuics of America and Africa.

On some facts relative to hybridization in the Citrus genus and on the
origin of the sweet orange (Citrus aurantium), I^. Trabut {Compt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], 149 {1909), No. 2J,. pp. 1 1 42-1 lU).— The author calls atten-
tion to the Clementine orange which he announced in 1902, and which appeared
to have arisen from the hybridization of Citrus noUIis and C. bigaradia. Seed-
lings of the Clementine have proved to be remarkably variable. Not only are
the pai-ent forms represented, but a large number of the seedlings have been
sweet oranges practically identical with C. aurantium. The author concludes
that the latter species is in reality only a hybrid produced by chance crossing
in countries where C. nobilis and C. bigaradia are both grown.

The latest developments in fig culture, W. T. Swingle and G. P. Rixford
{Cat. Fruit Grower, JfO {1909), No. 1120, pp. //, 5). — A summarized account of
the development of Smyrna fig culture in California. The conclusion is
reached that although the production of the finest figs requires some attention
to details, such as the care of the capri trees aud caprification, the crop is
never lost by late spring frosts, the trees require little pruning, no spraying,
and no thinning of fruit, and will bring in at 5 or 6 years of age, when planted
in suitable soil and climate, a gross income of about $100 per acre at present
prices.

A new hawthorn-medlar graft hybrid, L. Daniel ( Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci.
[Paris], l'i9 {1909), No. 22, pp. tOOS-1010).— The author investigated a graft
of medlar on hawthorn which was called to his attention by C. Brun in 1906,
and found that the fruit and vegetative growth of the graft presented foi'ms re-
sembling both the hawthorn and the medlar, as well as intermediate forms.
The various forms observed are described.

Notes on the native seedless persimmon, AY. L. Woodbuen {Proc. Ind. Acad.
8ci., 1908, pp. 99-101). — A report of a preliminary study of the embryology
of some seedless pefsimmons which fruited in the vicinity of Indiana Univer-
sity during the year 1908.

Tillage v. sod-mulch, U. P. Hedrick {Atm. Rpt. Vt. State Hort. Soc, 6
(1908), pp. oJi-66). — A popular discussion of this subject, based largely upon
the results secured during the first 5 years of the long-continued orchard tillage
experiment being conducted at the New York State Station (E. S. R., 21,
p. 23S).

Varieties of fruit trees recommended for the region north of the central
Mesa {Estac. Agr. Expt. Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahaa, Bol. 22, pp. 24). — The
varieties of fruits here described and recommended for planting consist largely
of those which have been found to succeed in the southwestern United States. •

The development of a picking table for the more important pip fruits,
E. JuNGE {Cleisetih. Mitt. Obst u. Gartenbau, 24 {1909), No. 8, pp. 113-118).—
The author points out the value of collecting information in various localities
relative to the time of maturing of apples and pears under various climatic and
soil conditions, and presents data based upon 10 years' observations at Geisen-
heim showing the dates of maturity of a large number of varieties of apples
and pears.

HORTICULTURE. 341

The preparation of fruit and vegetables for market, S. B. Shaw {Bui.
N. C. Dept. Agr., 30 {1909), No. ,5, pp. 3-3S, figs. 25).— This is a general discus-
sion relative to cultivation, picliing, grading, packing, labels, and packages,
together vi-ith detailed directions for harvesting and preparing various orchard
and small fruits and vegetables for market.

Pre-cooling fruit, G. D. Kellogg {Cal. Fruit Grower, ffO {1909), No. 1120,
p. 1). — The method of pre-cooling fruit for shipment across the continent as
worked out by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department (E, S. R., 20,
p. 43), was put to an extensive commercial test during the past season. The
author reports that out of 57 cars pre-cooled in this manner there was but one
claim for loss and damage in transit, and in this case the fruit was not
promptly shii)ped after pre-cooling. An equal number of cars of fruit shipped
without being pre-coolod brought many claims for damages.

Methods of preserving fruit fresh, W. F. Doty {Daily Cons, and Trade
Rpts. [U. ;S'.], 1909, No. 3612, pp. 5, 6). — Brief notes are given on the methods
employed in Prussia in preserving grapes, apples, quinces, watermelons and
muskmelons in the fresh state.

Conservation of fresh grapes in granulated cork, A. W. Robert {Daily
Cons, (iiiil Trmir Rpls. [ T. .S'.]. 1909. No. 3672, p. 6).— A brief note on this
method of conserving grapes as employed in Algeria.

The exportation of fresh fruits from South Africa {Bui. Off. Gouvt. Gen.
Algerie, 1909, No. 23, Sup., pp. 151-168). — This consists of notes extracted
from official documents of the Cape, Transvaal, and Natal, reporting methods
and experiences in recent years in the shipment of fresh fruits to Europe.

The present and future of horticulture and pomology in central and
southern Italy, I. Zannoni {Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital., IJf {1909), No. 23, pp.
1076-1092). — A general report on this subject and of the discussion following.

[Reports of the agricultural stations of the Gold Coast], W. S. D. Tudhope
ET AL. {Govt. Gold Coast, Rpt. Agr. Dept., 1908, pp. 20-29). — Progress reports
are given on the work of the Aburi Botanic and Agricultural Station, and the
Tarkwa, Assuantsi, and Coomassie Agricultural Stations of the Gold Coast,
relative to varieties of native and introduced fruits, vegetables, and general
agricultural crops being tested, the more important indigenous products ex-
ported being palm oil, palm kernels, rubber. Kola nuts, copra, and gum copal.

Making horticulture pay, M. G. Kains {New York, 1909, pp. X+276, pi. 1,
-figs. 58). — This popular work consists of a compilation of the experiences of a
large number of actual farmers, several of them women, in growing vegetable,
orchard, and small fruits. The subject-matter is presented under the follow-
ing general headings: Garden soils and their care, fertilizers and fertilizing,
water and its control, function of cultivation, fruit plantations and their care,
orchard fruits, small fruits, the vegetable garden, spraying, and ornamentals.

The planters' handbook, G. Bunyard {Maidstone, Eng., 1908, pp. 160, figs.
50). — This English work consists of a popular guide to the most useful park
trees, evergreen and flowering shrubs, and ornamental trees, with cultural hints
and illustrations.

Dutch bulbs and gardens, Una Silberrad and Sophie Lyall {London, 1909,
pp. 176, pis. 2^). — This work portrays in a popular way the culture of bulbs
in Holland, including descriptions of noted bulb gardens. The text is fully
illustrated with colored reproductions of paintings by Mima Nixon.

Reproduction of flowering plants, F. Rios {Estac. Agr. Cent. [Mexico] Bol.
22. pp. 2Jf). — A popular bulletin discussing the usual methods of propagating
ornamental trees, shrubs, and flowers.

342 EXPEHIMENT STATION RECORD.

The book of fern culture, A. Hemsley (Loiuloti and New York, 1908, pp.
VUl + tJJ, pLs. JeS).— A practiful handbook containing general directions for
growing ferns for different purposes, including specific cultural directions for
growing various classes of ferns.

FORESTRY.

Silviculture. C. Heyer (Der Waldhaii odrr die Foist produktenzucht . Lcip-
Mc -//,-/ l!< rlin, niOG, vol. 1, 5. ed., pp. \I 1+518. figs. 331; 1909, vol. 2. 5. rd.. pp.
VI +302, ftys. 57). — Tlie present revised and enlarged edition of this work, which
is edite<l by R. Hess, is issued in 2 volumes. Volume 1 covers the preparatory
phases of silviculture, such as selection of site, soils, and species, regeneration
by natiiral and artificial means, seed bed, nursery and planting practices, and
the necessary equipment for these operations. A^olume 2 deals directly with the
application of various silvicultural systems in developing and managing stands
of various deciduous and coniferous species intended for timber alone and
with those intended for botli timber and minor forest products. Consideration
is also given to the conversion from one silvicultural system to another.

Forest taxation, H. Weber (Die licsteuerung des Waldes. Frankfort-on-
ihr-Main, 1909, pp. X+555). — The puriwse of this work is to present the valid
principles of forest taxation and to discuss their accuracy from the standpoint
of legitimate tax distribution, with the view of presenting some light on the
question of forest taxation, which is continually becoming of increasing im-
portance. Tlie first 2 sections of the work are devoted to a discussion of the
general subject of taxation and revenues. Succeeding sections deal with direct
taxes, the liistory of their development, the present status in Oermany and
neighboring countries, the taxation of forest revenues on the basis of general
revenue taxes, and tli(^ taxation of forest yields, present and future.

Deforestation and its effects among the hills of southern Indiana, G. Cul-
BERTSON {Proc. lud. Aeofi. ^ei., 1908, pp. 27-37). — In this paper the author en-
deavors to show the relation between deforestation in southern Indiana and
the greatly increased run-off and decreased ground water supply of that region,
together with the probable tendency of deforestation toward the reduction
of the rainfall during the late summer months.

A tentative scheme for the utilization of waste lands, B. E. Fernow {Farm
and Diiinj \ihilario], 28 (1909), Yo. 5/, ;*/*. 3, /,. figs. 5).— Formulated plans
adaptable to reforesting sand areas of Durham and Northumberland counties,
Ontario, are i)resented and briefly discussed.

On the drying up of forest plantings in the steppes, N. Stepanov (Lyesn.
Zhur., 38 {1908), A o. 10, pp. 1323-1333; abs. in Zhur. Optiitn. Agron. (Russ.
Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 (,1909), No. 3, p. 360).— The author presents data to
show that the dying out of forest plantings in the Russian steppes is not due
to a lack of the chief fertilizing elements in the soil as contended by Kravkov
(E. S. R., 20. p. 618). Analyses made of the soil in perishing plantations
showed as liigh a content of phosphoric acid and potash as in the soil of thriv-
ing i)lantati<)ns.

Marking in practice, A. B. Recknagel (Forestry Quart., 7 (1909), No. 4, pp.
396-399, pi. 1). — The methods of marking timber actually employed in the
national forests are described.

Methods of determining the time of the year at which timber was cut,
R. ZoN (Forestry Quart, 7 (1909), .Vo. ',, pp. J,02-.'t09. pi. /).— The author
points out the greater economic value of wood cut in winter over that cut in
summer, and reviews our present knowledge relative to methods of determin-
ing the time of year at which timber was cut. Particular attention is given to

FORESTRY. 343

the microscopical metliod of distinguishing summer and winter wood, worl^ed
out by Rashevslvy (E. S. R., 10, p. 358), from which method it seems possible
to detei'mine from the appearance of the last wood layer whether the tree was
cut in spring, summer, or during the dormant period of the year.

Forest products of Canada, A. H. D. Ross (Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch
Bui. ^f. Pit. 33). — This bulletin contains estimates and statistics corrected to
December, 1908, relative to forest areas, reserves, and timber supplies, the pro-
duction of timber and other forest products in the different provinces, and the
exports and imports of forest products. The bulletin also discusses to what
extent statistical information relative to forestry is available in Canada, and
indicates means for obtaining more definite information on this subject.

[Forestry statistics of Ireland, 1908], W. G. S. Adams {Dcpt. Agr. and
Tech. Instr. Ireland, Apr. Hfatis. 190S, p. XX~XXII, i//2-/53).— Detailed tables
are given for 190S showing by counties and provinces the arens under forest
trees with their classification and ages, areas under coppice or scrub, osier
beds and forest nursery plantations, the total area under woods and plantations,
areas planted and cleared, descriptions of trees planted and felled during the
year, including the uses to which the timber was applied, and the number of
trees used in Ireland and exported, with their estimated weight in tons. The
total area under woods and forest plantations of all kinds was 301,630 acres.

Report on reforestation in Italy from 1867 to 1908 (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus,
e Com. [Rome], 8 (1909), Ser. A, No. (!., pp. .97-///).— Detailed statistics are
given relative to the various reforestation projects in the different provinces of
Italy being carried on either at the expense, or with the assistance, of the gov-
ernment. In some cases summarized data are given for the period 1867 to 1907.
In addition to the number, <irea, and cost of projects, the number of i)lants and
amounts of seed of various species distributed, together with statistics of forest
fires, are also given.

Woods and forests department, 1908, A. F. Broun (Rpls. Finance, Admin.,
and Condition ^ndan, 1908, pp. Jf27--'i'i3) . — A routine report relative to the
administration of. and operations in, the woods and forests in the Sudan for
1908, including a financial statement for the year, together with tabular data
relative to yields of major and minor forest products, revenues, expendi-
tures, etc.

Forestry in New Zealand, W. C. Kensington {^VeUington: Govt., 1909, pp.
118, pis. 21, maps 2). — Part 1 of this report describes the condition of New
Zealand forests relative to their extent and character, estimated quantity of
milling timber, and varieties of trees found in each land district. Part 2
describes sawmill operations in that country, including accounts of processes
for preserving and seasoning timber and a discussion of the utilization of wood
for purposes other than the supply of sawn timber to the building trade. Part
3 deals with the question of deforestation and the need of forest preservation.
Part 4 contains data relative to the estimated forest wealth of the world, with
special reference to those countries from which New Zealand may draw her
future supply. Part 5 discusses in detail the nursery and planting operations
of the afforestation branch. The text is accompanied by a map showing the
forest reserves of New Zealand.

Annual progress report on forest administration of the lower provinces
of Bengal, 1907—8, A. L. McIntibe (Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin. Lower Prov.
Bengal, 1907-8, pp. II +46+'/). — The usual annual report relative to the con-
stitution, management, exploitation, and administration of the state forests
in the lower provinces of Bengal, including a financial statement for the year.
The more important data relative to forest areas and surveys, forest products,
revenues, etc., are appended in tabular form.

344 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Annual report on the forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara, 1907-8,
C. H. Pritc'Haki) [Ann. h'jit. Forest Admin. Ajmcr-Mencant, 1907-S, pp.
-?+4-'/). — A statement siuiilar to the ahove relative to the admhiistration of
troveninient forests in Ajnier-Merwara.

Forestry in China, W. T. Gracky (Daily Cons, and Trade Ilpts. [U. 8.],
1910, Xo. ,it)7U, PI). 1. 1, 13). — A l»rief report of the German government's affor-
estation worli in the Kiachow leased territory, together with an outline of af-
forestation activities in other sections of China.

The histological difference between Pinus taeda and Pinus palustris,
IvATiiKKiM'; (J. r.iTTiN.(; { I'roc. IikI. Acad. t<ri.. HKJS. pp. 127-129, fifjs. 6). — The
author points out the differences found in the woods of these si)ecies when
studied under the nncroscope.

The factors given as the most ])rominen1 and also the most readily obtained
in distinguishing the woods of the two trees are that in Pinus twda the junction
of the spring and sunniier wood in the year zone is not distinct and the medul-
lary rays are somewhat obscure and close together, whei-eas in P. palustris the
sining and summer wood are distinct from each other, and the medullary rays
consiiicnous and farthei" apart with a ratio to those in P. ta^da of 4: 11.

Indo-Malayan woods, F. W. Foxworthy {Philippine Jour. Sci., G. Hot.. Jf
( 19(19). Ao. //. pp. ->iU9-592, pts. 9). — This work, which was undertaken primarily
with the view of correlating Philippine wttods with related or identical forms in
other regions, consists chiefly of descriptive notes of the Indo-Malayan woods
relative to their structure, uses, and distribution. Photographic plates of micro-
scopical sections showing the wood structure of some 108 of the si)ecies descril)ed
accompany the text. Tables showing the comparative weight and hardness of
eastern woods, together with lists of woods suitable for special purposes, and
rare, ornamental, or precious woods, and a chart showing the commercially
equivalent woods of the Philippines and other timber producing countries of the
Kast, are given and discussed, including notes on the timbered areas and future
supplies in these countries.

Andaman Padouk (Pterocarpus dalbergioides), B. B. Osmaston (Indian
Forest Rec., 1 (190S). No. 3, pp. 239-2^).— An account of this timber tree rela-
tive to its habit, distribution, timber, conditions of growth, distribution of the age
classes, reproductive power, plantations, insect pests, and natural reproduction.

Teak forests of Siam, C C. Hansen (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [V. 8.],
1910, \o. 3679. pp. ,S', 9). — A brief account of the teak forests of Siam relative
to their management and extent of production.

Japanese charcoal kiln, N. B. Eckho (Forestry Quart., 7 (1909), No. Jf, pp.
J,00. .'lOl, pi. 1). — An illustrated description is given, together with the method
of operating the kiln.

DISEASES or PLANTS.

Fungus diseases of plants, B, M. Dtjggar (Boston, New York, Chieago, Lon-
don, 1909, pp. Xll-\-50S, pi. 1, figs. 2J,0).— This is one of the Country Life Edu-
cation Series, edited by C. W. Burkett, former director of the Kansas Experi-
ment Station, and covers the subject of diseases of plants that are known to
1)6 due to fungi. After giving chapters on cultural methods, technique of fixing,
embedding, and staining, and physiological relations of fungi, the author de-
scribes in detail the important diseases of plants due to fungi, including the
slime molds and bacteria. In the discussion of each disease, as far as practi-
cable the pathological effects and other relations of host and parasite are
described, a clear account is given of the life history of the fungus, and sug-
gestions are offered of methods for the preveutiou or control of the disease.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 345

The matei'ial is arranged according to the sequence of the various classes
of fungi and when used in connection with the extensive host index the student
can readily determine what fungus diseases are to be expected on different
host plants. Bibliographies of important contributions to the knowledge of the
different diseases are given.

The author has prepared a AaluabJe reference book on the fungus diseases of
plants in AmeJ'ica. It is rather remarkable that in view of the great activity
in mycology and plant pathology during the past 20 or 30 years there has
not previously l)een a general text or reference book of American origin upon
this subject.

Report of the section for plant protection, 1908, A. Lemcke (In Bericht
iiber die Tatif/kcJt der Pflanzcnscliutzstclle and iiber das Auftrcten von Kranlc-
hciten and tierischen Schddlingen an Kulturpflanscn in der Provinz Ost-
preusscn im Jalire 1908. Konigshery, 1909, pp. 1-36). — Notes are given on th'.?
weather conditions during the growing season of 1908 and the influence of the
weather on \arious crops, as shown by their condition and yields. The rela-
tion of crops to climate and weather is discussed and descriptive notes and sug-
gestions for treatment are given of a number of plant diseases observed during
the year. The distribution in East Prussia of the diseases of the more im-
portant crops is indicated.

Notes on some plant diseases, G. LIjstner and H. Morstatt (Ber. K.
Lehnaist. Wcin, Ohut u. (Inrtcnbau Geisenheitn, 1908, pp. 9Jf-9S). — Notes are
given on a leaf disease of currants, American gooseberry mildew, Fusarium
disease of beans, and a leaf disease of beech trees.

The leaf disease of currants is caused by Glwosporium ribis, a fungus that
almost defoliates the plants. An investigation made of the susceptibility of
different varieties indicated that the Red Holland was practically free from
disease when other well-known varieties of currants were either entirely de-
foliated or the foliage was injured to a considerable extent.

The Fusarium disease of beans is similar in many ways to the wilt described
by Appel and Schikorra (K. S. R., 18, p. 64.5), but the cause of this disease is
believed to differ somewhat from that previously noted. It is believed that
from a study of the material the form occurring on beans is either a variety or
a race of F. I'oseum.

The leaf disease of the beech is said to be due to (iJcensporium fagicohim.

The disinfection of seeds, R. Mares (Bui. Agr. Alg&rie et Tunisie, 15 (1909),
No. 19, pp. Ji37-Ji40). — Compiled data are given relating to the treatment of
seed for smut prevention, the treatments described being formaldehyde solu-
tion, hot water, corrosive sublimate, and sulphate of copper. Directions for the
preparation of these fungicides and their use are set forth at length.

Smut preventives, J. Murray {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1909, pp. 275,
276). — A brief account is given of the results of treating seed grain with for-
malin, copper sulphate, and other fungicides for the i)revention of smut. The
grain was not seriously infested, as shown from the small amount of smut on
the check plats, but where treated with formaldehyde or copper sulphate solu-
tions there was no smut whatever. The other treatments, such as hot water,
sulphid of potassium, sulphate of iron, anti-fungi, etc., were either less effectual
in reducing the disease or their methods of application are too tedious to
permit of their general use.

Experiments in combating the loose smut of grain, W. Detken (IUus.
Landw. Zig., 29 (1909), Xo. 83, pp. 783, 78//).— The results of experiments with
modified hot-water treatments for the control of loose smut of cereals are given,
particular attention being devoted to the combating of the loose smut of
summer wheat.

346 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Tlu> author tostod both liot wiilcr and hot air as iiioans of jn-eventinj; loose
smuts of barlt'.v ami summer wheat, and found both methods quite efficient
where the grain was given a preliminary soalcing of 6 liours in cool water. A
temperature of 54 to 5G° C. for hot water, drying the seed for 20 minutes at
(55° after preliminary soaking, destroyed all smut in the seed grain, and the
plats on which treated grain was sown were without any trace of disease.
In comparative experiments where there was no preliminary soaking of the
seed both of the treatments were without any practical effect.

Clover canker, P. Ulrich (Laiidw. WchnM. Schlcfi. Hoist., 59 (1909). No.
J/l. Pit. (!9()-()'J,i. figs. 3). — A description is given of clover canker, due to
t<ch'r(tiiiiia trifolioriDti. In addition to red clover the fungus is known to
attack alsike, white and crimson clovers, esparcet, hop clover, etc. It flourishes
best in moist soils, and its spread through the presence of spores on the seed
is claimed.

A leaf spot of cucumbers, II. M. Quanjer (Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, l.)
{J 90S), J). 78; (lbs. in Medcd. Rijks Hoogcre Land, Tuin en Boschhoinvsch.. 1
(1908), PI). l')9, 160). — A brief account is given of the leaf disease of cucumbers
due to Conjnrspora maze'i. Tlie disease can be held in check by spraying with
Bordeaux mixture or some other good fungicide.

Coniothecium arachideum, a new fungus on peanuts, R. Lucks (Ccnthl.
naht. [etc.], J. .\ht.. 2 J (1909), No. 21-25, pp. 6J,2-655. pis. 3).— A description
is given of C. arachideum, a new species of fungus found occuring on peanut
cake and peanut meal. The author's investigation showed that it is of quite
common occurrence, being present in samples of peanut products from Asia
and Africa, and it is also believed to occur in the United States.

Notes on some potato diseases (Jour. Bd. Ayr. [London], 16 (1909), No. 8,
pp. 61/2-646, pi. 1). — During an investigation of the prevalence of the wart
disease of potatoes (Chnjsophlyctls endobiotica) in Great Britain, a number
of other diseases were observed to be widely distributed, and brief notes are
given on them preliminary to a full report of the investigation. The diseases
described are corky scab (Spongospora scabies), root rot (Rhizoctonia vio-
lacca), leaf blotch (Sporidesmiiim solani varians), blackleg or stem rot (Bacil-
lus phytophthorus). and a disease due to 11 i/poehnus solani.

Potato diseases, R. Schander (Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 58 (1909), No. 8, pp.
273-285. /i(/s. J). — .Vttontion is called to the leaf roll and bacterial ring diseases
of potatoes in an account given of experiments which show the effect of selec-
tion of tubers on the presence of the diseases. Varieties were found to differ
very materially in their susceptibility, and the author believes that through
the breeding of resistant varieties the losses due to these diseases may be
largely overcome.

Resting' spores of the potato fungus, L. R. Jones (Science, n. ser., 30
(1909), No. 779, pp. 813, 81J,) .—\\\ a previous publication (E. S. R., 20, p. 1139)
the presence of oogonium-like bodies in cultures of the potato-rot fungus (Phy-
tophthora infcstans) was reported. In the present account the author states
that under favorable circumstances it has been possible to obtain what appear
to be fully matured resting spores of this fungus. These are found most
abundantly where the organism is grown on potato gelatin or Lima-bean agar.

The author states that the oogonium-like bodies have apparently developed
into mature resting spores, which have a thick spiny brown exospore with dense
granular contents, bearing a general resemblance to the oospores of related
species. As yet none of these resting spores have been germinated, so that it
is not known positively whether they act functionally in that manner or not.
No body comparable to au autheridium has yet been discovered.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 347

The leaf curl of potatoes, P. De Caluwe (Handel. Vlaamsch Natuur en
Geneesk. Cong., 12 {190S), No. 2, pp. 195-200). — A description is given of tlie
leaf curl of potatoes, a disease which has become quite prevalent and destruc-
tive in Germany, Holland, and elsewhere.

Notes on the leaf roll disease of potatoes, O. Appel (Jahresber. Ver. Angeio.
Bot., 6 {1908), pp. 259-265). — An account is given of a leaf roll disease of
potatoes, and the author states that probably several forms of disease are con-
fused in this term. In 1905-6 a species of Fusarium was commonly found in
diseased tissues, while in 1907 and also in 1908 Verticillium albo-atnim was
present in the diseased stems. He thinks that this disease, instead of being of
recent occurrence, has been Imowu for some time, and states that there is evi-
dence that it has been recognized for more than a century.

The leaf roll of potatoes, Schleh {FUhUng's Landic. Zig., 58 (1909). No.
18, pp. 6Jt 1-663). — The author has carried on several years' observation and ex-
perimentation witli this disease, seeking methods for its control. He concludes
that the various forms, such as stunted growth, leaf curl, and crinkled leaflets,
are all due to the same cause, the specific nature of which has not been posi-
tively determined. The disease is readily transmitted through the tubers, and
its virulence seems to increase from generation to generation.

Fertilizers do not seem to influence the disease to any considerable extent,
although some methods of culture seem to favor its development. Poorly devel-
oped tubers are more likely to spread the disease than sound ones. There is
little evidence thiit the cause of the disease can be transferred from the tuber
to the soil, yet as a precaution rotation of crops is advised.

The usual methods for combating plant diseases are said to have failed, and
the author advises extensive experiments by potato growers to ascertain prac-
tical methods for the control of this trouble, which he states is becoming one of
the most serious of potato diseases.

Internal brown rot (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 16 (1909), No. 8, pi). 6.'/7,
648). — A description is given of the internal brown rot or sprain of potatoes, the
precise nature of which is obscure. In some specimens mycelium was found in
the tissue of the brown spots, and under proper conditions the winter rot
caused by Xcctria solani always developed. In other cases no mycelium could
be found, nor did any fungus develop even under favorable conditions.

Tubers showing this disease were planted, and every tuber produced showed
the presence of small spots, indicating that the disease is transmitted from
seed tubers to the following crop. Where there were no signs of winter rot on
the tubers planted the sets produced a perfectly clean crop.

A preliminary account of this disease, suggesting a possible cause, has been
noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 21, p. 447).

Sugar beet and potato diseases in 1908, A. Stift (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2.
AM., 2.3 (1909), \o. 6-9, pp. 17.3-192). — A critical review is given of some of
the more important contributions in 1908 relating to the diseases of sugar beets
and potatoes, about 100 publications being considered.

The root rot of beets and its control, E. Riehm (B1. Zuckerriibenhau, 16
(1909), No. 10, pp. lJi5-lJt9). — An examination of a large number of diseased
beets is said to have shown the presence of 3 fungi, Phoma bette, Pythiiim
debaryanmn, and Aphanomyces Iwvis, all of which from the nature and abun-
dance of their occurrence must be considered parasitic.

Of the species observed the Phoma was found to be distributed through
pycnidia on beet seed. The other fungi are soil organisms that attack the
roots in the field. The disease is said to be primarily one of young beets and
anything that tends to check their growth will make them more susceptible.

348 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Experiiuonls nrr ri'portoil in troatiiiK beets for the destruction of the Phoma
Iiycnirtia in which the seed was treated on 2 successive days for 10 minutes with
water heateti to 57° C. On account of the trouble In handling, this method is
not consideretl practicable. Metliods better adapted to extensive use are
seed treatments in which the seed is soaked for various lengths of time In
solutions of carbolic acid, formalin, Bordeaux mixture, copper-soda mixture,
and copper sulphate solution. For soil treatment the application of lime has
been reconjmcndcd. but the author says its use is not always followed by good
H'sults, the crop in some cases being injured.

The orobanche on tobacco, Constancis {Jour. A (jr. Prat., n. ser., 18 (1909),
yo. JiS, pp. 51)5-567, fig. J). — A desc-ription given of I'heUpwa ramosa, a pheno-
gamic parasite of tobacco, hemp, and tomatoes, and sometimes occuiTing on
maize and grapevines.

The parasite is particularly troublesome in the southern part of France and
is more abundant in dry years than in rainy seasons. In general it makes
its appearance in the latter part of July or the first half of August, growing
upon the roots of the tobacco phint. Its presence on the plant can be recog-
nized by the discoloration, feeble growth, etc. The infection is through the
presence of seed in the soil or in tobacco seed or through seeds scattered by
insects, winds, or birds.

To prevent the occurrence of this pest the author advises the destruction of
the orobanche plant before the seeds mature, deep plowing as soon as the
tobacco has been harvested, and early seeding of tobacco in soil which is made
as rich as possible so as to cause the crop to grow rapidly and become physio-
logically resistant.

Deterioration in wheat yields due to root rots and blight-producing dis-
eases, H. L. BoLLEY {N. Dak. Fanner, 11 (IHOD), ^o. 5, pp. 5, 6). — The author
states as his belief that the chief cause of the general reduction in yields of
wheat in the Red River Valley of the Dakotas and Minnesota is due to the
action of parasitic fungi, causing root rot, wilting and blighting of the straw
and heads, and is not to be wholly attributed to the deterioration of the avail-
able plant food in the soil.

The aecidial stage of Calyptospora columnaris, W. P. Fraser {Science, n.
Her., 30 (1909), No. 779, pp. 81 J,, S/,T).— The author notes the collection of the
fiecidial stage of the blueberry rust {C. columnariH) on AMen balsarnea in July,
1909. A Periderniium was found on the leaves of A. halsaniea which agreed
with the description of P. columnare, and Dr. J. C. Arthur determined the
material as sent him as the aicidial stage of the blueberry rust. It is said
that this is the first time it has been collected in North America.

The American gooseberry mildew and its distribution in East Prussia,
A. Lemcke (.4/&. Landiv. Kammer Ostpreussen, A'os. 20, pp. 5-lJt; 24, pp.
3-SJf). — A description is given of the American gooseberry mildew {Sphcero-
fheca morK-ura'), and its distribution in East Prussia in 1907 and 1908 is
traced.

Combating the gooseberry mildew, A. Lemcke {Separate from Georgine,
Land u. For.sttr. Ztg., 1909, Xo. 39, pp. 6). — Directions are given for combating
the American gooseberry mildew, which include the collection and destruction
of all diseased foliage, twigs, etc., and spraying the shrubs during the summer
season. It is stated that Bordeaux mixture has not proved very efficient in
controlling this disease and in its stead a one-half per cent solution of potas-
sium sulphid is recommended for use. The si)raying should be carried on from
May to July at intervals of about S days.

Further studies on the callus disease of raspberries, T. Wulff {Ark. Bot.,
8 {li)09), No. //, Art. Id, pp. 6),— In a previous publication (E. S. R., 20, p. 831)

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 349

the author has described the callus disease of raspbei-ries, aud attributed it to
frost or other injuries. Since that publication attention has been called to some
similar diseases, and a rose canker, due to Coniothyrium fuckclii, has been de-
scribed (E. S. R., 20, p. 850) that in some ways seems to resemble the disease
the author has been investigating. His previous investigations were repeated,
but studies made of the material have shown that while tlie fungus C. fnckelii
may be present in the older portions of the callus, it is thought to be there only
as a saprophyte and that it is not the direct cause of the trouble.

Experiments in combating the downy mildew of the grape, (J. LUstner
(Ber. K. Lehranst. Wein, Obst u. Gartenhau Geiseiiheim, J 90S, piJ. Ill, 112). —
A brief tabulated report is given of experiments for the control of the downy
mildew of the grape, in which vines were sprayed with various strengths of
Cucasa, a trade preparation, the base of which is cor)i)er, a copper-soda prepa-
ration, Tenax, sea salt, and milk of lime.

The best results were obtained where 1 or 4 per cent Cucasa or 1 per cent
copper-soda mixtures were used. Sea salt and solutions of sea salt and milk
of lime were without value in reducing the iimonnt of disease and the yield
of crops was materially lessened where they liad been employed.

The early treatment against the mildew of grapes, J. Guicherd {Prog.
Af/r. (I ^ il. il'UI. VEHt-Vcntrc), 30 (1900), \o. 21, pp. 621-62//). —Attention is
callei^l to the desiral»ility of thorough spraying early in the season for the con-
trol of downy mildew of grapes, and the author thinks that for these earlier
applications nothing is gained by reducing the strength of the fungicides. At
this time the strongest fungicide should be used, while at a later period the use
of more dilute ones will be found advantageous. The first application, which
should be made just before the flowering period, is held to be the most impor-
tant. The second application should be made after the falling of the flowers,
but if there is evidence that the fungus is spreading rapidly and the flowering
period is considerably delayed, it is stated that the second treatment could be
made during the flowering period without serious injury.

In this connection attention is called to a form of copper called copper oxy-
chlorid, which, it is claimed, is very efficient for use against the downy mildew.

A remedy for the gray rot of grapes, E. Total (Prog. Agr. ct Vit. (Ed.
VEat-Centre), 30 (1909), No. 1,3, p. 7/99).— For the prevention of gray rot of
grapes the author recommends a treatment which he claims is very simple and
efBcient. This consists of thinning the leaves on the north side of the vines
and spraying with Bordeaux mixture to which soap is added to make it more
adherent. The treatment should be made about July 25, or at the stage when
the grapes have just about reached their full size. If the fungicide is thor-
oughly applied at this time the author claims that no further troul)le may l)e
anticipated from this disease.

The apple mildew and its control, J. Erikssox (Prakt. B1. Pflanzenbau u.
Schuts, n. ser.. 7 ( 1909), Xo. 6, pp. 73-77, figs. 5; 7, pp. 96-99, fig. i).— A de-
scription is given of apple mildew, caused by Sphwrotheca leueotricha, or
Podosphara leueotricha, as it is now known.

For the control of this disease the author recommends collecting and burning
the leaves and affected shoots, spraying with a 1 per cent solution of copper
sulphate, or of potassium .sulphid, together with the digging in of lime in the
soil about the trees. In the spring befox'e the leaves appear a thorough spray-
ing should be given the trees, and this should be repeated after blooming. Par-
ticular attention should be paid to nursery trees, that infected ones are not
transplanted.

Characteristics of apple-tree anthracnose, A. B. Cordley (Better Fruit, 4
(1909), No. Jf, pp. 13-17, figs. 6). — The author describes the apple-tree anthrac-

350 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

nose due to GlceositorUtin nidlicorticis, and offers suggestions for its control, the
information being largely based upon Oregon Station Bulletin Wl (E. S. R., 12,
J). r»S). In tliat bulletin tlie suggestions for treatment included late summer
aud autumn spraying with Bordeaux mixture or other compounds. Based upon
subse<iuent observations the author states that he is inclined to believe that the
summer sprayings may be omitted and that it is most important to have the
trees thoroughly i)rotected by a fungicide during November and December. In
order to secure this result he recommends a thorough apiilication of Bordeaux
mixture soon after the fruit is gathered, to be followed after the leaves are off
the trees with another application of Bordeaux or of lime-sulphur mixture.

Control of pear scab, R. E. Smith {Nortlnaest Pacific Farmer, 39 (1909),
\o. 51, pp. 1, 16). — Attention is called to the pear scab, which is becoming one
of the most serious diseases of the pear on the Pacific coast. The author
quotes extensively from California Station Bulletin 163 (E. S. R., 16, p. S87),
and for the control of the disease he recommends spraying the trees thoroughly
In February and March with lime-sulphur mixture or copper sulphate solution.
When tlie buds have begun to swell the trees should be sprayed with a strong
Bordeaux mixture, and as this is the most important of all the aitplieations, par-
ticular effort should be made to have it thoroughly done. After the fruit sets
about two sprayings with a 5 : 5 : 50 Bordeaux solution, to which some arsenical
may be added, are recommended.

Diseases of the native plum, W. T. Macoun (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts.
1909, pp. 126, 127). — Attention is called to two diseases of the native plum
(Prunus nigra), a species extensively cultivated in Ontario and Quebec, where
European varieties of plums can not be grown. The diseases are the leaf spot
or blight (Cladosporium carpophilum) and plum pockets (Exoascus pruni).

Experiments have shown that these diseases can be controlled by the thorough
application of Bordeaux mixture, and suggestions are given for its use. Where
it is necessary to apply the fungicide after the fruit has become of considerable
size, ammoniacal copper cai'bonate can be substituted for ordinary Bordeaux
mixture, so as to prevent staining of the fruit.

Some diseases of citrus trees, H. S. Fawcett (Proc. Fla. State Ilort. Soc,
22 (1909), pp. 75-88, pi. 3). — Popular descriptions are given of scaly bark,
withertip, foot rot, gumming, blight, scab, and smoky fungus, with suggestions
for the treatment of the different diseases, so far as definite i-emedies are
known.

Yellow spotting of citrus leaves, B. F. Floyd (Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc,
22 (1909), pp. 88-93, pis. 2, figs. 2). — A disease of citrus trees characterized
by a greasy yellow spotting of the leaves is described. Little appears to be
known of its history, and it is said that it may almost disappear in a locality
aud again appear after an interval. From the evidence at hand it seems that
it belongs to the same class as trenching, melauose, dieback, and blight.

The symptoms of the disease are confined to the leaves, although a single
instance has been found where the fruit was spotted. The typical spots are
yellowish or golden in color, varying in size, and usually occurring between
the main veins. The yellowish or golden color is more noticeable on the upper
surface of the leaves, while on the lower surface the spot is often rough and
projecting, thereby differentiating it from the yellowing due to other causes
with which, it is said, it is frequently confused.

As yet no definite cause has been found for the disease. While inoculation
experiments have given negative results, it is believed from field observations
that it is ti'ansmissible to some extent.

The diseases and insect injuries of coffee, F. C. von Fabek (Ccntbl. Bwkt.
[etc.], 2. Abt., 21 (1908), No. -',-G, pp. 97-117, figs. 12; 23 (1909), No. 6-9, pp.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 351

193-219, figs. 28). — Compiled accounts are given of the various fungus and
other diseases to which the coffee plant is subject, 18 species of fungi and 1
alga being described as parasitic on the leaves, stems, roots, and fruits of the
coffee plant. In addition several phenogamous plants are listed that occur as
parasites or semiparasites. Notes are also given on the injui-y done by nema-
todes, snails, mites, insects, etc.

The coconut stem disease, T. Fetch (Trop. Agr. and Mag. Ceylon Agr. fe'oc..
33 {1909), No. 1, PI). 13-15).— On account of the possibility of the distribution of
the spores of Thielaviopsis cthaceticns, the cause of the coconut stem disease,
by water, coconut husks, and other means, the author has carried on some
experiments to test the vitality of the spores and the possible means of dis-
tribution.

The spores were found to grow only in solutions containing sugar, and on
this account the fungus is found only in the portions of the stem containing
sugar in some form. The sjiores retained their germinative capacity for a con-
siderable time, particularly if kept dry, and experiments shpwed that they
were quite resistant to many chemicals.

The author believes that the disease is not as destructive or as rapidly dis-
seminated as formerly stated, although it apparently causes considerable loss.

Som.e studies of nonparasitic plant diseases, P. Graebner (Ztschr. Forst u.
Jagdw., Jfl {1909), No. 7, pp. .'f21-.'f31, figs. 5). — Descriptions are given of the
effect of frost during the growing period on the oak, beech, hemlock, and fir.

Gas injury to street trees, R. Hoerning {Gartenwcit, 13 {1909), No. Jf6,
pp. 5.ifo, o.'fO). — An account is given of the injury in Kiel to linden, locust, and
elm trees by illuminating gas.

A new Exobasidiuin disease on azaleas, R. Laxjbert {Handelsbl. Deut.
Gartenban, 2>t {1909), pp. .'iG6-Jf68; ahs. in Bot. Ztg., 2. Abt., 61 {1909), No.
20-21, p. 285). — In 1908 in some of the Rhenish provinces a disease of culti-
vated azaleas appeared which the author has studied and found to be due to
Exohasi'iiinn sp., a form apparently related to E. discoideum and E. ledi. The
fungus seems to be able to attack species of A'accinium, Rhododendron, and
Azalea, producing similar characteristics, and for its control it is recommended
that the diseased parts be cut out and the plants treated with Bordeaux mixture
or sulphur.

The diseases of euonymus, E. Foex {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre),
30 {1909), Ao. J,6, pp. 614, 615).— The author calls attention to the fact that
under the term euonymus disease 2 diseases are confused, one caused by the
scale insect Diaspis cuonymi, the other due to the conidial phase of a mildew.
For the control of the former the use of insecticides is advised, while for the
fungus the application of solutions of permanganate of potash, carbonate of cop-
per, or Bordeaux mixture is recommended.

A remedy for the mildew of euonymus, P. Jany {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed.
VEst-Centre), 30 {1909), No. ^3, pp. .',99, 500).— For the control of the powdery
mildew of euonymus the author recommends dusting the shrubs with sulphur
when the active growth is just beginning. One application has proved success-
ful for several years in controlling this disease.

A nematode disease of chrysanthemums, E. Molz {Centhl. Bald, [etc.], 2.
Alit.. 23 (1909). \o. 21-25, ;>p. 656-611, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The author describes a
disease of chrysantliemums due to the nematode A iihelenchus olesistus. The
nematodes infest the above-ground part of the plants, causing considerable
injury.

Investigations have shown that chemical treatments that are sufficiently
strong to destroy the nematodes also injure the plants. The best means of com-
bating this pest is believed to be through the sterilization of the soil with

352 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

steaui. Ten minutes" exposure of infected leaves to a temperature of 43° C
Ivilled all nematodes. There is some evidence also that soil may be sterilize<l
by the injection of carbon bisuli)hid. The amount ust^d should be about 3 gm.
of carbon bisulphid to 10 liters of soil.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Cave vertebrates of America, C. H. Eigenmann (Carnegie Inst. Wa/ihing-
fan. Pub. lOJ,, pp. lX-\-2Jtl, pis. 31, figs. 72; rev. in Nature [London], 82 (JOO!)),
\(>. 20S!). j). J/O). — A study in dei^eneralive evolution.

Protection of woodlands in Ireland, III, A. ('. Fokbks (Dept. Agr. and
Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 9 UDO'J), No. 3, pp. .'/77W,,S^, pis. Jt, figs. 2).— Direc-
tions are Riven for the protection of trees against domestic animals, rabbits,
s(piirrels. and other small animals ( E. S. R.. 22, p. 1G2).

Methods of destroying rabbits generally adopted, A. Crawford (Jour.
Dept. Agr. West. Aust., 18 {1909), No. 9, pp. 633-638 ) .—Directions for making
and usins different imisons are civen by the chief inspector.

Pathology and bacteriology of plague in squirrels, G. W. McCoy (Jour.
Infect. Diseases, 6 (1909), No. 5, pp. 676-687). — This report is based upon an
examination of 70 plague-infected ground squirrels (Citellus heecheyi) which
came under observation in California during the sunnner of 1909.

" Plague in the ground squirrel is a disease that is readily recognized by the
gross anatomical changes it produces. The commonest lesion, and often the
only one is a bubo. Many of the cases are probably examples of subacute or
chronic plague. In many cases the bacilli found in squirrel plague are highly
virulent for guinea pigs and white rats, in other cases the virulence is some-
what reduced. Smear preparations are negative for pest-like bacilli in the
majority of cases. It is inisafe to trust to the cutaneous method of inoculation
alone, as it will sometimes fail when the subcutaneous method yields positive
results."

Pield mice and their natural enemies, Frances I*itt (Count nj Life [Lon-
don]. 26 (1909), No. 673, pp. 737-739, figs. 4).— Hawks, owls, foxes, stoats,
weasels, and hedgehogs are mentioned as important enemies of field mice.

A preliminary report on tumors found in wild rats, G. W. McCoy (Jour.
Med. Researcli, 21 (1909), No. 2. pp. 28.j-2.06.).— During the period from June 1,

1908, to May 15, 1909, about 100,000 rats were examined at the P>deral Plague
Laboratory, at San Francisco, Cal. Among these 103 were found which pre-
sented tumors suitable for examination.

The sarcomas of the liver are said to have been of special interest as these
are usually associated with the pi'esence of the parasite Cysticercus fasciolaris,
a stage in the development of Taenia crassieolUs found in the cat. This parasite
is usually sun-ounded by a thin, translucent membranous capsule. When there
is a distinct tumor formation the parasite is almost invariably dead and often
partly disintegrated. Of the tumors of the subcutaneous tissue, which are
reported in detail in tabular form, there were 16 fibromas, 1 lipoma, 5 sacro-
mas, 9 fibroadenomas and adenofibromas, 19 adenomas, 4 carcinomas (including
fibrocarcinomas and adenocarcinomas), and 2 cystic adenomas.

Notes on the birds of San Domingo, with a list of the species, including
a new hawk, A. E. and A. II. Verrill (Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila., 61 {1909),
pt. 2, pp. 352-366). — An annotated list in which 112 species are recorded. The
avifauna of Ran Domingo is said to be remarkable for the number of species
peculiar to the island, many of which are confined to special, isolated localities.

British birds for cages, aviaries, and exhibition, S. W. Birchley (London,

1909, vols. I, PI), XlV-\-302, pis. J,o; 2, pp. VIlI-\-23Jf, pis. 52).— Under the 72

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 353

species taken up descriptions are given of the parent birds, attractive qualities,
habitation, catching, steadying and meting off, hand rearing, exhibition, food,
nest and eggs, and countryside notes. Accounts are also given of the common
ailments, their causes and cure, the molt, and the bird room, and of the cages,
aviaries, and bird-room requisites.

The birds of Java and their economic importance, I and II, J. C. Konings-
BERGER (Medcd. Lands Plantentuin. 1901, Xo. 50, pp. 101. pis. 60; Meded. Dept.
Landb. [Dutch East Indies], 1909, No. 7, pp. 87, pis. 52). — The species here con-
sidered are ilhistrated by plate figures.

A manual of Philippine birds, R. C. McGregor {Manila: Bur. ,s'e/., 1909,
pt. 1, pp. X+-M2). — Three hundred and seventy-eight species are recorded.

The American toad (Bufo lentiginosus americanus), X. Miller (Amer.
Nat., .'i3 (1909), Nos. 515, pp. 61,1-668; 516, pp. 730-7.'i5, figs. 7).— The author
here reports observations which were made continuously throughout the year
on this toad under the headings spawning habits and seasons, development,
habits, and food, hibernation and enemies.

Experiments conducted show that the toad eats on an average only once in IJ
days. It feeds entirely on animaT matter, no food being taken unless it shows
signs of life. It refuses no insects, worms, or slugs which it can swallow, and
about SO per cent of its food consists of harmful insects.

Toads are destroyed by all classes of vertebrates, by drought and winter, and
the adults mainly by the sewer system of cities and towns. Examinations made
of manholes in May showed that there were on an average 4 toads in each. At
this rate it is estimated that for Worcestei% Mass., alone there are no less than
24,000 toads caught and probably killed in this way annually, and it is believed
that at least .WjOOO toads perish there annually from this cause.

The author states that toads will breed in any numbers desired up to the
limits of the insect food supply if given a pond or even a small pool insured
against drying up during late s])ring and early sunnner, and from which natural
enemies have been eliminated.

A bibliograi)hy of 42 titles is appended to the account.

The occurrence of Bufo columbiensis east of the Rocky Mountains, R. T.
Young (Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Phila., 61 {1909), pt. 2, p. 2.98).— This toad is
recorded from the eastern slopes of the Arapahoe Peaks and from the moimtains
west of Greeley, Colo. The author's records show it to occur in the Hudsoniau
zone, far above the upper limit of the Transition, where it has doubtless
migrated from its original habitat.

Fungal parasites of men and animals, H. Coupin {Atlas dcs Champignons
parasites et pathogencs dc VHommr ct des Animauw. Paris, 1909, pp. 137, pis.
58; rev. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [Londonl, 1909, No. 5, p. 617). — Illustrations
are given in this atlas of the microscopic fungi known to cause disease or to
infect animals, and of the higher fungi that are poisonous as articles of food.

The Laboulbeniaceae and their parasitism of insects, P. Picard {Abs. in
Ent. BL, 5 {1909), No. 1, pp. 18-20).— A brief consideration of these fungi in
their relation to insects.

On the flagellates occurring in the intestine of Glossina palpalis and in
the intestine and proboscis of G. morsitans, A. Kinghorn and R. E. Mont-
gomery {Ann. Trop. Med. and Par.. 3 {1909), No. 2, pp. 259-276).— A record
of observations.

Determination of the blood-sucking insects and arachnids, E. Sergent
{Determination des Insectes Piqueurs et Suceurs de Sang. Paris, 1909, pp.
308+ XII, figs. 230). — A work intended for use in the identification of the
important blood-sucking species.

354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The Colorado laws governing horticultural inspection, also regulations
and formulas adopted by the State Board of Horticulture {Ann. Riit. lUt.
Hurt. Colo., f90S, />/>. 8ij-100). — The regulations and formulas adopted by the
State Board of Horticulture and the Colorado laws governing horticultural
inspection are accompanied by brief descriptions of the more important
iiisfct posts.

Report of the division of entomology and botany, W. Saunuf.ks {('(iiuuld
III lit. Farms Riifa. 1!)09, pp. 37-().'i, pi. 1). — The preface to this report gives a
brief review of the work of the late entomologist and botanist, Dr. James
Fletc-lier, whose death has been previously noted ( E. S. R., 20, p. COO).

In an effort to prevent the introduction of the brown-tail moth in shipments
of nursery stock 1,503,129 plants were examined in the provinces of Ontario and
Quel)ec, largely fruit seedlings, apples, pears, plums, and cherries, either for
grafting or budding. On these 19G nests were found, all on stock imported
from France, 100 being on pears, 5G on apples, 28 on plums, 5 on quinces, 2 each
on roses and spir;i';is, and 1 each on the sugar maple, cherry, and Pruniis
Itissardi.

An account of the brown-tail moth is reprinted from the report for 1906 (E.
S. R., 19, p. 959). Experiments with hydrocyanic-acid gas to kill the larvae of
the brown-tail moth, by A. Gibson (pp. 48, 49), indicate that this gas can not
be relied upon as a practical remedy for the pest in its winter condition.

The chief insects of 1908 are reported upon by A. Gibson (pp. 49-63). The
wheat jointworm (Isosoma tritici) was present in considerable numbers in
some parts of western Ontario. The grain aphis ( Macrosiphnvi f/rauaria) was
very prevalent in many parts of Ontario and Quebec. The clover-seed midge
(Cccidoniijid Icf/itniiiticola) was a source of considerable injury in districts of
Ontario wlici-o clover is grown for seed. The hop flea-beetle {PsijUiodes punc-
tulata) again did extensive injury to hop plants in the large yards in British
Columbia, where during the last 3 years, fully three-fourths of the hops grown
have been destroyed by this pest. The Hessian fly and chinch bug did but
little injury. The small white cabbage butterfly (Pontia rapa) was prevalent
throughout Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Pyretbruni, 1 lb. in 4 lbs,
of cheap flour, was recommended as a remedy. Cutworms were present in
injurious numbers in many districts throughout the Dominion, the dark-sided
cutworm ( Para gratis mcssoria) and the red-backed cutworm (P. ochrogaster)
being responsible for most of the damage.

In eastern Ontario and Quebec, the apple leaf hopper (Empoasca mali) very
seriously injured potatoes, beans, and other plants. It began to make its
presence apparent toward the end of June by causing the leaves of the at-
tacked plants to curl up and turn brown. Potatoes which were sprayed with
whale-oil soap or kerosene emulsion before the young leaf hoppers had acquired
their wings were freed fi-om the pest and not injured to any appreciable extent.
As the i)est feeds on the lower side of the leaves it was necessary, in order to
reach them with a spray, to attach the nozzle to a short joint of pipe about a
foot long, having an angle of about 45° in it. The severity of the outbreak was
thought to have been influenced by the exceptional drought and heat which
weakened the plants and made them more than usually susceptible to injury.

The destructive pea aphis {Ncctaropliora pm) appeared in enormous num-
bers in August and caused serious injury to the pea crop. Various remedial
niea.sures were tried, the brush and cultivator method being found the most
effective. Another method tried with considerable success consisted of using
a brush which dislodged the insects so that they fell into a pan containing
coal oil and water drawn between the rows of peas. In this way a bushel of

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 355

plant lice was caught to each row of peas 125 rods long. Whole fields of onions
are reported to have been destroyed by root maggots, cabbages, caulitlowers,
and radishes also being injured. In British Columbia, the maggots were still
at work when the onions were taken up in the autumn.

The apple maggot continues to be prevalent in certain districts of Ontario
and Quebec. The codling moth was again reported as very destructive in
many districts of these provinces; in Canada, east of Toronto, there is usually
but one annual brood, while west of Toronto there ai-e two. the second of
which is the more destructive. It has been found where the second brood
occurs, that in addition to spring spraying it is necessary to band the trees
with burlap, sacking, or other material which will form a refuge in which
the caterpillars will spin their cocoons. From 20 trees banded in an orchard
near Ottawa on August 15. 129 cocoons were fallen when examined August 31,
157 during September, and 34 in October. Both the white-marked tussock-
moth (Hemerocampa leucostigma) and the rusty tussock-moth {Notolophus
antiqua), particularly the former, have been abundant in orchards in the Mari-
time I'rovinces for the last few years and in some instances have been the cause
of considerable injury. Cankerworms did much damage in many of the Maritime
Provinces, particularly in Nova Scotia. The pear leaf blister mite ( EriopJiyes
pijri). which occurs in every part of Canada where the pear is grown, is steadily
spreading in the apple-growing districts of southern Ontario.

A brief report of the apiary by D. D. (Jray is appended.

Report of the government entomolog'ist for th.e year 1908, C. P. LouNs-
BURV {Rpt. Govt. Ent. [Cape Good Hope], 1908, pp. 55-70). — In the plant and
fruit import inspection. 50 winter webs of the brown-tail moth were found in
a consignment of pear seedlings from France, and several lots of South Aus-
tralian and Canadian apples were rejected on account of Fusicladium. Of the
192 nurseries registered, quarantine was placed on 22 as a whole or in part,
owing to the failure to eradicate proclaimed pests. The codling moth regula-
tions and the bee and honey regulations are briefly considered.

An imported woolled Persian sheep exposed to an attack of heartwater
through the application of infected ticks developed the disease and died. It is
considered that this test, if a safe criterion, shows that this class of sheep is
quite as fatally susceptible to heartwater as the merino, and in this respect
behaves quite unlike the ordinary black-headed Persian sheep, which takes the
disease only mildly.

The Spanish codling moth parasite (Vdlicptiialtcs messer) . introduced in
January, bred well in confinement at first and a substantial colony of impreg-
nated females was liberated under favorable conditions. The progress made
during the year, however, was disappointing and the author is of the opinion
that this parasite will be of no substantial benefit. Fruit fly parasites were
received from West Australia, but. due to the great scarcity of the fruit fly
maggots, they appear to have failed to have become established. The parasite
{Huntcrellus hookcri) of the brown dog tick {Rhipiccphahis tcxanus), for-
warded by this Department, failed to attack the Cape Colony ticks, but the host
of the parasite will be bred in an attempt to induce the parasite to attack
closely related species. Great success is said to liave been achieved in multi-
plying Blastophaga grossorum, which, is necessary for the natural pollination
of edible figs. The red-winged locust was abundant near the coast throughout
the Transkeian territories in the early part of the year and on the whole was
much the same as in several years past. The brown locust, however, appeared
in the voetganger stage only in inconsequent swarms, and at few places, south
of the Orange River.

28918— No. -I— 10 5

356 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Since the Boer war the Argentine ant t IrUlomynncx humilis) has gradually
spread outward from Caiie Town into tlie subnrlis and is also known to occur
in the Tieighlwring mainland towns of Stellenbosch. Taarl. and Wellington, and
also at East London, King William's Town, Queenstown, and a few smaller
places in the east of the colony. Although it is tlie i)oi)nlar impression that it
waf! inti'oduced in the enormous supi)lies of forage, etc.. imi)orted from Argen-
tina during the war. a communication from a coi-respondent states that the
pest has been well known for at least 15 to 20 years.

The black peach aphis (i)resumably Mj/zus ccrasi) appeared in districts
thought to be free from it. The melon aphis (Aphis gossypii) was again trouble-
some to calabash in one district. The mammoth scale {Lophococcus maxim us) ,
the largest species of scale known, seriously injured the M'sasa tree {Brarliy-
xtcflia rait(lii) in the vicinity of Salisbury. Rhodesia.

Experiments with citrus stock and fungus diseases are briefly reported upon.

Treatment and observation of crop pests on the Pusa farm, H. M. Lefroy
and C. S. Miska (Ayr. Rcavai'ch hint. Puna [indiii] Bui. 10, pp. J/i, fig. /). —
Brief accounts are given of the Insects which became of economic importance
during the past 2 years and of the remedial and preventive measures practiced.
Details of the occurrence of the various insect pests by months, from May,
190r», to April, 1907, appear in tabular form in an appendix (pp. 18-42).

Insect pests [in Fiji in 1908], C. H. Knowles (Rpt. Agr. Fiji. WOS, pp.
20, 23-26). — The banana weevil (SpficnoiiJidrux sanJidus) was a source of some
injury during the year. Carbon disulphid was found to be most effective in
killing the insect, while not injuring the suckers or stools. Leaf miners wei'e
found in maize and Para rubber, the injuries to the former being small, due
to parasites. Small borers (Xylopertha sp. ) were found in the branches of
cacao.

In an ajipended report on insect pests of coconut palms, mention is made of
the small leaf moth (Lciruana iridesecns), leaf miner (ProinecotJicca reichii),
leaf-stalk weevil (Calandra sp.). young coconut moth (Harpagoneura corn-
plena), large moth borer, and leaf-eating phasmids, and the injury which they
cause.

Report of the government entomolog-ist for the year 1908, H. C. Pratt
(Agr. Bui. titraits and Fed. Malay States, 8 (1D09), Xo. 9, pp. ^22--i26 ) .—-Insect
liests of rubber, coconut, tapioca, paddy, and coffee are briefly noted.

Studies in the life histories of Australian Odonata, R. J. Till yard (Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 34 (1909), pt. 2. pp. 256-267; 370-383, pis. 2).— Studies
on the life history of Petalura gigaufea and Drphlehia lestoides.

The brown locust campaign, 1908-9, F. Thomsen (Transvaal Agr. Jour.,
7 (1909), No. 27, pp. 521-526, pis. 3). — Arsenite of soda spray sweetened with
brown sugar and molasses was again used and found to be vei*y effective
against this locust.

A new spraying compound called locusticide was thoroughly tested and found
to be very economical and effective. This compound readily mixes with cold
water, no residue is left in the buckets after the operations are finished, and
the locusts seem to be attracted by it and will not leave the sprayed areas.

Experiments were also made with a new by-jiroduct of sugar refineries called
molascuit. This compound is made from the pith of sugar cane as it comes from
the mill, being mixed again, after leaving the mill, with molasses. It was
found that in localities far removed from water and stock good results could be
obtained by mixing with ar.senite of soda. White flags on which were printed
general warnings were used to let the farmers know that poisonous sprays
had been used for the locusts.

The various species of locust birds were of great assistance in the work.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 357

Preliminary account of the life history of the leaf insect, Phyllium cruri-
folium, H. S. Leigh {Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1909, I, pp. 103-113, pi. 1; abs. in
Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1909. No. 5, p. 570). — "The Phylliums are
dependent upon a very warm and moist atmosphere, and are, therefore, more or
less confined to the islands in the tropical zone; in all stages they are very
similar, both in color and habits, to various plant structures."

Notes on termites, F. Thomsen {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 7 (1909), No. 27, pp.
5hi-.').>i), p<i. 1). — In continuation of experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 19,
p. 959) the author reports in detail investigations conducted to determine
the value of different materials in protecting different kinds of wood from the
attacks of white ants.

It was found that arsenic compounds are very effective. Pieces of wood
treated with tar, creosote, and carbolic acid were found to be eaten at the
second examination and these compounds can not be recommended for use.
Tobacco extract, oils, and paints were found to be worthless for the purpose, as
were also soaps, which are easily washed out by water. Pieces of wood which
had been thoroughly soaked in a saturated copper sulphate solution withstood
the attacks of termites, whereas those pieces that were only slightly tre.-ited
were eaten. Other chemicals, including mercuric chlorid, calcium chlorid.
sulphuric acid, sulphate of iron, sulphate of soda, hyposulphite of soda, carbon-
ate of soda, alum, and salt, proved to be useless after 2 years' test.

Thrips in tea, H. M. Lefroy {Agr. Jour. India, 4 {1909), No. 3, pp. 282-290.
pi. J; Indian Agr., 3^ {1909), No. 9, pp. 281. 282).— Thrips are said to injure
tea shoots by scraping at the leaf, destroying the epidermis and projecting
veins, weakening the leaf, and interfering with its nutrition, so that it be-
comes brittle and loses its fresh green color. The leaf and shoot do not usually
die. but become unhealthy and remain stunted. Elxperiments with crude-oil
emulsion, soap, and rosin compound have shown the last named to be the most
effective and the cheapest.

The rice bug or paddy fly, C. Drieberg {Ceylon Agr. Soc. [Pub.] 'fO, pp. 2,
fig. 1 ). — A brief account of Lcptocorisa varicornis and methods of combating it.

The root louse of grapevines, D. Gunn {Transraal Agr. Jour., 7 {1909),
No. 27, pp. 508--') 12, y>/.s'. 2, pgs. 2). — The presence of Phylloxera vastatrix was
discovered toward the end of 190S in a vineyard in the Pretoria district. It
is thought to have been introduced from France on vines purchased several
years before.

Contribution to the study of the biology of the Chermes, P. Marchal
{Comiit. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 11,9 {1909), No'. 16, pp. 6JfO-6Jfl,, figs. 3).—
This article deals with the sexual generation of the Chermes occurring on pines
in the vicinity of Paris (C. pini and C strobi).

A contribution to the knowledge of the scale insects and their dissemi-
nation, L. LiNDiNGKR iZtscltr. Wiss. Insektcnhiol.. 5 {1909), Nos. '/. pp. 10.3-
110; 5, pp. l-'f7-152; 6, pp. 220-225, figs. 9). — The host plants, distribution, etc.,
of numerous species are noted. , A genus and several species are described as
new.

Some experiments on flacheiie in the gipsy moth, W. Reiff {Psyche, 16
{1909), No. 5, pp. 99-105). — In this article the author first reviews the investi-
gations of E. Fischer on the susceptibility of caterpillars to this disease, also
known as flaccidenza and caterpillar cholera. He points out that Fischer
has shown that the first tendency toward the disease arises upon a decrease in
the nutritive value of the food of the caterpillars which suddenly induces a
disturbance in metabolism. As a result the causative organisms immediately
find conditions suitable for their growth,

358 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD.

Fischer's studies wen- willi ilie mm moth (Psiliiid inonaclia).. hut with these
at hand the author has condueted experiments witli the gipsy niotli which he
here describes in detail. In the first experiment, in which caterpillars dead
from the disease were distributed on trees infected by caterpillars in the
third instar, 55 to 60 per cent died by the time of pupation. In a second
experiment with caterpillars in the fourtli instar. Infected in a similar manner,
65 per cent were dead before the time of pupation. In a third experiment, in
which caterpillars in the fourth instar were infected by painting the trunks
of trees with a ring of a mixture of water, glue, and caterpillars dead from the
disease, 63 per cent were dead at the time of pupation. In the fourth experi-
ment a mixture similar to that used in the third was sprayed upon the foliage
while the caterjiillars were in the fourth instar, 70 per cent dying before the
time of pui)ation. In a fifth experiment, in which dead larvae were dried,
powdered, and stirred into water and glue added to make the mixture adhere
to the leaves upon which it was sprayed while the caterpillars were in the
fourth instar, but 40 per cent died before pupation.

In all these experiments the pupae still remaining were looked for later
and it was found that an average of 10 to 15 per cent had died from flacherie.
From these results the author concludes that the artificially produced flacherie
can be utilized as a valuable aid in the destruction of gipsy-moth caterpillars.
However, further experiments should be made on a larger scale to substantiate
the results obtained.

In experiments with the brown-tail moth similar to those performed with the
gipsy moth only 2 per cent of the caterpillars succumbed to the disease. Near
Raymond, N. H., a wooded area was found where flacherie had broken out,
especially among the tent caterpillars and those of various Xoctuidse, but in
spite of the presence of the brown-tail caterpillars in large numbers a mortality
of only 2 per cent by flacherie appeared among them.

A revision of the Arctianae of Japan, T. Miyake (Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo
Imp. Univ.. 8 {1909). No. 2, pp. IBS-lUi. ftgs. 6). — Of the 32 species recognized
as belonging to this subfamily, 8 are peculiar to Japan. 5 being found in Japan
proper, and the other 3 limited to Formosa. Of the remaining 24 species, 14
are palaearctic, 7 oriental, and 3 common to both regions.

On certain Pieris caterpillars, W. T. M. Forbes (Psyche, 16 (1909), No. 4,
pp. 69-73. figs. 9). — Breeding notes on Pieris daplidice, P. brassicw, and P.
raprr are given.

Notes on the eggs of Epagoge sulphureana, R. L. Webster (Ent. News,
20 ( 1909). No. 0, pp. 389, 390). — A specimen of this moth bred from a larva col-
lected on apple nursery stock in Iowa is reported to have deposited 263 eggs.

A lepidopterous pest of coconuts, Brachartona catoxantha, 11. C. Pratt
(Dcpt. Agr. Fed. Malay States, Bui. 4, P- 6; Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay
States, 8 (1909), No. 8, pp. 357-362). — Although the owners of coconut planta-
tions in the Federated Malay States have had in the luist but few insect pests
to combat, with the exception of the coconut beetle, during the past 3 years
Brachartona catoxantha has appeared in two widely separated localities. Its
somewhat sporadic occurrence as a pest appears to be due to the diminution of
its parasites, perhaps on account of the presence of a hyper-parasite. At Fusing
Bharu, about 20 per cent of the third brood of caterpillars were found to be
parasitized.

An account is given of the life history of the pest accompanied by descrip-
tions of its stages. A period of 5 to 6 weeks is required for the completion of
its life cycle from egg to moth and approximately 10 days for the appearance
of another brood. Five broods may appear before the insect is reduced by
parasites. Kerosene emulsion was found to be far more effective than London

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 359

I)m'])le .'uul has the advaiitaj^e of killinj: tho scale insects with whlc-li the cocouiU
trees are fre(nieii(ly infested.

The geographical distribution of butterflies, A. Pagensteciieb {Die geo-
(jraphiHChe Verhreitung cler Schmetterlinge. Jena, 1909, pp. IX-\-^51, maps 2;
rev. in 'Nature [London^, 81 {1909), No. 2086, pp. Ji82, 483).— The author tiutls
that the geographical distribution of Lepidoptera, like that of plants, is closely
connected with certain physical and organic factors. The most important
physical factors are soil, temperatnre and light, moisture, altitude, and wind.

Tlie first part of this work (pp. .3-61) is devoted to general observations on
the geograi)hical conditions of the continents, and the influence of nionntains.
desert and frnitfnl plains, the neighborhood of rivers and seas, continental and
oceanic islands, etc., on distribution. The influence of temperature, moisture,
atmosphere, etc., is briefly described; then vegetation, carnivorons habits, coni-
mensalism, etc. Sections follow on the distribution of Lepidoptera as aft'ected
by altitude, notes on migration, cosmopolitan species, and season dimori)hism
and local variation. The organic (physiological) factors of the subject are
discussed, with special reference to former geological and climatic conditions,
and some reference to fossil Lepidoptera. After some remarks on structure,
and on the enemies of LeiHdo])tera, the section concludes with a sununary of
the Macro-lepidoptera of Central Europe (1626 species, according to Lampert),
and a table of the species of Papilio found in the more important districts of
the world.

The second part of the work (pp. 62--i02) is devoted to the regions and sub-
regions of the world as defined by Wallace, Sclater, and others, with some
reference to the views of other zoologists and botanists on the sub.iect. The
various regions and districts of the world are then discussed, first with regard
to their climatic conditions, and secondly with reference to the species of
Lepidoptera known to inhabit them, of which, in many instances, very full lists
are given.

The concluding part (pp. 403-448) deals with the geographical distribution
of Lepidoptera under their families and genera. The book is illustrated by 2
outline maps, one indicating the regions and subregions of the vi'orld, as niai)i)ed
out by Wallace and Sclater, and the other representing the Malay Archii)elago
from the Nicobars and Malacca to the Philippines, New Guinea, and North
Australia.

Check list of the Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera of the Transvaal, with notes
on some of the species, C. J. Swierstka {Ann. Transvaal Mus., 1 {1909), No.
.'i, pp. 235-299). — Three hundred and sixteen species are listed.

The Rhopalocera of Java, M. C. Piepers and P. C. T. Snellen {The Hague
and London. 1909, pp. XXIV+65, pis. 4)- — In this, the first of a series of mono-
graphs of the families of the Rhopalocera of Java, the PieridiB are taken up.
Colored plates are given of many species. The .38 species recorded repteseut S
genera.

A feeding habit of some Lourengo Marques butterflies, C. W. Howard
{Ann. Transvaal Mus., 1 {1909), No. 4, pp. 224, 225). — Crenis hoisduvali is .re-
ported to have fed upon the aiiple and quince, causing the fruit to decay.
Oranges and naartjes were attacked by the butterflies of the species Charaxes
neanthes and C. zoolina, the butterflies being so numerous that often 7 or 8 were
clinging to each orange and the ground beneath the trees thickly strewn with
decaying oranges.

Influence of cold and moisture on Lepidoptera, P. Kosminsky {Zool.Jahrb..
AM. System., Geogr. u. Biol. Tiere, 21 {1909), No. ), pp. 36)-390, pis. 5; abs. in
Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1909, No. 5, p. 569). — The pupoe of Vanessa
io, V. antiopa, and Porthetria {Lymantria) dispar were subjected to moist sur-

360 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

r(iim(lin.L;s willi litllr flTcct on colorat ion. in.-irkiiijj;. or scales. Motlerate cold and
moisture i-esiilte<l in the scales of these and other species beconiiu^' narrower and
smaller. In cases where; the temperature was below zero, enlarged and broad-
ened scales sometimes resulted, and there were changes in the coloring and in
the antenme of the female of /'. di.'^iKir. which api)roached the male in appearance.

The flower-bud maggot of cotton (Contarinia gossypii), H. A. IUllou
{]Vcst Iiidiun Bill., 10 (lUU'J), Xo. 1, pi). l-.iS, Jigs. i)).—']:\ie cotton growers in
Antigua suffered serious loss in 1907-8 due to the attaclv of this cecidomyid.
The egg has not been discovered, but is thought to be inserted in the tissues of
the flower bud. The maggots ai'e found in the flower bud among the essential
organs. When very young l)uds are attaclced the injury causes them to fall
oft", but larger buds seem to be better al)Ie to withstand the effects of the at-
taclv. In cases of severe attack the very smallest buds are infested, in which
case the bracts surrounding them flare back instead of remaining closed. P.uds,
the bracts of which have fl;ired. are always found to be injured and generally
to contain the flower-bud maggot, and such buds invariably drop very soon
after flaring.

It is believed that the maggots live and feed among the developing anthers
in buds of all stages, but that when the buds drop or are picked off the plant
they very soon leave the bud, tlie full-grown maggots to pupate- in the ground
and the younger ones apparently to find fresh feeding places. In February,
the infestation in certain fields was as high as 100 per cent, so that during a
period of several weelis no flowers opened, and no bolls were formed. In March,
in the same fields, many of the buds were escaping the attack and the new
bolls formed in November were beginning to ripen, but these fields had lost
about 4 months of bearing. During the month the attack continued but became
less and less severe until with the continued dry weather it disappeared en-
tirely in April.

^actogaster rufiiJcs was seen on nearly every flower bud and flower and may
be a parasite of the pest. Two other species, a Catolaccus and a Leptacis, were
also found in cotton fields. It is thought that tliese parasites were probably an
important factor in bringing the attack to a close. Remedial measures applied
were witliout result.

Observations on Culicidae, B. G.'i.LLi- Valeric and J. Rochaz de Jongh {Centbl.
Bakt. [etc.], 1. Aht.. Orig.. .',!) (1909), No. J,, pp. 553-558, fig. i).— The authors
report the results of investigations conducted near Lausanne, Switzerland, in
1907-8. These include observations on hibernation, breeding places, blood suck-
ing, oviposition. and experiments on the destruction of larvfe and nymphs.

Contribution to the study of the mosquitoes of Cuba, J. H. Pazos {Hanidad
y Bene fie, Bol. Of. Hec. \Viihn\, 2 {1909). Xo.s. J. pp. 29-6.1,, fig. 1; 2, pp. 177-
192, figs. 8). — Forty-five s])ecies of mosquitoes are recorded from Cuba.

Investigations of muscid larvse entoparasitic on arthropods, .T. C. Nielsen
{Ent. Meddel. ICopenhagen], 2. sci:, J, {1909), No. 1, pp. 128, pJs. J,; rev. in
Science, n. ser., 31 {1910), No. 788, pp. 195, 196). — This paper contains descrip-
tions of the metamori)hosis of several species of Tachininse and Dexiiure,
together with data on the l)iology of the larvje.

Among the species considered are Ptychoinyin selecta and Bactromyia anru-
h'lita, which are parasitic on Hyponomeutd cuonymcUa, Panseria rudis parasitic
on Tccniocampa stabilis, Stelniella callida parasitic on Lina populi, CarceUa
gnava parasitic on Malacosoma castrcn.^is, and Tachina larvarvm parasitic on
Mnlacosoma castrensis, and Spilosoma lubricipeda. Panzeria rudis is said to be
viviparous, depositing its larvse upon the full-grown larvae of Tceniocampa
stabilis. Two species parasitic on imagines were examined, namely, Vivtana
cinerea, which occurs in species of Carabus and in Procrustes coriaceus and

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 361

Ocyptera hrassicaria parasitic ou DolycorU'i baccaruin. The main results of
the investifiatioiis have been summarized in English and are appended to the
account.

In the review, C. H. T, Townsend, of this Department, calls attention to the
fact that two of the author's species determined as Tacliitui hirvarum and
VareeUa ynava are not the same as those he has studied (E. S. K., 20, p. 456),
and that the identifications must be incorrect.

The warble flies, G. H. Carpenter (Deyt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. IrelandJour.,
0 (IDO!)), \o. 3, pp. Ji65-.'tl(i, pi. 1, fig. 1). — Further results in continuation of
investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 20, pp. 582, 857) are reported.

While muzzling exi)eriments conducted with calves during 1907-8 seemed to
support rather strongly the theory of the maggot's entrance Ijy the mouth, those
carried on during lUOS-0 tend to contirm the results of 1900-7 in favor of the
theory that they enter through the skin. In the spring of 190.S, 182 of the
194 cattle used in tlie previous experiments were still on the farm and had been
left throughout the sununer of 1907 witliout any kind of dressing or protection
against the attacks of the tly. From these cattle 586 maggots wei'e squeezed
out, an average of 4.44 per beast, and a reduction of 58.8 per cent, which is
believed to have been largely due to this treatment. It was found that year-
lings were far more benefited during the spring of 1907 than either the cows or
calves.

A maggot which emerged from the skin May IVi, pupafetl and emergeil as an
adult {Hypodvnmi hovin) 40 days later. A second maggot of this species which
emerged from the skin May 30 appeared as an adult in 31 days, as did also a
maggot of H. Uneata, which emerged from the host on May 24. The gullets of
a number of heifers and bullocks 2 or 3 years old wei-e examined. " In many
of these maggots were found, and in most cases they were embedded in the
connective tissue of the submucous coat, with the axis of the maggot lying
along the direction of the gullet. In some the head of the maggot was directed
upward, in others downward ; most were near the stomach, but some were
near the pharynx, as if they were wandering to and fro in the submucous coat
for a period of several weeks. One was found lying in the cavity of the gullet,
but no trace of perforation of the mucous coat could be detected. The effect of
the maggot on the submucous tissue is to cause a small amount of yellow dis-
coloration due to the formation of pus."

A new Gastrophilus larva in the horse, A. Henry {Bui. Soc. Cent. Med.
Vet., 86 (1909), \o. IJ/, pp. 319-321, fig. 1). — Gastrophilus inermis is reported
to have been found to infest horses in the northwestern part of France. The
larvfe live in the rectum in small compact colonies of not more than .50 at
the most.

On the British species of Phora, II, III, J. H. Wood {E)it. Mo. Mag., 2 ser.,
19 {1908), Xos. 223, pp. 164-168, fig. 1; 224, PP- 169-174, figs. 2; 225, pp. 215,
216; 227, pp. 253, 254; 20 {1909), Nos. 229, p. 24; 231, pp. 59-63; 233, pp. 113-120;
234, PP- 14s, 144; 235, pp. 145-149, figs. 5; 236, pp. 191, 192; 237, pp. 193-195,
fig. 1; 238, p. 24O; 239, pp. 2.'/ /-2i'/).— Descriptions of new species with tables
for their separation and notes on species occurring in Great Britain are given.

Syrian and Egyptian diptera, M. Bezzi (Broteria, 8 {1900), pp. 37-65). —
One huudretl and fifty-six species are recorded, of which several are described
as new to science.

Poultry fleas and the red hen mite, F. V. Theobald {IUus. Poultry Rec. 2
{1909), No. 2, pp. 92-94, fiss. 2).— The common fowl flea {Ceratophyllus gal-
Unw), which has been recorded from many other birds besides the domesticated
fowl, the head flea {Sarcopsylla gallinacea), and the red hen mite {Der-
manyssus avium), are briefly discussed. Although ticks are not very common

362 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

(Ill pdiillry in Kii^'huul Deniiacciitor rcticiihitiis has ln't'ii round on turkeys and
.l/7/f(.s- icfh.iu.s on jionltry, includint,' nijji'ons.

Classification of the families of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mex-
ico, It. IIayward {I'hiladcliiliid. I'.iiHK /*/'• '^'')- — A key to the families uf Noilh
American Coleoptera.

The twig girdler, W. A. Matheny {Ohio Nat., iO (1909), No. 1, pp. 1-1, figs.
13). — Notes on the biology of Oncidcres cingiilatu.s and its injury to elm, hick-
ory, linden, honey locust, and persimmon are presented.

A buprestid and other Coleoptera on pines injured by heath fires in
northwestern Surrey, G. C. Champion (Ent. Mo. Mag., .!. scr.. .iO (1909). No.
239, pp. 2.'f7-2.jl). — Mchinophihi acummata, Criocephalus fcni.s, and other Cole-
optera found on or beneath pines (Pinus sylvestris) injured by heath and
brush tires are noted.

Revision of the Coccinellidae of Madagascar, A. Sicard (Ann. Soc. Ent.
France, 76 (1901), No. J,, pp. 1,25-1,82, figs. 59; 78 (1909), No. 1, pp. 63-131,, pi.
1, flgn. 1,1,). — New genera and species are described in this revision.

The principal ladybeetles in Hokkaido, H. Okamoto (Hokkaido Agr. Expt.
Sta., Dept. Flant Path, and Ent. Bui. 9, pp. 15, pis. 2. fig. I). — Eight species
are considered.

Report on the sugar cane borer in the Moluccas, F. Muir (Hawaii. Plaiit-
<rs' M(,., 28 {1909), Xo. 9, pii. 363-371. fig. /).— An account of a visit to the
Moluccas and the Teniuiber Islands in search of parasites of the sugar-cane
borer (SpJicnopJiorus obscurus).

In the Tenimber Islands the borer was found to be very numerous and to
cause much damage to the sugar cane and various palms, but in Amboina it was
not common, its numbers being kept down by several factors, notably 2 pre-
daceous beetles, a histerid and an elaterid, and a tachinid. The histerid
is said to lay single eggs in the vicinity of the borer larva, and when food is
short will feed upon young leaf hoppers and other insects. The elaterid in
the larval stages feeds upon the borer larva and pupa, is hardy, and can stand
long fasts. The value of the tachinid as a death factor varies, according to
the condition of the sago palms, from 25 to 90 per cent.

The borer was found in the Ceram sago palms but not in any great numbers.
The conditions were about the same as in Amboina, the 2 beetle predators being
rather rare, the tachinid fly fairly common. Out of 537 cocoons examined, .313
were attacked by the fly. In spots where no cutting or clearing had taken
place the borer was very scare and the percentage of cocoons attacked rose to
nearly 90 iier cent.

In Amboina, Perkinsiella vastatri.r and a new species of leaf hopper were
found, the former also occurring in the sugar cane in Ceram. As in Java
and elsewhere, egg parasites appear to be an important factor in keeping these
pe^s in check.

Combating Pissodes notatus, Eckstein (Ztschr. Forst. u. Jagdw., 1,1
(1909), No. ,}. pp. 209-232). ^his is a report of investigations of the biology
and methods of control of this pest.

European bark beetles and their coleopterous and hymenopterous enemies,
R. Kleine (Ent. Bl., 5 (1909), Nos. 3, pp. 1,1-50; 1,, pp. 76-79; 6, i)p. 120-122; 7,
pp. 11,0, 11,1). — Host and enemy lists are given.

A further note on the Chilgoza bark-boring beetles of Zhob, E. P. Steb-
BiNG (Indian Forest Rec., 1 (1908), No. 3, pp. 21,5-251).— This paper discusses
the steps taken by officers in charge of the Chilgoza forests of Zhob and Takht-i-
Sulenian, in combiitiug the scolytid beetles Polygraphus trcnchi, Phlwosinus sp.,
and Pityogenes voniferw.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 863

Revision of the Australian Curculionidae belonging to the subfamily
Cryptorhynchides, A. M. Lea (I'roc. Linn. 8oc. X. .S'. Wales, 33 {190S), pi. .',.
pp. 701-132). — This jiart deals with Chfetectetorus and some of the allied genera.
The chalcidoid parasites of the coccid Eulecanium nigrofasciatum. with
descriptions of three new North American species of the subfamilies En-
cyrtinse and Aphelininse from Illinois, A. A. Girault (Psyche, 16 (1969),
No. ■'/, pp. 75-86). — Three species, Anagyrus nubilipcnnis. Aphycus stnmnchosns.
and Coccophagus cinguliventris, bred in Illinois from the terrapin scale, are
described as new to science. C. longifasciatus and C. lecanii are also recorded
as having been bred froih the terrapin scale. A bib]iograi)li.v of C. Iccnnii is
api)ended.

Oligosita americana n. sp., a new chalcidoid of the family Trichogram-
midae from Illinois, A. A. Girault (Psyche, 16 (1909). Xu. .7, /*/>. 106-110).—
This new species reared from the eggs of a jassid (i)robabl.v Dorycephalus
platyrhynchus) is described under the manuscript name formerly given by
Ashmead. A previous record of this parasite as bred from the eggs of an
Isosoma is said to Jje l)ased on erroi-. the eggs of the jassid being found in the
stems uf Elymus along with the Isosoma larv;e.

A second cooperative study of Vespa vulgaris, comparison of queens of
a single nest and queens of a general population, E. Y. Thomson, Julia
Bell, and K. Pearson { liiometrika, 7 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. J,8-63, figs. 2).—
In a biometric study of the wing of V. vulgaris comparison was made of 18
characters in the 2 wings between queens from 1 nest and queens of the gen-
eral poi»nlation. The remarkable decrease in the variability which Warren
found for South African termites, namely retluction to about one-half, is found
to hold also for wasi>s. For the tirst time the reduction due to selecting an
essentially endogamous group for an indefinite number of generations is
worked out theoretically, and it is shown that with the usual values of
parental heredity, it could hardly exceed O.S as against the observed 0.5. The
authors have further series in hand, and meanwhile hesitate to attribute the
().:! difference solely to environmental conditions.

Ant communities and how they are governed, H. C. McCook (New York
and Ijnitldti. lUiili. pp. XVII-\-3>l. pi. 1. figs. 97). — A popular account of the bio-
nomics of the ants.

Ants and plants, K. Escherich (Tharand. Forsil. Jahrh.. 60 (1909). pp.
66-96, figs. 2). — The author discusses ants in their relation to plants, first, as
enemies (pp. 68-80). then as protectors and propagators (pp. 81-96).

Ticks on the California ground squirrel, W. B. Wherry and F. C. Well-
man (Ent. News, 20 (1909), No. 9, p. 376). — Dermacentor occidentalis and a
new species to which Banks has given the manuscript name Ixodes wqualis are
paid to have been found heavily infesting the California ground squirrel.

A new species of Haemaphysalis from East Africa, C. W. Howard (Ann.
Transvaal Mas., 1(1909), No. 4, pp. 219-223. figs. 10).— The tick here described
as new was taken from a bird (Centropus burchelH) in Portuguese East Africa.
Males, engorged females, engorged nymphs, and engorged larvfe were found on
the host at the same time.

Arthropods and their role in disease transmission, R. Blanchard (Uln-
secte et rinfection; histoire naturelle et medicale des arthropods pathogenes.
Paris, 1909, pt. 1, pp. 160, figs. 197). — In this fascicle the acarids are con-
sidered, the greater part of the subject matter being taken up by the ticks.
The first chapter (pp. 5-9) is devoted to a general account of the acarids; the
second (pp. 10--37) to an account of the anatomy of the ticks; and the third
(pp. 38-49) to their biology, and natural enemies.

364 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Ill clmiili'f 1 (pi'- r»(>-ir>T) (lie classification of the ticks is taken up, keys
[)0'wiX Kiven lor tlio s('i)aration of the genera and si)ecies. Under each genus
and species. l)il)liographical and synonj-mical references ai'e given, as ai"e also
the common names which have been applied. Descriptions are given of tlie
more important speci(>s with notes on their biology, distribution, and economic
imporlance.

The DemodicidiG and AcaridiC (Sarcoptidie). ParasitidiB (Gamasidse), and
Tronihididii' arc briefly considered in the 8 concluding ])ages.

The insect and allied pests of the hop, F. V. Theobald (Jour. Bd. Agr.
[London]. Hi (liWO), Nos. 7, pp. 555-571; 8, pp. 617-628, pU. 6 ).—" Forty-two
species only of true insects or hexapods have been found feeding on the hop
in Britain, but of these only 7 are of any general importance, namely, three
kinds of wireworm. or larval click beetles, the hoi> aphis (Phorodon hitmuU),
the strig maggot ( Diplo.si.s hiinmli), the clay-colored weevil {OtiorhyiuhuH
picipes), and the frog hopper or .lumper {Fjiuicanthus interrupt us). Others,
such as the needle-nosed hop bug (Calocoris fulvomaculattis), fever flies
(Bibionids), otter moth (Hcpialus humuli), etc., are of only occasional and
local importance, and several recorded here are isolated attacks only. Only
one acarid occurs in sufficient numbers to do any harm, namely, the hop red
spider {Tctranuchux atthxva). Two millepedes are found in hop roots, but
some growers still doubt if they are the cause of disease, and say they follow
upon it.

"One very important hop pest is the eelworm (Heterodera scliachtU), caus-
ing 'nettle-head.' It is probable also that the common eelworm {Tylenchus
devastatrix) plays some important part in the dying back of hops. ... In
all cases of Tylenchus attack in hops which I have seen in recent years the
fungus Fusoma parasitica has been present, and it is a question whether the
latter is the direct cause of disease or whether the eelworm makes the plant
susce])tible to this fungus."

Hop insects, F. Remisch (Ztschr. Wiss. Insektcnhiol., ', (190S), Nos. 8-9.
pp. 331-333; 10-11, pp. 363-368). — A brief account of the insects affecting hops
in the region about Saaz. Austria.

[Rice pests in India] (Dept. Agr. Bengal, Quart. Jour., 2 (1909), No. Jf, pp.
290-292). — An abstract from the assistant entomologist's report of a tour in the
Nadia district of India in seai'ch of rice pests.

Animal enemies and diseases of the sugar beet, A. Stift (Bl. Zuoker-
riihvnhdu. 16 (1009). Nos. 3. pp. 35-39; 5. pp. 73-77). — The literature issued
during 1908 relating to the insect and other animal pests and to the diseases of
the sugar beet is here reviewed.

Enemies of the orchard, A". Vermorel (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre),
30 (1909), Xos. 9. pp. 263^68; 11. pp. 316-319; 12, pp. 361-365; 13, pp. 393-
396; 15, pp. li61-Ji6Ji, figs. 8). — Insects attacking the pear and apple and meth-
ods of combating them are here discussed. The species considered are the
brown-tail moth, the gipsy moth, Bombyx neustria, Hyponomeuta malinella, H.
cognatcUa, Cficimatobia hrumata. codling moth, Cecidomyia nigra, and Anthono-
mus pomorum.

Coffee and tea pests, R. D. Anstead (Indian Planters Gaz., 52 (1909), No.
12, pp. .'i22. 'i23). — A report of the coffee and tea pests following a tour of in-
vestigation through the Nilgiris.

The fauna of the cacao field, J. H. Hart (West India Com. Circ, 2Jt (1909).
No. 291, pp. 557-561, figs. 2). — Thirty-four of the insects and mammals that
occur in cacao fields in the West Indies are note^l, mention being made of the
nature of the injury caused and of the remedial treatment.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 365

Some parasitic diseases of the cinnamon tree in Ceylon, D. Bois and C.
Gerber (Coinpt. Rend. Acad. tici. [Paris], 1J,9 {1909), Xo. 6, pp. Jf0r,-Ji07).—
EriophycH boi.ti is said to be the source of injury to Cinnamomum zeylanicum,
two (.vpt's (>t j,'alls Iieiug described.

Insect and fungus injuries to forest trees, R. Beck (Tltarand. For.sth
Jahrb., 60 {1909), pp. 1-65). — The author here considers at length the injuries
to forest trees by insects and fungi.

Fungicides, insecticides, and vermin killers, F. P. »Sargeant {Merck's Rpt..
IS {1909), No. 11, pp. 29 'f-296).— An annotated list of the drugs and cbeniicals
used in the preparation of insecticides, fungicides, and vermin killers employed
in agriculture and liorticulture.

Insecticides and fungicides, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1909,
pp. 178-190). — The more imi)ortant insecticides and fungicides are here dis-
cussed. Analyses made of arsenate of lead, acetate of lead, arsenate of soda,
various commercial Bordeaux mixtures, lime-sulphur washes, agricultural l>lue-
stone, and formaldehyde solutions are i-eportetl.

Remedies for orchard and vineyard pests, C. V. Lounsbury {Cape Town:
Dcpt. Agr., 1909, folio). — ^This is a wall chart in which are given the formulas
and directions for tlie making and application of remeilies for insect enemies
:in(l fungus diseases of fruits.

[Spraying to control aphis], W. T. Macoun {Canada Expt. Fanns Rpts.
1909, pp. 125, 126). — Several mixtures were used in 190S for the apple aphis,
which appeared in great numbers on young trees. Flour emulsion, McDougall's
insecticide and fungicide wash, V-2 fluid, Niagara brand lime-sulphur wash,
target brand fungicide, and wbale-oil soap were tested. Whale-oil soap and
McDougall's insecticide proved the most effective, both apparently killing all
the apbids hit.

Killing moths in vineyards, W. Bardel {Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.],
1909, No. 350, p. IS.',; Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1909, No. 3610, p.
4). — A brief account is given of experiments in which electric lights were suc-
cessfully used in vineyards near Kheinis, France, to kill thepyralid andcochylis
moths.

Carbolineum as an insecticide {Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr.. 12 {1909),
No. 6\ pp. 51S-5-'f.'f, chart 1). — In part 1 of this account. J. Netopil reports a
chemical investigation, and in part 2, L. Fulmek, B. Wahl, and H. Zimmermann
report practical investigations conducte<l in tbe orchard.

Proceedings of the twenty-ninth annual session of the Colorado State
Beekeepers' Association {Ann. Rpt. lid. Hort. Colo. 1908, pp. 101-118). — A
report of the proceedings.

Spring losses of bees, R. Beuhne {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 7 {1909), No.
8, pp. 500, 501, fig. 1). — There is said \6 be a considerable loss of bees in the
spring in Victoria and New South Wales, due to a disease somewhat different
from dysentery and known as dwindle. The bees apparently leave their hives
in quest of stores and are unable to return, very largely because of exhaustion
and chill in consequence of impaired vitality. This is deemed to be the result
of malnutrition in the larval stage caused by a deficiency of protein in the
pollen used in the preparation of the larval food.

Dysentery of the honey bee, M. Kijstenmacher {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2.
AM., 24 {1909), No. 1-4, pp. 58-62). — A brief account of this disease including
methods of treatment.

Ants and bees as pets, P. Collins {Sci. Amer. Sup., 68 (1909). No. 1757. pp.
152-154, figs. 11). — Several formicariums and observatox-y hives are described
and illustrated.

366 EXPKHIMENT STATION RECORD.

Silkworms, F. L.\mhi:kt ( \'<is a Soic. I'diis. \l!i()<)\. iiji. I'll, /jf/s. '/?'). — A
sniiill liiuul i,'ui(l«' to silk culture.

The cultivation of shellac as an agricultural product, II. -M. Lefroy (A fir.
Jour. JiKlia, .', (J!)0!)), Xo. .1 pp. .i')S-270, pis. (i ; IndUiii Ayr.. 3.', (I!)0!)), No.
U. pp. .ni~27.i). — Au ;icc(innl (if the sIicHmc iiulustry in Indiii. Slu'llac producci'
by scale insects of the ircnus 'racliardi.-i is considered one of tlie most valuable
of forest products.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Air, water, and food, Ei.i.kn 11. Kiciiards and A. G. Woodman (Neic Yorl-
and /.oiidoii. IHOH. .i. rd., rev. and cnl., pp. 278, flffs. 1,5, map 1). — According to
the authors, in tliis third edition (E. S. K., KJ. p. 5S0) the chapters on analytical
methods hi.ve been considerably enlarf2;ed with a view to making the volume
more adapted to the needs of the chemical and sanitary engineer as well as to
the genera] student and honseludder. " In a subject so rapidly advancing tlie
printed page can hardly hope to keep fully abreast of the times, but all the
methods have been reviewed or modified, and tentative ones have been retained-
or dropped as experience has indicated their value."

The bib]iogra]iliy. which is a special feature, has also been Iirought up to date.

International Congress on Pure Foods and Alimentai-y Substances, L. M.
Douglas (Xuturc \ London \. 82 ( I'JOO), Xo. 2088, pp. 27, 26'). — In this condensed
account of the Second International Congress for the Repression of Adulteration
of Alimentary and Pharmaceutical Products, held in Paris, the author has sum-
marized data regarding the extent of the work carried on and some of the more
notable decisions.

Quotations from his summary follow :

" Bread was declared to be the product resulting from the baking of dough
made from i)nre wheat flour, with the addition of yeast, water, and salt. Any
other i)roduct meant as a substitute for bread should not bear the name, and
its composition should be declared at the time of sale. It was subsequently de-
clared that the addition of baking powder, bicarbonate of soda, and tartaric
acid were rpiite j)erraissible and regular oi)erations. Alum was entirely pro-
hibited.

" Coffee was clearly defined as being only wortliy of that name when derive<l
from coffee berries and when free from any foreign mixture, such as chicory or
any other substance. Cocoa, on the other hand, was not so easily defined.
Long discussions on the composition of this product took place in the section, ami
it was agreed that it would be better to refer the matter to an international
commission of experts. The main question was as to whether the addition of
alkali to cocoa was .instifiable or not. . . . The discussions on the subject in the
hygienic section were prolonged and sometimes very heated, but in the final issue
it was agreed that 2 per cent of alkali should be allowed. An international
commission will consider the whole matter, as it appears that cheap cocoas are
not only sophisticated with alkalis, but additions, which are simply adultera-
tions, are common. ...

" At the Geneva congress there seemed to be a feeling that the definition of
pure butter was a political matter rather than a hygienic question, and the
voting seemed to be between the fresh butter and the salt butter makers. Owing
to the greater attendance at the Paris congress there was a greater body of opin-
ion, hence the discussions were more prolonged, and, for that matter, more in-
teresting. The first question was as to the empirical standard of 16 per cent
of water, which, it was declared, was too low for general purposes. It was
finally raised to IS per cent.

FOODS HUMAN NUITRITION. 367

" The next question was in connection with the use of preservatives, and it
was shown that it was not possible to conduct an export butter trade over any
great distance without the addition of some boron preservative. This addition
was allowed, and classed as a regular operation, which means that it is now
considered as necessary in the making of some kinds of butter as is the addition
of salt, and need not, therefore, be declared. Colorings for food, confections,
and liquids came' in for considerable attention, and it was found impossible to
resist the argument that the sale of many alimentary products depended to a
large extent on their appearance, 'and the use of harmless colors was therefore
l)ermitted. Twenty anilins were specifically mentioned as being inocuous, and
they embrace every shade used for food purposes."

Dairy products and egg's (Indus. Lait. [Pam], 34 (1909), No. JfJi, pp. 817-
820). — The definitions for milk and other dairy products adopted by the above
congress are quoted.

The regulation of commerce in food products and condiments in Switzer-
land {Rev. I'rat. Abattoirs, 2 (1909), Nos. 2, pp. 67-72; 3, pp. 123-129; //. pp.
173-178; 5, pp. 217-220; 6, pp. 265-272; 7, pp. 326-331; 8, pp. 372-381; 9, pp.
Ji30->,33; 10, pp. //75-//S2).— A summary of Swiss legislative enactments.

Report of the department of food and drugs, State Board of Health,
from March, 1909, to October 1, 1909, H. E. Barnard (Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd.
Health, li ( 1909), A'o. 9, pp. /2/-/,J2).— During the time covered by this report
1,423 samples of foods have been analyzed, of which 979 were found to be of
standard quality and properly labeled, while the remainder were adulterated or
misbranded. The samples consisted very largely of products commonly con-
sumed during hot weather, such as ice cream, beverages, and milk.

"A large number of samples of prepared meats sold as sausage under various
names were examined for starch and preservatives, and the percentage of
adulteration of these goods was found to be very high."

A number of drugs wore also examined.

The inspection of meat establishments for pickling and preparing meat,
H. Martel (Rap. Open ^erv. Vet. Sanit. Paris et Dept. Seine 1908, pp. 181-
183). — Data are given regarding French inspection work.

Horse flesh, as food, H. AIartel (Rap. Oper. Serv. Vet. Sanit. Paris et Dept.
Seine 1908, pp. 152-155). — Statistical data are given regarding the consumption
of horse flesh as food.

Concerning the constituents of meat extract, R. Engeland (Ber. Deut.
Clieni. (lesell., 'i.i (1909). Xo. //, pp. 2457-2^,62). — The conclusion is reached
that the carnitin of meat extract is a-oxy-7-trimethyl amino butyric acid.

Milling and baking tests, C E. Saunders (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts.
1909, i)p. 20Jt-208, pi. i).— The yield and baking strength of flour and the color
of bread were studied with several varieties of spring, durum, and winter
wheats. In the author's opinion the data wei-e insufficient for general deduc-
tions, but he considers that the high position taken by Marquis, a variety of
spring wheat, is noteworthy.

The tests on the effect of storage on wheat and flour " confirmed in a general
way the conclusions previously reached" (E. S. R., 21, p. 358).

From a special series of tests " it has been established thus far that when the
material is kept over in the form of flour there is a more rapid improvement in
color and in strength than when it is kept as wheat. The changes that occur
are not always regular, and a few exceptional cases were found. In every
instance, however, there was a gain in water-absorbing power, and as a rule
this gain was considerable, amounting sometimes to more than 4 per cent after
16 months of storage. There was also invariably an improvement in the shape

368 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.

of tlio lo;if. In n',i,';ir(l to voliiino of lonf soino irrogiilarilios occurred for which
no satisfactory oxplanatioii can bo ofiorod at jirosent."

Ill stiulyiiiiX th(> ctTccts of danipuoss conii)arison was made with Ihr o|■i^'iIlal
prain of samples of wheat wot for H minutes and samples damp for 10 iiiiiuites,
for 20 days, and for 127 days.

" The conclusion which must be drawn from this series of experiments is that
dampness in wheat although very injurious to its appearance does not neces-
sarily injnre, but under some conditions actually improves, the intrinsic value
(to the baker) of the straisht grade flour produced from it. No doubt injurious
action of the moisture would comnience earlier at higher temperatures than it
did in this series of trials |in which in most cases the temperature was 40 to
5.8° F.], but on the other hand it should be roniombei'efl that the amount of
moisture present in the wheat in these tests w-as greater than that usually
found in ' damp ' or ' tough ' wheat."

It is stated that the determinations of the baking strength of flour have been
made with what may be conveniently termed " plain " bread, that is, bread made
with flour, water, yeast, salt, and a small quantity of sugar, a bread which is
probably similar in character to that made in Canadian homes.

'• ("oniuiercial bakers almost invariably add one or more ingredients to their
dough either to produce some special effect on the lightiiess, color or flavor, or
to make their product couipl.v with the requirements of the law so as to be sold
as ' fancy ' bread. . . .

"Among the substances, other than water, yeast, salt, and sugar, w^hich are
sometimes added to the flour or dough in bread making, the following may be
mentioned : Lard, butter, cotton-seed oil, milk, evaporated milk, malt flour, malt
extract, diastase, and potatoes.

"All of these are quite unobjectionable, provided the bread produced satisfies
the taste of the consunior."

Tests were thorofore undertaken to determine whether the addition of such
ingredients in bread making affected the strength of the flour. " In a general
way it appears that most flours are affected similarly when any additional sub-
stance is added to the dough. There are cases, however, where one flour is
improved in strength by the addition of some substance which produces little or
no efl'ect on another flour."

Flour bleaching by "nitrous fumes" {Brit. Food Jour., II (1909), No.
J 30, p. 119). — A brief account of the examination of flour for nitrogeli as
nitrites reported by the public analyst and medical officer, of health for the
count.v of Lanark.

New English method of bread making, F. I. Bright {Daihi Co)isi. <iii<l
Trade Rpti^. [U. ,S'.l, 1909, No. 363.'i, p. II).— X brief note on a method of making
bread which it is said includes pepsin in small quantities. It is claimed that
this makes the loaf more digestible and does away with all risk of the bi'ead
becoming sour.

The survival of pathogenic bacteria in bread after cooking (Nonrr<iii.r
Remcdes, 1909, p. //.>//; uhx. in tielm-ciz. Wriiiischr. CJiciii. u. I'hanii., .',1 (I909\,
No. 46, p. 712). — According to the data summarized, pathogenic bacteria may
survive the heat of cooking in bread, and therefore the conclusion is reached
that bread should be made entirely by machinery to avoid personal contamina-
tion.

Rice dishes (Rice Indus., 11 (1909), No. 8, pp. 22-2.'i).—A collection of
recipes.

Blanching vegetables, Maurel and Carcassagne (Compt. Rend. ^oc. Biol.
[Paris], in {1909). No. 25, pp. 91-93). — In this study of the amount of mineral
matter removed by blanching, i. e., cooking in water for a short period, cab-

FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION. 369

bage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, celery (both stalks and tubers), asparagus,
corn, beans, white beans, and lentils were included, the cooking period being
30 minutes in each case. It was found that on an average 36 per cent of the
total mineral matter originally present and 50 per cent of the potassium
were extracted.

The loss of salt sustained when cereals and vegetables are cooked by
boiling', Maurel and CARCANAorE {Comijt. Rend. aS'oc. Biol. [Paris]. (J7 [1!)09).
No. 26, pp. 211-213). — When wheat, barley, and maize were boiled for 3 hours
the water contained 47 per cent of the total mineral matter and 49 per cent of
the total potassium originally present. With white beans, lentils, and dried
peas, the average amount of total mineral matter removed was 40 per cent and
of i)otassium 72 per cent of the quantity originally present. With potatoes, the
values were 01 and 54 per cent, respectively. A comitarison of I>lanching white
beans (see above I with cofiiplete cooking, showed that 34 per cent more of the
total mineral matter and 16 per cent more of the potassium were removed by
the longer cooking period. A similar comparison made with lentils gave corre-
sponding values of 21 and 22 per cent.

From their investigations as a whole the authors conclude that wheat, barley,
and maize cooked by boiling lose 1.5 gm. minei'al matter per 100 gm. material,
white beans about 2 gm., and potatoes aI)out 1 gm.

Markets for cranberries (Ddili/ Cons, and Trade Rj)ts. [U. »S.l. 1909. Xo.
3633, pp. 1-5). — In this summary of data regarding tli<* jiossibilities of extending
the use of American cranberries in Europe some data are given concerning the
utilization of this fruit in Europe, the demand for canned cranberries, and a
German method of cooking them.

Fruits as carriers of micro-org'anism.s, A. Sartory and Fillassier (Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 67 (1909), No. 30, pp. ////.5-///,7).— An experimental
study of fruits exposed for sale in Paris streets showed that they carried on the
surface a very large number of micro-organisms, the principal species found
being PeniciUiiim ghtucum. Rhizopus nigricans, Pi/of/rnrs aureus, BaciUiis termo,
B. subtilis, and Micrococcus candica)is. Washing removed a large proportion
of the bacteria, as was shown by the diminished number found in the second
and third wash waters as compared with the first. From the study as a whole
the author concludes that the sale of fruits intended for consumption without
cooking should be subject to regulation.

[Olive oil and cotton-seed oil in the Levant], J. L. Brode (Jlo. Cons, and
Trade Rpts. [U. S.], J 909, No. 3'i9, pp. 81-95). — Information is summarized
regarding the manufacture of olive oil, its use locally, and the increasing
demand for cotton-seed oil for food purposes.

According to the author, " considerable olive oil is produced in the Levant.
The natives are very fond of it and use it freely in many forms. It is not an
uncommon sight to see a workman at his noonday meal take a half-liter bottle
of olive oil and saturate his food with it. In the country in spring and summer
the workman's lunch consists mainly of bread and raw vegetables covered with
olive oil."

The cafCein content of coffee a,nd the loss of caffein in roasting, Rieter
(Schireiz: Wchnschr. Chem. u. Pharm., .',7 (1909), No. JfO, pp. 692, 693).— Ac-
cording to the data summarized coffee loses from 1.5 to 8.53 per cent of its
caffein on roasting. Different sorts of coffee were studied and the conclusion
was reached that it is not possible to determine the kind of coffee by noting the
loss of caffein.

Coffee extract and coffee infusion, Berger (i^chirciz. WchnseJir. Chem. u.
Pharm., .'i7 (1909). No. 'i5, pp. 691, 692). — Data are summarized regarding the
average size of portions and the caffein content of coffee served in hotels.

370 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

n'stiiuran("s. clc, in I'.crliii. In the case of hotels, the portion of coffee served
at breakfast contained on an average 0.25G gin. caffein and the portion served
in people's Icitchens, 0.0423 gin. The other samples examined ranged betvs^een
those extremes.

Some investig'ations on the toxicology of tin, with special reference to
the metallic contamination of canned foods, S. P>. SniKVVHK {Jour. Jhjg.
\V(t)iihiUUj( \. U { UK)!)), Xi). S, p/). 2.'),{-ii;,i). — The investigations reported were
snnimari/A'd in a iiulilication previously noted (E. S. K., 20, p. 1155).

Tin poisoning, A. Eckakdt (Ztsclii: Ciifcnincli. \<ilir. n. (Iciiu-'^sniill., IH
iMlOO), No. J. itp. I!)S-202). — The acute poisoning with acetate, tartrate, and
chlorid of tin was .studied with a view to determining the distribution of the*
salts in the organism and their degree of toxicity. The inorganic salts were
found to be the most toxic. The stomach was found to harbor more tin thaii
the kidneys and liver, the only other organs examined.

The author also studied the rate of absorption of tin by cream chee.ses which
were wrapped in tinfoil. The amoimt which was taken up during the ripening
process was very pei'ceptible.

Diet as an element in increasing resistance, with special reference to
the protein ration, J. H. Kellogg (Trans. 6. Internat. Cong. Tuberculosis, 3
(1908), pp. 740-76-'i). — The author has summarized data, some of it the result
of his own investigations, which led him to conclude that '* a low protein diet-
ary, 0.80 to 1.00 gm. of albumin per kilogram of body weight per diem, is en-
tirely consistent with health, vigor, and a high degree of efficiency and endur-
ance, in health," and concludes further that a low proteid dietary is advantageous
in the treatment of tuberculosis. See also a previous u<5te (E. S. li., 21, p. 168).

Overfeeding and mineral metabolism, E. Biernacki (Zentbl. Gesam. Physiol,
u. Path. I^tofficcchscls, n. ser., J, (IDOD), Nos, 12, pp. U9-J,55 ; 13, pp. J,H1-J,96).—
From the results of experiments with animals (dogs) which are reported, and
earlier data (E. S. R., 20, p. 364), the author concludes that a diet with ex-
cessively high energy value due to large amounts of fat and carbohydrates
(that is. the sort of diet which is often employed in the treatment of disease,
and which is also characteristic of the diet of well-to-do classes), induces a
retention of chlorin and more especially of sodium, calcium, and phosphorus.
Of these calcium seems most easily retained. These deductions do not take
into account a retention of nitrogen and water.

The author concludes further that the real reason for the retention of ash
constituents in overfeeding with fat and carbohydrates is the small proportion
of energy from protein to energy from nitrogen-free nutrients in the diet, and
especially to fat calories.

The experimental data are discussed with reference to a low protein diet —
that is. a diet 'with an unusual ratio of nitrogen calories to nitrogen-free
calories. The author believes the results of his experiments show that such a
diet can not be followed for a long time without a harmful effect upon the
nourishment of body organs and tissues, and he does not think it possible to
consider that metabolism is normal when the normal relation between niti'og-
enous and nitrogen-free constituents of the diet is disturbed both absolutely
and relatively by lowering the proportion of energy supplied by nitrogenous
foods.

Fish in the diet and its effect on the metabolism of phosphorus, calcium,
and magnesium, B. J. Slowzoff (VcrhaiKlI. (icscU. Russ. Arztc .S7. Pctersh..
1908-9, Nov.-Dcc; ahs. in Zentbl. (irsani. I'hiisiol. ii. Path, l^toffwechscls. ii.
ser., Jf (1909), No. 11, p. 669). — Less uric acid and creatin were found in the
urine on fish diet than on meat diet, while the amount of total nitrogen was
increased. When fish was substituted foi' meat in an otherwise uniform diet

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 371

no cbaiijre was nottnl in the uietabolisui of phospliorus. The absoriition of
calcium was dimhiishetl 5 per cent and the absorption of magnesium increased
8 per cent. The flsh period was especially characterized by an increased excre-
tion of calcium in the urine of nearly GO per cent and of magnesium of nearly
44 per cent, in comparison with control periods.

The bearing of such facts upon invalid dietetics is discussed.

Daily menus for the school year and a dietary study for October ( Cheyney,
Pa., I'JOO, pp. '/iS). — It is stated that for o years the attempt has been made at
the Institute for Colored Youth (Teachers' Training School) to furnish the
pupils with properly balanced and wholesome meals at low cost, and in connec-
tion with this work the daily menus for the school year 1907-8 have been pub-
lished with the results of a dietary study which covered the month of October.

The number of persons provided for was 60 and the average cost of the food
per person per day for the year was 21 cts. It is stated that on an average the
waste was 10 per cent of the food as purchased. According to the results of the
dietary study, the food as purchased cost IS cts. per i)erson per day, while the
food served supplied 98 gm. protein, 100 gm. fat, and 351 gm. carbohydrates per
person per day, the total energy being 2.758 calories. The daily menus were
fairly varied, meats, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, bread, and other cereal
foods being used in the same combinations as commonly found on home tables.
Meats and eggs were freely used, judging by the menus. According to the re-
port all of the pupils improved in health and working energy on the diet.

A system of records has been devised for the storeroom, kitchen, and dining
room, which, it is stated, enabled the management by actual measurement to
exercise " the strictest economy in purchasing, [ireparing, cooking, serving, and
preserving the food materials."

All of the pupils in the school assist in the work and the immediate direction
of it is under a graduate from the domestic science course.

" The experiences of this effort have revolutionized the teaching of domestic
science in this institute. The subject is now both practical and practicable, and
we furnish our pupils skill as well as knowledge."

The school child's breakfast, W. C. IIoi.r.oPETER {Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc,
53 (1909), No. 21. pp. 1121-1130). — Excei)t in a very small proportion of cases,
according to the author, poverty is not the real reason why children go break-
fastless to school in this country. The appetite of children is capricious in
the morning, the real cause for this being the bad hygienic conditions of the
home and this should be taken into account in finding a remedy.

Of the 2,169 children questioned only (*» claimed to eat no breakfast. Sixty-
eight per cent of the children ate bread. 35 per cent a cereal, 40 per cent eggs,
and 18 per cent cakes, and 58 per cent drank coffee, 15 per cent milk, 11 per cent
cocoa, and 11 per cent tea. Data are also given regarding other foods.

" In conclusion, while we can not draw a definite result from the analysis
of so small a number of school children as to the quantity and quality of food
taken for their breakfasts, we may infer that the school child has a chance —
a poor one, indeed — for a breakfast ; and the reason he has so poor a one
is not that he has no food, but unfortunate surroundings to prepare him for
this subject.

The paper is followed by a discussion.

Penny lunches, H. H. Bonnell (Starr Centre Assoc. [Rpt.], 1909. pp. 18-20.
fig. 1). — The work of the year in serving penny lunches in Philadelphia in
certain public schools is described. The average number of children served
per day was 560. The foods served are enumerated and their estimated
nutritive value reported.

28918— No. 4—10 6

372 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

"Till" ciidcavor (o siiiiiily cliildnMi in tlio schools '■vlicrc these Uinches are
inanitMiiKMl with nutritious fo(Hl at small cost has met with gratifyiiiK siicoess."

The work is undertaken by a i)hilanthropic association and an attempt is
made throujjjh this school work to reach the pupils' homes and improve living
conditions.

The feeding of school children, R. Crowley (Pith. Health \ London'], 23
( moil). A'o. .i. I). 101). — An a<<-ount is given of the supplying of breakfasts and
dinners to children during 1JX)S in schools in Bradford, England. There are in
all 2(1 dining rooms where meals are servtnl. The average cost of the food
alone was 2.2 cts.. and the total cost including all administrative expenses, 3.8
cts., ]H'r meal per child.

School canteens in Paris, L. Rutte (Rxv. ^oc. .S'c/. Ifyf/- Aliment. . 5 (lUOH),
No. 3, pp. 573-616). — The organization and management of the Paris system
of supplying foods to school children is discussed and a large amount of
statistical and other data summarized. The recommendation is made that
the board of sni)ervisors of school canteens in large towns should include
physiologists, chemists, medical experts, and economists. The author also
reconunends that the pupils who receive food without cost should he served in
a special room.

Free noonday meals for needy children, C. Driessens < Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg.
Aliment., 5 [1908). No. 3, pp. 6"7.i, 673). — A critical discussion of the French
system of school canteens.

Public charity in relation to food, P. Cornet (Rei'. Soc. Sei. Hyg. Aliment.,
') (1908), No. 3, pp. 557-561). — In this discussion of the diet of the poor a num-
ber of daily menus are given together with the cost of the foods. The author
concludes that the observed faults in the diet in such cases are due to insuffi-
cient food.

Cost of living — prices — wages, G. D. Bayley (Handbook Brit. Guiana, 1909,
pp. 579-581). — Data are given regarding board, house rent, cost of domestic
servants, and prices of various articles of food in British Guiana.

List, with local prices, of tools and implements and utensils used in the
interior, G. D. Bayley (Handbook Brit. (Juiuna, 1909, pp. 529^')32). — Detailed
information is given regarding the kind and cost of camp utensils needed in
the interior of British Guiana and a list of provisions estimated as necessary
for 10 men for 4 months.

Cost of living in China, J. C. McNally (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [TJ. ,S.],
1909, No. 3650, p. 12). — Information is briefly summarized regarding the in-
crease in cost of foods and other household expenses in China, particularly for
foreign residents, during the last 10 years.

Studies of the physiology and pathology of fat distribution, G. Mansfield
(Arch. Physiol. [Pfliigcr], 129 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. //6'-6'2).— Using dogs as sub-
jects, the author determined the proportion of total fat and fat which could be
extracted with ether in the blood, muscle, heart, liver, and brain under normal
and jiathological conditions.

Variations in the amylolytic power of the saliva of nursing infants, G.
FiNizio (Rev. Hyg. et Med. Infant.. ,s i 1909). No. 3, pp. 22.'/-2.'/.0 ) .— The data re-
ported show that in normal infants the amylolytic power of the saliva from the
first days after birth to 12 mouths is more marked in the earlier period than
in the later. When a year old this amylolytic power of the saliva is little
inferior to that of a child 2 or 3 years old. and perhaps not inferior to that of an
adult. The amylolytic power of the saliva of infants of the same age is not
always the same.

The iron content of the spleen, C. Capezzuoli (Ztschr. Physiol, ('hem.. 60
(1909), No. 1. pp. 10-1 'i). — In the spleen as well as in the liver an iron-contain-

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 373

ing nucleoproteid is found with 2.32 to 2.68 pei* cent pliosphoi'us. The amount
of iron removable by cooking in water varies, being Iiigbest in the first broth,
which shows from 1.48 to 2 per cent. The filtrate from the nucleoproteid con
tains from 20 to 2.5 per cent of the total amount removable in hot water.

Some observations on the study of the intestinal bacteria, A. I. Kendall
{./our. Biol. Cliciii.. 6 ( tOO!)). Xo. 6'. />/*. .',99-007). — The author states that his
purpose in this paper is to show in a general way the procedure and the use
of media through which a more comprehensive idea of the significance of
bacterial activity in the Intestine may be obtained. In the data discussed he
considers the subject from the standpoint of the interdependence of diet, bac-
teria, and the end products of bacterial activity which appear in the urine, and
the methods of procedure outlined are based upon such relations.

"The nature of the diet practically determines the dominant types of intesti-
nal bacteria, and these organisms in turn, acting upon the digestive products
of the diet elaborate the end products of their activity which apijear in the
urine.

"With the exception of a few anaerobes (which derive their oxygen from
the combustion of carbohydrates) the majority of the prominent types of the
normal flora which develop on a protein diet grow luxuriantly in media free
from carbohydrate, while those developing on a carbohydrate regimen grow
poorly, or even not at ail. unless carbohydrate is jjresent. Hence by inoculating
portions of the mixed fecal flora with gelatin and milk and observing the degi-ee
and rapidity of peptonization, it is possible to form a judgment of the character
of the lu-oteolytic flora. At the same time these media furnish conditions so
favorable for the growth of these organisms that they can be regarded as
selective for the isolation of the proteolytic flora.

" On the other hand, through the use of media containing carbohydrate, and
particularly the acid dextrose broth, one obtains a fairly specific enrichment of
the acidophilic flora, characteristic of a carbohydrate regimen.

" Furthermore, through the use of these selective media it is possible to
form a judgment of the completeness of the bacterial response to the nature of
the diet. For example, if the experimental animal is on a carbohydrate regimen,
the pi-esence or absence of growth in protein media will indicate the presence
or absence of proteolytic bacteria, since the acidophilic organisms do not grow
well in these media and can not, therefore, inhibit the growth of these organ-
isms. Conversely, with a protein diet, the presence or absence of acidophiles
may be determined by inoculating the mixed fecal flora into acid dextrose broth,
which is unfavorable for the development of the proteolytic types. These deter-
minations may be made roughly quantitative for the different types by inocu-
lating definite amounts of the mixed fecal flora into appropriate media.

" The end products of bacterial activity which appear in the urine are
important for two reasons : They indicate the types of bacterial activity in the
intestinal tract, and their reproduction in artifical media by pure cultures
derived from the intestinal flora furnishes strong presumptive evidence of the
jiarticipation of these organisms in the process."

The fecal bacteria of healthy men, W. J. MacNeal. L. L. Latzer and J. E.
Kerr (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 6 (1909). No. 2, pp. 123-169, fig. i).— Experi-
mental methods are outlined and the results reported of an extended study of
feces, undertaken at the department of animal husbandry. University of Illinois,
in connection with an experiment on the influence of cured meats upon human
health.

" During the course of the work 266 stools were examined. About three-
fourths of these serve as the basis of this paper."

374 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD.

The c'oiiciusioiis wliicli wi^'o drawn follow:

"A liomogeneous suspension of the bacteria of adult liunian feces may be
readily prepared by making it sufficiently dilute, 1 : 100.

"In such a suspension the bacteria can be counted microscopically by an
experienced observer, with a fair degree of accuracy.

"The gravimetric method of Strasburger for determining tlie quantity of
fecal bacteria is more time consuming, b\it the method is capable of a higher
degree of accuracy than the enumeration procedures. The separation of the
bacteria should be done by fractional sedimentation in a high speed centri-
fuge, and requires careful work at every step.

"In the case of normal adult men, eating an ordinary mixed diet, the aver-
age number of fecal bacteria excreted daily is about 33X10"; the average
daily bacterial dry substance about 5.34 gm., and the daily bacterial nitrogen
0.585 gm., making up 4(j.3 per cent of the total fecal nitrogen. There is consid-
erable individual variation in the average quantity of fecal bacteria even in
persons taking the same diet.

" The results of enimieratiou do not correspond accurately with the results
of gravimetric determination of the bacteria under different conditions. The
fecal bacteria as individuals contain an amount of dry substance subject to
considerable variation.

" The bacteria of the adult human feces are Gram negative for the most
part, about 70 per cent of all the bacteria being Gram negative bacilli. Gram
positive rods are constantly present.

" It is possible to recognize microscopically a number of morphologically
different bacteria, present in such numbers that they must have resulted from
multiplication in the intestine. . . . Therefore there are several species of bac-
teria whose normal habitat is the human intestine.

" Free spores are almost constantly present in considerable uvimber in the
feces. They are more numerous in dry stools as a rule. Diarrheal stools,
howev(>r, sometimes show a very large number of free spores.

" Thin, flexible spirals are quite frequently present in normal stools, and
under some conditions are very numerous.

" The direct quantitative determinations of the fecal bacteria furnish evi-
dence of the extent and nature of the bacterial growth in the intestine. This
seems to be a delicate index of intestinal conditions."

Some observations on a twenty-four hours' walking race, F. Cook, E. G.
ScHLEisiNGER, aud A. H. Todd (Brit. Mp<L Jour., 1909, No. 2552, pp. 1526-
1528). — Cardiac condition, blood pressure, body weight, general appearance,
urine, and food were studied in connection with a 24-hour walking race at
Shepherd's Bush. London. September. 1909. The food taken during the race
varied somewhat, but without exception the competitors' previous diet did not
differ markedly from that of ordinary individuals. Nausea and other unpleas-
ant symptoms were observed after eating during the contest, which the authors
attribute to the use of carbohydrate foods, and they therefore recommend that
in a contest of this character little or no food be taken during the period of
physical exertion, though albumin water or some such preparation may be
given to avoid the depressing mental effect consequent upon withholding all
food.

" Soldiers bearing heavy clothing and equipment have frequently marched for
many houi's with no food, jjrovided that a sufficiency of water is available. Ex-
periments on animals, too, show that external work can be performed for some
days on a water diet only." In other words, the individual should depend
for his severe exei-tion upon the energy derived from his previous diet rather
than from food taken during the period of work.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 375

The effects of rapid and prolonged deep breathing, I). F. Comstock {Science,
n. set'., 30 {1909), No. 77.9, jiii. 80//, 805). — According to the author's observa-
tions, dee]) and violent breathing is a mental stimulant and has a marked efl'ect
in diminishing muscular fatigue. For instance, it was found that after deep
breathing the number of times a difficult arm exercise with heavy weights could
be repeated without fatigue was increased 80 per cent. An increase in pulse rate
was noted while the rapid breathing was continued as well as the ability to hold
the breath for a much longer period than was otherwise the case.

The new institute for animal physiology at the Imperial Agricultural
College, N. Zuntz {Landw. Jalirb.. 38 {J 909), Sui). 5. pp. //7J-.'/.f)(;).— The con-
struction, arrangement, and equipment of the institute for animal physiology
are described and the plans for work outlined, including that at iiresent under-
taken and proposed lines of research with both men and animals.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Handbook of animal feeding and feeding stuffs, E. Pott {llandhuch dcr
tierischcn J-Jniiilining und der landicirtschaftlichen Futtermittel. lierlin, 1901.
vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. XVI + 612; 1909, vol. 3, pi. 2, pp. XI I +264). —This work has
been expanded into 3 instead of 2 volumes as announced in the first vohune,
previously notetl (E. S. 11.. 1(5, p. 290). Volume 2 treats of green feeds in gen-
eral, hay, straw, chaff and hulls of seetls, roots and tubers, fleshy fruits, grains,
and in.iuri()us iilants. In the third volume by-products and miscellaneous sub-
stances which have been usetl for fee<ling stuffs, such as coffee, alcohol, peat,
fait, charcoal, drugs, snails, mussels, files, and May beetles ground into meal,
are treated in detail. The by-products include a great variety of substances of
both animal and vegetable origin, such as distillery slop, beet leaves, molasses,
castor pomace, and wastes produced in the manufacture of ivory-nut buttons,
paper, and otlier industries. Throughout the work there are references to the
literature on feeding stuffs.

Stock feeds, B. \V. Kilc.ore et al. {Bill. N. C. Dept. Agr.. 30 {1909), No.
11, pp. 60). — This contains the text of the new feeding stuffs law and analyses
of .543 samples, including wheat bran, middlings and shorts, shipstutf, rye, mo-
lasses, alfalfa, rice feeds, beet pulp, peanut, linseed and cotton-seed meals, and
jioultry and mixed feeds.

Commercial feeding stuffs of Pennsylvania in 1908, F. D. Fuller iPenn.
Dcpt. Agr. liul. 175, pp. I'/ti). — This bulletin contains the feeding stuffs law of
I'ennsylvania and reports chemical analyses of 1,2.57 samples of feeds, including
cotton and linseed meals, malt sprouts, distillers' and brewers' grains, gluten,
hominy and cerealine feeds, corn, bran, wheat, and oats, animal by-products,
low-grade flour, and poultry, condimental, and mixed feeds.

Fodders and feeding stuffs, F. T. Shutt {Canada E.rpt. Farms Rpts. 1909.
pp. 166-176). — Analyses are reported of corn, wheat, oat, and pea products,
cotton-seed meal, flax screenings, milk albumen, apple pomace, hay made from
spike-rush {Scirpus cwspitosus), miscellaneous feeds, mangels, turnips, and
carrots.

Bran, shorts, chop-feed. W. J. Gerald {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept Canada Bui.
191, pp. Jf9). — This bulletin contains the text of the Canadian feeding stuffs
law of 1909, and reports analyses of 545 samples of bran, shorts, and chop-feed.

Soy-bean cake {Mark Lane Ese press, 102 {1909). No. ',078, p. .575).— Notes
are given on the growing importance of soy-bean cake as a feeding stuff, to-
gether with analyses of the bean and cake.

[Feeding experiments] {Canada E.rpt. Farms Rpts. 1909, pp. 75-87, 268,
290-293, 337, 338).—Batii as to the work of the year are reported.

376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Fj.i'i>rnmc)\is in beef itrothidioii. .1. II. (JrisdjiU' (pp. T.")-.S7). — Datu aro re-
ported on the cost of .uaiiis in short feil steers, in the production of baby beef,
and the comparative value of several feeds in the tn-ononiical production of
beef. The roughage used generally consisted of clover hay, silage, roots and
straw. Nine steers averaging 1,145 lbs. in vv^eight fed a grain ration of bran,
gluten, and oil meal for 100 days made an average daily gain of 2.77 lbs. per
head at a cost of 5.01 cts. per pound. The net profit per steer was $13.07.
Four yearlings averaging 472.5 lbs. in weight fed for 100 days on the same
ration minus the oil meal made an average daily dain of 2.17 lbs. per head
at a cost of 5.73 cts. per pound. The net profit per steer was $4.43.

In the baby beef experiment 5 steers weighing 504 lbs. each on a limited
growing ration, of which the grain consisted of bran, gluten, oil meal, and
corn for 393 days made an average daily gain of 1.23 lbs. per head at a cost
of 5.5 cts. per pound, but there was a loss of $2.04 per head. Six steers weigh-
ing 593.3 lbs. each on a full fattening ration for 290 days made an average
daily gain of 1.01 lbs. per head at a cost of 0.02 cts. per pound. The average
I)rofit per head was $5.19.

Three steers weighing 923 lbs. each, on a grain ration of bran and ground
corn for 70 days, made an average daily gain per head of 2 lbs, at a cost of
8.15 cts. per pound. The net profit per steer was $1.47. Three steers weighing
735 lbs. each, on a grain ration of bran and oil meal for 70 days, made an
average daily gain of 2.1 lbs. per head at a cost of 7.19 cts. per pound, and gave
a in-ofit per head of $1.20. Three steers weighing 837 lbs. each on a grain ration
of bran, gluten, and oil meal for 70 days, made an average daily gain of 1.53
lbs. per head at a cost of 9.9 cts. per pound. There was a net loss of 12 cts.
per steer.

Five calves dropped in 1907 weighing at the start about 84 lbs. each, fed a
limited growing ration of which the grain consisted of bran, oil and gluten
meals, oats, and corn made an average daily gain for 729 days of 1.24 lbs. per
head at a cost of 4.06 cts. per pound. There was an average loss per steer of
S2.05. Six steers weighing 106 lbs. each, on a full fattening ration containing
the same ingredients, made an average daily gain in 020 days of 1.52 lbs. per
head at a cost of 4.88 cts. per pound. The profit per head was $5.19.

Siviiie feeding cxiicrimcnts, J. H. Grisdale (pp. 82-80). — The aim of these
experiments was to compare gluten, imperial feed flour, and a mixture of oats,
oil meal and imperial flour as feeds for swine, and to obtain data as to the value
of potatoes as a supplement to these feeds. The main feeding period lasted 42
days and there were 10 pigs in each lot. The basal ration consisted of barley
and bran. The average daily gain on the supplementary ration of gluten and
potatoes was 1.35 lbs. per head at a cost of 4.84 cts. per pound. On the gluten
ration the average daily gain was 0.99 lb. per head at a cost of 0.11 cts. per pound.
On tlie imperial flour and potato ration the avei'age daily gain was 1.11 lbs.
per head at a cost of 4.6 cts. per pound. On the imperial flour ration the
average daily gain was 0.52 lb. per head at a cost of 8.41 cts. per pound. On a
mixture of oats, imperial flour, and oil meal the average daily gain was 1.17
lbs. per head at a cost of 4.68 cts. per pound.

Cattle feeding experiment, A. Macitay (pp. 337, 338). — In this test western
rye grass was comi)ared with alfalfa. Two lots of 3-year-old steers weighing
a little over 1,000 lbs. each were fed for 16 weeks a basal i-ation of corn and
linseed meals. The lot receiving rye grass as a supplementary feed made an
average gain of 228 lbs. and the cost $49.07 per head. On the alfalfa ration
the avei'age gain was 177 lbs. and the cost .$.51.07 jier head. The net profit per
head on the rye grass was $11.10, and on the alfalfa $9.81.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 377

The management and feeding of cattle, T. Shaw {New York and London,
1909, pp. XXXI+461, pi. 1, figs. 25).— In this book, written for tlie practical
feeder, the author's aim has been to cover the entire ground relating to the
feeding and management of cattle from birth to maturity. There are also
chapters on the special topics of finishing beef cattle, baby beef, marketing,
growing and fitting for exhibition, stabling, dehorning spaying and castrating,
diseases, and injurious insects.

Live stock: Breeding and management, P. McConnell {London and Islew
York, pp. 112, pi. 1, figs. 15). — This contains a short description of the principles
and methods of live stock farming, of each breed worthy of note, and of the
directions in which further improvement may be expected.

The biologist's part in practical plant and animal breeding, J. W. Harsh-
BERGER {Amcr. Vet. Rev., 35 (1909), Xo. 3, pp. 25.'i-265.) — A paper read before
the Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association, March. 1909, in which are
discussed line-breeding, in-breeding, crossing, and the deleruiination of sex.

The author reviews the great service which biologists like Darwin, Mendel,
De Yries, and Marchals, have rendered to the practical l)reeder. jind states that
" the practical plant and animal breeder can not neglect to encourage the biolo-
gist in his pursuit of pure scientific investigation, ln'cause some of the ap-
parently least practical research work may prove ultimately to be of the
highest practical value."

A study of inheritance in mice with reference to their susceptibility
to transplantable tumors, E. E. Tyzzer (Jour. Med. Researeh, 21 (1909), Ao.
3, pp. 519-513, figs. 2). — This investigation was undertaken in order to deter-
mine if the suscei)tibility to an inoculable tumor is transmitted in accordance
with Mendel's law. The results show that the successful transplantation of
tumor tissue in mice is dependent ui)on three main factors — the method of
inoculation, the character of the individual tumor employed, and the nature of
the tissue upon which the tumor is implanted. The three factors are subject to
great variation as well as other subsidiary conditions.

A tumor which originated in ii Japanese waltzing mouse was transplanted
for many generjitions in mice of the Siime variety, hut invariably failed to grow
when inoculated into common mice. Attempts to inoculate Japanese waltzing
mice with the Jensen tumor were unsuccessful, and the Ehrlich " Stamme II "
tumor in this variety developed more slowly and in fewer cases than in com-
mon mice.

The hybrids of the first generation of a cross between common albinos and
the Japanese waltzing mice were found to be slightly more susceptible than the
latter but less susceptible than common mice. The Japanese waltzing mouse
tumor, on the other hand, grew more readily in these hybrids than in Japanese
waltzing mice. The offspring of such hybrids were found, however, to be ab-
solutely insusceptible to this tumor, as were mice of the third filial generation.

" Susceptibilty to an inocular tumor is neither, therefore, inherited in accord-
ance with Mendel's law, nor are the results obtained from cross-breeding ex-
plained by any other known principle of inheritance.

" There is no correlation between any of the visible racial character and
susceptibility to the inoculable tumors employed . . . It is found that the
size of !in animal does not influence the rate of growth of a tumor, except
possibly in its late development. Tumors grow most raj)idly in young animals
in which body growth is greatest.

" It is possible that results of another sort may attend the cross-breeding
of other varieties or breeds of mice, but from the data at hand it is apparent
that the factor of race or, better, of blood relationship, is of considerable im-
portance in the investigation of transplantable tumors."

378 EXPERIMENT iSTATION RECORD.

Some effects of external conditions upon the white mouse, F. R. Sttmneu
(Jour. Expt. Zooi., 7 (IDO!)), .Vo. /, />/>. Ul-IO'). figs. l.)). — An inquiry into the
t'ffect of dillVrenecs of tomponilure and iiuiiiidity upon the post-natal develop-
ment of the white mouse, the primary object beiuf;; to test the (luestion of th(?
transmission of certain characti'rs, is reported. ITp\A'ards of 400 individuals
were used and the results showed that different temperatures operatinji tlu-ongh-
out the period of jirowth did affect the dimensions of the tail, foot, ear, and
probably hair. The tails of mice Icept in a warm room were from VI to over
.■?() per cent longer than tliose from mice kept in a cold room. Tlie moditications
thus artificially produced are such as have long been known to distinguisli
nortliern from southern races of mammals.

The reappearance in the offspring of artificially produced parental modi-
fications, F. B. SuMNicR {Anivr. Nat., J/'f {1910), No. Gil, pp. .5-18, fig-s. 2). —
The offsiiring of the mice used in the experiment noted above were measured
in order to determine quantitatively the effect of temperature on the next
generation. It was found that the modifications of tlie parent persisted to
some extent in the offspring. The author suggests several explanations which
might account for these results and among others the possibility of the inherit-
ance of acquired characters.

What basic principles of breeding are established by the methods prac-
ticed in England in the improvement of live stock? L. Hoffmann (Arh.
Dent. (JtstU. ZiiditHiigsl;., IDO'J, No. Ji,pp. IV+150). — A description of the breeds
of live stock which have originated in England and an account of the methods
used by English breeders which led to their improvement.

Hornless cattle, J. C. Ewakt {Live Stock Jour. [London], 70 {1909), No.
1861, pp. 599, 600). — The author refers to various theories that account for the
origin of hornless cattle. Recent explorations in Turkestan and records from
Babylonia lend support to the view that the same conditions which are thought
to have reduced Bos tuiinis in size also caused the i-eversion to the ancestral
hornless type.

The inheritance of horns and face color in -sheep, T. B. Wood {Jour. Agr.
ScL, 3 {1909), No. 2, pp. Upj-lo'i, pis. Jf). — A study of Mendelian inheritance
with crosses between Dorset Horn and Suffolk sheep.

The Iambs of the first generation were identical whichever way the cross
was made. All had speckled faces and legs. The rams showed horns im-
mediately after birth, and in the ewes small scurs were formed on reaching
maturity. In the second generation 7 rams had large horns, 7 round scurs,
3 loose scurs, and 4 no scurs, whereas of the ewes, 8 had no horns, 3 had large
horns, and 1 round scurs. The distribution of face color was as follows: Three
with pure white faces, 3 with pure black faces, 3 with white faces and black
noses, 3 with white faces and black round the eyes, 3 with white faces and
black on both eyes and nose, 1 with large irregular patches of blacli on the
face, and 17 with more or less uniformly speckled faces.

These and subsequent notings show that horns are dominant in the male and
recessive in the female. Neither the white nor the black face appears to be
dominant. The black face is not a simple character. Woolly and bare heads
appear to be a pair of characters which blend in the first cross but segregate
again in later generations. There are a number of instances of recombination
such as horns, woolly poll and face, and black face. Another example is the
bare head and hornless character of the Suffolks combined with the white face
of the Dorsets.

A difficulty encountered in these experiments was the slowness and lack of
certainty in testing the females and the complicated nature of what were
thought to be simple characters. Points of economic impoi'tance such as would

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 379

be likely to appeal to the butcher, the dealer, or the wool merchant, are
hardly likely to turn out less complicated than horns or face color.

Improving' Australasian sheep {Live titock Jour. [London], 70 (1909). No.
1858, p. 533, fig. 1). — A statistical note on the growth of the sheep industry
and the improvement of the fleece. The number of sheep is again increasing
and it is expected the high level mark of 1890 will soon be reached. The aver-
age weight of the fleece in 18G1 was 4.69 lbs., in 1901, 7.90 lbs. The weight has
also increased since that time. Recent mutton types including Shropshire,
TJacoln. Leicester, and Dorset Horn breeds have grown in popularity in South
Australia.

Sheep at Bathurst Experiment Farm, R. W. Peacock (Agr. Onz. N. S. Wales.
20 (1909), No. 11, pp. 1017-1028, figs. 3.',).— An account of the results of cross
breeding sheep for lamb and mutton suitable for export.

As a rule the second crosses were the best and the first crosses next. Those
containing the greatest amount of English blood were the fattest, especially
that of the Southdown. "As wool is of such importance in Australia, and car-
casses the desideratum in England, it taxes the ingenuity of the breeder to
combine the two in a practical manner. From the past experiences at this
farm, the cross which appears to meet the requirements best as a dual-purpose
sheep and one that can be bred without seru»ns disadvantages is a Shropshire-
English Leicester-Merino.

"For future experiments this cross will be used as the standard against
which to measure other crosses."

The history of the mule-footed hog, W. .J. Spillman (Science, n. .srr.. 30
(1909), No. 780, pp. 855, 856). — An abstract of a paper read before the Bio-
logical Society of Washington, November 13, 1909.

This hog differs from other breeds only in the coalescence of the ungual
phalanges. This character appears to be dominant but is disadvantageous es-
pecially in heavy hogs. Plxperiments at the Indiana Station show that the
breed does not possess immunity from hog cholera as has been claimed by some
l)reeders.

The Lincolnshire curly-coated pig, C. S. Plumb (Nat. Stockman and Farmer.
33 (1909), No. 10, p. 2/f9. fig. i).— This is an account of an English breed of
swine which has long been known but not recognized officially until 1907. It
was first exhibited at the Smithfield show in 1908 where it made the highest
average daily gain of any breed. It is said to be hardy and of the bacon class
but is being promoted as a general purpose swine. The breed is described in
the herd book as follows :

" The animal should be white, and coated with white curly or wavy hair (odd
blue spots are not infrequently found upon the skin). Head not too long, nose
straight and not dished, ears thick and pendent, but not falling over the eyes,
with a fair distance between them, jowl heavy, shoulders deep and wide at
heart, ribs well sprung, back straight and long, tail well set, the sides deep
reaching nearly to the ground, belly parts thick and the whole carcass well
supplied with lean flesh, hams well filled to hocks and standing on short,
straight legs with plenty of bone."

The factor hypothesis in its relation to plumage color, C. B. Davenport
(Amer. Breeders' Assoc. [Proc], 5 (1909), pp. 382-385). — It is stated that
the old belief that " hybridization, in and of itself, leads to a reversion " should
be abandoned and its place supplied by the " factor theory " according to which
2 elements upon uniting produce a new character.

" If in the ancestors these elements were united, the races having been evolved
by separating the elements, then crossing the races will bring together again
the elements and thus restore, so far as that one character goes, the ancestral

380 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

coiulitioii.'" Kx:ii)i|iI('S arc cited from invest ij;;U ions on the inlicritance of
piguientiition in tlic j)lninii,iio of fowls. I'resuuiabl.v each jii^'nicnt in the plum-
age is due to a distinct chemical composition or condition and the question of
the iii'ha\ ior of pijiuient color in heredity is a chemical question.

Atavism in guinea-chicken hybrids, M. F. Guykr {Jniir. E.riit. ZodI.. 7
(1909), No. .'/, pp. 723-7 J/o, pis. //). — The author describes hybrids obtained by
crossing a Illack Langshan cock with guinea hens. They possess a curious
color pattern, not present in either parent, which consists of white, U-shaped
vermiculations on a dark background. This, the author thinks, is a return
to a generalized type of color more or less present in pheasants, peacocks, and
other species of the; same family.

Is there a cumulative effect of selection? R. Pearl and F. M. Surfack
{Ztschr. Induktive Abntam. u. Vcrcrbnng.slchre, 2 {1909), No. //, pp. 257-275,
figs. .'t). — This article contains data on the effect of selection on the fecundity of
poultry previously reported from other sources (E. S. R., 21, p. 372). There is
also a brief review of the history of biological opinion on this topic.

[Experiments with poultry], A. G. Gilbert {Canada Expt. Farms Rptn.
1909, pp. 225-2.'f5, figs. 2). — This report contains data on incubation experiments,
the use of the cotton front poultry house, and on feeding and breeding for egg
production.

In an incubation experiment, when hens were compared with incubators, the
hens hatched 128 out of 24.5 eggs, and the incubator hatched 261 out of 545 eggs.

Frozen wheat w'as compared with sound wheat, using several lots of laying
hens. In 1 lot of 11 White Plymouth Rocks, 469 eggs were laid in 9 months on a
ration containing frozen wheat as compared with 657 eggs laid by a similar lot
fed on sound grain. Seven White Orpingtons laid 181 eggs on a frozen wheat
ration as compared with 214 eggs laid by a similar lot fed sound grain only.
The fowls fed on sound grain also presented a more healthy appearance than the
lot receiving the frozen wheat.

An experiment with chicks hatched in July indicated that late hatched chicks
are undesirable.

From results obtained so far, breeding stock selected from good layers since
1905 has increased the average egg production.

Two years with poultry {Mount Morris, III., 1909, pp. l.'fS, figs. 60). — A prac-
tical work intended especially for the beginner in poultry culture.

Practical poultry raising- in British Columbia, R. W. Hodson {Victoria:
Dcpt. -If//'.. 190'.), pp. .'/N, figs. 30). — A pamphlet written for the practical poultry-
man on the various phases of the poultry industry.

Turkeys: Their care and management for exhibition or for market
{Qiiincy, III., and Buffalo, N. Y., 1909, pp. 9.'i, figs. 73). — A summary of the
exjjeriences of successful poultrymen in the mating, rearing, exhibiting, and
judging of turkeys.

Incubation and brooding, E. B. Hawks {Clinton, Wis., 1909, pp. 52, figs.
6). — A booklet containing information of si)ecial value to the beginner.

Artificial v. natural incubation, J. Dryden {Amer. Breeder.^' Assoc. [Proc.].
5 {1909), pp. 380-3S2). — The opinion is expressed that artificial incubation is
responsible for more failures in the poultry business than any other one thing,
and that the failure at the Maine Station to secure a higher egg yield (E. S. R.,
20, p. 271) may have been due to a gradual lowering of vitality in the stock by
artificial incubation.

Animals that should be introduced and bred for economic and profitable
meat production, W. N. Irwin {Anicr. Breeders' Assoc. [Proc], 5 {1909), pp.
214-217). — The author advocates the introduction of several of the smaller
antelopes because they are hardy, easily tamed, give a variety to our meat diet,

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 381

and are small enough so that they eau l»e used ui» without loss by the farmer's
family during the warm months. It is suggested that the giraffe should be
domesticated because its flesh is of the highest quality and being quite free
from uric acid will keep without putrefaction longer than most other meats.
The advantage of domesticating the white rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, and
other species of African mammals is also pointed out.

New meat supply, J. L. Griffiths {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.],
1909, Ao. 3653. j). 11; Live Stock Jour. [London]. 70 (1909), Ah>. 1S5S, pp. 521,
530). — These report a successful shipment of chilletl beef from Queensland to
England, previous attempts from Australia and New Zealand having ended in
failure. In this case the surface of the carcass was sterilized immediately
after slaughter. The beef was 62 days in transit and sold at 8.5 and 9 cts. per
pound for hindquarters, a little more than was paid for meat from Argentina.
It is thought that this opens up a new era for cattle men in Australia, as higher
prices are obtained than for frozen meat.

The horse exports and imports of 1908 (Live Stock Jour. [London]. 10
(1909), Ar>. 1859. p. 5-'i,S). — These statistics show the average number of horses
exi)orted from and imported to foreign countries and British possessions.

The number exported was 51,730. The average value of the stallions was
£203 19s. By far the larger number exported went to Belgium and the Nether-
lands, 627 coming to the United States. The number imported from foreign
countries was 12,999, of which over 7,000 came from Russia, and the average
value of stallions was £70 Ss. 7d.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Dairying' in Alberta, C. Marker (Farmer's Advocate, Ji5 (1909), No. 899,
p. 1697). — An account of the industry by the dairy commissioner.

The Government is assisting the farmer to get better dairy stock from the
East by paying a part of the ti'ansportation expenses of the animals. There
are 11 cheese factories and 54 creameries, 21 of the latter being operated by
the Government on a cooperative plan. The output of cheese is increasing
slowly, but in the past 2 years the outinit of butter (2.550,000 lbs. in 1909) has
increased 70 per cent. Much of this inci-ease has been made during the winter
months. The entire amount is disposed of in British Columbia and the Yukon
district.

Dairy farming on mixed land (Lire Stock Jour. [London], 70 (1909), No.
1859, pp. 554, 555). — This contains data on the number of acres required to
keep a cow in a good dairy district of Cheshire, England. On three typical
farms the amount of land required varied from 2 to over 4 acres per cow.

Dairying- in Wiirttemberg, Trudinger (Wiirtteiutj. Jufnh. Statis. ti. Landesk.,
1907, No. 2, PI). 6S-!>7, pgs. 2, dgm. 1, map 1).^A statistical account which in-
cludes data from 1834 to 1907. During this period the increase in number of
cows has kept pace with the increase of populati(m. The average live weight
and yield of milk per cow and the price of milk have also increased.

In 1907 there were 24.1 cows tc 100 inhabitants and 41.9 cows to each 100
hectares (17 cows per 100 acres) of land. The total number of cows was
505,000, yielding 8,585,000 hectoliters (over 907,000,000 qts.) of milk. The
goats numbered 71,00(), yielding .390,500 hectoliters of milk. The average price
of milk in 39 cities and towns was in 1896, 13.9 pfennigs per liter (about 3.5
cts. per quart) and in 1907, 16.4 pfennigs. About one-third of the milk goes
to creameries and cheese factories of which there are 1,369, these making
9,640,000 kg. of butter. 9,500,000 kg. of soft cheese, and 2.590,000 kg. of hard
cheese. These products are worth about 30,000,000 marks ($7,125,000) per

382 EXPERIMENT STATION RKCOFU).

.venr. A cdlorod iiuip which Micoiuiiniiics tlic iii'liclc shows \ho sf(){,'rMi)liiciil
distribution of dniry asso<-i;itioiis, frcniiicrics, c-iu'csc f.-ictorics, and shi])piii^'
stations for trans|iortinfr milk.

The Vienna city creamery ( A . V. I'nxlucc Rev. and Amer. Cream., ,1'.)
(l'.)U'J), \o. J. ji. tdli). — An acconnt of tlio larj^e cooperative milk depot in Vienna
wbich was started in isso witli 33 members and a yearly milk supply of
2,870,000 lbs.

In lOOG the nieniltorship had increased to 84, and the milk bandied lo
23,SS8,(X)0 lbs. The averajre price paid to members f. o. b. cars in Vienna for
1900 was 3.700 cts. per tpiart. The working expenses amounted to 1.434 cts. per
quart. The price received at the stores was about 5.28 cts. per quart and when
delivered at the homes 0.9 cts. Thirty per cent cream sells at about 48.72 cts.
per quart, 16 per cent cream at 24.36 cts., and 10 per cent cream at 16.24 cts.
The butter is sold at 29.,5 cts. per pound the year round.

The possibilities of China as a market for dairy cattle, H. W. Houlding
{Horn and Hoof, 2 (1909), No. 5, pp- 9, l()).^\n account of a herd of 6 dairy
lieifers taken to North China and kei)t on a mission farm. The natives in that
section have never tasted cow's milk and the author thinks there is a good
oijportunity for dairying. Already there is a demand for canned butter.

Condensed milk trade (Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1909, No. 350, pp.
101-1 Ui). — Notes on daii'ying in foreign countries with special reference to its
effect on the condensed milk trade.

The consumption of condensed milk in Brazil, British India, and Siani is
constantly increasing, but only a small quantity is imported to these countries
from the United States. Ecuador and Venezuela use only a small amount. In
Santo Domingo and Mexico there are good fields to increase the trade. In
Japan the imports increased from 173,467 dozen cans in 1899 to 909,160 dozen
cans in 1908, one-half of which came from the United States. The imports
of condensed milk to South Africa are decreasing because of the home i>ro-
duction of dairy products.

Dairy investigations in County Durham and the northeast of England
(Durham Couniy Council, Ed. Com., Rpts. Dairy Inrcst., 1909, pp. IJ/O, dgms.
3). — These inve.stigations on composition of the milk and feeding for milk pro-
duction have been previously reported from various sources.

[Records of dairy cattle], J. H. Grisdale (Canada Expt. Farms. Rpts. 1909.
pp. 67-75). — This contains data of milk produced, percentage of fat in milk,
and the cost of feed for 49 cows kept at the Central Experimental Farm. The
cost of production for milk ranged from 52.2 cts. to $1.67 per hundred pounds,
and that of butter from 12.3 to 26.5 cts. per pound.

The variation in the composition of milk, A. Lauder and T. W. Fagan
(Edinb. and East of Heot. Col. Agr. Bui. 19, p. 38). — This contains data on the
yearly milk production and percentages of fat of a herd of 26 cows. Ex-
periments with free and restricted ventilation showed no great differences in
the yield.

The effect of imperfect milking on lowering the fat content of the milk,
H. HoFT (ZtscJir. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genu.'<smtl., 18 (1909), No. 9, pp. 550-
553). — A review' of investigations on this subject.

Seasonal deviations in the fat content of cow's milk, C. H. Eckles (Milchv.
Zentbl., 5 (1909), No. 11, pp. .^88-502, figs. 6).— Data obtained from 240 lacta-
tion periods of cows at the Missouri and Iowa experiment stations are pre-
sented in tabular and grai)hical form to show the variation in fat content. In
nearly all cases the lowest percentage of fat occurred in June or July regard-
less of the date of calving.

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 383

On the nature of the cellular elements present in milk R. T. Hewlett.
S. ViLLAR, and C. Revis (Jonr. Hijg. [Cambridge], 9 (1909), No. 3, pp. 211-
278). — A review of investigations and theories on the cellular structure of the
udder, the formation of milk iu the udder, and the nature of the cellular ele-
ments found in milli.

The authors agree with Winkler ( E. S. R.. 20. p. 1179), aud Michaelis (E. S. R.,
10, p. 282) that the cells found in normal milk are not leucocytes but young
epithelial cells and cells of the germinal layer which have been thrust into the
lumen of the alveolus. They are not amoeboid, do not ingest bacteria, and do
not stain like leucocytes. The majority of the multinucleated cells are different
from the polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Leucocytes and lymphocytes do ap-
pear in the milk, however, in the advanced stages of mastitis.

On the composition of tuberculous milk, Monvoisin {Rev. Gen. Lait, 8
{1909), Xo. 2, pp. 23-3o). — Results of analyses agreed in general with data
previously reported (E. S. R., 18, p. 368). The slight rise in total nitrogen was
due to a larger percentage of albumin, as the casein content was very much
reduced. The content of ash was slightly increased due to a large increase of
sodium chlorid. There was a decrease of calcium, potash, and phosphoric acid.
The variations from normal milk were more pronounced when the mammary
glands were affected.

Physiology of Bacterium lactis acidi, L, Budinov {Vyestnlk Bakt. Aghron.
Stantzil V. K. Ferrein, 1909, No. 15, pp. 129-l.'tS, dgms. 7/). — The author studied
the multiplication at 30° C. during 24 hours of B. lactis acidi in milk and meat-
peptone bouillon containing milk sugar, observing also the rate of decrease of
the milk sugar and the increase of the acidity of the substrata. He found that
in milk the maximum development took place during the first 18 hours, when the
quantity of germs in a cubic centimeter of milk reached the enormous figure of
34.2 milliards. From that time the number decreased to 2.2 milliards at the
end of 24 hours. Energetic destruction of milk sugar began only after 6 hours,
with an accompanying increase of the acidity of the milk. In the bouillon with
milk sugar the development proceeded somewhat differently, although the devel-
opment was also energetic from the beginning. However, at no stage did it
reach the high figures obtained with milk, and when the maximum was reached
after 18 hours, this maximum was maintained for some time (up to 24 hours).

The author further studied the multiplication and the dying out of B. lactis
acidi at different temiieratures. Inoculations of pure cultures of B. lactis acidi
were made in sterilized milk which was then kept at 30°, at room temperature,
and at temperatures below 0°. It was found that at 30° most of the micro-
organisms were destroyed in 9 days, and that at room temperature a markeil
decrease of the organisms was observed after 18 days, but that at temperatures
l)elow 0° the number of organisms remained the same during the entire month
of the experiment. Repeated freezing with subsequent thawing of the milk
cultures did not affect the germ content.

Some data and observations on the so-called Bulgarian micro-organism
and the lactic acid preparation " lactobacillin," S. Severin {Vyestnik Bakt.
Aghron. Stantzil V. K. Fcrrcin, 1908, \o. IJf, pp. 101-131). — A critical survey of
the literature leads the author to the conclusion that Rist and Khoury were the
true discoverers of the micro-organism in question and therefore he adopts for it
the name Streptohacillus lebenis proposed by the discoverers.

Attention is called to the fact that there are two races of the Bulgarian micro-
organism— one inducing, along with energetic lactic acid fermentation, abundant
sliminess in the milk, and another causing no sliminess during the lactic-acid
process. A careful study of the cultures has convinced the author of the full

384 EXPEHIMKNT S'lATloN ItKCOHD.

identity of I lie siiiiic-prudiiciiii; .iiid iiniisiiiiic-prodiKiiiu miiTd-oiLTJiiiisiiis ;is one
s[)t'<-ii>s Mild with tiic spiH-ics N. Irhciiis (tf Kist and Klioury.

Rosnlts arc .liivcii of a hactt'rioloiiical analysis of (•oninicrciai pi-cparalioiis of
hU'tobac-iliin. in no one of ,i ninnlicr of samples cxaniincd was llif r.nli,'arian
inicro-ori,'anisni llic most important constitnent found. Tlic dry jircpafations
contniiicd no li\in.ir orjranisnis.

Does the Bulgarian micro-organism occur in Don and Caucasian sour milk?
T. Makhixov ( \ i/csiiilk lUtkt. Af/linni. StaiilziJ 1 . h. Fcrrchi, 190'.), Ao. /-T, pp.
n-.U!). — In liio Don cni-dlcd niilli tlic antlioi- did not find the I?ulf;arian niicro-
orjianisni, though isolated a rod-iilvc niicro-oi'jjanism which res('inl)lfd it in
some rt'spcH-ts. l)nt whic-Ii did tiot induce the lactic-acid process. Microscopic ob-
servations always showed (he presence of a streptococcus which the author has
not succeeded in isolatinj;, hut lie suiujfiests that the specific exciter of the lactic,
acid process in the Don curdled milk is the streptococcus discovered by Weig-
mann in the Dutch viscous milk {Streptococcus hoUandicus).

Vvou] the Caucasian sour milk, the so-call»Hl '" mazun," a lactic-acid micro-
orgrainsni identical with the Bulgarian ortranism was is(ilated. and two races of
the micro-organism, slimy and uonslimy, were found as by Severin (see above)
in " yofihourt " (HulKarian sour milk).

Lactic acid stimulator of the Don curdled milk, I. A. Muravyev {]'i/('stnllc
Hakt. At/Iiroii. Staiiltil \ . K. Fcrrchi, I'.K)!), A^o. /,5, pp. 1 ',9-1.57). — The author
studied the same sample of curdled milk investigated by Makrinov, as noted
above, and in general confirmed his results. He did not find the Bulgarian
micro-organism in the curdled milk, and he showed that the specific stimulator
of the milk was a streptococcus which he succeeded in isolating in pure culture.
A detailed study of this streptococcus showed it to be very similar to titrcjito-
coccus lioUdudicK-s, from which it differs only in the fact that it could not l)e
grown on meat-peptone media.

Observations on certain lactic acid bacteria of the so-called Bulgaricus type,
B. Whitk and O. T. Avi:i{y iCcntbl. liakt.^ \.<t<j.], 2. Abt., 25 (190!)}. A o. .')-!). pp.
161-179, pis. 2, figs. 1). — A review of the morphological, cultural, and bio-
chemical features of the lactic pi'oducing bacilli obtained from yoghourt, mazun,
and " lebeu " led the authors to conclude that they should be classed as a
single group identical with Bacterium caucasicum. The significant variations
exhibited by these bacilli in regard to the presence or absence of granules
demonstrable by differential stains, the degree of lactic-acid production, and the
nature of the lactic acid formed suggests a further differentiation into 2 dis-
tinct types. These types might be designated as the true type and the
para type.

Comparative study of the bacterial population of the Russian-Swiss
and the Emmental cheeses, II, L. Budinov (Vyc.sfiilk Bakt. Ayhron. XtnntzU
v. K. Fcrrehi, 1908, Ao. l.'i, pp. J^3-99, dgins. 3). — An earlier paper on this sub-
ject by the author was published in 1903 (E. S. R., 16, p. 506). The results of
the investigations here reported were in brief as follows :

The bacterial i)opulation of the Russian-Swiss cheese grows rapidly during
the first month and then begins to fall off comi)aratively slowly. The number
of organisms in the crust layer is less than in the interior of the cheese, except
in cheese one month old, where there is a uniform distribution. In the bac-
terial population the first place, quantitatively, is occupied by a lactic-acid
organism closely resembling Bacillus casei of Freudeureich ; followed by Bac-
terium lactis acidi; and a Micrococcus which pejitonizes gelatin and is close to
M. easei iiquefaeien><, se])iirated by Fi-eudenreich from the cow's ndder and from
Emmental cheese. Besides these main organisms of tlie Russian-Swiss cheese

VETEEINAKY MEDICINE. 385

there occur, sporadically, some other bacterial siu'cics which do not seem to
play any part iu the ripeniiij; of the cheese.

The author concludes that the Russian-Swiss cheese, in its bacterial tlora,
closely resembles the genuine Swiss cheese, and that the ditterences observed
between them are due to race variations of the same bacterial species.

The author proposes next to examine the Russian-Swiss cheese for the pres-
ence of bacteria causing propionic-acid fermentation which has recently been
shown to play an important part in the ripening of Emmental cheese.

The " Friwi " system of butter making', Wekjmann (Laiidiv. Wchnhl.
Schlcs. Hoist., 59 (UK)!)), Xo. -}5, piK 750-762; Milch Ztf/., 38 il!)09), IVo. .'///. pp.
517-519; N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 29 {1909), No. 4, p. l-'fO).—
This is a report of a test of what was claimed to be a new method discovered
by a dairy firm in Hamburg. The essential feature of the process was chilling
the cream to between 3S and 41° F. and a double ripening of 1 to 2 days. The
claim of an increased yield of butter as well as a percentage of lecithin was
not substantiated.

A manual of the Tvorking methods and standards for the use of the Med-
ical Milk Commission (.l///r/-. Assoc. Med. Milk Coins.. 1909, pp. 2)). — This
contains the methods of inspecting dairy herds and making bacteriological ex-
aminations of, and the regulations for dairy employees recommended by the
American Association of Medical Milk ronnnissions.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

An introduction to the study of the comparative anatomy of animals,
G. C. Bourne {London, 1909. vol. 1. 2. cd., rev., pp. XVI +299; rev. in Nature
[London], 81 {1909), No. 2087, p. 513).— K second and revised edition, dealing
especially with animal biology.

The numbers, proportions, and characters of the red and white blood
corpuscles in certain animals, A. (Jcodall {-[our. I'ath. mid Had., I'f {1909),
No. 2, pp. 195-199). — The information here presented is based on the author's
observations and data from various other sources.

The blood counts in laboratory animals may vary considerably, due to differ-
ent causes. Differences are sometimes due to individual peculiarity or to diff"er-
ences in age. feeding, or environment, while anemia and parsitic conditions are
common and may modify the blood.

A bibliography of 27 titles is appended to the account.

Studies on immunity, R. Muik {London. 1909, pp. XI-\-216, figs. 2; rev. in
Nature [London], 81 {1909), No. 2077, p. 214)- — Eleven papers by the author in
collaboration with C. H. Browning. A. R. Ferguson, and W. B. ^I. Martin are
here brought together. Practically all the work has been previously published
in scientific journals.

The present status of the theories of immunity, E. Metchnikoff {Bui.
Inst. Pasteur. 7 [1909), Nos. 13, pp. 5^5-557; I'/, pp. 593-60 Jf). — An address
made at the Nobel Conference at Stockholm in May. ]i)()9.

General ideas on antibodies: Agglutinins, precipitins, and hemolysins,
L. Panisset {Rev. Gen. Med. Vet., IJ/ (1909), No. 157, pp. 1-12; abs. in Vet.
Jour., 65 {1909), No. 1/13, pp. 575-579). — This article explains essential points
without going into the details or discussing the actual mechanism of the
phenomena.

Serums and viruses {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc. 5.'i {1910). No. J/, pp. 2S5-
290). — This is a symposium on senmis. vaccines, tuberculins, etc.. which was
presented at the meeting of the American Medical Association held at Atlantic
City in 1009.

386 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Preliminary report of investigations of serums and vaccines for strep-
tococcus, staphylococcus, and pneumococcus infections, I.. IIkktokn, (J. II.
Wkavkk. ;ui(1 It. TiNXUi.ii I' (Jour. Aiiirr. Mai. .t.s.sof., 7'/ (IHIO). .Vo. .'/, />.
2o7'). — "The antijienic proportit's of the so-called vaccines were tested by in-
jections in rabbits with subse(|iuMit opsonin deteriniiiat ions. IHstinct anti>;enic
I>roi)erties wert> jwssessed Iiy all the streptococcns and staphylococcus vaccines
tested. The pneumococcus vaccines were inert when injected into rabbits so
far as indicated by any change in the opsonic index.

" Streptococcus o])sonins could not be demonstrated in any of the serums
tested, and activation by fresh scrums was not accomplislicd in nny sigiuficant
defiree. When they were injected into rabbits, increase in strei)tococcus opsonins
could not be demonsti'ated in the serums of the animals in any notable de^'ree,
except in some instances.

"Attemi)ts to obtain i)rotective and curative etfects from the injection of
antistreptococcus serums in rabbits, jiuinea piss^, and in a more limited scale
in mice met failure. The serums often seemed to reduce the natural resistance
and to hasten death.

" In the autipneumococcus serums it was impossible to demonstrate anti-
bodies for pneumococci by any method employed.

" It is our belief that the claims for the usefulness of antistreptococcus and
autipneumococcus serums rest on impressions from results in clinical cases in
man. and have in most cases no foundation whatsoever in experimental tests."

Extracts from state veterinary surgeon's report of 1908, P. O. Koto {Iowa
Year'hook .\<ir.. !) (1908), /*/>. 360-388, figs. 9).— This extract from the sixth
biennial report is devoted largely to a discussion of the status of tuberculosis
(pp. 362-381) in the State, the most important work of the department having
centered about its location and eradication among cattle.

" The number of cattle tested by our department at the various institutions
was 790 head, of which 207 reacted to the test, being a fraction under 34 per
cent. There were also 15 head suspicious, which, added to the 2(57 reacting,
makes a total of 282 head. . . . All animals reacting to the test showed tuber-
cular lesions, and some of the suspicious animals were found diseased, a great
many in an advanced stage."

Glanders, hog cholera, and maladie du coit are also briefly considered.

Report on the operations of the veterinary sanitary service of Paris and
the Department of the Seine for the year 1908, H. Martel (Ruik Oper. Scrv.
Vet. ^(iiiit. Paris cf Dcpt. Seine. WOS. pp. 292, figs. 7). — This report takes up
the work with contagious diseases (pp. 7-85). meat inspection (pp. 86-232),
milk inspection (pp. 233-242). inspection of several classes of establishments
including abattoirs, dairies, etc. (pp. 245-249). laboratory investigations (pp.
251-274), and the automobile service (pp. 275-284). Detailed accounts are
given of the occurrence of rabies, aphthous fever, tuberculosis, glanders, and
swine plague.

A' report of the proceedings of the tropical section of the International
Veterinary Congress at the Hague. September 13 to 19, 1909 (Jour. Trx>p.
Med. and Hiig. [London]. 12 (1909). No. 19. pp. 292-296).— In this brief report
an abstract is given of a paper by E. Dschunkowsky and J. Luhs, of Suruabad,
Russia, on 'The Protozoan Diseases of Domestic Animals in Transcaucasia,' in
which a list is given of the ticks observed and an account of researches on
spirillosis of geese. In a paper by A. Theiler, Pretoria, Transvaal, on The
Prophylaxis of Tropical and Subtropical Diseases in Domestic Stock, the sub-
ject is considered under (1) the diseases transmitted by winged insects, and (2)
the diseases transmitted by ticks. A brief account is given of a discussion of,
and the instruction and laboratories for research in, tropical diseases.

VETERINARY MEDICINE, 387

A further report on trypanosomiasis of domestic stock in northern Rho-
desia (northeastern Rhodesia), R. E. Montgomeky and A. Kinghorn {Ann.
Trop. Med. and Par., 3 {1909), No. 2, pp. 311-37.'f, pis. 2, map 1). — In continua-
tion of investigations previonslj^ noted (E. S. R., 20, p. lOSl), the authors here
report upon the distribution of stock, the occurrence of biting flies, the disease
in stock, prophylactic measures, trypanosomes encountered in naturally infected
ruminants and dogs, and examinations made of 20 species of game.

Trypanosoma theileri and related trypanosomes found in cattle, M. Mayer
{Ztschr. InfeJctionskrank. u. Ilyg. Hnusticre, 6 {1909), No. 1, pp. J,6-51, pi. 1;
ahs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London], Bui. 7, pp. 279-280). — The trypano-
somes reported to have been found in bovines are here considered.

The cultivation of trypanosomes on artificial media {Sleeping Sickness
Bur. [London], Buls. 8, pp. 287-29-'f; 9, pp. 325, 326).— A review of the litera-
ture on this subject.

The role of insects in trypanosome infection {Sleeping Sickness Bur. [Lon-
don], Bui. 8, pp. 296-298). — The follow^ing explanation of Kleiue's I'esults is
considered possible : " The trypanosomes taken up by the fly seem to disappear
in a few days, but in reality a few survive, the virulence being lost ; these
gradually adapt themselves to their new environment, and by the twentieth day
have niultii)lied and regained their virulence which they then retain for an
indetinite period."

The mechanism of infection in tick fever and on the hereditary trans-
mission of Spirochaeta duttoni in the tick, W. B. Leishman (Lancet [London],
1910, /. No. 1. pp. ll-l-'t). — An address delivered before the Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene, December, 1909.

Tuberculosis in animals and its relation to man {Trans. 6. Internat. Cong.
Tuh&.culosis, 4 {1908), pt. 2, pp. 501-1017, pis. 9, charts 2). — The proceedings of
Section 7 of the Sixth International Congress on Tuberculosis, held at Wash-
ington, D. C, in 1908 (E. S. R., 20, p. 198) are here reported. Many of the
papers are followed by abstracts in 1 or 2 languages other than that in which
they were presented.

At the two sessions held on September 29, papers relating to the prevalence
and economics of tuberculosis in animals were presented. The Economic Im-
portance of Tuberculosis of Food-producing Animals (pp. 501-511), by A. D.
Melvin of this Department, has previously been noted from another source
(E. S. R., 21, p. 2S2). O. E. Dyson presented a paper on Economics as a Posi-
tive Factor in the Dissemination of Tuberculosis in Animals (pp. 512-518).
In A Study of the Tuberculous Contamination of the New York City Milk Sup-
ply (pp. 523-530), by A. F. Hess, it w^as found that of 107 specimens of raw
milk tested, 17 contained tubercle bacilli. Bovine Tuberculosis in Louisiana and
Some Other Southern States was considered by W. H. Dalrymple (pp. 533-542),
who stated that while the disease is prevalent and iwssibly on the increase
among the dairy cattle of the Southern States, the native or " scrub " animals
are singularly free from it, possibly because of their out-of-door nomadic
existence, lesser exposure, aud greater natural resistance. Dissemination of
Tuberculosis Among Animals in Alabama was the subject of a paper by C. A.
Gary (pp. 544-546), in which it was pointed out that the wide ranges and out-
door life of these cattle tends to eliminate the transmission of the infection by
moist infected nasal discharges or by infected fecal materials, so that scrub
and beef cattle are rarely infected by tuberculosis. Moreover, as the beef cattle
are not finished in feeding pens on corn they are never followed by hogs, so
that hogs are rarely infected by tuberculosis. L. A. Klein reported upon the Con-
trol of Tuberculosis in Domestic Animals in Pennsylvania (pp. 547-556), as

28918— No. 4—10 7

388 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

luvvioiisly notocl ( E. S. It., lil, \>. i'tS?>). In (liscussiiij; r.dvim- TiilxM-culosls
iiiulor Kanjro Conditioiis (pp. 7t~u, n^S), M. K. Kiiowios, of Montana, stated
that while constantly on the outlook for the disease dnriiif: the past 1(5 years,
he had been unable to lind a sinjj;le animal showing', under strict range condi-
tions, clinical evidence of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis in Range Cattle in Cali-
fornia was the subject discussetl by G. S. Baker (pp. 561-563). Some of the
information given by A, R. Ward and C. M. Haring in a paper on The Preva-
lence of Tuberculosis Among Dairy Cattle in the Vicinity of San Francisco, Cal.
(pp. 564-567). has been recorded in an article previously noted (E. S. R., 20,
p. 681). A paper on Tuberculosis of Cattle from the Point of A'iew of the
Farmer, presented by J. E. I'ope (pp. 571-581), was discussed by Drs. Reynolds,
Turner, and Bang.

At the third session, held on September 30, papers relating to the pathology
and bacteriology of tuberculosis in animals were presented. W. R. Blair, of the
New York Zoological Park, read a paper on Tuberculosis in Wild Animals in
Captivity (pp. 584—587). This report was devoted particularly to animals in
the primates collection, as animals at that park outside of the monkey collection
are said to be remarkably free from the disease. Observations Upon Monkeys
of the Philadelphia Zoological Garden After Injection of Koch's Old Tuberculin,
by C. Y. White and II. Fox (pp. 591-598). show that tuberculosis is a disease
which causes a considerable mortality in monkeys and that their habits facili-
tate the transmission when many are together on exhibition. " The normal tem-
perature of the monkey is higher than that of the human being by 4 to 5° F. at
Its highest point. It follows a regular curve during the 24 hours, with the high
point at 3 p. m.. in the neighborhood of 101 to 102°, its lowest level, about 99°,
at 3 a. m. . . . An injection of tuberculin into an infected monkey will cause a
definite rise in temperature, a destruction of the daily curve, tlie performance
of a course higher than the daily temperature at the previous high point or
any or all of these. By the test we have been able to detect tuberculosis in 47,
or 37 per cent, out of 128 monkeys tested." A paper on The Occurrence and
Significance of Tubercle Bacilli in the Feces of Tuberculous Cattle was pre-
sented by E. C. Schroeder (pp. 599-606), who stated that when first examined
5 of 12 apparently healthy cattle, known to be tuberculous only because they
had reacted to tuberculin intermittently, passed acid-fast bacilli per rectum with
their feces and that IS months later the number was increased to 10. A dis-
cussion followed. In discussing Porcine Tuberculosis (pp. 613-619), S. Stewart
and A. T. Kinsley stated that " infection evidently takes place through the
mucous membi'aue of the alimentary tract, and in a large percentage of cases
the invasion is through the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx, the
gross lesions being confined to the related lymphatics, the submaxilJary parotid,
or superior cervical glands. The invasion may occur through the intestinal
mucous membrane only or simultaneously through both portions of the canal,
and through either channel of entrance be carried to any part of the animal."
Patho-histological studies were made of 257 hogs, a summary of the conditions
observed in 770 mieroscoi)ical sections being reported. A Review of Recent In-
vestigations on Tuberculosis Conducted by the United States Bureau of Animal
Industry was given by J. R. Mohler and H. J. Washburn (pp. 620-640), a
bibliography of 39 titles being appended to this account.

At a joint session of Sections 1 and 7, held on September 30, the relation
between tuberculosis of animals and of man was discussed. Dr. Robert Koch
opened the session with a discussion previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 1185) of
The Relation of Human and Bovine Tuberculosis (pp. 645-650). Dr. Theo-
bald Smith spoke at length upon The Relation Between Human and Animal
Tuberculosis, With Special Reference to the Question of the Transformation of

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 389

Human and Other Types of tlie Tubercle Bacillus (pp. 651-660). He cou-
cluded that the time has not yet come to state positively that one type can or
can not be transformed into the other, but that until such a time arrives we
may safely take the ground that any regular or wholesale conversion of bovine
into human bacilli in the human body is out of the question, as contradicted
by most of the experimental evidence thus far presented and by certain ob-
servations made on the occurrence of the spontaneous disease. Other addresses
relating to the relations between tuberculosis in animals and man were : The
Relations of Human and Bovine Tuberculosis, by G. S. Woodhead (pp. 661-
06.5) ; On the Relations of Bovine Tuberculosis to Human Tuberculosis, by
S. Arloiug (pp. 666-671) ; Investigations of the Relations of Human and Bovine
Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacilli, by J. Fibiger and C. O. Jensen (pp.
672-681 ) ; Relations of Human and Bovine Tuberculosis, by M. P. Ravenel ;
The Susceptibility of Cattle to the Virus of Surgical Forms of Human Tuber-
culosis, by R. R. Dinwiddle (pp. 686-691) ; Tuberculous Cervical Adenitis: A
Study of the Tubercle Bacilli Cultivated from Fifteen Consecutive Cases, by
P. A. Lewis (pp. 692-696) ; The Types of Tubercle Bacilli Present in Eighty-
four Cases of Human Tuberculosis in Now York City, by W. H. Parks (pp.
697-703) ; Studies in Atypical Forms of Tubercle Bacilli Isolated Directly from
the Human Tissues in Cases of Primary Cervical Adenitis, with Special Ref-
erence to the Theobald Smith Glycerin-bouillon Reaction, by C. W. Duval
(pp. 704-729) ; Bovine Tuberculosis in Cuba : A Comparative Study of Bacilli of
Human and Bovine Origin, by J. N. Davalos and J. T. Cartaya (pp. 7^0-734) ;
and The Intertransmissibility of Tuberculosis, by C. F. Dawson (pp. 735-740).

At a conference on the relations of tuberculosis of animals and of man, held
on October 1, in continuation of the joint sessions of Sections 1 and 7, there was
a general discussion (pi). 741-756).

At the session on October 1, papers were presented relating to the diagnosis of
tuberculosis in animals. A. W. Bitting discussed The Infection of Swine from
Tuberculous Cattle (pp. 757, 758) ; A. T. Peters, Tuberculous Hogs an Indication
of Tuberculous Cattle (pp. 759-764) ; and G. B. Jobson, The Tuberculin Test an
Efficient Agent for the Detection of Bovine Tuberculosis (pp. 765-770). S. B.
Nelson presented A Report of the Results of the Continued Injections of Tuber-
culin upon Tubercular Cattle (pp. 773-782), in which he concluded that "the
injection into tubercular cattle of large monthly or small weekly doses of tuber-
culin does not have therapeutic value. The injection of constantly increased
daily or weekly doses of tuberculin does have therapeutic value. The evening
temperature is usually higher than the morning temperature in tubercular cows.
The oftener tuberculin injections are made into tubercular cattle, the sooner
the temperature reaction begins and the sooner the zenith is reached." In the
Report of a Commission on the Ophthalmo Reaction, presented in the name of
the Societe de Pathologie Comparee, by Bailliart (pp. 785-800), the following
conclusions were drawn : " The ophthalmo reaction is a diagnostic procedure
which is usually without danger if it is applied only to eyes free from tuberculous
lesions of any kind. It is sometimes followed by mild and transitory accidents.
The reaction is not always proportionate to the gravity of the lesions. Quite
often it is even absent during the last stages of tuberculosis. . . . Very often
the reaction is doubtful. In cattle, owing to the difficulties of examination,
doubtful cases must be regarded as negative. . . . A simple (primary) ophthalmo
reaction is a very unreliable procedure, and can not take the place of inoculation
with tuberculin. A secondary ophthalmo reaction gives very much more trust-
worthy results. ... A tuberculous animal only exceptional^/ fails to react to
this second ophthalmo reaction. It is moi-e frequent to see a positive ocular
reaction in a nontuberculous animal. Combined ophthalmo reaction, while

390 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

incapable of (lisplaciut; xubcutaueous injection of tuberculin as a diagnostic
procedure, is nevertheless a convenient and infinitely more simple measure,
capable of rendering real services to certain cases." D. S. White and E.
IMcCamiibell presented a paper previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 284) upon the
Ophtbalino-tul)orculin Test in Cattle (pp. S04-810). A New Method of Produc-
injj; in a Tul)erculons Human lieing, the Cutaneous Tuberculin Reaction, pre-
viously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. SC) was descril)ed by J. Lignieres (pp. SI 4-817).
In discussing The Intradermal Reaction to Tuberculin in Animals (pp. 821-835),
G. Moussu and C. Mantoux stated that this local reaction does not usually cause
any general disturbance, little or no fever, no loss of appetite, and little or no
loss of milk. " It develops without any change in the ordinary conditions of the
life of the animals and without its being necessai-y to take any measures or
special precautions. ... It reduces the obligations of the operator to a mini-
mum, by dispensing with every preparatory or supplementai-y measure (taking
of temperature, denudation of the skin, etc.). It is applicable to every kind of
domestic animal." Eartagglng Marketed Live Stock as a Means of Automat-
ically Locating Dangerous Tuberculous Animals Which Contaminate Milk and
Economizing their Eradication (pp. 837-848), was a subject of a paper by B.
Rogers, in part previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 186).

The sessions of October 2, at which the control of tuberculosis in animals was
the subject under discussion was opened by Dr. Bernard Bang, who described
(pp. 8.50-808) Measures Against Animal Tuberculosis in Denmark (E. S. R., 20,
p. 791). Other papers presented at this session were The Control of Bovine
Tuberculosis, by J. G. Rutherford (pp. 809-878) previously noted (E. S. R., 21,
p. 385) : History of the Agitation Against Bovine Tuberculosis in Massachusetts,
Resulting Legislation, and Lessons to be Derived from the Attempts of the State
Toward its Eradication and Control, by A. Peters (pp. 884—901) ; The Use of
Tuberculin in Controlling Tuberculosis in Herds, by C. J. Marshall (pp. 903-908) ;
Bovine Tuberculosis in Maine for Twenty Years, by J. M. Deering (pp. 909-917) ;
The Value of Tuberculin in the Control of Tuberculous Herds, by Y. A. Moore
(pp. 918-923) : and The Problem of Bovine Tuberculosis Control, by M. H.
Reynolds (pp. 927-950) previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 179).

At the closing session, held on October 3, the discussion of the control of
tuberculosis in animals was continued. D. A. Hughes, who spoke on the Pre-
cautionary Sanitary Legislation Against Tuberculosis of the Domesticated Ani-
mals in the United States (pp. 952-980), was followed by J. B. Plot, on the
subject Economic Survival of Cattle which Have Reacted to Tuberculin (pp.
984-98G) ; O. G. Noack, on the Meat and Dairy Herd Inspection as Preventive
Measures Against the Spread of Tuberculosis Among Cattle (pp. 987-994) ; J. F.
Heymans, on Vaccination Against Tuberculosis in Cattle (pp. 997-1001) ; and
L. Pearson, of Pennsylvania, on The Vaccination of Cattle Against Tuberculosis
(pp. 1002-1003). The session closed with a general discussion.

Studies on tuberculosis in domestic animals, and what we may learn
from them regarding human tuberculosis, B. Bang (Trans. 6. Internat. Cong.
Tuberculosis, 1908, Sup. (Spec. Vol.), pp. 201-220). — This is a special lecture
delivered before the International Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington,
D. C, October 3, 1908.

The relative importance in New York City of the human and bovine types
of tubercle bacilli in human tuberculosis at different periods of life, W. H.
Park and C. Kkumwiede [Trans. Assoc. Amer. Physicians, 2h (1909), pp. 135-
138). — Of 28 fatal cases investigated in young children, 22 were due to the
human type and 6 to the bovine type of the tubei'cle bacillus. Neither in age,
clinical symptoms, nor pathological findings was any distinctive differences
noticed which could be referred to the type of tubercle bacilli producing the

VETEEIXAEY MEDICINE. 391

infection. In 200 adults given the usual tests all were found to be due to the
human type. It thus appears that while bovine infection is a considerable
factor in tuberculosis of young children, in adults it is extremely rare.

Tuberculosis in dairy cows, with special reference to the udder and the
tuberculin test, A. Wilson {Witham, 190S, pp. l-'i'i)- — This account has been
previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 283).

The influence of the ingestion of dead tubercle bacilli upon infection, M. J.
KosENAU and J. F. Anderson (Trans. Assoc Ainrr. PJn/.siridits, 2'i (1909), pp.
139-lJf5).—Iii order to determine whether the susceptibility to tuberculosis is
increased, decreased, or unchanged by the previous eating of food containing
tubercle bacilli killed by heat, 50 guinea pigs were fed for 60 days on tubercle
bacilli which had been heated to 60° C. for 30 minutes and were then given one
feeding of 43-days-old live tubercle bacilli in butter. Fifty pigs used as checks
were kept under the same conditions but fed only the live tubercle bacilli.
The feeding of dead tubercle bacilli to guinea pigs did not appear to alter the
susceptibility or have any evident effec-t upon the subsequent course of the
disease.

Researches on the patholog'ical histology of atypical actinomycosis, I.
Choukevitch (.lrc/(. Sci. Biol. [St. Fetersh.], i.J (1909), Xo. J,, pp. 311-3J,7).—
A contribution from the laboratory of the Imperial Institute of Experimental
Medicine at Cronstadt.

The period of emission of bacteria in acute parenchymatous mammitis and
the influence of milking on the progress of the inflammation, Fauss
(Monatsli. Pnild. Ticrhcilk., 20 (1909), Xo. .9-10, pp. J,.',7-',ll; ahs. in Rev.
Gen. Lait. 7 (1909). Xo. 17, pp. .'lO'f, .'lO.j). — The author finds that in acnte
parenchymatous mammitis caused by organisms of the coli group the period
of emission of bacteria is from 12 to 30 days, the number of bacteria and the
period of their emission being directly proportional to the degree of the inflam-
mation. In mammitis caused by organisms of the Bacillus enteritidis group,
the emission of bacilli continues in acute cases for about 30 days. By frequent
milking the hyperemia is decidedly increased, inducing a secretion of antibodies
favorable to recovery. Unless milked the gland atrophies as a result of the
infiammatiou, whereas by a frequent milking of the inflamed gland the natural
secretion is induced and maintained. In acute mammitis the extension of the
inflammation from one quarter to another does not take place.

Experimental investigations of bacillary pseudotuberculosis of sheep and
the possibility of its transmission to other animals, O. C. Noack (Experi-
mentcUe Vntcrsuchungen detreffend die bazilUire Pseudotuberkulose der Schafe
nnd deren tjhertragungsfdhigkeit auf andere Tiergattungen. Inatig. Diss., Univ.
Bern, 1908, pp. 84, pis. 6; rev. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), Xo. 8, p. 365).—
Following a brief introduction the author reviews the literature relating to
this aft'ection (pp. 6-14), references to 42 titles being given.

Under the heading of investigations, the symptoms, anatamo-histo-pathological
and bacteriological studies, transmission investigations, and the resistance of
the organism are considered (pp. 15-70). Animals upon which transmission
experiments were conducted include the guinea pig. rabbit, mouse, rat, sparrow,
pigeon, fowl, cat, dog, pig, sheep, goat, and horse. The bacillus is polymorphus,
its virulence varying with the form. The highly virulent short forms are
found in young cultures and in soft caseous, pus, the mildly virulent long
forms in old cultures and in firm caseous or calcified nodules. Infection takes
place in sheep through the inhalation and ingestion of the organism and
through lesions of the skin. The bacillus is highly resistant to cold, moderately
resistant to chemical agents, and readily destroyed by heat. Continued drying
merely weakens its virulence. The author was unable to confirm the statements

392 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

of NoOMi'd niid LcflMiiiflic rcliilivc tn the idcntiiy of the Imcilliis us the exciting
cause of ulcerative lynipliadeuitis aud coiita.siions acMie of horses.

Convulsions in young pigs due to verminous infestation, Hru (Rci\ V6t.
[Toiihnisc]. ,J.'/ {]i)()!>), \o. J/, pit. 212-211; ahs. in Jour. Coniitar. Path, aiul
Thcr., 22 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. /J8-76'«).— During the winters of l!»0<>-7 and l!»07-8,
between December and March, this condition assumed an enzootic form and
occurred with gx'eat frequency in the author's neighborhood. His cases were
distrfl)uted over 90 different farms. Post-mortem examinations revealed the
px'csence of ascarids in considerable numbers, and of lesions in the digestive
tract. Parasites were distributed tln-oughout the intestine from the esophagus
to the rectum, and had ]iroduced signs of intestinal obstruction, of enteritis,
and, in cases where the intestinal wall had been perforated, even of peritonitis.
In several cases the lumen of the digestive tube was entirely olistructed by
masses of ascarids, in one case nearly a quart of parasites being found. Anthel-
mintic treatment followed by purgatives gave the best results.

The present status of our knowledge of the causative agent of epizootic
lymphangitis of equines, B. Galli-Valekio (Centhl. Bnkt. [c/c.]. 1. AM., Ref.,
Jf'i {1909), No. 19, pp. 577-582, fig. J).— The author finds that this disease is
probably due to the protozoan described by Rivolta as Cnjptocoecus farcimi-
nosiis. The affinities of the organism seem to warrant its reference to the genus
Leishmania.

Three years of rabies in Indiana, J. P. Simonds (J/o. BuJ. Ind. Bd. Health,
12 (1909), Xo. 11, pp. 155-157). — An epidemic of rabies of no small proiwrtion
is stated to have existed in Indiana for the past 3 years. It seemed to have
reached its height in the summer of 1909 aud now appears to be abating some-
what, although the danger period is far fi'om being past.

Since December, 1906, the brains of 240 animals have been examined, of which
145, or 60 per cent, were found to contain Negri bodies.

Investigations of the spirochetosis of fowls of Tunis and of the active
agent in its transmission, Argas persicus, B. Galli-Valerio {Veiitbt. Bnkt.
[e/c], 1. AM., Orig., 50 {1909), No. 2, pp. 189-202, figs. 8; abs. in Jour. Trap.
Vet. Sci., 4 {1909), No. //, pp. 599, 600). — During the course of the investiga-
tions the author found that a fowl bitten by argasids which had been kept for
5 months in the laboratory was not infected. Larvfe from eggs of a tick which
had been used in the transmission of the disease did not prove to be infective.
Spirochwta anserina, »S'. maix-houxi, and »S'. gallinnnim are thought to be identi-
cal, anserinmn holding through priority. The following method is used in the
preservation of ticks in collections : First immerse for 24 hours in creosote 2
grains, nitrate of potash 10 grains, glycerin 200 grains, and water 800 grains,
and then pass into paraffin oil.

Further observations on fowl spirochetosis, A. Balfour {Jour. Trop. Med.
and Hyg. [London], 12 {1909), No. 19, pp. 285-289).— This is a record of new
developments of which some of the more important observations are tabulated
aud illustrative cases described.

" It has been found that lice {Menopon sp. ?) can, in all probability transmit
the disease from the sick to the healthy chick. ... In chicks relapses are
common. . . . The results of inoculations in the case of chicks have differed
from those obtained in fowls. . . . Ticks {Argas persicus), either as larvae,
nymphs, or adults, fed on chicks with acute spirochetosis exhibit the peculiar
chromatin granules first described by Leishman in the case of Ornithodoros
moubata fed on blood containing Spirochceta duttoni. . . . Chicks, inoculated
with an emulsion of crushed larvie. showing these granules, but no spirochetes,
develop acute spirochetosis. . . . Pigeons are apparently not inoculable with
this form of spirochetosis."

RURAL ECONOMICS. 393

Notes on the parasitism of Cytodites nudus and Haemaphysalis chordeilis,
P. B. Hadley (Science, n. ser., 30 {1909), No. 77'/, pp. 605, 606.).— The author
describes the conditions of infection as observed in 2 cases of acariasis. caused
by Cytodites nudus, occurring in the yards of the Rhode Ishiud Station. In
the first case, that of a female golden pheasant, mites were found to have per-
forated both the pericardium and the wall of the gall bladder. The second
case of infection was that of a fowl received from a poultry yard near the
station.

A tick {Hccmapliysalls chordeilis) is repoi'ted to have occurred on young
turkeys at Norwich, Vt., June, 1909, in such numbers as to kill 40 of a flock of
46. The ticks were first observed in the latter part of May when the turkeys
were about a week old. The parasite was found largely in the region of the
neck, most of the birds that were infested carrying from 70 to 80 full-grown
ticks as well as many more immature forms.

Naphtha soap as a disinfectant, S. K. Dzerzgowski and V. L. Stepanova
(Arch. Set. Biol. [St. Petersb.], 14 {1909), No. J,, pp. 283-303).— A contribution
from the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine at Cronstadt, in which
the chemical and physical i)roperties of naphtha soap are considered.

Meat inspection in Hungary, A. Laszlo {Vet. Jour.. 6o {1909), No. J/IS, pp.
'5o3~oo8). — An account of the methods followed in the inspection of meat in
Hungary.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Concerning' the actual significance of the law of diminishing returns in
agriculture, O. Auhagen {Landir. .Jalirb., 38 {1909), Ergduzuiigsb. 5, pp. ^91-
530). — This paper critically examines the law of diminishing returns and main-
tains that it has no scientific value from the standpoint of agriculture.

According to the author, the development of agricultural technique has re-
sulted in increased production of the means of subsistence to such an extent
that not only is the totality of production greater, but the proportionate share
falling to the individual is greater notwithstanding the enormous increase
in population since the law was formulated. At the same time a limit is
reached in agricultural practice when a further expenditure of capital and
labor will be fruitless. The author points out these limits as regards the oper-
ation of natui-al forces as well as those under which plants grow to yield the
best I'eturns. The depth of plowing, the amount of plant food and moisture
in soils, temperature, sunshine, the minimum of room for plant growth, the
time necessary for plant development, and many other factors determine the
maximuru yield.

The stimulus to agricultural production was in a certain sense the increase
of population itself. This necessarily forced mankind to further progress
which resulted in the development of the technique of agriculture. " It is
an error to deduce as a law from the increase of population and the corre-
sponding increase of the means of subsistence the relative decrease of land
productivity and to set down technical progress only as an incidental or even
as an exceptional check or breach of the law. Progress in land productivity
yields itself also as an economic law resulting from the increase of popu-
lation."

At the same time the author recognizes a limit to man's ability to make
the earth yield her increase of products, chiefly because in agriculture even
the scientiflc farmer is dependent to a considerable extent upon the forces
of nature, and so maintains that man will be able to reach his highest stage
of development only as he learns to control completely the forces of nature.

394 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Therefore progress will he Mctt'leratiMl l»y tlu' live prohlcnis of to-day which
acting as a matter of necessity will iirf:e mankind forward to tind ways of in-
creasing the means of subsistence. While the so-called law of diniinisliing
returns possesses no actual value it still has a potential value in tl)at if popu-
lation should increase too rapidly the relative productivity of land must neces-
sarily decrease, and to this extent the Malthusian theory is correct.

What is true of agriculture is likewise true in general in the industries for
they in the last analysis are dependent upon land productivity for their supplies
of raw materials. This serves as a check upon the productivity of capital and
labor in modern industry, but the checks in agriculture are stronger, more
direct, and more embracing, for the reason that the extension of cultivation
and improvement in methods can be exercised in individual cases only within
relatively narrow limits. " The difference between agriculture and industry
is not to be understood as indicating that in the former man works with rela-
tively decreasing returns and in the latter with relatively increasing returns.
For in agriculture the rewards of labor can be increased, but in general not so
rapidly as in the Industries."

The authoi-, in critically examining the views of various economists, presents
an extensive bibliograitliy on the law of diminishing returns in agriculture.

The economic returns for 21 years from a peasant farm in Kurhessen.
H. L. RroLOFF {Fiililin(j:s Laudu: Zt(j., o.S (1909), No. 21, pp. 78i-7S6).— This
farm was about 77 acres in size and situated on the hill lands of the province
of Hesse. The soil was stony and not very fertile, the climate severe, and the
market conditions unfavorable. It is characteristic of most of the middle and
large-size farms in the district, both as regards physical conditions and profit-
ableness.

The farm is operated by the owner, his wife, one son, and two daughters, and
five additional children are supported out of the income from the farm. The
standard of living of the family is described and compares favorably with any
working-class family.

Under these conditions the returns show a net income over all expenses of
operating the farm and maintaining and educating the family for the 21 years
of 5,481 marks (about $1,300), or an average yearly surplus income of 261
marks. Four of the years show a deficit ranging from 10 to 486 marks. The
largest source of income, 54.50 per cent, was from the sale of live stock and
their products. The author believes that the economic welfare of farmers in
this district lies in the raising of live stock rather than in the production of
cereals or other cultivated products, and in owning rather than in renting
farms.

Some considerations concerning' the significance of erecting small dwell-
ings on farms, L. Xoack iLandw. Jahrl)., 38 {1909), Ergdnznngsh. 5. pp. 217-
228, figs. 2). — This article discusses the need of erecting better dwellings on
farms for the accommcKlation of farm laboi-ers. A model of a house to accommo-
date two farm laborers' families is described and illustrated, including data on
the cost of construction. The erection of sanitary and commodious dwelling
houses for farm help is advocated on the ground of making the laborers more
contented. This would tend to retain them on the land and incidentally be in-
strumental in helping to solve the agricultural labor problem.

Small holders: What they must do to succeed, E. A. Pratt {London, 1908,
pp. VII+2Ji7). — This book discusses the economic disadvantages under which
small holders labor in England and the different lines of the agricultural indus-
try for which these holdings are adapted, and emphasizes the importance of
cooperation among small holders in the purchasing of their supplies, the
marketing of their products, the insurance of their stock and premises, and the

EUEAL ECONOMICS. 395

furnishing of credit in order to place them on an equal footing with their
foreign competitors whose products are sold more cheaply on English markets
at the present time.

In a chapter on " the revival of country life " the work of the Country Life
Commission in the United States is reviewed in detail, and the conclusion is
drawn that to effect a revival of rural life in most countries there must be
(1) an " increased efficiency in both the production and the sale of agricultural
commodities, so that better financial prospects may be assured to the cultivator ;
and (2) accompanying these material improvements there should be a better-
ment of the social and intellectual conditions of rural life."

Agricultural small holdings in France {La Petite Propriete Riiralc en
France. Paris: Govt., 1!)09, pp. XV+S'/S, pis. IS; rev. in Jour. Agr. Prat., n.
ser., 18 (1909), No. Jf2, p. 538).— To the part of the data contained in this vol-
ume which has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 688),
a series of appendixes has been added whicli deal with the evolution, valuation,
ownership, and operation of small holdings during the past 20 years, together
with a comparison of the profitableness of small holdings and large holdings.

[Agricultural holdings in Belgium] (Stat is. Brig. Recense. Agr., J 907.
Partir Anal lit., pp. y.i-.j'i). — The number and size of the various agricultural
holdings in Belgium for the years 1906 and 1907 are reported. The number
of holdings for the two years were 297,768 and 299,084. respectively, more than
90,000 of which ranged from 1 to 2 liectares in size. Only 551 holdings exceed
100 hectares in extent.

Agricultural associations in Belgium, M. Turmann (Les Associations Agri-
coles en Belgique. Paris, 1909, 2. ed.. pp. JX+.^68). — This book gives an account
of the origin and development of agricultural coopei'ative societies in Belgium
from 1890, the year when they first began to spring up, to 1900, the date of the
first edition of the book. Special emphasis is laid on the causes which led to
their formation, and the principal types of official associations, professional
agricultural unions, societies for the purchase and sale of products, cooperative
producing associations, cooperative credit societies, and mutual insurance
societies are discussed.

An appendix discusses the status of agricultural associations in Belgium in
1907, with tables giving statistics for that year in detail. An extensive bibli-
ography is included.

Organization among the farmers of the United States, J. L. Coulter (Yale
Rev., 1909, yor., pp. 273-2.9S; Reprint, pp. 28). — This is an account of farmers'
organizations in the United States from 1785 to date, particular emphasis being
laid on the political, economic, and social activities of the various organiza-
tions. It is the conviction of the author that, during the past 20 years, polit-
ical activity by farmers' organizations " has been largely left to the old line
ix)litical parties, and most effort has been turned to the even more difficult
task of establishing all phases of the farmers' own industry on a sound business
basis. At the present time agriculture is assuming a more business-like as
well as a more scientific character than at any other time in our history."

The reform of the commission business, G. C. Streeter (Farm and Fireside,
33 (1909), No. Jf, p. 5, figs. 2). — The plan of reform advocated in this article
is governmental regulation of the commission business, careful grading and
branding of products on the part of farmers, and the appointment of sales
inspectors to pass upon the condition of goods in cases of dispute.

Cooperation among farmers, orchardists. and truck growers is believed to
be the most practical method of solving the problem of grading and branding
the various, farm products, and examples of the successful operation of such
organizations are cited ; while governmental regulation of the commission

396 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

business is uriiod on tlio basis of economics anil business and because it is
" the paramount and imi)ortant matter now before tlie country people. When
the farmers, orchard ists, and truck workers of this country rise and protest
against present conditions and demand that their interests be properly safe-
guarded, the commission business will be put on such a sound and honest basis
that it will return to the farmer a just and ndecpiate return for the product
that he creates."

Adaptability of the South to the needs of homeseekers in foreign lands,
D. A. Wii.LKY { 'I'lailcsnidii. G2 (IDOD). Xo. .2.i, p. 35). — The outlines of a plan
for the establishment of a colony of Hollanders on a 1.000-acre farm in North
Carolina are reported. The scheme aims to make each farmer his own land-
lord and to give him satisfactory returns for his labor through the cooperative
marketing and distribution of his products.

A new St. Helena, F. Ferkkko {Suri-cu, 2.i (190D), Xo. 6, pp. 171-180, figs.
S). — This article outlines the history of an Italian colonization scheme carried
out during the past 4 years on the swamp lands north of Wilmington, N. C,
where early agricultural products are grown and shipped to the New York
markets. The principles of cooperation are practiced to some extent in the
colony for the purchase of supplies, and the plan of this settlement is com-
mended as a means of solving the problems of the overcrowding of unskilled
workers in cities and the lack of farm labor in rural districts.

An agricultural survey of Nebraska, J. E. Warren (Ann. Rpt. Nehr. Bd.
Agr., 1!)09. pp. 21 1-3') I. charts 2'/). — This is a compilation of information and
summary of observations relating to climate, run-off and evaporation, geology,
topography, altitude and sloi)e, drainage, irrigation, wells, soils, crops, live
stock, forestry products and building materials, transportation and markets,
population, land tenure, values, and returns, and farm management.

A bibliography of literature relating to the subject is appended.

[Agriculture and colonization in Canada], P. H. McKenzie et al. {Rpt.
Select Standing Com. Agr. and Colon. \Canada], 1907-8, pp. XI II +Jtl2).— This
is a detailed report by a committee of 135 members on matters pertaining to
the agricultural possibilities of Eastern Canada and the areas available for
colonization by agriculturists in the great west and northwest provinces and
territories, including an appendix on the immigi'ation of agriculturists into
Canada for a number of years. The returns show no less than 235,328 arrivals
for 9 months of 1907-S, as compared with 124,667 for the corresponding 9
months of 1906-7.

Agricultural statistics of Ireland, with detailed report for the year 1908,
W'. G. S. Adams (Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Statis. 1908, pp.
XXXV-\-153). — Statistical data of crop areas and production, live stock, bee
keeping, forestry, and holdings and occupiers during 190S are reported. The
holdings numbered 601,765 as compared with 599,872 in 1907 (E. S. R., 20, p.
690).

Agriculture in Dahomey, N. Savabiau (L' Agriculture au Dahomey. Paris,
1906, pp. 110, pis. 12, figs. Ui, maps 2). — The climate, topography, economic con-
ditions, and transportation facilities of the country are discussed. Native
implements and cultural methods are described, and the principal economic
plants and their production for food, fiber, and miscellaneous purposes are taken
up. Animal production is treated in a similar manner.

The International Institute of Agriculture, Louis-Dop {.Jour. Agr. Prat.,
n. ser., 18 (1909), Nos. .'f2, lip. 530-532; 1,6, pp. 656-661; 7/8, pp. 722-726; J,9, pp.
755-758). — This is an account by the French delegate of the origin, purposes,
organization, and progress of the institute, with particular reference to its eco-
nomic and international significance. The purposes of the institute are defined

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 397

as not only to seek to ameliorate the conditions of agriculture in different coun-
tries, but also to meet tlie dangers arising from the spread of plant and animal
diseases as a result of international traffic in agricultural products and to make
a comparative study of the economic, social, and financial institutions that
exist in various countries for the promotion of the interests of the • rural
population.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The duty of the agricultural college, H. J. Waters (Science, n. ser., 30
(1909), No. 778, pp. 777-789). — This is the inaugural address of the president
of the Kansas college, in which he deals with the various functions of the agri-
cultural college in relation to students enrolled in its courses, to agricultural
extension work, and to research work in agriculture and home economics. He
points out the necessity of conserving the natural resources of Kansas and the
duty of the agricultural college and experiment station in this work ; he favors
investigation not only to increase the quantity and quality of agricultural pro-
duction but also to provide means and encouragement for the manufacture of
agricultural products within the State; he advocates the teaching of vocational
subjects in the public schools and urges that greater attention be given to
training teachers for this work; and finally he directs attention to the need of
world leadership among men and women, and the duty of the college in pre-
paring leaders.

Agricultural and forestry instruction and agricultural associations in
Italy, Belgium, and France, with notes on some agricultural institutions
in Great Britain, B,ussia, and Bulgaria, I. Giglioli and U. Rossi- Ferrini (In-
segnamcnto Agrario e Forestale cd Associazioni Agrarie nelVItalia, nel, Belgio,
nella Francia con notizie su alcune Istituzioni Agrarie dclla Gran Bretagna,
della Russia, dclla Bulgaria. Milan, 1909, pp. l-'/l). — In this report of the jury
of the Section on Agricultural and Forestry Instruction and Agricultural Asso-
ciations of the Exposition in Milan, 1906, descriptions in considerable detail
are given of the work of agricultural institutions for education and research in
Italy, and in less detail of those in Belgium, France, Great Britain, Russia, and
Bulgaria. In the case of Italian institutions the report deals with higher agri-
cultural schools and universities, agricultural and special experiment stations,
special and practical agricultural schools, itinerant and military instruction in
agriculture, instruction in agriculture in normal and elementary schools and
denominational seminaries, agricultural education for women, materials for
agricultural instruction, iiublications, and agricultural associations.

Report of the agricultural department of Finland for 1907 {Landtbr.
Stu7\ Meddel., 1909, No. 61, pp. 77+229).— Reports of the work of the various
institutions engaged in the administration or teaching of agriculture or allied
branches are presented.

Foreign veterinary schools and their plan of instruction, R. Coderque
(Gac. Med. Zooh, 33 (1909), Nos. 22, pp. 337-3.'/2; 23, pp. 355-359).— As the
result of a visit to the veterinary schools in Paris-AIfort, France; Berlin,
Hanover, Stuttgart, and Dresden, Germany ; Berne and Zurich, Switzerland ;
and Milan, Naples, Pisa, and Turin, Italy, the author makes brief observations
on veterinary instruction in these countries, with more detailed statements
regarding the organization of this instruction in the Berlin and Hanover schools.

Annual of the Winnebago County schools, 1909, O. .J. Kern (Rockford,
III., 1909, pp. 96, figs. 82, dgm. 1, charts 8). — In addition to the usual statistics
of attendance and rural school improvement, this report presents the following
new features: The constitution of a "School Parents' Association," indoor
improvement for the rural school, improving the rural school course of study.

398 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

a four-j-ear high school course in agriculture (prepared by Dean Davenport),
Lincoln's views of agriculture with comments by Prof. C. G. Hopkins, and im-
Iirovement in the work of boys' and girls' clubs, with a list of the prize-winners
in corn-growing nnd domestic art work.

Practical school g'ardening, I'. Ki.fouu and S. IIeaton (Oxford, Eng., JOO!),
pp. 22.'i, pJ.s. 5, charts S, (Ifiiiis. 7, //r/.s. 77). — In this text-book the authors give
cultural directions for the different features of garden work, together with
chapters on insects and other |)ests of the garden, friends of the garden, a cal-
endar of gardening operations, and a nature calendar, and appendixes dealing
with the school garden and " discovery " lessons or field trips, meteorological
observations, and several useful tables.

School g'ardens in Ceylon, C. Drieberg (Philippine A fir. Rev. [English Ed.],
2 (JDOO), So. 9, pp. .',92, '/;«).— A brief statement of the object of school gardens,
conditions under which they are worked, and points in the judging of gardens
for the information and guidance of Ceylon teachers.

The study of nature, S. C. Schmucker {Philadelphia and London, 1D09, pp.
315, pis. J/, figs. 5-'i). — This volume is divided into 3 sections. The first deals
with the theory of nature study, what it is, its aim, purpose, school-room appli-
cations and equipment, suitable subject-matter, and the teacher's preparation.
Section II, the materials of nature study, includes the insects, some " water-
dwellers," reptiles, birds, wild and domestic animals, i)lant life, and the heavens.
The last section suggests a related course of nature study and includes a list of
helpful books. The entire treatment is in the spirit of the author's teaching
experience and public addresses on the subject.

Nature study in congested city districts, Emma Sylvester (Nature-Study
Rev., 5 (1909), No. 8, pp. 201-209). — This paper is designed primarily to sug-
gest improvements in the New York State Syllabus of Nature Study, but its
recommendations have general application to conditions in large cities.

Some of the difficulties in such situations are classified as (1) lack of nature-
study material, (2) difficulty of securing suitable material at the proper time,
(3) lack of time to care properly for material secured, (4) lack of sjiecific
teaching directions for the subject, (5) too large classes to permit maximum
possible benefit from individual study of material, and (6) lack of proper corre-
lation of nature study with the other subjects of the course.

Among the improvements suggested are (1) first hand study of phenomena
everywhere available — as water evaporation, condensation, clouds, erosion, and
the effects of frost; (2) a division of the work into required and optional cate-
gories, under the first of which should be included the cat. dog. canary, common
fruits, vegetables, and flowers; (3) omission of all rare birds, flowers, animals,
etc., and all classifications which pupils are not prepared to understand; (4)
closer cooperation between the City Park Department and the schools, so that
the schools may have the benefit of prunings, cuttings, nests, cocoons, etc.

Boys' agricultural clubs, V. L. Roy (La. Dcpt. Ed. Circ. Inform., 1909,
Dec, pp. l-i). — This circular briefiy reviews the origin of boys' club work in
connection with the farmers' institutes in Macoupin Co., 111., sets forth the
purposes and value of such work, and gives several pages of practical direc-
tions for organizing clubs, recording the work done, and judging exhibits.
It is designed especially for use in the parish divisions of Louisiana.

NOTES

Tuskegee Institute. — Millbank Agricultural Hall, the gift of Mrs. Elizabeth
M. Anderson, of New York City, was dedicated February 23. President Seth
Low, of the board of trustees, presided at the dedicatory exercises, in which
other participants were Robert C. Ogden, of New York City, State Com-
missioner of Agriculture J. A. Wilkinson, and Vice-President W. W. Campbell,
of the board of trustees.

California University and Station. — As the result of an enthusiastic meeting
in December of the nature-study section of the State Teachers' Association, at
which Professor Babcock of the department of agricultural education was
elected president of the California branch of the American Nature Study So-
ciety, the college of agriculture is giving considerable attention to the promo-
tion of nature study in the State, especially through the public schools. There
is to be a department of nature study at the next summer session of the
university.

Work is being actively carried on at the substation in the Imperial Valley,
for which a state appropriation of .$6,000 is available for the current biennium.
The general supervision of the substation has been delegated to Prof. R. E.
Smith, who is also supervising in particular the horticultural investigations
which are to form a special feature of its work, in addition to his previous
duties as plant pathologist and the supervision of the substation at Whittier.
W. E. Packard, who received his master's degree at the university in 1909 for
special studies in soils and irrigation, is in immediate charge of the Imperial
Valley Substation, with headquarters at El Centro. Investigations of live
stock diseases have been begun by the assistant veterinarian.

Florida Station. — John Schnabel, gardener at the Missouri Station, has been
appointed assistant in horticulture in charge of gardening, to begin work
April 1.

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station. — George W. Kirkaldy, for the past 6 years
assistant entomologist, died in San Francisco February 2. following a surgical
operation by which he was seeking relief from the results of an accident re-
ceived several years before. Mr. Kirkaldy was born and educated in England,
and was .30 years of age.

Iowa College and Station. — The vacancies recently noted in the department of
farm crops have been filled by the appointment of H. D. Hughes, of the Missouri
University and Station, as professor of farm crops ; H. B. Potter, of the South
Dakota College and Station, as assistant professor ; and George Livingston,
assistant in agronomy at the Ohio State University, as instructor.

Kansas College and Station. — C. A. Scott, associate professor of forestry in the
Iowa College and forester in the station, has been appointed Kansas state
forester, with headquarters at the college, and will enter upon his duties at
the close of the collegiate j-ear.

Michigan Station. — Orrin B. Winter, a graduate of the University of Michi-
gan, has accepted the position of assistant chemist, and entered upon his duties
February 15.

899

400 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOHD,

Nebraska University and Station. — J. H. (Jain has Itccu in-diuotod ti) the posi-
tion of head of tlio ilopiutnu'iit of itatliolojiy and votcriiiaiy science, vice Dr.
A. T. Peters, whose resignation has been previously noted.

Ohio State University. — Vernon M. .Shoesniith, associate professor of agron-
omy, has ri'si,i,MK'd to become liead of the department of farm crops in the
Micliiiran Coliejie and a.srronomist in the station.

Pennsylvania College and Station. — John W. Gregti, for the past two years
head of the department of horticulture at the Bai'on de Hirsch School, Wood-
bine. N. J., has been ai)]tointed assistant in horticulture and has entered u])on
his duties.

South Dakota College and Station. — The new addition to the chemical labora-
tory is beiiiij: used ti'mjiorarily to acconmiodate the school of aj^ricultui'e. The
fruit-breeding house, authorized by the legislature a year ago, is nearly com-
pleted, and will be used entirely in the work of originating hardy fruits for
western conditions.

Leroy F. Miller, assistant in dairy chemistry, resigned January 1 to accept
a commercial position, and H. J. Besley, assistant in agronomy in the college
and assistant chemist in the station, has resigned to accept a position with the
Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. William White, a lfK)8 graduate
of the Minnesota University, has been appointed assistant in dairying.

Texas Station. — The station has transferred its headquarters to the new
station administration building recently completed at a cost of $40,000. Wil-
mon Newell, entomologist of the Louisiana Crop Pest Commission, has been
appointed entomologist of the station and state entomologist.

The location of seven new substations, authorized by the last legislature, has
been decided upon by the locating board, consisting of the governor, lieutenant
governor, and state commissioner of agriculture, as follows : At Pecos in
Reeves County, at Lubbock in lAibbock County, at Spur in Dickens County, at
Denton in Denton County, at Temple in Bell County, at Beaumont in Jefferson
County, and at Angleton in Brazoria County. Of these the two last named are
to give special attention to rice problems. The localities at which the several
stations are to be situated have contributed liberally for their establishment, in
some instances donating the land and erecting the necessary buildings and
improvements.

A state appropriation of $1,000 annually for the carrent bieunium has become
available for tobacco investigations in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant
Industiy of this Department at its tobacco station at Nacogdoches.

Virginia Truck Station. — C. S. Heller, assistant horticulturist, resigned Feb-
ruary 1 to accept a position as instructor in market gardening in the Massa-
chusetts College.

Wisconsin University and Station. — A department of experimental breeding
has been established under the direction of Dr. Leon J. Cole, of the Sheffield
Scientific School and formerly of the Rhode Island Station, who has been ap-
pointed associate professor of experimental breeding. Investigations in ex-
perimental breeding with special reference to the laws of heredity and the
improvement of animal life will be undertaken, together with some instruction
to advanced students.

Wyoming University and Station. — Leslie B. McWethy has resigned as agron-
omist, and was succeeded March 1 by T. S. Parsons, a graduate and postgradu-
ate student of the South Dakota College.

o

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D.

Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal.

Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D.

T^. , , ., f J. I. SCHULTE.

Field(rops|j_Q j^^^^^j^

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse.

Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker.

Rural Engineering

Rural Economics — J. B. Morman.
Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXII, NO. 5.

Editorial notes: Page.

The field and influence of the agricultural college 401

Recent work in agricultural science 410

Notes -- 496

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — agrotechny.

The nitrogen-containing radicle of lecithin and other phosphatids, MacLean.. 410

The lecithin and iron content of milk, Glikin 410

Chemical constitution and optical rotatory power of sugar lactones, Hudson.. 410

Formaldehyde from beet leaves and roots, Gentil 410

Colloid chemistry and the soil, Gedroiz 411

Neuliauer's method for potash, Schmitz 411

Determination of phosphoric acid in mineral phosphates, Jorgensen 411

The detection and determination of lead in drinking water, Pinchbeck 411

Food inspection and analysis, Leach 411

Modified combustion bomb for calorimetric and analytical purposes, Langbein. 411

Determination of phosphorus by the bomb calorimeter, Lemoult 411

Methods for the quantitative chemical analysis of animal tissues, Koch et al.. 411

Variations observed in the composition of lard, Durier 411

Examination of flour, Schaffnit 41 1

Judging flour by its catalase content, Liechti 411

Substances in bread and biscuits giving the ferric chlorid reaction, Backe 412

Rice flour, Collin 412

The quantitative determination of cane sugar by the use of invertase, Hudson. 412

New procedure for determining sugar by Bonnan's method, Maillard 412

A delicate reaction for sugars, Pozzi-Escot 412

Clarification of solutions containing invert sugar, Browne, Bryan and Wiley.. 412

Unification of tables for comparing specific gravity with sugar content, Saillard. 413

I

II CONTENTS.

rage.

Ref ractoinetry of molasses, Raillard 413

Coi)pere(l vefietables and determining copper therein, Stein 413

Contributions to the examination of cocoa and its })rei)arations, Prochnow... 413

Chemical composition of tea leaver during various stages of growth, Sawamura. 413

The surface tension and viscosity in milk, Burri and Xussbaumer 413

Analysis of altered milk, Kling and Koy 414

Total solids in milk preserved with formaldehyde, iloft 414

A new method to distinguish boiled from raw milk, Rochaix and Thevenon.. 414

Detection of boiled milk by the microscope, Morres 414

Alcohol-alizarin test for milk, Morres 414

A modified method to determini; salt in butter, Barnhart 414

Moisture determination in cheese with various ovens, von Sobbe 414

Estimation of lactic acid in cheese, Suzuki and Hart 414

The detection and determination of saccharin, Testoni 415

Etlu'real oils and odoriferous bodies, Rochussen 415

The iletermination of the volatile acids of tol)acco, etc., Toth 415

Estimation of fat in feces, Rochaix 415

The technique of the qualitative analysis of feces, Gaultier 415

Examination of cresol soap solution, Rapp 415

The apples in the fermentation industry. Holm 415

The sweetening of cider by the addition of saccharose or glucose, Warcollier.. 415

The cold storage of apple cider, Gore 415

Home manufacture of cider vinegar, Van Slyke 416

Manufacture of dry tomato conserve 416

The nitrogen content of barley and extract yielded by the malt. Fries 416

The amount of spirits extracted from a ton of raisins, Perkins 416

By-products of cotton seed and their utilization, Beadle and Stevens 416

METEOROLOGY — WATER.

Agricultural meteorology, Locke, edited and supplemented by Sreznevski 416

Wind and weather, Weber 416

Frosts and hail, Rolet 416

International catalogue of scientific literature. F — Meteorology 417

International catalogue of scientific literature. F — Meteorology 417

A new method of weather forecasting, Gilbert 417

Evolution of barometric lows and Guilbert's rules for forecasting, Brunhes. . . 417

The influence of the moon on the earth's atmosphere, Schuster 417

Relation of weather to crops adapted to Arizona, McClatchie and Coit 418

Evaporation in a bog habitat, Dickey 418

Bulletin of the jNIount Weather Observatory 418

Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1907-8 418

Monthly Weather Review 419

Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Damon. . 419

Meteorological summary for 1908, Patton 420

Meteorological conditions of the year 1908 420

Meteorological observations, Boulatovitch 420

Distribution of rainfall in the southeastern European peninsula, Trzebitzky 420

[Temperature and rainfall, Cape of Good Hope] 420

Meteorology, Knowles 420

Climate of Argentina, Davis 420

Climatology of the Colombian Plateau, De Dios Carrasquilla 420

The climate of India according to the latest data, Woeikow 420

Public utility of water powers and their regulation, Tavernier and Leighton. . 421

The quality of surface waters in the United States. — Part I, Dole 421

The search for underground water, Chaptal 421

The pollution of streams by sulphite pulp waste. — A study of remedies, Phelps. 421

Disinfection as an adjunct to water purification, Clark and Gage 421

The purification of sewage by means of peat beds, Niintz and Laine 421

Sewage disposal at country houses 421

The hygienic importance of pond culture, Cronheim 422

Pond fertilizing and purification of sewage, Cronheim 422

Pond fertilizing, Kuhnert 422

Utilization of sewage for the production of crude oil and ammonia, Purcell - . . 422

CONTENTS. Ill

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Page.

Changes in the loess soils of Nebraska caused by cultivation, Alway 422

Soils of Pender County, North Carolina: A. preliminary report, Bennett 423

Contribution to the study of Bolognese soils, Costanzini 423

The dynamic viewpoint of soils, Cameron 423

The soil considered as a reserve food supply, Maizieres 424

Availability of the soil potash in clay and clay loam soils, Morse and Curry.. 424

On the fertility of soils with regard to phosphoric acid, Kostzyeletzkii 424

The thermal effect of moistening the soil, Miintz and Gaudechon 425

The evolution of heat when dry soil is moistened, Miintz and Gaudechon 42.5

Irrigation investigations: Evaporation and transpiration, Widtsoe 425

Methods of bacteriological investigation of soils, V, Lohnis 426

Convenient solid substrata for the culture of nitrifying organisms, Makrinov. 427

Studies in soil bacteriology, III, Stevens, Withers et al 427

Nitrogen assimilating micro-organisms, Apelt 427

Azotobader chroororciim, its properties and activity in soil, Krainskii 427

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by Azotobacter in pure culture, Beijerinck. 427

Bacteriological examinatii >n of nitro-bacterine, Grandeau 427

Soil inoculation experiments with nitragin and nitro-bacterine, Grabner 428

The increase of nitrogen in soils by means of free living bacteria, Koch 428

Action of moor soils as fertilizer with special reference to nitrogen, Herrmann. 428

On tiie present status of the Sw^edish peat industry, Wailgren 429

Green manuring on the better soils, Schneidewind 429

Asking questions of the soil, Haughton 429

The soil invoice, Pettit 429

Experiments on the influence of manure on black soil, Buichikhina 429

Production and commerce in manure in Paris, Olry 429

How is the deficiency of stable manure to be made up? Pohl-Rohrbeck 430

Growth of commercial fertilizers, Scovell 430

Plain talks on the use of fertilizers, Voorhees 430

Practicable fertilization. Hills 430

The manufacture of chemical fertilizers, Fritsch 430

Fertilizer mixtures, Morse 430

The nitrate of soda position 430

The nitrate fields of Chile.— Origin, production, and uses of nitrate of soda... 430

[A new atmospheric nitrogen fertilizer] 431

New fertilizer materials, Johnson 431

Artificial nitrates [in Norway] 431

Norwegian nitrate, Ulrich 431

The new nitrogenous fertilizers in comparison with the old, Jacometti 431

Laming's mixture, or crude ammonia, forfertilizingoras an antiseptic, Cavazza. 431

On the fertilizer value of so-called nitrammon-lime (poudrette), Soderbaum. . 432

A better method of use of nitrate of soda, Decaux 482

Assimilation of potash and nitrogen by beets after fertilizing, Stutzer 432

The occurrence of ammonia and nitrate in deposits of potash salts, Biltz 432

A new potash fertilizer, Haumont 432

Will potash be cheaper ? 432

Relation of phosphorus to permanent American agriculture, Whitchurch 433

Acid phosphate, James 433

The use of fertilizer lime, Thatcher 433

The influence of lime and magnesia on plants, Bernardini and Siniscalchi 433

On the various correlations between lime and magnesia, Konovalov 433

Manganese fertilizers, Rousset 433

The fertilizing action of the crystalline residue of tobacco, Caruso 434

Bat guano in Burma, Thompstone 434

Sawdust for use as litter, Kinch 434

Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers and Paris green, Halligan 434

Report of analyses of samples of fertilizers collected during 1909 434

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Hartwell et al 434

AGRICULTUKAL BOTANY.

The fixation of bud mutation of Solanum maglia, Heckel 434

A recent example of mutation in Solanum commersonil, Planchon 435

The origin of the cultivated potato, Wittraack 435

The ferments and latent life of resting seeds. White 435

IV CONTENTS.-

Page.

Preservation of (Usastases in seeds destroyecl by anesthetics, Apsit and ( iain. . 436

Differences of susceptibility of plants to stimulation, Takeuchi 436

Influence of ultraviolet rays on vegetation, Maijuenne and Demoussy 436

Sap pressure in the birch stem, INIerwin and Lyon 436

The influence of anesthetics and freczinj^ on certain plants, Meckel 436

On the presence of two new ghu-osids in Primula ojfirinalis, Goris and Mascre. 437

The occurrence of rennets in the liasidiomycetes, Gerber 437

The role of nitro<j;en and its compounds in plant metabolism, Petrie 437

Studies of the carbohydrates in seeds, Schulze and Godet 437

Phosphoric acid in leaves of plants, Seissl -• 438

The nature of chlorophyll 438

The influence of spraying or dusting on the growth of plants, Hiltner 438

The action of different amounts of cop])er in the soil on plants, Simon 439

Experiments with Keflorit, INIach 439

FIELD (ROrs.

Report on agricultural stations in Central Provinces for 1909, Allan et al 440

Annual report of the Lyall|)ur Agricultural Station for 1908-9 441

Report on the agricultural station, Oral. Jalaun, 1909 441

Report of experiment fleld of Krasno-ufimsk Trade School, 1907, J^yevochkin. 441

Report on the Cawnpore Agricultural Station in the United Provinces, 1909 . . 441

Cooperative fertilizer and variety tests in Dalarneand Norrland, 1908, Rhodin. 442

[Work at the Fiji expcn-iment stations], Knowles 442

Influence of autumn plowing on the humidity of the soil, Mankovski 442

Fallow culture according to data of the Poltava Experiment Field, Mankovski. 442

Grass and clover seed production and handling, Ilollmann and Skalweit 442

Growing clover for seed and forage in northern Wisconsin, Moore and Del wiche . 442

On the yields of alfalfa with varying numbers of cuttings, Hansen 443

Alfalfa in America, Wing 443

Industrial value of artichokes, Chaptal and Vidal 443

A new type of Indian corn from China, Collins 443

Experiments with corn, Montgomery 444

The deterioration of corn in storage, Duvel 445

Origin of the Hindi cotton. Cook 445

Supply and distribution of cotton, Roper 445

Sixth Congress of Cotton Spinners' and Manufacturers' Associations, 1909 445

Note on the extension of cultivation of fiber plants in India 445

[Experiments with potatoes and mangels, 1909], Swanwick and Kinch 446

A new forage crop, Lt^priore - 446

[Cereal breeding at Cambridge] 446

Qualitative weight and foreign material of wheat, harvest of 1908 447

The adulteration of forage-plant seeds, Hillman 447

HORTICULTUKE.

The fruit culture in Japan, Ikeda 447

[Report of the Grand Junction Fruit Growers' Association] , Moore 447

Another mode of species forming, Burbank 447

Grafting and its application for various trees and bushes, Gaucher 447

Influence of bagging on the volume accretion of fruits. Riviere and Bailhache. 447

The present status of apple breeding in America, Beach 447

Characteristics of Wealthy apple seedlings, Macoun 447

The failure of certain American grape stocks in Sicily, Ruggeri et al 448

Starting of the buds of vines, Bioletti 448

The influence of a creosote solution on the growth of grape cuttings, Behrens. 448

Influence of potash on the vine, husks and lees, Sannino and Tosatti 448

The effect of sulphate of iron used as a vine fertilizer, Sannino and Tosatti 448

Lemon culture in the Paola region, Ferrari 448

Mangoes of Florida, Beach 449

The pineapple industry, Cunningham 449

Growing blackberries and raspberries in Washington, Thornber 449

The common bean { Phaseolus vulga ris ) , Comes 449

Report of coffee investigations, Gorter 449

The best varieties of almonds, Marre 449

Some ornamental plants of Macon County, Alabama, Carver 449

Roses, Cochet-Cochet and Mottet 449

Fiith annual report of the Rhode Island Metropolitan Park Commission 449

CONTENTS.

Page.

Forest utilization, Gayer 449

The forests of the United States: Their use, Price, Kellogg, and Cox 450

Annual report of the department of forestry, Pettis 450

A monograph on forestry in the Famenne, Gillet 450

Keport of forests, Thompson 1 ' 450

Forestry in Japan, Moore 450

Methods of increasing forest productivity, Carter 450

Increment studies in a spruce stand, Schiffel 451

Selection of seeds in forestry, Guinier 451

Trees of California, Jepson 451

Illustrations of conifers, Clinton-Baker 451

Eucalyptus culture, Navarro de Andrade 451

A study of rubber-yielding latexes and of making rubber, De Mello Geraldes. 451

[An expedition in search of rubber yielding plants], Opazo and Reiche 451

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Cultures of Uredinea? in 1908, Arthur 451

The occurrence and cultivation of Pyronema, 8eaver 452

Some host plants of Orobanche ramosa, Noffray 452

Report of committee on plant diseases for 1 908, Selbj^ 452

Some little-known plant diseases, Osterwalder 452

The perfect stage of the cotton anthracnose, Edgerton 452

The blade blight of oats — a bacterial disease, Manns 453

Some fungus diseases of potatoes, Tidswell and Johnston 453

Potato blight and its treatment, McAlpine 453

The Fusarium wilt of cabbage, Harter 453

Fiber rot of ginseng, Whetzel 454

Treatment for gray rot of grapes, Zacharewicz 454

The adherence of copper fungicides on grape leaves, Marescalchi 454

Diseases of cacao, Maublanc 454

A disease of Lavatera, Chittenden 454

A disease Antirrhinum, Chittenden 455

A Fusarium disease of the pansy. Wolf 455

Some fungi growing both on coniferous and deciduous trees, Romell 455

Some diseases of tree seeds, Neger 455

Disease of chestnut trees 455

Some fungus parasites of phylloxera, Baccarini 455

Bordeaux spraying, Pickering 455

The action of lime in excess on copper sulphate solutions, Bell and Taber 456

A new copper salt and its use as a fungicide, Malvezin 457

ECONOMIC ZOOLOtiY ENTOMOLOGY.

Prairie dog situation, Scheffer 457

Second report of the South African central locust bureau. Fuller 458

Army worms and cutworms on sugar cane in the Hawaiian Islands, Swezey.. 458

The codling moth or apple worm in Georgia, Reed 459

The single spray for the codling moth, Melander 461

The brown-tail moth [in New York State] , Felt 461

Control of Mediterranean flour moth by hydrocyanic-acid gas, Chittenden... 461

The pecan case bearer, Herrick 461

A dangerous alfalfa insect, Titus 462

How to increase the death rate among the boll weevils during winter, Newell. 463

The chinch bug, Webster 463

The euonymus scale, Sanders 463

The house fly, Metcalf ._ 463

Descriptions of some new Tachinidte, Townsend 464

Stegomyia fasclata in the French Sudan, Bouffard 464

Some coiimion insects injurious to truck crops, Newell and Rosenfeld 464

Insect enemies of tobacco, Metcalf 464

A bibliography of sugar-cane entomology, Kirkaldy 464

Notes on additional insects on cultivated pecans, Herrick and Harned 464

Insects on imported nursery stock, Parrott 465

Division of nursery and orchard inspection, Shaw 465

Nursery inspection in Louisiana, Rosenfeld 465

The fumigation of nursery stock with hydrocyanic-acid gas, Newell 465

Fumigation, dosage, and time of exposure, Phillips 465

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

Analysis of Paris green, 1908, Fuller 465

Publications of the station entomologist, Sanderson 465

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Durum wheat flour, Ladd and May 465

Bleachinii Hour, Rousset 466

Milling and l)aking tests, (iardner 466

Dough frrnifntatiun and starch degradation, Neumann and Mohs 466

Food value of bread, Jaffa 467

Analysis < )f a sample of manioc from Eeunion Island, Kohn-Abrest 467

Honey in cooking and confectionery 467

On the action of gelatin in ice (-ream, Alexander 467

The effect of gelatin in ice cream, Alexander 467

Law regulating the sale of ices, creams, and beverages in Algeria 467

Pepper and its adulteration, Ducros 467

Notices of judgment 467

Official inspections 467

A personal investigation into the dietetic theories of America, Bryce 467

Dietary studies in rural regions 467

Feeding European troops in Manchuria during the war, Ni^dvietsky 470

The pric;e of food products in France, Levasseur 470

Modern d( tmestic science 470

Destructive effect of shaking on the proteolytic ferments, Shaklee and Meltzer. 470

Nuclein synthesis in the animal body, McCollum 471

The sequence of the immediate changes in the Purkinje cells, DoUey 471

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The causation of sex, Dawson 472

The secret of sex, Dawson 472

The causation of sex, Jordan 472

Mendelian action on differentiated sex. Hart 472

[The law of ancestral heredity] , Davenport 472

The evolution of British cattle and the fashioning of breeds, Wilson 473

Studies on the history of breeds of swine, especially those of Sweden, Pira... 473

The character of the blood in horses of different breeds, Yakimoff and Kohl. 473

Feeding stuffs in the Dutch Indies, Dekker 473

Studies on the gain in nitrogen in well-fed grown animals, Friske 473

On cellulose digestion in domestic animals, Scheunert and Lotsch 474

Disappearance of pentosans from the digestive tract, McCollum and Brannon. 474

Experiments in pig feeding, ^Nlairs and Doty 475

Practical swine management. Fuller 475

Sustaining horses in long-distance travel, Ogilvy 475

State horse-breeding and army remount buying in France 475

The cattle trade of western Canada, Rutherford 475

Annual wool review 475

The egg of the fowl and its preservation by cold storage, Lescard6 475

The osmotic pressure of the egg and its changes during incubation, Atkins 476

Profitable poultry 476

DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING.

Swedish method of judging dairy bulls, Leufven 476

Report of Malmohus cow-testing associations, 1908-9, Nillson and Nanneson. 476

Report of the dairy institute at Kleinhof-Tapiau, Hittcher 477

On the value of soy bean cakes and soy bean meal for milch cows, Hansson . . 477

Experiments with sugar beet pulp. Bang and Lung 477

The use of by-products in feeding dairy cows, Porcher 478

Payment of milk according to its quality, Jensen 478

On the production of sanitary milk, Heinemann, Luckhardt, and Hicks 478

Notes on milk hygiene, Jensen 478

Investigations on raw milk, Petersen 479

Ropy milk in Rhode Island, Cole and Hadley 479

The milk of goats and asses, Michel 479

Factors influencing the composition of butter, Lee, Hepburn, and Barnhart.. 479
Keeping qualities of butter. I, General studies, Sayer, Rahn, and Farrand.. 480
Keeping qualities of butter. II, The influence of salt. Ill, The decomposi-
tion of proteins, Rahn, Brown, and Smith 482

The keeping of butter in cold storage, Rahn, Brown, and Smith 484

CONTENTS. VII

Page.

Handling of cream and making of butter on the farm, Lee 484

Report on permanent Finnish butter exhibits, 1907, Andelin et al 484

The Wisconsin butter and clieese scoring exhibitions, Farrington and Michels. 484

New cheese forms, Daniels 484

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of civil veterinary department. Eastern Bengal and Assam, Harris et al. 484

Annual report of the Punjab Veterinary College, 1908-9, Renouf 485

The need of standardizing veterinary tetanus antitoxin, Mohler and Eichhorn. 485

Cocaine and adrenalin as local anesthetics, Dupuis and Van den Eeckhout 486

A contribution to our knowledge of the physiological action of tutin, Fitchett. 486

New trypanosomes, Chagas 486

A new species of Trypanosoma in man, Chagas 486

Trypanosomiasis of mammals in French Congo, Kerandel 486

The existence of Tnjpanosoina dimorphon in Mozambique and Zululand, Theiler . 487

A new trypanosome from South Africa, Theiler 487

Transmission of spirilla and piroplasms by various species of ticks, Theiler 487

Natural infection of the proboscis of Glossinse, Roubaud 487

A new intracorpuscular parasite in cattle in South Africa, Spreull 487

Ratin bacillus and Bacillus enter itidis, Lebrara 488

A contribution to the biology of the glanders bacillus, Stickdorn 488

Contagious equine pneumonia, Malkmus 488

Researches on the immunization against tuberculosis, Vallee 489

De Renzi's treatment of somatic tieniasis and some tests in gid, Hall 489

A case of psoroptic mange in the dog, Hebrant and Antoine 489

Bacillary white diarrhea of young chicks, Rettger and Stoneburn 489

A new spirochetosis of fowls caused by Spirodtata neieuxi n. sp., Brumpt 490

A leucocytozoon of the fowl, Nathis and Leger 490

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Concerning the causes of the increased cost of living 490

The economic limits of intensive culture in agriculture, Bauriedl 491

Farm labor and the cost of production, Craigie 491

Farm labor in Mexico, Freeman 491

The social and economic position of city and farm laborers, Hoffmeister 491

Concerning the insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work 492

Minor articles of farm equipment, Ellis 492

Agricultural cooperation, Radford 492

Mutual insurance of live stock 493

Agricultural credit in Mexico, Balboa et al 493

Agricultural credit in Mexico 493

Agricultural credit in Mexico , 493

In regard to agricultural credit, Chappez 493

Mutual agricultural credit in Algeria in 1908 493

International Institute of Agriculture, Boyer 493

Crop Reporter 493

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Higher agricultural instruction in Austria and Hungary, Roijen 494

French traveling agricultural domestic science schools, Ducloux 494

First report of the district agricultural schools of Georgia, Stewart 494

Agriculture in the high schools, Anderson 494

The correlation of high-school science and agriculture. Main 494

The present status of agricultural education in the public schools, Bishop 494

Agriculture for the elementary schools, Johnson 494

Awakening and maintaining interest in agricultural education, Balcomb 495

The opportunity of the agricultural college library. Lacy 495

The agronomic chart and its popular use, Steinel 495

Pruning, Paddock 495

Composition, nutritive and manurial values of farm foods 495

MISCELLANEOUS.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1909 495

Summary of experiment station work, Bryan 495

Press bulletins 495

Yearbook of agriculture 495

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. .

Stations in the United Stales.

Alabama Tuskegee Station: Page.

Bui. 16, Oct., 1909 449

Arizona Station:

Bui. 61 , Oct. 20, 1909 418

California Station:

Circ. 47, No V. , 1 909 494

Connecticut Storrs Station:

Bui. 60, Dec. , 1909 489

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station:

Div. Ent. Bui. 7, Nov., 1909.. 458

Div. Ent. Bui. 8, Dec. 24, 1909. 464
Illinois Station:

Bui. 137, Sept. , 1909 479

Circ. 131, Aug., 1909 484

Kansas Station:

Circ. 4, Oct. 23, 1909 457

Louisiana Stations:

Fertilizer Kpt. 1908-9 434

Maine Station:

Off. Insp. 14-15 467

MasBachusetts Station:

Met. Buls. 251-252, Nov.-Dec,

1909 419

Michigan Station:

Tech . Bui. 1 , June, 1908 480

Tech. Bui. 2, Sept., 1909 482

Nebraska Station:

Bui. Ill, Dec. 15, 1909 422

Bui. 112, Dec. 15, 1909. _ 444

New Hampshire Station:

Bui. 142, Dec, 1909 424

New York State Station:

Bui. 318, Nov., 1909 434

North Dakota Station:

Spec. Bui. 19, Nov., 1909 465

Ohio Station:

Bui. 205 (Twenty-eighth An.

Kpt. 1909), Julv, 1909 420, 495

Bui. 210, Oct., 1909 453

Pennsylvania Station:

Bui. 95, Dec, 1909 475

Rhode Island Station:

Bui. 136, June, 1909 479

Bui. 137, July, 1909 434

Texas Station:

Bui. 124, Oct., 1909 461

Utah Station:

Bui. 105, Aug. , 1909 425

Stations in the United States — Cont'd,

"Washington Station: Page.

Popular Bui. 17, Apr. 1, 1909.. 461

Popular Bui. 18, Apr. 30, 1909. 449

Popular Hul. 19, May 20, 1909. 433

Popular Bui. 20, July 15, 1909. 495

Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 182, Oct., 1909 484

Bui. 183, Nov., 1909 442

Bui. 184, Nov., 1909 475

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Farmers' Bui. 382 447

Notices of Judgment 112-122 467

Bureau of Animal Industry:

Bui. 121 (5 cents) 485

Bureau of Chemistry:

Circ 48 415

Circ 49 410

Circ 50 412

Bureau of Entomology:

Circ 112... 461

Circ 113 463

Circ 114 463

Forest Service:

Circ 171 450

Circ 172 450

Bureau of Plant Industry:

Bui. 161 (10 cents) 443

Circ 42 445

Circ. 43 445

Circ. 44 492

Bureau of Soils:

Circ 20 423

Bureau of Statistics:

Crop Reporter, vol. 12, No. 1,
Jan., 1910 493

Weather Bureau:

Bui. Mount Weather Observ.,
vol. 2, pt. 3 (25 cents per 418

part, $1 per volume)

Monthly Weatlier Review, vol.
37, Nos. 7-10, July- Oct.,
1909 (20 cents per number,

12.50 per year) 419

Rpt. 1907-8 ($1) 418

Office of Experiment Stations:

Bui. 221 (25 cents) 467

Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be
purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all
remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is |1 per vol-
ume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publi-
cations are given above. The publications of the State experiment stations are
distributed from the stations and not from the Department.

VIII

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXII. April, lUlO. No. 5.

The observations and criticisms of an outside observer upon the
agricultural colleges of this country are always interesting as reflect-
ing an independent view point, and may be suggestive and helpful in
calling attention to weaknesses which need correction as opportunity
offers. .To be effective, however, such an estimate will require that
the subject be dealt with in a sympathetic manner and on the basis of
an evident study of the whole situation surrounding agricultural
education. This will include both the history and spirit of the move-
ment, and will recognize the peculiar difficulties which have had to be
met in developing a system of agricultural education adapted to the
needs of this country. It will take intelligent account of the diverse
demands made upon these colleges, the necessity they have been
under of respecting popular conceptions and leading public sentiment,
and the status of information in regard to agriculture at the time
their work began, the material for teaching, and the teaching force
available.

DesjDite the progress which is making in the broader appreciation
of the agricultural colleges, they still suffer to some extent from a
prejudice which dates from their inception, and which underrates the
character and the influence of their work. This misconception is re-
flected in public writings, in an attitude which does not accord to
them full credit for tlie position they have attained, and in an
apparent reluctance to class the work of any of these institutions as
being of college grade.

The composite nature of the organization and activities of the land-
grant institutions makes it difficult to deal with them on the same
basis as with other colleges. Indeed their variety of structure stands
in the way of a consistent discussion about them, considered as a class
of institutions. This difficulty is intensified by the loose popular
designation applied to them indiscriminately when they are desig-
nated as " agricultural colleges."

While we appreciate the difficulties involved in the nomenclature of
these institutions, we do not believe that a just consideration of them

401

402 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

with rciVrenoo to aiiriciiltiinil ciliiciition, eitluM- liistoriciilly or in the
pivsont, can proccvd on tlio assumption tliat oither the federal or
state hiws under which they are organized wei'e intended to create
simply institutions for auricnltural education. \\'hat('\('i' their name,
these institutions were so organized as to enable them to give instruc-
tion in many branches, and they naturally followed popular denumd
in their development.

Whenever agricultural education is under discussion with refer-
ence to the land-grant colleges we should as far as })ossible sei)arate
out the funds, equipment, and personnel in these colleges which have
been devoted to agricultural education, and judge of their status and
results as related to agricultural education by the means which they
have actually had for this purpose. Such differentiation would, for
example, bar out a comparison of Iowa State College as a whole with
the Ontario Agricultural College. It w^ould also prevent such mis-
leading statements as that '"' no other calling has been so subsidized
b}^ the Government through education as agriculture," when it is
evident from the connection in Avhich the statement is made that the
whole land-grant institution is in mind.

There is an apparent feeling among some writers on the subject
that the land-grant colleges should have been organized simply as
agricultural colleges, and they are criticised for introducing mechanic
arts and engineering except so far as these subjects have direct
relation to agriculture. This view runs counter to the federal legisla-
tion relating to these institutions and to the history of the move-
ment which resulted in their establishment. The act of 1862 ex-
pressly states that these colleges are " to promote the liberal and prac-
tical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and
professions in life." It must be evident to every careful observer
that for many years agriculture had only a relatively small share of
attention in the land-grant colleges, whose resources were largely used
for other branches of education. It is well to keep this steadily in
mind in judging of the results obtained by these institutions in ad-
vancing agricultural education and practice.

A close analysis of the land-grant institutions and the use of their
funds for various purposes will relieve agricultural education of the
burden of responsibility for very much of the work of these institu-
tions which has falsely been attached to it. Such a study will also
doubtless remove the misconception that the land-grant (or Morrill)
act was, as has recently been said, " really the act of one man," and
show it rather to have been the culmination of a movement going on
in this country for more than half a century prior to 1862.

Any view of education as related to agriculture which considers it
primarily from the standpoint of " farming " as a " trade " is dis-

EDITORIAL. 403

appointing and shows little indication of a broad conception regard-
ing it. Even on its practical side agriculture is very much more than
" farming," and there can be no system of agricultural education
worthy of the name which, even in its lower ranges, does not take
into account the human problems of country life. From any educa-
tional point of view agriculture is not properly considered in the
same class as what is ordinarily called a " trade."

Especially when higher institutions of learning are under consid-
eration it is important that we should have in mind agriculture as
signifying a broad fundamental industry conducted under a great
variety of forms and conditions, based on complex scientific prin-
ciples, and involving economic and sociological factors the impor-
tance of which we as yet only dimly apprehend. It is a condition
under which a large share of the people live.

The scope of the agricultural college is not always clearl}" realized,
even among men engaged in other branches of education. It is
thought of too often as relating merely to the education of farmers'
boys for farming, and the graduates who do not devote themselves
to farming are regarded as having in a sense obtained their educa-
tion under false pretenses, and are cited to illustrate the manner in
which these institutions are being prostituted. The field of the
agricultural college is the whole industry of agriculture — all that
pertains to the production and handling of agricultural products, the
economics of the business, the protection of the industry from fraud
of various kinds, and the life and conditions under which' the indus-
try is carried on. In no other branch of industrial education does the
public take so narrow and superficial a view in judging of success or
apparently expect so much by way of tangible results. The trouble
is that in the popular conception, and often that of educators in
other branches, agriculture signifies merely farming.

It is well to remember that the training of men for the agricultural
vocations includes not merely general farming, dairying, stock rais-
ing, and the like, but the horticultural pursuits, fruit growing, land-
scape gardening, park superintendence, seed and nursery business,
forestry, fertilizer manufacture, agricultural editing, and such pro-
fessional branches as veterinary science, agricultural botany, agri-
cultural chemistry, agricultural engineering, economic entomology,
and the like. The mission of the true college includes also the edu-
cation of agricultural teachers for different grades of work, of men
capable of experimentation and research, and of national, state, and
municipal experts. It is beginning to include also studies in the
economics of agriculture, the sociological problems of the open coun-
try, and the movements for rural betterment.

It is only when we take the broad view of agriculture that we are
able to understand what a task it has been to build up, even to such

404 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

an extent as we have, a system of education fairly comprehensive in
its aim and scope, to develop a real science of afri'iculture, and to
or<^anize a great popular movement for the betterment, not only of
agricultural practice, but also of the general conditions of country
life. And it is only in this way that we can fairly judge the results
of the work of those sections of the land-grant colleges which have
actually been devoted to agriculliual education and research.

The practical influence of the agricultural college is not easily esti-
mated without a wide studv. and if judged by the testimony of the
average farmer, is likel}- to be much underrated. Any such estimate
must inevitably take account of the experiment stations, which are
an outgrowth and integral part of these institutions.

Despite a frequent popular conception, the principal activities of
the colleges and stations have not been on the theoretical side, how-
ever technical their work may sometimes seem in its intermediate
stages. The extension of the college's influence to the farmers and
countr}^ people, although comi^aratively new, has been a function of
far greater import than it is usually credited with. This function
has until recently rested in large measure on the experiment stations,
which have had little if any special funds for the purpose. The
farmers' institute system has in some cases been in charge of the col-
lege, and in others in the hands of the state department or board of
agriculture or other local agencies. These varied efforts are now
being gathered together and systematized in special extension depart-
ments; and although it has not ahvays found expression in its organi-
zation, the work of the agricultural college is generally recognized
as falling under three heads — the investigation work of the experi-
ment station, the instruction of the collegiate departments, and the
extension features.

The short courses held by many of the colleges, sometimes at the
colleges and sometimes in different localities in the State, are proj)erly
classed as extension work. These have reached many thousand young
men from the farms and large numbers of practical farmers. They
have been large factors in preparing the way for the reception of
collegiate work. The farmers' week now held at a considerable num-
ber of colleges has proved immenseh^ popular, with an attendance
which has taxed to the utmost the capacity of the institutions. Edu-
cational trains have been operated in every section of the country,
over steam roads, electric roads, and even steamboat lines. Farmers'
excursions have been run to the colleges, bringing large numbers to
spend a day going over the institution. Local cooperative exjjeri-
ments to demonstrate improved methods have been conducted exten-
sively; cattle-testing associations have been organized to stimulate
interest in keeping better grades of dairy stock; local post-mortem

EDITORIAL. 405

demonstrations on tuberculous cattle have been held, which have
increased t4ie demand for tuberculin tests in "Wisconsin, for example,
from a few thousand a year up to over fort}^ thousand last year.

In addition to these extension features, large numbers of popular
addresses have been given every year to bodies of farmers, educational
exhibits held at various places, many articles prepared for the press,
and information bulletins distributed freely.

If the farmers have not been reached it is not because there has not
been an earnest and energetic efl'ort made to reach them. The interest,
ingenuity, and earnest endeavor in that direction are worthy of high
praise and ai:)preciation, and the success which has actualW been met
with is far beyond that apparentlj^ realized by the casual observer.
Whether or not it is true that " no calling has been so subsidized by
the Government through education as agriculture," it is a fact that
no similar amount of funds or body of workers has resulted in bring-
ing about such profound changes in the practice of any art, the
mental attitude of those engaged in it, and the standing of any in-
dustry or branch of human activity. It may be true of these efforts,
as a recent article states, that the " total outcome is not so great as one
might expect." but in judging of this the conditions under which this
work has been performed should be clearly borne in mind and the
present status of agricultural practice, of agricultural literature, and
of agricultural teaching should be compared Avith that prevailing
fifty years ago.

The agricultural colleges can not fairly be held responsible for the
backward condition of agricultural practices which their teachings
have deprecated, have shown the means of remedying, and have
attempted to correct. To point to the fact that these colleges have
" not 3^et been able to check the waste of the resources of the soil "
is equivalent to saying that the theological schools and the church
have not been able to eliminate crime, the engineering schools have
not resulted in utilizing the latent power of the waterfalls of the
countr}' or prevented the immense waste of food and fertility through
the SA^stems of sewer and refuse disposal of cities, or that the old-
style literary colleges have not checked the demand for inferior and
sensational literature.

By far the greatest achievement of the agricultural colleges and
experiment stations has been the impressing on multitudes of prac-
tical men the results of experimental inquiry in such way that these
results have been widely applied in practice, and in some lines have
revolutionized agricultural industries throughout the country. It is
altogether probable that many farmers who are the most sparing
in their appreciation of the college services are doing many things
differently on their own farms from what they would have done if
the bulletins of the stations had not been issued. Farmers very often

406 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

do not know the real source of the new light which they see and
follow.

But, however that may have been, the measure of the relative
success of the colleges in this direction is fairly determined when we
take into acconnt the number of workers in them and the extent of
their means for this work, as compared with the vastness of our
agricultural domain and population, the range of our agricultural
activities, and the operation of general economic forces entirely
beyond the control of educational institutions or even governments
and nations.

Even if ever}^ farmer on the mailing lists of these colleges had been
effectively reached, less than one-tenth of our farmers ^vould have
been touched in this w^ay. Everybody connected with the agricul-
tural colleges will readily admit that the great mass of our farmers
are still outside the direct influence of these institutions. It would be
easy to bring millions of farmers to confess that they know little or
nothing of agricultural colleges and experiment stations. The great
desire and the most earnest effort of these colleges are noAv for the
development of more widespread and effective agencies for bringing
the results of their work home to the masses of farmers, through
itinerant lectures, movable schools, demonstration fields, railroad
sj^ecials, etc. The cry for men and funds wherewith to do this work
is heard on every hand.

Nevertheless, with a small number of men and quite limited funds
the colleges have in the past reached more people and changed their
practice than was ever done in the same time by the same number of
men since the world began. This up to date is their crowning glory,
and it is the most hopeful j^resage of what they will accomplish when
adequately equipped and sufficiently supplemented by extension de-
partments, secondary schools, and other agencies for the populariza-
tion of agricultural knowledge.

It may be well enough for the advocates of the conservation of
natural resources to lay great stress on the deterioration of our soils
by a careless and wasteful system of agriculture, and to point out the
importance of keeping up and increasing soil fertility so that produc-
tion may keep pace with our rapidly increasing population. This is
indeed bj' far the greatest of the conservation problems, and no class
of men have been more active in preaching this doctrine than our
agricultural teachers and experimenters. But our soils and our agri-
culture are not, broadly speaking, in the ruinous state in which they
are often depicted by the arousers of public sentiment on this great
question, and the strong statements of even the more conservative of
conservation advocates before popular audiences must not be taken
too literally when we are calmly considering our agricultural history

EDITORIAL. 407

and future, or the relation of agricultural colleges to agricultural
progress.

The fact is we are nearing the close of a period of the vastest and
most rapid expansion of agriculture over a continent which history
has or probably will record. Up to the present time we have had a
surplus of fertile unoccupied lands on our hands which we have been
only too glad to give away to any people who would undertake their
cultivation on any terms. One result of this was the wholesale de-
pression of the agricultural industry until the profits were so small
that the wonder is that so many intelligent people were willing to
remain on the soil. There was absolutel}^ no incentive to keep up
fertility. Land was the cheapest thing we had. The whole effort
was to extend acreage, and by means of labor-saving machinery and
otherwise to produce crops as cheaply as possible and skim the cream
of virgin soils with the utmost rapidity. "VVlien one region was some-
what worn out the agricultural people moved on to another. Or if
they did not do this they sought a cheap fertilizer to help make their
crops. Xo body of experts and no amount of funds for the promo-
tion of agriculture could have aroused any effective sentiment in
favor of intensive methods and careful treatment of soil.

The colleges and stations were inevitably driven to spend their
main energies in finding crops to grow on new land, cheap fertilizers,
]neans of repressing insects and diseases, cheap rations for animals,
protection of farmers against fraud in the purchase of fertilizers and
feeding stuffs, methods of conducting such industries as dair3dng so
that the farmer's family would be relieved of their burden, and other
things suited to an era of expansion and cheap lands. The measure
of their success should be looked for in these directions. They were
so busy doing these things that they might have been excused if they
had done nothing else. We believe that history will conclude that
their achievements in those lines were both relatively and absolutely
very great. At any rate the determination of their success does not
rest on so narrow a basis as their relation to the deterioration of the
country's soils.

But they were not content with this. They have led the way in
pointing out the inevitable results of the rapid and wasteful expan-
sion of our agriculture, have showed the evil effects of the lack of
rotation of crops, and have been among the foremost agencies in
arousing and organizing jjublic sentiment in favor of more rational
farming. By reason of their studies of soils, fertilizers, crops, and
animal production the colleges are now in a position to show the
farmer, as the price of his land and his products advance and new
lands are no longer available, how to adapt his methods to the new
conditions; and when population flows back over the old lands, as it

408 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

has already begun to do. the restoration of soil fertility will be
relatively rapid.

In this respect Ave are more fortunate than any other people has
ever been. The period of our wasteful agriculture has been shorter
and the means at hand for restoration and improvement are far
greater than other peoples have enjoyed. Prices an; not likely to
sink again to the former ruinous level, and the prospect is that ere
long we shall have more contented and permanent agricultural com-
munities than ever before.

It is obvious, of course, that the agricultural colleges have not been
of uniform grade and that some of them have been compelled to
include secondary w^ork. The necessity for this has grown out of
the school systems of the respective States, which have required the
colleges to maintain preparatory departments and prevented their
raising the entrance requirements beyond a certain point.

While some of these colleges have found little or no difficulty in
conforming to the standards of the Carnegie Foundation, others have
not regarded so great a change as advisable at the present time. This
must necessarily be a local question, dependent on the educational
sj^stem of the State and the position of the college in that system.
If the college is to teach agriculture to the young people of the State,
its grade should be a practical one, j^ossible of attainment through
the existing school system. It is more important that the needs of
the State should be met and the people taught the principles under-
lying their greatest industry, than that arbitrary and impractical
standards should be striven for in order that rank of a certain class
may be attained.

On the other hand, the land-grant colleges should not fail to put
themselves in line with the general movement to perfect the school
systems of the States. As rajiidly as the development of these insti-
tutions make it possible, the colleges should separate out their second-
ary work, direct their attention to the strictly college functions, and
make their standards conform to the new conditions. This course
Ihey are definitely committed to, and there is unanimity upon the
point that the real mission of the agricultural college properly con-
ducted is to do the w^ork of a true college, with its experiment station
and its extension department. In striving to fulfill this mission
the college can not attempt to cover the Avhole field of agricultural
endeavor, but must frankly acknowledge its limitations.

This view was set forth in a recent editorial, and coincides with
the opinion expressed by the Association of American Agricultural
Colleges and Experiment Stations at the Portland convention last
year. It was clearly the prevailing sentiment of the association that
the secondary w^ork in agriculture should be definitely differentiated

EDITORIAL. 409

from college work, with the establishment of standard requirements
for entrance to the latter and for graduation. This the colleges can
now do with less difficulty than ever before. Provision for secondary
instruction in agriculture is being made more rapidly each year, in
response to a popular demand. This demand has reached not onlj'^
the public schools but private schools and academies and many en-
dowed colleges, especially in the central West.

A recently prepared list shows that, aside from the colleges of
agriculture and mechanic arts, there are now fully eight hundred and
sixty institutions in the United States giving regular courses of in-
struction in agriculture, as compared with about five hundred and fifty
a year and a half ago. Of these nearly seven hundred fall in the class
of public and jDrivate high schools, normal schools, and academies,
and hence are offering instruction of secondary grade. In addition,
there are forty-four industrial and farm schools where agriculture is
taught, usualh' in a more elementary way. In an increasing number
of cases credit for admission to the colleges of the State is being given
for agricultural work done in the high schools and academies.

These things show how vast has been the change in public senti-
ment and attitude toward agriculture as a teaching subject. They
furnish a striking illustration of the potent and far-reaching influence
wdiich the agricultural college has exerted.

The recognition of agriculture as worthy of a place in the secondary
school curriculum, and the influence of teachers in thorough sympathy
with country life, will have a potent influence on the country boy.
The least value of such teaching would be through " trade " instruc-
tion and operations on the farm. But in opening the mind of the
student to the possibilities of improved agriculture and the better-
ment of country life, the aid which the intelligent farmer may have
through the experiment stations and other public agencies, and the
satisfaction, as well as profit, to be derived from the rational study
and practice of his art, the public schools may easily become a power-
ful factor toward holding young people on the farms and improving
farm practice on a wide scale. Such instruction will increase the
demand for extension work of the agricultural colleges, as well as
fill their halls with a much larger body of students.

With the establishment of elementary and secondary courses in
agriculture in thousands of schools, the development of a thorough
system of extension teaching and demonstration, our agricultural
colleges and experiment stations can and will devote themselves to
the higher work for which they are especially organized.
31125— No. 5—10 2

RECENT WORK 1\ AGRICULTURAL SCIIiNCE.

A(JRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The nitrogen-containing radicle of lecithin and other phosphatids^, H.
MacLean (liio-Vhcm. Jour., 4 (1D09), No. 5-7, ])p. 2JiO-257; abs. in Jour. Chem.
Soc. [London], i)6 (1909), No. 5(l.i, I, pp. 5.',7, ,5//8).— This work further confirms
the authors previous conclusions (E. S. R., 21, p. 302) that lecithin contains other
nitrogen groups than cholin and that probably part of this nitrogen is present
in the form of amino acid. The formula for lecithin as it is at present emiiloyed
can not therefore be considered correct.

The lecithin and iron content of milk, W. Glikin (Biochcni. Ztschr., 21
(1909), No. 3-5, pp. 3^8-35/1). — In an investigation to determine whether or
not lecithin exists in appreciable amounts in skimmed milk, there was found in
the original whole milk 0.0.51.58 per cent, and in the cream 0.0.5004 per cent.
The remainder, 0.00154 per cent, is within the limits of error and the author
concludes, therefore, that the milk serum contained no lecithin. A sample of
woman's milk with a lecithin content of 0.13294 per cent gave after extraction
with ether 0.0004516 per cent phosphoric acid, corresponding to 0.00.513 per cent
of lecithin.

As the iron in bone marrow stands in close relation to the lecithin content
it was also deemed of interest to know if the same relation existed in milk.
The total iron content of the milk was found to range between 0.009S4 and
0.(X)G8 per cent, and that of the liiioids from 0.00.5!) to 0.0022 per cent, or about
one-half the total iron. The lecithin content ranged from 0.13204 to 0.05158
per cent. An increase in the lecithin content also indicated a higher iron
content.

A relation between the chemical constitution and the optical rotatory
power of the sugar lactones, C. S. Hudson ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chcm. Circ.
JfO, pp. 8). — The author presents the hypothesis that " lactones of dextrorotation
have the lactonic ring on one side of the structure, lactones of levorotation have
it on the other, and the position of the ring shows the former position of the
O H group on the 7-carbon atom." Tables are presented to illustrate that
ground for the hypothesis exists and further data are given to show the appli-
cation of the theory to determine the constitution of the sugars.

Formaldehyde from beet leaves and roots, L. Gentil (Bui. Assoc. Chtm.
Slier, ct Distm.,27 {.1909),No.3, pp. 169-179; abs. in Chcm. Ztg.,33 (1909), No.
126, Repert., p. 538). — By carefully distilling 1 kg. of beet leaves, the author
obtained 0.005 gm. of formaldehyde while from 1 kg, of beet roots, from 0.003
to 0.005 gm. were found. Old leaves and roots yielded only traces. The author
at first assumed that this intermediary production of formaldehyde was the
cause of the sluggish fermentation of beet juice in alcohol manufacture, but
after looking into the matter more closely found that such was not the case
and that such fermentations are probably due to an incomplete inversion of the
sugar.

410

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 411

Colloid chemistry and the soil, II. Gedroiz (Zeiitbl. Agr. Chcm., 38 {1909),
A"o. 7, 1)1). 'i33-.'i3o). — Tbe author seeks to- explain some of the phenomena which
occur in soils by colloid chemistry.

Neubauer's method for potash, B. Schmitz (Chcm. Ztg., 33 (1909), No.
127, pp. 1127, 1128). — A comparative study of the methods of Fresenius' abbre-
viated method and that of Neubauer's (Fiukener's old method). The Neubauer
method is considered very accurate, to have none of the cumbersomeness of the
sulphuric acid method, and to have the further advantage of saving platinum
chlorid.

Determination of phosphoric acid in mineral phosphates, G. Jokgensen
(Analyst, 34 (1909), No. 402, pp. 392, 393; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 28
(1909), No. 19, pp. 1052. 10.53). — A description of the method used in Denmark
as official.

The detection and determination of lead in drinking water, G. Pinchbeck
(Pharm. Jour. [London], 1,. scr., 29 (1909), No. 2406, p. 663). — A description of
the qualitative and quantitative methods for lead in drinking water.

Food inspection and analysis, A. E. Leach (Neic York and London, 1909.
2. erf., rci: and enh, pp. XVIIl+Do',. pis. 40, figs. 120).— This work ( E. S. R. 16
p. 488) has been revised and brought up to date by the addition of new material
by A. L. Winton. The chapter on flesh foods has been rewritten and the pro-
tein nomenclature of the American Physiological Society and Society of Biologi-
cal Chemists has been added.

Modified combustion bomb for calorimetric and analytical purposes, H.
Lanubein (Chcm. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 119. pp. 1055, I05ti, figs. 2).— The modifi-
cation consists of the substitution for the inner platinum or enamel lining
of the bomb of enamel cups which can be easily rei)lenished when worn out.
The heat equilibrium is established in about 4 minutes, as in the Bertholet
calorimeter.

Determination of phosphorus in organic substances by the bomb calorim-
eter, P. Lemoult (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [I'aiis], 149 (1909), No. 11, pp.
511-513). — If a substance like auilin phosphate, triphenyli)hosphine, etc., is
placed within the bomb in a porcelain dish coated with potassium nitrate, a
complete oxidation of the carbon and phosphorus is brought about. The water
which is at the bottom of the bomb dissolves the phosphoric acid thus formed
and it may be determined by precipitation as ammonium magnesium phosphate.

Methods for the quantitative chemical analysis of animal tissues, W.
Koch et al. (Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 31 (1909), No. 12, pp. 1329-1355).— A
series of papers discussing physiological chemical methods.

Variations observed in the composition of lard, E. Durier (Ann. Falsif.,
2 (1909), No. 13, pp. 489-493, fig. 1). — A discussion as to the influence of such
factors as the feeding of the animal, the parts of the carcass from which the fat
was taken, and the methods of extraction (water bath and direct fire) and
deodorization, upon the ultimate results obtained on analysis. Analytical re-
sults ai-e given.

Examination of flour, E. Schaffnit (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl.,
17 (1909), No. 2, pp. 86-88, fig. 1; ahs. in Chcm. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 128, Re-
pert., p. 549, fig. 1). — An apparatus is described with which the microscopical
examination and the Benecke color test can be carried on simultaneously.

Judging' flour by its catalase content, P. Liechti (Chcm. Ztg., 33 (1909),
No. 119, pp. 1057). — The author found that the quality of a flour can be easily
.judged by the amount of oxygen it liberates from peroxld of hydrogen. As the
branny portion of the seed or kernel has the greatest catalytic action, flour
high in bran can be detected. See also a previous note by Wender (E. S. R., 17,
p. 996).

412 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.

Substances in the crust of bread and in biscuits which, give the f'^rric
chlorid reaction, A. Hackk (Ann. J'alsif.. .> {lUU!)), Ao. IS. p. ')0i)).—Ou exani-
iiiiiiu (irdiiijiry brrnd c-nist and Iiiscnits the author finds that the same ferric
chlorid reaction is obtained as that with Nestle's milk Hour.

Rice flour, K. Coli.in (Ann. Falsif., 2 {1909), No. I.>. i>i). ',.iS-.',3<.i, figs. 7).—
This is a discussion of the characteristics of rice Hour and methods for its
dettH.'tion in foods.

The quantitative determination of cane sugar by the use of invertase,
C. S. Hudson {U. IS. Dcpt. Agr., Jim: Vhcm. Virc. 50, pp. 8, fig. 1). — The
author shows that invertase will hydrolyze cane sugar without notably affecting
other substances such as starch, dexti-in, maltose, pentosans, and natural glu-
cosids, and suggests its use for the determination of cane sugar. The method
proposed is as follows :

" Dissolve 2G gm. of the substance to be analyzed for cane sugar in water,
clarify with the usual substances (neutral or basic lead acetate or alumina
cream or kaolin) and make up to 100 cc. volume at 20° C. Filter and read the
polarization of the filtrate, S, for a 200 mm. tube. Remove the excess of lead
from the filtrate, if lead has been used as clarifying agent, with sodium car-
bonate or potassium oxalate and filter. To 50 cc. of the filtrate add acetic acid
by drops until the reaction is acid to litmus, add 5 cc. of the stock invertase
solution and make up the volume to 100 cc. Add a few drops of toluene to the
solution to prevent the growth of micro-organisms, shaking so as to saturate,
and allow to stand at any temperature between 20 and 40° overnight. Under
usual conditions about 6 hours' time is required to accomplish complete hydro-
lysis. In the morning bring the temperature to 20° and read the rotation of
the solution, I, for a 400 mm. tube. The percentage of cane sugar present is

S-I
then calculated by the formula : Per cent of cane sugar= ■. ., y_TxiOf)," where

S is the direct reading of the solution, I the reading of the inverted solution, T
the temperature, and 141.7 the inversion constant.

Directions for the preparation of the invertase solution, which is made from
baker's or brew'er's yeast, are given. Its rotation was 1.0° V in the 400 mm.
tube. It was dextrorotary.

New procedure for determining sugar by Bonnan's method, P. Maillard
(Ann. Chim. Anulyt., /.) (lUO'J), No. 9, pp. 3-'i2-3.',8 : ahs. in Analyst, 3.', (1909),
No. .'lO'i, p. 500). — This is a description of a procedure which is supposed to in-
sure against possible discrepancies due to improi)er conditions of ebullition.
The author has comi)iled a table in which the time relation for the titration is
considered.

A delicate reaction for sugars, Pozzi-Escot (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et
Distill., 27 (1909), No. 3, pp. 179, 180; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 126,
Repert., p. 538). — If 1 cc. of a 5 per cent ammonium molybdate solution is
mixed with 2 cc. of a cane sugar solution (over 0.000.5 per cent) and a contact
test made with 10 to 12 cc. concentrated sulphuric acid, a blue colored ring is
obtained within 20 minutes. If the upper portion of the mixture is heated to
the boiling point, as little as 0.(X)002 per cent of sugar can be detected within 30
minutes.

Clarification of solutions containing invert sugar, C. A. Browne, A. H.
Bryan, and H. W. Wiley (Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckerindus., 1909, No. Sj^S, II, pp.
922-932; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 126, Repert., p. 5.',3).— It is concluded
from these investigations that for lead vinegar neutral lead acetate should be
substituted. It is advisable to control the purity of the latter by determining
its lead content by both the specific gravity and the usual analytical method.

AGRICULtURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 413

The best results were obtained wbeu the dry solid subucetate of lead, i)rei)ared
according to Horne, was employed.

The unification of tables for comparing' the specific gravity with the
sugar content, E. Saillakd (Zt.schr. Ver. Dcut. Ziickcriudu.s., 1909, \o. C'/G, 11,
pp. 1000-1001). — A disciissrou in reference to the temperature for taking the
specific gravity and the temjierature at which the glassware required is stand-
ardized.

Befractometry of molasses, Saillard (Circ. HeM. Syndicat Fair. Sucre
France, 1909, A'o. 10G5 ; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 3S (1909), No. 118, Repert., p. 507).—
In a comparison of the refractometric and usual drying methods for dry sub-
stance in molasses the difference was less than 0.24 per cent in 60 per cent of
the cases and greater in 40 per cent. In only a few instances was the difference
more than O.S ])er cent.

Coppered vegetables and determining copper therein, G. Stein (Ztschr.
Unfersueh. Xahr. u. GenuHKintL, 18 {1909). Xo. 9, pp. 5S8-.5.50). — This is a gen-
eral discussion of the subject and of an effort to ascertain the most accurate
method to determine the copper in canned peas, beans, and the accompanying
liquor. The methods discussed are Brebeck's, von Graff's modification of Bre-
beck's method, and the electrolytic method. A descrijjtion of a new method for
which is claimed the simplicity of the von Graft" method and the accuracy of the
electrolytic method is given.

Contributions to the examination of cocoa and its preparations, A. Proch-
Now (Bfitruf/c zur UntvrsuchiuKj tics Kdl-uos und ftcintr I'riipnntlc. Disfi. Tech.
Hoehschulc Braunschueig, 1909, pp. 70). — This investigation dealt chiefly with
determining the xanthin bases, the fat content, the purity of the fat, and the
presence of cocoa shells (a) by determining the iodin number, (b) by determin-
ing the crude fiber, (c) estimating the pentosans and methylpentosans.

The author concludes from his work that the Katz-Beckurts-Fromme method
for determining the theobromiu is the best. For fat, Soxhlet's method is to be
retained. The range of fat for cocoa (now 40 to 54 per cent) is recommended
to be raised to from 50 to 50 per cent. The purity of the fat should be de-
termined by the usual methods. No new method for testing for animal fats
was discovered. To detect gross adulteration the Filsinger-Drawe method and
the pentosan determination according to Tollens-Krober are recommended.

Chemical composition of tea leaves during various stages of growth, S.
Sawamura (BuL Imp. Cent. Agr. Expt. Sta. Japan, 1 (1907), No. 2, pp. lJt5-H7 ;
abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1908, I, No. 9, pp. 668, 867; Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u.
Genussintl., 18 (1909), No. 10, p. 619). — As the growth progresses the water,
total nitrogen, and thein content diminishes while the ether extract, crude
fiber, and tainiin become greater.

The surface tension and viscosity determined in milk by Traubes stalag-
mometers, R. Burri and T. Nussbaumer (Biochem. Ztschr., 22 (1909), No. 1-2,
pp. 90-102). — The authors sought to determine the changes which occur in the
viscosity and surface tension of milks kept at a constant temperature of 20° C.
and further the influence of cooling on the viscosity and surface tension.

It is shown that during the first 12 hours there is a decrease in the surface
tension but a slight increase in the viscosity. Cooling does not, however, act in
the same manner. In a milk where the temperature did not go lower than 20°
the surface tension fell only slightly, but cooling to 10° produced a marked de-
pression. The surface tension of the milk reaches the minimum depression
limit which could be established upon cooling the milk to 0° or freezing it.
The viscosity test showed no such great variation on cooling. Heating a milk,
which had been cooled, back to body temperature (37°) did not restore the
surface tension of the original milk.

414 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Analysis of altered milk, A. Ki.inc .ind r. Kov {Ann. I'nl.sif., > (l!)()9), Xo.
N. PI). .i.'>7-.H!.i : (lbs. ill Chilli. 7.1(1.. .1.1 (IHllH). Xo. 111. I{<iirrl.. //. .'>l).i). — The
iiiitliors (Innv nltcntion to tlic l';ict lli:i( hiclirdiiiiitc of pot.-isli is not iilwjiys
fatiil 1<> llio bacteria in the milk l»iit simply cliccks their action, and that evi-
dences of decomposition are jiresent in the milk with tlie formation of volatile
prodncts wliich Itrin.u; ahont serious error in liic total solids deteruiinaticMi. A
method based nixm the observation that milk kept under proper conditions in
well-closed bottles retains the fat and total niti'o^cii in an unchan.ued condition is
I)roposed.

Total solids in milk preserved with formaldehyde, II. IIoft {('hem. '/J(i..
S3 (imn)), ^o. 128, p. //.i^).— Mllks preserved with formaldehyde (0.5-1 cc. :
SOO-HOO ec.) showed no appreciable variation from the original as to the con-
tent of total solids after standinjji; from 2 to (> months.

A new method to distinguish boiled from raw milk, A. KociiAix and L.
TiiEVKNON iCompt. Raid. Soc. JiioL [Paris], 67 {1909), Ao. 31, pp. //7.5-,'/77;
(ihs. ill Rev. Gen. Lait, S {1909), No. 1, p. 22).— To 2 cc. of the filtrate obtained
by coagulating 20 cc. of the milk under test and shaking and filtering are added
4 to 5 drops of peroxid of hydrogen and 2 to 3 cc. of a 4 per cent solution of
pyramidon. After shaking the mixture and heating it slightly a violet colora-
tion is obtained. Upon adding a mixture of calcium chlorid and manganese
sulphate this reaction is intensified.

Detection of boiled milk by the microscope, W. Morres {MiJchic. ZentbJ., 5
{1909), No. 11, pp. 502~.'i05, fujs. ,?).— ^Nlilk which has been heated and slowly
cooled will show within the fat .globules a mycelium-like vegetatif)u of fatty
acids, (hi the other hand, uiilk heated and cooled moi'e rapidly will show
various transition stages from fine needles up to diamond-shaped crystals. See
also a previous note (E. S. R., 22, p. 212).

Alcohol-alizarin test for milk, W. Morres (Molk. 7J(j. [HildcsJiriiiil. 23
(1909), Xo. .J7, pp. 1319, 1320). — The author recommends the use of alizarin
instead of litnms in con.iuncfion with the alcohol test for milk. A color scale
has been preparfMl, the various depths of color being referred to a certain
degree of acidify. The scale further shows the corfsistency of the flakes pre-
cipitated by the alcohol. The alcohol test, according to the author, can be
modified for the purpose of making it less expensive by using smaller quantities
of alcohol and milk, and also by tlie use of denatured alcohol.

A modified method to determine salt in butter, J. M. Barnhart iChcm.
Engin.. 10 {1909), No. .5. pp. 165, 166, figs. 1). — The author proposes a method
wdiich in his oi)inion has none of the tendencies to inaccuracy wliich are present
in the official method. In his method the salt is extracted from the residue
left from the indirect fat determination by boiling it in liot water. Suction
is applied to the Gooch crucible, in order to remove w-ashings by filtration,
and a filtrate of about 100 cc. is collected in a 150 cc. beaker. After cooling
the bealvcr it is placed in a porcelain jar, in order to get a white background
and titrated in the usual way.

Moisture determination in cheese with various ovens, von Sobbe {Milehic.
ZenthJ., .5 {1909), No. 11, pp. 50.5-509). — The Soxhlet oven, when compared with
the ordinary oven, gives more accurate results and is more easily manipulated.
The only disadvantage it has is the length of time required in heating up the
oven to the iirojjer temiierature at the beginning.

Estimation of lactic acid in cheese, S. Suzuki and E. B. Hart {Jour. Anier.
Chem. Soe., 31 {1909), No. 12, pp. 136Ji-1367). — Comparisons were made between
Palm's method, based on the formation of basic lead lactate, Partheil's distil-
lation method, and the usual zinc lactate method. The authors conclude from
their w^ork that the Palm method when used quantitatively yields low results.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 415

The Partheil metbotl is not applicable when the mixture contains such acids
as malic, citric, succinic, tartaric, and oxalic. Good results were obtained with
the usual method of extraction with ether after acidifying and separation of
the zinc salt.

The detection and determination of saccharin, G. Testoni (Ztschr. Unter-
such. Nahr. u. Oemissmtl, 18 (1909), No. 10, pp. 577-587).— This is a descrip-
tion and discussion of the methods for detecting and determining saccharin
in the presence of salicylic, benzoic, citric, tartaric, and tannic acids, and vola-
tile and fatty oils. Two new methods have been worked out, one of which is
based on the determination of the sulphur radicle of the sacchai'in, and the
other on the hydrolysis of the saccharin with hydrochloric acid, wliich forms
the monoammonium salt of sulphobenzoic acid.

Ethereal oils and odoriferous bodies, F. Rociiussen (Atherischc die und
Rirchstoffr. Leipsic, 1909, pp. 190, fiffs. 9). — A brief description of these bodies
is given with methods of their manufacture and examination, the more common
adulterations, and the utilization of these products.

The determination of the volatile acids of tobacco, etc., J. Toth (Chem.
Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 119, p. 1061).— A reply to Kissling (E. S. R., 22, p. 11).

Estimation of fat in feces, P. Rochaix (Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 6. ser., 30
(1909), No. 11, pp. 487-491). — The purpose of this method is to determine the
nature of the total fatty matter in the feces. It consists of exti'acting the
dried feces with anhydrous ether, which extracts the fatty acids and neutral
fats. The fatty acids are then determined titrametically, and the neutral fats
by difference. The soap which is retained in the fecal residue is treated with
hydrochloric acid which liberates the fatty acids. These are shaken out with
ether and titrated with decinormal sodium hydroxid solution. The author rec-
ommends decinormnl oxalic acid for titrating back the excess of alkali.

The technique of the qualitative analysis of feces, R. Gatiltier (Compt.
Rriid. Nor. Biol. \l'(tri.-t\. 61 (1909). No. 32, pp. 509-5 11 ).^A critical discussion.

Examination of cresol soap solution, R. Rapp (Apoth. Ztg.. 24 (1909), No.
10, pp. 641, 642; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. Ill, Repert., p. 505).— The
disinfecting value of phenol homologues increases with the ascension of the
series.

The apples in the fermentation industry, H. C Holm (Pure Products, 5
(1909). No. 12, pp. 632-631). — This is the second of a series of popular articles
on cider making.

The sweetening' of cider by the addition of saccharose or g'lucose, G. Wak-
COLLIEK (Ann. Falsif., 2 (1909), No. 12, pp. 4^5-421). — From numerous analyses
made at the Caen Pomological Station it is shown that the glucose-levulose
ratio of ciders which contain at least 10 gm. of total sugar per liter lies be-
tweed 0.4 and 0. If this figure is found to be between 0.5 and 1 the addition of
saccharose may be suspected, if greater than 1, the addition of glucose.

The cold storag'e of apple cider, H. C. Gore (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Chem.
Circ. 48, PP- 13, figs. 9). — Experiments were conducted with Tolman, Winesap,
Yellow Newtown, Ralls, Gilpin, Baldwin, Golden Russet, Roxbury Russet, and
Kentucky Red varieties of apples for the purpose of obtaining procedures which
could later be applied to the commercial preparation of cider. The fruit em-
ployed in all instances was seconds. The must was chilled as soon as pressed
from the apples to 32° F., and kept at that temperature in cold storage. There
was no noticeable fermentation for a period varying from 36 to 57 days with
the first 6 varieties mentioned above, and S3 days in the case of Golden Russet,
Roxbury Russet, and Kentucky Red.

" These ciders were held for a period of from 90 to 119 days, an average of
99 days for the first 6 varieties and of 125 days for the last 3, before they fer-

416 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

nientod sufficiently to he coiisulcrcd as boconiiii}: 'hard' or 'sour.' The ciders
were found to have suffered no deterioration (with the exception of the Tol-
ruan), but rather had become more palatable during storage."

Organoleptic tests and chemical analyses are included.

Home manufacture of cider vinegar, L. L. Van Slyke {Mo. lid. Hort. Ilnl.
1, J)]). 1')). — A description of the manufacture of cider vinegar with a discussion
of the whys and wlHMH'fores of the various stejis in the iirocess.

Manufacture of dry tomato conserve (liol. Sor. Fomoito Fahrll \VhUc^, 26
[I'.Hl'J) So. 11. IK 5(1J). — A brief general description of the i)rocess.

Relation between the nitrogren content of barley and the extract yielded
by the malt, J. Fries {Ztschr. (tcsam. Brauw., 32 il'MU), pi). 500-503; abs. in
Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 28 (1909), No. 20, p. 1098).— The content of nitrogen in
TOO samples of 1908 barley was compared with the extract yielded by the
manufactured malt. The results indicate that with a high protein content in
the barley there is a corresponding decrease in the yield of extract in the
resulting malt.

The amount of spirits extracted from a ton of raisins, A. J. I'erkins (Jour.
Dci)t. Ayr. So. Atist., 13 {1909), No. 3, pp. 193-198) .—In 3 experiments with
first-grade raisins, yields of 155.17 gal., 147.21 gal., and 153.77 gal. of proof
spirits per ton were obtained. Similar experiments with second-grade raisins
gave yields of 135.47 gal., 133.51 gal., and 137.94 gal. The author makes a
reply to his critics and gives suggestions for the handling of raisins for
distillation.

By-products of cotton seed and their utilization, C. Beadle and H. P.
Stevens {Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 28 {1909), Xo. 19, pp. 1015-1020, fig. 1).—
This is a description of the use of cotton-seed hulls for paper making and
cattle feeding.

METEOROLOGY— WATER.

Agricultural meteorology, E. G. Locke, edited and supplemented by B. I.
Sreznevski {SeVskokliozyalstvennaya Meteorologhiya. Yuryev, 1908, pp. 3)8;
rev. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 {1909), No. 3, pp.
JfJiS, ■i44)- — The work contains the following chapters: The pi'oblems of agri-
cultural meteorology and the organization of observations, weather forecasting
and service, popular signs regarding the weather, phenological observations,
composition and chemistry of the air, influence of the meteorological factors
on plants, temperatui'e of the air, temperature of the soil, humidity of the soil,
influence of humidity on plants, precipitation — origin, distribution, and in-
fluence on crops, protection against droughts and hail, evaporation by plants,
the wind and dust phenomena, insolation, diffused light and influence of cloudi-
ness, consumption of light according to Wisner, significance of the color of the
rays, electricity, relations between growth and yields, and the general condi
tions of the weather.

Wind and weather, L. Weber {Wind und Wetter. Leipsic, 1909, 2. ed., pp.
IV-\-116, figs. 28, dgms. 3). — This is a second revised edition of this manual
which summarizes iu small space the more important principles and facts
relating to meteorology.

Frosts and hail, A. Rolet (Les Gelees et la Grele, Guide pour la Defense et
la Protection des R^coltes, a VUsage des Viticulteurs, Horticulteurs, Agricul-
teurs. Paris, [1909}, vols. 1, pp. 121/; 2, pp. 127). — This book is designated as
a guide to the defense and pi'otection of crops, for the use of viticulturists.
horticulturists, and agriculturists. The various practical methods which have
been proposed for the protection of crops against frosts and hail are described,

METEOROLOGY — WATER. 41 7

as well as the organizations which have been formed in France for protection
and insurance against damage from this source.

International catalogue of scientific literature. F — Meteorology (Internat.
Cat, 8ci. Lit., 6 (1008), pp. y///+257).— This is the sixth annual issue of this
catalogue, covering mainly the literature of 1906, but also including some refer-
ences to the literature of 1901 to 1905 omitted from previous issues.

International catalogue of scientific literature. "F — Meteorology {Internat.
Cat. Sci.Lit.. 7 HUOH). pp. 177/ +28'/). —This is the seventh annual issue of
this catalogue, covering mainly the literature of 1907, but also including some
references to the literature of 1901 to 1906 omitted from previous issues.

A new method of weather forecasting, G. Guilbekt (NoitvcUr Mcthode de
Prevision du Temps. Paris, 1900, pp. XXXVIII+3.'t3, pis. 3, figs. 85; rev. in
Nature [London], 82 (1910), No. 2097, pp. 271, 272).— This book explains in
detail the principles underlying the method employed by the author in his suc-
cessful contests for the prize offered by the Belgian Society of Astronomy,
Meteorology, and Terrestrial Physics in 1905 for the most accurate short-period
forecasts of weather. This method is based upon two new principles, which the
author explains.

It is stated in the first place that if in any region the observed wind forces
are markedly in excess of the normal for the prevailing barometric gradient at
sea level a surge of high pressure in the direction of the gradient may be looked
for and' vice versa. " It follows from this general principle that a depression
which is surrounded on all sides by winds in excess of the normal will fill up,
whereas a depression surrounded by winds in defect will grow deeper. If the
defect is great, a depression of small intensity will develop into a violent storm
center. A depression round which the distribution of wind force as compared
with the prevailing gradient is unsymmetrical will move toward the region of
' least resistance,' i. e., the region where the winds are most conspicuously in
defect. In identifying the region of least resistance the second principle is also
used. It is based on the conception of ' divergent ' winds. Any wind which has
a component directed away from a center of low pressure is divergent for that
center, and as such marks a region of low resistance to its advance. Generally
speaking, the gi'eater the ' divergence ' the less the ' resistance.' Strong north-
erly or northwesterly winds to the eastward of a depression are looked upon as
an extreme case of divergence, and as a sure sign of a rapid advance of the
depression."

A large number of rules for forecasting, based upon these two fundamental
principles, are elaborated, and the application of these rules is illustrated by a
large number of examples taken mainly from forecasts issued by the weather
bureau at Paris. The principles enunciated and the rules given are a direct
result of a careful study of weather maps ; " they are entirely empirical, and
no attempt is made to justify them from general dynamical considerations."

The book contains a preface by B. Brunhes, director of the Puy de Dome ob-
servatory, which calls attention to the fact that Guilbert's rules are consistent
with results deduced by Lord Kelvin and Bjerknes for the action of a steady
current on a vortex, and describes some laboratory experiments of his own illus-
trating the phenomena.

Evolution of barometric lows and Guilbert's rules for weather forecasting,
B. Brunhes (Rev. G6n. Set., 20 (1909), No. 9, pp. 393-406, figs. 8).— This article
is a reprint of the preface of the book noted above.

The influence of the moon on the earth's atmosphere, Schuster (Der Ein-
fiuss des Mondes auf unsere Atmosphdrc. Karlsruhe, 190S, pp. 31, pis. 2). —
With the observations of the Karlsruhe Meteorological Station as a basis the

418 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Mttoiniit is iiiiult' 1() slidw liy iiiciins i>f lii))ul:ir daln nntl cIimi'Is llio relation
betwiH'ii ])li:is('s of (he inoou and barometric ])r(>ssnr('. The jjeneral eonclnslon
reached is that the moon in its phases exerts an ai)i)reciahle inflnence ni)on the
earth's aliiKtsidiere. Whether this is direct or indirect has not l)cen (h'tinitely
determined.

The relation of weather to crops and varieties adapted to Arizona condi-
tions, A. J. McCi.ATCiiiE and ,7. E. Coit {Arizona »S7«. Bill. 61, pp. 'i65-52'i. fig.
J). — This is in snbstance a revision of Bnlletin 48 of the station (E. S. R.,
16, p. 235). "The arrangenient and a few of the statements and conclnsions
have been changed somewhat in order to make them accord more fnlly with
the facts brought out by an additional Ave years of observation. P»y far the
greatest change, however, has been the interpolation of a large amount of
information in regard to the adaptation of different varieties to different parts
of the Territory. This information has been secured not only from records
which have been accumulating at the station farm but from personal visits to
and circular letters sent out to many farmers in all parts of the Territory."

Evaporation in a hog habitat, M. G. Dickey {Ohio Nat.. 10 {1909), No. 2,
pp. 17-23, figs. 2). — Observations on evaporation at different places on a bog
island in the Licking Reservoir near Columbus, Ohio, ai-e reported, and the re-
sults are discussed with reference to the influence of humidity, temperature,
and wind velocity. The effect of the growth of leaves in the early part of the
season and their fall at the end of the period of observation was also noted. A
short list of references to literature on the subject is given.

Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bui. Mount
Weather Obiierv., 2 {1909), pt. 3, pp. 109-182, figs. 33, charts 6).— This number
contains the following articles: Certain Laws of Radiation and Absorption and
a Few of Their Applications (illus. ), by W. J. Humphreys; An Unusual Display
of False Cirrus, by W. J. Humphreys; The Aerological Congress at Monaco, by
A. L. Rotch; and Upper Air Data (illus.), by AV. R. Blair.

Beport of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1907-8 (U. 8. Drpt. Agr.,
Weather Bur. Rpt. 1907-8, pp. XX XI f 1+397). —Fart 1 of this document con-
sists of an administrative report reviewing the operations of the Weather
Bureau during the year; part 2 gives a list of observing stations and changes
therein during 1907, and twicenlaily t)bservations for 20 selected stations during
1907; part 3, monthly and annual meteorological sunnnaries for ISS stations;
part 4, monthly and annual means and annual extremes of temperature and
dates of first and last killing frosts, 1907 ; part 5, monthly and annual precipi-
tation, 1907, and monthly and seasonal snowfall, 1907-8; and part 6, miscella-
neous meteorological tables and reports.

The work of the year at Mount Weather was seriously Interfered with by the
destruction of the administration building by fire October 23, 1907, nevertheless
daily meteorological observations were continued as well as the special studies
on the upper air and in terrestrial magnetism and solar physics. A new
formula for computing the solar constant was developed as a result of seven
years' study of the problem of the measurement of the total heat which reaches
the outside limits of the earth's atmosphere from the sun. The use of the upper
air observations at Mount Weather in the weather forecasts issued at Washing-
ton was extended. Forecasts for periods of about a week in advance were made
experimentally during the year.

Reference is made to the beginning of the preparation of a new series of
cliniatological papers, " in which the records of in-ecipitation, temperature,
dates of the first and last killing frosts, and prevailing wind directions are
collected, the precipitation tables including all available data since the year
1871. These reviews are made comorehensive for small sections of the United

METEOROLOGY WATER. 419

States, which it is inteiuled Kriulually to cover in this mannor. The papers
will be of value to agriculturists, engineers requiring data on water resources,
and otlier citizens who seeli information regarding the climate of the several
sections."

Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 37 (1909), Nos. 7, pp. 265-1,10,
figs. 7, charts S2; 8, pp. 411-550, charts 32; 9, pp. 551^696, figs. 2, charts 32; 10,
pp. 697-840, figs. 3, charts 32). — With the July number several important
changes were made in the contents of the Review. It now contains " represent-
ative climatological data covering the general climatology, the daily precipita-
tion, and daily maximum and minimum ten)peratures " for each of 12 climato-
logical districts, practically coinciding with the great drainage basins of tlie
United States. " The data for each of the 12 districts will be edited by local
representatives familiar with the country, who will prepare monthly summaries
made up from the notes written by the several section directors."

Section bulletins will not be issued as heretofore, but separates will be avail-
able for distribution in the respective districts.

The Review will continue to give " the usual data regarding the forecasts,
the river stages, the storm tracks, and similar matter. Resides these there will
be prepared each month several charts covering the climatology of the United
States, for the precipitation and the temperature conditions of the month."

The change in form of publication was rendered desirable by the organization
of an inter-Bureau service, including the Forest Service and the Bureau of
Plant Industry of this Department, and the Reclamation Service, Water Re-
sources Branch of the Geological Survey, and Office of Indian Affairs of the In-
terior Department.

"The purpose of this inter-Bureau cooperation is to secure observers to make
records of the amount and condition of the snowfall and rainfall along the
sources of the rivers utilized farther on by the irrigation and power projects at
lower levels. In a general way the U. S. Weather Bui'eau supplies the neces-
sary apparatus, instructs tlie observers, and makes a small payment for the tak-
ing of the required observations, while the cooperating Bureaus render most
valuable service in securing observers and in installing the apparatus. A good
F>eginning has been made in the work of organizing this inter-Bureau service in
respect to the water resources of the semiarid regions of the West, but it will
take some time to extend it as far as required by the demands of the people."

The four numbers here noted contain climatological summaries for the 12
climatic districts referred to above, weather forecasts and warnings for July,
August, September, and October, 1909, respectively, river and flood observations,
special papers on general meteorology, including lists of additions to the
Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology, a
condensed climatological summary, and climatological tables and charts.

Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Ostrander and C. M. Damon (Massachusetts 8ta. Met.
Bills. 251, 252, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on pressure, tempera-
ture, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena
during November and December, 1909. are presented. The general character of
the weather of each month is briefly discussed, and the December bulletin gives
a summary for the year. The principal data in this summary are as follows:

Pressure, reduced to freezing and sea level (inches). — Maximum, 30.75, Jan-
uary S and 16; minimum, 28.84, March 2.5; mean, 30.006. Air tcmpcratm'e,
in ground shelter (degrees F.). — Maximum, 94, August 8; minimum, — 8.5.
December 30 ; mean, 46.8. Humidity. — Mean dew-point, 38.2 ; mean relative
humidity, 76.8. Precipitation. — Total rainfall or melted snow, 39.12 in.; num-
ber of days on which 0.01 in. or more rain or melted snow fell, 128; total snow-

420 EXPERIMENT STAllON liECORD.

fall, .".l in. Wcnilicr. — Total cIoikIIiu'ss i-ccordcd liy sun llici-nionictcr, 1,044
hours, or 44 per ('cnl ; niinihci- of chai- days, 11'.;. lirUjIit siin.shinr. — Nnnihor
of liours rocordod, 2.r)l<», or ~>(> per cent. Wind. -rrovaiUnj; diroctioii, north-
west; total niovcnicnt, G:{,r»i;{ miles; inaxiniuni daily movement, 7o.'"» miles, Aj)ril
S; minimuiii daily movement, 1!) miles, November 2.S ; maximum pressure per
square foot, 27.5 ll)s., .\pril S. north-nortliwest. Dates of frost. — Last, May 12;
first, Oetober i;>. /talis of siioiv. — Last, Ai)ril 21); hrst, October 17.

Meteorolog'ical summary for 1908, ('. A. Patton (Ohio 8ta. Bui. 205, pp.
27H-297). — This summary inchules as usual notes on the weather of each month
and tabulated daily and monthly records of observations at the station at
Wooster, Ohio, on temi)erature, precipitation, cloudiness, direction of the wind,
etc., and for comparison, similar data for 21 previous years (ISSS-IOOS) at the
station and for 2('. years (1.S83-190S) in other parts of the State.

The mean tenipcMature for the year at the station was 51° F., for the State
52.1°; the hishest temperature at the station 95°, August 3 and September 24
and 25, for the State 104°, August 3; the lowest temperature at the station —3°,
February 9, for the State —22°, February 9. The annual rainfall at the station
was 33.94 in., for the State 34.00 in. The number of rainy days at the station
was 117, for the State 111. The prevailing direction of the wind was soutli-
west at the station and for the State.

Meteorolog'ical conditions of the year 1908 (Ann. I'Jjir. Prov. Affr. Bologna,
J5 (1908), pp. 2 'i-'i-^ '/!>). — In general the weather conditions during the year at
Bologna were favorable, esi^ecially for wheat and grapes. The summer drought
was unfavorable for forage crops, corn, and potatoes. Tables are given showing
for each month in the year the maximum, minimum, and average temperature
and barometric pressure, the precipitation, state of the sky, and miscellaneous
items, including number of days with rain or snow, fog, frost, wind, and liail.

Meteorolog'ical observations, M. Boulatovitch (GhocUclmuii Otchet Ploty.
Srisk. KIioz. OpuUn. titun.zlJ, /'/ (190S), pp. 1-51, /6*.'^-i76').— Observations on
precipitation (including snowfall), evaporation, humidity of the air, temi)era-
ture of the air and soil, sunshine and cloudiness, wind movement and barometric
pressure at the Ploty Experiment Station are reported as in previous years.

The distribution of rainfall in the southeastern European peninsula, F.
Trzebitzky (Mitt. Justus Perthes' Gcogr. Anst., 55 (1909), No. 8, pp. 180-188,
ehart 1). — The distribution of rainfall in Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Roumania,
and adjacent countries is charted and discussed with reference to variation
as dependent upon topography and sea winds.

[Temperature and rainfall. Cape of Good Hope] (Statis. Reg. Cape Good
Hope, 1908, pp. -'i5, .'/6'). — The available data on temperature and rainfall are
summarized.

Meteorology, C. H. Knowles (Rpt. Agr. Fiji, 1908, pp. 15-19). — Observations
on temperature, rainfall, humidity, sunshine, and wind movement at various
points in Fiji for the year 190S are sunmiarized and briefly discussed with refer-
ence to the growth of crops during the year.

Climate of Argentina, O. G. Davis (In Vcn.^o Agropeeuario Nacional la Gana-
deria y la AgricuUura en 1908. Buenos Aires: Govt., 1909, vol. 3, pp. 611-721,
charts f/lf). — This is an exhaustive summary of the climatic features of the
country.

Climatology of the Colombian Plateau, J. de Dios Carrasquilla (Rev. Min.
Obras Pub. [ColoniMa], // (1909), No. 10, pp. 750-756., dgm. i).— The principal
climatologicar characteristics of this region are described.

The climate of India according to the latest data, A. Woeikow (Met.
Ztschr., 26. (1909), No. 11, pp. JiSI-^96). — The main climatic characteristics of
India are described on the basis of data contained in the Indian Meteorological

METEOROLOGY WATER. 421

Memoirs and Climatologicol Atlas of India, issued under the dii-ection of Sir
John Eliot (E. S. R., IS, p. 526). It is stated that tlie climate of India is better
known than that of any other retiion of so great extent.

The public utility of water powers and their governmental regulation, R.
Taveknier and M. O. Leightox {U. S. Geol. Survey, Watcr-Suijply Paper 'No.
238, pp. 161). — This paper shows the governmental methods of dealing with the
problem of water power in France, Switzerland, Italy, and the United States.

The quality of surface waters in the United States. — Part I, Analyses of
waters east of the one hundredth meridian, R. B. Dole {U. S. GcoI. Survey,
Water-Supiily Paper No. 236, pp. 123). — This report gives methods of analysis,
location of sampling stations, and detailed results of analyses of surface waters
cast of the one hundredth meridian. Later reports will discuss the analyses
in relation to stream flow, climate, forestation, geologic environment, pollution,
and other factors, as well as the use of the waters for industrial purposes and
chemical denudation.

The search for underground water, L. Chaptal (Prog. Ayr. et Vit. (Ed.
VEst-Centre), 30 {1909). No. .',6, pp. 615-619). — The various topographic and
geological characteristics which must be borne in mind in locating underground
water are described and the methods of professional locators of ground water
are briefly discussed.

The pollution of streams by sulphite pulp waste. — A study of possible
remedies, E. B. Phelps (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 226, pp.
31, pi. 1). — This paper deals with the pollution of Lake Champlain and the
James, Potomac, and Black rivers ; the manufacture of sulphite pulp ; and the
composition and utilization of sulphite pulp waste liquor.

It is shown that stream pollution by the waste from sulphite pulp mills is
extensive and wasteful. 2A billion pounds of solid matter from this source being
turned into the rivers and lakes of the United States every year. The success-
ful disposal of this liquor depends upon the utilization of the so-called lignone
which it contains. This lignone is used to a slight extent as an adhesive and
as a source of tannin. It gives by nitration a series of dyes which may have
some commercial value.

Disinfection as an adjunct to water purification, II. W. Clark and S. DeM.
Gage (Jour. New England Water Works Assoc, 23 (1909), No. 3, pp. 302-
323). — Tests of disinfection with permanganate of potash and bleaching powder
in connection with mechanical filtration indicated that complete sterilization
of a highly polluted water can not be secured by the use of eitlier of these
agents unless they be employed in extremely large amounts. Better results
were obtained when the bleach was used in combination with sulphate of
alumina in mechanical filtration. The authors believe that disinfection should
not be depended upon in any case, but should be followed by filtration.

Studies on the purification of sewage by means of peat beds, A. MtJNTz and
E. Laine (Monit. Set., Jf. sen, 23 {1909), II, No. 813, pp. 589-606, figs. 2,
dgms. 3). — Already noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 416).

Sewage disposal at country houses {Engin. Rec., 60 {1909), No. 25, pp. 681-
683). — This is an abstract of an address by J. D. Watson at a meeting of the
Institution of Sanitary Engineers of England. The information needed in the
selection and installation of an efiicient sewage system for country houses is
discussed.

For ordinary conditions, the establishment of a bacterial plant on the per-
colation system is recommended. This should consist of (1) a septic or sedi-
mentation tank, (2) a percolation bed, and (3) a small sand filter or other
suitable means of removing organic matter from the bacteria bed effluent.
The use of subirrigation as a suitable means for the latter purpose is dis-

422 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

cnssinl. It is stntod tlcit siiliii'ri;r;iti(>n is (-.•isily inst:illiMl and clliciciil in ojiera-
lion if irivcii tlic jn'oiicr alti'iition.

The hygienic importance of pond culture, AV. ('iu)Niikim iLdiithr. ./dlnh..
38 (1009), ErfMnziiiif/sh. r>, pp. 2.13-263) .—The uso of fish ponds for the dis-
posal and utilization of sewage is discussed. It is shown that a certain amount
of sewage can be purified and profitably disposed of by turning it into fish
ponds and thus increasing the plant and animal growth in the ponds.

Pond fertilizing- and purification of sewage, W. Cronheim (Ztschr. Landw.
Kamiiirr Schlcsirn, 13 (1909), Xo. 33, pp. 076-981). — Experiments with super-
]ihosi)ha(e. sulphate of potash, and nitrate of soda, as well as with sewage, to
increase growth of food plants in ponds are briefly referred to and the advan-
tages of the ]iractice are discussed.

Pond fertilizing. Kuhnkkt (Ztschr. Landw. Kammer 8chlcsicn, 13 (1909).
No. JjS, pp. I.'f57-l.'i60). — Experiments with Thomas slag, Icainit, lime, and nitrate
of soda are reported, and the advantages of the use of such materials in ponds
are discussed.

The utilization of sewage for the production of crude oil and ammonia,
M. F. TuucELL (Trans. Inst. Min. Engin. [Gt. Brit.], 35 (1907-8), pi. .',. pp.
537-5U; obs. in Chem. Ahs., J, (1910), No. 1, p. 72).— In an effort to find some
better method of utilizing filter press sludge than its application as a fertilizer,
the author made experiments on a small scale in which the dry sludge was sub-
jected to distillation as in case of shalei In this way considerable amounts of
ammonium sulphate, crude oil suitable for gas enrichment, and a residue valu-
able for cement manufacture, besides combustible gases which could be utilized
in drying the sludge, were obtained at an estimated profit somewhat higher than
that obtained from shale distillation. It was found on an average that from
9 to 10 gal. of oil and from 57 to 65 and in some cases 100 lbs. of ammonium
sulphate per ton of sludge were obtained.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

Changes in the composition of the loess soils of Nebraska caused by cul-
tivation, F. J. Alway (Nebraska Sta. Bui. Ill, pp. 3-10). — The term loess as
applied to Nebraska soils is defined and the results of analyses of samples of
tyi)ical loess soil from different parts of the State (Antelope and Lancaster
counties) taken at diff'erent depths from the surface inch to the sixth foot are
reported. A comparison is also made of the composition of the surface soil of
l)rairie fields with that of adjacent long-cultivated fields of which the history
for 30 to 40 years is known. The average results of this comparison were as
follows : Potash — prairie 0.67 per cent, cultivated soil 0.65 per cent ; phosphoric
acid — jirairie 0.07 per cent, cultivated soil 0.07 per cent; lime — prairie 0.48
per cent, cultivated soil 0.48 per cent.

The results show in general that " in their virgin condition the loess soils of
eastern Nebraska are rich in potash, nitrogen, humus (vegetable mold), and
unhumified organic matter. The supply of lime is good and that of phosphoric
acid is fair to good. Judged on the basis of their chemical composition these
loess soils would be rated very fertile and likely to long maintain their produc-
tive capacity if kept in good physical condition and well supplied with nitrogen
and organic matter.

"The content of phosphoric acid, potash, and lime, being no lower in the sub-
soil than in the surface soil, no lowering of the percentages of these three con-
stituents is produced by the blowing away or washing away of the surface. The
content of nitrogen, humus, and unhumified organic matter decreases rapidly

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 423

from the surface downward. Accordingly erosion, either by wind or water,
impoverishes the surface soil,

" Chemical analyses do not show any difference between virgin prairies and
long-cultivated fields in the proportion of ixttash, phosphoric acid, and lime;
they do show, however, a great loss of nitrogen, humus, and unhumified organic
matter in the case of all fields long under cultivation.

" The greatest losses of organic matter, nitrogen, and humus have been caused
either by the washing or by the blowing away of the surface soil."

The question of preventing erosion by water and wind and maintaining the
supply of humus and nitrogen in these soils is discussed.

Soils of Pender County, North. Carolina: A preliminary report, H. H. Ben-
nett (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Soils Circ. 20, pp. 16). — This is an accoimt of pre-
liminary examinations made in June, 1909, of soils at a number of points in
this county to determine the character and agricultural possibilities of the im-
portant types. The region studied is in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and borders
upon the Atlantic Ocean, with a water frontage of 12 miles and extending
inland a distance of 35 miles. The area presents the appearance of a plain
interrupted by slight surface unevenness due to erosion. Notes are given upon
the climate and agriculture of the county and the soil conditions are described.
There are considerable areas which are in need of drainage.

The soils have been derived from materials washed down from the Piedmont
region and deposited in the sea that formerly covered this coastal plain area.
The Norfolk fine sandy loam is the most extensive, and on account of its good
natural drainage the most used soil type of the area. Besides this type there
are several areas of Norfolk fine sand, Portsmouth fine sandy loam, and smaller
areas of several other types. Suggestions are made as to the best use to be
made of the different typos in crop production.

Contribution to the study of Bolognese soils, F. Costanzini (Ann. Vfflc.
Prov. Agr. Bologna, 15 {1908), pp. 173-179). — Determinations of the percentage
of lime in various samples of soils submitted are reported. Analyses of 3 soils
are also given. Fertilizers for permanent meadow, for cereals, and for forage
crops are recommeaded.

The dynamic viewpoint of soils, F. K. Cameron (Jour. Indus, and Engin.
Chem., 1 (1909), Xo. 12, pp. S06-810). — This paper, which deals with various
phases of the more recent theories of soil fertility, is summarized as follows:

"(1) Hitherto, the soil has generally been regarded from a static viewpoint.
It now appears more rational to view it dynamically.

"(2) From the static viewpoint, fertilizers are valuable chiefly as sources of
plant food. From the dynamic viewpoint this function is generally a minor
one, and fertilizers have certainly other important functions of a physical,
chemical, and biological character.

"(3) Some advocates of the static viewpoint would make a distinction be-
tween fertilizers and stimulants. But this requires to be shown, and as now
used these terms are merely a begging of the question at issue.

"(4) Everyone believes in crop rotations. Advocates of the static view-
point hold that it always hastens the depletion of mineral plant nutrients in
the soil. This is at least doubtful.

"(5) The advocates of the static viewpoint hold that under cropping, mineral
plant nutrients necessarily disappear and soil ' exhaustion ' is due to this fact.
But the evidence now available does not warrant these premises, and the cause
or causes of exhaustion must be sought elsewhere, among others, in the char-
acter of the organic substances in the soil, and the biological processes there
taking place.

424 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

"(Ci) The ndvocatos of the statio viewpoint hold that crop yields are deereas-
iiij;, owiiiiLi to (h'pletion of available i)lant food. JUit croj) yields are iiicreasiiij^
and factors other than the plant food supi)ly are the dominating; ones.

"(T) To the advocates of th<' static viewpoint, soil chemistry is slmi)Ie, and
merely a matter of supplying enough mineral nutrients in ' available ' form for
the crop needs. As a matter of fact, soil chemistry is a very complex subject,
into which we are just beginning to get glimpses, and the supply of mineral
nutrients is only one of the important details in a very intricate problem.
Soil fertility will only become simple, if ever, when we have a much fuller and
more comprehensive knowledge of the physical, chemical, and biological proc-
esses taking i)lace in the soil. To attain this knowledge, the soil must be
regarded from the dynamic viewpoint."

The soil considered as a reserve food supply, Maizieres {Engrais, 2'f (190!)),
No. 36, pp. 993-995; ahs. in Chem. Ahs., 4 (0)10), No. 1, p. 74).— It is pointed
out that ordinary cultivated soils contain sufficient amounts of nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid, and potash to give large yields for many years, but that as a rule
these constituents exist largely in unassimilable forms and that too small a
proportion of them becomes available each year to give maximum yields with-
out the use of readily available fertilizers.

The availability of the soil potash in clay and clay loam soils, F. W.
Morse and B. E. Curry {New Hampshire 8ta. Bui. l-'i2, pp. 39-58, fig. 1). — The
data upon which this bulletin is based have already been noted (E. S. R., 21.
pp. 713, 714, 715). The bulletin deals particularly with the water-soluble
potash in soils, how to increase the availability of the soil potash, and what
becomes of the potash added in fertilizers. Among the more important facts
brought out are:

" The clay and clay loam soils carry large quantities of potash. The potash
in these soils is soluble enough to supply potash for heavy crops of grass with-
out artificial reenforcement.

"Additional potash when supplied in commercial fertilizers does not affect
the yield or the composition of the grasses. The amount of potash required
for a grass crop is proportional to the yield.

"A comparison made between the amount of water-soluble potash in these
soils, the amount of potash in the crop, and the amount of soil water required
to produce the crop, shows that the addition of potash fertilizers is not neces-
sary. This relation stands for these soils when large yields are produced by
the addition of other fertilizer.

" It is shown that when lime reacts with feldspathic minerals the potash dis-
solves. Also when clay is present, as in these soils, no increased amount of
soluble potash is produced. This is because of the action of the clay on the
solubility of potash.

"A large part of the potash in fertilizers is changed to an insoluble condition
soon after it is applied to the soils. When the potash is rendered insoluble
other bases go into solution. Lime has decided effects on these by-products."

On the fertility of soils with regard to phosphoric acid, A. Kostzyeletzkii
(Zhur. Opuitri. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Laiulw.), JO {1909), No. 3, pp. 321-
354, flffs. 5). — Two lines of investigation are reported, (1) a comparison of
the yields obtained in pot experiments with samples of the same soil taken at
different depths with the amounts of phosphoric acid found in the soil by treat-
ment with varying proportions of a weak solvent, and (2) the use of culttires
of Aspergillus niger in soil investigations.

The physical properties of the soil samples were very similar, but, as shown
by chemical analysis, there was a considerable variation in the phosphoric acid
content. Oats was the crop grown, and the data show that there was a close

SOILS FEETILIZERS. 425

aRreenient between the yields and the uiuonnt of pliosplioric acid dissolved by 1
per cent hydrochloric acid in the ratio of 100 pai-ts of acid to 1 of soil.

Experiments are reported which show that by replacing a portion of the
phosphoric acid and potash of nntrient solutions used for the growth of A.
nigcr by soil extracts an indication of the amount and availability of phosphoric
acid in the soil may be obtained from the growth of the organism.

The thermal effect of moistening the soil, A. Muntz and H. Gaudechon
{ Com lit. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris}, 1'i9 (1909), A'o. 6, pp. 377-381; Rev. Gen.
Agron., n. scr., // (1909), No. 10, pp. 3So-389 ; abs. in Chcm. Zentbh, 1909, II,
No 2-'f, p. 2032). — Studies of the heat generated on moistening soils and various
other substances as indicated by M it seller lich (E. S. R., 17, p. S3S) are re-
porte<l. The apparatus employed by Berthelot in investigations in thermo-
chemistry was used in these experiments, which were made with various kinds
of soil and of mineral and organic substances.

The results show that clay, humus, starch, and organic substances in general,
which evolve considerable heat in contact with water, evolve very little or none
in contact with other liquids, such as benzene. Eighty-eight per cent alcohol
was partially dehydrated when brought into contact with clay, humus, and
starch which had been previously dried. The thermal effects resulting from
the moistening of the constituents of the soils and of organic sul)stances are
very complex. The investigations reported show that these effects are produced
with great frequency in the superficial layer of the soil and may have an influ-
ence on the reactions affecting the growth of plants.

The evolution of heat when dry soil is moistened, A. MtJNTz and H. Gaude-
chon (Ann. Inst. Nut. Agron., 2. sen, 8 (1909), No. 2, pp. 161-212, figs. 5; Ann.
8ci. Agron., 3. ser., // (1909), II, Nos. 5, pp. 393-400; 6, pp. Ji01-Ji-'i3, figs. 5).—
This is a moi-e detailed account of investigations briefly noted above. It gives
full data for studies not only on soils of widely different kinds but also on the
constituent elements of these soils as separated by mechanical analysis and on
various organic substances, the purpose being to determine what constituents
are responsible for the thermal phenomena observed. As a rule the soils and
other substances experimented with were dried at 110° C.

The results led to the general conclusion that the evolution of heat when dry
soil is moistened is due to the fixation of the water by the very fine mineral
constituents of the soil and by the organic matter. The attraction for the
water is so strong in many cases that it is capable of removing water from
compounds in which it is apparently in chemical combination, as, for example,
88 per cent alcohol.

In discussing the practical application of this phenomenon it is pointed out
that plants may be injured by the elevation of temperature resulting from a
fall of rain on a soil which has been subjected to strong sunshine.

Irrigation investigations: Factors influencing evaporation and transpira-
tion, J. A. WiDTSOE (Utah Sta. Bill. 105, pp. 64, figs. S).— This is one of the
series of bulletins reporting irrigation investigations made by this station
(E. S. R., 20, p. 814), which had for their object "the study of the mutual
relations of plants, soils, and water, as these relations may indicate the most
economic use of water for plant production."

The investigations reported in this bulletin were made entirely with pots
under controlled conditions, especially with reference to percolation of water
in the soil. The pots used were 2 ft. in diameter and 2* ft. deep, and they
were so arranged that irrigation water could be applied in three different ways,
by surface irrigation, subirrigation, and water standing near the surface. Four
different kinds of soil were used, (1) college loam, (2) clay, (3) sand, and

31125— No. 5—10 3

426 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

(4) tSanpete clay. The (rnps .mown in tlic cxiiciiiuciils iucliKlcd corn and
wheat. A comparison was niado of evaporation and transpiration front bare
and cropped soils, from cultivated and uncultivated soils, and from fertilized
and unfertilized soils.

The data, which are jjiven in detail, show that cnltlxalin^' or hoeins largely
reduced the evaporation of water from hare soils. It generally increased the
yield of dry matter but largely diminished the amount of water transpired for
1 lb, of dry matter and was much nioi-e effective on clay and sand soils than
on ordinary loam soils.

"Shading dinnnished greatly the evaporation from bare soils land] more
water evaporated from bare soils under surface ii-rigation than under subin-iga-
tion or when the water stood near the surface.

" In the majority of cases, surface irrigation gave the largest yields of dry
matter, subirrigation nearly as much, and standing water the smallest yields.
Approximately the same number of pounds of water was required to produce a
pound of dry matter under conditions of subirrigation and standing water; a
somewhat larger number was required under conditions of surface irrigation.
In all probability, the number of pounds of water actually transpired for the
production of a pound of dry matter is the same under the various methods of
irrigation.

"Subirrigation was most satisfactory on loam soils.

"The evaporation of water from bare soils increased with the increased
saturation of the soil. The increase in the loss was usually much larger than
the increase in saturation. Heavy irrigations should, therefore, be followed
by immediate, careful, and thorough cultivation. Increasing the saturation
of soils increased in a somewhat larger ratio the yields of dry matter. Ap-
proximately the same number of pounds of water is required under various
conditions of soil saturation for the production of 1 lb. of dry matter. The
amount of water actually transpired for each pound of dry matter ai>pears
to be somewhat lower under conditions of high saturation. . . .

"The yield of dry matter was nuich larger on soils that Iiad rested during
the preceding three years than on soils that had been croiii>ed during the same
period. The number of pounds of water required for 1 lb. of dry matter
was much smaller on the soils that had been bare than on those that had been
cropped during the preceding three years. . . .

" On fertile soils heavy applications of water are not likely to be so wasteful
as on infertile soils. . . , Fertile soils will produce crops with a smaller
amount of water than will infertile soils. The addition of fertilizers to infer-
tile soils enables crops to produce dry matter at a lower water cost.

" Soils vary greatly in their relationship to plants and water.

" The seasons have a strong effect upon the yield of dry matter and upon the
amount of water required for the production of 1 lb. of dry matter. The
number of pounds of water required for the production of a pound of dry
matter varies greatly with the crop, the soil, tlie season, the method of irriga-
tion, and the cultivation. In general, however, the amount of water required
for the production of dry matter is \ ery much higlier in an arid region than in
regions of abundant rainfall. The conservation of moisture is, therefore, of
greater importance in the West than in the East.

" Summer fallowing should be practiced on dry farms, first, to store the
precipitation of two or more years for the use of one crop, and secondly, to
set free an abundance of plant food which will enable crops to mature with
less water."

Methods of bacteriolog'ical investigation of soils, V, F. T.ohnis {Centbl.
BaTct. [eic], 2. AM., 'U {1909), No. 5-1, pp. 7S.3-i93).— This article is contro-

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 427

versial in character and is devoted mainly to an answer to statements by H.
Fisclier ( E. S. 11.. 21. i*. 41()).

Magnesia-gypsum disks and magnesia disks with organic matter as con-
venient solid substrata for the culture of nitrifying organisms, I. A. Mak-
RiNOV {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 2Jf (1909), No. 13-15, pp. -',1.5-423, pis. 2).—
The investigations here reported have been noted from another source (E. S. R.,
22, p. ?,18).

Studies in soil bacteriology, III. Concerning methods for determination
of nitrifying and ammonifying powers, F. L. Stevens, W. A. Withers, et al.
(Ccnthl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 25 {1909), No. l-'t, pp. 6>,-80, flg.'i. //).— This paper
is the third of a series on this subject (E. S. R., 21, p. 619), and deals mainly
with the methods used by the authors in determining the nitrifying and
ammonifying powers of soils.

Nitrogen assimilating micro-organisms, Apelt (Ztschr. Natww., 80 (1908),
No. 3-J,, pp. 300-302; ahs. in CciitU. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 25 {1909), No. 10-13,
p. 321). — Brief references ai-e made to the investigations of ,T. Kiihn, Krieger,
Henry, Berthelot, Winogradski, and Beijerinck.

Azotobacter chroococcum, its physiological properties and its activity in
soil, A. Krainskii iZliur. Opuittt. Ayron. (Rii.s.s. Join: K.ipt. Lanilw.). 9 {1908),
No. 6, pp. 689-749, fig.^. 8; abs. in Cliem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 24. p. 2991).— It was
found in the investigations here reported that A. chroococcum varies widely
with the age and nature of the nutrient substratum used in pure cultures. A
marked characteristic is the development of a black pigment in the culture
media in from 3 to 7 days. Levulose, inulin, and mannite were found to be
the best sources of carbon for this organism. Arabinose and galactose were
but slightly utilized, a fact which casts doubt upon the conclusion of Heiuze
that the organism feeds upon pectin compounds of the soil.

Respiration (evolution of CO2) and nitrogen fixation were studied in a
variety of media. The author concludes that nitrogen fixation is practically
complete in 6 weeks. The best results were obtained in soils with small
amounts of moisture, from one-half to three-fourths of the optimum content.
The organism is apparently highly aerobic and does not develop well in a soil
from which the air is excluded to any large extent by moisture. Sodium
carbonate was more favorable to nitrogen assimilation than calcium carbonate,
indicating that the beneficial action of lime is due simply to its alkalinity.
The addition of carbon bisulphid increased both the amount and the intensity
of the nitrogen fixation. This is attributed, contrary to Heinze's conclusion,
not to direct action on the organism but to solution of the fats and waxes of
the soil, thus increasing its porosity.

Fixation of free atmospheric nitrogen by Azotobacter in pure culture. —
Distribution of this bacterium, M. W. Beijerinck {K. Akad. Wetensch.
Am.sterdam, Proc. Beet. ScL, 11 (1908-9), pt. 1, pp. 67-7//).— This article deals
especially with the relation between Azotobacter and salts of organic acids,
more particularly calcium malate. It is shown that considerable amounts of
nitrogen are fixed by Azotobacter alone in pure cultures in which the carbon
supply is derived from malates or similar organic salts, but that the fixation
is greater when other organisms are associated with the Azotobacter. The use
and value of nutrient media containing calcium malate instead of sugar for
the study of the distribution of Azotobacter in the soil are explained. By
means of the method a distinct relation was shown to exist between
Papilionacefe growing on the soil and the distribution of Azotobacter.

Bacteriological examination of nitro-bacterine, L. Grandeau (Jour. Agr.
Prat., n. ser., 18 (1909), No. 45, pp. 625, 626). — Bacteriological examinations
and pot tests with lupines made at the Stockholm experiment station showed

428 EXPKHIMENT STATION RECORD.

that the nitro-bactoriiu' did not contain littcilliis radicicoUi, thonsh (Mostridinni
and a Cotvus were prosont, and that tlio culture produced no tultercics on the
roots of lupines. Inoculation by nit^aus of soil is considered lu-eferalile to the
use of either nitraj,'iu or nitro-bactei'ine.

Soil inoculation exj)erinients with nitragin and nitro-bacterine, E. Guab-
NEB {Jour. Lamliv., 57 H'JOD), No. 3, pp. 217-223, pis. S; ahu. in Deut, Landiv.
Presse, 37 ilUKI), .Vo. 2, pp. 1), 1.3, figs. 8). — I'ot experiments with white
lupines and s.-nid jie.is on calcareous sandy soil are reported, showin.i; that
both inoculatinj? materials, especially when used in connection with potash
and phosphoric acid, were active, the nitro-bacterine being more effective than
the nitrajiiu, whicli was especially feeble in action on sandy soils deficient
in lime.

Further experiments on the increase of nitrogen in soils by means of free
living bacteria, A. Kocii (Jour. Lundw., 57 (IDOU). No. 3, pp. 26'.)-28()). — A
continuation of previous investigations on this subject (E. S. K., 20, p. 17) is
here reported, and the results obtained during the 5 years, I'lO.l to TOO!), that
the investigations have been in progress, are summarized. The investigations
dealt particularly with the effect on nitrogen fixation of adding sugars to the
soil and with the relative efliciency of different carbonaceous foods for the
nitrogen-fixing organisms.

In pot experiments witli buckwheat, beets, wlieat, and oats grown in succes-
sion it was observed that the effect of increased nitrogen fixation due to the
addition of sugar to the soil in 1905 was evident in increased yields in 1009,
except in one series of experiments, in which sugar was added at the rate of
only 100 gm. per IS kg. of soil. In pot experiments with pure sand the rate
of fixation was 7.2 mg. of nitrogen per 100 gm. of sand containing 2 gm. of
cane sugar .during a period extending from March 4 to June 1. There was,
however, a decline in yield of buckwheat and mustard grown on the sand,
which is ascribed to the injurious effect of the products of decomposition of
the sugar. These injurious products remain longer in sand than in loam soil
and can not be of benefit in sand in rendering plant food available.

Field experiments similar to those conducted in previous years showed in
case of wheat, rye, and oats grown in succession that the benefit from increased
nitrogen fixation due to the addition of sugar was least the first year, but was
marked the second and third years. That the fixation was due mainly to
Azotobacter was shown by experiments with a number of different kinds of
soil containing varying numbers of this oi'ganism. It was shown that the
distribution of Azotobacter is very irregular in soils, many of the soils exam-
ined being largely or totally deficient in the organisms. In such soils there
was little fixation of nitrogen.

A comparison of mannite, dextrose, xylan, glycerin, calcium succinate, and
calcium butyrate as sources of carbonaceous food for nitrogen-fixiiig organisms
showed that only mannite and dextrose possess any particular value for this
puriiose.

Investigations on the action of moor soils as a fertilizer with especial
reference to the nitrogen content, F. Herrmann {Ber. Physiol. Lab. h. Vers.
Anst. Landir. Inst. Halle, W09, No. ID. pp. 126-177) .—Feat from different
sources was compared with stable manure with and without the addition of
lime in a series of pot and field experiments.

Peat from upland and lowland moors was used. The former contained in
the air dry condition 1.12 per cent of mineral matter, 0.17 per cent of lime,
0.04 Y)er cent of phosphoric acid, and 0.86 per cent of nitrogen. Two samples
of the lowland peat contained in the air dry condition 17.64 and 17.38 per
cent, respectively, of mineral matter. 6.59 and 6.19 per cent of lime, 0.35 and

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 429

0.17 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 3.05 and 3.13 per cent of nitrogen. The
peat and manure were used in mixture with sand or a very poor sandy soil.
The experimental crop was winter rye.

The results, which are given in great detail, show in general that the peat
exerted a decided effect as a fertilizer the first year, the material from lowland
moors being much the more effective. In every case, however, the effect of
peat was decidedly inferior to that of manure and was much slower in action.
The results for the first year indicate that 2.G parts of nitrogen in stable
manure was as eflicient as 100 parts of nitrogen in i)eat. The addition of lime
increased the efiiciency of the peat to an extent which made its use profitable.
Somewhat better results were obtained with the peat in field experiments
than in pot exr)eriments.

On the present status of the Swedish peat industry, E. Wallgren (A'.
Landthr. Akad. Jlandl. och Tidskr., J/H (J909), No. J,, pp. ^i 6-3^7). —The paper
discusses the development of the peat industi-y and the different ways in which
the industry is now of importance to the country and is likely to become of
still more importance in the future.

Green manuring' on the better soils, Schneidewind (Mitt. Dent. Landw.
GeselL, 27/ (PJO!)). Ao. JG, pp. 258-260; ahs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht.
24 {1909), No. 16-11, p. -'i67). — Good results from green manuring on the fer-
tile soils of the Lauchstiidt farm near Halle with horse beans, peas, vetches,
and especially yellow clover {Mrdicago InpuUna) are reported. The green
manure crops were grown with cereals as the nurse crop. Serradella and lu-
pines gave good results on the calcareous Lauchstadt soils. The crops which
gave the best results following the green manuring were beets, potatoes, and
oats, beets being especially benefited. The best time for plowing under the
green manure appeared to be late autumn just before the appearance of frosts.

Asking questions of the soil, II. IIaughton {Rural New Yorker, 69 {1910).
No. 4028. pp. 21, 22, figs. 2). — An account is here given of the use of the wire-
basket method proposed by the Bureau of Soils of this Department in testing
the fertilizer recpiirements of alfalfa on a fertile soil in Chester County. Pa.
The results are thought to indicate especially the neetl of inoculation for alfalfa
on this soil.

The soil invoice, J. H. Pettit {IN. Agr., l.'f {1910), No. .',, pp. 9-12, fig. 1). —
This is a brief discussion based upon data relating to the fertilizing constituents
contained in typical Illinois soils and the amounts removed in various crops.

Experiments on the influence of manure on black soil, A. BuichTkhina
{Ghodlehiuiii Otihct Plotij. Selsk. Khoz. Opuitii. Stantzil, 14 (1908). pp. 144-
168, 191-194). — These experiments were undertaken in view of the common
belief encouraged by various experiment stations in southern Russia that it
is not possible to increase yields by the application of manure on chernozem
soils in regions where the rainfall does not exceed 400 to 4.50 mm. annually.
The experiments here summarized covered 10 years with the following rota-
tion: (1) Fallow manured with 35,000 kg. per hectare (31,150 lbs. per acre)
■ of barnyard manure, (2) winter wheat, (3) maize, and (4) spring wheat. The
. manure was applied in the spring and worked in to a depth of 17 cm. (6.7 In.).
The soil on which these experiments were made contained 5.8 per cent of
humus, 0.28 per cent of nitrogen, and 0.13 per cent of phosphoric acid. The
average annual rainfall for the period was 413.1 mm. The manuring decidedly
and profitably increasetl the yields of the grains in the rotation.

Production and commerce in manure in Paris, R. Olry (Jour. Agr. Prat.,
n. ser., 18 (1909), No. 49, pp. 7.53-7.T.5).— Statistics are given of the number of
horses and the production of manure by horses and other animals in and

430 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOHD.

.'iround I*:iris. as well ms on llii' use of llir ni.-inuic by fnnni'rs and market
frardeners near the city.

It is stated that in r.>()T there were 90,290 liorsos in tlie Department of the
Seine, in which Paris is situated, nearly 15,000 less than in liM);!. In the city
of Paris there were 84,249, or 14,000 less than in 1905. From G50.000 to 700,000
metric tons of manure were produced by horses in the Department of the Seine
in ltM)7. 2<iO.(M)0 tons by cattle, of whicli there were 2S.500 head, besides a
smaller amouTit of manure producc^l by sheep, of whicli there were 2,500 head,
making the annual production of manure about l,Of)0.000 tons. In the Depju't-
ment of the Seine outside of Paris about 35.0.S4 acres are under cultivation,
requiring not less than 2.500.000 tons of manure annually. The growing demand
for the manure and the diminishing supply has increased the price of fresh
horse manure to about $3 jier ton in Paris. The price per ton of strawy cattle
manure is about half this amount.

The diminishing production of manure in Paris is ascribed to the introduc-
tion of automobiles and the increasing use of peat litter, which is much more
efficient as an absorbent than straw and produces a much smaller volume
of manure.

How is the deficiency of stable manure to be made up? H. Pohl-Roiirbeck
(lUufi. LandtD. Ztg., 29 (1009), No. 50, pp. 481, /,82; abs. in CeniU. BaJct. [etc.'\,
2. AM., 2.5 {1909), No. 10-13, pp. 318, 319). — This article discusses three means
of making up a deficiency of stable manure, (1) by substitution of other litter
for straw, (2) green manuring, and (3) the use of commercial fertilizers.
While it is not believed that stable manure can be entirely dispensed with, it
can be to a considerable extent replaced by green manuring and commercial
fertilizers. By substitution of peat litter for straw a better manure at less
cost may be obtaine<l.

Growth of commercial fertilizers, M. A. Scovell (Kij. Farmer, 6 (1909), No.
J,6, pp. 1, 2). — The growth of the use of fertilizers in this country, and especially
in Kentucky, is briefly reviewed.

Plain talks on the use of fertilizers, E. B. Voorhees (Farmers Digest, 3
(1909), No. 6, pp. ('), 7). — A brief discussion of soux'ces, functions, and use.

Practicable fertilization, J. L. Hills (Rpl. Bd. A(jr. {N. H.]. 30 (1907-8),
pp. 8-'f-95). — Practicable fertilization as defined and discussed in this article " is
that procedure which places a unit of available plant food within reach of crop
roots at the least cost." The article discusses the utilization of the plant food
in the soil, subsoil, and air, as well as the purchase and use of fertilizers.

The manufacture of chemical fertilizers, .T. Fritsch (Fahrication des En-
grais CJiimiqiies. Pnri.<i, 1909, pp. 5-'i0. pl.'i. //. figs. 69; rev. in Rei'. G^n. Chim.,
12 (1909), No. 21. p. 338). — This treatise presents a digest of the scattered in-
formation on the manufacture of fertilizers." It is divided into three parts
dealing, respectively, with phosphatic, nitrogenous, and potassic fertilizers.

Fertilizer mixtures, S. F. Morse (Country Gent., 7} (1909). No. 2969. p.
1210). — Supplementing a previous article on the economical use of fertilizers, the
author describes simple methods devised by him for calculating the amounts
of materials required to make fertilizer mixtures of any desired composition.

The nitrate of soda position (Engin. and Min. Jour., S8 (1909), No. 2J/, pp.
1177, 1178). — The present status of production and i>rices of nitrate of soda
are discussed. It is shown that following the expiration. March 31, 1909, of
the agreement among nitrate producers limiting the quantity marketed each
year there has been a rapid increase in production and fall in price,

The nitrate fields of Chile. — The origin, production, and uses of nitrate
of soda (Times {London}, 1909, Dee. 28, pp. 57, 87. figs. 3).— An account is
given of the origin, present condition, and extent of the deposits, the methods

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 431

of extracting the nitrate, cost of production, exports, and uses. Tlie exports
for 1908 exceeded 2.000,000 tons, and in June of that year there was a reserve
stoclv of 220,000.000 tons. It is estimated that there is enough nitrate in the
deposits to last at least 100 years.

[A new atmospheric nitrogen fertilizer] (Clicni. Trade Jour., J/o {1909),
No. 1169, pp. So-'i, 36-'t; Marie Lane Erprcfifi, 102 (1909), No. 1,074, P- 461).—
Serpek's process for manufacturing aluminum nitrid and utilizing it in the
production of ammonia is briefly noted.

New fertilizer materials, F. S. S. Johnson (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts.
[U. S.\, 1910, No. M76, p. /'/; Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1910, No.
353, p. 83). — Brief notes are given upon the utilization of a lime by-product
of sugar factories and (ni the first shipment of calcium cyanamid from the
-.vorks at Niagara Falls.

Artificial nitrates [in Norway] (Chrm. Trade Jour., .',6 (1910), No. 1180,
p. 9; Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. *S'.l, 1910, No. 3689, pp. 13, J/,).— This is
a brief note on the present status of the Norwegian nitrate industry, including
a list of companies engaged in the manufacture of this material.

Norwegian nitrate, K. Ulrich {Dent. Zuckerindus., 3', (1909), No. 51, Bci-
lagc 1. pp. 976, 977). — Comparative tests of Norwegian nitrate (basic calcium
nitrate) and nitrate of soda on sugar beets gave results very favorable to the
former. A larger yield of sugar beets with equally high percentage of sugar
and better crystallization was obtained with the Norwegian nitrate.

The new nitrogenous fertilizers in comparison with the old, G. Jaco-
METTi (Ann. R. Accad. Ayr. Torino, 51 (1908), pp. 179-208, fig. 1). — Cooperative
experiments in the province of Turin are reported, comparing the fertilizing
value of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda with that of calcium cyana-*
mid and calcium nitrate. The crops were wheat (1 spring and 3 winter vari-
eties), corn (S varieties), permanent meadow (1 dry, 1 semiirrigated, and 2
irrigated), broom corn, mint, potatoes, and spinach. Calcium nitrate was
used only in the case of 1 irrigated meadow and of mint.

The conclusions drawn are: (1) Both calcium cyanamid and calcium niti'ate
have a fertilizing value about equal to that of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate
of soda. (2) Contrary to the results in experiments reported from other parts
of Italy, in the province of Turin calcium cyanamid is slow in action, and there-
fore should be applied as early as possible, at the time of plowing in the case of
cultivated crops, and in the winter on meadows. (3) No appreciable damage
to seed, tubers, or plants was found to i-esult from the use of calcium cyanamid
in the following amounts, calculated as pounds per acre: 160 to ISO for wheat,
160 for corn, 135 to 21.5 for potatoes, and 180 for broom corn. (4) Calcium
cyanamid in granular form is more convenient to handle than nitrate of soda.

On the use of Laming's mixture, or crude ammonia, for fertilizing or as
an antiseptic, D. Cavazza (Ann. Uffic. Prov. Ayr. Boloyna, 15 (1908), pp. 159-
172). — The analysis given of this material shows total moisture (air-dried sub-
stance) 21.38, ammoniacal nitrogen (in undried material) 0.48, sulphocyanid
(in undried material) 0.01.52, total sulphur (in dried material) 49.02, and ferri-
ferrocyanid (in dried material) 9.55 per cent.

Experiments were made with hemp to determine (1) the effect of crude
ammonia on growth; (2) whether the nitrogen of crude ammonia is assimilable,
wholly or in part; (3) what influence the interval between the sowing and the
fertilization has on the result.

The crude ammonia was mixed with an equal amount of gypsum and in each
experiment there was a control plat with gypsum alone, as well as a plat
without fertilizer. The first experiment was on a clayey soil, well supplied
with lime; the use of crude amuiouia showed a negative result as compared

432 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

with snli)lint«> of ;inini(iiiia :tntl iilso willi iiypsuiu mIoiu". In the spcond oxperi-
iiient, on sniuly soil, tlio cnult' niiiuionia showed a positive action j^reater when
applied in the fall than in the sprinj;. In the third ex()erinient, on elayey-
sandy soil, the crude ammonia showed u decided advantage over suli)hate, of
annnonia, as did also the jiyjisum, the gypsum heing superior to the crude
ammonia. In an experiment with wheat the crude ammonia was superior to
nitrate of soda and (o fiyjisum hii( all were inferior to no fertilization.

The conclusion is drawn that crude annnonia is used to better advantage on
])onr soils.

On the fertilizer value of so-called nitrammon-lime (poudrette), II. (i.
SiiuKKHAUM (K. Landthr.Ahad. JJaiull. och Tidskr., J,8 {190D), No. 5, pp. JiJ,2-J,r}9,
fiys. 5; Mc'ddel. Ccntralanst. Forsoksr. Jordbruksomrudct, No. 11, pp. 20, fiys.
o). — -This material i^ manufactured in Swedish cities by treatment of the
night soil with quicklime. The analyses given range from 10.2 to 30.5 per
cent moisture, 0.53 to 1.36 tier cent phosphoric acid, 30.29 to 47.4 per cent lime,
0.25 to 0.G8 per cent potash, 0.25 to 0.5 per cent total nitrogen, and 0.007 to
0.08 per cent ammonia.

Fertilizer trials were made with the poudrette on oats grown in glass cylin-
ders w^hich were filled with a sandy soil very low in nitrogen and phosphoric
acid. The results showed that the fertilizer effect of the poudrette is dependent
primarily^ on its lime content. The potash pi'oved of some benefit, but the-
phosphoric acid, being present in the form of triphosphate, was but slightly
available. Neither the nitrogen in the poudrette nor its organic substance
appeared to affect appreciably the yields secured, a result that is quite contrary
to the claims made for the fertilizer by the manufacturers.

A better method of use of nitrate of soda, L. Decaux (Engrais, 2-i {1909),
No. 51, pp. l-il9-l.'i23). — In experiments with sugar beets and fodder beets the
best results were obtained by ap])lying the nitrate in one ai)plication before
jilanting and thoroughly mixing it with the soil.

Observations on the assimilation of potash and nitrogen by fodder beets
after fertilizing' with manure and commercial fertilizer, A. Stutzer {Mitt.
Dcut. Lund a: GcscU., 2't (1909), No. 50, pp. 738, 7'jy ) .—Experiments with
fodder beets gave results confirming the conclusion of Schneidewind (E. S. R.,
IG, p. 454) that the assimilation of potash and nitrogen is largely increased by
adding nitrate of soda to stable manure in the fertilizing of beets.

The occurrence of ammonia and nitrate in deposits of potash salts,
W. Bii.Tz [Zt.schr. AnoKjun. Chcm., 6'f {1909), No. 2, pp. 215, 216; ahs. in Chrm.
Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 138, Rcpert., p. 59/).— Analyses of a sample of potash salt
from the Schonebeck deposits are reported, showing the presence of consider-
able amounts of ammonia and nitrate. The amount of ammonia, 0.05 per cent,
was practically the same as that found in recent examinations of sea water.
The figures for ammonia in sea water given in a previous paper (E. S. R., 21,
p. 721 ) were based upon old analyses and are believed to be much too high.

A new potash fertilizer, L. Haumont (Jour. Soc. Agr. Brabant et Ilainaut,
5.'f {1909), No. 51, pp. 1196, 1191). — This article describes and gives the results
of various experiments which have been made with phonolite (lava meal), in-
cluding those of Wagner. Hiltner (E. S. R.. 20. p. 1022; 22, p. 324). and the
German Agricultural Society, all showing the decided inferiority of the phono-
lite as compared with ordinary potash salts.

Will potash be cheaper? {Amer. Agr., 8-) {1909), No. 24, pp. 592, 593).— It is
thought that following the disruption of the potash syndicate in Germany
and the acquisition of control of certain of the German mines by American in
terests the prospects for lower j)rices for potash are good.

SOILS FEBTILIZERS. 433

Relation of phosphorus to permanent American ag^riculture, J. E. Whit-
church (III. Agr., llf {1910), No. Jf, pp. 22-25). — The widespread need of phos-
phates for the improvement of soils and the consequent importance of con-
serving the phosphate deposits of the country are discussed.

Acid phosphate, C C. James (Hnicaii. Forester and Agr., 6 (1909), No. 11,
pp. .'il9-Ji22). — Tlie apparatus and methods employed in the manufacture of
acid phosphate are described as well as the chemical changes which the phos-
phate undergoes in the process of manufacture and in storage.

The use of fertilizer lime, R. W. Thatcher (Washington Sta. Popular Bui.
19, pp. -'/). — A popular edition of Bulletin 88 previously noted (E. S. R., 21, pp.
224, 291).

Concerning the influence of various relations between lime and magnesia
on the development of plants, II, L. Bernardini and A. Siniscalchi (Ann.
R. Scuola Hup. Agr. I'ortUi, 2. ser., 8 (IDOS), pp. 19). — This is a continuation of
work previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 728). The study here reported had in
view: (1) To determine what influence was exercised by the relation between
lime and magnesia u])on the assimilation of phosphoric acid by the i>lant; (2)
to determine if an antagonism between lime and magnesia exists in the veg-
etable organism.

In the first series the cultures were made in a nutritive solution, with plants
of wheat, barley, and corn, germinated in pure quartz sand. The nutritive solu-
tion contained, per 1,000 cc, 0.5 gm. disodium phosphate, 0.5 gm. potassium
sulphate, and 0.001 gm. iron chlorid. In addition each flask received per
1,000 cc. of solution such a quantity of calcium nitrate and of magnesium
nitrate that, while the quantity of the anion NO3 remained constant at 0.457 gm.,
the ratios of lime to magnesia were 4 : 1, 2.5 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 2.5, and 1 : 4. The con-
clusion is drawn that the assimilation of phosphoric acid is dependent upon the
ratio of lime to magnesia ; increasing this ratio decreases the phosphoric acid
assimilated, and conversely, decreasing the ratio increases the phosphoric acid
assimilated.

In the second series lupines were used in pot cultures. The conclusion is
drawn that the injurious action produced by an excess of lime and the poison-
ous action of an excess of magnesia in the soil is not due to the absolute
quantity of the ions Ca and Mg absorbed by the plant but to the ratio in which
they are absorbed, and hence that with the appropriate application of the salts
of calcium and magnesium it will be possible to correct the poisonous effects
on plants of an excess of magnesia or of lime existing in the soil.

On the various correlations between lime and magnesia in the nutritive
solution, I. KoNovALOv (Zliur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landiv.), 10
(1909). No. 3, pp. 303-320; abs. Chem. Ahs., 3 (1909), No. 2//, p. 299/).— The
experiments here reported were a continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 19, p.
827) and similar methods were used.

The results of the water and sand cultures with wheat, lupines, Set aria
italica, and oats confirmed in general the results of the previous experiments.
The growth of the plants was injuriously affected when magnesia was present
but lime absent in the nutrient solution, and the yield increased with the
increase of the proportion of lime to magnesia. The results did not confirm
Loew's view that there is a definite lime-magnesia ratio for each plant.

Manganese fertilizers, H. Rousset (Ann. Set. Agron., 3. ser., Jf (1909), II,
No. 2, pp. 81-111). — This is a summary of investigations relating to the occur-
rence of manganese in nature; the physiological role of manganese; the earlier
Japanese experiments with manganese as a fertilizer, particularly for rice ;
manganese fertilizers for other cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, and miscellaneous

434 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

crops; tlio nioohiinisni of llic action of iiiaiiganese fcrlilizors ; and the practical
use of nianjiaiu'so fertilizers. The author concludes that the status of the value
of such fertilizers is still unsettled.

Experiments on the fertilizing' action of the crystalline residue of tobacco.
G. Cakuso {Atti li. Accad. Ecoti. Ayr. (icorg. Firciizc. o. aci:, G (190'.)), No. 2,
pp. 215-218). — The composition of the crystalline residue of tobacco used in the
experiments was as follows: Water 22, organic nitrogen 1.3, annnoniacal nitro-
gen 0.55, nitric nitrogen 3. and potash 11).65 per cent. This material was com-
pared with nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia as a source of nitrogen for
wheat, all three being ai)plied at the rate of IS lbs. of nitrogen per acre. It was
found that the residue was only a little inferior to nitrate of soda and sulphate
of ammonia. At a price one-third less than niti*ate of soda, the author con-
siders that it would be an economical and convenient source of nitrogen.

Bat guano in Burma, E. Thompstone {Agr. Jour. India, 4 {1909), No. 4, pp.
379-3S1). — Descriptions and analyses are given of a number of samples of bat
guano collected from limestone caves in different parts of Burma. The ma-
terial is shown to be very variable in composition. The richest sample ex-
amined contained 2.13 per cent of phosphoric acid and 7.97 per cent of nitrogen.
The agricultural value of the fertilizer is briefly noted.

Sawdust for use as litter, E. Kinch {Agr. Student.'^' Gaz., n. ser., IJ^ {1909),
No. 5, pp. 167, 168). — Determinations of nitrogen and mineral matter in saw-
dust from oali, elm, ash, spruce, larch, and red pine are reported. The results
show from 0.14 to 0.3 per cent of nitrogen and from 0.25 to 1.38 per cent of
mineral matter in the dry matter. Assuming 10 per cent of moisture, the
nitrogen content is 0.2 per cent.

Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers and Paris green, J. E. Halli-
GAN {Louisiana Stas. Fcrt. Rpt. 1908-9, pp. 122). — The results of examinations
of 5,638 samples of fertilizing materials and 5 samples of Paris green examined
during the year 1908-9 are reported. Of the 2,523 samples of complete fer-
tilizers examined 1,470 were equal to or above the guaranty in all 3 fertilizing
constituents. The constituent most frequently deficient was nitrogen and least
fretpiently potash.

Report of analyses of samples of fertilizers collected by the commissioner
of agriculture during 1909 {New York State Sta. Bill. 318, pp. 293-381).—
This bulletin reports the results of analyses of samples of fertilizers collected
by the commissioner of agriculture of New York during 1909 and analyzed in
the laboratory of the New York State Station.

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, B. L. Haktwell et al. {Rhode Island
Sta. Bui. 137, pp. 3-11). — "This bulletin contains the analyses of the samples
of commercial fertilizers which represented principally the brands offered for
sale during the spring of 1909 as potato manures. It also includes the analyses
of the samples of bones and tankage." Analyses and valuations of 59 samples of
fertilizers are given in tables.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

The fixation of bud mutation of Solanum maglia, E. Heckel ( Compt. Rend.
Acad. 8ci. [Paris], l.',9 {1909), No. 20, pp. 831-833).— The author describes a
bud mutation of 8. maglia that has become established during 4 generations of
cultivation. The characters of the plant and the appearance of the tubers
have been constant and there does not seem to have been any reversion since
the third generation.

In this connection the author discusses the subject of the origin of the culti-
vated potato, He thinks that probably 8. commersonii, which occurs on the east

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 435

coast of South America, and 8. rnaglia, on the west side of the continent, have
had some part to play in its origin.

Notes are given on the variation in form and color of some of the mutants of
8. maglia and S. commersonii.

A recent example of m.utation in Solanum commersonii, L. Planchon
(Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., IS (WOO), Xo. J,7, pp. GD-'i, (JO.j).— The author states
that for a number of years he has been growing S. commersonii of the well-
known wild type, and that in 1908 a mutation was observed. Nothing out of
the ordinary was noted in the aerial parts of the plants, but when the tubers
were dug they showed some marked differences and were readily divided into
two groups, one closely resembling the common wild type, while the other was
considerably increased in size, of a yellowish color, with smooth skins, and
with some of the specimens weighing as much as 234 gm.

These tubers were planted in 1909, and while some reverted to the an-
cestral type, others perpetuated the mutation, and on these the stems were
shorter, more erect, of a pale color ; the leaves were larger, of a greenish-yellow
color ; the flower characters were quite different from the wild type ; and the
tubers persisted in the form described above. In the wild type the rhizome
character was maintained, but this was completely lost in the new forms. The
general apijearauce of the tubers is said to have resembled very much those of
the connnon Early liose.

The orig'in of the cultivated potato, L. Wittmack (Landw. Jahrb., 38 {1909),
Erganzungsb. 5, pp. 5ol-6()o, pLs. 2, figs. 16; Ber. Deiit. Bot. GeselL, 27 {1909),
Gen. Versamml. Heft 1, pp. 28-^2, figs. 6). — Studies have been made of the va-
rious species which have been claimed to be the original of the cultivated
potato.

Upon the basis of flower and other characters the author divides the species
of Solanum into 4 groups, and many of the so-called species he considers syno-
nyms or hybrids of other well-differentiated species. He believes that S.
tuberosum is a good species and 8. etuberosum i)robably a hybrid. The va-
rieties of potatoes in common cultivation are believed to have been mostly de-
veloped from S. tuberosum. 8. maglia may have contributefl a little to their
origin, but 8. commersonii is thought to be in no way associated with the forms
now in cultivation.

The ferments and latent life of resting seeds, Jean White (Proc. Roy. Sac.
[Lodon], 8cr. B, 81 {190D), A'o. B 550, pp. .Ji7-.jy/2).— The author has made a
study of seeds of cereals to determine . the effect of age on the germinating
power, the relation, if any, between the age of the seeds and the persistence of
their enzyms with reference to the correlation between germinating power and
enzyms, and the effect of extreme temperatures on germinative ability and
enzym reaction. The experiments were carried on with wheat, barely, oats,
maize, and rye of known age, from 6 months to 21 years.

There was found to be a well-marked drop in the germinating power of
seeds after the fourth year, and in the case of wheat it descended more or less
irregularly, i-eaching zero in 11 to 17 years, according to the conditions of
storage.

The resting seeds of cereals were all found to contain dlastatic, fibrin-digest-
ing, and ereptic ferments in appreciable quantities. These ferments retained
their activitj^ without appreciable change in dry stored seeds for 20 years or
more, or for a considerable time after the germinating power had been lost.

No relation was noted between the vitality of seeds and the persistence of
enzyms in them, and the question as to whether germination can take place in
the absence of enzyms remains to be answered.

43G EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Two (lays' exposure to liquid air did not destroy any of the seeds tested, nor
did it appreciably affect the ferments in any of the cereals. The dry diastase
of barley was found to bo able to withstand a range of temperature from —200°
to +130° C.

Many seeds, including; all cereals, were found to give off appreciable quanti-
ties of carbou dioxid when stored in air-dried condition, but some showed no
signs of respiration whatever. The r<'spiration of air-dried wheat was found
especially pronounced. In practically every case respiration ceased when the
seeds had ber-ome moderately dried, although in the case of large seeds like
maize minute traces of carbon dioxid could be found for some time.

The preservation of diastases in seeds destroyed by anesthetics, J. Apsit
and E. Cain (Compf. Jinul. Acnd. 8ci. \ Paris], I. ',9 {190',)), No. J, pp. ,58-60).—
The authors report that wheat, the germination of which had been destroyed by
sulphuric etlici'. still retained its amylase and jieroxidase.

Differences of susceptibility of plants to stimulation, T. Takeuchi (Jour.
Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. ,?07-2/0).— Experiments are de-
scribed in which spinach, peas, barley, and flax were grown in soil cultures
receiving 0.2 gm. of manganese sulphate in the form of a dilute solution. The
results obtained showed that the different species were not equally stinnilated
by manganese under the same conditions. The leguminous and cruciferous
plants seemed to be much more susceptible than were the grasses, barley being
the least stinnilated of the species investigated.

The influence of ultraviolet rays on the vegetation of plants, L. Maquenne
and E. Demoussy iCompt. Rend. Acad. Hci. [I'nris], ]J,9 {1909), .Yo.s. 19, pp.
756-760; 22, pp. 9,57-961). — A review is given of some of the observations of the
different investigators relating to the effect of artificial light, and particularly
of electric light, on the growth of plants.

The authors state that the action of the ultraviolet rays is for the most part
superficial, penetrating but little into the plant tissues. These rays destroy the
cells very siieeflily and the blackening of the leaves and other changes in the
color of the plants when exposed to the direct light of an arc lamp are due to
the predominance in that light of the ultraviolet rays. As a result of these rays
the protoplasm is destroyed.

In a subsequent article the authors report investigations in which they sought
to explain the reasons for the blackening of green leaves. Their conclusions
confirm those noted above that the ultraviolet rays injure the epidermal cells of
the leaf, but the blackening of the leaves is not considered due to the specific
action of the light rays. A similar effect it was found could be produced by any-
thing that would destroy the protoplasm or cell contents, such as heat, chloro-
form, mechanical injury, etc. The blackening is held to be a result of diastatic
fiction, and brought about by the liberation of the diastase which in the normal
state is confined to certain distinct cells in the interior of the leaf.

Sap pressure in the birch stem, H. E. Merwin and H. Lyon (Bot. Qaz.. f/S
(1909), No. 6, pp. .'i-'i2-.'i58, dgms. 5).— During the seasons of 1902 to 1904
sap pressure observations were made on several kinds of trees, birches and
maples illustrating the two extreme types of sap pressure phenomena. The
authors' observations on the maples are in accord with those previously de-
scribed from the Vermont Station (E. S. R.. 1.5. p. S.5.3). The observations on
the sap pressure of the birch stem are described at length.

The influence of anesthetics and freezing on certain plants, E. Heckel
(Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. \Paris'\. 1 >,9 (1909), No. 20, pp. 829-831).— The effect
of freezing and various anesthetics on a number of plants that contain coumarin
is described. Among the plants are Anthoxanthum odorntiim, Liatris odora-

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 437

tisNh)in, I,. Npicnta, Ant/racinii fnu/rdus, and Mclihttiis nfflcinalin, in which cou-
marin occurs alone or in conihination with other substances.

The experiments show that both anesthetics and freezing liberate the cou-
marin very rapidly and that the characteristic odor from frozen green plants
can be recognized in a few moments where ordinarily it is not apparent until
after the plants have become more or less dried.

On the presence of two new glucosids in Primula officinalis, A. CJoris and
M. Masckk iCoiiiiit. Rvitil. AciKl. .SV-/. |/V(/(.sl, I ',!i ( IHO't). .\". 21, /)/>. .a) 7 -.0.70).—
'rhe authois state tliat fresh roots of primulas which have been frozen give off
more oi- less rapidly a substance having the odor of anise. This fact led to the
investigation of related species, and it was found that a species of Primula
could be divided into three groups, depending on the odor given off after
freezing.

A study was made of P. offiriiidlifi to determine the reason for the liberation
of this odor, and the authors found two glucosids, primeveriue and priniula-
verine, i)resent, together with an eiizyni, prinieverase.

The occurrence of rennets in the Basidiomycetes, C. Okrber (Coin /it. Rrud.
Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1J,9 (1909), No. 21, pp. 9U-9.'i7).—A study was made of 8(5
species of Basidiomycetes to determine the relative activity of the rennet in the
fresh juice of these fleshy fungi, comparisons being made with the rennet ex-
tracted from Amonita citrina. ilauy of the si)ecies. particularly those of
Trametes, Polyjiorus, Tricholoma. etc., contained reunet which is as active as
that of the higher vegetable rennets or the animal rennets, while, on the other
hand, many contained this substance in very small quantity.

Marked differences were found to occur in the coagulating power of rennet
obtained from different species of the same genus of mushrooms, and in the case
of the agarics and Gasteromycetes the most active rennet was obtained from the
hymenial portion of the fungus.

The author divides the rennets obtained from the P.asidiomycetes into two
groups based upon their resistance to teniiierature.

The role of nitrogen and its compounds in plant metabolism, .1. M. Petkie
(Proc. Linn. Soc. A. .S". Wales, 33 {I90S). pt. //, /)/), <S(>/-.Si'/).— After a histor-
ical review of literature relating to this subject, in which more than 100 articles
are referred to, an account is given of the author's studies of the nonprotein
nitrogen in seeds. A discussion is presented of the various methods employed
for the precipitation of protein, after which the results are given of a study of
the seeds of ^0 species of plants, in which the protein that is not precipitated
by alcohol was determined. It appears that from 12 to 33 per cent of the
nitrogen in seeds occurs in forms that are not precipitated by alcohol, and these
figures are believed to represent the minimum proportions.

In a special study of the seeds of Acacia pycnantha the author found 4.") per
cent of the nitrogen to be nonprotein nitrogen, and he believes that the impor-
tance of this form of niti'ogen in the economy of the plant has been under-
estimated.

Studies of the carbohydrates in seeds, E. Schulze and C. Godet (Ztschr.
Physiol. Chcm., 61 (1909), Ao. Jf-5, pp. 219-351; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Lon-
don], 96 (1909), No. 56.',. II, pp. 82 'i, 825).— An investigation was made to
determine the nature of the carbohydrates present in the seeds of a large num-
ber of plants. The studies were made of the decorticated seed and of the seed
coats.

In about one dozen representative species no pentoses or hexoses were pres-
ent in the ungerminated seeds. Sucrose was detected in nearly every one of the
27 species examined, white and blue lupines alone giving negative results, and

438 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

it is thouslit tljat tiiis nuj;lil iiavc Ixhui duo to tlio snuill (nmntilics present.
Solul)le carboliydrates, most of wliicli yield uuicic acid upon oxidation, were
connnonly i»resent, and in tlie case of a few seeds they were determined, raffinose
being isolated from wheat and lui)eose from yellow and blue lupines. I'entosans
were not found to occur to a greater extent than 1 per cent in any case, and in
many seeds none at all was isolated.

The presence of soluble carbohydrates in many seeds is lielieved to indicate
that they are particularly suitable for tlie nutrition of the young plant, as
there can be little doubt that tlieso serve as reserve materials and are broken
down into simpler sugars during germination. Insoluble carbohydrates, sucli as
starches, celluloses, and hemicelluloses, were found present in the decorticated
seeds. Studies of the seed coats showed very small quantities of soluble carbo-
hydrates. They appear to be composed mainly of nitrogen-free substances, of
which hemicelluloses are present in considerable quantities. The rest of the
seed coats consisted of cellulose, wood gum, lignin, and various indefinite sub-
stances.

Phosphoric acid in leaves of plants, J. Seissl {Ztschr. Laiulw. Ycrsuchsw.
Osten:, 12 (1909), No. //, pp. lo7-lG7; ah.s. in Jour. Chnn. Soc. [London], 96
{1909), No. 564, II, p. 82//). — An investigation has been made on the occurrence
of phosphoric acid in the leaves of various plants at different stages of
growth, the total phosphorus being estimatedc together with the proportion of
phosphorus which is iiresent in organic combinations. It was found that as a
rule the phosphorus content of the leaves reached its maximum at the period of
greatest growth, after which there was a steady decrease until autumn. In the
case of the maple the total phosphorus reached its maximum content in August.
Red leaves were found to contain less phosphorus than green ones from the
same plant.

The nature of chlorophyll {dnrd. Chron., 3. so:, ',6 (1909), No. 1197, p.
380). — A summary is given of some observations by Willstatter on the nature
of chlorophyll, in which it is shown that a certain proportion of magnesium is
always present in the chlorophyll molecule, and that the worli of chlorophyll in
forming starch and sugar from carbon dioxid and water is in some way con-
nected with the magnesium which it contains. The observations have shown
that magnesium is a constant component of chlorophyll derived from plants of
every class, and in the form of magnesium oxid it has been obtained to the
extent of 6 per cent when the chlorophyll was burnt to ash. Tt is stated that
the reason why the presence of magnesium in chlorophyll has not been previ-
ously demonstrated is due to the fact that acids have been usually employed in
the preparation of pure chlorophyll. If alkalis are used it is possible to obtain
from chlorophyll well-crystallized products that are magnesium salts of car-
boxylic acids.

The influence of spraying or dusting- with fungicides or fertilizing mate-
rials on the growth of plants, L. Hiltneb (Prakt. Bl. Pflansctibau u. Schutz,
)i. sri:, 7 (1909). Nos. 2. pp. 17-22, fig. 1; 3. pp. 29-33; 5. pp. 6.')-69).— On ac-
count of the extensive use of fungicides and insecticides the author has studied
their effect on plant growth, comparing some of the substances used as fungi-
cides as well as a number of others which are applied as fertilizers.

In a series of experiments with plants sensitive to lime it was found that
spraying such plants as lupines with iron sulphate solution was decidedly
beneficial to their growth when grown in lime soils. The same was true of
peas and vetches, and particularly so of Lathy rus sylvesiris. which was much
greener after the spi-aying and made better growth. Ijipine plants that had
become green after spraying with iron sulphate solution again became chlo-

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 439

rotic when sprayed with milk of lime. Grasses were not permanently injured
when si)riiyed with 2 to 5 per cent solutions of iron sulphate.

In another series of experiments the effect of spraying with 0.5 to 15 per cent
iron sulphate solutions on plants that had been rather strongly fertilized with
lime niter was tested. Even where the smallest amount of iron sulphate was
used there was some injury to potatoes and it is believed that the super-
abundant lime in the lime niter was in part responsible for this injury. The
sensitiveness of mustard to iron sulphate is believed to be due to the stimu-
lating effect of the nitrogen in the fertilizer, causing a much more tender
growth of the mustard plants.

Spraying oat fields for the destruction of wild mustard, in which a 20 per
cent solution of iron sulphate was used, was without injurious effect to the
oat plants.

K.xperiments in spi-aying potatoes with 2 to 4 per cent solutions of lime
nitrogen, kainit, sulphate of magnesia, iron sulphate, milk of lime, humus,
Bordeaux mixture, and a copper-humus mixture were made to determine the
relative efficiency of the different mixtures in preventing the leaf curl disease
as well as the possibility of correcting the lime-magnesia ratio by applying fer-
tilizers in this manner. On the variety of potatoes especially subject to dis-
ease the yield was increased by all the treatments, except where iron sulphate
or milk of lime was used. Where Bordeaux mixture and the humus-copper
mixture were compared the highest yield was secured from the plat receiving
the humus mixture.

other cxperinicnts were conducted in the si>raying of oats, peas, horse beans,
lupines, serradella, mustard, and potatoes grown on soils poor in lime, in which
applications were made of 2 per cent solutions of gypsum, 4 per cent milk of
lime, 1 per cent sulphate of magnesia. 1..5 per cent iron sulphate, and 2 per
cent humus. Spraying with gypsum was unfavorable in every case except with
oats. The plats of serradella, mustard, and potatoes sprayed with sulphate
of magnesia gave maximum yields, while peas, horse beans, and lupines when
given applications of humus produced the highest yields.

In conclusion the author states that the yields of all the crops experimented
with were increased by spraying and the plants were made more resistant to
disease.

The action of different amounts of copper in the soil on the growth of
plants, J. Simon (Landir. Ucr-s. .S/r//.. 77 (1909). Ao. 6, pp. .'//7-.'/^9).— Pot
experiments with oats and mustard grown on garden soil, clay, and pure sand
containing amounts of copper sulphate varying from 0.01 to 10 per cent are
reported. The oat plant was shown to be more resistant to copper sulphate
in the soil than mustard, and in general the resistance of the plants was
greater the less the absorptive power of the soil for copper sulphate. With
the same concentration, injury from the sulphate was least in the garden soil
and greatest in the pure sand.

Experiments with Reflorit, F. Mach (Bo: Landic. Vers. Anst. Augustenb.,
1901, pp. 20, 28-30). — Reflorit is stated to be essentially a picrate of lime, the
sample used in the experiments here reported containing 16.43 per cent of
nitrogen.

Tests of the material on various fungi and on maize, as well as in the treat-
ment of plant lice on grapes, showed that under certain conditions and dilutions
the Reflorit stimulated the growth of molds and was utilized to a slight extent
as a source of nitrogen by corn. A 0.0.5 per cent solution, however, injured the
roots of corn. A solution containing 1 i^art of Reflorit to 600 of water produced
no effect on plant lice. The author concludes in general that the material can
not be expected to give the remarkable results claimed .for it.

440 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

FIELD CROPS.

Eeport on the agricultural stations in the Central Provinces for the year
1908-9 ending June 30, 1909, II. G. Allan, D. Clou.ston, and (i. Evans ( h'jil.
.{{p: .s'/(»v. ('(/)/. J'rnr. \hi(li(i\, ]D»H-9, pp. 51). — A brief history of the farms
and of the work of tlie afiricuKural stations at >.'a{?i)ur, liaipur, Akola, Iloslianj,'-
ai)ad. and at the Telinkheri Seed Farm, is jriven, toj^ether with meteorolojrieal
data and descriptions of the soil at each stalion.

At Xagpur, experiments to determine tlie residual value of fertilization {;ave
results favoring cattle manure, bone dust, salliieter, and green manure. Experi-
ments covering a H-year jteriod with cotton, sorghum, and pigeon peas, showed
a greater increase of yield from the ai)plication of 40 lbs. of nitrogen per acre
in barnyard manure, than from the same amount supplied in night soil, bone
dust, saltpeter, or in a combination of bone dust and saltpeter. A similar ex-
periment on sorghum with a subordinate crop of pigeon peas gave variable and
indecisive results. In a 3-year test with cotton of nitrate of soda, superphos-
phate and sulphate of potash, singly and in combination, every combination
containing nitrate of soda produced a decisive increase of yield, while each of
the others apjtlied singly produced a decrease of yield as compared with the
check plat. In a ;i-year test to determine the relative value of the solid and
liquid manure of bullocks, the solid produced a larger increase in yield of wheat
than did the liquid, while a still larger increase was secured from the applica-
tion of both. In case of sorghum, the liquid manure alone produced the largest
increase. On fiber crops superphosphate increased the yield of fiber, but not to
a sufficient extent to render the application profitable. In a test of dry crop
rotations with wheat as a principal crop, the greatest profit arose from alter-
nating wheat and chickling vetch.

Other work reported indicates the value of the cotton, pigeon pea, and sesa-
nium rotation, of plowing with the Swedish plow as compared with the native
methods, of 10 lbs. per acre as the rate of seeding and 3 in. as the proper spa-
cing for flaxseed, of the application of soluble nitrogenous fertilizers in conjunc-
tion with cattle manure for a jute crop, and of 12 irrigations and mulching after
sowing this crop. Varieties of crops grown and trials of new implements are
also reported.

At the Raipur Station, night soil after the meagher system, applied in April
every third year, produced profits and yields of paddy one and one-half to three
times as great as any other fertilizer except on the irrigated plats, where all
applications gave very high and profitable returns. Wheat and gram proved
almost equally profitable, but less j)rofitable if sown together. The local ground-
nut excelled, in both quantity and size of nuts, 5 other varieties tested. Va-
riety and manurial tests of sugar cane and selection of 3 varieties of rice were
undertaken. Greater returns were secured from land plowed by a turn wrest
plow than from that r)lowed with the country plow or bakhared (harrowed).

At Akola, results with experiments in rotation and in topping cotton are as
yet indecisive or negative. The best tillage results were obtained on plats
plowed with the native plow and bakhared or harrowed. The Berar Jari and
Buri cottons produced the largest and most valuable yields of lint. Fertilizers
were applied to cotton at an economic loss, but with profit when combined with
cattle manure. Liquid cattle manure on sorghum produced yields nearly twice
as profitable as were secured from solid manure or solid and liquid combined. The
liquid manure was conserved by using 5 or 6 in. of dried earth in the stall,
thereby doubling the amount collected. In a water-logged soil planting cotton
on ridges proved profitable.

FIELD CROPS. 441

At Hosbangabad, saltpeter gave the best results in a test of tbe mauurial re-
quirements of wheat under irrigation. Barnj-ard manure showed little advan-
tage on uuirrigated plats of wheat. A wheat-gram-wheat rotation proved the
most profitable of the wheat series, continuous cropping with wheat being only
slightly less profitable. Sowing in drills and at the rate of 120 lbs. per acre,
gave the best results. Plowing with a deep iron plow proved superior to other
methods. Ammonium sulphate gave the maximum results with hay and cotton.

Annual report of the Lyallpur Agricultural Station for the kharif and
rabi seasons, 1908-9 (Ann. Rpt. Lyallpur A gr. Stn., 1908-9, pp. i//+XA'/.Y).—
AVork briefly reported is that with methods of cultivation, handling and
marketing of cotton and jute, tests of Australian, indigenous, macaroni, com-
mon, punjab, bearded and beardless common wheats, barley, gram, oats,
cassava, mulberry trees, figs, and silkworms.

Calcium nitrate applied to wheat at the rates of 100 lbs. and 150 lbs. per
acre produced increases in yield of 36 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively.
In another experiment the jiercentages of increase were 3.3 and 21 per cent,
respectively. On sugar cane the same fertilizer produced a markedly greater
increase in yield and in percentage of juice and gur, than did crude nitrate
when applied at the rate of G.5 lbs. of nitrogen per acre. In a 12-year rotation
experiment the yield of maize in 1908 cultivated with the deep plow was from
2 to 11 times as great as that obtained with the desi plow.

Report on the agricultural station, Oral, Jalaun, of the United Provinces
of Agra and Oudh, June 30, 1909 (Rpt. Agr. Sta. Oral, Jalaun [India], 1909,
PI). 17. niap>i '/). — Variety tests were conducted with wheat, sorghum, cotton,
and peanuts, together with tests of cultural methods, utilization of waste land
for spineless cactus, common blue Agave, Prosopis juUflora, and Melilotns
officinalis, methods of eradication of weeds, soil analyses, and tests of barn-
yard manure and night soil. In a 3-year test of 5 varieties, the A^irginia
peanut proved the best. The possibility of the successful establishment of date
plantations is regarded as demonstrated. Meteorological data and notes on
insect pests are also given.

Report of the experiment field of the Krasno-ufimsk Trade School for
1907, L. Lyevochkin {Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. E.vpt. Landic), 10
{1909). Ao. 3, pp. 376-S79). — Ft-rtilizer and variety tests are I'oported.

Report on the Cawnpore Agricultural Station in the United Provinces,
June 30, 1909 (Rpt. Cawnpore [India] Agr. Sta., 1909, pp. Ji5+8A, dgm. i).—
This report contains, in addition to tlie work with field crops, meteorological
and soil data pertaining to the locality of the station, and notes cm insect and
other pests, implements, and new plants of the year.

In experiments with sulphate of ammonia, superphosphate, and farmyard
manure applied separately and in combination, the first named fertilizer pro-
duced the greatest increase in yield of lint cotton and in lint percentage, super-
phosphate apparently producing a decrease in each. A comparison of nitrate
of lime and cyanamid applied as top-dressing on land already rich from applica-
tions of farmyard manure showed an average increase in yield of 2,100 lbs.
per acre of sugar cane from the former and 470 lbs. from the latter, and an
increased percentage of juice of about 1..5 per cent in each case. On the wheat
plats during the seasons of 1908 and 1909 nitrate of lime apparently produced
an average increase in yield of 370 lbs. of grain, while the cyanamid appeared
to produce a decrease at the rate of 5 lbs. per acre as compared with the
untreated plats. Fertilizer experiments on potatoes for the period 1904-1909
showed average increases per acre at the rate of 5,9.50 lbs. from neem cake,
4,293 lbs. from night soil, and 4,298 lbs. from cotton refuse. Contradictory

31125— No. 5—10 1

442 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

results wore dlitaiiu'd frtmi the use of supir refuse, or lilter press mud.
KLurti iirovod a better hwh'u niauuro crop for wheat than hemp or urd.
Notes are also .uiven on the sek'ction of arhar, jioppies. wheat, American cotton,
nitroiren and lilla.L^e invest illations.

Report of the cooperative fertilizer and variety tests in Dalarne and Norr-
land, 1908, S. ItiiODiN {Mcddcl. Criil nihilist. F6rf<ok.^r. Joidhntksoiinudct, No.
16, pp. 115). — Reports are given of 77 fertilizer experiments with oats, barley,
oai hay, potatoes, mangels, grass land, soil inoculation, and nitragin, and of
111 variety tests with oats and oat hay, barky, peas, soiling crops, potatoes, and
mangels, as conducted in the Swedish counties.

[Work at the Fiji- experiment stations], C. 11. Knowlks {lipt. Agr. Fiji,
1!)08, pp. 1-27). — This paper i-eports results of the work at tlie Nasinu and
Lautoka experiment stations, dealing with grain, fodder, forage, fiber, and mis-
cellaneous crops including various spices, coffee, cocoa, and rubber. Notes
are also given on insect pests and the results of manurial experiments on coco-
nut trees.

Influence of autumn plowing on the humidity of the soil, K. G. Mankovskl
( YkzIi. Ros.s. Scls'k. Klioz. (ihaz., 1908, Xo. 37; <ihs. in Zliiir. Opnitn. Agron.
(Riiss. Jour. E.rpt. Ldiidic), 10 {1909), Xo. 3, p. 379). — Observations on the
Poltava Experiment Field indicate that plowing in the fall not only does not
])romote a better penetration into and retention by the soil of the winter precijii-
tations but, on the contrary, very frecpiently hinders ]ienetration.

Fallow culture according- to data of the Poltava Experiment Field, K. G.
Mankovski (Selsk. Khoz. i Lgcsov., 1908, Dec; abs. in Zhnr. Opuitii. Agron.
{Russ. Jour. Expt. Landio.), 10 {1909), No. 3, pp. 38//-3S7').— This article re-
ports tests of black fallow and of early (April), middle (May), and late (June)
green fallow, on forest and clay soils overrun by weeds and in poor condition as
received from peasants. The crops used were rye and wheat.

During the S-year period 1886-1893 the black fallow was not inferior to May
fallow with full manurial fertilization, but during the succeeding 8-year perioil
the yields on the black fallow failed greatly and became less than either the
manured or unmauured May fallow. Continuous forcing of the activity of the
soil by fallow cultivation of the same field in 3 course rotations, led to impov-
erishment of the content of humus, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, mineral sub-
stances soluble in hydrochloric acid, and fine earth. Early green fallow gave
better results than either middle or late green fallow, as shown by the average
yields for the 12-year period 189.5-1906.

Grass and clover seed production and handling in Denmark, Great Britain
and Ireland, IIollmanx and Skalweit (Bcr. Land. u. Foratir. Anshmdc. 1909.
No. 20, pp. 52). — ^A general review of seed production and marketing in Den-
mark, Great Britain and Ireland is given, together with notes on the principal
grasses and clovers the seeds of which are of commercial importance in these
countries, and data in regai'd to plant breeding, purity, gernnnation. and other
tests, including an experiment in Denmark with superi)hosphate and Chile salt-
peter, in which 2.50 lbs. of 18 per cent superphosphate produced a net profit of
|'5.60 per acre greater than the unfertilized plat, while with a mixture of 2r)0 lbs.
of 18 per cent superphosphate and 100 lbs. of Chile saltpeter the increased net
profit was $14.05 per acre. The crop used in the test was cocksfoot (Dactylis
glomerata).

The yearly production of grass and clover seed in Denmark is given as ap-
proximately 17,.500,000 lbs., of which 15,000.0(J0 lbs. is exported.

Growing clover for seed and forage in northern Wisconsin, R. A. Moore
and E. ,T. Delwiciie {Wisoonsin Shi. Bui. 183, pp. 3-1 'i. figs. 3). — This bulletin
discusses clover and its adaptation to Wisconsin conditions. Methods of seed

FIELD CROPS.

443

testing, seeding, growing, curing, and liarvesting, for seed and for liay, are
outlined, especially with regard to conditions on new land and on sandy and
clay soils.

An avei-age yield of 1.84 bushels per acre was secured on the S3.2S8 acres
devoted to clover seed production in Wisconsin in 1905, whereas in 1908 the
average yield of clover see<l on 13 northern Wisconsin farms cooperating with
the station was 2.75 bushels per acre. The average yield of alsike clover
secured on clay soil was 3.96 bu., and on sandy soil 1.78 bushels per acre,
while medium red clover yielded 1 bushel per acre on clay soil and IJ bushels
on sandy soil, and mammoth red clover yielded in the only case reported 1
bushel per aci-e on sandy soil.

It is advised that the biennial clovers be either i)astured until about June
10, or clipi)ed about that time or cut for hay when about one-half of the plants
are in bloom, the first crop never being allowed to attain its full growth.
Alsike and mammoth red should usually be left undipped.

A comparison of early and late cutting at the 3 northern substation farms
showed an average difference in favor of late cutting of 1.5 tons of hay and 0.4
bu. of clover seed per acre, although there was a loss from late cutting of 0.2
bu. of seed per acre at Iron River.

On the yields of alfalfa with varying numbers of cuttings during the
season, P. HaxXsex (Tidss^kr. Lamlhr. PlantcuvJ, Hi (lOOU), Xo. ,1 pp. J/IS-
.'/29). — Trials were conducted at the Tistofte Experiment Station during the
period 1903-1907, to determine the influence of- differences in the number of
cuttings of alfalfa during the season, on yield, resistance, purity, and quality
of the crop. The data are summarized in the following table :

Influence of the number of cuttings on the yield and quality of alfalfa.

Number
of cut-,
tings.

Hay per
acre.

Protein
per
acre.

Nitro-
gen in
crop.

4
3
2

Cwt.
77.20
88.97
84.56

Lbs.
1,303
1,872
1,070

Percent.
2.66
2.35
1.96

As the number of cuttings increased, so did the weakening effect on the plant,
the difficulty in keeping the field free from weeds, and the possibility of saving
the leaves. Under favorable conditions 3 cuttings proved best, but under un-
favorable conditions only 2 cuttings are recommended.

Alfalfa in America, J. E. Wing {Chicago. 1909, pp. J/80, pis. 15, figs. 2). —
This volume gives a historical sketch of alfalfa, describes the plant and its
habits of growth, states its soil and fertilizer requirements, and gives directions
for the preparation of the seed bed, seeding, cultivation, irrigation, harvesting,
and storage. Other alfalfa topics discussed are its diseases, insect and animal
pests, and its food value for various animals.

Industrial value of artichokes, L. Chaptal and D. Vidal {Prog. Agr. et Vit.
{Ed. VEst-Centrc), 31 {1910), No. 2, pp. .52-56).— This article discusses the value
of artichokes for the paper distilling and starch industries, comparing them
with various other crops used in these industries.

A new type of Indian corn from China, G. N, Collins {U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Plant Indiis. Bui. 101. pp. 30, pis. 2). — A description of a new type of maize
is given, with si)ecial emphasis u]ion 4 striking points of difference from other
varieties of maize: (1) Erect leaf blades; (2) a frequent monostichous arrange-

444 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

nient of leaf blades due to torsion of the leaf sheath, not to a departure from
the usual alternate insertion of the leaf sheaths of gras-ses; (3) the develop-
ment of the silks within the leaf sheath instead of in a position exposing them
to the drying inllnence of sun and wind; and (4) a waxy endosperm differing
from both the horny and starchy endosperms of other corn in texture and optical
properties. The first 3 of these qualities indicate drought resistance. Analysis
showed the grain to be low in protein and oil as well as in weight per thousand
seeds.

Tabulated data relating to the Xenia characters of 20 crosses of Chinese corn,
which appeared for the most part to follow Mendel's law, ajid a historical
account of maize in China are also presenteiL

Experiments with corn, E. G. Montgomery {NehmsJca Sta. Bui. 112, pp. 5-
36, figfi. 11). — Two ear-row methods of corn breeding are outlined, and the
results of each stated. In the first method, taken up at this station in 1903,
101 ears of Hogue Yellow Dent were used as foundation stock. If a family (all
rows tracing to an original mother plant) did not average well, all of its seed
was discarded regardless of high yields of one or more rows. No attempt was
made to prevent intercrossing with the poorer families planted near the better
ones. During 1907 and 1908 selected strains improved by this method gave
yields averaging 8.3 bu. per acre more than did the original stock.

The second method, instituted in 1906 with 204 ears of the same variety,
produced as good results in much less time and by a simpler process. One-third
of each ear was planted in a row 16 rods long. The renniants of these ears
were retained and in 1907 arranged in order according to the yield from the
seed taken from them in 1906 and planted in this order, those making the
highest yield being thus grouped together. " The progeny of the four best ears
yielded 9 bu. per acre better than the checks, while the remnants of the original
ears yielded 11 bu. better."

The physical characters of the corn plant that are to be considered in seed
selection are discussed in full, and directions for conducting breeding plats for
a period of 3 years are presented, together with forms for keeping the notes on
original seed ears and on the ci'op from those ears. A type of Reid Yellow
Dent, averaging 0.2 oz. less per ear in weight. 0.4 in. less in circumference, 0.7
in. more in length, and 4 in. less in total length per 100 grains than the standard
type, is designated as a long smooth type of Held Yellow Dent, and produced a
greater yield than the standard type by 4.4 bu. per acre, with a shrinkage lower
by 0.6 per cent.

Data on the relation of yield and size of ear during 1906 showed that the
greatest number of bushels was produced with ears averaging 9.12 oz., while
in 1907 the average weight per ear from the plats making the highest yield
was 9.76 oz. Phenomena observed in the high-yielding rows were (1) low
number of barren plants, (2) large number of 2-eared plants, and (3) large
number of tillers bearing ears. Investigations failed to show any definite
relation between leafiness of plants or strains and their productive capacity.
Data indicate that from 1.732 to 3.627 sq. in. of leaf area were required in the
production of a gram of dry matter.

The work reported on the economic value of tillers is a continuation of that
previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 657) and in general confirms the results then
reported.

Very little difference in yield resulted from the different methods of dis-
tributing seed regularly in hills or irregularly, as in drills. As compared with
1 plant per hill. 3 and 5 plants per hill produced increased yields of 0.4 bu. and
2.6 bu. per acre, respectively.

FIELD CROPS. 445

The deterioration of corn in storage, J. W. T. Dtjv'el {JJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Plant Indus. Circ. //3, pp. 12, figs. 3). — This circular reports an investigation
of the deterioration of 5,550 bii. of shelled coru during 69 days storage in a 65
ft. bin in a Baltimore elevator. The variations in vi'eather conditions and of
the temperature and moisture content of the grain during the time of storage
are stated in full. Nine hundred bu. of damaged coru from the top of the bin
were removed, dried, loaded as for shipment, and held on the track 37 days
without deterioration in condition, whereas 900 bu. of the best cool corn from
the same bin, loaded without drying, became sour and musty in 23 days. After
unloading, handling over 5 elevators, weighing 3 times, and reloading, it again
heated within 9 days.

The i-eport is regarded as preliminary, and the generalization of results and
formulation of definite conclusions are deferred until the investigations are
more advanced.

Origin of the Hindi cotton, O. F. Cook (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus.
Circ. .'i2, pp. 12, figs. 2). — Hindi cotton lias a very short staple, and its pres-
ence in Egyptian seed constitutes an obstacle to the introduction of varieties
from that country, as labor here is not sufficiently cheap to allow it to be
sorted out from the longer and more marketable staple, as is done in Egypt.
It may prove possible to destroy the plants early in the growing season. Some
of its distinctive characters are the larger number of vegetative branches at the
lower nodes, assuming a more upright position, the thinner, lighter-colored
leaves with very short lateral lobes, a red pulvinus at the base of the leaf
blade, nearly orbicular involucral bracts, long-pointed triangular lobes of the
calyx, and a petal spot, faint if present, but often entirely lacking. Other dis-
tinctive characters appear later in the develoiiment of the plant.

The history of the variety and its supposed relationships to American upland
varieties, Mexican varieties, and Egyptian varieties, are discussed. Hindi
cotton appears to be of American origin instead of a result of hybridization
with Egyptian or other old world species, but is not identical with any of the
United States upland varieties, being more closely allied with upland cotton
indigenous in Mexico and Central America. Since Egyptian and other sea
island types appear to have originated in the tropical countries the Hindi
variants may be examples of reversion. This fact is supported by the re-
semblance between Hindi foliage and that of young plants of the Egyptian
cotton.

Supply and distribution of cotton, D. C. Roper (Bur. of the Census [V. 8.1
Bui. 106, pp. 32, dgms. Jf). — The data and discussions given in this bulletin
continue those previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 932). The total supply of
cotton in the United States for the year ended August 31, 1909, is given as
15,312.S85 running bales, and the net imports and exports as 165.451 and
8,574,024 running bales, respectively.

The Sixth International Congress of Delegated Representatives of Master
Cotton Spinners' and Manufacturers' Associations, 1909 (Internat. Cong.
Master Cotton Spinners" and Manfrs.'' Assocs., 6 (1909), pp. 352, pis. 10, dgms.
3). — In conectiou with the report of the proceedings of this congress, addresses
are presented on cotton growing in the possessions of Belgium, England, France,
Germany, Italy, and Russia, and on the regulation of the supply of cotton in
England, Switzerland, and France. Data on variety and other tests conducted
in the Belgian Congo are also included.

Note on the extension of cultivation of fiber plants in India (Agr. Re-
search Inst. Pusa [India] Bui. 15, 1909, pp. IJ^). — Notes are given on jute, Bom-
bay hemp, Crotolaria juncea, coconut, Rhea, Agave, pineapple, Sansevieria, flax,

446 EXPKHIMENT STATION RECORD.

plantain. Malacbra and Sida. with spoeial reference to their present distribn-
tiou in the iirovinees of India and their extension to new areas.

[Field and manurial experiments with potatoes and mangels, 1909 j, B.
SWANWUK and E. KiNcii (.lyr. Sludrnts' Gaz., n. tier., J.', (I'JO!)), No. 5, pii. JiJ.i-
767). — The exi)eriuients reported were conducted at the Iloyal Agricultural
(Ville?j:e farm, Cirencester, and a private farm at Coates. Those with potatoes
consisted of 2 parallel series, one with Scotch seed and the other witii Irish
seed. The Irish seed i)roduced the more salable potatoes, but showed the more
disease. The chief object was to comiiare the value of various connnercial forms
of phosphorus, nitrogen and potash, all the i)lats beins dressed with fai-myard
manure at the rate of S tons per acre.

An increased yield of 1 ton 1,(>00 lbs. of salable potatoes apparently resulted
from fertilization at the rate of 200 lbs. calcium nitrate and 400 lbs. of super-
phosphate (2(; per cent soluble) per acre, while there was a corresi)ondini::
increase of 2 tons 1,;]00 lbs. from an application of 400 lbs. of superphosphate
and 100 lbs. of potash per acre. An application of 400 lbs. of supeiplu)si)hate,
300 lbs. of potash, and l.'>0 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia yielded 44 tons more
salable potatoes than the check plats. The use of 1 cwt. of sulphate of potash
has apparently increased the yield by 17 cwt. of good potatoes. Sulphate of
ammonia gave better results as a nitrogenous dressing for potatoes than cal-
cium nitrate, although the latter with superphosphate, and with superphosphatje
and potash, gave reasonable profits. The general experience on this farm is in
favor of sulphate of anunonia as the best' nitrogenous manure for potatoes,
always with addition of superphosphate.

The chief object of the experiments with mangels was to test the comparative
value of 4 different forms of nitrogen, and also that of kainit and common salt.
Superphosphate was applied at the rate of 300 lbs. per acre, kainit at the rate of
400 lbs., and nitrogenous fertilizers at the rates required to supply the amount
of nitrogen contained in 100 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia. The results indicated
that no increase in yield was obtained without the application of nitrogenous
manures, and that nitrogenous manures in all cases increased the yield of roots,
but that in some instances the increase was secured at a financial loss. Valuing
the roots at $2.40 per ton, profits wei'e secured from the i)l:!ts fertilized with
(1) superphosphate and nitrate of lime. (2) superphosphate, kainit. and nitrate
of lime, (3) superphosphate, kainit, and sulphate of ammonia, and (4)
superphosphate, kainit, and nitrate of soda. The addition of kainit io a mix-
ture of superphosphate, calcium nitrate, and calcium cyanamid produced no
apparent increase in yield, but when added to a mixture of superphosphate,
sulphate of anunonia, and nitrate of soda a marked increase in yield resulted.
On the plats near Coates the most striking result was as to the value of the
addition of kainit (400 lbs. per acre) to phosphates and nitrogen, the plats so
treated sho\Aiug an average increase in yield of 3A tons of roots as compared
with the plats receiving superphosphate and nitrogenous manures only.

A new forag'e crop, G. Lopriore {BoI. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital., I'f (1909), No 20,
pp. ,9,//7-9.70). — The grass Stenolaphrum ainericanuni is discussed as a drought
resistant plant, with special reference to its botanical characters, history, and
geographical distribution.

[Cereal breeding at Cambridge] (Jow. Dcpt. Agr. So. Aust., 13 (1909), No.
3, pp. 183-1S6, figs. 3). — Crosses were made to combine the baking qualities and
cropping power of English wheats and sucli Canadian varieties as Ked Fife.
This type was fixed, then crossed with American Club wheat to introduce rust re-
sistance. Experience with 8 generations shows that " a plant which breeds
true once breeds true always."

HORTICULTURE. 447

Qualitative weight and foreign material of wheat, harvest of 1908 {Pokls
qualitdlif vt Corps ct rangers da Blc (Rccoltc 1D08). Buchansi ; Govt., 1908,
XIII-\-62). — Full statistics are given for each of tlie clepartuients ami com-
munes showing the yields of wheat per acre. The percentage of foreign sub-
stances in the wheat harvested from large properties and that from peasant
lu'operties averaged 2 per. cent and 4.2 per cent, respectively.

The adulteration of forage-plant seeds, F. H. Hillman (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Fanners'" Bui. SS2, pp. 23, figs. 19). — This bulletin discusses the evils of adul-
teration of forage-plant seeds with crop seeds and seeds of injurious weeds.
The seeds of clovers and grasses and the principal adulterants found in each
are describe<l and full directions given for the detection of adulteration.

HORTICULTURE.

The fruit culture in Japan, T. Ikeda {Tokyo [1909^, pp. 110, pi. 1). — A
treatise on fruit growing in Japan, the successive chapters of which discuss
the climate of Japan and its local modifications, adaptive ranges of fruits, fruit
soils of Japan, indigenous and introduced fruits, varieties of leading fruits in
Japan, propagation, pruning and training, and some routine operations in
Japanese orchards. An introductoi-y discussion is given of the causes which
have prevented the development of fruit culture in Japan and special features
of the Japanese fruit industry.

[Report of the Grand Junction Fi-uit Growers' Association], J. F. Moore
(Colo. Fruit Groiccr, 5 {1910), No. 1, pp. 26-30).— A detailed report for 1909 of
this successful fruit growers' cooperative association.

Another mode of species forming, L. Burdank (Aiiicr* Breeders' Assoc.
\Proc.], 5 {1909), pp. .'iO~'i3). — The author cites several instances in which ap-
jiannitly fixed new species have been produced directly by crossing 2 species and
without further selection.

Grafting and its application for various trees and bushes, N. Gaucher
[Die Vercdvluiigeii und Hire Anicendung fiir die verschicdeimen Buuine und
mriiucher. Berlin, 1909, 3. rev. and enl. ed., pp. X/F-f3//0, figs. 196).— X re-
vised and enlarge^l edition of the author's work, which treats of the principles
and methods of propagating trees and shrubs by the various forms of grafting.
Specific directions are given for the propagation of a large number of orna-
mental trees and shrubs, and the best means for grafting all of our common
fruit trees, together with suitable stocks for the same, are indicated. The text
concludes with a monthly w-orking calendar.

The influence of bagging on the volume accretion of fruits, G. Riviere
iind G. Bailhache {Jour. Koc. Nat. Jlait. France, J/, ser., 10 {1909), Dec, pp.
752-755). — Experiments in bagging two varieties of pears are reported, in which
the authors found in general that the bagged fruits acquire a much larger
volume and consequently a greater weight than the unbagged fruit, thus con-
firming the results secured by Montreuil and Bagnolet in 18SG, which were
reported in liOiseau's De I'Ensachage des Fruits.

The present status of apple breeding in America, S. A. Beach {Amer.
Breeders' Assoc. [Proc], 5 (191)9), pp. 28-36). — A brief statement of work along
the line of systematic apple breeding being conducted at the Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, and in a number of state experiment stations, as well as
by private individuals.

Characteristics of Wealthy apple seedlings, AV. T. ]\Iacoun {Amer. Breed-
ers' Assoe. [/'/-oc], 5 (1909), pp. 37-.'i0). — Noted from another source (E. S. R.,
21, p. 338).

448 EXPHHIMKNT STATION HKCOHD.

An investigation relative to the failure of certain American grape stocks
in Sicily, A. Knuiiciu kt al. i liol. Miii. Af/i:, JikIus. c Com. [R.(>m(\, N {I'JOU),
iScr. A, No. 27, pp. 7,j')-7(>S). — This is the report to the Italian minister of agri-
eultvire of a si)ecial eonnnissiou appointed to investigate the Ciuise of the un-
satisfactory growth of certain American grape stocks in the Sicilian vineyards.
The report indicates that the stoclcs have failed for. various reasons, such as
parasitic tittacks and lack of acclimation and of aflinity between stock and
scion, as well as unfavorable soil conditions.

Starting of the buds of vines, F. T. Bioletti (Pacific Rural Press, 7!) (1910),
No. 3, pp. .'il, .)?', pg. 1). — A translation of the results secured by Ravaz in that
part of his work which dealt with the influence of various cultural operations
on grapes at the time of bud swelling (E. S. R., 21, p. ?>M).

In general, Ravaz found that good cultivation, fertilizing, irrigation, short
jii-nning or anything which produces strong vegetative growth in the vines
tends to delay the sprin.g starting of the buds, whereas vines dwarfed by the
vicinity of trees or larger vines, lack of cultivation or other causes which
lessen their vegetative vigor, start their buds early. He found that if pruning
is delaj-ed in the spring until the end buds have grown an inch or more, the
lower buds do not start immediately. The actual starting of the fruit buds
may be delayed in some cases one, two, or even three weeks. These results
suggest a means of delaying the fruiting period in regions where vines are
subject to injury from si)ring frosts.

The influence of a creosote solution on the growth of grape cuttings, J.
Beiirens ( Bcr. Landic. Vers. Anst. Augustenb., 1906, pp. Ji9~51). — A number
of grape cuttings were immersed in a 1 per cent creosote solution, but neither
the growth percentage nor the developmenf of the plants was affected when the
immersion was not continued beyond an hour.

The influence of potassium fertilizers on the composition of ■wine, husks
and lees, F. A. Sannino and A. Tosatti (Rivista [VoiicgUano]. ,). ser.. 16
(1910), No. 2. pp. 25-29). — Some data are reported on the use of sulphate of
potash as a fertilizer for grapes. The results for the past season show an in-
crease in the sugar content and a dimuuition of the acidity, together with an
increase of cream of tartar in the must. Slight increases of cream of tartar
were also found in the husks and lees of the grapes. The work is to be con-
tinued.

On the effect of sulphate of iron used as a vine fei'tilizer on the yield and
quality of the product, F. A. Sannino and A. Tosatti (Rivista [Coiiegliauo],
.'/. scr., 16 (1910). No, 1, pp. 2-5). — Some experiments w^ere started in 1007 in
which sulphate of iron was used as a fertilizer for grapes at the rate of 200
gm. per plant. The results thus far secured indicate that this material tends
to inci-ease the quantity of grapes but to reduce somewhat the sugar content of
the must, and also to increase the amount of iron in the wines. When the
pulps alone were made into wine the amount of soluble iron in the wine was
greater, whether the grapes were secured from the fertilized or the unfertilized
plat, than when the skins were fermented with the pulps. The work is to be
continued on a more extensive scale.

Lemon culture in the Paola region, E. Ferrari (Bol. Arbor. Ital., 5 (1909),
Nos. 1, pp. 33-39; 2, pp. 58-67; 3, pp. 110-120; J,, pi). 11,5-180).— A monograph
on the lemon with special reference to its culture in the vicinity of Paola,
Italy. Considei'ation is given to the geographic distribution of the lemon, local
soil and climatic conditions, the biology of the lemon, methods of propagation,
selection of site and soil, planting operations and subsequent culture, harvesting,
diseases, insect pests, and the industrial and commercial importance of the
lemon. An extensive bibliography is appended.

PORESTEY. 449

Mangoes of Florida, J. B. Bkacii {rorto Rico Hart. News, 3 {1910), No. 1,
pp. ,i, .'i). — Brief descriptive notes wliich originally appeared in the Florida
Homesecker are given of a number of varieties of improved mangoes which
have been introduced into Florida and fruited there.

The pineapple industry, W. M, Cunningham (Bui, Dept. Agr. Bahamas, 4
(1909), No. '/, pp. 113-132). — This is a brief account, including cultural notes,
of the pineapple industry in the Bahamas.

Growing- blackberries and raspberries in Washington, W. S. Thobnbeb
{W<isliiii(/ton tSta. ropiihir Bill. IS, pp. .'/). — A i)0])ular edition of Bulletin 87
previously noted (10. S. 11.. L'O, p. IO.jT).

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), O. Comes {Atti. R. 1st. Incoragg.
Napoli, 6. ser., 7 (1909), pp. 109). — A monograph on the common bean relative
to its history, phylogeny, economic value, and the systematic botany of its
cultivated races. The author calls attention to the possible existence of a
toxic agent in the colored seed of P. vulgaris which n)ny be similar in character
to the cyanogenetic glucosid sometimes found in beans of P. lunatus, although
he is of opinion that this toxic substance has been reduced to an inconsiderable
amount by virtue of the long cultivation of P. vulgaris.

Report of coffee investigations, Gorter (Jaarh. Dept. Landb. Nederland.
Indie, 1908, pp- 81-99, pi. 1). — An outline report, with analyses, of the berries of
different varieties of coffee, together with notes and data on varietal and
cultural tests.

The best varieties of almonds, E. Marre (Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-
Centre), 31 {1910), No. 5, pp. 137-lJiJi, figs. 7). — Descriptive notes are given of
the varieties of sweet and bitter almonds grown in the arrondissement of Millau,
France.

Some ornamental plants of Macon County, Alabama, G. W. Carver {Ala-
bama Tiiskegee 8ta. Bui. 16, pp. 5-2.'i, figs. 8). — Brief descriptions are given of a
large number of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, vines, ornamental
urasses, ferns, pond, marsh and bog plants, together with miscellaneous plants
and herbs suitable for culture as ornamental plants. A few of the chief merits
of each plant in question are indicated, together with the localities where they
:ire most likelj' to be found growing wild.

Roses, CocHET-CocHEt and S. Mottet {Lcs Rosiers. Paris, 1909, 3. ed., rev.
and enl., pp. IV + YII+35.J, figs. (W). — This work treats of the history, classifi-
cation, nomenclature, and descriptions of the rose genera, together with details
for growing roses both out of doors and under glass.

Fifth annual report of the Rhode Island Metropolitan Park Commission
of Providence plantations {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Metropol. Park Comrs. IR. /.], 5
{1909), pp. 85, pis. 5, figs. 25, maps 3). — This is a progress report to the general
assembly of Rhode Island relative to the development of a park system for the
metropolitan district of that State. It contains an account of the work already
accomplished, together with negotiations in progress for securing further reser-
vations, and suggestions for the development of a complete park system, iuclud,-
iug estimates of cost. A detached map of the proposed park system accom-
panies the report.

FORESTRY.

Forest utilization, K. Gayer (Die Forstbcnutzung. Berlin, 1909, 10. cd., pp.
Nil +637, pis. 2, figs. 356). — The present edition of this work, which is edited
by H. Mayr, has been considerably revised.

The first general division consists of a review of the various purposes for
which forest soils are used and the methods of utilizing them. Succeeding
sections of the work contain detailed information relative to the exploitation.

450 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

preparation and tr:uis]i()rt of ((iniiiH'i-cial woods, tlic identification and char-
acteristics of various linilter siiecics. Ilio iiiiysical and clicniical i)roperli('s and
defects of woods, wood ])reservalioii .-md Icclniolo^'y. ntiii/aliou of woods in
various industries, yields and commerce. Tlie nHn(»r forest products, sucli as
iKuks, seiMls, dyestuffs, resins, etc, are taken up in similar detail as well as
otlier products, incidental to foresti\v, such as litter, turf, jLirass, etc. The work
concludes with a hi-ief chapter on the utilization of stones and earth.

The forests of the United States: Their use, O. W. Price, R. S. Kpxlooo and
W. T. Vox {U. ^. Dcpt. A(/i:, Ftjic.st 8crc. Circ. Ill, pp. 25). — A poi)ular discu.s-
sion relative to the economic importance of our forests, their extent, e.\i)loita-
tion, destruction by fire, and wasteful methods of lumbering and manufacturing,
together with suggestions for preserving the lumber supply in this country, in
which consideration is given to llie duty of the private owner, economy i'.i the
mill, iireservative treatment of timber, use of substitutes, better tax and fire
laws, and forestry education.

Annual report of the department of forestry, C. li. Pettis {Separate from
.Y. Y. State Forest, FisJi and (hiinc Coin. Ann. Rpt., 1', {1908), pp. 27-109,
pis. 29). — A detailed account is given of tlie operations of the Xew York state
forestry department for 1908, the work being discussed under the following
general headings: Trespasses, forest fires, annual forest production, reforesting
ojierations, the forest preserve, and investigations.

The investigations conducted in connection with nursery practice noted from
another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 335), together with a report on the complete
system of reforesting work, including seed collecting, nursery practice, and
field planting, as conducted by the New York state forest service (E. S. R.,
22, p. 242).

The total output of the forests and woodland of the State of New York for
1907 amounted to 1.206,754,365 ft. b. m., an increase of 10,544,731 ft. over that
of 1906. Detailed figures are given on the production of lumber and minor
products and on the production by species.

A monograph on forestry in the Famenne, P. Gillet {Ann. Gcmbloux, 20
{1910), Xo. I, pp. l')-.'i2). — A detailed account of the forests and forest manage-
ment in the Famenne district, Belgium.

Report of forests, H. N. Thompson {Colon. Ilpts., Misc. [Gt. Brit.^. Xo. 66,
pp. 238, pis. 2-'f, map 1). — In part 1 of this report the author describes in de-
tail a number of trips made through the forests of the Gold Coast, the character
of the country and the vegetation. In part 2 measures are recommended and
discussed with a view to conserving the forests and initiating a system of
forest jiolicy for their management and development. Part 3 summarizes the
l)hysical and climatic features of the Gold Coast and Ashanti, the vegetation
ftf those countries, and forest distribution. A short account is also given of
the conditions affecting plant growth and their influence in determining the
geographical distribution of the plants, together with statistics of the expor-
tation and importation of forest produce and an estimate of future yield of
timber from the forests.

Forestry in Japan, J. P.. Moore (Conservation, lo {1909), Xo. 12, pp. 127-
71/0, figs. 12). — A descriptive account of forestry in Japan treating of the private,
imperial, and state fonests, which contain respectively 23,000,000. 6.000.000, and
29,000,000 acres. Information is also given relative to the training received
by native foresters and the organization of the Japanese bureau of forestry.

Methods of increasing forest productivity, E. E. Carter {U. 8. Dept. Agr.,
Forest Serv. Cire. 172, pp. 16). — A popular discussion relative to means of ex-
tending our forest areas as well as increasing the quantity and quality of
forest products, together with estimates of the increase of forest production

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 451

through proper managemeut. It is estimated that there is an unutilized area
of 80,000,0(10 acres within our present producing forest, in addition to 135,-
000,000 acres of unproductive forest land within our virgin or mature forests,
and 90,000,000 acres of waste lands which can be made productive by planting
or fire protection.

Increment studies in a spruce stand, A. Schiffel (ZuiDaclisstudien in einem
Fichtcnbesfandc. ^'ienna, 1909, pp. 25; abst. in Centbl. Gesam. Forstiv., 35
(1909), No. 12, pp. 505-527). — A detailed account with tabular data is given of
a large number of increment measurements made in an SO-year old spruce
stand which was thinned out at 4 different periods between 1903 and 190S.

Selection of seeds in forestry, P. Guinieb (Ann. Sci. Agron., 3. set:, 4 (1909),
II, JVo. 6, pp. JfJf4-JtG9). — The author discusses the importance of selection as a
means for improving timber species and reviews the literature on the subject
of variation among forest species.

Trees of California, W. L. Jepson (San Francisco, 1909, pp. 228, pis. 33, figs.
83). — This is intended as a popular working manual of the native trees of
California. It contains botanical descriptions of trees arranged according to
families, together with information relative to their geographic distribution
and economic value.

Illustrations of conifers, H. Clinton-Baker (Hertford, 1909, vol. 2, pp. 79,
pis. 91). — A continuation of the series of life-size illustrations of the cones and
foliage of conifers growing in the British Isles, supplemented by analytical keys
to species and short concise descriptions, previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 145).

Eucalyptus culture, E. Navarro de Andrade (A Cultara do Eucalyptus. Sao
>^aulo, 1909, pp. VIII +156, pis. 15). — Part 1 of this work treats of the general
characters and descriptive botany of the eucalypts and part 2 discusses the
details of eucalyptus culture, including climatic and soil conditions, trans-
planting and planting operations, subsequent culture, exploitation, destructive
insects, cost of planting operations, yields, and returns in major and minor
forest products. The subject-matter is based upon the available literature of
the eucalypts, together with planting trials conducted during the past 5 years
at the Jundiahy arboretum, near Sao Paulo, Brazil. A descriptive account of
this arboretum is appended.

A study of rubber-yielding' latexes and the methods of making' rubber,
C. E. DE Mello Geraldes (Estac. Agr. Cent. [Mexico] Bol. 6, pp. 129). — This is
a Spanish translation made by G. Gomez of the author's review of our present
knowledge of caoutchouc-bearing latexes and of methods of preparing rubber
from latexes.

[An expedition in search, of rubber yielding- plants], A. Opazo and C.
Reiche (An Agron. [Santiago de Ghili], .'/ (1909), Ao. 3-//, pp. 189-237, figs. 16,
dgm. 1). — The report of a search conducted in the Province of Atacama, Chili,
for rubber yielding species, together with an account of the botanical char-
acters, occurrence and tests of a latex -yielding euphorbia (Euphorbia lactiflua).
Analyses of this latex made at the Agronomic Station, Santiago, Chili, show
it to have a resin content of about 28 per cent and with only about 4.1 per cent
of insoluble gum. The plant is not considered worth exploiting commercially.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Cultures of Uredinese in 1908, J. C. Arthur (Mycologia, 1 (1909), No. 6, pp.
225-256). — In continuation of investigations on heteroecious fungi (E. S. R.,
20, p. 52) the author gives a detailed report on studies on the grass and cedar
rusts and also on the advance made in segregating the subepidermal rusts
which have generally passed under the name of Puccinia rubigo-vera.

452 EXPERIMENT STATION RK(^()KD.

In 11k> studies reported siiecessful cultures linve l»eeu luiide of 23 spofies
which liave been previously Krowu iu cultures and reported by the author or
other invest ijrators and 10 species the cultures of which are now reported for
the first time. Auioufr the latter it is shown that Puccinia ahsinthii has no
.'ecidial stajie in its life cycle. Successful inoculations were made with /'.
iiHicro.sixira from Carcx cumosn sown on Smilux hispida, P. patruelin from C.
prtitoisis sown on Agoscrifi phiiica, P. rinrrca from PucrlnrUia niroidrs on
n.i'i/!)r(iiilii.s <!iiiihahiria, P. halcrUr from KaUria crlxiaid on MahonUt (Kjiii-
foliinn, P. (iltcriKins from Bvomtia portcri on Thnlictrinn (Jioicuin, J', ohlitcrata
from A(/ropi/ron hiflorum on .\<niU<gia canadrnsix, P. muJilenhcrf/iw from
MiihUnhcrfi'id glomcrata on Callirrhw inroliirrala, (jijmnosponnu/iuui liborrdri
from Lihrjccdriix dccurrcna on Crato'f/ii.s pringlri, and (1. cxtcrum from Jitnipcriis
rirf/hiiaiKi on J'orteranflni.s slipiddtiis.

The occurrence and cultivation of Pyronema, F. J. ,Si;avku (Mycolof/ia, 1
(1909), Ko. .'/, pp. 131-139, pis. .'i). — This fungus, which normally occurs on
burnt places, can be successfully cultivated on nutrient media. It produces an
abundance of fruit on soil or leaf mold that has been sterilized by heating to a
high temperature, but will not fruit nor grow to any considerable extent on
unsterilized soil or soil heated to temperatures less than 95° C. Steam ster-
ilization serves the same purpose as sterilization with dry heat, provided the
soil is sterilized under considerable pressure. Soil sterilized at 110° produces
a fair quantity of fruit, while soil sterilized at 135-14.5° produces fruit iu
abundance.

As a practical application of these facts the author states that sterilization
of soil by heat apparently brings about some changes in the soil other than the
destruction of bacteria and fungi, which changes appear to be of vital im-
portance in the cultivation of fungi which normally grow on burnt soil.

Some host plants of Orobanche ramosa, E. Noffray (Jour. Agr. Prat., n.
scr., 18 (1909), Xo. J,G, pp. 670, 67/).— Attention is called to the fact that O.
ramosa is usually described as an annual plant, but the author states that this
is due to the fact that its most common host plants, which are tobacco, hemp,
tomatoes, maize, and artichoke, are annuals. It has, however, been recently
found by him growing on two perennial plants, Laniium mactilatum and Ole-
clioma hedcracca, where it has persisted as a perennial.

Report of committee on plant diseases for 1908, A. D. Selby (Ohio State
Hort. Soc. Ami. Rpt., //2 (1909), pp. 68-75). — A brief summary is given of the
observations on plant diseases in Ohio during 1908, particular attention being
paid to forcing-house troubles, diseases of truck crops, potato and tomato dis-
eases, and diseases of orchard fruits, small fruits, and grains.

Some little-known plant diseases, A. Osterwalder (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.'], 2.
AM., 23 (1909), No. 5-9, pp. 260-270, pis. 2).— The author describes the bacterial
disease of Levisticum officinale due to Pseudomonas levisticin.sp.,Si disease of
Calceolaria rugosa due to Phytophthora omnivora, an attack of Sclerotinia
libcrtiana on Omplialodes vcrna, and a nematode disease of Chelone.

The perfect stage of the cotton anthracnose, C. W. Edgerton (Mycologia,
1 (1909), No. 3, pp. 115-120, pi. 1, fig. 1). — In connection with a study of cotton
anthracnose at the Louisiana Stations the author made a search for the peri-
thecial stage of the fungus on the cotton plant. The occurrence of perithecia
in cultures had been previously reported (E. S. R., 18, p. 1141), but they had
never been found in connection with the living cotton plant.

In August following a period of warm wet weather bolls were found contain-
ing the pycnidia, and a study showed the perithecia as a rule entirely embedded
in the host tissue with only the beaks extending through the epidermis. The
spores of this species are more elliptical and less curved than commonly found

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 453

In the genus Glomerella. A study was made of tiie material to determine tlie
presence of parapliyses, and on the basis of ttie abundant material the author
states that the genus Glomerella must in the future be considered as bearing
paraphyses.

The author contrasts the characters of the perfect form of this anthracnose
with a number of others and concludes with a description of the perfect form,
to which the name Glomerella gossypii n. sp. is given.

The blade blight of oats — a bacterial disease, T. F. Manns (Ohio Sta. Bui.
210, pp. 91-167, pis. 15, fig. 1). — A serious disease of the oat crop has been re-
ported in Ohio for several seasons. The author has made an extended study
of it and finds that it is chiefly due to bacteria.

The disease is chiefly confined to oats, although a somewhat similar one has
been observed to a less extent on timothy and blue grass and on susceptible va-
rieties of wheat and barley. From the observations on timothy and blue grass
it is to be noted that the foliage suffers but little, while the culms are killed
above the upper joints.

The preliminary effect of the disease is a yellowing, beginning either as small
round lesions on the blade or as long strealcs extending throughout the l)lade or
even the whole length of the culm and blades. The ultimate symptoms where
the disease has made much progress are a partial or general collapse of the
leaves, due either to the active lesions within the blades or a weakened vitality
of the plant. In advanced stages the^ affected leaves take on a mottled color,
sometimes becoming quite red.

A study of the cause of the disease has shown that it is due to two species of
!)acteria acting in symbiotic relation ; one, a white organism to which the name
Pseudonionas avenw n. sp. is given, is apparently the most active, although a
second yellowish organism {Baeillus avenw n. sp.) is often present, and in prac-
tically all cases observed the two organisms were more or less abundant.

The disease apparently spreads from the soil, and observations gained through
artificial inoculations as well as from conditions as they appear in the fields
indicate that there is opportunity for selecting resistant strains.

Some fungus diseases of potatoes, F. Tidswell and T. H. Johnston {Agr.
Gaz. N. S. Wales, 20 (1909), Xo. 11, pp. 998-1012, pis. 8). — Following a general
description of the character of fungi and methods of their attack, the authors
give an account of the potato rot or late blight, early blight, dry rot, scab,
bacterial wilt, nematode injuries, and internal brown spot. Directions are
included for the preparation and application of fungicides for the control of
these diseases.

Potato blig'lit and its treatment, D. McAiPiNE (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria,
7 (1909), No. 11, pp. 698-703, figs. 2 ) .—Attention is called to the potato blight
due to Phytophthora infestans and means are suggested for its prevention.
Among these treatments the author advises the treating of all seed tubers that
are suspected of being infected by the disease by subjecting them to dry heat
at 120° F. for 4 hours. This temperature seems to destroy the fungus and the
germinating power of the tubers is improved. In addition to the treatment of
the seed tubers, spraying the crop with Bordeaux mixture is recommended.

The Fusarium wilt of cabbage, L. L. Hakter (Science, n. ser., 30 (1909), No.
782, p. 93Jt). — Attention is called to the wilt or yellows of cabbage, due to an
undescribed species of Fusarinm. This disease has been under investigation
in this Department for a number of years, having been first observed by
Smith in 1895.

The more important symptoms of the disease are said to be retarded growth,
wilting of the foliage, and yellowing and dropping of the lower leaves. Later
the upper leaves are affected and drop off, leaving the stems bare.

454 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.

Ill April, 1008, the aiitlnn- isnhUctl 1lu' fun^'iis fnnu iiiatorial sont in for
examination, and he has carried on some pot experiments to determine the para-
sitism of the fnn.uns. After tlie plants had been {^rowin^ in i)ots for about 10
days pure cultures of the fuuf^us were mixed with the soil, care l)ein;; taken
not to injure the I'ootlets. In about 3 weeks some of the phiuts began to show
symptoms of the disease, and the fungus was recovered from the diseased
plants and additional plants inoculated as in the previous case. This seems
to show that the Fusarium attacks the plants through the soil, as the control
plants did nut contract the disease. The matter is to be studied further.

Fiber rot of ginseng-, II. II. Wiiktzel (Spec. Crops, n. scr., 8 (lOO'J), No. 88,
pp. 2^^-232). — During the season of 1009 the fiber rot or end rot of ginseng
seedlings is said to have been very generjil and quite destructive throughout
New York and the eastern sections of the country where ginseng is grown.
The disease seems to be caused by the fungus Thielavia hasicola. An account
is given of investigations begun to test the value of acid phosphate and other
means for the control of the disease.

Treatment for gray rot of grapes, E. Zaciiarkwicz {Prog. Agr. ct lit. (Ed.
rEst-Centrc), 30 (1909), Ao. .'/8, pp. GG-'i-666). — In a previous publication
(E. S. R., 15, p. 272) the author described a method of treatment which had
proved successful in the control of gray rot of the grape, due to BotryUs
cinerca. In the present paper the suggestions are repeated and somewhat
elaborated.

The author recommends alternate applications of a liquid fungicide consisting
of sulphate of copper, powdered soap, and water, to be followed as soon as
dry by dusting with sulphur or with sulphosteatite and suli)hur. The first
treatment should be made when the new shoots have attained a length of 5
to 10 cm., and it is recommended that the application of the liquid be followed
with pure sulphui*. The second application should be made just before the
flowering period, to be followed at intervals with other applications, when
the sulphosteatite may be substituted for the sulphur, or sulphur, plaster, and
sulphosteatite may be combined.

The adherence of copper fungicides on grape leaves, A. Marescalchi [Col-
tivatorc, 55 (1909), No. 11, pp. 531~53Ji). — The author gives an account of inves-
tigations of Porchet on the adherence of different strengths of Bordeaux
mixture and copper acetate. Solutions of Bordeaux mixture containing from
1 to 3 per cent copper and 0.5 to 2 per cent solutions of neutral copper acetate
were sprayed upon leaves and the amount remaining upon the leaves was
determined. It was found that the 1 per cent neutral copper acetate was as
adhesive as the 2 per cent Bordeaux mixture. In both cases the adhesiveness
of the copper compound diminished with the increase in the concentration of
the solution.

The tendency to diminish the amount of copper employed in making up
fungicides is held to be justifiable, as a 1 per cent solution of Bordeaux mix-
ture is as efiicient in combating plant diseases as a 2 per cent solution, since
from the latter the excess of copper is soon removed by rain.

Diseases of cacao, A. Maubi.anc (Agr. Prat. Pays Chniids, 9 (1909), Nos. 80,
pp. 393-407, pis. 2; 81, pp. 472-479). — On the basis of the notes and investiga-
tions of G. Delacroix, the author describes canker of cacao, witches' broom, root
rot, and various diseases of the branches, leaves, and fruits of cacao.

A disease of Lavatera, F. J. Chittenden (Jour. Ron. Ilort. 8oc. [London],
35 (1909), No. 2, pp. 213-215, fig. J).— The author describes a disease of L.
trimestris due to the fungus Coll etot rich urn, malraruin. Repeated sprayings
with Bordeaux mixture have checked the disease but have not completely
stopped its progress.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 455

A disease of Antirrhinum, F. J. Chittenden {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [Lon-
don], 35 {1909), No. 2, pp. 216, 217, fig. 1). — ^A description is given of a disease
of snapdragons due to Scptoria antirrhini. This appears to be the flrst report
of the occurrence of the fungus in Great Britain, but according to the author
the plants about Wisley Laboratory were severely attacked during the past
summer. It is believed that spraying with Bordeaux mixture or potassium
sulphid solution would protect the plants from attack.

A Fusarium disease of the pansy, F. A. Wolf {Mycologia, 2 {1910), No. 1,
pp. 19-22, pi. 1). — The author states that for the past two seasons a stem and
root disease has been observed at Lincoln, Nebr., that has proved very
destructive.

The disease is characterized by the sudden dying of the plants, and when
such a i>lant is pulled up a dark sunken area on the stem just at the surface
of the ground is apparent. The root system is destroyed, leaving only the main
roots.

A study was made of some of the diseased material and a species of Fusarium
was found in all the material. This fungus was isolated and inoculations
made, producing the typical forms of the disease. The fungus, which appears
to have been hitherto unreported, is described as F. violw n. sp.

Some fungi growing- both on coniferous and deciduous trees, L. Romell,
{Mycologia, 1 {1909), Ao. 6', pp. 2(Jo-267). — The author notes the occurrence on
['in us abics of Da'dalca nnicolor, a fungus conmion on deciduous trees; PoJy-
porus sonatus and P. adustus on Swedish spruce; P. gigantcus on the oak and
on Pinus silvestris; Poly poms pinicola, which is commonly found on coniferous
trees, is reported on Cerasus, Alnus, and Betula ; Stereum fcrrugincum on the
oak and pine, etc.

Some diseases of tree seeds, F. \V. Neger {Tharand. Forstl. Jahrh.. GO
(1909), pp. 222-252, figs. J/). — A study is reported on some of the causes of
sterility in tree seeds and a number of fungi found in seeds are described.
Among the fungi Urocysiis italica was found to be more or less destructive to
acorns, chestnuts, and the seeds of white fir. In addition to Urocystis a second
fungus was found in the fir seed, and the systematic relationship of the two
fungi is discussed. In conclusion the author briefly describes a disease of the
seed of the horse-cliestnut.

Disease of chestnut trees {Prog. Agr. y Pccuario, 15 {1909), No. 651, pp.
613, 67.'/). — A synopsis is given of the report of a commission appointed to
investigate a serious disease of chestnut trees in northern aiid northeastern
Spain.

The cambium of the diseased trees shows a marked discoloration, the young
shoots are pale, and the leaves chlorotic. The disease is believed to have been
present in Spain for many years, but only recently has it become serious. Its
cause was not definitely determined, but the trees appear to be attacked through
their roots. The establishment of stations for the study of the problems con-
nected with the disease is advised.

Some fungus parasites of Phylloxera, P. Baccarini {Bui. ^oc. Bot. Ital.,
1908, No. 1-3, pp. 10-16, fig. 1) . — Notes are given on a number of fungi culti-
vated from the bodies of phylloxera, and among them the author recognizes
species of Phoma, Alternaria, Macrosporium, Cladosporium, and Penicillium.

Bordeaux spraying, S. U. Pickering {Jour. Agr. Sci., 3 {1909), No. 2, pp.
171-178, dgm. 1). — The author gives an account of some of the changes ob-
served to occur in Bordeaux mixture during its use..

He states that when lime is added to copper sulphate, different basic sul-
phates are formed, depending on the proportions taken, and that when sprayed
on plants these are decomposed by the carbon dioxid in the air, forming cop-

456 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

per carboimte tojiother willi sume cui»i»er sulpliulL'. The fungicidal action of
the mixture is to be attributed to the copper sulphate. If lime is addetl in
quantity just sufficient to precipitate all the copper, and in order to secure this
it must be added in the form of limewater, 4CuO,S03 is formed, which by the
action of carbon dioxid will reproduce 25 per cent of the copper sulphate taken.
If, however, sufficient lime is added to produce a slight allcaline reaction
10CuO,8O3 is formed, and the action of carbon dioxid will reproduce only 10
per cent of the copper sulphate. When the lime amounts to from 1.2 to H parts
of lime for each of copper sulphate the precipitate is cousidered to be a double
basic sulphate of copper and calcium. Where equal quantities of lime and
copper sulphate are used, as is often recommended, such a proportion would
leave a large excess of lime beyond the minimum re(iuiretl. On carbonation
this excess, or a greater portion of it, would be attacked by the carbon dioxid
before any of the copper compound itself is attacked. In this mixture about
10 per cent of the copper sulphate would be reproduced.

With the more dilute Bordeaux mixture which is made with limewater, the
action is more immediate, and as it contains no gritty particles of lime and its
efficiency is 2| times that of the ordinary mixture, its use is strongly
recommended.

Various Bordeaux mixtures were made by the author, and carbon dioxid
passed through them to determine the liberation of the copper in the mixture.
It was found that with the so-called Woburn Bordeaux 25 per cent was lib-
erated in 2 hours, with a gradual increase for 2 days, until 40 per cent of the
copper was in solution. With the other mixtures smaller quantities were lib-
erated, and the efficiency of the Woburn mixture compared with the ordinary
Bordeaux mixture is about as 12: 1, or IJ lbs. copper sulphate in 100 gal. water
by the Woburn formula is as efficient as 16 lbs. by the ordinary method of
manufacture.

A study was made of dried Bordeaux mixture, the effect of the addition of
molasses to Bordeaux mixture, the chemistry of soda Bordeaux, etc. The
dried Bordeaux, from the way in which it is made and the chemical changes
taking place, is considered a very inefficient spi-aying material. The addition
of molasses to Bordeaux mixture, which is advocated by some as making the
mixture more adhesive to the leaves, is held to result in the liberation of more
copper where iised with the more dilute solution, but with the ordinary Bor-
deaux it is not believed to have any particular value. Bordeaux mixture made
by the Woburn formula can not be kept in iron vessels, as electrolysis is set up,
with the formation of iron oxid.

The author made an examination into the chemistry of soda Bordeaux mix-
ture, and it is said that the reaction requires the addition of 1.84 parts of
crystallized carbonate of soda to 1 of sulphate of copper. If either less or
more carbonate is used a considerable amount of copper remains in solution. In
conclusion the author says that such fungicidal action as soda Bordeaux has
is no doubt due to the soluble copper which is present in it for a limited time
immediately after its preparation. It can not be regarded as an efficient
fungicide, and reports on its action seem to be generally unfavorable.

The action of lime in excess on copper sulphate solutions, J. ]\I. Bell and
W. C. Taber (Jour. PliyH. Chem., 11 (1907), No. 8, pp. 632-636, dgm. 1).—
Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the composition of the
solution and of the precipitates obtained when lime and copper sulphate solu-
tions were mixed in different proportions and concentrations. Previous investi-
gators have held that the composition was very variable, but the authors state
that if the materials had been comjiounded at a uniform temperature the
solutions would have been found constant in composition.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 457

The authors prepared a series of solutions containing various quantities of
copper sulphate with an excess of lime. After being kept at a constant tem-
perature for several weeks the solutions were allowetl to stand for several days
to allow the subsidence of all the precipitate and both the solutions and precipi-
tate examined. The solutions were found to contain lime and sulphiiric acid
(SO3) without any trace of copper, while the precipitate in every case showed
the presence of gypsum and a second wliite solid which was believed to be
calcium hydroxid. The copper hydroxids in the precipitate are believed to be
copi>er ox ids in different stages of hydration, differing somewhat in their
characteristics.

The authors state that in the preparation of Boi'deaux mixture a great
excess of lime is added, and consequently the solution will contain calcium oxid
and sulphuric acid while the precipitate consists of lime, gypsum, and blue
copper hydroxid. As the solution fails to show the presence of copper by the
conunon tests it seems that the beneticial effect obtained from the use of Boi*-
deaux mixture must be attributed to the blue copper hydroxid or to the minute
quantities of copper in solution.

A new copper salt and its use as a fungicide, P. Malvezin {Bill. Soc. Chim.
France, 4. se?:, 5 (1909), No. 23, pp. 1096-1098).— A description is given of a
copi>er salt which is said to be a combination of formalin, liydi'ate or hydro-
carbonate of copper, and sulphuric anhydrid, and to be dimethanal-disulphite
of copper. It is thought to have active fungicidal properties, and would prob-
ably be valuable for use in combating diseases of plants.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Prairie dog situation, T. H. Scheffeb (Kanms »s7r<. Ciic. .}, pp. 7, fig. 1). —
This circular reviews the work carried on in Kansas against the prairie dog
and gives a detailed account of the station's method of poisoning.

The poison mixture is prepared and used as follows: One oz. of green coffee
berries is mixed with the white of 1 egg and allowed to stand at least 14 hours.
One oz. of strychnin is dissolveil in ^ i)t. of boiling water. One oz. potassium
cyanid is dissolved in \ pt. of hot water and allowed to cool. A little warm
water is added to the mixture of coffee and eggs and mixed with the potassium
cyanid. This mixture is then strained through a coarse sieve into the mixing
vessel and 1 pt. of sirup added. The hot solution of strychnin is next mixed
with 11 oz. of alcohol and added to the other mixture. After thoroughly shak-
ing and stirring the contents of a quart can of the mixture it is poured over
A bu. of clean wheat or Kafir corn and stirred until every part is thoroughly
wet with the poison, then 2 or 3 lbs. of fine corn meal stirred in to take up
the extra moisture. The mixture is allowed to stand over night and put out
early the next morning if pleasant, half a tablespoonful or less of the bait
being placed in 2 or 3 little bunches at the outside of each burrow occupied
by prairie dogs. Only occupied burrows should be poisoned. A half bushel
of grain should poison from 500 to 600 boles.

In a recent survey of the former extensive prairie dog territory of western
Kansas lying between the Union Pacific Railroad on the north and the Santa Fe
on the south it was found that over most of this region the prairie dog is no
longer of economic imp(U'tance. In several other sections, however, particularly
along the flats and breaks adjacent to the Smoky Hill River, the prairie dog has
yielded ground but slowly and still constitutes a serious menace to stock graz-
ing and diy-land farming.

.31 1 2.5— No. 5—10 5

458 KXPERTMENT STATION RECORD.

Second annual report of the committee of control of the South African
central locust bureau, C. Fullkk (.l/(//. Iii>f- Coiintiillcc Control No. African
Cenf. Locust Jiiir., .> (WOS), pp. 86).— This, the second report (E. S. II., 21,
p. 451), is pref=ented in 2 parts.

In part 1 (pp. l-W), whicli relates to locust destruction in South .Mricii in
1907-S, a summary of the work is tirst given, followed by detailed reports of
the British administrations, German Southwest Africa, and Mozambique, upon
which it is based.

The occurrence of the locusts and the work of control in Cape Colony is
leported upon by C. P. Lounsbury ; in Natal, by A. Kelly ; in the Transvaal, by
C. W. Howard: in the Orange River Colony, by R. .7. Davys; in Rhodesia, by
W. Honey: in Hasutoland, by L. Wroughton : in Bechuanaland Protectorate,
by B. May and W. I). McKellar : in Swaziland, by I>. Honey: and in Mozanil)ique,
by .1. Yaldez. Egg parasites are reiutrted to have been present in Natal in
unusual numbers, two-thirds of the eggs laid being thus destroyed. Tlie amoiuit
of good done by locust birds all over the sul)coutinent was unprecedented.

In part 2 (pp. 61-85), the minutes and i)roceedings of the second annual
meeting of the committee of control of this bureau, held at Durban, Niital,
August 10-11, 1008, are presented.

Army worms and cutworms on sugar cane in the Hawaiian Islands, O. H.
SwEZEY {Huiroiinn Siifjdr I'la liters' Sta., Dir. iliit. liid. 7, pp. 5-32, pis. 3). — Of
the 35 species of cutworms and army worms known in the Hawaiian Islands.
the majority are native and live mostly in the mountains or high plains. Only
four of the native species have so far l)ecome pests in cane fields, the others
having apparently been kept in check by their parasites and other enemies, or
have remained at higher elevations than the cane fields. Eight of the more
important species are here considei-ed and accounts given of the habits and
life history so far as known.

The army worm is the most injurious of these pests in cane fields in Hawaii,
usually occurring in lowlands and grassy regions. Although the moths breed
more or less the year round they ai-e more prolific, or breed more favorably frf)m
November to April. In connection with other cutworms they sometimes strip
the leaves of the cane, leaving nothing but midribs.

Cirphis nmt)lyc<ts:is, a native species closely resembling the army worm, does
not occur in sufficient numbers to be injurious. It feeds on various grasses of
the lowland and has )>een found in the higher cane fields of the sugar planta-
tions of Hamakua and Hilo districts of Hawaii. C. pyrrhias is a native moth,
usually living in the native forest regions above cultivated lands. The cater-
pillars normally feed upon grasses and on sedges, particularly Baumca mcyenii,
a large equitant-leaved species growing on the mountain ranges at elevations of
1,000 ft. and more. The gras-s army worm (Hpodoptera mauritia), which occurs
in Mauritius, West Africa, and throughout the Oriental and Australian regions,
was formerly a very serious pest in the grass lands and sugar-cane fields of the
Hawaiian Islands, but their numbers have been greatly reduced by the introduc-
tion of the Mynah bird. Besides feeding on grasses and sugar cane, they also
eat corn, peas, beans, and probably other kinds of garden plants.

The lesser native cutworm (Fcltia (lislocata), a native species, is often
reported numerous locally in cane fields, but the author has found it more
injurious to garden crops. The larger native cutworm (Agrotis crUiigcra).
another native species, " sometimes occurs in sugar cane, but more often attacks
other vegetation rather than grasses and cane. It is fond of garden peas
and beans and other garden plants, and I hnve found them abundant in fields
of cowpeas. I have also found them feeding abundantly on a native shrub
(Sida), also on several kinds of weeds as Portulaca and Datura." The black

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 459

cutworm (.i. i/psilon) occurs iu the islands but has not beeu found to be
very abundant hi cane fields. The variegated cutworm {Lycophotia margari-
tosa) is a cosmopolitan species which, in Hawaii, feeds on sugar cane. Reme-
dies are briefly considered. The Mynah bird, introduced from India 20 or
more years ago for the purpose of feeding upon army worms and cutworms,
is said to be one of the best checks. The golden plover (Charadrius fuIi-us)
also lives largely on these caterpillars. This bird comes from Alaska to these
islands in August and remains until April. The English sparrow is abundant
in Oahu, though not on all the other islands, and has beeu observed to prey
upon army worms to some' extent.

From 25 to 35 per cent of the caterpillars collected in cane fields in different
parts of the islands have been found to be parasitized by a tachinid, and iu
1 lot sent to the station from Hamakuapoko, Maui, 70 per cent were parasit-
ized. A large tachinid (Vaiofjadia montlcola) which occurs iu California
and is found throughout the Hawaiian Islands on the lowlands and well up
into the mountains has been reared by the author from 11 different species
of caterpillars. This species has been found by the author to be a leaf-ovi-
positing species. As many as 4,944 eggs were taken from the uterus of a
female ; these were found in all stages of development, some apparently ready
to hatch. The purpose of the thickened egg shell is thought to be to protect
the inclosed maggot from drying up too soon, if it should happen to remain
on the leaf for any length of time before being eaten by a cateri)illar. and to
permit of the egg's splitting open under the pressure of the caterpillar's mandi-
bles, allowing the maggot to escape safely instead of being crushed in the egg,
as it would be if the egg were soft.

A species near Ichneumon hrevipennis is described as /. koebelei n. sp.
This species is said to have been introduced into the islands from America
several years ago by Koebele. It has now become generally distributed and
is usually common where there is an abundance of army worms and cutworms.

The codling moth or apple worm in Georgia, W. V. IIekd (Ga. Bd. Ent. Bui.
29, pp. 37. figs. 23; rev. in Jour. Eeon. Ent., 2 (1909), No. 5, pp. 369, 370). —
This bulletin consists of 2 parts.

In part 1 (pp. 3-21), life history studies and observations of parasitic and
predaceous enemies are i-eported. Three generations and part of a fourth occur
in Georgia, but it is considered probable that some years the generations will
not exceed 2 and part of a third. The emergence of 14 moths observed at
Cornelia in 1906 varied from May 6 to May 24 ; of 14 moths at Pomona in 1907,
from April 25 to May 17: and of 22 moths at Tallapoosa in 1008, from April 9
to April 26, thus illustrating the yearly vai-iation with the temperature in the
emergence of the spring brood.

A record of 964 eggs observed showed 864 to be laid upon the foliage (832 on
the upper and 32 on the lower surface), 92 on the fruit, and 8 upon the twig.
Of the total number, 184 were parasitized by Trichogramma pretiosa. The aver-
age length of the egg stage for those laid in early spring (April and May) and
in midsummer was 9 and a fraction days and Si days respectively.

The larva was fi-equently found to feed several days in the calyx cavity before
attempting to burrow into the fruit. Moths were obtained from larv;e which
had been reared on a leaf diet entirely, and larv:e one-fourth grown were ob-
served in the orchard feeding on the foliage. Examinations of the 3.920 infested
apples on 5 trees, showed 74 per cent to have entered by the calyx, 16 per cent
by the side, and 8 per cent by the stem. " From 13 observations on the first
brood of larvae the time varied from 17 to 41 days or an average of about 4
weeks. From 45 observations made during July, the time varied from 13 to 30
days or an average of less than 3 weeks. From the 58 observations made during

460 EXPEKIMKN'I" STATION IJKCOI!!).

tile season, wo would have an avcra;.'*' of about -\ days that the larva' nMiuun
in the fruit." Observations of L'O larvie of the Hrst brood after they left the
fruit to deternnne the period they remain in the cocoons showed a variation
from 2 to 1.'5 days, while at the lime tlie report was written, one of the larvai
had not jiupated and was apparently about to pass the winter witliout doinn so.
The author believes the insect to be capable of livini; from 1() to 11 months in
the cocoon and that in all probability the hibernatiuK larva-, under certain cou-
ditions, will live over an entire season and emerjie tlie following year. A dry
and well-protected condition is believed to be essential in causing the larvie to
remain a considerable tinu- in the cocoons. The total time spent in the cocoon
as a larva and a impa varied from S to 25 days, with an average of a little
over 14 days.

On an average when confined the moths live less than a wwk, and although in
one instance, nnder favorable conditions, a moth lived 25 days, it is conclnded
that 2 or 3 weeks at the outside marks their existence normally. Records of
the total time required for the life cycle of the second generation varied from
35 to G5 days, or on the average, 49 days. A life history chart for 1908 illus-
trates graphically the development of the three generations and part of the
fourth,

T. pretiosa is the most beneficial parasite, as many as 5 having been bred
from a single egg. A small red spider (Atiijxti.'^ agilis) was found to be an
active predaceous enemy of the larvje and pupre. The Pennsylvania soldier
beetle (ChauUognathus pcnnsylvanicm) destroyed large numbers of larvae and
4 species of ants {Dorymyrmex pyramicvs, Stenamma [AphcEnogaster] fulvum,
Monomorium minulum minimum, and Cremastogastcr ashmcadi) were observed
to gnaw into the cocoons and destroy larvae. A hymenopterous parasite (Halti-
chcUa sp. ). was frequently bred from the pup;ie and seemed to be quite a valu-
able parasite. Birds are important enemies and bats are thought to destroy the
adult moths.

In part 2 (pp. 22-37), spraying experiments conducted at Tallapoosa and
Pomona are reported followed by a consideration of the general benefits of
spraying, and of banding as an adjunct method. At both places, S to 12 trees
were included in each of 9 plats. Spraying experiments were made with arsen-
ical Bordeaux, consisting of lime 0 lbs., bluestone 3 lbs., disparene 2 lbs., and
water 50 gal. The first application was made just as the petals fell ; the second,
just before the calyx closed: the third. 10 days later: the fourth, 14 days later;
the fifth, when the second brood eggs hatched, and the sixth 2 weeks later.
" But little difference was indicated in the value of the first 3 sprayings, or
whether applied just as the petals fell or a week later just before the calyx
closed. I.,ate sprayings for the second brood showed only 2 to 5 per cent benefit,
and when added to the early sprays increased their benefit by about the same
amount,"

The author considers that 2 si)rayings. •' the first applied just before the calyx
closes and the second from 7 to 8 weeks later when the second brood appears,
give the best results from an economic standpoint, 90 per cent of the fruit be-
ing protected. Late sprayings alone are of very little value and, unless pre-
ceded by a spraying before the calyx closes, should not be attempted."

In order to test the value of the banding system, bands were placed. May Ifi,
on IG selected trees. The bands were examined weekly until August 11. and
afterwards at irregular intervals until September 28. As from 5 of the 16 trees
3,920 infested ai)ples were gathere<l, and but a little mer 8 per cent of the cod-
ling moth larvie that entered the fruit were traf)ped. the author concludes that
banding even as an adjunct method of fighting the codling moth is a waste of
time.

ECONOMTC ZOOT.OGY ENTOMOLOGY. 461

The review is l).v E. I). Sanderson.

The single spray for the codling moth, A. L. Melandkk ( Washlniilon SI a.
Poimlar Bill. 17, i>p. J, /?f/.s-. J). — This bulletin replaces Popular Bulletin 5,
previously noted ( K. S. li., 2<), p. 102). Following are some of the special recom-
mendations:

Sprtiy your trees with arsenate of lead, using 1 lb. to .50 gal. of water. Be-
gin to spray when SO per cent of the blossoms have fallen, and have enough
outfits on hand to be through in S days. T"se Bordeaux nozzles only, because
tbey throw a coarse penetrating stream. . . . Set the nozzles at an angle of 45"
by means of an elbow coupling. Throw the spray directly into the throat of
every flower. To do this the nozzle will have to be held above the branches
most of the time, and the spray rained down. Never use a misty spray. . . .
Do not spray at less than SO lbs., and if possible use 200 lbs. or more. Stay with
each tree until the bottom of every blossom is tilled, even if it may seem a great
waste of time and material. Select a blossom here and there and cut it in two,
to see if your spraying has filled the cup beneath the stamens."

The brown-tail moth [in New York State], E. P. Felt (Jniir. Econ. Ent..
2 {1909), 'So. 4, p. 307). — A small infestation was discovered in June in the
town of Rye, near the village of Port Chester, only about 1,000 ft. or so from
the Connecticut State line. The infested area and its vicinity was gone over
several times with a cyclone burner and in addition the few trees and shrubs
in the vicinity were repeatedly si>rayed with a contact insecticide.

Control of the Mediterranean flour moth by hydrocyanic-acid gas fumi-
gation, F. H. Chittenden (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 112, pp. 22, flga.
.'j). — Ephcstia kachniellu, flrsi; discovered in a flour mill in Germany in 1877,
appeared in destructive numbers in Canada in 1880. In 1892 it was reported
as injurious in mills in California and in 1895 in New York and Pennsylvania.
Since that time it has gradually spread until now it is known to occur in prac-
tically all of the principal milling centers, and is attracting more attention
than any insect that ever infested mills or other buildings where cereals are
stored. Infested flour becomes felted together and lumpy and the machinery
becomes clogged, necessitating frecjuent and prolonged stojjpage and the loss
of thousands of dollars. Although the larva prefers flour or meal, it will
attack grain if these are not available, and flourishes also on bran and pre-
pared cereal foods, including buckwheat, grits, and crackers. It lives also in
the nests of bumblebees and in the hives of the honey bee.

The author discusses the first use of hydrocyanic-acid gas against insects in
stored products, the value of the method, and the chemicals and other supplies
re(iuired. and the proiiortions to be used. Ten oz. of cyanid of potassium and
corresi)onding amounts of other ingredients to KX) cu. ft. of air space is said
to be a standard for mill and grainary fumigation. Additional quantities are
necessary when buildings can not be tightly closed. Good results can not be
expected with an exposure of less than 10 or 18 hours, while a period of from
24 to 30 hours is preferable. As aids in computing the exact proportions for
buildings of about 1,000 barrels (daily) capacity, tables are given designating the
dimensions and cubic contents of each floor and the amount of chemicals to be
used. Directions for the preparation of the mill or other building for fumiga-
tion, cleaning the mill, methods of stringing a building for fumigation, combining
the cheniieals, etc., follow.

The pecan case bearer, G. W. Herrick (Texas Sla. Bill. 12 i, pp. Jf-10, flgs.
5). — The pecan case bearer (Acrol)asi.s nehulelJa) is reported to have been a
source of considerable loss in Texas for several years and probably the most
serious pest attacking the pecan.

402 EXPERIMENT STATION TiErORD.

"lUirinj: the sjiriiiir of 1!i<i<». it wms very iilmiidiiiif in tlio violnity of Cnoro,
Tex., and did a jircat deal of injury !(• ]i(Man orchards fn tbat locality. In 1
orchard from which llfo cr<)it of nuts netted nearly $2,000 in 1908 tho owner
thought his crop in ]J»0!» would hardly pay to gather owing to the injuries by
lliis insect. . . . The insect seems to he quite widely distributed and has
more llinn one food plant. ;illliongh the hickories seem to be preferred. . . .
The larv;e injure the leaf bnds principally as the leaves begin to appear in
the spring. The overwintering young larvae congregate at the ends of the
young branches and begin eating the young leaves as fast as they come forth.
In c)ther cases where tiie young leaves get a start the larvae tie them together
with silk and form their cases iuside of this blackened, ragged mass made up
of cases, silk, excrement, and wilted and dried leaves. Often a tree will
struggle along for some time trying to put forth its leaves." The injury is not
wholly couHued to the youngest leaves, for the older well-developed leaves are
often eaten full of in-egular holes and the flower buds are often attacked and
seriously injured.

The young larva* live upon the trees all summer but do not attain a very
great size nor commit conspicuous injury owing to the large amount of well-
develoiied foliage. The fact that they ai)pear in such numbers and with such
suddenness in the spring just as the buds begin to put forth shows that they
must winter over in great abundance. In the vicinity of Cuero, the larvse
become active in March and by the middle of this month their depredations
are noticeable and serious. During the course of rearings of larvae by the
author no parasites were bred and with the possible exception of a species of
spider no natural enemies were observed in the field, though a tachinid, 2 or 3
ichneumon flies, and a very minute hymenopteran were reported by Gossard
(E. S. R., 17, p. 479) to have emerged from cages in which he was lireeding the
larvae and pupae.

Trees at Cuero, spraye<l on April 5, with 3 lbs. of disparene to 50 gal. of
water, were examined April 27 and but few larvae found, the owners considering
the experiment a complete success. It is recommended that an application of
arsenate of lead be made as soon as the buds burst through the bud scales.
From an experiment conducted in a large young pecan orchard at Jacksonville,
Tex., it appears that the bud moth (Proteoptcryx deludana) can be held in
check by winter spraying with the lime-sulphur mixture. The author is of the
opinion that the case bearer might also be controlled in the same way.

A dang-erous alfalfa insect, E. G. Titus {Agr. CoJ. Utah Ext. Drpt. Bui. 1,
pp. Jf). — It is stated that of about 30,000 acres of alfalfa in Salt Lake County,
Utah, approximately nine-tenths was injured in 1909 by the alfalfa leaf weevil
(Phytonomvs murinus), the occurrence of which in this country has been
previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 348). The earliest report of damage in Utah
was in the spring of 1904 near Salt Lake City.

The life history and injuries are briefly described. " The eggs are laid by
the full grown weevils early in the spring, principally in April and May. The
eggs are placed in various parts of the plants, but principally in the sheath,
from which the younger leaves and buds are growing. They hatch in from
6 to 9 days, the young worm being pale yellowish in color. They at first feed
concealed in the developing leaves, buds, and even flowers ; as they grow older
they work their way to the larger leaves and completely defoliate the plants.
. . . Early in the fall the weevils begin leaving the fields and spreading to
new territory, flying or crawling in apparently all directions. Before frost
comes, they seek shelter, either in the crowais of the alfalfa plants, close to
the surface of the ground, under leaves, in weeds and rubbish along ditch
banks, in hay or straw stacks, or any well-sheltere<l sjjot, , . , Where infestation

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 463

is at all heavy, which is especially true after the secoiul year of the preseuce of
the weevil in the field, the first crop of alfalfa is injured from one-half to
three-fourths, and this year there are many fields where there are not 500 lbs.
of good hay to the acre. The fact that the worms are not full grown when the
first crop is cut, causes the loss to the second cutting. The young worms are
jolted off the plants, work their way back to the stubble and feed on every sign
of bud and leaf that appears, thus keeping the second crop from starting until
they are fully grown, and have stopped feeding."

" The first crop should be cut as early as possible, the ground disked and cross-
disked as soon as the hay is off and then gone over with a leveler in the same
way. These operations will kill a large percentage of the young worms. Then
force the second crop as rapidly as possible and repeat the disking and leveling.
Clean up all ditch banks, fence rows, old stack grounds and rubbish early in the
fall by burning. Ship no hay out of the infested region."

How to increase the death rate among' the boll weevils during winter
so as to protect the following year's crop, W. Ni;\\ i:ll (Cro/> Pest Com. La.
Circ. 28, pp. 4). — This circular emphasizes the importance of fall destruction
of all cotton plants by cutting them down and burning before October 15, or
at the latest, November 1.

The chinch, bug, F. M. Webster (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 113, pp.
27, figs. 8). — This circular, based on Bulletin 69 of the Bureau of Entomology,
previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 452), has been prei»ared in order to impress
upon the farmer the necessity of watchfulness and the prompt application of
preventive measures where the insect is found to occur in any considerable
numbers. Among the topics discussed are the life history, food plants, and
losses caused by the chinch bug, its natural enemies, remedial and preventive
measures and the prospects of a future outbreak. Within the last year (1908)
a number of complaints of serious injury have been made by farmers in Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, and Texas. Reports of serious ravages by chinch
bugs on lawns have also been made from Brooklyn, N. Y., and Palm Beach, Fla.

The euonymus scale, J. G. Sanders (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. lift,
pp. 5, figs. 2). — This insect is said to be the most serious enemy of the various
species and varieties of Euonymus in the eastern United States. Its attacks
are almost exclusively confined to this genus, although it has been found infest-
ing the common wild bittersweet {Celastrus scandens) , especially when growing
in proximity to infested Euonymus. In 1886, this scale was reported to be so
destructive to Euonymus at Montpellier, France, that it rendered the cultiva-
tion of that plant almost impossible, and more recently reports of its serious
injury to Euonymus japonica have come from Japan. In this country it is
reported to occur from Massachusetts south to Georgia and in Ohio and Cali-
fornia. It is also known to occur in Italy and Japan.

This scale is exceedingly prolific, the plant which becomes infested soon be-
coming completely covered. There are said to be at least 2 broods each season
and a probable third one in the Southern States. The author recommends re-
peated thorough spraying of infested plants with kerosene emulsion (not
stronger than 15 per cent oil) at intervals of 2 weeks between the first of May
and the middle of June, within which time the hatching out of the young takes
place. The deciduous species of Euonymus should be treated after the falling
of the leaves, or during the winter, with a 25 per cent solution of kerosene
emulsion or a solution of whale-oil soap at the rate of 1 lb. to 1 gal. of water.

The house fly, Z. P. Metcalf (.Y. C. Dept. Agr. Ent. Circ. 25, pp. 8, figs. 5). —
An account of the typhoid or house fly, its life history and relation to diseases,
and remedial measures, witli suggestions for cities, villages, and country jilaces.

464 EXPKRIMEKT STA'I'IO.N I'.KCORD.

Descriptions of some new Tachinidae, ('. II. T. Tounsknd (Ann. Eiit. Hoc.
Aiiirr.. ^ {UK)!)), So, .'/, /*/(. ^'i.i-,i. '>()). — Six t;on('ni ( rii;isin()i)hapi. C.vclotapliyrs,
Paragerniaria, Euiuasicera, RileyeDa. and Knc-olatoria) and S sjior-ios aro Ihm'o
descTil>p<l as now to scionco.

The species described as new are riia.siiioiilKit/d (iiilcniKiIi.s, reared in Wiscon-
sin from Diaphrromera fcmorata; P. meridio nulls, a leaf-ovipositing form bred
from a walking stick (Anisomorpha biipresioidcs) at Cutler, Fla. ; Cyclotaphrys
anscr, reared from importations of brown-tail moth from Simferopol, Kvissia ;
TacJiina japonica, reared from importations of Porthetria from the vicinity of
Tokio, Japan; Si-W'op'i hcmerocampa', a larvijiositing form reared from the
white-marked tussock moth; Paragermaria autumnalis, a leaf-ovipositing form,
collected at Melrose Highlands, Mass.; Eumasciccra coccidcUa ; and CordyU-
gantcr scptcntrionalis from Maryland.

Stegomyia fasciata in the French Sudan, G. Bouffard {BuL Soc. Path. Ejot..
1 (1908). Xo. 8, pp. Jf5J,-J,58, fig. 1; ahs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 5, p.
229). — An account of the occurrence of the yellow fever mosquito.

Some common insects injurious to truck crops, W. Newell and A. H. Rosen-
FELD (Crop Pest Com. La. Circ. 27, pp. 93-131, pi. 1, figs. 21). — The more im-
portant insect enemies of the truck crops in Louisiana are considered in this
circular. These are the imported cabbage worm, harlequin cabbage bug, onion
thrips, striped cucumber beetle, twelve-si)otted cucumber beetle, Colorado potato
beetle, potato stalk borer, sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius), bollworm,
destructive pea aphis (Xectarophora plsi), bean leaf beetle (Ceratoma tri-
furcata), Argentine ant, wireworms, and cutworms. Remedial measures in-
cluding cultural methods, fertilizers, insecticides, and fumigation are lirietly
discussed.

Insect enemies of tobacco, Z. P. Metcalf (N. C. Dcpt. Agr. Spec. BuL, 1909,
Oct., pp. 72, fig.s. 56). — This bulletin is stated to be based on correspondence,
a study of the literature on the subject, and observations and experiments con-
ducted largely in Granville County.

Following a brief general account of the injury to tobacco by insects, their
control is taken up under the headings of preparation of seedbed and soil,
rotation of crops, destruction of suckers and weeds, and spraying. Where
arsenicals are used, the last spraying should be done at least 2 weeks and jiref-
erably 3 or 4 weeks before harvesting. Summarized accounts are given of the
more important pests of the crop, which for North Carolina are considered to
be the hornworms, tobacco flea beetle, budworms, and cutworms. Insects
mentioned as occasionally injurious to tobacco are the gx-ouse locust (Tettigidca
lateralis), ])ith worms, tobacco leaf miner, or si)litworm (PhtJiorim(Fa oper-
culella), margined blister beetle, little brown-burrowing cricket (Anorogryllus
muticus), and spined tobacco bug ( Euehistus scrrus). The lesser insect ene-
mies mentioned are grasshoppers (Melanoplus fcrmur-ruhrum and Trimcro-
tropis citrinu), katydids, cabbage looper, tree crickets ((Ecautlni.s spp.), and
corn root worm (Diabrotica 12-punctata). The cigarette beetle and the drug-
store beetle (Sitodrepa panicea), are the only si)ecies recorded as injuring
stored tobacco in the State.

A bibliography of sugar-cane entomology, G. W, Kirkaldy (Hawaiian
Sugar Planters" Sta., Div. Ent. Bui. 8, pp. 13). — This bulletin consists of 2
parts, first, a list of works arranged under authors (i>ii. 9^1), then, a prelim-
inary list by oi'ders, of the insects, spiders, etc., occurring in sugar-cane fields.
Four hundred and twenty-six species rei»resenting 315 genera are listed.

Notes on additional insects on cultivated pecans, G. W. Herriok and R. W.
Harned (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), Vo. //. />/>. 29.3-29.5) .—P>rief notes on in-
sects affecting ijccuus, which liuve come to the author's utteutiou since the pub-

rOODR— HUMAN NUTPiTTTON. 465

lication of Bulletin 8(5 of the Mississippi Station (E. S. R.. IP., i). 002). are
presented.

A sawfly (Acordiilrrrrii nioiini) was found on pecan leaves at AKricnltnral
College, Miss., though not in sufficient numbers to jtroduie serious injury.
Other si»ecies noted as occurring on pecans in the State are a large unde-
termined species of sawHy, Aitldcaspi.s jirirtagona, Chnj'iO)ni)Jia1us obscurus.
Phylloxera carycPcaiiUs, and the San Jose scale.

Insects on imported nursery stock, P. J. Parrott (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2
(1909), No. Jf, p. 305). — Eggs of the rusty tus.sock moth (\otolophus antiqua)
and several colonies of the larvje of the little ermine moth (Hyponomeuta
padella) which were feeding on cherries, as well as the brown-tail moth, are
stated to have been found in New York on imported seedlings.

Division of nursery and orchard inspection, N. E. Shaw (Ohio Dcpt. Ayr..
Div. Nursery niul Orchnrd Jiisp. Rpt. IDOS, pp. -'/6, figs. 5). — This is a brief
report of the work of inspection in 1008, to which a list of the nurserymen in
the State is appended. Brief notes are included on several of the more im-
portant insects of the year including the San Jose scale, woolly aphis, apple
leaf-hopper, locust hispa (Odontota dorsalis), white-marked tussock moth,
elm-leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola) rose chafer, and wheat jointworm
( Isosom a tritici ) .

Nursery inspection in Louisiana, A. H. Rosenfeld (Jour. Econ, Ent., 2
(1909). No. .'/, pp. 2SS-285). — A description of the inspection methods followed
in nurseries in which deciduous stock is grown.

The fumigation of nursery stock with hydrocyanic-acid gas, W. Newfxl
(Crop Pest Coin. La. Circ. 29, pp 1S9~I5(>. fiys. .')). — This circular gives direc-
tions for the construction of fumigation houses and the carrying out of the
process.

Fumigation, dosage, and time of exposure, J. L. Phillips (Jour. Econ.
Ent.. 2 (1909), No. '/. pp. 280-283). — A brief discussion of the subject as re-
lated to fumigation of nursery stock.

Analysis of Paris green, 1908, F. D. Fuller (Penn. Dcpt. Ayr. Bui. 176.
pp. 31). — The results of analyses of 400 samples are presented in tabular
form. The amount of arsenic, calculated as arsenious oxid. varied from .53.04
to 60.97 per cent, with an average of 57 per cent ; the arsenic in water-soluble
forms from 0.70 to 4.96 per cent, with an average of 1.47 per cent ; the arsenic
combined with copper from 45.91 to 58.28 per cent, with an average of 54.35
per cent ; and the amount of copper exi)ressed as copper oxid from 21.68 to
.30.98 per cent, with an average of 29.18 per cent. There was apparently no
adulteration with white arsenic.

Publications of the station entomologist, E. D. Sandersox [Jour. Econ.
Ent., 2 ( 1909), No. '/. pp. 268-271). — The author here discusses important points
relating to station i»ublicatious.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Durum wheat flour, E. F. Ladd and Emily E. May (North Dakotd 8ta. Spec.
Bui. 19. pp. 10.1-11 ',). — The results of milling and baking tests with durum flour
are briefly reported in comparison with other flours.

"The patent flour [from the durum wheat] was of good quality, the yield
was 74.4 per cent: for the first clear, 22.7 per cent; and for the second clear.
2.9 per cent of the total flour ; while the total yield of the flour was 70.7 per
cent of the wheat milled, or not quite as high an average as was found for the
durum flours in the experiments [previously] reported [E. S. R.. 20. p. 859],

460 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

liiit Mhont the sauu> as for llic yield for Fife and I'.lucstcin. It ro(|iiircil 1 lni.
and iis lbs. [of tho duriini \vli(>at (cstcdl 1o i)rodiKv a barrel of IJoiir."

Tbo data obtained in tlie baking' tests at the station are briefly reported.
SaniitJes of dunnu llonr were sent (o bonsewives for testinjr. and Ibe rei"orts
received are quoted.

" From the data thus far gathered with regard to the growing of durum
wheat, the milling of the same, and its value for bread produotion, we may
draw the following conclusions:

•• It is claimed by the farmers that durum wheat, in the western part of the
State, yields nmcli better than otn* bard wheats for tlie same section of the
State, [and that it | is much more disease resistant than other wheats generally
grown in the State.

" Durum wheat produces as much straight flour as either Fife or Bluestem in
tho experiments at the experiment station. The number of bushels required
to produce a barrel of flour is no greater than the average for other wheats.

" It is claimed that it takes more power to grind durum than for the Fife or
Uluestem. It has been sliown that processes of tempering durum may have a
marked etTect on the flour-producing quality of the wheat.

"Bread from durum flour is e(iual to that produced from the other flours as
found on the market. The bread is not so white as that from the average Fife
or Bluestem flour, having more of a creamy appearance. The consensus of
opinion is that the flavor of the bread is equal, if not superior, to that produced
from the best commercial flours, being slightly sweeter and having a more luitty
liavor. The bread from durum flour holds the moisture better than that
])i-oduced from commercial flours."

Bleaching flour, H. Rousset (Rev. Gen. Chim., 12 [1909), No. 19, pp. S08-
SKi flys. 7). — A summary and digest of data.

Milling and baking' tests, F. D. Gardner (Roller Mill, 28 (1909), No. 5, pp.
20I-20.'f). — Tests were carried on under the auspices of tlie Pennsylvania Sta-
tion with Dawson Golden Chaff, Belial)le, and Fulcaster wheats. Of these
Dawson Golden Chaff has given a larger yield than the other varieties, accord-
ing to the tests summarized. According to the analytical data quoted, Ful-
caster contained a fourth to a fifth more protein than Dawson Golden Chaff.

" Bushel for bushel, Dawson Golden Chaff and Fulcaster give practically the
same yield of flour. The flour of Fulcaster is highest in both protein and
gluten. Its gluten is also relatively high in gliadin.

" The dough from Fulcaster is fairly tough and elastic : that from Dawson
Golden Chaff very short and brittle. From equal amounts of flour, Fulcaster
makes a loaf of larger volume and one that is lighter and of better texture.
In appearance and palatability the consumers reported in favor of Fulcaster.

" This investigation, incomplete as it is, shows that the flour from the soft
white wheat is not efjual to that from the red wheat when made into ordinary
bread, but . . . [doubtless most will agree] that this does not settle the whole
(piestion. Flour is extensively used for purposes other than bread making, and
it is generally conceded that for pastry, crackers, and other purposes the flour
from our soft winter wheats is equally good if not superior to that of the
northwestern spring wheats. . . .

"After all is done and said there is but little difference in the nutritive value
of flour from different A^arieties of wheat. Practically the only difference is
the way in which their products please the eye or tickle the palate. We need to
study bread making to determine the best manner of using flour made fron»
our soft winter wheats."

Relation between the extent of dough fermentation and starch degradation,
IM. P. Neumann and K. Mohs {Z<iifl)l. Aijr. ('hem., 38 (1909), No. 9. /;/». (iS3~

FOODS HUMAN NTTTRTTTOlSr. 467

1135; abs. in Jour. Hoc. Chcm. Indus., 2H (1909), No. 20, p. 1099). — A discussion
of tlie part played by carbohydrates in tlie fermentation of Hour. The author
states that the diastase contained in the flour is not only active enough to pro-
lUice the necessary sugar for fermentation but is also capable after 2 hours of
producing as much sugar as was originally found in the dough.

Food value of bread, M. E. Jaffa iXat. Baker, 1', (1909), Xo. 166, pp. 52,
.','i). — In connection with a discussion of the composition and digestibility of
bread and related topics, the author directs attention to the use of raisins in
bread and points out advantages which he considers such bread possesses.
.Mincing the raisins before mixing them with the dough is recommended.

Analysis of a sample of manioc from Reunion Island, E. Kohn-Abrest
(Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg. Aliment., 7 (1909), No. 8, pp. 255-255).— Analytical data
are reported and discussed.

Honey in cooking and confectionery (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Hori. Colo., 1908, pp.
102-108). — A suumiary of recipes for dishes in which honey is used presented
before the Colorado State Bee Keepers' Association at their convention in Den-
ver December 8 and 9, 1908.

The effect of gelatin in ice cream, J. Alexander (Ztschr. Chcm. u. Indus.
Kolloide, 5 (1909). No. 2, pp. 101-103; abs. in Chem. ZentU., 1909, II, No. 15,
p. 1210). — The author concludes that the addition of gelatin in ice-cream mak-
ing hinders the coagulation of casein, the effect being similar to that which
he states is observed when gelatin is added to nitrate of silver solution lu'fore
preciiJitation with hydrochloric acid.

On the action of gelatin in ice cream, J. Alexander (Pure Products, 5
(1909), No. 12. pp. 621-62'i).—y^oteil above.

Law regulating the sale of ices, creams, and beverages in Algeria (Rev.
Municipal, p. 313; abs. in Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg. Aliment., 7 (1909), No. 8, p.
268). — The reference journal cited quotes the title without comment.

Pepper and its adulteration, H. A. DucROS (Bui. Inst. Egyptien, 5. ser., 2
(1908), No. 2, pp. lS'j-19Ji). — Information is given regarding the use of pepper
in Egypt as a food and drug, and pepper adulteration is discussed with si»eci:il
reference to local conditions.

Notices of judgment (U. S. Dept. Agr., Notices of .Judgment 112-116, pp.
9; 117-118, pp. 3; 119-122, pp. 7). — The subjects included are the misbranding
of a drug product, flour, canned apricots, and mineral water, and the adultera-
tion and misbranding of lemon extract, stock feeds, buckwheat flour, pepper,
and strawberry extract.

Official inspections (Maine Sta. Off. Insps. 14, PP. lOl-l-iO; 15, pp. 141-
l'>2). — The first of these publications gives the text of the Maine food and
drug law as amended, together with the standards and definitions of foods
and drugs and the regulations that have been adopted as revised to .September,
1909. This material is provided with an index.

The second of the bulletins discusses the sale of apples and standards for
oysters and reports tlie results of the examination of a number of samples of
catsup, cocoa, flavoring extracts, and spirit of nitrous ether.

A personal investigation into the dietetic theories of America, A. Bryce
(Brit. Med. Jour., 1909, No. 2.554, PP- 166-5-1668) .—X summary of information
gathered in a personal visit to a number of laboratories and institutions in
.\merica where nutrition investigations are made.

Dietary studies in rural regions ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. 8tas. Bui.
221, pp. 142, pis. 4)- — This bulletin contains a discussion of dietaries in Ameri-
can rural regions and the results of dietary studies in Vermont, Tennessee, and
Georgia,

468 EXPERIMENT STATION REfORD.

IHiidiii sliidics in ] rniiont fanners' fnniilics. J. L. Hills (pp. 7-10). — Four
(lii'tary sdidics were niado. throe in farmers' families in conifortaI)l(' cinMiin-
slances and one in the family of an ollicer of th«' Vermont Station, nn an
average, the eost of the food was L*."! cts. per man i)er (hiy, its i)rotein content
beinj: 104 gm. and its fuel value 3,402 calories. One of the studies was made
in the summer and anot4ier with the sauie family in the winter.

" The cost of the summer dietary is 25 cts. and that of the winter dietary 2S
cts. per man j)er day. The diflterence seems mainly due to the higher cost of
eggs and dairy products during the winter. Both are higher than the average
found in 91 farm dietary studies made tlirougliout the United States, but in
the opinion of the author the fact that so many of the prices quoted are market
prices applied to home-grown products makes a fair discussion of the relative
economy of these studies out of the question. In any case they are not expen-
sive, considering the circumstances of the family. Each of tliem, but the
winter one particularly, is an excellent illustration of the fact that with intel-
ligence and care the liome maimer on the farm can provide a diet as varied and
attractive as her sister in the city, and at a moderate cost."

Dietary studies of families living in the mountain region of eastern Tennes-
see, C. E. Wait (pp. 21-110). — A brief historical sketch of the Tennessee moun-
tain settlements introduces this report of 64 dietary studies made with moun-
tain families, one of these in the suburbs of a large city, 44 near a town of
about 3,000 people, and the remainder in families more remote from large
centers of population. The majority of the families such as were selected for
study live in log houses or simple frame houses and the furniture, etc., is very
simple.

On an average, the families living near towns obtained 85 gm. protein, 117
gm. fat, and 505 gm. carbohydrates per man per day, the energy value of the
diet being 3,050 calories, and its cost 9.3 cts. In the case of the 19 studies in
remote districts, the diet supplied 82 gm. protein, 131 gm. fat, and 5(>0 gm.
carbohydrates per man per day, the energy value of the diet being 3,731 calories,
and its cost 7.4 cts.

" These studies fully confirm the popular impression that the diet among
the iieople of whom these families are typical is extremely simple and cheap
and unattractive, judged by the usual standards. Corn meal, wheat flour,
and fat cured pork are the principal kinds of food, to which a few other mate-
rials are added in varying proportion. In general, it may be said that these
three items make up about three-quarters of the total diet. There is, on the
whole, more variety among families living in or near the towns than in remote
mountain districts. These differences are probably mainly due to differences
in the buying facilities in the various sections. Even the most varied of tliese
diets, however, are mucli simpler than the majority of those of families else-
where observed.

" Of the animal foods, pork is by far the most common, and in the majority
of cases it is used cured or salted. . . . Buttermilk was more conunonly
used than in any similar studies: skim milk was also in fairly common use,
but whole milk appears in only nine cases. In general, milk was most freely
consumed in families where a cow was kej)!. . . .

" The most common vegetables were white and sweet potatoes, but beans,
both dried and fresh, cabbage, turnips, onions, tomatoes, etc, are occasionally
seen in the lists. Fresh fruits appear to be little used, even in summer. Dried,
canned, and jellied fruits ai'e mentioned occasionally, sometimes in forms
peculiar to the locality, such as dried goosel)erries and blackberries."

"On the whole, these dietaries represent as much energy as is usual but
rather smaller anu)unts of iiroteiu than those indicated by the standards as

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 469

desir;il)l(' for persons of corresi)oiuling occui)ations. though the range in protein
consumption is great and some of the families had rather high quantities. . . .
The food appeared to be fairly satisfying to the people; enough so, at any rate,
for families who might have afforded better not to care to talve the trouble to
procure it.

" [While] the people of whom these families are typical are . . . considered
fairly strong and well developed physically. . . . visitors are almost invariably
struck by the quickness with which these mountaineers, especially the women,
lose the api)earance of youth. . . . Tuberculosis is common and the rate of mor-
tality is rather high. While there are many individual exceptions, the general
impression, confirmed by observations made in connection with these studies,
is that these mountaineers are not active or energetic, either physically or
mentally, as compared with the bulk of our rural population, and are rather
generally lacking in ambition and progressiveness."

Dietary .studies in Georgia, H. C. White (pp. 117-136). — Of the ]4 studies
included in this report one was made with a students' boarding club at the
Tniversity of Georgia, one in the family of a mechanic, and one in a negro
family, both living near town, and the remaining 11 with families in mountain
districts. The living conditions of the mountain families were very much the
same as noted above in connection with the Tennessee families. In this and the
other studies data are given regarding the kind and amount of waste and
similar topics.

"The protein supplied in the (ieorgia studies ranged from 44 to 127 gms.
]ier man per day, with an average of Sfi gms. This is 2 gms. more than the
averiige of the Tennessee studies, and considerably below the standard require-
ment for man at moderately active work. . . . The fuel value was [likewise]
relatively much higher than the protein content, ranging from 2.207 to .5,970
calories, with an average of 4,24.S calories.

" In a few studies in which the fuel value was exceptionally low the energy
supplied may not have been entirely sufficient, but in general it may l)e con-
sidered to have met the needs of the subjects. Regarding the adequacy of the
jirotein supplied, the same questions arise as in the Tennessee studies. These
people evidently attained fair physical development and satisfied the demands
of their appetites on a protein ration considerably below the standard. . . . Any-
one familiar with the class of which they are typical will admit, [however], that
they age rapidly, seem to have comparatively little power to resist disease,
such as tuberculosis, and are neither very ambitious nor progressive."

The cost of the diet was 12 cts. per man per day.

Discussion of American rural dietaries, C. E. Wait (pp. 1.37-142). — On the
basis of the investigations here reported and earlier studies of a similar sort,
the general question of diet in American rural regions is discussed, though the
author realizes that the data are limited for such a purpose.

" While the number of farms in which the cooking and serving are as good
as in corresponding town or city homes is large, in very many others these
features of the diet are not as well provided for as the means of the family
would permit. This difference is undoubtedly due, at least in part, to the
greater number of kitchen and household conveniences in the city homes. The
rural population is. however, coming more and more to recognize the importance
of running water, ice supplies, go(Kl drainage, and other conveniences, not only
in saving labor for the housekee[iers. but in raising the standard of home life.

" There are, unfortunately, certain groups of people . . . who seem out
of the track of general progress and among whom the .standards of living have
for vears remained low. Prominent among these are two groups in the South-

470 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

eastern States, the white mountaineers and the negroes, in such regions as
the so-called 'black belt,' . . . and the small Mexican farmers who, although
living in New Mexico and elsewhere in the southwestern United States, retain
the characteristic habits of old Spanish Mexico.

" The mountaineer families stand financially in much the same relation to
the bulk of the rural population as do the poor in the crowded sections of the
cities to the city dwellers at large. In general, it may be said that the moun-
taineer . . . dietaries . . . compared with the dietaries of city families in
corresponding financial conditions, . . . cost much less and furnish about the
same amounts of energy, but are low in protein and also lacking in variety.
Data are not available for discussing at length the quality of cooking of these
mountaineer families as compared for instance with that of the city poor whom
they resemble in some other ways, . . . but it was certainly the opinion of those
making the studies that in few of the families was the food well cooked or the
diet even reasonably attractive to a person with the usual standards of living.
Compared with the dietaries of families in fairly comfortable circumstances
throughout the country, the same advantages and disadvantages appear — low
cost, sufficient energy, but a striking deficiency of protein, and a lack of variety
in the materials used. Could these families be made to realize the importance
and comfort of such improvements and conveniences in living as are already
found or are coming to be appreciated in many other sections of the country,
their dietary habits could undoubtedly be improved at very little increase of
cost, and hand in hand with such a change would go an equally important
improvement, not only in their physical but also in their social and other
conditions. One of the most useful functions of dietary studies, such as those
here reported, is, by pointing out existing errors, to pave the way for improve-
ment."

Feeding of European troops in Manchuria during the war of 1904—5, V.
XiEDviETSKY (Rev. Intend., 1909, Nos. ISO-lS't; ahs. in Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg.
Aliment., 7 (1909), No. 8, p. 268). — The reference journal cited gives the title
only.

The price of food products in France, E. Levasseur (Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg.
Aliment., 7 (1909), No. 8. ;>/*. 20o-2'iO). — Statistical data are summarized and
discussed.

Modern domestic science {Assoc. Schools Dom. Set. Lectures 1, pp. 16; 2,
pp. 16; 3, pp. 13; J,, pp. 16; 5, pp 19; 6, pp. 2-}; 7, pp. 22; 8. pp. 19; 9. pp. 20,
figs. 2; 10, pp. 19). — A series of pamphlets designed for instruction by corre-
spondence.

The topics and authors follow : The Pi-actical Application in the Home of a
Knowledge of Food Values, by Florence Pummill ; The Removal of Spots and
Stains, by Mabel T. Wellman ; Interior Decoration, by L. Robertson ; Floors
and Floor Coverings, by E. Buckley; The Cliemistry of Cooking, by W. H.
Boynton ; Sanitation and Hygiene, by Caroline Ij. Hunt: Household Administra-
tion, by Helen IM. Day ; Household Tests for the Detection of Pure and Adul-
terated Food, by E. N. Eaton ; Fireless Cookery, by Frances Seely ; and Market-
ing, by Caroline L. Hunt.

The destructive effect of shaking upon the proteolytic ferments, A. O.
Shaklee and S. J. Meltzer (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 25 {1909), No. 3, pp. 81-
112). — According to the autliors' summary, tlie more essential results of tlie
experiments repoi'ted are the facts '• that shaking may completely destroy the
Three ferments — i)epsin, reuuin, and trypsin; that they are destroyed more
ra])idly at higher than at lower temjjeratures; that try|)sin is more easily <le-

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 471

stroyed than pepsin ; and tliat the shaking produced by the resi)iratory move-
ments is capable of causing some destruction of the ferments. Recent experi-
ments by other investigators show also that other ferments may be inactivated
by shaking. . . .

" The assumption is here made that the nature of the destruction of ferments
is similar to tliat which takes place in the destruction of living cells, and tliat
shaking affects a certain structure whicli is common to living cells as well as
to red blood cori)Uscles and to ferments."

In experiments on the effects of respiratory movements, ferments in rubber
or glass containers of suitable construction were introduced into the stomach
and peritoneal cavity, a dog and rabbits serving as subjects.

Nuclein synthesis in the animal hody, E. V. ]McCoLLT:>f (Amrr. .hntr.
P/(//.sjo/., 25 (li)OO), A'o. 3, pp. 120-lJfl). — Normal and special rations were used
in these experimental studies which were made with rats as subjects. In the
author's opinion the recorded data seem to warrant the following conclusions:

"The palatability of the ration is a most important factor in animal nutri-
tion. Without palatability the ration may possess all the necessary food ingre-
dients and yet fail to properly nourish an animal. The failure of previous
efforts to maintain animals on a mixture of relatively pure proximate constitu-
ents of our foodstuffs was due to the lack of palatability of such mixtui'es.
When sufficient care is given to changing the character and tlavor of the food
supplied in such simple mixtures, it is possible to induce an api)reciab]e amount
of growth, ^'ery young animals adapt themselves to a ration possessing a low
degree of palataitility much better than do adults.

" Other things being satisfactory, all the phosphorus needed by an animal,
for skeleton, nuclein, or r>hosphatid formation, can be drawn from inorganic
phosphates.

" The animal has the power to synthesize the purin bases necessary for its
nuclein formation from some comiilexes contained in the protein molecule, and
does not necessarily use purin bases of exogenous origin for this purpose."

The neurocytological reaction in muscular exertion. — I, Preliminary
communication. The sequence of the immediate changes in the Purkinje
cells, D. H. DoLLEY (Amci: Jour. PIiy.sioL. 23 (l!)0!)), No. 3. pp. 151-111. plff.
2). — In experiments with dogs exercised in a treadmill, studies of the cere-
bella showed that physiological activity in nerve cells " results in a definite
and consecutive sequence of events whicli are the morphological expressifms
of the abstract terms activity, fatigue, and exhaustion." According to the
author, the interpretation of the various types of cells and their division into
stages is based primarily upon theories of the size relations of nucleus and
cell body and of their interdependence as regards a mutual interchange of mate-
rial, and upon the extension of the doctrine of chromidial apparatus to nerve
cells.

As the result of continued activity, there is first a steady increase of the
l)asic chromatic material, then a decrease until " there results a functionally
exhausted cell entirely devoid of basic chromatin." The different stages iu
this process are described.

"The setpience of events is exactly identical with that previously described
for anemia and shock, and the reaction to purely physiological states corrob-
orates the opinion advanced that the changes in these conditions are a mani-
festation of functional activity and represent ])hases of fatigue am] exhaustion,'

472 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The causation of sex, E. K. Dawson (London. 1909, pi>. 196; rev. in 8ci.
I'rou. Ticcntivth Cent.. ', (1909). \o. 13, pp. 1G5. liU]; Anirr. Nnt., .'/.} (1909),
Xo. 516, pp. 756-762). — The aim of the author of this hook is to preseTit ovi-
dence based on clinical material to show that sex is determined in the unfer-
tilized ovum; that in the human species, and perhaps in all mammals, the
female-bearing eggs are produced only in tli(> left ovary and male-bearing in the
right ovary because the weaker sex must be derived from the ovary of the
weaker side; and that ovulation takes place alternately from right to left ovary.

The secret of sex, E. Jl. Dawson (Neto Yorlc. 1909, pp. 6), pi. 1). — An
abridged edition of the worlv noted above.

The causation of sex, II. PI Jordan (Atncr. Nat., J/S (1009), No. 516, pp.
7-')(j-762). — This is a review and criticism of the views outlined in tlie boolv noted
above. It is pointed out that well-known facts established by researches in
i-ytologj' and comparative embryology are left out of account in Dawson's
theory of sex determination and that thei'e are numerous exceptions to the
clinical evidence presented. " By the same methods it would probably be as
easy to prove the reverse position, tliat is, that females come from the right
ovary and males from the left."

Mendelian action on differentiated sex, I). B. Hart ( I'roc. Roy. Snr. Edinb.,
29 (1908-9), Nos. 6, pp. 607, 608; 7, pp. 609-618, figs. 3; abs. in Jour. Roy Micros.
Boc. [London^, 1909, No. 6, pp. 703-705). — An inquiry into the origin of sex
gametes with especial reference to the Mendelian theory of sex inheritance.

The author thinks that gametes originate, not from the germ or sperm
epithelium, but fi-om the primitive germ-cell, a generalization wliich he calls the
Owen-Weissmann law. Ovarian and testicular teratomata are considered to
be i)arts of embryos originating from primitive germ cells wliich have been
reduced to gametes but which liave retained in part tlie power of zymotic
development not normally possessed by a gamete except by union with another
gamete.

The author concludes that the liuman zygote is an impure dominant of Fi in
Mendel's scheme and that the dominant and recessive determinants do not
segregate normally, hence in the twinning of one zygote we always get an equal
division of sex determinants. It is pointed out, liowever, that this is not the
case with some animals, as in cattle. According to this view the free-martin
is not a sterile cow when the potent twin is a bull, but a sterile bull with the
recessive sexual determinants segregated in it, tliat is, an extracted recessive.
Concerning the sex of bees, it is stated that the view of the origin of the drone,
a perfect male from an unfertilized egg, is neither a fact nor a theory, but a
reductio ad absurdum.

A bibliography of the literature of tlie subject is appended.
[The law of ancestral heredity], E. Davenport (Breeder's Gaz., 56 (1909),
Nos. 25, pp. 136S, 1369; 26, pp. I'i2'i, 1J,25 ; 57 (1910), No. 1, pp. 16, 17).— A series
of articles which discuss the similarity between parent and offspring and the
importance of Galton's ancestral law for breeding operations.

The studies of Gallon on human stature, and those of Kietz on the inheritance
of milk fat production, previously noted ( E. 8. 11., 22, p. 27S), are used to illus-
trate the law that though there may be no close reseud)lance between an indi-
vidual and its immediate parent a study of large numbers will show that there
is a resemblance between an indiviilual and its total ancestry. Parents produce
a great variety of olfspring and in those from exceptional parents there is a
strong tendency toward mediocrity. To prevent undesirable regression accurate
records must be kept of animals used for breeding puri)Oses. At present there

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 473

is no adequate metliotl for inakiug official records of wliat au auimal really is
witli a view to beuetiting future breeders who wisli to Iviictw tlie facts loug
after llie animal is dead. Tlie ancestral j)edigree should contain a complete
record of characteristics.

The evolution of British cattle and the fashioning' of breeds, J. Wilson
{London, t!)0!), pi). 1 ///+/'/?. //V/s. 23). — This book treats of the different types
of cattle found in (Jreat Britain and Ireland in historic and i)rehistoric times
with special reference to the origin of existing breeds. I'se is made of Mendel's
law in explaining the results brought about by blending the types brought from
time to time by foreign invasions.

Studies on the history of breeds of swine, especially those of Sweden,
A. PiKA (Zool. Jahrb., J!>(H), N»;>. 10. .Vo. 2. l)l>. .W-i-'/JO'. pgs. ,JJ).— This is chiefly
a study of the subfossil bones of swine found in Sweden.

Descriptions and measurements of skeleton fragments found in the various
deposits are given in detail and a classification of the different types is
made. Tlie systematic positicm of the peat hog .S».s' ixilusfris. which the author
thinks is a domesticated form of S. scrofa, is described at length. Besides 8.
/«f/i/.s/r(.s- and the wild species ,S. Hcrofa frnift antiquns. the author makes r» other
tyi)es. wholly or partially domesticated, which are modifications of one or both
of the above-named species. According to the chronology of Montelius. the pig
first appeared in Sweden as a domesticated animal in the neolithic period about
odO B. C The bones of tame swine which are found with those of the wild
species in the older deposits are larger than those in the more recent, which
leads the author to believe that tame swine of the stone age were not of Asiatic
origin but are* domesticated forms of indigenous swine. Feral swine became
diminished in size by inbreeding, as is the case with all animals under condi-
tions of i)riniitive domestication, and finally resulted in the peat hog.

A bibliography of the subject is appended.

The character of the blood in horses of different breeds, W. L. Yakimoff
and XiNA Kohl (Montttsh. Pnikt. Ti< rlicilh:. tt ( t'.tl)'.)). So. 3-.',, pp. 1J6-L',6).—^
The blood of English thoroughbred and halfbred saddle and trotting stallions
contained a larger number of red corpuscles than the blood of heavy work
horses. There was but little difference in the number of leucocytes. The blood
of I'^nglish breeds was more alkaline than that of others, but there was no appre-
ciable difference in the specific gravity of the blood in the different breeds.

Feeding' stuffs in the Dutch Indies, .1. Dekkeb {Medal. I)cp1. Lnndh. [Dutch
i:<ist /«</(V'.s|, l'.)0!l. \o. S. pp. IIK'i). — This monograph contains analyses of
native and introduced grasses, forage plants, and other feeding stuffs in the
Dutch East Indies. There is also a discussion of their feeding value, especially
for horses, and numerous references to the literature on the subject.

Studies on the gain in nitrogen in well-fed grown animals, K. Friske
{Landiv. Vers. Stat., 71 {1909), Xo. 6. pp. //.Ji-.'/82 ) .— In this investigation 8
grown wethers were fed for 6 months on hay. Animals Nos. 1 and 2 were then
slaughtered and their carcasses weighed and analyzed, Xos. 3 and 4 fed for 111
days on a narrow ration 1 : 2.88 consisting of hay, field beans, and sunflower
cake, Nos. 5 and 0 fed for 104 days on a normal ration 1 : 5.02 consisting of hay,
field beans, and ground barley, and Nos. 7 and 8 held as a reserve and fed a
wide ration. At the end of the feeding period the remaining sheep were slaugh-
tered.

A considerable gain in nitrogen and in lean meat was found although the
actual gain in nitrogen, as shown by the analyses of the dressed carcasses, was
much less than was shown by the digestion coefficient. According to the nitrogen
balance the average daily available nitrogen per liead for sheep Nos. o and 4

31125— No. 5—10 6

474

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

\v:is ,"..(!S <;iii. Iliou.^li llic sliiuulilt'i' Icsl slidwcd the ;ic(u:il LCniii ill nil ro^icii In 1k'
<nily l.in fiiii. diiily. Kni- X<is. ."i mid ('> tlu' diflVrcncc \v:is not so larji;'. 1i:c
avorage daily available iiitrof^on pcfl- head aeeordiiij? to (bo nitrogen balance
being o.4.S gni. while the slaughter test showed an average daily gain in nitrogen
of l.(!l gni. per hea*!. The heart, liver, lungs, and l^idney wei'e much bcavicM- in
the animals fed the narrow ration.

On cellulose digestion in domestic animals, A. Scukunickt and E. Lorscil
(linlin. Ticriirztl. Wclnischr.. ..^7 {l!)0!l). Ao.v. .'/.7, lip. 82(;^H2<) ; //T, ;;/). 8o7-
S6U). — A review of recent investigations on this subject, together with a report
of an experiment with dogs which indicates that cellulose is not digested by
tlHMii. It is pointed out that previous experiments yielding affirmative results
were obtained by using defective methods for determining the cellulose content.

The disappearance of pentosans from the digestive tract of the cow, E. V.
McCoLLUM and W. A. Brannon {Jour. Amcr. Cliem. aSoc, 31 (1909), No. It, pp.
1252-126.0) . — This is a rei)ort of a preliminary series of exjieriments on the rela-
tive ease with which the pentosans from different plants disappear from the
digestive tract of an animal and on the behavior of the methyl pentosans during
digestion.

Bovines were used as they are the most efficient of all animals for utilizing
coarse feeding stuffs. The animals used in these experiments were grade Dur-
hams, purchased when calves, and weighing about 350 lbs. each. They were
placed upon rations derived from a single plant source, the same individuals
being used in both series of exi)eriments. When the collections of excreta were
made for analysis the animals had been on their resiiective rations for a period
of about 9 months. This gave abundant time for the development of sjiecial
flora in their digestive tracts in case certain varieties of organisms found a
more suitable food supply in one case than in another.

The pentosan content was determined by converting the pentosans into fur-
furol by the official method. The nutritive ratios and calorific values were made
alike in the different rations to reduce the influence of varying amounts of pi-o-
tein. So small an amount of pentose sugars was found in the urine that this
factor was disregarded. The pentosans of the corn plant were found present
in a form which is less resistant than those of wheat and oats. The methyl
jientosans disappeared in greater amount than did the simple pentosans. The
following table shows the results obtainetl with the diilerent rations:

Disappcardiicr of itciito-sinis in the diffcstirc tract of hori'ncs.

Animal.

Daily raliun.

Total
amount of
pentosans
in ration.

Disappear-
ance of
pentosans.

Disappear-
ance of
methyl

pentosans.

1-year-old ca 1 f

.Same animal at 2 years of

age.
1-year-old calf

b lbs. corn meal; 7 lbs. corn stover;

2 lbs. gluten meal.
do

Grams.
1,218.2

1, 392. 0

1,107.8

1,251.5

1,083.8
1,103.2

Per cent.
67.56

. 66.87

55.55

46.18

53. 87
55. 52

Per cent.
56.38

78.31

7 lbs. wheat straw; 6 7 lbs. whole

wheat; 0.3 lb. wheat gluten.
.....do

72. 33
82. 23

age.
1-year-old calf

7 lbs. oat straw; 7 lbs. rolled oats. .
do

59.31
61.05

age.

In order to determine the action of the bacteria in the intestinal tract of the
cow in these experiments, a series of fermentations was carried on for 14 days
with corn fodder, wheat straw, and oat straw. The behavior of the pentosans

ANIMAI, PRODUCTION. 475

of the plauts was the same with these artificial cultures of fecal bacteria as
in the feeding experiments. Those of the corn plant were less resistant than
those of the oat, and those of the oat less resistant than those of the wheat.

Experiments in pig feeding, T. I. Mairs and S. W. Doty {Pennsylvania
i?ta. Bui. D-j, i)i>. 3-16, figs. 6). — Middlings and a mixture of corn chop and
tankage were compared as feeds for growing and fattening pigs.

Six pur(>-l)red Chesliires 14 weeks old were used for the experiments, which
lasted 17 weeks. Lot 1, which received a ration of middlings, made an
average daily gain per head of 0.945 lb. at a cost of 7.4 cts. per pound. For
lot 2, fed corn chop and tankage 3 : 1, the corresponding values were 1.257 lbs.
and 7.3 cts. per pound. In the slaughter tests the lots dressed respectively
78.4 per cent and 81.7 per cent of the live weight. The feeds were rated as
follows: Middlings $30. corn chop $34, and tankage $28 per ton.

" Pigs on a ration of middlings alone made better use of their feed at first
than those on a ration of corn chop and tankage, but later the exact reverse
was the case. The pigs on the exclusive middlings ration were not as active
and healthy as those on cDru chop and tankage, neither did the former eat
with the same relish. . . . Neither ration provetl very profitable for gi-ow-
ing and fattening pigs. The corn chop and tankage had a slight advantage in
cost per pound of gain."

Practical swine management, J. (J. Fullkk {Wisconsin Sta. litil. /.s'J. /*/).
3-22, figs. 13). — The puri)ose of this bulletin is to advise the bt'ginner and
student and t(j answer a large number of questions which frequently confront
the swine breeder. The chief topics treated are the selection of breeding
stock, the feeding and care of breeding swine, the care of young pigs, buildings
for swine, and preventive measures for the common diseases and parasites of
swine.

Sustaining horses in long-distance travel, L. Oculvy [Breeder's Guz., .56
{1909), A'o. 21i, PI). 1292-129.'t). — An account of the methods of feeding employed
in recent tests of long-distance riding. The advantages of feeding both sugar
and molasses are pointed out. The best mode of use for a long journey is
stated to be about 1 Yb. of sugar in 5 qts. of water. In some cases horses have
to be taught to take it in this form though they will readily eat sugar in the
feed.

State horse-breeding and army remount buying in France iDept. Ayr. and
Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 10 {1909), No. 1, /*/>. 'i3-i)9, pis. //).— An account of
the system of state aid to horse breeding, the chief features of which have been
in existence since 1665. At the present time there are 22 state studs which are
required by laAV to keep about 3,450 stallions of various breeds. In addition
to these there are 1,709 approved stallions in the hands of private owners and
191 authorized stallions. The object of state aid was to keep the army sup-
plied with an approved type of horse fit for service. The annual cost to the
state is about £1,146,000,

The cattle trade of western Canada, J. G. Rutherford {Canada Dept. Agr.,
Branch Lire StocJc Comr. Spec. Rpt. 1909, Aug.. pp. 23). — A special report con-
taining a brief history of the Canadian range and present methods of beef pro-
duction in Canada.

Annual wool review (Bill. Xnt. Assoc. Wool Manfrs.. 39 (1909), Xo. 4, pp.
517-558, pi. 1). — The usual annual account of the sheep industry and wool
production of the world, with statistical tables of the number of sheep, the wool
products of 1909, and the imports and exports of wool and woolen goods.

The egg of the fowl and its preservation by cold storage, F. LESCARoft
(L'Oenf dc I'miU xii Conscrration par le Froid. t'uris. I90.<. pii. 132, figs. 2). — '
This book treats of the biology uud chemistry of the egg, nature and causes of

47G p:xperiment station kecord.

the changos in I'ggs as Ihcy grow stale, ofCect of gases ou llii" iiikTo-orgauisiiis
(if tlie egg, methods of preserving eggs in lime, at 1o\a- teiuperatnres. jind by
carbonio-aoid gas under pressure, and the extent of the egg industry in different
(•(HHitries.

The osmotic pressure of the egg of the common fowl and the changes
during incubation, W. R. G. Atkins (Bio-Chem. Jour., J (IBOU), No. 10. pp.
.'i80-Jf8Ji) . — The difference in osmotic ju-essure between the blood and egg led
the author to study the changes in pressure during incubation with the foUow-
nig results : " The osmotic i)ressure of the egg of (laUus hankira, as calculated
from freezing point depressions, rises during incubation from about 5.5 atmos-
I)heres to about 7.3 atmosi»lieres, the latter value being approximately that of
the osmotic pressure of the blood of the same bird.

"Bacterial action during incubation may cause the pressure to rise to over
S atmospheres. The view is put forward that birds are descended from organ-
isms with an osmotic ])ressure of 5 atmospheres or less."

Profitable poultry {Quart. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 27 (1908), No. 101, pp. 322,
pis. 7. //r/.y. J7, (If/nis. 2). — This report is devoted to descriptions and illustrations
of the land and water fowls most generally reared on American farms, with
directions for their breeding, maintenance, and profitable management.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Swedish method of judging dairy bulls, G. Leufven (K. Landthr. Akad.
llainll. och Tidvkr.. J,S iHm)). No. }, pp. 298-315).— The author discusses the
method of judging dairy bulls followed during late years by the Malmohus
Agricultural Society, in which the value of the animals is determined by con-
sidering (i ) the ancestors of the bull, (2) the millv or butter fat production of
the dam, and (3) the conformation of the bull. The results obtained in the
work of the cow-testing associations during late years supply accurate data for
tlie production of millv and butter fat by cows and form the basis for giving
credit for points under (1) and (2). Information as to the power of the bull
to improve or decrease the production of their offspring is secured from these
data by comparisons of the average annual production of millv and butter fat
by the daughters and the dams of the daughters of the different bulls. Under
(3) the size and development of the bull are considered, and the form of the
different parts of the body and their relation to each other.

The standards of production given refer to the lowland breed of Swedish
cattle; somewhat lower figures apply to the Ayrshire breed, the only other
breed of cattle of imiiortance in the South-Swedish counties.

Report of the Malmohus cow-testing associations, 1908—9, J. Xillson and
L. Nanneson (ilahno. Ldns. IlusluiU. SiiUsk. Krrtlsskr., 1009, No. 2. pp. StJ/-
Ji28, pi. 1). — The repoi't covers the work for the year of 140 testing associations,
which, with 14 others in operation a portion of the year, include over 2,400 herds
with an aggregate of about 48.000 cows. The average production for all the cows
was 3,452.6 kg. milk and 112.85 kg. butter fat (average fat content, 3.27 per cent),
with a maximum production per association of 4,165.2 Ivg. milk and 139.86 kg. fat.
Three of the associations have been in existence for 10 years or more, and that
at Hvilan in operation for 11 years. During the 10 years the iiroduction of the
3 associations has increased, on the average. 1.002.2 kg. milk and 36.71 kg. butter
per head, and at the same time the returns per 100 feed units have increased.
Whereas no herd reached an average milk production of 4.000 kg. during the
first year, 15 of the 40 herds in the 3 associations exceeded this production
during the tenth year, and there were 18 herds below 3,000 kg. the first year,

DATBY FARMING — rDAIRYING.

477

but only 2 the tenth year. These figures indicate, in general, the influence of
the work of the cow-testing associations.

Report of the work of the experiment station and dairy institute at
Kleinhof-Tapiau, Hittcher (Bcr. ^'rr■s. Sttit. ii. Lrliranst. Mulkir. Klriithof-
Tuiiinii. 1908-0, p/). 30). — Tliis i-eport includes records of dairy cows and data
on the composition of milk, manufacture of butter and cheese, and related
topics.

On the value of soy bean cakes and soy bean meal for feeding milch cows,
X. TIaxsson (Midihl. ('cnlnildii-st. ]■"<"> rsi'ik.sr. .hjiilliiiihsoiiinnht, Xo. /■*, ji/i. 'it ;
K. LaiiiUhi: AKud. llatulL och Tulskr., .',S {190'.)), Xo. .7, pp. 312-',19; FiiUlinf/'s
IadkIic. Ztg., .')9 {1910), No. 2, pp. Ji9-63). — Feeding trials were conducted at
2 Swedish dairy farms, with 3 groups of G cows each at each farm. Com-
parison between sunflower seed cakes and soy beau cakes or soy bean meal
(extracted) showed that both these feeds are well adapted for feeding of
dairy cows, even in quantities of 1.5 to 2 kg. per head daily; larger quantities
caused an off flavor in the butter. In feeding value 0.9 kg. soy bean cakes or
«>.;>."> kg. soy bean meal were found equal to 1 kg. of sunflower cake.

Experiments with sugar beet pulp, N. O. H. Bang and A. Y. Lund {licr. K.
Vet. og Landbolidjskolc.'i Liih. LdiKh'ihoiioni. Forniig [Copenhagen^, 65 {1909),
j)p. 62). — A report of experiments in preserving beet pulp in trench silos and in
feeding botli fresh and siloed beet pulp.

The silo experiments were made at ii different farms and were continued for
a period of 3 years. The fresh pulp was placed in trenches in the field, about
'U yds. wide and 15 in. deep, the length varying according to the amount of
available pulp. The quantities of pulp ranged from 38 to 54 tons in the
different trials. It was weighed and sampled as filled in the trenches and
promptly covered with a layer of soil, generally about 6 in. thick, either on
the day of filling, or the following day at the latest, and left for 2 to 18 months
in the different trials before the second sampling and weighing took place.
The quantity of the siloed pulp was excellent in all cases, a result brought
about, in the author's opinion, largely by the promptness with which the pulp
was covered with soil. It is noteworthy that the nitrogen in the pulp was
practically all in the form of all)uminoids, and that the water content of the
siloed pulp was always ab(>ut ().."> per cent lower than that of the correspond-
ing fresh i)ulp. The losses observed in gross weight, dry matter, and nitrogen
are summarised in the following table:

Percentage lfj.9scs in siloing .sugar-hcct pulp.

2 months.

4 months.

6 months.

9 months.

12 months.

18 months.

Gross weight

Per cent.
17.8

Per cent.
23.9
19.4
16.0

Per cent.
29.4
24.7
20.3

Per cent.
35.4
31.1
21.0

Per cent.
50.2
48.3
36.1

Per cent.
57.7

Dry matter

13.8
11.2

51.8

Albuminoids

42.3

Pulp in the fresh and siloed condition was compared with mangels (Barres)
in separate trials with milch cows conducted on 2 different farms, the cows
being separated into 2 lots of 10 each. Equal amounts of dry matter in the
pulp and in mangels were fed, and the quantities were larger than would
ordinarily be used by Danish farmers, being, on the average, 46.1 lbs. mangels
and 61.8 lbs. pulp per head daily.

The results of the various trials showed that the roots and the beet pulp
possess very nearly the same feeding value, the beet pulp having a slight

478 EXPERIMENT STATION JiEf'ORD.

advantage as regards the aiuoiint of milk iiroducvd and tlio gain in woigbt by
(h«' cows. Tlic amount of protein in the Itect-i'ulp rations was invariably higher
and llio nutritive ratios of these rations soniewlial narrowci- than those of the
root rations. According to thes(> triiils 3 lb. mangels and 1 lb. beet pulp
(either fresh or siloed » have a sinnlar feeding value; since the dry matter
content of roots decreases with the advance of the season, and that of the jnilp
increases, this ratio will vary witli the season as well as with variaticms in
the di'y niattt>r contents of the Iwo feeds.

The use of by-products in feeding dairy cows, C. Torcher (Rrr. JlyfJ. ct
Med. Infant., <S (1900), Xo. 5-6, pp. J,Hl-50.'i). — A discussion of the use of by-
products with special refei'ence to the production of normal milk. It is pointed
out that waste from distilleries and sugar mills when fed in too large quanti-
ties may cause the milk to jiroduce a toxic effect when used for feeding children.

Payment of milk according to its quality, O. Jensen (MwJkeritid., 22
(1909), No. 39, pp. 1^31-839). — A practical application of the author's reductase
fermentation method of examination of milk delivered at creameries, previously
noted (E. S. It., 21, p. 523).

On the production of sanitary milk, P. G. Heinemann, A. B. Luckhardt,
and A. C. Hicks (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 7 {1910), No. 1, pp. ^z 7-66). —Bacterial
counts were made of milks taken at various stages in the production of " certi-
fied " milk. Separator cream was found to contain a smaller number of
bacteria and sei)arator skim milk a larger number than the whole milk from
which they were obtained. The bacterial count in milk obtained by mixing
the cream and skim milk from the separator is higher than that of the original
milk, which bears out the theory that clumps of bacteria are broken up by
the process of centrifugalizing. thus increasing the number of colonies but not
the actual number of individuals. For the same reason, straining milk through
absorbent cotton before bottling results in a higher bacterial count for the
strained milk.

"Polymorphonuclear leucocytes of the neutrophile type, large mononuclear
leucoc.vtes, and small lymphocytes appear normally in the sejiarator slime of the
milk of healthy cows, and as far as we can see they bear no relation to the
number of micro-organisms present, inclusive of streptococci.

" Eosinophiles may occur in the slime of the separator. The cause and
significance of their presence remain problematical.

"The white corpuscles in milk of normal and diseased cows and in the blood
of the same animals should be studied, differentiated, and classified."

There is a short discussion of the use of the score card w'hich it is thought
should be so extended as to include more items and give more detail.

Notes on milk hygiene, O. Jensen (Mcelkeritid., 22 {1909), No. J/C), pp. 995-
1005, figs. 2; Rvr. Gen. Lait, 8 (1910), No. 3, pp. J,0-60, figs, g).— Determina-
tions made by the author show that the bottled whole milk sold by 4 large
dairy companies in Copenhagen contained, on the average. 40(),0()() to 012,000
bacteria per cubic centimeter, pasteurized whole milk 76,000 to 262,000, milk
intended for infant feeding 80,000 to 1,000,000, and half-skimmed pasteurized
milk 237,000 to 635,000 bacteria. Raw milk sold in small city dairies and milk
depots had an average bacterial content of 1,000,000 to 32.000.000 per centimeter.
The following standards are suggested : For pasteurized bottled milk, less than
30,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, and retention of color in the reductase
test for at least 6 hours; all other unskimmed milk. 1,000,000 bacteria and at
least 2 hours' retention of color; milk for infant feeding must in addition, if
the color does not disappear within 7 hours, give no appreciable gas formation
in the fermentation test.

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 479

Investigations on raw milk, J. Petersen {Mwlkcritkl., 22 (1000), Ao. js,
pp. i;i.')-()20; Milch Zh/., .is iiuo!)). \<>. 38, pp. //.J7-.',.',J0.— Data on the i»er-
conta^i's of fat, nitrofien, total dry matter, specific gravity, and other properties
of uiilk are presented.

Ropy milk in Rhode Island, L. J. Cole and P. B. Hadley (Rhode Island
Sf<i. Bill. I,US. pp. l:i'.)~l'>2). — This is a stndy of an abnormal milk wliich aeqnlred
a ropy character in 12 to 24 hours after being set.

" Butter made from cream which was made ropy in the laboratory by inocu-
lation with the organism showed the following characteristics: (1) It was
long in 'coming'; (2) it was sufficiently viscid to adhere to the paddle during
the working; (3) it had, when finished, an unfavorable (soft and sticky) con-
sistency; (4) the flavor was unimpaired."

The apparent cause of the trouble was a micro-organism closely related to
BafiUus liiclis riscosiis. This organism was unable to hold its own with other
bacteria at ordinary temperatures. In laboratory experiments it was possible
to produce ropiness in good milk or cream by inoculating with small amounts
of pure cultures of this organism, which was also isolated in a pure culture
from the white specks found in butter which had been made from the ropy milk.

A further study showed that the source of infection was not in the udder of
the cow, the dust of the stable, the water supply, nor from exposure to the air
in the cellar, but occurred on the straining cloth and possibly on the other
utensils. The character of the organism is described in detail.

" Ropiness in milk, when once it has gained entrance to a dairy or farm, can
be eliminated by the following method: (1) Wash thoroughly with soap arid
water, then scald and jilace in the sun for several hours, all utensils used in the
process of handling the milk (this to include pail, strainer, straining cloths,
containers, cream pans and covers); (2) during the handling of the milk
keep the hands perfectly clean; (3) wash the teats and udders of the cows in
warm water, each time, before milking."

A bibliograjihy of the literature on the subject is appended.

The milk of goats and asses, C. Michel (Rev. II yi). et M6d. Infant., 8
(1909), No. 5-6, pp. 516-5JtO; Hyg. Viande et Lait, /, (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-23).—
A summai-y of investigations on the composition and nature of the milk of goats
and asses with special reference to their use as substitutes for cow's milk in
human nutrition.

A study of factors influencing the composition of butter, C. E. Lee, N. W.
Hepburn, and J. 'SI. Barnhart (lUinoi.^ .s'((;. Bui. 137. pp. 315-366). — This
bulletin reports studies made in sampling butter and on the influence of tem-
perature. i)astenrizati(in. overworking, and other factors which affect the com-
position of butter.

No difference was found in the water content of samples taken from the
middle or either end of the churn. The average water content of samples
from .52 churnings was approximately 1 per cent higher when taken from
the chums than the average of all the samples taken from the tubs before
storage, and there was about the same diffei'ence in samples taken from the
same butter before and after storage. The average water content of SO con-
secutive churnings in samples taken from the churn was 14..32 per cent, in
tubs 24 hours later 13.71 per cent, and after G or 7 months storage 12.62 per
cent. Samples from the churn also contained more water than those taken
from the tray after it was printed. In. tests with a trier and spatula there
was no more variation in water content than between several samples taken
in the same manner from one churn. As a rule there was a variation in the
water content, ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 per cent, between different samples
representing the same butter. The average variation was about 0.5 per cent.

4S0 KXPKHIMKNT STATION HKCOHD.

Addilioiial rosulls ohtaiiied aiv as follows: " Tliero was no variation in
v.alcr content iM-twecii half woikod and workt'd l)utlcr or aftt'r llic tliird
revolution of tlie cliiirn until workinj; was coinplctod. There was no differ-
ence ill et)niiiosition of l)utter made from cream lield 1 to li liours and that
held 12 to ir> hours at churning temperature, liutter of the same composition
can l)e m.ide from either i)astenrized or uni)asteurized cream. Dry and wet
saltiuK methods are identical as far as composition is concerned." "The
jtercentage of water in butter is affe<-ted by the make of churn. ChnrniuK
of butter washed with water differinj; 10° in tempei'atnre, produced butter
with an averafie difference in water content in 40 comiiariscms of 1.!>'.I iter
cent."

In comparing the water content of butter in the churn with that from tubs
24 hours later and from one of these tubs melted, the average water content
in 12 samples was found to be from the chum 14.56 per cent, from the unmelted
tubs 13.84 per cent, and from the melted tubs 14.20 per cent. In another lot
of 12 samples the average water content in tubs 24 liours after packing w-as
13.93 per cent, from the same tub, frozen, after 6 or 7 months in storage 12.94
per cent, and from the same tub melted 13.07 per cent.

In 1907 the average butter fat content of the cream each day for 56 churn-
ings was 452.57 lbs. and of this amount 447.15 lbs. was recovered in the
butter. The only loss being in the buttermilk. From this, " it is reasonable
to conclude that the tub sample quite accurately represents the average com-
position of the butter." In 1908 from 80 churnings the average amount of
butter fat received each day was. according to the ])atron's test, 890.79 lbs. ;
by the test before the starter was added 803.2 lbs.; and by the test after the
starter was added 89.2.71 lbs. The average butter fat recovered was accord-
ing to the churn samples 883.43 lbs. and from the tub samples 892.57 lbs.

The average overrun when based upon butter fat churned was 20.5 per cent,
the highest overrun being 26.7 per cent and the lowest 15.3 per cent. " The
greatest factor influencing overrun obtained in creamery operation, is the
sampling and testing of the milk and cream received. An error of 0.1 per
cent in testing 4 per cent milk and 1 per cent in 40 per cent cream will alter
the overrim 3 per cent."

As to the effect of the composition of butter upon quality, scores by 5 differ-
ent judges indicate that a reasonable variation in comjtosition does not affect
quality.

Keeping qualities of butter, I, General studies, W. S. Saykr, O. Rahn,
and Bell Farrand (Michigan 8ta. Tech. Bill. 1, pi>. 5-61, fig. 1). — The investi-
gations reported in this bulletin were undertaken to obtain basic data for
further work on special problems connected with the keeping quality of butter.
Twelve lots of butter w^ere obtained in May and June from different creameries
and put in storage at temperatures from +20 to ■ — 10° C The butter was
scored by experts when fresh and from time to time during storage. The
liistory and scoring of each sample is given in detail.

With few exceptions all samples kept in storage above the freezing point had
become unfit for use before November. In most cases they were very rancid,
but no other flavors were noted except moldiness.

The water content of all the samples was very uniform, ranging from 12.07
to 14.67 per cent. The salt content had a greater range, from 1.06 to 3.78 per
cent. These factors were thought to show no diffei'ence in the keeping quality.

The use of a starter in preparing the cream for churning appeared to have a
decided influence upon the scores, for without a single exceiition the average
scores of 8 lots where a pure culture starter was not used were lower than the

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 481

averages of the S lots where a commercial pure culture starter was employed.
An between gathered cream and cream separated from whole milk the scores
were decidedly contradictory.

The samples with high acidity came from creameries where the conditions
were bad. The fat was decomposed in all samples stored at 5°. At lower tem-
peratures different results were obtained, in some cases a distinct increase of
free acids, in others only a slight decrease or increase. Acidity and scoi'e were
not always related. There was no apparent relation between tlie total amount
of free acid and the amount of volatile free acid.

"The most interesting result of our chemical analyses of l»utter is certainly
the fact that samples which are scored rancid or even very rancid did not have
the slightest increase of acidity. This seems to indicate that rancidity of cold
storage butter is not connected with a hydrolysis of fat in the ordinary way,
and for the same reason can not depend upon decomposition products of gly-
cerin. It seems improbable that fat should be decomposed in any other way,
since we can not conceive of an oxidation in the interior of a 60-lb. butter tub,
and an anaerobic decomposition is almo.st impossible because of the lack of
oxygen in the fat molecule."

In identifying the bacteria the classification of Conn, Esten, and Stocking
(E. S. R., IS, p. 979) was used. A total of 87 different species of organisms
was found, most of them only once or twice. The lactic-acid bacteria were the
only organisms regularly present. The most frequent species was Microcncnis
hicMs varians. An orange variety of this species was often present in fresh
butter. All of the yeasts found were nonspore producers. The most frequent
molds were Ouliuni, lactis, PenicUlium gJaucum, and AspcryiUus fflaucns. In no
single instance was an organism found which failed to grow well under aerobic
conditions.

The lactic-acid bacteria in percentages of the total number found in fresh
butter decreased fairly regularly, there being in November 14 to 17 per cent of
the original number alive, and in February only 6 per cent. The decrease of
bacteria seemed to be connected with the concentration of brine in the butter,
though salt was not the only reason for this decrease. " The better keeping of
bacteria in the high salted sami>les can be explained in two different ways.
Probably the low salted I)utter was frozen in cold storage and the bacteria
could no longer multiply but died slowly, as was found in the iced milk by
Risclioff; whereas in tlie high salted butter the brine is not frozen and the
bacteria liave a chance for a very slow development. It may be possible, how-
ever, that the brine surrounded by fat and distributed in small drops does not
solidify in cold storage. The bacteria of the low salted butters develop moi-e
rapidly and of course decrease earlier than the slower growing germs of the
high salted butter." The decrease of the nonlactic bacteria in November was
about the same as that of the lactics. while in February there was no further
decrease but apparently a slight increase of the nonlactics. Tlie frequency of
each species is given in detail.

A small irregular yeast was the most interesting organism because of its
frequency and its high number, which reached several millions in some samples.
It was found comparatively seldom in fresh butter but developed in storage
rapidly in spite of the cold and salt. The February examination showed a
decrease in number but not in freipiency. A liquefying yea.st was not found
in the warm storage but kept its frequency in the colder ones. A round yeast,
on the contrary, grew almost exclusively on samples kept above the freezing
point. A ])ink yeast disappeared in the coldest storages in February.

Only 4 fat-splitting organisms were found in fresh butter and none in old
butter. Rancidity may have been caused iu some cases by these organisms, but

482 F.XPKHTMKNT STATION RECORD.

ill oilier (•■•iscs the <;iusc of niiicidit.v was not known. " Sinfo in flio doooiuposi-
tion of fat all llic diflcn'nt ^Jyccrids aiv usually altackod in the sanio way,
and since less llian Hi per (.-cnt of the fatty acids of Iniltcr have any taste at
ail. it seems iui|trol»able that tbo rise of acidity of o.lT. wliicli is the hi>;hest
increase noticed in the 12 good samples, could cause a rancid taste." As there
were so few fat-siilitting bacteria "the question arises whether there is aijy
other pt)ssible way of decomposing fat without the iirodnction of free acids, or
ivlielher the off flavor is mostly due to cleava^'e jiroducts of other substances
in butter, especially of i)roteln which certainly could j^ive rise to strouf^ly tast-
ing and smelling compounds."

Pure cultures of many of the organisms found wi're incubated in a cold
storage I'oom at a temperature of 4 to 5° C. A lai'ge number of them were
found to bo capable not only of remaining alive, but also of growth and develop-
ment at a comparatively low temperature, when jirovided with a suitable nutri-
ent pabulum and protected fi'ouj inhibitive substances.

A bililiography of the literatuiv on the subject is appended.

Keeping qualities of butter. II, The influence of salt. Ill, The decom-
position of proteins, <). Ji.viiN, ('. \V. I>i:own, and L. M. Smith {Midi if/an Sta.
Ti eh. liiil. 2, J)]), o-'i'h figs. 6). — A continuation of the work noted above.

The specific problems studied were the influence of salt upon microbial life
and the changes wrought upon the proteins by micro-organisms. For this work
there was obtained from a single churning four 30-lb. tubs, 2 with salt and 2
without salt, from each of o different creameries. One of the salted and one
of the luisalted samples from each lot were placed in the laboratory storage
at +4 to -+-10° C, and the other two in a Lansing cold storage, which main-
tained a tempei'ature of — 4 to — 6°. Samples of both the unsalted and salted
butter were also taken from the churn from which the first bacteriological and
chemical analyses were made. The butter was scoi-ed at three different times,
the relative scores showing that there was no hope of keeping unsalted Imtter
for a longer time than salted butter.

The methods for making the chemical determinations are given in detail.
In all samples the percentages of salt and moisture decreased, and after about
,S months of storage there was considerable difference between the fresh and
the old samples. The average loss of moisture was in the 3 salted warm sam-
ples 3.67 per cent, in tlie unsalted warm samples 1.60 per cent, in the salted
cold samples 2.73 per cent, and in the unsalted cold samples 0.99 per cent. The
brine concentration was nearly constant, proving that the loss of moisture was
due almost entirely to leakage, hence it is concluded that in comparing water-
soluble compounds with butter more accurate results are obtained by recording
them not in percentages of butter but in percentages of the moisture. This
method of interpretation was used in the discussion of the soluble nitrogen,
which allowed however for soluble substances only.

All samples without salt stored at +6° showed a very high increase in acid-
ity, but notwithstanding this, the comparative scores of the salted samples
at +6° are higher than those of the unsalted at — 6°, Inasmuch as 2 out of
6 samples stored at —0° remained for 8 months without an increase in acidity
and as they deteriorated in scores from 93 and 90 to 82 and 79, respectively,
an increase of acidity is not necessarily coincident with the spoiling of butter.
The soluble acids obtained from the washing of the butters constituted about
one-tenth of the total acidity and ran almost parallel with it.

There was very little loss of lactose during storage, and apparently little or
no relation between the water-soluble acids and the amount of lactose lost.
So much lactose, esjjecially in the unsalted warm samples which had an abun-
dant growth of molds, was not expected. "There is, of course, .i possibility

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 483

that rodiK'inji: substances linvc been formed dnrinji the storin;,'' iind that our
results do not give the correct amount of lactose."

The percentaj^e of total nitrogen increased a little, due lo the loss of water
that carried away the soluble substances, the nitrogenous material being in
large part insoluble. In the average of all samples the total nitrogen in fresh
butter was 0.072 per cent, for that stored 100 days 0.0745 per cent, and for that
stored 250 days 0.075 i)er cent of the weight of butter.

The salted cold samples showed a comparatively slight increase in amid
nitrogen. In the unsalted cold and salted warm samples the increase was
slightly larger, while in unsalted warm samples it rose to from 20 to 30 per
cent of the total nitrogen. Samples from the creamery with the highest scored
butter had the least change. The lots scoring a little lower and made from
a low quality of cream had an increased degradation of protein, while the
butter with the lowest score yielded the largest amount of proteid cleavage
pi'oducts.

The compounds of nitrogen not precipitated by copper sulphate and also those
not precii)itateil by phosphotungstic acid increased gradually as the butter was
kept in storage. Those not precipitated by tannic acid increased and after a
time decreased, but not below the initial amount. It is pointed out that possibly
butter proteins in the course of degradation pass from a form that is not
precipitated by tannic acid into a form that is i»reclpitated but then again into
a form not precipitated.

At short Intervals the micro-organisms in the butter were counted according
to the types of colonies. Only 4 species. occurred with remarkable frequency,
viz, lactic-acid bacteria, 2 yeasts, and OiOium hictis. The 2 yeasts were the
same as those in the ])reliminary investigations designated " rapidly liquefy-
ing" and "small irregular" yeasts. The lactics decrease<l from the first day
of storing, at first rapidly, then more slowly. In accordance with the previous
year's investigations, the decrease in the cold storage sani])les was larger in
the unsalted samples. Above the freezing point, however, the two ran parallel,
the unsalted samples having at all times about twice as many bacteria as the
salted ones.

The li»iuefying yeast occurred frequently in the butter from two of the
creameries, while in all the .34 investigations of the butter from the other
creamery it was found only 5 times. It did not increase except in the unsaltetl
samples at +G°. The nonliquefying yeast showed an increase in all butters,
the numbers never very high but with a pronounced increase at all times.
The unsalted warm samples had the highest counts, these amounting to 10
per cent of the lactic-acid bacteria. This yeast was not found in fresh butter
and appeared on the plates only after about 10 days, 0. lactis showed an
increase in the unsalted samples but not in the salted.

Pure cultures were made with agar plates containing brine to ascertain which
micro-organisms were able to multii)ly in the salt concentration usually found
in butter. On a 12 per cent salt agar there was a good growth of various
organisms. The bacteria did not thrive well, while the 2 yeasts grew abun-
dantly, the liquefying yeast appearing in about 2,000 cells and the nonliquefying
in about 30,000 cells per gram of butter. O. lactis was found in about the same
number as the nonliquefying yeast. After 3 months of storage the butter was
l)lated in a 24 per cent salt agar and 20,000 cells of the nonliquefying yeast were
found per gram of butter. Other cultures showed that the resistance of the non-
liquefying yeast to unfavoi-able conditions as salt and cold, and even with the
two combined, is remarkable. It was able to thrive at a temi)erature of — 6°,
<nen though its growth was retarded by salt. " Whether this yeast has any-
thing to do with the off tlavor of cold storage butter is questionable. It occurs

484 exi'kiumkjSit station kkcord.

in so small nnmhors, alioiit 1(i.(I(M» Io r>(».(MjO ikt .uraiu at tlic liifihest, thai it could
Iiardly cause any material chemical chanj^es. Hesides it jjcrows very siowJy in
.sterile milk, produciniti uo apparent change except a sliglit alkalinity. But the
texture of butter is (jnite dift'erent from that of milk, and changes may occur
imder such conditions which nev(>r take place in skim milk."

A bibliography of tlie literature on the subject is ajtitended.

The keeping of butter in cold storage. II, The influence of salt. Ill,
The decomposition of protein in butter, O. Rahn, C. W. Hrown, and Jj. M.
Smith (Vrtifbl. Balct. [etc.], 2. Aht., 2G {1010). No. J-3, pp. J,7-r)J,, jifi. /).— A
condensation of the work noted above.

Handling' of cream and making of butter on the farm, C. E. Lick (Illinois
<S7tf. Circ. 1.3J, pp. JO). — This circular presents specific directions as to liandling
cream and making good butter on the farm.

Report on permanent Finnish butter exhibits, 1907, A. Andelin et al.
(Landtbr. 8tyr. Meddel., 1908, Ao. 58, pp. 7/i).— Data on 1,077 tubs of butter
which were scored and examined for water content, refractive index, and water-
soluble fatty acids are presented.

The Wisconsin butter and cheese scoring exhibitions, E. H. Farrington
and M. Michels (Wisconfiin Sta. Bui. 182, pp. 3-.'i2, figs. 2). — This is an accoun*;
of the butter and cheese scoring exhibitions begun by the station in 1907.

During the first year a total of 1,399 entries of butter and 778 of cheese were
made from 254 creameries and 195 cheese factories. " The value of the exhibi-
tions is shown by the experience of exhibitors, stated in letters received from
them, and esi)eeially by the higher scores received by exhibitors in comparison
with others at .various dairy shows, state fairs, etc."

Causes and 4"emedies for butter and? cheese defects are also outlined in this
bulletin on the basis of data used in connection with the scoring exhibits.

New cheese forms, C N. Daniels {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. »S'.],
]f)10. No. 3680, p. 9). — An account of a small cheese recently put on the English
market and. sold last year under the name of " Wensleydale." weighing from 1 to
1.25 lbs., and about 3.5 in. in diameter. This method of pi'esenting cheese to the
consumer was an experiment but appears to have been a success, as this year
they are seen in far greater number. The advantage claimed is that the cheese
is less liable to contamination from atmospheric or surrounding conditions than
is the larger cheese with its exposed cut surface, and is less liable to dry up
while being consumed in the home. It is proposed to sell this cheese in the
future under the name of " Wenslet."

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Report of the civil veterinary department, Eastern Bengal and Assam,
for the year 1908—9, W. Harris et al. {Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dept., East. Bengal and
Assam, 1908-9, pp. 2+20+4). — This report covers the subject of veterinary
instruction, treatment of disease, breeding operations, etc. The mortality from
contagious disease among equines is reported to have been 229 against .301 for
the previous year.

Of the contagious diseases of bovines, rindei'pest was prevalent throughout
the entire province, causing a total mortality of 44,126. Foot-and-mouth disease
was reported from 19 districts, causing 11,852 deaths; hemorrhagic septicemia
from 19 districts, causing S;040 deaths; black quarter from 6 districts, causing
565 deaths; and anthrax from 11 districts, causing a mortality of 2,954. Other
contagious diseases caused 17,939 deaths, but particulars were not available.
Tables are given which show by districts the number of deaths from contagious

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 485

diseases among animals, tlie results of preventive inoculation, the number of
animals treated at veterinary hospital and dispensaries, and other data.

Annual report on the Punjab Veterinary College and of the civil veteri-
nary department, Punjab, for the year 1908-9, W. Renouf {Ann. Rpt. Punjab
Vet. Col. and Cir. \<t. Dipt., IHOS-!), pp. /Z+ZJ+X///).— This report consists
of 7 parts of which the first 3 are devotetl to veterinary instruction, treatment
of disease, and breeding operations.

During the year under report 145,808 cases of epidemic disease were reported
of which 56,111 proved fatal. Of deaths from equine contagious diseases 224
were reported against 107 in the previous year, 163 being from surra as com-
l)ared with 90 in the previous year. A serious outbreak of glanders in one
locality was effectually stami)ed out. Of the 17,247 cases of rinderpest 8,739
died, as against 3,531 cases and 1,714 deaths in the preceding year. Contact
animals were inoculated against this diesase in 270 outbreaks, 60,258 animals
lieing treated. Hemorrhagic septicemia was reported from every district in
:he province except two, the total number of deaths reported being 20,822 out
of 26,082 animals attacked. Foot-and-mouth disease was reported from every
district, 70,606 cases being reported of which 1,241 died. Black quarter was
reported from 18 districts, with 965 cases and 721 deaths. There were per-
formed 2,(!0() vaccinations in infected premises with the most satisfactory
results. Of deaths from anthrax 628 were reported in 15 districts. The large
number of deaths of bovines reported under the head of other contagious
diseases, of which there were 8,895, was due mainly to the existence of gillTir,
or parasitic disease, in the I^ahore and Sialkot districts. There were 14,781
deaths from contagious diseases in other animals, mainly among goats and
sheep, the greatest mortality being caused by the gillar disease.

The need of controlling and standardizing the manufacture of veterinary
tetanus antitoxin, J. li. Moiiler and A. Eichhorn {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Aiiim. Indus. Bui. 12 J, pp. 22). — Because of the divergent results which have
been obtained from the use of veterinary tetanus antitoxin, it has not gained
th£ favor of the veterinarian and is not used to the extent merited. It having
been suggested that the lack of uniform results is primarily due to the varia-
tion in the strength of the product, the standardization of veterinary tetanus
antitoxins prepared by different manufacturers and a determination of the
variation in the strength of these products was undertaken. Following an
account of the nature and cause of tetanus and a historical summary including
the mode of action, toxicity, and stability of tetanus antitoxin, its standardiza-
tion is taken up, the European and American methods explained, and the
results of examinations of 13 samples of commercial veterinary antitoxin pre-
pared by 4 different companies reported.

From the results of these tests the following conclusions are drawn :

" The veterinary tetanus antitoxins prepared by the different manufacturers
have not a uniform potency, and the variation amounts in some instances to
about two-thirds less than the strength which it should possess. In order to
insure a uniform stren,gth, the manufacturers of veterinary tetanus antitoxins
should l>e required to use the American standard, and to state on the label the
number of American units the dose contains, as is required for human tetanus
antitoxin. The immunizing dose for a horse should contain at least 1,500 im-
munity units of the standard established by the United States Public Health
and Marine-Hospital Service. It is seen that the veterinary tetanus antitoxins
vary extravagantly in the unit strength, and some are comparatively weak in
antitoxic potency, which shows the necessity for the same supervision by the
United States Department of Agriculture over biological products used in
veterinary medicine as is now exercised by the United States Public Health and

486 EXPERIMENT STATION nKCORl).

Marine- Hospital Service over similar i)r(Mliicts used in liuman medicine. The
reqnest for sudi suiiorvlsion should have the indorsement of the veterinarians
and live-stock interests of this country."

Cocaine and adrenalin as local anesthetics, Dupuis and Van Dkn EhX'KHOUT
{Ami. Med. If/.. r,S l!)()!)), \o. II. i,/). lil.'y-U.il : (ihs. in \<l. lice.. 22 (UK)!)), No.
1117, pp. 876, 377; Jour. Compnr. Path, and Thrr., 22 (1900), No. J,, pp. 358-
360). — The authors highly recommend the comhination of adrenalin with cocaine
or similar agents to induce local anesthesia in the horse. A solution consisting
of hydrochlorate of cocaine, 0.2r) to 0.30 gm., hydrochlorate of adrenalin (1 in
1,000) ^^ drops, and distilled water, 10 gm., suggested by the iiuthors. is said
to be useful in diagnosing lameness in the htwer j)<)rtions of the limb. Though
stovaine and alypine are i)erfe<'tly efficient substitutes for cocaine the authors
do not sec that they are in any way preferable ti) it.

A contribution to our knowledge of the physiological action of tutin,
F. FiTCHETT (Trans. New Zeal. Inst., JfJ (1908), pp. 286-366). — Investigations
made on the action of the pure principle tutin (CnHaoO;) confirmed the results
of previous observers that it is in itself sufficient to account for the main bulk,
if not the whole, of the symptoms of poisoning by the tutu plant.

" The tutu plant belongs to the natural order (V)riariea\ a small order of very
doubtful relationship possessing but a single genus, Coriaria. The gentis in-
cludes some 8 or 10 species, and has a rather remarkable distribution, species
being met with in south p]urope. South America, China, Japan, north Africa,
India (Himalayas), and New Zealand." These plants (Comu-ia ruscifoJia and
C thyrnifolia) have been the source of a great loss of sheep and cattle in New
Zealand. The American species, C. thyrnifolia, and the New Zealand species
are said to be identical. All parts of the plants are poisonous, but their young
shoots are more toxic than the leaves and fruit. Experiments upon the action
of tutin on mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibia, insects, etc., are reported.

New trypanosomes, C. Chagas (Arch. Schiffs u. Tropen fli/g., 13 (1909),
No. 1, pp. 120-122; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [Londdn], liiil. 7, pp. 250,
251). — Two new trypanosomes ( Trypanosoma minasense and T. cruzi) are de-
scribed. The former was found in a marmoset (Hapale peniciUata), while the
latter was found regularly in the intestine of a bug (Conorrhiniis sp. ). Try-
panosomes were found in a marmoset 20 to 30 days after specimens of this bug
had been placed upon it. The trypanosome was not found in other monkeys
and the author believes that the marmoset is not the usual host. The dog,
guinea pigs, and rabbit were experimentally infected.

A new species of Trypanosoma in man, C. Chagas (Bui. »S'oc. Path. Exot.,
2 (1909), No. 6, pp. ,iO>,~.U)l; ahs. in Shrpinp i<ickncss Bur. \ London], Bui. 8, p.
300). — In continuation of the above work, the author has been unable to de-
termine the species of Conorrhinus \yhich transmits Trypanosoma cruzi. Its
bite is said to be very painful. It feeds on the domestic animals as well as
man and the author has several times found T. cruzi in them. The disease in
man is called Opilacao and has hitherto been regarded as ankylostomiasis.
Children, who were attacked by the disease which the author believes is due -to
this trypanosome. have their develojinient arrested.

Trypanosomiasis of mammals in French Congo, J. K^randel (Bui. Sac.
Path. Exot., 1 (1908), No. 8, pp. 515-519; abs. in Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg.
[London], 12 (1909), No. 10, p. 151/). — In the regions visited by the author
trypanosomiases are the principal causes of mortality among horses and cattle.

The forms most commonly met with are Trypanosoma dim or ph on and T. con-
golense, which he has found in horses, and still more frequently in cattle in
Higher Sangha, Mid-Loyone, and the middle valley of the Ouhama. T. cazal-
bout was found in cattle which had become infected iu the last-named district

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 487

and also in Higher Sanglaa ; in tlie latter case associated wilh T. dimDrphoii.
T. pecaudi was noted in horses in Ouhama, and it seemed most probable that
they had been infected through the agency of Glossina morsitans.

The existence of Trypanosoma dimorphon or a sim.ilar species in Mozam-
bique and Zululand, A. Theiler (Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 2 {1909), No. J, pp.
39. 40: "'>■*<. i'l sleeping Sickness Bur. [London], Bui. 5, p. 203). — The author
has found a trypanosome in cattle at Chai-Chai, Mozambique, which had been in
perfect health for 6 years. This trypanosome is pathogenic in the dog, white
rat, rabbit, sheep, goat, ox, horse, and mule. Morphologically the parasite re-
sembled T. ditnorplion and T. congolense. The same parasite has also been
taken from a horse, which was Infected in Zululand.

A new trypanosome from South Africa, A. Theiler {Bnl. Hoe. Path. Exot.,
2 {1909), No. 7, pp. 392-395; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London], Bui. 9,
pp. 343, 344). — The author gives a description of the morphology and animal re-
actions- of Trypanosoma dimorphon, noted above. Severe anemia with changes
in the red cells was produced in cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, and white rats.
The infection is acute in tlie rat, acute or chronic in the rabbit and dog, and
chronic in the ox, sheep, and goat, and in equines. The author concludes that
the parasite is morphologically identical with Trypanosoma congolense but
differs in an essen.tial point, its virulence for guinea pigs.

Transmission of spirilla and piroplasms by various species of ticks, A.
Theiler {BuL Soc. Path. Exot., 2 {1909), No. 6, pp. 293, 294; abs. in Jour Trop.
Vet. Sci., 4 {1909), No. 4, pp. 602, 603). — The author presents a brief review of
the subject.

Natural infection of the proboscis of Glossinse, E. Roubaud {BuL Soc.
Path. Exot., 1 {1908), No. 9. p. 564; «'J'>- '" 'four. Trop. Med. and Hyg. [Lon-
don], Li (1909), No. 10. p. 157). — The author has already shown (E. S. R., 20,
p. 780) that the evolution of trypanosomos ingested witli infected blood takes
place immediately within the proboscis. Coincident with this, another develop-
ment is observed consisting of active multiplication within the intestinal tube
which brings about an infection of the entire intestine and the proboscis, where
the trypanosomes behave as true parasites.

Note on the occurrence of marginal points, or a new intracorpuscular
parasite, in the blood of cattle in South Africa, J. Spreull {Jour. Compar.
Path, and Ther., 22 {1909), No. 4. ftp. 354-351). — The author here reports 2
cases of this affection in calves observed in East Griqualand, South Africa,
both of which recovered.

■' The fever and jaundice symptoms induced me to take a blood smear from
the calf's ear. Microscopic examination after fixing and staining the film by
Giemsa's method revealed marked blood changes, consisting in poikilocytosis,
polychromasia, and basophilia, and the presence of many normoblasts. The
blood anemia had evidently existed for some time, yet no piroplasm or trypano-
some was seen either now or later. Attention was soon drawn, however, to
the presence within a considerable number of the red cells of one or more tiny
spherical violet-black or blue-black spots, whose protozoic nature was indicated
by their staining reactions. These spots or points varied in size, but were
never more than one-thirtieth to one-twentieth the size of the red corpuscle,
sometimes situated on the edge of the cell, sometimes in its substance, but
generally toward its margin. Often there were two points, placed close to-
gether and looking like a dividing coccus, or more widely apart, at opposite
sides of a red cell. Even three such bodies were occasionally seen in a red
cell, and a very few appeared to be free in the plasma. In staining reactions
these points closely resembled the nucleus of a normoblast, but their tiny size
made them at once readily distinguishable."

488 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

This ])jiriisit(> \v:is also observed in the blood of a yearling heifer sufleriiig
from piroiiiasiuosis. due to I'iroitlastiKi iniitaii.s. Two references to this disease
by A. Theiler are mentioned.

Ratin bacillus and Bacillus enteritidis, V. I.r;BRAM (Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.],
I. Aht.. Orifh. .70 {HKl'.h. .\o. ./. /*/*. .il'i-.ilS; alts, in Jour. Roy. Mirror. Soc.
[London], 1909, No. 6, p. 161). — The autlior has studied the ratin bacillus and
finds that it bears a strong resemblance to B. cntcrituUx, botli in i)athogenic and
cultural characters.

A contribution to the biology of the glanders bacillus, W. Stickdorn
[Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.]. 1. AM.. OrUj.. .70 (1909). \o. I. p)}. .7-22).— The author
finds that the virulence of the glanders bacillus is lowered by prolonged cultiva-
tion on nutrient media. After passing thi'ougli white mice the virulence is
maintained for these mice but is slightly lowered for gray mice. When passed
through pigeons the virulence is retained for pigeons and increased for gray
mice.

Contagious equine pneumonia, B. Malkmus (Jour. Compar. Path, and
Thcr., 22 (1909), No. '/. pp. 30S-32l).—\ paper presented at the Ninth Inter-
national A'eterinary Congress at the Hague, Septeml>er, 1909.

This disease, Ivuown in Germany as Brustseuche, is described as a contagious
fibrinous inflammation of the lungs of the horse, with implication of the body
parenchyma, and generally accompanied l)y secondary pleurisy. The actual
cause has not as yet been determined, bacteriological investigations having
failed to implicate any of several suspected organisms. There is said to be a
diversity of opinion as to- whether contagious equine pneumonia constitutes a
separate disease or is merely a form of contagious influenza (equine pasteurel-
losis). It is not possible to transmit the infection experimentally from one
animal to another by any means.

AVhile peculiar to the horse, it affects all breeds and types of horses. The
greatest predisi>osition to the disease is by horses between the ages of .5 and 10
years. Foals are rarely attacked. " When a horse in any large stud is attacked
with contagious pneumonia and is allowed tf) remain in the stud the disease
as a rule soon spreads to some of the other inmates of the stable. . . . When
the disease propagates rapidly the causal organism loses in virulence, and,
indeed, often to such a degree that in the last of the animals attacked the
disease is so mild that it is sci'acely possible to recognize it. . . .

'• The period of incubation is. as a rule, from .'i to 10 days, but it is frequently
less, and sometimes not more than 3 or 4 days. In many cases, however. 14
days elaiise before the disease breaks out. . . . The causal agent brings about
an inflammation of the lungs with pronouncedly infectious characters, and
at the same time determines parenchymatous alterations in all the organs of
the body. . . .

" When both the general and the local symptoms are fully developed the
diagnosis of contagious equine pneumonia is easy. In horses there is no other
disease of the lungs which is associated with such severe general symptoms, and
especially with such striking blood changes. . . . The statistics show that of
the horses attacked with contagious equine pneumonia in the Prussian army
from 3 to 5 per cent die. This small proportion of fatal cases is mainly
ascribable to good care and treatment. In the larger towns the average loss
is very much greater and reaches up to 20 per cent. Unfavorable stable condi-
tions, working the horses after they are attacked, and delayed treatment are
i-esponsible for this high mortality. One observes extraordinary differences
in different outbreaks, the disease being sometimes mild, and at others more
virulent and fatal. . . . Contagious equine pneumonia is an acute infectious
disease, which runs a typical course, as a rule ends in recovery, and leaves

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 489

the recovered animal with an immunity that is as a rule lifelong. These
facts make it permissible to hope that some artificial method of immunizing
horses against the disease will be dscovered. . . . When contagious equine
pneumonia runs a typical course therapeutic treatment is really not necessary.
It suffices to take such means as are possible for preventing complication and
sequelae."

Researches on the immunization against tuberculosis, H. Vallee (Rcc.
Med. Vet., 86 {1909), Xos. 19, pp. 623-639; 21, pp. 689-693; 23. pp. 79.',-799).—
Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 185).

A discussion of De Renzi's treatment of somatic taeniasis "with male fern,
and some tests of the treatment in gid, INI. C. Hall (Ainrr. Vet. Rev., 36
( 1909), No 3, pp. 328-337). — In view of reports by De Renzi of an apparently
successful treatment of somatic tieniasis in man by the administration of re-
peated doses of male fern, experiments were conducted at the experiment sta-
tion of the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department in order to determin*^
the effect of the drug on the parasite of gid in sheep (Cosnuriis cere'bralis) .

" Of the 3 cases of sheep treated by this method, the diagnosis of the disease
and the failure of male fern as a remedy was confirmed in all by post-mortem
examination. At least 1 of the o sheep received a very fair and adequate test
of the remedy, and the total failure of the remedy in this case is in accordance
with the supposition that in the human cases reported by De Renzi the improve-
ment in the condition of the patients was due to some other cause than the
assumed action of male fern upon encysted larval cestodes."

A case of psoroptic mange in the dog", Hebrant and Antoine (Ann. Med,
Vet., 58 (1909), Xo. 12. pp. 696-698; (lbs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1909), No. 1119, pp.
'i06, '107). — The case here reported is believed to be the first to appear in vet-
erinary literature. It is said that the dog may have been infected through
contact with the domestic rabbit.

Bacillary white diarrhea of young chicks, L. F. Rettger and F. H. Stone-
burn {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 60, pp. 33-57, figs. 7). — In continuation of
investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 386; 21, p. 586), a historical
review is presented, followed by an account of the symptoms and post-mortem
appearance, iind a description of Bnctcriam puUornm and its general charac-
teristics. The investigations were limited to a determination of the original
source of infection by B. puUorum and to the possibility of the transmission
of the disease through the food supply.

A thorough bacteriological examination of the exterior of the shells of 12
eggs gave negative results, but the yolk of one was found to contain B. pullorum.
An examination of the yolks of 86 eggs which had been incubated for longer
or shorter periods and the majority of which contained embryos in various
stages of development, showed that 8 contained the organism in large numbers
and apparently pure, and 5 were questionable. While this lot of 86 eggs came
from 11 different varieties of fowls, it was noted that all the infected eggs came
from the Buff Orpingtons and Rhode Island Reds. On another occasioTi 16
eggs were examined, none from Rhode Island Red hens, and the results were
negative. Of 23 hens killed 21 were found to have pathological ovaries and
from 9 of 20 examined pure cultures of B. pullorum were obtained.

Of 280 chicks, representing several varieties, hatched and brooded by botli
natural and artificial methods, the total mortality to the age of 5 weeks was
36 chicks, or 13 per cent, and the total deaths from natural causes. 29 chicks,
or 10 per cent. When, however, 50 chicks as taken from the incubator were
given a few drops of a water suspension of B. pullornin by means of a medicine
dropper, the same water suspension being also added to the drinking water and

31125— No. 5—10 -7

490 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

to (lauipeii a part of the food, this resuUtMl in tlie death of ,"^4, or OS per cent.
Another lot of ISO chicks were given a similar treatment when 2 or 3 days of
age, and the total niortaiity in 4 weelvs was 23 chicks, or approximately 13
;per cent.

A third lot of IVKJ chicks, when about 24 hours old, was given a few drojis
of bonillon culture of I{. puUorum and this material was also used in the drink
iug water and to dampen 2 feeds per day for 10 days. All the symptoms of
bacillary white diarrhea were soon observed. The chicks had poor appetites
as compared with those in noninfected or control lots and there was a high
mortality. During the first month the loss in infected lots was 57 chicks, or
29 per cent, against 16 chicks, or 8 per cent, in the control lots. At 1 month
of age the surviving chicks were weighed and the controls were found to be 17
per cent heavier than the infected lots. At 8 weeks of age the comparative
loss in the infected lots was 94 chicks, or 47 per cent, and in the control lots 33
chicks, or 17 per cent. Both stunted and large chicks were found in each lot
but. as a rule, the large well-developed chicks were found among the controls
and those weak and stunted in the infected lots. In about 75 per cent of the
dead chicks from the infected lots which were examined, B. puUorum was
found.

In another experiment. 11 strong chicks were given subcutaneous injections
'■ot the pure culture of the organism, and a mortality of 100 per cent resulted,
the organism being found in the internal organs of evei'y chick examined.

Although the investigations are stated to be far from complete, the author
considers the data secured sufficient to warrant the following conclusions :

"The mother hen is the original source of infection of the chick. A certain
percentage of the chicks on infected farms have the disease when hatched.
The disease may be induced by subcutaneous injection of chicks with pure
cultures of the organism, and transmitted through infected food supply. The
mortality depends upon the virulence and numbers of the organism, the mode
and time of infection, and doubtless upon the vitality of the chicks. While a
large percentage of infected chicks die under 4 w-eeks of age, some may survive
the infection. These are likely to be weak and stunted, and seem particularly
.susceptible to other disorders."

.Suggestions as to possible meaiis of prevention are appended.

-A new spirochetosis of fowls in Senegal caused by Spirochaeta neveuxi
Tti. sp., E. Brumpt {Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 2 {1909), No. 6, pp. 285-288; ahs. in
Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 4 {1909), No. Ji, p. 602). — This new species is based on the
slight variations in morphology from Spirochceta gallinarmn. In the differen-
tiation the author relies chiefly on physiological differences and states that by
cross immunity it is easy to demonstrate that fowls cured of one infection are
capable of contracting the other. The parasite is inoculable to the fowl, duck,
goose, and Java sparrow.

A leucocytozoon of the fowl, C. Mathis and M. I^eger {Compt. Rend. Soc.
Biol. [Paris], 67 {1909), No. 31, pp. ^70-/,7.2).— In addition to the Microfilaria
and Trypanosoma found in the blood of fowls in Tonkin as previously noted
(E. S. R., 22, p. 189), the authors report the discovery of a Leucocytozoon to
-which they give the name Lciicoci/tozoon rnulrryi. Of 216 fowls examined at
.a single time the blood of four contained this parasite.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

Concerning- the causes of the increased cost of living (Land. u. Forstw.
Mitt., 11 {1909), No. 24, pp. 2 1 9-22 1 ) .—Thi» article presents statistics on the
market prices of various farm products for a number of years and discusses
; their bearing on the increased cost of living, the paper being published as

RURAL ECONOMICS. 491

the official findings of a conmiitteo of the German section of the agricultural
C'ouucil of Bohemia.

Contrary to the popular opinion that the fai'mer is reaping the heneflt of the
increased price of farm products, it is pointed out that the cost of raising meat,
dairy products, and other goods has steadily increased so that as a matter of
fact the farmer gets less returns for his labor to-day than he did a few years
ago and the agricultural industry is becoming less profitable from year to year.
This result is due to the increased price farmers have to pay for labor and
necessary supplies while receiving no higher price for their own pi'oducts.
If any increased profit is made, it is reaped by the middleman and not by the
farmer. The general economic tendency of the increased price of agricultural
products has been to involve wage-earners in debt. It is the opinion of the com-
mittee, with which the whole section concurs, that for the government to
encourage agriculture is not only to make provision for a sound and vigorous
population but also to provide itself with unlimited means of support.

The economic limits of intensive culture in agriculture, B. Bauriedl
(Osterr. Uiujar. Ztschr. Zuckcnndus. ». Lundiv., 38 (1909), No. 3, pt). 317-
325). — This article discusses the economic limits under which successful farm-
ing can be conducted, the purjtose being to show that there are many factors
affecting the cost of raising products which, when certain limits in the expendi-
ture of capital and labor have been reached, can not be passed in any system
of intensive culture without a diminution in net returns to the producer.

Among the factors mentioned are the system of management, crops raised,
location of the house and buildings on the farm, distance of the farm from
markets, farm work animals, wages of laborers, utilization of manures, and
the raising of live stock. It is maintained that, if a farmer knows all the
elements of cost entering Into any particular farm undertaking, he will so
regulate his operations as to yield the largest net returns, and that a good farm
manager never loses sight of this ultimate end of his labor.

Farm labor and the cost of production, P. G. Craigie (Irish Farming World,
22 (1909), Kos. 1131, p. 1103; 1132, p. 1128; 1133, p. 11J,7; 113',, p. 1175).—
This is a discussion of the classes of farm labor in the United Kingdom, the
changes in wages, the use of machinery, the cost of keeping farm stock used in
operating a farm, and the bearing of these data on the cost of producing farm
products.

Farm labor in Mexico, C. M. Freeman (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U.S.],
No. 3660, p. 9). — A brief statement is given as to the economic conditions
under which farm tenants work in the province of Durango.

Corn raising is described as a very profitable feature of farming in that prov-
ince. The renter signs a contract to give the landowner one-half the produce
clear of all expenses. The corn is husked by men who get 50 cts. Mexican per
day each, and the expense is charged to the renter whose field is being worked.
After all accounts are settled, the corn is divided evenly between owner and
renter. " However, little is coming to the renter besides enough to last him
until spring, and often the ranch owner has to commence selling to the renter,
as early as February, corn at a big profit, the corn to be credited on the next
season's crop. Com taken from renters at husking is credited at $3.50 Mexican
per hectoliter [about 62 cts. per bushel]. Corn sold to renters in the spring
brings $5 to $5.50 Mexican per hectoliter."

The social and economic position of city and farm laborers, A. Hoff-
MEisTER (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 29 (1909), No. 89, pp. 831-833) .—This, is a com-
parative study of the relative economic and social conditions of laborers in
Berlin, Hamburg, and smaller cities of Germany and of farm laborers in dif-
ferent parts of the country.

492 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The results of the nivestiKatious by the juithor .is well ns tliose of Heiser-
HartniiR. Muhlert, and Ilasse are suiiuiiarized aiul topically discussed. The
value of the article consists in the fact that the data on the income, expendi-
tures, and standard of living of more than 200 families are secured fi'om those
who h;id forsaken farm life in the hope of improvinji their condition in the
city. This hope had not been realized, i)articnlarly on the part of those who
were married, thouf^h the unmarried were in some instances better off in the
cities than in the country. Statistics are presented to show that the average
annual expenditures of these city workers rsmged from 18.3 to 502 marks (from
.$4,3 to .$142) more than their incomes. The investigations also showed that their
standard of living, dwellings, and other social features had not been improved
by removal to the cities.

In contrast with the actual conditions of these city families, the economic
position of a large number of rural families is described with statistics showing
the extent of their savings. From these savings the farm laborer has fre-
quently been able to rent or buy a farm and thus improve his social condition.

As a result of these investigations the author concludes that country life and
not city life furnishes the better prospect for the economic and social uplift of
the laboring class.

Concerning- the insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work
(lioL Quhid. aS'oc. A(jr. ItfiL, ] ', {l!)0<)), Xo. :li. />/). /a.^8-/r>.12).— This article
summarizes the legislation and describes the present status of agricultural
insurance against accident in France, Austria, Germany. Enghmd, Belgium,
Italy, and other European countries, the amounts of indemnity and to whom
paid, the methods of fixing responsibility and adjusting differences in cases of
dispute, the kinds of societies that insure, and other matters pertaining to vol-
untary and compulsory insurance. Data on Switzerland have already been
noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 01).

Minor articles of farm equipment, L. W. Ellis {U. S. Dcjit. Af/i., Bur. I'Uiiil
Indus. Circ. 'I'l, pp. 1.1). — This pai)er presents a summary in tabular form of
the inventories of minor equiimicuts found on ,3.3 farms in Ohio averaging 167
acres in size, and the data are discussed with a view of showing the relative
importance and the cost of the vai-ious items for a properly equipped, average-
size general farm. The information is believed to be of iiractical value not only
to experienced farm owners and tenant farmers, but also to the prospective
farmer who engages in agriculture for the fii'St time.

This study does not include wagons, machinery, or other articles which on
account of bulk or value would be classed as items of major importance, but
is confined to miscellaneous small tools, utensils, and sundries usually pur-
chased at a small cost for each. The total cost of ir)S such articles regarded as
necessary is .$270.70, and it is suggestc^d that before buying the farm equipment.
" due consideration should be given to the necessary outlay for minor items,
and where possible the latter should be secured at one purchase, thereby sav-
ing time and, usually, money. The purchase of these articles in such a manner
will mean a total expenditure sufficient to impress the farmer with the need for
their systematic care. The minor items for a general farm of 100 acres in- Ohio
and other middle AVestern States will i)i-obably cost from $200 to $300."

Agricultural cooperation, (J. Radford (fjoiulon, [100!)], pji. 7'i). — This book
discusses the chief uses and advantages of cooperation in the purchase of
farm requisites such as seeds, feeding stuffs, fertilizers, and implements, the
cooperative collection, transportation, gi-ading, and sale of such farm products
as milk, meat, poultry, and eggs, and cooperative credit banks, finance, and
insurance. The book deals with English conditions, cooperation ])eing urged as

EURAL ECONOMICS. 493

a means of imiiroving tlie ecouonilc position of rural workers and of meeting
colonial and foreign competition with higher class goods of home production.

Mutual insurance of live stock {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [Loiulott], Leaflet
221, pp. 7). — The methods of establishing mutual societies for the insurance of
pigs and cattle against loss from disease and other causes, with recommenda-
tions relating to rules for the best management of such societies, are given in
this pamphlet.

Agricultural credit in Mexico, J. M. Balboa et al. (Bol. Soc. Agr. Mexi-
cana, 33 ( I'JOfJ), Xo. .'i6, pp. 90-'i-916). — This is a report of a committee appointed
l)y the Central Chamber of Agriculture for the purpose of considering the pres-
ent status of agricultural credit in Mexico with a view to making suggestions
as to its improvement.

The different kinds of agricultural credit banks in operation in other coun-
tries are discussed with reference to their economic limitations so far as the
peasant farmer is concerned. The committee believes that the district banks
are the most effective as an agricultural credit institution and should be estab-
lished throughout Mexico. Changes in the Mexican laws with reference to
credit banks to correct present defects are presented, and the differences in
social and economic conditions which prevail in Mexico as compared with
Euroiiean countries are discussed with a view of justifying the committee's
recommendations as to the best form of credit banks adapted to Mexican con-
ditions. Mutual credit associations are believed to be the last form that could
be established in INIexico with any prospect of success.

Agricultural credit in Mexico (Bol. Soc. Agr. Mexicana. 33 (1909), No. 48.
pp. 9J,7, 9.',8; 3-', (1910), Xos. 1, pp. 3-G; 3, pp. ^,3, 4// ) .—Reviews of the com-
mittee's report noted above, some of which are rei)rinted from other INIexican
journals.

Agricultural credit in Mexico (Agrieultor [Yiieutan]. .) (1910), No. 37, pp.
•'), 6). — A review of the commiltee's report noted above.

In regard to agricultural credit, G. Chappez (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-
Centre), 30 (1909), No. .'16, pp. 593-597). — This article discusses the relations
existing between the Bank of France, the district banks, and the local mutual
credit banks or associations with regard to the rates of interest charged by the
banks to borrowers. The arguments advanced by the two schools of advocates
for lowering or maintaining the present rates of interest are i)resented and dis-
cussed with reference to their l)earing on the economic i)osition of farmers. The
author favors a rate of interest ranging from 2 to 2.5 i)er cent, which only
seems feasible by the formation of large numbers of local banks grouped together
into circumscribed districts, thus reducing the expenses of operation.

Mutual agricultural credit in Algeria in 1908 (Off. Gonvt. Gen. Algerie.
Bui. Bimens., 15 (1909). No. 23, pp. 356-559).— Statistical data are presented
and discussed relating to the number of district banks, number of affiliated
local banks, rates of interest charged, number of loans granted, etc., in Algeria
for 3908. in coniiiarison with similar d;ita for preceding years.

International Institute of Agriculture, A. Boyer (Rpt. Min. Agr. Canada,
1909, pp. 12.^-129). — This is an account by the Canadian delegate of the pro-
ceedings, organization, resources, and work of the institute.

Crop Reporter (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 12 (1910), No.
1, pp. 1-8). — Notes and statistics on the condition of crops in foreign countries
and on the farm values, monthly marketing by farmers, and range of prices
of important farm products in the United States are reported. A special
article discusses the importance of accurate farm records for the forthcoming
census.

494 . EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Higher agricultural instruction in Austria and Hungary, H. J. B. v.
Rouen (Cult lira, 21 {1909), No. 256, pp. (166-67}).— A brief review of the
establisbuieut and organization of tbe Agricultural High School at Vienna, and
of the agricultural academies at Altenburg, Debreczen, Kassa, Kesztheley, and
Klausenburg. is followed by a comparison of these institutions with the
Wageniugen Agricultural High School as regards the number ^of hours devoted
to theoretical and practical instruction in the various studies taught, the cost
of attendance, and the number in the faculty.

French traveling agricultural domestic science schools, A. Ducloux (S.
Cong. Nat. Indus. Lait., J908, Raps, ct Coin])!. Rend., pp.. 160-187) . — Previously
noted from another source (E. S. R.. 20, p. 92).

First annual report of the Congressional district agricultural schools of
Georgia, J. S. Stewart (,Bu1. Univ. Ga., No. 11 Jf, pp. //8, figs. 22, map 1). — The
letter of transmittal of this bulletin summarizes the first year's work of the
Georgia district agricultural schools as follows: Total attendance, 1.001; acres
under cultivation, 7.38; gross receipts from farms. $10,050; value of buildings
and grounds, $732,000. The bulletin itself furnishes a complete list of the
trustees and teaching staffs of each school, a history of their establishment, and
a description of the several buildings, farms, equipment, student activities, daily
program, and the 4-year course of study.

Agriculture in the high schools, L. Anderson {California Sta. Circ. 1(7, pp.
8-18). — A survey of the present status of agricultural instruction in certain
public high schools of California, the courses offered in the State Polytechnic
School at San Luis Obispo and the University Farm School at Davis, and a
suggested 4-year course in agriculture adapted to correlation with the first
2 years of the usual high-school course and to specialized study in the last 2
years. A partial list of bulletins, circulars, and books on agricultui'e is
appended.

The correlation of high-school science and agriculture, J. Main {Addresses
and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc., Jp' (HJ09), pp. 983-987). — A carefully elaborated plan
for correlating school science and agriculture to the end of securing greater
pedagogical economy iu the teaching of both, furnishing the pupil a broad,
scientific basis for further vocational study, and the integrating of agricultural
instruction with the usual public school curriculum, is iiresented.

The present status of agricultural education in the public schools, E. C
Bishop {Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc., J,7 {1909). pp. 976-982).— A
comprehensive review from the origin of the school-garden movement in Ger-
many to the present status of school agriculture in the various States of this
country in respect to legislation, public sentiment, and the educational results
and advantages, is given.

Agriculture for the elementary schools, R. O. Johnson {Addresses and
Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc. J,7 {1909). pp. 9S7-992).—This paper is based upon a
recognition of the necessity of furnishing teachers a definite course and method
for school agriculture. It proposes a "rotation" course of nature study and
agriculture for the first G grades and an advanced course for grades 7 and 8.
One-sixth of the lower course is given each year to all of the 6 grades working
together as one section, and the entire course is thus covered in 6 years. The
advanced course is similarly covered in 2 years by the combined seA-enth and
eighth grades.

The advantages suggested for this plan are that it limits the amount of new
work which the teacher must do each year, permits a detailed outline of the
work to be furnished by some State educational authority, and is adapted to

MISCELLANEOUS. 495

the varyiug number of grades in rurnl schools. Thus a school or room of
3 grades would repeat its agricultural course once in 3 years. The " develop-
ment method " is advised in the treatment of each topic of instruction so as
to relate the study as closely as ijossible to the pupil's individual knowledge
and interest.

Some means of awakening and maintaining an interest in agricultural
education, E. E. BALcoiiB (Addresses and Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 47 (liJfJ'J), pp.
959-i)6.'f). — A paper filled with concrete illustrations of means and methods
of teaching elementary agriculture and domestic science in correlation with
other school work.

The opportunity of the agricultural college library, Mary G. Lacy (/So.
Atlantic Quart., 9 {1910), No. 1, pp. 78-8^).— The author holds that one of
the most important functions of the agricultural college liUrary is to dis-
seminate information concerning the • nature of its classified permanent and
periodical literature on agriculture, manual training, domestic science, and
kindred subjects. It is stated that at present the aggregate mailing list of
all the State experiment stations is but 500,000. or only 5 per cent of the total
number of families living in agricultural districts. The remedy suggested is
the development of a classified mailing list in the interest of the various in-
dustries peculiar to the sections of each State.

The agronomic chart and its popular use, O". Steinex {Mitt. Deut. Landxo.
Gesell., 25 {1910), No. 1, pp. 3-5). — The more general use of such charts in
the schools is advocated.

Pruning, W. Paddock {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.], 5 {1909), No.
3, pp. -'/-H, fig^- 15). — Reasons and directions for pruning young and old trees
are given in a form suitable for study in public schools.

Composition, nutritive and manurial values of farm foods {Leeds, 1909,
Folder). — This is a table issued by the University of Leeds, and the Yorkshire
Council for Agricultural Education, and approved by the Agricultural Education
Association as suitable for the purpose of teaching.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Twenty-eighth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1909 (Ohio Sta. Bui. 205.
pp. XXVIII, pi. 1). — This contains an announcement concerning the work of
the station, the organization list, a report of the board of control, a financial
statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, and a report of the director
summarizing the work of the station during the year.

Summary of experiment station work, E. A. Bryan ( Washington Sta. Popu-
lar Bui. 20, pp. 7). — A reprint from the report of the station for 1907 previously
noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 94).

Press bulletins {Ohio Sta. Bui. 205, pp. 298-306). — Reprints of press bulle-
tins on the following subjects : The wheat jointworm : lime and clover : treating
seed wheat to prevent stinking smut ; how to combat the wheat jointworm :
late blight and rot fungus of potatoes; Alaska wheat; selection of seed corn:
fire prevention and control; bark beetles or bark borers: the wheat jointworm:
and a field meeting at the experiment station.

Yearbook of agriculture {Jahresber. Landw., 23 {1908), pp. XXXIl+564). —
This volume contains numerous abstracts of articles on plant and animal pro-
duction, agricultural machines, agricultural economics, and allied topics.

VOTHS.

Arkansas University and Station. — A. K. Short has resigned as animal husband-
man to heconio principal of the newly esta])lishe(l aiiricultural school in the
Second Conixressional District.

Colorado College. — H. M. Bainer, professor o^" farm mechanics and instructor in
dairyinir, has also been appohited general manager of the college farms.

Illinois University and Station. — According to a recent compilation as to the
l)ursnits followed by the alumni of the college of agriculture during the past
ten years, 115 of the total of 184 graduates are engaged in farming, 40 are
connected with the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, 7 are with
this Department, and another is an agricultural editor, making about 90 per
cent connected with the agricultural industry.

Two seed and soil special trains have been recently sent out. the s]>eakers
being provided from the college and station.

Iowa College. — Press reports announce the resignation of President Storms, to
take effect August 31. H. G. Bell, assistant professor of farm crops, has
resigned to accept the professorship of agronomy at the University of Maine.

Kansas College. — The extension department is offering movable schools in
dairying, grain, and stock judging, gardening, and cooking and sewing, applica-
tions having been received fi'om a number of localities in the State. The
schools began work March 1 and will be carried on for three months, the
various covu'ses continuing from three days to one week. A member of the
extension department is in charge of each school, and is assisted by graduate
students of the college specializing in the respective lines. A fee of $1 is
charged for each course to defray local expenses. The usual special trains are
also being sent out, the subject under consideration this spring being corn.

The Kansas Farmer announces the organization of what is known as the
" IManhattan Guild.'" for the puri)ose of providing summer employment to the
students along the lines which they expect to follow after graduation.

Maine Station. — On March 9 the station celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary.
A large number of the friends of the institution were i)resent, including repre-
sentatives from the A'arious agricultural organizations of the State. The chief
address was given by Director Jordan, of the New York State Station, who
was. it will be rec-alled, Ihe first director of the Maine Station.

Massachusetts College. — Great activity along extension lines is being manifested
!ind is meeting with hearty response from the iieople of the State. The second
annual farmers' week recently held at the college offered a wide range of
courses, taking up such topics as corn improvement, alfalfa in New England,
principles of breeding, use of fertilizers, the home vegetable garden, fruit
growing, forestry, milk testing and dairying, meat production in New England,
Ihe gipsy and brown-tail moths, plant diseases, controlling infectious diseases
of animals, floriculture, and home economics. Several of these courses are a
distinct innovation at the college, notably those on home economics. In addi-
tion to the regular college staff, the speakers included Mrs. Ellen H. Richards,
Miss Anna Barrows. Miss Isabel Kevier, Miss Helen Louise Johnson, Dr. Austin
Peters. Prof. T. N. Carver, of Harvard T'niversity. Director Clinton, of the Con-
49C>

NOTES. 497

Tiecticut St(»ns SI:irioii, and I>i-. David Siioddeu, .swri-laiy of the state board
of education.

It is auuounced that the trustees have voted to accept offers from the Boston
and Albany Raih-oad and the electric roads centering in Springfield to run agri-
cultural educational trains, and have offered to cooperate with the state board of
agriculture, the Boston Chamber of Commerce, and other organizations for the
purpose, tendering the services of the instruction staff and placing at the dis-
posal of the railroads such equipment and apparatus as may be required. The
first of these trains was sent out over tlie lines of the Boston and Albany Rail-
road iMarch ."0 to .\pril 2. Demonstrations and lectures were provided, one
unique feature being an exhibition by the state forester of forest fire fighting
apparatus.

Demonstrations in practical orcharding are to be undertaken. The plan con-
templates securing plats of 4 or 5 acres, convenient to trolley lines. The trees
will be furnished by the college to the farmers who agree to carry out the direc-
tions for from 10 to 15 years, at the end of which period the college withdraws
from the orchard entirely. Plats in run-down orchards are also to be renovated.

Minnesota University and Station. — Sydney M. Owen, a member of the board of
regents from 1S93 lo IDOl and again since 1907, died February 2. aged 73 years.
Mr. Owen was for many years editor of Farm, Stock and Home, and through
its columns and in other ways rendered much assistance to the college and
school of agriculture and to the station.

J. S. Montgomery, formerly connected with the Cuban Station, has been
appointed assistant animal husbandman in connection with the stallion regis-
tration.

Mississippi Station. — S. F. I'.linnenfeld has been appointed assistant entomolo-
gist.

Montana College. — Short courses in fruTt growing have been offered for the
first time in the State through the agency of the farmers' institute schools for
fruit growers, held at Hamilton and Stevensville, January 10 to 15. The
courses were largely given by members of the college and station staff.

North Dakota College. — The new veterinary building has recently been com-
pleted, and much of the equipment has I)een installed. The building is so con-
structed as to form essentially three separate structures, the dissecting room
and the hospital being connected with the main portion by inclosing corridors.
The interiors are very largely of metal and concrete, and the dissecting room is
so arranged as to admit light from all directions. A special feature is the
killing room, which is equipped with all the appliances of a modern slaughter-
house.

Ohio Station. — An agreement has been entered into between the station and the
Bureau of Plant Industry of this Dejiartment, for cooperative tobacco investiga-
tions during the current season. Albert G. Wood, a graduate of Indiana Uni-
versity, has been appointed assistant botanist.

Oregon Station. — A dry farming substation has been established at Moi-o, in the
eastern portion of the State, in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry
of this Department. H. .7. Fniberger has been placed in charge of the work as
superintendent.

Rhode Island College and Station. — At the annual meeting of the Agricultural
Experimental Union, recently held in Providence, results of the first year's
experiments were discussed. The assistant agronomist of the station was chosen
secretary for the ensuing year.

Vermont University. — A successful farmers' week was held February 14-18,
which was attended by about 250 students, mostly practical farmers and dairy-
men.

498 EXPERIMENT STATION HKCORI).

Wyoming University. — Movabk' schools of agriculture liave been conducted at
Wliealiaud, Kasin. and Buffalo in addition to the regular eight weeks' short
course at the university.

Experiment Station at Oaxaca, Mexico. — Plans have been completed for an
exiKTimcut sf.-ition at Oaxaca, Mexico. This will constitute the third experi-
ment station to be established under the direct supervision of the Federal (iov-
ernnient of Mexico through its dejiartnient of the interior, its predecessors being
those established at Rio Berde, in the State of San Luis Potosi. in 190G. and
at Ciudad Juarez, on the northern frontier, in 1908.

A tract of several hundred acres has been acquired in the heart of the sugar
district and containing several of the more common soil types of the region.
An irrigation system has been installed, and extensive oivhards of peaches,
olives, oranges, and other fruits have been set out. Buildings are projected
to cost over $100,000, including offices, laboratories, a dairy and poultry plant,
residences for the director and other emiiloyees, warehouses, etc. An experi-
mental sugar mill, operated by electricity, is already completed.

Special attention is to be given in the experimental work to the introduction,
acclimatization, and distribution of valuable plants from other sections of
Mexico and other countries, and to a study of the production and manufacture
of sugar. The instruction of some of the employees of neighboring estates in
improved methods is also contemplated.

The directorship of the station has been intrusted to Felix Foix, who has
studied agricultural methods in France, England, the United States, and Mexico,
and has been engaged for the past ten years in experimental work in tropical
agriculture in Mexico. Juan Martinez has been api)ointed subdirector and
Emanuel S. Blanco and Jose M. Ortega additional members of the scientific staff.
The Virginia Association of Agricii^ural Schools. — ITuder this title an organi-
zation was effected at Richmond. November 24, 1909, of those interested in the
development of the new state system of agricultural high schools. The officers
for the coming year include Director S. W. Fletcher, of the Virginia Station, as
secretary-treasurer. Each principal, agricultural teacher, or director in the ten
state agricultural high schools is an ex officio vice-president of the association,
and these with the elective officers constitute the executive committee. It is
expected that the state board of education and the president of the Virginia
Polytechnic Institute will soon establish an authorized agricultural course for
these schools.

State Agricultural School at Morrisville, N. Y. — F. G. Helyar, for 4 years head
of the agricultural department of the Moody School for Roys at Mount Hermon,
Mass., has been elected principal of the new agricultural school at Morrisville,
N. Y. The buildings formerly used for the county court and offices of Madison
County are to be at once arranged for class rooms and an auditorium, domestic
science work, dairy laboratory, mechanical shops, and principal's residence.
Greeenhouses will be erected near the shops.

Smith's Agricultural School. — A somewhat unique meeting of the Connecticut
Valley Breeders' Association was held at this school January 2.5. Lectures and
practical demonstrations were given by George M. Rommel, of the Bureau of
Animal Industry of this department, and Charles W. Bo'sworth, a horse breeder
on an extensive scale, the auditorium and arena being utilized for the exercises.
Lunch was furnished by the domestic science classes of the school, and extensive
exhibits of its various industrial phases were on view. About 500 people were in
attendance, to most of whom the illustration in concrete form of the functions of
u school of this type was a distinct revelation.

New England Conference on Rural Progress, — At the fourth annual meeting of
this conference at Boston, March 4, addresses were given by President K. L.

NOTES. 499

Riitterfield and Prof. W. I). Hurd, of the Maj^sachusetts Agricultural College,
and Dr. S. A. Kuapp, of this Department, on the organization of New England
associations for advancing agricultural education. Other speakers included
Prof. Floyd B. Jenks, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, State Superin-
tendent of Education Henry C. Morrison, of New Hampshire, President HoWard
Edwards, of Rhode Island College, and Principal R. W. Stimson, of Smith's
Agricultural School.

A decision was reached by the conference to concentrate its energies in the
future mainly upon a single problem each year. For the ensuing year partici-
pation in the New England Corn Show, to be held at Worcester. Mass., in No-
vember, will bo given special attention.

Agricultural Conference in New York. — An important meeting of the New York
State Agricultural Society was held at the capitol at Albany, January 18-20,
at which this body was reorganized and a strong program presented to the 250
members in attendance.

The general subject was : What is Being Done and What Needs to be Done
in New York State for the Advancement of Agriculture, Especially Along
Educational Lines, and the papers were as follows : What the State Fair is
Doing to Advance the Agricultural Interests of New York State, by Lieutenant-
Governor Horace White; Agencies and Conditions Essential to Agricultural
Efficiency, by Director Jordan, of the New York State Station ; The Agricultural
Situation, by Dean Bailey, of Cornell University; A New Movement for the
Advancement of Agriculture in Northern New York, by Dean Herbert E. Cook,
of the State School of Agriculture at St. Lawrence University; What Could be
Done for the Advancement of Agriculture on Farms in Connection with
State Charitable and other lustitutionsV by Hon. Dennis McCarthy, fiscal
supervisor of state charities; Educational Aids to Improved Horticulture and
Imi)roved Animal Industry, by the respective presidents of the State Fruit
Growers' Association and the State Breeders' Association; Instruction in
Agriculture in Western New York, by President Boothe C. Davis, of Alfred
University; Aids to Agricultural Advancement in the Middle West, by Dean
E. Davenport, of the Illinois College and Station ; Agricultural Education,
by President Jacob G. Schurman, of Cornell University ; Improved Methods
of Agriculture, by President William C. Brown, of the New York Central Lines;
The Farmers' Institutes, by Edward Van Alstyne, conductor of farmers' insti-
tutes; The Farmei*'s View of Agricultural Education, by Frank N. Godfrey,
master of the State Grange; Schools of Agriculture, by D. J. Crosby, of this
Office; and Should the Public Schools Teach Agriculture, by Thomas E. Fine-
gan, of the state education department.

Among the resolutions ado))ted were those deprecating the establishment in
New York at this time of sepai-ate schools of agriculture, advocating the teach-
ing of practical agriculture in existing high schools, favoring the utilization so
far as itracticable of county farms and the farms of the various state penal and
charitable institutions as demonstration farms for the benefit of their respective
communities, and appointing a committ'ee to confer with the governor, legisla-
tive leaders, and those in charge of educational work in the State, with a view
to formulating a definite policy in its work in agricultural education.

The Country Church and Agriculture. — It is announced in New England Home-
fiteacl that Rev. C. O. Ormsbee, of Lenox, Mass., has arranged a course of lec-
tures by specialists on various phases of rural life. Profs. W. P. Brooks and
W. D. Hurd, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, have already given lec-
tures, the former discussing agriculture in Japan and the latter corn production.
Other members of the faculty are to participate later.

500 EXPERIMKNT STATION HKCOHD.

International Agricviltural Exhibition in Argentina. — A cljuise In tbe urj^ent
deficiency .'ipproiiriMtiou ;ut rocciilly passed by Coiij^rcss, .uitliorizes the pur-
tlcipution by tbe Uuitecl States in tbis exbibition, wbicli, as previously an-
nounced, will open in Buenos Aires on June 3. An allotment of .$30,000 has
been made to tbis Department, which is preparing an exhibit of its work.

First International Congress of Entomology. — A movement is under way to
organize a imrcly (Mitomolo,t,'ical congress to bold triennial sessions about a fort-
night before the meetings of the International Congress of Zoology. In accord-
ance with tbis plan, the first of these congresses has been called to meet in
Brussels, August 1-0, during the International Exposition and preceding tbe
Eighth International Congress of Zoology, at Griitz, Austria. The subjects to
be considered include systematic entomology, nomenclature, anatomy, physiology,
psychology, ontogeny, phylogeny, ecology, mimicry, etiology, bionomy, paleon-
tology, zoogeography, museology, and medical and economic entomology.

International Horticultural Congress. — In connection with the forthcoming
International Exposition, an International Horticultural Congress will convene
in Brussels from April 30 to JNIay 3. The congress will be organized in seven
sections, namely: Floriculture, pomology, market gardening, scientific horticul-
ture and its popularization, the economics of horticulture, landscape gardening.
and apparatus and special machinery. The program also Includes excursions
to numerous points of interest.

Second International Congress of Alimentary Hygiene and of the Rational
Feeding of Man. — The place of meeting of this congress has been changed from
Versailles, as previously announced, to Brussels, October 4-S. mider the auspices
of tbe Belgian Government. Dr. H. W. Wiley, of this Department, is acting
as the AnuM'ican representative of tbe Congress.

Necrology. — Alexander J. Bonduraut, agriculturist at the Alabama Station
from 1892 to 1896 and for much of this time professor of agriculture in the
Alabama Polytechnic Institute, died at Lynchburg, Va., March 6, aged 74 years.

J. J. H. Gregory, well known as a seedsman, of Marblehead, Mass., and as a
writer upon squashes and other vegetables, died February 20, at the age of
83 years.

Dr. Thomas Taylor, microscopist in this Dei)artment from 1871 to 1895, died
in Washington, D. C. January 21. at the age of 90 years.

Miscellaneous. — The Fifteenth International Congress of Hygiene and Demog-
raphy, which was to have been held in this country during 1910. has been post-
poned until 1911 or 1912, at a place to be selected by the President of the United
States.

The first winter institute for farmers to be offered by the Florida Agricul-
tural and Mechanical College for Negroes was held at Tallahassee .January
10-13, with a large attendance.

The University of Melbourne has recently inaugurated a course in agricul-
ture, with W. A. Osborne, now professor of physiology, as dean of the faculty of
agriculture.

Ronald V. O. Hart Synnot has been appointed director of the department of
Hgriculture and horticulture in University College, Reading, vice Professor
Percival, who has been pi'omoted to the chair of agricultural botany.

o

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Clipuiistry and Agroteehny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, ^'egetable Pathology j^J- JJ- ^^'^^'^' ^^- ^•

rr,- , 1 r^ f J- L SCHULTE.

Field Crops { t r\ r,

^ \J. O. Rankin.

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Lan(;\vorthy, Ph. I).

Zootechny. Dairying, and Dairy Fanning — E. W. Morse.

Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker.

Rural Engineering .

Rural Economics — J. B. Morman.

Agricultural Education — D. J, Crosby.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXII, NO. 6.

Editorial notes: Page.

An important discovery 50 1

Fourth session of the Graduate School of Agriculture 505

Recent work in agricultural science 508

Notes 596

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

agricultural chemistry — AGROTECHNY.

Allen's commercial organic analysis, Leffmann et al : 508

Chemical-technical analysis, Lunge and Berl 508

Aids to the analysis of food and drugs, Moor and Partridge 508

The chemistry of foods and condiments, Konig 508

Handbook for the manufacture of colors, Zerr and Riibencamp : 509

The relation of colloid research to agricultural chemistry, Ehrenberg 509

The present status of colloid chemistry, Lottermooser 509

Principles and results of plant chemistry, II and III, Euler 509

The vegetable proteins, Osborne 509

Peptic digestion of casein and the acidity of its digestion products, Kiittner. . . 509

A contribution to nitrogen determination, Mitscherlich 510

Determination of nitrogen in nitrites and nitrates, Schenke 510

On the determination of potassium by the cobalti-nitrite method. Bowser 510

Determining phosphoric acid with alkaline molybdate solution and glue, Grete. 510

Estimation of sulphur in alkali polysulphids, Dusserre and Vuilleumier 511

Estimation of calcium oxid in presence of dissolved silica, Balthasar 511

Estimation of calcium carbonate in soils, Marr 511

A modification of the Kjeldahl method for foods, Corradi 511

Detection of flour adulteration by the serum diagnostic method, Magnus 512

The bleaching of flour, Buchwald and Neumann 512

The bleaching of flour, Rousset 512

Judging honey by the biological method, Langer 512

I

II CONTENTS.

Page.

Detection of fuchsin in wine.s and siruj)s, Carobhiu 512

Olive oil, M iller 513

Pecan oil, Di'iicr and I'Vaps 513

A method for citral in lemon extracts and lemon oils, Hiltner 513

Determining essential oil and moistnro in spices and drugs, Cripps and I'.rown. . 513

Detection of coffee adulterations, ("antagrel 513

The phosphates in certain vinegars and their manufacture, Fairley 513

Iron as an agent, causing discoloration of food products, Dnckwall 513

Indirect delerniinalion Of the total solids in milk, (Jiribaldo andPeluffo 514

Determination of fat in dairy and other i)rodncts hy CJottlieb's method, Griinhut 514

An anaeroxydase and a catalase in milk, Sarthou 514

About an anaeroxydase and a catalase in milk, Pordas and Touplain 514

Detection of cow's milk in asses' milk, (irimbert 514

The catalase reaction of colostrum, Van llaarst 514

Refraction and s]K>cific gravity of calcium chlorid serum, Wiegner and Yakuwa. 514

The decomposit ion degree of cream, Morres 515

Detection of oleomargarine in butter, Raffo and Forc>sti 515

Operating the casein test at cheese factories, Hart and ('oo])er 515

Holde's tiest and the detection of paraffin wax in lard and other fats, Dunlop. . 515

[Test for foreign fats in beeswax], Le Naom- 515

Estimation of nicotine in concentrated tobacco juices, Porchet and R^gis 515

About tobacco fermentation, Boekhout and Ott do Vries 515

New method for the rapid determination of alcohol, Sidersky 515

Concerning methods of urine analysis, Jolles 515

Estimation of amino acids in urine by titration, Malfatti 516

The estimation of fat in feces, Rochaix 516

The standardization of acid butyrometric apparatus, Schlosser 516

The destructii >n of platinum crucibles, Lyons 516

Hints for preparing berry wines, Kroemer 516

Manufacture of denatured alcohol, Wiley et al. 516

Beet-sugar making and its chemical control, Nikaido 516

Manufacture of lactic acid, Gouthiere 516

METEOROLOGY — WATER.

The influence of forests on climate and on floods, Moore 516

Climatic variations : Their extent and causes, Gregory 517

Variations in climate, Forel 517

On the dynamics of climatic variations, Arctowski .-•-.-• ^^^

Annual variations in the amount of water in the Norwegian Ni)rth Sea in its

relation to meteorological conditions, etc., Ilelland-IIansen and Nansen 517

[Meteorological observations in Denmark] 518

Meteorological and magnetic observations, Ruikatchev et al 518

Report of "the station of agricultural climatology of Juvisy, 1908, Flammarion.. 518

Composition of Barbados rainfall 518

Fertilizing value of rain water, Weedon 518

Agricultural and industrial hydrology of Argentina, Ducloux. 51 8

Waters, Weedon .• 518

The farmer as an aquiculturist, Heyking , 518

Sewage disposal in the United States, Winslow 519

80ILS — FERTILIZERS.

The principles of soil management, Lyon and Fippin 519

Soil surveys .■■-■,-■:■■■;. ^^^

Method of investigation of microbiological properties of the soil, Krainskii 519

Tillage in its relation to soil moisture, Thom 520

On tiie absorptive power of some Russian soils, Sabanin 520

Temperature of the soil, Plammarion 521

Soil temperatures in upland moors and the soil air of different types, Vageler. 521

Vegetation, chemical composition, and fertilizer requirements of moors. Gully. 521

Contribution to the nitrogen assimilation of forests, Zemplen and Roth 521

The forest as a nitrogen collector, Cieslar 522

Saline soils, Larrainzar 522

Louisiana swamp land reclamation, Wisner 522

Agrology of Argentina, Lavenir 522

CONTENTS. HI

Page.

Some granite soils of New South Wakw, Jensen 522

Maintaining fertility in Asia, King 522

Maintaining soil fertility in Japan, King 522

Dry farming in China, King 523

The importance of suitable combinations of fertilizers for plants, Lemmermann. 523

Work of the chemical laboratory, Welbel 523

Short sui>plies of stable manure 524

Mixing superphosphate with farmyard manure 524

Fertilizer experiments with phosphates, Klebahn 524

The world's production of ])hosphatic fertilizers, Lavollee 524

Two little known fertilizers, Ledoux 525

Basic slag and potash for chalk land, Hughes 525

What is kainit? Krische 525

The position of nitrate of soda 525

Experiments on the action of nitrite nitrogen in various fertilizers, Gerlach 525

Oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen, Haber and Koenig 525

Reference list on the electric fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and the use of

calcium cyanamid and calcium nitrate on soils, Stuntz 526

The specific gravity of the more common commercial fertilizers, Stutzer 526

Commercial fertilizers, Burd 526

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Hartwell, Morgan, and Whipple 526

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Ilardin et al 526

The sale of fertilizers and farm foods, Juritz 526

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Some conditions which influence germination and fertility of pollen, Sandsten. 526

Handbook of flower pollination, Knuth, trans, by Davis 527

Influence of food supply on variation. Love 528

Clonal or bud variation, Webber 528

Variation and correlation in the flowers of Lagcrstrocmia indira, Harris 528

Correlation between length of flowering stalk and number of flowers, Harris. . . 528

Apogamy in the maize plant, Collins 528

The botany and origin of American upland cotton, Fletcher 528

Some cytological aspects of cotton breeding. Balls 529

Seeds and plants imported from January 1 to March 31, 1909. — Inventory 18. . . 529

Vitality of pine seeds and the delayed opening of cones, Coker 529

The effect of different solar radiations on plants, Flammarion 529

The influence of shade upon the comjiosition of plants, Thatcher 530

Protein metabolism and its relation to physiological processes, Ehrlich 530

A comparative study on some vegetable diastases, Gcrber 530

Starch formation from sorbite by the Rosacea', Treboux 530

Sach's method as a measure of carbon dioxid assimilation in leaves, Thoday . . 530

The phosphorus metabolism in plants, Staniszkis 531

On the lack of antagonism between certain salts, Lipman 531

Cultural studies of species of Penicillium, Thom 531

Suggestion for a new bacteriological nomenclature, Jensen 532

FIELD CROPS.

Results obtained in 1909 on the Dominion Experimental Farms, Saunders 532

Report on oat and barley experiments, 1908, Greig 532

Annual rejwrt of the Burdwan Agricultural Station for the year 1907-8, Smith. 532

Annual report of the Cuttack Agricultural Station for the year 1907-8, Smith. . 532

Annual rej)ort of the Dumraon Agricultural Station for the year 1907-8, Smith. 533

Report of Sibpur Expeiimental Farm and agricultural classes for 1907-8, Basu. 533

Planting experiments at the agricultural experiment station, Zimbiti, Johnson. 533

Culture and composition of Arachis hypogea and Voandzeia subterrmica, Boname. 534

Prickly comfrey as a forage crop, Vinall 534

Corn, Rolfs ^. 534

Testing seed corn by specific gravity, Dunn 534

Report of work in corn pollination, Fisher 535

Cultivation of jieanuts, Oses 535

Potato culture on irrigated farms of the West, Grubb 535

Anatomical structure of the sugar beet in its relation to breeding, Moller 535

Growing sugar-beet seed in South Dakota, Shepard 535

IV CONTENTS.

Paee.

Seodlins <"incs and inaimrial cxix'rimcnts at, Harhados, liKMi-IDOS 536

Agricultural work for UH)()-lf)08 at, Barbados, d'AlbuquerfjUc and JJovcll 536

Report, on turni]) manuring cxporiments, J 908, Greig 536

(Rotham.sted wheat, experiments of 1909], Willis 537

Some varieties of wheat 537

The hybrid wheats, Sj)illman 537

Hybrid wheats, Thatcher 537

Judging and eommercial grading of small grains and hay, Knight 537

HORTICULTURE.

Lime nitrogen, sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda for cabbage, Wchnert. . 537

Suggestions for defense against spring frosts, DegruUy. 538

The pruning of apj^le trees, Thornber 538

Origin and synonymy of the olive varieties of Istria and Trentino, Ilugues 538

Propagation of mangoes, Hess 538

The limitation of tlie Satsuma orange to Trifoliate-orange stock, Swingle 538

Citrus fruits in Texas, Hume 538

Cocoa experiment plats, Malins-Smith 538

The cultivation of coffee, Jackson 539

Yerba mate or Parana tea, Warburg and Wohltmann 539

Investigations in connection with the African palm-oil industry 539

Green manuring in the Tropics, McCall 539

Trees in Washington, Thornber 539

FORESTRY.

Surface condit ions and stream flow, Hall and Maxwell 539

The reforestation of sand plains in Vermont, Howe 539

Reproduction of western yellow pine in the Southwest, Pearson 540

Accretion investigations with oaks, Klemme 540

British oaks. Moss 540

Burmese in wood (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus), Troup 540

Wattle growing for bark, ^Taylor 540

Report on the rubber trees at Nilambur and Calicut, South Malabar, Proudlock . 540

Rubber culture in the Dutch Indies, Van Houten 540

Germination tests of forest seeds, Jacobsen 540

Investigations on the pruning of forest trees, Zederbauer 541

How to make improvement thinnings in Massachusetts woodlands. Cook 541

A study of the Massachusetts wood-using industries. Maxwell 541

Investigations on the elasticity and strength of Austrian building timbers 541

Impregnation of wood, Friedmann and von Heidenstam 541

Impregnation of beech ties with copper arsenite, von Lorenz 542

The use book: Grazing 542

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Researches on fungi, Buller 542

The parasitism of fungi, Schmidt 542

The dissemination of disease by means of the seed of the host plant, Barrus 543

Some Fusarium diseases of plants, von Tubeuf 543

The hetera^cious plant rusts of Indiana, Johnson 543

International statistics of the grain rusts, Sorauer 543

The parasitic Uredinese of Japanese grasses, Ito 544

Results in breeding cereals in a specially prepared disease garden, BoUey 544

A new disease of alfalfa in Austria, Bubak 544

Cotton anthracnose, Barre 544

A serious potato disease occurring in Newfoundland, Giissow ~ 545

Infection experiments with Chrysophlyctis endobioiica, Schneider 545

A discussion of the leaf roll disease of the potato, Schmidt 546

Two epidemics of potato blight and rot, Morse 546

Bean anthracnose, von Diakonoff 546

Investigations of the club root disease in Central Jutland, Christensen et al 546

Apple diseases caused by Coryneumfoliicolum and Phorna mali, Lewis 547

A new disease, black mold, of the grapes in Russia, Mokrzecki 547

Two epidemics of mildew in Baden, Miiller 547

The die back and brown rot of cacao, Van Hall-de Jonge and Drost 547

CONTENTS.

The canker or red rot of cacao trees, Van Hall-de Jonge 547

Witches' broom disease in Surinam, Van Hall and Drost, trans, by Fredholm. 547

A disease of Para rubber, Ridley 548

The introduction of Septoria azalese into Silesia, Ewert 548

Mildew of the oak in Portugal and Madeira, Torrend 548

Notes on Oidium quercinum, Tavares 548

A new disease of Picea, Borthwick 548

Frost canker of Picea sitchensis, Borthwick 548

Peziza viUkommii on larches, Borthwick 548

Protection against fungus diseases, Forbes 549

The control of root parasites of plants, Bellair 549

Fungicides and insecticides, Van Hall-de Jonge 549

Bordeaux-sugar mixtures, Kolliker 549

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

How to destroy English sparrows. Dearborn 549

List of birds found in West Virginia, Brooks 550

Birds in the Philippine Islands, Borneo, Guam, and Midway Island, Mearns .. 550

Additions to the list of Philippine birds, Mearns 550

Philippine ornithological literature, II, McGregor 550

A collection of birds from northern Mindanao, McGregor 550

Egyptian birds, W^hymper 550

A s'mall contribution to the knowledge of trematodes of birds, Jagerskiold 550

Relation of insects to human welfare, Gossard 550

Insects and legislation. Felt 550

Medical entomology, its scope and methods, Herms 550

[( 'ommon names of insects adopted ])y the American Association], Burgess 550

A list of works on North American enlomology. Banks 550

The thorax of insects and the articulation of the wings, Snodgrass 550

A new apparatus for experimenting on the sucking of insects, Zirolia 550

A new insectary, Sanderson 551

Life zones of Indiana as illustrated by Orthoptera and Coleoptera, Blatchley. . 551

Dragon flies of the Mississippi Valley, Wilson 551

Brazilian grasshoppers of the subfamilies Pyrgomorphinse and Locustinae, Rehn. 551

A contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Sumatra, Rehn 551

New genera and species of Illinois Thysanoptera, Hood 551

Life history of Corizns lateralis, Hambleton 551

Two new genera and species of Aphididse, Davis 552

Plant louse notes, family Aphididye, Gillette 552

Some new records of Aphididte in North America, Wilson 552

Notes on Aphididae collected in the vicinity of Stanford University, Davidson. 552

Aphididas or plant lice. Felt _. 552

Transmission of exanthematous typhus by body louse, Nicolle et al 552

The typhus fever of Mexico, Ricketts and Wilder 552

The pine-leaf and the green- winged Ghermes, Patch 552

The San Jose scale and osage orange hedge, Symons and Peairs 553

Catalogue of recently described Coccidae, II, Sanders • 554

A preliminary list of the Goccidae of Wisconsin, Severin 554

California horticultural quarantine, Woodworth 554

Mimicry in the butterflies of North America, Poulton 554

The Lima-bean pod-borer. The yellow-necked flea-beetle, Chittenden 554

The oblique-banded leaf roller, Sanderson and Jackson 554

Report of the superintendent of gipsy and brown-tail moth work, Stene 555

The spruce bud worm, Gibson 555

Additional roarings in Cecidomyiidae, Felt - - - - 556

Transmission of malarial fever in Canal Zone by Anopheles mosquitoes. Darling. 556

Mosquito or man? The conquest of the tropical world, Boyce 556

Flies and mosquitoes 556

Glossina palpalis as a carrier of Trypanosoma vivax in LTganda, Bruce et al 557

Progress report on the Uganda sleeping sickness from 1906 to 1908, Hodges 557

Injurious June beetles {Anomala marginata), Stiles 557

A new treatment for wireworms, Fernald 557

Eleodes as an enemy of planted grain, Swenk _ 557

The Scolytidte of Hokkaido: Their relation to forest injury, Niisima 557

[Cave beetles], Jeannel 557

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

A parasite on the asparagus beetle, Fernald 557

Two new species of the genus Tetrastichus, Crawford 558

The biology and morphology of Apantdes glomeratus, Weissenberg 558

A synopsis of the American species of vScolioneurinse, Macgillivray 558

Observations on the biology of ticks, Galli-Valerio 558

Notes on mites affecting chickens, Herrick '. 558

Ticks and other blood-sucking arthropoda [in Jamaica], Newstead 558

Thirty-ninth annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario 559

Report on parasitic and injurious insects, 1907-8, Froggatt 559

The principal insects injurious to horticulture during 1906-7, Swenk 559

[Some olive insects in Spain], Garcia 559

Insect work on the shade and ornamental trees in Brooklyn for 1909, Levison. . 560

Report of the nursery inspector, Stene 560

Orchard spraying. — Orchard protection work, Sherman, jr 560

Demonstration work in economic entomology, Sherman, jr 560

Control of household insects, Felt 560

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Dietary studies in public institutions 560

Physiological and medical observations [including food halnts], Hrdlicka 562

Wages and living [in Mexico], Canada 563

Food consumption in Paris, Normand 563

Foodstuffs in Siam, Hansen 563

[Notes on food and living conditions of natives of Tierra del Fuego], Furlong.. 563

General principles of dietetics, with remarks on proprietary foods, Edsall 564

Proprietary and predigested foods, Howland 564

Malted foods 564

The importance of fish as food, Konig and Splittger]:)er 564

The use of sulphurous acid in chopped meat and the composition of some pre-
servative salts, Bremer and Bey thien 564

Cooking the cheaper cuts of meat, Barnard 565

Lecithin and other components of egg yolks, Tornani '. 565

The hexone bases from egg white. Chapman and Petrie , 565

Copper in vegetables, McGill 565

Spices and how to know them, Gibbs 565

Coffee extract and coffee infusion, Strunk 565

Studies of chicory, Hueppe 565

The definition of cider proposed by the international congresses, Truelle 565

Effect of the Gloeosporium disease on the composition of currant wine, IMviller. . 566

Combinations in which phosphorus occurs in wine. Carles 566

The sulphur dioxid content of beer, Vuaflart 566

Studies of the composition of Martinique rums, Bonis 566

Food inspection decisions 566

Notices of judgment 566

Official inspections 566

Report of the department of food and drugs for October, 1909, Barnard 566

Inspectors' reports for the month of October, 1909 566

[Examination of food and drugs and inspection work for November], Barnard. . 567

Text-book of human physiology, Zuntz and Loewy 567

Nutrition diseases — a text-book for physicians and students, Umber 567

The science of nutrition, Lusk 568

The protein question in the light of recently acquired facts, Abderhalden 568

Differences in the structure of proteins and the nutritive value, Zisterer 568

The effects of a meat diet upon the organism of the rabbit. Gamier and Simon. 568

The importance of the mineral constituents of foods. Ingle 568

The effect of a 24-hour fasting on the secretion of gastric juice, Riitimeyer 569

The chemistry of fat in the intestine, Richaud 569

The influence of lactic-acid ferments upon intestinal putrefaction, Baldwin. . . 569

Some effects of sodium benzoate, Lucas 569

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The problems of life, Giglio-Tos ...._. 570

Importance of slaughterhouse studies and anatomical investigations, Kraemer. . 570

The fitness of twins in cattle [and in sheep] for breeding, Strebel 570

History of Hereford cattle, Macdonald and Sinclair 571

CONTENTS. VII

Page.

The draft horse, De Choin 571

Report on the stock show at Prck-Po, l{au(U)iii 571

Factors infhieucing the fertility and hatchinj^ of eggs, Pearl and Surface 571

An act to regulate the sale of (•onc(!ntrated commercial feed stuffs 573

The ash constituents of wheat bran in the metabolism of herbivora. Hart et al.. 573

P^urther contributions on composition of hay from sewage meadows, Ehrenberg. 573

Acidifying silage beet chips by means of lactic-acid cultures 573

The ut ilization of pea-cannery refuse for forage, Crosby 573

Concerning the feeding of straw. Pott 573

Rearing calves on skim milk and sui)pleraentary feed, Norton, jr 573

Feeding the i)ig, Dietrich 574

Spanish peanuts, soy beans, and skim milk as feeds supplementary to corn, Flint 575

Yeast as a feeding s( u ff 575

Report of departmental comnut((H^ on ]K>ultry in Scotland, Murray et al 575

Evidence taken before the departmental committee 575

Poultry breeding, Hu])erz 575

The dollar hen, Hastings 575

The marketing of eggs. Philips 575

Judging and valuation of ostric^h feathers, Thornton 576

DAIRY I'ARMINO — DAIRYING.

Efficiency, economy, and effect of machine milking, Woll and Humphrey 57G

The dairy cow's record and the stable, Anderson 577

The Wisconsin dairy cow competition, Woll 577

Winter milk ])roduct ion, Watson and Mc Robert 577

The production ]n-ice of milk, Nanneson 577

Dairy suggestions from European conditions, Fraser and Brand 577

[Literature on fermentation and other changes in milk], Koch 578

Biological investigations of milk which creamed abnormally, Wolff 578

Bacterial flora of milk at low temperatures, Ravenel, Hastings, and Hammer. . 578

('omposition of market butter, Lee and Harnhart 578

Acidity of creamery l)ut1er and its relation to quality, Larsen et al 579

Pasteurization as a factor in making butter from cream skimmed on the farm, Lee 579

[Ozone for deodorizing stale cream in l)utterniaking| 580

Colored macroscopic bacteria in Emmental cheese, Thoni and Allemann 580

The disposal of wastes from the dairy industry, Kimberly 580

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Text-book of veterinary medicine. Law 581

The Van Gieson and Romanowsky stains for detection of Coccidia, Hadley 581

On a new spirillum in ( 'ercnpithrcus patas, Thiroux and Dufougere 581

Stock diseases carried by flies, Theiler 581

Duration of infectivity of Glossina palpalis, Bruce et al 581

Trypanosoma dimorphon and the trypanosomiases of southern Rhodesia, Bevan 581

East Coast fever 581

Research in dourine, particularly as to atoxyl treatment, Uhlenhuth and Woithe 582

Biliary fever or malignant jaundice of the dog (canine piroplasmosis), Jowett. . 582

Infectious jaundice due to Piwplasma commune, Phillips and McCampbell 582

The treatment of red water in cattle with trypanblau, Stockman 583

Indian cattle in Jamaica, Gosset 583

Anti-rinderpest serum, its production and use, Thomson 584

Epizootic abortion in cattle, McFadyean et al 584

On contagious abortion in cattle, Stockman 586

The Bang method for the repression of tuberculosis in cattle, Bang 586

Abscesses in the lungs and lymphatic glands of sheep, Jowett 586

Agglutination reactions in hog cholera during serum production, Giltner 586

Infectious pneumonia of the horse, Edwards 587

Ensilage poisoning in horses, Beaumont 587

Sulphur poisoning in horses, Percy 587

Vaccine therapy and the treatment of follicular mange, Mettam 587

A new view of the pathology of rabies, Konradi 587

Nodular tseniasis, or tapeworm disease, of fowls. Gage and Opperman 587

Formaldehyde disinfection without special apparatus, Walbum 588

VIII CONTENTS.

RURAL ENfiINP:ERINrT.

Page.

Irrigation in Texas, Nagle 588

Experiments in supplemental irrigation with small water supplies, Bryant 588

P^arm undertlrainage: Does it pay? Day 589

A portable ])anel fence, Dietrich 589

Sanitary cow stalls, Ocock 589

Electricity and agriculture, Cherry 589

Refrigeration on the homestead, Jackson and Lea 589

Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 590

RURAL ECONOMICS.

The training of farmers, Bailey 590

Farm bookkeeping. Lamb 590

Sim plified farm accounts, Wilson 590

The relations of farming interests to the railroads, Finley 590

[The transportation of agricultural packages], Bellet 590

Farmers' shipping associations 59 1

[Papers on agricultural cooperation] 59 1

Agricultural credit, insurance, and cooperative societies in France, von Hennet. 591

State aid to agricultural cooperation in France 591

The Belgian farmers' union, Van Molkot 592

Cooperative producing and credit societies 592

Report on the cooperative credit societies in the Punjab for 1909, Langley. 592

A short history of English agriculture, Curtler 592

Rural settlements in England, von Hennet 592

Report for 1908 on expenditure necessitated by agricultural distress, O'Beirne. 592

Agricultural wages and agricultural laborers in Finland, Groundstroem 593

Our census of American agriculture 593

Imports of farm products into the United States, 1851-1908 593

Exports of farm products from the United States, 1851-1908 593

Crop Reporter 593

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Education for efficiency, Davenport 593

Vocational education 594

The nature-study idea, Bailey 594

Boys' and girls' agricultural clubs, Howe 594

Outlines of agriculture for rural schools, Evans 594

Elementary domestic science, Landes 594

Poultry i^athology : Its place in the curriculum, Morse 594

The silo, Woodhull 594

Organization lists of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, Agnew. . 595

Organization, work, and publications of the Agricultural Education Service . . 595

A teacher's professional library: Classified list of one hundred titles 595

MISCELLANEOUS.

Experiment Station Work, LV 595

List of periodicals currently received in the U. S. Department of Agriculture.. 595

Laws of Maine relating to agriculture 595

Laws relating to agriculture now in force in Oklahoma 595

Laws of Vermont relating to agriculture and forestry 595

Illustrated dictionary of agriculture 595

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

California Station: Page.

Bui. 204, Dec, 1909 577

Hul. 205, Doc, 1909 526

Florida Station :

iiul. 100, Dec, 1909 534

Georgia Station:

Bui. 87, Nov., 1909 575

Illinois Station:

Bui. 138, Sept., 1909 579

Bui. 139, Oct., 1909 578

Bui. 140, Oct., 1909 577

Circ 132, Oct., 1909 589

Circ. 133, Oct., 1909 574

Kansas Station :

Bui. 162, Dec, 1909 575

Maine Station:

Bui. 168, Sept., 1909 571

Bui. 169, Nov., 1909 546

Bui. 170, Nov., 1909 547

Bui. 171, Nov., 1909 552

Off. Insp. 16 566

Marvland Station:

Bui. 139, Oct., 1909 587

Bui. 140, Nov., 1909 553

Massachusetts Station :

Circ 17, Sept., 1908 573

Michigan Station:

Bui. 257, Oct., 1909 573

Tech. Bui. 3, Oct., 1909 586

New Hampshire Station:

Sci. Contrib. 3, 1909 551, 554

Rhode Island Station:

Bui. 138, Nov., 1909 526

South Carolina Station :

Bill. 147, June, 1909 526

South Dakota Station:

Bui. 116, Nov., 1909 579

Bui. 117, Nov., 1909 536

Washington Station:

Bui. 89, 1909 537

Popular Bui. 21, Oct. 1, 1909 . 537

Popular Bui. 22, Oct. 20, 1909 . 520

Popular Bui. 23, Nov. 1, 1909. . 539

PopularBul.24, Dec 1,1909.. 538

Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 185, Nov., 1909 589

Research Bui. 3, June, 1909 . . 576

Stations in the United States — Cont'd.

Wisconsin Station — Continued. Page-
Research Bui. 4, J une, 1909 . . . 526
Research Bui . 5, J une, 1909 ... 573

Circ Inform. 9, Dec, 1909 577

Circ. Inform. 10, Jan., 1910 ... 515

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

549
595
594
535
566
566

Farmers' Bui. 383

Farmers' Bui. 384

Farmers' Bui. 385

Farmers' Bui. 386

Food Insp. Decisions 111-112 . . .

Notices of Judgment 123-133

Bureau of Animal Industrv:

Bui. 118 ( 10 <ents) . . .'. 531

Bureau of Chemistrv:

Bui. 130 (20 cents) 516

Bureau of Entomology:

Bui. 81 (15 cents) 550

Bui. 82, pt. 3 (5 cents) 554

Bui. 16, pt. 3, (tech. ser.) (5
cents) 554

Forest Service:

Circ 174 540

Circ. 176 539

The Use Book— Grazing, 1910. 542

Bureau of Plant Industrv:

Bui. 162 (10 cents). ' 529

Circ. 45 573

Circ. 46 538

Cu-c.47. 534

Bureau of Soils:

Bui. 63 (10 cents) 526

Bureau of Statistics:

Bui. 74 (10 cents) 593

Bui. 75 (10 cents) 593

Crop Reporter, vol. 12, No. 2,

Feb., 1910 593

Office of Experiment Stations:

Bui. 222 (15 cents) 588

Bui. 223 (15 cents) 560

Bui. 224 (10 cents) 595

Circ. 92 588

Circ. 93 595

Library:

Bui. 75 (10 cents) 595

Note.— The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be
purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. ('., to whom all
remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per volume,
and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publications
are given above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed
from the stations and not from the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXTI. Ma v. 1910. No. 6.

The injurions effect which often follows the feeding of cotton-seed
meal to certain kinds of live stock has been a subject commanding
much attention from the experiment stations ahnost from their estab-
lishment. The loss which has followed cotton-seed meal feeding,
especially with pigs and calves, has detracted greatly from the use
which could be made of this exceptionally rich material, and has
made a better understanding of its physiological effect a matter of
the greatest importance. For obvious reasons it has been recognized
as one of the live problems of the stations in the Southern States,
and the desirability of a wider and more safe utilization of this home
product has lent a special zeal to the investigation. It has been made
a prominent project under the Adams fund at a number of places.

These studies have been pursued from the standpoint of the chemist,
the veterinarian, and the animal feeder. Chemical investigations
have been made to discover if possible the character of the toxic
body, and extracts of various kinds have been examined as to their
composition and their toxicity. The symptoms of affected animals
have been extensively observed ; and a great variety of feeding
experiments have been made with different mixtures and methods of
feeding, in the attempt to get a clue to the nature of the difficulty
and the practical means of avoiding or overcoming it. It has been
variously ascribed to the lint, the oil, the high protein content, to a
toxalbumin or toxic alkaloid, to cholin and beta in, to resin present in
the meal, and to decomposition products.

But despite the amount and diversity of the study, the cause and
nature of the toxicity have continued to baffle investigators, and the
problem has been greatly confused by variations in the toxicity or an
entire absence of it, difficult to account for on the ground of individ-
uality of the experimental animals. At an interesting stage in the
study it would be found that the animals did not seem to be seriously
affected bV eating the meal in considerable quantities, and in certain
localities injury was far less prevalent than in others. These things
have served to interrupt the investigations, to make the point of
attack more difficult to discern, and to lend complexity to the whole
problem.

501

502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

It is a matter for congratulation, therefore, tliat the cause of the
poisoning and the reason for the variation in this respect now appear
to be exphiined by studies which have been going on in the Bureau
of Animal Industry of this Department, under Dr. John R, Mohler,
and are now announced in a preliminary way. The laborator}^ and
pharmacological studies have been conducted by Dr. Albert C.
Crawford, who in an article which has just appeared describes the
method of procedure which was followed in studying this problem,
and iiresonts his deductions as to the causative agent."

To the surprise of many, Dr. Crawford finds the poisonous princi-
l)le not to be an alkaloid, and probably an inorganic rather than an
organic body — a salt of pyrophosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid has
long been known to be present in cotton-seed meal in considerable
quantit}', and has been suggested as having a possible relation to its
toxicity ; but the methods of study followed have not been such as to
bring out this relationship or lend support to the hypothesis.

Dr. Crawford's results seem conclusive, and are supported by a
large amount of data from a systematic series of laboratory studies
and physiological tests. The findings have been confirmed by feeding
experiments with pigs, carried out b}^ the Bureau, which are not
presented in the preliminary paper. These feeding and pathological
studies, together with the laboratory investigations, are to be pub-
lished later as a bulletin of the Bureau. The preliminary notice is
issued at this time because of the interest in the j)rogress of the
work which has been manifested by several of the experiment sta-
tions now engaged in studying the prolilem. The present account is
sufficiently detailed and comprehensive to indicate the character and
scope of the investigation, and it will make it possible for other
investigators in this field to redirect their studies and to coordinate
them with those of the Bureau.

Starting with the product which would be digested by the animal,
that is, the extract prepared by digesting cotton seed with pepsin
and jDancreatin, the extract was concentrated and studied in its toxic
effects on rabbits. Whole cotton seed of known origin was used in
a number of cases, which was first ground and extracted to remove
the fat. The same variations in toxicity which had been noticed in
other experiments were encountered. It was found that while the
seed from Upland cotton was quite generally poisonous to animals,
that from certain Sea Island cotton contained so small a quantity of
the poisonous principle as to be practically harmless. The toxic effect
of the Sea Island seed, however, was greatly increased by heating,
indicating that if in the treatment of the seed at the oil mills the

« Jour. Phanuacol. and Expt. Tber., 1 (1910), No. 5, pp. .519-.54S.

EDITORIAL. 503

temperature rises high the poisonous principle is developed. This
is due to a conversion of part of the orthophosphoric acid into the
pyro form, a reaction familiar to chemists.

This explains in an interesting way the differences which have
been observed in the meal from different mills. Several experiment
station workers have expressed the belief that the process of manu-
facture often has an important relation to the poisonous properties
of the seed. At one station pigs were fed continuously and heavily
on cotton-seed meal from a nearby mill without the slightest injury
being apparent, but when a change was made to a lot of meal shipped
in from an adjoining State cases of poisoning soon followed. Less
easily explained is the observation of Dr. Crawford that Sea Island
seed grown in Florida proved poisonous even without heating, ap-
proaching in this respect certain varieties of the Upland cotton.
This remains for further invastigation.

In the study of the extract containing the digestive products, it
was found that lead and copper acetates preci[)itated a toxic agent
which gave the usual symptoms of cotton-seed meal poisoning when
fed to rabbits, while the lihnite from this precipitate remained in-
active. On decomposing the lead precipitate with sulphuretted
hj^drogen and concentrating in vacuo, a red gunnny material was
obtained which fed to rabbits produced an intense gastro-enteritis
and induced death in about an hour. From this material crystalline
needles were obtained after standing about eight Aveeks, but these
crystals proved physiologically inactive, while the gummy matrix
continued to produce the poisonous effects, suggesting that the active
principle was an amorphous body. One after another suspected
compounds were eliminated from consideration and the active prin-
ciple was shown not to be a toxalbumin, a glucosid, and probably
not an alkaloid. But it yielded precipitates with ammonium molyb-
date, magnesia mixtures, and the acetates of such metals as lead,
mercury, and cadmium, indicating the presence of some form of phos-
phoric acid, which ultimately j^roved to be the case. The substance
responded to reactions for pyrophosphoric acid, which is known to
have poisonous properties, and is a soft glassy mass crystallizing only
at low temperature and after months of standing.

It is interesting to note that as far back as 1892, Prof. M. B.
Hardin, of the South Carolina Experiment Station, reported the
finding of both meta and pyrophosphoric acid in all of a series of
samples of cotton-seed meal which were examined in his laboratory.
He says of their j)resence : " The salts of the last two acids are said
to be more or less poisonous, and though their precise physiological
action has not I believe been determined, it is quite possible that some
of the peculiar and in certain cases injurious and even fatal effects
produced by the use of cotton seed and cotton-seed meal as feeding

504 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED,

stuffs may be due, in a measure at least, to the presence of these meta
and pyro compounds." In a paper before the Association of Official
Agricultural Chemists in that year he mentions the finding of these
two forms of phosphoric acid in aqueous solutions of cotton-seed meal,
and raises the question whether they exist in the original cotton seed
or are formed as a result of the process of the preparation of the meal.

Dr. Crawford refers to Professor Hardin's work, and notes the
absence of any pharmacological tests to bear out the suggestion made
in regard to the relation of these bodies to cotton-seed poisoning.
The matter appears not to have been followed up by that station until
last June, when a project was entered upon with that work and
liA^pothesis as its starting point.

A variety of confirmatory experiments were conducted by Dr.
Crawford, together with studies on the nature of the compound, and
pharmacological tests with sodium salts of the three forms of phos-
phoric acid. Ilis final conclusion is that " the chief poisonous prin-
ciple in certain cotton-seed meals is a salt of pyrophosphoric acid. In
some this salt seems to be a simple one, presumably inorganic, while
in others it is more complex, perhaps an organic one. Probably this
difference in the combinations of pyrophosphoric acid may aid in
explaining the variation in toxicity of different meals. In certain
cotton-seed meals one would expect to find salts of metaphosphoric
acid entering into this action. To be harmful the pyrophosphates
must be in such a form that they can be absorbed, or the phosphoric
acid ionized in the gastro-intestinal tract. The harmlessness of cer-
tain cotton seeds and meal is mainl}^ due to the fact that in them the
]:)hosphoric acid exists largel}^, if not entirel}^, as a compound of ortho,
and not as one of the other phosphoric acids. Small amounts of
pyrophosphates can apparently be borne without injury. The
amount of the salt which may be permitted in cotton-seed meal should
be determined."

Aside from the avoidance of too high heating in manufacture, the
author does not suggest a remedy for this difficulty in feeding cotton-
seed meal. He points out that " at present it would seem to be the
wisest course to test each lot of meal by a combined biological and
chemical method, and if an}^ excess of poisonous properties is present,
to utilize such meal for fertilizing purposes or use for feed Avith the
greatest caution, and reserve for more indiscriminate feeding those
Avhich prove harmless to experimental animals."

This work suggests a line of study upon the relation of the char-
acter of the soil, etc., to the production of the poisonous body in cot-
ton seed, the part which fertilizers may play, the influence of micro-
organisms, and an inquiry as to whether the pyrophosphoric acid is
derived from the soil or is due to a physiological process in the seeds.
The possible relation of cholin or similar bodies as contributory

EDITORIAL. 505

causes Avoukl also seem to l)e in order. Furthermore, " the question as
(() whether inrophosphates will induce a hypersensibility and thus in-
crease the activit}^ of pathogenic organisms should be investigated."

The importance of this discovery as a contribution to our knowledge
regarding cotton-seed meal as a feeding stulf will be generally recog-
nized. P)ut beyond this the study will make possible and suggest a
wdiole train of studies upon various ingredients of feeding stuffs in
their relation to the animal organism. The desirability of investiga-
tions starting out from this point of view has been previously re-
ferred to, and is illustrated by several studies now in progress.

The session of the Graduate School to be held this summer at the
Iowa State College bids fair to be one of unusual interest in a number
of respects. It offers an attractive program of advanced study in a
variety of subjects, and is held in a typical region, at one of the best
equipped agricultural colleges in the country.

This is the fourth session of this school, held under the auspices of
the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment
Stations. The undertaking is cooperative between the association
and the institution at which the sessions are held, and is designed to
furnish facilities for a brief period of advanced study in the science
of agricidture Avitli special reference to the methods of investigating
agricultural problems and teaching agricultural subjects. The first
session Avas held at Ohio State University in 1902, the experiment
being so successful that a continuance of the school seemed desirable.
Provision was therefore made for its continuance b}^ the association,
the plan being to hold sessions every two years. The second session
took i)lace at the University of Illinois in 190G, and the third session
at Cornell University in 1908.

With each succeeding session this school has assumed increasing
importance as an agency for study and for meeting the leaders in
agricultural instruction and investigation. The attendance has in-
creased steadily, that at the last session being one hundred and sixty-
four students and seventy-eight lecturers. The enthusiasm has run
high, and the spirited discussions and personal contact have served to
make the time both inside and outside the class room very profitable.
The change of instructors each week brings a new lot of men upon the
scene, and has the effect of keeping up the interest throughout the
session. To instructors and hearers alike the sessions have been
stimulating and helpful, as well as informational, and to the younger
assistants entering agricultural college and experiment station work
the schools have afforded an exceptional opportunity for broadening
their grasp and coming to know" many of the prominent men in these
lines of work.

506 EXPKIUMENT STATION KKCORD.

The scope of llie session held this siiiiiiiier will he hroader Ihaii ever
hefoi'e. Iiistniclion will he liiveii in eiiiht main lines: — phml phys-
ioh)gy and patlioh)iiy. agronomy, horticultnre, animal hushandry,
poultry, dairying, rural engineering, and I'ural economics and soci-
ology. The courses in rural engineering and in rural economics and
sociology will l)e given for the first time. Work along these lines is
developing rapidly in the agricultural colleges, and the Graduate
School therefore affords an opportune occasion for discussing the
organization of such courses and the development of research in these
lines.

The course in j)lant ]ihysiology and pathology will he so arranged
as to enahle all students interested in these suV)jects to attend. For
this purpose a different hour has been given to courses in agronomy
and horticulture, which Avill run parallel, and w^ill be more closely
confined to topics relating directl}^ to these subjects respectively.

In view of the large interest at present in matters relating to agri-
cultural extension, a relatively large amount of time Avill be given to a
discussion of the functions and organization of extension depart-
ments, their relation to the experiment) stations and teaching depart-
ments, etc. Four evenings and one Saturday forenoon Avill be devoted
to this w^ork. University extension in general will be presented by
Director Reber of the University of Wisconsin and President Sparks
of Pennsylvania State College ; and the present status of agricultural
extension education in this country and abroad wall be shoAvn by Prof.
John Hamilton of this Office.

At one of the conferences there Avill be discussion of the sphere of
agricultural extension, its special problems, organization, methods
and equipment of extension departments, and the means for qualify-
ing extension leaders and teachers. Among the speakers will be
President Butterfield of Massachusetts, Dean Davenport of Illinois,
Dean Hunt of Pennsylvania, President Soule of Georgia, Superin-
tendent Miller of Kansas, Professor Christie of Indiana, and Pro-
fessor Holden of Iowa. In connection with this conference it is hoped
to have a general meeting of the leaders in agricultural extension.

Agricultural journalism will be considered at one of the Saturday
conferences, where the matter will be presented by representatives
of leading agricultural journals and men in the agricultural colleges
who are giving courses of instruction in this subject. Conferences
will also be held on secondary education in agriculture and on the
relation of agricultural education to the business of farming.

The faculty of the school is an unusually strong one and is gathered
from all parts of the country. It includes over forty specialists in
the agricultural colleges, experiment stations, and this Department,
together with Dr. D. T. Macdougal. director of the department of
botanical research, of the Carnegie Institution, Prof. J. S. Pray, pro-

EDITORIAL, 507

fessor of landscape architecture in Harvard University, Dr. W. E.
Castle, professor of zoology at Harvard, Dr. C. W. Gay, professor
of animal husbandry in the University of Pennsylvania, Prof. G. E.
Day, of the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, and Prof. F. H.
King, formerly in charge of agricultural physics in the University of
Wisconsin.

There will be two lecturers from abroad: Dr. E. von Tschermak,
professor of plant breeding in the Royal Imperial Agricultural Col-
lege at Vienna, and Prof. J. C. Ewart, of the University of Edin-
burgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. The former is widely known for his
investigations in cereal breeding and the latter for his work upon the
principles of animal breeding, including telegony. These two dis-
tinguished foreigners will add interest and scope to the courses in
plant and animal breeding.

The sessions of the school will open July 4 and continue to July 29.
Public opening exercises will be held on the evening of July 6 in the
neAV agricultural building of Iowa State College. It is expected that
several associations, representing diiferent lines of agricultural in-
struction and rei^earch will hold meetings in connection with the
school, probably immediately before or after the session.

Arrangements have also been made to hold another session of the
Graduate School of Home Economics at Ames during the sessions of
the Graduate School of Agriculture. One matriculation fee will
admit students to both of these schools.

The vast agricultural interests of the region in which this session
of the school is to be held, and the unparalleled prosperity of agri-
culture throughout the Middle West, will afford to those Avho attend
this session many opportunities for observations of unusual interest
to students of our agriculture. The recent broadening of the scope
of agricultural research, and the rapidly awakening interest in
broader problems of agricultural economics and country life, will
also contribute to the interest and success of the school.

35128— No. 6—10 2

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

Allen's commercial organic analysis, II. I.ki'fmann kt al. ( I'liiladrlpliia,
1909, ml. I, '/. ill., /)j). .V+.577j, figs. H6). — This volume has been so extensively
revised that it is itractically a new book. A new feature introduced in this
edition is the division of the topics among Aarious writers and a now arrange-
ment of these topics. Two new chapters liave been added, one on yeast and
one on ])aper and i)aper making materials. The subject of cellulose nitrates
has been transferred to the section on smokeless exi)lf)sives of volume 2, which
is to follow, and the examination of malt has been transferred to the section
on malt liyuors. The decimal system has been nsed throughout except in spe-
cial instances where conformation to the standards established was necessary.
The edition is to have 8 volumes, the first few of which are statetl to be now
in press.

Chemical-teclinical analysis, G. LuNCiK and E. Berl (CJirmi.'^rli-trrJnii.sclic
UntcTfiiirlinnf/smcthodcn. Berlin, 1910, 6". eel., rev. and enl., pp. XIX+67Ji, flg.s.
16S : Sup. pp. 72). — This is the first Aolume of the sixth edition of this work,
and has been entirely rewritten and enlarged. Aside fx'om a description of the
sampling, general laboratory operations, and general chemical and physical
analytical methods, it includes gas analyses, examination of solid fuels, the manu-
facture of sulphuric acid, the chemical control of the process, etc., nitric acid
manufacture and chemical control, analyses of the products, soda manufacture
and chemical analyses of products, chlorin and its i)roducts, etc., potassium and
the various potassium compounds and the analytical methods therefor.

Aids to the analysis of food and drugs, Moor and Partridge (London, 1909,
3. ed., pp. 2.'i9). — The authors state that in preparing this revision the volume
has been practically rewritten. It has been their intention, as heretofore, to
prepare a volume of moderate size devoted to the analysis of food and drugs,
with special reference to the needs of those who are engaged in the examination
of such materials.

The chemistry of foods and condiments, J. Konig (Clicniic dcr .\Ienfieh-
lichen Nahnniffs- and (ienitsfimittel. Berlin, 1910, vol. 3, pt. 1, .'/. rev. ed., pp.
XIV-\-772, pg^. -'lO')). — This Aolume is a continuation of work previously noted
(E. S. II., 15, pj). 283. 991). It confines itself chiefly to the general methods
of analysis and considers the following : Preparation of the sample ; determina-
tion of water ; general physical methods, which includes determination of spe-
cific gravity, melting point, cryoscopy, electrical conductivity, calorimetry, po-
lariscopy, refractometry, spectroscopy, colorimetry, microscopy, micro-chemical
analysis, and cajjillary analysis; elementary analysis; detection, determination,
and separation of nitrogenous bodies ; separation and determination of the amino
acids and other cleavage products of the pi'oteins; detection and determination
of ptomaines; separation and determination of the flesh bases; differentiation
508

AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHN Y. 509

of the itroteius liy moans of specitic sera; deterniination of fat and oils, deter-
mination and separation of nitrogen-free extract snbstances; separation and
determination of organic acids; determination and separation of mineral snb-
stances; determination of alcohols; detection of coloring matters in foods and
condiments; qualitative and quantitative detection of preservatives; myco-
logical examination of food stuffs; utilization of foods by the human being;
respiration experiments; animal calorimetric investigations; and numerous
tables.

Handbook for the manufacture of colors, G. Zerr and R. Rubencamp
(HaiKlhiich der Farbnifdbrikdtion. Berlin. 1909, 2. ed., rev. and enl.. pp.
XVI+S7S, figs. 90). — This is a treatise on the manufacture and analysis of the
inorganic and organic coloring matters. The descriptive portions are of par-
ticular interest.

The relation of colloid research to agricultural chemistry, P. Ehrenberg
(Ztselir. Cheni. u. Indus. KoUoide, 3 (1908). No. 5, pp. 193-206; ahs. in Chem.
Zentbl., 1909, II, No. 17, p. i.'/NS). — The author draws attention to the colloidal
chemical processes which occur in agrotechny, viz. in baking, starch manu-
facture, brewing, alcohol and yeast production, and sugar manufacture.

The present status of colloid chemistry, A. Lottermooser (Ztsehr. Angew.
€hem., 22 {1909), No. 50, pp. 2.'/ 17-2423). —This is a description of colloid
chemistry and considers many matters pertaining to it in the light of modern
knowledge.

Principles and results of plant chemistry, II and III, H. Euleb (Grund-
lagen iind Ergebnisse der Pflanzenehemie. Brunsiciek, 1909, pp. VIII+297, figs.
S).— This continues the work previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 90(5). The
second part confines itself to the general laws controlling plant life, that is,
the laws of gases, osmotic pressure, electrolytic dissociation, solubility, colloids,
plant enzyms, etc. The third part considers the chemical processes in the plant,
that is, the assimilation of carbon, nitrogen, nitrites, nitrates, ammonia, and
mineral substances, carl)ohydrates and fats, the end products of metabolism, etc.

The vegetable proteins, T. B. Osborne (London and Neiv York, 1909, pp.
XIII+125). — This is a timely discussion of the general chemical and physical
properties of the vegetable proteins. As stated in the preface, it was the inten-
tion of the author to present a general description of these proteins as a group
or class rather than to consider them individually. Among the subjects dis-
cussed are a historical review, the occurrence of proteins in the different parts
of plants and their general characteristics, the isolation and preparation of
seed proteins, the basic and acid properties of proteins, the solubility, precipi-
tation, denaturing, physical constants, products of hydrolysis, and classification
of vegetable proteins, some physiological relations of vegetable proteins to the
animal organism, and the biological relations of seed proteins to one another.
An extensive bibliography is appended.

Peptic dig-estion of casein from the standpoint of the acidity of its diges-
tion products, 8. KuTTNER (Areh. I'ligsiol. [I'fiiigrr]. 129 {1909), No. 10-12.
pp. 557-602). — In the proteolysis of casein phosi)horus-free and phosphorus-
containing compounds are split off. The former can be split off under the most
unfavorable conditions while the latter class, or paranuclein. is not so ea^ly
digestible.

" Kiihnes* anticomplex " is formed when the paranuclein digestion is carried
on further and under favorable conditions, whereas the phosphorus-containing
portion which was split off from it by the peptid cleavage is broken down still
further to the phosphorus-rich acid combinations (paranucleic acid). This ex-
plains the observed increase of the acid digestion products during the digestion
of casein.

510 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.

A contribution to nitrogen determination, K. A. Mit.sciikui.icii (CIkiii. ZI;;.,
SJ (l!)0!)). At*. IJ'J, I). 1058). — This is a poloniifiil article in rol)ly to Sclioneke
( E. S. !{., 21, p. (511), and compares tlio results obtained with the Mitscherlicb,
Scheiicke. and Deusch methods. For nitrates the Mitscherlich method yielded
the highest results of the three methods. The same was the case in determining
nitrites, and for these Scheuclie's method gave results ol.2 per cent lower than
that of tlie autlior.

Determination of nitrogen in nitrites and nitrates, V. Schencke (Chcm.
Ztg., J3 (I'JO'J), ^'o. 136, p. I,i03). — A reply to Mitscherlich's criticism, noted
above. The author states that his metliod was only reconunended for nitrate
determinations, and further, that in order to secure accurate results witli the
reduction of nitrates according to Ulsch's method a certain concentration of the
solution must be present.

On the determination of potassium, by the cobalti-nitrite method, L. T.
Bowser {Jour. Indus, ami Engin. Chcm., 1 {1909), No. 12, pp. 791-798, fig. 1). —
Owing to the advantages of the cobalti-nitrate metliod over the platinum
method, the author investigated Adie and Wood's all^ali method and tlie acid
method, but found that neither of these methods as now employed furnishes
results sutliciently correct for quantitative purposes. The author's method,
which is a modification of that of Adie and Wood, is more accurate.

The method is carried on as follows: A 0.75 per cent potassium oxid solu-
tion is made, the potash being brought into solution by the usual methods, and
any excess of acid removed by evaporation. The residue after evaporation
is taken up with water, and any metal i)resent which may interfere is removed
by boiling with sodium carbonate. The solution is then filtered and the pre-
cipitate obtained is washed with hot water. The washings and the filtrate
are combined, acidified with acetic acid and the potassium precipitated as
follows: Five cc. of the 0.75 per cent solution (equivalent to 0.0375 gm. potas-
sium oxid). 10 cc. of the cobalti-nitrite reagent, and 1 cc. of strong acetic acid
are placed' in a porcelain evaporating dish. The mixture is then evaporated
to a paste on the steam bath and after cooling the residue is stirred up with
25 to 50 cc. of water and filtered through asbestos and the precii)itate washed
with sufficient water to remove the excess of reagent. The precipitate and
asl)estos are then transferred quantitatively to a 250 cc. beaker. To the beaker
there is then added an excess of decinormal potassium permanganate solution,
and the mixture brought to the boiling point. When the solution begins to
darken 5 cc. of a 1:1 sulphuric acid solution is added, and then titrated back
with decinormal oxalic acid solution and potassium permanganate solution to
the end point. Each cubic centimeter of potassium permanganate used is equiv-
alent to 0.0008573 potassium oxid.

The cobalti-nitrite reagent is prepared by dissolving 220 gm. of sodium nitrite
in 400 cc. of water, and 113 gm. of cobalt acetate in 300 cc. of water and 100 cc.
glacial acetic acid. The solutions are then poured together, gently warmed,
and the nitrogen peroxid which is evolved removed from the bottle by means of
a filter pump which is allowed to run overnight. After this the solution is
filtered and made up to 1 liter.

Determination of phosphoric acid in acid solution with alkaline molybdate
solution and glue, A. Grete (Ber. Dent. Chem. GeselL, Ji2 {1909), No. IS, pp.
3106-3115; ahs. in Chem. Netcs, 100 {1909), No. 2605, p. 220).— To the solution
containing phosphoric acid are added a glue solution, ammonium nitrate, and
nitric acid. After boiling, molybdic acid is added drop by drop from a burette
until a definite precii)itate remains. The solution is then again l)oiled and
well shakeu until a compact yellow precipitate is obtained, when more molybdic

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 511

acid is added in the same manner until no more precipitate is formed. From
tlie amount of molybdic acid used the pliosphoric acid content can be calculated.

The reagents employed are a molybdic acid solution, wliicli is prepared by
adding a concentrated solution of molybdic acid in ammonium hydrate to nitric
acid until the precipitate obtained does not redissolve, and adding ammonia.
The solution is then titrated with potassium diphosphate solution and each
cubic centimeter made to corres[)ond to 0.002.5 gm. phosphoric acid. The nitric
acid-ammonium nitrate solution is composed of 200 gm. ammonium nitrate and
2G.5 cc. nitric acid and made up to 1 liter. The glue solution is made by soalv-
ing the glue overnight in cold water, pouring off the water, and boiling the
residue in water and nitric acid. After cooling, the mixture is made alkaline
with ammonium hydrate, and magnesia mixture added in order to precipitate
any phosphoric acid which may be present in the glue. Ammonium carbonate
is then added and the glue solution filtered off wlien required.

Estimation of sulphur in alkali polysulphids, G. Dussekre and V. Vuilleu-
MiER (Chrm. Zig., 33 (1909), No. 127, p. 1129; Analust, 3.'f (1909), No. J,05,
p. 5.'i5). — As other forms of sulphur exist in these insecticides besides the
active polysulphid, the authors suggest estimating the latter as follows: Dis-
solve 10 gm. of the substance in 500 cc. of water and filter. Place 5 cc. of
the filtrate in a flask with 30 to 40 cc. of strong ammonia, and dilute with
an equal volume of water. Heat the mixture gradually to the boiling point'
and titrate with decinormal silver nitrate solution, adding the same drop by
drop until a black precipitate suddenly forms and leaves a colorless super-
natant liquid. Each cubic centimeter of silver nitrate used equals O.OOIG gm.
of sulphur in the polysulphid form.

Volumetric estimation of calcium, oxid in presence of dissolved silica, K.
Baltiiasar {Chcm. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 11, pp. 6J,G, 6Ji1 ; aU. in Jour. Clicm.
Soe. London, 96 {1909), No. 56.',, II, p. 831).— The metliod is carried out as
follows: Seven-tenths gm. of the substance (cement, etc.) is treated with
strong hydrochloric acid, using heat if necessary. The mixtui-e is then trans-
ferred to a 350 cc. flask, rinsed with water until about 100 cc. is obtained and
boiled a few minutes to expel carbon dloxid. After this 50 cc. of ammonium
mixture (25 gm. ammonium chlorid, 100 cc. acetic acid and ammonium hydroxid
to malce 1000 cc.) is added, boiled, and then while boiling 50 cc. of seminormal
oxalic acid is added, cooled, and filled to the 350 cc. mark with water. The
solution is then filtered and in 50 cc. of the filtrate the excess of oxalic acid
is determined by decinormal permanganate in the presence of 5 cc. of sulphuric
acid and a few cubic centimeters of manganous sulphate solution. From this
data the percentage of calcium oxid is calculated.

Estimation of calcium carbonate in soils, F. S. Marr {Jour. Agr. ScL, 3
{1909), No. 2, pp. 153-160).— The author draws attention to the fact that the
boiling strong acid employed in the analysis of soils decomposes some of the
organic matter and results in the production of carbon dioxid. Soils which
contain less than 1 per cent of calcium carbonate, particularly acid soils, there-
fore yield incorrect results on ajialysis. Recommendations are made to
eliminate this source of error, such as the reduction of the strength of the
acid, etc.

A modification of the Kjeldahl method for foods, R. Corradi (Bol. Ghim.
Farm.., J,6 {1907), pp. 861-86J,; ab.<^. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Gcnu.<i.<imt1.,
18 {1909), No. 11, p. 671). — The modification consists of the use of sodium
hypobromite and thereby discarding the usual distillation process.

The method is as follows: To 2.5 gm. of a foodstuff which contains more than
3 per cent of nitrogen, or 5 gm. of a foodstuff which contains less than 3 per

512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

wilt of nltroj;(Mi is iuUk-d (:ifter previous (Ir.viiiK)i •!" '•*"• of fuming' suliiliiiric
acid. Tilt' inixdiri' is tlioii poured iuto about 40 cr. of water, nearly neutral-
ized witli sodium liydroxid. and made up to 250 cc. Twenty-five cc. is then
mixed (witli i)roper precautions) with 25 cc. of Lypobromite solution and tlie
dtvoniposition allowed to take place in the Dupre apparatus as modified by the
author. To the amount of nitrogen thus found 1.7 per cent must be addttl. as
not all of the nitrogen present in the sample is liberated.

Detection of flour adulteration by the serum diag'nostic method, W. Maci-
Nus (Ldndir. Jahrh., dS (I'M)), EnyUnzinnish. 5, pp. :-^07-jy.J).— This is a
description of the precipitin reaction as applied to the detection of vegetal)le
proteids, particularly in flour adulterations, and of the method of producing
the specific serum.

The bleaching of flour, J. Buchwald and M. P. Neumann (Lamlio. Jahrh.,
38 {I'.lOU). IJiij/iiiizimy-^l). 5, pp. 197-206, fig. 1). — The authors show that with
Alsoi)'s nitrogen dioxid apparatus the white color of fine flours may be rendered
2 or 3 shades lighter, but that with coarsely ground dark flour no bleaching
can be done. They attribute this to the fact that the latter have a higher
percentage of fat and contain larger sized and more seed hulls. The hulls
contain a dark tannic acid which can not be destroyed by the bleaching process.
The bleaching process was not found to increase the bakinf^ value of the flour,
but on the other hand it did not diminish it.

The bleaching of flour, H. Rousset {Rev. Gen. Chim., 12 {1909), No. 19,
pp. 3(JS-3t(J, fujs. 7; ahs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 22 {1909), No. 50, p. 2.'f29).—
The author discusses the different bleaching agents and their detection in the
flour, and reports results on attempts to bleach by-products of the milling
industry, such as bran. It is shown that the various bleaching agents have no
decolorizing power on bran. Tests with liquid bleaching substances also gave
negative results. The author shows by tests that it is possible to wash out 90
per cent of the starch content of the bran and recommends the use of this
product for sizing linen. The residue can be used, when mixed with molasses,
for cattle feed.

Judging honey by the biological method, J. Langer {Arch. Ilijg., 77 {1909),
No. 3, pp. 308-330). — The author made a further study of the application of
the precipitin reaction for detecting honey adulteration. The proteid of honey
w^as found to be identical with that of pollen. By precipitating with ammonium
sulphate 10 gm. of pollen were found to contain 5.6 per cent of nitrogen, or
about 15 times as much as is found in natural honey.

The method recommended by the author is as follows: Ten gm. of the honey
in question is dissolved in 10 cc. of water, filtered, and 5 cc. of this mixture
placed in each of 2 dializing thimbles (Schleicher and Schull) and dialized for
24 hours into distilled water. The water should be changed 2 or 3 times during
this interval. The dializates are then combined and made up to 30 cc, washings
and all, and filtered. From this mixture, 1 cc. of 10 and 20 per cent solutions
by volume are made up and placed in 2 graduated centrifuge tubes. A third
tube is filled with the original solution. To each of the 3 tubes there is added
1 cc. of specific serum and 1 drop of toluol, and they are then placed in the
incubator for 24 hours. After this the tubes are centrifuged for 5 minutes
and the height of the precipitate noted. Certain pure honeys did not give the
reaction.

Detection of fuchsin in wines and sirups, A. Carobbio {Bol. Chim. Farm.,
46 {1901), pp. 535-537; ahs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Oenu.^smth, 18
{1909), No. 11, p. 712). — The author describes 2 methods:

(a) To 1 cc. of the sample is added 1 to 2 cc. of paraldehyde and then 4 to 5
drops of a 50 per cent i)otassium iodid i-olution in distilled water. After shak-

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 513

ing and preventing as much as possible the formation of an emulsion, the
mixture is allowed to stand for a time. If fuchsin is present, the paraldehyde
layer will be red in color. The reaction is sensitive to 1 part in a million.

(b) One cc. of the sample is diluted with 2 cc. of water. Then 2 cc. of a
saturated solution of salicylic acid in chloroform is added, shaken, and allowed
to stand. The presence of fuchsin is indicated by the red coloration of the
chloroform layer.

Olive oil, E. R. Miller (Proc. Ann. Conv. Ala. Pharm. Assoc, 21 (1908),
pp. 71-73). — The results of analyses of 30 samples of olive oil collected in 3
different States showed a positive Halphen reaction in 11 instances. The nitric
acid test and silver nitrate test, on the other hand, showed a slight reaction in
some instances where none was apparent with Halphen's reagent.

Pecan oil, A. C. Deilee and G. S. Fraps {Amer. Cliem. Jour., i,3 (1909). No. 1,
pp. 90-91). — An anaylsis at the Texas Experiment Station of pecan oil obtained
from pecan nuts which consisted of 47 per cent kernels and contained 70.4
per cent of oil, gave the following results: Specific gravity 15° C. 0.9184,
saponification value 19S.0, iodin absorption (Hiibl's method) lOG.O, volatile
acids (Reichert-Meissl value) 2.2, acetyl value 1.16. insoluble fatty acids
(Hehner value) KM. 4 per cent, lecithin 0..~) i)er cent, and cholesterol 0.2S per cent.

A method for the determination of citral in lemon extracts and lemon oils,
R. S. HiLTNER (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 12, pp. 798-800).—
The method is a colorimetric one, using Schreiner's apparatus and a 1 per cent
solution of metaphenylenediamin hydrochlorid in 50 per cent ethyl alcohol as
the reagent. All operations may be carried on at room temperature.

The determination of essential oil and moisture in spices and aromatic
drugs, R. A. Cripps and J. A. Brown (Analyst, S.'f (1909), No. J/Oo, pp. 519-
523). — The authors did not obtain good results by determining the oil and
moisture directly and therefore suggest employing an indirect method, that is,
determining (a) moisture and (b) total volatile matter, the difference being
the essential oil.

The moisture is determined by heating the spice in a stout tube according
to Dupre's method for cordite, allowing the vapor therefrom to act upon calcium
cai-bid and measuring the amount of acetylene formed in a nitrometer. The
number of cubic centimeters of gas obtained multiplied by 0.001725 giving the
weight of water in the sample. For the total volatile matter (essential oil
plus moisture), the authors heat a tube containing the spice at a temperature
of 135° C, passing a current of air through it simultaneously for a period of
1 hour or less, and noting the loss of weight.

Detection of coffee adulterations, M. Cantagrel (Ann. Falsif., 2 (1909),
No. 12, pp. Jt60-'i63; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 136, Repcrt., p. 582).—
The method is based on the fact that coffee contains about 25 per cent of total
extractive matter, so that for every 5 gm. of coffee substitute present there is a
diminution of this extract by 1.2 per cent. It is further shown that coffee has
a maximum reducing value, so that any values beyond this indicate adultera-
tion with some roasted substance containing sugar.

On the phosphates in certain vineg'ars and in the materials used in their
manufacture, T. Fairley (Analyst, 3.'t (1909), No. J,05, pp. 515, 516).— The
author investigated certain vinegars which, though normal in other respects,
did not have the requisite amount of phosphates present. It was found that
the mash of these vinegars was made partly from corn and was filtered pre-
vious to fermentation, so that a considerable amount of the phosphates was
retained in the draff or grains.

Iron as an ag'ent causing discoloration of food products, E. W. Duckwall
(Canncr and Dried Fruit Packer, 29 (1909), No. 23, pp. 27-30). —Largely on

514 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

the basis of oxi)erionco, the antlior discusses the discoloration which may occur
in the manufacture of i)iclvies and other food jtroducts owinj: to tiie i»resence of
iron. In pnx-essin},' canned goods of different sorts hydroj^en sulphid causes
discoloration by actiufjc upon the iron present, for instance, in the water used
in iircparinj^ the can contents.

Indirect determination of the total solids in milk, D. (Jiriijaldo and A.
Peluffo {Monit. Sci., >,. scr., i.f {l!)()<)). II, No. 812, pp. J,H!)-.',D9) .—ThiB is a
description of the orijrin and basis of the formulas emi)loyed to determine the
total solids of milk indirectly.

Determination of fat in dairy and other products by Gottlieb's method,
L. (iuuNiiUT {Ztschr. Anali/t. Chvm., .'/.S (inO!)), Xo. 12, pp. 7.S7-7.s'.7, fi(/s. 2).—
A description of the various forms of ap])aratns and moditicatious of (Jottlieb's
method for th(> determination of fat.

An anaeroxydase and a catalase in milk, Sarthou (Chcm. Ztff., 33 (1909),
No. JJfl, p. 12JfO, fig. 1). — It is stated that milk contains an anaeroxydase which
is soluble in water and milk serum and also a catalase which is insoluble. Fur-
ther, that insoluble casein oxidizes ?j-phenylendiamin but not guaicol, and that
the former is an extraordinarily sensitive reagent which must be taken into
consideration when testing for oxidizing ferments.

About an anaeroxydase and a catalase in milk, F. Bordas and Touplain
{Cimpt. Roul. Acad. 8ci. [Prtr/.s-], J.'i9 (1909), No. 22, pp. JOll, 101^).— The
authors state that the presence of a catalase and anaeroxydase as noted by
Sarthou above is not proved, and that the color reaction produced in i-aw milk
is brought about by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxid and is due to the
calcium caseinate.

Detection of cows' milk in asses' milk, L. Grimbert (Jour. Pharm. ct Chim.,
6. ser., SO (1909), No. 7, pp. 29S-S00; ahs. in Vhnn. Zifi.. 33 (1909), No. IJfl,
Rcpert., p. 605). — As asses' milk contains no anaeroxydase the presence of cows'
milk, which contains anaeroxydase, can easily be detected with a 1 per cent
guaiac solution and peroxid of hydrogen.

The catalase reaction of colostrum, J. Van Haarst (Mrded. Rijkfi Ifoogere
Land, Tuin en Bosclihomosch., 1 (1908), pp. 27-32). — On the basis of his in-
vestigations the author concludes that where the catalase content is higher
than the normal, abnormal milk is to be suspected.

About the refraction and specific gravity of calcium chlorid milk serum,
G. WiEGNKR and G. Yakuwa (Milchw. ZrntM.. 5 (1909). Nos. 11. pp. Ji73-.',87 ; 12,
pp. 521-530). — The authors conclude from their work that the specific refrac-
tion of the calcium chlorid serum is independent of the temperature and, in
very wide limits, of the concentration. It is shown that water added to the
extent of only 50 per cent increases the specitie refraction from 0.205G to 0.2058.
Calculated from the chemical composition of the serum (refractive index at
17.5° C, specific gi*avity at 15° compared with water at 15°), the specific re-
fraction is 0.20552.

The specific refraction is also independent of the milk, sugar, protein, and
citric acid of the serum, but is in a slight degree dependent upon the ash. If
the ash content falls by 0.3 per cent the specific refraction increases from
0.20.56 to 0.2058. The tests demonstrate its constancy with different fat. pro-
tein, and sugar contents of the milk. Watering the milk to the extent of
50 per cent in one experiment showed higher figures (within tho limit of the
calculated ones), but watering to the extent of 25 ]ier cent showed nothing.

The work further indicates that the refractometric and the specific gi'avity
methods are of equal value and importance. As to their relative accuracy,
a variation of 1° of the immersion in the refractometric scale is equivalent to
o.(t(ii of specific gravity.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 515

The decomposition degree of cream, W. Morres (Milchir. Zciithl., 5 {190'J),
No. 12, pp- ')'il)--'>'i3, pi. 1). — The author proposes to determine tlie degree of
decompositiou of cream by comparing the depth of color produced with alizarin
solution with a color scale in which each shade represents a certain degree of
acidity. The alcohol test (E. S. R., 22, p. 414) can be carried on at the same
time and furnishes additional information.

Detection of oleomargarine in butter, M. Raffo and G. Foresti (Gaz. Chini.
Ital., 39 (1909), II, Xo. 5, pp. J/'il-'i-'i'i)- — The method consists in determining
the viscosity of the fat at 50° C. with Ostwald's viscosimeter. The results are
expressed in minutes and compared with water.

Operating the casein test at cheese factories, E. B. Hart and W. H. Cooper
(Wisconsin Sta. Circ. Inform. 10, pp. .'i). — This circular contains directions for
using the Hart casein test (E. S. R., 19, p. TOT) in cheese factories. The
various factors which influence the results are mentioned, as well as a discus-
sion of how often it is necessary to carry out the test in order to have perfect
control of the industry, and a description of the method of payment for milk.

Holde's test and the detection of paraffin wax, etc., in lard and other fats,
H. DuNLOP (Anali/sf, .3.', (1909), No. .',05, pp. 52J,, 52.j;).— The author considers
Holde's test for detecting mineral oils in fatty oils much more delicate and
economical than that proposed by Shrewsbury (E. S. R., 21, p. Gl.S).

[Test for foreign fats in beeswax], P. Lk Naour (Ann. Chim. Analyt., H
(1909), No. 10, pp. 369, 310; ahs. in Jour. 8oc. Chcm. Indus., 28 (1909), No. 22, p.
1211 ) . — The author finds certain defects in the test recommended by the French
Codex of mOS.

Estimation of nicotine in concentrated tobacco juices, F. Porchet and F.
Regis (Chcm. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 127, p. 1128; Analyst. 3', (1909), No. J,05, pp.
53.'f, 535). — Toth's method is to be given the preference over P>iors or Schloe-
sing's. The maximum difference between duplicate determinations with Toth's
method was O.S per cent. The amount of nicotine in various tobacco extracts
examined was from 4 to 10 per cent.

About tobacco fermentation, F. W. J. Boekhout and J. J. Ott de Yries
(Centbl. Bait, [cic.^, 2. Am., 2', (1909), No. 18-22, pp. .',96-511; ahs. in Chcm.
Zcnthl., 1909, II, No. 18, p. 1583).— The authors show that at a temperature of
1(X)° C. oxidation of the tobacco leaf takes place with an evolution of carbon
dioxid. In the i)resence of water this oxidizing action is much more marked, as
shown by the amount of carbon dioxid evolved in 8 to 10 hours with and without
water. It is also indicated that at 33° the oxidation process is already present
and that the rate increased with the rise in temperature. Further changes are
the diminution which takes place in the nitrogen-free extractive substances,
among others the pentosans which yield furfurol.

It is stated that the tobacco fermentation is a chemical jirocess which is
caused by the oxygen in the air, the reserve iron in the plant acting as the
catalytic agent. The iron content of Holland tobacco leaves is found to be
from 0.00 to 0.00 per cent, while Deli contains from 0.03 to 0.,34 per cent iron
oxid.

New method for the rapid determination of alcohol, D. Sidersky (Bui,
Assoc. Chim. Sucr. ct DistiU., 21 (1909), No. 6. pp. 562, 563).— It is often
necessary to determine alcohol i-apidly at various stages during the course
of the fermentation process, The method which is recommended by the author
is based on the principle of the miscibility of ether with alcohol of high
concentration.

Concerning methods of urine analysis, A. Jolles (Bcr. Dcut. Pharm.
GcscU.. 19 (1909), No. 8, pp. .',ll-'i90). — A snnmiary and discussion of data.

51() EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Estimation of amino acids in urine by titration in the presence of formal-
dehyde, II. M.vi.F.viTi [Zlschi: J'ln/Niol. Clicni., 01 (UK)!)), Xo. 11, jii,. 'I'.IU-fiiri ;
ah.s. in AiiKilj/.st, S'l MIX)!)), Xo. .',().',, iip. ')>!), 530). — The urine is Ireated with
mercuric chiorid and sodium carbonate to iirecipitate the anunoiiia. The annuo

acids arc tlieii titrated in tlie lilti'ate aftci' i-eiii(»viiiu' excess of lead witli '

14

sodium hydroxid in the presence of foi'maldeliyde.

The estimation of fat in feces, I'. Kociiaix {.hnir. I'lianii. < I chiiii.. li. sir.,
80 (niO!)). .V". //. /'/'. is'7-.OJ/).— A sunniiary and discussion of data and
methods.

The standardization of acid butyrometric apparatus, A\'. Sciii.cissiou [Moll:.
Zf</. \li('rlin\. HI U'JO'J), Xo. ,J0, pp. 58!). .7.'H>).— This apparatus can be stand-
ardized with cilliei' water or mercury.

The destruction of platinum crucibles through the ignition of magnesium
ammonium phosphate, li. E. Lyons (/'/or. Jti<]. Acad. Sii. I'.IOS. pp. KJl-lii.i). —
"The cause of these occasional accidents is to l)e found in the reduction of
the phosphate through incorrect procedure in burning or igniting the paper
in connection with the precipitate, or, indirectly and less frequently, by failure
to observe the well-established conditions for properly ])reci])itating and wash-
ing magnesium ammonium phosphate." A series of suggestions are appended
to prevent the destruction of platinum.

Hints for preparing berry wines, K. Kkoemer (Geisenli. Mitt. Ohst. it. (hir-
tenbau, 2Ji (1!)0!)). Xn. 7. pp. 97-J0.'f). — This is a discussion and description of
the manufacture of wines from currants, bilberries, gooseberries, blackberries,
and rasi)berries.

Manufacture of denatured alcohol, H. W. Wtley et al, ( U. S. Dcpl. Affr.,
Bur. Chciti. Bid. 130, pp. 166, pis. 3, figs. 12). — This is a report of the proceed-
ings of the school established by the Bureau of Chennstry of this Department
for teaching the principles involved in the manufacture of denatured alcohol
from trade and farm wastes to young men connected with the various experi-
ment stations and agricultural colleges. It consists of a description of the
chemistry and sources of alcohol, the malting process, the fermentation and
distillation process, the physical and chemical tests employed in the distillery,
lectures by various experts on distillery operation and control, nnscellaneous
lectures pertaining to the manufacture of alcohol, and an appendix on legisla-
tion, statistics, and special alcohol denaturants.

Beet-sugar making and its chemical control, Y. Nikaido (Eastoii, Pa. and
London, U)0'.}, pp. XII +35.'/, figs. 65). — According to the preface this book is
intended as an aid to those who have no systematic training in beet-sugar
making and its chemical control. It opens with a brief consideration of
inorganic and organic chemistry and shows the relation of these to beet-sugar
making.

Manufacture of lactic acid, H. Gouthieke (Bill. Assoc. Clrini. Siicr. et Dis-
till., 27 mm)), Xo. 6, pp. 576, 577).— A description of the manufacture of this
substance on both a small and large scale.

METEOROLOGY— WATER.

The influence of forests on climate and on floods, W. L. Mooke ( Washington,
D. C: U. 8. House Representatives, Com. on Agr., 1910, pp. 38, dgms. 2, charts
3). — From the observations summarized in this paper the following conclusions
are drawn :

"(1) Any marked climatic changes that may have taken place are of wide
extent and not local, are appreciable only when measured in geologic periods,

METEOROLOGY WATER. 517

and evidence is strong tliat the cutting away of tlie forests has had nothing to
do with the creating or the augmenting of droughts in any part of tlie world.

"(2) Precipitation controls forestation, but forestation has little or no effect
upon precipitation.

"(3) Any local modification of temperature and humidity caused by the
presence or absence of forest covering, the buildings of villages and cities, etc.,
could not extend upward more than a few hundred feet, and in this stratum of
air saturation rarely occurs, even during rainfall, whereas precipitation is the
result of conditions that exist at such altitudes as not to be controlled or
affected by the small thermal irregularities of the surface air.

"(4) During the period of accurate observations, the amount of precipita-
tion has not increased or decreased to an extent worthy of consideration.

"(5) Floods are caused by excessive precipitation, and the source of the
precipitation over the central and eastern portions of the United States is the
vapor borne by the warm southerly winds from the Gulf of Mexico and the
adjacent ocean into the interior of the country, but little from the Pacific
Ocean crossing the Rocky Mountains.

"(6) Compared with the total area of a given watershed, that of the head-
waters is usually small and. except locally in mountain streams, their run-off
would not be sufficient to cause floods, even if deforestation allowed a greater
and quicker run-off. Granting for the sake of argument that deforestation
might be responsible for general floods over a watershed, it would be necessary,
in order to pre^ ent them, to reforest the lower levels with their A'astly greater
areas, an impossibility unless valuable agricultural lands are to be abandoned
as food-producing areas.

"(7) The run-off of our rivers is not materially affected by any other factor
than the precipitation.

"(S) The high waters are not higher, and the low waters are not lower than
formerly. In fact, there appears to be a tendency in late years toward a
slightly better low-water flow in summer.

"(9) Floods are not of greater frequency and longer duration than formerly."

Climatic variations: Their extent and causes, J. W. Gregory (Ann. Rpt.
Smifhsn. Inst., 1908, pp. 330-354). — This article discusses the general uniform-
ity of climates in the past, exaggerated estimates of climatic changes, the rela-
tion of glaciation to local climatic variations, and causes of climatic variations.
The author thinks it " probable that variations in climate, which have been
established on adequate evidence, can be accounted for by differences in atmos-
pheric circulation, due to different distributions of land and water."

Variations in climate, F. A. Forel (Arch. Set. Phys. et Nat. [Geneva], Jf. ser.,
28 (1909), Xo. 9. pp. 299-302).— On the basis of data reported by Briickner and
Hellmann, the author concludes that it appears that if there is a variation of
long periodicity in rainfall it is neither universal nor continental, but is
regional.

On the dynamics of climatic variations, H. Arctowski (Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. [Paris], l',9 {1909), A'o. 26, pp. 11,11. ]',t8; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], //8
(1910), I, No. 2, p. 60). — This is a brief account of studies more fully reported
elsewhere (E. S. R., 22, p. 313), which indicated the occurrence of immense
waves of excess or deficiency of heat which are not influenced by topographic
conditions such as the existence of high mountains.

Annual variations in the amount of water in the Norwegian North Sea
in its relation to varying meteorological conditions, yield of crops, and the
fishery industry in Norway, B. Helland-Hansen and F. Nanseis^ (Iiitcrnat.
Rev. Gesani. Ili/drohiol. u. Hydrog., 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 331-361, fif/s. 11; ahs. in
Naturxc. Rundschau, 2J, (1909), No. 52, pp. 661-663).— A uniform and direct re-

518 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

lafiou hetwoon the surface Icmiu'ralure of the North Sea and the yield of crops
and the character of tlie lisliinj: season hi Norway is pointed ont and illustrated
in diajrranis.

[Meteorological observations in Denmark] (S/o/is-. Aarhuf/ Damnarlc, l.'f
(J HO!)), ii/i. Is'i-JHG). — Tables are given which show the average temperature
for 40 years. 1S61 to 1900, and for each year from 1001 to 1908; the maximum
and minimum temperature for 19(K) to 1908; the pressure of the air. direction of
the wind, and storms for 187.3 to 1008; preci])itation, 1801 to T.MtS; and dates
of frost. 1874 to 1908.

Meteorological and magnetic observations, M. Ruikatciiev et al. (Ann.
Ol/scrr. I'lii/s. Cent. Mcolus, IHOG \inih. ]<)0!)\, pt. J, pp. // 77). —Detailed data are
given for observations during 1900 at the Constantin Observatory at Pavlovsk,
the Nicolas Central Physical Observatory at St. Petersburg, and the observa-
tory of P^katerinburg. The observations include data for atmospheric pressure,
temperature of the air and soil, precipitation, snow and frosts, sunshine, and
magnetic and electric conditions.

Report on the work of the station of agricultural climatology of Juvisy
during 1908, C. Flammarion {Bill. Mens. Off. Rrnscig. Agr. [/'rn/.s], ,s' ( IHO!)),
No. 8, pp. 1089-1123, figs. 10). — As usual, this report contains records of ob-
servations on atmospheric pressure, the temperature of the air, soil (see also
p. 521), and underground water, the I'elative humidity, rainfall, sunshine,
cloudiness, radiation, and wind, influence of different colored lights and of the
moon on growth of ])lants (p. r>29), and the falling and renewing of leaves.
The data are recorded in tahh'S and diagrams.

Composition of Barbados rainfall {Rjit. Agr. Work Barbados, Imp. Dcpt.
Agr. West Indies, 1906-1908, p. 3). — The amount, distribution, and composition
of the rainfall at Dodds Botanic Garden during 1900 to 1908 are given in
tabular form. The total rainfall from December, 1900, to May, 1908, was 59.02
in., containing approximately 201.5 lbs. of chlorin and 9.64 lbs. of nitrogen per
acre.

Fertilizing value of rain water, T. Weebon (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Stock
[QuecnsJand], 1908-9. pp. 59, 60, 77, 7.S). — Observations extending over 18
months, 1907-8, at three places in Queensland, one having a tropical rainfall,
another a moderate rainfall, and a third a light rainfall, are reported. The an-
nual rainfall at these places varied from 26 to 75 in., but the amount of nitrogen
supplied to the soil by the rain water was practically the same (3 to 4 lbs. per
acre). In the tropical rainfall nitrate nitrogen exceeded ammoniacal nitrogen.
Data are reported showing that the rain at the beginning of showers contains
more combined nitrogen than toward the end and that during heavy showers
the amount of nitrogen is less than during light showers.

Agricultural and industrial hydrology of Argentina, E. H. DtiCLOUX (In
Censo Agropecuario Nacional la Ganaderia y la Agricultiira en 1908. Buenos
Aires: Govt., 1909, vol. 3, pp. 103-1 'i9). — This report deals with the character of
the surface, subterranean, and mineral waters of Argentina, as well as with
their classification and use for potable and medicinal purposes and for irriga-
tion. Analyses of a large number of samples from different parts of the
country are reported.

Waters, T. Weedon (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Stock [QiieenshnuU, 1908-9,
pp. 60, 78). — Analyses of a large number of samples (including artesian waters)
examined not only for industrial purposes but also as to suitability for stock
and irrigation are reported.

The farmer as an aquiculturist, J. Heyking (Dent. Landw. Presse, 37 (1910),
No. Jf, pp. 33-35). — This article discusses the ix)ssibilities of increasing the pro-

SOILS FEETILIZEKS. 519

duetiou of small ponds by fertilizing and other means as a supplementary
industry to farming.

Sewage disposal in the United States, A. Winslow (Wasscr u. Abtcasscr,
2 (WOO), Xo. Ji, pp. lYJ-1.58; aha. in Chcm. Ztg., S't (1910), Xo. 25, Rcpert., p.
102). — This article discusses briefly the present status in the United States of
intermittent filtration with and without septic treatment, contact and trickling
beds, broad irrigation in the arid regions, chemical precipitation and disinfec-
tion of sewage, experimental investigations of sewage problems and the general
outlook for sewage disposal.

^^'ith regard to sewage irrigation it is stated that the first sewage farm in
the arid region was established at Cheyenne, Wyo., in 1883, and that there are
at i>reseut a score or more such farms in operation, mainly in Colorado,
Montana, Nebraska, and California. Probably the most successful of these
farms is that at Pasadena, Cal., which was established in 1887. This farm,
which contains 300 acres of land, successfully disposes of 800,000 gal. of sew-
age per day and produces valuable crops of English walnuts, barley, wheat,
hay, pumpkins, and corn. The cost of operation is about $8,000 a year against
a revenue from the sale of crops of nearly $12,000.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

The principles of soil management, T. L. Lyon and E. O. Fippin {Xew York
and London, 190'J, pp. XX XHl-\-.j31, pi. 1, figs. 151). — This is the fii'st volume
of a Rural Text-book Series coordinate with the Rural Science Series issued
under the same auspices. The latter series was " designed primarily for
popular reading and for general use," the former is intended " for class-room
work and for si)ecial use in consultation and reference. It is planned that the
Rural Text-book Series shall cover the entire range of public school and college
texts."'

The book contains a huge amount of well selected and up-to-date material,
but its special value as a text-book would seem to consist largely in the sys-
tematic and logical treatment of the subject. It deals with the principles of
soil technology and treats the subject strictly from the standpoint of plant
I)roduction. In it " the authors have attempted to discuss the soil in all its
relations to plant production, developing the interdependence of geological,
chemical, bacteriological, physical, and industrial relationships in such a way
as to give the student a gi'asp, albeit a brief one, of the entire subject in its
many bearings. In its treatment, the book considers, first, the soil as a medium
for root development ; second, as a reservoir for water ; third, as a source of
nutrients; fourth, as a realm of organisms; fifth, in its relation to air; sixth,
its relation to heat ; and the relation of man to the soil follows as a conse-
quence and conclusion."

The value of the book is increased by a detailed outline and table of contents
and a carefully prepared index.

Soil surveys {Aor. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 35 (1900), Xo. 6. pp. 67-}-679).—
This is a part of the presidential address of C. F. Juritz before section 2 of the
South African Association for the Advancement of Science at Bloemfontein in
September, 1909, in which the organization of a systematic survey under the
auspices of the South African Union is advocated. The results of such work
in the United States are cited as illustrating the need and value of such a
survey. Preliminary work along this line in Cape Colony is also briefly
referred to.

On the method of investigation of the microbiological properties of the
soil, A. Krainskii (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.) , 10 (1909),

520 EXPERIMENT STATION KIX'ORD.

No. 3, pp. 289-30.i; ahs. in ('In in. Ah.s., ,i {limit). No. ;!',, pp. .iDlll. .il)D.i) .—The
juiflior rt'joc'ts Ixitli (he Kciiiy and llic liuhlort and FicUciidcy nictliods and
proposes the followins substitute, which, however, is l)ased upon the liuhlert
and Fickendey method : IMace 100 gm.- of the soil in a 1,000 cc. flask with 300
cc. of sterilized water and shake for 5 minutes, allowing the larger particles
to settle. Then by means of a sterilized pipette connected with a long tube
passing through the cork of the flask draw off the turbid liquid to be used in
inoculating the culture media.

Tests of tills method which gave very satisfactory results are reported. The
author considers measurements of aerobic and anaerobic assimilation of nitro-
gen, nitrification, and denitrification necessary to the determination of the
bacterial power of soils. Determinations of putrefactive power and anmioni-
fication are considered unnecessary.

As a culture solution for determining nitrification the author reconmiends 50
cc. of the Omelianski solution inoculated with 5 to 10 cc. of the soil solution
prepared as described and kept at 30° C. for 10 days. For the study of deui-
Iritication the same conditions are recommended except that the period is
reduced to 5 days.

Tillage in its relation to soil moisture, C. C. Thom (Washington 8ta. Popu-
lar Bui. 22, pp. Jf). — This is a brief popular discussion based upon the results
of one year's study of methods of soil culture best adapted to the conservation
of soil moisture in dry farming. These results especially emphasize the impor-
tance of plowing or thoroughly disking stubble after harvesting in order to
store the winter rains and of disking or otherwise stirring the soil at as early
a date in the spring as it will bear cultivation. Decided benefit was also
obtained by subsurface packing of the soil immediately or very soon after
plowing.

The scientific reasons for allowing land to lie fallow every other season in
regions of deficient rainfall are explained. By this means more moisture will
be conserved, if a proper soil mulch is maintained, and a store of available
plant food will be accumulated which may be of great service to the succeeding
crop. "This is especially true with regard to the supply of nitrates, for the
practice of bare fallow is favorable to the growth of nitrifying organisms and
consequent increase in available nitrogen."

The philosophy of conservation of soil moisture is summed up as follows :
" Get as much as possible of the winter precipitation into the soil by a system
of thorough fall cultivation. Retain it by an equally thorough system of early
spring and succeeding summer cultivation."

On the absorptive power of some Russian soils, A. N. Sabanin (Pochvo'vy-
cdyenic [Pedologic], 1908, pp. 87-98; ahs. in Zliur. Opiiitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour.
Expt. Landic), 10 (1909), No. 3, pp. 37Jf, 375). — In the experiments here re-
ported the absorptive power for ammonia was determined by Knopp's method
and that for phosphoric acid and lime by Wolf's method (slightly modified).

Wide variations were observed in the absorptive capacity of Russian soils of
very diverse origin and composition, but there was no parallelism in these
variations for ammonia, phosphoric acid, and lime. The greatest absorptive
capacity for ammonia was found in soils rich in humus (chernozems), for
phosphoric acid in ferruginous (red) soil, and for lime in alkali soils. The
absorptive power for ammonia varied on the average with the content of
hygroscoi)ic water. Api)arently. absori)tive power is affected to some extent
by mechanical composition, but to a less degree than by other factors. The
absorption was affected not only by the character but also the quantity of the
solution used.

SOILS FEETILIZERti. 521

Temperature of the soil, C. Flammarion iBul. Mens. Off. Rcnseig. Agr.
[Paris], 8 {1909), No. 8, pp. 1106-1117, flys. 3).— The results of several years'
observatious on the temperature of the soil at various depths down to 1 meter
as compared with the temperature of the air are reported. The data are
analyzed by Fourier's method and illustrated graphically.

It is shown that the diurnal variation of temperature decreases with the
depth in the soil and with the season of the year. The temperature changes
in the soil lag behind those of the air and this lag increases with the depth.
For example, the maximum temperature of the air occurred on the average at
about 2 o'clock p. m., of the surface soil at 1 o'clock, of the soil at a depth of
0.0.5 meter at 2.30, at 0.1 meter at 3.15, and at 0.2.5 meter at 6 o'clock p. m.
The minimum temperature of the air and of tlie surface soil occurred a little
before sunrise, at 0.05 meter a little after sunrise, at 0.1 meter 1 hour after
sunrise, at 0.25 meter 4 hours after sunri.se. In winter all layers of the soil
were warmer than the air. The surface soil was warmer than the air during
the period from May to November, the greatest difference in this respect
occurring in July. The temperature of the surface soil declined toward the
end of September to a point below that of the soil at a depth of 1 meter, in
October below that at 0.5 meter, and in November below that at 0.25 meter.

The diagrams given show certain regular annual variations in the tempera-
ture of the soil during a series of years, following that of the air regardless of
casual disturbing conditions. In December, Januai-y, and February there was
a series of increasing temperatures with the depth in the soil ; in May, June,
and July a series of decreasing temperatures. The first inversion of tempera-
ture occurred in March to April, when the temperature of the soil was greatest
at the surface and decreased to a depth of 1.5 meters, and the second in autumn,
when the temperature of the surface layers was lowest and increased to a depth
of 1.5 meters. The general character of the diurnal variation was the same
in bare and sodded soil, but the upper layer of the sodded soil was warmer in
winter and colder in summer than that of the lower layers.

Soil temperatures in upland moors and the soil air of different types of
moors, P. Vageler {Mitt. K. Bayr. Moorktdturanst., 1901, No. 1, pp. 1-51, pi.
1, figs. 3). — This article describes the methods employed and reports the results
of a large number of observations on moors of different kinds. The general
conclusion reached was that temperature and air conditions as well as the de-
composition processes in moor soils are interdependent and are modified by the
moor vegetation. On the other hand, the vegetation is modified in composition
by the physical and chemical conditions in the soil, so that there results a suc-
cession of plants, ending in the formation of the moor soils when the climatic
conditions are favorable.

A classified bibliography of the literature of the subject is given.

The relation between vegetation, chemical composition, and fertilizer
requirements of moors, E. Gully {Mitt. K. Bayr. Moorkulturanst., 1909, No.
3. pp. 1-38). — The results of detailed studies of the vegetation and chemical
composition of South Bavarian moors of different types are reported, and an
attempt is made to trace the relationship between the vegetation and chemical
composition.

Contribution to the niti'ogen assimilation of forests, G. Zemplen and G.
Roth {Erdeszeti Kiserletek, 10 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. 1-6.1). — Microscopic exami-
nations of a number of different kinds of forest trees by the methods described
by Jamieson showed the existence in all cases of the hair-like organs to which
Jamieson has ascribed the power of fixing free nitrogen. The authors believe
that this furnishes an explanation of the fact that the amount of nitrogen is

522 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

not (iiily iiuiiiilaiiicd Imt iiirrcascs in loi'cst soils altlmiij,'li a larj;!' aiuount of
iiitrofitMi is used in fort'st j^i-owlli.

The forest as a nitrogen collector, A. Cieslar (C'cnlbl. Gcsain. Forstiv., 35
(HXHI), \o. 2, PI). 89-92). — This article reviews iiivesti.tiations by Henry, Zeui])-
len and Iloth, and others, showlnjj; the accumuhitiou of nitrogen in forest soils.

Saline soils, A. B. Larrainzak (/'y'.s/«c. A(jr. Cent. [Mexico] Bol. 10, pp. 2't). —
This is a summary of information on allcali soils.

Louisiana swamp land reclamation, E. Wisner (.1/an/rs.' Rec., 56 (1910),
No. 26, pp. 119-121, figs. H). — The progress of swamp reclamation in Louisiana
as well as the use made of the reclaimed land is described.

Agrology of Arg'entina, P. Lavenik (In Cciiso Agropccuario Naeional la
CaiKulcria y la Agricultura en 1908. Buenos Aires: Govt., 1909, vol. 3, pp.
153-231). — This report deals at some length with the comimsition, classification,
origin, and formation of the soils of Argentina. It is based ui)on examinations
of a large number of samples from different parts of the country, the results
of which are reported in detail.

Some granite soils of New South Wales, H. I. Jensen {Agi: Uaz. N. &'.
Wales, 20 {1909), 'No. 12, pp. 1085-1093).— This is the first report on a series
of systematic studies of the relation existing between various rock formations
and the soils derived from them.

It gives the results of chemical analyses with notes on general physical
characteristics of granite soils of the Bathurst, Bega, and Cowra districts
of New South Wales, which are taken as typical of the soils of the basic granite
areas. Analyses are also given of typical granites of Bathurst and Cowra, as
well as results of a study of the progressive stages of rock decomi)ositiou in
soils at different depths.

The analyses show greater uniformity in composition in the soils of inland
areas than in those of the coastal area of Bega. The climate of the latter area
is more favorable to rock decomposition, and for this reason the soils of this
area are on the whole richer in iwtash than those of Bathurst and Cowra.

The analyses show that the subsoil in granite areas is invariably richer in
mineral plant food, particularly potash, than the surface soil. The phosphoric
acid decreases slightly and the nitrogen considerably with the depth, but the
amounts of lime and potash are much larger in the subsoil.

A comparison of the granite soils with those of other types showed that they
are not nearly so rich as many other soil types, as, for example, those derived
from limestone and basalt and those of the river bottoms.

The granite soils are classified into two series, acid granites and basic
granites. The characteristic vegetation and the manurial requirements of these
two classes are discussed.

Maintaining fertility in Asia, F. H. King {Country Gent., 75 {1910), No.
2913, pp. 53, 5Ji, figs. 4). — This article describes from personal observation the
methods followed in China. Korea, and Japan in the utilization of waste prod-
uts for the maintenance of soil fertility. It is shown how soils which have been
cropped for ages are maintained in a high state of fertility without the use of
commercial potash salts, phosphates, or nitrates. The nitrogen is maintained
by persistent and efhcient culture of leguminous plants, and the available
potash and phosphoric acid by the utilizatiton of wastes and treatment of the
soil which unlocks and recombines in highly available form the essential fer-
tilizing constituents. The careful methods which are used in the handling and
composting of manures of all kinds are especially described.

Maintaining soil fertility in Japan, F. H. King (Orange Judcl Farmer. //S
(1910), No. J,, pp. 131, 132, fig. 1). — This article, which is based upon observa-
tions made during a recent visit by the author to Japan, shows how this

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 523

country, with twenty times as many people to the square mile and just as many
animals as are found in the United States, is able to secure its food supply.

"Japan is now supporting a population in her four main islands of more
than 48,500,000 people and more than 2,600,000 horses and cattle, nearly all of
them laboring animals and all on only 21,321 square miles of cultivated land.
This is at the rate of 2,277 people and 125 horses and cattle to each square mile
of cultivated laud."

It is shown that this result is brought about by the careful saving and use of
every bit of fertilizing material, the use of green manure, and great care in the
prepai'ation and handling of the soil. Much of the fertilizing material is used
In the form of composts. Tlie methods of composting used in Japan are
described as well as a type of house employed for the storage and protection
of the compost and the composition of samples of the composts, green manures,
and ashes used.

Dry farming' in China, F. H. King (Rural New Yorker, 69 (IVIO), No.
4031, pp. 101, 102, figs. 2). — The methods which have been developed after long
years' experience in China are briefly described, i)articularly the method of
utilizing manures of various kinds in composts which are practically niter
beds.

The importance of suitable combinations of fertilizing constituents for
plants, O. Lemmermann (Illus. Landic. /Jg., 29 {1909), No. 98, pp. 903, 90^).—
Referring to a previous communication by Clausen (E. S. R., 22, p. 322) the
author cites the work of various investigators as indicating that it is of great
importance in plant production to secure an optimal relation between the
various constituents of plant food, not only generally but for individual plants.

Work of the chemical laboratory, B. Welbel {Ohodtchniiil Otehet Ploty.
tieUk. Khoz. Opuitn. titani::!!, I'f (1908), pp. 9-'t-l-'i3, 181-190, pis. 3, figs. 1).—
In continuation of previous work along similar lines (E. S. R., 20, p. 717) in-
vestigations were made during 1908 on the influence of manure and fertilizers,
as well as green manure, upon the fertility of the soil.

Influence of fertilizers and manure. — In view of the fact that previous ex-
periments had shown that the application of manure on fallow in a 4-year
rotation sensibly and profitably increased the yield of the following crops, and
that the manuring increased the proportion of nitrates in the soil as w^ell as
the amount of nitrogen assimilated by the crops, further experiments were
undertaken to study the relation of the manuring to the assimilable phosphoric
acid of the soil. In pot experiments it was found that the yields were better
in a rotation with manure than in one without manure, but that the efl:ect
of the manure disappeared after 3 years. The manuring increased both the
assimilable nitrogen and the assimilable phosphoric acid. In 3 years about 65
per cent of the nitrogen and nearly all of the phosphoric acid applied in the
fertilizers were assimilated. The addition of manure ashes favored nitrifica-
tion and furnished a good source of assimilable phosphoric acid. The use of
sterilized manure reduced nitrification and such manure was but slightly
superior to manure ashes as a source of assimilable phosphoric acid. The
nitrogen of the manure was assimilated to a much less extent than the phos-
phoric acid.

The results indicate that manure exerts a beneficial effect through its min-
eral constituents and biological properties, but an unfavorable effect, particu-
lary on nitrification, through its dead organic constituents. The results of the
pot experiments were confirmed in the main by those of field experiments, and
the general conclusion is drawn that the effect of manure in increasing yields is
due to the presence of nitrogen and phosphoric acid which is readily assimi-

35128— No. 6—10 3

524 EXPERIMENT .STATION EECOED.

latPil by plants. Tlio assimilability of these constituents depends not only
upon tlio individual c-liaracteristics of the plant grown but also upon conditions
favoring the activity of the uiicro-orsanisnis of the manure. These conditions
are best realized in fallow and to the least extent in spring wheat soil.

The iiifluni(( of (/rcrn nKUiurcs. — An exauiiuiition of soils on which various
leguminous and nuulegumiuous plants had grown showed much less nitrogen
in the soil after the growth of cereals than after fallow or the culture of legu-
minous plants. On the other hand, the soil on which leguminous plants had
been grown contained much less phosphoric acid than the grain soil. Among
the leguminous plants the best results as regards phosphoric acid were ob-
tained with esparcet and the poorest with clover, which left the soil with a
smaller amount of phosphoric acid and nitrogen. l'\illowing increased to a
considerable extent the ]iroportiou of assimilable phosphoric acid and potash
in the soil.

Short supplies of stable manure {Mark Lane Express, 103 {1010), ^o. .'f08.'i,
p. 11). — Attention is called to the decreasing supply of stable manure resulting
from the increased use of motor traction in England. It is also pointed out
that the large applications of manure which have heretofore been used are not
necessary and '* are not economically sound, as equally good results can be
obtained by quite moderate dressings of dung, supplemented by the judicious
use of artiticial nianm-cs."

Mixing superphosphate with farmyard manure {Mark Lane Express, 103
{1910), No. JiOS'i. p. 11). — Attention is called in this article to experiments by
Dumont (E. S. R., 21, p. 531) which showed that the efficiency of superphos-
phate is increased by mixing it with well rotted manure.

Fertilizer experiments with phosphates, H. Klebahn {Jahresber. Ver.
Angew. Bot., 6 [liiOS), pp. 280-.iS7 ; ahs. in' Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., So
[1909), No. 10-13, pp. 319, 320). — In comparative tests of Thomas slag, agri-
cultural phosphate, and superphospliate on sand and moor soils planted to
barley and oats it was found that the Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate
gaA'e the best results on moor soils, but that Thomas slag produced very little
effect and agricultural phosphate none on sandy soils. The favorable action
of the agricultural pliosphate on moor soils was also demonstrated in field
experiments, and is attributed to the acid properties of such soils. Free phos-
l)horic acid proved in.1urious on moor soils but produced the largest yield on
sandy soils. Superphosphate with and without lime was much more effective
on oats than on barley. In held experiments on grass lands Thomas slag gave
the best results, followed in order by superphosphate and agricultural phos-
phate. In field experiments with oats the Thomas slag and agricultural phos-
phate were about equally effective, and slightly superior to superphosphate.
See also a previous note (E. S. R., 21, p. 315).

The world's production of phosphatic fertilizers, P. Lavollee {Bui. Soc.
Agr. France, 1910. .laii. 1, pp. .'/-'/--'/7). — Statistics are given of the production
and distribution of natural phosphates in different countries from 1S98 to 1908,
as well as of the details of the consumption of pliosphates and superphosphates
in France during the same period.

The world's production, according to the figures given, increased from 2,405,50<J
tons in 1898 to 5,218,000 tons in 1908. During that period there was practically
no increase in production in Belgium, a decided decrease in France, a con-
siderable increase in Algeria, and a large increase in Tunis, the United States,
and the Pacific Islands. The countries showing the largest consumers of phos-
phate in 1908 were the United States 1,865,000 tons, France 1,106,000 tons,
Germany 770,500 tons, Italy 590,500 tons, Great Britain 529,500 tons.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 525

Two little known fertilizers, I^. Ledoux {Jour. Soc. Agr. Barbant et Hainaut,
55 (1910), \o. 1, pp. 8-10). — The composition and fertilizing value of pre-
cipitated phosphate, ammoniated and unammoniated, are discussed. It is
stated that precipitated phosphate contains from 28 to 34 per cent of phos-
phoric acid soluble in alkaline ammonium citrate and that ammoniated precipi-
tated phosphate contains nearly the same amount of citrate soluble phosphoric
acid and from 5.25 to 6 per cent of ammoniacal nitrogen.

Tests of the fertilizing value of these phosphates in comparison with other
phosphatic fertilizers by various investigators are reviewed, the results indi-
cating that the precipitated phosphate is practically as efficient as super-
phosphate.

Basic slag and potash for chalk land, J. Hughes (Field [London], II4
(1909), No. 297.'/, p. IlJi6). — Chemical examinations of 2 samples of soil from
the Sussex chalk downs, one of which had been fertilized with phosphatic slag
and potash and the other not so treated, are reported. The principal difference
indicated by the analysis was the higher percentage of organic matter in the
fertilized soil, and this is thought to explain the fact that this soil was greatly
benefited by the application of a fertilizer like slag, containing a large amount
of lime, when the soil already contained a high percentage of this constituent.

What is kainit? P. Krische (III us. Laiidw. Zty., 29 ( 1909), Xo. 92, p. 855).—
It is stated that 'natural and commercial kainit are very different materials.
The formula formerly given to the natural salt was K2SO4. MgSOi. MgCL-. 6H:0,
containing 12.4 per cent of potash. As a result of Van't Hoff's investigations
the formula KCl. MgS04. 6H2O is now assigned to that salt.

Commercial kainit is stated to be either a mixture of natural kainit and rock
salt, or muriate of potash, kieserite, and rock salt, or, occasionally, muriate
of potash and rock salt, with a minimum potash content of 12.4 in the form of
chlorid. It should not contain more than 6 per cent of chlorin soluble in 96
per cent alcohol.

The position of nitrate of soda (Mark Lane Express, 103 (1910), No. 4085,
p. 35). — As a result of a review of the annual circulars and statistical reports
of the leading dealers in nitrate of soda it is stated that " the salient features
in the course of the industry are (1) tlie failure up to the present time of the
negotiations to renew the combination between the producers which came to an
end on March 31, 1909; (2) the consequent and continued fall in price of the
commodity; (3) the increased consumption all over the world, especially in
the United States of America."

The production of nitrate of soda in 1909 is given as 2,067,000 long tons, an
increase of 6 per cent over that of 1908. The total consumption was 1,929.000
tons, of which the Continent of Europe used 1,354.000 tons, the United Kingdom
111,000 tons, the United States 398,000 tons, other countries 66,000 tons. The
figures for consumption in the United States represent an increase of 89,000
tons over those for 1908. The prospect of increased prices for nitrate is
discussed.

Experiments on the action of nitrite nitrogen in various new fertilizers,
Gerlach (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 29 (1909), No. 97, p. 895). —The results of pot
experiments with oats, mustard, and carrots, comparing the fertilizing value of
nitrate of soda, nitrite of soda, and Norwegian nitrate containing a certain
amount of calcium nitrite, indicated that the nitrite has a distinct fertilizing
value and may be used in as large amounts as nitrate of soda without injurious
effect.

Oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen, F. IIaber and A. Koenig (Ztschr. EUk-
trochem., 16 (1910), No. 1, pp. 11-25). — ^This is a review of scientific investiga-

526 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

tions aiifl patent literature on this subject fnuii I lie middle (if I'.tOT to the middle
of 1909.

Reference list on the electri--'. fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and the
use of calcium cyanamid and calcium nitrate on soils, 8. C. Stuntz ( U. H.
Dcpt, Af/r., liur. .svxV.s liuL 63, iip. .S.9). — This list is introduced by a brief account
of the development of methods of electric fixation of the nitrogen of the air.
Iteferences are given to patent literature as well as to scientilic and technical
articles. It is explained that no attempt is made at absolute conii)letenes».
'• What is attempted is to bring together, roughly classified, not only all the
most important articles on all the branches of the subject, but also as many
references as could possibly be verified, so that anyone having access to any
collection of scientific or popular literature, no matter how small, will find some
articles that are accessible to him." The titles are arranged chronologically
under authors' names in 8 classes, (1) nitrogen, including general articles,
(2) utilization of atmospheric nitrogen by electric fixation, and (.*>) calcium
cyanamid and calcium nitrate.

The specific gravity of the more common commercial fertilizers, A. Stut-
ZF.R (.17(7^ JJciit. Landw. (JcsclL, 23 {I'JIO), So. J, pp. U, 10).— The specific
gravity of the principal fertilizing materials is given for use in the better
adjustment of fertilizer distributers.

Commercial fertilizers, J. S. Bued {Vulifoniia »S'/«. Bui. 205, pp. 91-117). —
"The present report contains the tabulated analyses of fertilizers collected for
the half year ending June 30, 1909. During this period 31S samples of fertilizers
and fertilizing materials have been received at the laboratory. Of this number
39 were sent by farmers under the two-dollar fee provision, 189 were taken by
inspectors from purchasers' goods upon the request of the purchasers, and 32
were taken by inspectors from goods in the hands of agents and manufacturers."

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, B. L. Haktwell, J. F. Morgan, and L. F.
Whipple {Rhode l^Jund »S7«. Bui. ISS, pp. 15-31). — ^This bulletin completes the
report on inspection of fertilizers during the season of 1909. Analyses and valu-
ations of the fertilizers are given as well as comj)arisons of the actual with the
guaranteed composition. " Based upon the nitrogen, total and available phos-
phoric acid, and potash in comi)lete fertilizers, it was found that 74 per cent of
the determinations were above the guaranties, 15 per cent were below, with a
difference of 0.3 or more, and 11 per cent were below with a difference of less
than 0.3."

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. B. Hardin et al. {South Carolina
Sta. Bui. I.'f7, pp. -'iJf). — This bulletin gives in tabular form the results of analy-
ses of 80,5 samples of commercial fertilizers and discusses the sources of nitrogen,
phosi)horic acid, and jiotash in fertilizers, as well as the valuation of fertilizers.

The sale of fertilizers and farm foods, C. F. Juritz {Agr. Jour. Cape Good
Hope, 35 {1909), No. 6, pp. 670-673). — This article discusses the modified regu-
lations regarding the sale of fertilizers and feeding stuffs which have recently
been issued under the act of 1907, the purpose of the article being " to explain,
in as simple language as possible, some of the technical requirements of the act,
and of the regulations framed under its provisions."

AGEICULTURAL BOTANY.

Some conditions which influence the germination and fertility of pollen,
E. P. Sandsten (Wificonxin Sta. Research Bui. .'/. pp. 1-'i9-172, flf/s. ,7).— As bear-
ing on the problems of unproductive orchards, the author has given an account
of investigations on the influence of environmental factors upon the iiroduction
and fertility of pollen. After a summary of the morphology and physiology of

AGEICULTURAL BOTANY. 527

the pollen, descriptions are given of germination experiments in which the
intluence of a number of factors, such as temperature, moisture, etc., are given.

The germination and subse(]uent growth of the pollen tube are said to be
very similar to the germination and growth of ordinary spores. Most pollen
grains were found to germinate in solutions of cane sugar, although in the
experiments reported the pollen of the tomato germinated best in a slightly
acidulated sugar solution and the pollen of Phaseolus multiflorus in pure olive
oil. A considerable range of concentration of solutions was noted for some
species, while for others the range of concentration was quite restricted.

The growth of the pollen tube and the movement down the style was investi-
gated, and the author believes that the length of the pollen tube of a given
species is often a barrier against the cross pollination of related species and
varieties.

In the experiments on temperature influence, pollen in a dry atmosphere was
not seriously affected by temperatures of 25 to 55° C, but below 25° the ger-
mination was interfered with. A temperature of TO to 80° in a saturated
atmosphere was found fatal to the pollen of the peach, apple, and plum, and the
author states that the pollen of these trees often burst in great masses during
warm spring rains. Freezing temperatures. — 1.5 to — 1°, were not seriously
injurious to the pollen of the apple, pear, or plum, but destroyed nearly half
the i)each and apricot pollen. The pistils of the varieties experimented upon
were found more susceptible to the low temperature than was pollen.

Sunshine was found to have little or no effect on the germination of pollen
or on the growth of the pollen tube in most plants. The germination and
growth of pollen of the tomato were found to be decidedly retarded by cloudy
weather, and the anthers of the tomato required a certain amount of sunshine
f(»r the proper development of their jtollen. This was also true in several si)ecies
of Lilium.

The lack of culture and fertility in orchards was found to reduce the pro-
duction and fertility of pollen.

Experiments on the longevity of apple, pear, and plum pollen showed that
in a dry place at temperatures ranging from 7 to 2G° it could be kept for a
considerable time, apple pollen retaining its vitality for 6 months or longer.
With proper precautions it is possible that pollen may safely be shipped from
one pait of the country to another without losing its viability or fertility.

Under favorable conditions it is found to require from 9 to 82 hours for the
jtoUen tube of apitles. ])lums, and cherries to reach the ovary after having been
placed on the stigma. This would indicate that the length of time required
for the fertilization is less than is commonly believed, 2 or 3 bright warm days
at the time of full bloom being sufficient for the setting of the fruit. The
stigmas of apples were found to be receptive for from 4 to 6 days, whether pol-
linated or not. Continuous rainy weather for 6 or more days would probably
result in a total failure of the crop in case of most fruits.

Summarizing the i-esults, the author states that the factors which affect the
fertility and production of pollen over which the orchardist has control are site,
soil, planting, cultivation, pruning, spi-aying, and selection of suitable varieties.
Those over which there is little or no control are freezing temperatures, con-
tinuous rainfall during the flowering period, high temperature with a large
amount of moisture at the time of flowering, and the absence of insects and
wind to transfer the pollen.

Handbook of flower pollination, P. Knuth, trans, by J. R. A. Davis (Oopfonl,
J!l()!l, vol. 3, pp. IV+G.'i'i. fl'!/s. ;>(>,S). — This is the third and concluding volume
of the work previously noted ( E. S. II., 20. p. 326). It is based on H. Miiller's
work on the Fertilization of Flowers by Insects, and gives the results of

528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOTiD.

observations on 1.42(5 species of 544 jjeiiera of flowers iuid their insect visitors.
The orders of plants reported upon are those from Goodeuoviese to Cycadete.
The work conchides with a systematic list of the insect and other visitors
arranj;ed alpliabetically.

Influence of food supply on variation, II. II. Love (Amer. Breeders' Assoc.
[J'roc], 0 {190'J), PI). SolSG-'i, dgnis. //). — The author lias carried on experi-
ments with peas grown in sand, in ordinary gai'den soil, and in garden soil
heavily fertilized with manure and acid phosi)h;ite. to test the effect of the
available food supply on variation. A cousiilei'able ninnlter of i)eas were
grown in the different plats, and the data are given in talmlar and diagi-ani-
matic form.

It appears that of the three characters which have to do directly wnth the
vigor of the plant, i. e., height, yield, and number of internodes, the variability
as indicated by the standard deviation increases with the food supply. The
coefficient of variability also increases with the food supply in the case of the
yield and number of internodes, but in the case of height it is less on the
fertilized plat than on the unfertilized.

A study of the tables indicates that the standard deviation increases more
gradually as the food supitly increases than the coefficient of variability, and
that in studying and comparing such data the standard deviation is the best
index where there are such wide differences between means as was the case in
the author's experience.

Clonal or bud variation, II. J. Webber (Amer. Breeders' Assoc. [Proc.}, 5
(1909), pp. 3J/7-357). — The author calls attention to the possibilities of plant
Itreeding through the selection of bud variations and points out a number of
instances in both annual and perennial plants where this has been taken advan-
tage of. He argues for a wider extension of this form of breeding and thinks
that this field has been neglected and should certainly receive more considera-
tio"n.

Variation and correlation in the flowers of Lagerstroemia indica, J. A.
Harris (Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. Rpt., 20 (1909), pp. 91-10.',). —X study has been
made of the sepals, petals, and large and small stamens of the crape myrtle
in order to determine the limits of variation and possible correlation, the data
being presente<l as a contribution to a quantitative study of variation.

The correlation between length of flowering stalk and number of flowers
per inflorescence in Nothoscordum and Allium, J. A. Harris (Mo. Bot. (lard.
A)in. Rpt., 20 (1909), pp. 105-11',, dgms. 2).— As a result of statistical studies,
the author found a considerable degree of correlation between the length of the
flowering stalk of these monocotyledonous i)lants and the number of flowers
which they i)roduce.

Apogamy in the maize plant, G. N. Collins (U. S. A^fl^ Mus., Contrih. Xiit.
Hcrhariinn. 12, pt. 10, pp. -'/.5.J-'/.».T. pis. 2). — The author describes an abnor-
mality found quite constantly occurring in a variety of Mexican corn grown at
AMctoria, Tex. The abnormality consisted in the production of branches or
young plants in the place of the spikelets of the male inflorescence, and prac-
tically every plant of this variety exhibited this character to a greater or less
degree. In the axils of the first leaves, which correspond to the outer glumes,
small roots were found, and when separated from the parent plant these
ai)ogamous plants took root and made considerable growth, although none lived
to maturity. This is believed to be a true case of apogamy similar to that in
onions, certain species of Agave, and other plants.

The botany and origin of American upland cotton, F. Fletcher (Cairo
Kci. Jotir., ;i U909), No. 38, pp. 263-267, pis. .3).— As a result of a study of a
large number of plants, together with the literature relating to this species of

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY, 529

Ciossypium, the author decides that the Americau upland cotton should be re-
ferred to G. siamense and not to (L hirsutitiii or G. herbacciim, as is commonly
reported. The growth characters of the Americau upland cotton and the
species described from Siam are quite similar, and the author thinks that it is
probable that the upland cotton was introduced from eastern Asia to the botanic
gardens and afterwards to cultivation in America.

Some cytolog'ical aspects of cotton breeding, L. Balls (Amer. Breeders'
Assoc. [Pruc], 5 (1909), iJi). 16-28, dyms. 2). — The author discusses the connec-
tion between cytology and heredity, and gives an account of some of his investi-
gations on the breedhig of cotton.

A list is given of about two dozen allelomorphic pairs in cotton, which, al-
though these do not by any means include all the possibilities of inheritance in
cotton crosses, indicate the possibility of making over 600 pure strains. There
is also a discussion of the development of the lint on the cotton seed. In con-
clusion the author states that he has found that the vast majority of crosses
in a cotton crop are heterozygous in several characters, and that the amount
of crossing which takes place between cotton i)lants growing in a field pro-
ducing this heterozygous condition ranges from .") to 25 per cent. As a result,
no i>edigrec can be considered as evidence for or against any law of heredity
unless this natural crossing has been recognized or excluded. Recognizing this
tendency to heterozygosity, the author claims that the so-called easy variation
of cotton is not a fluctuation, but is merely a difference of rigid gametic con-
stitution, with some small amount of fluctuation. So far as has been investi-
gated, Mendel's law applies to all characters of the cotton plant.

Seeds and plants imported during' the period from. January 1 to March 31,
1909. Inventory No. 18 ( /'. .s'. r)< i)i. Ayr., Bur. Plant Jnilits. Bill. 162, pp.
73). — ^Thls gives a list, together with notes upon the economic value, of the seeds
and plants secured between January 1 and March 31, 1909, the number of items
amounting to 7151. It is largely made up of collections forwarded by N. E.
Hansen, of the South Dakota Station, while acting as an agricultui-nl explorer
for the Department.

Vitality of pine seeds and the delayed opening of cones, W. C. Cokeb
(Amer. Aat., J,3 {1909), No. 515, pp. 6'7'7-()8/).— Attention is called to the reten-
tion of the cones by the knob-cone and Monterey pines, the author stating that
the cones are frequently retained unopened on trees that are 30 or more years
old. As all cones are borne on new growth, the peduncles of the cones must be
broken loose from their connection with the wood, so as to allow the cones to be
pushed out by the annual growth. The cones that remain on the surface of the
trunk are said to have no organic connection with the tree, and they do not shed
their seeds until the tree or branch that bears them dies.

This condition of some of the California pines led the author to investigate
the vitality of the seeds of the common Finus serotiita of South Carolina, which
holds its cones unopened for several years. Specimens of unopened cones 10 or
more years old were obtained, and the seeds collected and their germination
determined. From the tabular statement presented the germination of the
different lots was found to fluctuate, but seeds as old as 14 years gave consider-
able germination.

The effect of different solar radiations on jplants, C. Flammarion (Bui.
Mens. Off. Renscig. Ayr. [Paris], S {1909), No. ,S, pp. 1111-1119).— X brief ac-
count is given of investigations with beans, x^eas, and leeks, in which the effect
of different coloi-ed screens on the nitrogen content of the plants is shown.

In general it was found that under the colored glass the increase in nitrogen
is more rapid than under the clear glass. This increase seems to be greatest

580 EXPF.KTMF.XT s;TATTOX RErOTJD.

iiiulcr the colors which least stiiimlalo the cliloroiiliyll I'liiictions of tho plants.
With the exception of peas, tlie total nitroj,'en and allmniinoid nitrojicn were
.greatest nnder the jzreeu and l)lue colored screens.

The influence of shade upon the composition of plants, 11. ^\'. Tiiatciiek
{Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 {1909), No. 12, pp. 801, 802). — In a previous
publication the author has referred to the effect of shade on the constituents of
the wheat kernel (E. S. R., 19, p. 43r>). In the ])resent paper an account is
given of investifjations carried on by the author and some of the assistants at
the Washinf^ton Experiment Station to determine the effect of shading on the
composition of i>otatoes, field peas, ennner, wheat, oats, and barley.

Different densities of shade, lengths of time of shading, and crops have been
employed, and it has been found that except with i»lants which become very
dry in maturing, the moisture content is greatly increased under the shade.
There is also a higher percentage of ash in the shaded samples, except in the
case of oats, and a somewhat larger amount of crude i)roteln in the plants
grown under the sliade.

The general effect of shading, whatever the texture of the material used
or the length of the shading period, is to increase the percentage of moisture,
mineral matter, and nitrogenous matter, with a deci'eased percentage of starch
or carbohydrates. However, the increase in other constituents is not directly
proportional to the decrease in starch. It is believed that the changes produced
l)y the shade are not simply a deterrence of the elaboration of starch or other
carbohydrates in the absence of direct sunlight, but that other physiological
changes are induced by the shading.

Protein metabolism in plants and its relation to some physiological proc-
esses, F. Ehrlich {Landw. Jahrh., 38 {1909). Erf/tinzuiiffsh. 5, pp. 289-327). —
As a result of the author's studies on alcoholic fei'uientation, he arrives at the
conclusion that through the brealiing down of the sugars yeasts are supplied
with the energy required for building up proteids. Part of the sugars form
other carbohydrates, which, together with glycogen and amino acids, the yeast
forms into characteristic proteids.

It is claimed that plants in general build their aromatic compounds chiefly
from the pi'oteids and that in a similar way, through the ])rotein metaliolism of
the plants, fusel oil and other nitrogen-free substances are formed.

A comparative study on some vegetable diastases, C. (Jerber {Compt. Rend.
^00. Biol. [Paris-]. 61 {1909), .Yo. ,^7, pp. .S'G7-86'.9 ) .— The results of a study of
the proteolytic enzyms of Pleurotus OHtreatus and of the paper mulberry are
given. It is shown that the rennet of the fungus is greatly favored by lime and
oxygen, is very sensible to allvalis, and slightly resistant to heat, while that of
the paper mulberry is less influenced by lime and oxygen, is l)ut slightly sensi-
tiA-e to alkali, and very resistant to high temperatures.

Starch formation from sorbite by the Bosaceae, O. TREBorx {Bcr. Drut.
Bot. (IcscH.. 27 ( 1909), Xo. 8, pp. 507-.7//).— Attention is called to the fact that
sorbite can probably serve as a soui'ce of starch, as has been shown to be the
case for mannite and dulcite of other plants. Sorbite, however, is found only
in the fruit, while the others are found in all ])arts of the plants containing
them.

As a result of a study of many species of rosaceous plants, the author con-
cludes that the ability to form starch from sorbite is a distinctive character-
istic of those species Jaelonging to, the tribes Pomers, Prunefp, and Spime'ejp. In
his investigations, no trace of starch which was made frfini s<irl)ite was to be
found in sjiecies of Rose;p and Rubeic.

A critical examination of Sachs's method for using increase of dry weight
as a measure of carbon dioxid assimilation in leaves, D. Thoday ( Proc. Roy.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 531

Soc. [London], Ser. B, 82 (WOO), No. B 552, pp. 1-55, figs. 8).— This is a de-
tailed accouut of studies which have beeu previously noted from another source
(E. 8. K., 21. p. 318).

The phosphorus metabolism in plants, W. Staniszkis iBuI. Intvnuit. Acad.
Sci. Cracovie, CI. 8ci. Math, et Nat., 1909, No. 6, pp. 95-123, pi. 1; abs. in Jour.
Vhem. Soc. [London]. 93 {1909), No. 565, II, pp. 923, 92.y).—A study was made
of millet throughout its entire growing period to determine its phosphorus
metabolism.

The seeds were found to contain but little inorganic phosphorus and during
their development the phosphorus content increased with the increase in dry
weight. Up to the time of the formation of the panicles only small quantities
of organic phosphorus were formed, but afterwards up to the time of the ripen-
ing the amount of phosphoproteins, and especially phytin, increased consider-
ably. At the same time phosphorus was found to pass from the stem to the
leaves. The maximum lecithin content was found to occur in the early stages of
the formation of the panicles. While these were being formed protein nitrogen
decreased, although the total nitrogen increased. In the ripe millet seeds 97
per cent of the nitrogen was found to occur as protein. During the ripening
of the seeds the ratio of the protein phosphorus to protein nitrogen was found
to increase, showing that phosphorus-free proteins were being converted into
jthosphoproteins.

On the lack of antagonism between certain salts, C. B. Lipman {Bot. Gaz.,
JfD (.1910), No. 1, pp. Jfl-50, figs. 2).— In continuation of earlier work (E. S. R.,
21, p. 627) with respect to ammonification by Bacillus siihtilis, an account is
given of further experiments as to the effect of calciinn, magnesium, and sodium
salts on this organism.

The results of these experiments are in marked contrast to those generally
obtained with green plants. The author found that for B. .siihtilis there was no
antagonism between magnesium and calcium or between sodium and calcium.
Any combination of magnesium and calcium proved more toxic than magnesium
chlorid, and any combination of sodium and calcium salts was more poisonous
than sodium chlorid alone. In these respects the behavior of B. suhtilis is said
to have no parallel among plants so far as studied, and scarcely any among
animals.

Cultural studies of species of Penicillium, C. Thom (U. S. Dcpt. Agr.. Bur.
Anim. Indus. Bui. 118, pp. 109. figs. 3(i). — The author in previous work on
fungi in cheese ripening (E. S. R., 17. p. 1186) encomitered certain difficulties
in identifying the Penicillium molds, which necessitated further culture and
comparison of many other species and an examination of the nomenclature of
the whole genus Penicillium.

It was foinul that the cultural description of species of molds demanded the
recognition of the following points: (1) The culture media and conditions
must be described so fully as to make the rei)etitlon of tlie culture upon the
same medium and under approximately the same conditions easily possible
anywhere; (2) the liabit, structure, and appearance of the colony must be
given as it develops on at least two standard media of decidedly different com-
position; (3) the physiological effects of the colony upon these media should
be noted; (4) full drawings or photographs should show habit as well as
microscopic details of cells and cell I'elations; and (5) other morphological or
physiological data obtainable should be given as accessory information.

The author has followed this plan throughout the entire study of the 41
species of Penicillium noted, several of which are described as new. The paper
closes with keys to the cultural identification of species and with tabular state-

532 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

uients of the saliont characters aud comparative cultura] data of the various
species of Peiiicillium.

A I)ibli()Kraph.v is aiipciidod.

Suggestion for a new bacteriological nomenclature, (). Jensen (Ventbl.
Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 22 {1908), No. J,-6. piK .97. ,98; 22 {1909), No. 11-13, pp.
30r>-S.',6, (Iff HI. I: ahs. in Che in. Zenthl.. I HO!). Jf, No. 18, pp. 1.579, 1,580).— The
author recouimt'iKis chissifying bacteria into 2 groujis accui'diug to their physi-
ological and clieiuical actions, that is, < fplialotrichiHfe and peritrichime. The
grouping excludes the actinouiyces. tlic siilpliur. and the thread Ijacteria.

FIELD CROPS.

Results obtained in 1909 on the Dominion Experimental Farms from
trial plats of grain, fodder corn, field roots, and potatoes. \V. Saunders
tCdiiaihi Cent. E.rpt. Farm Bui. 6.), pp. 53). — Tables present the results of a
continuation of variety tests previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 821 K the yields
in 1909 and the avei'age yields for the i)ast 5 years being given.

Report on oat and barley experiments, 1908, H. B. (Jreig (Ahordeen and
No. of t^cot. Col. Agr. Jjcuflct S, pp. 11). — Of the 0 varieties of oats tested each
averaged per acre more than 50 bu. of 42 lbs. each at the 5 centers at which the
tests were conducted. The Highlander and Thousand Dollar varieties proved
the earliest. The milling propei-ties of 7 varieties are given, loss of weight from
drying, and weight of husks, dust, oatmeal, and meal per quarter being indicated.

In a test of 8 varieties of barley Danish Archer proved remarkably prolitie.
All were seeded at the rate of 2,500,000 seeds or from 4 to 4f bu. per acre. This
rate of seeding yielded a total weight of from 4,54S to 5,.3T0 lbs. ijer acre.

Annual report of the Burdwan Agricultural Station for the year 1907-8,
F. Smith {Ann. Rpt. Bunhran E.rpt. Sta. \ India]. 1907-8, pp. 2.5). — In a 4-year
manurial test to determine the best forms in which to apply nitrogen to jute, 3©
Ib.s. i)er acre aitplied in cow dung i)r()duced better results than the same amount
in castor cake, bone meal, or bone meal and saltpeter. The greatest output of
fiber was secured by cutting the crops when the fruits were dead ripe, but it had
the highest valuation when cut as the fruits began to set. A higher yield was
secured from jilants spaced 4 in. apart than at any greater distance. The quan-
tity and quality of fiber secured by drilling aud by broadcasting were practi-
cally the same.

Tests "of jute and paddy in rotation indicate that these crops may be used to
produce a food and a money crop on the same land during the same year. The
best results with potatoes came from an application of 22* maunds (about 1,850
lbs.) of castor cake, but almost equally as good results were obtained from an
application of 11 i maunds of castor cake together with "\ maunds of saltpeter,
and very good results with conserved cow dung which cost less than one-third
as much as castor cake.

Annual report of the Cuttack Agricultural Station for the year 1907-8,
F. Smith (.1/(*/. Rpt. Cuttack E.rpt. N'/a. [///(/(« 1. 1907-8, pp. ,W-f- ///).— Lime
liroduced beneficial results in manurial experiments, especially in connection
with dhaincha used as green manure. The addition of artificial to natural ma-
nures produced a slight increase in output, but at an economic loss. One maund
(about 82 lbs.) of sulphate of magnesia produced a greater yield of paddy in
proportion to the amount api)lied than did 2 or 3 maunds.

From 30 to 35 seers (62 to 72 lbs.) of paddy of medium sized grain proved the
maximum amount per acre profitable in broadcast cultivation. The application
of 2, 4, and (5 in. of water at intervals of 15 days beginning September 1, pro-
duced approximately equal yields of paddy.

FIELD CROPS. 533

Lime applied to plats of jute iuvariably produced an increase in yield but a
decrease in the value per mauud of the fiber. The greatest increase in value
ap]ieared to result from applications of (1) superithosphate and (2) superphos-
phate and sa]ti)eter, while the highest yields resulted from very complete mix-
tures of artificial and natural fertilizers including lime.

Other {-rops reported are sugar cane, ground nuts, and papayas.

Annual report of the Dumraon Agricultural Station for the year 1907-8,
F. Smith iAini. Rpl. Dumraon Exi>t. .S7«. [Itidla], 1907-S, pi). 20, dgm. 1). — ■
In a iiianurial experiment on sugar cane an application of 350 lbs. of nitrogen
per acre in castor cake or cow dung gave a higher yield of raw sugar than
did an application of 150 lbs. of nitrogen, but the increase was not in proportion
to the auurint of manure applied. Owing to the scarcity of the cow manure,
it is reconmiended that one-third be replaced by castdr cake, rape cake, safflower
cake, or gingelly cake. Applications of saltpeter with the different cakes and
bone meal are deemed impracticable unless very cheaply obtained, and appli-
cations of 250 lbs. of nitrogen proved uneconomical in all the different forms
used. The Poona bed and the trench and furrow systems of planting sur-
passed the Raiyat and Mauritius systems.

On Aman paddy 40 lbs. of nitrogen per acre supplied by most manures is
too large an amount to be economical. The highest profits secured were
fnmi the use of (1) cow dung and castor cake and (2) sun hemp as a green
manure. Losses resulted from the use of (1) castor cake and (2) bone meal
and saltpeter. The yield in the case of the latter was even lower tlian when
no manure whatever was used.

Variety tests are reported in connection with cane, paddy, and oats.

Annual report of the Sibpur Experimental Farm and agricultural classes
for 1907-8, S. K. Basu (Ann. h'pt. Sibpiir E.rpt. Fann [India], 1U07-S, pj).
10).— In a manurial experiment with rice the highest profits were obtained
from the use of dhaincha as a green manure and cow dung applied at the rate
of 150 maunds (12,300 lbs.) per acre, while losses resulted from the use of
ajiatite and saltpeter, bone meal and saltpeter, mahua cake, and rape cake.
With potatoes the highest yield resulted from an application of 300 maunds
of cow dung and the lowest from an application of 20 maunds of rape cake.
On sugar cane, castor cake, bone meal and saltpeter, and apatite and saltpeter,
each ])rodueed a marked increase in yield.

Seeding of jute seed at the rate of 0 lbs. per acre gave a higher yield of
fiber than did the use of TJ ]l)s. Potatoes planted at intervals of 9 in. in
rows IS in. apart, produced decisively greater yields than those with I'ows
farther apart. Potatoes sprouted in the open air produced decisively higher
yields in all cases than did those sprouted under shade, while yields from both
whole tubers and cut sets increased as the weight of tubers and sets was
increased from 4 oz. each to f oz. and then to 1 oz. each.

Variety tests are reported with paddy, jute, and sugar cane.

Planting- experiments at the agricultural experiment station, Zimbiti
(Mozambique), W. II. Johnson (Trap. Life, 5 (190!)), No.s. 6, pp. <S'/, cS.5, p'(js. 2;
S, pp. 122-136, figsi. 7). — A l>rief account of the establishment and work of this
station is given.

In a variety test of cotton the Peeler and Bailey long staple upland cottons
produced the highest yields of seed cotton (about 725 kg. per hectare or (:)45 lbs.
yier acre), with lint percentages of 33.99 and 33.07, respectively. Among the
4 short staple upland cottons the King variety produced the highest yield, 635.2
kg. of seed cotton jier hectare, and also the highest lint jtercentage, .35.26. Only
one of tlie 16 long staple ui)land cottons yielded less than 30 per cent of lint to

584 FA'PERIMENT STATION RECORD.

.seed folton. Two s^ea islaiul (■(ittinis failed to make any yield, and the lint of
K};y]itian v.irieties was inferidr.

In a test of 11 varieties of maize, the maximnm yield of l,!UiO kg. of dry j^niin
per hectare was prodneed by the White Banj^o variety. Seeds of ;]2 varieties
of tohaeco were sown, and seedlinj^s of 27 varieties were successfnlly tran.s-
l)Ianted, of whicli 22 prodneed leaf fit for cnring and in'odnced an averas<' f>f
225 kj?. of cnred leaf i»er heet;ire. The maxinnuii yield. 1()4 ktr. iier liectiire,
\A'as produced l>y the Lonir Leaf Cooch vai'iety.

Notes on imiIiIxm'. luiscellaneons cnips, and animal and insect pests, are fol-
lowed by tables showin.i; the rate ni' plantini,', the dates of ])lanting, germination,
flowering, fruiting, and harvesting, the iirejtaration of land, rate of yield, notes
on insect i)ests, and other d.-ita for each variety of gromid nnts, cowiteas, cotton,
tobacco, maize, sesamnm, and other croi)s planted.

Culture and composition of Arachis hypogea and Voandzeia subterranea,
I'. BoNAME (.S7f/. Aijnni. Ma iiiitiiis liiil. JL l!>il!l, pp. .J'/). — These 2 crojts are
discussed and compared as nitrogen gatherers and in.'iny .analyses of each are
given.

For the ordinary i)eannt, analyses show the composition of samples as secured
in the market, and of the ash from these samples. Analyses of the Jumbo
and Virginia varieties indicated a slightly higher niti'ogen content and ratio of
kernels to hulls in Jumbo, w^hich was also markedly higher in cellulose and
sugar content. Analyses are also given of the kernels from which the oil has
been pressed, of the stems and foliage, and of the ash content of each.

The pistache Malgache, as it is called in France, or Voandzou, as it is called
in Madagascar, has the same cultural requirements as the ordinary peanut, and
a similar but less abundant foliage, but is said to be less efficient as a nitrogen
gatherer. Analyses are given of the green and mature plants and showing the
l)roportion of kernel to hull in the fresh material and in the dry matter, and
of the kernels, hulls, entire fruit, and foliage, and the ash of each. The ratio
of nitrogenous and nonnitrogenous material varies little from the green plant to
complete maturity. The ordinary peanut has a higher content of i)hosphoric
acid and niti'ogen and ;i lower content of potassium than has T. suhtcrninca.

Prickly comfrey as a forage crop, II. N. Vinall ( f '. H. Dcpt. Af/r., Bur.
Plant Indus. C'nc. '/7. iip. !>. fh/s. 2). — This circular states in a concise form the
experimental results obtained with this crop at several state exjieriment stations
with a brief description of the plant and directions for its culture, intended to
enable ]n"osi)ective growers to determine its ])robable value for their i)nrposes.

Corn, P. II. Rolfs (7-7^. i^fa. Bui. ]00, pp. 13-26, flgs. //).— A brief statistical
study of the Florida corn crop during recent years is followed by a study of
varieties and descriptions of varieties, based on ears raised from seed derived
mainly from various parts of Florida. Variety tests during the past seven
years have indicated that northern bred corn is too soft and starchy for ordi-
nary Florida puri)oses, as it is subject to mold and decay early in the year and
is badly attacked by weevils and other insects. Its large yield, however, makes
it profitable to devote a small area to it. Directions for the selection, testing,
purchase and storage of seed corn are followed by instructions for the prei)a ra-
tion and fertilization of the land and cultivation of the cro]).

Testing seed corn by specific gravity, II. A. Dunn ( I'ror. Ind. Acad, .s'c/.,
1D08, pp. 103-105). — A specific gravity test in ;i solution of 1 part of glucose in
3 parts of water is described. All kernels that float in such a solution are
termed light, and discarded.

Ears that tested "extra strong." "good." and "worthless" in the ordinary
seed box germinati(m test were tested by this specific gravity method. For the
"extra strong'' ear, the D per cent of light kernels and 91 per cent of heavy

FIELD CROPS. 535

kernels indicntetl by the specific gravity test, showed a germination test of
100 per cent in eacli case. From 300 kernels taken from the "good" ear,
258 heavy grains had a germination percentage of 89, while the 42 light
grains had a germination percentage of G!.». Of OS heavy kernels from an
ear whose box germination test had shown 4 dead kernels and 1 weak one
out of 5, 47 per cent germinated, while of the 32 light kernels loi per cent
germinated. In a further test of 2,1 1<) kernels from ears that failed to ger-
minate in the box test. 54 per cent of the 51)2 heavy seeds germinated, while only
22 per cent of the 1,524 light kernels germinated. A field test showed a diffei'-
euce in yield of about 3 bu. per acre in favor of the heavy seed as separated by
the glucose solution.

Report of work in corn pollination, M. L. Fisher (I'roc. liid. A(-ad. *S't'i.,
1!J0S, i>i>. J-33, IS'i). — During \'.)us six studies were carried out in duplicate, of
which the I'esults of two studies are here reported.

Reid Yellow Dent fertilized with pollen from Stowell Evergreen produced no
observable variation save a somewhat broader kernel, which might occur with-
out crossing. Fertilizing with iiolleu from a speckled variety produced no
change save f<ir a tVw whitish crowns. The pollen used was from tassels
plucked in the afternoon, sent through the mail, and used the following morning.

When silks of Kooue ("ounty White were pollenized with pollen from Iteid
Yellow Dent, well-tilled ears with white crowns, yellowish kernels, somewhat
shorter than the usual Boone County White kernel, were obtained but this last
variation may have been due to extreme drought. The other characters of the
ear were unchanged. Three 5-ear lots were pollenized in duplicate with pollen
24, 48, and 72 hours old, respectively. The 24-hour old pollen produced well-
filled rows in all ears, while that 48 hours old left many vacant places, although
the ears were fairly well tilled. Practically no fertilization resulted from
pollen 72 hours old, the best ears containing but 8 or 10 kernels per cob.

Cultivation of peanuts, R. G. Oses {Extiic. Cent. A<jron. Cuba, Bol. 18, pp.
J!)). — Descriptit)ns are given of several varieties of peanuts and directions for
their cultivation, harvesting, and preparation for market, together with a
statement of the soil requirements of the crop, and directions for seed selection.
Estimates of the i)rofits of the crop in Cuba are also included.

Potato culture on irrigated farms of the West, E. H. Grubb ( U. S. Dcpt.
Ayr., Farmers' Bui. 3S6, pp. 13, figs. 3). — In this paper the author, a practical
I)otato grower of Colorado, discusses the preparation of the soil for potatoes,
planting by means of machines, relative merits of cutting the seed and of
planting whole tubers, cultivation, irrigation, storage, marketing, seed selec-
tion, selection of vai'ieties, and possible yields.

The anatomical structure of the sugar beet in its relation to breeding
practice, J. .MciLLER (7^/. Ziickcrriihcithaii, 16 (190D). No. 19, pp. 289-29^). —
A bibliography and review of recent work on the histological, physiological,
microscopical, and polarization studies bearing upon the improvement of the
sugar beet.

Growing sugar beet seed in South Dakota, J. H. Shepard {l8outh Dakota
8ta. Bui. Ill, pp. 597-609, figs. 4)- — This is a continuation of the cooperative
work with this Department previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 233), and reports
results with the home-grown seed produced in 1908 and with the new varieties
of seed sown during the year.

In the final selection no mother beets were retained which fell below 15 per
cent sugar, while in some instances all below 18 per cent were rejected. Of
the 20 varieties jilanted in 1908 only the 0 hardiest and most promising ones
were retained. Four of these showed a maximum sugar percentage of 19.S per
cent. New lots of seed obtained this year were divided into 2 parts to pre-

536 EXPERIME^'T STATION RECORD.

vent a conip'olo loss thr(»iiKli failure of the seed at any one i)nint, and to demon-
strate its adaptation to different cultural retrions of the I'niled Slates.

The results with new lots of seed planted in l'.K)S were materially intlneneed
by an early, moist, and prolon^t'd j^rowinj; season which lowered the average
sufrar conlciit and in<-reas('d Ihc iirn|i((rlioii of beets rejected.

Seedling canes and manurial experiments at Barbados, 1906-1908 (///(/*.
Iti lit. Aijr. M'cst Indies Pamphlet 59, pp. 101). — I'revious work at this station
has been noted (E. S. K., liO, p. 2;«).

During 1906-190S experiments were conducted on IL' black soil estates and :!
red soil estates. In a variety test of cane in comparison with the White Trans-
irarent variety, Sealy Seedling produced an increased yield of 0,184 llts. of
Muscovado sugar per acre, valued at .$24.S!), B3412 an increased yield valued at
$17.r.T, BIT)!'! .$4!)..^.(t, R3(j<)(i .$16.31, and H34().j .^oO-^O. A total increased yield
from the plants and first rattoons of $73,27 was secured from B13Sf>, and of
$58,50 from B15(j(J. Total increased yields of $115.14 and $100.27 were secured
from B3390 and B3412, respectively, during the period 1904-1908.

Of the 219 seedling canes planted in 190(5, 22 reached the required standard
in field characteristics and in purity and richness of juice, and were retained
for planting at th<> close of 1908. At the end of 1907, 0,690 seedlings were
obtained, of which 4,099 were transplanted for further test.

A list of selected varieties for 1908 is given with a description of each,
together with its chief mean results per acre, including yield, i)ounds of
saccharose per gallon, quotient of purity, and glucose ratio.

None of the 5 varieties of seedling canes obtained by artificial hybridization
or of the 6 varieties obtained by self-fertilization proved superior to the newer
seedlings now under cultivation.

At the Dodds liotanic station plats low in fertility were enriched l)y an
application of 20 tons per acre of barnyard manure. Experiments were also
conducted in which barnyard manure was applied at twice this rate and in
which commercial fertilizers were applied to determine the relative values of
various sources of nitrogen, potash, and phosphorus. The results showed that
the application of nitrogen as dried blood, nitrate of soda, or sulphate of
ammonia, gave a profitable increase of yield. Sulphate of ammonia pi'oved
superior to nitrate of soda, and under some circumstances the organic form of
nitrogen found in dried blood was thought to equal sulphate of ammonia. The
most favorable rate of application of nitrogen was from 40 to 60 lbs, per acre.
The yield of sugar appeared to deci'ease with the application of superphosphate.
A profitable increase of yield was obtained by the aiiplication of 60 lbs. i)er
acre of potash as sulphate. Greater profit arose from the application of half
of this sulphate in January and the remainder in June than from the applica-
tion of the entire amount in January.

Agricultural work for the season between 1906-1908 at Barbados, J. P.
d'Albuqt'erque and .T. R. Bovell (Rpi. Arjr. Work B(irh(t(lof<, Imp. Depf. Am:
West Indies, 1906^1908. pp. 'i-109). — This report presents the same conclusions
as noted above but includes more extended tabulated data from the investiga-
tions on which they are based.

Report on turnip manuring experiments, 1908, It, B. Grek; [Aberdeen and
A'O. of Scot. Col. Agr. Leaflet 7, pp. 6). — A mixture of ? cwt. sulphate of am-
monia, 5f cwt. superphosphate, and 1 cwt. sulphate of potash produced an
increase of 9 tons 15 cwt. of turnips per acre. When the potash was omitted
the increase over the check plat was only 5 tons 6 cwt. On omitting the
phosphate the increase was 2 tons 4 cwt.. and omitting the nitrogen resulted
in an increa.se of 7 tons 10 cwt. The use of superphosphate alone showed an
increased yield of 5 tons over the check plat, but of only 1 ton 15 cwt. on plats

HORTICULTURE. 537

fertilized with dung. Applications of more than .3 or 4 cwt. of superphosphate
appeared to be unprofitable, except as to their residual value. Phosphoric acid
in high grade and in low grade slag appeared equally advantageous, except
that the low grade slag had an api)arent advantage on land deficient in lime.

[Rothamsted wheat experiments of 1909], J. J. Wilj^is ((Jard. Chron.,
3. so:, -}7 (1910), No. 1202, pp. 20, 21). ^The experiments during 1909 followed
the general plan previous!}' noted (E. S. R., 7, p. 381).

During 1909 the production of wheat was in every case below the average
yield. The decrease ranged from 2 bu. per acre on the plat receiving no farm-
yard manure to 6g bu. on the plat receiving superphosphate, potash, and 200
lbs. sulphate of ammonia. The yield of straw ranged from 50f cwt. per acre on
the plat receiving farmyard manure to 9J cwt. on the plat without manure.
The wheats were poorly developed because of insufficient warmth during the
ripening period, and the proportion of offal to dressed grain was large, reaching
30 per cent of the whole in some cases. The proportion of gi-ain to straw ranged
from 30.4 to 58.7 per cent. The quality of the grain on the plat which has
received no manure for 70 years showed no decrease in spite of the soil ex-
haustion which resulted in a yield of only 9J bu. jier acre. The value of a
supply of pota.sh was indicated l)y an increased yield of 9] bu. of wheat and
10 cwt. of straw per acre, resulting from its application, while on another plat
it produced an increase at the rate of 12J bu. of grain and 13 cwt. of straw as
compared witli plats receiving phosphoric acid and nitrogen without potash.

Some varieties of wheat {Estac. Agr. Cent. [Mexico]' Bol. 32, pp. 78, pis.
Jfl). — This bulletin gives full descriptions of 49 varieties of wheat common in
Mexico and certain other countries, particularly Egypt, Australia, and France.

The hybrid wheats, W. J. Spillman (Washington Htu. Bui. 89, pp. 5-21,
pgs. 6). — This bulletin contains a history of the inception, progress, and results
up to the present time of an investigation undertaken for the purjtose of pro-
ducing a hardy winter wheat with stiff straw and close chaff. The principal
results have already been noted from another bulletin (E. S. R.. 20, pp. 537).

In the case of reciprocal crosses, the results were exactly the same which-
ever parent grew the seed. The law of recombination is enunciated and dis-
cussed in full. " The writer claims only to have discovered the fact that in the
second generation of a hybrid every possible combination of the original parent
character occurs." Reports are given from a number of Washington farmers
indicating that the hybrids resulting from the work were i»roducing yields con-
siderably in excess of those of standard varieties and were being utilized over
a considerable area of the wheat growing sections of the State.

Hybrid wheats, R. W. Thatcher (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 21, pp. 4,
fig. 1). — A popular edition of the above.

Judging' and commercial grading of small grains and hay. C S. Knight
(Univ. Ner. Col. Agr. Dept. Agron. Bui. 1, pp. 5-35). — This bulletin presents
standards of perfection and student's score cards, with full explanation of each,
for wheat, oats, and barley, and a score card for alfalfa hay. The rules adopted
by the Minneapolis and Duluth Grain Inspection Boards in September. 1908,
for the commercial grading of gi-ain, and the Chicago Board of Trade rules for
the inspection of hay and straw, are also given.

HORTICULTURE.

Fertilizer experiments with, lime nitrogen, sulphate of amm.onia and
nitrate of soda for cabbage, Wehnert (Landic. Wchnbl. 8chles. Hoist., 60
(1910), No. J,, pp. 11, 72).— Plat experiments on different kinds of soil are re-
ported. The nitrogenous fertilizers were used in connection with liquid manure,

538 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

Tlioiiiiis slag Jiiiil 40 jier cent pcttasli salt. In two out of throe cases the highest
ylehls and greatest prolits were obtained with the liui(> nitrogen.

Sug'g'estions for defense against spring frosts. L. DixiRtiM.Y iPvofi. Apr. rt
\ it. (Ihl. rh'st-Cnilir), ,U (191(1). Xo. I.i. i>ii. I!).J-1<K)).—A popular summary of
practices employed in Europe for protecting vineyards against late spring frosts.

The pruning of apple trees, W. S. Tiiornber ( Wa.sliinyton Sta. Papidar linl.
2Ji, pp. Jf). — This ccmtains brief instructions for pruning and training apple
trees during t]i(> first 4 or 5 years of their growth, and for the jiruning of bear-
ing trees.

Origin and synonymy of the olive varieties of Istria and Trentino, C.
Hfoi'KS {Hoi. Qiiiiiil. .voc. .\;/r. IlaL. lo (I'JIO). Xo. 2. pp. o2-.jD). — In tills paper
the author endeavors to work out the history and synonymy of a number of
varieties of olives growing in Istria and Trentino.

Propagation of mangoes, W. E. Hess (Porto Rico I fort. Xrirf<. 3 i lUlO). Xo.
2, p. JO). — As a result of experiments conducted during the season of 1909, the
author reports success in the production of inarched mango plants of choice
varieties ready to plant in the orchard within 8 months from the seed. His
method of procedure is described. An important aid to early germination ap-
pears to be the removal of the kernels from the husk before planting. Seed-
lings thus grown were ready for inarching 45 days after planting.

The limitation of the Satsunia orange to Trifoliate-orange stock, W. T.
Swingle (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. riant Iiidii.s. Circ. .'i6, pp. 10, pi. /, figs. 6). —
In A iew of the large experimental and prospective commercial plantings of
the Satsuma orange in many of the Gulf States, this circular contains a warn-
ing to jilanters not to purchase the Satsuma orange budded on sour-orange
stock, since the Satsuma succeeds well only when budded on Trifoliate-orange
stock.

A simple method for identifying with certainty Trifoliate stock, which was
discovered in 1887 by O. I'enzig, director of the botanic garden at Genoa, Italy,
is here described. This consists in an examination of a longitudinal section
of the pith of the stock, w^hich, if Trifoliate, will show characteristic thick-
walled pitted cells that make up the imperfect cross partitions. There is an
absence of these thick-walled cells in the sour orange and other citrus fruits.
In case of doubt this Department offers for the present to determine whether
or not inirchased stock is the Trifoliate orange.

Citrus fruits in Texas, H. II. Hume (Tcras Drpt. Agr. Bill. 3, pp. 55. figs.
28). — At the request of the Connnissioner of Agriculture of Texas, the author
investigated the possibilities of citrus fruit growing in the gulf coast country
of that State. The present bulletin comprises a report on this investigation.

Part 1 contains notes on the history and present condition of a large number
of individual citrus trees, growing in different parts of the coast country, as
well as on orchard plantings which have been made, soils, climate, and citrus
stocks. The author concludes in brief after considering the whole matter
in relation to climatic conditions that citrus fruits have been, are being, and
will be grown in the gulf coast region of Texas. It is believed that the Satsuma
will be the principal orange grown. Part 2 has to do with citrus culture. It
discusses setting out the orchard, cultivation, pruning, protection against cold,
fertilizers, varieties, and handling the crop.

Cocoa experiment plats, W. M. Malins-Smith (Proc. Agr. Sac. Trinidad
and Tobago. 10 ( I'JIO). Xo. 1, pp. 11-1. 't). — The relative values of a number of
complete manures and fertilizer coml»inatious were tested on 1-acre cacao
plats which previous to the tests had yielded as high as Tt bags of 180 lbs.
each per acre. The experiments tend to show that with judicious manuring

FORESTRY. 539

the above yield can be easily increased by HO per cent with a considerable
increase in profits.

The cultivation of coffee, H. V. Jackson (Dcpt. Af/i: X. .S'. Wales, Fanners'
Bui. .'/, pp. 8, figs. 7). — This consists of popular notes on coffee culture prepai'ed
with a view of stimulating the industry in New South Wales.

Yerba mate or Parana tea, O. Warburg and F. Wohltmann (Troprnpflan-
zcr, Bcilicfte, 11 (1010), No. 1, pp. 63, figs. 13). — This report, which is prepared
from official data collected by E. Heinze, German Consul for the State of
Parana, relative to the yerba mate industry in the State of Parana, Brazil, is
intended to supplement previous accounts of the yerba mate industry in South
America, such as that by Neger and Vanino (E. S. R.. 15, p. 365). Information
is given relative to the literatui'e and sources of yerba mate, the production of
the raw material, preparation and export of the tea, economic status, and recent
statistical information relative to the industry.

Investigations in connection with the African palm oil industry (Bui.
Imp. Inst.. 7 (190'.)), \o. Jf. pp. 357-39Jt). — This consists of a summary of
various reports on the palm oil industry made by the director of the Imperial
Institute to the British West African colonies. It contains information relative
to areas occupied by the oil palm (Eleais guineensis) in West Africa, its dis-
tribution in the different colonies and countries, the relative values of the
several varieties for the production of palm oil and palm kernels, and the
methods used for the extraction of these products.

Green manuring in the Tropics, J. S. J. McCall (ytjasaland Agr. and For-
estry Dept. [Pub.], 1909, Xo. 2, pp. .'/). — A brief popular pamphlet setting forth
the importance of green manures for soil improvement with special reference to
their use in connection with coffee, rubber, and other tropical crops.

Trees in Washington, W. S. Thornber {Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 23.
pp. Jf). — As a result of extended tests made by the station of shade, forest,
and ornamental trees, more than 100 trees have proved themselves valuable
for conditions in the State. Suggestions ai'e here given relative to propagating,
transplanting, and care and cultivation of trees, together with lists of trees
most W(jrthy of mention, and those suitable for special purposes.

FORESTRY.

Surface conditions and stream flow, W. L. Hall and H. Maxwell (C7. S.
Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 176. pp. 16). — An examination of the flow of 10
important rivers of the United States on which careful records have been kept
for periods ranging from 10 to .34 years, shows a steady increase in the number
and duration of floods during this period. This circular discusses the various
causes which might increase flood conditions, such as precipitation, evapora-
tion, tempei'ature, topography and geology, natural and artificial reservoirs,
soil, and ground cover, and attributes the principal causes of increased floods
to the clearing away of the forests on the mountainous watersheds of the
streams described, together with the repeated burning over of forest lands,
thereby reducing the thickness and value of the ground cover, lessening the
power of the soil to absorb and store water, and destroying the undergrowth
and brush, finally resulting in erosion and rapid run-off of water. The water-
shed of the Cumberland River is discussed as one where conditions have grown
worse, and that of the Red River as one where conditions have grown better.

The reforestation of sand plains in Vermont, C. D. Howe (Bot. Gaz., 49
(1910), Xo. 2. pp. 126-148, figs. 15. map i).— This is a study in the succession
of forest types on sand plains bordering on Lake Champlain. Consideration

3512<S— No. 6—10 4

540 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

is given to the geology and original forest conditions of these areas, which the
author states were originally covered wilii white, i)itch, and Norway pine. The
succeeding forest types on cut-over areas and abandoned cultivated fields are
discussed in detail. The conclusion is reached that pitch pine succeeded to
the control of ai-eas from which the douiinant white pine had been removed.
White pine, liowever, is gradually icgaining its control on cut-over areas, as
well as on abandoned fields, by its actual replacement of white birch stands
and by its jirobable disitlacement of the i)itch pine stands.

Reproduction of western yellow pine in the Southwest, G. A. 1'karson
((/. /S'. Dept. Agr., Forest »S'eri'. Circ. Jl.'i, pp. 16). — Although tlie artificial
reforestation of denuded areas with western yellow pine is considered imprac-
ticable at present, a study made by the Forest Service in 1!)08 indicates that
proper methods of management will insure a satisfactory second growth. The
factors influencing reproduction, including temperature, soil, and air and soil
moisture, together with methods of cutting, brush disposal, grazing, and fire,
are discussed and suggestions are given for the proper management of these
yellow-pine areas to secure favorable reproduction. The ideal management
for the western yellow pine in the Southwest is said to be by means of the
shelterwood system, where relatively light preliminary cuttings will stimulate
reproduction and can be followed by the removal of the rest of the stand as
soon as the second growth has established itself.

Accretion investigations with oaks, W. Klemme (Allg. Forst u. Jagd Ztg.,
86 (1910), t)p. 4-9).— An investigation similar to that previously noted for firs
(B. S. R., 19, p. 746) is reported relative to the age and growth accretion of over
4.000 oaks growing in the state forests of Alsace-Ijorraine. The results are pre-
sented in tabular form and discussed.

British oaks, C. E. Moss (Jour. Hot. [Loudon], ',S (lOlO). .Vo.s-. o65, pp. 1-8,
pi. 1, fig. 1; 566, pp. 33-39). — The author presents evidence to show that Quercus
robur and Q. .scssiliflora, instead of being identical as they are usually con-
sidered, differ in botanical structure, habitat, and range.

Burmese in wood (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus) R. S. Troup ( [Indian For-
est Dept.\ Pamphlet 13, Forest Econ. Her. 6, pp. 2'/, pis. 3, map 1). — An account
of this species relative to its nomenclature, distribution, associating species,
habits of growth, natural and artificial reproduction, distinguishing character-
istics, size and quality of timber, physical properties of the wood, exploitation,
yields and returns, and uses of the wood and minor products.

Wattle growing' for bark, L. E. Taylor (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 8 (1910),
No. 30, pp. 235-2Jfl, pis. 5). — The methods for growing wattle are discussed under
the general headings formation of plantation, utilization, regeneration, and pro-
tection.

Report on the rubber trees at Nilambur and Calicut, South Malabar, R. L.
Proudlock (Madras, 1908, pp. XTI+50, pis. U, chart 1). — This report contains
information relative to the history, growth, and condition of a number of rubber
trees growing at Nilambur and Calicut, including information relative to the
soil and climatic conditions as well as recommendations for the development of
the rubber industry in these regions.

Rubber culture in the Dutch Indies, P. J. Van Houten (Indische Mercuur,
33 (1910), Nos. 1, pp. 1, 2; 2, pp. 19-22). — An address in which the history and
development of the rubber industry in general is reviewed and an account given
of the present status of rubber culture in the Dutch Indies.

Germination tests of forest seeds, Ingeborg Jacobsen (Ceiitbl. Gesam.
Forstir.. 36 (1910), No. 1, pp. 22-28). — The average results secured for the
5-year period ended in 1907 at the Danish Seed Control Station, Copenhagen, in
tests of a large number of coniferous and deciduous forest seeds are given. The

FORESTEY. 541

data show the number of tests, weight per thousand seeds, germination energy,
germination power, purity and duration of test. The apparatus and methods
used in analyzing and testing the seeds are also described and discussed.

Investigations on the pruning' of forest trees, E. Zederbauer (Uniersuch-
ungeii iiber die Aufnstung der Waldbdumc. Vienna, 1909, pp. 11, pi. 1). — These
studies have been previously noted (K. S. E., 22, p. 44).

How to make improvement thinnings in Massachusetts woodlands, H. O.
Cook {Boston, 1910, pp. 21, pis. 9). — A popular treatise on this subject con-
taining data and illustrations taken from actual thinning experiments con-
ducted under the direction of the Massachusetts State Forester. It discusses
the importance, theory, practice, results, and practicability of thinning, and
gives suggestions relative to making thinnings in woodlands infested with the
gipsy moth.

In conclusion a report on the conditions, methods of work and tinancial re-
sults secured in connection with the experimental thinning of a white pine
woodlot in Warwick, Mass., is given. J. J. Dearborn, who carried on the latter
work, concludes that it is possible to thin out a pine grove 50 years of age
with an additional cost of not over 15 cts. per thousand b. m. feet for the
chopping and 15 cts. per thousand b. m. feet for the logging under ordinary
conditions.

A study of the Massachusetts wood-using industries, H. Maxwell {Bos-
ton, 1910, pp. 38). — A statistical study directed jointly by the Forest Service
of this Department and the State of Massachusetts, and including only those
industries in which lumber undergoes further processes of manufacture after
leaving the sawmill. The data for each industry shows the kind and quantity
of lumber used annually, average cost per thousand, and total cost at the fac-
tory, as well as the amount and average cost of lumber grown in and outside of
Massachusetts. The data is also summarized by industries and by species. A
list of the wood manufacturers and another showing the principal purposes for
which each of the 54 different woods is used are appended.

Investigations on the elasticity and strength of Austrian building tim.-
bers (Mitt. Forstl. Vcrsuclisic. Osten:, 1900. Xo. 25, pp. Vll-rlGU pis. 21, figs.
15; 190-'i, No. 28, pp. VI+313, pis. 15, figs. 13; 1909, No. 35, pp. ¥111+217, pis. It,
figs IJf). — The Mariabrunn Forestry Station is conducting a series of studies on
the technical qualities of Austrian building timbers with a view of working out
the relations between elasticity and strength and the moisture content and
specific density of the woods, as well as to determine the influence of various
growth conditions upon the technical properties and to work out the relation-
ship between technical properties and the exterior and easily ascertained char-
acteristics of wood. The present series of reports contains an account of ex-
perimental work conducted with spruce timbers from various parts of Austria,
dealing respectively with spruces of south Tyrol by A. Hadek and G. Janka,
spruces of north Tyrol, Wienerwald and Erz-Gebirge by G. Janka, and spruces
from the Carpathians, Bohmerwald, Ternovanerwald and the Central Alps by
G. Janka. In addition to the experimental data on tests of timber from the
above regions, the last report also contains a discussion of the technical qualities
of spruce timbers in general, including compiled tables based upon the results
of the spruce investigations as a whole.

Impregnation of wood, K. L. F. Friedmann and W. A. G. von Heidenstam
{Danish Patent 12',19, Jan. 22, 1909; ahs in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 139,
Repert., p. 598). — The wood is treated in a tank with creosol-calcium solution
and then exposed to the air or to the gases of a steam boiler in order to bring
about a precipitation of the creosol in the outer layer uf the wood, and further

542 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

to form a layer of calciuin cnrbonalc over it. Tlu- (•rcosol-cjilcium is easily
soluble in wiiter.

Impreg-nation of beech ties with copper arsenite, X. von Lokknz (hniniif)-
nicniiitj roil liiirliciimliiri Urn itiit uisciiiiisdunin K iiiifcroxifd. Mruiin. I'JO'.K pp.
J). — Noted from another source (K. S. II.. 121, p. did).

The use book: Grazing ([/. /S. JJciil. .l.'/r.. Forest Nc/r.. Hi ID. pp. iS'/). —
This is the fourth revision of that portion of the regulations and instructions
for the use of the National Forests (E. S. !{., lit. jt. 147) relating to the grazing
of live stock, and took effect JanuMry 1. 1910.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Researches on fungi, A. II. It. Bim.i.kk y London. Xcw York, lioinhnij, and
Calcutta, J909, pp. XI +287, pis. 5, figs. S3).— Part I of this work includes in-
vestigations of the production, discharge, and dispersal of the si)ores of the
Hynienouiycetes treated botanically and physically. Part II is a similar treat-
ment of the Ascomycetes. The following is a summary of a few of the more
important results obtained :

The spores of the Hymenomycetes are very adhesive when freshly liberated.
Paraphyses are useful as spacial agents. Direct sunlight injures the vitality
of the dry spores of certain species. Spores falling from a fruit body swspended
in a closed beaker can be seen, in clouds or individually without magnification
by using a concentrated beam of light. Fruit bodies of corky or leathery con-
sistency are xerophytic, for when revived after drying, they resume the func-
tion of discharging spores; the spores liberated are viable.

The four spores on each basidium are forcibly and successively discharged.
Each spore is shot out horizontally from its sterigma to a distance of about
U.l mm., with an initial velocity of 40 cm. per second, but is rai)idly checked
by the resistance of the air, in consequence of which the spores describe a
sharp curve called the " sporabola " and then fall vertically to the ground if
in still air. The specific gravity of certain species ranges from 1.02 to 1.21.
The falling spores are claimed to be electrically charged.

The parasitism of. fungi, B. W. Schmidt (Ztschr. Pflanzcnkrank., J!) (1009),
No. 3, pp. 1,!9-l'iS, figs. 7). — An attempt is made to prove that the entrance of
the germ tubes of parasitic fungi into the tissues of their hosts is due to
chemotropic influences. Experiments were conducted with artificial cells ar-
ranged as follows :

A sack with walls made of celloidin was, by means of a glass rod, so sus-
pended inside of a flask, on the bottom of which was a thin layer of gelatin,
that the bottom of the sack was a slight distance from the gelatin layer. The
sack was filled about two-thirds full of plum extract gelatin and the whole
apparatus sterilize^I. Spores from pure cultures of the pear Phyllosticta were
then placed on the gelatin layer at 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 cm. from the sack, the flask
closed and the growth of the 3 resulting colonies observed.

The colony nearest to the sack at the end of 11 days had reached the bottom
of the sack, and by the end of 23 days the lower portion of the sack was cov-
ered with a dense growth of hyphte, many of which had penetrated through the
celloidin walls and into the nutrient solution within. The other colonies did
not show any apprecial)le turning of their growth zones toward the sack. The
fungi in the sack continued to grow until fruit bodies were formed.

The author claims that the celloidin walls represent cell walls; the nutrient
solution, the chemotropic cell substance; and the growth toward and through
the celloidin walls, the infection germ tubes of fungus spores when they first

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 543

penetrate into tlie tissues of the host. He, therefore, coucliules that the origuiai
entrance of germ tulies into the host is due to cheuiotropic influences.

The dissemination of disease by means of the seed of the host plant,
M. F. Barkus (Pioc. Inil. Acad. ticL, 1908, pp. llS-122, pi a: 3). — This is an ab-
stract of a thesis in which the author gives data regarding a number of dis-
eases which are transmitted from crop to crop through the seed. These dis-
eases are divided into two classes, (1) those in which the organism enters the
maturing seed and exists within in a dormant condition until the germination
of the seed, and (2) those whicli adhere to the surface of the see<l, entering the
host plant at the time it germinates.

The diseases described are bean anthracnose (Collctotrichum lindemntlii-
anuin), sunscald of pea {Ascochyta pisi), loose smut of wheat (Ustilago tritici),
naked smut of barley {U. nuda), stinking smut of wheat {TiUetia foetens and
T. tritici), loose smut of oats (U. avence), hidden smut of oats {TJ. Icevis),
covered smut of barley (17. hordei), the smuts of a number of other plants, flax
wilt (Fusariuin lini), bacterial blight of beans, black rot of cabbage, and
Stewart's bacterial disease of corn. In addition it is suggested that some spe-
cies of rusts may be carried over in a similar manner.

Some Fusarium diseases of plants, K. voN Tubeuf (Mitt. K. Bayr. Moor-
kiiJturanst., 1008, Xo. 2, pp. 38-62, pi. 1, figs. 4)- — A summary is given of investi-
gations on the diseases of plants due to various species of Fusarium, after
which the species attacking grasses and common cereals are described at some
length. Among the species occurring on these hosts are F. heterosporum, F.
tritici, F. culmonun, F. hordei, F. lolii, etc.

The perithecial stages of Fusariums are discussed at some length and notes
are given on the color changes observed in different species.

The heteroecious plant rusts of Indiana, A. G. Johnson (Proc. Ind. Acad.
Sci., 1908, pp. 87-9 Ji). — The author briefly shows the results of investigations in
connecting various forms of rusts with their different host plants, and gives
the life histories of 34 species of rusts represented in Indiana. The aecidial
stages of a number of others are not yet known and the teleutospore stages of
a considerable number of species^ are not yet recognized.

International statistics of the grain rusts, P. Sorauer (Zt.schr. Pflanzen-
krank., 1!) (1909), Xo. -'i-5, pp. 193-286). — This is a comprehensive investigation
and compilation of data on the grain rusts of the world.

The material is arranged in the following manner: (1) Events which illus-
trate the severity of the rust at certain seasons or periods. This includes in-
stances of severe rusting in which the entire crop of grain was practically
destroyed, and those in which the plants were badly rusted but a fair crop was
harvested in spite of the rust. (2) Theories as to the means of infection and
propagation of the rust that have been advanced by various writers. Eriksson's
experiments on which he based his mycoplasm theory as to primary infection
are given, and results obtained by various workers from inoculations of jecidio,
uredo, and teleutospores on different host plants are noted. (3) The influence
of the weather on the origin and distribution of the rusts. The effects of rain-
fall, sudden changes of weather, and the weakened condition of the grain plants
due to hail, drought, humidity, insect injuries, frost, or other debilitating
agencies, are each given due attention. (4) The location and nature of the
soil in reference to the appearance of the rusts. Here are set forth the data as
to the different kinds of soils (clay, sand, loam, etc.), subsoils, and location as
to drainage and their probable bearing, if any, on the rusting of cereals grown
on them. (5) The influence of cultural methods on the severity of rust attacks.
The subdivisions under this heading are good seed, thickness of stand, seed

544 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

time, preceding crops, and fertilizei's. The data under each head are tabulated
and discussed. (6) Tlie susceptibility of different varieties of grain to the
attacks of the rust. Nonresistaut varieties of various grains are mentioned and
the extent of rust damage to each. Resistant varieties are named and their
degree of innnunity indicated.

After a careful study of the data included under these six headings, the con-
clusion is reached that grain rust is a "disposition" disease and the question
is one that nuist be solved liy breeding rust-resistant varieties of the various
cereals.

The parasitic Uredineae of Japanese grasses, S. Ito (Jour. Col. Agr. Tohokii
Imp. Univ., 3 (1909), No. 2, pp. lSO-265, pis. 3).— Annotated lists and critical
notes are given on the species of Uredinete which have been found growing para-
sitically on Japanese grasses.

Some results and observations noted in breeding cereals in a specially pre-
pared disease garden, H. L. Bolley (Amer. Breeders' Assoc. [Proc], 5 {1909),
pp. 177-182). — The author gives an account of work with flax and wheat to
secure resistance to disease. He describes the methods under which his inves-
tigations were carried on and as a result of which he is led to believe that
mass breeding for disease resistance is as successful as breeding by individual
selections.

In the author's investigations the conditions for disease are made much more
severe than would occur under ordinary tield conditions. The results thus far
obtained have shown that with flax varieties ha\e been develoiied which have
yielded from 16 to 30 bu. per acre upon soil on which for a number of years
it had been impossible to grow flax on account of the wilt. Some similar results
have been obtained with wheat, and it has been found that the uredospores
of rust appear to confer some degree of immunity or resistance though it does
not appear to be lasting. The resistance secured against uredospore attack
lias not proved of any value in in-eventing the attack by means of jiecidiospores.

The author is led to believe, as a result of his work, that the jecidial stage
of Puccinia graminis acts as a reinvigorator of stem rusts of wheat, and that
on this account the barberries should be rigidly eliminated from wheat-
producing regions.

A new disease of alfalfa in Austria, F. Bubak {AVlener Landw. Ztg., 59
(1909), No. 93, p. 909, figs. 9). — A description is given of the leaf spot disease
of alfalfa, due to PleosplneruUna hriosiatin. that was observed in Austria during
the summer of ]!M)9.

The fungus produces two kinds of sjtots, small brownish-red or purplish
spots, which are sterile, and larger, leathery-brown ones occurring on the leaf
and involving considerable of its tissue. It is thought that this disease is
probably identical with one observed some years before in northern Italy,
although there are some differences in the spore character of the fungi. Asso-
ciated with the Pleosphserulina in all the material examined was the imperfect
fungus, Ascochgta medieaginis. The author believes it is possible that these
two fungi may be closely related, but this remains to be determined.

Cotton anthracnose, H. W. Barre (Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 78.7. p.
g§), — As a result of the author's investigations it was found that seed taken
from the field where anthracnose occurred the previous summer contained the
fungus, and an examination of bolls showed the presence of the fungus beneath
the seed coats and in the tissues of the cotyledons. In addition to the mycelium,
spores were frequently found within the seeds.

Inoculation experiments indicated that the fungus seems to prefer the seed
and lint to other portions of the plant, and in many cases these parts of the
plant were attacked, with uo indication of the fungus on the walls of the bolls.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 545

When infected seeds were planted, diseased seedlings were produced, and the
disease thus spread. A number of outbreaks of anthracnose in various sections
uf South Carolina were traced to the planting of diseased seed.

Studies have shown that it is impossible to isolate the fungus from material
that has remained in the field as late as July 20. On the basis of this and
other observations the author believes that it will be possible to eliminate the
disease by a one year's rotation with disease-free seed.

The results of seed treatment, methods of infection, resistance, etc., are
to be the subject of a rejxirt from the South Carolina Station.

A serious potato disease occurring' in Newfoundland, II. T. Gtissow (Can-
ada Cent. Expt. Farm Bui. 63, pp. 8, pis. 2, figs. 1). — Attention is called to the
rapid spread throughout European countries of potato canker {Chrysophlyctis
endohiotica) and its recent (1909) observation in Newfoundland. The history,
appearance in the field, damage caused by, and the pathology of the disease, are
noted. In this disease the eyes of the tubers produce an abnormal cauliflower
or warty outgrowth from the size of a pin's head to that of the potato itself.
In many cases the entire potato is covered with a blackish mass of wrinkled
warts.

Prevention, seeing that no diseased potatoes are used for seed, seems to be the
best remedy. If the seed tubers are suspected, the sets should be powdered with
sulphur at the rate of 4 or 5 lbs. to a ton of potatoes, and then stored in boxes
until planted. When the disease has once appeared in a field, the diseased
tubers should be collected and either burned or boiled. If boiled, they can be fed
to the stock, but under no conditions should unboiled or decayed potatoes be fed,
as the spores of the disease are capable of germinating after passing through
the body of an animal.

In removing the potatoes from the field, great care should be taken to clean
thoroughly and disinfect boots, carts, and implements. All refuse from the vines
and all diseased tubers should be collected and placed in a hole upon a layer of
unslacked lime 6 in. deep, covered with a layer of unslacked lime, and so on until
the hole is full. If lime is not available, sawdust soaked in bichlorid of mercury
1 : 500, and mixed with the tubers in the hole may be used. When the land has
been thus cleaned, it should be fallowed and treated with unslacked lime at the
rate of 4 or 5 tons per acre, or sprayed with a solution of bichlorid of mercury,
1 : 800. In a four-year crop rotation the potatoes should be replaced by some
other crop, as, so far as is known, the disease only attacks potatoes.

A warning is specially given to all potato growers to be on the watch for this
disease, as it may be introduced on imported seed potatoes from European coun-
ti'ies at any time.

Infection experiments with Chrysophlyctis endobiotica, the cause of the
potato canker, G. Schneiuek {Dctit. Laiidir. Presse, 36 (1909), No. 88, pp. 9JfO,
941, figs. 6). — The author conducted a series of experiments relating to the
growth, characteristics, and propagation of this disease.

It was found that the resting thick-walled sporangia withstood without in-
jury a temperature of —13° C. in the open air and thus were able to live
through the winter and in the spring of the year infect the young potato plants.
Remnants of diseased potatoes which were overlooked and left in tlie field were
often affected by the dry rot and crumbled, but the thick-walled sporangia re-
mained uninjured in tlie soil, and were a source of infection to the new crop.
The disease enters through the eyes of the potato when the tubers are young
and spreads from cell to cell by its Plasmodia. By this means the stems,
shoots, and often the leaves finally become diseased. There was no difference
observable in the growth of the tops of those potato plants in which tubers
were diseased and of those which were healthy. The disease was not affected

546 EXPERIMENT STATION KEf'OTtD.

by the kind of soil in which the potatoes were gi»wn. as clay, sand, and ridi
loam wore alike subject to attack. Artificial inoculations on the toi)s of llu'
potato plants produced no infection. The warty growths on the i)otato tubers
are first white, then yellowish brown, and finally black in the last stages. The
diseased leaves are thickened, stunted, and covered with small warts.

Keniedies suggested are the rotation of crops and the sorting of the potatoes,
cooking the diseased ones for cattle feed and storing the healthy ones in a
cool, dry place. Seed potatoes should be used that are known to be healthy
and should be planted in uninfected soil. Houses where potatoes are stored
and handled should be some distance from the fields.

A discussion of the leaf roll disease of the potato, E, W. Schmidt {Dcut.
Landw. Presse, 36 {1909), No. 99, p. 1051). — Various experiments were con-
ducted by the author to determine the character of the leaf roll disease of the
potato. He finds that the fungus present in the diseased leaves will not grow
on healthy plants, and that all attempts to produce the disease by artificial
cultures are unsuccessful. The fungus found in the diseased plants is claimed
to be a saprophyte and, therefore, can not be the cause of the disease, which,
he concludes, is probably due to physiological causes rather than to the work of
any fungus parasite.

Two epidemics of potato blight and rot, W. J. Morse (Maine Sta. Bui. 169,
pp. 165-18Jf, pis. 2). — This bulletin contains a discussion of epidemics of late
blight or rot {Phijtophthora infestans) of potatoes in Aroostook County, Me.,
in 1907 and 1909.

It is stated that much, if not all, of the disease comes originally from plant-
ing diseased seed tubers and that rain, dew, wind, insects, etc., are the chief
agencies in disseminating the disease. It is especially destructive in rainy or
cloudy weather, but can be controlled by thorough and persistent spraying with
5 : 5 : 50 Bordeaux mixture properly prepared and applied. The applications
should commence when the tops are 6 to 8 inches high and be repeated every
10 days, or every week if the weather is cloudy, and should be continued until
the frost kills the leaves. It was found that 50 gal., the amount usually
recommended per acre, was not sufficient to insure protection when the plants
were large and covered the ground. The spraying should not be omitted on
account of rainy weather, as this is the one time when spraying is most needed.

It was also demonstrated on a large scale in 1909 that where potatoes are
blighting, it is unsafe to dig or store the crop for at least 10 days after the
tops are killed by frost, as the spores are showered down on the damp potatoes
and infect them, thus causing decay in storage.

Bean anthracnose, H. von Diakonoff (Geisenh. Mitt. Ohst u. Gartenhaii, 2Ji
(1909), No. Ji, pp. 57-59, figs. 3). — An account is given of the bean anthracnose,
Colletotrichum lindemuthiantim, or Glceosporium lindcmiithianum, as the author
calls it, with suggestions for its control. The principal means recommended is
the selection of seed, all seeds showing any si)ots being rejected.

Investigations of the relation between the character of the ground and
the appearance of the club root disease in Central Jutland, H, R. Christen-
SEN ET AL. (Tidsskr. Landbr. Planteavl, 16 (1909), No. 3, pp. ^3 0-1,7 6) .—The
authors conclude from investigations conducted during the summer of 1907
that where the club root disease is found and the soil appears to be acid and in
need of liming, the attack should be combated by heavy applications of marl or
lime. If the soil is not acid and the disease Is still present, the best remedy is
thorough drainage and improvement of the physical condition of the soil.
When a soil is acid and the disease has not yet appeared, applications of marl
and lime are to be recommended in order that the disease may not gain a foot-
hold should the soil become infected with the fungus.

DISEASES or PLANTS. 547

Apple diseases caused by Coryneum foliicolum and Phoma mali, C. E.
Lewis { Maine .S7«. Bui. 110, pp. lH.J-iijO, pis. 13). — This is an account of the
cultural charactei-s of these two fungi, together with the results of inoculation
experiments which were made in order to determine their parasitism upon the
leaves, wood, and fruit of the apple.

It is claimed that the two fungi under consideration, C. foUicohim. and P.
mail, usually attack as wound parasites the wood of young a]ip]e trees and the
branches of old trees. P, mali can cause a rather rapid and complete decay
of ripe apples and can also attack the green fruit to some extent, while C.
foliicolum causes only a slight decay of the ripe fruit. Neither of these fungi
has been found to cause disease in uninjured leaves, but they may occur on
dead spots in apple leaves. It is stated that their distribution can be largely
controlled by removing and burning the dead wood on which they occur.

A new disease, black mold, of the grapes in Russia, S. Mokrzecki (Ztschr.
Pflarizenkrank., 19 (1909), No. 7, pp. 387, 388, pgs. 3). — This disease appeared
after the very cold winter of 1907 in several Russian provinces. It affected the-
blooms, appearing first as rose-colored spots on the sepals, which later turned
brown. The sepals and entire inflorescence finally blackened, withered, and
fell off. In several provinces the entire crop was destroyed, while in others it
was only partially so. A microscopical examination by different mycologists
failed to show any trace of fungi in the diseased tissues. It is, therefore, sup-
posed to be due to physiological causes, and probably to the severe cold.

Two epidemics of mildew in Baden, K. Mijller iZlschr. Pflansenkrank,, 19
(1909), No. 3, pp. 143, Li'f).— In vai'ious portions of Baden in 1908, there was a
serious epidemic of mildew (Sphwrothecainors-uva) on gooseberries, only
the imported American varieties being attacked. In the summer of the same
year the oaks were also affected by a mildew ( Microsphtera ) that did much
damage to the trees.

The die back of cacao trees and the brown rot of cacao fruits, A. E. van
Hall-de Jonge and A. W. Drost (Dept. Lamlh. Surinanic Bui. 21, pp. 15,
pi. 1). — The die back of cacao trees and the brown rot of the pods are said to
be due to the same cause, and these diseases affect trees only when through
attacks of insects, winds, lack of shade, or other means, the trees are in a leaf-
less condition. The healthy pods are not attacked, but only those which have
been injured in some way. Various fungi have been attributed as the cause of
these diseases, but the author claims that they are due to Diplodia cacaoicola
and that Chaetodiplodia and Lasiodiplodia are synonymous with Diplodia.

For the prevention of the diseases the authors recommend the removing of all
parts where the mycelium has spread and coating the wounds with tar.

The canker or red rot of cacao trees, A. E. van Hall-de Jonge (Rec. Trav.
Bot. NcerhunL, 6 (1909), pp. 1-25; Dept. Landb. SuHname Bui. 20, pp. 22, pis.
3). — The author describes the canker of cacao trees due to the fungus Spicaria
colorans n. sp. This disease has been known in Surinam for a considerable time
and in 1907 caused great damage in certain cacao-growing districts. Besides
the Spicaria fructification the fungus forms fruiting organs resembling those of
Fusarinm. The disease in Surinam is said to be in all respects similar to that
occurring in Ceylon. Java, and elsewhere that has been attributed to species of
Nectria, but the author claims that there has been no definite proof that Nectria
causes the canker disease or that the Nectria occurs on the pods, as has been
previously stated.

The witches' broom disease in Surinam, its cause and treatment, C. J. J.
van Hall and A. W. Drost, trans, by A. Fredholm (Proc. Agr. 80c. Trinidad
and Tohago, 9 (1909), No. 12, pp. 475-564, pis. 17, dgms. 6).— This is a trans-

548 EXPERIMENT STATION RE(^ORD.

lation of a publication iiroviously noted ( E. 8. R., '_'<», ]>. 1141 », willi various
alterations to brinj; the subject matter up to date.

A disease of Para rubber, II. N. Ridley (Agr. liul. l^lraits and Fed. MnUiy
tStdtrs, S (I'JOlt), .\<). I.i, pp. ,5761, J77). — A disease of llevea has been desiTii)e(l
in a previous publication (E. S. li.. 2_'. p. 24s) and in the present publication
a rei)ort is j;iven of the deterniinal ion by (i. Massee of tlie funjius. Tliis
proved to lie an uudescrilxMl spc<ics of lUplodia. to wiiich the name />. ntpa.r
has been jriven. Fn)ni its general sti-n»tnre, habit, and parasitic nature it is
sngjrested that it is jirobably a staj,'e in the life cycle of some species of
Kosellinia.

The introduction of Septoria azaleae into Silesia, R. Ewert (ZtftrJir. P/lan-
zcnhraiilc, I!) (1009), A'o. 6', pp. Sil-St'i). — In 1908 certain varieties of azalea
in southern Silesia were found to be affected with a disease which attacked
the leaves. The affected plants were imported from Saxony and the disease
undoubtedly came from that region. A careful examination of the plants
proved that they were infected with S. azalece, as the spots on the leaves
showed tlie characteristic tiu-eads mid fruit bodies of this fungus.

Mildew of the oak in Portugal and Madeira, C. Torrend (Brot^ria,8 (1909),
pp. lOS-ll.i). — The autlior describes the mildew of oaks due to O'idium querai-
nuni. giving an account of its distribution in Portugal and its occurrence in
Maderia.

The author believes that the mildew will not prove generally destructive,
as oaks are not extensively grown in forests except in Portugal and there the
cork oak seems more or less resistant to the mildew. It seems to attack many
other species of oaks, the species introduced from America not being immune.

Notes on Oidium quercinum, J. S. Tavares {Bro16na, 8 {1909), p. 16). — A
brief account is given of the occurrence of (). quercinum on oaks in Portugal.

A new disease of Picea, A. W. Borthwick (yotes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinh.,
1909, Xo. 20, pp. 259-261, pJ. /). — A brief account is given of a new disease of
Picea, which attacks the buds of the trees, sometimes stopping their further
growth, but if only one side of the bud is attacked, producing a twisted shoot.
The diseased buds are encased in a dense black sheath, thickly dotted with the
fruit bodies of the fungus, which is described as a new species, Cucurblturla
picece n. sp.

Frost canker of Picea sitchensis, A. W. Rorthwick CSotcfi Roy. Boi. Gard.
Edinh., 1909, A'O. 20, pp. 263-265, pi. /). — The Menzies or Sitka spruce, which
is extensively grown in parts of England on account of its value as timber, is
dying in large quantities from a form of canker, young trees lieing the worst
sufferers.

The first symptom of the attack is a change in the foliage from dark green to
pale yellow. Next the leader loses its leaves, turns dark red in color, and its
buds or branches are arrested in growth. The needles are retained on the older
parts and if the trees are not killed outright an attempt is made to replace the
leader by a side branch. The stem in many cases was found to be cankered.
The canker at first is a small flattened area from which exudes a thin, bluish
white resin. Later the bark splits, exposing the wood, and the tree attempts to
cover this by a callus formation. Fructifications of an ascomycete are invariably
present and may be the cause of the disease, but an anatomical examination of
the tissues leaves little doubt that frost is the primary cause. A severe frost of
10 to 15° occurring in May is supposed to have caused the injury.

Other conifers have also been attacked in a similar manner.

Peziza willkommii on larches, A. W. Borthwick (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinb., 1909, No. 21, pp. 23-26, pi. i).— This is a discussion of efforts to find
exotic species of larch that are resistant to the European larch canker

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 549

(P. n-illl-ommii). Two species were tried, Japanese larcli (Lari.i- leptolcim) and
a western larch {L. Occident alis), but neither proved to be immune from the
attacks of the fungus.

Protection against fungus diseases, A. C Forbes {Dcpt. Ayr. and Tech.
Instr. Ireland Jour., 10 {1909), No. 1, pp. 35-42, pis. 10). — This paper is one
of a series on the protection of forests and woodlands and is devoted to accounts
of fungi which attack the bark, stem, and roots of forest trees. The principal
species described are Xectria ditisi<ima and A', cinnaharina on deciduous trees,
Peziza wiUlominii on larch, and Peridermium pini on pines.

The control of root parasites of plants, G. Bellair {Rev. Hoi-t. [Pons],
81 {1909), No. 23, pp. 5o5, 556, figs. 2). — -Directions are given for the steriliza-
tion of the soil as a means for the control of nematodes and various fungi which
attack the roots of plants. The methods of sterilization described are those
applicable to field treatment and consist in injecting formalin or carbon bisul-
phid into the soil. The treatments should be made early in the autumn or
late in the winter and should be repeated in 2 or 3 weeks. In addition to
the use of the chemicals it is recommended that other crops should occupy the
ground for some time, in order to prevent the possibility of the development of
the nematodes or the fungi.

Fungicides and insecticides, A. E. van Hall-de Jonge {Dept. Landb. ^^Hri•
name Bui. 22, pp. l-ll). — The author gives formulas and directions for applica-
tion of a number of the more common fungicides and insecticides, among them
being Bordeaux mixture, petroleum emulsion, Paris green, lead arsenate, etc.

Bordeaux-sugar mixtures, A. Kollikeb {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 19 {1909),
No. 7, pp. 385, 386). — The author discusses the value and chemical composition
of Bordeaux-sugar mixtures. The claim is made that when small quantities of
sugar or molasses are added to the usual Bordeaux mixture, its keeping quali-
ties are increased, it stays on the plants longer, and the sugar combines with
the Bordeaux forming new salts which, when sprayed on the leaves and exposed
to the action of the air, rapidly decompose and liberate the copper. It was
found that the salts formed in the Bordeaux-sugar mixtures were double salts
of complex structure.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

How to destroy English sparrows, N. Dearborn {U. »9. Dept. Agr., Farmers'
Bill. 383, pp. 11, figs. //). — The English sparrow, introduced about 60 years ago,
is now generally distributed over the eastern half of the United States and
southern Canada and locally westward to the Pacific Coast. A few approved
methods for abating t^ie nuisance, applicable to different conditions, are here
described. The most effective method of preventing the increase of sparrows
in a locality is considered to be to destroy their nests at intervals of 10 or 12
days throughout the breeding season.

Methods of destruction are discussed under the headings of baiting, trapping,
shooting, and poisoning. Where the use of poison is not prohibited by law
it may be effectively used to reduce the number of sparrows. Of the different
poisons tested, the most satisfactory is strychnia sulphate, since it is easily
prepared and acts quickly. "A poison mixture that has proved very effective
is prepared as follows: Put J oz. of strychnia sulphate into J gill of hot water
and boil until dissolved. Moisten lA teaspooufuls of starch with a few drops of
cold water, add it to the poison solution, and heat till the starch thickens.
Pour the hot poisoned starch solution over 1 qt. of wheat and stir until every
kernel iS' coated." Although 2 kernels of wheat coated with the solution have
been known to kill a sparrow, 6 or 7 kernels are required to insure fatal results.

550 FA'PKRTMF.NT STATION RF.(H)Rr).

Jf iiudisturbod, poisoiiiMl sparrows will usually be found within a few fccH of
where the liait was spread, death occnrrinji iu from 3 to liO uiiuutes.

It Is jiointed out that sparrows, when trap])ed or shot, uiay he utilized for
food, as the flesh is palatable and nutritious.

List of birds found in West Virg'inia, 10. A. Brooks {Itpt. W. Vu. Hil. Aiir..
190S, \<j. 12, PI), (i-'i. i)1'<. '/). — A list of about '2~>0 species known to occur williin
the State is given, with ;i brief account of llnMr seographical distribution, nests,
and food.

A list of birds collected by Dr. Paul Bartsch in the Philippine Islands,
Borneo, Guam, and Midway Island, with descriptions of three new forms,
E. A. Mi:ahns (Proc. U. S. Xat. Miis., ,16 (IHOH). />/*. .J(;.K;7',S).— The birds here
listed were collected during the voyag«> of tlie V. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer
Albatross to the l'hilii)pine Islands. Three forms are described as new to
science.

Additions to the list of Philippine birds, with, descriptions of new and
rare species, E. A. Meakns (rroc. U. 8. l^at. Mus., 36 (190!)), pp. /,3.')-J,.',7).—
This is the seventh of a' series of papers on Philij>pine birds publisheil by the
author, adding in all 50 species to the list of those previous!}- known from the
islands.

Philippine ornithological literature, II, R. C. McGregor {Philippine Jour.
8ci., A. Gen. 8ci., J, (1909), Xo. 1, pp. 79-S6).— An annotated list of 50 titles
in continuation of a bibliography in-eviously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 1145).

A collection of birds from northern Mindanao, R. C. McGregor (Philippine
Jour. Sci., A. Gen. 8ci., Jf (1909), Xo. 1, pp. 61-77). — A report of collections made
by A. Celestino during October, November, and December, 1907. While most of
the species are of wide distribution or already known from Mindanao, G are I'e-
corded from the island for the first time.

Egyptian birds, C. Whymper (London, 1909, pp. X+221, pis. 51, fifls. 11). —
A poj>ular illustrated account of the birds of Egypt.

A small contribution to the knowledge of trematodes of birds, L. A. Jag-
ERSKiOLD (Centbl. Bald, [e^c], 1. Alt., Grig., J,8 (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 302-307, figs.
7). — One genus (Spelophallus) and 3 species are described as new to science.

Relation of insects to human welfare, H. A. Gossard (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2
(1909). Xo. 5, pp. 313-32'i). — A general account is given.

Insects and legislation, E. P. Felt (Jour. Econ. Ent.. 2 (1909), Xo. .7, pp.
,3J,2~3J,5).—A brief review of the sulxject.

Medical entomology, its scope and methods, W. B. Herms (Jour. Econ.
Ent., 2 (1909), Xo. .',, pp. 265-268). — A pai)er presented at the Pacific Coast
Entomological Conference at Berkeley, Cal.. iu April, 1900.

[The common names of insects adopted by the American Association of
Economic Entomologists], A. F. Burgess (A)ncr. .ts-.s-oc. Econ. Ent. Virc. 1,
pp. 6). — This is a list of L'ol common names adopted ])revious to 1909.

A list of works on North American entomology, N. Banks ( U. H. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 81, pp. 120). — This is a revision of Bulletin 24 of the Bureau
of Entomology (E. S. R., 12, p. 774), and also includes additional works that
have been published since the issuance of that bulletin in 1900.

The thorax of insects and the articulation of the wings, R. E. Snodgrass
(Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 36 (1909), pp. 511-595, jjIs. 30, figs. 6).— This paper is
an attempt to show the unity of thoracic structure that prevails throughout all
the orders of insects.

A new apparatus for experimenting on the sucking of insects, G. Zirolia
(Centbl. Bakt. [etc.]. 1. Aht.. Grig., J/S (1908). Xo. 2, pp. 173- 175. fig. 7).— This
is an illustrated account of an apparatus for use in the a])p]ication of insects
for the obbervatiou of the blood sucking process.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 551

A new insectary, E. D. Sanderson (New Hampsliirc f^ta. 8ci. (Jontrib. 3,
pp. 389, 300, pi. 1; Jour. Ecoii. Ent., 2 (1909), No. 6, pp. 389, 390, pi. 1).—A
novel iusectary erected at the New Hampshire Station dnring the summer of
1009 is described and Illustrated. The object in its erection was to furnish
more natural conditions for life history work than could be obtained in a glass
house. The insectary is 18 by 24 ft., with a permanent wooden workshop, 6 by
13 ft., at one end. The roof is of double canvas and the sides of the rearing
room of 18-mesh bronze screening. It is erected in such a way that it can be
taken down and stored during the winter. The iusectary is stated to have been
erected at a cost of approximately .$400.

The life zones of Indiana as illustrated by the distribution of Orthoptera
and Coleoptera within the State, W. S. Blatchley (Proc. Ind. Acad. ticL,
1908, pp. 185-191). — This account is based upon collections made of insects
of Indiana during a period of 20 years. About 150 species of Orthoptera and
some 2,700 species of Coleoptera have been collected.

" The facts brought out regarding the distribution of Orthoptera and Coleop-
tera in Indiana, which are supplemented by numerous field notes on other
groups of insect and animal life, and on the flowering plants, prove conclusively
that the ' transition zone,' represented by the Alleghanian fauna and flora, over-
lai)s the northern fourth of the State, while the ' lower austral zone,' represented
by the Austroriparian fauna and flora, overlaps the greater part of the south-
ern third. The Carolinian fauna and flora of the Upper Austral embraces,
of course, the prevailing forms of life in the State, 93 of the 148 species of
Orthoptera belonging to it. The majority of these range over the entire State,
mingling with the representatives of the Alleghanian fauna in the north and
with those of the Austroriparian fauna in the southern third. The proportion
of Coleoptera belonging to the Carolinian fauna will be about the same, but the
exact figures can not as yet be given. To the Carolinian fauna belong also the
great majority of the other forms of animal life in the State."

Dragonflies of the Mississippi Valley collected during the pearl mussel
investigations on the Mississippi River, July and August, 1907, C. B. Wil-
son (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 36 (1909), pp. 653-671).— X list is here presented of
the different species obtained in connection with the pearl mussel investigations
on the Mississippi River and its tributaries during the summer of 1907, with
their geographic and seasonal distribution.

On Brazilian grasshoppers of the subfamilies Pyrgomorphinae and Lo-
custinse, -J. A. G. Rehn (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 36 (1909), pp. 109-163, figs.
39). — Fifty-three species are treated in this paper, of which 17 are new. Four
new genera are also described.

A contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Sumatra, J. A. G.
Rehn (BuJ. Amcr. 21us. Nat. Hist., 36 (1909), pp. 177-211, figs. 3i).— Eighty
species are considered in this paper. Three genera and 17 species are described
as new to science.

New genera and species of Illinois Thysanoptera, J. D. Hood (Bui. HI.
Stair Lnh. Nat. Hist., 8 (1908). Art. 2, pp. 361-378, figs. 9).— Five genera
( Heterothrips, Lissothrips, Plectrothrips, Xeothrips, Allothrips) and 15 species
from Illinois are described as new to science.

Life history of Corizus lateralis, J. C. Hambleton (Ami. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
2 (1909), No. If, pp. 272-276, pi. 1). — This species is said to have been very
abundant in the neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio, during the summer of 1909.
Polygonum pcnnsi/Ivanicum, its host plant, is a native annual that is quite gen-
erally distributed over the whole T'nited States. It is said that adults were also
taken on P. pcrsicariu, a species introduced from Europe, and widely distributed,

552 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

but that neither epss nor younj,' wow fdiiinl upon il. 'I'l'dmicMl doscriptions nre
piven of the eniX and 5 instars.

Two new genera and species of Aphididae, J, J. Davis (Ann. Ent. >Soc. Amcr.,
,.' il'.io'J). So. ,i, 1)1). I'Mi-.iOd. pi. I). — I'hintKilosiitlinm iiioiirUi, collected in May
and .June from Ohio buckeye (.i'scw/H.s- glabra), at St. Louis, Mo., and Idiop-
tcniK nrphrch'i)i(lis, taken from ferns in a greenhouse at Western Sprinjis,
111., in December, are the genera and species described as new. The latter
species was also fomid to be injuring sword fern in a Chicago greenhouse.

Plant louse notes, family Aphididae, C. P. Gillette (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2
(I'lO!)), Xo. o, in>. J-')l-'l')S, pi. 1). — Brief notes are first given on Fitch's types,
which were examined by the author. Attention is called to the fact that
Fitch considered all winged aphids to be nial(>s. I'^icld notes presented relate
to 24 species.

Some new records of Aphididae in North America, II. F. Wilson (Jour.
Econ. Ent., 2 (I9(ni), No. 5, pp. 3.'f6-350, jiijs. ,3).— A new aphis enemy of
bananas (t'oitdlonhi ninronn-rom), which had been found very abundant on
banana plants in the greenhouses of this Department and is supposed to have
been imported on banana plants, is redescribed.

Aphis unyclicu\ which in Europe feeds on Aiif/rlica sjiirr.slris, has been found
to infest a species of Angelica and ivy in California. Drcpanosiphum plata-
noiden is reported from North America for the first time, having been taken on
a maple at Lorenzo, Cal.

Notes on Aphididae collected in the vicinity of Stanford University, W. :\I.
Davidson {Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), No. -'/, pp. 299-305).— Of the many
species here noted, 5 are described as new to science and 2 or 3 European
forms are reported from America for the first time.

AphididEe or plant lice, E. P. Felt iJonr. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), No. //, /)/). 306,
.'^07). — Notes on numerous species unusually abundant or destructive in the
State of New York in 1909 are presented.

Experimental transmission of exanthematous typhus by the body louse,
C. NicoLLE, C. CoMTE, and E. Conseil {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [I'ari.'i], 1^9
(1909), No. 10, pp. Ji86-Jf89, figs. 2). — The authors, working in Tunis, succeeded
in transmitting typhus fever from an infected macacus monkey (Macacus
.sinicus) to a healthy one by means of the body louse (PcdicuUis rcslimcnti).

The typhus fever of Mexico, H. T. Rkketis and R. M. Wilder (Jour. Amcr.
Med. Assoc, ').'( (1910), No. 6, pp. .'f63-Jf67). — In regard to the transmission of
this disease the authors state that of the 3 insects which are most open to
suspicion, namely, the body louse, the bedbug, and the flea, only the first named
would seem to merit serious consideration because of the epidemiology of the
disease. Experiments with this louse (Pediculus vestimenti) are now under
way.

The authors were able to confirm the probable susceptibility of the monkey
to inoculations with the blood of patients suffering from the typhus fever of
Mexico, as reported by Anderson and Goldberger in a publication previously
noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 284). Filtration experiments indicate that the virus of
typhus fever of Mexico may be classed with the unfilterable viruses.

The pine-leaf and the green-winged Chermes, Edith M. Patch (Maine >Sta.
Bui. 171, pp. 200-20-'/, figs. 3). — A brief account is given of the pine-leaf Chermes
(C. pinifolia), which, during the summer of 1909, badly infested pines in the
vicinity of Orouo. Spraying with whale-oil soaii (1 lb. to 2 gal. of water) will
doubtless destroy the young on the white pine shoots, but it is considered doubt-
ful whether this would be worth while in Maine where syrphus flies are
abundant,

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 553

The galls formetl by the green-wiuged Chei'iues {('. ahietis) are reported to
have been very abundant on Norway spruce on the university campus and very
troublesome on native spruce, 990 galls formed during the season having been
counted August 1 on a single white spruce 3 ft. tall. Attention is called to the
fact that while C. pimfoUa; has alternate host plants (pine and white and black
spruce) C. ahietis does not. It is believed that the practice of removing and
burning galls will serve to control C. abietis sufficiently on ornamental trees.

The San Jose scale and osag-e orange hedge, T. B. Symons and L. M. Peairs
{MaryJnnd Sta. Bui. IJfO, pp. 87-iOi).— Tests made during the year of several
commercial sprays, to the use of which many growers are resorting because of
the labor problem, are reported and discussed. On peach trees, the authors
report that " several solutions, namely, orchard brand lime suljihur. Rex lime
sulphur, soluble oil. Swift lime sulphur at 1 lb. per gallon, and Bogart's sulphur
compound at 1 :15, gave uniformly excellent results. Others, scalecide 1 : 15, Ni-
agara brand lime sulphur, and Never-scale at 50 lbs. to 50 ,gal. were not far
behind in efficiency. Weaker strengths of some of these mixtures, as well as
Cooper V^ and target brand, did not prove satisfactory. San-u-zay, while fairly
satisfactory for the fall spraying and effective against the scale in the spring,
causetl very serious injury to the tops of those trees to which it was applied in
March."

Tests on apples were made in November, 1908, and March, 1009, with orchard
brand lime sulphur solution 1:9 and 1:10, orchard brand soluble oil (in No-
vember only). Rex lime sulphur solution 1:10, and homemade lime sulphur
wash. " Careful observations failed to reveal any marked difference in effect
of the various mixtures or dates of spraying on the scale, as the results were
all very good. However, some of the badly infested trees that were sprayed in
the spring died, while equally infested trees sprayed in the fall survived, indi-
cating that for very badly infested orchards, the best practice is to spray as soon
as possible in the fall, and perhaps give a second treatment in the spring."

Both apple and peach trees were sprayed with orchard brand lime sulphur,
soluble oil, scalecide. San-u-zay, and Rex lime sulphur in fall and spring. No
difference in the amount of scale killed was noted, but in case of the San-u-zay
oil, peach trees sprayed in November were not injured by the oil, while those
sprayed in March were quite seriously injured. The authors consider the
tests to indicate that the concentrated lime sulphur solution should not be
used weaker than 1 gal. of the solution to 9 of water, while in caf^e of bad in-
festation a greater strength may be used. Practically no difference could be
detected in the decidedly beneficial effect of homemade and concentrated lime
sulphur solutions on the leaf curl of peach trees. The authors continue to
believe that the lime sulphur solutions offer the safest and most generally
satisfactory remedy for the San Jose scale.

The osage orange hedge is said to be one of the greatest factors in the perpetu-
ation of the San Jose scale in Maryland at this time. Hedges abound in many
parts of the State, in some instances being practically the only fences. Thus far
not one has been found to be free from scale, and through the visits of birds,
they are a prolific source of infestation to fruit trees a considerable distance
away. The Maryland horticultural law, however, requires that all infesta-
tions of San Jose scale be either treated or destroyed, so that if such hedges
are maintained they must be sprayed annually. The Japanese quince and
hawthorn, occasionally used in hedges, are also food plants of the San Jose
scale, but the California privet, another hedge plant, is seldom attacked.

The bulletin closes with a brief account of the work of the 23 public spraying
outfits operated during the spring of 1909.

554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Papers on Coccidse or scale insects. Catalogue of recently described Coc-
cidae. II, .F. (i. Sandkrs ([J. S. Drpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 16, pt. 3, trrli. net:,
pp. ,i3-t!0). — In this e:itiil(if,'ne, the second of the series (K. S. R., 18, p. TV.t),
are inchuled rofereiu-es to L'4 new f.'enera, 105 new si)e{-ies. and 14 new varieties.
The list is tlioujrlit to he (iiiit(> coniiilcte uji to Mareii, lfH)J).

A preliminary list of the Coccidfe of Wisconsin, II. ('. ami II. II. I'. Skvkkin
{Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 {1909), No. .), pp. 296-258). —Thirty-eight species, exclu-
sive of Eulecaninui, are listed from Wisconsin.

California horticultural quarantine, 0. W. Woouwortii (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
2 {IDO'J), No. J. I'p. 35'J, SiiO). — A list is given of 11 species of Coccidai that are
estahlished in California.

Mimicry in the butterflies of North America, E. H. Poulton {Ann. Ent.
/8'of. A;».r/-.. 2 ( IHOH). .Yo. //, pp. 203-2.'i2). — An address delivered to the Entomo-
logical S(x'iety of America, at Baltimore, in December, 1008.

Some insects injurious to truck crops. The Lima-bean pod-borer. The
yellow-necked flea-beetle, F. H. Chittenden {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui.
82, pt. 3, pp. 25-32, fig. 1). — The Lima-bean pod-borer {Etiella sinckenella) is
reported to have been collected at Rattlesnake Bridge in Eldorado County, and
at Anaheim, Santa Ana, Garden Grove, Comptou, and Watts, Cal., infesting
lima-beau pods. The larv^ attack the beau along the edge and usually devour
the germ, consnming the entire bean if young and tender. They are quite
capable of entering other pods by cutting a small hole in the side. Like the
pea moth, this species appears to be an inhabitant of the Eastern Hemisphere
and has been introduced, perhaps, from both Europe and Asia. North Caro-
lina is the northernmost locality recorded, but it may be present farther north
in the Atlantic region. Evidently the species is cosmopolitan but may not occur
far northward. An ichneumon fly has been reared from the pest.

The yellow-necked flea-beetle {Disonycluv meUicoUis) is reported to have
been particularly injurious to truck crops in Texas and Florida in 11K)0, spinach
and beets in particular having been injured. The pests have also been col-
lected from portulaca, chickweed, amaranthus, and lettuce. It is known to
occur in New York, Maryland, Virginia, District of Columbia, North Carolina,
and Ohio, as well as in Louisiana. Texas, and Colorado. In a report by H. O.
Marsh, incorporated in the account, information is given on the occurrence and
habits of the pest as observed in the vicinity of Brownsville, Tex. Eggs de-
posited May 12 hatched in 4 days. Eleven days were passed in the larval and 5
days in the pupal stages. Applications of Paris green or lead arsenate will
control the pest. Its natural food plants, especially purslane and chickweed,
should be kept down and sprayed when treating the affected crops.

The oblique-banded leaf roller, E. D. Sanderson and Alma D. Jackson {New
Hampshire Sta. Sci. Contrib. 3, pp. 391-Jf03, pis. J,: Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 {1909),
No. 6, pp. 391— '{03, pis. //). — Attention was called, in July, 1009, to a very severe
injury by the oblique-banded leafroller {Archips rosaccana) in a large rose
house at Madbury. N. H. On 1 or 2 benches in this house the roses had been
entirely defoliated for over 200 ft., the injury causing a loss of about $5,000.

It was found that where plants are badly infested the larvte tie the terminal
leaves together in a typical tortricid fashion, thus checking all growth of the
plant, and burrow into the flower buds, so that there is no possibility of securing
blooms. The insect appears to have been introduced into the house on plants
from an Ohio firm. While it is a common species occurring from Maine to
California, comparatively little has been known of its life history and habits.
A list is given of 50 s])ecies known to serve as food jilants. It has been reported
as a source of injury to ai)ples in New York, to pears in Ontario, to prunes;
in Washington, and to roses in Pennsylvania and Massa.chiisetts,

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 555

Life history observations here reported were made during August and early
September, 1909. The eggs are laid in round or oval, flat, green patches, each
containing an average of about 117 eggs. As many as 650 eggs were deposited
by a single moth, the average of 305 eggs to a moth being recorded. Eggs
kept in an incubator at a mean temperature of 80° F. hatched in 6.67 days,
while a lot kept at a mean temperature of 70° required 10.18 days. " The larvae
when first hatched are extremely minute and closely resemble the leaf in color.
They crawl about for 3 or 4 days feeding here and there and growing rapidly.
At the end of this period the young larva begins to form a protection for itself
by pulling 2 or 3 leaves together, or more frequently a young larva will fold over
a single leaf forming a tube open at either end. The leaves are held together
by silken threads. The larva feeds upon the inside of the tube or makes short
excursions to adjacent leaves which are pulled down and attached to the origi-
nal tube, so that as the larva increases in size it also increases the size of the
nest." Before pupating the larva draws the leaves together more firmly than
usual so that they practically form a cocoon, to the silk of which the pupa is
attached by the hooks of the cremaster. At a temperature of 80° the average
length of the larval stage was 32.09 days, and the pupal stage varies from 5 to 8
days, with an average of 6.41 days. Out of 62 pupje, 35 were males and 27
females. About 30 per cent of the pupse failed to transform. The adults
emerge during the night and if not disturbed will remain in the vicinity of the
pupal cases throughout the following day. At a temperature of 70° moths were
found to commence oviposition in from 1 to 6 days, or on the average in 3.45
days. Egg deposition may not, however, all occur at once, as one moth may
deposit several egg masses at different times. The life of the moth when kept
at 70° is shown to be from 11 to 20 days, or on the average 14.6 days. Tech-
nical descriptions are given of the several stages.

Parasites are said to be the most effective means of holding the pest in check.
" The outbreak observed by us furnished a case of the most complete parasitism
we have ever seen. When first observed in late July from one-third to one-half
of the eggs were parasitized by a species of Trichogramma. Two weeks later
it was difficult to find an egg mass in which over 95 per cent of the eggs did not
contain the black pupae of the parasite and in most cases 99 to 100 per cent were
affected."

In experiments with hydrocyanic-acid gas it was found necessary to increase
the strength to 1 oz. for 150 cu. ft. of space in order to Ivill even a minority of
the larvae and moths, but this strength seriously injured the plants. Results
from spraying with arsenate of lead 3 lbs. to the barrel were obscured by the
almost total parasitism of the eggs. It is thought that reasonable diligence
in hand picking will control the pest. Large numbers of moths were caught
by trap lanterns set in pans of water which were placed throughout the houses.

A complete bibliography is appended to the account.

Report of the superintendent of g'ipsy and brown-tail moth work, A. E.
Stene {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Agr. R. I., 24 {1908), pp. 31-1,6, pis. 6).— A report of the
work carried on in Rhode Island, which is stated to have resulted in a steady
decrease during the past 3 years in the number of insects throughout the entire
infested territory.

The spruce budworm, A. Gibson {Canad. Forestry Jour., 5 {1909), Xo. '/. pp.
143, 144). — Tortrix fumiferana is reported to have been a source of considerable
injury to spruce and balsam trees in the Upper Gatineau country of the prov-
ince of Quebec, and also to have been found working in British Columbia.

The infested area in Ontario was examined late in July by the author, who
found that the caterpillars had evidently become full grown during the first and

35128— No. 6—10 5

556 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

sec'Diul Wfck uf July. The catfrpilhirs li;ul I'cd chiclly :il Iho tDps of lUo Irt'OS,
althougli sonic injury IiiUl Itccn done toward (lie ends of many of the lower
branches. The foliage for about 4 or H ft. from the tojis of infested trees had
been almost entirely destroyed.

Additional rearings in Cecidomyiidae, E. P. Fklt (Jour. JJcon. Ent., 2 (JDO!)),
^0. -'f, pi>. 2S()-.i<),i). — Brief characterizations are given of 37 new species reared
and of tlu> galls from which they were obtained.

Transmission of malarial fever in the Canal Zone by Anopheles mos-
quitoes, S. T. D.\RLiNG {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 53 (1900), No. 25, pp. 2051-
2053). — The habits of Anopheles mosquitoes and their relations to malaria are
discussed. Attention is called to the fact that certain species are natural trans-
mitters of malarial fever while others are rarely, if ever, found infected natu-
rally, although it is possible to infect them under laboratory conditions. It is
said that there is as much selection of breeding places by Anopheles as there is
selection of feeding grounds by fish.

" Eleven species of anopheliues have been collected in the Canal Zone. Of
these 11 species the 3 commonest ones are Anopheles nlbiinunus, A. pseudo-
punctipcnnis, and A. malefactor. A. albimanus is much the commonest Ano-
pheles in the Canal Zone and is the one ofteuest taken in quarters and bar-
racks, although the proportion of one species to another varies somewhat with
the season and locality. . . . Ti-ee-breediug species are rarely encountered and
I know of no instance in which specimens of this species have been taken in
quarters. . . .

"A series of bitiugs were conducted on suitable infected patients who were
carrying estivoautumnal or tertian gametes in their peripheral blood, using
4 varieties of mosquitoes. Out of scA'eral hundred mosquitoes used in the
biting experiments, 100 mosquitoes were dissected, and of these 70.8 per cent
of A. albimanus became infected; 12.9 per cent of A. pscudopunctipcnnis be-
came infected, and none of .1. malefactor (17 mosquitoes used) became infected,
although several of the latter were purposely placed in jars with A. albimanus
and bit at the same time persons from whom the specimens of A. albimanus
became infected." Specimens of A. albimanus infected with tertian [>arasites
became infective between 9 and Hi days after the first feeding.

As a result of numerous biting experiments, weighings, and examinations of
blood from the host and from the midgut of the mosciuitoes following its inges-
tion, the author concludes " that a patient with more than one crescent for every
500 leucocytes, or 12 crescents per cubic millimeter, is infective and it follows
that such an individual should not be discharged from treatment in that condi-
tion or should be warned or required to continue treatment. Such a person is
a gamete-carrier and is a menace to a malarial community whenever susceptible
Anopheles have access to him."

It has been found that A. albimanus is the host for estivoautumnal and ter-
tian malarial parasites in the Canal Zone at the present time, and that A. tarsi-
maculata transmits estivoautumnal parasites. A. malefactor does not transmit
malarial fever, while A. pseudopunetipennis is only slightly concerned in its
transmission. In the efforts at mosquito destruction, the extermination of
.1. albimanus is considered of paramount importance.

Mosquito or man? The conquest of the tropical world, 11. Boyce (London,
1909, pp. Xyi+2(n\ fitjs. //'/; rev. in Nature [London], S2 (1909), No. 2093, pp.
15S-160, figs. 2). — An historical account of the application of prophylactic meas-
ures in combating tropical diseases.

Flies and mosquitoes (Country (Jent., 7'/ (1909), Nos. 2955, p. 883; 2959,. p.
975; 2960, p. 999; 2961, p. 1023).— \ popular account of these insects in their
relation to disease transmission, with methods of control,

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 557

Glossina palpalis as a carrier of Trypanosoma vivax in Uganda, D. Bruce
E-T AL. {Proc. Roy. 8oc. [London], Ser. B, S2 {1909), No. B 552, i)p. 63-66).—
" The G. palpalis on the shores of Victoria Nyanza are infected, not only by
T. gamUense, but also by T. vivax. What the reservoir of the virus of T. vivax
is, is unknown, but the buffalo, waterbuck, and other antelope which live on
the lake shore should be examined."

Progress report on the Uganda Sleeping Sickness Camps from December,
1906, to November 30, 1908, A. D. P. Hodges (Rpt. Uganda Sleeping Sick-
ness Camps, J900-190S, pp. .'i-'i). — In an appendix to the report, a brief account
is given of the breeding grounds of Glossina palpalis, by A. D. Fraser and C. H.
Marshall (pp. 40-44).

Injurious June beetles (Anomala marginata), J. C. Stiles (Jour. Econ. Ent.,
2 {1909), No. 5, pp. 362, 363). — Through partial defoliation, A. marginata is
said to have seriously injured a large apple orchard in Patrick County, Va.,
in July. 1!)0!). (Jnipevhies near by were entirely defoliated.

A new treatment for wireworms, H. T. Feenald {Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 {1909),
No. Jf, pp. 279, 280). — ^Tlie treatment here proposed is based upon a series of
tests extending through 2 seasons. After tarring, seed corn is placed in a bucket
containing fine dust and Paris green mixed in such proportions that the corn,
after being shaken up in the bucket, shows a greenish color. When thus applied
it appears to act as a repellent. It is considered probable that Paris green is
present in sufficient quantity to prove a fatal dose for crows attacking corn.

Eleodes as an enemy of planted grain, M. H. Swenk {Jour. Econ. Ent., 2
{1909), No. 5, pp. 332-336, pis. 2). — This is a detailed account of the injury in
Nebraska by the larv* of a tenebrionid {Eleodes opaca), of which a brief
account has been previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 57).

On September 29, when the author visited Beaver City, Furnas County, Nebr.,
the larvae were found to be abundant in every part of a grain field examined,
about 60 per cent of the planted seed being so gnawed that it could never germi-
nate. This condition seemed to be general in all fields over the whole region,
extending at least over the southern half of the county. It was necessary with
1 field of 90 aci-es in winter wheat to completely resow 40 acres. The larvte
were also present in corn fields, and in breeding cages they ate corn kernels
greedily. Mention is made of the occurrence in Nebraska of several other
species of Eleodes. In 1909, Emhapliion maricatum occurred in infested fields
in company with the swarms of E. opaca.

The Scolytidae of Hokkaido: Their relation to forest injury, Y. Niisima
(Jour. Col. Agr. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 3 {1909), No. 2, pp. 109-119, pis. 7, figs. ,9).—
In this account of the bark beetles of the Japanese Island of Hokkaido, 64
species are recorded of which 16 are described as new to science. Generic
tables ai'e given for the !-eparatiou of many of the species, and a host plant list
of the beetles is appended.

[Cave beetles], 11. Jeannel {Arcli. Zool. Expt. ct Geii, 5. ser., 1 {1909), pp.
Ji.'i7-532, pis. S; ahs. in Jour. Hog. Micros. Soc. [London], 1909, No. 6, pp. 716.
717). — A report on cave beetles found by the author in France and Algeria.
Sixty-one species are recorded from 54 French caves and 26 species from
Algerian caves. A bibliograitliy of .34 titles is appended.

A parasite on the asparagus beetle, H. T. Fernald {Jour. Econ. Ent., 2
(1909). No. //, j)p. 278, 279). — The species of Tetrastichus described in the article
abstracted below was observed by the author at Amherst, INIass.. in June ovi-
positing in the eggs of the asparagus beetle. This parasite was also observed
at Concord, Mass.

558 EXIM'-HIMENT STATION RECORD.

Two new species of the genus Tetrastichus, J. ('. ("kawtord (Proc. Ent. 8oc.
M'd.sli., II U!)()'J), Xo. .i, p. J')()). — Tetrastich us asixinif/i. roared from os«s of
the asparagus beetle at Amherst, Mass., and T. huntcri reared from (lie larva
of the l)oll weevil at Natchez, Miss., are described as new to scietice.

The biolog-y and morpholog-y of one of the parasites (Apanteles glomera-
tus) of the cabbage butterfly, R. Weissenbkrg {Sitzbcr. Gescll. Naturf. Frcunde
Berlin, nWS, Xo. J, pp. 1-18, figs. 9). — This parasite of Picris hrassicce is said
to be niuisiially common in the vicinity of P.erlin.

A synopsis of the American species of Scolioneurinae, A. D. Macgillivray
{Ann. Jjht. *S'(V('. Ariier., 2 {1909), Xo. Ji, pp. 259-271). — Two genera and 4 species
of sawfiies are described as new to science.

Observations on the biology of ticks, B. Galli-Valerio {CcntU. Balct. [etc.],
1. AM., Orig., .'il {1908), No. 5, pp. 611, 612, fig. i).— Notes on the biology of
Ixodes hc-vagonus and /. ricinus.

Notes on mites affecting chickens, G. W. Herbick {Jour. Econ. Ent., 2
{1909), Xo. 5, PI). 3'il. il'i2). — Young chickens in the poultry yards at Agri-
cultural College, Miss., are reported to have been affected during the summers
of 1908 and IDOi), by Trombidium larvie. The mites were found nearly buried
in nodules which had been formed about them. Affected chicks seem to con-
tract a diarrhea, grow weaker and weaker, and finally die. The mites are
believed to be responsible for a high mortality among chickens in the South.

Ticks and other blood-sucking arthropoda [in Jamaica], R. Newstead
{Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 3 {1909), No. J,, pp. Jt21-Ji69, pis. /,, figs. 2).— This
account is based upon investigations conducted in Jamaica from the end of
November, 1908, to the end of January, 1909. The greater part of the report
is given up to the ticks which by their vast numbers have rendered nearly all
the grazing districts of the island unendurable to man and a veritable plague
to domesticated animals.

The author first discusses the seasonal prevalence of ticks, effect of rain
and water on ticks and their eggs, dissemination of cattle ticks by various
agencies, prevailing conditions under which pastures are either most free or
most infested with ticks, longevity of ticks without access to a host, and the
life cycle and structural characters of ticks, and presents an artificial key to
the Jamaica ticks.

Eight species of ticks which occur in Jamaica are considered of which all
but the fowl tick {Argas persictis miniatus) were found by the author. The
cattle tick {Margaropus annulatus austraJis) is by far the most abundant in
the island, 90 to 95 per cent of those found being of this species. Rhipi-
ccphalus sanguineus is said to be a source of great annoyance to dogs. The
tropical horse tick {Dermacentor nitens) is reported to be fairly widely dis-
tributed over the island. Amblyomma cajenncnse, which, next to the cattle
tick, is the most abundant species in Jamaica, is generally distributed in all
localities where domestic animals are kept and is a great pest to man. A.
maculatum was collected in the Mandeville district of Manchester. A.
dissimilc was collected from the so-called bull frog {Bufo marinus), and a
single specimen of a species of Aponomma was taken from a lizard {Anolis
sp.) Attention is called to the fact that Mysore cattle are almost totally
immune to the attack of ticks and that the ticks show a preference for cattle
which have little or no Indian or Spanish strain in their blood.

The natural enemies of ticks mentioned as occurring in Jamaica are the
Savanah blackbird {Quiscalus crassirostris) , the food of which consists chiefly
of insects and ticks, the Savanah or parrot-billed blackbird {Crotophaga ani),
the domestic fowl, lizards, and the bull frog {Bufo marinus). Remedial

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 559

toeasiires, inclncling burning over pastures, cattle washes, and dips, are also
discusseiL

The screw worm fly {Chrysomyia maccUaria) is said to be a common species,
and mention is made of a case in which 3 immature larvjie were removeil from
a man's ear. Other important pests noted are Lijpcrosia irritans, the stable
fly, Clirysops costalis, a new blood-sucking tabanid {Atylotus jamaicensis
n. s]).), a hippoboscid parasitic on birds {Ornithoctona crythrocephala), also
one on bats {TrichoMus parasiticus), the chiggoe flea (Dermatophilus [Sar-
copsylla] penetrans), and Anthrax lucifer.

Thirty-ninth annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario {Ann.
Rpt. Ent. Hoc. Ontario, 3D {1008), pp. 7J2. pis. ID, flys. ///).— In this report of
the society numerous papers are included, among which are the following:
Reports on Insects of the Year, by C. E. Grant, J. B. Williams, C. W. Nash,
and P. Hahu (pp. 10-14) ; The Interpretation of Nature, by E. P. Felt (pp.
23-30) ; a report of Entomology in the Graduate School of Agriculture, held at
Cornell University, July, 1908, by W. Lochhead (pp. 31, 32) ; The Economic
Importance and Food Habits of American Gall Midges, by E. P. Felt (pp. 43-
46) ; Observations on the Sorghum Midge, by R. C. Treherne (pp. 47^9) ;
Hydrcecia micacca, especially in Canada, by A. Gibson (pp. 49-51) ; Further
Notes on the CoccidK of Ontario, by T. D. Jarvis (pp. 52-54) ; Some Enemies
of Ontario Coccidse, by J. W. Eastham (pp. 54-50) ; Some Beetle Haunts, by
F. J. A. Morris (pp. 56-63) ; Notes on the Occurrence of Lachnosternas in 1908,
by J. D. Evans (p. 66) ; Apparatus for Collecting Small Arthropods Terrestrial
and Aquatic, by T. D. Jarvis (pp 66-69) ; A Catalogue of the Gall Insects of
Ontai'io, with numerous illustrations and a bibliography, by T. D. Jarvis (pp.
70-98) ; Entomological Record, 1908, by J. Fletcher and A. Gibson (pp. 99-116) ;
Insects of the Year 1908 at Ottawa, by A. Gibson (pp. 116-120) ; an account of
the Present Condition of the Work Connected with the Importation of the
Foreign Parasites of the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths, by L. O. Howard (pp.
121-124) ; The Strawberry Weevil, by W. Lochhead (pp. 124, 125) ; Injurious
Insects in Ontario in 1908, by C. J. S. Bethune (pp. 128-135) ; Injurious In-
sects of Quebec in 1908, by W. Lochhead (pp. 135-138) ; and Life History of
Euchwtias orcgoncnsis, by H. H. Lyman (pp. 145-147).

Report on parasitic and injurious insects, 1907-8, W. W. Froggatt {Syd-
ney, N. S. W.: Govt., 1D09, pp. 115, pis. 22). — This report consists of 3 parts.

Part 1 (pp. 1-57) is a general report on the author's trip, previously noted
(E. S. R., 21, p. 648). It deals with the commercial value of introduced para-
sites in dealing with insect pests, the range and spread of fruit flies and the
methods adopted in other countries to check them, the value of parasites in
exterminating fruit flies, and the habits of cosmopolitan insect pests.

In part 2 (pp. 58-72), notes are presented on parasites and insects that have
been introduced from foreign countries to check or exterminate injurious in-
sects. In part 3 (pp. 73-115), a general account is given of the flies belonging
to the family Trypetidre that damage sound fruit, with descriptions of the dif-
ferent species and their habits and range, and suggestions for destroying them.
Four species, Dacus frenchi and D. ornatissinms from New Caledonia, D. cur-
vipennis from Fiji, and Ccratitis stiHata from Ceylon, are described as new to
science.

The principal insects injurious to horticulture during 1906-7, M. H.
SwENK {Ann. Rpt. Nebr. Hort. Soc., 39 {1908), pp. Uf 1-158, figs. i3).— Previ-
ously notetl from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 1146).

[Some olive insects in Spain], N. Gakcia {BoJ. Ayr. T6c. y Econ., 1 {1909),
Nus. 3, pp. 267-280; 5, pp. '/J7-.'/0'6'). — The species for which biological notes

560 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

iUid remedial ineasui'es are here ,i;iven are Jjccnniiiin olcir, Capnodiinn oliiDitlii-
linii, I'lin/s olctr. I'l/.silhi (>lia\ J'lilaollniihs (>h<i\ and Cossiis Ht/niiirnla.

Insect work on the shade and ornamental trees in Brooklyn for 1909,
J. J. Lkvison {Jour. Econ. Eiit., 2 {1!)09), No. 5, pp. 3G3, Jo*,'/).— It is reported
that in 1009 23,000 lbs. of lead arsenate was used, over 40,000 trees beiiis
sprayed. The tussock moth and Daiana viini.sira were the most numerous
caterpillars. Other important enemies were elm-leaf beetle, scurfy and oyster-
shell scales, Ailanthus and Cynthia moths and the bagworm. New pests which
are becoming formidable are the linden borer (Sapcrda vcstita) on the Euro-
pean lindens and the hickory bai'k borer (Scolytus quadrispinosus) on all
si)eeies of hickories.

Report of the nursery inspector, A. E. Stene (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Agr. R. I., 2//
{1H08}, pp. 115-133, j)ls. 3). — A brief report of the work for lOOS, including
accounts of the elm-leaf beetle and tussock moth.

Orchard spraying". Orchard protection work, F. Sherman, Jr. (Bill. N. C.
Dcpt. Agn, 30 (1900), iSlo. 6, pp. 1/5, figs. 12). — This bulletin gives an account
of the moi'e important items in connection with the spraying of fruit orchards,
and also a description of the more important lines of work carried on by the
division of entomology of the North Carolina State Station for the protection of
the fruit-growing interests. A list of the larger fruit growers of the State is
appended.

Demonstration work in economic entomology, F. Sherman, Jr. {Jour. Econ.
Ent., 2 (WOO), Xo. 5, pp. 336-3-'il, pi. 1). — An account is given of this work as
carried out in North Carolina. During 190S, an apple spraying demonstration
was conducted in each of 5 different counties in the apple-growing section and in
1909 the work was extended to 12 other counties, ^'ery satisfactory results are
reported to have been obtained.

Control of household insects, E. P. Felt (A\ Y. State Mus. Bui. 129, pp. /,7,
figs. S.'i).- — Fnder insects as disease carriers the author considers the typhoid
or house fiy, fruit fly, malarial mosquito { Anopheles nmeulipenms), and the
yellow fever mosquito {Stegomyia calopus). The cluster fly (PoUenia rudis),
wasps and hornets, the rain barrel mosquito (Culex pipiens), salt marsh mos-
quito (C. sollicitans), house fleas, bedbug, bedbug hunter {Opsiccetus persona-
tus), and house centipede ( Seutigera forceps) are the annoying forms dis-
cussed. The fabric pests mentioned are clothes moths, carpet beetles, silver
fish {Lepisma domestica), book louse (Atropos divinatoria), white ants and
crickets. The food pests considered are house ants, cockroaches, larder beetle,
cheese skipper (PiopJiUa easei), and several cereal and seed pests. Directions
for fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas are ai)pended.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Dietary studies in public institutions {E. *S'. Dcpt. Agr., Office Expt. Stas.
Bui. 223, pp. OS). — This bulletin contains two papers, namely. Dietary Studies
in Public Institutions in Philadelphia. Pa., by Emma Smedley and R. D. Milner,
and Dietary Studies in Public Institutions in Baltimore, Md., by H. L. Knight,
H. A. Pratt, and C. F. Langworthy.

In the first of these papers the results are reported of a dietary study in a
home for old ladies and of one in an orphan asylum, and of the data obtained
regarding the selection of food, methods of preparation, and other questions of
institution management. On an average, the food consumed per woman per
day by the inmates of the old ladies' home supplied 58 gm. protein and 1,882
calories of energy, the cost being IS cts. per woman per day. In the orphan
asylum the food supplied G7.G gm. protein and 1,SG7 calories per child per day.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION.

561

111 tbe socond of these papers the results of dietary studies in Baltimore are
given. These studies were made in homes for the aged and in orphan asy-
lums, the institutions selected being regarded as typical of those under munici-
pal management, in which economy is a prerequisite, and those under private
management, in which there may be opportunity for more liberal expenditures.
Tbe objects of this investigation, as of the studies in Philadelphia, were to
secure data regarding the food consumption of aged persons and young chil-
dren for use in formulating dietary standards, to obtain additional data re-
garding problems of institution mangement, and to demonstrate the importance
from the standpoint of the institution itself of securing information of the
chai'acter supplied by such nutrition studies.

The data regarding the food consumption in the institutions studied are sum-
marized in the table below. Bayview Asylum, one of the institutions included,
is the Baltimore city almshouse, and a large proportion of the inmates are aged
men and women. In the case of the other institution the name shows whether
the inmates were aged persons or children.

^u»i)n(irf/ of .'itmlir.s icith aged persons and chilnrcn in public institutioni^ in

Baltimore.

Location and subjects of
studies.

Bayview Asylum:

Regular inmates, males. .
Chronic Inmates, males..
Receiving-ward inmates,

males

Average of 3 studies

Women inmates, per wo-
man per day

Women inmates, per

man per day basis

Average of 4 studies

Entire institution a

Aged women's home, per

woman per day

Aged men's home, per man

per day

German Aged People's

Home, per man per day

Ilome for Colored Children,

boys

German Orphan Asylum,

boys ".

German Orphan Asylum,
girls

Num-
ber of

persons
in

study.

136

82

82

111
411

Aver-
age
age.

Years.

Nutrients and energy.

Aver-
age I
weight.

In food eaten.

Pro-
tein.

Pounds. Grams.

144

93

137.0
58.6
59.2
74.3

111
121

85

106
117
96

85

83

74
SO

Energy.

Cals.
2,901
2,076

2,274
2,504

1,924

2,405
2,453
2,398

2,206

2,339

2,225
1,677

1,798

In food wasted.

Pro-
tein.

Grams.

4
2

Energy

Cals.
97
45

11
59

134

168
89

304

265

44

Proportion in
food wasted.

U^. S"'^-

Per ct. Per ct.

3 ! 3

2 i 2

a Calculated from food purchased.

The results of the investigations reported in this bulletin are discussed in
comparison with data obtained elsewhere and with reference to dietarj^ stand-
ards for aged persons and for children.

" On the basis of the work reported In this bulletin and other available data,
it seems fair to propose 0.9 as the factor representing the proportion of protein
and energy required in old age by a man or woman as compared with a man
at moderate muscular work during the period of full vigor, and 0.7 to 0.8 as
ihe factor representing the relative food requirement for extreme old age. The
actual quantities of protein and energy will vary according to the basis of com-

562 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

parison selected, whether it be food purchased, food eaten, or food digested.
The standard proiwsed is generous rather than the reverse and is in accord
with American food habits, and seems a reasonable guide for use in institutions
or homes in planning diet for the aged. . . .

" While it is impossible to estimate the amount of external muscular work
performed by the children in these studies, they are known to have been mod-
erately active, and it seems impossible that their diet can have been excessive
in either protein or energy. On the other hand, it is questionable whether the
protein in the first study or the energy in the second can have been sufhcient
for their best development. It was noted in the individual discussions of these
two studies that while the nutrients and energy supplied hy the diets corre-
sponded fairly closely to the generally accepted standards, the children appeared
to the observer to be rather below the average in general physical development.
While there was little sickness in the institution.s, the children gave the impres-
sion of being younger than they were, and this before any effort had been made
to weigh them. In the case of the German Orphan Asylum the body weights
were carefully taken, so that there is little likelihood of error from that source.
Here again, as in the case of the standards for older children, the most reason-
able deduction seems to be that the present standards for children from 9 to 12
years old are a trifle low. Many more observations of the diet of normal
children are necessary before the exact amounts required can be determined.
In the light of our present knowledge it seems fair to conclude that it would not
be wise to allow anything below the standard amounts in children's diets, and
in most eases dietitians would be quite justified in exceeding them somewhat."

Physiological and medical observations [including food habits], A. Hrd-
LioKA (Sniithsn. lust.. Bur. Amen Ethnol. Bill. 3^, VP- /A'+//60, pis. 28,
flgs, 2). — In this bulletin, which is an exhaustive study of the Indians of the
southwestern United States and northern Mexico, the author has included, in
addition to other topics, a large amount of data regarding the food habits,
growth and development, clothing, and dwellings, as well as the results of
studies of muscular force made with a dynamometer.

The principal article of diet of the different tribes is maize which is pi'e-
pared for use in various ways. Wheat is also used. Next in importance are
meat, fat, and beans. Meat is scarce, and " beef and mutton are generally
preferred fresh, but are also cut in thin strips and preserved by drying in the
sun, constituting the so-called 'jerked meat.' Fresh meat is prepared chiefly by
roasting near a fire on one or more sticks; or it is cooked with corn or wheat,
and occasionally other vegetables, in a stew. Fat and marrow are more liked
and apparently better assimilated by Indians of all tribes than by the
whites. . . .

" Beans of many varieties are a more important article of diet, especially
to the Mexican Indians, than meat. They are much easier to procure and com-
bine large nutritive value with palatability. They ai-e generally cooked with
a little fat into a sort of stew ; this is eaten with the tortilla, which serves as
a spoon.

" Other important articles of the Indian diet are squashes, melons, sugar cane
in the hot valleys of Mexico, and wild and cultivated fruit of many varieties,
as well as pinons and other nuts, and some mushrooms."

Fruits and sometimes vegetables are dried for winter use.

Many individual foods are described and details are given regarding the food
habits and food preferences of different Indian tribes.

"The unspoiled Indian of our Southwest and of northern Mexico is not
lazy; he may rather be termed industrious, Both men and women, from

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION, 563

adolesoonce, and even earlier, to old age, do considerable work, though they
seldom hurry, nor do they care to work for long stretches at a time. Indolence
is, however, quite prevalent among the more or less degraded Indians.

" The love of outdoor life and of outdoor sports, especially hunting, horse
and foot races, and various games, is general."

Of the different tribes the Otomi of northern Mexico deserve special mention,
according to the author, as they carry on their backs bulky and heavy loads for
long distances.

"A very large porportion of the food of the Otomi consists of tortillas, beans,
and chile. As is the case with all the tribes living in the maguey region, they
regard pulque as food." Only a little food is eaten when on the road. Ap-
parently, these Indians are not averse to other sorts of food than those enumer-
ated, as mention is made of the use of pork products.

As regards the dynamometer tests of muscular force, " the pressure force
and, in younger subjects, also the traction ap])ear on the average slightly infe-
rior to those in wliites. . . .

" The figures [recordedj show that the male Indian, even at his best, does not
quite equal, so far as the strength in his hands and arms is concerned, a strong
white American ; with the women of several of the tribes and white working
women of similar ages the relation would probably be closer.

" Muscular force diminishes, particularly in the males, with decrease in height
in the tribes. Tall individuals in the same tribe are also the stronger."

An extendetl bibliography with explanatory notes is included in the bulletin,
and as food is one of the topics taken into account in these notes, the bibliogra-
phy gives much information as to the amount of data which has been recorded
on the subject of Indian dietetics.

Wages and living [in Mexico], W. W. Cax.vda (Daily Cons, and 'Trade
Rpts. [U. 8.], 1910, No. 3685, p. 1). — Prices are given of a number of food prod-
ucts in Mexico. According to the author, foods for a period of years have
steadily advanced in cost to the consumer.

Food consumption in Paris, J. Xokmaxu {Econ. Fninr., 31 {lUO'J), II, So.
52, pp. D3]-933). — Statistical data are summarized regarding the kinds and
amounts of food consumed in Paris.

Foodstuffs in Slam, C. C. Hansen {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.],
1910, No. 3679, p. 12). — According to the author, the main staple foods produced
in Siam are rice, fish, fruits, and vegetables, meat being used in limited
quantities only. He notes further that the demand for foreign articles of food
is increasing and that western methods of living are gradually replacing the
older food habits. The foreign articles of food sold and consumed in increasing
quantities are, according to his summary, " wheat flour, canned milk, butter,
fish, meats, fruits, vegetables, jams, raisins, figs, prunes, tinned biscuits, and
many other kinds of preservetl food."

[Notes on the food and living conditions of natives of Tierra del Fuego],
C. W. Furlong {Harper's Mo. Mag., 120 {1910), No. 716, pp. 217-229, pi. 1,
figs. 7, map 1). — In an article describing the Onas, a native tribe of Tierra del
Fuego, whom the author considers primitive men still living in the Stone Age,
information is given regarding their food habits, living conditions, and physical
endurance. The climate of the region is not favorable to ripening grain and so
as the author points out the food of these natives consists almost entirely of
meat of wild animals, birds, the blubber of stranded whales, fish, and mussels,
these foods being supplemented by a few tasteless berries in their season, and
a round, sweetish, mucilaginous fungus.-

564 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

Tho ituflior considers llic Onas a tall iicoiilc. tlic avcra.uo lioisht of the 11 men
who were measured beius 5 ft. 1) in. and states tliat their life involves many bard-
ships and much physical work and that they are capable of great endurance.

Some general principles of dietetics, with special remarks on proprietary
foods. D. L. EnsAiL (Jour. Aiiirr. Mrd. Axsor., ')>, (1910), A'o. 3, pu. 1!Ki^]!l6).—
On the basis of his own exi)erience and other data, the author discusses the im-
portance of a thorough knowledge of food values and food requirements in
invalid dietetics. He also discusses proprietary foods and gives reasons for his
belief that it is not necessary, and seldom desirable, to depend upon tliem for
nourishment.

Proprietary and predigested foods from the standpoint of the pediatrist,
J. Rowland (Jour. Amrr. Med. Assoc, f)Ji (1910), No. 3, pp. i9C-20/).— The
author discusses the character of proprietary foods, the use of predigested
medicinal foods, and artificial ferments in infant feeding.

It is not, he concludes, " a narrow view to take that predigested medicinal
foods have no reason for existence, that proprietary infants' foods are unnec-
essary, and that in pediatrics we can almost entirely dispense with [artificial]
ferments. The propositions are well supported by fact."

The paper is followed by a discussion which includes also the paper noted
above.

Malted foods (Brif. Med. Jour., 1910, Xo. 2.5.58, p. ,SC).— Analyses of a num-
ber of commercial malted foods are reported.

Most of the malt preparations commonly called malted foods " consist of a
farinaceous material — most frequently wheat flour — mixed with malt flour,
that is, the flour obtained by milling malted barley, or in some cases with dry
malt extract. The majority accordingly contain a large proportion of unaltered
starch, and this does not undergo digestion to any considerable extent when
the food is prepared for use, for the reason that the diastase of the malt will
not act on the starch until it has been gelatinized, and when the heat is suffi-
cient to do this it destroys the diastase."

A malted food, as is pointed out, may be expected to contain malt-diastase
and this was determined in the goods examined in addition to the usual con-
stituents. It was found to vary from 0 to 161 when determined according to
the method of the British Pharmacopoeia Codex test, in which the ability of a
material to digest its own weight of starch in 30 minutes at a temperature of
40° C. is designated 100.

The importance of fish as a food, J. Konig and A. Splittgerber (Ztselir.
Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18 {1909). No. 9, pp. 407-537, fig. 1).—A large
amount of data is summarized and discussed regarding the curing of flsh, its
composition and nutritive value, and its importance as food, and analyses are
reported of fi.sh and flsh products, which include creatin and other meat bases,
and the proportion of different nitrogenous constituents as well as elementary
analyses. The heat of combustion of fish fiesh was also determined as well as
the elementary composition, energy value, and constants of fish fat, and artificial
digestion experiments with fish flesh were made in comparison with meat.

In general, the authors conclude that flsh flesh is as easily and as well
digested as meat and that it may constitute a very important source of nutritive
material. Under usual conditions in Germany fresh-water fish sell for much the
same price as meat, while salt-water fish are considerably cheaper. It follows,
therefore, according to the authors, that sea fish must be selected if it is
desired to lower the cost of the diet by using fish in place of meat.

The use of sulphurous acid in chopped meat and the composition of some
preservative salts, W. Bremer and R. Beytiiien (Ztselir. Untersueh. Nahr. u.
GeiuissmtL, 18 [I'JO'J), No, 10, pp. 593-G00).—Tho results are reported of the

FOODS HtrMAN NUTRITION. 565

examination of a number of samples of chopped meat with special reference
to appearance and the amount of sulphurous acid and sodium sulphite present.
Information is also given regarding the composition of some commercial meat
preservatives.

Cooking' the cheaper cuts of meat, C. Barnard (llonsckrcping Expt. Sta.
[Conn.] Bui. 6, pp. /?', (Ujin. 1). — A number of recipes are given for cooking
meats in which so-called fireless cookers are usetl, the recipes being based on the
author's exi)erimental studies of the problem. Comparison is made with the
usual methods of cookerj-.

He concludes that " by means of fireless cooking the thrifty housewife can.
with very little money and the minimum of labor, supply her table with good
and abundant food that is not only cheap but nourishing, and that can, at the
same time, be luaih^ a I tractive and accejtrable on any table."

Lecithin and other components of egg yolks, E. Tornani {Bol. Cliim. Farm.,
48 (1909), pp. 520, .J:^/; ahs. in Jour. Chcin. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), Xo. r,6.',.
II, p. 818). — According to the author, the proportion of lecithin in egg yolks
varies considerably. The yolks of eggs which have apparently kept well exhibit
after a time marked alterations in composition, especially with respect to
their lecithin and cholesterol content. Marked differences ai'e noted be-
tween fertilized and unfertilized eggs.

The hexone bases from egg white, H. G. Chapman and .T. M. Petrie (Join:
Physiol., 39 (1909), A'o. 5, pp. SJ/l-S-'iS). — According to the authors' determina-
tions, the i)rotein of egg white contains 2.31) per cent arginin, O.OO iier cent
histidiu, and 3.19 per cent lysin.

Copper in vegetables, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dcpt. Canada Bui. 192,
pp. 11). — The results are reported of the determination of copper in 70 samples
of tinned vegetables, chiefly peas and of French origin, and data are sum-
marized regarding the use of copper for greening foods. It was found that the
copper in 42 of the samples examined exceeded the 71 parts per million which,
the author states, has been mentioned in Great Britain as the maximum per-
missible limit.

The author states that he is at present unable '• to advise definitely as re-
gards small amounts of copper in vegetables; but would respectfully recom-
mend that medical opinions on the subject be obtained."

Spices and how to know them, W. M. Gibbs (Buffalo, 1909, pp. 179, pis. Ifi,
figs. 2, maps 3). — Historical, descriptive, and other data are given in this sum-
mary of information on spices, spice growing and marketing. Among the sub-
jects considered are the early history of spices, adulterations of spices, and how
to detect them. There are special chapters on the different spices and also a
chapter on seasoning herbs.

Coffee extract and coffee infusion, H. Stkunk (Vcroffentl. Mil. Sanitatsio.,
1909, pp. 26, 27; abs. in Ztschr. Vntersuch. NaJir. u. Gemissmtl., 18 (1909), No.
JO, pp. 616, 6/7).— Noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 369).

Studies of chicory, F, Hueppe ( Untcrsuclmngen iiher die Zichorie. Berlin,
1908; rev. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Kahr. u. Genussmth, IS (1909), No. 10, pp.
618, 619). — Analyses of air-dried roasted chicory root are reported.

According to the author, the color of roasted chicory is due to the presence
of inulin and sugar in the original root. The potassium salts in organic form
which chicory contains, may, in the author's opinion, exercise an unfavorable
effect and this and other questions regarding the use of chicory are discussed.

The definition of cider proposed by the international congresses for the
suppression of adulteration held at Geneva and Paris, Truelle (Bui. Soc.
Nat. Agr. France, 69 (1909). No. 8, pp. 730-7-',0).—K summary of data and
critical discussion of the subject.

566 EXPERIMENT STATION KKCORD.

The effect of the Gloeosporium disease on the composition of currant wine,
K. .Mii.i.Ku (C( iilhl. liakt. |(7c. |. „'. Ahl., .i'l ( lUI)'.)), Xa. o-7, pit. ir,.-,^ir,S).^~'V\\i-
analytk-al data reported and discussed showed that the i)reseiic»' <>r this ciin-ant
disease affected unfavorably tlie coniposition of currant wine.

Combinations in which phosphorus occurs in wine, P. Cables {Bui. Assoc.
Chim. Sucr. cl Disiill., ^7 (HmJ), No. 3, pp. 217-223).— A number of determina-
tions are reported of the total phosphorus and phosphorus in minei-al and or-
jraiiic conibination in wines in llic (Jironde region.

The sulphur dioxid content of beer, Vuaflart (Ann. Falsif., 2 (1909), No.
/.'/, /*/). o3.'i, 535). — Of the 111 samples examined 97 contained from 1 to 10 mg.
I)er liter of sulphur dioxid and the remaining samples larger quantities.

Studies of the composition of Martinique rums, A. Bonis (Ann. Falsif., 2
(1909), No. l.'i, pp. 521-527). — On the basis of a considerable number of an-
alyses which are reported, the attempt is made to classify the goods under con-
sideration.

Food inspection decisions (U. S. Dept. Agr., Food Insp. Decisions 111, p. 1;
112, pp. 3). — The subjects included are the labeling of yeast and an amendment
to Regulation 28 which concerns labeling of derivatives.

With i-espect to yeast, the position of the Department is " that the term ' com-
pressed yeast ', without qualification, means distillers' yeast without admixture
of starch.

" That if starch and distillers' yeast be mixed and compressed such product
is misbranded if labeled or sold simply under the name ' compressed yeast '.
Such a mixture or compound should be labeled 'compressed yeast and starch'.

" That it is unlawful to sell decomposed yeast under any label."

Notices of judgment (U. S. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 123-133, pp.
16). — The subjects included are the adulteration and misbranding of vanilla
exti-act, wheat flour, sirup, buckwheat flour, lemon extract, rye flour, and olive
oil ; the adulteration of milk; and the misbranding of canned corn.

Official inspections (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 16, pp. 153-16^). — From an exam-
ination of a number of samples of commercial thickeners for ice cream the con-
clusion was reached that these goods contain "no injurious materials. They
consist for the most part of starchy materials or gelatin with very liberal
amounts of sugar. They are evidently prepared chiefly because of the high
price at which comparatively inexpensive materials can be sold. The intelligent
maker of ice cream will buy starch, gelatin, or whatever he prefers to use in
his cream direct at what the goods are really worth in the market."

A sample of maple sugar used for making maple sirup was declared unlawful
because it had been so purified by crystallization that the characteristic maple
flavoring materials were not present, "' but the case was not prosecuted as all
concerned in the matter had evidently acted in good faith."

A number of jams, jellies, and preserves were examined. Brief statements are
made regarding the examination of whisky and rice, and cold storage and pre-
served eggs and the use of chemicals in foods are discussed.

Report of the department of food and drugs. State Board of Health, for
October, 1909, H. E. Barnard (Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd. Health, 12 (1909), No. 10,
p. l-'f3). — During the month 125 samples of sausage, dried beef, and other food
products were examined, of which 20 were found to be illegal.

Inspectors' reports for the month of October, 1909 (Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd.
Health, 12 (1909), No. 10, pp. IJ/S-l-'iG). — Information is summarized regarding
the inspection of grocery stores, meat markets, dairies, and restaurant and
hotel kitchens. The great majority of the grocery stores and meat markets
visited were in good condition, but in general the condition of the dairies and
hotel and restaurant kitchens was unsatisfactory.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITTON. 567

[Examination of food and drugs and inspection work for November],
H. E. Barnard (Mo. Bui. Ind. Bel. Health, 12 {1909), No. 11, pp. 157-160).—
Brief statements are made regarding tlie examination of a number of samples
of drugs, beverages, and food products, and tbe inspection of grocery stores,
restaurants, and similar places of business.

Text-book of human physiology, N. Zuntz and A. Loewy (Lchrhuch der
PhyfiioJogiv dcs Mcnschcn. Lcipsic, 1909, pp. XII+763, pis. 2, figs. 306). — The
various chapters in this comprehensive text-book of physiology are contributed
by a number of different authors.

Of special interest to students of nutrition are those on General Physiology,
by M. Verworn ; Chemical Composition of the Animal Body, by J. Miiller; Gen-
eral Physiology of JNIuscles and Nerves, by O. Weiss; Physiology of the Central
Nervous System, by S. Exner ; Functions of the Peripheral Nerve System, by
A. Kreidl ; Mechanics of Body Motion, by R. du Bois-Heymond ; The Chemistry
of Bespiration, by J. E. Johansson ; The Mechanics and Innervation of Respira-
tion, by R. du Bois-Reymond ; Partial Digestion, by Ellenberger and Scheunert ;
Respiration and Assimilation, by Spiro; Urine and Urine Formation, by
Cohnbeim ; Excretion Through the Skin, by R. Metzner ; Internal Secretions
and Their Chemical Relation to Body Processes, by R. Metzner; Metabolism of
Matter and Energy, by N. Zuntz ; and Reproduction and Growth, by A. Loewy.

In the section on internal secretions the relation of the thyroid and para-
thyroid secretions, the secretions of the hypophysis, the suprarenal capsule,
and the thynms, pancreas, and spleen are discussed with special reference to the
modern theories of the chemical regulation of body processes.

In the chapter on the metabolism of matter and energy. Professor Zuntz
discusses general problems, summarizes the results of his own extensive studies
of methods and the results of his experimental work, and devotes attention to
respiration experiments, respiration calorimeter experiments, and those in
which the respiratory quotient is determined. Nitrogen metabolism, over-
feeding, the importance of mineral constituents, the selection of food imder
different conditions, the protein requirements of man in different circumstances,
the factors which influence protein requirements, nitrogen metabolism in the
body during growth and repair, condiments in relation to nutrition, and similar
questions are also considered.

With refei-ence to the question of dietary standards he concludes that since
the relation between resistance to different infectious diseases and the protein
content of the diet is not known, it is not desirable at the present time to
diminish generally the amount of protein in the diet below SO gm. per day for
an adult man. It is possible to obtain such a quantity of protein entirely from
vegetable foods if they are wisely selected, but he considers it much easier and
more agreeable to use animal foods in reasonable quantit.v in combination with
the cereals and vegetables which are less rich in nitrogen in order that the
needed amount of nitrogen and fat may be secured.

In their introduction the editors state that the volume as a whole is designed
especially for the use of advanced students and physicians.

Nutrition diseases — a text-book for physicians and students, F. Umbee
{Lchvhuch der Ernahrung und der Btoffwechselkranikjieiten fur Arzte und
mudicrcnde. Berlin and Vienna, 1909, pp. VIII+^02, pis. 10, figs. 19). — In addi-
tion to chapters on corpulence, diabetes, gout, the less common disease of inter-
mediary protein cleavage, and similar topics, the author discusses food and
nutrients in general, food cures in the case of the insufficiently nourished, and
artificial feeding. Though the last mentioned chapters are perhaps of special
interest to students of nutrition, a large amount of data of general interest
will be found in the sections which deal with pathological questions, particu-

568 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

hilly with reforeiK'O to carboliydrato foods .iiul llicir i( l.itioii to diMhctcs. nilrog-
oiious foods and their relation to gout, and similar topii's.

The science of nutrition, G. LusK { I'liihidcliihiii diitl Loiidon, lUUD, 2. ed.,
rcr. and nil., pi). J/O^, ////.s. 13. (Igm. J). — The author states that tins edition
differs from the ])receding edition (E. S. K., 18, p. (!.">()) chiefly in containing
facts which have been brought to light since the earlier volume was iinl)lished.

" 'J'he aim of the book is to review the scientillc substratum u]ion which rests
the knowledge of nutrition ])otli in health and in disease."

The protein question in the light of recently acquired facts, E. Audkkiial-
DEN (Bci: Dctit. Pharm. GeseU:, ID (IDO!)}, No. s. pi,. .',.;/-,', 7 7). —A digest of
data.

Do differences in the stnicture of proteins imply differences in nutritive
value? J. ZisTERKU (Ztschr. Biol., 53 {1901)). So. 3-',, pp. l.-,7-200).—Fvom
studies of casein, muscle ])rotein, and aleurone, a special proteid preitaration
made from wheat, the conclusion is reached that there are differences in the
physiological effect of proteids attributable to differences in composition, but
that although there are decided differences in the cleavage products of proteids,
the differences in physiological value are not great enough to have practical
value. The experimental work was carried on with dogs and the income and
outgo of nitrogen was taken into account as well as other similar factors.

The effects of a meat diet upon the organism of the rabbit, (Jaknier and
L. G. Simon (Arch. Med. Expt. ci Anat. Path. [Paris'l, 2-'/ (1909), No. 6, pp. 121-
7^3). — On the basis of experiments which are re])orted, the author concludes
that rabbits are capable of digesting meat but that animal protein is toxic to
them.

The importance of the mineral constituents of foods, H. Ingle (Jour. Roy,
Inst. Pub. Health, 11 (1909), No. 12, pp 736-77/7 ) .—The author summarizes and
discusses data on the importance of mineral constituents in animal feeding and
in infant and adult dietetics, laying special stress on the ratio of phosphorus
pentoxid to calcium oxid.

In infant feeding it is the author's opinion that "■ it is not the deficiency of
lime, but the preiionderance of phosphoric acid that renders cows' milk, espe-
cially if pasteurized, sterilized, or ' humanized,' more liable than human milk
to induce malnutrition of bone in infants."

In discussing farinaceous foods with reference to ash constituents, analyses by
A. E. Humphries of 4 samples of typical niodern flours are quoted, lime, mag-
nesia, potash, and phosphorus pentoxid being determined. In these sami)les the
ratio of lime to phosphorus pentoxid varied from 0.1.32 to O.IGO, the average
being 0.146, a ^■alue higher than that recorded in earlier analyses.

Even taking the recent higher figures into account it is evident^ in the author's
opinion, that " in flour, and thus in bread, etc., there is a decided preponderance
of phosphoric acid. B.ye bread and products made from maize, barley, and other
cereals also contain the two mineral constitutents in approximately similar pro-
portions. No doubt the magnesia present partially com])ensates for the defi-
ciency of lime, but, after allowing for this, it is i)rol>able that for the most favor-
able conditions for bone development there is an undue excess of phosphoric
acid in almost all cereal foods.

" In view of what has been showni with reference to the ash constituents of
cereal grains, and the fact that they form so large a portion of the ordinary
liuman diet without ill effects, it would seem that, for adults at least, it is not
necessary that the lime should be equal to the phosphorous pentoxid in the whole
ratio — an assumption to which several considerations had led in discussing
animal foods.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 569

" This may be due to the requirements of man being different to those of
animals, which is, indeed, probably the case ; but another factor, which has not
been sufficiently studied, is the proportion of the total phosphoric acid found in
the ash, which is derived from phosphorus occurring in the food in the state of
organic combination — e. g., in the form of lecithin.

" It maj' be that such phosphorus is not converted into phosphoric acid in the
l)ody and would therefore not act harmfully in bone nutrition, and that the
really important ratio is that of lime to the phosphorus pentoxid existing as acid
in the food. This aspect of the question deserves further study."

The effect of a 24-hour fasting' on the secretion of g'astric juice, L. RiJTi-
MEVER (ZcntU. Inn. Med., 190D, No. 10, mi. 233-2.'il ; ab.s. in Zcnthl. Physiol, 23
{1009), No. 18, p. 613). — From experiments with a woman 38 years old who was
a professional faster the author concludes that after a 24-hour fast the stomach
secretes only a small amount of slimy liquid. When stimulated by a test break-
fast, gastric juice is at once secreted, but this, however, contains much less
hydrochloric acid than is usual, the ratio being 6 :16, and also somewhat less
ferment. The gastric juice, nevertheless, was regarded as adequate for digestion.

The chemistry of fat in the intestine, A. IIichaud (Prcssc Med. [Paris],
1909, No. 102, pp. 921-923). — In this discussion of the subject the author has
summarized the work of a number of investigators on the digestibility of fat
and the estimation of fat in the feces.

Observations on the influence of lactic-acid ferments upon intestinal pu-
trefaction in a healthy individual, IIki.en Baldwin (Jour. Biol. Chcni.. 7
(1909), No. 1, pp. 37-JiS). — The special object of the investigation reported was
to determine the effect of fermented milks in controlling intestinal putrefaction
when a general mixed diet, including meat, was taken.

According to the author, it was found " that they exerted no specially favor-
able influence in this wa3% but in so far as the subject's condition varied it was
better when the lactic-acid ferments were not added to the general diet."

" Emphasis should be laid upon the fact that the observations in this paper
have no bearing upon the use of fermented milks alone or with a diet free from
meat. The giving of protein in the form of milk rather than of meat regularly
reduces the amount of intestinal putrefaction. The fermented milks give a
variety to a milk diet, they are found by many to be more appetizing and re-
freshing than plain milk, and in certain forms of gastric and intestinal indiges-
tion they are better borne than plain milk."

Some effects of sodium benzoate, I). K. Lucas (Proc. ^oc. Expt. Biol, and
Med., 6 (1909), No. 5, pp. 122-126; Pure Products, 5 (1909), No. 12, pp. 626-
629; Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 5Jf (1910), No. 10, pp. 7J.9-76"6').— Quotations
fi'om the author's summary of his experimental data and conclusions follow :

" Sodium benzoate, in concentrations of about 1 per cent, preser\es fruits
and vegetables which are strongly acid. Crystals of free benzoic acid often
appear in such mixtures. Sodium benzoate (1 per cent) added to weakly
acid fruits and vegetables does not preserve them well. Sodium benzoate (1
per cent) added to fruits and vegetables, the acidity of which has been neutral-
ized, does not preserve them. Pure apple juice, containing 0.1 per cent of
sodium benzoate, developed mold after 10 days; commercial benzoated cider
under the same conditions, without the further addition of benzoate, did not
develop mold or otherwise undergo degeneration.

"Acid fruit juices containing 1 ]>er cent of sodium benzoate have a biting
taste, an effect due to the liberated benzoic acid. Milk or alkaline vegetables
treated with sodium benzoate (1 per cent) do not taste of benzoic acid at any
time during the first 34 houys after the treatment. After 24 hours, however,

570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

acid decomposition begins in milli in si)ite of the presence of 1 per cent of
sodium benzoate, wlien the mixture tastes distinctly of benzoic acid."

In experiments with men to compare pure and benzoated cider the author
states that a burning taste, headache, and other unfavorable syni])t()nis were
noted with cider containing the preservative.

" Small doses of sodium benzoate given with acid substances to i)ati(>n(s with
albuminuria aggravated this condition and caused alarming symptoms, classical
of nephritis — for 6 days thereafter iu one subject."

Some experiments with dogs ou the effects of benzoic acid are also brlelly
reported.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

The problems of life, E. Giglio-Tos (/.r.s Prohlemes dc la Vie. — /, La »S'm&-
staiiee Vivantc ct la Ci/todierSse, Turin, 1900, pt). VlII+286, figs. 33; II, UOn-
togdndsG et ses Problemcs, Cagliari, 1903, pp. V+368, figs. 36; III, La F4co<nr
datioii' ct VHerediU, Cagliari, 1905, pp. VII -{-189, fig. 1; IV, La Variation et
rOrigine des Espeees, Cagliari, 1910, pp. VII-\-222). — This work on speculative
biology attempts to interpret vital phenomena in terms of physics and chemistry.
It is stated that the nature of living processes is more simple than is generally
sui)posed. and that there is no need of assuming a special vital force not known
to chemistry or physics.

The theories advanced are illustrated by diagrams and mathematical formulas.
Part 1 treats of the properties of the living substance and the process of cell
division, which is summarized In the form of 28 " laws." The development of
the growing organism is discussed in part 2 as consisting merely of chemical
differentiation of tissues. The topics treated in part 3 are fertilization, matura-
tion, parthenogenesis, and heredity. The concluding part discusses variation,
the origin of species, adaptation, and the origin of life, and contains lu " ra-
tional laws of hybridization " and a general summary of the entire work.

The importance of slaughterhouse studies and anatomical investigations
for animal breeding, H. Kraemee (Mitt. Deut. Landw. GeselL, 2Jf (1909), No.
/f-'i, pp. 662-665). — This is a summary of recent investigations such as those of
Seeberger (E. S. R., 21, p. 776) and others, on' the relation of form to physio-
logical function by studies of the anatomy of domesticated animals at slaughter-
houses and in the laboratory. It is pointed out that further studies along
these linos would be of great value to the practical breeder.

The fitness of twins in cattle [and in sheep] for breeding, Strebel {Dcut.
Land/io. Presse, 36 (1909), No. 8.',, pp. 897, 898).— A discussion of data.

A study of the Simmental herd book kept at Hoheuheim since 1885 showed
that during the period covered there were 2,521 births, of which 116 were twins.
In 28 cases both were heifers, iu 35 cases both bulls, and in 53 cases the sexes
were unlike. Twins were more common with old than with ^oung cows and
could be traced to 44 out of 55 bulls used during the 75 year,-. There were 9
pairs of twins in the progeny of i bull which wa~ .1 for 2 years. The
progeny of the heifer twins could be traced in only 1 ^ases, in half of which
l)oth twins were heifers. In three of these cases both heifers were fertile, while
in the other 5 only 1 twin was bred, the other being weak and sent to the
butcher. Of the 11 which were bred none gave birth to twins, nor did their
offspring up to the fourth generation. Of the 8 cases where the sexes were
different 7 of the heifers were sterile, and 1 was fertile but bore a sterile
heifer.

Data concerning fertility of twins in sheep were obtained from a Wiirttem-
burg flock book covering a period of 40 years, in which time 190 twins were

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 571

recorded. In 51 cases both were ewes and 4 ewes out of 37 were sterile. In
93 twins of unlilce sex 5 out of 36 ewes were sterile. The breeding of the other
ewes could not be traced.

These figures indicate that a " free-mai-tin " is more likely to occur in cattle
than in sheep whenever the twins are of unlike sex.

History of Hereford cattle, J. Macdonald and J. Sinclair (London, 1909,
rev. ed., pp. XVI-\-501, pis. 31). — A new edition of this well-known work, first
published in 1886, revised and enlarged to include an account of the recent
development of the breed.

The draft horse, P. de Choin (Ann. In^t. Nat. Agron., 2. ser., 8 (1909), No.
2, pp. 275-310, figs. 4). — It is pointed out that the methods now in use for judg-
ing draft horses are crude. A more extensive use of the dynamometer is
recommended. The topics treated in a discussion on the utilization of the
motive power of the horse to better advantage are road building, methods of
harnessing, driving, and the construction of vehicles.

Report on the stock show at Prek-Po, Baudoin (liul. Econ. Indo-Chine, n.
scr., 12 (1909), No. 80, pp. -'i51-.'t73, figs. 11). — This contains an account of the
live stock industry in Cambodia, French Indo-China. Descriptions and
measurements are given of zebus, bulfaloes, and horses exhibited at the annual
fair.

Data on certain factors influencing the fertility and hatching of eggs,
II. Pearl and F. M. Surface (Maine .S7«. Bui. 168, pp. lO.'i-lGJi, dgnis. 2). — This
bulletin presents data to show that fertility of the hen's egg and its ability to
hatch are two essentially different things, and also reports a quantitative study
of the relationship between these two properties and their inheritance in th6
offspring.

The correlation between fertility and hatching quality was numerically deter-
mined for 2 seasons. " So far as the present data indicate there is a small
but still sensil)lo correlation between the fertility and hatching quality of eggs.
'Iliis means that in general or on the average the hen whose eggs run high in
fortility will also tend to show a high hatching quality of eggs (percentage of
fertile eggs hatched) and vice versa."

The mean or average percentage of infertile eggs, as shown in the breeding
records of the 1008 group of birds, was 21.71. This high percentage is explained
because of the unsuitable housing conditions. In 1000 the average percentage
of infertility, taking all the birds of the year together (the returns on .5,000 to
6,000 incubated eggs), was 14.14. If the early portion of the breeding season
had been left out of account, the average percentage of infertility would have
been considerably reduced.

The average percentage of fertile eggs hatched in the 1908 season was 37.24, -
and in 1909 50.68. The degree of absolute variability as measured by the
standard deviation in all but one case was somewhat greater in the case of
hatching quality than in the case of fertility. While hatching quality aj^peared
to be a slightly more variable character than fertility, the opposite was the case
if the degree of variation in proportion to the mean is considered. Both the
fertility and hatching quality were much better when the breeding was done in
a curtain-front house.

" It is shown that the individuality of the female bird is a very important
factor in the determination of the fertility of eggs. Different individual females
have characteristic degrees of fertilitv of their eggs, independent (within limits)
of the character of the male bird with which they are mated. This fact empha-
sizes the importance to the breeder of trapnesting through the breeding season
at least."

35128— No. 6—10 a

572 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

There was proportionately less variability among the cockerels used as
breeders than anions: the jinllets in respect to their inflnence in determining the
fertility of eggs.

"The present statistics indicate that there is no correlation ^yhatever between
winter (November to March) egg prodnction and the fertility of eggs laid
dnring the subsequent hatching season. In other words, the eggs of the heavy
winter layer are not more likely on the average to be infertile than are those
of the light winter layer, other conditions being the same.

"There is a distinct correlation between the winter (November to March)
egg production and the percentage of fertile eggs hatched during the subse-
quent breeding season. This correlation is of such sort as to indicate that in
general (he higher the winter egg production of a particular bird the lower will
the percentage of that bird's fertile eggs hatched probably be and vice versa.

"The i)i'esent statistics do not show any marked superiority of hens over
pullets in respect to breeding performance so far as either fertility or hatching
quality of eggs are concerned. It must be understood that this is merely a
statement of fact and does not constitute any recommendation for the use of
either pullets or hens as breeders. That question involves more than the two
factors here under discussion.

" There is no indication that the fertility of eggs in the pullet year and in the
second breeding year are in any way correlated. In other words, a bird whose
eggs run high in fertility in the pullet year is as likely as not to produce eggs
running low in fertility the second year, and vice versa, when mated with the
same male or with males of essentially equal breeding ability as shown by their
pen averages.

" There is a significant positive correlation between the percentage of fertile
eggs hatched in the pullet year and in the second breeding year. In other words,
the bird whose eggs are of superior hatching quality in the pullet year will, on
the average, show the same characteristic in her second year."

A study of inheritance of fertility and of hatching quality between mother and
daughter, between father and daughter, and between sisters showed that there
is no evidence that the character "fertility of eggs" is in any degree inherited.
The character " hatching quality of eggs " is definitely inherited in the female
line and apparently also in the male line.

" Taking all the results of the paper together, it is evident that fertility and
hatching quality of eggs are very different characters. While there are great in-
dividual differences among different females in resjiect to the fertility of their
eggs, even when mated to the same male, it still remains the fact that this char-
acter, as compared with hatching quality of eggs, is to a very large degree in-
fluenced by external circumstances. ... On the other hand, the hatching qual-
ity of eggs is an innate constitutional character just as much intrinsic as anj
other physical character, such as shape of body or length of limb.

" The present study has shown that high winter egg production has, on the
average, an adverse effect on the hatching quality of the eggs produced by the
same birds in the subsequent hatching season. This again can probably be re-
garded as the result of a reduction of constitutional vigor following heavy lay-
ing. Continued heavy egg production involves great metabolic activity on the
birds' part in the transformation of matter and energy and must fatigue the
organism. . . .

" The data presented in this paper emphasize the importance in practical
breeding work of (a) the selection of breeding stock with reference to constitu-
tional vi^'or or vitality, (b) the muiuteuauce of the breeding birds in u vigorous

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 673

condition by proper niotliods of bousing and feeding, and (c) paying attention to
the actual breeding ability (as sliown by batching performance) of the stock
and the exercise of selective breeding to improve this character."

An annotated bibliography of the literature is apjiended.

An act to regulate the sale of concentrated commercial feed stuffs { Massa-
chusetts Sta. Circ. 11, pp. }). — This contains the text of the feeding stuffs law
and interpretations of the law.

The role of the ash constituents of wheat bran in the metabolism of her-
bivora, E. B. Hart, E. V. McCollum. and (i. C. Humphrey {Wisconsin Sta.
Research Bui. 5, pp. 173-188). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R.,
21, p. 3GG).

Further contributions on the composition of hay from sewage meadows,
P. Ehrenberg (Landw. Vers. Stat., 11 (190!)), No. .',-J, pp. 263-286).— A con-
tinuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 172). Analyses reported
show that hay from sewage meadows contains larger percentages of protein, albu-
min, fat, and ash but less fiber than bay from natural meadows. Analyses are
also given of clover grown on sewage meadows and of silage made from sew-
age hay.

Acidifying silage beet chips by means of lactic acid cultures {Amcr. Sugar
Indus, and Beet Sugar (ia.~.. 12 ilDlO), No. 2, p. 3'J). — This is a report of a
successful experiment in which beet chips as they came from the diftusiou
battery were inoculated with a pure culture of lactic-acid bacteria. At the end
of G months the chips had an aromatic odor of fresh distillery chips. The
effect of the inoculation was not sutiicient to give a pure lactic fermentation
but was .such as to restrict the activity of the decomposition organism. Direc-
tions for preparing the liquid for s])rinkling the chips are given.

Experiments in feeding these chips to steers with favorable results are also
reported.

The utilization of pea-cannery refuse for forage, M. A. Crosby ([/. S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. //J, pp. 12, figs. 3). — This bulletin describes meth-
ods of using refuse pea vines as green feed, silage, hay, and fertilizer. Results
from practical men are cited which show that pea vine silage is about equal in
feeding value to corn silage for dairy cows, beef cattle, and sheep. Pea vine
hay is considered equal or superior to clover hay for all classes of farm stock.
The use of the vines as a soiling crop is necessarily limited to the immediate
vicinity of the canning factory. As a manure pea vines have a fertilizing value
of about $2.G0 per ton.

Concerning the feeding of straw, E. Pott {IUus. Landw. Ztg., 29 (1909),
No. 101, pp. 921-929). — A summary and discussion of methods of cutting, shred-
ding, steaming, softening, and mixing with molasses, and of other practices for
utilizing straw and coarse fodders as feeding stuffs for cattle is given.

Rearing calves on skim milk and supplementary feed, H. W. Norton, Jr.
(Michigan Sta. Bui. 231, pp. 3-29, figs. 10). — This bulletin contains information
on stabling and methods of feeding calves and gives records of G."] pail-fed calves
v.hich include grade and pure bred stock of both beef and dairy types. The
feeds consisted of whole milk, skim milk, silage, hay, oats, green feed, beet
pulp, and grain. Whole milk was valued at $1 per 100 lbs., and skim milk at 20
cts. The whole milk was usually fed for 5 or G weeks, with the exception of the
last lot, in which it was continued for 12 or 13 weeks. In some cases the skim
milk feeding continued for 1 year. The year was divided into 4 ecpial periods
of 13 weeks each. As a rule the greatest gains were made during the second
period and at the least cost.

574

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Tables are .civen which show the cost of feed, .iraiiis in weijjlit, l)irth weight,
and ()tl)er diita. Tlie averajie i-esults obtained from the different jjronits of
calves are shown in the followinji table:

Average birth ireif/Iit, (iiitount, and eost of f/aiii of ealres diiriiu/ the firfif year.

Number

of
animals.

10
10
10
11
10
6.
6.

Kind of stock.

Grade beef^(Shorthorn sire).
Grade beef (Hereford sire)..

Grade beef (Angus sire)

Grade dairy

Mixed

Pure-bred Holstein

Grade dairy

Average

birth
weight.

Pounds.
76.4
80.0
72.0
75.7
92.2
100.0
72.6

Average

weight at

end of

year.

Potmds.
643.9
629.0
682.0
523. 5
697.1
773.1
706. 1

Average
cost per
animal.

Dollars.
27.69
26.78
32. 53
22. 41
27.35
30.53
36.43

Average
daily gain
per head.

Pounds.
1.55
1.50
1.67
1.22
1.65
1.84
1.73

Average

cost per

pound

gain.

Cents.
4.32
4.20
4.79
4.29
3.97
3.97
5.16

Feeding the pig, W. Dietrich (Illinois Sin. Cire. J33, pp. ID+Erruta Sheet,
figs. 3). — This circular contains additional data to those previously reported
(E. S. R., 20, p. 1068) of an experiment in pig feeding now in progress, and
also outlines a method for calculating rations according to a standard advocated
by the author.

Considerable emphasis is given to the intake of water, which is classified as
a nutrient, and to the value of exercise for young i)igs. The total (piantity of
water fed seemed to be of greater importance than the manner in which it was
fed, but the best results were obtained by feeding the bulk of the water after
the rest of the feed had been eaten, using enough water to wet the dry feeds
and enough feed in the water to make it palatable. On giving the pigs dry feeds
or a thick slop and then free access to water, they did not do as well as in cases
where the water was mixed with all the dry feeds in the form of a slop. " One
of the principal reasons that winter feeding of pigs has not been more successful
is because an insufficient amount of water was used. During the winter season
in cold climates where the pig is gi^■en dry feed and free access to water, he will
apparently not drink enough for maximum and most economical production."
The chief value of exercise appeared to be in the influence it exerted upon the
respiratory and digestive functions. The results of feeding on pasture indicated
that pigs can utilize to better advantage the same quantities of nutrients in
addition to the grass than when fed in tlie dry lot experiments, this being due
in part to the needed exercise which the pigs get in gi-azing.

The amounts of water, carbohydrates, and protein required by pigs at differ-
ent ages, according to the author's standard, are rei)resented in graphic form.
In the case of crude digestible protein the amount required by the pig daily i)er
100 lbs. live weight, for the most economical production is 0.6 lb. at 2 months
of age, increasing to 0.7 lb. during the following 7 weeks. The amount then
declines to 0.6 lb. during 4 weeks' time and then maintains a level of 0.65 lb.
for the next 7 weeks. After this the greater part of the nitrogenous feeds may
be removed from the ration. Starting at 2 months of age the pigs should have
12 lbs. of water daily per 100 lbs. of live weight, this to be gradually reduced
to 4 lbs. during the following 6 months, when the pigs should be in prime con-
dition for market. At 2 months of age the pigs should have 2.2 lbs. of digestible
carbohydrate daily per 100 lbs. live weight, this amount gradually increasing
until at the end of 18 weeks it reaches 2.6 lbs. The pigs will apparently make
larger gains when given a little more fat in their ration than is ordinarily
present iu the commou feeds ou the farm. They should also have free access

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 5Y5

to a variety of mineral substances in order to siijiply, according to the dictates
of appetite, any deficiencies in tlie feed.

Examples are given for calculating rations.

Spanish peanuts, soy beans, and skim milk as feeds supplementary to corn,
P. X. Flint ( dcorfjia Hta. BnJ. HI, pp. 3-10, fic/s. .',). — This is a report of a feed-
ing experiment in utilizing home-grown feeds for pigs. The pigs varied in age
from 3 to 4 months and had an average weight of 7G.9 lbs. The feeds were
rated as follows: Shelled corn 94 ets. per bushel, shorts $1.87 per hundred-
weight, skim milk 20 cts. per hundredweight, soy beans .$2.38 per acre net cost,
and Spanish peanuts $3.38 per acre net cost.

A lot of 3 pigs fed shelled corn and shorts 1 : 1 for 31 days, and then corn
alone for 48 days, made an avei-age daily gain of 0.71 lb. per head at a cost of
S.3 cts per pound. The corresponding figures for a lot of 6 pigs fed shelled corn
and skim milk was 0.96 lb., at a cost of 6.S cts. On a shelled corn ;md fresh
soy beans ration there was an average daily gain per head of 0.7 lb., at a cost
of 5.0 cts. per pound, and on a ration of shelled corn and fresh Spanish peanuts
the corresponding values were 0.9 lb., and 4.6 cts.

Data are also given on the cost of growing soy beans and Spanish peanuts.

Yeast as a feeding stuff (Wchnschr. Bran., 21 {1910), No. 2, p. 18).— Two
pigs weighing al)out 22 lbs. each were fed a ration of potatoes, ground barley,
and yeast. The amount of yeast fed daily to each animal varied from 1 liter at
the beginning to over 10 liters at the close of the trial. It was apparently rel-
ished by the pigs. At the end of 5 months the average weight was 190 lbs.
each. The average dressed weight after slaughtering was 83 per cent of the
live weight.

Report of the departmental committee on poultry breeding in Scotland,
J. Murray et al. (Edinhiinjii : Govt., 1909, pp. IV+IS). — This report is the
result of an inquiry upon the methods commonly followed in the highlands and
islands of Scotland in the breeding and Ivceping of poultry and the sale of
poultry and eggs, and especially into the results of the efforts of the Congested
Districts Board to promote this industry and to suggest how it may be developed
and improved.

Minutes of evidence taken before the departmental committee on poultry
breeding in Scotland {Edinburgh: Govt., 1909, pp. XXVIII+I4S). — This con-
tains the statements made by men engaged in the poultry business in Scotland
and forms the basis of the I'eport noted above.

Poultry breeding, T. Huperz {Die GeflugcJzucht. Ncudnmm, 1901, 3. ed.,
rev. and cnl., pp. VIII+350, pi. 1, figs. 18). — The third revised and enlarged
edition of this practical book on the breeding, feeding, and rearing of fowls,
turkeys, guineas, ducks, geese, and pigeons.

The dollar hen, M. M. Hastings {Neio York, 1909, pp. 211, figs. //).— This
book, according to the author, was written " for the purpose of assisting in
placing the poultry business on a sound scientific and economic basis." The
topics treated are incubation, feeding, management of poultry, marketing of
eggs, and other phases of ixjultry production upon which the financial success of
the business depends.

The author makes statements regarding poultry work at the Illinois Station,
and gives an alleged quotation from its publications which turns out to have no
basis whatever in fact. That station has not carried on any poultry woi-k or
published anything on the subject, and the hypothetical experiment described is
of such a character as to be an unjustified refiection on experiments in that
line.

The marketing of eggs, A. G, Philips {Kansas Sta. Bui. 162, pp. 243-258) . —
This bulletin contains statistics on the egg production of Kansas uud general

576 EXPERIMENT STATTON RECORD.

iiiforiuntion i>n ninrUct iiii; ('.i,',i,'s. oIiImIiuhI in part from and in answer to in-
(inirii'S sent to v^^'^ Imycrs. Snii.Licsdons are jiiven for preventing losses that
now occur because many l)a(l ej;j,'s are sent to marlvet.

Judging and valuation of ostrich feathers and feathers required by the
trade for special purposes, R. W. Thornton (.If//-. Join: Cape (huxl llnitr. ,'?,7
(J'JU!)). .\o. a, t>l). (iSO-dSC. figs. 7). — A discnssion of llic types of I'catliers in
greatest murliet demand.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

The efficiency, economy, and physiological effect of machine milking, V. W.
Woix and (J. C. Humphuky (Wiscdii.siii Sta. h'cscdrctt liiil. .'>. i)tt. (U-l'if^. /i(/s.
9). — The exi)enments reported in this Imlletin covered a i>eriod of 2(i months
and involved 2!) different cows.

In 40 trials during a period of 2(! weeks there was a wide variation in the
rate of decrease in the weekly production of milk when a change was made
from hand milking to machine milking, but on the average the decrease was
no greater than that fi-om a change in hand milkers. Comparisons were ob-
tained for 10 days with cows on machine milking and for corresponding periods
on hand milking the same cows for from 1 to 4 years for the various cows.
The average weekly production for the cows during the machine milking was
1.52.1 lbs. of nulk and 7.11 lbs. of butter fat, and during the corresponding
l»revious lactation periods on hand milking 1G2.7 lbs. of milk and 7..5.S lbs. of
butter fat.

Unfavorable results obtained with the machine at one time were thought to
be due to the use of a too high vacuum. " In order to avoid any injurious
influence on the milk-secreting power of the cows, it is evidently of vital im-
portance not to maintain a higher vacuum than l(i in. at a maximum, and, in
case of a mixed herd, to maintain as uiiiform a vacuum of IT)* in. as possible."
More or less trouble was caused by abnormally small or large teats or when
the teats were vei'y close together. A fleshy or ill-shaped udder also interfered
with the efficiency of the machine.

As regards thoroughness of the milking, the conclusion reached was that
after the cows had become accustomed to the machine it is practically equal to
that of good hand milking and is doubtless superior to that done on many dairy
or other farms. The amount of fat in the strippings did not tend to increase
in machine-milked cows when kept in the stable. The results were also satis-
factory for pasture conditions in the case of most cows. Although definite con-
clusions were not reached, it was thought that possibly machine milking not
followed by stripping will have an injurious effect on the cows which do not
give down their milk readily. It is pointed out that from a financial point of
view it will probably not pay to install a milking machine except in the case
of large herds or where a farmer with a small herd wishes to be independent
of hired help.

An investigation of the bacterial content of machine-drawn antl hand-drawn
milk was made by E. G. Hastings and C. Hoffmann. Bacterial counts showexl
that in the case of samples from the individual animals the results are slightly
in favor of the machine; with the composite samples the reverse is true. No
difference in the content of acid-forming, liquefying, and inert bacteria was
noted. A series of determinations of the number of leucocytes present in the
milk of a number of animals was made before and after the introduction of the
machine, but in no case was there any marked change.

A study of the effect of machine milking on the udder was made by A. S.
Alexander, who found no appreciable effect upon the physical condition of the

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 577

COWS. " It was .apparently responsible for improvement in the ndders of ?> of
the cows and in 2 instances possibly cansed aggravation of abnormal conditions
l»reviously noted."

Inqniries were sent to Wisconsin dairymen concerning their experience with
milking machines. Twenty-seven out of 41 different farmers reporting their
experiences were favorable to this method of milking, S were undecided, and 6
reported unfavorably. An appendix to the bulletin contains a brief history of
the B. L. K. milking machine, and gives full notes on the l>ehavior of the indi-
vidual cows in the milking machine trials reportetl.

The dairy cow's record and the stable. L. Anderson (California 8ta. Bui.
20 'i, lip. ()'i-!)0, figs. 2-'i). — This bulletin contains records of dairy cows, methods
of feeding, and cost of milk production in different parts of the State. There
are also illustrations and descriptions of several corrals and milking stables.
C. W. Kubel contributes a brief article on What is a Good Ilecord.

The Wisconsin dairy cow competition, F. W. Woll ( Wisconsin Sta. Circ.
Inform. !>, pi). i)). — This circular discusses the value of cow testing, explains
the method and rules of conducting the Wisconsin dairy competition, and con-
tains a list of prizes offered for the best individual and herd records.

Winter milk production, J. Watson and J. McRobert (Dept. Agr. and Tech.
Instr. Ireland Jour., 10 {1909), A'o. 1, pp. I'l-SJi, pis. 6). — ^A continuation of
work previously noted (E. S. II., 21, p. 673). On one farm the profit in milk
production per cow in winter was £3 Is. Sd. and in summer fl lOd. On
another farm where the cows were poor milkers there was a loss per cow in
winter of £4 17s. 2d. and in summer of £4 14s. 2d. The milk yields of the cows
on each farm and the cost of feed ]ier week are presented in graphic form.

The production price of milk, L. Nanneson {Malmo. Ldns llasiidll. Sdllsk.
Kvrtlsskr., 1909. No. 2, pp. .'i29-.'i36). — A discussion of the various factors in-
fluencing the cost of production of milk.

The different items of expense (milking, care, litter, renewal of herd, stabling,
interest on the value of cows, feed, and sundry expenses) under Swedish con-
ditions, according to the author approximate 140.40 krone per year per cow, and
30.70 (ire per kilogram (about 2.7 cts. per quart) of milk. This is about 30
per cent above the present average market price of the milk, but the deficit
must be more than covered by the values of the calf and of the manure produced,
though these can only be loosely estimated. The solution of the problem facing
the dairy farmer is twofold, to feed the dairy herd eft'ective rations of the
lowest possible cost and to increase the returns per feed eaten. In both di-
rections the possibilities for improvement in most herds are great, and con-
siderable progress has been made during recent years, as disclosed by the
reports of the cow testing associations (E. S. R., 22, p. 476).

Dairy suggestions from European conditions as seen in the British Isles,
Holland, and Denmark, W. J. Eraser and R. E. Brand (Illinois Sta. Bui. UfO,
pp. 'iGl-r)21, figs. 92). — This bulletin reports a study during an entire summer
of the methods employed in the production of milk on the farms of the in-
tensive dairy countries of Great Britain, Holland, and Denmark.

In the opinion of the authors the chief particulars in which the European
dairymen excel are uniformly good cows, economical feeding, painstaking care
of the stock, and sanitary methods of handling milk, cream, butter, and cheese.
Among other items noted from which American dairymen might profit the fol-
lowing may be mentioned : Successful dairying in the County of Ayrshire,
Scotland, is due to the milk-producing capacity of the cattle and the excellence
of the Scotch cheese, the high quality of which lies not so much in the skill of
the cheese maker as in the care of the cows, stable, cheese room, and utensils,
thus keeping the milk clean so that it is delivered to the cheese vat in almost

578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

]terftH't oonditioii. I'.ritisli agricullnriil stock niid (Iniry shows diffor from
AniericMii shows be'cjiiisc they are eoiuliK-ted for the solo purpose of stiiiiuhitin;^
interest in agriculture. In Holland and Denmark dairying is the chief agri-
cultural industry and not a side issue. Small holdinjjs and cooi»eration have
enabled Denmark to lead other nations in dairying.

[Literature on fermentation and other changes in milk], A. Kocii (Jnhrcs-
hcr. (l(iniii(i.s-()i(/(iiiisiii<n, 17 (1900), mi. 29H-.'i.i.'>). — This hibliograi)hy refers
(p. 41S) to literature jtublished iu VM)C< relating to changes in milk due to bac-
teria, onzyms, and other causes. Abstracts are given of the more important
articles.

Biological investigations of milk which creamed abnormally, A. Wolff
(Milchic. ZentU., 5 (1909), No. 12, pp. 530-538, pis. 2).— This is a study of a
sample of milk in which the cream rose very rapidly. The layer of milk next to
the cream was of a bluish color, and small clots in the milk adhered to the sides
of the milk vessel. The butter made from the cream was also abnormal and
became rancid in a much shorter time than usual.

A microscopical examination showed that the fat globules were very large
and irregular in shape. A few colostral bodies and leucocytes were found but
no streptococci. The cause of the trouble was apparently an alkaline forming
bacillus which was present in large numbers. Bacterium fluorescens may have
contributed somewhat to the bluish coloration. The alkaline bacillus was found
in freshly drawn milk and water taken from a well on the farm, and seemed to
be widely distributed about the premises. Samples of abuoi'mal milk from
other sourc(>s were also found to contain the same bacillus.

The bacterial flora of milk held at low temperatures, M. P. Ravenel, E. G.
Hastings, and B. W. Hammer {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 7 (1910), No. 1, pp.
SS-//6'). — A report of a study of the activity of the bacterial flora of milk and
water kept from 6 to 203 days at —9 and 0° C.

" In milks held at — 9° there was a clumping of the casein and fat, no increase
in bacteria developing on agar and gelatin, and an increase in the amount of
soluble nitrogen and a decrease in the acidity.

" In milks held at 0° there was a marked increase in the bacterial content re-
sulting in an increase iu acidity, an increase in the percentage of soluble nitro-
gen so that it eventually amounted to over 70 per cent of the total nitrogen, and
a decrease in the total nitrogen content probably due to a liberation of free
nitrogen."

The data shows that the ordinary temperature at w^hich milk is stored, 33 to
40° F., is such as to exclude the growth of the ordinary lactic bacteria, but not
the growth of the putrefactive organisms.

In practical effects cold storage is identical with pasteurization, since it re-
moves from the sphere of action that class of bacteria that prevent the growth
of harmful kinds of organisms, while it allows the harmful bacteria to develop.

Composition of market butter, C. E. Lee and J. M. Barnhaet (Illinois Sta.
Bill. 139, pp. Ji^l-457). — The object of this investigation was to study the compo-
sition of butter found on the market.

The average compositign of 574 samples of market butter collected from
several States for a period of 1 year was as follows: Water 13.54, fat 83.2,
salt 2.25, and casein and ash 0.9 per cent. There was no difference in compo-
sition of buter caused by the season of the year, the State where it was made,
or the dealer by which it was handled. The variation in composition of sam-
ples taken from the churn in different creameries was not greater than the
samples taken from any single creamery. The average composition of 60 sam-
ples of butter eiUibited at tUe I\'atiouul Creamery Buttermakers' Convention

DATRY FARMING DAIRYING. 579

held at St. Paul, Minn,, 190S, was as follows: Water 12.54, fat 84.65, salt 1.77,
and casein and ash 1.02 per cent.

Acidity of creamery butter and its relation to quality, ('. IjArsen, T, H,
Lund, and L. F. Miller {Hoiith Dakota i^ta. Bui. 116, pu. 573-594). — This is a
study of the relationship between the quality and acidity of butter.

Several methods of testing butter for acidity were tried. The use of hot
water at different temperatures was found to be less satisfactory than the
ether and alcohol method. Gasoline and benzin were found unsatisfactory. The
provisional official method gave lower results than the ether-alcohol method,
especially in fresh butter, since it showed the acid in the fat only, while the
ether-alcohol method showed the acid in all the constituents of butter. Another
reason which in a measure accounts for the lower results by the provisional
method is the high temperature of the fat at the time the test is made.

The acidity of the fat in fresh butter was found to be slightly greater than
that of an equal weight of clear brine but less than that of an equal weight of
curdy brine. In 16 samples of butter 12.S ])er cent of the acid was in the brine
and the remainder in the fat.

When butter from various sources was scored and tested for acidity, the
average relation between score and acidity of 305 tubs was as follows: In 99
tubs scoring 93 and above the average acidity, measured in cubic centimeters
tenth-normal alkalis, was 1.97; in 158 tubs scoring 89 to 93, 1,93; and in 48
tubs scoring below 85, 2.08.

" From these results it will be noticed that there is little or no uniform rela-
tion existing between the quality and the acidity of fresh butter, . . . The de-
fects associated with the body, color, and salt, and the flavors of a nonacid
character, none of which can be measured by an acid test, evidently constitute
the chief faults of fresh butter. When fresh butter has once been judged and
a certain score put upon it, and the same butter retained to be tested for keep-
ing quality, experiments completed, and others now in progress, show that an
acid test is by far the better criterion as to the extent and rapidity of dete-
rioration,"

Pasteurization as a factor in making' butter from cream skimmed on the
farm, C, E. Lke (lUinois t>1a. Bui. 138, p[). 3(i\)-Ji3S). — ^This is a study of the
quality of butter made from pasteurized sour cream as compared with the
qualitj' of butter made from the same grade of cream not pasteurized.

The butter scored in 1905 gave an average of 0.7 of one point higher score in
favor of butter made from pasteurized cream. After being in cold storage 4
months the butter from the unpasteurized cream decreased in quality 0.3, and
that from the pasteurized 0.45, of one point. In 1900 butter made from un-
pasteurized cream scored on an average 0.5 of one point over that of the pas-
teurized. Twentj^-six days later the same lot of butter was again scored by
two judges, with an average of 0.97 and 0.27 of one point, respectively, in favor
of the unpasteurized. After being in storage 101 days one judge decided that
there was no difference in the decrease of quality, while the score of another
judge showed that the butter from the pasteurized cream had decreased 0.71
of one point more than the butter from the unpasteurized.

" The 104 tubs of 1907 butter were scored by five judges 44 days after the
first lot was made. According to three of these judges the unpasteurized but-
ter scored higher by 0.56. 0.27 and 0,10 of one point respectively. The other
two judges scored the pasteurized butter higher by 0.3 and 0.41 of one point.
Following a period of four months in storage this butter was re.scored by four
of the former judges. According to three of them the unpasteurized decreased
in quality 0.13, 0,72 and 0.04 of a point more than the pasteurized butter, while
the fourth judge scored the unpasteurized butter higher by 0.34 of one point.

580 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

•' 'I'lio lOOS onnipnrisons woro reincsciitcd by KiO tubs of hnttor shipped to
both the Cliicaf;*! iind New York iiiiirkcts. Tlic l)n1tor shijipoil to ('liic;i>?o was
scored by five difTereut .iiidj^es, i:! days after the last l)Utter was made with
the following average results: Two of the judges favored the pasteurized but-
ter by 0.2 and 0.1 of one point respectively. After six to seven months in
storage this same butter was rescored by four of these same judges. The
butter made from the unpasteurized cream decreased to the extent of 0.15.
2.02, 0.25 and 0.(!5 of a point, respectively, more tliaii did the butter made from
the pasteurized cn^am.

" The butter that was shipjied to New York was scored l)y one judge before
it was placed in storage with the result of O.I of one point in favor of ur.i)as-
teurized butter. According to this same judge the unpasteurizwl butter de-
creased in storage O.'*,,^) of one jioiiit more than the ])astetirized butter. The
average of all tlu' scores ])laced upon this butter after storage, by four judges,
was 1.51 i)oints in favor of the pasteurized l>utter."

From these comparisons the author concludes that pasteurization does not
affect the l)ody or texture of l)Utter and does not improve the (piality of butter
made from sour farm-skimmed cream.

[Ozone for deodorizing' stale cream in buttermaking] (Pop, Electricity, 2
(1909), A'o. S, I)/). .H.'), 516, fig. 1; ahs. in N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream.,
29 (1909), \(>. 7, PI). 270, 271). — A brief accoimt of a trial of a new metliod of
using ozone for utilizing stale ci"eam in the manufacture of " fresh " butter.
The cream w'as first run through the pasteurizer at a temperature of 130° F.,
and from there carried into the agitator and treated with ozone for 40 minutes.
At the end of this period the cream had been bleached and completely deodor-
ized and the acidity had been reduceil from 0.7 to O.o(j i)er cent. After cooling,
the cream was churned into butter grading up to No. 1.

On the presence of colored macroscopic colonies of bacteria in Emmental
cheese, J. Tiiuni and O. Allemann (Centhl. Bald, [c/c], 2. Aht., 25 (1909),
Net. 1-Jf, pp. S-30). — Pure cultures were made of bacteria taken from minute
colored spots of Emmental cheese. The black s])ots were found to be caused
by Bactcriiun gUntheri. The brown and red spots contained organisms closely
related to proprionic acid bacteria and which were named Bacterimn acidl pro-
pionici var. fiisciini and Bacteriuin aeidi propioniei var. ruhruin.

The disposal of wastes from the dairy industry, A. E. Kimbekly (Quart.
Bui. Ohio Bd. Health, 1 (1909), No. S, pp. 151-170, pis. 2; ahs. in Engin. Rcc,
61 (1910), No. 2, pp. 50, 51). — After an inquiry into a number of nuisances
caused by the improper disposal of wastes from the dairy plants, experiments
were made on a small scale in treating different mixtures of skim milk and
water in settling and dosing tanks followed by filtration. At a skimming station
the total waste waters were passed in a series of 4 galvanized tanks. The data
thus obtained were ujsed as a basis for obtaining a larger experimental tank con-
sisting of a settling tank, a dosing tank, siphon and 2 sand filters, which had
sufficient capacity to handle all the wastes produced, amounting approximately
to 4,500 gal. daily.

The results were successful from a practical standpoint, the nuisance from
smell and the marked pollution of the small run near the plant, both of which
features had formerly been very pronounced in the summer months, being
overcome. From the strict scientific viewpoint the results w'ere not so satisfac-
tory, as the degree of purification was not so high as had been anticiiiated.

Details are given for constructing a plant to treat waste waters from a cream-
ery o])erating a 1,000 lb. churn daily at a probable cost of $750. For very small
plants, if the cooling and condenser waters were separated from the putrescent
liquids, a nuisance could be abated in some cases by causing the wastes to be

VETERIiSrARY MEDICINE. 581

received into n water-tight cistern holding 3 or 4 days' flow and from which
the wastes could be imnijied into a tanlv wagon and carried away to a suitable
point of disposal.

This report deals only with wastes from butter and cheese factories. No
definite conclusions were drawn as to the details of treatment of I'enovated
butter factory wastes.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Text-book of veterinary medicine, J. Law (Ithaca, N. Y., 1906, vol. J,, 2. ed.,
rev. tiiid cnh, jtp. 7 IS; lUV'.i, vol. ■'). ,i. ed., rev. and eiiL, pp. 621). — These volumes
have been revised and enlarged. A'olunic 4 takes up infectious diseases, san-
itary science, and iwlice measures, and volume 5, parasites, parasitisms, etc.

Regarding the value of the Van Gieson and the Romanowsky malarial
stains for the detection of Coccidia, P. B. Hadley {C'enthl. Bakt. [etc.^, 1.
Al)t., Orig., »2 ( 1!I0<>), \o. /. pp. 7-'/7-/.j0).— In this paper, which is Xo. 5 of the
division of biology of the Ilhode Island Station, the author describes the tech-
nique which he has used successfully in detecting by means of the Van Gieson
and the Romanowsky malarial stains, certain stages of Coccidium cuuicuU found
in the cecum, liver, and intestines of turkeys, si)arrows, tlie common fowl, and
•other wild and domestic birds.

On a new spirillum in Cercopithecus patas, A. Thiroux and W. Dufouger^
iCoinpt. Rrud. Acad. Sci. [Pahs]. 1.10 (1910), No. 2, pp. 132, i33).— The authors
have found in a monkey (('. patas), from Kayes, in the French Sudan, a spiro-
■chete which morphologically is mucli like Hpirochccta duttoni. This spirochete,
to which is given the name N. pithcci, is said to be the cause of a very grave
disease.

Stock diseases carried by flies, A. Theiler (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 8 (1909),
No. 29, pp. J/l-ol). — The present knowledge of the various species of trypano-
• somes occurring in South Africa, namely Trypanosoma dimorphon, T. congo-
lense, T. theileri, and T. cvansi, and the role of flies in their transmission, is
here reviewed. But two of the several described species of Glossina (G. morsi-
tans and G. paUidipcs) are known to occur in Soutli Africa.

" The conclusion to be drawn from the various observations and statements
would, therefore, be that under certain conditions tlie presence of flies stands in
a certain relation to game, in others that the fly does exist without the presence
of game. This latter fact must find some explanation by accepting that the
flies can live on other animals besides game, it having been established that the
fly, being a pure bloodsucker, requires blood to live."

Sleeping' sickness in Ug'anda: Duration of the infectivity of the Glossina
palpalis after the removal of the lake-shore population, D. Bruce et al.
(Proc. Roy. Hoc. [London], ,S'er. B, 82 (1909), No. B .').'}2. pp. 50-63).— "It must
be concluded that the Glossina palpalis on the uninhabited shores of Victoria
Xyauza can retain their infectivity for a period of at least two years after the
native population has been removed."

Notes concerning' Trypanosoma dimorphon, with a few preliminary ob-
servations on the trypanosomiases of southern Rhodesia, L. E. W. Bevan
{Vet. Jour., 66 (1910), No. Jflo, pp. 12-19, figs. 2). — An account is given of
preliminary observations of a disease of cattle in southern Rhodesia apparently
due to T. dimorphon.

East Coast fever (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 35 (1909). No. 5, pp. 571-
577). — This is a resume of the steps which have been taken by the government
for safeguarding Cape Colony against the introduction of East Coast fever from
the adjoining colonies of Natal and the Transvaal.

582 EXPERIMENT STATION HKcOHl).

Experimental research in dourine, with particular consideration as tO
the atoxyl treatment, riii.KNiHTii mimI Woniii; (.1/7^ h. (Ixiidht.'itiDil., .i!)
(y.mS), .\r>. „'. iip. J,0S-J,5U fif/x- -i: <il>'<- ill -loin: Trop. Vet. SH., .', { l<)09), No. S,
p. J/Sf)). — Tlic Mutliors conclude from the invcstif^iilinns licic rciMH-tcd 11i;it it is
not i)ossil»h' to picM'iit the onset of experimental ddiirinc li.\ I lie previous injec-
tion of atoxyl, tliouuli its ndiuiuislration is successful in preveutiui; the disease
ill inoculated animals providing; if is done immediately after infection. It may
succei'd in i-iirint,' or freeiui,' llie animal fi'diii pnrasites diirin.i,' tlie <-<)urse <if tlie
disease.

Iliirses and dogs can not take a sufficiency of atoxyl to completely kill all
trypanosomes, but rabbits, rats, and mice can withstand comparatively lars:e
doses. The method of administerini,' by unguent appears tn be preferable to
administration in solution.

A biblioiiraphy of (iT titles is aiipended.

Biliary fever or malig'nant jaundice of the dog (canine piroplasmosis),
W. JoUKTT (.1.'//'. '/oiti: ('(tpc (idod IJopc, .i.') (I'Ji)'.)). .Vo.y. .'/, pj). 'i.t'.)-.'i) I ; .'>. iiii.
582-,'>S.'i). — The author reports in detail the results of injections with trypan-
blau of lo experimentally and <» naturally infected dojrs. Except in the case
of 2 dogs almost in extremis when received, the treat lueiit i)roved to be an
unqualified success.

"Six dogs infected experimentally with biliary fever (by injection of viru-
lent blood), and subsequently treatetl with one injection of trypanblau, all
recovered. Four dogs injected in like manner, but which did not receive drug
treatment, all died. One experimentally infected dog in which the treat-
ment was attempted by the administration of a dose of trypanblau by the
mouth also succumbt^l. One dog infected experimentally and injected 3 days
later subcutaneously with half dose of trypanblau before parasites had ai>
peared in its blood remained well, as did also an animal which received a dose
of trypanblau and 6 days later an injection of virulent blood. . . . Four dogs
very ill and manifesting severe symptoms of biliary fever (red colored urine,
anemia, yellow colored membranes, etc.), under treatment by injection of try-
jjanblau all recovered."

One of the dogs which recovered i-esiste<l an inoculation of virulent blood
and was evidently immune. Investigations of the action of trypanblau on
heartwater of sheep and goats and South African redwater of cattle are stated
to be under way.

Infectious jaundice due to Piroplasma commune, J. McI. Phillips and E. F.
McCamphell (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.}, 1. AM., Orig., 7,7 (1908), A'o. 5, pp. 592-608,
pi. 1, figs. Ji, charts 2). — This is a preliminary report of an epizootic of dogs at
Columbus, Ohio, which is similar to that caused by P. canis.

By inoculation the disease was produced in guinea pigs and cats as well as
dogs, but not in the horse, cow, rabbit, or rat. Although the disease is ^•ery
virulent for guinea pigs when inoculated into the peritoneal cavity or sub-
cutaneously, it is not in the least contagious. By means of Wright's modifica-
tion of Jenner's stain, applied for a long period of time, the authors were able
to demonstrate protozoan parasites within the erythrocytes of blood from
guinea pigs. These organisms were found to be similar to P. canis, but since
they differ from it in being pathogenic in other hosts than the dog, the name
P. commune has been applied. "Two regular forms of the parasite have been
noted so far, a round and a piroform or pear shape. The size varies in the
round forms, which are more abundant, from 0.5 to 1.5 microns in diameter
and in the pear shaped forms from 1.5 to 2 microns in width at the widest
place and from 2 to 3 microns in length. There is great pleomorphism among
thfe piroplasmata as in P, amis and /'. bigeminiim..''

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 583

Preliminary transmission experiments indicate that Uncinaria caiiis may be
an agent in tlie transmission of this infection. Fleas from jaundiced dogs
placed on healthy dogs and allowed to remain for several weeks in a flea-proof
cage produced no infection. Experiments with Dermacentor occidentaUs gave
negative results.

The treatment of redwater in cattle (bovine piroplasmosis) with trypan-
blau, S. Stockman {Jour. Compar. Path, and Thcr., 22 {1909), No. 4, pp. 321-
S'lO). — The author presents in tabular form the details of inoculations of 29
animals with Piroplasma higeminum, and the effect of trypanblau, with which
20 were afterward injected.

It has been found that if blood from an animal more or less recently recovered
from Texas fever be injected into a series of other animals that the reactions
obtained in the latter may be most irregular. " Some of the animals after an
incubative period of from 5 to 10 days may sliow nothing more than a slight
rise of temperature, accompanied bj- the appearance of piroplasms in a small
proportion of the red blood cells, others may become more or less ill and recover,
and some may even die of the disease inoculated.

" During the last 3 years I have inoculated about 100 bovine animals with the
virus of redwater, in most cases for the purpose of giving them some degree of
immunity before they were shipped to colonies in which the pastures are infected
with piroplasmosis. and I have found that the behavior of one group of animals
towards a certain virus was seldom a good guide to what its effect might be on
the next group submitted to the immunization process. In some of the groups
there would be hardly one severe reaction, while in others the majority of the
animals would suffer severely. . . . The reaction obtained with a special virus
seems to depend to a great extent on the individual susceptibility of the animal
operated upon — a factor the existence of which one can not initially even sus-
pect. There are other factors, however, which appear to have some influence on
the activity of a virus. . . . The death rate from inoculated piroplasmosis in
bovines is not high, probably 5 per cent would be a high figure to put it at if
a large number of animals are operated upon.

" The action of the drug is to confine the piroplasms for a time to the internal
organs. It certainly does not appear to clear them completely out of the system,
since they reappeared after an interval, as in the case of some of the un-
treated. ... I think there can be no reason to doubt, however, that the blood
of an animal treated with tryiianblau retains its virulence and can infect ticks."

It is thought that trypanblau may aid in making the process of innnunlzatiou
more regularly mild. While the experiments here described sui)port the conclu-
sions of Nuttall and Hadwen (E. S. R., 22, p. 83), that trypanblau has a marked
effect on the bovine piroplasma, it is concluded that the value of the treatment
can be properly estimated only after extensive trials in the field.

Indian cattle in Jamaica, B. S. Gosset (Bui. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, n. ser.,
1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 102-113, pis. '/). — "Indian cattle are in a great measure
immune from the attacks of the different species of ticks, which swarm in our
pastures. I have noticed a great diminution of ticks in pastures which have
been regularly fed by zebu cattle, and horses also thrive better when fed in the
same pastures ns Indian cattle. Ticks are frequently on the skins of zebus,
but unless the animal is sick or is starved they do not seem to thrive, but
appear rather to exist in an undeveloped state. Should the zebu be starved
for a couple of days the ticks develop on its hide in a most astonishing way,
though the animal may have been confined in a plac6 where there were
none. . . .

" The chief causes of loss by disease, are blackleg among the young stock,
and splenic fever among the older ones. These diseases often take the very

584 EXPERIMENT STATION HF.CORD.

finest and boPt of the growinj; (■.illlc Imt splenic st-ldoin ntlnrks iiintnro boasts,
and only ydnnjr animals aiv snb.i(M-t lo blacklc},'."

Anti-rinderpest serum, its production and use, C. (i. Thomson ( I'hilijiiiine
Agr. Rev. [IJnffli.sh Ed.], 2 il!)0!l). No. J 2, pit. 610-67(1 plfs. 2).— An account is
given of the use of this serum, particularly in the rhilippine Islands.

"Anti-rinderpest serum, properly i)repared and kept, will iirotect over 90 per
cent of treated animals, as shown by tlie results obtained during the past 2
years. In the fiscal year of 1907, a total of 16,495 animals were inocnlate<l,
with 269 reported deaths, a mortality of 1.6 per cent. In 1908, a total of 21,005
were treated, with a mortality of 621, or 2.95 per cent. It is improbable that
all deaths following inoculation were reported."

Epizootic abortion in cattle, J. McFadyean et al. {Rpt. Drpt. C'ltm. lid. Agr.
and Fisheries [Gt. Brit.], Epizootic Ahortion, 1909, pt. 1, pp. 2'i ; App.. pp. Ji3). —
This is the report of a committee appointed by the president of the Boai'd of
Agriculture and Fisheries to investigate contagious epizootic abortion among
bovine animals. In the appendix, Drs. J. McFadyean and S. Stockman give a
detailed account of the experiments and observations upon wliich the report is
based. A liistorical review is first presented, followed by an account of the
method of obtaining material and the post-mortem jippeai-ance of affected cows.
The causative agent is then considered, its morphological, tinctorial, and cul-
tural characteristics being described.

" If a suitably stained preparation made from the uterine exudate of an
affected cow be examineit under the microscope a large number of white blood
corpuscles and catarrhal cells from the uterine nnicous membrane can be seen.
Between the cells there are numerous small single bacilli, which are mostly of
an oval shape; some, however, are distinctly rod-shaped, like the tubercle bacil-
lus, and show 1 or 2 unstained areas in their substance. In many places the
bacilli are collected into dense groups or colonies. ... As a rule the majority
of the bacilli are between 1 and 2 microns in length, but many are less than
1 micron. The longest measure about o microns. The bacilli are nonmotile. . . .
In no affected uterus Avhile fresh were abortion bacilli found in the fluids
contained inside the fetal membranes. In the fetus itself, however, they were
frequently, though not always, found in the fluid contents of the stomach. . . .
The abortion bacillus grows best at temperatures between 30 and 37° C. The
bacillus is an aerobe.

" There seems no reason to doubt that the Danish and English diseases are
one and the same, and we have not thought it necessary to coin a name for the
bacillus, as it seems appropriate that it should b(> known as ' Bang's bacillus of
cattle abortion ' in deference to the work of its distinguished discoverer. . . .
It was found tliat in the moist state it was not destroyed at a temperature of
55° maintained for an hour, l»ut 2 hours at the same temperature proved fatal.
If it be kept for 10 minutes in water at a temperature between 59 to 61° and
above, its vitality is destroyed, but after exposure in water at 55° for 10 min-
utes it retains its vitality.

"The contents of the infected uterus, tliat is to say, the exudate, the fetal
membranes, and the fetus, are all virulent, since th(>y lontain the microbe. It
is improbal)le that abortion bacilli are excreted in the milk of affected cows,
and some experimental observations which were made show that the bacilli can
not be found in the milk a week after ;i large amount of culture has been injected
up the teat. ... It ai)pears that virulent m;i1erial may, if keitt fluid and free
from putrefaction, remain infective for 7 uioiitlis Imt not for a year. . . . Desic-
cation has a destructive influence on the vitality of the virus. . . .

"Affected in-calf cows may be introduced into a clean herd, and be tlie
lueans of establishing fresh centers when they abort. This is one of the most

VETERINAEY MEDICINE. 585

insidious ways in wbicli aljortion may be spread, for it is impossible for the
ordinary individual to say whether a pregnant animal is affected or not. . . .
Cows which have aborted must be considered sources of infection so long as
the discharge continues to come from the genital organs, and it may continue
intermittently for a few weeks if the animals be not treated. Such animals,
if not isolated, may continue to infect the" sheds, or the pastures when turned
out to graze. . . . The most certain method of infecting an animal with abor-
tion is to inject natural virulent material or active cultures into the blood
stream." In experiments this method of infection gave positive results in 8
cases and failed in none.

"Animals can also be infected by the subcutaneous inoculation of considerable
quantities of virulent material. . . . Out of 5 attempts to experimentally infect
animals by this method 3 were positive, and 2 were negative. We consider
that this method of infection must be looked upon as an artificial one, and we
do not think it probable that under natural conditions animals are at all likely
to be infected by virulent material gaining access to a wound." By introducing
virulent material per vagiuum 5 positive and 3 negative results were
obtained. In ingestion experiments "3 positive results were obtained against
1 negative. We do not think it would be warrantable on this comparatively
small number of experiments alone to conclude that infection is more likely to
follow when virulent material is swallowed than when it is introduced by the
vagina." , . . The authors, however, are inclined to believe that the disease is
more frequently contracted by ingestion than in any other way. " Presumably,
the bacilli are absorbed from the intestine and gain the blood stream, whereby
they reach the uterus. ... In the experimental attempts to infect with natural
virus by way of the vagina, 3 were followed by positive results and 3 by nega-
tive, in spite of the fact that the material was deposited in enormous quantity
right on and around the os uteri by means of a long tube."

The symptoms are briefly considered. Under the headings of distribution
and identity of the disease it is stated that the disease is very prevalent through-
out Great Britain. "Abortion Vv'as experimentally induced by introducing the
microbe of cattle abortion into the bodies of cows, ewes, goats, bitches, and
guinea pigs. . . . We are of the opinion that bovine abortion ... is essentially
a disease of cattle, and although other species can be experimentally infected
in the laboratory they are not likely to contract the disease in practice except
as the result of gross carelessness in the disposal of infected material. . . .

" It is an easy matter to identify the characteristic clumps of abortion bacilli
in microscopical preparations made from the uterine exudate discharged imme-
diately before and after abortion. . . . No evidence has been obtained during
the investigation to show that natural immunity to the abortion bacillus is
possessed by any individuals of the bovine species. . . . From general inquiry,
we are inclined to believe that a majority at least acquire a serviceable degree
of immunity as the result of an attack, but there is no doubt that in practice
a considerable proportion abort twice and a small number abort even three
times. . . . From the first it appeared that the disease was not one against
which a protective serum could be successfully used. The protection derivable
even from a potent serum can not be depended upon to last more than 2 or 3
weeks. . . . Moreover, as curative agents in advanced stages of disease, sera,
as a rule, have little or no value."

An experimental test of carbolic acid administered internally gave negative
results. Treatment with dead bacilli appears to have failed in 1 case and to
have succeeded in 2. It appears that the methods which have been relied upon
in the past for the prevention of abortion and its eradication from a herd have
jiot brought about any material improvement in the general condition of the '

586 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

berds. "According to reports, decided improvements Lave been effected in indi-
vidual herds by tlie adoption of isolation and disinfection, while in others very
little has been accomplished. Should the fixation of the complement and
abortin tests justify in actual practice the hopes raised by their application in
the laboratory, they will not only constitute additional means of establishing
the diagnosis after the act, but will furnish a method of diagnosing the disease
a considerable time before the uterus has ejected its virulent contents, and so
give to measures of isolation their full and undoubted value in practice." It
is stated that the internal administration of carbolic acid must be regarded
as an absurdity which has gained a certain amount of support owing to ob-
servations carelessly collated and carelessly interpreted. " So long as a dis-
charge continues to come from the genital passages, we thinli that for hygienic
and thera])eutic reasons they ought to be cleansed once or twice daily by the
inti'avaginal injection of tepid antiseptic solutions, such as a 2 per cent solu-
tion of carbolic acid or a 1 in 3,000 solution of corrosive sublimate, but not on
the ground that the injections will disinfect the uterus."

It is shown that the bovine female can be rendered highly resistant to infec-
tion with virulent material by the subcutaneous injection of a comparatively
large quantity of active liquid culture of the abortion bacillus, the inoculation
to be performed about 2 months before the commencement of pregnancy. While
" it is not possible to immunize pregnant animals with living cultures, it is
possible, however, that a not inconsiderable degree of inmninity of shorter dura-
tion may with safety be bestowed on pregnant animals by inoculating them
with a lai-go dose of bacilli which have been l^illed at a low temperature."

On contagious abortion in cattle, S. Stockman {Vet. Rcc, 22 {1909), No.
1102, irp. 13Jf-139). — An address presented before the Royal Counties Veterinary
Medical Association, held July -30, 1900.

The Bang method for the repression of tuberculosis in cattle, B. Bang
(Pcnn. Dcpt. Agr. liiil. 112, pp. 28). — An account of the operation of the method
originated by the author, which was introduced into Denmark in 1892.

Abscesses in the lungs and lymphatic glands of sheep, W. Jowett {Agr.
Jour. C'lpc (loi/d JJopc, 35 {1909), A'o. 6, pp. 733-735). — Caseous lymphadenitis
due to the bacillus of Preisz-Xocard is reported to l)e prevalent in Cape Colony.

Studies of agglutination reactions in hog cholera during the process of
serum production, W. Giltner {Michigan Sta. Tech. Bui. 3, pp. 5-21). — In the
investigation here reported the author finds that the blood serum of normal
hogs may agglutinate Bacillus cholerw suis in dilutions as high as 1 : 125, of
virus hogs as high as 1 : 700, of immune pigs as high as 1 : 1,000, and of hyper-
immune pigs as high as 1 : 2,000 and possibly higher.

" Pigs may l)e killed by injection intravenously or by feeding cultures of
B. cholercE suis isolated from virus hogs made sick by intramuscular injections
of hog-cholera blood. Pigs immunized according to the Turner-Kolle method
may withstand intravenous injections of virulent cultures of B. cholerw

suis. . . .

" We have demonstrated that the hyperimmunization process of Dorset-Niles
results in the production of agglutinins and immune bodies for B. cholerw suis.
We know neither the nature of these innnune bodies nor the constancy with
which they occur. It is not determined by our experience whether the produc-
tion of immune bodies for B. cholerw suis is the only result, that is, the primary
result, of the hyperimmunization process or merely a secondary reaction, inci-
dental to the primary production of immunizing substances against the filterable
virus. Our experiments are valuable in paving the way for a clearer under-
standing of the etiology of hog cholera. Until the etiology of hog cholera is
determined by unconti'overtible experimental and clinical evidences, the pro-

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 587

duction of immunity toward hog cholera must remain a matter of uncertainty,
constantly subjected to the interrupting influences of unknown factors. If
B. cholerce suis is a species distinct from the filterable virus of Dorset and
others, then there is truly opened a wonderful field in bacteriology as related to
animal pathology, involving the associative action, the symbiotic relations of
several pathogens and the common host."

Infectious pneumonia of the horse, F. G. Edwards (Vet. Rec, 22 {1910),
\o. 1122, pp. Jf63--'t61). — A genei'al account is given of this disease which has
been known in Europe for some time, particularly in France, Germany, and
Russia, where it is both epidemic and endemic. Within the last 2 years, several
large and valuable hunting, racing, and breeding studs in England have been
affected.

Ensilage poisoning' in horses, L, C. Beaumont {Mo. Valley Vet. Bui., Jf
{1V09), Xo. 7, pp. 30-32). — Several cases are reported in which horses were
poisoned through being fed moldy ensilage. Cattle fed on ensilage from the
same source were not affected.

Sulphur poisoning in horses, H. W. Percy {Vet. Jour., 66 {1910), No. Jflo,
pp. 29-31). — An account of poisoning of horses by sulphur. The author con-
siders sulphur vei-y poisonous if given in quantities larger than 8 oz.

Vaccine therapy and the treatment of follicular mange, A. E. Mettam
{Vet. Jour., 66 {1910), No. .',1.5, pp. 33-37; Vet. Rec, 22 {1909), No. 1118, pp.
390, 391). — Having concluded from observations that the domodicos were not
the chief cause of lesions and that possibly staphylococci might be. experiments
with staphylococcus pyofjcncs alhns were conducted. Cultures grown upon agar
were washed off with physiological salt solution and sterilized at a temperature
of 56° C. for 1 houi". Injections of the staphylococci are said to have resulted
in the recovery of the affected dog.

A new view of the pathology of rabies, D. Konradi {Orvosi Hetilap, 52
{1908). No. 31, pp. 571-573; abs. in Vet. Rec, 21 {1909), No. 1080, p. 630).—
The author states that he has conducted experimental investigations which
prove that the virus of rabies is transmitted from the mother to the fetus. It
is, however, ti-ansmitted in an attenuated condition, and for this reason, further
inoculations of other animals show a progressive lengthening of the period of
incubation.

He was able to demonstrate the virus of rabies in young animals born during
the period of incubation of the disease in the mother, when the mother's disease
remained latent for 9 days after the birth of the offspring. Thus the virus was
circulating in the maternal blood and affected the young by the placental circu-
lation 9 days before the appearance of fever, the first manifest symptoms of
experimental rabies, in the mother.

From these results it appears that the bite of a dog can be dangerous from
G to 8 or even 13 days before the appearance of symptoms characteristic of
rabies.

Nodular taeniasis, or tapeworm disease, of fowls, G. E. Gage and C. L.
OPPERMAN {Maryland Sta. Bui. I.i9, pp. 73-85. figs. 'i). — This bulletin gives an
account of the life history of the parasite and of the treatment which was
found most effective, and records observations of the outward symptoms and
post-mortem findings of 14 aft'ected fowls examined during an outbreak at the
Maryland Station and the surrounding country in 1908. Nodules were found
tilong the outside walls of the intestinal tract with tapeworms attached at each
nodular spot, within the intestines. Two worms were isolated from infected
birds and identified as Drepidotdenia infundibuliformis and Davainia {Tcenia)
tetragona.

35128— No. 6—10 7

588 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

It is advised timt affot-ted birds sliould be isolated and Ivept confined until
they have recovered. Droppings of all birds known to be infeste<l with the
parasites should be destroyed, or if used for fertilizer treated with a disin-
fectant.

In treating affected fowls the authors gave large doses of Epsom salts, the
object being to eliminate the egg-bearing proglottides from the intestinal tract
as quickly as i)ossible. Turpentine was then administered with the result that
all the birds which were treated were saved.

Experiments conducted to determine the dose of salts necessary are reported
in tabular form. For birds 1 to 5 weeks old, 10 grains are recommended ;
from 5 to 10 weeks, 15 grains; and from 10 to 15 weeks, 20 grains; from 15
weeks to 6 months, 30 grains ; from 6 months to 1 year, 35 grains ; and for adult
fowls 40 to 50 grains. Up to 15 weeks, the salts should be given in the feed,
after this with 2 teasi)oonfuls of water. In administering turpentine, from 2
teaspoonfuls to i oz. of which may be given, the liquid can be introduced di-
rectly into the crop by means of a soft rubber tube or catheter. By this method
the turpentine passes immediately into the intestines and destroys the heads
of the worms left behind after the purgative has torn away the long ribbon-
like band of segments of the parasite.

Formaldehyde disinfection without special apparatus, L. E. Walbum (Hos-
lyitaUtUl. [Coijciihagcii], Ji (J900), So. 31, pp. 961-97Ji; abs. in, Jour. Amer.
Med. Assoc, 53 {1909). ^o. l-'i, p. ll'i'i)- — The author reports a series of com-
parative tests of various methods of formaldehyde disinfection.

The most effective and cheapest is with the special disinfecting formaldehyde
apparatus, but good results can be obtained with potassium permanganate-
formaldehyde, though larger amounts of the chemicals must be used than the
directions call for. It was found to be impossible to obtain satisfactory results
until the amounts were increased to 3.3 kg. potassium permanganate, 3.3 liters
formalin, and 3.3 liters of water for each 100 cubic meters.

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Irrig'ation in Texas, J. C. Nagle {U. ti. Drpt. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui.
222, pp. 92, pi. 1). — This is another of the series of reports giving the status of
irrigation in the several arid States, with special reference to the data likely to
be needed by prospective settlers. It discusses the physical features, climate,
and natural resources of the State, and gives a brief description of the larger
irrigation projects now in operation there. It also contains a summary of the
laws of the State governing irrigation.

The area at present irrigated in the State is estimated as 400,000 to 500,000
acres. No estimate of the area which can ultimately be irrigated is given, be-
cause of the fact that a large part of the State has sufficient rainfall to pi-oduce
crops so that irrigation in these sections is optional with the farmers.

Progress report on experiments in supplemental irrig'ation with small
water supplies at Cheyenne and Newcastle, Wyoming, 1905-1908, O. W.
Bryant (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 92, pp. 51, figs. 8).— The
greater pai't of the land lying between the one hundredth meridian on the east
and the Rocky Mountains on the west is beyond the reach of canals from the
streams of that section, and the water supply is not sufficient to irrigate any
considerable part of it. Consequently the agriculture of this region must be
principally such as can be carried on without irrigation. Notwithstanding
previous failures to establish permanent homes there, these lands have been
taken up very rapidly within the last few years, and the work reported in this
circular was undertaken for the purpose of demonstrating to the incoming

RUKAL ENGINEERING. 589

settlers the possibilities of developing u water supply for the irrigation of a
small part of each landholding and the great advantages to be gained from its
use. Although the years covered by this report have had precipitation far above
the normal, irrigated crops have been far superior to crops grown without irri-
gation, and in addition the irrigated plats have yielded crops every season, while
the unirrigated land has yielded crops no oftener than every other year, and
those crops were usually light.

Farm underdrainag'e: Does it pay? W. H. Day (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui.
I'^^h PP- ^'h PO^- Jti). — Millions of acres in Ontario are so wet that seeding is
delayed from 2 to 6 weeks. Wood pipes formerly used have decayed and stone
ones have filled up, leaving the land in need of drainage.

Letters from those for whom the college department of physics had surveyed
drains indicate that half of the correspondents were able to sow their drained
lands 4 weeks or more earlier than undrained laud, while nearly two-thirds of
them gained 3 weeks or more. The cost of drainage was frequently repaid
before the end of the first or second season in the increased yields of hay,
straw, grains, and peas. The average increased j'ields due to drainage were
25 bu. per acre in case of barley, 43 of oats, 10 of peas, 23 of fall wheat, 10
of spring wheat, 20 of corn, 35 of beans and S of a ton of hay, while the yield
of straw was reported as about doubled. At market prices in Guelph and
Toronto, the average gain per acre is computed at $21.65.

Underdrainage is discussed in full as an investment and in its relation to
the tillage, aeration and temperature of the soil, as well as to its effect upon
bacterial action, the germination of seeds and development of the roots of the
various field crops and of trees.

A portable panel fence, W. Dietrich {Illinois Sta. Circ. 132, pp. J/, fig. 1). — ■
This describes in detail a method of constructing a portable fence, planned
primarily for swine but which may also be used for sheep and calves. The
fence consists of panels and triangles made of rough fence boards 6 in. wide.
The panels are 16 ft. long and make a fence 40 in. high when the lower boards
of the panels rest on the ground.

Sanitary cow stalls, C. A. OcocK (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 185, pp. 3-18, figs.
9). — Several types of homemade sanitary cow stalls are illustrated and de-
scribed. The Model stalls can be built for about $6 each. The principal
features are (1) the movable crossbar near the hind feet of the cow which
causes her to move forward, and (2) a hay rack in front which compels the
cow to stand at the rear of the stall when eating. The Helendale stall, which
has swinging partitions, a crossbar front, and a chain in the rear, costs about
$5.75. The Ideal stall differs from the Model in having no hay rack in front
and in allowing more freedom to the animal by means of the chain arrangement.
It costs about $4.40. The New Ideal costs about $7.18 and is much like the
Ideal but is made of gas pipes, except the manger and partitions. Details are
also given regarding the construction of concrete stable floors and mangers.

Electricity and agriculture, W. H. P. Cherry (Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales,
Farmers' Bui. 18, pp. 26, figs. 24). — This article deals with the application of
electricity in the manufacture of nitrogen compounds, in electro-culture, and
various household and farm operations. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20,
p. 688).

Refrigeration on the homestead, H. V. Jackson and A. E. Lea (Dept. Agr.
N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 11, 2. ed., pp. 16, pi. 1, figs. 9). — The problem of
farm refrigeration is discussed and data are given regarding machinery of
different makes, with special reference to conditions relating to small refrig-
erating plants. Information is summarized and discussed regarding farm

590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

products, both animal ami vegetable, and the advantages of a wider appliea-
tion of cold storage are pointed out under the conditions considered.

" In jVew South Wales there is great scope for the further development of
the frozen pork, ham, and bacon industry, and the comparative cheapness of
refrigerating plants for the small as well as the large factory, places refrig-
eration within the scope of operations of small cooperative societies.

'* In like manner, if the fisheries of the State are to be more fully develoiied
and thoroughly worked along our coast line, then refrigeration will be a factor
assisting in the development of small fishing communities which may yet l)e
established at various points. . . .

" In the absence of other methods, the storing of maize and other grain and
seed in cold stores is also an excellent means of holding over seed required
for special purposes."

Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers (Tidii-s.
Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., 1 (1907), No. 1, pp. 102). — This contains the proceed-
ings of the first meeting of this society, held at Madison, Wis., December 27 and
28, 1907, and previously noted (E. S. R.. 19. p. 596).

RURAL ECONOMICS.

The training of farmers, L. H. Bailey {.\nc York. 1909. pp. Vni+263).—
This book is a compilation of articles written as separate studies made at long
intervals of time, with some new matter, the aim being to present a homo-
geneous study of the one phase of the rural problem which has to do with the
means now in existence for the educational, scientific, and practical training of
farmers.

Farm bookkeeping, H. U. Lamb (New York. 190S. ,,p. VJII + ()9).— Thin is a
practical book of instruction for farmers and their wives which aims to make
the double-entry system of bookkeeping perfectly clear and simi)le by means of
definitions, explanations, and diagrammatic accountings.

Simplified farm accounts, Hattie M. Wilson {Fanner. 28 (1910), No. 1,
pp. .'/, 12, figs. //), — A method of keeping farm accounts adapted to both live
stock and field crop records is illustrated and described.

The needs and importance of agriculture and relations of farming inter-
ests to the railroads, W. ^V. Finley (Tradesiiian. 62 (1909), No. 25, pp. 39-
.1/2). — This is an address delivered by the president of the Southern Railway
at a meeting of farmers in Salisbury, N. C.

The paper deals with the opportunities afforded by the South for the in-
creased production not only of staple pi'oducts like cotton and corn, but also for
dairy farming, poultry raising, and the culture of fruits and vegetables. In-
creased products, however, would require an increase in marketing facilities,
and therefore good roads, efficient railroad service, and improved waterways
are necessary to the highest welfare of the farmer, pai-ticularly with reference
to the profitable disposal of perishable products.

As far as the South is concerned, the farmers and the railroads are mutu-
ally dependent for their highest economic welfare.

[The transportation of agricultural packages], D. Bellet (Econ. Frang.,
38 (1910). I, No. 2, pp. .'fi-Jil ) . — This article describes the rates charged, sizes
of packages, kind of goods carried, and obligations assumed by various British
railways for the transportation of small packages of perishable farm products,
together with an account of the introduction and operation of a similar system
in France.

The French system of imposing a stamp tax on such packages nets the gov-
ernment 35 centimes out of every 85 centimes charged the sender for carrying

EURAL ECONOMICS. 591

the produce, and this article strongly eini»hasizes the economic differences exist-
inj; in the two countries in the transportation of perishal)le farm products and
of the greater burden under which the Fi-ench small holder naturally labors as
a i-esult of this policy. A reduction in the stamp duty on agricultural products
shipped in small packages for short distances is recommended.

Farmers' shipping' associations (West. Fruit Groicer, Brother Jonathan Ser.
11, pp. 3S). — This pamphlet gives an account of the origin, development, and
work of several fruit and vegetable growing associations, together with copies
of their constitutions and by-laws. The information is presented with a view
to furnishing suggestions to gi-owers for solving the problems connected with the
marketing of such perishable farm products.

[Papers on agricultural cooperation] {Cornell Countryman, 7 (1909), No.
2, pp. -'il--^8, figs. 5). — A series of articles dealing with coopex'ative marketing of
truck crops, fruits, and poultry products, and the function of the grange in
cooperation.

Cooperative niarkcting. W. H. Reid (pp. 41-43). — An account of the organiza-
tion and work of the Monmouth County Farmers' Exchange of New Jersey for
the cooperative marketing of vegetables and the purchase of supplies. The soci-
ety has been organized one year, has 525 members, sold goods value<l at $454,-
414.11, purchased $35,000 worth of seed potatoes and 859 tons of fertilizers for
members, and increased its receipts about 12 per cent. Brief notes are also
given on the present financial status of the Eastern Shore Produce Exchange,
Onlej\ Va.

The grange as a faetor in cooperation, W. N. Giles (pp. 43. 44). — This article
shows that one of the fundamental principles of the grange is to encourage
business cooperation among its nienil)ers. with the result that members have
consolidated their products into .iol)bing quantities and ])urchasM jtroducts in
quantities insuring substantial reductions in cost.

The Hood River Apple Grotvcrs' Union, C. C. Vincent (pp. 45-47). — An ac-
count of the origin and development of this society, its methods of grading,
packing, and marketing apples, and the advantages to farmers of such organiza-
tions in all branches of agriculture.

Cooperation in marketing poult rg products, G. Frost (pp. 47. 48). — Notes are
given in this article on the origin and work of the Central New York Egg and
Poultry Shippers' Association in 1909 in the marketing of eggs and poultry.

Agricultural credit, insurance, and cooperative societies in France, L. von
Hennet (Mitt. Fachbcrichterstat. K. K. Ackerb. Min. [Vienna], 1909, No. 18,
pp. 137-141). — The data in this article have been noted from another source
(E. S. R., 22, p. 194).

State aid to agricultural cooperation in France (Dcpt. Agr. and Tech.
Instr. Ireland Jour., 10 (1909). Xo. 1, pp. 72-79).— Statistics on the develop-
ment of agricultural professional associations, credit banks, insurance societies,
and cooperative societies in France are discussed, and the forms under which
the government assists and encourages agricultural cooperation are summarized
as follows :

" Exemption, in the case of agricultural cooperative societies of various kinds,
from the tl'oublesome and expensive formalities required by law in the forma-
tion of ordinary companies and associations.

'• Exemption from certain stamp duties, patent fees and taxes on transferable
securities, in the case of cooperative agricultural credit banks, insurance
societies, etc.

'• Grants are made (a) to new cooperative agricultural insurance societies on
their formation, and (h) in times of stress to such societies already at work.

592 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

" Free loans are made («) for a period of tive years to cooperative district
credit banlis (law of 1899), and (ft) for a term up to 25 years to agricultural
cooiierative societies (law of 1906).

" Under the law of 30th April. 1900, relative to the system of ' warrants
hgricoles,' agricultural coopei'ative societies may obtain loans on the security of
any agricultural produce in their possession, provided there he nothing against
this in their statutes."

The Belgian farmers' union, F. 'S'an Molkot ( Rrr. Gen. Agron., n. scr.. '/
(1900), Ao. 10, pp. Jil3-42.'t). — This article describes the deplorable condition of
agriculture and the peasant class in Belgium before 1890, which conditions
were the chief cause of the formation of the farmers' union (Boerenbond),
and discusses in detail its origin, development, organization, and activities.

The union is a federation of farmers' societies originally organized for i-e-
ligious purposes, but which became centers for the spread of ideas relating to
cooperation as a means of improving agricultural conditions. Its growth since
1890 has been unequalled in Europe. At present it includes about 480 societies
with 41.000 members, and it operates under sections dealing respectively with
the purchase and sale of products, agricultural credit, various forms of insur-
ance, inspection service, and other cooperati\e features. In 1908 the section
for purchasing farm supplies bought 28,349,043 kg. of fertilizers and 34,120.072
kg. of feeding stuffs for members. Of 586 local credit banks in Belgium at the
close of 1908, 286 were affiliated with the central credit bank of Louvain which
is under the control of the union.

While the author calls attention to the various criticisms brought against the
union, he maintains Lhat it has performed indisputable economic services to
agriculture in Belgium. It has contributed largely to the uplift of agriculture,
stopped the agricultural crisis, developed agricultural education, introduced
modern cultural methods, and improved the welfare of large numbers of rural
families.

Cooperative producing' and credit societies {Off. Gouvt. Gen. Algeric. Bui.
Bimens., 15 {1909), No. 2^, pp. 311, 372).— The text of the regulations under
which cooperative societies in Algeria can secure long-time loans from the dis-
trict banks in accordance with the provisions of the law of February 26, 1909,
is reported.

Report on the working' of cooperative credit societies in the Punjab for
the year ending June 30, 1909, A. Langley iRpi. Woilc. Coop. Credit Soc.
runjnh. 1909. pp. iO + VII). — The rural banks numbered 311 with 22,976 mem-
bers, and possessed a balance of assets over liabilities of 94.313 rupees (about
?30,000), representing large increases over the preceding year (E. S. R., 20,
p. 1092).

A short history of English agriculture, W. H. R. Curtleb {Oxford, 1909,
pp. VIII+Sll ) . — This volume gives an account of the whole period of English
agriculture, but with more particular emphasis laid on the period from the
beginning of the seventeenth century to 1908, inclusi^'e.

Rural settlements in England, L. von IIennet (MUt. FacJihcrichtcrstat. K.
K. Ackerh. Miii. [Vienna]. 1909, Xo. 18, pp. Ikl-l.'i.'i) . — Statistics on the opera-
tion of the small holdings and allotments act during 190S. previously noted from
another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 90), are pi'esented and discussed.

Report for the year 1908 on the Russian budget. Expenditure necessi-
tated by agricultural distress, H. O'Betkne {Diplo. and Cons. Rpts. [London],
Ann. Ser., 1908, Xo. .'il63, pp. 17). — In this report on the income and expendi-
tures of the Russian Government for 1908 as compared with the preceding year,
an account is given of the increasing government aid to agriculture since 1871
as a result of rural conditions.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 593

For the decade 1871-1S80 the average annual relief amounted to flSO.OOO and
in I881-1S!)0 it fell to an average of f 100.000 per year; "but in the period
1891-llMW it increased to £2.000.000, and in the years 1901-190G, inclusive,
it was no less than £4,800,000 per year." The districts suffering most are
within the rich blaclc-earth zone of south, central, and southeastern Russia"
whei-e the population is purely agricultural with no industrial centers to re-
lieve the situation. The growth of distress is attributed to two principal
causes — the insufficient area of peasants" allotments and inferior farming. A
sum of £2,521,474 was expended in 1908 for the purpose of relieving congestion
by facilitating the migration of peasants to Siberia, and there are also assign-
ments towards the reorganization of the system of land tenure and the redis-
tribution and improvement of holdings.

Agricultural wages and the supply of agricultural laborers in Finland,
1907, O. Groundstroem (Lnndtbr. Styr. McddeL, 1909, Xo. 63, pp. 33-\-29).—A
statistical study. The supply of laborers was reported sufficient in the case of
42.8 per cent of the nuniicipalifies. while 56.8 per cent reported a " scant
supply" or "great lack" of agricultural laborers, either during the entire year
or during the sunnner season.

Our census of American agriculture (Orange Jitdd Farmer, 48 (1910), No.

1, pp. 4, 5, figs. 2). — Estimates on the number and value of farms, the value of
farm products in 1909. and the farm wealth of the United States on January 1,
1910, are reported and discussed. The value of farms and farm property is
given as $29,040,000,000. a gain of 44 per cent since the census of 1900.

Imports of farm products into the United States, 1851—1908 (17. S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. ^tatis. liiil. 7 J, /ip. 62). — Statistics on the quantity, value, and kinds
of farm products imported into the United States, including the principal
countries from which consigned, for a period of 58 years are reported and
discussed.

Exports of farm products from the United States, 1851-1908 (U. 8.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Statisi. Bui. 15, pp. 66). — Data similar in scope to the above
dealing with the exitorts of farm products and the countries to which consigned
are presented.

Crop Reporter (V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. 8tatls. Crop Reporter. 12 (1910), No.

2, pp. 9-16, pgs. 7). — Statistics on the number, price, and value of farm animals
in the Unitetl States and foreign countries, the imports and exports of animals
and animal products in 1908 and 1909, and the range of prices of agricultural
products in the principal markets are reported, together with articles on the
stock of potatoes on hand January 1. 1910. the value of land and the rate of
wages in Canada, the crops of Austria-Hungary, and the pi'ospective census of
dairy and poultry products.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Education for efficiency, E. Davenport {Boston, 1909, pp. V+lS.'f). — A col-
lection of addresses by the author, with an introduction and some new connect-
ing matter.

Part 1 deals with the general relations of agi'iculture to other subjects of
education, and part 2 with practical methods of introducing agricultui-al study
into existing schools. The author argues for vocational education, urges that
" it is dangerous to attempt to educate a live boy with no reference to the
vocational," and that no individual should " be obliged to choose between an
education without a vocation and a vocation without an education."

" I would have it so that in any company of American citizens one can not
tell by the dress, the manners, or the speech, what is the occupation of the

594 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

individual. To this end U4 tliere be few schools with many courses, not many
schools with few courses." Agriculture is held to be a subject for both the
college and the high school.

Vocational education (A. Y. Ed. DciJt., Die. Trades Schools [C//c.], JUIO,
Feb. 1, pp. 26). — The author of this report discusses, among other general
phases of vocational instruction, the importance of industrial arts in rural com-
munities and household arts instruction. He particularly points out the desir-
ability of devising new forms of manual training for country boys directly
related to their vocational interests, and the importance of giving older girls in
the schools work on real garments and cooking problems.

The nature-study idea, I.. H. Bailey {New York, 1909, pp. IX+2J,G, figs.
2). — Part 1 of this book deals with the general content of "nature study,"
part 2 with the teacher's point of view, and part 3 with answers to various
questions that have come to the author from teachers. Among the interesting
special topics that receive attention are the following: Nature-study agricul-
ture, must a " use " be found for everything, what subjects to choose, what is
thoroughness of teaching, how choose the best books, shall there be a special
nature-study teacher, how correlate nature-study work with other subjects, and
is nature study on the wane.

Boys' and girls' agricultural clubs, F. W. Howe ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers"
Bui. 385, pp. 23, figs. 11). — This reviews the work already accomplished by boys'
and girls' agricultural and domestic science clubs in the United States, the
assistance given by this Department, and the relation of such work to rural
schools, and offers practical suggestions for the organization of such clubs and
the i)launing of their work. There is also included a list of the free publica-
tions of this Department and of various state colleges and experiment stations
dealing directlj' or indirectly with this form of school extension work and re-
lated subjects.

Outlines of agriculture for rural schools, C. M. Evans {Chicago, 1910, pp.
31. figs. 5). — This is a series of 37 outline lessons on agricultural topics adapted
to Iowa conditions. The aim of the course is to relieve the teacher unfamiliar
with agriculture from undue effort or anxiety by putting the responsibility for
facts upon parents, direct observation by pupils, and the study of bulletins of
information issued by the State and by this Department. No text-book is rec-
ommended, on the ground that " most teachers are not prepared to teach agri-
culture from a text-book."

Elementary domestic science, Sarah W. Landes {Guthrie, Olda., 1909. pp.
lJf9). — This is a text-boolc on food and cookery for schools. Pai-t 1 deals with
food, part 2 with cookery, and part 3 with directions for elementary chemical
and physical experiments with food materials. It is so designed that each part
may be used alone in schools not equipped for illustrating the entire subject.
A useful list of reference books and l)ulletins is included. The treatment is
well adapted to correlation with other school subjects.

Poultry pathology: Its place in the curriculum, G. B. Morse {Ontario Agr.
Col. Rev., 22 {1910), No. 5, pp. 2^6-251). — This paper points out the economic
importance of a knowledge of poultry diseases and their proper treatment in
successful poultry raising. The author regards this topic as of primary value
in the arrangement of a course in poultry husbandry, and believes that the
study of a well-organized poultry course would secure " a broad training involv-
ing not only a fundamental general science course but also a technical agri-
cultural course that would include every phase of farm life."

The silo, J. F. Woodhull {Nature-Study Rev., 6 {1910), No. i, pp. 10-16,
figs. 2). — This is a treatment of the subject adapted for presentation as a
school topic in nature study, including a description in simple language of the

MISCELLANEOUS. 595

ITocosR of ensiling corn and an explanation of the chemical changes that take
l)lace in silage.

Organization lists of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations
in the United States, Mary A. Agnew (U. .S'. Dept. Agr., Office Exi>t. Stas. Bui.
22^, pp. 93).

Organization, work, and publications of the Agricultural Education
Service {U. S. Dcpt. Ayr., Office E.xi>t. Stas. Circ. 93. pp. 15). — This circular
outlines the nature of the educational woi-k of this Dv^partment as conducted
through this Office, the legal basis for this work, its subdivisions and staffs.
and includes a descriptive list of the publications which have been issued by
this Office on collegiate, secondary and elementary agricultural instruction,
farmers' institutes, and extension work.

A teacher's professional library: Classified list of one hundred titles
{Bur. of Ed. [U. S.] Bui. 8, 1909, pp. /'/).— The books listed, classified partly
by subjects and partly by grades of instruction, deal mainly with the history
and theory of education, the school curriculum, and school organization and
administration.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Experiment Station Work, LV (U. S. Dcpt. Arir., Farmers' Bui. 384, PP- 32,
figs. 3). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Poultry
manure, early onions in the Southwest, oleander poisoning of live stock, feeding
fermented cotton-seed meal to hogs, wintering farm work horses, alfalfa meal
as a feeding stuff, mangels for milch cows, records of dairy herds, skim-milk
buttermilk, whipped cream, farm butter making, Camembert cheese making in
the United States, and cement and concrete fence posts.

List of periodicals currently received in the Library of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture (U. S. Dept. Agr., Library Bui. 75, pp. 72). — This list,
which contains 1,575 titles, arranged both a]i)habetically and classified by sub-
jects, " does not include annual reports and other serial publications appearing
as annual volumes, nor does it include series of bulletins, each number of which
is a monograph, such as the publications of the state exi)eriment stations. The
aim has been to include only those serials which appear frequently and which
are usually considered as periodicals."

Laws of Maine relating to agriculture (Bui. [Maine] Dept. Agr., 8 (1909),
No. Jf, pp. 171-238). — This is a compilation of the principal laws of the State
relating to agriculture, arranged by sul)jects and with a detailed index.

Laws relating to agriculture now in force in Oklahoma (Quart. Rpt. Okla.
Bd. Agr. 1909. June 30. pp. l.iO). — This is a digest of the laws pertaining to
agriculture now in force in Oklahoma.

Laws of Vermont relating to agriculture and forestry (Ann. Rpt. Comr.
Agr. Vt., 1 (1909), pp. 10-38). — This is a compilation of the laws of Vermont
relating to agriculture and forestry.

Illustrated dictionary of agriculture (Illustriertes Landwirtsehafts-Le.Hkon.
Berlin, 1910, Jf. ed., pp. IV+987, figs. 60+1250).— This contains definitions of
agricultural terms, brief descrii)tions and in many cases illustrations of prac-
tices pertaining to agriculture, brief biographical notes of teachers, investi-
gators, and others notable in agricultural work, and similar data.

NOTES

Alaska Stations. — A. J. Wilkiis, a graduate of the school of agriculture of the
University of Minnesota, has been appointed assistant at the Sitka Station, vice
It. W. De Arniond, resigned, and has entered upon his duties.

Arkansas Station. — W. C. Lassetter, assistant in soil physics at Ohio State
University, has been appointed assistant agronomist in the station and has
entered upon liis duties.

Georgia College. — Fourteen extension schools of agriculture have been held
during the ■ last eight weeks. Unusual interest has been manifested, the
average registration per meeting being over 00, and the attendance at the
91 sessions held thus far 8,220. Petitions are being received asking for meet-
ings far in excess of what the appropriation will allow. A campaign is now
being organized for institute work. The county school commissioners will meet
at the college in May.

Idaho University and Station. — Francis D. Farrell has been appointed irriga-
tionist and director of substations in southern Idaho, beginning March 1. He
will also act as representative of the university and station in that part of
the State, and will outline cooperative tests with the fruit, dairy, and grain
farmers of the region. L. C. Aicher has been appointed superintendent of the
substation at Caldwell, and entered upon his duties April 1.

Purdue University and Station. — The facilities for work in farm mechanics
have been greatly increased by the i-ecent completion of the farm mechanics
building. This is a brick structure with stone trimmings, with a 70-ft. frontage
and a depth of 130 ft. It contains two laboratories each 57 ft. square, one of
which will be used for heavy machinei'y and the other for light machinery.
There are also two large class rooms, a drafting room, offices, a cement labora-
tory, tool and supply rooms, and miscellaneous laboratories.

A seed-testing laboratory has been established at the station in cooperation
with the Bureau of IMant Industry of this Department. The laboratory is to
be under the general supervision of the department of agricultural extension,
with I\Iiss Helen H. Henry and G. M. Frier as assistants.

Kansas College. — Snninel Dexter Houston died February 28, at the age of 92
years. He was a member of the board of regents from 1863 to 1869, and took
a prominent part in securing the location of the college at Manhattan. .John
Elliott, regent from 1881 to 1883, died March 5, aged 77 years, and John N.
Limbocker, regent from 1897 to 1899, died March 13, aged 80 years.

E. L. Holton, a graduate student at Teachers College, Columbia T^niversity,
has been appointed professor of industrial education for the extension depart-
ment. He will have charge of the introduction of agriculture, shop work, and
liome economics into the public school system of the State, and will supervise
the corn contests, boys' corn clubs, and the new correspondence courses.

Massachusetts Station. — Frederick R. Church, assistant agriculturist from 1902
to 1906, was killed at Queens Station. Long Island, March 17, while attempt-
ing to board an electric cnr. J. F. Merrill has been appointed assistant chemist.
59G

NOTES. 597

Michigan Station. — At a recent meeting of the State Board of Agriculture
the superinfendcnce of the South Haven Suhstation was placed in charge of
the station horticulturist.

Minnesota University and Station. — J. A. A'ye, instructor in farm accounts, sec-
retary of the school of agriculture and the station, and treasurer of the school
of agriculture, has resigned to engage in commercial work in Oregon.

Missouri University and Station. — Courses in poultry husbandry and agricul-
tural journalism are being offered for the tirst time. The college of agriculture
is also cooperating with the Frisco Lines in holding a night school of agriculture
in St. Louis. The auditorium originally secured proved insutficieut to accommo-
date the public desirous of attending. A simflar school is also contemplated tor
Kansas City.

Charles T. Bearing, assistant in horticulture in the university and station,
has accepted a position as scientific assistant in the viticultural investigations
of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, and has entered upon his
duties.

New Hampshire College and Station. — At the April meeting of the board of
trustees, E. I). Sanderson, whose resignation as director was called for last
fall, to take place in the middle of the year, but who was retained as entomolo-
gist of the college and station, was dropped from the budget for the coming
year. He will retire at the close of this college year.

New Jersey State Station. — Clarence L. Pfersch has resigned as assistant
chemist.

North Dakota College. — The department of botany has i)repared for sale at a
nominal ]irice to ]iublic schools a set of 20 mounted si)ecimens illustrating the
more connnon plant diseases.

Ohio Station. — Joseph I). Guthery, of Marion, has been appointed to the board
of control, vice Dr. W. I. Chamberlain. At the annual reorganization of the
board on March 9, John Courtright was reelected president, H. L. Goll, secretai'y,
and D. L. Sampson, treasurer.

Oklahoma Station. — The resignation of J. A. Craig as director is announced,
to take effect :\Iay 1.

Porto Rico University. — J. W. Hart, who was chosen dean of the college of
agriculture in October, has severed his connection with the institution.

Utah College and Station. — The college has I'ecently purchased a small herd of
pure-bred Holstein cattle for use in class room and experimental work. P. V.
Cardon, assistant agronomist in the station, has resigned to accept a position
with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Dei)artment, and will have charge of
the cooperative work between the station and that Bureau which is being
carried on at the dry farming substation at Nephi.

Virginia Truck Station. — P. T. Cole, a 1910 graduate of the college of agri-
culture of the University of Missouri, has accepted the position of assistant
horticulturist, vice C. S. Heller, whose resignation has been previously noted.

Minnesota Conservation Congress. — What is reported to have been the first
state conservation congress ever held occurred at St. Paul, March 16-19. The
congress aroused much interest, especially among farmers, of whom it is esti-
mated that over 3,000 were in attendance.

Among the speakers were Governor A. O. Eberhardt. who presided. Arch-
bishop Ireland, James J. Hill, Secretary of the Interior Ballinger, Director
George Otis Smith of the Geological Survey, Dr. H. W. Wiley of the Bureau
of Chemistry of this Department, D. J. Crosby of this Office. President Cyrus
ISTorthrop and Dean Woods of the University of Minnesota, and several other
members of the university and station staff. Special attention was given to the
agricultui-al phases of the problem of conservation, and a notable feature was

598 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

tlio extensive exhibit ut iilustr.itivc malori.il by the Minnesota College and
School of Agriculture and the station, the various l)Ooths of which were in
chartre of students.

Railroad Demonstration Farms. — It is annouced that the New York Central
and Hudson Kiver Kailroad has completed jtlans for the purchase and ojiera-
tion of three large farms in different sections of the State, as a demonstration
of what can be accomplished for the rejuvenation of " run-down " farm prop-
erties by the application of modern scientific and business methods. These
enterprises are to be managed strictly for profit, but it is intended to use no
methods that are not equally available to neighboring farmers.

The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Kailroad is contenii)lating the pur-
chase of one or more farms along its line, with a view to turning them over to
the agricultural colleges or other agricultural institutions for maintenance as
demonstration farms.

Announcement is made that the Great Northern Railway will institute a
series of cooperative farm experiments in conjunction with various develoi)ment
and commercial clubs in the towns along its line. One farmer is to be selected
near each town who will be paid at the rate of $10 per acre annually, in addi-
tion to his crop, for cultivating and cropping not less than 6 acres of ground
mider directions to be supplied.

Brooklyn Botanic Garden. — In cooperation with the Brooklyn Institute of
Arts and Sciences, the City of New York has established a botanic garden in
Brooklyn. A tract of about 30 acres of land in close proximity to the institute
has been acquired for the purpose and the city has appropriated $100,000 for
the construction of a laboratory building for investigation and instruction pur-
poses and a range of experimental and public greenhouses. An endowment of
$50,000 has also l>een secured from private sources, the income of which will be
used for equipment.

In addition to research, instruction in botany is to be offered to botli ele-
mentary and advanced classes, in close cooperation with existing educational
agencies in Brooklyn. Dr. C. Stuart Gager, professor of botany in the Uni-
versity of Missouri and botanist in the Missouri Station, has been appointed
director and will enter upon his duties July 1.

Agriculture at Cold Spring Harbor Biological Laboratory. — For the first time
a course for teachers on the principles of agriculture is to be included in the
instruction offered by the Biological Laboratory of the Brooklyn Institute of
Arts and Sciences, at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, during the forthcoming
session beginning July G. The course will be under the direction of Prof. H. H.
Laughlin, of the Missouri State Normal School, at Kirksville. and will continue
six weeks.

Agricultural Libraries Round Table at the American Library Association. — ■
The American Library xVssociation, which is to meet at Mackinac Island, ]Mich.,
from June 30 to July 6, is to include in its program a round table conference,
to be devoted to the consideration of the special work and problems of agricul-
tural libraries. It is believed that this will be the first meeting of workers
in agricultural libraries to be held in this country.

Michigan Society for Promotion of Agricultural Education. — The teachers of
agriculture in several Michigan high schools have recently organized a Society
for the Promotion of Agricultural Education in the Public Schools, with R. G.
Carr, of North Adams, as president, and C. L. Nash of Lawton, as secretary.
The association is open to all teachers of agriculture in the State, and it is
intended to hold at least two meetings each year for the discussion of methods
of promoting the school study of agriculture.

NOTES. 599

Agricultural Instruction at Normal Schools. — A short course in agriculture
was held at the DeKalb (111.) Normal School during the week of December 6.
Courses were offered in elementary agriculture, judging corn, horses, and dairy
cows, testing milk, rope splicing, spelling farm words, and domestic science,
and special lectures were given by Dean Davenport, President John W. Cook
and C. W. Whitten, of the normal school, Frank H. Hall, of Aurora. 111., and
others. There were 75 students iu attendance, ranging in age from 11 to OS
years.

In accordance with an act passed by the last legislature requiring the teach-
ing of agriculture in the three state normal schools iu Texas and making appro-
priations for this purpose, the Sam Houston Normal Institute, at Huntsville.
has employed a special teacher of agriculture and is erecting a new building
which will provide an agricultural laboratory and other facilities for teaching
agriculture.

Extension Work at Agricultural High Schools. — Short courses of from 4 to 6
days were recently offered by the La Crosse County School of Agriculture of
Wisconsin, and the Mcintosh High School and the Lewiston Consolidated
Agricultural High School of Minnesota. In each case the faculties of the
resi»ective state colleges of agriculture cooperated in the program.

Oklahoma District Agricultural Schools. — The new agricultural schools of
Oklahoma have recently been oi>ened, with an enrollment at the Camei'on
State School of 92, at the Haskell State School of 156, at the Fifth District
State School of 78, and at the Panhandle Agricultural Institute of 51, with a
number of prospective students waiting for accommodations.

Agricultural Training in Reformatories and Prisons. — The JounmJ of the De-
partment of Agrieulture of Vietoria reports an interesting experiment in the
reformatory treatment of boys from the Neglected Children's Department by
giving them a course in viticulture and general agriculture in the buildings
and on the farms of the Yiticultural College at Rutherglen. The boys are
received at the age of 14 and held until they are 18. They are thoroughly
trained in general farm work, dairying, and viticulture, as well as along
general educational lines.

A recent report of the New York State Prison Commission states that it is
understood that the superintendent of prisons intends to make use of agricul-
tural instruction in the new prison at Ccmstock, and that all first-term convicts
will be sent there for this purpose.

Agricultural Education in Canada. — The University of Alberta, at Strathcona,
has accepted plans for a building 230 ft. long by 70 ft. wide, with wings on the
north and south ends 110 by 30 ft. It is not expected that the building will be
comi)leted inside of 3 years and the cost is estimated at approximately $500,000.

At the last meeting of the university senate the report of the executive com-
mittee regarding the organization of the agricultni-al college recommended the
establishment of the following departments: Animal husbandry, agronomy,
dairying, agricultural engineering, bacteriology, and veterinary science. In
addition the departments of chemistry, biology, and geology will be common to
the faculties of both arts and agriculture. It was decided to proceed with the
organization of the agricultural faculty along the 3 following lines: (1) By the
completion of the establishment of the agricultural faculty within the university
at the earliest possible date; (2) by the establishment of a system of permanent
secondary schools in connection with demonstration farms iu those sections of
the province not coming within the immediate scope of the college itself; (3) by
the development of a department of extension teaching. The university work
will not be confined to teaching but will include research work in connection
with the various agricultural problems of the province.

600 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

lu Saskatchewan last year about 150 agricultural meetings were held under
tbe auspices of the agricultural department, and it is expected that this number
will be greatly increased the coming year.

Dr. J. W. Robertson, principal of Macdonald College, has resigned. For the
present he will be engaged in a study of agricultural and other conditions in
foreign countries, with a view to obtaining information in connection with the
conservation of Canada's national resources.

Agriculture in Cuba. — An estimate is included in the Cuban budget for 1910-

11 of .$1112.200 for the maintenance of the six agricultural schools authorized for
the several provinces by an act passed July 12, 1901). Under other clauses in
the budget, $100,000 is to be used for cattle breeding, a like sum for holding an
agricultural and industrial exposition, $30,000 for subsidies to private experi-
mental farms, $20,000 for the purchase of plants and seeds, and $1,100,000 for
jiaying the expenses of transporting immigrant farmers and farm laborers.

Agriculture in Santo Domingo. — Under a law recently signed by President
Caceres. a general board of agriculture and immigration is established in Santo
Domingo. This board will have supervision of all schools of agriculture, both
public and private. An agricultural laboratory and an experiment station are
contemplated, and the more general dissemination of agricultural literature is
to be taken up. Another section of the law authorizes the president to import
for sale at cost fertilizers, insecticides, and farm implements.

Agricultural Organization in Brazil. — A bureau of agricultural inspection has
been organized in Brazil, which is to make a special study of agricultural condi-
tions in that country, with a view to suggesting opportunities for improvement.
It will have charge of the work of collecting and disseminating useful informa-
tion among the farmers, promoting the introduction of new crops or the extension
of those ah-eady under culture, compiling statistics on agriculture and animal
husbandry, making crop estimates, and inspecting the agricultural schools and
experiment stations.

For the purpose of carrying out its work, the country will be divided into

12 districts, with an inspector in charge of each. An expenditure of $300,000 in
the northern states has been authorized for the introduction of irrigation and
dry farming methods. A special investigation is to be made of the public rubber
lands in the Acre Territory, with a view to their development, and the establish-
ment of experiment stations for the cultivation and extraction of rubber is
authorized.

Miscellaneous. — Prof. A. Klossovski has recently resigned the editorship of
MetcorologhlclLeskoe Ohozryenie (Meteorological Review) and Lyetoplsei Magh-
nitno-2lctcorolog}iich€skoi Observatoril Imperatorskagho Novorossiiskagho Unl-
rersltata (Annals of the Magnetic-Meteorological Observatory of the Imperial
Novo-Russian University). The final numbers to be issued under his direction
conta-in an extended survey of his 27 years of pedagogical and scientific activity
at the Novo-Russian University in the field of meteorology.

Miss A. B. Juniper, dean of the school of household science in Macdonald Col-
lege since its establishment, has been appointed professor of household science
at the Manitoba Agricultural College, and will have charge of the organization
of the new department of household science.

Count Faina has resigned the presidency of the International Institute of
Agriculture, and has been succeeded by the Marquis Cappelli.

It is announced that the fourth annual corn exposition will be held at Colum-
bus, Ohio, January 30 to February 11. 1911.

o

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D.
Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology j^y' -g' j^^^^^'^'

T^- IJ /-. fJ- I- SCHULTE.

FieldCropsjj Q j^^^^^j^

Horticulture and Forestry— E. J. Glasson.

Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D.

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse.

Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker.

Rural Engineering .

Rural Economics— J. B. Morman.
Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXII, NO. 7.

Editorial notes: ^^S^-

Julius Kiihn, professor of agriculture 601

A new theory of bacterial activity in the soil 605

Recent work in agricultural science 608

Notes 695

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY.

Physical-chemical methods as applied to physiology, Asher 608

Progress in fat and oil chemistry for 1908, Ulzer and Pastrovich 608

Linseed oil and other seed oils, Ennis 608

Meltingand solidification points of acid mixtures, Carlinfantiand Levi-Malvano. 608

The ferments and their action, Oppenheimer 608

Retardation of rennet action, Hedin 608

The coloring matter of the tomato, \Mnstatter and Escher 609

Composition of gas from cottonwood trees, Bushong 609

Bacterial action the cause of the corrosion of steel, Gaines 609

The decomposition of potassium nitrate, Franzen and Lohmann 609

Determination of small quantities of nitrogen, Zeller 609

Nitrogen determination in soil extracts, Densch 609

The determination of colloids in clays, Endell 610

Determining phosphoric acid , Guerry and Toussaint 610

The determination of iron and alumina in phosphate rock, Dumas 610

The determination of iron and alumina in inorganic plant constituents. Hare. . 610

Two volumetric methods for determining calcium and magnesium, Schenke. . . 610

Volumetric determination of small amounts of arsenic, Andrews and Farr 611

Aids to the analysis of food and drugs, Moor and Partridge 611

A source of error in the examination of foods for salicylic acid, Sherman 611

Detection of formaldehyde in chopped meat, Bremer and Beythien 611

I

II CONTENTS.

Page.

Honey investigations, Witte 012

Samplins; of ground spices, Siudall 612

Deteclidii of adiillcralions in coffee, Kiihl 612

Examination of milk, IJelire 612

The refraction of the calcium chlorid milk serum, Mai and Rothenfusser 612

The significance of the nitrate reaction in milk, von Krneyi 612

Determination and judgment of dirt content of milk, Fendler and Kuhn 012

A rapid method to delect boric acid in milk and butter, Gauvry 012

The delermination of carbohydrates in feeding stuffs, Den Herder ()]2

"the flash ])oint in wax analyses, Stoeber ! CA:]

Extracted beeswax, Gabrilowitsch 0 1 ;5

Some technical methods of testing miscellaneous supplies, Walker (ii:'.

Apparatus for quantitative electrolytic analyses, Formanek and Pec 013

Apparatus for quantitative estimation of ammonia in air, Liechti and Ritter . . ()13

The influence of the structure of the cane on work in sugar factories, Deerr. . . . 013

The froth fermentation of molasses, Tempany 014

Crystallization of sugar from fruit sirups, Luhmann 014

The value of peaches as vinegar stock, Gore 014

Extracts from proceedings of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists 014

METEOROLOGY — WATER.

The agricultural engineer and the Weather Bureau, Means.'. 014

Monthly Weather Review 015

Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Damon.. . 615

Meteorological observations 015

Meteorological summary for the year 1908, Bells 615

Summer temperatures in different parts of Europe, Hildebrandsson 015

On the laws of evaporation, Vaillant 015

Effect of drainage work in northern Iowa on flood stages of rivers, Marston 615

Note on subsoil water in Egypt, Ferrar 010

Further notes on subsoil water in Egypt, Ferrar 010

Pure water 016

Measuring electric conductivity of waters, sewage, and salt solutions, Pleissner . 616

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

On the chemical decomposition of rocks, Dumont 616

Yellow laterite and its parent rock, Mohr 017

Soils in the vicinity of Brunswick, Ga.: A preliminary report, Bennett 017

Soils of the Kirghiz Steppe, Tulaikov 017

[Analyses of soils], Ladell 617

Evaporation from water and soil surfaces, Mohr 617

Production of nitric nitrogen in irrigated soil, Stewart and Greaves 617

Organic nitrogenous compounds in peat soils, Jodidi 618

Organic nitrogenous compounds in peat soils, Jodidi 619

On the fertility of soils with regard to phosphoric acid, Kostzyelyetzkii 619

The plant food minimum and phosphoric acid, Wagner 619

Utilization of food occurring in minimum, Mitscherlich and Celichowski 619

To what extent can fertilizer action be strengthened by bacteria? Ehrenberg. 620

On the decomposition of stable manure, Heinze 620

The contents of the fertilizer sack, Thome 620

The use of commercial fertilizers as top-dressing, Bannert 620

The cost of available nitrogen, Voorhees 620

The nitrate deposits of Chile, Penrose, jr 620

California nitrates 621

Sulphate of ammonia in 1909, Maizieres 621

Nitrate of ammonia production. Skinner 621

Experiments with new nitrogenous manures, 1904-1908, Hendrick 621

On artificial nitrogenous fertilizers derived from the air, Heinze 621

The electro-chemical manufacture of nitrogen compounds from the air, Escard. 622

The nitrate industry of Norway, Grandeau 622

[Manufacture of nitrate in Norway] 622

Production, properties, and use of the principal potash salts, Krische 622

Kainit, its production and importance in German agriculture, Krische 622

Thomas and Martin slags, Otruighan'ev 622

Something new in the field of phosphatic fertilizers, Menozzi 622

CONTENTS. Ill

Page.

Plant, phosphorite, and soil accordi"nf? to experiments, Kossovich 623

The mining of phosphate with special reference to Florida phosphate, Grothe.. 623

The western phosphate lands, Duffield 623

Rational use of lime on land, Agee 624

Fertilizing with carbon dioxid, Mitscherlich 624

Inspection and analyses of cotton-seed meal on sale in Mississippi, Hand et al. . 624

Report on commercial fertilizers, 1909, Jenkins and Street 624

Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers. Hand et al 624

Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers and bone, Cathcart et al 625

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Hardin 625

[Amount and price of fertilizers used in Germany, 1903 to 1908] 625

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Application of some of the principles of heredity to plant breeding, Spillman. . 625

The mutation theory, Dc Vries, trans, by Farmer and Darbishire 625

The origin and relationship of new varieties of cereals, Kornicke 626

The wild type of the cultivated potato, Berthault 626

The transmission of variations in the potato in asexual reproduction, East 626

A Mendelian interpretation of variation that is apparently continuous, East. . . 627

Color inheritance in Lychnis dioica, Shull 628

Genetical studies on (Enothera, I, Davis 628

Future methods of soil bacteriological investigations. Conn 628

Studies on the micro-organism producing the legume tubercles, De Rossi 628

Research on the proteolytic enzyms in fungi and bacteria, Wilson 628

The germicidal action of metals, Rankin 629

Effect of salts on respiration of germinating seeds, Zaleski and Reinhard 629

The significance of the liberation of water vapor by plants, Leclerc du Sablon. . 630

The occurrence of hydrocyanic acid in some mushrooms, Greshoff 630

The mistletoe pest in the Southwest, Bray 630

Seeds and plants imported during the period from April 1 to June 30, 1909 630

FIELD CROPS.

Experiment on the fertilizer requirements of meadows, Wagner 630

Pastures and meadows in the Weichsel marshes, Weber 631

Promising root crops for the South 631

Variegated alfalfa, Westgate 632

The influence of storage and drying on barley, Windisch and Bischkopff 632

Corn culture, Kimbrough 633

Value of nitrogenous materials for cotton on the Houston clays, Stevens 633

Varieties of American Upland cotton, Tyler 635

Cotton culture, Kimbrough . , 635

Notes on cotton cultivation in Nyasaland, McCall 635

Cotton facts, Shepperson 636

Cotton, the greatest of cash crops, Knapp 636

Broom millet, Marks 636

Oats, Montgomery 636

Improvements in paddy cultivation at Sivagiri, Tinnevelly district, Lonsdale. 636

Biological studies of green and brown kernels of summer rye, Gross 637

Sisal hemp, Wells 637

Select list of references on sugar chiefly in its economic aspects, Meyer 637

Report on tobacco from Nyasaland, Dunstan 637

A text-book on tobacco, Wei'ner 637

The present status of the tobacco industry. Garner 637

[Protein and water content of seven varieties of wheat], Keitt 637

Adulteration of alfalfa, clover, orchard grass, and Kentucky blue grass. Woods. . 638

Seed inspections 638

The grass and clover seed trade in Vermont in 1907-1909, Harrington 638

Cuscuta europsea and its hosts, Wittrock 638

The common toad flax, Kraus 638

HORTICULTURE.

New methods of plant breeding, Oliver 638

Parthenogenesis among orchard trees and other fruit-bearing plants, Ewert 639

The resistance of plants to frost 639

IV CONTENTS.

Page.

Report of horticulturist, Newman 639

Report of horticulturist, Newman 639

Cultural methods for some common vegetables, Ilerrick, Paddock, and Paull. . . 640

Garden accessories and mushroom growing, Jeffries, Paddock, and Paull 640

Fall and winter cabbages, Newman 640

A strain test of Jersey Wakefield cabbage, Myers 640

The cost of fruit growing, Janson 640

Orchard management, Whipple and Paddock 640

Preparing land and trees for orchard planting, Paddock and Whipple 640

Pomological possibilities of Texas, Onderdonk 640

Fruits adapted to Wyoming 640

The transportation of fruits and other products in refrigerator cars, Bizot 640

Drying apricots and peaches, Allen 640

Pineapple culture, VI, Blair and Wilson 640

Pineapple by-products, Sedgwick 641

Notes on the season of maturity of table grapes in Italy 641

The maturing of grape wood and training of American stocks, fSchmitthenner. . 641

The graft stocks in 1909, Guillon 642

Shield budding the mango, Higgins " 642

One coffee plantation, May 642

Pecan culture. Clothier 642

Sago and sago palms. Van Oijen, Fortgens, and Tupamahu 642

Vermont shrubs and woody vines, Jones and Rand 642

The trees and shrubs of San Antonio and vicinity, Mackensen 642

The best trees for lawn, street, and woodland planting, Levison 642

Flowering shrubs for continuous effects, Seymour 642

On the making of gardens, Sitwell 642

That rock garden of ours, Hulme 643

The book of the sweet pea, Crane 643

Bibliography of Danish horticulture, 1546-1908, Mariboe 643

FORESTRY.

Annual report of director of forestry of Philippine Islands, 1909, Ahern 643

Annual report on state forest administration in South Australia, Gill 643

Review of forest administration in British India for the year 1907-8, Bryant 643

Progress report of forest administration in the Andamans for 1908-9, Robinson. . 643

Forest working plans in India and forest regulation, Moore 643

Working plans in provinces outside Madras and Bombay presidencies, Caccia. . 644

Instructions for making forest surveys and maps 644

Preservation and utilization of the national forests, Riley 644

Study of forest conditions in Kentucky, Holmes and Hall 644

Distribution of the principal forest species of the Maritime Alps, Salvador 644

Petwun or trincomali wood {Berrya ammonilla), Troup 644

The dissemination of junipers by birds, Phillips 644

The afforestation of poor or unfavorably situated agricultural lands, Thiele 644

Planting methods as a means of preventing the attack of the May beetle, Tiemann 645

Forest production, Girerd 645

The productivity of woodland soil, Nisbet 645

Experiments in tapping Ceara rubber trees, Wilcox 645

The climatic and soil requirements of Hcvea brasiliensis, Zimmermann 646

Effect of arsenical and sulphur fumes on vegetation, Eaton 646

Rubber cultivation in Uganda, Kaye , 647

• DISE.\SES OF PLANTS.

Recent investigations on plant diseases, Stewart 647

A list of parasitic fungi from Soderman and Bohun, Lagerheim 647

What is Aspergillus glaucus? Mangin 647

The wintering over of plant parasites, von Tubeuf 647

A method of infection experiments with green plants, Schmidt 647

New infection experiments with Uromyces dactylidis, Krieg 647

Some anemone rusts, Holway 647

Germination of the uredospores and secidiospores of the grain rusts, Schaffnit. . . 648

The leaf spot of clover and alfalfa (Pseudopeziza medicaginis), Voges 648

Cotton authracnose investigation, Barre 648

CONTENTS. V

Page.

Scolecoirichum graminis avense, Krause 648

A pathological change in the embryo of wheat grains, Brizi 648

Th(i bacterial 8oft rots of certain vegetables, I 649

The leaf roll disease of the potato in Austria, Kornauth and Reitmair 649

The life history and cytology of Synchytrium endobioticum, Percival 649

The wart disease of the potato in England , Riehm 650

Crown rot, arsenical poisoning, and winter injury, Grossenbacher 650

The gummosis of citrus orchards, Savastano and Majmone 650

The apple scab, Bretschneider 650

Apple scab, Wallace 650

Fire-blight remedies, Whetzel 650

The ajxiplexy of the grape in Anjou, Vinet 651

The black rot of grapes, Reddick 651

Physical and chemical composition of grapes when diseased by Oidium, Averna. 651

[Cooperative spraying experiments], Taft 651

Observations on some diseases of the olive, Petri 652

The splitting of oranges in 1908, Savastano 652

Peach-leaf curl, Wallace 052

A report of the chestnut-tree blight, Mickleborough 652

The willow Melampsora of Switzerland, Schneider-Orelli 653

A new leaf disease of the pine (Pinus sUvcstris), Miinch and von Tubeuf 653

The making and application of Bordeaux mixture, Salmon 653

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY.

Report of territorial entomologist, Morrill 653

Twenty-fourth report of the state entomologist of ]Sew York, 1908, Felt 653

Some new fruit pests and other bug notions, Slingerland 654

[Monthly bulletin of the division of zoology], Surface 655

Spermatogenesis in Acridida? and Locustidae, Davis 655

Catalogue of the Hemiptera, with references, lists, etc., Kirkaldy 655

Chinch bug, Parker 655

The corn and cotton root louse in South Carolina, Conradi 655

Scale insects injurious in Nebraska during 1906-7, Smith 656

Peach-tree borer, Conradi and Thomas 656

Catalogues dii)terorum, Kertesz 656

Stomoxys calcitrans and Argentine cattle, Iches 656

Development of Trypcmosonm brucei in Glossinafusca, Keysselitz and Mayer. . . 656

Measures suggested against the Argentine ant as a household pest, Newell 656

Insect and other galls of plants in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin, Houard. 657

Insects injurious to strawberries. Smith 658

[The rose chafer, grape-berry moth, and steel beetle], Taft 659

Spraying experiments. Troop and Woodbury 660

• Spraying trees for the elm scale, Doten 660

Spraying, Taft 660

A chemical study of the lime-sulphur wash, Van Slyke, Hedges, and Bosworth . . 660

Concentrated lime-sulphur mixtures, Parrott 661

Composition and use of lime-sulphur washes. Hall 662

Inspection of nursery stock, Doten 662

Report of the economic zoologist. Surface 662

A code of colors for the use of naturalists, etc., Klincksieck and Valette 662

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION.

Food and drug products, 1909, Street 662

[Food standards in Nevada], Dinsmore 664

Food inspection decision 664

Notices of judgment 664

Fishing in Germany as conserving the meat supply, Konig and Splittgerber. . . 664

The importance of fish as food, Konig and Splittgerber 665

Preservation methods in European fish industries, Konig and Splittgerber 665

Nutritive value of wheat, Hirtz 665

The occurrence of Oidium and yeast on dried fruit, Kiihl 665

East Indian food materials, Greshoff 665

Concerning the absolute vegetarian diet of Japanese bonzes [monks], Yukawa. 665

The principal foods utilized by the natives [of Taytay], Merrill 666

VI CONTENTS.

Page.

The food of the people of Taytay from a physiological standpoint, Aron 667

General sanitary conditions fin Taytay], riements 668

Summary and conclusions |r('<;ardins the native village of Taytay], Strong 668

Chemical regulation of the body l)y activators, kinases, and h'ormones, Howell. . 668

The osmotic pressure of liquid foods, Jona 668

The partial transformation of food fat into mannites, Gautrelet 669

On the nature of the so-called fat of tissues and organs, MacLean and Williams. 669

Concerning the partition of nitrogen in the urine of infants, Vogt ,. 669

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Forage plants of Uruguay and their value for cattle, Schroeder 669

Composition of Indian feeding stuffs, Greshoff 670

Desiccation of potatoes, Norton 670

Concerning feeding rice, Dodson 670

Silos and silage 670

Commercial feeding stuffs, Jenkins and Street 670

Report of commercial feed stuffs. Halligan 670

The inspection and analysis of commercial feeding stuffs 670

[Feeding stuffs analyses], Keitt 670

Feeding stuffs inspection: Concerning commercial feeding stuffs, Hills et al.. 670

Experimental evidence on the effectiveness of selection, Jennings 671

The imperfection of dominance and some of its consequences, Davenport 671

A new method of determining correlation, Pearson 671

A mechanism for organic correlation, Parker ^ 672

The relation between fertility and normality in rats, Lloyd 672

Significance of "chestnuts" on legs of solid-hoofed mammals, Hintze 672

The "shield " of male swine in regard to meat inspection, Stemmer 672

The effect of castration on the metabolism, McCrudden 672

Castration and its effect on animal organism, Reimers 673

Bleeding with different methods of slaughtering, Hoth 673

The loss in slaughtering Westphalian swine and the controlling factors, Estor. . 673

Short-fed steers: A comparison of methods of feeding, Mumford and Allison. . . 673

Cattle breeding in German colonies, Erlbeck 674

Cattle of southern India, Gunn 674

The cattle of southern India, Gunn 674

The determination of the age of calves, Schultze 674

Farmers' sheep. Peacock 674

Suggestions for pig feeders 674

The brood sow and her litter. King 674

Efficiency of different rations for fleshing horses for market, Obrecht 674

Suggestions for the improvement of Wisconsin horses, Alexander 676

Wisconsin horse breeding statistics, Alexander 676

The Kellerstrass way of raising poultry, Kellerstrass _ 676

DAIRY FARMIIsfG — DAIRYING.

Shall the dairyman buy concentrates? Spillman 676

[Dairy rations], Nourse 676

The effect of milk as a nutrient for dairy animals, Beger 676

The university dairy herd, 1908-9, Humphrey and Woll 677

The chemical composition of milk, De Brevans 677

On the formation of milk sugar, Porcher 677

The influence of stimulating substances on milk secretion, Fingerling 677

The so-called iron milk, Mai 678

Experimental leucocytes in the cow's udder, Hoffmann 678

The significance of leucocytes in milk. Savage 679

Bacterial content of the milk of individual animals, Hastings and Hoffmann. . . 679
The occurrence and distribution of a lactic-acid organism resembling Bacillus

bulgaricus of yoghourt, Hastings and Hammer 679

Milk and its relation to the public health 679

The organization of the milk supply, Harris 680

The provision of milk for cities, Rievel, trans, by Steckel 680

Pasteurization of milk. Freeman 680

Using milk products from cows which have tuberculosis of udder, Weber 680

Milk defects and their relation to cheese making, Teichert 680

CONTENTS. VII

Page.

The composition of cream, Tat lock and Thomson 680

Layer cheese, Siegfeld 680

Sap sago cheese, I3uttenberg and Koenig 680

Literature on dairying in 1908 and 1909^ Raudnitz 680

Questions and answers on milk and milk testing, Publow and Troy 681

Questions and answers on butter making, Publow \ 681

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

[Report of the bacteriologist on work with animal diseases], Marshall 681

[Report of the veterinarian], Barnett 681

Report of the state veterinarian for 190S, Klein 681

Report of the colonial veterinary surgeon, Hongkong 681

On rabies, with special reference to an atrophic form. Lamb and McKendrick. 682

The hereditary transmission of immunity against rabies, Konradi 682

Investigation of Rocky Mountain spotted fever during 1907-8, Ricketts 682

Bibliography of trypanosomiasis, Thimm 683

Subject index to the bibliography of trypanosomiasis, Thimm 683

Trypanosomiasis observed in horses of the Sahara, Bardot 684

The transmission of Trypanosoma equiperdum, Sieber and Gonder 684

Contribution to the study and etiology of souma, Pecaud 684

Investigations in 1906-7 by German Sleeping Sickness Commission, Koch et al . 684

[flow tubercle bacilli enter the body], Chausse 684

Vaccination against tuberculosis of cattle by Klimer's method, Glockner 684

Vaccination against tuberculosis of cattle, Arloing: 685

Diffuse hypertrophy of the intestines caused by acid-fast bacteria, Meyer 685

Hog cholera and vaccination, Schoenleber 685

The frequence and nature of cystic kidneys in the pig, Marchesini and Bartolini . 685

Equine piroplasmosis and Dcrmacentor reiiculatus, Marzinowski and Bielitzer. . 685

Equine piroplasmosis in southern Russia, Michin and Yakimoff 686

The treatment of surra in horses by arsenic and its derivatives, Holmes 686

The antiphagines (aggressins) of the chicken-cholera organism, Tchistovitch . . 686

An epidemic among geese, Frosch and Bierbaum 687

Stomach worms and other parasites of the digestive tract of ruminants, Conradi. . 687

Some helminthiases observed in Tunis, Weinberg, and Romanovitch 689

Mammalian leucocytozoa, Christophers 689

Some clinical tests of the action of antistreptococcic serum, Mori 689

Biological albumin differentiation procedure, Uhlenhuth and Weidanz 689

Medical pocket dictionary in eight languages, edited by Meyer 689

RURAL ECONOMICS.

The problem of intensive culture, Brinkmann 689

The recent agricultural strike and its influence on rural economy,- Vincey 690

Agricultural labor, Izaguirre 690

Leongatha labor colony, Novell et al 691

Cooperative agricultural credit, Godfrey 691

A bank for the encouragement of farming, Poggi 691

Determining the cost of producing agricultural products, Stieger 691

North Dakota farm account 691

Cost of corn production. Cooper 691

Agriculture in New York: Its importance as shown by statistics, Pearson et al. . 692

Farming in Canada 692

Agriculture in Sweden at the twentieth centurv, Levasseur 692

Exports of farm and forest products, 1906-1908 ! 692

Crop Reporter 692

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Extension departments, agricultural education, and summer schools, Davis. . . 692

Agricultural education for the rural districts, Knapp 692

Nature study, rural sociology, and agriculture for rural schools 693

Common sense in negro schools, Dickerman 693

Agriculture in California schools, Babcock 693

Agricultural education and research 693

Elementary agriculture and horticulture and school gardens 693

VIII CONTENTS.

Page.

Manual of a,s;riculture, Barto fi93

Notes on soils, Whitson and Walster 693

Free publications of this Department classitied lor teachers, Crosby and Howe. 093

Courses of reading and examinations in practical agriculture. . . .' 694

MISCELLANEOUS.

Twenty-first Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1908 694

Twenty-second Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1909 694

Twenty-second Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1909 694

Twentieth Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1907 694

Twenty-first Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1908 694

Twenty-second Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1909 694

Nineteenth Annual Report of Wyoming Station, 1909 694

LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Page.

Alabama Canebrake Station:

Bui. 27, Jan., 1910 633

Alabama College Station:

Twenty-first An. Rpt. 1908. . . 694

Colorado Station:

Circ. 3, May, 1909 640

Circ. 4, May, 1909 640

Circ. 5, May, 1909 640

Circ. 6, May, 1909. 640

Connecticut State Station:

Bien. Rpt. 1909-10, pt.s. 1-3. . 624,
626, 662, 670

Florida Station:

Bui. 101, Jan., 1910 640

Georgia Station:

Bui. 88, Dec, 1909 633

Bui. 89, Dec, 1909 635

Hawaii Station:

Bui. 19, 1910 645

Bui. 20, 1910 642

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station:
Div. Agr. and Chem. Bui. 30,
1910 613

Hlinois Station:

Bui. 141, Nov., 1909 674

Bui. 142, Nov., 1909 673

Indiana Station:

Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1909. 660,

694

Kansas Station:

Bui. 163, Jan., 1910 685

Circ. 5.... 655

Louisiana Stations:

Feed Stuffs Rpt. 1908-9 670

Maine Station:

Off. Insp. 17.. 638

Massachusetts Station:

Met. Buls. 253-254, Jan.-Feb.,

1910... 615

Michigan Station:

Tech. Bui. 4, Nov., 1909 618

Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1909. 615,
651, 659, 660, 681, 694

Mississippi Station:

Bui. 124, Oct., 1909 642

Bui. 125, Nov., 1909 670

Bui. 126, Nov., 1909 624

Bui. 127, Dec, 1909 624

Nebraska Station:

Bui. 113, Feb. 15, 1910 636

Nevada Station:

Circ. 2, Jan., 1910 664

Stations in the United Slates — Continued.

Page.

Nevada Station — Continued.

Circ. 3, Jan., 1910 664

Circ. 4, Jan., 1910 664

Circ. 5, Jan., 1910 662

Circ. 6, Jan., 1910 660

Circ. 7, Feb., 1910 664

New Jersey Stations:

Bui. 224, Dec. 13, 1909 620,625

Bui. 225, Dec 15, 1909 658

New York State Station:

Bui. 319, Dec, 1909 660,662

Bui. 320, Dec, 1909 661,662

Tech. Bui. 11, Nov., 1909 649

Tech. Bui. 12, Dec, 1909 650

Pennsvlvania Station:

Bill. 96, Feb., 1910 640

South Carolina Station:

Twentieth An. Rpt. 1907 625,

639, 644

Twenty-first An. Rpt. 1908. . . 625,

639, 676, 694

Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1909 . 637,

640, 648, 655, 656, 670, 681, 687, 694

Utah Station:

Bui. 106, Dec, 1909 617

Vermont Station:

Bui. 144, Aug., 1909 670

Bui. 145, Oct., 1909 642

Bui. 146, Nov., 1909 638

Wisconsin Station:

Bui. 186, Dec, 1909 676

Bui. 187, Dec, 1909 677

Bui. 188, Dec, 1909 676

Research Bui. 6, June, 1909. 678, 679

Wyoming Station:

Nineteenth An. Rpt. 1909.. 615,694

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Circ. 31 638

Circ32 636

Food Insp. Decision 113 664

Notices of Judgment 134-164 664

Bureau of Chemistry:

Bui. 109 (rev.) (10 cents) 613

Circ. 51 614

Circ. 52 614

Forest Service:

Instructions for making forest
surveys and maps, 1910 644

Bureau of Plant Industry:

Bui. 163 (25 cents) 635

IX

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

TJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Cont'd.

ra.«i'.

Bureau of Plant Industry — Cont'd.

Bui. 164 (10 cents)." 631

Bui. 165 (10 cents) 625

Bui. 166 (10 cents) 630

Bui. 167 (20 cents) 638

Bui. 168 (5 cents) 630

Bui. 169 (10 cents) 632

Circ.48.. 637

Bureau of Soils:

Circ. 21 617

U. S. Departmcni nf Agriculture — Cont'd.

Bureau of StalL-^tics: Page.

Bui. 77 (10 cents) 692

Crop Reporter, vol. 12, No. 3,

Mar., 1910 692

Weather Bureau:

Monthly Weather Pieview, vol.
37, Nos. 11-12, Nov.-Dec,
1909 (20 cents per number,

.$2.50 per year) 614,615

Office of Experiment Stations:

Circ. 94 693

Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be
purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all
remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per vol-
ume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publi-
cations are given above. The publications of the state experiment stations are
distributed from the stations and not from the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXII. .June, 1010. No. 7.

The names of few foreign workers in agriculture are more familiar
to readers in this country than is that of Professor Julius Kiihn, of
Halle. He was known to many personally, and by reputation to
students of agriculture very generally. His writings and his teach-
ings brought him into world-wide p'rominence. His death on April
14, at the ripe age of eighty-four years, closed the career of a really
great man, a notable figure for a full half century, one whom the
world had recognized and honored in life, and who leaves the record
of a completed work.

Julius Kiihn was a pioneer in agricultural science and teaching.
He conceived and realized an ideal in agricultural education, secured
a wider recognition for the subject from university authorities and
practical agriculturists, and in his long career left a profound im-
press upon his nearly eight hundred students. The agricultural
institute at Halle, the first of its kind affiliated with a university,
was a product of his own initiative and labor, of his indomitable
courage and perseverance in propagating an idea.

Young Kiihn was born October '23, 18-25, at Pulsnitz, a small town
in the vicinity of Dresden. His father was a farmer of small means,
and the son prepared himself to follow that vocation. After, the
public school period and tAvo years at the Polj^technicum in Dres-
den he entered upon the career of farm manager, meeting with suc-
cess in spite of his youth and gaining experience in several localities
where different soil conditions were presented. He was much inter-
ested in the new agricultural theories which were being advanced by
Liebig and others, and was quick to make the application of these in
his farm management. Very soon he began to make agricultural
experiments himself, and took up especially the study of plant dis-
eases. This first experimental work was done while in charge of a
farm in Silesia, which he managed for eight years.

His interest in these matters led to a desire for further study, and
at the age of thirty, in 1855, he w^ent to the agricultural academy at
Poppelsdorf, near Bonn, which he attended for two semesters, going
thence to Leipsic where he continued his studies in plant diseases
and received his doctor's degree. In 1858 Kiihn published his first
book, an epoch-making treatise on the Diseases of Cultivated Plants,
Their Cause and Control. This book approached the subject for the

601

602 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

first time in its scientific aspects from the standpoint of agriculture.
It was a product of individual work in a comparatively new lield
and Avith meager facilities. The studies on which it was based were
made with the aid of a secondhand microscope which he purchased
for a few dollars. The book was well received and the edition was
soon exhausted but was never revised, despite many requests for a
new edition. Kiihn continued his studies in that field throughout
his career, and only a few years before his death took up the prepara-
tion of a revision of his book, which appears not to have been
completed.

Following a semester as privat-docent in the agricultural academy
at Proskau, Kiihn became m'anager of a large estate in lower Silesia
in 1857, where he remained for five years. It was during this period
that his widely-known treatise on cattle feeding was written. A
l^rize was otFered through the Silesian Agricultural Society for the
best treatise on some phase of agriculture. This prize was awarded
in 1859 to Julius Kiihn for his essay on cattle feeding,"^ which was
first published in 18G1. This was a blending of the scientific prin-
cijDles which had been developed at that time with the skill and
judgment of the feeder. Kiihn demurred at the attempt to make
animal feeding on the basis of fixed standards which had been ad-
vanced by (jrouven a matter of a2)plied mathematics, and adopted
for his book the now famous motto " the eye of the master fattens
his stock,'' a doctrine which finds much endorsement among jjoth
practical feeders and investigators at the present day.

The preparation of this book illustrates the characteristics of the
man. The sixty draAvings contained in the first edition were all of
them original, and many made from microscopic preparations. In
referring to these in the preface the author takes occasion to impress
upon young men the importance of individual effort — of independ-
ent seeing and reasoning. In the twelve editions through which
this book has passed the scheme of treatment as shown b}^ the table
of contents has not changed. The chapter headings and subdivisions
remain the same, but successive revisions have incorporated in the text
the progress made in the subject as recognized by the author. The
new matter added has made the later editions fully twice the size of
the original essay.

In 1862 Kiihn received a call to the chair of agriculture in the
University of Halle. He w^as then thirty-seven years old, and his
studies and his wide and successful practical career had made him
exceptionally well fitted for such a position. Moreover, he had de-
veloped a keen interest in higher agricultural education, and was am-
bitious for connection with an institution which would give him

° Die zweckmassigste Erniihruug des Rindvielies.

EDITORIAL. 603

opportunity for development along the line of his ideas. A call to
the agricultural institute at Berlin was declined because it was not
thought to afford him the desired opportunity.

Up to that time agricultural instruction had been confined mainly
to special technical schools — ^^agricultural academies, and there was
little confidence in agricultural work in a university. Even Liebig's
view that the union of agricultural courses with the universities would
most advantageously meet the needs of agricultural students carried
little weight with the Prussian authorities at that time. Chairs of
agriculture had been established in some of the Prussian universities
much earlier, but the subject had not been developed in any large
way, the teaching was remote from the practical calling of the farmer,
and the field of activity was limited principally to training experts
and administrative officials.

It is therefore natural that the preference should have been given
to independent agricultural academies located on the land and giving
special attention to the practical phases of agriculture. There Avas
little public confidence in the outcome of university instruction and
little demand for it. Kiihn's appointment at Halle was therefore
regarded as a matter of no significance by the agricultural press of
the day, and was referred to disparagingly.

But his announcement of courses showed that he brought to his
position a new ideal and a different point of view. His success in
winning confidence is evidenced by the attendance which his work
attracted. In his first semester he had only three pupils, but in the
spring semester the number increased to twenty, and this increase
continued steadily until in the winter semester of 1864-5 the attend-
ance was 1'22. This equaled the highest attendance at the older
agricultural academies. His instruction developed the advantage
of higher education in agriculture, which combined a knowledge of
science and principles with their application in practice. A feature
of his success appears to have been this ability to give a practical bent
to his scientific deductions, a trait which rested on his deep interest
and his wide familiarity with agricultural practice.

It was Kiihn's ambition from the first to establish an agricultural
institute for teaching, investigation, and demonstration. His idea
was that of a college correlated with the work of the university and
forming an integral part of it. It was an effort to secure recognition
of agricultural theory and practice as a subject suited to university
courses and entitled to specific provision in the way of organization
and facilities. This would give an individuality to the agricultural
instruction, and win for it a place among the special schools of the
university.

604 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The story of Kiihirs struggle to secure authority for the establish-
ment of such an institute, his efi'ort to provide land necessary for it,
and later funds for buildings, illustrates how undeveloped was the
idea of agriculture as a subject for teaching and investigation in the
university, and how little confidence and interest there was among
those in authority'. Ilis persistent eli'orts won, however, and in 1863
the institute was authorized. Kiihn personally advanced and bor-
rowed money to pa}' for the land, which was later taken over by the
universit}', and after much labor secured a grant of about $1,500 for
adapting buildings upon it to his purpose.

The success of the new institute won support for it, and five years
later new buildings were erected to better serve its needs. The idea
grew, and similar institutes were established at other universities, but
Halle maintained its lead. In 1890 its attendance exceeded that of
all the other agricultural institutes in Prussia combined, including
the agricultural high school at Berlin. The students then numbered
two hundred and eighty-one.

Experimental and demonstration work had early formed a part of
Iviihn's plixn for the agricultural institute. Land was acquired from
time to time for the purpose, other parcels leased for continuous field
experiments, and Kiihn personal!}' purchased over thirty acres which
were leased to the university to secure contiiluity of the work. Ex-
perimental fields and gardens, greenhouses, stables, etc., were pro-
vided. In 188G the area under the institute included about 275 acres,
used mainly for the experiments and the maintenance of live stock.
The stables, known as the IlauHtiei'gartcn^ were perhaps Kiihn's
special pride and interest. Here he made studies of races, breeds
and breeding, feeding experiments, etc. The collection of domestic
animals increased steadily until he had about one thousand head,
representing over one hundred and thirty races and breeds.

Like many of the earlier workers in agriculture, Kiihn's studies
and writings covered an unusually wide field. His contributions
were ]3ublished for the most part as reports from the physiological
laboratory and experiment station of the institute at Halle, in a
series begun by him in 1872. Among the subjects included were soils,
drainage, fertilizers and manures, the culture and manuring of vari-
ous field croj^s, nitrogen assimilation, plant diseases, nematodes,
animal feeding and breeding, and agricultural machinery.

Among his noteworthy works were his studies on nematodes as a
cause of sugar beet sickness, which he found could be destroyed by
burning over the ground. He was a jirolific writer for the more
popular agricultural journals throughout Germany, taking special
interest in presenting the results of his studies to those engaged in
practical farm operations.

EDITORIAL. 605

Professor Kiilin was the recipient of man}^ honors from the gov-
ernment and from various societies and associations. He was made
Geheimrat in 1882, and in 1903 was given the title of Exzellenz.
Orders were conferred upon him by his own and foreign govern-
ments; he was awarded the Liebig medal and the Prussian gold medal
for service to agriculture ; and he was made an honorary member of
a long list of societies and academies.

Personally Kiihn was of a kindly, sympathetic disposition that
made him beloved as he was respected by all who came Avithin the
sphere of his influence. His relations with his students were
unusually close, and he was affectionately known among them as
" Father Kiihn." They united with a long list of his admirers in
honoring him in a public celebration of his seventieth birthdaj^ in
1895, and again on his eightieth birthday ten years later. His declin-
ing years were marked by a remarkable vigor and continuance of
activity. He accomplished well what in early life he set out to do,
and his name will long live in the institute to which he gave a world-
wide reputation.

There has been great activity in recent years in the study of the
relation of bacteriological activity to soil fertility, and valuable con-
tributions have been made to the knowledge of this subject. These
studies are clearing up problems of soil fertility which chemical and
physical investigation had left obscure, and are showing how pro-
foundly soil processes are modified and controlled by bacteriological
action.

Quite recently, Eussell and Hutchinson of the Rothamsted Experi-
ment Station have aroused a new interest in the subject through
reports of their studies of the effect of partial sterilization by means
of heat or volatile antiseptics upon the productiveness of soils. These
studies have been characterized by Prof. A. D. Hall, director of the
Rothamsted Station, as " the most notable addition to the theory of
the soil since the publication of Hellriegel and "Wilfarth's paper on
the nodule bacteria in 1886."

These investigators found, in agreement with many others, that
the fertility of the soil can be greatly increased by heating or by
treatment with volatile antiseptics. It was observed many years ago
that treatment of vinej'ard soils with carbon bisulphid for the pur-
pose of destroying phylloxera resulted in an increased productiveness
which could not be entirely accounted for by the destruction of the
phylloxera. Dr. G. E. Stone, of the Massachusetts Experiment Sta-
tion, observed that steaming greenhouse soils to destroy nematodes
apparently increased the actual fertility of the soil. Dr. Bernard
Dyer reported the same result from steaming garden and greenhouse
soils. More recently Prof. T. L. Lyon and Mr. J. A. Bizzell, of the

606 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

New York Cornell Experiment Station, have reported experiments
showino: that while steamin": soil under two atmospheres pressure for
two to four hours appai'ontly i^roduced substances which were at
first injurious to plant growth, a luxui-iaiit growth took place later
on the sterilized soil.

Russell and Hutchinson found that, although the treatment with
heat or volatile antiseptics (toluene) enormously reduced the numl)cr
of bacteria present, it did not effect complete sterilization, and that
when the conditions were again made favorable for growth in the
partially sterilized soils the number of bacteria rapidly increased and
eventually became much more numerous than they had ever been
under normal conditions in the untreated soil.

In a summary of these investigations. Director Hall states that
" with this increase in the number of bacteria in the soil came an
increase in the rate at which ammonia was produced by the break-
down of the more complex carbon compounds of nitrogen that were
present in the soil. When no plants were present to take up this
ammonia, it accumulated in the soils, because the bacteria which con-
vert nitrites and nitrates had been completely destroyed. It thus
appeared pretty clear that the increased fertility of the treated soils
was due to their greater power of breaking down the complex organic
matter of the soil to the state of ammonia, a form in which plants
can assimilate nitrogen ; and this increased production of ammonia
was due to an exceptional multiplication of the ammonia-splitting
organisms which constitute so large a proportion of the normal bac-
terial flora of the soil.

" The authors then carried out various experiments, which showed
(1) that no stimulus could be supposed to have taken place through
the treatment which would make the bacteria remaining in the soil
more active; (2) that there had been no selective destruction of
organisms which would leave behind a population of a more active
type than the usual mixed flora of the soil. By other steps which
need not be here set out, it became clear that the difference between
the treated and untreated soils was due to some factor in the latter
which normally limits the number of bacteria, and therefore the rate
of production of ammonia. Search for this unknown factor disclosed
the presence, in all soils so far examined, of numbers of protozoa and
ameba which live on bacteria and keep their numbers down to the
comparatively low limit specified. The heat*'^"" -• treatment with
antiseptics kills off all these large organisms, but leaves unhurt some
spores of the ammonia-producing bacteria, which afterwards can
develop to a much greater extent than in the untreated soil because
they are freed from their normal check.

" The theory as it stands then assumes that, putting aside its
physical characteristics, the fertility of a soil is determined by the

EDITORIAL. 607

activity, or rather by the number, of its ammonia -producing bacteria,
and the number is kept in equilibrium by the activity of the protozoa
for which these bacteria serve as food. Any cause which destroys
or reduces the number of the protozoa enables the bacteria to extend
their territory, and so raises the fertility of the soil. The authors
have also carried out a number of collateral experiments, which
show that the direct additions of these large organisms will rapidly
reduce the activity of various fermenting media, but this and other
positive evidence in favor of the theory have not as yet been
published.''

The direct evidence furnished by the reports of the investigations
of Russell and Hutchinson which have been published to date is
hardly sufficient to cause the theory advanced to be fully accepted by
scientists, although we are assured that the subject is being rigidly
investigated in all of its phases and additional data of great im-
portance have already been accumulated. But it is interesting to note
that since the publication of the results of this work attention has
been called by various writers to certain practices which are thought
to bear on the theor3\

For example, it has been suggested by Mr. H. H. Mann and others
that the beneficial effect of the practice of "rab" on rice lands in
India, which consists of turning up the soil and exposing it to
the action of the intense heat and light of the sun, may be attributed
to partial sterilization, and Mr. J. Aitkin suggests that the beneficial
effect of heating the surface soil by means of intense and long-con-
tinued fires as practiced in certain parts of England may be at-
tributed to the same cause. If further investigation shall show that
such practices as these bring about increased productiveness as a
result of partial sterilization, it will go far toward demonstrating the
practical utility of Russell and Hutchinson's conclusions.

The practical application of their work is, however, being put to
direct test by the investigators themselves, in experiments on methods
of increasing the productiveness of soils in the open by the use of
various means of suppressing the injurious organisms. Such work
suggests a wide field of interesting investigation, not only in con-
nection with the handling of garden and greenhouse soils, but also
with regard to the effect of intense heat and light upon the bacterial
activities of the soils of the arid regions of the United States under
various methods v . tiVjge.

40512— No. 7—10 2

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

Physical-chemical methods as applied to physiolog'y, L. As her {TIandb.
Plii/siol. Mdliodik. I ilHOS). 2. Aht.. />/>. IJ.i-.'.H, pgs. Jf2).—A description of
the more iiii[)()rtiuit physical-chemical methods which are eniployetl in physio-
logical research.

Progress in fat and oil chemistry for 1908, F. Ulzeb and P. Pastrovich
iChcm. Ztg., 33 (1909), Nos. 153, pii. 1337-1339; 15J,, pi). 13J,5-]3.',7).—Th[s is
a resume of the advances made in fat and oil chemistry during 1908, especially
of those phases pertaining to pure and analytical chemistry.

Linseed oil and other seed oils, W. D. Ennis {New York, 1909, pp. XIV+
316, figs. 71). — This book treats chiefly of the production of linseed oil and
the chemical control of its manufacture. In it are discussed the development
of the linseed-oil industry in the United States, the handling of seed and the dis-
position of its impurities, grinding, tempering the ground seed and molding the
press cake, pressing and trimming the cakes, the hydraulic operative equipment,
the treatment of the oil from the press to the consumer, the preparation of the
cake for the market, the oil yield and output, shrinkage in production, cost of
production, operation and equipment of typical mills, other methods of manu-
facturing, the seed crop, the seed trade, chemical characteristics of linseed oil,
boiled oil, the linseed-oil market, and the feeding of oil cake. Chapter 18
deals with refined and special oils, while chapter 22 deals with the cotton-seed
oil industry.

Melting and solidification points of mixtures of stearic, palmitic, and
oleic acids, E. Carlinfanti and M. Levi-Malvano {Gaz. Chim. ItaL, 39 {1909),
II, Ao. 4, pp. 353-385, figs. 6; abs. in Anahjst, 35 {1910), No. 1,06, pp. 30, 31).—
From their work the authors conclude that mixtures of stearic and palmitic
acids form 4 series of solid solutions, and one additional compound which cor-
responds to the old margaric acid and to the newer daturic acid, and possibly
to the synthetic margaric acid of Heintz and Krafft. Mixtures of stearic and
oleic acids, and of palmitic and oleic acids, form only a single series of solid
solutions.

Tables are presented of the results, and when these are platted and the pro-
portion of oleic acid found from the iodin number it is possible to calculate
the proportion of stearic and palmitic acid in a mixture of the three.

The ferments and their action, C. Oppenheimer {Die Fermente und Hire
Wirkiingeii. Leipsic, 1909, 3. ed., rev., pp. XI+Ji91). — This is the " special part"
of the third revised edition. The enzyms or ferments treated are the esterases,
carbohydrases, amidases, proteases, coagulases, oxidases, catalases, and fer-
mentation enzyms or zymases. The references to the literature are a valuable
feature.

Retardation of rennet action, S. G. Hedin {Ztschr. Physiol, Chem., 63
{1909), No. 2-3, pp. 1^3-15 Jt). — This is a continuation of the author's re-
searches on the effect of charcoal on the inhibition of rennet action. He finds
that the retardation can be prevented by different substances, such as clarified

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY, 609

egg which has been treated with hydrochloric acid and neutralized or serum
which has been treated in the same manner. The explanation given is that
these substances are supposed to contain some of the same materials as rennet
and apparently displace it in the charcoal.

The coloring- matter of the tomato, R. Willstatter and H. H. Escher
(Ztschr. I'lnjsloJ. Clicm., U'l {1910), No. i, pp. 47-61, pi. 1, fig. i).— Lycopin,
the colorins matter obtained from the tomato by the author, differed markedly
in shade from carotin. While these hydrocarbons are alike as to molecular
weight and behavior toward oxygen, it is shown that the rate of autoxidation
is greater with lycopin, and their combinations with the halogens and their
crystallization on cooling the solutions seem to show that they are different
bodies.

Composition of gas from cottonwood trees, F. W. Bushong (Trans. Kans.
Acad. HcL. 21 {I'JOl-S), pt. 1, p. .jJ).— Having noticed that gas bubbles in the
saj) upon the freshly cut trunk, stump, and chips of cottonwood trees contained
an inflammable gas, the author collected gas from a hole bored into the 'heart
of a cottonwood tree and submits the results of analyses of it made by
McFarland.

The constituents found were: Oxygen, 1.24; carbon dioxid, 7.21; methane,
60.90 ; and nitrogen, etc., by difference, 30.65 per cent, defines, carbon
monoxid, hydrogen, and ethane were not found.

Bacterial action the cause of the corrosion of steel, R. H. Gaines (Abs. in
Chciii. /All.. 33 (1!)0!)), No. ]',5, p. 126S). — It is concluded that bacteria are
one of the chief causes of corrosion of steel in the soil, as the author found on
analyzing the rust that it contained much organic matter and from 1.41 to
0.95 per cent of combined sulphur (calculated as SOj), whereas the original
steel contained but 0.05 per cent of sulphur.

Quantitative estimation of the decomposition of potassium nitrate by
micro-organisms, H. Franzen and E. Lohmann (Ztschr. PhysioL Clicm., 63
(lUOH). No, 1, pp. 53-102; abs. in Analyst, 35 (1910), No. J,06, p. 2//).— Known
amounts of iiotassium nitrate were added to peptone media and the tubes
inoculated with various bacteria. The amount of nitrate remaining at the
end of specified periods, together with the nitrite (after the latter had been
oxidized by hydrogen peroxid), was estimated by Busch's nitron method
(E. S. R., 16, p. 045). The nitrate alone was also determined after destroy-
ing the nitrite with hydrazin sulphate. In this way a measure could be ob-
tained as to the amount of nitrite formed.

On the basis of these experiments the authors classify the bacteria into 3
groups, (1) those which convert the nitrate into nitrite without further de-
composition of the nitrite (Bacillus plymotithensis, B. prodigiosus, B. kiliense,
Proteus vulgaris, B. coli commicnis, and B. typhi murium), (2) those which
decompose the nitrate and immediately convert the nitrite into nonoxidized
nitrogenous compounds (B. pyocyaneus), and (3) those bacteria which have
no effect on nitrates at all (B. fluorescens liquefaciens).

Determination of small quantities of nitrogen, T. Zeller (Landiv. Vers.
Stat., 11 (1909), No. 6, pp. 437 -UO) .—This is a criticism of Mitscherlich's
method (E. S. R., 21, p. 208). Comparisons are made between the figures actu-
ally found by Mitscherlich and those set down as the limit of error, attention
is drawn to the fact that errors are liable to occur in the method, and finally
the author raises the question whether it is really necessary to have so accurate
a method as this.

Nitrogen determination in soil extracts, Densch (Chcm. Ztg.. 33 (1909),
No. 143, pp. 1249-I25I). — The author has reinvestigated his own method and
claims that the error is never higher than 0.3 mg. Mitscherlich's assertion

610 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

(I']. S. K.. 22. I). niO) lliiil tlir error is Irnm <I.12 to ().:.:; iiiu'. lie tln'rcforc (Iccins
incorrect.

The determination of colloids in clays, K. Kndki.i, {'/Jscliv. cIkhi. h. Indus.
Kolloiilc, 5 (Hmt), p. ^',',; titt.s. in Chcm. /Jfj., S.i (I'.KJH), Xo. I')!!, Rcitni., p.
(n.')). — The dry clay is boiled witli Canada balsam, and after cooling and
hardening it is cnt into small sections and colored with fuchsin. By photo-
gr.iphing th(> sections the areas can be located which contain the colloids
(Si(X., AL.O,,, I'\\.0.,). These are cut out .-ind weighed.

Studies for the determination of phosphoric acid in phosphatic slags and
natural phosphates by the citro-mechanical method, E. Guerry and E. Tous-
s.viNT (/}///. ISoc. Cliim. Bvhj., 23 {1909), \o. IJ, pp. //.5.'/-//57).— This is a fnrther
study of the method previously noted (E, S. R., 18, p. 107).

The authors now propose the following jtrocedure: Two and five-tenths gm.
of the material are placed in a 250 cc. Jena liask with about 20 to 25 cc. concen-
trated sulphuric acid and heated, care being taken not to allow the material
to adhere to the sides of the flask. The mixture is kept boiling for 10 minutes,
then allowed to cool somewhat, water added in small quantities, cooled again,
filled up to the mark with water, and filtered. Twenty-five cc. of the filtrate
are then taken in a beaker, neutralized with ammonia, allowed to cool, and
SO cc. of ammonium citrate solution (containing 10 gm. of citric acid), and 15
cc. of concentrated ammonium hydroxid added. After placing in a shaking
apparatus, 35 cc. of magnesium mixture is added dropwise. the mixture shaken
again for 25 minutes, filtered, and the precipitate washed with dilute ammonia
and ignited as usual.

A study of the methods for the determination of iron and alumina in
phosphate rock, W. C. Dumas (Amer. Fert., 31 (1909), No. 5, pp. 7-i//).— The
author concludes from his work " that there is no more error due to impurities
in the Glaser alcohol method than there is in the acetate method, and that this
error seldom amounts to IG per cent." It is further shown that a combination
of the Glaser alcohol and acetate methods furnishes very good results, and that
it consumes no more time than either of these alone. It is advisable to remove
flnorin in solution in the acetate method as the results run low, and the iron
should be present in the ferric state.

" In the Glaser alcohol method the calcium salts should be precipitated in a
50 per cent alcohol solution, containing considerable excess of free HCl. When
the phosphates are precipitated by ammonia, only the slightest excess is per-
missible. . . . Blasting the FePOj and AIPO4 is not necessary if they are
ignited strongly over the Bunsen burner for 15 minutes. The Glaser alcohol is
the best method of all for iron and aluminum in the hands of the inexperienced."

The determination of iron and alumina in inorganic plant constituents,
XL F. Hare {■Jour. Indus, and Engin. ('Ik in., 2 [1910), Xo. 1, pp. 27. 2S).—
Owing to the fact that the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists have
no official method for the determination of iron and alumina in the presence of
phosphorus in inorganic plant constituents, the author proposes a method which
yields satisfactory results and which is not so troublesome as the methods
usually recommended by others. The methods of separating the 2 elements are
described and a method for determining the iron is also given.

Two volumetric methods for determining calcium and magnesium, V.
ScHENKE (Chcm. Ztfj., S3 (1909), Xo. 150, pp. 1313, i Ji// ) .—These methods allow
the determination of lime and magnesia and lime alone, in gray limes, raw or
burnt lime, lime ashes, marls, soils, and silt.

The first method consists of adding to 2.5 to 5 gm. of material 125 cc. normal
hydrochloric acid in a 250 cc. long-necked flask, and allowing this to stand upon
the boiling water bath for at least one-half hour, and then filling to the mark

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY, 611

with water. The acidity remaining in 50 cc. of this mixture is titrated with one-
half normal potassium hydroxid, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. One
ce. of one-half normal acid is then added and boiled for 2 minutes in order to
remove the remaining carbon dioxid, and titrated back with one-half nor-
mal potassium hydroxid. The calculation, which considers both the lime
and magnesia as calcium hydroxid, is, for 1 gm. of titrated substance,

( 51— rt. ^ KOH j 1.4, a signifying the total amount of one-half normal potassivmi

hydroxid used.

The second method consists of a modification of the Balthasar method, but
uses only one-half as strong a titrated potassium permanganate solution and a
larger amount of substance than the original method and allows of the deter-
mination of the lime alone. The difference between the calcium oxid determina-
tions of the two methods, multijilied by five-sevenths, gives the magnesia content
of the substance. The presence of silica does not influence the results in any
way, but a large amount of phosphorus does in the case of the second method.

Volumetric determination of small amounts of arsenic, L. W. Andrews
and H. V. Farr {Ztsclir. Anorgan. Clicm., IJ.i (1909). A o. J. p. 123-128; abs. in
Ztschr. Untersuch. IS^aht: it. Gemissmtl., 19 (1910), No. 1. pp. 31, 32).— The
material, if in solution, is concentrated to a bulk of 15 to 20 cc. There is then
added 2.5 times its bulk of a solution consisting of 20 gm. of stannous chlorid
crystals and 40 gm. of tartaric acid, made up to the liter with 40 per cent
hydrochloric acid.

The mixture is then allowed to stand for 2 to 3 hours in a stoppered glass
bottle (capacity 80 to 100 cc.) in a warm place until the supernatant liquid is
cleai-. The precipitate formed is collected on an asbestos filter with the aid
of hydrochloric acid, washed with water, and with the asbestos put back in
the original bottle and shaken with a known amount of a one-hundredth or one-
tenth normal iodin solution and a sufficient quantity of 5 per cent of sodium
bicarbonate or sodium phosphate solution to obtain a neutral reaction. The
shaking process is continued until all the arsenic is dissolved, when the excess
iodin is titrated with a one-hundredth or one-thousandth normal arsenite solu-
tion. For arsenic under 0.5 mg. one-thousandth normal and for 10 to 100 mg.,
one-tenth normal solution can be used. In the first instance, however, a cor-
rection of 0.6 cc. of a one-thousandth normal solution for every 50 cc. of solu-
tion em])loyed must be applied.

Aids to the analysis of food and drug's, C. G. Moor and W. Partridge
(London. 1909, 3. ed., pp. 2'i9). — This is a small handy volume, dealing with
the general analysis of foods and drugs, and containing much matter of interest
to the public analyst.

A source of error in the examination of foods for salicylic acid, H. C.
Sherman (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 (1910), No. 1, pp. 24, 25). — It is
commonly assumed in testing foods for preservatives that a body soluble in
ether, volatile with steam, sublimable, and crystallizable, and giving a violet
reaction with ferric chlorid, is salicylic acid. The author draws attention to
the fact that in the case of cereal foods this coloration is probably due to the
maltol of Brand, as no reaction could be obtained with Jorissen's reagent. A
recommendation is made to adopt Jorissen's reaction for such work.

See also Backe's work in this regard ( E. S. R., 22, p. 412).

Detection of formaldehyde in chopped meat, W. Bremer and R. Beythien
(Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18 (1909), No. 12, pp. 733-737).—
Comfiarative tests were made between the Rideal and Hehner methods, the
latter being considered the more satisfactory.

612 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Honey investigations, Witte {Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Xahr. ii. (Irnusfimtl., 18
il'.lO'.i), A"o. 11, PI). U^o-6.'i9). — The author concludes from au examination of 02
samples of honey by the general methods, which are described, that the ex-
ternal characteristics such as appearance, color, consistency, (Hhn\ and taste
do not give any definite clue as to adulteration. He considers Ihc I'dlldwinf;
delerniinafions important: The nitrojienous substances, tannin jirecipitation
after Lund. Ley and Fiehe's reaction, testing for glucose according to Fiehe's
method, polarization before and after inversion, and calculation of saccharose.
In certain ca.^es the detei-niination of water may be essential. Determining the
ash and acid is of little simiificance but may be done with certain suspicious
samples.

Sampling of ground spices, II. PI Sindaix (Aiho: Jour. PlKinn.. S.! il'JIO).
No. 2, pp. 80-82). — The author discusses the methods which he has found satis-
factory for taking sami)les for analysis of ground black pepper, ground red
pepper, whole nnistard seed, and other spices.

Detection of adulterations in coffee, H. KtJHL {Apoth. Zffj., 25 iV.tW). No.
2, pp. /.). lU). — Determining the amount of caffein alone in coffee samples is
not sufficient to detect adulteration. On the other hand, examining the coffee
microscopically yields only qualitative results and does not give the extent of
the adulteration. The author therefore suggests the employment of the micro-
scopic examination in conjunction with the shaking test, and finally the deter-
mination of the extract. Surrogates yield more extract than true coffee and
usually leave a greater sediment.

Examination of milk, A. Behre {Pharm. Zentralhalle, 50 {1909), No. 8,
p. lod; (ihs. in ZtsrJir. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 19 {1910), No. 1, p.
Jfl). — It is shown that the amount of dry substance calculated by Fleischmann's
formula and that found on analysis agree in general up to 0.2 per cent. With
watered milks there were variations up to 0.7 per cent.

The refraction of the calcium chlorid milk serum, C. Mai and S. Rothen-
FUSSER {Zinchr. Urilcrsuch. NaJtr. n. Gcnu.s.smtl., IS (1909), No. 12, pp. 737-
763). — An examination of the milks from 12 herds, receiving various feeds and
in different stages of lactation, showed variations in the refraction of the
calcium chlorid serum only between 0.2 and 0.6 scale divisions. Mixed m.ilk
from 2 to 29 cows showed differences of from only 0.1 to 0.55 scale divisions.
It is therefore considered certain that the determination of the refractive index
of the calcium chlorid serum of a milk is a most important means to detect
added water.

The significance of the nitrate reaction in milk, E. von Erneyi {Milch
Zt(j., 38 (1909). No. J,'i. pp. 519, 520; abs. in Biochcm. Centbl, 9 {1909), No. 11,
p. 5-'il). — The author considers that even though a milk gives a reaction with
diphenylamin, it is not absolutely certain that the same has been watered.

The determination and judgment of the dirt content of milk, G. Fendleb
and O. KuiiN {Ztschr. Untcrsucli. Nahr. u. (Jcnussnitl., 19 (1910), No. 1, pp.
13-21, figs. 9). — The authors, after reinvestigating the Weller method (E. S. R.,
21, p. 414; 22, p. 11), find that the residue from the filter which is designated
as milk dirt consists partly of normal milk constituents. They therefore con-
clude that the method is not reliable.

A rapid method to detect boric acid in milk and butter, E. Gauvry {Ann.
Chim. Anal lit., 15 (1910), No. 1, pp. l.'i, 15). — This reaction is based on the fact
that a red coloration is produced when crystals of oxalic acid and turmeric are
added to milk or buttei' according to the specifications set down by the author.

Observations in regard to the determination of carbohydrates in feeding
stuffs, P. C. Den Herder {Pharm. WcclcbL, //6' {1909), No. Jf7, pp. 1306-1312).—

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 613

This is a discussion of nietliods and of the possible channels of error in feeding
stuffs analysis.

The flash point in wax analyses, E. Stoeber (Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No.
J.'fG, pp. 1275, 1276, fig. 1). — The author recommends the introduction of the
flash test amongst wax analysis methods.

In his tests unbleached beeswax had a flash point between 242° and 250° C.
White wax is thought to be between 245° and 25S°. Materials which are gen-
erally used for adulterating beeswax, such as beef tallow, stearin, colophony,
Japan wax, and parattin wax, had flash points ranging from 181° to 316°. Tests
made with mixtures of beeswax (flash point 246°) and ceresin showed with an
addition of 5 per cent of the latter a flash point at 236° ; with 25 per cent,
213.5° : and with 50 per cent, 203°.

Extracted beeswax, O. G. Gabrilowitsch {Ahs. in Chem. Zcntbl., 1909, II,
No. l.S, pp. 1590, 1600; .lour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 23, p. 1259).—
The following results from extracted Russian beeswax were obtained : Spe-
cific gravity, minimum 0.95, maximum 0.97, and average of 100 samples 0.96;
melting point, minimum 60° C, maximum 64°, and average 62° ; acid value,
minimum 18, maximum 22, average 20; saponification value, minimum 88,
maximum 100, and average 04. The minimum ratio number was 3.88, the maxi-
mum 3.55, and average 3.7.

Some technical methods of testing miscellaneous supplies, P. H. Walker
{TJ. 8. Dept. Afir., Bur. Chem. Bui. 109, rev., pp. 68, figs. 3). — This is a revision
of Bulletin 109, prevoiusly noted (B. S. R., 19, p. 1008). Much new matter has
been added and, where deemed necessary, the chai)ters have been revised.

Aluminum dishes and certain other apparatus for quantitative electro-
lytic analyses, J. Formanek and F. Pe6 {Chem. Ztg.. 33 {1909), No. Up, pp.
1282, 1283, pgs. 3). — In order to substitute a cheaper material for platinum in
electrolytic analysis the author employs an aluminum dish coated on its inner
side with copper. Judging from the results obtained this is very satisfactory.
Some auxiliary apparatus is also mentioned.

Apparatus for the quantitative estimation of ammonia in air, P. Liechti
and E. Ritter {Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. l.',5, pp. 1265, 1266, fig. i).— The ap-
paratus is designed for the estimation of small amounts of ammonia (such as
are given off from the soil) in large quantities of moving air. A reproduction
of the Jipp.iratus is shown. The ammonia is absorbed by normal sulphuric acid.

The influence of the structure of the cane on mill work in sugar factories,
N. Ueerr {Hawaiian Sugar Planters' 8ta., Div. Agr. and Chem. Bui. 30, pp. 1^2,
figs. //). — This work is divided into 3 parts, as follows: On Analytical Controls
of Cane Weights ; Some Experimental Studies on the Milling of Canes ; and
The Structure of the Cane as Affecting Mill Work.

The results of the first investigation indicate that the ratio between the total
solids percentage of the absolute juice of the cane (which includes everything
which has not been left behind in the cane extracted with water, viz, pro-
toplasm, the colloid water of Geerligs, and the water other than juice of
Watts), and that expressed by the first mill juice lies between 0.97 and 0.98.
This ratio is the same for at least 3 varieties of cane with a content of crude
fiber varying from 10 to 14 per cent. This is applied to the sugarhouse con-
ditions and the formula therefor is appended. With this, if the density of the
absolute juice of the cane be known, it is possible, with only the analytical
data, to express all the important measurements in mill-work control in terms
of cane, and if the weight of bagasse, of mixed juice, or the added water be
known all the other quantities can be calculated.

From part 2 it appears that with a 9-rolIer mill the best extraction is ob-
tained when a system of compouud saturation is followed, while the lowest is

614 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

obtained when all but tbe water is added before the last milling. There was
little difference found between the use of hot water and cold watei*. With a
12-roller mill the same results were obtained. The 12-roller mill was found to
be more economical to operate.

In part 3 it is shown " that the milling process is very effective so far as
regards the soft interior pith, but very crude as regards the extraction of
sugar from the hard outer rind; probably with saturation processes using
imbibition very little of the water is taken up by the rind tissue."

The froth fermentation of molasses, H. A. Tempany {West Indian Bui.,
10 {1909), No. 2, pp. 130-137). — This fermentation is not due to micro-organ-
isms but to the decomposing of gumaiy bodies, such as glucinates produced dur-
ing the process by the action of lime on glucose and which break down with the
evolution of carbon dioxid.

Crystallization of sugar from fruit sirups, E. Luhmann (Pure Products,
6 {1910), No. 2, pp. 59-6 Jf). — This is a resume of the newer views as to the
cause of the crystallizing out of sugar in fruit sirups.

The value of peaches as vinegar stock, H. C. Gore ( U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur.
Chem. Circ. 51, pp. 7). — The author's summary is as follows:

" The most important conclusions to be drawn from this work are, first, that
peaches contain sufficient fermentable sugar for use as vinegar stock, and.
second, that they can be successfully handled by machinery already in use for
making apple cider and vinegar. Other points of interest are as follows: (1)
But little variation was found in the composition of the same variety of
peaches when obtained from different localities. (2) The peach juices analyzed
were found to be richer in sugar than those which have been previously an-
alyzed by others, but they were about 1 per cent lower in sugar than average
apple juices. They were considerably richer than apples in sucrose and in acid.
(3) It was found that the use of pure culture yeasts was not necessary to in-
sure rapid alcoholic fermentation. (4) The ciders prepared from peaches were
considerably poorer in alcohol than apple ciders on account of the fact that
peaches contain less total sugars than apples. (5) The presence of brown rot
was found not to interfere with the alcoholic fermentation of the ground
peaches, but a large proportion of the sugars was wasted by allowing the fruit
to rot before fermenting. (G) Well-flavored vinegars were produced by the use
of a small quick-process generator. These vinegars were of acceptable quality,
though turbid, and did not possess the distinctive peach flavor."

Extracts from the proceedings of the Association of Official Agricultural
Chemists, 1909 (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 52, pp. 32). — This advance
circular contains the reports of the committees on the recommendations of the
referees with reference to phosphoric acid, nitrogen, potash, soils, waters, in-
secticides, dairy products, medicinal plants and drugs, sugars, and foods, a
brief statement as to other action affecting the work in 1910, including a note
with reference to defraying exf)enses for the subsequent publications of the
association, together with a list of the officers, referees and committees appointed
for the year 1910, and a set of alcohol tables prepared by the U. S. Bureau of
Standards.

METEOROLOGY— WATER.

The agricultural engineer and the Weather Bureau, T. H. Means (Mo.
Weather Rev., 37 {1909), No. 12, pp. 1107, 1108). — The importance of weather
records in the solution of engineering problems is briefly set forth and it is
pointed out that "records from remote localities are often the most important
and the extension of the Weather Service over new territory will be very
valuable to future generations."

METEOROLOGY — WATER. 615

Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., 37 {1909), Nos. 11, pp. SJi-
W>0', /(•(/.^^ 9, charts 3>: 12, pp. 997-1153, figs. 7, charts 33).— In addition to the
usual climatological summaries, weather forecasts and warnings for November
and December, 1909, river and flood observations, lists of additions to the
Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology, a
condensed climatological summary, and climatological tables and charts, these
numbers contain the following special papers :

No. 11. — Important Problems in Climatology, by F. H. Bigelow, and Average
Annual Rainfall of Porto Rico, W. I. (illus.), by O. L. Fassig.

No. 12. — The Lake Region — General Features (illus.), by J. H. Armington-,
The Effect of Drainage Work in Northern Iowa on the Flood Stages of the Rivers,
by A. Marston (see below) ; The United States Weather Bureau in the Work
of the Engineer, by J. A. Ockerson ; The Agricultural Engineer and the AVeather
Bureau, by T. H. Means (p. G14) ; Practical Benefits of the Weather Bureau, by
H. AV. Sheley; The Rainfall of Hetch Hetchy Valley (illus.), by A. G. McAdie;
and The West Umatilla River Water-users' Association, by J. W. Campbell.

Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, J. E. Ostrander and C. M. Damon {Massachusetts Sta. Met.
Buls. 253, 25Ii, pp. // each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on
pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and
casual phenomena during January and February, 1910. The data are briefly
discussed in general notes on the weather of each mouth.

Meteorological observations {Michigan Sta. Hpt. 1909, pp. 167-179). —
Tabulated daily and monthly suunn;iries are given of observations during
1908 on tenii)erature, pressure, precipitation, cloudiness, wind movement, etc.

Meteorological summary for the year 1908, A. E. Bells {Wyoming Sta.
lipt. 1909, pp. Ji0--'i8). — Summaries are given of observations at Laramie, Wyo.,
on pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, sunshine and cloudiness, and
wind movement during 190S. The mean annual temperature was 40.3° F., and
the total pret'ipitation lo.rio in.

" The average temperature for the year was but a fraction of a degi-ee below
the mean for the previous 17 years. The highest temiierature for the year was
S6°, occurring on the 9th of August, and the lowest was — 24° on the 14th
of November. ... A total of 13.53 in. precipitation for the year is 3.5 in. more
than the average for the previous 17 years."

Summer temperatures in different parts of Europe, H. H. Hildebrandsson
{Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1J,9 {1909), xA^o. 17, pp. 703-705, flg. 1; abs.
in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 1(7 {1909). II. No. 19, p. 603).— A continuation of studies
previously referred to (E. S. R.. 21, p. 415), tending to show that the summer
temperature of various places in Europe may be predicted by the previous
winter temperature at Thorshavn and Upsala.

On the laws of evaporation, P. Vaillant {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris],
150 {1910), Xo. J,, pp. 213-216; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], .^8 {1910), I, No. 6, p.
]86). — Experiments with partially covered surfaces are reported showing that
the rapidity of evaporation is considerably influenced by the state of the sur-
face of the liquid.

The effect of drainage work in northern Iowa on the fl^ood stages of the
rivers, A. Marston {Mo. Weather Rev., 37 {1909), No. 12, pp. 10.',6, 10J,7).—
Briefly reviewing the drainage work which has been done in this region, the
author concludes that " first, the probable effect of the construction of drainage
ditches alone without tile drainage is to decrease the ordinary flow of streams
and. increase the flood flow; second, the probable effect of tile drainage is to
increase the ordinary and low water rate of flow of streams and decrease the
flood flow ; third, the combined effect of drainage ditches and tile drainage will

616 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

probably be to cause a teiuporary increase in the rate of flood flow, and,
eventually, a permanent decrease in the i-ate of flood flow."

Note on subsoil water in Eg-ypt, H. T. P'errar {Cairo 8ci. Jour., 3 (t!)09).
No. 2S, pp. l-J/, (Iff ins. 2). — These notes are based upon a series of observations
made by means of experimental wells in a number of localities, mainly in
Upper Egypt. These observations showed a close relation between the flood
stage of the Nile and the level of the water table in the soil. " In the basin
lands the range of fluctuation amounts to as much as 6 or 7 meters, in the
perennially irrigated areas it is only 3 or 4 metei'S, while in Lower Egypt it is
still less and is seldom more than a meter and a half. . . . The rise does not
take place until some 45 days after the Nile has begun to rise and the water of
these wells continues to rise for about the same number of days after the crest
of the flood has passed."

Further notes on subsoil water in Egypt, H. T. Ferrar (Cairo Sci. Jour.,
3 (1909), No. 39, pp. 291-29',, dgms. ;^).— The observations reported in this
article were made in a number of experimental tube wells in the Province of
Gharbia in Lower Egypt, where the land is irrigated perennially. The results
show that the conditions in Lower Egypt are almost the reverse of those in
Upper Egypt (see above) in that while the annual rise of the underground
water due to the Nile flood may be recognized in some of the wells, " the
greater number seem to be influenced by artificial irrigation more than by the
natural fluctuation of the subsoil water."

Pure water (Mo. Bui. N. Y. State Dept. Health, 26 (1910), No. 1, pp. 3-27).—
This is a series of short special articles dealing with the question of keeping
water supplies pure or purifying polluted waters.

The papers and their authors are as follows: The Department's Policy —
Past, Present, and Future, by E. H. Porter; Our Laws to Prevent Pollution of
Streams, by A. H. Seymour ; Disease from Impure Waters, by W. A. Howe ;
Responsibility of the Small Community in Preventing Stream Pollution, and
Sewage Disposal of the Community, by T. Horton ; Sewage Disposal of the Indi-
vidual Residence, Country Home, and Camp, by H. B. Cleveland; Inspection
of Watersheds, by H. N. Odgen ; Laboratory Control of Water Supplies, by
W. S. Magill; and The Effects of Water Pollution as Reflected in Vital Sta-
tistics, by F. D. Beagle.

A convenient portable apparatus for measuring' the electric conductivity
of waters, sewag'e, and salt solutions in place, M. Pleissner (Wasser u.
Abtvasser, 2 (1910), No. 6, 249-256, figs. 3). — ^Apparatus based upon the use
of an alternating current, a Wheatstone bridge, and a telephone is described.

SOILS— FERTILIZERS.

On the chemical decomposition of rocks, J. Dumont (Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. [Paris], 1J,9 (1909), No. 26, pp. 1390-1393; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris],
48 (1910), I, No. 2, p. 61). — A study of the action of carbon dioxid, pure water,
hydrochloric acid, and calcium chlorid on the decomposition of certain rock
types is reported.

The results showed that pure rocks reduced to a powder were very slowly at-
tacked by acid or saline solutions. The limit of solution was very small and was
directly dependent upon the fineness of the material and the degree of change
which it had previously undergone. It was observed that notwithstanding the
effects of long continued culture the sandy particles of soil had preserved their
mineralogieal character to such a degree that a cultivated soil examined under
the microscope seemed to be a rock powder, the particles of which were
cemented together by a relatively small quantity of mineral and humic colloids.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 6 1 Y

Yellow laterite and its parent rock, E. C. J. Mohr {Bui. Dept. Affr. Indes
Neerland., 1909, No. 28, pp. 1-12, pi. 1). — Chemical studies of unaltered andesite
and of the yellow crust forming on the surface of this type of rock under the
influence of weathering are reported.

Soils in the vicinity of Brunswick, Ga. : A preliminary report, H. IT. Ben-
nett {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. trails Circ. 21, pp. 21). — This is a report of a pre-
liminary survey of this region with a view to ascertaining its crop adaptations
and capabilities. It describes briefly the agriculture, climate, and typical soils
of the area. The latter include Portsmouth loam, fine sand, clay, and mucljy
loam, Coxville fine sandy loam, Amelia fine sand, Congaree clay and mucky
sandy loam, and peat.

The Portsmouth series of soils are " the poorly drained dark gray to black
lands of high organic matter content ; . . . the well drained gray to nearly
white deep sandy lands of low humus content are classed as Amelia ; the gray
to dark gray types underlain by plastic clay of mottled yellow and red color
belong to the Coxville series ; and the river bottom lands belong to the Congaree
series." The crop adaptations of the different soils are noted.

Soils of the Kirghiz Steppe, N. Tulaikov {Pochvui Kirghizskoi Stepl.
Moscotv, 1907, pp. 95; rev. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.),
9 {1908), No. 3, pp. 628-630). — The characteristic soils along the proposed
railroad from Aktubinsk to Semipalatinsk are described, the main types
included being chernozem, chestnut, light gray, sandy, and alkali soils. The
latter are grouped in three classes, (1) those formed from salt-bearing rocks,
(2) those occurring in the beds of dried up lakes, and (3) those occurring in
river valleys. The lake bottom soils contain considerable amounts of salts
(1.8 to 5.3 per cent), largely chlorids. The amount of soluble salts in the
river valley alkali soils varies widely but is sometimes as high as 19 per cent,
chlorids and sulphates being the predominating constituents. Carbonate alkali
rarely occurs.

[Analyses of soils], W. R. S. Ladell (Natal Agr. Jour., 13 {1909), No. 5,
pp. 656, 657). — Chemical analyses of 26 samples of soils from different parts of
Natal are reported.

Evaporation from water and soil surfaces, E. C. J. Mohr {Bui. Dept. Agr.
Indes Neerland., 1909, No. 29, pp. 12, figs. 2). — The relative rate of evaporation
from water and soil surfaces was studied with a series of cylindrical zinc
dishes 3 cm. deep and having a surface area of 100 sq. cm. Some of the
dishes contained soils of different kinds. Each received 200 cc. of water and
all were exposed to the free air and weighed from time to time to determine
evaporation.

The results show that evaporation was uniformly higher from a water sur-
face than from the surface of either a wet or only moist soil. At the beginning
evaporation was greater from the soil and later became still greater, but
finally decreased until it was less than from the water surface.

A study of the production and movement of nitric nitrogen in an irri-
gated soil, R. Stewart and J. E. Greaves {Utah Sta. Bui. 106, pp. 69-96).—
The results of investigations on this subject during the years 1903 to 1907, in-
clusive, are reported in this bulletin, with a brief review of the work of other
investigators along similar lines.

The investigations were carried on on the station farm on which the soil is of
a sedimentary nature derived from the weathering of limestone rocks of a
near-by mountain range. Physical and chemical analyses of each foot of the
soil down to a depth of 8 ft. are reported as well as determinations by essen-
tially the King method (E. S. R., 13, p. 229) of nitric nitrogen in extract from
samples of the soil from differently treated plats down to a depth of 10 ft.

618 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The bulletin also contains the results of a study of the influence of chlorids
upon the accuracy of the determination of nitric nitrogen by the King method
and a study of the composition of the irrigation water used on the various
plats. Some of the plats were uncropped, others were planted to alfalfa, sugar
beets, potatoes, corn, and oats. No attempt is made to draw definite conclu-
sions from the data, but some facts of importance are brought out.

It was found that nitric nitrogen tends to accumulate in the lower sections
of the soil during winter and spring and that the application of irrigation water
carries the nitric nitrogen to a large extent below the reach of the roots of the
plants. There was an especially low concentration of nitric nitrogen in land
bearing alfalfa. Cultivated fallow soil contained more nitric nitrogen at the
end of the irrigation season than uncultivated fallow, but in the fall there was
little difference in the nitric nitrogen content in the cultivated and unculti-
vated plats. The average amount of nitric nitrogen at the close of the spring
Iieriod during three years was 142 lbs. per acre in soil on which corn was
grown, 98 lbs. per acre on potato land, 27 lbs. per acre on alfalfa land, and 365
lbs. on fallow land.

" In the corn land the average before irrigation was 144 lbs. per acre, while
after irrigation it was 104 lbs. per acre ; in potato land the average before
irrigation was 110 lbs. per acre, while after irrigation it was 94 lbs. In the
alfalfa laud before irrigation the average was 34 lbs., while after irrigation it
was 38 lbs.; in the fallow plats the average was 174 lbs. before irrigation, and
130 lbs. after irrigation. During the fall period we have the same result; in
the corn land there were 63 lbs. per acre; in the alfalfa land there were 32
lbs. per acre; while in the fallow land there were 151 lbs. per acre,"

The figures show that the different plants make very different demands upon
the nitric nitrogen of the soil. There was a steady decrease in the nitric
nitrogen content of potato and corn land from period to period, but that of
alfalfa and fallow land remained nearly constant. The nitric nitrogen dis-
appeared rapidly from oat land during the last few weeks of the growth of the
plant.

"The nature of the season apparently has a marked effect on the results
obtained. In 1905 the application of irrigating water caused a decrease in the
nitric nitrogen content of soil on which potatoes were growing, while in 1906
exactly the opposite was true, there being an increase in every case."

Org'anic nitrog'enous compounds in peat soils, S. L. JoDipi {Michigan Sta.
Tech. Bui. -'/, in). 2S, fig. 1). — The nitrogenous decomposition products which
have been discovered and identified by earlier investigators are enumerated
and the details of a study by the author of different samples of Michigan peat
by methods essentially the same as those ordinarily employed in the chemical
study of protein compounds are reported and form the basis of the following
conclusions :

" There are no nitrates in the types of Michigan peat soil examined.

" The amount of ammonia is small, ranging from a few thousandths to a
few hundredths of one per cent, this representing the nitrogen available im-
mediately as plant food. In the case of the brown peat, the amount of
ammonia is sufficient to meet the needs of one or two crops, as is evident from
the following: There are in an acre-foot in round numbers 170 tons of oven-
dried peat, with 0.041 per cent ammoniacal nitrogen, making 0.0697 ton or
139.4 lbs. nitrogen as ammonia.

" Practically all the nitrogen in the peat is of organic nature.

" The bulk of the organic nitrogen, namely, from two-thirds to three-quarters
calculated upon the nitrogen in solution, by boiling with acids, is present in

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 619

the form of monamino acids, about one-quarter in the form of amids, and tlie
rest of the nitrogen represents diamino acids.

" Through weathering, the organic nitrogenous bodies present in the brown
peat change quite slowly."

Organic nitrogenous compounds in peat soils, S. L. Jodidi (Jour. Amer.
Chem. Soc, 32 (1910), Xo. 3, pp. 306-.'ilO).—A briefer account of the investiga-
tions noted above.

On the fertility of soils with regard to phosphoric acid, A. Kostzyelyetz-
Kn (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 (1909), No. 4, pp.
.',Ji9-Ji83) . — This is a further and more detailed account of investigations which
have already been briefly referred to (E. S. R., 22, p. 424), indicating that the
growth of Aspergillus niger in nutritive solutions furnishes an index of the
amount of phosphoric acid present. It was found that phosi)horic acid consti-
tutes about 1/200 part of the weight of the mycelium of this fungus.

Experiments are reported which were undertaken to determine the age at
which the mycelium completes its growth as well as the percentage of phos-
phoric acid in the full-grown mycelium. It was found that when the minimum
of phosphoric acid (not exceeding 0.025 per cent) was used the Aspergillus
completed its growth in 18 days and was capable of absorbing the total amount
of phosphoric acid present in this time. The results obtained with the Asper-
gillus agreed closely with those obtained by extracting podzol soil with citric
acid and chernozem soil with oxalic acid.

A'arious conditions affecting the growth of the Aspergillus were studied and
ai'o reported upon.

The plant food minimum and phosphoric acid, J. P. Wac.ner (Dciit. Landw.
frcsse, 36 (1909), Nos. 43, pp. ^59, ^60, flgs. 2; JfJ,, pp. J,72, ri3; 'i-J, PP- -'fS3,
J,HJ,, flgs. 2; ',6, pp. i91, Ji92; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chem., 38 (1909), No. 12, pp.
804, SO')). — The author explains the importance of evenly balanced fertilizing
and discusses the cheapest and simplest means of correcting soil deficiencies
in plant food with particular reference to deficiencies in phosphoric acid. The
discussion is based upon and illustrated by results obtained with varying
amounts of Thomas slag in connection with other fertilizing materials on a
large number of different kinds of soils in Alsace-Lorraine, Luxemburg, and
Rheinfalz during 1907 and 1908. While the results are mainly of local impor-
tance th£.y show that, as a rule, Thomas slag can be freely used even in excess
of the requirements of a given crop with reasonable assurance of ultimate profit.

Contribution to investigations on the utilization by plants of plant food
occurring in minimum, E. A. Mitscherlich and K. Celiciiowski (Landw.
Jahrh., 39 (1910), No. 1, pp. 133-156). — This is a continuation of previous
experiments (E. S. R., 22, p. 223), and gives the results and conclusions from
pot experiments with oats grown in sand with phosphoric acid in minimum.

The results of the experiments showed in general that with like conditions of
growth the percentage utilization of the carbon dioxid soluble plant food in
minimum was the same. It was not dependent upon the amount of the plant
food supplied. Since, according to the law of minimum, the yield of the plant
increases in logarithmic function with the amount of fertilizer applied, it
follows that the plant yield increases in logarithmic function with the amount
of plant food in minimum which is assimilated.

Under like conditions of growth the percentage utilization of a plant food in
minimum varies when the plant food is supplied in two fertilizers varying in
solubility. The percentage content of plant food in the plant also \'aries under
such conditions, that is, with the same yield there may be a very different per-
centage of the plant food in minimum in the plant. The percentage increase in

620 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

this content is proportional to tlie ainonnt of plant food in the soil solnble in
carbon dioxid. The amount of plant food taken up is the same as that which
is soluble under like conditions in water containing carbon dioxid. Under vary-
ing conditions of growth, for example, in climate and soil, which affect the sohi-
bility, the percentage utilization of the given i)lant food is also changed, but
it is indei)endent of the amount of the plant food applied.

To what extent can fertilizer action be replaced or streng'thened by the
work of bacteria? P. Ehrenberg (Jahrb. Dent. Landiv. Gesell., 2Jt (1909),
No. 4, pp. 915-926). — This is a popular review of investigations by the author
and others tending to show that the action of fertilizers may be materially
modified by bacterial activity in the soil.

On the decomposition of stable manure, B. Heinze (Ahs. in Centbl. Bakt.
[etc], 2. Aht., 25 {1909), No. 19-25, pp. 503, 50/,).— It is stated that the thorough
decomposition of stable manures in the stall and in the heap greatly increases
its efficiency as a fertilizer. This decomposition not only increases the availa-
bility of the fertilizing constituents of the manure but also improves it as a
food for micro-organisms in the soil.

The contents of the fertilizer sack, C. E. Thorne (Ohio Farmer, 125 (1910),
No. 6, pp. 1, 20). — The nature and sources of the principal constituents of fer-
tilizers and the mixing of fertilizers of desired composition are discussed.

The use of commercial fertilizers as top-dressing, Bannert (JaJirb. Dent.
Landiv. Gesell., 2J, (1909), No. 4, PP- 926-934) ■ — The practical experience of a
number of farmers is summarized.

The cost of available nitrogen, E. B. Voorhees (Netv Jersey Stas. Bui. 224,.
pp. 14-19). — This article discusses the relative availability of nitrate, am-
monical, and organic nitrogen with special reference to the commercial and
agricultural value of the principal materials furnishing these different forms
of nitrogen. It is shown that while the organic forms of nitrogen are less
available than the nitrate or ammonical nitrogen they at present cost more
in the market.

The nitrate deposits of Chile, R. A. F. Penrose, Jr. {Jour. Geol., 18 (1910),
No. 1, pp. 1-32, figs. 7). — This article discusses the location and natural fea-
tures of the nitrate regions, the history of the nitrate mining industry, the
mode of occurrence and materials composing the nitrate deposits in the Tara-
paca region, industrial features in the Tarapaca nitrate region, other nitrate
I'egions in Chile and nitrate deposits elsewhere than in Chile, and the origin of
the Chilean deposits.

It is stated that "almost all the nitrate of Chile is in the great arid basin
lying between the Andes and the coast ranges, in the provinces of Tarapaca and
Antofagasta." Smaller deposits ai'e found to the north and south of these
provinces.

The author considers derivation from organic matter, and especially guano,
as the most probable hypothesis regarding the origin of these deposits. The
nitrate mining industry is comparatively recent in origin. In 1830 the pro-
duction was 8.348 long tons. During the year ended March 31, 1909, it was
about 1,808.986 long tons. It is stated that the nitrate being mined at present
is very wastefully treated and a large percentage of it is left in the refuse
material accumulating around the factories. " Thus low-grade nitrate ma-
terials are gradually accumulating in immense amounts, and may be used in
the future when more economical methods are introduced. These materials,
together with the possible new discoveries of nitrate, render the future of the
industry in Chile much more hopeful than some of the pessimistic prophets
would lead us to believe; and for very many years to come Chile will doubtless
be capable of supplying nitrate to the world."

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 621

California nitrates (Amer. Fert., 32 (1910), No. 2, p. 16). — Niter beds which
are being exploited in the extreme eastern part of San Bernardino County,
Cal., about 32 miles south of Needles, are described. Analyses of 4 samples of
the nitrate-bearing clay are reported, showing from 7.2 to 22.6 per cent of
sodium nitrate.

Sulphate of ammonia in 1909, Maizieres {Engrais, 25 (1910), No. 3, pp.
69-71). — The world's production in 1909 is estimated at 968.700 metric tons, of
which England produced 348,000 tons, Germany 340.000, and France 53.600.
Statistics are also given showing the distribution of the sulphate in different
countries.

Nitrate of ammonia production, R. P. Skinner (Daily Cons, and Trade
Rpts. [U. 8.], 1910, No. 3700, p. 6).— This is a brief statement regarding
methods of manufacture and prices current in Tiermany for this material.

Experiments with new nitrogenous manures, 1904—1908, J. Hendrick
(Aberdeen and No. of Scotland Col. Agr. Bui. 13, pp. 29; abs. in Mark Lane
Express, 103 (1910), No. Jt089, pp. 137, i39).— The need of additional nitrog-
enous fertilizers is discussed ; the manufacture, properties, and agricultural
value of calcium nitrate and calcium cyanamid are briefly described; and ex-
periments with these two materials in comparison with nitrate of soda and
sulphate of ammonia extending over several years are reported. The experi-
ments included field tests with oats, barley, and turnips, and pot tests with
oats. The nitrogenous fertilizers were used at rates furnishing equal amounts
of nitrogen, and always in connection with the same application of potash salts
and superphosphates.

The results show that both calcium cyanamid and calcium nitrate were
active and effective fertilizers, the calcium cyanamid being equal to nitrate of
soda or sulphate of ammonia as a fertilizer for grain crops, and the nitrate of
lime rather more effective than nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, or cal-
cium cyanamid. It is thought i)robable that the higher efficiency of the calcium
nitrate was due to the lime and that the results might be different on soils
well supplied with lime. With applications of about 1 cwt. per acre there was
no noticeable injury to germination by applying the cyanamid at the time of
seeding. It was found that neither calcium cyanamid nor calcium nitrate is
suitable for mixing with soluble phosphates. Calcium nitrate is so hygro-
scopic that it requires to be protected from the air when stored and is not
suitable for use in ordinary fertilizer mixtures. Calcium cyanamid, however,
may be safely mixed with basic slag, bone meal, and potash salts, although
such mixtures become hard and lumpy after a time. The best method of
applying calcium nitrate is as a top-dressing.

Observations are reported showing that the percentage of nitrogen diminishes
in calcium cyanamid during storage. In one case it fell from 17.4 to 13.6 per
cent, while the weight of the material increased about 16.8 per cent. The fall
in percentage of nitrogen, therefore, was mainly due to increase in weight.

On artificial nitrogenous fertilizers derived from the air. — Lime nitrogen,
nitrogen lime, and calcium nitrate, and their importance in practical agri-
culture, B. Heinze (Abs. in Centbl. Bait, [etc.^, 2. Abt., 2-5 (1909), No. 19-25,
pp. 502, 503). — The impoi'tance of stable manure and green manure is pointed
out, the frequently observed superiority of nitrate of soda over sulphate of
ammonia as a nitrogenous fertilizer is explained, and the fertilizing value of
the new nitrogen compounds, calcium nitrate and calcium cyanamid, in com-
parison with sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate is discussed.

It is pointed out that calcium nitrate is less likely to form a hard crust on
play soils than sodium nitrate. Attention is called to possible injury from

622 EXPERIMENT STAI'IOX RECORD.

calcium cyananiid duo to chanf^es wliicli that compound underlies in the soil
under chemical or hiological action. The author states that calcium cyanamid
can be used to better advantage on potatoes and on cereals than on beets, the
potato beinj? especially benefited by ammonium compoimds, the beet by nitrates.
The cyanamid is not considered at all suited for acid humus soils and lif?ht
sandy soils.

The electrochemical manufacture of nitric acid and nitrogen compounds
from the air, J. Escauu {La Fabrication, Ehclrochimique de rAcide Nitrique
If des C(>iiii)()f«'s Nitr<''s a l\Aide dcs JJIvincHt.s de VAir. Paris, JD09, 2. cd., pp.
1J5, figs. 52). — This treatise reviCMs IJic industrial and economic importance of
nitrogen comi)ounds, the exhaustion of known nitrate deposits, technical con-
siderations relating to the role of electricity in the electrochemical preparation
of nitric acid, methods used, ]tarticularly the Birkelaud and p]yde process for the
preparation of calcium nitrate and the various processes proposed for the
preparation of calcium cyanamid, and high yielding niter beds. The various
steps in the preparation of calcium nitrate and calcium cyanamid, the increase
in the use of nitrate of soda since 1830, and the comparative use of nitrate in
different European countries are shown diagrammatically. Attention is also
called to the proposed utilization of peat, not for the dii'ect production of
nitrates, but for the pi'oduction of energy and by-products by distillation.

The nitrate industry of Norway, L. Grandeau (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser.,
19 (1910), No. 2, pp. -'i-'i-Ji(i). — This article summarizes briefly the latest infor-
mation with reference to production, fertilizing value, properties, and cultural
use of calcium nitrate as manufactured by the Birkeland and Eyde process at
Notodden, X< )rway ,

[Manufacture of nitrate in Norway] (Engrais, 2.5 (1910), No. 3, pp. 79-
81). — Data are given i-egarding the present status of this industry.

Production, properties, and use of the principal potash salts, P. Krische
(^fitt. Dent. Laiidn: GcsclJ., 25 (1910), Nos. 2. pp. 20, 21; 3, pp. 33-36).— The
different potash salts mined and used in Germany are described with data as
to production, consumption, and price.

Kainit, its production, properties, and importance in German agriculture,
P. Krische (Fiiliting's Landw. Ztg., 58 (J 909), No. 2//, pp. S90-S97).— Statistics
are given of the consumption of potash in Germany, the kainit and associated
salts in natural potash deposits are described, and the market price of kainit
as compared with other salts is discussed.

Thomas and Martin slags, A. Otruighan'ev (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ.
Jour. E.i-pt. Landic), 10 (1909), No. 5, pp. 609-659, figs. 5).— Results of several
years' pot and field experiments with these slags in comparison with other
phosphates. showed that Thomas slag is a very effective fertilizer for the
lighter soils, on peat, and in general, on more or less acid soils. In these cases
it was more effective than superphosphate. The slag acts more slowly than
superhposphate and not infrequently exerts almost no influence on the first
crop, but acts more strongly on the second, third, and often later ci-ops. It is
especially suited to use on meadows, on winter rye, and on cereals followed
by grasses. For summer cereals superphosphate is considered in general more
suitable. Martin slag gave results somewhat inferior to those obtained with
Thomas slag.

The process of making these slags is described and analyses of the materials
used and the products obtained are given.

Something new in the field of phosphatic fertilizers, A. Menozzi (Agr.
Mod., 15 (1909), No. 52. pit. 715-718). — The novelty in question is calcium
pyrophosphate, made by heating raw phosphate with sulphur dioxid m the

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 623

presence of air. The resulting product is a flue, white, dry powder. The re-
actiou is slightly alkaline and the total phosphoric auhydrid is 26.5 per cent.

A pot experiment with millet comparing ordinaiy superphosphate, pyro-
phosphate, and slag showed that the pyrophosphate gave a slightly smaller
return in grain than either of the other materials and a considerably larger
yield of straw than the slag but slightly smaller than the superi)hosphate.

The advantages claimed for the new product are that it is better suited to
acid soils, the process of manufacture is simpler and cheaper, and it is much
less difficult to handle.

Plant, phosphorite, and soil according to experiments in the Agricultural-
Chemical Laboratory of St. Petersburg, P. Kossovicn (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron.
(Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 {1909), A^o. 6', pp. 782-842, figs. 17).— Pot ex-
periments to determine the utilization. of the phosphoric acid of Jura phosphor-
ites under varying conditions of soil and plant, extending over a number of
years. 1S98 to 1908, are reported in detail. The plants experimented with were
mustard, red clover, oats, and flax. Data are given not only for the yield but
also for the phosphoric acid content of the seed and straw.

The oat plant was found to be most resistant to an excess of acidity or
alkalinits' in the soil. Flax and red clover were decidedly affected by the
reaction of the soil, the first being especially sensitive to alkalinity, the second
to acidity. Mustard withstood alkalinity well, but was decidedly affected by
acidity.

\Yith a deficiency of phosphoric acid mustard showed the smallest capacity
for utilizing the soil phosphoric acid. A slightly greater capacity in this
respect was shown by red clover, but a much higher capacity by oats and flax.

The behavior of the different plants toward the phosphoric acid of phos-
phorite was entirely different from that toward the soil phosphoric acid. In
this case the mustard showed the highest assimilative capacity and was able
to utilize the phosphoric acid of phosphorite to a considerable extent and with
a marked increase in yield. The addition of calcium carbonate to the soil and
the absence of acidity reduced the assimilative capacity of mustard to only a
slight extent. The largest amount of phosphoric acid was assimilated by the
mustai-d from phosphorite in a light sandy acid chernozem soil. Oats and flax
utilized the phosphoric acid of phosphorite to a much less extent than mustard.
Clover showed a greater assimilative capacity than oats, and the smallest
capacity was observed in the case of flax. All of these plants, however, showed
marked assimilation of the pTaosphorite only in soils which were decidedly acid.
In soils which were not acid or which had been neutralized by the application
of lime the assimilation of the phosjjhoric acid of the phosphorite was almost
inappreciable.

The capacity for assimilating difficultly soluble phosphoric acid not only
varied with different plants but also with the same plant, depending upon the
source of the phosi»horic acid, whether from the soil or from phosphorite.

The results show in general that the question is complicated by a variety of
factors which require further investigation.

The mining of phosphate with special reference to Florida phosphate, O.
Grothe (Technologist, Mitt. Deut. Amer. Tech. Vcrbandes, 15 (1910), No. 1,
pp. 1-8). — The extent, character, and methods of mining the phosphate are
briefly described.

The western phosphate lands, M. S. Duffikld (Conservation, 15 (1909),
yo. 11, pp. 686-688). — This article refers to the withdrawal from entry by execu-
tive order of lauds in Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming supposed to contain phosphate,

40512— No. 7—10 3

624 EXPERIMENT STATION RE(H)RD.

urges tlie importanco of the consorvatiou of iili<)si)h!ites, and calls atton<ion to
certain locislation i)on(lins in rongros-'s ivganlinf!; this matter.

Rational use of lime on land, A. Acee {Penn. Dept. Agr. h'jil.. I 'i (l'.ii)S).
pp. SOS-Sit; Bui. 117, pp. 6S-1I). — An attempt is made to show that the
tendency of soils is toward lime deficiency. I'hen limestone soils gradually
lose available lime, and maximum crops can only be obtained on alkaline soils.
As soils crow old more and moio lime is required to keep them sweet.

Fertilizing with carbon dioxid. E. A. Mitscherlich {Landw. Jahrb., 39
(1910), No. /, pp. l.')7-166). — Pot experiments with oats grown on sandy hunnu^
loam and moor soils are reported. \'arions fertilizer combinations were used
and in certain series of the experiments the soils were treated with water
saturated with carbon dioxid.

The results showed that no increase in yield followed an increase in the carbon
dioxid content of the soils. Apparently the soil is so well supplied with carbon
dioxid excreted by the plant roots or derived from the decomposition of hunnis
substances that a further addition of this substance does not increase the solu-
bility and utilization of the soil constituents.

Inspection and analyses of cotton-seed meal on sale in Mississippi, W. F.
Hand ft al. (Ml'^-'^is-'tippi Sta. Bui. 121. pp. -'/7). — This bulletin summarizes the
results of inspection of cotton-seed meal offered for sale in Mississippi during
the season of 1908-9. and discusses the comparative value of different grades of
meal. The analyses show "that some manufacturers supply an excellent prod-
uct on a guaranty of fi.18 per cent nitrogen, while others make an effort to sell
n meal containing only a small margin over 6.18 per cent. In endeavoring to
keep this margin within reasonable limits cases are numerous in which meals
guarantied to contain 6.18 per cent nitrogen carry from about 5.8 to 6.18 per
cent and more."

Report on commercial fertilizers, 1909, E. H. Jenkins and J. P. Street
(Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 1, pp. 1 11+VIII).— The results of in-
spection of 737 samples of commercial fertilizers and miscellaneous fertilizing
materials, including factory-mixed and home-mixed fertilizers and standard
and miscellaneous fertilizing materials, are reported. The miscellaneous ma-
terials of which analyses are reported include limekiln ashes, lime, calcium
carbonate, soot, pulverized sheep manure, tobacco stems and tobacco dust, salt
waste, plaster, lava fertilizer, and peat or swamp muck.

Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers on sale in the State,
Yv'. F. Hand et al. ( Mi.'isissippi Sta. Bid. 12(1. jip. 95). — This is the complete
report on insjiection of fertilizers in Mississippi during the season of 1908-9,
partial reports having been previously noted (E. S. R., 21. p. 12.5), and con-
tains analyses and valuations of 880 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing
materials.

Discussing the quality of fertilizers sold in the State, the bulletin warns
farmers against the purchase of low-grade fertilizers. The analyses show that
very few of the fertilizers examined were deficient as much as 6 per cent in
relative commercial value, but "it appears evident that a few manufacturers
are operating on close margins, and as long as this is the case unsatisfactory
results can not be prevented."

The most marked deficiencies observed were in nitrogen. " It is true that
the excess in phosphoric acid in very many cases prevents a too great depres-
sion in relative commercial values when nitrogen determinations are low, but a
compensation of this kind is allowable to only a limited extent. The essential
character of a fertilizer ought not to be modified even though the final results
give a value equal to the guaranty."

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 625

Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers and ground bone, C. S.
Cathcart et al. (\cic Jersey Stas. Bui. 22-}, pp. S-l.'i, 20-^6"). — This bulletin
supplements a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 22, p. 228) on fertilizer inspection in
New Jersey during 1909, reporting later analyses and discussing the results of
Inspection as a whole. It also contains a special article on the cost of available
nitrogen (see p. 620).

The work of the year involved analyses of 762 samples of fertilizers and fer-
tilizing materials. The 488 brands of complete fertilizers examined repre-
sented the product of 108 manufacturers and jobbers. This indicates an ex-
cessive multiplication of brands.

Taking the average of all analyses the brands fully satisfied the guaranties
made by the manufacturers, but there were many cases of individul deficiencies.
A very large proportion of the brands were deficienr in phosphoric acid. " In
the brands examined there was a total of 1,449 deficiencies possible and of this
number 244, or 16.8 per cent, were actually found. These deficiencies were dis-
tributed among 203 brands, 166 of which were deficient in one element, 33 in
two elements, and 4 in all three of the elements. . . . The deficient brands do
not show evidences of intentional inferiority, but rather the result of bad
mixing, and, in such cases, where there is a slight deficiency in one element
and a corresponding increase in another, no hardship is imposed upon the con-
sumer, assuming that he obtains an equivalent of fertility value."

Of the brands examined 71 were deficient in nitrogen, 137 in phosphoric acid,
and 36 in potash. The average composition of the fertilizers examined shows
that the nitrogen content was increased 0.23 per cent and the potash content
0.27 per cent, while the three different forms of phosphoric acid were prac-
tically the same, when compared with the averages for last year.

" The average valuation was $1.16 per ton lower than last year, and the sell-
ing price was $1.08 higher. The difference between the selling price and
station's valuation was $8.r)4 per ton, which represents the overhead charges
on the material."

During 1909 the consumer received " in one ton of fertilizer 96 cents' worth
more of plant food than he did last year and ... it cost him $1.08 more to get
it." It is shown that the lower the grade of fertilizer the greater the cost of
actual plant food.

Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. B. Hardin {South Carolina Sta.
Rpts. 1907, pp. 11-15; 190S, pp. 13-18). — The results of fertilizer inspection
during the years ended June 30, 1907 and 1908, are briefly summarized.

[Amount and price of fertilizers used in Germany, 1903 to 19081 (Jahrb.
Dent. Lnndiv. deselt.. 2't (1909), No. //, pp. 1025-1028) .—Detailed statistics are
given for the different provinces of Germany.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Application of some of the principles of heredity to plant breeding, W. J.
Spillman (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 165, pp. 77/, figs. 6).— This
paper is designed to set forth what is known of the effects of selection on dif-
ferent types of plants and the possibilities of cross-breeding for the purpose
of producing new varieties. In general, it is a discussion of the technical
terms and laws relating to plant breeding that have been evolved from Mendel's
theory.

The mutation theory, H. de Vries, trans, by J. B. Farmer and A. D. Dar-
BisHiRE {Chicago, 1909, vol. 1, pp. XV 1+582, pis. G, figs, /i.9).— This is an
English edition of the author's work Die Mutationstheorie, which appeared
several years ago. The present volume is confined to a discussion of the ex-

626 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

perimeiits and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom.
A second volume will treat of the origin of varieties. Some additional material
has been included to bring the subject up to date.

In the present work a discussion is given of the principles of the current
theorj' of selection, after which the author's investigations on the origin of
elementary si»ecies in the genus CEnothera are described at length. An ex-
tended discussion is given of the relative influence of nutrition and selection on
various characters, and it is shown that these two factors influence the plant
in the same direction, and when brought into conflict sometimes one and at
other times the other predominates.

This translation will be found of great value to students and investigators
of plant and animal breeding to whom the author's earlier work is not available.

The origin and relationship of new varieties of cereals, F., Kornicke (Arch.
Biontol., 2 {l<)0S-9). \o. ,.^ /*/*. J.'/fl-JJ? ).— The results of a botanical study of
the various species, varieties, and races of Triticum, Hordeum, and Avena are
given, with some notes on varieties of Panicum and maize.

The wild type of the cultivated potato, P. Berthault (Conipt. Rend. Acad.
Sci. [Paris]. l.jO (1910), Xo. 1, pp. .',7-50) .—The results of a study of a large
number of varieties of cultivated potatoes, wild species in cultivation, and
herbarium material have convinced the author of the impracticability of deter-
mining from them the specific origin of our cultivated potato. He subjected
some of the wild species, especially Holanum commersonii, to the conditions
which are supposed to induce mutations, but thus far he has been unable to
recognize any specific modifications.

The transmission of variations in the potato in asexual reproduction,
E. M. East (Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1909-10, pp. 119-160, pis. 5).— In a
previous paper (E. S. R., 20, p. 533) the author presented data which he thought
jiistified the conclusion that asexual fluctuations in case of the potato were not
inherited. Other investigations made it desirable to repeat his work, elimi-
nating as far as possible all experimental error.

In 190() a number of foreign and domestic varieties of potatoes were gathered
together to observe the frequency with which differentiations occurred within a
variety reproduced by tubers. In 1907 other varieties were added until over
700 commercial varieties of potatoes were under investigation. Observations
were made upon this stock in 1906, 1907, 1908, and 1909. Among the unnamed
seedlings was one grown from seed of Early Rose, probably self-fertilized, that
had certain marked characteristics which made it valuable for study. This
was propagated and a considerable amount of material obtained for study.

The fluctuation in dry matter and nitrogen content as due to high or low
nitrogen content in the seed tuber was investigated, and the author concludes
that neither the relative content of dry matter nor that of the nitrogen in the
potato can be changed by the selection of fluctuations and their subsequent
asexual reproduction. Studies were also made on the fluctuations in yielding
power, and it seems impracticable to recommend asexual selection to commercial
growers as a means of actual improvement of the crop.

As a result of experiments as to the power of resistance to drought, disease,
and other external influences, while the author does not claim that the power
of resisting physiological or fungus diseases does not occur in asexual reproduc-
tion, he believes that the relative probability that the commercial grower will
obtain disease-resistant varieties by this means is negligible. In most cases
investigated, so-called resistance within a variety is believed to be due to non-
infection, and when there is a marked difference in vitality it is probably due to
differences in maturity, size of seed piece, varying soil fertility, or other causes.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 627

In another paper (E. S. R., 20, p. ?,25) the author has called attention to the
infrequency of bud variations. A further study has afforded no reason to change
his opinion that practically all, if not quite all, bud variations are losses of a
dominant or an epistatic character allowing the appearance of a recessive or a
liypostatic character. The experiments on which this opinion was based in-
\olved investigations as to change of color, shape, depth of eyes, and habit of
growth.

A series of attempts was made to produce variations through grafts, such
variations having been rei)orted. More than 100 attempts were made to graft
buds of white and colored tubers, in each case the bud being cut in half at its
Aortical point and two grafted buds brought together. It was found that the
new plant was always formed from the growing tissue of one variety. A second
experiment, consisting of inserting a bud cut from a tuber of a colorless variety
into a hole of the same size in a colored one, and vice versa, gave results which
indicated that there was absolutely no influence of the stock upon the plant.
I'rom his experience the author is led to believe that many of the so-called
graft hybrids were plants exactly like the stock, produced from it by unnoted
adventitious buds.

In summing up his investigations the author states that the behavior of
variations reproduced by budding is in many ways essentially like that of
variations coming from seed. Of the variations found all but one have con-
cerned characters that mendelize in sexual reproduction, and as there is no
evidence of inheritance in the case of this one exception, it may be left out of
consideration. Considering the fact that in the large amount of material under
(Observation only 12 inherited variations have been observed, a rather high rate
(;f frequency, there is believed to be no reason to recommend asexual selection
as a commercial means of actual improvement, as no changes of commercial
value have been found.

In conclusion the author states :

" The classification of all of the permanent bud variations as losses of char-
acters shows the investigation of the possible inheritance of fluctuations in
composition In a new light. Since the variety used in the investigation was
recessive in all the characters whose behavior in sexual i-eproduction is known,
loss probability exists that an inherited change might take place that would
obscure the results on the class of variations immediately concerned. Thif
being the case, we may feel some confidence in a conclusion that fluctuations
(variations due to surrounding conditions) ax*e not inherited. Furthermore,
there is little doubt but that the cases of so-called disease resistance should be
classed as noniuherited fluctuations due to various physiological causes."

A Mendelian interpretation of variation that is apparently continuous,
E. M. Easi {Amer. Nat., .',Jf (1!)10). No. 518, pp. 65-82). — Some new facts of
inheritance obtained fi'om pedigree cultures of yellow and white varieties of
maize are given, followed by a discussion of hypotheses to which an extension
of this class of facts leads.

The facts have to do with the independent allelomorphic pairs which cause
the formation of like or similar characters in the zygote. In certain cases the
endosperm of the maize contains two indistinguishable, independent yellow
colors, although in most yellow races only one color is present. There is also
some evidence that there are three and possibly four independent re<l colors
in the pericarp, and two colors in the aleurone grains. In 15 different varieties
of yellow maize crossed with various white varieties, crosses were obtained
that gave a simple monohybrld ratio, but in other cases a dihybrid ratio was
the result. In certain cases there appear to be several allelomorphic pairs,
each of which is inherited independently of the others, and each of which is

628 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

separately capable of fonuiuK Hit' same character. When present in different
numbers and in difterent individuals, these units simply form quantitative differ-
ences.

In the light of these added facts as to inheritance, the author believes that
the word " mutation " may l)e ai)plied to any inherited variation however
small, wliile the word " fluctuation " should be restricted to those variations
due to inunediato enviroinnent wliicli do not affect the germ cells and which
are not inherited. Tliis jiives a rational basis for the origin of new characters
which lias heretofore been somewhat of a Mendelian stumbling block.

Color inheritance in Lychnis dioica, G. H. Shull (Amcr. Nat., 44 (li)lO),
No. 518, pp. S3~9J). — In the purple-flowered form of Lychnis it was observed
that some of the flowers were of a blue-purple hue, and an effort is made by
the author to determine the relationship of this color to the more common
reddisli-])urple by crosses between the red and blue, using a single red-flowered
individual as the mother in one series of crosses, and a single blue-flowered
individual as the mother in another series. The same blue-flowered and red-
flowered i)]auts were also crossed at the same time with white-flowered plants.
The actual and theoretical results of these eight crosses are given.

As a result of these experiments the purple color in L. dioica was found to
be a compound color due to three distinct and independent genes in a manner
exactly analogous to the similar colors in Lathyrus, Matthiola, etc.

Genetical studies on OEnothera, I, B. M. Davis (Anier. Nat., 44 (1910). No.
518, pp. 1 08-11 .J). — The author makes a report on the behavior in the first
generation of sets of hybrids obtained by crossing certain species of O<]nothera.
The characters of the parents as presented in each cross were so blended that
as regards the measurements of parts, habit, texture of foliage, etc., the average
for each set of hybrids would probably present a fair mean between the two
parents. There was, however, a wide variation in the resemblance of the
hybrids to one or the other of the parents. No dominant parental character
was discovered in these hybrids.

Future methods of soil bacteriological investigations, H. J. Conn (Centbl.
Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 2.7 {1!)09). No. 1J,-1S. pp. .'/.5.}--'/.57). — The author claims
that before any real advances can be made in soil bacteriology the bacterial
flora of the soil must be properly classified by means of pure cultures and
arranged in well-defined groups. A study must then be made of the effects of
the recognized and significant species on the soil rather than on liquid culture
media.

Studies on the micro-organism producing the legume tubercles, G. de
Rossi (Ann. Bot. [Rome], 7 (1909), No. .'/, pp. 617-669, pi. 1, fig. 1).—The
micro-organism producing the tubercles on the roots of leguminous plants is
claimed to have been isolated, its microscopic, biological, and macroscopic
characteristics described, and methods for using the organism in practical
agriculture given. The organism was isolated by using for inoculation mate-
rial water infusions of the contents of the bacteroids, plated on gelatin made
from legume glucose, and then replated from the resulting individual colonies
until a pure culture was obtained. The bacteina thus isolated were capable
of producing nodules on the i-oots of various legumes, and the author claims
that the micro-organism is not identical with Bacillus radicicola as described
by Beijerinck.

Research, on the proteolytic enzyins in fungi and bacteria, R. M. Wilson
(Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb., 1909, No. 21, pp. 27-37 ) .—Several species of
fungi and bacteria were examined for proteolytic activity. Each species of the
higher fungi was ground up in a mortar with water and sand into a thick paste
which was diluted with water and then filtered. To the filtrate was added

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 629

absolute alcohol. The precipitate obtained was washed in alcohol and ether,
filtered off and dried, and the enzymatic powder thus produced allowed to act
on wheat protein, the nitrogen content of which was about 16 per cent. In
each experiment 3 flasks were used, each containing the same quantity of
iirotein, enzymatic preparation, and water. To one flask tannic acid and a
trace of sodium acetate were added at once; the other flasks were allowed to
stand for 24 hours at a temperature of 50° C, when they also received the
same quantity of tannic acid and sodium acetate. The tannic acid precipi-
tates the insoluble protein and the quantity of nitrogen remaining in the filtrate
was assumed to represent the proteolytic activity of each enzym.

A direct test was made of some 12 species of the fleshy fungi, using the juice
pressed from fresh plants and allowing it to act on the wheat protein for 4
hours at 50° C. Cultures of several of the lower fungi and bacteria were also
made and tested for proteolytic activity. Proteolytic action was demonstrated
for the species of fungi and bacteria examined.

The g'ermicidal action of metals, A. C. Rankin (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London],
Ser. B, 82 (1910), No. B 553, pp. 78-87, fig. /).— The results of experiments
with plates of pure zinc, aluminum, and copper immersed in water are given.
The ])urpose was to investigate the real cause of the germicidal etleets of these
metals, whether it is due, as heretofore claimed, to the formation of hydrogen
I)eroxid and its subsequent action on the bacteria or to some other factor not
yet discovered. In all the experiments the plates of metal were allowed to
act for one hour on Montreal tap water to which Bacillus coli had been added,
and the results tested by counting the number of colonies obtained by inoculat-
ing sterilized agar plates with a drop of this water and then incubating the
plates for 24 hours at a temperature of 37° C.

Hydrogen peroxid was formed in the presence of zinc and aluminum, but
not in the iiresence of copper. The germicidal action took place only while the
metal plates were in the water; if the plates were removed and the water in
which they had been immersed was allowed to stand for 12 hours and then
tested, it showed no appreciable effect on bacteria, except slightly in the case
of copper. The amount of hydrogen peroxid developed in 1 hour with zinc and
aluminum was so small that it produced no perceptible effect on the colon
bacilli. The germicidal action occurred with copper as well as with the other
two metals, although it formed no hydrogen peroxid in the water. The metal
plates produced no germicidal action when immersed in oxygen-free water.

The authfir concludes that the germicidal power of these metals is not due
to the hydrogen peroxid formed or to the minute quantity of the metal that
may be dissolved in the water, but is caused by the metals dissociating the
oxygen molecule. The free ions thus liberated oxidize the bacteria and thus
destroy them.

The effect of mineral salts on the respiration of germinating seeds, W.
Zaleski and A. Reinhard (Biochcm. Ztschr., 23 {1909), Xo. 3-J,, pp. 193-214,
(Jgms. 16). — Experiments were made with lupine, maize, and pea seedlings in
solutions containing various chemicals and the effect of the single salts and
their combinations upon the respiration of the plants was determined.

Of the salts potassium nitrate, potassium phosphate, sodium nitrate, sodium
phosphate, and magnesium sulphate when iso-osmotic with 0.1 per cent solu-
tion of potassium nitrate increased the energy of respiration beyond the maxi-
mum observed by Krzemieniewski (E. S. R., 14. p. 943), who claimed that
only potash and nitric salts were able to stimulate respiration to any appre-
ciable extent. The nutrient effect of the salts was not found to be equal to
that described by many others. Zinc sulphate stimulated respiration, but it

630 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD.

cau not be considered a plant nutrient. The nutrient effect of the various salts
was inappreciable when used in a less strength than 0.()2 per cent. The stimu-
lating effect of the salts was found to be of very short duration, after which the
resi)irator.v energy fell.

The significance of the liberation of water vapor by plants, I>eclerc dit
Sablon {Rev. Gen. Bot., 21 (1909), No. 2-',8, pp. 295-311).— Some doubt having
been raised as to the importance of transpiration in the nutrition of plants, the
author reviews some earlier literature and presents additional data which
he believes indicate that the liberation of water vapor by plants has a far less
important role than that usually given it by plant i)hysiologists.

In concluding his discussion the author claims that the absorption of mineral
salts by roots is independent of the absorption of water, and. as a consequence,
of transpiration, and is regulated by the osmotic power of each of the salts
occurring in the interior and the exterior of the plant. The utilization of these
salts by the plant, which causes them to go into insoluble combinations, is the
essential cause of tlieir absorption through the roots.

An experiment by Scliloesing with tobacco showed that when there was a
considerable reduction of transpiration there was hardly any difference in the
absorption of salts and there was a tendency to an increase in the dry weight
of the plant. Transpiration is not necessary for the transportation of salts
from the roots to the leaves, nor is there any relation between the transpiration
and the formation of dry matter in plants.

The stomata are organs for the exchange of gas in the respiration and as-
similation, and their physiological role and anatomical structure indicate that
they .'ire not for the escape of vapor, and that their function is to retain rather
than to liberate water vai)or from the plant.

The occurrence of hydrocyanic acid in some mushrooms. M. Greshoff
(Pftarm. Weekbl. J,6 (1909). No. 51, pp. 1.',18-1J,25, fig. i).— Attention is called
to the occurrence of hydrocyanic acid in various mushrooms, and a number of
species are mentioned as giving the reaction to that substance.

The mistletoe pest in the Southwest, W. L. Bray {V. fi. Dept. Afjr.. Bur.
Plant Indus. lUil. 1116, pp. 39. pis. 2, figs. 7). — This paper presents the results
of several years of investigation of the various phases of mistletoe parasitism,
together witli its history, development, germination, dissemination, and hosts.

In combatting this parasite, it is believed that if the mistletoe is on small
branches pruning will suffice, but that when the branches are large and the
infected area is considerable the mistletoe should be cut out and the wounds
treated with an antiseptic paint or wash. Carbolineum proved especially effect-
ive for this purpose.

Seeds and plants imported during the period from April 1 to June 30,
1909. Inventory No. 19 (U. i<. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Plant Indus. But. 168, pp.
Jj5). — This is a list with notes on the economic value of the seeds and plants
secured between April 1 and June .^>0. 1909. the number of introductions being
526. The li.st is made up of collections of seeds forwarded from correspond-
ents and cooperators throughout various parts of the world.

FIELD CROPS.

Experiment on the fertilizer requirements of meadows, P. Wagner (Arb.
Dcul. Landw. Gescll., 1909, No. 162, pp. 106; abs. in Mark Lane E.rpress, 103
(1910), No. Ji089, p. 139; Deut. Landw. Prcssc, 37 (1910), Nos. 29. p. 321; 30,
pp. 331, 332). — The author outlines in detail 16 different series of experi-
ments conducted at different points for from 4 to 9 years, reporting the

FIELD CROPS. 631

experiments condviftcd at ditTerent points for from 4 to 9 years, i-eporting the
fertilizers ui)plied during each year, and chemical and mechanical analyses of
the soils, and discussing the results very fully, especially as to the amounts of
nitrogen, pliosphoric acid and potash required in fertilizing meadow soils and
the forms in which phosphoric acid should be applied.

Soil analyses are regarded as of little value in determining the fertility re-
quirements of meadows, but analyses of the crop produced by the soil are
deemed useful as indicating its fei'tilizer requirements. It is thought that a
meadow yielding hay containing 2 per cent or more of potash will not have
its hay yield increased by the application of potash as the crop is already
overfed. If the hay contains 1.8 per cent of potash, it is possible that applica-
tions of this fertilizer will increase the yield, if the percentage is 1.6 applica-
tions will i)robably j)rove beneficial, while if the potash content is but 1.4 per
cent or less it is [>ractically certain that the soil is deficient in potash. In
some in.stances the author succeeded in raising the potash content of the hay
produced by a given soil from O.S per cent to 3 per cent.

The same method is regarded as applicable in determining the phosplioric acid
requirements of the soil. The percentages of this substance contained in the
hay varied from 0.28 to 0.8. It is thought that the soil should be enriched
with phosphoric acid when the hay contains less than 0.7 per cent. Basic slag
is regarded as a better source of phosphorus than superphosphate because of
the lime which it contains, as meadows are frequently sour and applications of
kainit or muriate of itotash may be made.

Pastures and meadows in the Weichsel marshes, C. A. Weber (Arb. Dent.
LuuiJir. (IcscU., 1!M)!), Xo. lli'j, pp. 7-/ '/.<?). — .Meteorological data are given,
together with many mechanical and chemical analyses of soils of the different
localities on the Weichsel marshes, these being compared with similar data
from the North Sea marshes. Systematic studies of the areas jtroducing
pi'ofitable grasses are reported from 17 different localities in each of which
the various varieties found upon selected plats of 2r» square meters are noted,
together with the i)ercentage of the plats occupied by each. Observations are
also given on the relation existing between the character of vegetation present,
the soil moisture and texture, and the amount of plant food present.

Promising root crops for the South {U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Plant Indus. Bul-
16Jf, pp. .'i3, pis. 10). — This consists of two papers.

I. Yautias, taros, and dasheens, O. W. Barrett (pp. 7-29). — This paper re-
ports a continuation of investigations begun in Porto Rico, and reported as
Bulletin 6 of the Porto Rico Station (E. S. R.. 17. p. 246). A general descrip-
tion is given of yautias, taros, and dasheens, together with directions for their
culture, fertilization, harvesting and storage, and suggestions as to their
probable value in this countx-y. It is stated that these plants are moderate
in their cultural and fertility requirements and have comparatively few in-
sect and fungus pests. They .are propagated by cuttings of the root or root
stock and different varieties may be used as salad plants, as stock food, either
fresh or ground into meal, or for the production of alcohol. Tubers of many
varieties are suitable for table use.

The author believes that they may be profitably grown on large areas of
abandoned wet lands. Although introduced from the tropics their crop season
is sufficiently short to allow their maturing before killing frosts during most
years, and one or two varieties have produced a fair yield as far north as
central New York. The Rolliza yautia has produced 15 tons of edible tubers
per acre, besides 5 tons of rootstocks suitable for stock feeding or starch
manufacture.

632 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

II. Agricultural history and utility of the cultivated aroids, O. F. Cook
(pp. 31-37). — A sketch is given of the historical and agricultural importance
of aroids, including a discussion of their distribution and of their interest from
the standpoint of ethnology. The extent of their present food use in the
different parts of the world and the possibilities for their introduction for that
purpose among Europeans are discussed.

Variegated alfalfa, J. M. Westgate {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui.
169, pp. as. pis. !). pgs. 5). — Studies of fields of especially hardy alfalfa have
indicated that the hardy strains agree quite closely in botanical and agronomic
characters. These characters indicate that the hardiness of these strains arises
from their possession of a small percentage of the blood of Mcdicago falcata,
which occurs wild in Siberia on the dry cold steppes of Siberia, far north of
the range of ordinary alfalfa ( M. sativa ) . The term variegated alfalfa is used
in this bulletin to designate the progeny of the intermediate hybrid formation,
secured by crossing different strains and varieties of alfalfa.

For sections presenting winter conditions too severe for ordinary alfalfa,
it Is suggested that the preference may well be given to the Grimm alfalfa,
sand lucern, and Canadian alfalfa, and that the initial seeding of any of the
variegated alfalfas should be on a small scale in sections new to them, because
the preliminary field tests are of too short a duration to warrant definite
conclusions as to their relative value. The great variation among individuals
of the different strains of variegated alfalfa gives great promise of th^ result
that may be obtained from breeding and selection for the further development of
improved strains.

A discussion of the history and commercial value of the sand lucern is
followed by a similar study of the Grimm alfalfa and a briefer discussion of
Canadian alfalfa, German alfalfa and Russian forms of variegated alfalfa
from Simbirsk and Kharkof, an outline of the work resulting in the recreation
of variegated alfalfa, and comparative botanical studies of the different strains
and their parents.

The influence of storage and drying on barley, W. Windisch and E.
BiscHKOPFF ( WeJinsehr. Brau., 26 {1909). Nos. 38, pp. U9-Ji59; 39, pp. 469-.'f79;
40, pp. 52.'t-530 : .'it, pp. 53Jf-542). — This article reports experiments on the
effect of storage and drying on 77 samples of barleys grown in the different
German provinces in 1902 and 1903, both ordinary barleys received from the
farms and special samples prepared for exhibition purposes being used in the
tests. Determinations were made of the vitality, viability, total nitrogen and
albumin, water soluble nitrogen, coagulable albumin, proteolytic action, specific
weight of extracts obtained, total phosphoric acid, diastatic power, amount of
dextrin, sugar, and other carbohydrates present, and other data of interest.

The barleys of 1902 had a water content of about 13.9 per cent which was
reduced by drying in storage to 9.5 per cent. In 1903, the water content was

14 to 15 per cent in the case of the barleys prepared for exhibition purposes and

15 to 16 per cent for the barleys received from the fields. The barleys stored
in sacks and dried gradually contained 11 to 12 per cent of water. The exhi-
bition barleys, when dried for 2 days at from 20° to 25° C, had the water con-
tent reduced to 9 per cent, and those from the fields fell to from 7 to 11 per cent.

The vitality and viability of all barleys grown in 1902 was increased through
drying to the extent of from j to ^ the original vigor. Slow drying in air had
a more favorable effect than rapid drying at a higher temperature. Results
of tests of proteolytic action during the two years were quite different.

Storing and drying had apparently a marked influence on solubility. In
1902. the water soluble niti'ogenous material decreased in 77 per cent of the

FIELD CROPS. 633

dried barleys, and increased in the remainder, wliereas in 1903, an increase
took place in half the samples. Variations in weather, soil, and other local
conditions are assigned as the causes. Differences in coagulable nitrogen were
so small as to be within the limits of experimental error (0.01 to 0.02 per cent).
The soluble phosphoric acid of 62 per cent of all samples showed an increase,
and in general this increase appeared to be accompanied by a decrease of
soluble nitrogenous material. Steeping to complete the malting process
apiieared to increase the soluble nitrogenous material. In 1903, drying
appeared to increase the diastatic power in § of all samples, decreasing it in
the remainder, while the proteolytic power decreased in 3 of the cases and
increased in the remainder. The carbohydrate content appeared to have de-
creased during drying in the case of half the samples, while an increase
appeared in the other 50 per cent.

Corn culture, J. M. Kimbrough {Georgia Stn. Bui. 88, pi). -i-J-t?3, flgs. 15). —
Variety, fertilizer, and cultural tests are reported.

In a test of 23 varieties, 3 strains of Marlboro Prolific produced more than
40 bu. each per acre with from 110 to 136 ears to the bushel of shelled corn.
An experiment to determine the relative productivity of seed corn from long
and short ears showed average yields of 45.47 and 43.22 bu. per acre, respec-
tively, reversing the small difference in favor of the short ears previously
reported (E. S. R., 21, p. 538).

In a fertilizer experiment comi)aring cotton-seed meal, tankage, and a mix-
ture of the two as sources of nitrogen, the respective yields per acre were 43.49,
45.62, and 44.42 bu. In another series of tests, formulas made up of 150 lbs.
acid phosphate, 7.2S lbs. muriate of potash and 180 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, or
an amount of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia sufficient to supply an
equivalent quantity of nitrogen, was used. Analyses showed the cost of a
pound of nitrogen at prevailing prices to be 23.5 cts. in cotton-seed meal, IS5
cts. in nitrate of soda, and 13 cts. in sulphate of ammonia. The cost of the
increased yield was $1, 86 cts., and 74 cts. per bushel, respectively.

The Gilmore method of corn culture has proved uniformly good at this sta-
tion and is recommended, while the trials of the Williamson method were un-
favorable, except in a test of a modified form. In a comiiarisou with ordinary
corn culture, the ordinary method yielded 26.19, the Gilmore method 30.39, and
the Williamson method 24.23 bu. per acre. The cost of production by the Gil-
more method was 5S cts. per bushel less than by the Williamson method and
about 20 cts. less than by the ordinary method. These differences in cost arose
from wide differences in the cost of cultivation and of the fertilizers applied.

A difference in yield of 11.23 bu. per acre in favor of planting 2 kernels per
hill instead of 1 was secured when the hills were 3* ft. apart each way. Plats
on which was used a complete fertlizer supplying 150 lbs. acid phosphate, 180
lbs. cotton-seed meal and 8.4 lbs. of muriate of potash per acre at a cost of
$4.23 produced 1.S9 bu. more corn per acre than did plats treated with a
mixture of 300 lbs. of acid phosphate, 60 lbs. of muriate of potash and 60 lbs.
of nitrate of soda costing $5.61 per acre.

Agricultural value of nitrogenous materials for cotton on the Houston
clays, as determined by field trials, F. D. Stevens (Alabama Canebrake Sta.
Bui. 27, pp. 16, fig. 1). — In an 8-year trial with cotton on the red, gray and black
phases of the Houston clay an average net profit of $1.86 per acre resulted
from the annual application of 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal. The agricultural
or crop-producing value of the nitrogen in cotton-seed meal and nitrate of soda
is estimated at 36.9 cts. and 73.9 cts. per pound respectively, on these soils,
assuming that the fertilizers are purchased for their nitrogen content alone.

634 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

One acre produced without fertilizer in 11)0,'}, 320 lbs. of seed cotton, a total
of 18.6 tons of alfalfa hay during the next 3 years, an unrecorded yield of
cotton in 1907 and 1.942 and 1,542 lbs. of seed cotton in 1908 and 1909, respec-
tively. It is calculated that the residue from the 3 years' stand of alfalfa
equaled in results the application of 111.4 lbs. of nitrate of soda or 508 lbs. of
cotton-seed meal. In 1908, G.3 acres of alfalfa averaged 3.9 tons of hay per
acre, while in 1909, an average of 3.4G tons was secured from a meadow 7 or
S years old.

Crushed raw lime rock applied at the rate of 6,400 lbs. per acre was followed
by a decreased yield of cotton. With a mixture of 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal
and 200 lbs. of acid phosphate, costing $3.90 per acre there was an increased
yield of cotton worth $2.88, Bur clover turned under in the spring was fol-
lowed by an increased yield of cotton, valued at $14.58, a net gain of $4.86.
Approximately the same results were secured with crimson clover.

Planting corn land in September to vetches or clovers and cutting for hay
before i)lanting the land to cotton the following spring, resulted, except with
white clover, in a small cotton crop the first year, but the total crop for the
2 years exceeded that from land unfertilized, left bare through the winter and
planted early in both years. Land sown to oats or to oats and vetch in the
fall failed to give so favorable results. Redtop turned under caused a slight
increase in the yield of cotton.

During 1908, tests of cotton-seed meal, acid phosphate, kainit and nitrate of
soda in various combinations were made on a black phase of the Houston clay.
Increased yields were secured from all combinations containing cotton-seecl
meal or nitrate of soda, except in the case of a plat fertilized with 200 lbs. of
cotton-seed meal. 200 lbs. phosphate, and 100 lbs. kainit per acre. Results of
similar experiments on these plats in 1909 are also reported.

On black bottom land, applications of (1) nitrate of soda, (2) 160 lbs. cotton-
seed meal per acre, and (3) 160 lbs. cotton-seed meal and 160 lbs. kainit per
acre were followed by net profits of $4.22, 66 cts., and 24 cts. per acre, respec-
tively, as compared with the net profit obtained on untreated plats. Net losses
varying from 69 cts. to $5.19 resulted where there were applications of acid
phosjiliate and kainit, singly and in combination with cotton-seed meal. In
another fertilizer test on black bottom land, an increased net profit of $5.84
was obtained from application of 80 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre. $2.40 from
application of 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal per acre, $2.05 from 1.50 lbs. fish
guano, and $1.48 from 100 lbs. of tankage. Losses resulted from application of
(1) 200 lbs. cotton-seed meal and 200 lbs. acid phosphate, and (2) 125 lbs.
of dried blood. Fish guano at $44.60 per ton did not take the place of cotton-
seed meal at $30 per ton.

On poor red land, an increased net profit of $9.80 per acre resulted upon the
application of 80 lbs. nitrate of soda, $3.60 from that of 240 lbs. cotton-seed
meal and 200 lbs. acid phosphate, and $1.74 from 160 lbs. fish guano, while
losses of 58 cts. and .$2.74, respectively, resulted upon the application of 100 lbs.
of dried blood, either on July 15 or at planting.

Tabulated data of the results fi-om the application of commercial fertilizers
to land planted continuously to cotton for 6 years and receiving no vegetable
matter save the crop residue showed that the percentage of advantage secured
by the application of fertilizers decreased from 145 in 1905 to 36 in 1909, during
which year a profit of $1.52 was secured from an application of fertilizer worth
$9.55 per acre.

In variety tests, Peterkin, Brown Five I^ock, Truitt, and Drake each produced
868 lbs. or more of seed cotton per acre, while on upland soil, William Improved,

FIELD CROPS. 635

Russell Big Boll, and Mortgage Lifter produced more than 1,000 lbs. each. It
is concluded that no one variety is suited to a single soil and that A^arieties
must be selected which are adapted to the various phases of each soil type.

Varieties of American upland cotton, F, J. Tyleb (C7. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Plant Indus. Bui. 1G3, pp. 121, pis. 8, figs. 67). — The economic botany of cot-
ton, the origin of upland varieties, stability of variefies and influence of soil
and climate are discussed and the terms used in descriptions fully explained.
A classification of varieties is then given and discussed, and the results of tests
of 5 varieties, each grown in 4 different States, showing the relative number
and size of bolls and seeds, percentage of lint to seed, and the length and strength
of the lint are presented in tabular form. Among 10 varieties, an average of
5S.4 5-locked bolls or 72..3 4-locked bolls yielded a pound. Three-locked bolls of
the King variety ran 149 to the pound.

Descriptions of a large number of varieties comprise the greater part of the
bulletin. A statement is made of the gi'oup to which each variety belongs, its
geographical distribution, the publications in which it is mentioned or de-
scribed, the number of bolls per pound, seeds per pound, the length of lint,
strength of single libers, and percentage of lint to seed. A description of the
plant and a historical sketch of the variety are also given in many instances.

Cotton culture, J. M. Kimbrough (Georgia Sta. Bui. 89, pp. 67-8i, figs. 2). —
In a test of .34 varieties, Cleveland Big Boll, Triumph, and Moore Improved
stood first in yield with 1.675.44 or more pounds of seed cotton per acre, while
Triumph. Hope Mexican Early Big Boll, and Livsey Early Big Boll showed the
greatest freedom from anthracnose, having 1 per cent or less of diseased bolls.

Tests of various complete fertilizers carrying equivalent quantities of phos-
phoric acid, potash and nitrogen were made to determine the most advantageous
sources of nitrogen and potash. In each case the standard for comparison was
the station formula, containing 444 lbs. acid phosphate, 33 lbs. muriate of potash
and 223 lbs. cotton-seed meal, and costing $7.83 per acre. In one test, there
was produced with this mixture a yield of 1.3S0.6 lbs. of seed cotton per acre,
while with the substitution of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia for the
cotton-seed meal, making the cost $7.64 and $6.85, respectively, there was pro-
duced 1,427.71 and 1,502.11 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, respectively. The un-
fertilized plat in this series produced 889.2 lbs. of seed cotton per acre.

When 132 lbs. of kainit were substituted for the muriate of potash, the cost
per acre was increased 9 cts. The yields of seed cotton were 1,420.89 lbs.
and 1.293.84 lbs. per acre, respectively, while the unfertilized plat yielded
663.92 lbs. per acre. As a preventive of rust, kainit was almost a failure.

Sub.stituting tankage for all and for half of the cotton-seed meal resulted in
average yields of 1.357.51 lbs. of seed cotton per acre with the tankage formula,
1,496.24 lbs. with the taukage-cotton-seed meal formula, and 1,438.63 lbs. with
the standard formula.

As compared with high grade guano, costing $7.23 per acre, the station
formula produced 33 lbs. more of seed cotton per acre the first year and 6.4
lbs. less the second year. When the fertilizer was applied and bedded on be-
fore planting. 56.27 lbs. more seed cotton per acre was produced than when
two-fifths was drilled in the opening furrows and bedded on, two-fifths applied
June 9 and the remaining one-fifth applied June 30. This was in general ac-
cord with results during the preceding season (E. S. R., 21, p. 538).

Screened seed produced 92.73 lbs. more seed cotton per acre than did un-
screened seed. A brief discussion is also given on cotton wilt (Neocosmospora
rdsiufecta).

Notes on cotton cultivation in Nyasaland, J. S. J. McCall (Nyasaland
Agr. and Forestry Dept. [Pub.], 1909, Xo. J,, pp. 4).— The area devoted to cot-

636 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

ton tintwins In Nyasalaiul decreased from 22,000 acres in l!>Or) to 7,000 in 1907,
as it has been found that the growing season is too short for maturing the
Egyptian varieties at the elevation of 2.500 ft. The average lint percentage of
upland cotton is now 27 per cent. , Means of improving this and other features
of the cottons grown are discussed, together with their cultivation, climatic
requirements, and the tune and metliods of i)lanting, topping and harvesting,
in both uplands and lowlands. Notes are given on insect pests.

Cotton facts, A. B. Sheppekson iXnr York, 1909, pp. IX+18(), fig. 1, map
1). — A review of the cotton season of 1908-9 and of the prospects for the sea-
son of 1909-10 is followed by crop and other statistics for the United States
and other countries. Meteorological data and information of general interest
to cotton growers are included.

Cotton, the greatest of cash crops, S. A. Knapp {U. ki. Dept. Agr., Office
Hcc. Circ. 3.>. pp. ID). — In this address, delivered at Greenville, Miss., January
17, 1910, the past and present world demand for cotton is outlined and the posi-
tion of the United States in supplying the demand is discussed. The present
status of cotton growing in the United States is set forth with special refer-
ence to boll weevil conditions.

Broom millet, G. Marks (Dept. Agr. N. *S'. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 20, pp. 20,
figs. 11). — Discussions of the trade and fertility requirements and of the mar-
keting and botany of broom millet are followed by directions for producing,
harvesting and baling the crop, and for seed selection.

Oats, E. G. Montgomery (Nebraska aS/a. BuI. 113, pp. 3-16. fig. I). — Tabu-
lated data present the results of a test of 12 varieties of oats and indicate the
yield per acre, susceptibility to rust, date of heading, and date of harvesting
of each of the varieties.

The earlier varieties have given, during the past 5 or 6 years, an average
yield 14 bu. per acre greater than that of the later varieties.

Sowing at the rate af S pk. per acre gave the best results with drilled Kher-
son oats and 10 pk. when the oats were sown broadcast. Cultivation gave an
increased yield of 4.8 bu. per acre of drilled oats but a decreased yield of
broadcast oats. When the rainfall is more than normal, damage is done by
cultivating either oats or wheat but when precipitation before seeding has
been meager, cultivation of grain produces good results by conserving moisture
and removing a part of the stand.

Owing to the difference in weight and volume of kernel, 8 pk. of Kherson,
14 pk. of Dun, and 19 pk. of New Reliance oats produced the same number of
plants per acre. It is noted that there was a strong tendency for thin seedings
to tiller enough to bring the stand up to normal, or about 1,700,000 stems per
acre.

Improvements in paddy cultivation on the home farm at Sivagiri, Tinne-
velly district, J. M. Lonsdale (Dept. Agr. Madras BtiL 61, pp. 8). — The opera-
tions of the station are outlined and the value of the various crops of the
region discussed.

A number of varieties of paddy have been introduced from northern India
and elsewhere. Swarnavari and Banku. which are brought from regions
where the atmosphere is exceedingly hot and dry and irrigation water is never
abundant, are particularly good in quality, yield, early maturity and drought
resistance, but lose these characteristics when grown under less exacting cir-
cumstances, so that it is necessary to obtain new seed every 5 or 6 years. Seed
selection is being carried on for the improvement of the introduced varieties,
and a brief statement of the more important points with regard to 9 of these
varieties is given.

FIELD CROPS. 637

Biological studies of green and brown kernels of summer rye, E. Gross
{Ztschr. Landiv. Vcrsuchsiv. Osterr., 12 (1909), No. 2, pp. 77/-7'6).— lu 1908, an
experiment was undertaken with the green and brown keruels of summer rye.
The color was transmitted with considerable certainty. The plants produced
by the brown kernels showed shorter straw, longer, looser ears, smaller kernels,
and a greater weight per plant but a lower total weight of grain per plant and
a lower weight per kernel than did the plants from green liernels.

Sisal hemp, T. H. Wells (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 25, pp. 17,
figs. 3). — The climatic, soil, and cultural requirements of sisal hemp are out-
lined and harvesting and milling discussed.

Select list of references on sugar chiefly in its economic aspects, H. H. B.
Meyer (Washington: Library of Congress. 1910, pp. 238). — This exhaustive
compilation of bibliographical data has reference more especially to the mate-
rial in the Library of Congress and does not include the publications of the
state experiment stations.

The titles are arranged under the three main headings: General and eco-
nomic, agriculture, and chemistry and manufacture. Separate sections have
been given to some of the more important government publications of Great
Britain and the United States, while the articles in consular reports and
periodicals have been arranged chronologically.

Report on tobaccos from Nyasaland, W. I{. Diinstan (Ngasaland Agr. and
Forestry Dept. \l'ult.], 1909, \o. 3, pp. .'/). — This rei)()rt on .5 samples of tobacco
received from the Agricultural, Forestry and Botanical Department of Nyasa-
land includes analyses of 3 of the samples.

The percentage of nicotine is in all 3 cases lower than the average found in
American tobaccos of similar type. The characteristics of aroma and flavor
produced when they are burned are also different and will probably prove a
difficulty in the way of their finding an extended market in Europe. An ex-
amination of tlie ash with reference to the effect of its constituents on the burn-
ing quality of tobacco shovr no reasons for reversing tlie general belief that
potash is advantageous, lime deleterious only when in excess, magnesia slightly
deleterious, and sulphuric acid and chlorin markedly deleterious.

A text-book on tobacco, C. Werner (New York, 1909, pp. 136, pis. 7). — A
historical sketch is followed by a classification of the leaf and products of to-
bacco, a statement of the methods of cultivation, curing and manufacture, a
chapter on the manufacture of pipes, information on taxation and packages,
and a discussion of the tobacco bug and its remedy. Statistics and general in-
formation adapted to the needs of the retailer are also given.

The present status of the tobacco industry, W. W. Garner ( [7^. .S'. Dept.
Agr.. liur. Plant Indus. Circ. .'i8. pp. 13). — This circular contains a statement of
facts bearing upon the advisability of undertaking tobacco culture in various
l(K-alities, especially in new territory in the United States.

A brief history of the development of a specialized tobacco industry is fol-
lowed by a statement of the different classes of tobacco, arising from variations
in soil, climatic conditions and methods of production. These types, based on
present market requirement, are the cigar, export, and manufacturing types,
the first including filler leaf, wrapper, binder leaf, and shade-grown tobacco;
the second, dark fire-cured tobacco, Maryland and eastern Ohio, and air-cured
loliacco; and the third chiefly Burley tobacco, dark manufacturing tobacco,
In-ight flue-colored tobacco, and perique. The more salient facts with regard to
each are presented.

[Protein and water content of seven varieties of wheat], T. E. Keitt
(South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 23, 24).— The protein content of the varie-

638 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

ties analyzed ranged from iL'.oS {o 15.2!) per cent, Ilic w.itcr (•(intent from 12.26
to 12.S4 per cent.

The adulteration and misbranding of the seeds of alfalfa, red clover,
orchard grass, and Kentucky blue grass, A. F. Woods ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office
Nfc. ('in: ,il, pp. .'/). — None ot the o.")!) samples of alfalfa secured was adul-
terated or niisbranded but 107 contained dodder. Of the 630 samples of red
clover seed, 54 contained dodder, the percentage being only one-tifth of that of
11 year ago, when low-grade seed was being more extensively imported from
European sources. Of the 379 sanji)les of orchard grass seed obtained. 55 were
adulterated ^vith seed of meadow fescue or rye grass or both. Of 446 samples
of seed obtained as Kentucky blue grass, only 14 were wholly or in part Cana-
dian blue grass seed, while germination tests gave results varying from zero
to 90 per cent with an average of 62 per cent.

Of the total of 1,814 samples secured, 69 were found to be adulterated or
niisbranded and the i-esults of their analyses, together with the names of seeds-
men by whom they wei'e offered for sale, are included in this circular.

Seed inspections {Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 11, pp. 165-180). — The chief require-
ments of the state seed inspection law are explained, various features connected
with its enforcement discussed, and directions given for taking and mailing
samples of seed for free analysis, and for testing seeds at home. A list is given
of the 79 kinds of weed seeds found in seeds examined in 1909. together with
tables showing the frequency of their occurrence, and the results of analyses
of the official samples collected in 1900.

The grass and clover seed trade in Vermont in 1907—1909, G. T. Har-
rington {Vcrmotit Sill. Bui. I'i6, pp. 205-2^0). — Tal>ulated results of the
analyses of 131 samples of seed examined since 1907 show that timothy was
usually of good grade, alsike variable, and red clover extremely variable.

The danger of importing the seeds excluded by state laws from the markets
of other States and countries is noted. Other topics discussed are the qualities
of good commercial seed, weed seed, seed control with special reference to
Vermont conditions, the dangers of low grade seeds, miscellaneous seeds tested,
and Vermont's worst weeds in 1909 as compared with those in 1872. 1891, and
1898. Weeds noted as recently having become fr(^quent enough to be trouble-
some are rib grass or lance-leafed ]ilantain; clover dodder (Ciiscuta cpithif-
mum), first reported in Vermont in 1900; blue weed {Echinum vulgare) ;
prickly lettuce (Lactuca scariola) ; hoary alyssum {Berteroa incana) 1895;
tumble mustard (Sisymbritcm altissimum) 1900; squirrel tail grass (Hordeum
jiihatum) ; worniseed mustard ( EnjHinum clicirantlioidcs) ; and (Petstemoin
Iwvigatufi).

Cascuta europaea and its hosts, V. B. Wittrock (^rrnsk Bot. Tidskr., 3
(1909). Xo. 1, pp. l-tl. figs. 2). — A brief discussion of this parasite is given,
followed by a host index of over 100 plants an-anged according to families.

The common toad flax, C Kraus (Arb. Dent. Land to. Gesell., 1909. Vo. 166,
pp. 5-23, pi. 1, figs. 18). — A discussion of the weed varieties of the genus
Linaria is followed by a statement of the habitat and geographical distribution
of the common toad flax, a description of the plant, a statement of its habits,
and a discussion of methods of eradication.

HORTICULTURE.

New methods of plant breeding, G. W. Oliver (11. S!. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Plant
Indus. Bui. 167. pp. 39. pis. 15. jigs. 2). — This bulletin deals with methods used
by the author in accomplishing what have hitherto been considered impossible
or diflicuit crosses. The prominent feature of these methods consists of " de-

HORTICULTURE. 639

polliuation " or the removal of pollen from the stigma before fecundation has
taken place. This process has been successfully used on several genera of the
Compositfe and can be used with all (lowers having reproductive organs too
small to be successfully manipulated by the ordinary methods of emasculation.
It may also be applied to the stigmas of larger flowers to remove pollen which
may have gained access to the stigmas previous to an artificial pollination.

The author discusses the development of depollinatiou in his plant breeding
work, the necessary tools and equipment for depollinatiou and emasculation,
the possible origin of hybrids and crosses of composite flowers, and prepara-
tion of seed and pollen bearing plants. In giving an account of his work with
alfalfa, two methods of depollinating the flowers, by means of a tiny jet of
water and by compressed air, are described in detail. Consideration is also
given to the growing of breeding plants, raising seed from crosses, crossing
large flowered legumes, crossing in large and small numbers, hybridizing
species, crossing cultivated varieties on natural species, cross-pollinating
clovers, and methods of emasculating and pollinating common flowers. Ref-
erences are made to many difficult crosses which the author has performed
and the methods used are fully illustrated.

Recent investigations on the occurrence of parthenogenesis among orchard
trees and other fruit-bearing plants, Ewert {Landiv. Jahrb., 38 (1909), A'o.
5-6, pp. 767-8S9, figs. 7). — In continuation of the author's previous investiga-
tions on flower biology (E. S. R.. 17, p. 1156) and the occurrence of partheno-
genesis among fruit trees (E. S. R.. 19, p. 142), an account is given of obser-
vations and studies made during the years 1907-8 with api)les. pears, quinces,
cherries, peaches, gooseberries, currants, grai^es, strawberries, cucumbers, toma-
toes, and hazlenuts, including investigations of single variety orchard plantings
and of the influence of seeds upon the development of fruit and upon the nutri-
tion processes in the plant. The methods employed and resulis secured by
other investigators along this line are compared with those of the author. The
report concludes with discussions relative to the occurrence and probable value
of fiowerless apples and the nature of parthenogenesis.

The author is led to conclude from his own investigations, as well as from
the results secured bj' others, that many so-called cases of self-fertilization,
particularly among apples and pears, are in reality due to parthfuogenesis and
that in varieties where this occurs cross-pollination is unnecessary. The occur-
rence of parthenogenetic fruit appears to be a varietal characteristic, the
general factors of growth being of only secondary importance in producing
such fruit. The opinion is advanced that not only must considerable more data
be accumulated but more satisfactory methods of investigations must be worked
out in order to make our knowledge of this subject of value in practical fruit
culture.

The resistance of plants to frost (GnnL Chroii.. S. ser., -}7 (1910), .Vo. 1Z08,
pp. 120. 121). — A review of our in-esent knowledge relative to the means by
which the more resistant species of plants protect themselves from injury by
frost.

Report of horticulturist, C. C. Newman (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp.
16-22). — A progress report of cultural experiments with fruits, nuts, and vege-
tables, including a table showing that the nuts from some Gl seedling pecans
varied in size, from 51 to 192 making a pound.

Report of horticulturist, C. C. Newman (South Caroliiid St a. lipt. I90S. pp.
19-22).- — A progress report on cultural and breeding exi»eriments with fruits,
nuts, and vegetables. Experiments are being conducted in grafting apples
to determine the length of stock and scion suitable for producing the largest

40512— No. 7—10 'i

640 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

nniiiber of first f-'nidc trees. mikI results of this work to date are jirospiited in
tabular form.

Cultural methods for some common vegetables, R. S. Hickuick. W. Paddock.
and L. F. I'AUU. (Colorado Sfa. Cirv. •>, y>p. //).— Brief popiilar directions are
given for growing asparagus, cabbage, coiory, onions, and tomatoes.

Garden accessories and mushroom growing, U. II. Jkffriks, W. Paddock.
and L. F. Paull (Colorado Hta. Cin: (!. pi>- /'0-— This circular contains brief
popular directions for the preparation :ind use of cold frames and hotbeds.
sterilizing the seed bed for tomatoes and other phints, and mushroom growing.
Fall and winter cabbages, C. C. Nkwman [Hoiith Carolina ^ia. R^l. t!)0!K
PI). JlS-Ll'i. fi(js. 2). — lU-ief popular directions are given for growing fail and
winter cabbages in South Carolin.i. The phases discussed include preparation
of soil, the plant bed. transplanting to the tield, fertilizers, cultivation, and
varieties.

A strain test of Jersey Wakefield cabbage, C. E. Myers iPeiuiHylvaiiin Sla.
Bui. Utj. i)j). .i-ts. jit/s. .l).— This is a progress report covering two years of a
test of 27) strains of Jersey Wakefield cabbage secured from various seed
dealers. Notes are given for both seasons on the strain secured from eadi
dealer, and the data are also presented in tabular form.

A number of marked variations have occurred within the variety, with great
differences in earliness, yield.s. and form and solidity of heads. The degree of
vigor of the young plants has thus far proved of no value in indicating the size
or character of the resultant croi)s. The percentage of germination of some
strains was very low. The work is to be continued for several years to
determine the full importance and significance of the variations noted.

The cost of fruit growing, A. Janson ( I' ii It ling's Landiv. Ztg., 59 (1910),
'So. ?>. pii. 99-110). — A discussion of factors which go to make up the cost of
establishing and maintaining fruit orchanls, together with suggestions relative
to methods of estimating their productive value.

Orchard management, O. B. Whipple and W. Paddock (Colorado Sta. Circ.
3. pp. 7). — This circular contains brief popular suggestions relative to orchard
irrigation and cultivation, shade crops, and iireparing orchards for winter.

Preparing land and trees for orchard planting, W. Paddock and O. B.
Whipple {Colorado Hta. Circ. J,, pp. 7). — Bri«'f iu»i)ular suggestions are given.

Pomological possibilities of Texas, G. Ondkrdonk [Texas Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 9,
pp. 55. fig-'<. •''). — This bulletin d'sciisses the possibilities for the commercial cui-
ture of a large numlier of orchard and small fruits and nuts in Texas. Sep-
arate chapters are devoted to the orange, fig, peach, pear, grape, plum, apple,
persimmon, niulbei-ry. apricot, pecan, and date. Consideration is also given
to berries ajid a number of miscellaneous fruits.

Fruits adapted to Wyoming (Wyo. Bd. Hort. Spec. Bui., 1 (1910), So. 2,
pp. 6-10). — A list based on data secured in different sections of the State is
given of some of the best varieties of ai)p]es, jiears. plums, cherries, ras])berries,
currants, gooseberries, and strawberries. adai)ted for culture in Wyoming.

The transportation of fruits and other edible products in refrigerator cars,
BizoT (Ann. Sac. Agr. Sci. et Indus. Lyon, 1908, pp. 53-73). — An account of the
development and present status of the refrigerator car service in France, with
notes on the transportation of specific products, including fruits, meats, butter,
milk, beer, and ice.-

Drying apricots and peaches, W. J. Allen (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmer.<<'
Bui. Ill, pp. 9. figs. 7). — A popular bulletin discussing methods and equipment
used in drying apricots and peaches.

Pineapple culture. VI, The effect of fertilizers upon the quality of the
fruit, A, ^^■. Blaiu and K. N, Wilsqn {Florida Sta. Bui. 101. pp. 29-.',2. fig. i),—

HORTICULTURE. 641

In previous work with pineapples (E. S. R., 17. p. 1154), it was ghown that an
increase of fertilizers up to a certain point resulted in a decided increase of
iarser sized fruit but in no material increase in the total number of fruits,
and that certain fertilizers are unsuitable for the pineapple plant. The experi-
ments were continued as i)reviously outlined to determine whether the quality
of the fruit is affected by the kind or quantity used. The plan of the work and
methods of sampling and analysis, together with the data and results secured
for the years 1905 to 1908, are here reported.

In general, it was found that the eating quality of pineapples, so far as their
sugar and acid content is concerned, does not ai)pear to be affected by the kind
of fertilizer used, although their shipping quality may be thus affected. In-
creasing the fertilizer slightly increases the sugar content and very slightly
decreases the acid content of the pineapples, although the work does not indi-
cate to which fertilizing constituent the increase in sugar is due. Large fruits
contained a greater percentage of sugar than small ones and slightly less acid.
The ratio of reducing sugars to sucrose was greater in the large fruits. An
increase of fertilizer failed to increase the nitrogen percentage of the fruit.

From the analyses reported, the following averages were made up, the weight
of fruit in all cases being reckoned without the crown : Weight of one fruit,
(>5 determinations. 966.2 gms. ; edible portion, 33 determinations, 61 per cent of
the fruit; available juice, 85 determinations. 92.84 per cent of the edible por-
tion; total solids in whole fruit, 66 determinations, 15.18 per cent of the fruit;
nitrogen, 63 determinations. 0.064 per cent of edible portion; and acids calcu-
lated as citric, reducing sugars, sucrose, and total sugars, 100 determinations
each, 0.98, 2.60. 9.47, and 12.07 per cent of the juice, respectively.

Pineapple by-products, T. F. Sedgwick (Hawaii. Almanac and Ann., 36
(IhlU), pp. lOU-llO). — A brief description of the process of canning pineapples
with a view to pointing out the nature of the refuse from a pineapple factory
and the possibility of its utilization. It is estimated that 1 ton of pineapple
waste will produce 1,700 lbs. of juice and 100 lbs. of dried pulp. This amount of
juice will yield 17 lbs. of citrate of lime, valued at $2.38, and 20 gal. of mo-
lasses, valued at $10.

Notes on the season of maturity of table grapes in Italy (Bol. Min. Agr.,
Indus, r Com. [Rome], 8 (1909), Ser. V, \o. 10. pp. iy-,^.'y) .—Lists are given
showing the period of maturity of a large number of varieties of table grapes
grown at various government nurseries in Italy.

Investig'ations on the maturing of grape wood and the training of Amer-
ican stocks, F. ScHMiTTHENNER (Lttnclw. Jalith., 38 (1909), A"o. 4- PP- 629-691,
fif/s. .')). — The author reviews the scientific and practical knowledge relative to
the anatomical and chemical changes which take place during the maturing of
grapevines, and in conclusion summarizes those factors which are of importance
for the production of well matured grafting stocks, with special reference to
the American vines which are used in reestablishing the German vineyards.
The subject matter is discussed under the general headings of the indications
of maturity and the process of ripening, and the influence of climatic and soil
conditions, vine diseases and methods of combating them, methods of training the
vines, and leaf activities upon the ripening of wood. The principal points
brought out in the study are summarized.

The author concludes that the general climatic conditions in German viticul-
tural districts are not the most favorable for securing well ripened wood of
American grapes. This difhcutly must be obviated by training the vines in a
manner suitable for procuring the proper relation between the light, air, and
moisture. The trellis system of training appears to be the best,

642 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The graft stocks in 1909, J. M. Guillon {Rev. lit., 3S {1910). No. 8'iS, pp.
IJfJ-L'iS, figs. 6). — A pi-of^ress report on the behavior of a number of American
grapes being used to reconstitute the vineyards of Chareute, rehitive to their
resistance to dronsrht. soil adaptation, effect on yields, etc. (E. S. R., 18, p. 941).

Shield budding the mango, J. E. Higgins {Hawaii Sta. Bid. 20, pp. 6-1I6,
pLs. 2, figs. Jf). — Tlie author has conducted tests of various methods of
propagating desirable varieties of mangoes and finds that patch-budding, the
nietliod successfully employed by Oliver (E. S. R., 15, p. .305) and by Knight
(PJ. S. R., 12, p. 559), although greatly superior to inarching, can be success-
fully employed only when both bud-wood and stock are in flush or active growth,
a condition which frequently does not exist in both members at the same time.

The experiments here reported indicate that shield budding with the "T"
incision inverted is adai)ted to the peculiarities of the mango and much more
rajiid in execution than the patch-bud method. It may be used successfully
when the bud-wood is not in active growing condition. The method may be
ai>plied advantageously in woi'king seedling trees in orchard form ;ind in top
working old trees to new varieties. It also appears highly probable that it
would be applicable to nursery trees. This process of budding is illustrated
and described in detail and a study of the bud union is reported.

One coffee plantation, D. W. May {Porto Rico Hart. News, 3 {1910), No. 3,
pp. 33, 34). — With the view of illustrating what can be done in the way of
developing old coffee plantations, the receipts and exi)enditures for the past 4
years are given of an old plantation which is undergoing renovation.

Pecan culture, G. L. Clothier {Mississippi 8ia. Bid. 12.'i, pp. 8). — The pur-
pose of this bulletin is to set forth the present status of pecan culture in Missis-
sippi. It discusses choice of varieties, selection of location and site, purchasing
nursery stock, returns from pecan orchards, planting the orchard, cultivation
and care, pruning, and top working old trees.

Sag'O and sago palms, L. A. T. J. F. Van Oijen, J. Fortgens, and J. Tupa-
MAHu {Bill. Kolon. Miis. Haarlem, 1909, No. J/J,, pp. 120, pis. 9, figs. 2).— This
bulletin consists of a series of contributions to the knowledge of the botany,
exploitation, and uses of the sago palms in the Dutch P^ast Indies.

Vermont shrubs and woody vines, L. It. .Jones and F. V. Rand ( Vermont
Sta. Bui. lJi5, pp. 51-199, figs, <S"/). — This bulletin consists of a key with com-
])lete descriptions, economic notes, and illustrations for determining the shrubs
and woody vines of Vermont.

The trees and shrubs of San Antonio and vicinity, B. Mackensen {San
Antonio, Tex., 1909, pp. 51, figs. 15). — A popular handbook of woody plants
growing naturally in and about San Antonio, Tex., including some introduced
species. It contains a general description of the San Antonio region and plant
formations, together with an enumeration and description of species.

The best trees for lawn, street, and woodland planting, J. J. Levi son
{Gard. Mag. [N. Y.], 11 {1910). No. 3. p. 160. figs. 2).— The common and'
botanical name of each is given, together with notes on its special advantages
and requirements.

Flowering shrubs for continuous effects, E. L. D. Seymour {Gard. Mag.
[N. Y.], 11 {1910), No. 3, pp. 166-169, figs. 35).— A planting table is given in
which the best hardy shrubs are arranged according to the color of the flowers
and their season of bloom. The character of the flower, height of the plant,
habit of growth, and cultural notes are also given, together with illustrations
of a large number of the more desirable kinds.

On the making of gardens, (J. Sitweli, {London, 1909, pp. VIII + 109). — A
popular essay on landscape gardening, consisting of a study of old Italian
gardens, the nature of beauty and the principles involved in garden design,

FORESTRY. 643

That rock garden of ours, F. E. Hulme (London, 1909, pp. 327, pis. 50). — ^A
popular work discussiug the making of rock gardens, including notes on the
culture, character, and arrangement of a large number of plants suitable for
the purpo>;e.

The book of the sweet pea, D. B. Crane {London and Xcic York, 1910, pp.
iX-\rlS6, pis. 17). ^A popular treatise containing detailed directions for grow
ing sweet peas under glass and in the open. Consideration is also given to the
history, evolution and literature of sweet peas, their use for exhibition and
di'corative purposes, and their pests and diseases. The best varieties are classi-
fied according to their colors and lists are given of varieties considered to be too
nnich alike.

Bibliography of Danish horticulture, 1546-1908, C. Mariboe {Fortegnelse
over Dansh: Hai-chrtig.slittcratur Frn 1.5'i6-190S. Copenhagen, 1909, pp. 57). —
Tliis contains 4.50 sei)arate references arranged under the following headings:
Horticulture in general, periodicals and calendars, greenhouses and cold frames,
storage of horticultural products, landscape gardening and laying out of gar-
dens, the kitchen garden, the orchard, tloriculture, plant diseases, reports, etc.,
together with an al])habetical index of authors.

FORESTRY.

Annual report of the director of forestry of the Philippine Islands for
the period July 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909, G. P. Ahern (Ann. Rpt. Dir. For-
estry P. I., 1909, pp. 20). — This consists of a progress report of forest opera-
lions conducted during the year by the divisions of administration and investi-
gation, including statistics relative to the certification of public lands, utilization
(if forest products, amounts of important timber species cut, imports and exports
of forest i)roducts, revenues, and expenditures.

Annual progress report upon state forest administration in South Aus-
tralia, W. Gill (Ann. Rpt. State Forest Admin. So. Atist., 1908-9, pp. 12, pis.
7). — The report includes a general account of the year's planting and other
forest operations, together with tabulated data showing the areas of forest
reserves and plantations, the distribution of trees, and a financial statement for
the year. Notes are also given on a number of New South Wales eucalypts.

Review of forest administration in British India for the year 1907—8,
F. B. Bryant (Valeiitta: Govt., 1910. pp. 5//). — This is the usual annual review
for the year 1907-S, relative to forest operations in the various provinces of
India. It contains notes and data on alterations in areas, forest settlements,
demarcation and surveys, the development of working plans, forest protection,
silvicultural operations, and experiments and exploitation, together with a
financial statement for the year. The aggregate area of all classes of forests
at the close of the year was 237,809 square miles, or 24.2 per cent of the total
area of British India.

Progress report of forest administration in the Andamans for 1908-9,
H. K. Robinson (Rpt. Forest Admin. Andamans, 1908-9, pp. IV +23) .—A state-
ment similar to the above is presented relative to the administration of state
forests in the Andamans during 1908-9.

Some features of forest working plans in India, and of forest regula-
tion in the coniferous forest of the Himalayas, B. Moore (Forestry Quart.,
8 (1910), No. 1, pp. ltl-57, flg. 1). — A general account is given of the mak-
ing of working plans in India, including some of the more important pro-
visions of a si)ecial plan for coniferous forests in the Himalayas. It is believed
that the methods discussed should contain valuable suggestions for foresters
in the United States.

644 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Tables showing the progress in working plans in the provinces outside
the Madras and Bombay presidencies up to the 31st December, 1908, with
special reference to the application of the various silvicultural systems,
A. M. F. Caccia (\lii(li(tn Fonst ])<i)t.\ I'diiijiliht II, WurLiiKjiiltiii, Her. ,{, pp.

Instructions for making forest surveys and maps ( ('. iS. Dept. Agr., For-
est tScrr. [I'amphlet], I'JIO, pp. 51, figs. 9). — These instructions are issued to
nienil)ers of the Forest Service of this Department with a view of securing uui-
fonii results in the nial<iufi of forest surveys and maps. Information is jjiven
relative to the use of surveyinj; instruments, including the necessary tables for
ni;iking observations, the use of tlie hypsonieter and Ki'iidemeter. making;
measurements and tield notes, tlie use of the plane lai»l(>, map making, etc.

Preservation and utilization of the national forests, S. Rif.ey ( Proc. (Utlo.
Sci. Soc, 9 (1909), pp. l')9-IS0). — A i)aper read before the Colorado Scientific
Society.

Study of forest conditions in Kentucky, .T. S. IIolmks ;ind K. ('. Hall
(Bicti. h'pt. Bur. Agr., Luhor, and Htntis. [Kij-]< 1^ {190S-9), pp. ;i-/7«).— This
is the second report on the joint study of forest conditions in Kentucky which
is bein^j; conducted by the Forest Service of this Department in cooperation
with the Kentucky State Board of Agriculture, Forestry, and Immigration.
Thus far 6 forest districts have been covered in the work, the first of which
was discussed in the previous report (E. S. R., 20, p. .54.S).

A report is here made on the 5 districts studied in liJOS. including for each
district an outline of the physiography, transportation and land classification,
descri|)tions of forest types with recommendations for the management of each
type, tabular data showing the present stand and outi)ut of lumber and other
forest products, an<l detailed descriptions by counties. Articles discussing
forestry for coal mine owners and the black locust in Kentucky are appended.

An introductory study on the distribution of the principal forest species
of the Maritime Alps, J. Salvador (Rec. Euu.i- ct Forets, ^9 (1910), Nos. If,
pp. 97-113, map 1; 5, pp. 132-1 -'p\ fig. 1). — This consists of a summarized study
of the principal forest si)ecies of the department of Maritime Alps with notes
on the geographic distribution of cjich.

Petwun or trincomali wood (Berrya ammonilla). 11. S. Troup ([Indian
Forest Dept.] I'anipJilct l.i, Forest Econ. Ser. 5, pp. S, pi. 1). — An account is
given of this species of wood relative to its synonymy, distribution, habitat,
and botany, the grain, color, weight, strength, seasoning power, and durability
of the wood, exploitation, yields, returns and uses. Petwun wood occurs iu
Burma and the Little Coco Island, and is also found in Ceylon. It is tough,
elastic, and straight grained. In addition to' its use for building purposes, it is
employed in a large number of wood using industries. The bast fiber also
furnishes a poor quality for cordjige.

The dissemination of junipers by birds, F. J. Phillips (Forestry Quart.,
8 (1910). iVo. 1, pp. 60-13). — This article embraces the results of G years'
regional studies in Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, South Dakota, and
New Mexico, as well as data from other regions which have been supplied by
observers along this line. The genei-al conclusion is reached that birds are
responsible for most of the dissemination of the junipers. A list is appended
of birds that have been found to eat juniper berries.

On the afforestation of poor or unfavorably situated agricultural lands,
Thiele (Ztschr. Landw. hammer Braunsehweig, 78 (1910), Mo.s. '//>, pp. 557-559;
.',6, pp. 570, 571; 7^8, pp. 59Jf-596. figs. //).— A discussion of this subject with
special reference to (Jlerman conditions, including directions for planting forest
trees.

FORESTRY. 645

Planting" methods as a means of preventing the attack of the May beetle,
D. TiEMANN (Forstiv. CenlbL, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. 2, pp. SJ,-<)1). — The author
calls attention to the general recommendation that in establishing forest planta-
tions the soil should be loosened as little as possible in order to render con-
ditions unfavorable for the breeding of May beetles. He points out that
the ball method of planting trees more nearly approaches this condition
tlian any other, and outlines and discusses a series of planting experiments
which might throw some light on the relative efficiency of different methods
of planting in combating the insect.

Forest production, C. Girerd (Semainc Agr. [Paris]. 29 {19 tO), Xo. U',91,
pp. JfJi-Jil). — The author reviews the present status of forest production in
France and discusses tlie need of increased forest areas.

The productivity of woodland soil, J. Nisbet (Nr/. Prog. Twentieth Cent.,
/; {1910), Xo. /■), /*/*. oOJi~olO). — The importance of humus in the maintenance
of forest growth is iioiuted out and it is stated that "the best method of insur-
ing a humus favorable to soil productivity is to grow timber crops in mixed
woods consisting of kinds of trees suitable to the soil and situation, and cai)able
of protecting the soil against the deteriorating effects of sun and wind; and in
such mixed woods the beech has on the Continent been found to possess the
most valuable properties regarding the conservation and the increase of soil
productivity."

Experiments in tapping Ceara rubber trees, E. V. Wilcox {Hawaii Sta.
Bui. 19, pp. 7-20). — In continuation of initial experiments with the Ceara rub-
ber tree in Hawaii previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 245) the results are given
of one year's experiments which were undertaken to demonstrate the yield of
latex from Ceara rubber ti-ees and to determine their commercial possibilities,
as well as to study the relative value of different methods and times of tapping
and the possibility of utilizing local Jai)anese labor in the work of tapping and
collecting rubber. The work was conducted cooperatively by the station and
the territorial division of forestry, in conjunction with the directors of 4 private
rubber i)lantations.

Although it is generally recommended that trees should not be tapped until
they are 6 to S years old, the majority of the trees tapped in the experiments
were only 2 or 3 years old. One series of 80 trees was tapped by means of one
vertical cut each day, the cut being about 7 ft. in length and extending from the
gi'eatest height the laborers could reach to a point near the ground. It re-
quired 36 hours and 40 minutes of labor to tap the trees, collect the latex and
secure by coagulation 1* lbs. of rubber, but with exi)erience this time was
greatly reduced. Another series of 160 trees which were tapped with 2 vertical
cuts in place of 1, required only 40 hours of labor and yielded 5 lbs. of prime
rubber and 2i lbs. of scrap rubber, and gave profitable returns.

Tapping experiments made on some mature Ceara trees indicate that about
i oz. of dry rubber may be expected as a daily yield from each tree. From the
data at hand, it is estimated conservatively that the Ceara rubber tree will
not only grow and thrive in the Territory but will yield profitable returns.

With trees 4 in. in diameter, single vertical cuts can be made daily for 2
weeks in succession or 2 vertical cuts daily for 1 week. Comparisons of the
" V " cuts with vertical cuts resulted in favor of the vertical cut as to yield,
although there appears to be no difference between the two in the healing of
the bark wounds.

The results as to time of tapping show the yield to be somewhat larger about
daylight than at any subsequent time, the difference, however, being more
noticeable on clear days with the bright sun than on cloudy cool days, when the

646 F.XPKHIMKXT STATION RKC"OHD.

flow of latex is almost tlu' saiin" tliniuj;ln»ii( tlic morning li<>ufs. The taiipinj;
work as a whole iiitlu-ntos lliat iiiulcr ordiuai-y ciiiKlitioiis it will 1k' i)r<ililahl»'
to tap trees from daylight until nearly noon.

A further test was made of rlu? use of water-ba^'s tu wash down the latex.
Although it appears that the yield may )><' somewhat iiicrease<l and the flow
maintained for a somewhat longer lime by the use of water, the economy of
the operation has uot as yet been determined.

It appears that the flow of latex may be temporarily stimulated by api)ly-
ing nitrate of soda. In one case the nitrate wa.s placed in the soil at a dejith
of 3 or 4 in. and at some distance from the trunk around each tree where it
would most quickly l)econ!e available to the roots. The weight of dry rul)ber
from 3 trees which received ; lli. of nitrate of soda each was 2.3 oz., from 3
trees receiving I lb. each 1.3 d/,., and from the 3 unfertilized trees 1.2 oz. The
effect of the nitrate of soda upon the flow of latex was manife.sted within 4S
hours. The test was repeated with similar results.

Experiments in retapping trees which have recently been tai)ped indicate
that the Ceara rubl)er trees in Hawaii may be proHtably tapped about 3 times
annually. A study of the distribution of the latex tubes shows the tubes to be
found almost exclusively in the bark outside of the cambium, so that it apjiears
unnecessary to injure the cambium. The large number of connecting tubes l)e-
tween the main longitudinal trunk is couspicuous and accounts for the ready
flow of latex from the tapping wounds in any direction. The use of inter-
crops, such as corn or soy beans or other legumes while the trees are maturing
is advised both from the standpoint of economy and as a means of cultivating
the trees. Samples of rubber from the 2 and 3 year old trees submitted to com-
mercial firms compared favorably ns to value with prime Para rubber.

The climatic and soil requirements of Hevea brasiliensis, A. Zimmermann
{Pflunzer, 5 {1009), No. 13-U, Pp. 205-211).— A discussion of the climatic and
soil requirements of Para rubber based upon data secured from rubber planta-
tions in various parts of the Tropics, to which a bibliography of rubber culture
is appended.

The author concludes that Para rubber is adaptable to those regions in the
German colonies under 600 meters altitude, with a rainfall of about 2 meters,
no long continued dry spells, and fairly moist winds. The soil should be fairly
rich in humus.

On the effect of arsenical and sulphur fumes on veg'etation, with par-
ticular reference to the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and Ram-
bong (Ficus elastica), B. J. Eaton (Afft: Bui. tStraits and Fed. Malay IStates,
f> (1910), No. 2, pp. Ji6-51).— In view of the supposed deleterious effect of the
fumes from the Chinese furnaces roasting low grade tin ores, a small furnace
was erected in the grounds of the Institute for Medical Research and actual
experiments conducted with a number of potted rubber plants.

The results of the experiment proved conclusively the harmful effect of these
fumes. They do not show whether the injury is due to the arsenious acid or
to the sulphur dioxid in the fumes, but iu the author's opinion the latter was
the more hai-mful. " The first noticeable effect is a spotting of the leaves,
yellowish white spots being found on the surface, which gradually spread over
the whole surface of the leaves, the latter eventually dropping off. The plants
thus become quite defoliated. The leaves naturally grow again if the fumes
are stopped, but if the fumes from the furnaces are continuous, as is the case
in practice, then complete defoliation would occur, and the plant would
subsequently die."

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 647

Rubber cultivation in Uganda, F. Kaye {India Rubber Jour., n. scr., 39
U9J0), ^o. J, pp. 30',, 306, 30i), 310, figs. J).— A brief account of rubber cultiva-
tion in Uganda, including data on the growth of, and tapping experiments with,
a number of rubber trees at the Entebbe Botanical Garden.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Recent investig-ations on plant diseases, F. C. Stewart (West. A'. Y. Hort.
Sac. I'roc, ■')-', {IDO'J), pp. 77-Sl). — An outline is presented of some recent in-
vestigations that have been carried on for the prevention of plant diseases, and
notes are given on the value of self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture as a fungicide,
a stock solution of lime-sulphur for the prevention of apple scab, the arsenical
poisoning of fruit trees, and a number of diseases, among them ajiple leaf
spot, crown gall, apple rots in cold storage, and black rot of grapes.

A list of parasitic fung'i from the Swedish provinces of Soderman and
Bohun, (i. Lagekheim il^r rii.sk Bot. Tidskr.. 3 {IHO'J}, Xo. I. pp. IS-'iO, fi(j.
1). — This list includes about 1(»U species of plant parasites, two of which are
described as new, namely, Chry.somijja ramischiu' on leaves of Pyrohi sccunda
and UroDJi/rcs flcctcns on Trifoiiuni rcpcu.s.

What is Aspergillus glaucus? L. Mangin {Ann, Sci. Nat. Bot., 9. ser., 10
{1909), No. .'i-6, pp. 303-371, figs. 15). — A critical and experimental study has
been made of the various molds which are generally grouped under the name
Aspergillus ghiucus. The author finds that with the exception of Eurotium
amstelodami n. sp., the ascospore form of the mold, all the forms can be
grouped together in one series, which should be united and maintained under
the name of A. glaueus. This series would naturally include .1. oryza; and A.
flarus, but they may be readily distinguished from the typical form by the
shaiie and size of their conidia. E. (unstelodatni mav be recognized from all
other forms by the smallness of the conidia.

The wintering over of plant parasites, K. von Tubeuf {Naturw. ZtseJir.
Forst u. Landtc, 8 {1910), No. 1, pp. 56'-oS).— The author reports Cuscuta win-
tering over on the green parts of winter plants, the apple mildew in the buds
of apple trees, and a rust {Pueeinio lunlvaee(irum) in the rhizomes of its host.

A method of infection experiments w^ith green plants, E. W. Schmidt
{Cenlbl. Ball, [e1e.^, 2. AM., 25 {1909), No. l-',-lS, pp. J,26-'i30, fiffs. 2).— The
apparatus consists of a glass cylinder open at both ends and standing in a glass
cup or vessel, in the bottom of which is a layer of sand and in the top a plug
of cotton. The i)lant to be infected is placed inside the glass cylinder and the
plug replaced. It is claimed that the plant can thus obtain the proper amount
of moisture and air and yet I)e protected from outside infection.

New infection experiments with Uromyces dactylidi* W. Krieo {Ceiiibl.
Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht.. 25 {1909), No. 1.',-1S, pp. .',30-.',36) .—Te\eutoii])ores of U.
daeti)lidis obtained from different regions were sown on species of Ranunculus,
and the results are given, together with a discussion of the biological species
of U. dactylidis. The infection experiments were successful with Ranunculus
sylvaticus, R. platanifolius, R. aeonitifolius, R. alpestris, R. glaeialis, R. repens,
and R. bulbosu<i.

Some anemone rusts, E. W. D. Holway idard. Chron.. 3. ser., 47 {1910),
No. 1205, p. 67). — Attention is called to the investigations of Arthur and Tranz-
schel in America and Europe on the relationship of some of the Uredineae, par-
ticularly of the species Puecinia fusca found on Anemone nemorosa and the
rust P. pruni-spinosw on cherry, plum, peach, etc. It is stated that Tranzschel
in l'.)04 and Arthur later (E. S. K.. is. p. 50) showed that the .Ecidium on Ane-
mone was a stage in the life history of the plum rust. Another species has been

G48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOHD,

foniid by Tranzscliol (K. S. li., 10, j). .■'>S4) ofciu-riiifx ;is .lOcidinm on AiicnKino
and to bo connected witli Ochrosiiord soihi on species of Tyrns.

The present theory rcKardinf: these rusts is ili.ii nri;.'iiially /'. iinnii-siiinostr
was able to produce all its si)ore forms on liolh rruiins and Anemone, but that
it has become so specialized that one form is limited for the uredo and telento-
spore stapes to Prnnus, retaininji its secidial staj^e on Anemone, while the form
on Anemone has lost its a>cidial and nredo form and lives on Anemone only.

Biological investigations on the germinating' power and germination of
the uredospores and aecidiospores of the grain rusts, E. Sciiaiimt (.\iiii.
MycoL, 7 (1909), \(>. (i. pp. 509-523, p(j. I). — This is a general discussion of
the various conditions (hat may affect the germinating power and germination
of the tecidiospores and uredospores of the grain rusts, such as ripeness and
age of the spores, heat, wind, moisture, condition and influence of host, etc.

The leaf spot of clover and alfalfa (Pseudopeziza medicaginis), K. Xih.ks
{Dent. Landir. I'rcssc, Sd (1909). No. 80, pp. 85'/, 855, figs. 6). — This very com-
mon disease of alfalfa is claimed by the author to be identical with a similar
fungus ( /'. trifolii) on clover. He also claims that a form of Phyllosticta found
on both alfalfa and clover is only an imperfect stage of the leaf-spot fungus ( /'.
medicaginiii). Cross inoculation experiments witli pure cultures of the two
Pseudopezizas on clover and alfalfa plants were successful. Cultures of the
Phyllosticta on both hosts produced the Pseudopeziza apothecia and spores of
the Pseudopeziza sown on the leaves of clover and alfalfa produced the fruit
bodies (pycnidia) of the Phyllosticta form.

Cotton anthracnose investigation, H. W. Barre (South Carolina Sta. Rpt.
J909, pp. S9-IIS. /if/s. 7). — This is a progress report on the author's investiga-
tions, a preliminary account of which has been noted elsewhere (E. S. P., 22,
p. 544). Detailed accounts are given of inoculation experiments to determine
the method of infeqiion and also of exi)eriments conducted to test the possi-
bility of disinfection through the treatment of the seed.

The author found as a result of his inoculation studies that the disease may
be developed in the bolls at any age or on any variety when inoculated with
spores through punctures in the boll wall. On entering the inoculated bolls
the fungus attaclis the lint, and later enters the seed coats, penetrating the
endosperm and cotyledons. When flowers 10 hours after opening were si)rayed
with water carrying spores, 44 per cent of the bolls developed from such
flowers were diseased. Where young bolls were inoculated in a similar man-
ner, 53 i)er cent became diseased, the amount of disease varying with the age
of the bolls at the time of inoculation. In botli the artificial and natural infec-
tion the fungus enters through the lines of dehiscence of the bolls. Inoculation
with a spray carrying spores had no effect on the bolls after they were three-
fourths grown, ami it is believed that natm-al infection must take place before
or when the bolls are about half grown.

Studies of diseased seed in which attempts were made to destroy the fnngtis
by treatment failed to give any practical results.

The investigations seemed to indicate that the fungus is unable to live more
than 10 months on the old diseased bolls and seed in the field, and it is believed
that a one year's rotation with clean seed would eliminate the disease.

Scolecotrichum graminis avenae, F. Krause (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 25
{1909), No. 1-Jf, pp. 102-106, pi. 1). — Oats in Western Prussia have for several,
summers been attacked by a fungus that forms yellowish brown spots on the
leaves. An examination of the diseased tissues showed tliat these were due to
/S'. graminis arena'.

A pathological change in the embryo of wheat grains, U. Brizi (Rie. Lab.
Chim. Agr. li. Svuola Sup. Agr. Ullano, 3 {1908), pp. 169-172). — In the prov-

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 649

inces of Cremona and Milan, uiucli of the wheat that was planted did not germi-
nate, although the seed ai)peared sound and viable. A careful niiscroscopical
examination of the seed sliowed many very small hyalin, septate threads of
some fungus in the various tissues of the wheat grains. Artificial cultures on
gelatin gave fruit bodies similar to those of Aspergillus fuinigatus. This
fungus is supposed to have infected the grain when the ovaries were young
and by subsequent growth to have sapped the vitality of the seeds until their
viabilitj' was seriously injured.

The bacterial soft rots of certain vegetables, I {Neiv York State Sta. Tech.
Bui. 11, PI). 251-36H. pfix. 10). — A report is given of an investigation conducted
jointly by the Vermont and New York State stations on the soft rots of cab-
bage, cauliflower, and turni])s, and consists of two papers.

The Mutual Relationships of the Caiisal Organisms, H. A. Harding and
W. J. Morse (pp. 2,51-287). — This report deals with the morphology and cul-
tural characters of 43 strains of organisms represented by cultures from Eng-
land, Germany, Holland, and various parts of the United States and Canada.
These were derived from turnips, iris, rape, calla lily, cauliflower, and cabbage,
all of which produce soft rots of their host plants. In all more than 12,000
cultures were studied.

From the action of the organisms on the media, it appears that there are six
groups of one species, but a further study of the cultures will be necessary
before a definite classification can be made.

Pectinase, the Cytolytic Enzyni produced hy Bacillus carotororus and
Certain other Soft-rot Organisms, L. R. Jones (pp. 289-36S, figs. 10).— A re-
port is given of studios on the enzym produced by B. carotororus, which was
isolated by various methods, such as heating, filtration, the use of germicides,
alcohol precipitation, etc. In these investigations a detailed study was made
of the enyzm as produced by the carrot-rot organism, including a comparison
of its action when obtained in different ways apart from the living bacillus.
after which a comparison was undertaken of the characteristics of the enzyms
secured from soft-rot organisms of several other vegetables, and finally with
the wall-dissolving enzyms produced by other bacteria, by fungi, and by
germinating seeds.

A bibliograi)hy of the subject concludes the report.

The leaf roll disease of the potato and its outbreak in Austria, K. KoR-
NAUTH and O. Reitmair (Monatsh. Landw., 2 {1909), p. 78; abs. in Centbl.
BaJ:t. [etc.'l, 2. Abt., 2', {1909), No. 23-25, pp. 573, 57//).— The first serious out-
break of this disease in Austria appeared in 1908. A study was made and the
following facts ascertained : The disease can be introduced into uninfected
regions by the use of diseased seed potatoes, also by means of infected soil.
Its recognition in the early stages is difficult, as there is no known criterion in
all cases. Weather and soil conditions, so far as causing an outbreak, are
without influence though they may affect its progress. No variety of potato
has been found immune. The disease has spread over Germany, is now found
in Austria and Hungary, and has done much damage to the potato industry of
those countries.

Potato wart disease: The life history and cytology of Synchytrium endo-
bioticum, J. Percival {Centbl. Bukt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 25 {1909), No. l't-18, pp.
440-JfJ,7, pis. 3). — Experiments on the growth and development of the parasite
were carried on throughout the growing season. These experiments included
germination of the resting sporangia, sori of sporangia, infection and effect on
the host, and the cytology and development of the thick-walled sporangia.

According to the author the fungus, previously known as Chrysophlyetis endo-
biotica, should receive the name iS, endobioticum.

650 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The wart disease of the potato in England, 10. Kiiiim (Vcnthl. Bait, [etc.],
2. Abt.. J'l (190!)), No. 8-J2, ii)). 20S~2l,i) .—Tins is a l)riof review of datn as
to the potato wart disease. The author discusses the identity of Chrysoiihlyctix
cndobiotica with UJiloiitiJccs Icjiroidc.s, and eoncludes that the two are not
identical. The entrance of the zoospores into tlie host plant has not been ob-
served, but Plasmodia were found in tlie diseased tissues. The fungus belongs
to the Olpidiaceaj group. It is claimed that the resting sporangia can live for
at least G years in tlie soil. The disease is sitread by means of the soil and
seed potatt)es. The remedies are gas lime, (piickiime and sulphur applied to
the soil. The article closes with a hihlioiri'aiih.v of llie disease.

Crown rot, arsenical poisoning', and winter injury, J. G. Grossenbacheb
(Nrw Yorh- tilate 8ta. Tccli. Bui. 12, pu. iiH'J-.'i 1 1 , pl.s. S). — The author gives aa
extensive review of the literature relating to tlie subject, discussing frost,
fungus, and arsenical injury to fruit trees, the disease having been attributed
to all of these causes, lie is inclined to believe that low temperatures are the
primary cause of what is termed crown-rotted trees, but that there is need for
a thorough investigation to determine the relationship existing between low
temperature.s, arsenical poisons, and various organisms to cankered and crown-
rotted trees.

The author discusses preventive measures which have l)een projiosed for this
injury, consisting of early and thorough cultivation, followed by a cover crop
in midsummer, and if possible the use of hardy, short-seasoned seedlings or
crabs for stocks. The trees should be planted deep in order to protect the roots
as much as possible from cold.

The guuiiTLOsis of citrus orchards, L. Savastano and B. Majmone (BoJ.
Arhor. Hal., 5 (WOO), No. 2, pp. 68-7S). — The authors discuss the formation of
gum on citrus fruit trees and reach the conclusion that it is due to 3 distinct
factors, (1) a bacteriological agent (probably Bacterium (jummis), (2) a
breaking down of the cellular tissue due to the excessive formation of cell sap,
and (3) external causes such as blows, wounds of insects, and pruning.

The apple scab, A. Bretschneideb (Wiener Landw. Ztg., 59 (1909), No. 100,
pp. 980, 981, fig. 1). — ^A general description of the macroscopic and microscopic
characters of Fusicladium dendriticitm is given, accompanied by figures show-
ing its various fruiting stages, and the gross appearance of the fungus on the
leaves and fruit. Varieties of apples that are more or less resistant to the
disease are named and means of control suggested.

Apple scab, E. Wallace (Rpt. Niagara Sprayer Co. Fellowship, 2 (1909),
pp. 10, fiyti. l.'i). — A iH)i)ular description of the disease and its methods of in-
fection is presented, accompanied by figures showing the gross and micro-
scopic characteristics of the fungus on the leaves and fruit, and the results
obtained by using various sprays. Tables are given showing the comparative
results as to scab and insect injuries obtained during 1909 with Bordeaux and
lime sulphur sprays to each of which arsenate of lead had been added.

The investigations showed that commercial lime sulphur (Niagara brand,
" heavy grade ") diluted 1 : 30 was as effective as Bordeaux 3 : 4 : 50 in prevent-
ing the scab, and caused no iujui-y to the fruit or leaves, while the Bordeaux
seriously russeted the fruit. The arsenate of lead used with the lime sulphur
was fully as effective in controlling the codling moth as when used with Bor-
deaux, and caused no burning of fruit or foliage. The combination of the
arsenate with the lime sulphur did not appreciably diminish the iusecticidal
and fungicidal value of either.

Fire-blight remedies, H. H. Whetzel (West. N. Y. Hort. 8oc. Proc., 51i
(1909), pp. 119-126, figs. 3). — Under the author's direction experiments have
been carried on at the New York Cornell Station to test some of the proprie-

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 651

tary materials advertised as of value for the control of fire-blight of pears and
apples.

One mixture, called Blight Specific, for which great claims have been made, was
tested, and it was found that it not only failed to control the disease, but also
that as a result of its use the trees seemed to suffer positive injury through
the blackening of the wood. A chemical analysis of the substance showed that
it consisted of over 92 per cent sulpliur together with some powdered chai-coal
and asafetida. So far as New York conditions are concerned, the author
thinks that it is worthless for the control of the pear blight and is actually
injurious to the bark and wood of the trees, making serious wounds into which
rot fungi gain entrance.

The apoplexy of the grape in Anjou, E. Vinet (Rev. Vit., 32 (190D), No. 835,
pp. 676-6S1, flo>i. 3). — This disease is quite prevalent in Anjou and is gradually
destroying many vineyards. The claim is made tliat the dead stems show
necrosis of the tissues but that the disease is not found in the roots. Old stems
that are dying from this cause are often found infected with two species of the
higher fungi. Poly poms versicolor and Stereum hirsutum, the mycelia of which
were found ramifying throughout the necrotic tissues, and the question is
raised as to whether they are not a secondary cause of the death of the vines.

The vine growers of that region have found the following remedies of mucli
value in combating the disease: Destruction of badly diseased, old, and dying
plants, rigorous pruning away of the affected portions on the younger living
vines, sterilization of all wounds by painting them over with coal tar or other
antiseptic, and the treatment of the cut surfaces of the cuttings with a solution
of 30 to 35 per cent of sulphate of iron.

The black rot of grapes, D. Keddick (West. N. Y. Hart. Soc. Proc., 54 {1909),
pp. 127-13.'f, figs. 3). — A description is given of the black rot of grapes, with
suggestions for its control.

The physical and chemical composition of grapes when diseased by Oidium,
R. AvERNA (Hoi. Arbor. Ital., 5 ( 190!)), No. 2, pp. 87-90). — Several varieties were
analyzed. It was found that the disease materially reduced the average weight
of the bunches and the seeds, decreased the amount of sugar, tannin, and tar-
taric acid produced, made the yield of the must less and almost completely de-
stroyed the coloring m;itter, but increased the amount of lees and the acidity
of the product.

[Cooperative spraying experiments], L. R. Taft (Mieliigaii Sta. Rpt. 1909,
pp. 152-157). — An account is given of some cooperative spraying experiments
for the prevention of black rot. the experiments having been begun as a result
of observations made on the disease in 11)05. The first year's experiments were
not very accurately conducted and the results were not deemed conclusive, but
in 1907 and 1008 the spraying was mucli more carefully done and the results
fully justified the efforts made for controlling the disease.

For spraying vineyards it is believed advisable to use a 4 : 4 : 50 Bordeaux
mixture for the earlier sprayings, the amount to be reduced to 3 : 3 : 50, or if
spraying is required after July 15 to 2 lbs. of copper sulphate to 1 lb. of lime
in 50 gal. of water. The amount I'equired for spi'aying an acre of grapes will
vary, but in general about 50 gal. per acre will be required during the early,
part of the season and from 60 to SO in subsequent applications. The estimated
cost of spraying an acre with 5 applications of Bordeaux mixture as recom-
mended above is $4.90.

In addition to spraying with Bordeaux mixture, some observations have been
made on dust sprays and on lime-sulphur solutions, but nothing was found as
valuable as Bordeaux mixture prepared in the way recomoiended above,

652 experimp:nt station UKcdHD.

Observations on some diseases of the olive, L. Pktri (Atti R. Accad. JAiu-ci,
Rcnil. CI. Sri. Fix.. Mai. c Sat.. .', .srr., /,S {IHOH), //. No. 12. pp. {iS')-(>'i2, figs.
,'/). — The author notes 4 different diseases of tlie olive, a new leaf si)ot il'ln/l-
Idsficla o/r«' n. s]).) which produces white spots on the j^rowinj; leaves, a l)ac-
leriosis of the fruit in which the infection is sui)p<ise(l to lie produced hy insect
jiunctures, an anatomical alteration of tlie twijis and brandies of tlie olive pro-
duced by a coccid (PoUinia poUinii), and a new parasitic fungus on the root
tips of the olive trees.

The rootlets attacked hy the disease lasl-nanie<l present a brusli like aiipear-
ance at first, wliich soon develoi)S into a niycorrhiza that linaily produces a
coralloid condition of the rootlets. By the end of sunnner tliese rootlets turn
black and abson)tion ceases. The funsrus helonj^s under tlie IMectascinea; and
is described as a new jrenus and species, ('tiiptodNi-ii.s olitiospornx n. g. and sp.
The perithtM-ia are black and are borne on the roollcis of the diseased plants.

The splitting of oranges in 1908, L. Savastano {llol. Arbor. Hal.. ,7 {]!)09),
Ao. 2. pp. 83-87, fif/s. .'>). — The usual splittinir of oranges is caused by an ex-
cessive absorption of water by the fruit and a consequent ruiiture of the skin
of the orange from internal pressure. In 190S in the Province of Sorrentino,
the season was very dry and hot, and the fruit for that reason did not reach its
usual size but ripened prematurely and showed much splitting. This splitting
is claimed to have been produced by the long drought in most instances, but in
a few cases it seemed to have originated from an abnormal carpellary prolifera-
tion that thrust itself outward against the surface of the orange and finally
split it.

Peach leaf curl, PI Wallace (Rpt. Ninf/ara Spraprr Co. Frlloirsliip, I ( l<)0!)),
pp. 8, pis. 3, fly. 1). — These experiments were undertaken to ol)tain data rela-
tive to the efficiency of lime sulphur sjirays as compared with Bordeaux
mixture, and to determine what dilution can most profitably be used. The
experiments were carried on under the direction of the New York Cornell
Station under a fellowship established by the Niagara Sprayer Company, and
the applications were made April 5 to 12. The trees of each plat received only
one application of the spray. The results of spraying with lime sulphur 1 : 5>,
1 : 12, 1 : 15, and 1 : 20, respectively, are given, and compared with those obtained
by using Bordeaux 3:3: 50.

The lime sulphur 1 : 15 controlled the leaf curl as well as the 1: 9, and even
1 : 20 compared favorably with the stronger solutions, and gave a lower per-
centage of the curl than the Bordeaux in other orchards. In the experiments
where lime suli)hur and Bordeaux were sprayed on the trees the same day, the
results were in favor of the lime sulphur. The percentage of diseased leaves
was reduced froin 11.3 to 5.3 by the 1: 15 lime sulphur and to 8.3 on the Bor-
deaux plat. It is considered as demonstrated beyond doubt that proper spray-
ing with either 1 : 9 or 1:15 lime sulphur effectually controls the curl and at
the same time acts as an insecticide, especially for the San Jose scale.

A report on the chestnut tree blight, J. Mickleborough (Harrlshiirfj: Pcnn.
Depf. Forest rp. lUO'.l. pp. Id, pis. 2). — A report is given of investigations carried
on to ascertain the presence of the chestnut tree disease (Diaporthc parasitica)
in the valleys of the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers in Pennsylvania. Ac-
companying the report is an account of the life history, propagation, and dam-
age already done by this disease, and suggestions for remedial treatment.

The author has not foimd the blight north of South Mountain in the Sus-
quehanna Valley. In the Delaware "^'alley diseased trees were found at a num-
ber of places, but nowhere has it been so destructive as in New York, especially
on Long Island.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 653

Observations have shown that the fungus is parasitic only on the chestnut,
and the variety Paragon, seems quite susceptible. While the Japanese varie-
ties are not immune, they are more resistant than the native ones, so far as
observed.

Contribution to our knowledg'e of the willow Melampsora of Switzerland,
O. Schneider-Orelli {Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 25 (1909), No. 1J,'18, pp.
.'i36-.'t39). — The author divides the group morphologically into three divisions:
(1) Teleutospore membrane not thick, uredospores long: (2) teleutospore mem-
brane not thick, uredospores round; (3) teleutospore membrane at the apex
very thick, uredospores round. A brief discussion of the various biological
species of Switzerland is given.

A new leaf disease of the pine (Pinus silvestris), E. MtJNCH and K von
TuBEUK {Natiirw. Ztsclir. Foist u. Landw., 8 {1910), Ao. /, pp. 39--}//).— This
disease, which causes the needles to turn brown and fall i)rematurely, is de-
scril)ed as due to a new s|)ecies of fungus, HnuJrrsonin aricola.

The making and application of Bordeaux mixture, E. S. Salmon (.Jour. Bd.
Agr. [London], 16 (1910), So. 10. pp. 793-810, figs. i7').— Directions are given
for making Bordeaux mixture and suggestions for its proper application. The
author states that the ready-made Bordeaux mixtures on the market are not
so eflicient as the fresh homemade mixture, and that the powdered forms are
of relatively little value as fungicides.

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

Report of territorial entomologist, A. W. :Morrill i^^oulJiwrst. Stockman,
28 (1909), No. 25, pp. 1, (i, 7). — This is a report on entomological conditions in
Arizona with recommendations concerning the work of the horticultural com-
mission. The Florida, California, and Cuban conditions as related to the pos-
sible introduction of insect pests into Arizona are reviewed, and the value of
inspection in excluding dangerous pests, the treatment of nursery stock by
fumigation or insecticide washes, and the defoliation of citrus and other white-
fly food plants are discussetl.

It is concluded that the best interests of citrus growing :.s an industry in
Arizona can be safeguarded only by an absolute quarantine against the im-
portation of citrus nursery stock from all sections known to be infested with
dangerous pests. Such action is recommended to the commission i)rovided that
in the judgment of its members this would receive the moral supi)ort of those
who have permanent interests requiring protection.

Twenty-fourth report of the state entomolog'ist on injurious and other
insects of the State of New York, 1908, E. P. Felt (N. Y. State Mus. Bui.
13Ji, pp. 206, pis. 11, figs. 22). — During the season under report fruit trees in
some sections of the western part of the State were seriously injured by the
cigar case bearer. The fall cankerworm was unusually abundant and destruc-
tive on eastern Long Island and in the vicinity of New York City, The warm
dry weather in the latter part of the season was favorable to the unrestricted
multiplication of the San Jose scale and in some cases infested orchards became
very badly affected. An unprecedented outbreak of the grape blossom midge
destroyed from 50 to 75 per cent of the blossoms on an acre of Moore Early
grapes at Fredonia.

Ravages by the elm-leaf beetle were very severe in many Hudson valley cities
and villages. The extensive outbreaks by the green-striped maple worm, pre-
viously reported, continued in southern Rensselaer County. The depredations
by the snow-white linden moth, previously reported, were continued in th(?

654 EXPERIMKNT STATIOA' RECORD.

Catskills and extensive injuries were reported from the Adirondacks. Seventy-
tive species of gall midges were reared during the year.

An account is given of the life history and hal)lts, with descrii»tions of the
several stages, of the poi)lar sawlly {Tyichiociuiipus viminaliH) which has
become rather abundant upon Carolina poplars in the vicinity of Albany, also
of the grape blossom midge {Contarinia joJinsoni) which was reared for the
first time. An aphid, which has for 2 or 3 years caused more or less injury to
gladioli bulbs by weakening them, has been found to represent a new species
and is here described as Ap]iis gladioli. The pest is apparently unable to breed
at the ordinary temperature of the warehouses, but as spring advances and the
houses begin to warm up in March the aphids appear in large numbers.
Fumigation with sulphur has been found inefficient in controlling this species.
Two si)ecimens of a Central American cockroach (Panchlora hyulina) are
reported to have been taken in different sections of Albany. A somewhat
extended account is given of the typhoid or housefly, and its biology and
relation to disease transmission, to which an annotated bibliography of 80
titles is appended.

Under notes for the year the author considers some of the more important out-
breaks. Of fruit tree insects, the occurrence of the gipsy and brown-tail moths
in Massachusetts, cankerworms, cigar case bearer, and blister mite (Erioplnjcs
pyri) are noted. The grape rootworm (Fidia viticida) is said to have caused
less injury than during the previous year. The shade-tree insects reported upon
are the elm-leaf miner {Kaliosysphinga iilmi), elm-leaf beetle {Galenicella lute-
ola), bagworm, fall webworm, white-marked tussock moth, snow-white linden
moth (Ennomos siibsigiiarius), and spruce gall aphid (Chermes abietis). White
ants are reported to have caused heavy losses in the storage vaults of a New
York City printing company, where they riddled blocks upon which the electro-
types were mounted and ran galleries through files of back publications. Men-
tion is also made of the occurrence of the corn worm (Heliothis armiger) and
of the work conducted in the State against mosquitoes.

A list of the publications of the entomologist and of additions to the collec-
tions from October 16, 1907, to October 15, 190S, are also given. In Appendix
A (pp. 71-75), J. G. Needham describes two May flies as Siphlonisca cerodromia,
n. g. and n. sp., and Potamanthus iiicqiialis u. sp. Appendix B (pp. 76-1.59)
consists of a catalogue of the described Scolytidje of America, north of Mexico,
by J. M. Swaine.

Some new fruit pests and other bug notions, M. V. Slingerland (West. N. Y.
Hort. .Sor. I'loc, o', (1909), pp. 89-96, pgs. 3).— Attention is called to the fact
that more than one-half of the more destructive insect pests of the United
States are of foreign origin and that the increasing international commerce in
plants and fruits is yearly adding to the list of injurious insects in this
country.

Mention is made of the occurrence of a plum leaf miner {Nrpticula slinger-
Uindclla), which recently appeared in destructive numbers in a large plum and
prune orchard near Rochester, X. Y. The insect attacks only plum and prune
foliage, pears and apples nearby showing no mines. A red bug {Hetcrocordyliifi
malinus) appeared during 1908 and destroyed at least 25 per cent of the
Greenings, Pound Sweets, and Ben Davis apples in an orchard near Syracuse,
and practically the whole crop of Greenings in an orchai'd near Ithaca was
punctured to death by the bugs and dropped soon after the fruit set. Its
destructive work is said to have been pi'actically all accomplished in May.
Other species briefly considered are an apple seed pest, brown-tail moth, Sau
Jose scale, codling moth, and lesser apple worm,

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 655

[Monthly bulletin of the division of zoology], H. A. Sueface (ZooL Bui.
Pentu DeiJt. Aor., 7 (WO'J), Aos. 1, pp. 3-31; 2, pp. 35-6J, ; 5, pp. 67-96; 4, pp.
99-128; 5, pp. 132-160; 6, pp. 163-192; 7, pp. 195-224).— In these numbers a4-e
coneldered, respectively, plant pest treatment; short articles on economic ento-
mology ; nursery and orchard Inspection, etc. ; fumigation, the cont'-ol of plant
pests, and bee keeping; fumigation of buildings, and hunting and game laws;
results of exi)et-imentg with lime-sulphur solution, and how to destroy San
Jose scale: and reports of Pennsylvania orchard inspectors.

Spermatogenesis in Acrididae and Locustidae, H. S. Davis {Bui. Mus.
Compar. ZooL, 53 (1908) No. 2, pp. 59-158, pis. 9, figs. 7; abs. in Jour. Roy.
Micros. Soc. [London], 1909, No. 6. p. 713). — A full account is given of sperma-
togenesis in Dissostcira Carolina, with notes on points of special interest in six
other species studied.

Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera), with biological and anatomi-
cal references, lists of food plants and parasites, etc, G. W. Kirkaluy
(Berlin, 1909, vol. 1, pp. XL+392; rev. in Ent. Neirs, 21 (1910), No. 3, pp.
l'iO-tJi3). — This volume deals with the Ciuiicidie ( I'entatomidjrl. which in-
cludes the families which have been known as Pentatomida?, Scutellerid:e, and
Cydnidiie. It is prefaced by a discussion on nomenclature and an analytical
table of families. The review is by E. P. Van Duzee.

Chinch bug, J. B. Parker (Kansas Sta. Circ. 5, pp. 6, fig. 1). — A brief ac-
count is given of the chinch bug and means for its control. In 1909 it was the
source of much damage in the corn belt of the State, the loss in the counties
infested being estimated at from .'j to 50 per cent of the crop. The damage was
reported to be heaviest in the southern part of the belt, particularly in Sum-
ner ('ounty, where the estimates varied fi-om 20 to 85 per cent of the corn crop.

Investigations showed that the fungus disease due to Sporotrichmn globu-
liferum, though present among the bugs, does not always control them. It is
recommended that cornstalks, instead of being burned, be plowed under in the
fall or early winter. As soon as the grass becomes thoroughly dry. fire should
be run over all pastures, meadows, roadsides, and waste lands on which are
found bluestem. bunch grass, or other native clump-forming grasses, in which
the chinch bug may hibernate.

The corn and cotton root louse in South Carolina, A. F. Conradi (South
Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 51-65). — Following complaints of injury by this
pest during 1908, investigations have been conducted since the spring of 1909
at Marion in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology of this Department.
During 1909 the damage was more severe than in 1908 and besides the heavy
infestation in Marion County, reports of injury were received from Sumter,
Saluda, Colleton, and Lee counties.

During the investigation 3 forms of attendant ants were found, namely,
Lusius nigcr anicricanus, Pheidole dentata commutata, and L. claviger, the first
named being the most common, and one or more of the 3 species being in at-
tendance in nearly all cases. Records were made of the food plants of the
aphis, principally from the vicinity of Marion, an annotated list being given
of the 25 host plants discovered.

The corn root louse was found to be most injurious in localities where crops
are not rotated. If the field is frequently stirred after plowing and before
planting, it will destroy volunteer plants upon which early colonies depend for
subsistence. Winter plowing is considered to be the most iiractical method of
pontrolling the pest in South Carolina where no crop rotation is easily adapta-

40512— No. 7—10 5

656 EXPKIUMKNT STATION RECORD.

bio fur contrnllinj; it. It is also rocoimiiciulort that some quicl< acting fertilizer
be applied to stiiinilate the growtli of the cro]).

Scale insects injurious in Nebraska during 1906—7, II. S. Smith (Ann.
R/il. \<h)-. Ilort. .soc, Ai) [IlitlS). iij). l.'iD-lli'J. /if/s. 6').— rreviously noted from
another source (E. S. K., 20, p. 114(i).

Peach tree borer, A. F. Conradi and W. A. Thomas {Houtli Carolina Sta,
Rpt. 11)09. 1)1). l2Jf-127, figs. 3).— Continuing data previously noted (E. S. R.,
21. p. 157), the pupation and emergence of the pest during 190S are shown by
means of charts.

Catalogus dipterorum, C. Kektesz [Catalogus diptcrorum. Lcipsic, 1902,
vols. 1. pp. 339: 2. pp. 359; Budapest. 1908, vol. 3, pp. 367; 1909, vols. .',, pp. 3',9 ;
5, pp. 200; 6. pp. 362). — A catalog of tlie diptera of tlie world. Volume 1 takes
up the SciaridjT!, Mycetophilidre, Bibionidfe, Chironomidic, Stenoxenidie, Culic-
idjB, Ptychopteridse, Dixidye, Blepharocerid*, Simulid^, Orphnei)hilidiiR, Psy-
chodidse, and RhyphidtP ; volume 2, the Cecidomyiid;e, Limnobiidie. Tipulidte,
and Cylindrotomidre; volume 3, the Stratiomyiidse, Erinnidfe, CdenomyiidiE,
Tabanidfe. Pantophthalmid;e. and Rhagionidie; volume 4, the Oncodidie, Neme-
strinidjie. Mydaida?, Apioceridte, and Asilidte; volume 5, the Bombyliidie, There-
vid«, and Omphralid;e; and volume 6, the Empididiie, Dolichopodidte, and
Musidoridjne.

Stomoxys calcitrans and Argentine cattle, L. Iches (Bui. See. Nat. Acclim.
France, 56 {1909), pp. 10-',-lll; aij.s. in Jour. Econ. Eni., 2 {1909), No. If, p.
305). — The stable fly is reported to be the source of great annoyance to cattle
in the province of Santa Fe. In an investigation made in 190S the author found
the pest breeding in the portions of screenings and chaff, left in the threshing
of flax and wheat, which were near the soil and undergoing fermentation.

The development of Trypanosoma brucei in Glossina fusca, G. Keysselitz
and M. Mayer {Arch. Schiffs u. Tropcn Hyg., 12 {1908), No. 13, pp. 532-535;
uh.s. in Jour. Trop. Med. and Hug. [London^, 12 {1909), No. 10, p. 157).— The
authors were able to experiment only with adult flies caught in the open and
which had apparently already bitten animals. They found that such flies
when fed on infected animals yielded no higher percentage of infection than
those fed on healthy dogs or even not fed at all. They conclude, therefore, that
the trypanosomes can develop within the fly only once during the life cycle of
the latter and that infection can occur only on the first occasion on which the
fly sucks blood. About 10 per cent of the flies caught proved to be infected.

The forms of the tryi)anosomes found were always found in the proven-
triculus, and also in the proboscis and fore and hind intestine. The authors
draw particular attention to the parasites which they found adhering to the
walls of the proboscis near the opening of the salivary glands and entertain no
doubt that the flies are mechanically inoculated at the time of biting.

Measures suggested against the Argentine ant as a household pest, W.
Newell iJou): Econ. Eni.. 2 [1909), Xo. 5. pp. 32',-332. pi. 1. fig. /).— This is
an account of simple measures which, in the course of 2 years" observations,
the author has found to be effective. In discussing direct methods of destruc-
tion, attention is called to the fact that measures which will destroy the queens
are necessary. Observations indicate that 1 per cent or less of the workers in
a colony can keep the remaining individuals fully supplied with food.

In winter trapping, advantage is taken of the habit of the ant colonies to
segregate or combine in the autumn, jireparatory to passing the winter as large
colonies, containing thousands of workers and larvie and dozens or even hun-
dreds of queens. These large colonies seek their domicile in well-protected
locations favorable for passing the winter, As warm situations are particu-

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 657

lat-iy attractive to tlieni, about the first of October an ordinary dry goods box,
about 2 by 2 by 3 ft. may be filled witla cottoli seed and straw, or othet- porous
vegetable material, and placed near the center of an ordinary city lot or gar-
den. If the top be left exposed to tbe weather the contents Will become moist
and the center of the mass become very xVartn aS decay pfOceedS. This pre-
sents a nesting situation so attractive to the ants that practically all colonies
within a radius of 30 or 40 yds. take up their abode in it as cool weathei*
approaches. The number of fertile queens, which, during the winter of 1908,
occupied a trap formed in this way is conservatively estimated as upwards
of 1,000. In January, the cracks in the box were closed tightly, the top cov-
ered with a waterproof canvas, and a pound or two of carbcai bisulphid
poured into the box to destroy the colony. " So effective has this winter
trapping appeared to be that we fully believe that if it were carried out
uniformly by the residents of several or more contiguous city blocks acting
in cooperation, few if any other measures would be necessary to hold the pest
in reasonable check." -*

While much can be accomplished by destroying colonies during the summer
months, steady and persistent effort is necessary, as the colonies are of com-
paratively small size and occur in every conceivable situation. Much may be
accomplished by the use of carbon disulphid, decoy logs near which jars of
honey have been placed, etc. " Sweetened preparations of soluble arsenic
are of little direct use, as they kill the majority of the foraging workers taking
them and little, if any, of the poison reaches the colony proper." In actual
test, the author found tape treated with corrosive sublimate to successfully
repel the ants for 11 months without being renewed. " I<]xperiments have
shown that solutions of sugar or molasses containing a small percentage of
arsenic can be used to drive the ants from a room which the foragers persist
in visiting. The best solution of this kind is made as follows: White arsenic,
2 gm. ; cane sugar, 20 gni. ; and water, 100 cc."

The insect and other galls of plants in Europe and the Mediterranean
Basin, C. Houard {Lcs ZoovcckUcs dts Plantes d'EiiroiK' ct dii Ba.s.sin dc la
Meditcrancc. Paris, 1908, volx. 1, pp. 1'5(W; 2, pp. dUS-U',!, pis. 2, fiys. 1365;
m: in Sciowc, n. scr., 31 (lOW), ^'(>. JS-'i, pp. 27, 28).— In this work the cecidia
are grouped with reference to the host plant instead of under the insects or
other animals which cause their formation. " The host plants are arranged in
accordance with Engler and Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien and under each species
are given the cecidia which occur upon it, with cross references for those species
of cecidia which occur on more than one host. Each family of host plants is
preceded with a resume of the characters of the cecidia which occur upon its
species. The work records a total of 0,239 species, with descriptions of
each. ...

" Following each species of cecidia are the references to the bibliography.
Each species is also accompanied by abbreviations which explain the part of the
plant on which it occurs, whether it is simple or compound, whether the
metamorphosis occurs in the cecidia or in the ground, the time required for its
complete development, and the geographical distribution. . . . About one-third
of the known genera of American cecidia are also common to Europe, but only
a very few species are common to both the Old and the New World. . . .

"The work also includes a bibliographical index of nearly 400 authors and
about 1,200 titles, index tables giving the orders, families, genera, and species
of the organisms which cause the cecidia, and the families, genera, and species
of the host plants."

The review is by M, T, Cook,

658 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Insects injurious to strawberries, J. li. Smith (New Jersey Stas. Bui. 225y
Itji. 3-31, ph. 2, //f/v. i)). — The iuitlior (•alls attention to the important part which
insects play in the fertilization of the strawberry, and gives notes on the life
history, habits, and means of control of injurious insects.

The strawberry weevil appennul in Cinnberland County in 1S9.3 in sufficient
nuniix'rs to attract attention and has each year since caused injury at sonic
point in the soutliern counties, the pine barren areas liavinj? been most affected.
It has seldom been abundant in the same locality for more than 2 or 3 years;
in succession, after which tliere may be a period of equal or greater length
during which it does not appear. It is shown that the eggs are deposited in the
buds of staminate varieties only, following whicli the weevil crawls down the-
stem and punctures it about 5 in. below the bud so that the latter withers and
drops to the ground in a few days. Injury is not confined to the strawb(>rry.
but as the cultivated varieties are the earliest suitable iilant that appears they
are first attacked, and later, dewberries and various l>]ackberries as well as wild
strawberries. Tlie injury has often been as high as .50 per cent of the early
buds and occasionally higher. The fact that plants sprayed with Bordeau.x
mixture and Paris green are less injured than the unsprayed, is attributed to
the repellent action of the mixture. Remedial measures suggested include the
use of Bordeaux mixture and Paris green (4 lbs. of copper sulphate, 4 lbs. of
lime and 50 gal. of water, with 1 11). of Paris green or .5 lbs. of arsenate of lead
to every 12.5 gal. of Bordeaux) just before the blossoming begins; the mowing
and burning of the vines as soon as picking is over (before July 1) ; or the
covering of the rows with muslin or other light fal)ric. It is thouglit that a
much better prospect for avoiding injury lies in the selection of pistillate vari-
eties for the bulk of the crop, with a profusely flowering staminate variety as
a pollenizer. Clean culture is highly important as is the destruction of all wild
blackberries and raspberry bushes in the vicinity of strawberry patclies. The
author considers it safer not to use a mulch unless the advantages from mulch-
ing counterbalance the injury from the weevil attack. The planting of very
profusely flowering varieties so that there may be enough to feed the beetles
and make a crop as well, and the planting of an early profusely flowering
variety as a trap crop and burning this, are also suggested. Catolacciis aiitho-
nomi and Sigalijhtis rirffinicnsis were bred in small numbers from the pest.

The strawberry leaf roller, though distributed throughout the State, is much
more abundant south of the red-shale soil, but injurious only on the lighter
soils of Burlington and other southern counties. The species, apparently of
Euro]>ean origin, occurs at the present time from Canada to Virginia and jn-ob-
ably farther south, and westward to the Mississippi Valley. The nutths appear
in the fields during M.-iy and deposit eggs upon the lower surface of the leaves,
about 70 eggs being deposited by each female. These hatch in fro)n 5 to 7 days.
The larvae wander to the upper surface of the leaf as soon as hatched, and, for
a day or two, feed openly without protection, gnawing into the vein or along-
side so as to weaken the tissue. They then begin to draw the upper surfaces
of the leaf or lobe together by means of fine silken threads, to form a shelter,
within which they feed, making the fold more secure and sometimes actually
making a roll of an entire leaf. The larval stage lasts for about 4 weeks and
the pupal for 9 or 10 days, thus requiring a period of from 42 to 50 days for
development from egg to imago. There are 3 broods during the year, the third
hibernating in the pupal stage. While the first brood, the moths of which
appear in the strawberry field during the last days of June and early July, is
almost entirely confined to strawberries, the second and third may be more
abundant on the blackberry and raspberry, Their injuries on these latter

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 659

plants are all caused after niidsnnimer. On strawberries only the first brood
is really injurious in New Jersey, the second lirood seeming to be controlled by
natural checks, and the third tindin.ic so much food and growing so slowly that
the i)lants do not show the effects of the feeding. On varieties in which the
foliage is thin and scant, the injury is serious and may reach 75 per cent of
the total crop and an impairment of 25 per cent in the value of the remainder.
An ichneumonid parasite (Porizon cooki) was bred from the larva but does
not occur in sutficient numbers to be of much importance. It has been found
that in bearing patches, injury can be completely prevented by a single, prop-
erly tiuied spraying with arsenate of lead at the rate of 4 to 5 lbs. to 100 gal.
of water. Spraying should be done within a week after the moths are noticed
in the field, and just about the time when they are becoming abundant. By
that time the eggs first laid will be hatched, but no leaves will yet be folded.
This date is usually about May 10 in the southern counties and al)out May 15
in Burlington and Camden counties.

The strawberry root louse (Aphis forhesi) occurs in injurious numbers in the
light sandy soils of the pine barren regions in the State, but is exceptional and
seasonal. In New Jersey it usually winters in the egg stage. Hatching out
early in April, the larvte begin feeding on the leaves, and as they grow work
their way down to the tender foliage of the crown and feed there, until in from
12 to 15 days they are full-grown and ready to reproduce. If the survival of
the winter eggs is unusually heavy the crown may begin to show the effects of
feeding when the second brood develops, especially if there are but few ants to
transfer them to the roots, and this injury may become noticeable in the failure
of the plants to develop. In a field containing many ant colonies even a slight
original infestation may become serious. As this aphis, so far as known, occurs
only on cultivated strawberry i)lants, land upon which strawberries have not
been grown for 2 years will be free from infestation. If infested plants must
be used they should be dipped, before planting, in a strong tobacco decoction.
In order to make sure that no unhatched eggs are on the vines this must be
done between April 15 and October 1, as the eggs will not be destroyed by the
dii). Directions are also given for the fumigation of plants with hydrocyanic-
acid gas, 1 oz. of potassium cyanid, 2 oz. of sulphuric acid, and 4 oz. of water
per 100 cu. ft. of space being reconnnended, with an exposure of 10 minutes.

Complaints of injury by the strawberry w^hite fly {AlciirodcH pdckardi) are
said to have occasionally come from the more northern parts of the State. The
strawberry leaf beetle {Tijixjphoriis quadrinotatus) which occurs throughout
the State was injurious in 1909 through a limited area, but has not often ap-
peared in harmful numbers. White grubs (May beetles) and 2 species of Har-
palus are also mentioned as attacking strawberries.

[The rose chafer, grape-berry moth, and steel beetle], L. R. Taft (Michi-
aaii ^7(/. RpL V.lOi). p. /.77). — The exi»eriments conducted during the last 2 or S
years indicate that using .3 to 5 lbs. of arsenate of lead in 50 gal. of w'ater, to
which a quart of cheap molasses has been added, will destroy the rose chafer
and prevent serious injury to grapes. If the application is made when the
beetles appear in numbers they will leave the leaves and feed upon the poisoned
water.

The grape-berry moth is reported to have caused considerable injury in 1907.
A large number of growers have found that the pest can be controlled by spray-
ing with arsenate of lead just before the blossoms open and again when the
fruit has set.

The steel beetle sometimes appears in large numbers as the buds are swelling
and causes injury by eating out the center of the bud, thus preventing the

660 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

f,'i'(>wlli of tlio new shoots. 1( can lie coiilrollcd. Iiowcvci'. by sjirMyini: r(>i;;ularly
witli arsenate of lead.

Sliraying experiments, ,7. Tkoop aiul ('. <;. Woonmitv (hiiliiiiKi Kta. Ritt.
liid'.K I'l). .}3, J/'i). — One hnmlrefl and fifty-fonr 4 to r, year old lives which were
quite uniformly infested by San Jose scale wei(> siuayed on March 7 and 8,
four commercial products being used. *• Tarj^et l)ran(i. contiary lo the writer's
former experience with this remedy, made a stable I'mulsion with water imme-
diately upon mi.xiuff and proved very ellicient against the scale. Bogart's
sniiilinr compound did. not enuilsify satisfactorily and was very inefflcient as
a scale destroyer. The two brands of lime sulphur [(Jrasselli and Niagara]
liolii diluted easily, but were not quite equally effective."

Spraying trees for tlie elm scale, S. B. Doten {Nevada 8ta. Circ. 6, pp. 6,
figft. 3). — This is a brief accoimt of the European elm scale and its control, a
more extensive account of which has been ])reviously nf)ted (E. S. R., 20, p.
655).

Experiments show that it is readily destroyed through spraying with a mix-
ture of 20 lbs. of (]uicklinie, 15 lbs. of tiowers of suli)hur, and 50 gal. of water.
As the lime-sulphur mixture turns the paint of houses and fences black, it has
been found advisable to use kerosene enuilsions on cork elms close to dwelling
houses.

Spraying, L. R. Taft {Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 150, 151).— A brief
account of the spraying work carried on during the year under report.

A chemical study of the lime-sulphur wash, L. L. Van Slyke, C. C.
Hedges, and A. W. Roswortii {\<w York State Sta. Bui. 319, pp. 383--'i IS) .—The
work described in this bulletin was undertaken for the purposes of learning (1)
how the composition of the lime-sulphur wash is influenced by conditions of
preparation and (2) what is the composition of various connnercial prepara-
tions. Preparations were made containing 125 lbs. of sulphur and .52, 60, and 65
lbs., respectively, of pure lime. The general results are summarized as follows:

" The specific gravity or density of the preparation and the amount of sulphur
and calcium in solution increased with the amount of lime used.

" When the largest amount of lime was used, the compomid present was
mostly calcium tetrasulphid (CaS4) ; when the smallest amount of lime was
used, the mixture was more nearly pentasulphid (CaSr,).

" In the undissolved portion or sediment, free sulphur was present in largest
amounts when the smallest amount of lime was used, and the amount decreased
when larger amounts of lime were used. Calcium sulphite Avas present in
smallest amounts when the least amount of lime was used."

Different mixtures were also boiled 45, 60, and 90 minutes, with the following
results :

"The largest amount of soluble sulphids was formed by boiling about 1 hour,
eRjtecially when the largest amount of lin)e was used.

" In general, increased length of boiling decreases the amount of thiosulphate
and increases the amount of sulphite.

" The amount of sediment increases with length of boiling, owing to increased
formation of calcium sulphite, etc. The amount of free sulphur in sediment
decreases with length of boiling."

An examination was made of concentrated lionie-made mixtures and of
dilute mixtures prepared according to the fonnula 15 lbs. of snljihur and 20
lbs. of commercial lime, but the results were not as satisfactory as in case of
the other i)rei)arations already descrilxMl, probably because of the use of impui'e
lime. Iii the case of the 15:20 formula, the su]i>hid compounds of calcium

ECONOMIC ZOOLOfiV — ENTOMOLOGY. 661

appear to lie <If'<'(iiii|'<is('(l, (nniiint,' idiiiiMiimds ((nilaiiiiiiL; niiicli less siilplitir than
thf tctnisiiljtliid (CaS,).

A (•((iicciit rated solution was dilntcd to 50 j^al., nsinj; H j^al. of water for 1
gal. of concent i-ate, and 10 Ihs. of lime then added. "The auiounl of snlphiil
sulphur was decreased, while thiosulpluite was increased with formation of
free sulphur. The lii^ln'r sulphids of calcium were decomposed, forming com-
pounds containing less suli)hur. The changes thus caused may Ix' so great as
to seriously decrease the insecticidal jiower of the mixture.

" When nearly pure lime is usckI, the sediment c<msists largely of calcium
sulphite ((^aSOa), free sulphur, hydroxid, and carhonate of lime, and can l)e
added to fresh amounts of sul])hur and lime in making additional wash. This
should not be done when the lime used contains magnesium compounds.

" Magnesium oxid does not form sulphids when boiled wtih su]])hur. Some
limited action takes place which results in producing hydrogen-sulphid gas.
When magnesium oxid is present in lime, it tends to decompose and decrease
the amount of suliihids of calcium found. Hydrogen suli)hid gas thus produced
is jtoisonoiis and may affect unfavorably the person who handles the mixture
during boiling.

" Sevei'al samples of each of four different brands of solutions were examined.
One brand contained varying amounts of sediment, one sample nearly 20 per
cent. The percentage of soluble sulphids was found to vary from 10..5 to 25.0;
in most cases the percentage was between 23 and 24. The suli)hid compounds
present were tetrasulphid (OaSi) and pentasulphid (CaSr,), the i)roportions
varying somewliat; on an average, tli<! two compounds were present in approxi-
mately efjual proi)ortions.

"One sample of a dry powder was examined, the result showing that at the
price charged th<> cost is higher than in case of the commercial solutions."

Concentrated lime-sulphur mixtures, P. J. Parrott (New York Hlalr HI a.
Bill. 320, pp. Jfl0-/f38, fig. 1). — Tests of these mixtures are reported and dis-
cussed.

"Field experiments to test the value of the sediniont of a commercial lime-
sulphur mixture in controlling the San .Tose scale demonstrated that the in-
soluble portion ]>ossesses very weak, if any, insecticidal pi'operties on this pest.
The sulphur sprays derive their chief insecticidal value from the soluble lime-
sulphur compounds. The addition of the sediment of a commercial or home-
made lime-sulphur wash as extra material has apparently no detrimental in-
fluence on the effectiveness of the clear solution. The strength of the diluted
preparation should be based on the clear solution.

"On the basis of reasonable efficiency and cost, the strengtlis of effective mix-
tures for the San .Tose scale, using a lime-sulphur solution testing '.i?>° R., range
from 1 gal. of the concentrate diluted with S gal. of water to 1 gal. of the
solution diluted witla 11 gal. of water. In orchards where tlie scale is not
thoi'onghly controlled, tlie stronger mixtures are recommended. For spraying
for the blistei'-mite, a dilution of 1 gal. of the concentrate to 11 gal. of water
makes an effective spray.

" Present evidence indicates that the common spraying arsenicals do not mate-
rially affect the value of lime-sulphur mixtures. In si)raying for the scale or
blister-mite, an arsenical in the usual amount for orchard treatment may ap-
pai'ently be safely adde<l to a diluted sulphur solution for the purpose of con-
trolling the bnd-nioth and casebearers, which are now very destructive in many
apple orchards.

"The second year's experiments with the home-made concentrated lime-sul-
phur wash gave satisfactory results on the scale and blister-mite. The different
preparations showed some variation in the density of the solution and in the

C62 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

(|u;intit.v of sedimonf. requiring the use of a liydrouuMcr to ohlaiii diliilt'd uiix-
turos itf definite strenj^lh. This method of |n-epi""'"t-' :• siil|iluir spray has sev-
eral advaiitaj^es, and should be tested by fruit growers owning: suitable eook-
iiiK out (its, to determine its applicability under their own conditions."

Composition and use of lime-sulphur washes, F. II. Hall {Nciv York State
Stu. Jittls. 31'J, 320, popular ed., pp. 13). — A popular edition of the bulletins noted
above.

Inspection of nursery stock, S. B. Dotkn (Nevada Sta. Cire. 5, pp. 2). —
The text of the Nevada law relating to the inspection of nursery stock, which
was approved Maxx-h 25, IVM)!), is given. All shipments into the State of nursery
and orchard stock must bear certificates of inspiH-tion stating that they are free
from insect ])ests and plant diseases.

IleI)ort of the economic zoologist, H. A. Surface (Ann. Rpt. Penn. Dcpt.
Agr., Uj (1908), pp. 12i)-197). — An account is given of the work of the year
including lists by counties of the nurseries inspected and licensed.

A code of colors for the use of naturalists, artists, etc., P. Klincksieck
and T. Valette (Code des VouJenr.s a I'lsaijc des XatiiruUstes, .l;7/.s7r.s'. Vom-
mercants et Industriels. Paris, 1908, pp. 80, plx. GO; rer. in Pomona .four. Ent.,
1 (1909), No. J,, p. 737).— This is a book of :]2 pages of text and r,0 plates on
heavy paper, containing 720 block colors and a table of the 10 principal colors
in 18 languages.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

Food and drug products, 1909, J. P. Street (Conneetlcut State Sta. Rpt.
1909-10, pt. 2. pp. lG.i-280).—A total of 1,G30 samples of food products and
drugs were examined, of which the bulk were collected by the station or by the
state dairy commissioner. Of the materials examined, 986 were not found to
be adulterated, while 4G4 were considered adulterated or below standard and
139 compound. The food materials included among others breakfast foods,
coffee, condensed milk, dessert preparations, gelatin, jell.y powders, grape juice,
lard, flavoring extracts, olive oil, peanut oil, sardines, sausage, sirup, codfish,
and "temperance beverages." In the discussion of the analytical data, the
character of the materials, the validity of the claims made for special food
products, and similar topics are considered.

In the case of breakfast foods, it is pointed out that the ready-to-serve brands
contain considerably more soluble carbohydrates than the other sorts and also
more soluble ash, which is due to added salt. The ready-to-serve materials
were found to be the more exi^ensive, " on the average costing more than twice
as much as the other foods. In each class the corn foods are the cheapest per
calorie and the wheat foods the most expensive."

Gelatin, as the author points out, is derived from collagen, the chief con-
stituent of connective tissue. " By proper treatment any form of connective
tissue can be made to yield gelatin. Hide clippings yield glue, a crude form of
gelatin, and much commercial gelatin is simply a purified glue, derived from
such a source. Isinglass, obtained from the swimming bladder of the sturgeon
and other fish, is the purest form of gelatin. The gelatin obtained from calves'
feet, free from bone, is also of high quality.

" Gelatin is very soluble in boiling water, and on cooling sets into a jelly.
This jellying will occur in a solution containing as little as 1 per cent of gel-
atin. . . ,

" The cost of gelatin naturally depends upon the source from which it is
derived, that from calves' feet belug much more expensive than the usual com-

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 663

mercial gelatin, and that from isinglass being even nioi-e costly. Ordinary
cliemical analysis reveals little as to the source of tlie gelatin, and in . . .
[the examination reported] no attempt has been made to solve that problem.
A high ash would indicate an imi)erfect method of manufacture, and a low
nitrogen content an impure article, but neither of these determinations affords
definite information as to the quality of the gelatin."

Of the IG samples examined, 6 did not satisfy the established standard, or
were of short weight.

Jelly powders, according to the author, "consist chiefly of cane sugar, with
sufficient gelatin to malve a jelly, and are variously flavored and colored to simu-
late the flavor and color of natural fruits. As a rule their compound nature is
more or less clearly indicated on the label."

The 12 samples examined on an average "contained 1.63 per cent water, 0.27
per cent ash, 8.52 per cent gelatin, and SS.O.o per cent cane sugar, the three sub-
stances first named being almost entirely derived from the commercial gelatin
usetl. It is evident, therefore, tliat these jelly powders on the average consist
of about one part of commercial gelatin and nine parts of cane sugar. For this
sugar the buyer pays on the average about 22 cts. per pound."

Both sweetened and unsweetened condensed milk were included in the 30
samples examined. With 5 exceptions, the sweetened milks met the legal require-
ments. " In 4 samples the percentages of fat in the calculatetl milk solids were
abnormally low. although the percentage of fat in the condensed milk was
normal."

Unsweetened condensed milk, as noted, should contain at least 7.7.") per cent
of fat. One of the samples containe<l less than this, while two others were
slightly above the minimum. These three samples also contained considerably
less milk solids than the standard recpiired.

" The composition of a condensed milk depends not only upon the quality of
the milk condensed, but also on the amount of this condensation. In sweetened
condensed milk the concenti-ation is carried much farther than in the unsweet-
ened variety. It is important to determine the degree of condensation, as
thereby a good idea may be obtained as to the composition of the original milk.
The calculation of this factor is a comparatively easy matter in the case of
unsweetened milk, for here we are dealing with the normal constituents of
milk, and, excepting water, in normal proportions. In sweetened milk, how-
ever, containing varying amounts of cane sugar, the whole ratio of the con-
stituent solids is changed and the problem is much more complicated." Various
methods for determining this factor are discussed.

On the basis of the analytical data, the author discus.ses the uses and appli-
cations of condensed milk. " The labels of most of the brands of condensed milk
give directions for its use as a drink, alone or with tea or coffee, as a cooking
adjunct, or as a food for infants. ... Of the sweetened milks [only one of the
brands examined would yield when diluted with water] according to direc-
tions, a milk containing normal quantities of milk solids and fat, and even this
would contain a great excess of cane sugar. The other sweetened milks would
yield products containing from 5.5 to S.8 per cent of milk solids, and from 1.5
to 2.2 per cent of fat; in other words, a mixture only a little over half as rich
as milk of good quality. None of the brands can be diluted with more than 1.5
parts of water to 1 of milk and yield a product which equals fresh milk in
fat content."

Of the unsweetened milks examined, only one, when diluted according to direc-
tions, would yield a product " approaching good milk in richness." A dilution
of 1 part of milk with 3 parts of water can yield a milk of standard composition
in none of the unsweetened milks [examined]. . . .

664 EXPEBTMENT STATION RECORD.

"For fookinL; jmrixtscs .-iiid foi- :i hex criiirr, (Icticiciicy in fat may be of com-
paratively minor importance, although the nonrishln;: qualities of the millv are
(herol)y reduced. In infant t\>e(linfi. however, where lal is the most essential
inj^redieiit in Ihe niiil<, .ind where cane su.^ar. in lix' opinion of many physiolo-
gists, is especially to l)e avoided, the coniposition of the milk obtained by fol-
lowing the manufacturer's directions is of the greatest impf)rtance."

As the author ]»oints out, specilic directions for i)reparing mixtures suitable
for infants from one w'oek to one year old are given with a number of the
brands examined.

" A comparison of the calculated composition of the mixtures made for infants
of different ages, according to the directions indicated, with the composition of
human milk at the same age periods, shows how deficient a diet, as compared
with mother's milk, is furnished if the manufacturer's directions are followed.
This criticism applies to every brand .... for in no case do they even approxi-
mate the composition of human milk in all the ingredients. Nor could this
condition with the sweetened milk be remedied entirely even by the addition
of cream, cod liver oil or some similar oil, and milk sugar, for there will always
be an excess of cane sugar present, even when its addition is not specifically
directed. The desirability of the presence of cane sugar in the diet of very
young children is a matter of much controversy among physiologists, yet each
of the four brands of unsweetened milk, which recommend a formula for infants
one week old, directs that cane sugar shall be added, making up nearly tw'o-
thirds of the solids of the mixture."

I Food standards in Nevada]. S. C. Dinsmobe (Nevada Sta. Circs. 2, 3, .'/, 7.
pp. 1 each). — The topics discussed are the state standards for ice cream, flavor-
ing extracts and soda fountain sirups, coloring matter in food products, and
the labeling of food products artificially colored.

Food inspection decision {U. B. Dcpt. Agr., Food Insp. Decision 113, pp. 2). —
This decision has to do with the labeling of whisky and mixtures, and imita-
tifnis thei-eof inider the food and drugs act of .June .SO, 1906.

Notices of judgment ( U. tS. Dept. Agr., Notices of .Judgment 13.'i-t'i0, pp. l.'i ;
l'i1-1.'}S, pp. 2 each; ir}J,-hi5, pp. 3 each,\ 1 56-1. W, pp. 2 each: JCO, pp. 3;
1(11-162, pp. 2 each; 163, pp. 7; 16.'i. pp. 2). — The subjects considered are the
misbranding of " buchu gin," vanilla extract, cheese, lemon extract, a drug
preparation, baking powder, evaporated apples, " mapleiue," and pepper ; the
adulteration of almond extract, seedless raisins, raisins, vanilla extract, and
peaches: and the adulteration and misbranding of lemon extract, vanilla
extract, strawberry extract, terpeneless lemon extract, pineapple extract,
tomato catsup, ])owdered asafetida, and peppers.

The value of the fishing industry in Germany as a means of conserving
the meat supply. .J. Konig and A. Splittgerber {Landw. Jnhrb., 38 (1!)09),
Ergiiiizinigsh. '/. pp. 1-169, pis. 6; abs. in Zentbl. Gesain. Physiol, v. Path. Btoff-
ivechseis. )i. ser.. .'/ (1909), No. 19, pp. 77/^, 745). — A large amount of data is
summarized and discussed regarding the storing, curing, and preserving of fish,
its composition and nutritive value, and its importance as food, and analyses
are reported of fish and fish products, which include in some cases creatin and
other meat bases, and the proportion of different nitrogenous constituents, as
well as elementary analyses, in addition to proximate constituents. The heat
of combustion of fish flesh was also determined as well as the composition,
energy value, and constants of fish fat, and artificial digestion experiments with
fish flesh were made in comparison with meat.

In general, the authors conclude that fish flesh is as easily and as well di-
gested as meat and that it may constitute a very important source of nutritive
material. Under German conditions fresh water fish sell for much the same

Poods — human nutrition. 665

price as meat, while salt water fish are considerably cheaper. It follows, there-
fore, according to the authors, that sea fish must be selected if it is desired to
lower the cost of the diet by using fish in i)lace of meat.

The article as a whole is an exhaustive study, more particularly with refer-
ence to German conditions, of the value of fish as food from tlie standpoint of
commercial importance, economy, and nutritive value, as shown by chemical
composition.

The importance of fish as food, J. Konig and A. Splittgerber (Ztschr. Un-
tersucli. Nu/ir. u. (IcnussmtL, IS (1909). No. 9, pp. //.97-537. fig. 1). — A conden-
sation of the above.

A report on preservation methods employed in the European fish indus-
tries, J, Konig and A. Splittgerber (Pure Products, G (1910), A'o. 1, pp. 9-lG). —
The portion of the above article which has to do with the nutritive value of
fish and with tlie cold storage, curing, and canning of fish is abstracted at
length. Recipes are quoted for preparing a number of fish products.

Nutritive value of wheat, P. Hirtz (Millers' Gaz., 33 (1909), Xos. 37, p.
Ji52; 3S, pp. .'/(iO. .',61; 39, pp. .'/72--i7-'/). — In this article, translated from the
French, a number of analyses of wheat of different sorts are reported and dis-
cussed. Nearly all of the wheats analyzed contained more nitrogenous matter
than the native wheats of the consuming European countries, and this was
especially true with reference to the French wheats.

The occurrence of Oidium and yeast on dried fruit, H. KOhl (Pharm. Zen-
traUiuUc, 50 (1909). No. 51, pp. 1051, 1058).— 'Uw. author concludes from his
investigations that bacteria are only occasionally found on dried fruit, whereas
yeast and OTdiuni are abundant.

East Indian food materials, M. Greshoff (Bui. Kolon. Mus. Haarlem, 1909,
No. /i2, [p. 261], folio). — Continuing earlier work, analyses are reported of a
number of sorts of grains, poppy seed, pine nuts, vegetables, herring, butter,
and other miscellaneous foods.

Concerning the absolute vegetarian diet of Japanese bonzes [monks], G.
Yukawa (Areli. YerdutiuitiJ.sknnik., 15 (1909), N<ts. .}, pp. .',7l-5.i'i; 5, pp. 609-
6f/6). — The author was led to this study of Japanese vegetarian diet by the
fact that some statistics of Japanese centenarians indicated that 40..'j per cent
of the 200 persons included were strict vegetarians.

He selected as subjects 12 monlis from Buddhist monasteries where the
rules of celibacy and the avoidance of animal foods are still observed strictly,
this no longer being the case except in certain communities. The men selected
for the experiment ranged from 17 to 70 years of age, the average age of the
young men being 26.2 years and of the older 63.6 years; the younger men had
been monks for about 15 jears and the older for about 55 years. Such clois-
tered monks, the author states, lead in general a very quiet life, with little
bodily exercise. In addition to their religious services they cook their food,
perform their household tasks, and when alms are collected they go about
from house to house and from village to village. Three meals are eaten per
day, and consist chiefly of rice or rice and barley with pickled radishes and
other Japanese vegetables, rape seed oil, and soy bean products such as soy
sauce and miso, the cooked rice and other dishes, as is usual in the Japanese
diet, being commonly i)repared with soy sauce. In one of the strict mon-
asteries it is the custom for the monks to be given a 10-day period to rest
every 2 months, during which time they refrain from physical exertion and
have a better diet than at other times. It was such a period which was
selected in the case of some of the subjects included in the dietary study.

The experiment as a whole covered 5 months and the individual dietary
studies from 4 to 10 days. During the experimental jteriod all the old men

666 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

aiul all except one of the younger men sikmU a lai'f^e part of the time in abso-
lute rest with their eyes closed enj^atted in meditation. On an average the
diet of the 8 younger monks at rest sujjplied per man per day 483.1 gm. dry
matter, r»7.1 gm. protein, 14.0 gm. fat. .'{44.!) gm. eaihohydrates, and 2.8 gm.
alcohol, the total energy value being 1,804 calories. The weight of these men
on an average was 44.46 kg. (97.8 lbs.). In the case of a young monk with
light work and weighing 52.1 kg. the diet supplied 758.8 gm. dry matter, 8G.5
gm. protein, 21.2 gm. fat, and 531.1 gm. carbohydrates, the energy value being
2,731 calories. In the case of 3 old men at rest the diet supplied 529.4 gm.
dry matter, 60.4 gm. protein, 12.3 gm. fat, 346.9 gm. carbohydrates, and 33.2
gm. alcohol, the energy value being 2,020 calories. The average weight of the
old men was 51.82 kg. (114.2 lbs.). If the values for protein and energy in
these diets are reduced to a uniform l)asis of 150 lbs. body weight, they
become 87.5 gm. protein and 2,769 calories per day for the young moid<s at
rest, 113.2 gm. protein and 3,574 calories for the young monk at light work,
and 79.3 gm. protein and 2,654 calories for the old monks at rest.

In connection with his dietary studies the author determined the digesti-
bility of the food and the excretion of nitrogen and other constituents in the
urine and discusses his results on the basis of body weight and surface area.
Considering digested nutrients, the diet of the young monks at rest supplied
38 gm. protein and 1,659 calories ; that of the young monk at light work 63
gm. protein and 2,547 calories; and that of the old monks at rest 41.2 gm.
and 1,872 calories.

From the Investigation as a whole the conclusion is reached that the abso-
lute vegetarian diet of these Japanese monks, though supplying what he con-
siders a minimum amount of energy, was nevertheless sufficient for maintain-
ing the men in good health. The author concludes, however, that the fact
that the whole organism and particularly the digestive tract were by custom
adjusted to such a diet plays an important part in the result.

The report is supplemented by a bibliography.

The principal foods utilized by the natives [of Taytayl, E. D. Merrill
(PJiiUijpine Jour. ScL, B. Med. Set., .) (1909), No. J,, pp. 219-223).— In this
.study of the habits of Filipino natives the author has collected and summarized
data regarding the ])rincii)al foods used by the natives of Taytay and enumer-
ates and identifies different species of fresh fruits, vegetables, pot herbs, and
condiments which thej' use. Taytay is regarded as characteristic of the me-
dium-sized and small settlements in the Philip[)ines and its food supply seems
to be from local sources.

" Here, as in nearly all other parts of the archipelago, rice is the basis of the
meal, and fish, both fresh and dried, api)arently ranks as the second most com-
monly utilized food. The town is situated in the midst of a large rice growing
region, and the supply of this staple is practically all local, although in times of
scarcity foreign rice Is brought from Manila. Comparatively few varieties of
rice seem to be cultivated locally, at least in any great quantity.

" Most of the fresh fish found in the local markets, and apparently most of
the dried fish, are fresh water varieties secured in Lake Pay, although some
dried fish originating in salt water is brought from Manila. . . .

"Meats play a very secondary part in the local dietary as in other parts of
the Philippines. Apparently the only local supply that is at all constant is of
fresh pork ; pigs, both large and small, being abundant in the town and always
offered for sale on market days, (ioats are utilized for food to a limited ex-
tent. Beef is apparently never, or at least very rarely, offered for sale in the
local market; a meat closely resembling it — that Is, the meat of the water

FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 667

buffalo or carabao — is probably sold at times here as in other Philippine towns,
but the supply must be very limited. . . .

" Fowls, especially chickens and ducks, are found abundantly locally and are
considerably utilized for food, especially among the natives of the well-to-do
classes, while eggs, both fresh and 'balut' (incubated) are somewhat used.
The comparatively high price of all meats, poultry, and eggs places these prod-
ucts beyond the means of the average native of the laboring class for regular
articles of diet."

Various cakes and other sweet or starchy foods and similar materials are
sold in the market, the author states, but wheat bread is used scarcely at all
and may not be considered to have any place in the dietary of the average
native.

"Dairy products such as milk, butter, and cheese have no place in the
dietary of the natives, except the former, which is obtained from the water
buffalo and is used to a limited extent. . . .

" Fresh potatoes, onions, etc., although always to be found in the Manila
market, are rarely obtainable locally, and then only in very limited quantities."

The list of fruits, vegetables, and pot herbs is a fairly long one, but according
to the author, " of the entire list of fruits . . . , bananas, mangoes, and pine-
apples are the only ones that can be ranked as first-class fruits from an edible
standpoint."

The food of the people of Taytay from a physiological standpoint,^!. Aron
(I'll ill i>i)inc Jour. Sci., B. Mrd. Sci., ', (IH09), .Vo. .'/. pp. 2,?.7-2.?/).— Continuing
the work referred to above, the author has collected and summarized data re-
garding the food habits of Filipino natives and the nutritive value of their
ordinary diet, his estimates of quantities eaten being based upon the amounts
expended for daily staple foods and the local market prices. The amount of
nitrogen was determined in several species of fish, fresh and cured, used by the
natives.

" In making a study of the food and its nutritive value for these people, one
has to consider principally the quantity of rice and fish eaten daily. The pro-
tein material found in the vegetables and fruits can l)e neglected and the protein
in the few eggs occasionally eaten is too small in amount to be of any impor-
tance. However, the caloric value of the sugar and the sugar preparations and
of the carbohydrates found in vegetables and fruits can not be disregarded
altogether. . . .

"The average amount of rice per person is about 700 gni. [which would sup-
ply 50 gni. protein and 2.000 calories], but for a hard-working man it is some-
what higher, from 850 to 900 gm. The fish eaten by the people of Taytay
deserves our attention especially as a source of protein, the content of fat in
the Philippine fishes being very low, at the most only 1 to 2 per cent; this
means that the fish contains only one-tenth as much fat as protein. . . . The
amount of fish eaten per person can not be determined with the same accuracy
as the amount of rice," but the author concludes from available data that the
amount eaten on an average per day will supply 40 gm. protein. He concludes
further that the other vegetables and foods eaten in addition to fish and rice
would supply about 500 calories per person per day, so that the total daily diet
of the average person would supply about 90 gm. protein and 2.700 calories of
energy. The somewhat larger quantity of rice used in the diet of a hard-working
man would make the nutritive value of the average daily diet 100 gm. protein
and 3.100 calories, according to the author.

" Practically all the rice used in this town belongs to the class of ' cured '
rice, which according to some observers never causes beriberi even when it
forms the greater portion of the nutriment over a long period of time. The rice

668 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

is prepared at home mikI is miiiolishcd ; p<ilisIi(Ml or ' uucui-cd ' rice 1h found
only very rarely. . . .

"The cost of the food for one i)erson ranges between !) .ind I(] cetitnvos daily,
with an average of 12* centavos per i)erson. ... In a provincial town a Fili-
pino can live very comfortably on about 12 centavos a day." See also a previous
note (K. S. II.. 21. p. TCS;).

General sanitary conditions [in Taytayl. P. Clements (Philippine Jour,
i^ci., B. Med, Sci., /, (lUO!)), No. },, pp. 2.'i7-255, pis. //).— In a discussion of the
general sanitary conditions in this Philippine village the author sunnnarizes a
considerable amount of data regarding the kinds of foods used and their prepa-
ration, the construction of houses, water supply, the disposal of refuse, and
related topics.

Summary and conclusions [regarding the native village of Taytayl, Tl. P.
Stuong {I'll Hip pi lie Jour. ,SV(.. B. Mrd. Sri., J, {1909). \o. .'/, /)/). 2^9-299,
pis. 3). — In this article, which summarizes reports undertaken as a part of a
medical survey of Taytay, some of which have been referred to above, data are
included regarding the food habits and other living conditions.

The chemical regulation of the processes of the body by means of activa-
tors, kinases, and hormones, W. H. Howell (Science, n. scr., 31 (1910), No.
786, pp. 93-100). — In this address, delivered at the Boston meeting of the Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, December, 1909, the chemical
regulation of digestive processes and other pi'ocesses in the animal body is dis-
,cussed, and some of the newer theories which have to do with these topics are
considered.

The osmotic pressure of liquid foods, J, L. Jona (Bio-Chcm. Jour., 4 (1909),
No. 10, pp. 462--^i66). — Coffee, tea, alcoholic beverages, lemon juice, diluted mo-
lasses, soups, beef tea, sugar solutions, fruit juices, proprietary foods, and saline
aperient solutions were used in the experiments reported.

Quotations from the author's general conclusions follow :

"Of all the fluid foods which are admitted to the stomach, alcoholic bev-
erages and fruit juices alone are hypertonic. Further, it may be safely stated
that in no case is a fluid admitted in which hypertonicity is due to the mineral
ingredients alone. When, therefore, we find the kidney elaborating a fluid
(urine) with sufficient saline ingredients to render it hypertonic, we must re-
gard the high concentration of this fluid as so much external work done and of
sufficient moment to be taken into consideration in calorinietric exiieriments on
an animal or on the human subject. These experiments also demonstrate that
we must ascribe to the sense of taste a distinct osmotactic character. Not only
is this sense potent in testing the food qualitatively, but also from the quanti-
tative standpoint of molecular concentration. Even those hypertcmic fruit
juices which are admitted to the stomach are passed, so to say, under protest,
for their taste is recognized as astringent or highly acid, and are apt to be fol-
lowed by a sense of thirst. . . .

" The great majority of fluid foods are, however, hjiiotonic, and thus a mar-
gin is left for the addition of liydrochloric acid and other constituents of the
gastric juice. . . .

" The association of the raising of osmotic pressure of beverages with the
induction of thirst is made use of in some dei»artnients of conunerce by the ex-
cessive salting of wines and tlie oversugaring of ' summer drinks.' In the case
of cane sugar, a solution isosmotic with the blood would be about 11 per cent,
whereas the fluid which reaches the stomach as a result of even the slow
methods of ingestion of sweetmeats, as exemplified in the process of sucking
confectionery, is much higher than this, and accounts for the disagreeable after-
results very often experienced after overindulgence in such delicacies."

ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 669

The partial transformation of food fat into mannites by peptic and pan-
creatic digestion in vitro, fl Gautrelet {Gompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], lJf9
(1009). No. 24, PP- 1150, 1151). — From his experiments the author concludes
that in both sorts of artificial digestion mannites were formed from fat.

On the nature of the so-called fat of tissues and organs, H. MacLean and
O. T. Williams {Bio-Chem. Jour., Jf {1909), No. 10, pp. 455-.',61).— The high
saponification number of the fat obtained, by thorough extraction with alcohol
aud ether, from the blood, organs, and tissue of dogs showed that the material
could not be composed to any extent of ordinary fat. According to the
authors, " the high saponification values were found to be caused by combina-
tion of part of the sodium with phosphoric acid and glycero-phosphoric acid
liberated during the process of saponification.

"Every organ and tissue naturally contains more or less neutral fat in the
interstices of its substance; but though it would seem that the preponderating
portion of the 'fat' combined with protein in the bioplasm as masked fat is
present as phosphatid, in addition some of the phosphatid is present in free
form, perhaps as a phase in its passage to combination ; free phosphatids
would, on this view, constitute preliminary substances which subsequently
pass on to actual combination in the tissues. In a normal organ, therefore,
the less microscopical evidence there is of fat, the less neutral fat is actually
present; while the combined fat — a phosphatid — seems to represent one of
those steps in that synthetical elaboration of fats which appears to be a nec-
essary prelude to actual assimilation. It is not improbable that phosphatids
represent a necessary step in the elaboration of fatty substances destined
ultimately to undergo actual assimilation into living matter. That such sub-
stances are essential for the vital processes seems indicated by their presence
in all living cells hitherto investigated; it can not be doubted that one of
the steps which ordinary fat undergoes in the cell is a transformation into
l)hosphatid, and probal)]y in these bodies the desaturation of the fatty acid
radicle is brought about. Whether this elaboration is necessary for the ulti-
mate oxidation of all fats, or whether we have here wholly or in part a
process somewhat analogous to the endogenous metabolism of protein, can
as yet be but conjecture. The fact, however, that phosphatids contain [trac-
tically all the constituents ... of nucleo-i>roteins, is not without significance,
and it is not unlikely . . . that they may be the source of the cell nucleo-
proteins."

Experiments on the amount and character of fat in pig liver were also
briefly reported. From the data obtained the author concludes that appar-
ently " the essential fat of the liver, and probably of certain other organs, is
really phosphatid, and under certain circumstances, if care be taken to avoid
disintegration during the process of extraction, it may be practically the only
one found in any appreciable amount in the combined part of the ' fat.' "

Concerning the partition of nitrogen in the urine of infants, H. Vogt
(Monatsschr. KinderhcUk., 8' (1909), No. 2-3; ahs. in Zenthh Gesam. Physiol,
u. Path. Stoffwcchsels, n. ser., 4 (1909), No. 19, p. 761).— The author concludes
that in the case of healthy infants, as with adults, the partition of nitrogen in
the urine is rather constant, provided there are no abnormalities in the compo-
sition of the food. His other conclusions have to do with pathological conditions.

ANIMAL PEODUCTION.

Forage plants of Uruguay and their value as feeding stuffs for cattle,
J. ScHROEDER (Rci\ Sccc. Agroti. Univ. Montevideo, 1907, No. 2, pp. 86-103; 1908,
No. 3, pp. 119-llfl)- — Analyses of alfalfa, clovers, grasses, and other forage
plants of Uruguay are reported and their value for feeding purposes discussed.

670 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Composition of Indian feeding' stuffs, M. (Jkk.siioff (liiil. Kolon. Miifi. Haar-
lem, JHOi), Xo. !i.l. \p. ..^671, folio). — Analyses of whcnt. outs. rye. lupines, and
other feeding stuffs of the Dutch East Indies are reporttvl.

Desiccation of potatoes, T. H. Norton {Daily Cons, and Trade Ji/jls. [V. S.],
1910, No. 3716, pp. 1-3). — An account is given of a new process used in Ger-
many for drying potatoes and making them into a meal to be used for a feed-
ing stuff. The plant reciuired for the treatment of lO.OOn tons of t)otatoe8 dur-
ing a sea.son of about 8 months cost from iflS.fMX) to $lD.nnn. The total cost of
preiuu'ing unpressed i)otato meal by this method is nl)out 50 cts. per long ton
of tubers, and the additional cost for pressing into cakes is 12 cts. per ton.
About 3.8 tons of raw potatoes yield 1 ton of the desiccated product.

Concerning feeding' rice, W. R. Dodson (Tai. Planter, //// (1910). \o. 6, p.
92). — A discussion of the value of rice as a feeding stuff. The author esti-
mates that 1 lb. of rice without the hulls is worth about as much as H lbs. of
corn. Under favoraI)le conditions it is thought tliat rice ought to return
j.l)out $2 a barrel when fed to steers.

Silos and silage (Dept. Agr. N. /S'. Wales, Farme7:s' Bnl. 6'. pp. 7.9, pl.'i. 3,
fifjs. 76). — A bulletin of practical information on the construction of tub,
hillside, and pit silos and on the cultivation and harvesting of ensilage crops
adapted to Australian conditions. Directions are also given for making stack
silage.

Commercial feeding stuffs, E. H. Jenkins and J. P. Street (Connecticut
State Sta. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 3, pp. 281-322). — This report contains an interpre-
tation of the state feeding stuffs law and rei)orts analyses of over 200 samples
of feeds which include cotton-seed and linseed meals, wheat, maize, rye, barley,
and buckwheat by-products, distillers' and brewers' grains, and many pro-
jirietary and condimental feeds.

Report of commercial feed stuffs, J. E. Halligan (Louisiana Stas. Feed
Stuffs Rpt. 1908-9, pp. 198). — Analyses are reported of 10,()72 samples of cot-
ton-seed meal, cotton-seed feed, wheat and rice by-products, corn chop, hominy
feeds, brewers' grains, alfalfa meal, and molasses and other mixed feeds.

The inspection and analysis of commercial feeding stuffs (Mississippi Sta.
Bui. 125, pp. 3-27). — Analyses are reported of about oOO samples of corn chop,
wheat and rice by-products, red dog flour, and molasses and other mixed feeds.

[Feeding stuffs analyses], T." E. Keitt (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp.
2'i, 25). — Analyses are reported of cotton-seed meal, wheat bran, mixed bran,
corn meal, and corn silage.

Feeding stuffs inspection: Concerning commercial feeding stuffs, J. L.
Hills, C. H. Jones, and P. A. Benedict (Vermont Sta. Bui. llfli, pp. S-JfS). —
This bulletin discusses in a general way the composition of feeds and the formu-
lation of grain rations. Analyses are also reported of cotton-seed, linseed, and
alfalfa meals, red dog flour, cotton-seed, gluten, corn, oat, flax and molasses
feeds, distillers' and brewers' grains, and proprietary and mixed feeds.

" Certain feeds while meeting guaranties are deemed to be ill-advised
purchases for the reasons stated :

" Molasses feeds as a class ; because of the likelihood that living weed seeds
are used ; because of the inferior nature of the absorbents used ; because at
ruling prices the digestible nutrients are relatively costly.

"Flax feeds; because of the presence of weed seeds, either ground or un-
ground ; because of unknown feeding values; and because poisonous seeds may
occur therein.

"Cotton-seed feeds; because it is unnecessary to import cotton-seed hulls
which have a low food value.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 671

" Oat feeds; because of the low feeding value of the extraneous oat hulls with
which they all are more or less laden.

"Alfalfa meals; because the payment of a concentrate price for hay even
though it be ground is absurd."

Experimental evidence on the effectiveness of selection, H. S. Jennings
(Amer. Nat., 4} (1910), No. 519, pp. 136-145). — A paper, read before the Amer-
ican Society of Naturalists December 29, 1909, which gives a discussion of the
significance of pure lines (E. S. R., 21. pp. 469, 771) in the evolution of types.
The author suggests that Johannsen's term " genotype " be substituted for
" pure line," and defines genotype as " a set of individuals which so long as
they are Interbred produce progeny that are characteristically uniform in their
hereditary features, not systematically splitting into diverse groups." It is
pointed out that Galton's law of ancestral inheritance does not hold in pure
lines, even in a statistical sense, and that investigators who have brought about
changes in type by selection have not worked with genotypes.

" What the pure line work shows (agreeing in this with other lines of evi-
dence) is that the changes on which selection may act are few and far between,
instead of abundant; that they are found not oftener than in one individual in
ten thousand, instead of being exhibited on comi)aring any two specimens; that
a large share of the differences between individuals are not of significance for
selection or evolution — these being precisely the differences measured as a rule
by the biometrician's ' coefficient of variation.' . . . The work with genotypes
brings out as never before the minuteness of the hereditary differences that
separate the various lines. These differences are the smallest that can possibly
be detected by refined measurements taken in connection with statistical treat-
ment. . . . The genotypic work lends no support to the idea that evolution
occurs by large steps, for it reveals a continiious series of the minutest differ-
ences between great numbers of existing races. . . .

"Altogether, I think we may say that the pure line or genotype concept pre-
sents an instrument of analysis which is worthy, on the basis of what it has
thus far done, of a thorough tryout for future work, and no one interested in
these questions can afford to neglect it."

The imperfection of dominance and some of its consequences, C. B. Daven-
port (Aincr. Nat., ij {1910), No. 519, pp. 129-135).— X paper, read before the
American Society of Naturalists Dec-ember 29, 1909, in which the author cites
several examples of imperfect dominance, of which there are all degrees, and
explains them on the hypothesis that a determiner, though present, may fail to
complete its ontogeny, or, in other words, that the dominance is not reversed
but merely weakened. The determiner may be so weak that the character may
fail completely in a development of the heterozygote, and even in a homozygote
will give the impression of noninheritability.

" By the aid of the facts of imperfection in dominance and the hypothesis of
varying potency of determiners the territory to which the jirinciple of the
segregation of determiners is applicable becomes. greatly extended."

On a new method of determining' correlation between a measured charac-
ter A, and a character B, of which only the percentage of cases wherein B
exceeds (or falls short of) a g'iven intensity is recorded for each grade of A,
K. Peauson {Biometrika, 7 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. 96-105). — A new and rapid
method of determining correlation when one variable is given quantitatively
;ind the other is divided into two classes only is presented. Hitherto such prob-

40512— No. 7—10 -6

072 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

leuis could only Itc treated by the fourfold lahic iii'-ihod. wlik-li led to diverse
results according to the arbitrary placln.ijc of tlu> dlvlsitai. Several examples of
the method are giveu.

A mechanism for organic correlation, G. II. Parker {Amer. Nat., ffS (1909),
No. .308, pp. .>l.i-21S). — The author cites examples to show that many organs
of the body itroduce hormones I hat affwt the form or structure of other organs,
external as well as internal. " .Shattock and Seligmann have shown [that
when! a small piece of a male gland is grafted into a young castrated male, the
comb, hackles, and spurs may develop as in a normal bird. It is, therefore,
highly probable that the reproductive glands, like the ductless glands, produce
hormones by which the development of the secondary sexual organs is deter-
mined."

The author thinks that the hormones of the internal environment of an
organism are mechanisms of correlation and that by means of them one organ
influences another. lie points out that in nature selection may well be con-
ceived to modify an internal hormone-producing organ if this organ is of vital
significance, and incidentally to establish a new internal environment that would
so intluence the form and external configuration of a given organism that it
would be called a new species, even though none of the new external features
by which this organism would be described might show the least usefulness.

The relation between fertility and normality in rats, R. E. Lloyd {Rec.
Indian Mils., 3 {li)()<)), No. 3, pp. 261-26.}). — The weight of 1,000 female house
rats of India ranged from 50 to 210 gm. Correlatit>n tables are presented which
do not show any correlation between size and fertility. The mode, or the num-
ber of young in a litter occurring with the greatest frequency, was five.

The significance of the " chestnuts " on the legs of solid-hoofed mammals,
R. HiNTZE (Zool. Anz., 35 {1010), No. 12-13, pp. 312-380).— The author suggests
that the growths, commonly called chestnuts, which occur on the legs of the
horse and its allies, may have had their origin as the horny pads or cushions
of a plantigrade ancestor which became vestigial when the animal acquired the
habit of walking on its toes.

Anatomical-histological investigations on the '' shield " of male swine
in regard to meat inspection, G. Stemmer iAnatoniiHch-histologi.sclic Untcr-
siidninyrn iibrr (l<n Scliihl dcr Mdnnlichcn i^iddrn niit Bcrucksichtigung dcr
Fleischbcschau. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 190!), pp. ol, pis. 3, figs. 3). — From a
study of a large number of animals the author concludes that the thickening
of the dermis which occurs on the shoulder, commonly called the shield, is a
secondary sex characteristic of males. It is a post-embryouic structure not
known in any other animal and consists chiefly of connective tissue. Accord-
ing to the German feeding stuff law it is not a human food and should be re-
moved from the slaughtered animal before stamping, although some butchers
are known to grind it uj) for sausage.

The effect of castration on the metabolism, F. H. McCrudden (Jour. Biol.
Chem.. 7 (1910), No. 3. pp. 185-197).— A brief review by the author of the
literature on this subject does not show that there is any definite knowledge
concerning the effect of the removal of the testes and ovaries on metabolism,
although the general opinion is that there is at least a temporary change.

The author also reports an experiment of his own in which 2 male and female
dogs were desexed and fed a ration of lean beef heart, lard, cracker dust, and
water. The results do not confirm the view generally held that castration is
followed by a retention of material, especially the mineral elements, the general
teodeucy being in the other direction. In almost eveij instance where there

ANTMAL PRODUCTION. 673

was a retention of material l)ef()re castration tliis retention was either decreased
or became a loss after castration.

Castration and its effect on animal organism, J. H. W. T. Reimkrs {Cul-
iura, 21 (1909), No. 2')6, pp. (J.JG~665). — A snmmary of investigations ou this
topic.

A contribution to the study of bleeding with different methods of
slaughtering, B. Hoth {Eiii Bcitrag zur Lehre der Aiisbliititng bci Vcrschicde-
ncn ScJihicIitnictliodcn. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1908, pp. 35). — The autJior
reviews the literature on the subject and reports experiments involving 176
animals, in which, by different methods of slaughtering he obtained the fol-
lowing percentages of the live weights of blood discharged: With oxen, by the
Jewish method 3.6, by bleeding after stunning with a hammer 3.61, by the
use of the striking mask followed by pithing (mutilation of the medulla
oblongata) 3.35, and by the Stoff shooting apparatus 3.24; with cows, Jewish
method 4.07, stunning with hammer 4.18, pithing 3.59, and shooting apparatus
3.39; with bulls, Jewish method 3.56, stunning with hauuner 3.85, pithing 3.28,
and shooting apjiaratus 3.24; with calves, Jewish method 6.03, and cervical
cutting after clubbing 5.86; with sheep. Jewish method 4.45, cutting carotids
without stunning 4.5, and cutting carotids after stunning with hammer 4.43;
with sows, sticking in the chest after stunning with hannner 3.1 ; and with
castrated boars, sticking in chest after stunning with hammer 2.8 per cent.

The conclusion is drawn that from a hygienic standpoint, methods which
do not injure the medulla oblongata are to be preferred because the latter
method prevents a complete discharge of the blood. In cattle and swine
females discharged more IWood in proportion to their weight than males, and
calves have proportionally more blood than mature cattle of either sex.

What is the average loss in slaughtering Westphalian pure bred swine
and what are the controlling factors? W. Estor ( Wic Hoch Strllt sich der
Durclisclinittliclic Scfiluvlttrcrlust bvUn Wcstfdlisclien Vcrcdclten Landschwein
tiiid Welche Momcnte Becinflussen lliitf Inaug. Diss., Vnir. Bern, 1908, pp. 32,
chart 1). — Slaughter tests by the author show that the percentage of weight
lost in slaughtering swine ranged from 13.7 to 32.5, the average being 19.43.
The factors which affect the results were found to be breed, sex, time since
the last feeding, time of the year, and the nature of the food during the period
of finishing. The loss was less in cold than in warm weather, and also less
when the finishing was on a ration rich in protein than on a ration consisting
largely of potatoes.

Short fed steers: A comparison of methods of feeding, II. W. Mumford
and H. O. Allison (Illinois Sta. Bui. 1^2, pp. 565-578, figs. 5). — In this experi-
ment 34 grass-fed 3-year old steers averaging 1,073 lbs. in weight were divided
into 2 lots of 17 each and fed for 89 days on a ration of corn meal, oil meal, and
clover hay. Lot 1 was fed twice each day as is the common practice, whereas
with lot 2 the clover hay was cut and mixed with the grain ration and fed
through a self-feeder to which the cattle had access at all times.

The average daily gains per head were 2.984 lbs. and 3.326 lbs., respectively,
at a cost per pound of gain of 7.53 cts. and 7.49 cts., respectively. If the value
of the pork produced by the hogs kept in the pasture to utilize the waste is
considered, the cost of gains for the 2 lots is reduced to 7.39 and 7.11 cts.,
respectively. The feeds were rated as follows: Ground corn $13.70, clover hay
$8, ground clover hay $9, and oil meal $28 per ton. When sent to market lot 1
was estimated at $5.45 per hundred and lot 2, $5.60 per hundred.

" In general the financial results of this experiment were favorable to the
method of feeding used for lot 2. While the data given in this publication are

674 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

nut I'xtciisivc thoy indicate that for short feeding caltlc tlio plan of chaffing hay,
niiiifjlinfjc it with grain, and feeding through a self-feeder is worthy of further
investigation and trial hy feeders."

" T'nder the conditions of the experiment, the i)rofit to I)e derived from short
feeding cattle was 7.36 per cent interest on the total expenditure for !K) days
for lot 1 and 18.88 per cent for lot 2. With expenses as figured the necessary
margin per hundredweight between buying and selling price in Chicago in order
to break even was $1,137 for lot 1 (common method of feeding) and $1.16G for
lot 2 (chopped hay and self-feeder), when the pork produced is not consid-
ered. . , . The larger gain of lot 2 resulted in better finish, 15 cts. per hundred-
weight higher selling price, and $2.05 per steer more profit (not including pigs)
than lot 1."

Cattle breeding in German colonies, A. R. Erlbeck {Milch Ztg., 39 iWlO),
2\Vj, 5, pp. .'i'.)-').i). — A general and statistical account of cattle breeding in the
German colonies in Africa and the East Indies.

Cattle of southern India, W. D. Gunn (Dcpt. Agr. Madras Bui. GO, pp. 65,
pis. 68, tiKip 1). — An account of methods of cattle raising as practiced in south-
ern India, including feeding, breeding, and religious ceremonies connected with
the cattle indu.stry. The principal breeds of cattle and domesticated buffaloes
of the Madras I'resid^MK y are illustrated and described.

The cattle of southern India, W. D. Gunn (Plidippinc Agr. Rev. [English
Ed.], 2 (1009), lYo. 12, pp. 6<S5-702, map i).— Extracts from the work noted
above.

The determination of the age of calves, A. Schultze (Die Altersbcstim-
miing hvi Kalhcni. Iiiaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 52. pis. 3). — The author
reviews the literature on this subject and describes in detail the condition of
tlie teeth, gums, navel, hoofs, and undeveloped horns in 149 calves. These
characters vary so much that no one character is a reliable guide, but it is
thought that, taken collectively, one can estimate by means of them the age of
the calf witli a reasonable degree of accuracy.

Farmers' sheep, 11. W. Peacock (Dcpt. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers^ Bui. 1,
pp. Jf6, figs. 31). — This gives data for the practical farmer, for the most part
previously noted from other sources.

Suggestions for pig feeders (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 16 (1909), No. 9,
pp. llS-131 ; 16 (1910). No. 10, pp. 820-837).— This is a summary of information
of value from a practical standpoint and includes the results of numerous
experiments in feeding swine which have been made in Europe and America.

The brood sow and her litter, F. G. King (Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui., 7
(1909), No. 10, pp. 26). — This is a bulletin of practical information based upon
experiments that have been made at the different experiment stations and the
practice of the leading breeders and farmers of Missouri.

Relative efficiency of different rations for fleshing horses for market, R. C.
Obrecht (Illinois »S7«. Bui. I'/l, pp. 525-562, figs. 11). — The plan of the first
experiment reported was to compare corn with a mixed ration of corn and
oats, and clover hay with timothy hay as rations for fleshing horses for mar-
ket in an 84-day period. If the preliminary feeding period had been included
the entire period would have almost equaled the usual time (100 to 120 days)
required to put thin liorses into marketable condition.

Five mares and 13 geldings from 4 to 7 years of age, weighing about 1,400
lbs., were used for this ex!)eriment. The f(»eds were rated as follows: Corn
35 cts. per bushel, oats 30 cts. per bushel, bran $20 per ton, old process oil

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

675

meal $27 per ton. clover bay $8 per ton, and timothy hay $9 i)er ton. The
results are summarized in the following table:

Effect of different rations in flrshiny 11 horses fliiriiif) a period of ,S// dayft.

Lotl
Lot 2
Lots

Ration.

Corn, bran, oil meal, clover

Corn and oats 1:1 bran, oil lueal, clover.
Corn anil oats 1:1 bran, oil meal, timo-
thy hav.

Dry matter
fed daily
per 1,000
lbs. live
weight.

Lbs.
20.6

19. 75
21. 48

Daily gain
in weight
per head.

2.29

2.98
1.88

Cost per
pound
gain.

Cents.
8.5
7.4
12.1

Estimated

increase in

value per

head.

Dollars.
51.00
48.75
35. 00

The second experiment was planned to secure more data on the results of
mi.xinK oats with bnin and corn, as compared with an all-coru ration with
clover hay as the roughage. Comparison was also made as to the effect of
exercise and no exercise with the taking on of flesh. The feeds were rated as
follows: Corn 43 cts. per bushel, oats Sf) cts. per bushel, bran $20 per ton. oil
meal $27 per ton, and clover hay $1.'! i)er ton. The results of the feeding trial
are summarized in the following table:

Effect of different rations in ferdinf/ 20 7/or.sc.s durinfi a period of 112 days.

Ration.

Lotl Corn, oil meal, clover hay

Lot 2 Corn and oats 3:1, oil meal, clover..

Lot 3 Corn and oats 1:1, oil meal, clover..

Lot4 Corn and bran 4:1, oil meal, clover.

Dry matter
fed daily
per 1,000
lbs. live
weight.

Lbs.
19.96
20.91
21.07
20.42

Daily gain
in weight
per head.

Lbs.
2.12
2.38
2.44
2.26

Cost per
pound
gain.

Cents.
12.0
12.3
12.7
12.4

Estimated

increase in

value.

Dollars.
44.00
51.00
42.00
48.00

The following conclusions were among those drawn :

"A mixed grain ration of corn and oats, when fed with clover hay, is more
efficient than a single grain ration of corn for producing large gains in an
84-day feeding period.

" While a ration of corn, oats, and clover hay is more expensive with prices
of feeds as stated, than one of corn and clover hay, the gains are such as to
make its use more economical.

" Clover hay when fed with a mixed grain ration of corn and oats is more
efficient for producing gains than timothy hay. In this test clover hay pro-
duced 58 per cent more gains than timothy.

"A ration of corn, oats and timothy is not satisfactory for producing finish
in fleshing horses for market, but may be materially improved by the addition
of oil meal. . . .

"A ration of one-fourth oats and three-fourths corn proved more economical
than one of half oats and half corn.

"A ration of corn and bran fed in proportions of one part bran to four parts
corn by weight is superior to an all-corn ration for producing gains when fed
in conjunction with clover hay.

676 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

■' Tliis (est st'onicd lo iiidicatc llinl llicrc is (l;iii,t,'<'r nT rccdini,' too iimcli liraii
for best results when clover liiiy furnishes the ronj^liiiKe i^art of I lie ration.
The bran and clover combined produced a too laxative condition. . . .

"Exercise has a retarding effect upon the takin.i; on of tlesh. In this test
the horses receiving? no exercise made 24 i)er cent more j^ains than those having
a (hiily walk of 2.S miles.

"While box stalls are safer than single stalls for stablins horses, they are
also more expensive and do not offer merits not possessed by single stalls so
far as they may influence the horse in taking on flesh. The horses stabled in
single stalls made 10 lbs. or S per cent more gains in S4 days than those in box
stalls."

Suggestions for the iniprovement of Wisconsin horses, A. S. Alex.vndkr
(Wisconsin Sta. Bill. 186, pp. 3-30, fgs. 0). — This hulletin reports statistics of
the Wisconsin horse industry and offers suggestions foi- imi»roving the breeding
stock by the elimination of unsound animals and using more pure-bred sires.
" During the ])ast H years tlie horses of the State have increased GO.OOS head in
numlH-rs and .$ir>.210,.sr)2 in total value. In 1900 the average value of each
horse in the State was $91.Gr). On .January 1, 1900, the value was $107, or an
increase of $1.5..'j5 \)ev head." The increase in value per head is thought to be
due in part to the influence of the stallion law. which is discussed in detail.

Wisconsin horse breeding statistics, A. S. Alkx.\nder (Wisconsin »S7«. Bui.
J88, pp. 3-5 'i). — This bulletin gives an account of the operation of the state
stallion law during the fourth breeding season since the law went into effect.
It also contains the amendments to the law in 1909, a resume of stallion legis-
lation in other States, a directory of owners of licensed stallions and jacks, and
a list of transfers during 1909.

The Kellerstrass way of raising poultry, E. Kellerstrass (Kansas City,
Mo., 1909, pp. -',5, figs. 22; rev. in Farm Potiltiii, 21 (1910), No. //, pp. 20, 21). —
A book of practical information, being chiefly an account of the methods prac-
ticed on the farm of the author.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Shall the dairyman buy concentrates? W. J. Spillman {noarcVs Dairyman,
J,l (1910). Nos. .'/, pp. 123, 124; 10, PP- 37G-37S). — The author submits data
which are based on cattle records obtained from dairy farms by the Farm
Management Investigation of this Department and indicate that on a dairy
farm under present conditions larger returns can be obtained by feeding home-
grown grains than when concentrates are purchased, even though a smaller num-
ber of cows is kept.

[Dairy rations], D. O. Nourse (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 26-29).—
This is a discussion of rations for dairy cattle in the Southern States based on
experimental data. Corn silage and cotton-seed meal was found to be the most
economical feed for South Carolina. Cotton-seed meal given at the rate of 6
lbs. per day caused no apparent ills after having been fed for 3 years.

The effect of milk as a nutrient for dairy animals, C. Beger (Landw.
Vers. Stat., 11 (1909), No. ^-5. pp. 353-372; ahs. in Milchiv. ZentU., 6 (1910),
No. 1, pp. 18, 19). — In experiments with 2 goats the average daily yield of milk
for each animal was 1,151.8 gm. with whole milk as a supplementary ration,
1,225.7 gm. with troix>n, sugar, and milk fat, and 862.7 gm. with skim milk
and milk fat. After making corrections for the occurrence of some of the
feeding periods at a late stage of lactation, the author concludes that fat as

DATRY FARMTNfi DATRYTNG. 677

an emulsion in the form of whole millv was superior to nonemulsified fats,
which iiecords with his exjierieuee as i)reviously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 470).

The university dairy herd, 1908-9, (i. C. Humphrey and F. W. Woll (Wis-
eonsin »S7«. Bui. 187, pii. 3-i2, figs. 3). — This bulletin presents data relating to
the feed consumed and milk produced by the station herd during the year end-
ing May 11, loot).

The results obtained with the individual cows are discussed with reference
to the value of the rations fed for milk production. Twenty-five cows averaged
during the year 8,4.39.0 lbs. of milk and HO.3.62 lbs. of butter fat. If an
average of the actual prices received for butter fat and the prices paid for
feed be taken, the average value of their product would l>e ,$111.70. the cost
of feed eaten .%n(».34, and the average net profit .$01.42. The winter grain
ration used consisted of wheat bran, corn meal, and distillers' grains in the
proi)ortion of .3 : 4 : .3. Small amounts of oats, oil me:il. and brewers' grains
were fed occasionally when tlie cows needed variety.

The feeding shows that cows which are higli producers can consume large
amounts of dry matter containing as high as 2J lbs. of digestible protein
daily and use their feed economically, while cows that are advanced in lacta-
tion and are low producers must feed less grain and cheaper feeds if they are
to yield any profit. Tlie 7 cows in the herd which pi'oduced more than li lbs,
of butter fat iier day during the winter period consumed on the average 17
lbs. of dry matter and 1.02 lbs. of digestil)le protein for each i)ound of butter
fat i)roduced. The 0 cows which made less than f lb. of butter fat per day
consumed on the average 80.9 lbs. of dry matter and 2.33 lbs. of digestible
protein per pound of butter fat produced.

The average production and net profit of the herd during the last 6 years,
as estimated on the basis of 27 cows which pi-oduce an average of 7,454 lbs.
of milk containing 315.7 lbs. of butter fat, was $85.49 as a value of total
products less .$37.70 total cost of feed, leaving a net profit of $47.79 per cow
per year. The net prf)fit returned last year was the highest since the herd
was established 11 years ago.

The chemical composition of milk, .7. dk Bb6vans {Hyg. Viande et Lait,
3 (1909), No. 12, pp. 593-61H). — A summary and discussion of variability in the
chemical composition of milk. Tables of analyses' are given to show the varia-
tions due to individuality, breed, period of lactation, and other factors.

On the formation of milk sugar, C. Porcher (Biochem. Ztschr., 23 (1910),
No. 5, pp. 310--'iOU figs. 12). — The removal of the mammary glands of goats
and cows, either before or after parturition, induced glucosuria and was accom-
panied by hyperglucohemia. Injections of phlorizin in lactating animals pro-
duced glucosuria. From these experiments it is thought that lactose is formed
from glucose in the blood as it cii'culates through the mammary gland, and that
on the removal of the gland this glucose is excreted in the urine.

Further investigations on the influence of stimulating substances on milk
secretion, G. Fingerling (Landw. Vers. Stat.,71 (1909), No. 4-5, pp. 373-41/t).—
A continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 19, p. 778). Fennel,
malt sprouts, coconut cake, and palm-nut cake, which are rich in stimulating
substances, were contrasted with starch, peanut oil, and other feeds which
have no stimulating effect. The basal ration was hay, from which the aromatic
and stimulating material had been removed by steeping. Two new milch goats
were used and the feeding periods lasted 15 days each.

The author concluded that of the feeds tested malt sprouts, palm-nut cake,
and coconut cake contain substances which exercise a stimulating eftect on the
mammary glands independent of the form of digestible nutrients contained in
the feeding stuff. In the case of one goat the average daily yield of milk on

678 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

the various rations was: 715 gm. cm him It sprouts, 718 gm. on palm-nut cake,
708 gm. on coconut cake, 672 gm. on fennel; HIS gm. with feeds not containing
a stimulating substance, and 73G gm. with normal hay and with palm-nut cake.
Corresponding results with the other goat were, on malt spi'outs 002 gm., jialm-
uut cake 051 gm., coconut cake 598 gm., fennel 002 gm., without stinnilating
feed 502 gm., and with normal hay and coconut cake 554 gm. Digestion co-
efficients, analyses of feeding stuffs, and other data are given.

The so-called iron milk, C. Mai {Ztsclir. ('ntrrftuch. Xahr. u. Genusfimtl.,
t!) {1910), A'o. 1, pp. 21-23). — An experiment is reported in which 2 cows re-
ceived a ration composed in part of a proprietary feed which contained a large
percentage of iron. The claim that this feed would raise the percentage of
iron in the milk was not sustained by the experiment.

Experimental leucocytosis in the cow's udder, C. Hoffmann ( WificonHin
ata. Research BuL 6. pp. 207-21 S. fi<js. 2). — This reports a study of the effect
of injections into the udder of various solutions injected at blood heat upon
the leucocyte content of cow's milk. The usual method was to inject 2 quarters
of the udder with from 150 to 300 cc. of the solutions, introducing them into
the udder by means of a milking tube connected with a large separatory funnel,
so graduated that the amounts introduced into the udder could be accurately
determined. No pressure was applied, injection dei)ending entirely upon the
action of gravity. The leucocyte determinations were made according to the
modified Doane-Buckley method.

Injections of the sterile solutions were made about 6 hours after the morning
milking had been completed, or about 11 a. m., and the cow was again milked
at 4 p. m. Even in so short a time marked changes invariably occurred in the
texture and appearance of the udder. Inflammation characterized by swelling
and fever could usually be detected. The number of leucocytes increased
greatly in those quarters into which the sterile, distilled water was introduced.
The maximum number of leucocytes was found in the second and third milking.
IS to 30 hours after the injection. The number of leucocytes, however, then
rapidly decreased until by the third day the milk could again be considered
normal. Injections of a 2 per cent solution of boric acid produced leucocytosis,
but not nearly so marked as with the sterile, distilled water, while with a 0.6
per cent solution of sodium chlorid the leucocyte content remained about the
same as with the water.

After an injection of 0.5 cc. of a broth culture of Bacillus procUgiosus in 100
cc. of sterile water, or 1 cc. of the culture in 200 cc. of water, the milk secre-
tion was practically stopped. There was a marked inflammation of the entire
udder and a general constitutional Illness. Kecovery was rapid, and by the
third milking it was possible to obtain a few streams of a watery, yellowish
clotted liquid from the injected quarters, but the milk was so abnormal that
no determinations of leucocytes could be made until the eighth milking. It
was considered doubtful whether the organism alone was the cause.

A repetition of these experiments with another cow gave similar results.
An increased leucocyte content was often accompanied by a decrease in bacteria.
In the uninjected quarters the leucocyte content was unchanged and also the
bacterial content. The authors suggest that the decrease in number of bacteria
may have been due to the phagocytic action of the leucocytes. A microscoi)ical
examination of the sediment from the milk of the injected quarters showed
many leucocytes containing from 5 to 25 bacteria, while the sediment from the
uninjected quarters showed no such action. In the abnormal milk the presence
of flocculent material was also noted. Examinations of these clots, which were
of a doughy consistency and invariably rose to the surface of the liquid, re-
vealed them to be comprised almost entirely of large masses of flbriu strands.

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 679

" From the standpoint of milks which show an ahnormally high leucocyte con-
tent this relation of tibrin to leucocytes is of importance, for it enables one to
determine whether the leucocytosis is normal or due to an inflammatory con-
dition. Previous studies have shown that those milks which are high in
leucocytes but which come from perfectly normal cows do not as a rule contain
fibrin."

Before injection the acidity of the milk was practically the same in all
quarters, but subseciuently thereto considerable differences were found. In
most cases the milk from the nninjected quarters showed more acidity than that
from the injected. This was true only immediately subsequent to injection
and gi'adually disappeared.

The sensitiveness of the mammary gland to foreign substances is emphasized
by these results.

The significance of leucocytes in milk, W. G. Savage (Jour. Roy. //^s^ Piih.
Health, IS i tHIO), A'o. 2, pp. 65-77). — A summary of work on this subject.

In the opinion of the author a differential enumeration of leucocytes is of
great value. " Rigid standards as to the number of leucocytes to allow in milk
can not be set up, but the count indicates the need for local investigation.
With extended experience it may do much more than this. The enumeration
can be rapidly performed. It gives definite information which inspection fre-
quently can not furnish, and the procedure reaches its highest utility when
combined with a bacteriological examination of the milk."

A bibliography of the literature is api»ended.

Bacterial content of the milk of individual animals, E. O. Hastings and C.
Hoffmann (Wisinnshi Shi. Rcscdicli Bui. It. pp. tS'>~UH>; Centhl. Bakt. [etc.],
2. AM., 25 {J9()<)), No. 19-25, pp. .',(i5-',l()) .—X report on the bacterial and leu-
cocytic content of cow's milk.

Two animals were found which had large numbers of bacteria and also an
abnormally large leucocyte content. The authors think it possible that at some
previous time the cows may have had an attack of garget caused by pyogenic
bacteria and that the organisms persisted after recovery, becoming carriers of
bacteria as in the case of human beings which carry tyi)hoid.

The occurrence and distribution of a lactic acid org'anism. resembling' Bacil-
lus bulgaricus of yoghourt, E. G. Hastings and B. W. Hammku (Wisconsin
Sta. Research Bui. 6, pp. 197-206; CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 25 (1909), No.
l-'i-18, pp. Jil9-Jf26). — A continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R.. 20.
p. 573).

For 2 years many samples of milk from different sources have been incubated
at 37° and in all cases developed a greater acidity than could be accounted for
by the presence of B. lactis acidi, indicating that the causal organism, a bacil-
lus closely related to B. huJgancxis and to B. casei e, has a wide distribution.

Milk and its relation to the public health. (Pub. Health and Mar. Hasp.
Scrv. U. S., Hijg. Lab. Bui. 56, pp. SS-'f, pis. 51, figs. 67). — A new and revised
pdition of work previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1175). Besides numerous
revisions, the additional chapters found in this edition are : The Relation of the
Tuberculous Cow to Public Health, by E. C. Schroeder; The Thermal Death
Points of Pathogenic Micro-organisms in Milk, by M. J. Rosenau ; The Relative
Proportion of Bacteria in Top Milk (Cream Layer) and Buttermilk (Skim
Milk) and Its Bearing on Infant Feeding, by J. F. Anderson; and National
Inspection of Milk, by H. W. Wiley. New material has also been added to the
topics of bacillus carriers, bacteriological standards of the American Associa-
tion of Medical Milk Commissions, and on the detection and prevention of
milk epidemics.

680 EXPEETMENT STATION RECORD.

The org-anization of the milk supply, J. N. Harris (Jour. Rd. A(fr. {Lon-
don], 16 (liUO), No. II). jip. SID-S.^D). — All account of several successful co-
operative dairy societies in (Jreat Britain which have been organized in recent
years. By cooi)eration the ])roducers have received an increased price for their
milk. It is pointed out that these organizations are also of benefit to the con-
suuier, as it is easier to improve the sanitary conditions under which the milk
is pi-oduced and distributed.

The provision of milk for cities, Rievel, trans, by L. M. Steckel (Amer.
Vrt. Rn:, .W il!)JO), No. J, pp. 561-568).— Thin is a translation of a report
made to the Ninth Intei-national Veterinary Congress on the importance of
having the State regulate the milk trade, and contains many suggestions con-
cerning milk lns])ection.

Pasteurization of milk, R. G. Freeman (Jour. Anicr. Med. As.'ioc, 5Jf (WJO),
No. 5, pp. S72, 373). — The dangers in using raw market milk and commercial
pasteurized milk are pointed out.

" The only safety for the consumer is to get his milk sweet and raw. Having
obtained it he should then render it safe by the use of the smallest amount of
heat compatible with safety. A temperature of 140° F., but little higher than
the temperature in which one can bear one's hand, if continued for 40 minutes,
with the milk in a closed nursing bottle, is sufficient to kill all the bacteria
that we know and fear in milk, at the same time changing neither the taste
nor. so far as we know, the chemical composition or the ferments of the
milk. . . . Pasteurized milk does not cause malnutrition or scurvy or rachitis."

To what extent is there danger in using milk and m.ilk products from
cows which have tuberculosis of the udder? A. Weber {Tuhcrkulofie Arh.
K. Gsndhtsamt., 1910, No. 10, pp. 1-100). — This is an investigation of the
prevalence of tuberculosis in human beings who use milk obtained from cows
known to have mammary tuberculosis. So few cases were found where it
could be positively ])roved that tubercular lesions were caused by the use of
such milk that the author thinks the danger of contracting the disease from
such a source is comparatively slight as compared with contracting it from
human beings who have tuberculosis of the lungs.

Milk defects and their relation to cheese making, K. Teichert (Milch Ztg.,
■39 (1910), No. 2, pp. 13-17). — A summary of investigations on abnormal milks
due to the presence of pathogenic and other undesirable species of bacteria.

The composition of cream, R. R. Tatlock and R. T. Thomson (Analyst, 35
'(1910). No. .'i06, pp. 5-S). — Trials are reported which show that whatever the
method of creaming the solids of the nonfatty portion of cream are slightly
higher than those in the corresponding portion of the milk from which it has
been taken, but that the difference has no practical significance and may be
disregarded.

Layer cheese, M. Siegfeld (Molk. Ztg. [HiJdcsJicim], 2.'t (1910), No. 6, pp. 95,
96). — A description is given of "layer" or "cream layer cheese" which is com-
posed of alternate layers of cream and skim milk curd. Analyses of the differ-
ent layers in 17 cheeses obtained from various localities are reported. The
percentage of fat in the total cheese mass varied from .5.1 to 24.2.

Sap sago cheese, P. Buttenberg and W. Koenig (Ztsctir. Untersuch. Nahr.
n. ricnussmth, 18 (1909), No. 7. i)p. ^13-^5 ; ahs. in Milchw. ZentU., 6 (1910),
No. 1, pp. 32, 33). — Analytical data are reported.

Literature on the science and practice of dairying in the second half of
1908 and the first half of 1909, R. W. Raudnitz (Srpnnitc from Monatssclir.
Kindrrlirill:.. 8 (1909), No. 5, pp. 6-'i). — A list of i)ublications during this period,
with abstracts of the more important articles.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 681

Questions and answers on milk and milk testing, C. A. Publow and H. C.
Troy {\<ir York and IjiikIoii, I HO!), jiji. 97. pi. I). — These qnestions and answers
were prepared especially for short-course students in dairying and for those
who wish to prepare fov civil service examination for positions in dairy work.

Questions and answers on butter making-, C. A. Puui.ow {'Sew York and
London, 1909, pp. 75). — ^fliese questions and answers are prepared especially for
fchort-course students and for i)ractical butter makers who wish to jiass a civil
service examination in butter maliing.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

[Report of the bacteriologist on work with animal diseases], C. E. Mar-
shall {Michiiiun Kta. I'pl. 191)9, pp. ].il-lJf3, flgs. ,?).— The work with hog
cholera is reviewed, directions ^iven for the use of the immunizing; serum, now
heiiif; prepared, as previously nottnl (E. S. R.. 21, \^. 7'.)0). and the results ob-
tained by W. Giltner in 41) cases reported.

A method for treating contagious abortion of cattle is outlined. The occur-
rence of a disease among cattle at Saline. Mich., infectious anemia or swamp
fever of horses In the-northern peninsula, and an undetermined disease of sheep
near White rigeou. Mich., are l)rielly reported upon by W. Uiltner. Two cases
of susjK'CtiMl oinphaloiihlebitis in lambs and a case of traumatic serous iiillamma-
tioii with sciiticcmia, in a Sliorllidi-n heifer, are also reported by Dr. (Jiltner.

[Report of the veterinarian], E. P.arnktt {^oiith Carolina Xta. Rpt. 1909,
pp. .W-.'i'i). — In experiments made to detennine the physiological effects of cot-
ton-seed meal when fed in large quantities to dairy cattle "a number of abor-
tions took place besides a number of cases in which difficulty was experienced in
getting animals prejjnant. and it appeared there was a fairly constant relation
between these troubles and the amount of cottou-setnl meal fetl. deiiending also
upon the weight of the animal and the amount fed altout the period of concep-
tion. In some instances tliere has been noticed a peculiar form of mammitis.
notably in the case of a Jersey cow in which attacks had occurred during a
previous 2 years at intervals of from 2 weeks to 2 months and had become so
bad as to threaten to destroy the usefulness of this cow. During most of this
period G lbs. daily of cotton-seed meal had been fed."

An experiment was also conducted to determine if cotton-seed meal could be
fed profitably to hogs in small amounts and to study the pathological changes
in organs from hogs killed by cotton-seed meal. The results indicate that it
can not be safely fed to hogs even in small amounts for an extended period, and
also point to the fact that it contains a specific toxin which affects first the
lymphatic glands di'alning the digestive tract, and secondly, the lungs.

Work on the immunization of hogs against hog cholera in cooperation with
the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department is reported.

Experiments in continuation of the investigation of the stomach worm and
hook worm disease of young calves indicate that animals over 5 months old do
not very readily become infested with the ensheathed form of the larvse, though
this has been generally supposed to be the usual manner of infestation.

Report of the state veterinarian for 1908, L. A. Klein (Ann. Rpt. Penn.
Dept. Agr., IJ, (lOOS). pp. 110-12S).—X brief report of the work of the year
including an account of the occurrence of stock diseases.

Report of the colonial veterinary surgeon, Hongkong (Abs. in Jour. Trop.
Vet. Scl, 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. 209, 210).— The total number of cattle admitted to
the government depots for the year was 42,098, a decrease of 17,901. The total
number of pigs admitted to Kennedy Towu was 168,682 against 186,728 in 1907,

682 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

and of sheep 30,118 as against 28,349. In regard to fresh beef and mutton, it is
stated that 338,270 and 301,239 lbs. respectively were imported from Australia.

Among the diseases reported as occurring at the deists are foot-and-mouth
disease, anthrax, rinderpest, and blaclv quarter. A few cases of whipworm
(TricofcphaliiH afjinix) were found in young animals and large numbers of
filariai were discovered in the walls of the aortas of Chinese cattle and water
buffaloes. Stomoxijs calcitrans and the horn tiy are tlie two most common flies
in cattle sheds, both causing cattle a great deal of annoyance.

Observations on rabies, with special reference to an atrophic form of
the disease occurring in animals, (i. Lamb and A. G. McKendrick (Set. Mem.
Med. and Hanit. D< iJts. India, n. scr., 1!)09, No. 36, pp. SJ/). — **A virus originally
obtained from a dog in the street was passetl through a series of 13 dogs, by
sulxlural inoculation or by intraocular injection. An Increase of virulence re-
sulted. The virulence of the virus was also increased for the ralibit. Negri
bodies were demonstrable in certain cells of tlie central nervous system of the
dogs of the first few passages, but not in the same cells of tlie animals of the
later passages."

" Several cases of a form of rabies in the rabbit, in which progressive emacia-
tion is the chief symptom, are described. This type has been observed to follow
both subcutaneous inoculation of fixed rabbit virus and subdural injection of
street virus. The disease generally runs a more or less chronic course but may
be comparatively rapid. The fact that this condition is true rabies has been
exijerimentally demonstrated. On subpassage from animals dead of this form
of the disease typical symptoms of rabies in the rabbit have developed. Rabbits
showing symptoms of progressiva emaciation after injection of rabies virus
have been observed to recover completely. Finally this type of the disease has
been observed in a dog infected in nature."

The hereditary transmission of immunity against rabies, D. Konradi
(Ccnthl. Bakt. ietc.^, 1. AM., Orig., 52 (1909), No. //, pp. .',91-515; aM. in Vet.
Rec, 22 (1910), No. 1130, p. 5H7). — Seven series of investigations conducted
upon dogs which had been immunized against rabies by the methods of von
Hogyes, in which young animals from the same litter were tested one after
another at various intervals of time as regards their resistance to rabies, thus
estimating the duration of immunity, are here repoi-ted. The investigations
yielded the following conclusions :

Immunity against rabies is transmissible by heredity. The father scarcely
])lays any part in the transmission of immunity, but the mother transmits it,
not only when she is immunized during pregnancy, but also when she has been
immunized before conception. The capacity for transmission of immunity
against rabies seems to increase during successive pregnancies. The immunity
is only transmissible to the first generation, and completely disappears in the
further descendants. The offspring of immunized animals show individual
differences as regards the inheritance of immunity, many inheriting it and
others not. Both inherited and acquired immunity against rabies are of much
longer duration than has hitherto, in accordance with the researches of Ehrlich,
been supposed. The blood serum of animals with inherited or acquired im-
munity has no rabicide action upon the street virus. The practice of inmnmiza-
tion before conception is very advisable, and can be of great utility.

The author emphasizes the necessity in reporting investigations of stating
the length of time during which infected animals are observed, as otherwise it
is very easy to reach erroneous conclusions.

Investigation of the cause and means of prevention of Rocky Mountain
spotted fever carried on during 1907-8, H. T. Ricketts [Bicn. Rpt. Bd.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 683

Health Mont., // (1907-8), pp. 77-/.V/).— This account consists of 2 reports, the
first of which was transmitted January 15, 1908. the second December 12, 1908.

In the first (pp. 87-130), the investigations conducted up to the time of
transmission are reported, the life cycle of the tick which transmits the disease
{Dermacentor venustus), exiierimental work with the tick in relation to
spotted fever, hereditary transmission of spotted fever in the tick, the exist-
ence of infected ticks in nature, tick eradication, etc., being considered.

The second report (pp. 1.31-191) includes investigations relating to the
source of infection for ticks and the means by which the disease is kept active
from year to year. By hereditary transmission of the causative agent which
takes place in the tick in a certjiin percentage of cases (more than 7 per cent
and less than 50 per cent), it has been kept alive in some into the third genera-
tion. The existence of spotted fever in a number of distinct foci separated
by zones in which the di.sease does not occur is further evidence that some
source of infection for the ticks, other than man, exists in nature.

The disease was found to be acute in the gopher or ground squirrel ; after
recovery from the disease their blood was free from the virus. Ticks were
found to transmit the disease from the guinea pig to the gopher and also
from the gopher to the guinea pig. Experiments with the gopher showed it
to be possible for this animal acting in conjunction with the tick to be re-
sponsible for the maintenance of spotted fever from one year to the next.
Studies carried on show the rock squirrel, woodchuck, chipmunk, and moun-
tain rat to be susceptible to s])otted fever and to serve as hosts for D. vcnustus,
and indicate that at least the first three as well as the gopher may, when act-
ing in conjunction with the tick, be effective in maintaining the disease by
causing its extension among the ticks. It is shown that in Idaho the infec-
tion is transmitted by a different species of Dermacentor and that it is less
virulent.

Under the heading of hosts of ticks, the author reports that adult ticks
have been found to feed mainly on the larger animals, such as the horse, cow,
and certain of the wild animals, as the deer, elk, and mountain goat. The
spotted fever tick of Idaho was found on snowshoe rabbits in large numbers
in all stages of their development and at one time. "The gopher, rock squirrel,
and pine squirrel are utilized as hosts by the larvfe and nymphs to an exten-
sive degree, and the same is true, but perhaps to a smaller extent, of the chip-
munk, woodchuck. and mountain rat. Minute ticks have also been reported
to me as occurring on the rock rabbit."

As regards prophylaxis, the author considers the most effective single
method to consist of oiling the horses, cattle, dogs, other domestic animals
on which this tick feeds extensively, from about March 15 to about June 15.
The clearing of land which affords protection to the ticks and some of the
small hosts on which they feed is another aid, while the destruction of the
small wild animals mentioned may be of value in destroying hosts for the
tick and possibly hosts fr)r the virus of spotted fever.

Bibliography of trypanosomiasis, C. A. Thimm (London: Sleeping Sick-
ness Bur., 1909. pp. 228). — This publication contains almost complete lists of
original palmers on sleeping sickness au(| the trypanosomiases of man and ani-
mals from 1803 to March 31, 1909, and references to works and papers on tsetse
flies, especially Glossina palpalis. The arrangement is by authors in alpha-
betical order, the papers being given again under the names of the journals
in which they appeared. Against each original reference is an index number.

Subject index to the bibliography of trypanosomiasis, C. A. Thimm (Lon-
don: Sleeping SichnGns Bur,, 1910, pp. ^7). — Tlie additious and corrections

684 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

;iI)i)Oiulod to this snbjoc-t iiuhw are so printed thai each slip can easily be cut off
and attached to tLe bibliojiraphy above noted in tlie prop(>r place.

Trypanosomiasis observed in horses of the Sahara, Rakdot {Rec. Ilyg. ct
Med. Vvt. Mil.. 10 (liH)!)), /). o.li ; (ibs. in Rcr. <lrn. Mid. Vet., 15 (1910), No.
110, pp. 103, lO'i). — A trypanosomiasis of camels and horses is i-eported to occur
in South Orau. In the camel it runs a chronic course, but is acute in the horse,
to which it proves fatal in a large percentage of cases.

The transmission of Trypanosoma equiperdum, H, Siebeb and K. (tONDkr
{.irch. Krhitfx u. Tropcn lhj(j., 12 {1908), No. II, p. 6V/6; ahs. in Join: Trop.
Vet. Set.. // {1909), No. J,, p. 5cS.'/).— The authors state that they apiiarently suc-
ceetled in transmitting dourine from an infected to a healthy animal by means
of Stomo.njfi ealeilrans. There did not seem to be any development of the
trypanosome in the fly, the transmission ai)pearing to be purely mechanical.
Attempts to transmit the trypanosome from an infected to an uninfected rat
resulted negatively.

Contribution to the study and etiolog'y of souma, (4. Pecaud (BiiL Hoe.
Path. Exot., 2 {1909), No. 9, pp. 530-532; ahs. in Sleeping Sieknefis Bur. [Lon-
don] Bui. 12, p. .'i51). — Fourteen specimens of (ilossina palpnlis were collected
on the banks of a lagoon near Porto Novo where tliere was a small herd of
cattle in 3 members of which Tnjupnosoina cnzalboui had been found. The
flies were put on a healthy sheep on 3 successive days, and 14 days after the
first bites T. eazalboui was found in the sheep. The author now believes that
distant transmission of T. eazalboui is effected by tsetse flies and inunediate
transmission l)y Stomoxys and tabanids. Evidence was obtained that Sto-
moxys transmitted the disease in the stable and an appended note adds that a
recent observation shows the same to occur with T. diniorphon.

Report of the results of investig'ations in German East Africa in 1906-7
by the German Sleeping" Sickness Commission, R. Kocii, M. P>eck, and F.
Kleine {Arb. K. asndhtmnit.. 31 {1909), No. 1. pp. 320, pis. 5, figs. 100, eharts
65, maps 6; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. ILondon] Bui. 11, pp. Ji20-.'i29). —
The chapters on etiology and on general preventive measures are by R. Koch ;
those on diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment, and also the account of cases, are
by M. Beck; while part of the chapter on preventive measures is by Kleine.
The distribution of Glossina palpalis and of sleeping sickness and the route
followed are shown on maps.

[How tubercle bacilli enter the bodyl. P. Chausse {Ree. Med. Vet., 86
{1909). Nos. 17, pp. 513-519; 19, pp. G ',0-61,9; abs. in Rev. Gen. Med. Y6t., 15
{1910), No. 110, pp. 89-91). — A critical review of the sub.iect in which it is con-
cluded that the bacilli enter the body largely by inhalation.

A contribution to the study of the vaccination against tuberculosis of
cattle by Klimmer's method, E. Glockner {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 25
{J909), No. 16, pp. 292-29-i; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 1 {1909), No. 15, pp. 659,
660). — Of the several methods of vaccinating cattle against tuberculosis, the
author prefers that of Klinnner. In this method tubercle bacilli of the human
type which have been attenuated by heating to from 52 to 53° C. and bacilli
rendered avirulent by passage tlirough the salamander are used. Tlie author
vaccinated, by single injections 23 young animals of which 4 had reacted to
tuberculin.

After a year in contact with cows suspected of tuberculosis, one of the ani-
mals which had not reacted was killeti and found to be free from the disease.
Two of tliose which liad reacted to tuberculin previous to vaccination were
killed at the same time and lesions found which had completely calcified. The
author concludes that this vaccine not only has an immunizing but also a cura

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 685

tive effect. For young auiuials the subcutaneous vaccination gives better re-
sults than the intravenous. This vaccination confers imiuunlty only after 2
luontlis. during which period the animals must be Isolated and suckled by
healthy cows or fed sterilized milk.

Vaccination against tuberculosis of cattle, S. Arloing {Rev. Gen. MM.
Vet., U (1900). \o. 168, />;>. 78 1-7 D-'i).— This is a paper presented at the meet-
ing of the International Veterinary Congress held at The Hague in September,
1909, relating to the practical results which have been obtained in immunizing
cattle.

Diffuse hypertrophy of the mucous membrane of the intestines of cattle
caused by acid-fast bacteria [Johnes disease], K. F. Meyer {Uhcr die dttreh
saurcfestc Bakterien hervorgcrufene diffuse Hypertrophic der Darmschleim-
haut des Riiides. Jena, l'J08, pp. 107, pis. 3, fig. 1; rev. in Rev. (Jc'n. Med. Vet.,
15 (.1910), No. 170, pp. 91-93).— The author's investigations confirm those of
Bang on chronic pseudotubei-culous enteritis of cattle. The affection is said to
occur very frequently in the cantons of Bern, Zurich, Freiburg, Waadt, and
Aargau. Switzerland.

Hog' cholera and vacciation, F. S. Schoenleber {Kansas F^ta. Bui. 163, fi>.
259-276, figs. 12). — A detailed account of the method of production of hog chol-
era serum and of its use in inununlzlng against the disease. It is stated that
during 1910 the station expects to produce over lOO.ooO doses.

The frequence and nature of cystic kidneys in the pig, Marciiesini and
Bartolini {Ahs. in Vet. Rcc, 22 {1910), Nos. 1122, p. J,55 ; 1123, pp. J,69, //70).—
Within a period of 2 years the authors have examined the kidneys of 80,000
pigs killed in the abattoir at Rome and studied cystic kidneys, which have, by
many observers, been confounded with hydronephrosis. From 4 to 5 per cent
of the pigs examined were affected, sometimes only one kidney being cystic and
sometimes both.

Equine piroplasmosis in Russia and the role of the tick Dermacentor
reticulatus in its spread, E. J. Marzinowski and A. W. Bielitzer {Ztsehr.
Byg. u. Infektionskrank., 63 {1909), No. 1, pp. 17-33, pis. 6; abs. in Jour. Trop.
Yet. Sci., 5 {1910), No. 1, pp. 200, 201).— This disease was first observed in Rus-
sia in the Smolensk government by Michailof in 1902. In 1906, it was reported
by Bielitzer from the Ryasan goveiniment. It also occurs in the Tambov gov-
ernment and from precinct reports is known to frequently occur in the Moscow,
Vladimir, and Ufa governments.

The disease has been found to be transmitted by D. reticulatus. Larvse
placed upon rabbits attached to the eyelids and ears, engorged, and dropped
in 2 or 3 days. Larvjie which became quiescent June 26 emerged as nymphs
July 1. Five engorged nymphs removed from the host July 12-13 emerged
as adults on July 29. It is stated that larvse may live 6 months while waiting
for a host. Some 500 seed ticks were placed upon a horse, but none engorged
and no piroplasms appeared in the blood. The authors conclude that the larvte
were unable to penetrate the skin and that in nature they probably engorge
upon small animals. Because of the scarcity of nymphs no transmission ex-
periments were conducted with that stage.

Horses were subcutaneously injectetl with a solution in which infectetl larvse
had been crushed, but no piroplasms appeared in the blood. Piroplasms ap-
peared in the blood 12 days after the first adult was placed upon the host. The
disease was also reproduced in 3 cases by the injection of infected blood, all
of the animals recovering without treatment. Attempted transmission to the
rabbit, guinea pig, and puppy, and the culture of the parasite, failed. In treat-
ment, digitalis and camphorated oil were used as heart stimulants, alkalies
per OS and per auum^ and against the parasites guinin, mercury, and arsenic.

686 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

TLe iutrainiiscnlar injection of 10 cc. of a 2 per cent solution of biclilorid of
mercury IJor day gave the best results. It is stated that SaikowKsch. worthing
in- the Kyasan government, Lad but 140 deaths out of 520 cases where this treat
ment was jiracliced. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 084).

Equine piroplasmosis in southern Russia (Kherson government), N. A,
MiCHiN and W. L. Yakimoff (Ztschr. InfekUonskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 6
{1909), A'o. 3-.',, pp. 265-269, pi. 1; abs. in Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci.. 5 {1910), No. 1,
pp. 203, 20.',). — This disease was observed by one of the authors in southern
Russia in the early part of May, 1008, and during the summer was disdovered
at 5 points in the Kherson government, and also in a horse from the Ekaterinos-
laf government. From a total of 400 horses in the infect(>d places. 01 cases
occurred, 17 during May, 26 in June, and 18 in July. The infected area was in
the vicinity of the Ingulez River where the pastures are covered with brush.
Ticks, determined by Neumann as Hyalomma wgyptium, were found on all the
affected horses. In treatment the best results were obtained from intramus-
cular injections of a 2 per cent solution of bichlorid of mercury, with adminis-
Irations of quinin and cardiac stimulants.

The treatment of surra in horses by means of arsenic and its derivatives.
Thirty-two cases of successful treatment, J. I). E. Holmes {Jour. Trop. Vet.
Sci., 5 {1910), No. 1, pp. l-'iS, pJs. 15). — Following a brief historical review of
the chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis, the author reports in detail experiments
in which v^'ere tested the value of atoxyl, soamin, mercury, antimony salts, and
arsenious acid alone and with atoxyl, in the treatment of surra. The experi-
ments indicate that arsacetin is equal in toxicity to atoxyl and that its adminis-
tration lias much the same effect on the trypanosomes. Soamin is also con-
sidered about equal in value to atoxyl. It is equally toxic when injected sub-
cutaneously, but when administered by the mouth, appears to be much less
toxic than atoxyl. Mercury alone had little effect on the course of the disease,
and in combination with atoxyl, the results were not so good as when atoxyl
alone was used.

" Tartar emetic in 1 per cent solution, injected intravenously, has a rapid
but temporary effect on the trypanosomes in the circulation. Administered by
the mouth, it has no influence on the course of the disease. Injected subcu-
taneously in very dilute solutions it causes local irritation, frequently followed
by necrosis of the skin, at the seat of inoculation. . . . Arsenious acid is,
undoubtedly, a specific for surra in horses. It must be administered in full
subtoxic doses and at intervals, and not in continuous daily dosage. In the
light of these results it is clear that, in the early experiments conducted by
Lingard, Bruce, and others, arsenic was given in too small an amount, and in
continuous treatment. Animals can not tolerate the requisite amount of ar-
senic if the dose be too frecjuently repeated. ... It is doubtful whether any
advantage is gained by combining atoxyl with arsenious acid in the treat-
ment of surra. The results of treatment with arsenious acid alone, civen
in 10 doses at an interval of one day, were superior to those
arsenious acid was alternated with atoxyl."

"All our observations on the action of atoxyl are in support of the view that
a small amount of cleavage occurs and that the therapeutic effect is entirely
due to the presence of free arsenic."

On the antiphagines faggressins] of the chicken cholera organism, N.
TcHisToviTCii (Ann. Insf. I'asteur, 23 {1909), ?so. 10, pp. S^-'/-S'/0).— From the
investigations here reported the author arrives at the following conclusions:

Virulent cultures of the chicken cholera organism contain antiphagines which
protect the microbe from phagocytosis; the antiphagines can be more or less
easily removed from cultures of the microbe, which then becomes the prey of

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 687

the phagocytes; the addition of autiphagiues to a but slightly virulent culture
of the organism protects it from phagocytosis ; the action of these antiphagines
Is specific, that is, they only prevent phagocytosis of the species of microbe
from which they arise; and the antiphagines protect this organism only in the
animal species for which it is pathogenic. The fact that the leucocytes of
various animals l)ehave differently toward the chicken cholera microbe can not
be entii-ely explained by the difference in quantity of the opsonins in the serum
of these animals.

An epidemic among geese caused by the Bacillus septicaemiae anserum
exsudativae of Riemer, together with a contribution to the knowledge of
the pseudo-influenza bacilli, P. Frosch and K. Biekbaum {Cciithl. Bakt, [e<c.],
1. AM., Orig., 52 {1909), No. J,, pp. J,S3-J,J,0, figs. 6; ais. in Vet. Rec, 22 {1910),
No. 1130, p. 587). — Bacteriological investigations of an epidemic among geese
which occurred near Franzburg, Germany, are reported. Although the appe-
tites of the birds wei'e maintained, they rapidly became emaciated and died
of debility. As the causal agent of the disease, the authors established a
slender bacillus with distinctly rounded ends, which was present in great
numbers in the cardiac blood, in the pericardial fluid, and in fibrinous deposits
upon the heart, the liver, and the intestinal coils.

Cultivation was at first successful only upon nutrient media containing
hemoglobin, but afterwards succeeded upon media without this addition. The
bacillus proved to be pathogenic for geese only, and its pathogenicity was
most marked when introduced by intramuscular inoculation. An adult goose
could not be infected by feeding with the organs of one that had died of the
disease after being artificially infected. The virulence of the cultures rapidly
became attenuated unless kept up by regular passages through geese.

The authors consider this organism to be the same as that found by Riemer
in an epidemic of geese in Mecklenburg, and described by him as B. septi-
cwmke anserum c.rsudatiiHV. They incline to the opinion that on the ground
of its morphological and biological characteristics, it must be classed in the
influenza group of bacilli.

A bibliography of 18 titles is appended.

Stomach worms, hookworms, and other parasites of the digestive tract
of ruminants, A. F. Conradi {i^outh CarvUna ,Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 65-89). — This
report is largely devoted to investigations of the stomach worm. See also a
previous note (E. S. R., 21, p. 181).

This worm {Hwinonchus contortus) occurs normally in the fourth stomach
but may be found more or less abundantly in the small intestines during the
post-mortem exTr^nation of animals that die. While in the alimentary canal
the worms mate and the females lay minute eggs which are excreted in the
feces. The eggs are very sensitive to cold, heat, and drought, and may be
killed by freezing temperatures as well as by exposure to drought for a short
•'■""" "T- a temperature of 88 to 98° F. hatching occurs in from 24 to 48
houid, ahu as the temperature falls the time required for hatching increases.
There was no development in infested manure dropped November 14, 1908, and
left in the pasture under natural conditions of temperature and moisture on
the shady side of a tree. A small percentage of eggs hatched outdoors during
the warm weather occurring during the third week of November, 1908. When
the temperature falls to 60° in the laboratory incubation may require from
several weeks to a month, and at 40° all activity is practically discon-
tinued. . . .

" In from 6 days to 2 weeks, depending on the temperature and moisture, the
young larvae reach their complete growth in the free state, the maximum

40512— No. 7—10 7

688 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

growth taking place when the temperature ranges from 90 to 94°. At a tem-
perature of from 00 to 75° this may require 2 to 3 weelis. Only one molt was
observed, but from micrometer measurements it would appear that there are
two before the final molt in the free stage. When the free larvae become full-
grown they reach what may be called a pupal stage. Most of them secre*:e
a covering about themselves, inside of which the activities of the larva may bo
observed. This covering is called a sheath and when completed practically
seals the inclosed larva. The eusheathed worm is from 025 to 800 microns in
length and has the rear end elongated into a sharp point. . . . The length of
time the various stages of the worms may remain alive varies greatly with the
environment and probably with the individuality of eact worm to some
extent. . . .

" In moist cultures in the open cages in the laboratory to which no water was
added, during the winter of 1908, the eusheathed worms were all dead after
a period of 93 days. Fresh material heavily infested, collected October 14,
1908, was put in cages outdoors after 85 per cent had eusheathed. The cages
were made of glass open at top and bottom to give as nearly out-of-door condi-
tions as possible. The maximum hatching occurred on October 29, 1908. The
eusheathed larvae attached to the glass wall of the breeding cage were ex-
amined at frequent intervals and after February 17 no live worms could be
found. ... It was particularly noticed that manure kept for 7 months in open
outdoor cages and which had to be soaked in water for some time before a
slide could be made for examination, contained more live, full-grown free worms
than the breeding cage walls."

Young worms from infested feces which had been buried in sand to a depth
of 5 in. were found to come to the surface without any apparent obstruction,
and it is concluded that cultivation can not be depended upon to relieve
the situation under ordinary field conditions. It is thought that, as the
worms occur mostly in the mucous secretions between the ingesta and the
mucous membrane, their principal food consists of this mucus. The relation
of maximum infestation to the time of death or recovery of 20 animals studied
is shown in diagrammatic form from data obtained in 1908 by making daily
fecal examinations. It appears that the heaviest infestation occurred dur-
ing June and that another increase of infestation took place in some animals in
September.

The seasonal and post-mortem records of .30 calves used in the experiments
in 1908 are also reported. In this study the author finds that " in case of two
calves of the same age on same pasture and giving about the same egg record,
one may die, the other survive. In case of two calves of same age on same
pasture, one having much higher egg record than the other, the animal with the
lower egg record may die while that with the higher egg record may not even
show symptoms of being affected by the infestation. In case of two calves, one
having a low egg record of short duration, the other a low, prolonged egg
record, the former may die, the latter survive."

As young worm-free calves put on infested pasture show eggs in small
numbers in the feces in about 4 weeks, it appears that this is approximately
the time required for the young worms to complete their growth after they are
taken into the body.

In reviewing the data relating to seasonal occurrence of injury at the
station, the author considers it evident that the percentage of death during a
single season is governed to a great extent by the amount of precipitation dur-
ing the main growing season, from June to September. The principal injury is
said to be done to spring calves. It is concluded that the intestinal parasites
are eliminated from the animal at approximately 14 months and sooner in

RURAL ECONOMICS. 689

some oases. During the investigation examinations were made of the feces and
alimentary canal of animals other than rnuiinants. including the horse, pig,
rabbit, dog, etc., a brief report of the findiiigs being here included.

In regard to the prevention and remetlial measures, the author concludes that
" the animals should have plenty of wholesome food and especially during late
summer and fall when pastures become scant. The animals should have access
to plenty of fresh water, preferably running water, and no muddy or swampy
conditions should be tolerated about watering places. During a moist season
when the disease is worst the pasture should be changed, always keeping the
animals on upland. . . . Where the raising of late summer or fall calves is
practicable [intelligent rotation of land] will greatly eliminate this disease."

Some helminthiases observed in Tunis, Weinberg and Romanovitch {Arch.
Inst, rustcur Tunis, IDOi), Feb.; ahs. in Rca. Med. Vet., 86 {1909), No. 23, pp.
SJfl, 8Ji2). — Lesions in cattle due to Amphistomum conicum, Dreschsler's nema-
tode, and I'nitnstfinia (Icnticula are considered.

Mammalian leucocytozoa, S. R. Christophers {Jour. Trop, Vet. 8ci., 4
{1909), No. 2, pp. 232-2 J-'i). — An account taken from the report of the King In-
stitute of Preventive Medicine.

Some clinical tests of the action of antistreptococcic serum, N. Mori {Clin.
Vet. [Milan], ,S(:c. Prut., 32 {1909), No. 22, pp. 337-3'il; abs. in Rev. G6n. MM.
Vet., I'l (1909), No. 168, pp. 802, 803).— From the results obtained during an
epidemic of strangles in which an antistreptococcic serum prepared at the
military bacteriological laboratory at Rome was used, the author concludes that
it has some cunitive as well as high in'cvcntiv*' properties.

Biological albumin differentiation procedure, with special reference to
the forensic examination of blood and meat, and the obtaining of precipi-
tizing sera, P. Uhlenhuth and O. Weiuanz {Pruktischc Anleitun<j zur Aus-
f nil rung des biologischen Eiweit^sdifferenzierungsvcrfahrens mit besonderer
Beriicksichtigung dcr forensischen Blut- und Fleiscliuntersuchung, sowie der
Geioinnung prdzipitierender Sera. Jena, 1909, pp. 21/6, figs. 38; Handb. Tech. u.
Mcthodik Immunitdtsforsch., 2 {1909), pp. 721-833, figs. 29; rev. in Vet. Jour.,
65 {1909), No. JflJ,, pp. 640, 6'^i).— This work deals exhaustively with the effects
occasioned by antisera on different kinds of blood. An extensive bibliography
is appended.

Medical pocket dictionary in eight languages, edited by .1. Meyer {Lexicon
Medicuni. Berlin and Vienna, 1909, pp. XXVllI-\-188). — This dictionary in-
cludes about 5,500 words in each of the following languages : German, English,
French, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, and Hungarian.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

A critical examination of and contribution to the problem of intensive cul-
ture, T. Brinkmann {FuhVing's Landw. Ztg.. 58 {1909). Nos. 23. pp. 833-850,
dgni. 1; 24, pp. 873-890, dgnis. 5). — This article critically examines the relation
that exists between the degree of culture given to land and the productiveness
of land, labor, and capital. The author summarizes his conclusions as
follows :

(1) An inductive-statistical examination of the returns as a result of chang-
ing degrees of intensive culture in agriculture must take into consideration both
gross returns and total expense. A comparison of the gross income with
definite expense items means nothing as to the real relation of expense and
yield.

(2) Practically, that is on individual farms, the operation of the law of
diminishing returns can not be determined, because this law according to its

690 EXPFIRTMENT STATION RECORD.

accepted deQuition and also lojiically deals only with the relation of expense
and yield in similar conditions of technical knowledge.

(3) With the increase of poi)ulation, the increasing intensive culture in agri-
culture leads to a decrease in the cost of labor in relation to the value of the
products. This decrease is a result of the universal operation of the law of
productiveness. While the yields of land must be materially secured in a
more unproductive way, the price of products increases more rapidly than the
price of labor, and so also the value of the total products of a business increases
more rapidly than the value of the proper labor (>xpense and of the expense in
general.

(4) Moreover, the dearer hibor becomes in relation to the value of manu-
factured means of production used in agriculture, the more the productiveness
of labor, in comparison with the last-named form of productiveness as a result
of the increase in intensive culture, must approach to ever narrower limits.
For as the limits of the profitableness of capital are reached more rapidly than
in the case of labor, the latter must be supplied by capital. If man seeks in
the spliere of individual operations for phenomena which can be traced back
to the operation of the law of i^roductivity, the relative decrease in the cost of
labor is undoubtedly one of the most striking. But at the same time there is
no such thing as a law of diminishing cost of labor in the sense of an opposite
tendency to the very characteristic phenomenon of land productivity.

(5) As a systematic inquiry, the investigation has confirmed the conviction
that in searching for the fundamental principles and laws of agriculture, the
statistical metliod ju'omises smaller results than the deductive interpretation
of absolutely known facts. The signification of statistics does not lie primarily
in the province of induction, but rather in the verification of that which has
already been learned as a result of induction.

The recent agricultural strike and its influence on rural economy, P. ViN-
CEY {Bui. Soc. Agr. France, 1909, Oct. 6, pp. 78^-79//).— 'This paper, presented
at a meeting of the National Society of Agriculture, held October 27, 1909, dis-
cusses the economic effects of a strike declared simultaneously on July 12, 1909,
by all the laborers employed on the farms owned by the City of Paris and let
out to operators engaged in various branches of the agricultural industry.

The strike was settled on the following day in most instances, the operators
conceding a higher rate of wages ranging from 9.2 to 24.6 per cent increase to
the different grades of farm laborers, not from any sense of justice but rather
from the danger of losing their entire crops. The economic effects of this in-
crease in wages on the returns to the operators, who were able to secure no
higher prices for their products, as well as on the future operation of these
farms involving less hand labor, are presented.

The paper is followed by a discussion in which the relation of the strike to
the high cost of living is given prominence.

Agricultural labor, J. M. £. Izaguiree (Prog. Agr. y Pecuario, 16 {1910),
No. 658, pp. 7, S). — This article compares the numbers of w'oi-kers in agricultui'e
and industry in England, France, and Spain, and points out the great dispro-
portion of agricultural laborers to industrial laborers in Spain as compared
with the other countries. Thus Spain, with a population of about 20 millions,
has about 7i millions of workers of whom more than 4i millions are engaged
iu agricultural pursuits; while France has about 40 millions of inhabitants,
with more than 14 millions of workers, of whom less than 5^ millions are
engaged in agriculture.

The disproportion between agricultural and industrial laborers is regarded
as the cause of the depression of agriculture in Spain, resulting in serious
competition for work, overcrowding of cities, and emigration. The remedies

RURAL ECONOMICS. 691

suggested for tlie improvement of rural conditions are agricultural organization,
rural credit, the breaking up of the large estates (" latifundi "), and agricul-
tural education.

Leongatha labor colony, E. J. Nevell et al. (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 7
(1909), No. 11, pp. 10.'i-122, figs. 13). — This is the report of the trustees for the
year ended June 30, 1909.

The colony is established for the purpose of giving work to the unemployed
in Victoria. Of 482 men admitted in 1909, 48 different trades or occupations
were represented, but many of these men go to the colony for the express pur-
pose of learning something about agriculture. They receive board, lodgings,
and pay for their labor, and are free to seek work at their respective callings.
During the year there was a great demand for the colonists by the local farmers.

The colony receives government aid at present, obtaining nearly £544 in 1909,
but the aim is to make it self-supporting from the sale of live stock and prod-
uce raised on the farm which at present comprises 420 acres. The different
lines of work and the care and training of the colonists are described and
illustrated.

Cooperative agricultural credit, E. H. Godfrey {Canad. Farm., 2 {1910),
No. 3, p. 8). — This article describes the origin, development, and present status
of the Raiffeisen and Schulze-Delitzsch credit banks in continental Europe, and
the introduction, modification, and growth of similar credit banks in Great
Britain, Ireland, and Canada.

A bank for the encouragement of farming, T. Poggi {Coltivatore, 56
{1910), No. 3, pp. 6')-<JS). — This article points out the advantages of a bank of
credit for the encouragement of farming in Italy.

A plan is outlined for the cutting up of the " latifondi " or large estates into
large, medium-size, and small farms, the function of the bank of credit being
to assist the unemployed to settle on the small holdings by supplying them with
houses, buildings, live stock, and implements, with the ultimate object of
enabling the tenants of the small holdings to become the owners. This plan
it is believed would make the large estate more profitable than at present,
stop emigration, encourage agricultural labor, and increase the resources of
the country.

The possibility and significance of determining the cost of producing
agricultural products, Stieger (Jahrlt. Dent. Landiv. GeselL, 2-'i {1909). No.
/f, pp. 950-989, figs. //). — This paper, delivered before the German Agricultural
Society at fierlin, October 21, 1909, brings together a vast amount of data that
have been secured within recent years in Europe and America as to the cost
of raising farm products under various conditions of climate, culture, fertilizing,
cropping, stock raising, etc., and discusses their significance from the economic
point of view. The complex nature of stock and crop raising renders the prob-
lem of determining their cost of production an exceedingly difficult one to
solve on a strictly scientific basis.

North Dakota farm account {Parmer, 28 {1910), No. 6, p. 180).— The farm
contained 1,112 acres, of which 485 acres were in crop in 1909. The total cost
of raising wheat, barley, and oats was $1,955, and the value of the crop $5,300.
This gave the cost and value of raising small grains at $4..55 and $12.32 per
acre, respectively. Corresponding figures for corn were $5.30 and $14.12. The
net profit for the year was $4,10G, or an interest rate of 9.92 per cent on a farm
valued at $37.50 per acre, or a total value of $41,400.

Cost of corn production, T. P. Cooper {Farmer, 28 {1910), No. 6. p. 172). —
The average cost of corn production for the last five years as determined on
several farms in Minnesota is given as $13.75 per acre, the details both for com
and other crops having been noted from another source (E. S. E., 21, p, 188).

692 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Agriculture in New York: Its importance as shown by statistics, R. A.
1'kauson et al. (iV. y. D<'i)t. Af/r. liiil. !), pii. 186, fi(js. 22). — The (lat;i tabu-
lated and discussetl in this bulletin relate to the number, acreage, and value of
farms, the population engaged in agriculture, the kinds and value of farm
products raised, etc., and are largely derived from the United States census
of 1900.

Farming in Canada {Rpt. Scot. Com. Agr. Canada, 1908, pp. 195, figs. 82). —
This is !i report of the Scottish commission on agriculture in Canada in lOOS,
which discusses land settlement, the different lines of agriculture and stoclv
raising, agricultural education and research, irrigation, cost of living, coloni-
zation, and other features of Canadian rural life.

Agriculture in Sweden at the commencement of the 20th century, I'l
Levasskur {Rev. Econ. Internat., 7 {11)10), I, No. 1, pp. 25-63). — This article
summarizes an atlas-volume by Fraeuckel, which is described as the most im-
portant book of its kind that Sweden has published.

It discusses the climate and soil, the condition and movement of the popula-
tion, the extent of territory and the amount under cultivation, crops and live
stock raised, its forests, and the commerce of the country.

Exports of farm and forest products, 1906—1908 ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Statis. Bui. 77, pp. 91). — Detailed statistics of exports of farm and forest
products, including the countries to which consigned, are reported. In 1908
the value of farm products exported was $1,017,396,404, and of forest products
$90,362,073, these being decreases from the values for 1907 which were
$1,0r)4.40.^).416 and $02,948,705, respectively (E. S. R., 20. p. 690).

Crop Reporter {U. 8. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 12 {1910). No.
3, pp. 17-24). — In addition to the customary information regarding the yield
and condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries, this number
gives data on the farm value and range of prices of agricultural products, the
coffee crop for the years 1904-1908, a statement relative to the origin, purpose,
and uses of the decennial census, and a reprint of Circular 31 of the Office
of the Secretary which is abstracted on page 638 of this issue.

AGEICTJLTUKAL EDUCATION.

Agricultural education: Extension work, departments of agricultural
education, and summer schools for teachers, R. M. Davis {El. Srliool Teacher,
10 {1910), No. 6, pp. ,277-286).— This is the third article in the author's series
on agricultural education.

It begins with a brief notice of the work of the agricultural colleges in
introducing pioneer forms of extension work, such as farmers' institutes,
farmers' conventions, farmers' excursions to the colleges, instruction trains,
and demonstration farms. The earliest form of extension work through the
circulation of college publications is attributed to Cornell University, and the
most complete organization of boys' and girls' club work to Nebraska, under
cooperation between the state college of agriculture and the state department
of education. Extension work in the form of college departments of agricultural
education is shown to be represented in 15 States, and a number of other
agricultural colleges give courses in education to their students who expect to
teach.

The article closes with a bibliography of books and periodicals on various
phases of agricultural education.

Agricultural education for the rural districts, S. A. Knapp {Addresses and
Proe. Nat. Ed. Assoc., 47 {1909), pp. 954-9.59). — The author discusses the rural
education problem in the South as it appears to him, dwelling especially upon

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 693

the effectiveness of boys' clubs, and the neetl of teaching the young the care and
importance of the garden, the poultry tlock, and the cow, and how to care for
them and realize the most from them.

Nature study, rural sociology, and agriculture for rural schools (Mich.
Agr. CoL, Dcpt. Agr. Ed. Bui. 4, PP- 1^, fiOS. 3). — This bulletin is intended to
be of special service to teachers in the Michigan county normal training classes.

Suggestions are offered in reference to teaching concerning the natural en-
vironment of nu'al pupils, including familiar natural objects, occupations, home
affairs, civic relations and responsibilities, and the correlation of such instruc-
tion with language, geography, and other subjects of school study. Special
work in elementary agriculture is advised for grades 5 to 9, and a working out-
line is offered in agronomy, horticulture, forestry, botany, entomology, orni-
thology, animal husbandry, and mechanics. A bib]iogra])hy of helpful books
and bulletins is included.

Common sense in negro schools, G. S. Dickerman (Hamilton Leaflets, n.
set:, 5 [I'M'.)), A'o. 12, pi). 13, figs. !l). — This is a description of domestic science
and other forms of industrial work introduced into the negro public schools
of Norfolk, Va., and vicinity by Miss S. E. Breed, in 1896, with a brief dis-
cussion of the educational and economic value of the work.

Agriculture in California schools, E. B. Babcock {Sierra Ed. Neios and
Book Rev., G (J 910), No. 1, pp. Jj6-5t). — This is a description of the introduc-
tion of agricultural instruction into various California schools as previously
noted (E. S. II.. 22, p. 494), with a comparison of the work in California with
that of other States, and an outline of a plan for so organizing "nature" or
" science " teaching in the schools as to correlate it effectively with other
subjects of instruction.

Agricultural education and research (Rpt. Scot. Com. Agr. Canada, lOOS,
pp. 63-78, figs. 7). — A consideration of the organization and work of agricul-
tural education institutions in Canada, including rural schools, consolidated
schools, Macdonald Institute, agricultural colleges, and farmers' institutes.

Elementary agriculture and horticulture and school gardens in rural and
village schools {Ontario Dcpt. Ed. Circ. 13, pp. 3'i, pis. //, fig^^. 9. dgms. 2). —
An exi)lanatory and descriptive circular, issued by the Ontario Department of
Education, containing regulations in reference to grants of from $30 to $50 for
maintaining such work in rural and village schools,' the general purpose of the
work itself, the organization of school garden plans, and the general care of
the garden after planting. Suggestions for the equipment of school garden
work, including a description of garden tools, seed supplies, and useful and
helpful books, are included.

Manual of agriculture, D. O. Barto {Boston, 1910, pp. XIV+89). — A set of
3G elementary exercises in soils and crops, with an introduction by Dean
Davenport. This is essentially a laboratory manual for use in secondary courses
in agronomy — not elementary but elemental.

Notes on soils, A. R. Whitson and H. L. Walstkr {Madison, Wis., 1909, pp.
11/9, figs. 4)- — This is an outline of an elementary course in the study of soils,
embracing the oiigin of soil materials, humus, acidity, soil nitrogen, phosphorus
and potash, soil texture, the behavior of water in soils, soil ventilation, barn-
yard manure, crop rotation, and soil management, with particular attention to
Wisconsin conditions.

Free publications of the Department of Agriculture classified for the
use of teachers, D. J. Crosby and F. W. Howe ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt.
Stas. Circ. 94, pp. 29). — This circular is designed to aid teachers and others in
making a more discriminating selection and use of Department publications in
connection with school work.

694 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOliD.

The classification of titles under general agriculture covers educational pub-
lications on school courses and school extension work ; plant production, in-
cluding agronomy (soils, fertilizers, field crops, and crop pests), horticulture,
and forestry ; animal production, including the ordinary farm animals and
poultry; agriculturaT technology, including dairying and miscellaneous topics;
agricultural engineering, including farm buildings, farm mechanics, road im-
provement, drainage, and irrigation ; agricultural economics ; and general and
special publications adapted to teaching botany, chemistry, domestic science
and hygiene, geography, physics, physiology, and zoology (including ento-
mology). Cross references are freely used and directions and suggestions are
given as to the best ways of obtaining both the fi'ee publications of the De-
partment and those for which a price is charged.

Courses of reading and exam.inations in practical agriculture (Imp. Dept.
Agr. West Indies Pamphlet 1, 1910, n. ser., pp. 10).

MISCELLANEOUS.

Twenty-first Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1908 (Alabama
CoUcyc aS7(/. Rpt. 1908, pp. J-J//). — This contains the organization list of the
station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June .30, 19U8, and re-
ports of the director and heads of departments covering the work of the station
during the year.

Twenty-second Annual Beport of Indiana Station, 1909 (Indiana St a.
Rpt. 1909, pp. 72). — This contains the organization list of the station, reports
of the director and heads of departments, of which a portion of that of the
horticulturist is abstracted on page 000 of this issue, a list of the bulletins and
circulars issued by the station to January 1, 1910, and a financial statement
for the federal and miscellaneous funds for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1909, and for the state funds for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1909.

Twenty-second Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1909 (Michigan Bta.
Rpt. 1909, pp. 115-Jf28). — This contains a financial statement for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1909, reports of the director and heads of departments on the
work of the station during the year, the experimental features of which have
been previously noted or are abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and reprints
of Bulletins 252-255, Technical Bulletin 1, Special Bulletins 47-49, and Circu-
lars 1-5, previously noted, and of press bulletins on the formalin treatment of
wheat and oats for the prevention of smut, and on ways of preventing potato scab.

Twentieth Annual Report o'f South Carolina Station, 1907 (South Caro-
lina Sta. Rpt, 1907, pp. 32). — This contains the organization list of the station,
a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907, and reports of the
director and heads of departments on the work of the station during the year,
the exi)erimental features of which are abstracted elsewhere in this issue.

Twenty-first Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1908 (South Caro-
lina Sta. Rpt. 1908. pp. S9). — Data corres])ondlng to the above are presented for
the fiscal year ended June .30, 1908.

Twenty-second Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1909 (South
Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 127). — Data corresponding to the above are pre-
sented for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, and in addition a condensation of
Bulletin 146, previously noted, and several special articles abstracted elsewhere
in this issue.

Nineteenth Annual Report of Wyoming Station, 1909 ( Wi/oming Sta.
Rpt. 1909, pp. 48). — This contains the organization list of the station, a finan-
cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909. reports of the director
and heads of departments, and a meteorological summary for 1908 which is
abstracted on page 615 of this issue.

NOTES.

Alabama College Station. — J. E. Toomer, assistant chemist in the Pennsylvania
Collejie and Station, has l>een appointed assistant chemist and has entered upon
his duties.

California University and Station. — C. B. Lipman. who will receive the Ph. D.
degree at commencement, has been appointed assistant professor of soils, and
will offer several courses in soil physics and soil fertility which have been dis-
continued since the retirement of Dr. Loughridge. Cyril A. Stebbins, who has
taught nature study and elementary agriculture for several years in the Chico
Normal School, has been appointed instructor in agricultui'al education, and
will assist in the introduction of nature study and elementary agriculture in
the public schools of the State.

A demonstration train was sent out from April 4 to IG, traversing about seven
hundred miles of the Southern Pacific System. It was manned by ex])erts from
the college and station staff and fitted uj) with illustrative material from the
different dejiartments.

Delaware Station. — Dr. H. P. Rassett, formerly of the North Dakota Station,
has been ai)pointed assistant chemist, largely for work under the provisions of
the Adams Act, and entered upon his duties April 1.

Illinois University. — A conference on the teaching of agriculture in the com-
mon schools of Illinois was held at the college of agriculture March 24 to 26,
for the i)urpose of obtaining an expression of opinion as to the plan to be fol-
lowed in promoting the introduction of agriculture into these schools. There
were addresses and discussions by several county superintendents of schools,
instructors in normal schools and school directors, Dean Davenport and Pro-
fessor Charles of the college of agriculture. Director W. C. Bagley, of the school
of education, Frank H. Hall, superintendent of farmers' institutes, and D. J.
Crosby of this Office.

Emory Cobb, a member of the board of trustees from 1867 to 1893, died April
14, aged 79 years. I. S. Brooks, assistant in pomology, has resigned to accept a
commercial positicm in Colorado.

Indiana Station. — B. R. Ryall has resigned as assistant horticulturist to engage
in county Y. M. C. A. work in Lake County, Ohio, where a special effort is to
be made by this organization to aid in increasing the attractiveness of country
life.

Iowa College. — Wayne Dinsmore. associate professor of animal husbandry, has
accepted an appointment as secretai'y of the American Percheron Society at
Chicago, and retires at the close of the college year.

Minnesota University. — At the commencement exercises of the school of agri-
culture during the week of March 21, 108 students were graduated. Milton M.
Williams, of Little Falls, has been appointed to the board of regents.

Mississippi College and Station. — W. L. Hutchinson has been succeeded as
director by J. W. Fox, assistant director of the Delta substation, and has been
appointed director of farmers' institutes, and professor of animal husbandry.
J. A, McLean has resigned as animal husbandman of the station and is suc-

695

696 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

coeded by E. R. Lloyd, t'ornicrly dii'tK-tor of farmers' institutes. Archibald
Smith, professor of animal husbandry, has been placed in charge of the Delta
substation.

Missouri University and Station. — 'I'he night school of agriculture lield by the
university at Kansas City in cooperation with the Frisco Lines, was attended
by over GOO persons. The attendance at a similar school in St. Louis was over
1,800. Including these two night schools and three special trains, the faculty
of the college of agriculture addressed over 40,000 persons during one month.

F. W. ^yoodnlan resigned March 1 as research assistant in chemistry to
accept a conunercial position in Pennsylvania, and has been succeeded Iiy A. A,
Jones, who has been assistant in agricultural chemistry. Other recent api)oint-
nients include Dr. Leonard Haseman, of Cornell University, as instructor in
entomology, G. C. White, a senior student in the college of agriculture, as
assistant in dairy husbandry, and J. C. Hackleman, of Purdue University, as
assistant in agronomy. C. R. Moulton has been promoted to the instructorship
in agricultural chemistry, and L. G. Rinkle to that in dairy husbandry.

Nebraska University and Station. — L. W. Chase, of the department of agricul-
tural engineering in the college of agriculture, has been added to the station
council, with the title of agricultural engineer, and is conducting investigations
in farm drainage and sanitation and the use of cement for farm purposes.

The new substations located at Mitchell and Valentine are being equipped.
The Mitchell substation is to give special attention to work in irrigation and
dry-land agriculture, and will be conducted in cooperation with the Bureau of
Plant Industry of this Department. The land and a portion of the improve-
ments have been furnished by the United States Reclamation Service, and Fritz
Knorr has been appointed superintendent. The Valentine substantion is to
investigate the crops and agricultural methods adapted to the sand-hill region
of the State. James Cowan has been appointed superintendent of this sub-
station.

New Jersey State Station. — Miner S. Macomber, a graduate of the Rhode Island
College, has l>een api)ointed assistant chemist in connection with the fertilizer
and feed inspection.

New Mexico College and Station. — A. P. Bjerregaard, assistant in chemistry,
resigned Felyruary 1.

Cornell University. — liills have passwl the legislature granting .$11.3,000 for a
general class room and auditorium building, .$00,000 for a poultry building, and
$154,000 for a home economics building.

North Dakota College and Station. — -W. C. Palmer, dean of agriculture at
Winona College, has been appointed agricultural editor in the department of
college extension, and A. McMeans. of the Ontario Agricultural College, has
been apiwinted assistant in horticulture. G. A. Abbott, assistant professor of
organic chemistry in the college, has accepted an a])pointment as head of the
chemical department at the University of North Dakota, and has been succeeded
by E. E. Ware, assistant professor of industrial chemistry at the University of
Michigan. A. F. Schalk, of the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department,
has been appointed professor of comparative physiology in the veterinary col-
lege and has entered upon his duties, which will include both instruction and
experimental work.

Plans have been accepted for the new chemistry building, a seed house at the
Dickinson substation to cost $.3,500, and a residence at the Hettinger substation.
An enlai'gement of the shee]) barns has been authorized.

The plant-breeding work is to be enlarged and extended. A centgener planter
has i-ecently been procured for use in the woi'k. The veterinary department is
preparing to distribute hog-cholera serum. Extensive poultry experiments are

NOTES. 697

under way, especially of factors influencing egg production under North Dakota
conditions.

Ohio Station. — The appropriations made by the general assembly to the station
for the ensuing year aggregate $106,295, an increase of nearly $50,000 over the
previous year. Some of the principal items are $26,300 for administration,
$16,475 for agronomy, .$15,000 for animal husbandry, $10,900 for botany, $20,470
for cooperative experiments, $5,000 for entomology, $10,000 for forestry, $10,500
for soils, $3,700 for chemistry, $10,950 for horticulture, $4,000 for nutrition,
$17,000 for completing the nutrition building, $3,000 for the extension of the
power house, and $4,000 for the purchase of land.

The assembly also authorized the establishment of a department of dairy
husbandry, and appropriated $8,000 for its support. Among the lines of inves-
tigation which are contemplated are the production of dairy stocli, including
breeding and feeding, conformation as related to dairy function, utilization
of food, the effect of special foods, especially those deficient in pliosphorus, upon
the production and general health of the animal, the quality of the milk, and the
birth weight and vigor of offspring, and the pathology of the dairy with special
reference to tuberculosis. The present dairy herd, buildings and equipment,
and a portion of the station pastures, are to be transferred to the new depart-
ment. It is expected that the pathological work will eventually be organized as
a separate department.

Under an act signed by the governor April 23, the commissioners of each
county of the State are required, upon petition of 200 or more of the taxpayers,
to submit to a vote a project for establishing a demonstration farm. If this is
authorized a tax not to exceed one-fifth mill for any one year may be levied for
its equipment and support. The station is to cooperate in the selection of sites
and the conducting of exi)eriments.

Oklahoma College and Station.— The resignations are noted of L. A. Moorhouse
as agronomist, W. L. Burlison as assistant agronomist, W. R. Wright as assist-
ant bacteriologist, O. M. Morris, horticulturist and botanist, H. P. Miller, prin-
cipal of the school of agriculture, and three members of the clerical force of
the station.

Rhode Island Station. — The station is just completing a hospital building for
use in connection with the investigation concerning the diseases of poultry and
methods for their control.

Clemson College. — W. R. Perkins, agronomist of the Mississippi Station, has
been appointed director of the agricultural department.

Texas Station. — W. C. Welborn has resigned as vice director and agriculturist.

Vermont University and Station. — A better-farming special train was run on
the Rutland Division of the New York Central Lines in the State, April 12 to 15,
in cooperation with the agricultural department of the university, the state
commissioner of agriculture, and the state forester. It is estimated that about
5,500 people visited the train.

H. A. Edson, for nearly four years assistant botanist and later bacteriologist
of the station and instructor in bacteriology in the university, will enter the
employ of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department June 1. J. W.
Wellington, assistant horticulturist of the station, has accepted a position with
the Indiana Station, to take effect July 1.

Washington College and Station. — Leonard Hegnauer, assistant in crop pro-
duction at the Illinois University and Station, has been appointed professor of
agronomy in the college and agronomist in the station, beginning .June 1. Robert
C. Ashby, adjunct jirofessor of animal husbandry at the Uiiiversity of Nebraska,
has been appointed assistant suiJeriuteudeut of farmers' institutes aud entered

698 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

upon his dnties May 1. M. A. Yotliers, assistant entomologist of the Michigan
College and Station, has been appointetl assistant entomologist in the station
and began work Aj)ril 1. Ira P. Whitney, instructor in dairying in the college,
has resigned to engage in commercial woiiv.

Wisconsin University. — Eric W. Miller, of the Weather Bureau station at
Madison, has been appointed lecturer in meteorology. Eecent promotions in-
clude as associate professors, E. V. McCollum in agricultural chemistry, and
J. G. Moore in horticulture; and as assistant professors, W. E. Tottingham in
agricultural chemistry, O. J. Delwiche and A. L. Stone in agi'onomy, and G. H.
Benkendorf in dairy husbandry.

Summer Schools of Agriculture.- — Of the large number of institutions which
are to hold summer courses in agriculture and related subjects this year, an-
nouncements are available for the following : At the Connecticut Agricultural
College, July 5-29, in cooperation with the Williniantic State Normal School ;
at the University of Illinois, beginning June 20, six weeks' and nine weeks'
courses for teachers: at the Kansas State Agricultural College, beginning June
14, six weeks' courses primarily for teachers; at the Western Kentucky State
Normal School, Bowling Green, June 14 to July 22; at the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College in bee keeping. May 2.5 to June S, and a large number of courses
especially for teachers, clergymen, and others, July 11 to August 12 ; at the
Univei'sity of Minnesota,- June 20 to July 29, elementary courses primarily for
teachei's; at the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, May
16-28, in nature study and agriculture for rural teachers; at the North Dakota
Agricultural College, June 6 to July 22, in traction engineering; at the State
Normal School, ^'aIley City, N. Dak., July 19 to August 27; at the Oregon State
Agricultural College, from June 20 to August 6; at the Rhode Island College,
July 11-2.3 ; at the South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts,
from June 22 to July 13; at the University of Tennessee, from June 21 to July
29; at the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, from June 20 to July 29;
at the University of Texas, from June IS to August 4; at the North Texas State
Normal College, Denton, Tex., for eight weeks, beginning June 1 ; at Baylor
University, Waco, Tex., from June 27 to August 19; at Hampton Normal and
Agricultural Institute, from June 14 to July 12; at the State College of Wash-
ington, June 20 to July 29 ; and at the University of Wisconsin, from June 27
to August 0.

A Standard Course in Forestry. — The Forestnj Quarterly for March states that
at a conference of forest schools held in Washington, D. C, on December .30-31,
1909, 1.5 universities and colleges giving instruction in forestry were represented.
A committee, consisting of Forester H. S. Graves, of Professors Fernow, Roth,
and Fisher, and of Gifford Pinchot, rei)orted to the conference a plan for estab-
lishing a minimum standard curriculum in forestry and looking toward the
permanent organization of a forest conference. This report was adopted and
the committee continued, with power to call a meeting of such a conference and
to formulate a constitution for the proposed association, and, in consultation
with the Forest Service and other employers of foresters, to prepare a standard
of forest education.

Opening of New School of Agriculture Building at Cambridge University. — The
new building of the school of agriculture at Cambridge University was formally
opened April 26 by the Duke of Devonshire. The building is an imiwsing three-
story structure in addition to the basement and attic, and contains three lecture
rooms, two large elementary laboratories for chemistry and botany, smaller
rooms for private research, and a library and ofHces. The cost of the building
was about .$100,000. It was designed to accommodate one hundred students,
but is alreadj' barely adequate for the needs of the work.

NOTES. 699

Secondary Agricultural Schools in Arkansas. — The four district agricultural
schools provided for by the Arkansas legislature have been located as follows:
First district, Jouesboro. secoud district, Russellville, third district, Magnolia,
fourth district, Mouticello. The Russellville school will open in the fall of
1910, with A. K. Short, formerly animal husbandman of the Arkansas College
and Station, in charge as itrincipnl.

The legislature has appropriated $350,000 for the equipment of these schools,
and it is hoped to augment this materially by contributions from the localities
in which the schools are to be located.

Morrill Centennial Exercises. — Memorial exercises in honor of the one hun-
dredth anniversary of the birth of Hon. Justin S. Morrill were held April 14 at
Montpelier, Vt. The principal eulogy was delivered by President- M. H. Buck-
ham, of the University of Vermont. In this tribute President Ruckham dwelt
especially on Senator Morrill's work in connection with the founding and en-
dowment of the land-grant colleges, characterizing this as the last and greatest
of his public measures.

Federal Insecticide and Fungicide Law. — Under an act signed by President
Taft April 26, the manufacture, sale, or transportation in interstate commerce,
the District of Columbia, or the Territories, of adulterated or misbranded
Paris green, lead arsenate, and other insecticides and fungicides is prohibited
after January 1, 11)11. at which time the act goes into effect.

The law corresponds in a general way to the federal food and drugs act of
1906. Rules and regulations for its enforcement are to be formulated by the
Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of
Commerce and Labor, but definitions and standards are adopted for most of
the principal products dealt with. Violations of the law constitute a miisde-
meanor, and are punishable by a fine or imprisonment or both. The analytical
work is to be under the direction and supervision of the Bureau of Chemistry
of this Department.

Necrology. — J. S. Newman, one of the pioneer workers for southern agricul-
tural advancement and identified with its interests for nearly thirty years, died
May 11, at Walhalla, S..C., at the age of 74 years.

Professor Newman was born in Orange County, Va., in 1836, and was gradu-
ated from the University of Virginia in 1859. He served in the Confederate
Army during the greater part of the civil war, and at its close engaged in farm-
ing in Virginia and Georgia, and taught a private school until 1875. In that
year he became secretary of the Georgia Department of Agriculture, continuing
in this position for eight years.

In 1883 he was elected to the chair of agriculture in the Alabama Polytechnic
Institute. Upon the establishment of the experiment station he was also made
director of the Alabama Station, and in this capacity organized and exercised
general supervision over its substations. He also organized the state agri-
cultural society, and served as its president for a number of years, and was
state statistical agent of this Department in connection with the crop reporting
service. In 1892 he accepted his final position at Clemson College as pro-
fessor of agriculture and vice director of the station, and with the exception
of a period from 1894 to 1897 spent in farming, continued in that capacity until
1905, when he acceptetl a pension from the Carnegie Foundation and retired to
private life.

Professor Newman was married in 1863. Among his five children are Clifford
L. Newman, professor of agriculture at the North Carolina College, and Charles
C. Newman, horticulturist at the South Carolina Station.

During his long career, Professor Newman was a frequent speaker at
farmers' institutes, agricultural societies and other farmers' gatherings in

700 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Virginia, Georgia, Alabiuiia, and South (Carolina. He was also a prolific writer,
preparing a large number of bulletins, chiefly iu connection with his exi)eri-
ruents with field cro])s, as well as several manuals on general agriculture,
sheep, poultry, cattle, and hog raising, and southern horticulture. For many
years he was a valued contributor to the leading agricultural journals of the
South.

In the words of his long-time friend and associate, ex-Presidont P. H. Mell,
of Clemsou College: "In his death the South has lost a distinguished man,
who devoted his energies unselfishly to the upbuilding of his country. The
farmers will miss his wise counsels, for they have lost a friend who was
deeply concerned in their welfare. His best worlv was done in Georgia, although
Alabama and South Carolina can well claim ufLich of the valuable results of
his busy life. He was a progi'essive agriculturist, who believed in making the
soil produce its best under the most intelligent cultivation by scientific and well
directed systems. He at all times taught the farmers that the land should be
made to produce all crops possible for home consumption, and they should de-
part from the old method of making cotton the one-market crop. He taught
by precept and example the value of deep ploughing and thorough cultivation.
Some of his practical experiments before the farmers' institutes in the early
days on the relationship of the plant roots to the soil were intensely interesting,
and of great assistance to the farmer in intelligently understanding the economy
of plant growth. His fund of agricultural knowledge and extensive practical
experience made him a past grand master in the orchard, the vegetable garden,
and in the field. He could make i)lants grow in soils where other men would
fail, because he was so familiar with the constitution of the soil and its capa-
bilities.

" The agricultural workers in the experiment stations of the future will
miss his contributions to the sciences, but he has left so much iu print the
country is greatly enriched by the work of his pen."

Charles F. Wheeler, an expert in botany in the Bureau of Plant Industry of
this Department, died March 5, aged 68 years. Professor Wheeler was gradu-
ated from tlie Michigan Agricultural College in 1S91. For about 10 years he
served as assistant professor of botany in that institution, and for much of
that time he was botanist or consulting botanist for the Michigan Station.

Dr. O. Bottcher, fi'om 1SS4 to 1900 assistant in the Royal Agricultural Ex-
periment Station at Mockern, and since 1893 its vice director, died February
2, 1910, at the age of 53 years.

Miscellaneous. — On April 10 an agricultural conference was held at Bryn Mawr
College to consider the opportunities open to women for earning a livelihood
in general farming, truck gardening, stock raising, poultry raising, fruit-tree
nurseries, hothouse floriculture, bee keeping, and landscape gardening.

A recent issue of Science states that Columbia University has received
$15,000 from an anonymous source for agricultural education.

The fifth National Dairy Show will be held Ocober 14-22, 1910. H. B. Van
Norman, of the Pennsylvania College and Station, will continue to serve as
secretary and manager.

B. N. Wale, senior lecturer in agriculture in Southeastern College, has been
appointed principal of Seale-Hayne Agricultural College, iu Devonshire.

Dr. Giovanni Raineri has succeeded F. Cocco-Ortu as Minister of Agriculture,
Industry and Commerce of Italy.

Dr. G. Loporiore has been appointed dii-ector of the agricultural station at
Modena, Italy.

o

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. i)., Assistant Director.
Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS.

Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. 1).
Metoorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal.

Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology-j ^y" jj' Lq^^^'

T-,. , , ,, /J. I. Schulte.
Field (rops|j ^^ ^^^^^^^

Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson.

Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. I).

Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse.

Economic Zoology, Entomology, and \'eterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker.

Rural Engineering .

Rural Economics — J. B. Morman.
Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XXII, NO. 8.

Page.

Recent work in agricultural science 701

Notes --..: 800

SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS.

■>

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. ,

The crystallography of hemoglobins, Reichert and Brown 701

On the biochemistry of nucleic acids, Levene 702

The biochemical role of bacteria, Horowitz- Wlassowa 702

A critical study of the natural changes occurring in fats and oils, Hepburn .... 702

Action of nitric acid on starch, Doroshevski, Rakovski and Bardte 702

Vicianose, Bertrand and Weisweiller 702

Investigations in regard to rennet action, Hoft 702

Differentiation of rennet coagulum from that produced by acid, Hoft 702

The newer work on bacterial fermentation, Emmerling 703

Ferments and their actions, Oppenheimer 703

The oxidases, Kastle 703

The presence of a catalase and an anaeroxydase in cow's milk, Sarthou 703

The intracellular enzyms of Penicillium and Aspergillus, Dox 703

The nuclein ferments of yeasts, Straughn and Jones 703

The bluing of press yeast. Baron 703

The stimulation of prematme ripening by chemical means, Vinson 703

Concerning the after-ripening of fruits. Otto and Kooper 704

Postripening of fruits. Otto and Kooper 704

The chemical novelties for 1909, Poulenc 704

An iodimetric determination of phosphorus, Artmann 705

Determination of hypophosphoric, phosphorous, and hypophosphorous acids

in presence of each other and phosphoric acid, Rosenheim and Pinsker 705

Analysis of double superphosphates, Foester 706

I

II CONTENTS.

A new method for determinin2: nitrates, Pozzi-Escot 706

The effect of chlorids on the estimation of nitrates in water, Sabatini 707

A new nitrite method, Saniii 707

Detecting sodium sulphite in ])resence of sulphate and thiosulphate, Weston. 707

Determininji; barium sulphate in presence of bodies that interfere, Van't Kruijs. 707

Detection of hydrogen tiuorid in the presence of fluoric! salts, Cronheim 707

Determination of benzoic and cinnamic acids in a mixture of the two, De Jong. 707

The methods of lecithin determination, Nerking 708

About the use of hydrogen |)eroxid in oxydase tests, Kikkoji and Neuberg. . . . 708

The influence of neutral salts on indicators, Michaelis and Rona 708

An evolution method for sulphur in sulphids and sulphates, Mathers 708

[Shellfish examination], Johnstone 708

Methods for testing shellfish for pollution. Gage 708

The detection of paraffin wax in lard, Gerrans 708

About the examination and judgment of flour, Arragon 708

Researches on some rapid tests for the control of flours, Bakardjieff 709

Hydrocyanic acid in cassava flour, Vuaflart 709

A reaction for champignons, Lowy 709

Suggested modification of the Winton lead number, Ross 709

Concerning coffee, Hartwich 709

Coffee, chicory, and coffee and chicory essence, Tatlock and Thomson 709

The aphrometer as a means of studying the aging of wine, IJinaghi 709

Spoilage of mustard, Kossowicz 709

The use of fluorids for conserving tomatoes, Carlinfanti and Tuffi 709

Is formic acid a constituent of raspberries? Rohrig 710

Determination of casein by Matthaiopoulos method, Hurr and lierberich 710

[The Matthaiopoulos method for casein], De Graaff 710

The detection of heated milk, De Graaff 710

Apparatus for catalase determination, Henkel 710

Influence of feeding coconut cake on composition of milk fat, Schoenemann. . . 710

A new method of oil analysis by noting the miscibility curve, Louise 710

Some ready mixed paints, Ladd and Abbott 710

Successful jam making and fruit bottling, Yates 710

Wine from the vine to consumption, Goldschmidt 711

Vinification, Blunno 711

METEOROLOGY — WATER.

General weather review, 1907-8, Esten 711

Meteorological record, Willis 711

Swedish meteorological observations, 1908, Hamberg 711

Drainage, Leather and Annett 711

The circulation of water in alluvial soils and methods of studying it, Dienert. . . 711

Fertilizing fish ponds 711

A new suggestion for the preparation of potable water, Hayes 712

Water and sewage, Haselhoff 712

The purification of waste water of dairies, ('hassevant 712

Sewage into sugar, Ash ton 712

SOILS — FERTILIZERS.

Clay, Rohland 712

Commercial peat: Its uses and possibilities, Gissing 712

Investigations on weathering in the Tropics, Mohr 713

The plant food requirements of forest and porphyrite soils, Vater 713

Mechanical and chemical analyses of soils, Weber 713

Chemical composition and fertilizing of soils of Taurida, Dubrovskii 713

Analytical study of some soils of southern Italian Somaliland, Mangano 713

Nature of the soil, subsoil, and underground waters of the Nile Valley, Beauge. . 713

The specific heat of certain soils, principally Russian, Sabanin 714

Factors which determine fertility in soils, Russell 714

Do soils wear out? 714

Soil improvement experiments on light moor and sandy soils, Schulze-Diekhoff. 714

Potash and the mobilization of organic nitrogen in humus soils, Renault 714

Nitrification in soils, Kellerman. Alien, and McBeth 715

Tests of commercial cultures for soil inoculation, Lipman 715

Nitrogen, the plant, and the farmer, Hector 715

CONTENTS. Ill

Bacterial activity as a corrosive influence in the soil, Gaines 715

The role of fertilizers, Chaptal 715

Fertilizers and fertility, Cowell 715

Formulae for preparing fertilizers, Guthrie 715

Fertilizer and acid plants, MacKnight 716

The action and value of stable manure, Schulze 716

Experiments on the action of stable manure on upland moors, Bersch 716

Sulphate of iron as a preservative for liquid manure, Hasler 716

Artificial nitrates 717

Woltereck ammonia process against Frank-Caro gas process, Zwingenberger . . . 717

The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen 717

The occurrence of ammonia in deep waters containing iron and manganese, Noll. 717

Tests wi th four nitrogenous manures 717

Action of lime nitrogen, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia, Vanha et al. . 717

Calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate, Wagner 717

Calcium nitrate, calcium cyanamid, nitrate of soda, and kainit, Saillard 717

Manuring the potato crop 718

The action of phonolite as a potash fertilizer, Tacke 718

The value of the new silicate of potash fertilizer, Remy 718

On the occurrence of potash salts in foreign countries, Erdmann 718

New potash discoveries, Albert 718

On what kinds of soil can Thomas slag be replaced by other phosj^hates? Tacke . 718

The possibility of finding phosphate deposits in Australia, Jensen 718

A reconnaissance of the gypsum deposits of California, Hess 718

The use of manganese and uranium as fertilizers, Ray and Pradier 718

Commercial value of some waste j)roducts, Guthrie 718

Tobacco stalks and ash, Guthrie 719

Hummock soil as a fertilizer, Mayer 719

The question of household garbage, Burelle 719

The whale factory, Koch , 719

Peat fertilizer filler 719

The lo-s of potash in the burning of molasses, Pellet 719

Analyses of fertilizers, Curry 719

[The fertilizer market] 719

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Vegetation and frost, Blackman 720

Chemical investigations on germination, Deleano 720

Light germination, Kinzel 720

Effect of chemical agents on transpiration and growth of wheat seedlings, Reed . 721

Influence of fermented sugar solutions on wheat germs, Kostytschev 721

Origin and physiological function of pentosans in plants, Ravenna and Cereser. . 721

Are amins assimilable by higher plants? MoUiard 721

Function of hydrocyanic acid in Sorghum vulgare, Ravenna and Zamorani .... 722

Remarks on the immunity of plants, Bernard. 722

The death of oak seedlings due to mycorrhiza, Nadson 722

The spread of the pine mistletoe in Tyrol, von Tubeuf 722

Agricultural bacteriology, Russell and Hastings .^ 723

A method of bacteria counting, Fischer 723

Media for the quantitative estimation of soil bacteria, Lipman and Brown 723

Soil bacteriological investigations, Barthel 723

On the occurrence of nitrobacteria in the sea, Thomsen 723

Thermophilous bacteria in the Tropics, De Kruijff 723

Some remarks on aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the Tropics, De Kruijff . . . 724

Formation and utilization of nitrous oxid by bacteria, Beijerinck and Minkman. 724

Two new methods for growing Azotobacter, Hoffman and Hammer 724

Ammonia and nitrate as a nitrogen source for molds, Ritter 724

A nitrogen fixing yeast ( Torula wiesneri), Zikes 725

Significance of the root tubercles of Leguminosae, Vuillemin 725

Growing clover with nonleguminous plants by sowing mixed seed, Tacke 725

FIELD CROPS.

Improvement of pastures in eastern New York and New England, Cotton — . 725

Food grasses of southwest Africa, Pilger 725

Results of cooperative tests, 1909, Wiancko and Cromer 725

IV CONTENTS.

Page.

Variety tests, Ten Eyck 726

Variety test of oats, barley, wheat, and rye, Taylor 726

[Variety tests of wheat and corn], Willis 727

[Experiments with field crops] 727

Root crops, Gillanders 729

Winter and spring work in selecting seed corn, Graham 729

Some lessons from the corn shows, Gorman 729

Paspalum dilatatum, Potts 729

Three much misrepresented sorghums. Ball 729

Possibilities of the sweet potato in Macon County, Alabama, Carver 729

Tobacco growing in Ireland, Keller 729

The influence of environment on the composition of wheat, LeClerc and Leavitt . 730

Wheat hybridization, Thornton 730

Annual variations in the character of Central Provinces wheats, Evans 730

A suggestion regarding heavy and light seed grain, Waldron 731

Seed commissioner's branch, Fisher 731

Carbon bisulphid for killing weeds, Wilcox 731

HORTICULTURE.

Rational handling and marketing of horticultural crops, Lind 732

The production of horticultural varieties, De Vries 732

On variation through grafting and asexual hybridization, Griffon 732

The physiology of pruning, 13unyard 732

The influence of the rainy season of 1909 on the growth of vegetables, Denaiffe. . 732

Onion tests, 1905-1909, Garcia. 732

Chemical fertilizer experiments with truffles, Zacharewicz 733

Strawberry culture with descriptions and lists of varieties, Macoun 733

Pineapple growing in Porto Rico, Henricksen and lorns 733

The American grapes employed for reconstituting vineyards in Italy, Fuschini. . 733

On the use of lime nitrogen in vineyards, Muth 733

On the phosphoric acid content of grapes during their development, Hugues. . 733

Inquiries in 1907 and 1909 on the viticultural situation in Herault, Durand 733

On the cost of producing wines in Tuscany, Taruffi 734

Orchard planting plans, Craig 734

Problems in the pollination of fruits. Beach 734

Experiment in orchard irrigation, Lamson 734

Protecting orchards against frosts and freezes, Howard 734

What are the profits from the orchard industry? Janson 734

Fruit growing, storage, and marketing in the United States, Kaumanns 734

California fruits and how to grow them, Wickson 734

Better fruit for Maine, Hitchings 734

Early horticultural days in Oregon, Cardwell 734

Elementary facts concerning orchard practice in Wisconsin 734

Fruit growing 734

Yields, market conditions, and prices of German fruit crops for 1909, Lesser. . . . 735

Second report on the fruit experiments at Pusa, Howard 735

Apple growing in New England, Jarvis 735

Apple culture under hrigation, Garcia 735

Olive culture and oil manufacture in the arid Southwest, Coit 735

Scheme for the classification of the olives grown in southern Italy, Marinucci. . 736

Alcohol bath beneficial to oranges 737

The export of citrus fruits. Fuller 737

Spice, condiment, and perfume producing plants, Alexander 737

Vanilla culture in Cuba, Lamsfus 737

Coffra robusta, Gallagher 737

The production and commerce of Algerian dates 737

The oil palm, Soskin ^ 737

Pecans, Williams 737

Studies in ornamental trees and shrubs, Hall 737

FORESTRY.

History of forestry, Femow 738

Silviculture, Fron 738

Native trees of Kentucky, Maury 738

A new cypress for Arizona, Sudworth 738

CONTENTS. V

ra£;e.

Composition and volume of the dipterocarp forests of the Philippines, Whitford. 738

Preliminary study of the woods of the Ivory C'oast, Chevalier 738

Burma padauk {Pterocarpus mucrocarpus) , Troup 739

Experiments upon the eonservation of forest seeds, Zederbauer 739

On the storage of pine and spruce seeds, Ilaack 739

Forest nursery and reforestation work in Massachusetts, Langdell 739

Tree culture, "Morris 739

Some notes on tree planting in the shire highlands of Nyasaland, Purves 739

Report on forest statistics of Alsace-Lorraine 739

Indian state forestry, Eardley-Wilmot 740

lleixirts on certain continental forests, Cowley-Brown 740

Forest divisions in Burma and the United Provinces, Leete 740

The structure, properties, and uses of wood, Wilda 740

The ))reservative treatment of farm timbers, Willis 740

Preservat iv(>s for wood paving blocks, Forrest 740

llul)l>er, Fayol 740

[Rul)ber analyses]. . .' 740

Tr(>atment and transformation of Eucalyptus globulus forests, Miiller 741

The elastic substance in E. corymhnsa and some species of Angophora, Smith. . 741

The rubber industry of Mexico, Olsson-Seffer 741

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Plant diseases for 1909 worthy of special notice, Stormer 741

Dis(>ases and injuries to plants in Posen and West Prussia for 1908, Schander.. 742

Some diseases of cullivated plants, Ducomet 742

The parasites of plants of Torino and vicinity, Voglino 742

Three fungus diseases worthy of considerat ion, Kock 743

The control of melon and cucumber blight and bean anthracnosc', .larvis 743

Diseases of cultivated plants in the Tropics, Brick.' 743

Bacteria causing plant diseases, Kock 743

Exotic fungi, Massee 743

Organoid galls, Kiist er 744

Contributions on galls jn'oduced by Uredineae, Stampfli 744

The sexuality of rusts, Kurssanow 744

Infection experiments with crown rust, Miiblethaler 744

Seed disinfection, methods and types of machinery needed, Bolley 744

Maize smut , Johnston 745

Smut in wheat " 745

Flower infection of wheat smut, Lang 745

The propagation of Svhrospora inarrospora by means of wheat kernels, Peglion. . 745

Smut infection of wheat by means of infected manure, soil, and seed, Steglich. . 745

Some observations on bean rust, Gassner 746

Diseases of celery, Klebahn 746

Potato diseases in Ireland, Pethybridge 746

Spongospora scab of potatoes, Pethybridgi' 746

Potato-spraying at the Grafton experiment farm, Haywood 746

Old and new enemies and diseases of berries, Liistner 746

The use of different varieties of gooseberry in combating mildew, Eriksson 747

The pathogenic spotting of the annual canes of the grape, Molz 747

A disease of the pedicels of the grape, Pacottet - 747

Fire blight of pears, aj^ples, quinces, etc., Whetzel and Stewart 747

Some apple diseases. Brooks 747

Peach yellows and little peach, Blake 748

The peach leaf curl, Gassner 748

A disease of bananas 748

Black canker of the chestnut, Briosi and Farneti 749

The recent disease of the oak, Trotter 749

The Oidium of the oak, Saccardo 749

Dissemination of ' ' the white disease " of the oak, Fuschini - 749

Witches' brooms and branch knots on stone pine {Pinus cembra), von Tubeuf . 749

A new lilac disease, Klebahn 749

The rot of chrysanthemum flowers, Crepin 750

VI CONTENTS.

ECONOMIC ZOOI.OCiY — KNTOMOLOOY.

Page.

The zoological record, Sharp 750

The Hlati; croj) ]iesl law of Louisiana and rides in effect November 1, 1909 750

Third biennial rei)ort of tlie secretary for the years 1908-9, Newell 750

Nursery inspection in North Carolina, Sherman, jr 750

Insect enemies of cantaloups, cucumbers and related plants, Smith 751

Corn pests, Garnian 751

Notes on two insects found on corn, Webster 751

Notes on the injurious scale insects and mealy bugs of Egypt, Draper 752

The species belonging to the genera Ceratitis, Anastrepha and Dacus, Bezzi. . 752

New genera and species of North American Corrodentia, Enderlein 752

A contril)iilion to the knowledge of the Thysanoptera, Buffa 752

A contribution to the knowledge of the Italian Lachnini, Del (Juercio 752

Plant louse notes, family Aphididse, Gillette 752

A new enemy of the Florida orange, Back 752

The San Jose scale. — Some sprays for its control, Woodbury •. 752

A contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidtfi of Italy, Leonardi 753

A second contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidse of Italy, Leonardi 753

[Papers on the Coccidte], Leonardi 753

Further information on Diaspis pentagona and methods of control, Leonard!.. 753

The identity and synonymy of some of our soft scale insects, Sanders 753

Corn earworm , Headlee 754

The codling moth and how to control it by spraying, Sanderson 754

Notes on the parasites of the Saturniidse, Fiske and Thompson 754

Pieris hrassicx and some of its parasites and hyperparasites, Martelli 755

Dicraneura vinula and some of its parasites, Martelli 755

Notes on fruit flies, Froggatt 755

A new si)ecies of Asphondylia which attacks the lupine, Silvestri 755

African blood-sucking flies, other than mosquitoes and tsetse flies, Austen 756

A catalogue of the Coleoptera 756

The hibernation of the boll weevil in central Louisiana, Newell and Dougherty. 756

Powdered arsenate of lead as a practical boll weevil poison, Newell and Smith. . . 756

Additional notes upon the breeding of the coffee-bean weevil. Tucker 758

Papers on cereal and forage insects. — The clover root curculio, Wildermuth. . . . 758

The rose curculio {Rhynchites bicolor) in Massachusetts, Gates 759

Notes on honeybees gathering honeydew from a scale insect. Gates 760

Ants, their structure, development, and behavior, Wheeler 760

Ants collected by Prof. F. Silvestri in Mexico, Wheeler 760

Ants collected by Prof. F. Silvestri in the Hawaiian Islands, Wheeler 760

Contributions to the knowledge of the Chalcididse of Italy, Masi 760

Contributions to the knowledge of hymenopterous parasites, Silvestri 760

An account of Frospalla bcrlesfi, particularly of its first stages, Silvestri 760

A parasite of Apantelcs glomeratus and Anilastus ebenimis, Martelli 760

The geographical distribution of American ticks, Hooker 760

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION.

The glycogen content of beef flesh, I, Trowbridge and Francis 760

Test in handling and storage of poultry, Pennington 761

Preserved chopped meat, Baier 761

The occurrence of inactive lactic acid in a meat preparation, Salkowski 762

The occurrence of yeast and O'idium on slimy sausage casing, Kiihl 762

Meat and the provisioning of troops in time of war, Martel 762

A chemical and bacteriological study of fresh eggs, Pennington 762

Egg goods and egg substitutes, Bujard, Mezger, and Miiller 762

Lard, McGill 762

Butter goods, Baier 763

Banana margarin 763

Butter flavor, Baier 763

Flavoring for bakers' goods, Mansfield 763

Milling of wheats, Briinnich 763

Notes on flour strength, Guthrie and Norris 763

Microscopical analysis of bread of the fourth or fifth century, Rosendahl 763

The Kafir bread plants, Nash 763

The nutritive value of Annara and Tonkin yams, Eberhardt and Bloch 764

Sea kale industry, Maynard 764

CONTENTS. VII

Page.

The clioliii content of some edible fungi, Polstorff 764

Tlie composition of American beet-sugar molasses, Meyer 764

Fruit jams, McGill 764

Lime fruit juice (lime juice), McGill 764

Lemon flavoring extract, McGill 764

Cream of tartar,' McGill 764

Final report of the royal commission on whisky, James of Hereford et al 764

Ale and lager beer, McGill 766

Chemical examination of pumpkin seed, Power and Salway 766

Chemical examination of watermelon seed, Power and Salway 766

Food preparations, Mansfield 766

Food and drug analyses. Rose and Bridges 766

Report of the department of food and drugs for January, 1910, Barnard 766

Tenth annual report on food adulteration, Allen and Hill 767

Information on food and drug inspection and investigation, Allen et al 767

Food inspection decision 767

Notices of judgment 767

Meat inspection, Martel 767

[Food of Mexican country people], Enock 767

Penny luncheons, Bough ton 767

Feeding of prisoners, Widmer 768

Nutrition and dietetics, Hall 768

Human nutrition, II, Rose , - - - 768

A two-years' test of a vegetarian diet including animal fats, Tissier 768

The nutritional origin and treatment of beriberi, Breaudat 768

Dried milk as a food for infants, Millard 768

The laws of digestion and resorption, Arrhenius 769

Physiological methods — resi)iration and digestion, edited by Tigerstedt 769

Handbook of physiological methods — muscle physiology, edited by Tigerstedt . 769

Treatise on physiology — heat, Chwolson _. 769

Concerning the problem of protein metabolism, Rothenstein 769

The utilization of proteid cleavage products in the body, Abderhalden et al. . 769

The cleavage of nucleic acid taken m the food, Frank and Schittenhelm 769

The elimination of total nitrogen, urea, and ammonia, Levene and Meyer 870

Effects of carbohydrates on artificial digestion of casein, Goldthwaite 770

Occurrence of lipase in human tissues and in disease, Winternitz and Meloy. . 770

Gastric lipase in newborn infants, Ibrahim and Koped 770

Experiments on the resorption of fat in the small intestine, Croner. 770

The physiology of water and salt, Cohnheim, Kreglinger, and Kreglinger 770

Chemicalconstitutionandphysiologicalactivity of alcohols and acids, II, Loeb. 771

The fate of sodium benzoate in the human organism, Dakin 771

Energy relations and human physiology, Camerer 771

The production of animal heat and the substituting value of nutrients, Weiss. . 771

Concerning fatigue induced by rapid movements, Irabert 771

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Specific effects of rations on the development of swine, Forbes 771

Comparative experiments with swine from different breeding centers, Bang et al . 773

The new hog barn, Craig and Linklater 773

Calf feeding experiments, Hittcher 774

The improvement of cattle in the Upper Palatinate, Guth 774

The sterility of cattle, Hess 774

Feeding experiments with sheep, Lalim 774

Goat raising in Norway, 1660-1814, Skappel 774

Memorandum on horse breeding 774

Horse raising in Denmark in 1908, Jensen 775

Report of the chief poultry expert, Hyde 775

The selection and feeding of laying hens, Philips 775

A triple-yolked egg. Pearl 775

Hens that feed themselves. Hunter. 775

Electric incubators and brooders. Ward 775

Animal husbandry in Denmark, 1908, Appel 775

Live-stock guaranties in Switzerland, Woker 775

Number of animals slaughtered and total receipts during fiscal year 1909 775

Composition of forage in highland prairies and mountain pastures, Dusserre 775

VIII CONTENTS.

l'a«e.

Anal ysos of roots, Aston 776

Analyses of feeding stuffs, Morse and Curry 776

[Analyses of feeding stuffs], Baird " 776

Notices of judgment 776

[Essays in heredity and development of the animal organism] 776

Fifty years of Darwinism 776

The cell as the unit of life, Macfadyean, edited by Hewlett 776

Homologies and significance of the internal glands of the ovary, Bouin and Anr(>l . 776

Relation between chest measurements and organs in the thoracic cavity, Miiller. 776

Th(^ position of the shoulder blade and its influence on the horse, Moller 777

Regeneration of the beak in the goose and duck, Werber and Goldschmidt 777

UAIHY FARMING — DAIRYING.

History, present condition, and future of cattle breeding in Holland, Bakker. . 777

A study of the dairy buffalo of Roumania, Diaconu 778

The effect of diminishing the coarse feeds in rations for dairy cows, Miiller 778

Specific gravity of Danish milk, Hoyberg 778

The cleavage products of the nucleoprotein of the mammary glands, Mandel .... 778

Are the colostrum bodies a reliable test for milk from a new milch cow? Anders . 778

A new lactic-acid producing Streptothrix, found in fermented milk, Chatterjee. 779

Obligate anaerobic bacteria in milk and dairy jjroducts, Barthel 779

The infectiousness of the milk of tuberculous cows, Hessler 779

Thermal death point of tubercle bacilli in naturally infected milk. Van der Sluis. 779

Report of the operations of the Danish pasteurization law during 1908-9 .'. 779

Report of the milk commission, 1909, Pyne et al 780

The dairy industry in Texas, Alvord 780

Dairying in France, Ellbrecht 780

An inquiry concerning Alpine dairies, Gorini 780

Histiiry of cream separation. — I, Cream raising, Martiny 780

[Report of the dairy husbandman]. Potts 780

Danish butter exports, 1908-9, Boggild 781

Butter and cheese making in Iceland 781

Fancy cheeses for the farm and factory, Publow 781

Studies connected with the manufacture of early season cheeses, Coward 781

On goat cheese and similar kinds of cheese, Iversen and Sopp 781

The flavor of cheese, Dox 781

Thirty years' activity of the station for cheese making in Lodi, Besana 781

Danish cheese production and exports, Horlyck 781

Catalogue of the Postal Dairy Library, Benkendorf 781

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Fourteenth report of the chief of the Massachusetts cattle bureau, Peters 781

Sixth report of the Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board for 1909 782

Seventh report of Ohio State Board of Live Stock Commissioners, Calvert et al. . 782

Annual report of the state veterinarian of Wyoming for 1908, Pflaeging 782

Report on the civil veterinary department, LTnited Provinces, for 1909, Oliver. 783

Report of the principal veterinary surgeon and bacteriologist, Dodd 783

Alleged poisoning by soy-bean meal 783

Grain itch: A study of a new disease in this country, Schamberg 783

Sarcosporidiae and their association with loco disease and dourine, Watson .... 784

The etiology of dom'ine, Zwick and Fischer 784

Dourine, Miessner 784

A method of dealing with rinderpest in the field, Gibson 784

What Selangor is doing to prevent rinderpest 784

East Coast fever, Dixon 785

East Coast fever 785

Spirochetosis of bovines in South Annam, Schein 785

The Australian camel trade and trypanosomiasis, Haji 785

Summary of first series of experiments on treatment of surra in camels, Lease. . 785

Note on plague infection in a wood rat { Neotoma fuscipes anectens), Rucker 785

Investigations concerning Rocky Mountain fever, Ricketts 785

Some aspects of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Ricketts 785

The presence of tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood in clinical and experi-
mental tuberculosis. — The viability of the bacillus, Anderson and Rosenau. . 786
The ophthalmic reaction of cattle to tuberculin, Bellini 786

CONTENTS. IX

rage.

The intra-cutaneous tuberciilin test, Joseph 787

Intestinal tuberculosis of the ox, Chausse 787

Respiratory metabolism and pulmonary exchanges in bovines, Paechtner 787

The specific chronic enteritis of cattle [Johne's disease], Home 787

The treatment of mammitis in the cow, Bigoteau 787

Immunizing calves during gestation against white scour, von Sande 788

A prophylactic treatment for white scour in calves during gestation, Fehrmann. 788

Two diseases affecting pregnant ewes, Gilruth 788

The caseous suppuration of sheep, Carre 788

The parasite of otocariasis of Congo goats, Gredoelst 788

The bacteriology of infectious swine diseases, Dinwiddle and Stanford 788

Immunizing ])r(jperties of vaccine and aggressin in Schweineseuche, Baldrey. . 789

Spiroptcm str()n(/!/lin(i, Kaupp 789

Some notes on equine filariasis, Argyle 789

Canine piroplasmosis in Tonkin, Mathis 789

The drug treatment of canine piroplasmosis, Nuttall 789

Contagious gastro-enteritis in clogs, Gaiger 789

The rectal temperature, respiration, an(l heart beat of barnyard fowls, Loer 789

The body temperature of fowls, Loer 790

Diseases of fowls, Bradshaw 790

Fowl plague is not a contagious disease, Marchoux 790

A new hnicocy tozoon of the fowl, Mathis and Leger 790

Parasitic typhlitis. — Nodules of cecum parasites, Letulle and Marotel 790

The intestinal coccidiosis of young animals, Basset 790

The spirochetes in the crystalline style of Tapes aureus, Fantham 790

The Thelazies, nematode parasites of the eye, Railliet and Henry 791

The Onchocerces, nematode parasites, Raini(;t and Henry 791

Filariae in the vitreous chamber of the eye of a camel — ophthalmia, Leese. . . . 791

Some helminths of Python scha', Railliet and Henry 791

Animal ])arasites and parasitic diseases, Kaupp 791

Preliminary check list of parasites of Indian domesticated animals, Gaiger. . . . 791

RURAL ENGINEERING.

Traction plowing, Ellis 791

An experiment in clearing logged-off land by aid of a donkey engine, Lawrence. 791

Tests of pumping plants in New Mexico, 1908-9, Fleming and Stoneking 792

Farm drainage operations, Day 793

Sand-clay and earth roads in the Middle West, Spoon 793

•Rei^ort on the service condition of paints 793

RURAL ECONOMICS.

The incomes of 178 New York farms, Burritt 793

The greatest factor in the citrus industry 794

Cooperative organizations of fruit growers 795

Agricultural organizations in New York State, Riddell 795

The Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, Robinson 795

The union of agricultural associations of the Southeast, Sagnier 795

The law establishing a fund for agricultural credit in Marches and Umbria. . . . 795

Agricultural cooperation and credit in Spain, Marvaud 796

Cooperative credit in Burma 796

Agricultural cooperative credit societies, Jordan 796

Crop Reporter 796

The geographical distribution of grain prices in India, Engelbrecht 796

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Redirection of high schools in agricultural communities 796

Agricultural education: State normal schools, Davis 797

The College of Hawaii, Gilmore 797

The curriculum in forestry education, Roth 797

Syllabus of illustrated lecture on wheat culture, Schulte 797

Essentials of successful field experimentation, Thome 797

X CONTENTS.

MISCELLANEOUS.

rase.

Biennial Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1908-9 798

Eighteenth Annual Report of Oklahoma Station, 1909 798

Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1909 798

Twenty-first Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1908 798

Director's report for 1909, Jordan 798

The work of the department of cooperative experiments, Goddard 798

Accessions to the Department Library, October-December, 1909 798

Monthly bulletins of the Department Library, January and February, 1910. . . 798

Experiment Station Work, LVI ' 798

Work and significance of agricultural experiment stations in the Netherlands. 799

Indiana farm laws with business forms and letters, Williams 799

[Laws of Iowa pertaining to agriculture] 799

The agricultural law of the State of New York 799

The standard cyclopedia of modern agriculture and rural economy, Wright. . . 799

LIST OF EXPERniENT STATION AND DEPART-
MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED.

Stations in the United States.

Alabama Tuskegee Station : Page.

Bui. 17, Mar., 1910 729

Arizona Station:

Bui. 62, Dec. 24, 1909 735

Arkansas Station:

Bui. 105, 1910 788

Connecticut Storrs Station:

Bui. 61, Jan., 1910 735

Bien. Rpt., 1908-9. 703, 711, 743, 798

Hawaii Station:

Press Bui. 25 731

Indiana Station:

Bui. 138, Feb., 1910 752

Bui. 139, Feb., 1910 725

Kansas Station:

Bui. 164, Jan., 1910 775

Circ. 6 726

Circ. 7 754

Kentucky Station:

Bui. 144, Nov. 20, 1909 767

Bui. 145, Dec, 1909 729,751

Missouri Station:

Bui. 81, Dec, 1909 771

Circ Inform. 35 734

New Hampshire Station:

Bui. 143, Dec, 1909 754

Bui. 144, Dec, 1909 747

Bui. 145, Dec, 1909 726

Bui. 146, Dec, 1909 719

Bui. 147, Dec, 1909 776

New Jersey Stations:

Bui. 226, Jan. 11, 1910 748

Bui. 227, Jan. 28, 1910 715

New Mexico Station :

Bui. 73, Nov., 1909 792

Bui. 74, Jan., 1910 732

Bui. 75, Feb., 1910 735

New York Cornell Station:

Bui. 270, Dec, 1909 781

Bui. 271, Dec, 1909 793

Bui. 272, Dec, 1909 747

New York State Station:

Bui. 321, Dec, 1909 798

North Carolina Station:

Bui. 205, Jan., 1910 750

North Dakota Station:

Bui. 86, Dec, 1909 710

Bui. 87, Jan., 1910 744

Paint Buls. 1-3, Feb., 1910... 793

Stations in the United States — Cont'd.

Ohio Station: Page.

Bui. 213, Dec, 1909 771

Circ. 96, Oct. 1, 1909 797

Circ. 97, Jan. 30, 1910 798

Oklahoma Station:

Bui. 86, Feb., 1910 739

Eighteenth An. Rpt., 1909.... 773,
776, 780, 798

Porto Rico Station:

Bui. 8, Spanish Ed., .Mar., 1910 733

South Dakota Station:

An. Rpt. 1909 711,727,798

Vermont Station:

Twenty-first An. Rpt. 1908 ... 798

Washington Station:

Bui. 1, Spec Ser., 1909 791

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Farmers' Bui. 387 740

Farmers' Bui. 388 .- 798

Food Insp. Decision 114 767

Notices of Judgment 165-21 1 . . . 767, 776

Bureau of Animal Industry:

Bui. 120 (10 cents)...".... 703

Bureau of Chemistry:

Bui. 128 (5 cents) 730

Circ 53 .709

Bureau of Entomology:

Bui. 85, pt. 3 (5 cents) 758

Bureau of Plant Industry:

Bui. 170 (10 cents)/. 791

Circ 49 725

Circ. 50 729

Bureau of Statistics:

Crop Reporter, vol. 12, No. 4,

Apr., 1910 796

Office of Experiment Stations:

Farmers' Inst. Lecture 11 (5
cents) 797

Office of Public Roads:

Circ. 91 793

Library:

Bui. 74 (10 cents) 798

Monthly Buls. 1-2, Jan.-Feb.,

1910 (5 cents each) 798

Note. — The publications of the Ignited States Department of Agriculture may be
purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all
remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per vol-
ume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publi-
cations are given above. The publications of the state experiment stations are dis-
tributed from the stations and not from the Department.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vol. XXII. Abstract Number. No. 8.

RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY.

The crystallography of hemoglobins, E. T. Reichert and A. P. Brown (Car-
negie Inst., Washington Pub. 116, pp. XIX+338, pis. 100, figs, ///i).— The elab-
orate and extended investigations here reported were undertaken in a study
of the differentiation and specificity of correspond! nir proteins and other vital
substances in relation to biological classification and organic evolution.

The several chapters have to do with the distribution of hemoglobin and allied
substances in the animal kingdom : specificity of the blood of vertebrates in rela-
tion to zoological distinction; the general chemical and physical characters of
hemoglobin, and its specificities; the preparation and crystallography of hemo-
globins ; the methods employed in the present research for preparing, examin-
ing, and measuring crystals of hemoglobins ; and the results of studies of the
crystallography of the hemoglobins from the different types of the animal
kingdom.

The present research was begun " upon the hypothesis that if it should
he found that corresponding vital substances are not identical, the altera-
tions in one would doubtless be associated with related changes in others, and
that if definite relationships could be shown to exist between these differences
and peculiarities of the living organism, a fundamental principle of the utmost
importance would be established in the explanation of heredity, mutations,
the influences of food and environment, the differentiation of sex, and other
great problems of biology, normal and pathological.

" To what extent this hypothesis is well founded may be judged from this
partial repoi-t of the results of our investigations: It has been conclusively
shown not only that corresponding hemoglobins are not identical, but also that
their peculiarities are of positive generic specificity, and even much more sensi-
tive in their differentiations than the ' zooprecipitin test.' Moreo\er, it has
been found that one can with some certainty predict by these peculiarities,
without previous knowledge of the species from which the hemoglobins were
derived, whether or not interbreeding is probable or possible, and also certain
characteristics of habit, etc., as will be seen by the context. The question of
interbreeding has, for instance, seemed perfectly clear in the case of Canidaj
and Muridse, and no difficulty was experienced in forecasting similarities and
dissimilarities of habit in Sciuridte, Muridfe, Felidse, etc., not because hemoglobin
is per se the determining factor, but because, accordng to this hypothesis, it

701

702 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD,

serves as an index (gross though it bo, witli our lu'osent very limited linowl-
edge) of those pliysico-clieniical properties whicli serve directly or indirectly
tt) differentiate genera, species, and individuals. In otlici' wfnds, vit;il peculiar-
ities may l)e resolved to a physico-clu'mlcal basis."

On the biochemistry of nucleic acids, P. A. Levenk {Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc,
.i.^ ( I'.ilO), No. 2, PI). 231-2^0). — In this pai)er the author presents a summary
and digest of data on the elementary composition of nucleic acids, their consti-
tution, and I'elaled questions.

The biochemical role of bacteria, A. Horowitz-Wl.vssowa (Arch. Sci. liUA.
[tif. I'ctcrsb.], J.J (lOJO), No. I, pp. .'iO-')S). — Experiments are reported and dis-
cussed on the bacterial clesivage of protein.

A critical study of the natural changes occurring- in fats and oils, J. S.
Hepburn {Jour. Franlclin Inni., 16S (lOO'-J). Vo.s-. 5, pp. ,i65-S8Ji; 6, pp. .'i2J-Ji5G;
169 {1910), So. ], pp. 23-5^). — This is a review of the various researches which
have been made in regard to the natural changes occurring in oils and fats.

Action of nitric acid on starch, A. G. Doroshevski, A. V. Rakovski, and
A. Y. Bardte iZhur. Russ. Fiz. Khim. OJjshch., Chast Khim., J,0 {190S), No. 5,
2)t. 1, pp. 932-9JtO, fig. 1; nbs. in Bui. Soc. Chun. France, Jf. ser., 8 {1910), No. 2,
p. 89). — Studies were made in regard to the inversion of starch by 8, 6, and 14
per cent strengths of nitric acid, and from the results it is evident that the reac-
tion is increased in the same ratio as the concentration. The studies were made
with starches from different sources, and which the author divides into 2 groups,
group 1 containing the starches of potato, and the Bermuda and St. Vincent
arrowroot, and group 2 the starches of rice and wheat.

Vicianose, G. Bertrand and G. Weisweiller {Compt. Rend. Acad. Set.
[Paris], 150 {1910), No. 3, pp. 180-182). — This is a new biose reducing sugar
obtained by acting upon vicianin with a diastase obtained from the seeds of
Vicia angusiifolia. It is the first biose prepared by diastatic hj-drolysis of a
glucosid. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 19, p. 129.).

Investigations in regard to rennet action, Hoft {Arh. Vers. Stat. Mollao.
Kiel. 1909, No. 6, pp. 20-25; ahs. in GentU. Balct. [etc.], 2. AM., 2Jt {1909), No.
16-17, p. '/GO). — It was found that spontaneously and artificially acidified milks
have about the same coagulation time. Neither the reduction of acidity
to a small amount with the aid of potassium hydrate nor acidifying to a
medium strong degree had any marked influence on the coagulation time. For
whole milk and skim milk of. the same origin it was shown that on the average
the skim milk with a small degree of acidity had only a slightly slower coagu-
lation time than the whole milk. It is recommended in testing milks in this
regard to bring the different milks to the same degree of acidity.

Differentiation of rennet coagulum from that produced by acid, Hoft {Arb.
Vers. Stat. Mollcw. Kiel, 1909, No. 6, pp. 12-19; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2.
AM., 2.'f {1909), No. 16-17, p. //GO).— Rennet coagulum can be easily differen-
tiated from acid coagulum by comparing the ash content of the fat-free dry
substance. The rennet coagulum yields 8 to 10 per cent of ash, while that
from the acid has only from 4 to 6 per cent. Further, the calcium content of
the rennet coagulum is about 3 per cent, while that obtained from the fat-free
dry substance of the acid coagulum is only about 1 per cent.

If the coagulation of milk is brought about by the combined action of acid
and rennet the coagulum shows evidences of a transition between the acid and
rennet coagulum. The temperature, also, has possibly some influence on the
ultimate composition of the ash. Determining the degree of acidity of the two
coagulates furnishes no definite idea as to their origin, particularly where the
estimation is not carried out directly after coagulation.

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 703

The newer work on bacterial fermentation, O. Emmerling (Biochem. CentbL,
9 (1909), Xo. 9-10, pp. 397--'tn). — A i-etrosiiect of the newer work in fermenta-
tion bacteriology, including the bacterial fermentation of milk, slimy fermen-
tations, etc.

Ferments and their actions, C. Oppenheimer (Die Fermcnte und ihre ^yirl-
vugen. Leipsic, 1909, 3. ed., pp. XI+491). — This is a "special part" of the
third revised edition on tlie functions of enzyms. The author has grouped the
material under the headings hydrolases, oxydases, zymases, and katalase. He
states that the material included has bet'n thoroughly revised and that the
l)resent work \Aill be supplemented by a volume discussing enzyms in general.

The oxidases, J. H. Kastle (Pul). Health and Mar. Hosp. Scrv. U. S., llyff.
Lab. Bid. 59, pp. IGJf). — This is a compilation of the literature and a discussion
of most of the more important work pertaining to the oxidases and other
oxygen catalysts which are concerned in biological oxidations.

About the presence of a catalase and an anaeroxydase in cow's milk, J.
Sarthou (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], l.jO {1910), Xo. 2, pp. 119-121).—
A reply to Bordns and Tonplain ( E. S. R.. 22, p. i"»14).

The intracellular enzyms of Penicillium and Aspergillus, with special
reference to those of Penicillium camemberti, A. W. Dox {Connecticut Storrs
SUi. Rpt. 1908-9, III). ,i7o--'i.'),i; U. H. Dcpt. Af/r., Bur. Anini. Indus. Bui. 120.
pp. 10).- — This work has already been noted from another source (E. S. U., 21.
II. 609) but the present publications have a much more extensive discussion of
previous investigations and present additional details.

The nuclein ferments of yeasts, M. N, Stuaughn and W. Jones {Jour. Biol.
Vhem., 6 (1909), Ao. 3, pp. 2'i-j-2-j.j; ahs. in Zcnthl. (Irsam. Physiol, u. Path.
tttoffwechsels, n. scr., J, (1909), X6. 19, p. 7'/'/ ) .— The authors conclude that
guanase is the only nuclein ferment present in yeast.

The bluing of press yeast, A. Baron {Brennerei Ztg., 1909, pp. ol'il, 0 149;
<ibs. in Vhcni. Ztg., .].', (1910), Ao. 10, Rcpcrt., p. .'/3).— The author attributes
the coloration to the agency of the oxygen of the air and considers it a physio-
logical process which is going on in yeast cells which are free from glycogen
and with the ultimate formation of a compound which is designated "yeast
hemoglobin." If the yeast cells are cultivat(>tl or placed in a sugar solution for
i hour this coloration disappears.

The stimulation of premature ripening by chemical means, A. E. Vinson
(Jour. Aincr. Chrin. Soc, 32 {1910). Xo. 2, pp. 208-212). — In a fuller account
of work previously noted (E. S. R.. 22. p. 209) the author records the effect of
a large number of chemical substances on the ripening of dates, such stimu-
lation being obtained with a very considerable proportion of the materials used.

Quotations from the author's discussion of the subject follow- :

" From the diversity of these reagents it is evident that the effects observed
can not be due to any particular chemical structure, nor do many of them react
chemically with any known constituent of the date. Furthermore, after treat-
ment over night with acetic acid vapor, an appreciable reaction for invertase
could be obtained in the glycerol extract although a marked a.stringeucy was
still present. From these facts and previous work on the intracellular invertase
of the date, including some recent observations on thQ chemical organization of
the green fruit while it retained its physical integrity, it was concluded that
this apparent stimulation of ripening depended solely on the killing of the
protoplasm. In broad terms, any substance which will penetrate the cuticle
and kill or stimulate the protoplasm, thereby releasing the previously insoluble
intracellular enzyms without rendering them inactive, will bring about
ripening, provided the fruits have reached a certain necessary degree of
maturity. . . .

704 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

"The more imnicature fruits heated to 70° for 10 minutes or longer darliened
nicely but remained astringent. At higher temperatures even the more mature
fruits remained permanently astringent while untreated immature fruits gradu-
ally lost their astringency. These facts can he explained only as the direct or
indirect action of some specific enzym that is destroyed at about 70°. Hydra-
zine hydrochlorid interfered with the general trend of riiieiiing but the
astringency dlsapiieared.

" Commercially, many varieties of dates may be ripened rapidly after they
have reached a certain degree of maturity. Before that time tliey do not con-
tain suflicient dry matter to make a palatable fruit. Many varieties so ripened
are fully equal to the natural product. This may be accomplished by exposing
them to the vapors of a great many substances, but only a few are commer-
cially practical, due to the bad flavors which most of them impart. Fruit of
good flavor was obtained by treatment with the vapors of acetic and propionic
acids, ethyl chlorid. ethyl bromid, ethylene chlorid, methylene chlorid and
chloroform, and with solutions of lactic, benzoic and salicylic acids and some
other substances of more or less poisonous nature. Gasoline, benzene, esters of
organic acids, ordinary ether, acetone, volatile oils, and most other substances
leave permanent disagreeable flavors.

" Deglet Noor dates do not yield satisfactorily to these methods but can be
made palatable and, if sufficiently mature, will yield fruit of fair quality when
subjected to the judicious use of ethyl nitrite vapor. A small amount of this
reagent (| to 4 cc. of 20 per cent solution for every 1,000 cc. of space inclosed)
will finally render the tannin insoluble without discoloring the date badly or
imparting any noticeable flavor.

" It is anticipated that the application of these methods will prevent much
of the enormous loss from souring which, is experienced at present during
unfavorable weather. Artificially ripened dates do not sour so readily as the
fruit ripened on the tree and remain much freer from insects."

Concerning' the after-ripening- of fruits, R. Otto and W. D. Kooper (Ztschr.
Untcrsiich. Nalu: u. GenussvitJ., 19 {19 10), No. 1, pp. 10-13; abs. in Biochcm.
Centbl, 9 (1910), No. 18-19, p. 830).— Investigations with the sloeberry ( Primus
spinosa) show that the total sugar content of the dry substance increases very
little, but does so at the expense of the glucose and results in a rise in the
fructose content. The acid and tannin decrease about in the same proportion,
but this decrease is greater than the increase in the total sugar content. The
authors, therefore, conclude that there is no ground for the belief that the
after ripening is brought about with the production of sugar at the expense
of the other substances present. Furthermore, it is explained that the diminu-
tion in the astringency is due to the decrease in the acid and tannin.

Postripening' of fruits, R. Otto and W. D. Kooper (Ztschr. Untersuch. NaJir.
u. Genussmtl., 19 (1910), No. 6, pp. 328-330 ) .—Further investigations with other
fruits, the Japanese quince (Cijdotiia japonica) and the medlar (Mispelus
germanioa), showed that with the latter a decided decrease in the sugar took
place simultaneously with the decrease in the acid and nitrogen content. With
the Japanese quince in the second stage of ripening a decrease in the sugar
was also apparent, but the tannin and acid decreases were slight. In the third
stage, however, a marked fall in the water, sugar, tannin, and acid content
took place.

The chemical novelties for 1909, C. Poulenc (Lcs Nouvcaut^s Chimiqncs
pour 1909. Paris, 1909, pp. VIII +336, figs. 172).— A condensed description of
new or modified chemical apparatus and methods brought out in the year 1909.
The apparatus included is physico-chemical, analytical, general industrial, food,

AGEICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY, 705

and medical. A chapter is also given in reference to recent bacteriological ap-
paratus.

An iodimetric determination of phosphorus, P. Artmann {Ztschr. Analyt.
Chem., Jf9 {1910), ^o. 1, pp. l~2o). — After considering the acidimetric, oxydi-
metric, and precipitation methods, the author recommends the following iodi-
metric method for phosphorus determination in phosphates:

One gm. of the substance is dissolved in about 30 cc. of water containing
(S to 10 cc. of nitric acid (density 12). and heated up to the boiling point, from
2 to 3 cc. of 1 : 1 hydrochloric acid being adde^l during the process. If sulphates
are present these are precipitated at the boiling point with barium nitrate.
The flask is then filled to the 250 cc. mark and filtered. Twenty-five cc. of the
filtrate is taken for the actual determination, there being added to it 4 gm. of
ammonium nitrate and 2 cc. of nitric acid, the mixture heated to 40° C, and
12 to 15 cc. of ammonium molybdate solution (previously heated up to 40°)
added dropwise. Tlie mixture is then stirred for 5 minutes at 40°. and after a
lapse of 15 minutes 5 cc. more of the molybdate solution is added. After heat-
ing at a temperature of 40° to 45° for from f to 1 hour, the solution is decanted
and filtered through a hardened 6 cm. filter with the aid of a filter jnimp and
wash water at 14°. The decantation is continued until 5 drops of the filtrate
give no definite brown coloration with potassium ferrocyauid.

The precipitate which has been carried over on the filter is dissolved in
one-half normal sodium hydrate and washed into the original beaker with
water, the washing being continued as long as an odor of ammonium hydrate
is apparent. The precipitate which has remained in the beaker after the de-
canting process is dissolved by the aid of from 4 to 5 cc. of double normal
sodium hydrate solution. To the solution is added 20 cc. of an allialine bromin
solution which has been pi'eviously compared with thiosulphate, from 8 to 10
gm. of sodium hydrogen phosphate, and finally 1.5 gm. of potassium iodid.
This is acidified with 15 cc. fourth-normal sulphuric acid and titrated back with
tenth-noi-mal sodium thiosulphate. For calculating the results the following
a /\y p\

formula is used : x= Av-i^noo i • ^^ this, a^grams of iodin for 1 cc. of sodium
U.UloUoo.d

thiosulphate solution, b = the number of cubic centimeters of sodium thiosulphate

which represents 20 cc. of the alkaline bromin solution, c=the number of cubic

centimeters of tenth-normal thiosulphate employed to titrate back, d=the

amount of the original substance taken in gi'ams, and x=the percentage of

phosphoric acid.

The alkaline bromin solution is prepared by carefully adding 15 cc. of bromin
to 1 liter of normal sodium hydroxid solution amid stirring, keeping the sodium
hydroxid surroundeJ by ice water during the addition. The solution is diluted
once with water upon use. The author in a later work will report on the
application of the method to fertilizer and iron analyses.

Determination of hypophosphoric, phosphorous, and hypophosphorous
acids in the presence of each, other and phosphoric acid, A. Rosenheim and
J. TiNSKEB {Ztschr. Anorgan. Chem., 6.'i (1909), Xo. >,, pp. 327-3-'fl; abs. in Jour.
Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 2^, p. 1312). — Hypophosphoric acid may be
titrated accurately with potassium permanganate solution, and further, reacts
quantitatively with uranyl nitrate, gives a yellow precipitate with it, and is not
affected by heating the iodin solution. Phosphorous and hypophosphorous acids
are oxidized by both iodin and potassium permanganate, but give no precipitate
with uranyl nitrate.

42556— Xo. 8—10 2

706 EXPERIMENT STATION HKCORD.

The authors on this basis propose the following; sclieme f(tr rleterniining these
acids ill the presence of each otlier : (a) Ilypopliosphates and phosphites or
hypophosphites — titration with many! nitrate is followed by the oxidation with
standard potassium permanganate solution, (b) Pliosphites and hypophos-
phites— the acids are oxidized with either standard potassium permanganate or
iodiu and the total phosphate produced by oxidizing with nitric acid is deter-
mined, (c) Hypophosphates, phosphites, and hypophosphites — the hypophos-
l)hate is estimated with uranyl nitrate and the remaining acids identified as
described in (b). (d) I'hosphates, hypophosi)hates, phosphites and hypoplios-
phites — the total jiliosphorus is estimated as phosphates after oxidizing with
nitx'ic acid. The; remaining acids are oxidized in another portion with standard
potassium permanganate solution. In still another portion of the solution the
phosphites and hypophosphites are oxidized with iodin soltition, while the fourth
liortion serves for titration with uranyl nitrate solution. In calculating the
results, if x, y, z, and t x'epresent the (piantities of the respective acids,
21+2k~n n-2k k+2m-21-n ,, 21+n-2m , , ,„ -or.

^=^a ' ^'^ a^T' ^^ a; ' 2a4 ' '"^ ai^l/HgPO^,

ao=l/H,,P03, ag^l/HaPOg, a4=l/H3P02, m=2g,/Mg2P207 (gi=weight of magnesium
pyrophosphate obtained), n=5g2/KMn04 (g2=weight of permanganate required),
k=g3/2I (g3=weight of iodin required), and l=qS/P205(S= cubic centimeters of uranyl
nitrate solution used; 1 cc. =q gm. of phosphoric oxid).

In making the potassium permanganate oxidation, an approximately deci-
normal solution of the salt is slightly acidified with sulphuric acid, a few cubic
centimeters of decinormal potassium permanganate added, and the mixture
heated to S0° or 90° C. If a red color remains this is to be removed by titrat-
ing with acid solution, then adding potassium permanganate, repeating the
titration with oxalic acid, adding the potassium permanganate in decreasing
amounts until the oxidation is complete. In oxidizing the iodin a 10 per cent
solution of hydrochloric acid and a known volume of twentieth-normal iodin
solution is taken for a measured amount of the original liquid, and the mixture
heated for from 2 to 3 hours on the water bath in a closed flask. After allowing
it to stand for several hours, the excess of iodin is finally titrated with thiosul-
phate in the presence of sodium ])icarbonate.

Analysis of double superphosphates, O. Foester (Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909),
No. 75, pp. 685, 686; abs. in Ztsclir. Analyt. Chcm., ',9 {1910), No. 1, pp. 61,
62). — It has been shown that the method of preparing the double superphos-
phate solution has some influence on the results for water soluble phosphoric
acid. The experiment stations at Berlin and Breslau recommend the following
procedure :

Twenty gm. of the well-mixed but not powdered double superphosphate is
placed in a mortar, rubbed up with the least possible amount of water, and the
aqueous portion poured into a liter flask. This operation is repeated several
times, w'hen the residue is also placed in the flask which is finally filled to the
mark with w^ater. The solution is allowed to stand for 24 hours (shaking oc-
casionally in the interval). After filtering the solution 25 cc. of the filtrate is
taken and to it are added 10 cc. of fuming nitric acid, boiled for 10 minutes,
neutralized exactly with ammonia (using an indicator), and after cooling,
precipitated with 50 cc. of Maercker's ammonium citrate solution and 25 cc. of
magnesium mixture. The mixture is stirred 30 minutes in the stirring
apparatus.

For determining the moisture in double superphosphates 5 gm. of the sub-
stance is dried for 6 hours at 100° C.

The reduction of nitric nitrogen to ammonia and a new method for doter-
mining' nitrates, M. E. Pozzi-Escot (Ann. CJiim. Anahjt., IJf (1909), No. 12,

AGRICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY^ AGEOTECHNY. 707

pp. 445, -'f46). — The method is as follows: Place the substance in a distilling
flask which has a thistle tube attached, and add from 5 to 6 gm. of fine alumi-
num filings, 2 cc. of a saturated solution of mercuric chlorid, and from 150 to
200 cc. of water. Shake the mixture and connect the flask with the distilling
apparatus. A preliminary reaction takes place in whicli an abundance of
hydrogen is liberated. After the reaction is almost over add a few drops of
])otassium hydroxid through the thistle tube, distill, and collect the distillate
in a titrated acid solution.

The effect of chlorids on the estimation of nitrates in water, A, Sabatini
{Ann. Chim. Anahjt., IJ, {1909), No. 10, pp. 366, 367; 06s. in Jour. Chem. Sac.
[London], 96 {1909), No. 565, 11, p. 935).— The author is satisfied that Perrier
and Farcy's views on Grandval and Lajoux's method (E. S. R., 21, p. S) are
correct, and suggests the following jirocedure : Twenty gm. of silver oxid is
added to from 50 to 60 cc. of water, allowed to stand for 2 hours (shaking
several times in the .interval), and the liquid filtered free from chlorid. The
filtrate is then examined colorimetrically for nitrates.

A new nitrite method, A. Sanin {Zliur. Russ. Fiz. Khim. Obshch., Chast
Khun., .',1 {1909), No. 6, pt. 1, pp. 791-795; abs. in Chcm. Zentbl., 1909, II. No.
20, p. 1773; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 565, II, p. 935).— The
author criticises the existing methods and proposes a method which is based on
the following reaction: XaNO..+NH30.HCl=NaCl+N20+2H,0. In this method
the solution of hydroxylamiu-hydrochlorid is titrated for acid before and after
conversion by sodium hydrate. The difference between the two figures repre-
sents the amount of hydrochloric acid which was used for converting the nitrite.
The indicator eni]iloyed is phenolphthalein.

Detection, of sodium sulphite in the presence of sodium sulphate and
sodium thiosulphate, F. E. Weston {Chem. News, 100 {1909), No. 2602, p.
176; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 565, II, p. 93Jt).— To
5 cc. of a 5 per cent solution decinormal iodin solution is added. If this solu-
tion is decolorized sulphite or thiosulphate, or both are present. The addition
of iodin is continued until a faint coloration sets in, when the liquid is exam-
ined as to acidity. If acid, sulphite is probably present.

To another 5 cc. of the original solution is added one-half the amount of
iodin required in the first test, when sulphur dioxid may be recognized by its
odor and also by its reduction of potassium bichromate. If sulphur dioxid is
evolved, sulphite is present. If no reduction of potassium bichromate takes
place and there is an absence of a green color, thiosulphate is indicated. The
sodium suli)hate can be detected with barium chlorid in the usual manner.

Determining' the barium sulphate in presence of bodies that interfere,
M. J. Van't Kruijs {Chem. WeekbL, 6 {1909), No. 39, pp. 7.3.5-7.5S; abs. in Jour.
Chem. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 565, II, p. 939).— The method has refer-
ence to the fact that where much calcium is present the resulting barium sul-
phate precipitate, although free from potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and
cobalt, will also contain an appreciable amount of calcium sulphate. By its use
the precipitated calcium is easily removed and perfectly ptire barium stilphate
is left.

Detection of hydrogen fluorid in the presence of fluorid salts, W. Cron-
HEiM (Biochem. Ztsehr., 23 {1909), No. 1-2, pp. I'/S-l'io). — The author proposes
a method which is based on the fact that hydrofiuoric acid is soltible in ether
and alcohol, while the flouorid salts are not.

The determination of benzoic and cinnamic acids in a mixture of the two
acids, A. W. K. De Jong {Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas et Belg., 28 {1909), No.
5-6, pp. S-i2-348).—A study of methods.

708 EXPERIMENT STATION TtECOTtD.

The methods of lecithin determination, J. Nkkking {Binchrm. 7Asc,hr., 2S
{t90D). Xo. J-.'/, PI). 262-269). — The autlior finds that adding a solution of
niagnesiiini clilorid to lecithin in ether brings ahoul a quantitative separation
when tlie lecithins are precipitated by acetone.

About the use of hydrogen peroxid in oxydase tests, T. Kikkoji and C.
Neijbkrg {Riorhrm. Zi.schr., 20 {J90!)), No. 6, pp. 523-G25 ; abs. in Chcm. ZcntbL,
1909, II, Xo. 19, p. unO). — Hydrogen peroxid and ferrous sulphate are often
used for testing for oxydases. It was noticed that the peroxid in i)resence of
iron salts at times reacts with certain aromatic compounds and forms a dark
coloration or i)reci])itate. This ])reci])itate is not like melanin.

The influence of neutral salts on indicators, L. Michapxis and P. Uona
(Biochcm. Ztsrhr.. 2.i (1910), So. 1-2. pp. 61-67). — The authors in a previous
article have shown that the color shades of some indicators depend not only
upon the 11 ion concentration but also upon the neutral salts contained in the
solution. The present work deals with the extent to which this latter factor
influences the determination of the PI ions in practice.

An evolution method for the determination of sulphur in sulphids and
sulphates, F. C. Mathers (Proc. IiuJ. Acad. Sci. 190S, pp. l.l!), J 60). — This is
a method for the determination of sulphur in suli)hids and sulphates and in
the presence of metals which interfere with the precipitation of barium sul-
phate. It consists of reducing the salt (potassium sulphate, etc.) with mag-
nesium turnings in a crucible and heating. The rest of the procedure coincides
with the ordinary volumetric evolution method for sulphur in iron and steel.

[Shellfish examination], J. Johnstone (Jour. Hpff. [Camhridge], 9 {1909),
No. Ji, pp. J/Li-'i'iO. pi. /). — A consideration of the routine methods for the
bacteriological examination of shellfish. The following factors enter into the
examination : Sampling, isolation of intestinal bacteria, precision of the counts,
characters of the organisms isolated, cultural reactions of the coli group and
the variability of these reactions, standards of permissible impurity, and cleans-
ing of polluted shellfish. Some bacterial data are presented to illustrate some
of the above.

Methods for testing shellfish for pollution, S. DeM. Gage {Jour. Infect.
Diseases, 7 {1910), No. 1, pp. 7H-86). — Exi)erimental methods are described and
the interpretation of results discussed.

The detection of paraffin wax in lard, B. H. Gerrans (Brit. Food Jour.,
12 (1910), No. 133, p. //). — Place 3 cc. of the melted lard or lard composition
in a test tube, add 10 cc. of alcohol-chloroform mixture, heat in a water bath
until a homogeneous fluid is obtained, and then cool the mixture by immersing
it in cold water. If paraffin is i)reseu| to the extent of 1 per cent turl)idity
will set in in .5 minutes' time, and if there are large amounts a crystallization
results.

About the examination and judgment of flour, C. Arragon {Chem.. Ztg.,
S-'i (1910), Nos. 2. pp. 9, 10; 3, pp. 17, 18; J,, pp. 25, 2(7).— This is a description
and discussion of methods, with numerous analyses of Swiss and German
flours.

The importance is pointed out of dividing flours into 3 general classes, namely,
white, half white, and crude. This classifying can be done on the basis of
the macroscopic findings with the Pekarisation test. A flour should possess
good adhesive properties when pressed between the fingers; it must do this
without balling. With white flours the ash content varied between 0.35 and
0.4 per cent, and a greater limit was obtained in some flours which were pro-
duced in mills which employ flat stones for the grinding. Half white flours
had an ash content of from 0.42 to 0.5 per cent, with an average of 0.46 per
cent, while crude flours varied between 0.6 and 0,9 per cent. Those with a

AGRTCULTUTIAL CHEMISTEY AGEOTECHNY. 709

hiRber ash content than the above should be classed with the animal feeds, but
may be employed in certain instances for bread si)ecialties. such as "nutrition
breads."

Researches on some rapid tests for the control of flours, S. Bakakdjieff
(Rcvhvrclics: siir Qiichjiics I'rocrdcs Rapides pour Ic Controle des Farines.
Thesis, Univ. Lausanne, 190H; rev. in Centbl. Bakt. [e?c.], 2. AM., 2.'i {1909), No.
16-11, p. .'/~.5). — The author prefers the use of the hydrogen pei-oxid decomposi-
tion test to detect flours destroyed by hyphomycetes. The use of the guaiac
test alone or in conjunction with oil of turpentine serves to a certain degree
for the detection of different varieties of flours. For detecting sawdust para-
phenylendiamin is recommended. Talcum is detected by the chloroform test.

Hydrocyanic acid in cassava flour, L. Vuaflart {Bui. Assoe, Chini. ^ucr. et
Distill. , 27 ilHO!)), Xo. 3, pp. 225-228; abs. in Jour. Chem. /S'oc. [London], 96
{1909), \(>. -li!.',, If. I). 925). — A sample of cassava flour, which was sold as a
feed for animals, was found to contain 0.0041 per cent of hydrocyanic acid.

A reaction for champignons, M. Lowy {Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 143,
p. 1251). — Concentrated sulphuric acid (66 B.) yields with a watery extract of
champignons a deep violet coloration. The varieties of mushrooms which are
commonly mistaken for these give a yellow coloration.

Suggested modification of the Winton lead number, especially as applied
to mixtures of maple and cane sugar sirups, S. H. Ross (f^. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Chem. (.'ire. 53, pp. 9). — The results obtained with the original Winton
method (E. S. R., 18, p. 420) when used with a mixture of cane and maple
sugar are not jiroportional to the actual amount of maple sugar i)resent. The
author proposes to modify the method by adding a soluticm of potassium sul-
phate to the te§t solution, in order to overcome the solvent and dis1ui-l)ing action
of the sugar.

Concerning. coffee, ('. Hartwich {Ztschr. Vntersuch. Nahr. u. (JenussmtL, 18
{1909), No. 12, pp. 121-133, figs. 27).— Histological and other data are re-
ported and discussed with reference to the identification of coflee of different
sorts. A section is also devoted to coffee beetles.

The analysis and composition of coffee, chicory, and coffee and chicory
essence, R. R. Tatlock and R. T. Thomson {Chem. Trade Jour., 1/5 {1909),
No. 1115, p. 500; abs. in Brit. Food Jour., 11 {1909), No. 132, pp. 225, 226).—
Analytical methods are discussed in this paper, which was presented at a meet-
ing of the Scottish section of the Society of Chemical Industry, November, 1909.

The aphrometer as a means of studying the aging of wine, R. Binaghi

{Ann. Falsif., 3 (1910). No. 15, pp. 36-38, figs. 2). — An illustrated description is

given of this instrument, which is designed to facilitate the examination of

wine.

Spoilage of mustard, A. Kossowicz {Ztschr. Landw. Versachsiv. Osterr., 12

{1909), No. 5, p. J,6J,; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 2', {1909). No. 16-11,
p. Ji62). — An acetifying organism was found to produce a spoilage of a mustard
mixture. The organism was later isolated from the vinegar employed in
making the mustard, and when inoculated into sterile mustards produced a de-
composition of the same kind in a few days.

The use of fluorids for conserving tomatoes, E. Carlinfanti and R. Tuffi
{Arch. Furmacol. Sper. c Set. Aff., 8 {1909), pp. 311-384; abs. in Chem. ZentbJ.,
1909, II, No. 20, pp. 1165, 1166). — The authors describe the manufacture of the
various tomato sauces and the analyses of the salt and sodium fluorid which
are used in preserving them. A method for detecting the fluorid is given, which
consists of converting the sodium fliiorid into calcium fluorid, decomposing this
in the dry state with sulphuric acid, and allowing the resulting vapors to act

710 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

on sl.'iss. The met hod is sensitive to 0.05 per cent sodium fluorid. The Amberg
and Loevenhart biochemical method did not yield good results.

Is formic acid a constituent of raspberries? A, Roiirig (Ztschr. Untersuch.
Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 19 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-8, fig. 1). — The occurrence of'
formic acid in raspberries was demonstrated, but the amount was so extremely
low that accordins: to the author it could not be confused with added formic
acid in fruit juices, marmalades, and other such goods.

The determination of casein in milk by Matthaiopoulos method, A. Burr
and F. M. Beuijkkicii {MoJk. 7A(j. \U\li\vxhvim\, 2S {1909), No. 52, pp. UfoS,
l-'/o-'i). — Comparative tests between the Natthaipoulos and Schlossmann methods
showed in 15 cases variations between 0.1 and 0.67 per cent. The authors
state that in certain colostrum niillvs the titration method is inapplicable.
Attention is drawn to the fact that marked variations may result if too much
acid is employed in precipitating the casein.

[The Matthaiopoulos method for casein], W. C. de Graaff {Phann. Weekhl.,
Ifl [1910), No. 2, PI). 3'i, 35). — The test yields reliable results and is not so
cumbersome as the classical Hoppe-Seyler method.

The detection of heated milk, W. C. de Graaff {rUarm. Wcckbl, 47 {1910),
No. 2, pp. 35, 36). — The author employs a 20 per cent solution of pyrocatechin
In alcohol. This reagent is very stable and gives more constant results than
Storch's reagent.

Apparatus for catalase determination, T. Henkel {Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 20
(1910), Nos. 2, pp. 13, l-'t; 3, pp. 25-27. figs. //).— Owing to the fact that
Koestler's apparatus for catalase determination is somewhat complicated, and
for this reason can not be employed by the average dairyman, the author con-
structed an apparatus which consists essentially of two test tubes, one of which
is graduated at its lower end (eudiometer tube) into cul)ic centimeters, and the
other which serves as the evolution bottle, the two being connected by means
of a sigmoid-shaped glass tube. The evolved oxygen passes from one tube to
the other, where it is measured. The gas is collected over water.

On the influence of feeding coconut cake on the composition of milk fat,
C. ScHOENEMANN {Bcr. Physiol. Lab. u. Vers. Anst. Lamlir. 7/hs^ Halle, 1909,
No. 19, pp. 1-42, oliarts 4). — When coconut cake in amounts varying from 2.5
to 4.5 kg. daily per 1,000 lbs. live weight was added to the rations of 2 milch
cows, an analysis of the butter showed that the Polenske number varied pro-
portionally with the amount of cake fed. From this the author concludes that
the Polenske number is not an absolutely accurate method of detecting butter
that has been adultei-ated with coconut oil. A rise in the Polenske number may
occur either by feeding the cake to the cows or by adding oil to the butter, thus
making it impossible to say whether the coconut fat has been added to the
butter itself or whether it had been fed to the animal as coconut cake.

A new method of oil analysis by noting the miscibility curve, E. Louise
{Ann. Falsif., 3 {1910), No. 15, pp. S-13, figs. 3). — Directions are given for oper-
ating the method and the apparatus therefor, previously noted (E. S. R., 19,
p. 705), and the application of this constant for detecting adulterations, etc.,
in oils used as foods is explained.

Some ready mixed paints, E. F. Ladd and G. A. Abbott {North Dakota Sta.
Bui. 86, pp. 80-124). — This is a report of analyses of various paints and white
leads. There are listed 29 paints which contained more than 15 per cent of
inert material, i. e., other constituents than white lead, lead sulphate, zinc
oxid, color, undetermined matter, or an excess of benzin and water. Of the
paints examined, 16 contained over 5 per cent of water in the vehicle.

Successful jam making and fruit bottling, Lucy H. Yates {London, 1909,
pp. Xn-\-r22, pi. 1, figs. 5). — Detailed directions are given for making jams

METEOROLOGY^— WATER. VI 1

and preserves of A'arioiis sorts, the apparatus used is described, and many
recipes are included. Chapters are devoted to storing and paclviug and to the
uiarljeting of stoclc. The volume as a whole is prepared from the standpoint
of fruit preserving as a home industry.

"Wine from the vine to consumption, F. Goldschmidt {Dcr Wein von dcr
Rcbe Ms sum Konsiini. Muyvncv, 1909, 5. ed., rev. and enJ., pi). XII+737, t)ls.
7, figs. '197). — A practical book on the art of wine making. It also includes
chapters on the diseases of wine, chemical examination of wine, and a descrip-
tion of the wines of various countries.

Vinification, M. Blunno (Dept. Agr. .V. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 19, pp. 21,
figs. 7). — A descriptive circular on the practical preparation of wine, particu-
larly in hot countries.

METEOROLOGY— WATER.

General weather review, 1907-8, W. M. Esten {Connecticut Starrs Sta.
Rpt. 1908-9, pp. Jf5.'f-'f77, charts J/). — A record is given of observations on tem-
perature and precipitation during each month of 1907 and 190.8 at Storrs, the
rainfall during the G months ended October 31, 1907, and for the same period in
1908, at 16 places in Connecticut, a summary of rainfall for this period for 2(>
places in Connecticut during the 19 years, 1889 to 1907, and the monthly mean
temperature, monthly precipitation, and dates of the last and first killing frost
for the 20 years, 1888 to 1907, at Storrs. The mean temperature at Storrs
during the 20 years has been 40.4° F., the highest 9(>°, and the lowest —13.3°.
The mean annual rainfall has been 46 in., the longest growing season 173 days,
and the shortest 114, the average date of the last killing frost in the spring.
May 7, and of the first killing frost in the autumn October 2.

Meteorological record, C. Willis (South Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 22-33). —
Tabular records of daily observations at Brookings on temperature, precipita-
tion, prevailing wind and cloudiness, are given for each month of the year
ended June 30. 1909.

Swedish meteorological observations, 1908, H. E. Hambeug (Met. lakttag,
Sverige [Ohserr. Met. Sued.], K. Svcnska Vetensk. Akad., 50 (1908), pp. X+157;
Bihang 1, pp. 39, pis 13). — These are the usual meteorological summaries of
observations made under the direction of the Central Meteorological Institute of
Sweden.

Drainage, J. W. Leather and H. E. Annett (Rpt. Agr. Research Inst, and
Col. Pusa [India], 1907-1909, pp. .1,0, ^i).— Data obtained with drain gages at
the Agricultural Research Institute and College at Pusa are briefly reviewed.
These show that with a rainfall of 40.3 in. during the year ended September 30,
1907, there was an evaporation of 28.8 in., as compared with an average evapo-
ration of 17 in. per year at the Cawnpore Experimental Farm. The drainage
water removed 20 lbs. per acre of nitrate from bare fallow soil and only 0.04
lb. from soil covered with grass.

The circulation of water in alluvial soils and the methods of studying it,
F. DiENERT (Tech. Sanit., 1, (1909), pp. 9-20; abs. in Wesser u. Abwasser, 2
(1909), No. 2, pp. 87-91, figs. 2). — The various conditions of occurrence of ground
water in alluvial soils are stated, and methods of collecting samples and study-
ing the chemical and bacteriological conditions and the movement of the water
are discussed. The application of the Slichter method (E. S. R., 14, p. 640)
in studying the flow of the water is described.

Fertilizing fish ponds (Mark Lane Express, 103 (1910), No. Jf090, p. 171). —
The practice followed to a considerable extent in Germany of applying fertil-
izers to fish ponds in order to increase the growth of the natural food of the fish

712 EXPERIMKNT STATION HKCORD.

is brioHy doscribed. and oxperinients are roported which hidicate "that it is
hotter to suiii)ly nourishinont for the crop of fish iiuliroctly by increasing the
veijetation in tlie ponds by means of fertilizers Hum to supply food direct by
,i,n-ains and other substances."

A new sug-gestion for the preparation of potable water, A. H. Hayes (Jour.
Roil. A nil a Mcil. Voijis, IJ, (J!) JO), Xo. J, pj). 7,7-77, fiys. 2).^A simitle portable
apparatus for the clarification of muddy water by means of a gelatinous ])re-
cipitate of iilnniinuni liydroxid is described, and tests of its efficiency are re-
ported.

Water and sewage, E. IIaselhoff ( Wasser iind Abwdsser. Leijmc, 1900, pp.
I.'/O: nr. ill Wds.sir it. Abicusser, 2 (IHIO), No. 7, p. 290). — This is a concise
treatise, suited especially for nontechnical readers, on the source, composition,
selection, and examination of water for household and industrial purposes, and
on the source, composition, harmfulness, and disposal of sewage and waste
waters. Methods of examination are briefly explained and a short bibliography
is given.

The purification of waste water of dairies, A. Chassevant (Indus. Lait,
[Paris]. ,i5 [1010), Ao. C>, pp. 8/-.<^3).— This is a paper read before the fourth
National Congress of the Dairy Industry at Paris in P^ebruary, 1910, and deals
with chemical and biological processes and irrigation as means of disposing of
the waste waters of dairies. Attention is called to the great importance of
purifj'ing such wastes before they are discharged into streams or allowed to
percolate into the subsoil, and reference is made to the French laws and regula-
tions requiring such iinrification. The author is of the opinion that broad irri-
gation is the best, least expensive, and most profitable method of purification,
althougli under certain special conditions the use of a combined chemical and
biological process may be preferable.

Sewage into sugar, J. Ashton (Surveyor, 31 (1910), No. Ol/S, pp. 211, 212;
alls, ill Eiujiii. Neirs, 63 (1010), No. 10, pp. 207, 298). — A system of sewage irri-
gation adapted to the production of sugar beets is described.

SOILS— FERTILIZEES.

Clay, P. RoHLAND (Die Tone. Vienna and Lcipsic, 1909, pp. 127). — This booli
is based up(jn investigations begun by the author in 1902 to determine the cause
of plasticity in clay.

These investigations have shown that in clay treated with water colloid sub-
stances are formed which give the clay its plastic properties. This discovery
explains many phenomena associated with the semipermeability and absorptive
power of clay which are of great importance from the standpoint of agricultural
chemistry and plant physiology, as well as in connection with the purification
of water and the manufacture of clay wares.

The matter collected in this book has already been published to a large ex-
tent in jieriodical literature. The four chapters into which the booli is divided
deal with kaolinization, the physical-chemical properties of clay, the newly
discovered proi)erties of clay, and their applications to processes in cultivated
soil. \

Commercial peat: Its uses and possibilities, F. T. Gissing (London and
Philadelphia, 1010, pp. X + 101, plx. 16, figs. .'i3). — This book discusses various
industrial uses of peat, including among other things the manufacture of
alcohol, ammonia, and nitrates, and the utilization of peat for sewage purposes,
the reclamation of peat lands, machinery used in handling and preparing peat
for various purposes, and peat deposits in different countries.

A bibliography of the subject is also given.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 713

Investigations on weathering in the Tropics, E. C. J. Mohr (Bui. D6pt.
Agr. liuUs Xccrhind., lUOD, \o. ii2, piJ. 26, /rVy-s-. 2). — Investigations on the effect
of rain water on freshly ground tertiary basalt under moist warm climatic
conditions are reported.

The rock was used in 3 sizes, J to i, 1 to 1^, and 3 to 4 mm. particles. It
was subjected to the action of rain water from July, 1906 to December, 1908,
in an apparatus so arranged that in one series the level of the water was above
that of the rock particles, and in the other the particles were kept moist by
rise of water from below. The principal fact noted in the first series was
that the silicic acid corresponding to the decomposed augit and lime feldspar
was washed out with the soluble bases while the silicic acid corresponding to
the alkali feldsiiar remained behind as kaolin. In the second series, only the
silicic acid corresponding to decomposed augit was removed and the silicic acid
corresponding to lin)e feldspar remained behind.

Experiments on the plant food requirements of forest soils and tests of
samples of porphyrite soils, II. Vatee {Tharand. Forstl. Jahrb., 59 {1909),
No. 2, pp. 177-212). — The methods used in studying the composition and fertilizer
requirements of the soils are described. The general result obtained in the
fertilizer experiments was that on the i)orphyritic soils poor in silica the turning
under of a dead cover 5 cm. (1.97 in.) deep gave only 7 per cent of the in-
creased growth of trees obtained with complete manuring, rhosjihoric acid
was apparently the fertilizing constituent most needed in the soils e.\i«rimented
with.

Mechanical and chemical analyses of soils, C. A. Weber (Arb. Dciit. Landw.
GeseU.. 1909, No. Hi'), pp. I.n-l'i2). — Analyses of a number of marsh soils are
reported.

Chemical composition and fertilizing of the soils of the Taurida Govern-
ment, X. DuBROvsKii {Zap. SUnfer. Otd. Imp. Ross. Obshch. Sadov., 1908, July,'
abs. in Zltnr. Opuitn. Agron. (liiiss. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 {1909), No. .), pp.
566-568). — These soils are poor in i»hosi)horic acid but sutficiently i)rovided witli
nitrogen and potash. They are therefore greatly benefited by phosphatic fer-
tilizei's, which cause a considerable increase of the yields of wheat and rye.

Analytical study of some soils of southern Italian Somaliland, G. Man-
GANO {Agr. Colon. [Ualij], S {1909). No. 6, pp. 398-Jtl3, fig. /) .—Physical and
chemical analyses of 40 samples of soils are given, together with detailed
observations on the vegetation and physical characteristics of the locality from
which each sample was taken. There is also a table showing the status (de-
ficiency, sutticiency, or abundance) of each sample of soil in regard to niti'ogen,
phosphoric acid, potash, and lime.

The general conclusion is that most of the soils show a good degree of fertility
and that when a sufficient system of irrigation is installed it will be possible to
cultivate many of the important economic i)lants of the tropics.

Nature of the soil and subsoil and the underground waters of the Nile
Valley, C. Beauge (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 19 {1910), No. 3, pp. 89-91; Rev.
(rC'iK Agron., n. ser., 5 {1910), No. 1, pp. 4-7). — It is shown that while the soils
of the Nile Valley are variable in character, the predominating type in the
cultivated area is a silt clay.

The average of a large number of analyses of samples of this soil shows a
composition of silica 45 per cent, clay 53 per cent, magnesia 0.2 to 1.6 per cent,
lime 1.3 to 4.9 per cent, nitrogen 0.03 to 0.1 per cent, and phosphoric acid 0.03 to
0.3 per cent. There are certain heavy soils which contain as high as 84 per
cent of clay and some very light soils containing as high as 68 per cent of sand.
The percentage of chlorin notably increases as the Mediterranean Sea is ap-

714 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

I)roiiched, there being as mucli as 4 per cent of this constituent in the soil of
the lower parts of the Delta.

In general it may be said that the soils of Egypt contain much silica, alumina,
and oxid of iron, less lime, small quantities of phosphoric acid, and a small
content of organic matter, never exceeding 4 to 9 per cent.

Studies of the subterranean waters of the Nile Valley show that these are
controlled to a large extent by the flood stage of the Nile and to a less extent
by the number and location of the irrigation canals. The underground waters
vary widely in chemical composition, and observations of experimental wells
show that the Vvater infiltrating into the subsoil is much richer in soluble con-
stituents than the Nile water, there being considerable increases, ])articularly
in carbonates, calcium and magnesium sulphates, and sodium ehloi-id.

The specific heat of certain soils, principally Russian, A. N. Sabanin
(Pochvovyedyenie [Pedologies, 10 (1908), A'o. ^, pp. 287-291). — From examina-
tions of 21 soils representing a variety of types the following conclusions were
drawn : There were very sharp fluctuations in the thermic capacity of the dif-
ferent soils and the calculated and observed capacities did not coincide in a
majority of cases. This thermic capacity was determined chiefly by the relative
proi)ortions of sand, clay, and humus in soils dried at 105° C, and also by the
proportion of water in air dried soils. The thermic capacity diminished from
the surface layer downward.

Factors which determine fertility in soils, E. J. Russell {Sci. Prog. Twen-
tieth Cent., .'/ {1910), Xo. 15, pp. 353-365, pi. 1, figs. 3).— This article is based
upon the author's studies of the chemical and biological changes which take
place in the organic matter of soils under varying conditions (E. S. R., 22, p.
121). In these investigations a qhange was induced in the micro-organic flora
of the soil, usually by partial sterilization with toluene or by heat, and the
.altex-ation in the flora and the change in the course of the soil decomposition
were observed and as far as possible correlated.

A short bibliography of the subject is given.

Do soils wear out? {Amer. Agr., 85 (1910), No. 9, pp. 296-298, 306, 307, figs.
2). — This is a collection of short articles on What the Past Teaches, by M.
Whitney; Soils are Sick, by H. Hayward; Humus and Lime will Help, by T. Ij.
Lyon; Soils May Be Improved, by M. F. Miller; Soils Improve or Go Back, by
T. F. Hunt; Soils Respond to Good Tre.'itment, by B. W. Kilgore; and Farming
Methods at Fault, by A. M. Soule.

In a general way these articles answer the question of the title in the nega-
tive. They show, however, how soils decline in i)roductiveness under bad treat-
ment, and as a rule improve imder good treatment. A realization of this in
the United States is leading to the replacement of the old exhaustive methods
of culture by better systems of cropping, manuring, and tillage, resulting in
increasing yields.

Soil improvement experiments on lig'ht moor and sandy soils, Schulze-
DiEKHOFF (Dent. Landw. Presse, 37 {1910), Ao. S, pp. 87/, 85, figs. 2).— The
marked improvement of such soils by the use of Thomas slag and kainit is
reported.

Potash and the mobilization of organic nitrogen in humus soils, P. Re-
nault {Engrais, 25 {1910), No. 5, pp. 132-135). — This article states that
acidity is not always the cause of the low nitrifying power of peat soils. Ex-
periments by Dumont are referred to as showing that slow nitrification is fre-
quently due not to lack of lime but to the form of the organic matter, and that
slow ammonification and subsequent nitrification is always accompanied by a
low percentage of potash. Dumont's experiments showed that carbonate of
potash directly favors nitrification and that the application of sulphate and

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 715

chloric! of potash indirectly favors it, these salts being ultimately transformed
into carbonate in the soil.

Nitrification in soils, K. F. Kellebman, E. R. Allen, and I. G. McBeth
(Abs. in tScknce, n. so:, 31 {1910), No. 190, p. 280). — A brief abstract is given
of a paper read before the Chemical Society of Washington, in which is set
forth the modern view of the soil as a live matrix supporting various definite
groups of micro-organisms and suggesting the possibility that bacteriological
diagnoses may determine the crop-producing power of different soils and the
causes thereof. It is pointed out that the action of nitrifying bacteria in soil
samples correlates fairly well with the productiveness of the soil under
field conditions.

Tests of commercial cultures for soil inoculation, J. G. Lipman (New Jer-
sey Stas. Bui. 227, pp. 3-23, pJs. 2, figs. 3). — The results of the tests reported in
this bulletin are summarized as follows :

" The pot experiments with Farmogerm and Nitragin demonstrated that
these cultures contain large numbers of vigorous bacteria.

"Alfalfa soil and Farmogerm cultures for alfalfa were not cai)able of serving
any useful purpose on land deficient in lime.

" On properly limed soils cultures of Farmogerm for alfalfa, cowi)eas, and
red clover gave satisfactory returns.

"A culture of Farmogerm for soy beans failed to cause inoculation.

"A comparative test of Farmogerm and Nitragin cultures for Lima beans
and cowpeas showed the sui)eri<)rity of the former for cowpeas and the
superiority of the latter for I^ima beans.

" No cross inoculation occurred between Canada field i)eas and cowpeas,
and between lupines and soy beans.

"Cooperative tests of Nitragin cultures for cowpeas on different soils and in
different parts of the State gave positive results in three out of four cases.

" The experiments recorded here show that on soils properly drained and
properly supplied with moisture, lime, phosphates, and potash, the commercial
cultures, Farmogerm and Nitragin, are capable of increasing the yields of such
leguminous crops as had not been previously grown on the land."

Nitrogen, the plant, and the farmer, J. M. Hector (Scot. Farmer, 18 (1910),
Nos. 891, p. SO; 802, pp. 103, 106; 893, p. 129; 89',, p. loO).— This is a review of
investigations on the fixation of free nitrogen by plants.

Bacterial activity as a corrosive influence in the soil, R. H. Gaines {Abs.
in Science, n. ser., 31 {1910). No. 190, p. 269). — This is an abstract of a paper
read at the Boston meeting of the American Chemical Society, in which the
corrosion of iron and steel structures embeddetl in the soil is ascribed to acid
constituents of the soil resulting from bacterial activity. The remedies pro-
posed are free drainage or the use of slaked lime to neutralize the acids.

The role of fertilizers, L. Chaptal {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre). 31
{1910), No. 8, pp. 232-236). — This is a brief discussion of the theories of soil
fertility and the functions of fertilizers advanced by the Bureau of Soils of this
Department.

Fertilizers and fertility, J. F. Cowell {Proc. 8oc. Amer. Florists. 2^ {1908),
pp. 51-51). — The recent advances in scientific knowledge on this subject are
briefly reviewed with especial reference to their bearing upon horticultural
production.

Formulae for preparing- fertilizers, F. B. Guthrie {Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales,
Farmers' Bnl. 11, pp. 29, fig. 1). — The fertilizer mixtures given in this bulletin
are suggested as fulfilling the requirements of different crops on average soil
under conditions in New South Wales.

716 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD.

Fertilizer and acid plants, F. E. MacKnight (Xeiv York, 1909, pp. 95, figfi.
20). — This book deals primarily with the insurance of fertilizer and acid plants,
but incidentally discusses the development of the fertilizer industry and the
character of the principal sources of fertilizing materials.

The action and value of stable manure, B. Schulze {Jahrh. Dcut. Landw.
Gcsell., 24 {1909), \o. 1, pp. 162-11.>; ubs. in ZentU. Agr. Chem., 38 (1909).
No. 11, pp. 7J,5-7J,9; Ccnihl. Baki. \<■U^.^. 2. Abt., 26 (1910), No. 8-9, pp. 27.'/,
275). — This article briefly summarizes the results of 4 years field experiments
at the Breslau Experimeut Station, in which stable manure was ussed alone
and in combination with various fertilizing materials supplying potash, phos-
phoric acid, and nitrogeu.

The experiments were planned on the assumption that stable manure has
the greatest effect during the first year and thereafter decreases more or less
in efficiency, and that the action of commercial fertilizers in connection with
the manure will be less marked during the first year and will steadily increase
thereafter. The soils used in the experiments were very variable in character
ranging from cold heavy clay to warm light sandy soils. The crop rfitation
used included potatoes, sugar beets, and cereals (oats, rye, barley, and wheat).

The smallest benefit from the manuring was obtained on heavy cold clay soil,
the highest on humus sandy soil. The most profitable return was obtained
with stable manure without mineral fertilizers, the least profit with the
addition of complete mineral fertilizer. The potash of the stable manure ap-
peared to be the constituent most readily utilized by plants. Apparently
about 24..3 per cent of the nitrogen of the manure was utilizetl, but the utiliza-
tion coetHcient varied widely, from 17.S to 40.6 per cent. The smallest
utilization was observed in the case of cold heavy loam soils, the highest in
humus sandy soils. During the first 3 years 30.2 per cent of the phosphoric
acid of the stable manure was utilized, the percentage utilized being especially
high in the case of the very light soils. The average utilization of potash was
39.6 per cent. In case of the heavier soils the action of the manure was modified
to some extent by liming, the utilization of the fertilizing constituents of the
manure being in all cases increased.

Experiments on the action of stable manure on upland moors, W. Bersch
(Zt.schi: Moorkultur u. Torfvcnccrt., 7 (1909), No. U, pp. 255-280). — ^As a result
of experiments during 1908 and 1909 on slightly decomposed upland moors in
the raw, rainy climate of the Alps, the author concludes that commercial fer-
tilizers are preferable to stable manure for improving such soils. The manure
proved beneficial to potatoes the first year only when used in large amounts, at
least 13.36 tons per acre. The after effect was small. Conmiercial fertilizers
gave the best direct and after effect.

The fertilizer recommended for application on potatoes the first year is at
least 178.5 lbs. of phosphoric acid in the form of Thomas slag, 178.5 lbs. of
IJotash as 40 per cent j)otasli salt, and 6().9 lbs. of nitrogen in the form of nitrate
of soda. If stable manure is used it is recommended that it be used at the
rate of about 8.9 tons per acre and supplemented with commercial fertilizers.

In regions of abundant rainfall the best results will as a rule be obtained by
applying easily soluble fertilizing materials in the spring. Thomas slag may
also be applied at this time with good results. Moderate applications of lime
produced beneficial effects by favoring the decomposition of the raw moor soils
and also apparently promoted the decomposition of stable manure.

Sulphate of iron as a preservative for liquid manure, A. Hasler (Dent.
Landw. Prcusc, 37 (1910), No. U. p. 6"2).— The use of about 1 lb. of sulphate of
iron to 264 gal. of liquid manure was found to be an effective means of pres-
ervation.

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 717

Artificial nitrates [Chem. Trade Jour., Jf6 {1910), .Ao. 118H, pi). 219, 220).—
Factories installed and processes used in France and Germany in tlie manu-
facture of nitrates and nitric acid by the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen are
briefly described.

The Woltereck ammonia process against the Frank-Caro gas process, O. K.
ZwiNGENBEROKK (Jour. Amcr. Peat 8oc., 2 (1910), No. .), pi). IJfl-l.'i'f). — The
\Voltereck and the Frank and Care processes for the manufacture of ammonia
and fiiis from i)eat by wet comliustion are compared.

The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen (.SVx Amcr. Sup., (j9 {1910), No.
17S'i, p. J()2, //.'/. 1). — The SclKinherr process is (lescrilie<l.

The occurrence of ammonia in deep waters containing iron and manganese,
H. Noll {Ztschr. Angeiv. Chem., 23 (WIG), No. 3, pp. 107, 108).— The author
reports experiments wliich do not confirm Klut's conclusion that the chemical-
l)iiysi(al processes bj- which ammonia is formed in the lower strata of the earth
can be reproduced in the laboratory under ordinary ])ressure conditions.

Tests with four nitrogenous manures {Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland
Jour., 10 {1910), No. 2, pp. 3r,2-J.'>J, ; Mark Lane E.rprc^.s, 103 {1910), No. J,091,
pp. 201, 203). — Results of comparative tests of nitx'ate of soda, sulphate of
anmionia, calcium cyanamid. and calcium nitrate on oats, potatoes, turnips, and
mangolds are reported. The results indicate " that the two new nitrogenous
manures are not inferior to the two manures which are already in general use.
On the whole, there is not a great difference in yield with any of the crops.
Calcium cyanamid gave the most satisfactory return with oats and potatoes,
and nitrate <if lime with o;its and mangolds."

The action of lime nitrogen, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia,
J. J. Vanha kt al. (Ztschr. Lnndw. Vcrfnichsw. Ostcrr., 12 {1909), No. 12, pp.
7R5-83S). — The manufacture and properties of calcium cyanamid as well as
the changes which it undergoes in storage and in soil are briefly described,
and field and pot experiments with sugar beets and pot experiments with wheat
and barley, comparing the fertilizing effect of the cyanamid with that of nitrate
of soda and suli)hate of ammonia are reported. Particular attention was given
in these experiments to the influence of varying mechanical composition of the
soils on the action of the cyanamid.

In field experiments with beets on clay soil the cyanamid showed .')8 per cent
of the efficiency of nitrate of soda, while the relative efficiency of sulphate of
ammonia was 66 per cent. In general it was found that while cyanamid was
an efficient fertilizer on all kinds of soils requiring nitrogenous fertilizers. It
gave the best results on poor sandy soils and the poorest results on the better
quality of very heavy clay soils.

Calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate, P. Wagner {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell.,
I-'t ( 1910). No. 8, pp. 107-109). — Comparative tests of calcium nitrate and
sodium nitrate on beets, potatoes, rye, oats, and barley are reported. The
results showed as a rule that equal amounts of nitrogen in the form of sodium
nitrate or calcium nitrate either gave equally good results, or, when there was .
a difference, that the sodium nitrate was somewhat more effective than the
calcium nitrate on ordinary soils.

Calcium nitrate, calcium cyanamid, nitrate of soda, and kainit, E. Saillard
{Sucr. Indig. ct Colon., 75 {1910), No. 6, pp. i2(5-j?2»).— Comparative tests of
these fertilizing materials on sugar beets in different parts of France are
reported.

The results show that nitrate of soda and calcium cyanamid employed at
rates furnishing about 26.78 lbs. of nitrogen per acre gave about the same
results, and that calcium nitrate applied at the same rate was slightly superior.

718 expekimp:nt station record.

I'Dtiish salts gave improved yields in tlie gi'eater nuuibei' of the experiments.
\\'lien kainit and potassium clilorid were applied at rates furnishing the same
amount of potash the former gave slightly the better results.

Manuring' the potato crop {Mark Lane Express, 103 (1910), No. J/OSO, p.
137). — The rectmimendations of various authorities on this subject are sum-
marized, including those based upon recent exi)eriments in Scotland with lime
nitrogen.

The action of phonolite as a potash fertilizer, B. Tacke {lllus. Landw.
Ztf/.. 30 {1910), No. 3, pp. 13, l.'f). — Experiments on moor soils with potatoes,
oats, antl rye are reported, the results indicating that there is no advantage
under such conditions in substituting iihonolite for the ordinary potash salts.

The value of the new silicate of potash fertilizer, T. Remy {lllus. Landw.
Ztg.. 30 (1910), Xos. (J, pp. 39-.'i2 ; 7, pp. .'/.S-.jO). — The results of experiments
with various crops on different kinds of soil indicate that while the phonolite
meal has a certain fertilizing value it is very difficultly available and is slowly
utilized by plants.

On the occurrence of potash salts in foreign countries, II. Erdmann (Kuxen
Ztg., Ui (1910), No. 19. pp. 1-3). — Reference is made in this article to the occur-
rence of i)otash in the nitrate deposits of India and Chile, in the by-products of
salt manufacture in France and Russia, in the salt deposits of (Jalicia, and in
the alkali salts of Tibet. Mongolia, and southern California.

New potash discoveries, T. J. Albert {Daily Cons, and Trade lipts. [U. S.],
1910, No. 3717, p. 5). — Attention is called to an announcement of the discovery
of deposits of potash salts in China.

On what kinds of soil can Thomas slag be replaced by other phosphates?
B. Tacke (Hannover. Land u. Forstw. Ztg., 62 (1909), p. J/Ut; abs. in ZenfM.
Agr. Chem., 39 (1910), ]^o. 1, pp. 9-11). — Comparative tests of Thomas slag
and Algerian and Lahn phosphates on different kinds of soils are reported, the
general conclusion being that on acid humus soils containing from 0.05 to 0.1
per cent of free acid Thomas slag may be in-ofitably replaced by the insoluble
phosphates, the applications of the latter being increased about oue-fifth over
that of Thomas slag.

The possibility of finding phosphate deposits in Australia, H. I. Jensen
{Agr. Gaz. {Tasmania}, 17 (1909), No. 12, pp. 279, 280; Amer. Pert., 32 {1910),
No. 5, pp. 7-10). — To aid prospectors and encourage the search for phosphate
deposits, the sources and types of phosphates and the geological conditions
under which deposits are likely to occur are briefly described with special ref-
erence to the possible occurrence of apatite, phosphorite bone beds, and guano
in Australia.

A reconnaissance of the gypsum deposits of California, F. I^. Hess ( U. 8.
Geol. Survey Bui. Jfl3, pp. 37, pis. Ji, figs. 2). — This bulletin deals briefly with
the distribution, classification, and description of the deposits. It also con-
tains a note by G. Steiger on errors in the chemical analysis of gypsum due to
dehydration in the process of grinding.

The use of manganese and uranium as fertilizers, J. Ray and G. Pradier
(Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 18 (1909), No. 35, pp. 311, 312; abs. in Rev. Gen.
Chitn.., 13 (1910), No. 1, Repert., p. 32). — It is reported that the use of
manganese sulphate on apricots produced a more luxuriant vegetation and in-
creased the size of the fruits. The use of a very dilute solution of uranium
nitrate stimulated the growth of young cherry and pear trees, but was without
result on trees 5 to 6 years old.

Commercial value of some waste products, F. B. Guthrie (Agr. Gaz. N. S.
Wales, 20 (1909), No. 11, pp. 966-968) .—This article gives analyses and dis-

SOILS FERTILIZERS. 719

cusses the fertilizing value of tobacco stalks and ash, tanyard refuse, and burnt
sheep manure.

The more important fertilizing constituents in the tobacco ash were potash
24.0S per cent, phosphoric acid 5.o3 per cent, lime 22.44 per cent, and magnesia
11.16 per cent ; in the unburut tobacco stalks nitrogen 2.5 per cent, i)h<)sphoric
acid 1.13 per cent, potash 5.1 per cent, and lime 4.75 per cent. The ashes of
sheep manure contained phosphoric acid 0.83 per cent, potash 7.94 per cent, and
lime 6.4 per cent. The original manure from which the ashes were obtained
contained nitrogen 0.7 per cent, ixjtash 1 per cent, and phosphoric acid 0.5
per cent.

Tobacco stalks and ash, F. B. Guthrie (Amer. Fert, 32 {1910), No. J,, p.
29). — See the article noted above.

Hummock soil as fertilizer, A. Mayer (Dent. Landw. Prcs-sc, 37 {1910). No. 5,
pp. .'i9. 50)'. — The fertilizing value of the soil of mounds in certain parts of
Holland, which were formerly occupied by dwellings, or by cattle during floods,
is discussed.

The question of household g-arbag-e, E. Burelle {Attn. Soc. Agr. »SVj. et
Indus. LiioH. 1908. pp. 119-139. flys. '/) .—Methods of collection, transportation,
and utilization (including use as fertilizer) or destruction of garbage in
various European cities are discussed and a short bibliography of the subject
is given.

The whale factory, E. J. Koch {Amcr. Fert., 32 {1910). No. .',. pp. 10. 11,
fif/s. (i). — The process of converting whale meat into fertilizer at a factory In
Labradoi" Is briefly described.

Peat fertilizer filler {Jour. Amer. Peat Soc, 2 {1910), No. J,, pp. 1 50-152). —
Jt is stated in this article that " Ihe largest industry based on peat in the
United States is the manufacure of filler for artificial fertilizers.^" The methods
employed in this industry are briefly described.

The loss of potash in the burning of molasses, H. Pellet {BuL A-^soc.
Chim. Sucr. et Di-stiU., 27 {1909), No. 3, pp. 215-217; ffft.s. in Rev. G6n. Chim.,
13 {1910), No. 1, Repert., p. 32). — ^The author concludes from analyses of de-
posits in furnaces used for the burning of molasses that the loss of potash in
the process is due not only to volatilization of potassium sulphid, as suggested
by Bauer, but also to the volatilization of other potash salts.

Analyses of fertilizers, B. E. Curry {Neic Hampshire St a. Bill. l.'iG. pp. 157-
16-'/). — The results of inspection of 138 samples of fertilizers sold in the State
during 1909 are reported, with brief notes on valuation and on the quality of
the fertilizers. A large percentage of the samples did not come up to guaranty
with respect to available phosphoric acid, but on the whole there was no great
deviation from guaranty.

[The fertilizer market] (0(7, Paint, and Drug Reporter. 77 {1910), No. 8,
pt. 2, pp. 60-62). — Reviews are given of the fertilizer market in New York, Chi-
cago, Baltimore. Charleston, and Philadelphia.

It is shown that the demand for fertilizers in the South was greater in 1909
than ever before. The price of nitrate declined as a result of the failure of the
nitrate combination and of sulphate of ammonia as a result of the removal of
the tariff. The price of potash remained practically unchanged. As a result of
a large catch of fish the price of fish scrap was lower. The price of phosphoric
acid declined during the year while that of blood and tankage was well main-
tained. The price of sheep manure in the Chicago market rose rapidly to $9
per ton toward the end of the year. The prices in the markets in other cities
were to a large extent controlled by those of New York and Chicago.

720 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY.

Vegetation and frost, F. F. Blackman {.New Phytol, 8 {1909), No. 9-10,
pp. 35'f-.iGS). — 'J'be author gives a suuiuiary of the i)resGnt state of our knowl-
edge regarding the action of frost on vegetation. The old idea of Sachs that
the injury was due to the subsequent I'apid thawing has been shown to be
erroneous by Molisch. Mez holds that the jn'otoplasni of the plant is directly
susce])til)Ie to cold and thiit each cell has a fatal niiniminn temperature. Gorke
showed that freezing causes a precipitation or " salting out " of some of the
soluble i)roteids and that the tenip<'rature reiiuirinl for this purpose varies
widely with different species of plants, begonias that are injured by a temi)era-
ture of — 5° C. having part of their protein precipitated at — 3°. Winter rye
showed the effect of cold at — IS'' and pine needles at — 40°.

Ijidforss has recently found an agency in plants that protects them against
cold. He finds that all winter-green leaves are quite free fi-om starch but con-
tain sugar and oil in the mesophyll. In the sunmier these same leaves contain
abundant starch. This they regenerate in the spring, or if the plants are
brought from the open into a warm room starch is also abundantly formed from
sugar. The only exception found by him was in sultmerged plants, which show
starch throughout the winter. By means of experiments he has shown that the
sugar in the cells not only aids in keeping down transpiration but also enables
the plants to withstand lowered temperatures.

Another phenomenon which seems to be explained by Lidforss's work is the
frequent killing of trees early in the spring after they have endured the pro-
longed cold of winter. This is held to be due to the fact "that a succession of
warm days causes the regeneration of starch, making the plants more sus-
ceptible to sudden cold. This fact was also borne out by observations that it
is the south side of trees and shrubs that suffer most from winter injury.
The theory of Lidforss is that sugar has a protective action in that it retards
the salting out effect reported by Gorke.

The occurrence of sugar and oil in winter in the periderm of tree trunks has
also been reported.

Chemical investig-ations on germination, N. T. Deleano (Arch. Sci. Biol.
[St. Pctcr.sJ).], 15 (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-2.',; Centhl. BwM. [etc.], 2. AM., 2ff
(1909), No. 5-7, pp. 130-11,6). — A study has been made of some of the more
important chemical changes taking place in the germination of oil-bearing seeds.

After a resume of previous publications on the subject, the author describes
his experiments with castor bean seeds. He found that the phenomena con-
nected with the disappearance of fat are not confined to the outside of the cells.
The fat content of seeds was fairly well maintained for the first 8 days of the
experiments, after which saponification proceeded with great rapidity. He
concludes that iiractically all the fat in oil-bearing seeds is saponified outside
of the cells in which it is held as reserve.

In relation to the acidity observed during germination, the author was able
to recognize acetic and lactic acids only. The lactic acid was formed during
the transformation of the oil, and it is thought to be very probably a secondary
product of the fat oxidation. The amount of lactic acid seemed always to be
fairly constant, and it is belieA'ed that the surplus disappeared by the forma-
tion of new combinations.

Studies were also made of the catalase, peroxidase, and other enzyms and
their role in the germination of the seed.

Light germination, W. Kinzel (Her. Detit. Bot. GeselL, 27 (1909), No. 9,
pp. 536-545, pi. 1). — The author records a large number of germination tests

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 721

of seeds of various ages under differently colored lights, accompanied by a table
showing the relative intiuence of the various colors on germination.

The effect of certain chemical agents upon the transpiration and growth
of wheat seedlings, II. S. Reed (Bot. Gaz., 49 {1910), No. 2, pp. 81-100, figs.
9). — The present paper is intended to set forth some data upon the effect of
chemical compounds, mostly salts, upon the transpiration of wheat plants in
relation to the effect of these compounds on the growth of the plants. The data
[iresented were drawn from about 6,000 tests employing soils, soil extracts,
and salt sohitions. Many of the experiments were carried out in water cultures,
while others were made with soils in paraftin baskets. In most of the soil
experiments sodium nitrate, potassium sulphate, monocalcium phosphate, and
calcium carbonate were used. The experiments are described in detail.

The author Concludes that the small amounts of the chemical agents used
had a definite influence upon the correlative transpiration. In the case of
lime and sodium phosphate the transpiration was increased, while potassium
salts decreased it. The effect of sodium nitrate was somewhat variable,
usually, however, causing a decrease in transpiration. Inorganic acids were
found to retard trans]»ira(iou, while the effect of organic acids was variable.
Pyrogallol and tannic acid resembled the action of absorbing agents in causing
large increases in the transpiration per unit of green growth.

The effects produced in all cases seemed to be due to the specific action of
(he ions constituting any given agent. Potassium always showed its inhibiting
action on transpiration regardless of whether it was in combination with
chlorin. nitric acid, or sulphuric acid. The stimulating effect of calcium was
shown in a similar way.

The influence of fermented sugar solutions on the respiration of wheat
germs, S. Kostytschev {Biochem. Ztschr., 23 {1909), No. 1-2, pp. 131-l-'i2). —
Experiments conducted by the author show that a marked increase in the pro-
duction of carbon dioxid, without the formation of alcohol, occurred in wheat
germs which were previously soaked for 1 to 2 hours in a fermented solution
of sugar, and therefore that this increase in carlion dioxid is not due to alco-
holic fermentation but to normal respiration in the wheat germs.

The oi'igin and physiological function of pentosans in plants, C. Ravenna
and O. Cereser {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Bend. CI. 8ci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser.,
18 {1909), II, No. 6, pp. 177-183; abs. in Jour. Chcm. 8oc. [London^, 96 {1909),
No. 566, II, pp. 10Jf6, 10/f7). — An investigation was made of beans in which it
was found that there was no marked variation in the quantity of pentosans
observed during the period of activity of the chlorophyll. During the night,
however, when chlorophyll action was diminished, the variations were con-
siderable, sometimes there being increases while at other times there was a
diminution in the amount present. When the carbohydrate food consisted
wholly of glucose, administered to the leaves, the amount of pentosans was
found to increase greatly, especially when the plants were kept in the light.
Whenever the chlorophyll function of the leaves was prevented for a long
period the amount of pentosans was found to diminish.

The conclusion is drawn that the simple sugars rather than the complex
carbohydrates exert an influence on the formation of pentosans which serve
as a I'eserve material when the plant has exhausted its more readily utilizable
substances.

Are amins assimilable by higher plants? M. Molliaed {Compt. Rend.
Acad. Hci. [Paris], l.',9 {1909). No. 17. pp. 685-687: ahs. in Jour. Chem. 8oc.
[London], 96 {1909), No. 566, II, p. 10.'t6).—l\i a previous publication (E. S. R.,

42556— No. 8—10 3

722 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

10, p. 235) Lutz has ivportod Ihiil maize, cucurliils. etc.. wcro al)l(' to utilizu
amins. directly assimilating tiiem.

The author's experiments were conducted with ladislies so grown in tubes
as to i)revent the presence of niicro-organisms. In one series of experiments
the plants were supplied with a solution containing all the elements necessary
for their nutrition except nitrogen; in a second series calcium nitrate was
supplied in addition to the nutrient solution; while the other series contained
either ammonium chlorid or the hydi'ochlorids of methylamin. dimethylamin,
ethylauiin, and propylaniin. Parallel experiments were carried out employing
solutions containing 5 per cent glucose.

It appears from the results of these investigations that the plants increased
considerably in weight when treated with calcium nitrate or ammonium chlorid.
The amins. however, showed a distinctly inhibitory inllnence on their growth.

Physiological function of hydrocyanic acid in Sorghum vulgare, C.
Ravenna and M. Zamorani {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. VI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e
Nat., 5. ser., 18 {1909), II, No. 8, pp. 283-287; abs. m Jour. Chem. Soc. [London],
96 (1909), No. 566, II, p. 10^8). — A study was made of the origin of the protein
in plants, and the authors consider that the nitrogen is transformed from
nitrates to proteins through hydrocyanic acid .and amino compounds. In sup-
port of this view experiments with plants of S. vulgare to which asparagiu
was given as a nitrogenous food constituent showed that these plants contained
considerably less hydrocyanic acid than those to which no asparagin was sup-
plied. The asparagin was considered to have been utilized by the plants, as
otherwise they could not have developed for as long a iteriod as 30 to 35 days
on the reserve nitrates alone.

Bemarks on the immunity of plants, N. Bernard (Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7
(1909), No. 9, pp. 369-386, figs. 7; ahs. in Bot. Centhh, 111 (1909), No. 18,
pp. J/S-i, Ji55). — In previous papers (E. S. R., 22, p. 133). the author has dis-
cussed symbiosis as found in the orchids, while in this article an attempt is
made to generalize the facts heretofore discovered. In explaining the observa-
tions of other investigators on the reaction of plant cells in the presence of
fungus or animal parasites, he considers the Rhizoctonia and the orchids as
two antagonists, developing their means of attack and defense. The resulting
symbiosis represents the immunity realized by the invading fungus on the one
hand and the preservation of the essential tissues of the host on the other.

The doctrine of symbiosis. I, The death of oak seedlings due to mycor-
rhiza, G. A. Nadson (Zhur. Bolyezni Rast., 2 (1908), pp. 26-1,0+XI, XII, figs. 4;
ahs. in CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 26 (1910), No. 1,-5, pp. 100, 101).— In certain
Russian provinces a large number of one and two year-old oak seedlings were
found to be dying. An examination of the rootlets showed that the mycorrhiza
fungi, having been unfavorably influeuced by external conditions, formed an
abnormal growth of hyphfe, which among other things became very much en-
larged and, penetrating into the rootlets of the oak seedlings, killed them. It
is claimed that in this case a mycorrhiza fungus has acted as a parasite and,
therefore, that ectotropic mycorrhiza is really only another form of jiarasitism.

The spread of the pine mistletoe in Tyrol and the significance of its dif-
ferent varieties, K. von Tubeuf (Naturw. Ztsclir. Forst n. Landw., 8 (1910),
No. 1, pp. 12-39, figs. Z6).— The introduction and spread of the pine mistletoe
In Tyrol is claimed to be due to the migratoi-y thrushes distributing the seed
during their spring migration northward and not to any of the winter thrushes
or other birds that winter over in Tyi'ol. Successful infection experiments with
the mistletoe are recorded for the following trees, namely, Pinus montana,
P. laricio, various species of larches, Cedrus atlantica, and other conifers.

AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 723

Agricultural bacteriology, H. L. Kussell aucl E. ii. Hastings (Madison,
Wis.. I'jit'K i>i>- yi+.l'il. fiox. 23). — This book is desiguetl to give a concise, com-
prehensive treatment of the many and varied relations which bacteria bear to
problems of farm life, and from its breadth, compactness, and simplicity should
be valuable to those who wish to acquire a general knowledge of the principles
of modern agricultural bacteriologj'.

The book is divided into 5 sections as follows: (1) General bacteriology, in
which the structure, growth, and distribution of liacteria and their artificial
cultivation are given : (2) relation of bacteria to milk and other dairy products,
including contamination, preservation, and fermentation of milk, bacteria in
butter and cheese making, and the marketing of milk; (3) relation of bacteria
to disease in live stock, its nature, treatment, and prevention, with general
directions for the use of various disinfectants; (4) relation of bacteria to the
soil; and (5) food preservation and diseases of plants. Under section 4 the
effects of bacteria on the mineral elements of the soil, ammonification, nitrifica-
tion, denitrification, and fixation of nitrogen, bacteria in manure and the best
methods of handling it are discussed. In addition the subject of water supply
and sewage disposal on the farm is treated under this section, a septic tank
suitable for farm pnrposos being described and figured in detail.

A method of bacteria counting', H. Fischer (Ccntbl. Bald, [etc.'], 2. AM.,
25 (1909), No. l-h-18, pp. .'i57-Jf59). — Several nutrient media are described, with
tables showing the number of bacteria developed on each.

Media for the quantitative estimation of soil bacteria, J. G. Lipman and
I'. E. Brown (CeiitbJ. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 25 {1909), Nrj. l'f-18, pp. //.'/7-//5^).—
The usual gelatin media were rejected on account of their high nitrogen content
and rai>id liquefaction by certain of the soil bacteria. The alkaline bouillon
agar was replaced by a so-called synthetic agar, made up of 1,000 cc. tap water,
10 gm. dextrose, 0.5 gm. dipotassium phosphate, 0.2 gm. magnesium sulphate,
0.05 gm. potassium nitrate, and 20 gm. agar. This forms a slightly acid medium,
offers the best conditions for the development of a large number of colonies,
and checks the too rapid growth of the spreading colonies, thereby preventing
their interference with the development of other species. The optimum of
acidity for quantitative estimation of soil bacteria was found to be an acidity
equivalent to 5 cc. of normal hydrochloric acid per liter of the medium used and
was obtained in the synthetic agar by the use of 0.5 gm. dipotassium phosphate.

Soil bacteriolog'ical investigations, C. Barthel (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2.
Aht.. 25 {1909), No. 1-.',. pp. lOS-125, flu. 7 ) .—Previously noted (E. S. R., 21,
p. 528) from a Sv^^edish source.

On the occurrence of nitrobacteria in the sea, P. Thomsen ( Ut)er das
Vorkommen von NitroJtaktericn iin Meerc. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Kiel, 1908, pp.
28). — The author reports the finding of the nitrite organism in samples of ooze
from the bottom of the Kiel Fiord but not in the sea water. Plankton, or the
fixed algte. It was also found in similar samples of soil from the vicinity of
Helgoland and in slime from the bottom of the bay of Naples, but only in
samples taken near the land.

Morphologically the nitrosomonas and nitrobacter from the salt water were
not different from those isolated by Winogradski from cultivated soils of
western Europe. Physiologically the salt water organism appears to be a form
especially adapted to the salt content of its environment. Variations in this salt
content retard its oxidizing power. The salt water organism is as dependant
upon heat as the nitrobacteria of cultivated soils.

Thermophilous bacteria in the Tropics, E. de Kruijff {Bill. Dept. Agr.
Indes Neerland., 1909, No. 30, pp. 1-11 ; Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AU., 26 {1910),

724 . EXPERIMENT STATION RECH)RD.

No. 1-3, pp. 65-l.'i). — The author claims that tho temporal lire of the surface
layers of the soil in tho Tropics is sutticioutly hijih during much of the day to
promiit(> the growth of thoruiophiUms bacteria in great numbers and of many
species. Several subspecies of Bucilhis tlicnnopluluH are isolated and described.

Some remarks on aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the Tropics, E. de
Kruijff {Bid. Df-pt. Agr. Indes Neerland., 1909, No. 30, pp. 18-21; Ccntbl Bakt.
[etc.], 2. Abt., 26 (1910), No. 1-3, pp. 5.'/-56).— In a genera! examination of
tropical soils for nitrogon-tixing bacteria, three si)ecies, a Micrococcus and two
Bacterium forms, were found and described, and the amount of free nitrogen
they wore able to fix is given.

The formation and utilization of nitrous oxid by bacteria, .M. W. Bi;i-
JERINCK and I). V. J. Minkman (Ccutbl. Bakt. [cfr.\, 2. Abt., 25 {1909), No.
1-^h PP- 30-63, pi. 1, figs. Jfj abs. in Jour. Chcm. »S'oc. [London], 96 {1909), No.
566, II, pp. 10Ji3, lOJfJt). — The formation of nitrous oxid in different media and
with A-arious infection materials is given with much detail as to apparatus and
methods used, and results obtained.

It was found that when earth was used as infection material in bouillon
with from 5 to 12 per cent of nitrates at from 20 to 37° C, it gave a gas
volume with more than SO per cent of nitrous oxid. When the nitrate content
was lowered, relatively less nitrous oxid and more free nitrogen was liberated.
The most active denitrifying agent in these soil experiments was the polymor-
phic spore former, Bacillus nitroxtis and its subspecies. Pure cultures of B.
pyocyaneus, B. Htutzeri, and Micrococcus dcnitrificans, in bouillon with a 1 per
cent nitrate at 37° gave gas volumes containing from 65 to 75 per cent, 10
per cent, and 20 per cent nitrous oxid, respectively. The nitrate used for the
last two was ammonium nitrate and in tho case of M. dcnitrificans there was
also liberated 42 per cent of free nitrogen. Denitrification by the spore-form-
ing bacteria was more intense in the crude than in the pure cultures.

The experiments relative to the utilization of the nitrous oxid showed that
, when denitrifying bacteria decompose nitrous oxid under favorable conditions,
the nitrogen is liberated and the oxygen appears combined with carbon in
the form of carbon dioxid. B. stutzcri possesses this characteristic to a high
degree. Nitrous oxid can become a source of oxygen to some bacteria, as
Spirillum, and prevent the growth of Azotobacter. The bacteria which do not
directly denitrify the nitrate can, after other species have decomposed it. brealc
up the resulting nitrous oxid. A new formula as to the chemical reactions
occurring in denitrifying processes is proposed.

Two new methods for growing Azotobacter, C. Hoffmann and B. W. Ham-
mer (Gentbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 2Jf {1909), No. 5-7, pp. 181-183).— To obtain
a large amount of pure Azotobacter, the authors use S or 11 inch Petri dishes
with a i in. layer of agar medium in the bottom. The plates are then inocu-
lated with a heavy suspension of Azotobacter, there being used 10 cc. per
plate distributed evenly over the agar and incubated. An abundant growth
consisting entirely of Azotobacter is thus obtained which can be scraped off
the surface of the agar and used for chemical analysis.

To study the influence of different chemical compounds upon the nitrogen-
fixing properties of Azotobacter, a " sand-slope " culture was devised, consist-
ing of from 10 to 15 gm. of sand in a 150 cc. flask, to which is added 20 cc. of
the liquid culture medium, and then inoculating with a 1 cc. heavy suspension
of Azotobacter. After inoculation the sand is so sloped that considerable of
it is above tho surface of the liquid culture.

Ammonia and nitrate as a nitrogen source for molds, (4. Ritter {Bcr.
Dent. Bot. Grscll., 27 {1909), No. 10, pp. 582-588 ) .—The results of exi)erimouts
with various ammonium salts and nitrates as a source of nitrogen for species

FIELD CROPS. 725

of Miicoi', Rhizopus, Aspergillns, Cladosporlimi, Rotrytis, and Thamnidium are
given.

A nitrogen fixing- yeast (Torula wiesneri), H. Zikes (Sitzhcr. K. Akitd.
M]iss. Wiciina], Math. Xatiirw. KL, 118 {190!)), I, No. 7, pp. 1091-1133; ff&.s. in
CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht.. 26 (1910), No. //-5, pp. 91, 92).— The author claims
to have Isolated from laurel leaves a yeast which is able to fix free nitrogen,
and to which is given the name T. xciesneri. The isolation was accomplished
on a hard agar medium, consisting of a 2 per cent grape sugar solution and 0.02
per cent potassium phosphate. This nutrient medium had only a slight nitro-
gen content, nevertheless it is claimed that for every gram of sugar consumed
the yeast fixed 2.3 to 2.4 mg. of nitrogen.

The behavior of the fungus on different media and its morphological charac-
ters are described. Several other yeasts were also isolated on glucose agar,
none of which were nitrogen fixers.

The morphological and biological significance of the root tubercles of the
Leguminosge, P. Vuillemin {Hul. Soc. 8ci. Nanci/, 3. fier., 10 (1909), No, 1,
pp. 30-Ji5). — This is a general review of the literature and of the theories of
various investigators on the biological and morphological characters of the root
tubercles of the Leguminosu'.

Observations on the growing of nitrogen-fixing plants (clover) with non-
leguminous plants by sowing mixed seed, R. Tacke (Prakt. Bl. Pflanzcnbnu
II. t<cliiitz, n. scr., 7 (1909), No. 12, pp. 15.1,-156). — It is claimed that on high
moorlands the use of a mixture of clover and grass seed for grass meadows has
proved highly satisfactory.

FIELD CROPS.

Improvement of pastures in eastern New^ York and the New England
States, J. S. Cotton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indu.s. Circ. 1/9, pp. 10,
pis. 2). — This circular, which supplements Fai'mers' Rulletin 337 previously
noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 571), points out some of the fundamental principles in
the improvement of the deteriorated pastures of eastern New York and the
New England States, where close grazing cliecks the growth of perennial plants,
diminishes the supply of humus, and makes the ground too dry for the mainte-
nance of native forage plants. Dairy and beef pastures are contrasted, and
early grazing, close grazing, overgrazing, and means of overcoming their un-
favorable results by fertilizing, cultivation, reseeding,, eradication of weeds,
and other practices are discussed.

Food grasses of southwest Africa, R. Pilger (Notizhl. K. Bat. Gartens u.
Mus. Berlin, 1910, No. J/G, pp. 133-155, figs. 12). — ^A general botanical discussion
of food grasses in southwest Africa is followed by a description of each of
the more important varieties with a statement as to their geographical distri-
bution and economic i»roiierties.

Besults of cooperative tests of varieties of corn, wheat, oats, soy beans,
and cowpeas, 1909, A. T. Wiancko and C. O. Cromer (Indiana Sfa. Bui. 139,
pp. S9-123, fig. /). — This bulletin reports tlie results of a continuation of
variety tests previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 35).

During 1909, experiments were conducted on over 900 farms, from 3 to 12
being located in each county. The yields are reported by sections ranging from
section 1 in the northwest corner of the State to section 12 in the southeast
corner. During the period 1906-1909. inclusive, the yields per acre of the lead-
ing varieties of corn in the various sections have been, respectively, as follows:
Section 1, Silver Mine and Early Yellow Dent, 50.8 and 50 bu. ; section 2, Silver
Mine, Anson White Dent, and Dunn Yellow Dent, 57.5, 54.7, and 54.7 bu. ; sec-
tion 3. Reid Yellow Dent and Hudson Learning, 57.6 and 55.5 bu. ; section 4,

726

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Eeid Yellow Dent and Hudson Leaniing, (iO.i) and r)S.i.) bu. ; section 5, Boone
County White Dent and Leaminj?, 57.5 and 57 bu. ; section 6, Boone County
White Dent and Ileid Yellow Dent, 66.3 and 66.1 bu. ; section 7, Boone County
White Dent and I'ride of Indiana, 58.6 and 57.4 bu. ; section 8, Johnson County
White Dent and l*ride of Indiana, 54.1 and .51.4 bu. ; section 9, .Johnson County
Wliite Dent and ^'oglel• White Dent, 61.6 and 58.9 bu. ; section 10, Johnson
County White Dent and Alexander (Jold Standard, 60.4 and .57.1 bu. ; section
11, Johnson County White Dent and Vogler White Dent, .52.9 and 50.7 bu. ; and
section 12, Johnson County W^iite Dent and Yogler White Dent, 48.5 and
46.8 bu.

A summary of all the winter wheat variety tests conducted during the last 4
years shows that the highest average yields of 22 and 21.2 bu. per acre were
produced by Michigan Amber aiid Dawson Golden Chatf. During the same
period Creat Dakotii and Silver Mine oats produced 34.9 and 34.8 bu. per acre,
respectively. Hollybrook soy bean produced 2,728 lbs. of hay and 20 bu. of
grain per acre in northern Indiana and in southern Indiana 2,348 lbs. of hay
and 14.4 bu. of grain. In the southern section it was excelled by Medium Early
Yellow with a yield of 2,690 lbs. of hay and 15.2 bu. of grain. Early Blackeye
cowpeas produced 2.346 lbs. of hay and 10.2 bu. of grain per acre in southern
Indiana and 3,2.52 lbs. of hay and 12.1 bu. of grain in the northern section,
where it was excelled by Michigan Favorite with yields of .3,585 lbs. of hay
and 13.5 bu. of grain per acre.

During the year under i-eport, irregular, or unsatisfactory tests were discarded
and the data from the remainder are summed up in the following table:

Average iiiehls of varieties of corn, hy sections, 1909.

Varieties tested.

Sections and average y

elds 0

variet

ies in

bushels per acre.

1.

2.

.•!.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Early Yellow Dent

Bu.

49.2
49.9
47.9
50.7
51.8
44.4

Bu.

55.8
54.7
55.9
55.6
58.7
52.4

Bu.
"54.1"

Bu.

53.8

Bu.

50.9

Bu.

Bu.

Bu.

Bu.

Bu.

Bu.

Bu.

Wabash Yellow Dent

Hayhurst Yellow Dent

55.2
61.6
61.1

53.8

53.7

62.7

53.5
59.4

59.6

67.7

57.7
59.1

Reid Yellow Dent

51.9

CI. 5

Pulaski County Golden
Dent

56.2
57.9

'60.' 5'
59.5

60.1
65.6

68.7

60.6
61.8
58.6

53.2
54.9
53.4

57.6

Pride of Indiana

61.8

67.6
62.6
60.9

59.0

62:3

64.2
62.2
62.1

47.7

52.0
48.3
48.5

46.9

44.2

Johnson County White
Dent. . ...

47.1

Vogler White Dent

46.7

Alexander Gold Standard

48.3

.Johnson County Yellow
Dent

46.3

Number of test farms

16

54

16

25

26

23

21

24

25

l.-j

47

29

Variety tests, A. M. Teneyck {Kansas Sta. Circ. 6, pp. 6). — This circular
gives very briefly notes based on variety tests covering a period of 5 to 7 years,
as to the varieties best adapted to eastern and middle Kansas conditions. More
than 200 varieties or strains of corn, 44 of oats, 32 of barley, 6 of sorghum, 2
of Kafir corn, 2 of broom corn, as well as 1 or more each t)f niilo maize, spring
emnier, cowpeas, soy beans, and millet have been tested.

Variety tests of oats, barley, wheat, and rye, F. W. Taylor i^ew Hamp-
shire i^ta. Bui. l.'fo, pp. l.'f 1-153). — In 1904, in a test of 13 varieties of oats no

FIELD CROPS.

727

kernels matured on account of rust, but Mold Black and Improved Prize
Cluster produced the highest jaelds of straw. Rust and smut of oats are dis-
cussed and the formalin treatment for oats outlined. The more noteworthy
results of variety tests conducted are summarized in the following table:

Results of variety tests uith small (/rains.

Type of soil.

Clay loam.

Do....
Clay

Do....
Clay loam.

Do....
Clay

Do....

Heavy clay...
Stony loam . . .

Clay and loam.
Clay

Grain.

Oats...

..do....

..do....
...do....

..do....
...do....

..do....
...do....
...do....
...do....

Barley.
...do....

Wheat.

...do....
Rye....

Total
num-
ber of
varie-
ties.

Varieties makinj;
best vielil.

Welcome

Long White Tartar. .

do

Hamilton

Kherson

Long White Tartar .

Welcome

King

Long White Tartar.

Hamilton

2-Rowed Browing. .

Beardless

Dawson Golden

Chaff.
Fife and Blue stem.

Yield per

acre.

Years

tested.

Grain.

Straw.

Bu.

1,6s.

1900

.38. 10

3,000

1900

35. 30

2,390

1907

G8. 70

2,540

1907

08. 10

3,510

1908

34. 60

1,.350

1908

31.50

2,097

1909

40.00

1,507

1909

39. 00

1,.560

1904-1909

42.10

2,092

1904-1909

.39. 30

2,316

1908

22. 88

2,580

1909

29. OG

1,710

190fr-1909

20.85

1,955

1907-1909

16.00

1,783

1908-1909

19.20

2,271

Weight

per
bushel

Lbs.
,39. 50
40.50
32.00
34.50
28. 00
33. 50
32.50
30. 50
.34. 40
33. 10
53. 00
34.50
60.30

58.75
56.20

Remarks.

Much rust.
Some rust.

Do.

Do.
Tyittle rust.
Rust slight.
Side oat.

Do.

[Variety tests of wheat and corn], C. Willis (South Dakota Sta. Rpt.
1909, pp. 19-21). — Among 20 varieties of durum wheat, averaging 21.25 bu. per
acre, the highest yield, 32.25 bu. per acre, was produced by Arnautka. Blue
Stem and Red Fife produced the hi.ghest yields, 18.88 and 17 bu. per acre, re-
spectively, among 10 varieties of wheat, averaging 14.19 bu. per acre. Among
15 varieties of corn tested in cooperation with this Department, Minnesota
No. 13 produced the maximum yield, 62.35 bu. per acre, the average of all
varieties being 39.75 bu.

[Experiments with field crops] (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour.,
10 (1910), No. 2, pp. 279-5J// ) .—Applications of 6 cwt. of kainit, of li cwt. of
muriate of potash, of 1^ cwt. of sulphate of potash, and of 3 cwt. of kainit
mixed with 2* cwt. of rape meal per acre, have produced profits when applied
to flax during periods of 4 to 8 years ended with 1908, with the exception of
kainit and muriate of potash, whicli gave losses in 1902. Applications of (1)
3 cwt. of kainit, 3 cwt. of superphosphate and J cwt. of sulphate of ammonia
and (2) 3 cwt. each of kainit and superphosphate produced losses during each
of the 4 years, 1901 to 1904, inclusive. Applications of 4 cwt. of salt, of 5 cwt.
of rape meal, and 5 cwt. of basic slag during 1902 and 1903 did not produce
a profit in any instance.

During the years 1905 and 1908, inclusive, applications of kainit, muriate of
potash, and sulphate of potash singly and of a mixture of kainit and rape
meal made in winter were compared with similar applications made at the
time of planting. The average returns from the spring applications showed a
net profit of f 1 12s. with kainit, of f 1 9s. with muriate of potash, and of £1 4s. 7d.
with sulphate of potash. A dressing of li cwt. of muriate of potash proved
as efficacious with the flax crop as one of 6 cwt, of kainit. The average net
profits from the winter application of kainit were fl lis. lOd. per acre and
from the spring application £1 18s. Id. ; from muriate of potash, £2 3s. 3d.
and £1 16s., respectively. The average net profit from the application of kainit
and rape meal during the 4 years under consideration was £2 2s. 2d.

128

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

In a variety test Pernnu Crown and Yladiniir ])roduco(I tlio highest net re-
turns among 5 varieties of Russian fiax seed tested, wliile at 5 centers Peruau
Crown gave a higher yield of straw and scutched fiber tlian did the Belfast
I)i-nnd, the .iverage difference amounting to £1 7s. Gd. per acre. Irish saved
seed, selected from long stalks, produced returns from flax and tows £2 9s. 5d.
greater than those obtaineil from seed not selected, wlnle Pernau Crown seed
produced still greater returns. Earlier work witli flax has lieen previously
noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 636).

In 1906, freshly imported Danish Archer barley, and the same variety grown
in Ireland one year proved i)ractically equal as seed. In 1907, the Irish Archer
produced a yield surpassing that of Danish Arclier by OS lbs., but in 1908 and
1909, the two were again practically equal. The most profltable fertilizer for
most barley soils was 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia, 3 cwt. superi)hosi)liate, and

3 cwt. kainit per acre.

On meadows the use of nitrate of soda and of 10 tons of farmyard manure
proved unprofitable. The heaviest yield was obtained from an application of
1 cwt. nitrate of soda, 2 cwt. superphosphate, and 2 cwt. kainit per acre. The
nitrate of soda should' be applied early in April, the remainder of the formula
during the preceding February.

The greatest profits with potatoes were secured from an application of 1.5
tons of farmyard manure, 1 cwt. sulphate ammonia, 4 cwt. superphosphate, and
1 cwt. muriate of potash per acre. In a variety test the main crop varieties,
Factor and ITi)-to-Date, and the midseason variety Windsor Castle produced
yields of 13 tons or iiiore per acre. Sprouted seed produced an average yield
of 2i tons per acre more than did unsprouted seed in 338 tests, extending over
a period of seven years.

A manurial test with mangels conducted on 33 different farms in 21 counties
indicated that the most profltable application w^as 20 tons of farmyard manure,

4 cwt. superphosphate, 2 cwt. sulphate of ammonia, 4 cwt. salt, and 2 cwt. ni-
trate of soda, per acre, while with oats, the most profitable application appeared
to be 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia, 3 cwt. superphosphate, and 3 cwt. kainit.

For turnips, 20 tons of farmyard manure per acre is regarded as the standard
dressing, but this amount may be reduced to 10 tons if supplemented by 4 cwt.
superphosphate, 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia, and 3 cwt. of kainit. Basic slag
may be substituted for superphosphate and is recommended where the disease
finger-and-toe (Plasmodiophora brassicce) is prevalent.

In a variety test of wheat. Squarehead Master and White Stand Up proved
approximately equal in yield, while Red Fife produced the higliest quality of
flour but the lowest average yield per acre.

The average yields in fertilizer tests conducted at a number of centers is
shown by the following table :

Table of results of tests with four nitrogenous manures.

Fertilizer.

Sulphate of ammonia.

Nitrate of soda

Calcium cyanamid . . .
Nitrate of lime

Amount
per acre. a

Cwt. Qts.
1 0

0 U

1 0
1 2

Crop yield.

Oats.

Grain.

Straw.

Cwt. Qrs.

26 2
25 2

27 0

27 0

Cwt.
47
50
44

48

Potatoes.

Tons. Cwt.
12 6
12 2
12 15
12 10

Turnips.

Tons. Cwt.

25 3

26 0
26 3
24 17

Mangels.

Tons. Cwt.
32 10

31 14
30 3

32 17

These amounts were doubled in the tests with mangels.

FIELD CROPS. 729

Root crops, F. Gillanders (New Zeal. Depf. Agr., Leaflets for Farmers,
No. SO, 1)1). 11). — Directions are given for manuring, growing, and cilltivating
root crops in New Zealand, witb a special discussion of turnips, mangolds, kolil-
rabi, carrots, and parsnips.

Winter and spring- work in selecting seed corn, W. A. Graham {N. V. Dept.
Agr. Spec. Bill., IDIO, Jan., pp. 10, figs. S). — This bulletin presents information
designed to assist in the selection of seed corn. Score cards of 12 States are
presentwl in ])arallel columns for purposes of comparison.

Some lessons from the corn shows, H. Garman (KentKckg Sta. Bid. 1//.'),
pp. 271-290, ]ils. (1). — Good ears of corn and some deviations from desirable
types for Kentucky are illustrated by photographs and the different points of
the score card discussed in full. Standards of perfection for S varieties are
presented in parallel coluums and suggestions made for the prejiaration and
display of corn exliibits. A bibliography on corn improvement is appended.

Paspalum dilatatum, H. W. Potts (Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 8,
pp. 25, figs. -'/). — Pusinilinii dihilatiiin proved a succulent and palatable food for
all kinds of stock at seasons when most grasses are dry and for the same reason
gives promise of usefulness as a tire break. Its deep rooting habit confers
drought resistance. Directions for harvesting, testing, and judging the seed are
outlined. A botanical description and discussion of tlie ])lant and analyses of
the hay are given.

Three much misrepresented sorghums, C. It. Ball {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Bur.
Plant Indus. Circ. 50, pp. I't, figs. 2). — The results obtained by experiment sta-
tions and other information likely to assist farmers in determining the value of
shallu ("California wheat"), "chocolate corn." and gooseneck sorgo ("Texas
seeded ribbon cane"), are presented. Their hi.story, l)otanical relationship,
yields, the feeding value of their grain and forage, and other crop characters
are discussed with special reference to extravagant claims made for these crops
by seedsmen and others.

Possibilities of the sweet potato in Macon County, Alabama, G. W. Carver
{Alahama Tuskegee 8ta. Bui. 11, pp. 5-10, figs. 8). — The origin and history of
the sweet potato are briefly stated, varieties discussed, climatic and soil re-
quirements outlined, and directions given for seed selection, the construction of
the plant bed, the making of vine cuttings, the preparation of the land, plant-
ing, fertilizing, harvesting, and storing, together with notes on insect enemies
and fungus diseases, and recipes for canning and for preparing of numerous
dishes.

In a 30-day feeding trial in which from 2.75 to 3.5 lbs. of sweet potatoes were
substituted for 1.5 lbs. of corn in the rations of 4 mules, the mules looked as
well and were able to do as much work as 4 check mules. Hogs fed 8 lbs, of
sweet potatoes per day made a total gain of 24.5 lbs. in 28 days as compared
with gains of 33 and 53.5 lbs. made by hogs fed on shorts and corn, respectively.

Tobacco growing in Ireland, G. N. Keller (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr.
Ireland Jour., 10 {1910}, No. 2, pp. 270-278). — A general discussion is given
of the work in 1909 at the same center's and upon the same areas as in 1908.

Fifty-six varieties were tried of which 8 were imported seed, but none of
these showed commercial superiority. In connection with the 16 varieties
grown commercially, field and soil conditions, rotation, preparation of land,
manuring, planting and cultivation of the experimental crops are outlined and
notes given on topping and suckering, ripening, harvesting, curing, seed saving,
insects and diseases, grading, packing, and marketing. Tables show the ex-
penses, yields per acre, and prices secured for various types of tobacco grown at
the different centers during 1908.

730 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Tri-local experiments on the influence of environment on the composition
of wheat, J. A. Le Clerc and S. I.eavitt ( i!7. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chcm. Bui.
128, pp. 18). — Followinjjc a resiiniu of tlu' results of previous experiments on the
effect of environment upon Ihe composition of cereals, analyses are given of the
original seed of C'rimeau wheat grown in Kansas in 1905; of the 190G crop in
Kansas, California, and Texas from the Ivansas seed; of the 1907-8 crops
grown in Kansas, California, and Texas from seed from all three sources; and
of the 1909 crop grown in California from Kansas and from California seed.
The Texas crop was a failure in 1908 and during the same year the Kansas
crop grown from California seed was lost. Similar analyses are given of the
original seed of Kubanka wlieat grown in South Dakota in 1905; of the 1906
crop grown in Kansas, California, and South Dakota from the South Dakota
seed; and of the 1907-8 crops grown in Kansas, California, and South Dakota
from seed from all three sources. The analyses show the percentage of i)ro-
tein, ash, phosphoric acid, fat, rtber, pentosans, sugars, alcohol-soluble nitrogen,
and salt-soluble nitrogen, the weight per thousand grams and per bushel, and the
percentage of flinty kernels. ' The greatest variations are in the percentage of
nitrogen, the weight per thousand grams and per bushel,' and the percentage of
flinty grains.

The influence of acclimation, heredity, and soil are discussed. Tabulated
data show tlie influence of the soil on the composition of acclimated and non-
acclimated seed from the same source. It is found not always true that large
berries, tliough low in percentage of niti'ogen, contain as much nitrogen per
berry as the smaller grains.

From the data obtained the following conclusions are drawn :

"Wheat of the same variety obtained from difterent sources and possessing
widely different chemical and pliysical characteristics, when grown side by
side in one locality, yields crops which are almost the same in appearance and
in composition. Wheat of any one variety, from any one source, and absolutely
alike in chemical and physical characteristics, when grown in different
localities, possessing different climatic conditions, yields crops of very widely
different appearance and very diffex'ent in chemical composition. These differ-
ences are due for the most part to climatic conditions prevailing at the time
of growth. The results so far obtained would seem to indicate that the soil
and seed play a relatively small part in iuflueuciug the composition of crops.
The practice of trying to improve crops in one locality, which crops are to be
grown in another locality of widely different climatic conditions, should be dis-
coui'aged. Crops should be improved in the locality in which they are intended
to be grown, or the seed should be selected from a region which has similar
climatic conditions."

Wheat hybridization, R. W. Thornton (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 36
{1910), 'No. 1, pp. 15-18, figs. 6). — An account is given of the crosses conducted
under the supervision of the manager of the Robertson Experiment Station for
the purpose of securing rust resistance, high yield, and good milling quality.
The combinations made were Darling X Van Niekerk and Gluyas X DuToit.
From each cross .3 promising hybrids were retained for further test.

Annual variations in the character of Central Provinces wheats, G. Evans
(Dept. Agr. Cent. Prov. and Berar [India], Bui. 3, pp. 13). — Irrigation on black
soil softened durum and hard bread wheats to a marked degree and therefore
probably reduced their strength. The application of farmyard manure had no
apparent tendency to change the percentage of hard kernels. A sandy silt soil,
even when irrigated 4 times, produced wheat having from 89 to 95 per cent of
hard kernels and in only one instance any soft kex'nels whatever, while black

FIELD CROPS.

731

clay with one irrigation produced yields of the same varieties containing from
34 to 87 per cent of hard kernels and from 2 to 29 per cent of soft kernels.

A sug-gestion regarding heavy and light seed grain, L. R. Waldron (Amer.
Xat., 'I'l {WIO), So. .Jll, i>p. J/S-olj). — Some unreduced data from Bulletin 78
of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, previously noted (E. S. R.,
17, p. 552), as ^A'ell as other material, are thrown into the form of correlation
tables in this article. For winter wheat the coefficients of correlation were as
follows : Average weight of grains subject, average number of grains per head
relative, — 0.115±0.31 ; average weight of grains subject, average length of culm
relative, 0.1(;±(t.0?>4 : average weight of grains subject, average volume of grains
relative, O..S9(;±0.(K)!;), the coeflicients of variability for a number of grains,
54.5±2.;5:] : average weight of grains. 14.5±0.4S : length of head. 19.7±0.68.
length of culm, 14.2±0.47. For oats the coefficients of correlation were as
follows: Average weight of grains subject, average number of grains per head
relative. — 0.595±0.013 ; average weight of grains subject, average length of
bead relative, — 0.511±0.015; average weight of grains subject, average length
of culm relative. — 0^404±0.017; average weight of grains subject, average num-
ber of grains ]ier head relative, — 0.n5±0.031.

It is noted that " the correlations given of winter wheat hold about the same
relations to each other as do the corresponding correlations of the oats." The
correlation shown between the average weight of kei-nel and the average volume
per kernel was almost perfect.

Seed commissioner's branch, R. A. Fishek (Rpt. Miii. Agr. Canada, 1909,
pp. l-'i-22). — The results of germination tests of 713 samples, mainly of vege-
table seeds, are given in tabular form. Numerous other samples of grain,
clover, timothy, grass, and miscellaneous seeds were tested at the Ottawa and
Calgary seed laboratories, the samples received being mainly from Canadian
provinces and from Great Britain. Seed fairs and field crop competitions are
also reported.

The purity of the principal grains tested is indicated by the following table:

Number of seeds of noxious irecds in small grains.

Kind of grain.

Number of noxious weed seeds.

None.

Not over 1
per pound.

1-5 per
pound.

Over 5 per
pound.

Recleaned wheat (about 545 cars)

Oats from western Canada

Barley

Per cent.
27.0
8.0
2.5

Per cent.

31.0

8.0

32.5

Per cent.
30
32

Per cent.

Carbon bisulphid for killing weeds, E. V. Wilcox {Haicaii Sta. Press Bui.
25, pp. Jf). — Carbon bisulphid was poured up(m the stems of numerous plants
about 6 in. above the surface of the ground. In most instances no effect ap-
peared until after a lapse of a considerable period. On Crotalaria, the death of
the plant, root, and branches was produced within 4 to 10 days. Oi and Lautana
bushes 2 in. in diameter died in 17 to 32 days. Young prickly pear plants fell
over on the ground in some instances within 24 hours, and in others were dead
within 2 days. No visible effect was produced upon guavas for a period some-
times as great as 2 or 3 months, but the plants almost invariably eventually
withered and finally died. These results were ai)parently due both to artificial
freezing and to a poisonous action of the carbon bisulphid resulting in the com-
plete destruction of the roots. A brief list of articles covering similar work is
given.

732 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

HORTICULTITRE.

Rational handling and marketing of horticultural crops, G. Lind (K.

LaiKlthr. Aldd. Uaiidi. <n-h 'I'idskr.. J,n (I'.lJI)), \'o. /, pp. Sl^lOG, fijj.s. 7). — A
discussion of tLie above subject from llic slnudpoiut of the Swedish horti-
culturist.

The production of horticultural varieties, H. de Vries (Jour, Roij. Hart,
Soc. [London], 35 (1910), No. 3, pp. 321-326, fujs. 9).— A paper ou this subject
delivered before the Royal Horticultural Society in which the author descri1)es
several cases of ex])erinieiital ])roduction of varieties.

On variation through grafting and asexual hybridization, E. Griffon
{Rev. Tit., 33 {1910), No. S.>,9, pp. 31H-320).— During the past five years the
author has conducted an extensive series of grafting experiments with herba-
ceous plants similar to those of Daniel (E. S. R., 17, p. 1070). His results
for the 5-year period as a whole confirm those reported from time to time
(E. S. R., 21, ]). 544). Very few morphological or biological variations were
noted and those were not well marked. No cases were observed of the specific
iufiuence of the stock on the scion, of any alteration of the fundamental char-
acter of species, or of asexual hybridization.

The physiology of pruning, E. A, Bunyard {Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soc. \ London],
35 {1910), No. 3, pp. 330-33.'i) .—In this paper the author briefly considers the
practice of pruning and its relation to the vital processes of iilauts.

The influence of the rainy season of 1909 on the growth of various vege-
tables, Denaiffe {Jardin, 24 {1910), No. 55.'i. pp. 86, 87). — This consists of
brief notes on the influence of the severe rainy season of 1909 on the growth
behavior of a number of the vegetables under test in the experimental gardens
of the Denaiffe establishment in France.

Onion tests, 1905-1909, F. Garcia {New Mexico 8ta. Bill. 7Jf, pp. 2-'f, figs.
6). — This is a further report on cultural experiments with onions (E. S. R., 10,
p. 1076) including trials of sodium nitrate and of manure as affecting the yields,
observations on the hardiness of young onions, transplanted v. spring field-
sown onions, and tests of the Deuia onion, the mild variety annually imported in
large quantities from Spain. The Giant Gibraltar, a large, mild, Spanish
variety, was the kind used in the general tests.

The nitrate of soda was used at the rates of 200, 300, 400, 500, and GOO lbs. per
acre, the plats being generally one-twenty-fifth acre in size. The manure was
applied at the rate of 50 loads per acre. All the fertilizers increased the yields.
The average estimated annual yield per acre for five years on the check plats
was 35,390 lbs. Nitrate of soda applied at the rate of 600 lbs. per acre in 4
api)lications gave the next lowest yield. The same quantity of nitrate of soda
applied in 2 applications gave the highest yield of the nitrate plats or about
50 ])er cent increase over the checks, while manure ga^■e a 01 per cent increase
over the checks.

The results indicate that while transplanted onions give the largest yields,
good crops may be raised from early field planted seed. From September 25 to
the end of the first week in October is given as the best time to sow seed in the
fall. When seed can not be sown in the fall, it is recommended that it be sown
in the Held about January 20 to February 10 in rows 15 in. apart, thinning
the plants to 4 in. in the rows. The later the planting the smaller and more
inferior the crop of onions. The cost of production during these tests was
somewhat less than that previously reported, not exceeding $90 per acre.

The Denia onions, which were found practically identical with the Giant
Gibraltar, proved to be well adapted to climatic and soil conditions at the sta-

HORTICULTURE. 733

tion, growing verj' large and yielding heavily. A carload of these onions
shipped to Chicago sold as well as the imported Spanish variety.

It was found that young onion seedlings will stand a minimum temperature
of 9° F. above zero without injury, but that a zero temperature may kill some
of them.

Chemical fertilizer experiments with truffles, E. Zacharewicz (Rev. Yit.,
33 {1910), A'o. 850, pp. 350-353, flg. 1). — The author points out that the use of
organic fertilizers appears to decrease instead of increase the yield of truffles,
and cooperative experiments were conducted with a numl)er of truffle growers
to determine whether chemical fertilizers would have the same effect.

The data secured indicate that a complete fertilizer composed of nitrate of
soda, jiotassium chlorid, and suijerphosphate of lime increases the yield to a
protitable extent and that these three ingredients improve tlie size, form, and
perfume of the truffles. Nitrate of soda used alone hastens maturity. The
conclusion is also reached that when chemical fertilizers are used the truffle
industry niay be pursued in conjunction with grape growing.

Strawberry culture with descriptions and lists of varieties, W. T. Macoun
(Canada Cent. E.epi. Farm Bnl. 62, pp. 53, />/«. 2, figs. 2). — Popular directions
are given for the propagation and field culture of strawberries, including
varietal descriptions and informations relative to the quality, productiveness,
and general usefulness of the newer varieties in comi)arison with the best of
the older varieties, based on tests conducted at the Central Experimental Farm.
Remedies are also suggested for the more common diseases and injurious in-
sects to which strawberry plants are subject. The bulletin concludes with a
list of the varieties tested at the Central Farm from 18S7 to 190D with notes
on their character.

Pineapple growing in Porto Rico, II. C. IIenricksen and M. J. Iorns (Porto
Rico »S7f/. Bill. S. Spa II is Ji Ed., jip. 7W/,S\ pis. 0). — The English edition of this
bulletin has been previously noted (E. S. li., 21, j). 45).

The American grapes employed as stocks for reconstituting phylloxera-
infested vineyards in Italy, C. Fuschini (Lc Viti Amcricane nctla Prativa
delta Rico.stitusionc dei Yiyncti Filtossc'rati in Italia. Parma, 1910, pp. XIX-{-
lilj fiQS' 8). — ^A small practical treatise on viticulture with special reference to
the use of the American species as stocks for native grapes. In the introduction
consideration is given to the phylloxera infestation in Euroi)e and the nature
of the trouble, methods of combating it, etc. Succeeding chai)ters contain de-
scriptions of the best graft stocks and their principal cultural requirements,
together with specific directions for growing the American species, including
their propagation, grafting, forcing the grafted vines, and planting operations.

A short bibliography on viticulture is appended.

On the use of lime nitrogen in vineyards, F. Muth (Wcinbau ii. Wein-
handcl, 2S (1910), Ao. 13, p. 120). — Lime uitrogen was ti'ied in a vineyard in
Oppenheim in comparison with the usual sources of nitrogen, such as nitrate of
soda and ammonium sulphate. The data secured indicate that lime nitrogen
may safely be used as a source of nitrogen in vineyards.

On the phosphoric acid content of grapes during their period of develop-
ment, E. HUGUES (Prog. Agr. et Yit. (Ed. VEst-Gcntre), 31 (1910), No. IJ,,
pp. /fl8-.i24, figs. 3). — Analyses are reported in which the author traces the de-
velopment of phosphoric acid in the skin, pulp, and seeds of grapes throughout
the active growing and ripening periods.

Comparative results of inquiries made in 1907 and in 1909 on the viti-
cultural situation in the department of Herault, E. Durand (Prog. Agr. et

734 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centrc). 31 (1910), No. 11, pp. 32.',, 325).— A comparative sta-
tistical review of viticultural conditions in Herault for the years 1!)07 and irx)!).

On the cost of producing wines in Tuscany, D. Taruffi (Bol. 1st. Agr.
l^caiHlicei, 2. ser., 7 {1909), No. 3, pp. 219-251). — An economic study relative to
the cost of growing grapes and producing wines in Tuscany, based upon de-
tailed data on the expense of various cultural and vintage operations in dif-
ferent sections of Tuscany.

Orchard planting' plans, J. Craig {West. N. Y. Hort. Boc. Proc, 55 {1910).
pp. 67-76, figs. 3). — A discussion of the various methods of planting orchards,
in which the author points out the need of making the planting methods con-
form to the character of the tree, relative to its habit of gi'owth, habit of bear-
ing, longevity, size, etc.

Problems in the pollination of fruits, S. A. Beach {Trans. III. Hort. »SV>c.,
II. scr.. 'i3 (1909). pp. 67-77). — A paper on this subject with the accompanying
discussion, inchiding a ])ibli(),^raphy of the literature of orchard pollination.

Experiment in orchard irrigation, F. L. Lamson (West. N. Y. Hort. *Soe.
Proe.. 55 (1910), pp. 49-59, figs. 5). — This paper with the accompanying discus-
sion deals with an experiment undertaken by the author in the irrigation of
peaches in Wayne County, N. Y.

As a result of the first year's trial, the peaches on the irrigated trees were
from one-third to one-half larger than on the uuirrigated plats. They also
had a richer color, the new wood was more mature, the foliage a much darker
and richer green, and the flavor compared favorably. The irrigation gave an
added lu-oflt of .$ir»S per acre.

Protecting orchards against frosts and freezes, W. L. Howard (Missouri
8ta. Circ. Inform. 35, pp. 10). — A popular review of some of the methods em-
ployed in protecting orchards from frost in various fruit growing districts, with
a discussion of the practicability of using orchard heaters under Missouri
conditions.

What are the profits from the orchard industry? A. Janson (Ostrrr. Gart.
Ztg., 5 ( 1910). Nos. 2, pp. JtT-55; 3, pp. 86-90; I,, pp. 131-1 J,2, fig. i).— A detailed
examination of the cost of growing and maintaining fruit orchards and the
yields and returns to be expected therefrom, with special reference to German
conditions.

Fruit growing, storage, and mai'keting in the United States, N. Kaumanns
{Deut. Obsthau Ztg.. 1910, No. 9-10, pp. 105-111).— A descriptive account of
American methods of fruit growing, storage, transportation, and marketing.

California fruits and how to grow them, E. J. Wickson (San Franeiseo,
C'aL, 1910, 5. ed., rev., pp. 60-'i, figs. 173). — The present edition of this work,
which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. S3S), includes the more recent
knowledge relative to California horticulture.

Better fruit for Maine, E. F, Hitchings (liiil. [Maine] Dept. Agr.. 9 (1910),
No. 1, pp. 2S, pis. 13). — Considerable information on the culture and care of
apple orchards has been brought together in this bulletin with the view of
stimulating the orchard industry in Maine.

Early horticultural days in Oregon, .J. R. Cardwell (Proe. Oreg. Htate
Hort. Sac, 24 (1909), pp. 67-74, fig. 1). — This paper contains considerable gen-
eral information relative to the history and development of the fruit industry
in Oregon.

Elementary facts concerning orchard practice in Wisconsin (Wis. State
Hort. Soe. Bui. 18, pp. 15, figs. 7). — This bulletin contains brief popular direc-
tions for growing orchard and small fruits.

Fruit growing (Rpt. Heot. Com. Agr. Canada. 1908, pp. 158-171, figs. 7). —
This is a report of the Scottish Agricultural Commission of 190S relative to the

HORTICULTURE. 735

progress and prospects of fruit growing in tlie Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, in
Niagara Toninsula, Ontario, and in different parts of Kritish Columbia.

On the yields, market conditions, and prices of German fruit crops for
the year 1909, the import of foreign fruits and their influence upon the
price and sale of native fruits, and the results of fruit exchanges and
markets, E. Lesskr (Dcut. Ohstban Zty., 1910, No. 7-S, pp. 89-96).— X report
to the (iernian l'ouK)k)gical Society on the fruit crops and market conditions
in mOl).

Second report on the fruit experiments at Pusa, A. Howard {Agr. Research
Inst. Pusa [India] Bid. 16, 1910, pp. 26, pis. 5, figs. 3). — In a previous report
(E. S. R., 10, p. 338), an outline was given of cultural experiments with orchard
fruits begun by the Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa. The present
report deals with the results thus far obtained, including an account of the
general experience gained in fruit growing on tlie plains of India.

Apple g'rowing' in New Eng'land, C. I). .Tarvis (Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui.
61, pp. .j5-S9, pis. 10). — Part 1 of this bulletin discusses the apple industry in
New England relative to its rise and fall, present conditions, and outlook for
its future development. Part .2 contains suggestions relative to the renovation
of old orchards, concluding with an example of successful renovation. The
recommendations suggested are based upon the observations and investigations
of various workers and ui)on the results of field study, embodying the experi-
ences of successful fruit growers.

Apple culture under irrig'ation, F. Garcia {Neiv Mexico 8 fa. Bui. 77, /</*.
3--}.'/, figs. l-'i). — This bulletin deals with apple culture under irrigation, the sug-
gestions being based largely on observations and experiments in the Rio Grande
Valley.

The important pliases discussed include selection of site, soil, preparation of
the land, selection of varieties, source and care of the trees, planting operations,
cultivation, pruning, intercropping, mixed orchards, winter injury, varieties,
insects, insecticides, and protecting tri-es from rabbits during winter. Lists ai"e
given of varieties reconnnended for different apple growing districts of New
Mexico, together with tabulated data from a number of apple growers relative
to various orchard operations. The 4 commercial varieties of New Mexico are
given as Ben Davis, Missouri Pii)pin, Arkansas Black, and Mammoth Black
Twig or Arkansas.

Olive culture and oil manufacture in the arid Southwest, J. E. Coit
(Arizona .S7«. Bui. 62, pp. o25-oo^. figs. ,?). — The first part of this bulletin
contains detailed suggestions for growing olives in Arizona, including a discus-
sion of climate, soil, irrigation. proi)agation, planting, pruning, budding, cultiva-
tion, insects and diseases, yields, and the outlook for olive products.

There follows a detailed account of experiments in oil making conducted
with a Buchner press at the station farm, one of the purposes of which was to
determine the quality of oil made under the best conditions from Arizona grown
olives. The olives were secured from orchards growing on rather heavy well
irrigated land, on light gravelly soil of the foot hills, and on very thin dry
mesa soil. The samples of olives were pressed 3 times and in a few cases 4
times, a pressure from 300 to 400 lbs. per square inch being used for the first
pressing and a maximum of 640 lbs. per square inch for subsequent pressings.

In commercial oil making great difficulty has been experienced in separating
the oil from the finely divided vegetable matter, which squeezes. through the
press cloth after the first pressing. In these experiments, this oily pulp was
used to soften the mass of dry, recrushed pomace before it was pressed a
second time. It was found that the solft pulp does not come through the cloths

736 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

with the oil the second time. This plan of working the pulp has been sug-
gested for commercial use and has been employed with success by one manu-
facturer. In commercial practice oil of considerable value is left in the pomace
after the last pressing. To decrease this loss the writer suggests that when
the pomace is being pressed for the last time, it be made into smaller cheeses
separated by gratings from one-half to two-thirds the area of those used for
the first pressing. Notes and data are given on the pressing tests of the vari-
ous varieties used, together with analyses of olives and a table showing the
behavior of olive oils during hot and cold weather.

As a result of these investigations, the author finds that many varieties of
olives, when grown under Arizona conditions, are well adapted to oil making,
and that when properly made from them the oil may be of the very finest
quality. Of the varieties tested, Mission, Correggiola, Pendulina, Razza, and
Nevadillo were best suited for oil making. The recoverable oil content of the
Arizona olive compares favorably with that of the California olive.

Tlie hot weather test indicated that if cleanliness is diligently observed in the
manufacture of olive oils, they ai"e no more perishable than many other care-
fully prepared food products. The most satisfactory of the oils as to fluidity
in cold weather is Mission. Mausanillo oil in particular solidifies easily into a
semisolid state on cooling, even at a temperature between 40 and 50° F.

Contrary to the rather common opinion that the oil secured by the third and
fourth pressings of the olive is suitable only for fuel or soap manufacture and
that the so-called virgin oil, or first pressing oil, has poorer keeping quali-
ties than that from the second pressing, the author found that under the condi-
tions of the experiments oil from all the pressings (even up to five pressings)
when mixed together did not appreciably lower the quality of the product.
Even when thus mixed, practically all of the oils retained their high quality
for one year at least under unusually trying temperature conditions. Most of
the samples were ready tor market 4 months after date of manufacture, instead
of being aged for a year as is commonly done.

It is concluded that all the oil which it is possible to extract from ripe olives
with a pressure of 640 lbs. per square inch may be mixed together with safety,
provided all the pressings are made in one day and the oil is not allowed to
stand with the black juice more than a few minutes, and very cleanly methods
are used.

The author finds that the acridity so objectionable in oil is chiefly due to the
admixture of greer. olives or olives which have matured at one end only. An
inspection of a number of soutliwestern oil mills leads him to form the following
conclusions as to the cause of the bad flavors sometimes secured : Careless pick-
ing wherolty the berries are broken and a [lart of the oil set free, such free oil
rapidly absorbing odors from the soil, musty sacks, etc., until pressed, allowing
a long time to elapse between picking and pressing, thus allowing mold to de-
velop on the broken berries, the use of filthy and rancid press cloths, the fibers
of the cloth permitting the oxygen of the air to come into intimate contact with
the absorbed oil with consequent rancidity, lack of dispatch in the pressing
process and in separating the oil from the black press liquid, and overfiltration.
Wherever oil is passed through filter paper in the open it is brought into more
or less intimate contact with oxygen, with deleterious effects. Consequently the
process of settling and racking should be relied upon as much as possible for
the clarification of the oil.

Scheme for the classification of the races of olives grown in southern
Italy, M. Marinucci (Atti. R. 1st. Incorcif/g. Napoli, 6. so:, 60 iWOS). pp. 165-
ISO). — This has been previously noted as a sejjarate (E. S. R., 20, p. 1132).

HORTICULTURE. 737

Alcohol bath beneficial to oranges (Vul. Fruit Groicer, 1^1 (4910), No. 1132,
p. 5). — Accordiug to this note, D. C Lefferts of the Redlands Orange (irowers'
Association has been successful in separating frost bitten oranges from souutl
fruit by means of a denatured alcohol bath, the frost bitten fruit being suffi-
ciently light to float on tbe top of the liquid. A machine has been devised for
carrying on the sepai'ating process. Oranges sul)jected to this bath and exam-
ined later in the eastern markets appear to be particularly free from the spores
of fungi which cause decay.

The export of citrus fruits, C. Fuller (Xatal Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 15, pp. 26). —
This consists of a rei)ort of the 1908 trial shipments of citrus fruits from
Nalal to Europe which were conducted under governmental control, together
with suggestions relative to improvements in methods of harvesting and grad-
ing fruit. The shipments as a whole indicate the possibility of establishing
an export trade with England when the fruit is handled and shipped with care.

The oraTiges coming from the higher altitudes showed much better keeping
qualities than the coast grown fruit. This leads the author to conclude that
unless a better keeping quality can be imparted to the oranges upon the littoral,
the fruit foi- export purposes nmst be grown at least .■>,000 ft. above sea level.

Spice, condiinent, and perfume producing plants, J. A. Alkxandek (Jour.
Roy. Hort. »Soe. [London], J.J (IDIO), .Yo. 3. pp. 3li6-3H3. flf/s. It). — This paper
gives a general account of a large number of plants yielding spices, condiments,
and i)erfumcs.

Vanilla culture in Cuba, E. Lamseus {Estac. Expt. Aijron. Cuba Circ. 37,
pp. 3C)--'i(), fifi. 1). — A brief account of vanilla culture.

Cofifea robusta, W. J. Gallagher (Dcpt. Agr. Fed. Malay kStatcs Bui. 7, pp.
7). — A brief treatise on the culture of this species of coffee in the Federated
MmImv States.

The production and commerce of Algerian dates (liul. Off. (lourt. (Irn.
Algcric. I'.tIO, No. 6, Sup., pp. 7y-.97). — A statistical account of the date industry
in different circles of Algeria.

The oil palm, S. Soskin (Die Olpalmc cin Bcitrag zu Hirer Kuliur. Berlin,
1009, pp. 00, pis. 9, figs. 17). — This consists of a report on the culture of the oil
palm based on observations made by the author in West Africa, together with
information gleaned from the literature on the subject. The information is
here brought together with a view of stimulating the oil i»alm industry in
German East Africa. The oil palm (Ehris; guineensis) is discussed relative to
its botany, products and their uses, distribution, soil and climatic requirements,
races and varieties, culture, harvesting, yields, marketing, and diseases and
other enemies.

Pecans, P. F, Williams (Bui. Dept. Agr. [Ala.], No. 3.'/, pp. 56, pis. //, figs.
4). — This is a bulletin of general information on the subject of pecans, rela-
tive to their culture and care, varieties, insect pests and diseases, yields, etc.

Studies in ornamental trees and shrubs, H. M. Hall (Unir. Cal. Pubs. Bot.,
4 (1910), No. 1. pp. 7-'/. /)/.s-. 11, figs. l'>). — The object of this paper is to supply
information relative to the culture, adaptation, and uses of a number of orna-
mental trees and shrubs, principally of Australian and South American origin,
which either grow in California or are suitable to that climate. A critical
botanical study of the species represented is also included, artificial keys to
the species having been prepared for most of the groups, together with many
illustrations. Among the groups considered are the Pittosporums, Hakeas,
several genera of the Myrtacere, and a number of miscellaneous species.

4255G— No. S— 10 4

738 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

FORESTRY.

History of forestry, B. E. Fernow {Toronto, 1909, pp. VIII +438). —Thin
cousists of a brief history of forestry in Europe, the United States, and other
countries. It has been prepared largely to l)rlnf; together the information now
scattered and mostly inaccessible to English or American readers and is based
upon a series of lectures delivered before the students of forestry in Yale
University.

Silviculture, A. Fron (Si/lriciiltiirr. ParLs, 1909, pp. Y-HJ. flf/x. 9'/). — The pres-
ent etiition of this encycloi)edic work (E. S. R.. 15, p. 480) has been largely
rearranged and modified in many parts of the text.

Fart 1, under the heading, the forest in general and its constituent elements,
discusses the life of the tree in general, forest species, forest and woodlands,
various forms of woodlands, the status of forestry, general utility of forests,
and forest products and industries. Part 2 takes up practical silviculture
under the subdivisions natural and artificial regeneration, cultural operations,
forest management, and the wooded domain and its constituent elements. Part
3 comprises special studies of the coppice, coppice with standards, and high-
forests systems.

Native trees of Kentucky, Sarah W. Maury {[Louiscillc], 1910, pp. l.'/O,
2)ls. 3, fl(/.s. J/.'i). — A popular handbook on the native trees of Kentucky, describ-
ing the general characteristics of each species, the wood and its uses, and the
tree, bark, leaves, and fruit. Both common and botanical names are given,
together with illustrations of fruiting branches in many cases.

A new cypress for Arizona, G. B. Sudworth {Arner. Forcfittij, 16 (1910),
No. 2, pp. 88-90). — The author describes a new species of cyju'ess recently
found on the north slope of the Verde River Canyon and for which he proposes
the name Cupressiis glabra. The wood of this cypress is said to be exceedingly
durable in an unprotected state as compared with the wood of C. arizonica,
which is not of particularly lasting quality.

Studies in the vegetation of the Philippines. I, The composition and
volume of the dipterocarp forests of the Philippines, H. N. Whitford
{Philippine Jour. ScL, C. Dot., Jf {1909), No. .'/, pp. 699-726, pis. 7). — A study of
the composition and volume of the dipterocarp forests in different sections of
the Philippines, with tabular data on some of the more dominant trees, showing
the number of trees or cubic meters of wood per hectare and the percentage
each species forms of the stand.

The virgin forest area of the Philipinnes consists of approximately 40,000
square miles, or about one-third the total area, and members of the dipterocarp
family predominate in 7Ij per cent of these forests. From the forester's and
lumberman's standpoint, they are divided into three tree groups, the hard
durable yacals, the ar)itongs, and the lauans, the second group corresponding to
the hard pines in general mechanical properties and the last to the .soft pines.
In studying the volume of these forests, bulk and annual increment were both
taken into consideration. The author concludes that if measured in bulk alone
some temperate regions show greater success in forest growth than the Philip-
pines. When bulk and annual increment are combined, however, Philipijine
forests compare favorably with forest growth in temperate regions.

Preliminary study of the woods of the Ivory Coast, A. Chevalier {Vcg.
Utiles Afriquv Trop, Franc., 1910, No. 5. pp. .il'i, map 7). — This consists of a
preliminary report of a survey of the forest flora of the Ivory Coast.

Part 1, which is introductory in its nature, deals with the history of various
missions to the Ivory Coast and lines of study pursued. Part 2 discusses the
actual exploitation of the forests. Part 3, which is the most important sec-

FORESTRY. 739

tion of the work, doscribes the various species noted, inchiding their scientific
and vernueular names, imi)ortant characteristics, habitat, and uses. In Part
4, the anttior discusses and draws conclusions relative to the future of forestry
in the Ivory Coast. A list is included of the woods collected during the surveys
of 190(>-7, together with a map tracing the courses of the survey and showing
the principal zones of vegetation.

Burma padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus), It. S. Tuoup ([Indian Forest
Drpt.] I'oinitlilct /'/. Forest Econ. Ker. 7. pp. -'il, pi. /, map 1). — An account
is given of this species of timber tree relative to its nomenclature, vernacular
names, distribution, locality, climate, geology and soil, forest type, density of
stock, reproduction, distinguishing characteristics, description and properties
of the wood, exploitation, demand, prices, yields, and uses. The wood is ex-
tensively used in ordnance work and for furniture. It is also being tested for
paving blofks. It is essentially a high-class hard wood.

Experiments upon the conservation of forest seeds, E. Zkderbauer {CentU,
Oesam. For.siw., 36 {.1910), No. 3, pp. 1111-121). — In the work here reported two
factors, temi)erature and moisture, were investigated relative to their effect
upon the germination power of stored seed. Seeds from a number of coniferous
and deciduous species were stored in rooms and soils having varying natural
temperature and moisture conditions, and the results secured are presented
in tabular form. In general, low temperatures and high humidity or high soil
moisture were found to act favorably upon stored seed in checking both res-
piration and transpiration.

On the storage of pine and spruce seeds, Haack (Min. Bl. K. Preuss. Vcr-
wult. Landir., DomUnen, u. Forsjen, U {1910), No. ?., pp. cS'//-87 ) .— This is a
ministerial order to the various forestry stations in (Jermany relative to the
conservation of pine and spruce seed, the instruction given being based upon the
experimental results securtMl by Haack (K. S. H., 21. p. 441 K

Forest nursery and reforestation work in Massachusetts, K. S. Lancdell
(Boston: ^tate Forester, 1910, pp. 36, pis. 11).— The puriiose of this bulletin
is to present definite information relative to the establishment and management
of forest nurseries, as well as on the reforestation of waste and denuded lands
and their subsequent management as sources of revenue. Descriptions are also
included of the reforestation work done by the State and of the silvicultnral
characteristics of trees most commonly found growing in ]\Iassachusetts, in-
cluding the uses to which their timber is put and a few of their most important
enemies.

Tree culture, O. M. Morris {Oklahoma l^ta. Bui. 86, pp. 3-35, figs, i.5).— This
bulletin contains popular directions for the culture and care of shade trees and
trees for post and pole production. Including notes on the species adapted for
each purpose.

Some notes on tree planting in the shire highlands of Nyasaland, J. M.
PURVES (Nijasahind Ayr. and Forest rij Dept. Bui. 1, 1910, pp. 8).— This consists
of brief notes for prospective tree planters relative to the selection and culture
of the most suitable kinds of trees for timber and fuel production, as well as for
shelter and ornamental purposes. The trees discussed are grouped into three
general classes, durable hard woods, durable soft woods, and trees for ornament
and shelter-belts.

Report on forest statistics of Alsace-Lorraine {Bettr. Forstsfatis. Elsass-
Lothringcn. 1910, No. 27, pp. 12'i). — This is the customary statistical report
relative to the administration of the state, public, and community forests in
Alsace-Lorraine for the year 190S. Detailed and summarized data are given
relative to forest areas, silvicultnral operations, products, revenues, expendi-
tures, etc., including a comparative summary for each year since 1870.

740 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Indian state forestry, S. Eardlky-AVilmot (Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts, 5S {tdlO),
i\'o, .iOUS, PI). 'ilJJ-,J(iS). — This paper, to,i;etlier with the accompanyiuf;; discussion,
deals with forest conditions in India and the progress made in forest manage-
ment.

Reports on certain continental forests, F. L. Cowley-Brown {Madras:
Gort., 190S, pp. <SJ, figs. 20). — This report (>mbraces the salient features of an
inspection tour of a number of continental forests.

In part 1 consideration is given to the forests of the Gironde and Landes
coasts, with special reference to the fixation of the dunes and moving sands,
forest management, and resin exploitation. Succeeding parts of the report take
up the forest of Heppenheim, forests in the Pau conservation, projects of defense
in the Pyrenees and in the Alps, the forest school at Vallombrosa, forests
in the Nice conservation, the instruction forest and forest school at Nancy,
together with several supplementary notes on French forests. Suggestions are
also included relative to the application of the observations reported to condi-
tions in India.

Forest divisions in Burma and the United Provinces, F. A. Leete (Indian
Forester, 36 (1010), ^o. 1-2, pp. .'il-(j'.)). — A descriptive account of these di-
visions is given, including information relative to their management.

The structure, properties, and uses of wood, H. Wilda (Das Hoi:; Aiifbau,
Eigensvhapen itnd Vericendung. Leipsiv, 1909, pp. 125, figs. 33). — A concise
treatise on this subject, discussing the growth and structure of woods, their
physical properties, enemies and i)rotection, the uses of wood in various trades
and industries, including information relative to the chemical and mechanical
treatment and the adaptation of various kinds of wood for industrial purposes.

The preservative treatment of farm timbers, ('. P. Willis ( U. 8. Dcpt.
Agr., Farmers' Bui. 387, pp. 19, figs. 5). — The information presented is based
upon preservative studies conducted by the Forest Service in cooperation with
the Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries of Alabama, and the Alabama,
Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, and South Carolina stations. The
methods of prolonging the life of fence posts were found to be in the follow-
ing order of efflciency, beginning with the cheapest and less effective: Peeling
and seaoning, charring, painting, dipping, the cold bath treatment, and impreg-
nation with creosote.

In the experimental work conducted, impregnation with creosote was found to
be decidedly the best preservative treatment. The use of creosote is discussed,
relative to method of treatment, forms of treating tanks, preparation of posts
for treatment, the application of preservative, and the cost and value of treat-
ment. It is pointed out that all ordinary farm lumber may be treated in a
very similar manner to posts. Sjiecial consideration is given to the treatment
of shingles, creosote and other derivatives of coal tar being deemed the best anti-
septics. In order to overcome the odors which these substances possess, it is
advised that the shingles be seasoned for a few weeks between treating and
laying.

Preservatives for wood paving blocks, C. N. Forrest (Engin. Rcc, 61
(1910), Xo. 16, pp. 531, 532). — The author presents data to show that tar is a
better water-proofing agent than creosote and will remain in the blocks for a
longer period of time. Tar is also being adopted in lieu of creosote oil for
wood paving blocks because it is a cheaper preservative.

Rubber, A. Fayol (Le Caoutchouc. Paris, 1909, pp. III+13S). — A technical
treatise on latex and the preparation and manufacture of rubber, including
introductory remarks relative to the history of the rubber industry.

[Rubber analyses] (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington], 7 (1909), Ao. 3, pp.
255-263). — Analj'ses are reported of samples of Funtumia clastica, Clitandra

DISEASES OF PLANTS, 741

elastica, and " Marodi " vine rubber from southern Nigeria, rubber of Ficus
vogelii from tlie (lambia, and of Vahea rubber, a species of Landolpbia from
Seychelles.

Treatment and transformation of Eucalyptus globulus forests, H. Mulleb
(Rev. Secc. Agron. Univ. Montevideo, 1908, No. Jf, pp. 95-106). — In this article
the author outlines methods for the silvical treatment and exploitation of E.
glohnlus forests in the department of Montevideo, with a view of obtaining
the greatest percentage of timber possible and of substituting other more useful
species without lessening the production of the forests in the meanwliile.

On the elastic substance occurring on the shoots and young leaves of
Eucalyptus corymbosa and some species of Angophora, II. G. Smith (Jour.
and Proc. Roy. 8oc. N. 8. Wales, 1,2 (1908), pp. 133-lU, fig. i).— An investiga-
tion of tlie properties and composition of the elastic substance occurring on the
shoots and young leaves of Eucalyptus corymhosa, Angophora lanceolata, and
A. intermedia leads to the conclusion that it is a good form of caoutchouc. The
author notes that this is probably the first time that caoutchouc has been shown
to occur in any member belonging to the Myrtacejie. The small percentage
obtained, however, makes it at i)resent of scientific value only.

The rubber industry of Mexico, P. Olsson-Seffer (Trop. Life, 6 {1910),
No. 3, pp. 50^2). — The author discusses the present status of the rubber indus-
try in Mexico and gives as a conservative estimate of the possible production
of rubber in that country between the years 1912 and 1915 a total of 18,000 tons
per annum from all sources, including wild and planted Castilla, Plnmeria,
Guayule, Pedilanthus, and Jntrophas, as ^^■ell as some minor rubber producers.

DISEASES OF PLANTS.

Plant diseases for the year 1909 worthy of special notice, K. Stormeb
(Lundw. Wehnschr. Bachsen, 12 {1910), Nos. 2, pp. 10-12; 3, pp. 19-21; J,, pp.
27-29). — Special mention is made of the grain fly ravages, oat root disease, grain
mites, loose snuit of grains, and leaf roll disease of the i)otato. Four methods
of treating the grain for prevention of loose smut were tried, namely, copper
sulphate, formalin, warm water, and liot air, but only tlie warm-water method
gave favorable results.

In the copper sulphate treatment, three solutions of different strengths were
used, 1, 0.5, and 0.1 per cent, respectively. The grain in each case remained for
16 hours in the solution, which in one set of experiments was at a temperature
of 15° C. and in another at 25°. The results in all cases were unsatisfactory,
for. when the smut was materially decreased a marked injury to the germinat-
ing power of the grain followed.

In the formalin treatment, the seeds were immersed in a 0.1 per cent solution
of formalin for 10 minutes with practically no effect on the smut.

In the warm-water method, seed that had been soaked for G hours in water
at a temperature of from 20 to 25°, and seed that had not been soaked, was
immersed for 10 minutes in hot water, at a temperature for each experiment of
50, 53, and 56°, respectively. Only the soaked seed showed favorable results
in controlling the smut. In the case of barley, the smut was entirely destroyed,
but the germinating power was injured, the injury increasing with the degree
of heat used. With the summer wheat the effect on the smut was not so
marked, but the treatment was still of decided value.

In the hot-air treatment, the following experiments were made: (1) Dry
grain heated for 45 minutes in hot air at a temperature of from 80 to 100°,
with no appreciable effect on the smut; (2) damp grain heated in air, first at a
temperature of from 50 to 60° for 60 minutes, and then raised to from 80 to 100°

742 EXPERIMENT STATION KEOORD.

for 45 uiimitos, with ;in iiiaiipreciable result on the smut; ami (3) grain soaked
for 6 hours and tlicu subjected to hot air at a temperature of from 50 to <»0° for
00 minutes, and tlien raised to from SO to 100° for 45 minutes, this tn.'atment
materially decreased the smut on the haiiey hut had no effect on the smut-
tiufx of the wheat.

The objection to the warm-water treatment is that i1 aiijjrccialily lowers the
germinating power of the grain. The mosi favorable results obtained were by
soaking the grain for 6 hours in water at a lemiieratnre of from 20 to 25°, and
then in hot water at from 52 to 53° for 10 minutes. If the gi'ain is immediately
planted, the injury to its germinating jiower is materially lessened. It is sug-
gested that by tlie nse of a large drying aiiiini'atns. the hot oi' w:irm water
treatment can prol)ably be used Avithout injury to the viability of the grain.

The prevalence of the leaf roll disease of the potato is discussed, and the
author claims that this disease results from the deteriorated (run out) condi-
tion of the seed tubers, due to a continued nse, year after year, of the same
strains in the same localities, and is accelerated by warm winters and exposure
to light, thus causing further exhausti(m of the seed potatoes by premature
sprouting in storage. Plants from such tubers will always develop the disease.
It. is also claimed that as the disease is an accompanying phenomenon of ex-
haustion, it is, therefore, not infectious but is transmitted on account of its
relation to the internal condition of the tubers. The results of a series of ex-
periments with seed from other regions are given, which show that seed tubers
from countries with a high altitude and cold winters are less susceptible to the
disease, and therefore produce a larger yield than home-raised seed. This was
especially noticeable in the potatoes from seed imported from Silesia. Farmers
in regions subject to this disease are advised to import seed potatoes from colder
countries where the disease does not exist.

Diseases and injuries to cultivated plants in the provinces of Posen and
West Prussia for 1908, R. Schandkr (Mift. Kaiser Wil]i<lius Inst. TaiikIh:
Broitihrrc/, 2 (1910), No. 1, pp. 3-U36, pi. 1, fW-'^- -'i, maps G). — This is a comi»re-
hensive statement of fungus, insect, and weed pests of cereals, root crops, forage
plants, vegetables, orchard fruits, grapes, berries, forest trees, etc., and remedies
therefor, with tables, charts, etc.. showing the distribution of the diseases and
their relative amount of injury.

Some diseases of cultivated plants, V. Ducomet (Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr.
Eenncs, 2 (1908), pp. 1-5J,; ahs. in Bot. CenthL, 111 (1909). No. 21, pp. 5JfO,
5-'f6). — The author discusses 5 parasites, of which the following are described
as new: Fusarium loliaceum on rye grass (Lotiiim itnlicinn); Hpluvrcthi pini-
folia, which forms smoky patches of mycelium on the needles of maritime pjne
(Finus tnarUima) ; and Vennicnlaria. varians, a sclerotium disease of potato
tubers, which is also found on the tomato and PhysaUs peruviana.

A vermicular disease of the cork oak (Quercus suher) is attributed to a
nematode (Heterodera raiUcieola) as a primary cause, followed by invasion of
fungi into the galls thus formed. The OTdium of the oak so prevalent in 1908
and 1909 in France is discussed and the conclusion is reached that it is not
Miero-sptia^ra aini and i)robably not O'idiiim fjiie)Tiniim.

The parasites of plants of Torino and vicinity, P. Voglino (Ann. R. Acead.
Agr. Torino, 51 (1909), pp. 1-38; ahs. in CentU. Bakt. [ete.^, 2. Aht., 26 (1910),
No. Jf~5, pp. 102, 103). — This is a list of the parasitic fungi common to garden
and field crops, with records of experiments as to the identity of several dis-
puted species. The author after describing as new 6 varieties and species of
fungi closes with an accqnnt of insect injuries to various plants, and a list of
G4 hosts for peach scale (Diaspis pentagona).

DISEASES OP PLANTS. 743

Three fungus diseases worthy of consideration, G. Kock {Verhandl. K. K.
Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 59 {1909), Xos. 1-2, p. (^/S); 3-^, pp. (//9-57); abs. in
Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 25 {1909), No. 19-25, pp. 5i9, 520).— The 3 diseases
noted are melon mildew iPseudoperonospora cubensis), gooseberry mildew
{SpJurrotheca mors-uvw) , and the leaf roll disease of the potato {Fusarium sp.).

The author discusses the life history and dissemination of the melon mildew
and its systematic position in the PeronosporeiTe. It was found that in Austria
the pumpkin bad a greater resistance to tbe disease tban the umskmelon and
both of these greater than the cucumber. Experiments with 7G varieties of
cucumbers showed that tbe susceptibility of each variety to the mildew was
very different, (be climbing cucumber or ghei'kin having the greatest immunity
as previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 247). For the control of the disease a 1
per cent Bordeaux mixture proved effective. Soil and seed disinfection are
also reconnnended. Tbe ai)i)lic!ition of tbe Bordeaux mixture i'e<luced the yield
of fruit, presumably because of a checking of tbe transpiration and assimilation
in the leaves and a consequent decrease in tbe quantity of fruit set.

The gooseberry mildew is claimed to have been introduced from 3 different
centers of infection, Ireland, Denmark, and Russia, which accounts for the
prevalence througbcmt Austria of tliis fungus. It is especially destructive to
certain varieties of Austrian gooseberries. Spraying with a 2 per cent solution
of Bordeaux mixture is reconnnended.

Tbe autbor believes tbat tbe leaf roll disease of the potato is duo to a fungus
parasite, aided by ulliei' fMctoi's. sucb iis weatber, cbaracter of soil, etc.

The control of melon and cucumber blight and bean anthracnose, C. D.
Jarvis {Connecticut Starrs Sta. Rpt. 190S-9, pp. XXXI, XXX//).— Spraying
experiments have been in progress at the Connecticut Storrs Station for 6
years for the control of melon and cucumber bligbt {l*1asmopara cubensis).
The conclusions derived from the exiieriments are tbat Bordeaux mixture will
not completely control tbe disease, but will cbeck its develojunent sufficiently to
permit tbe maturing of the crop. Tbe fungicide has an injurious effect upon
tbe foliage and tbe flowers, and in seasons of little or no bligbt may decrease
tbe yield of fruit. Tbe results of the 6 years' experiments, however, show that
even with tbe injurious effect it has upon the plant, it pays to spray melons
and cucumbers with Bordeaux mixture every year as a safeguard against
disease. Half-strength Bordeaux mixture, 2:2: 50, was found to give as good
results as the full-strength mixture, and its injurious effect was less pronounced.

A brief account is. given of spraying experiments for the control of bean
anthracnose. It was found that this disease can be controlled by repeated and
thorough sprayings, but tbe foliage must be completely covered with the mix-
ture from tbe first week in July to the maturing of the fruit.

Diseases of cultivated plants in the Tropics, C. Brick {Jahresber. Ver.
Angew. Bot., 6 {1908), pp. 223-258, figs. 6; abs. in Centbl. BaJct. [etc.], 2. Abt.,
25 {1909), Xo. 19-25, pp. 522, 523).— The fungi that attack cacao, coffee, India
rubber, and other plants, are briefly described, and remedies suggested for
each disease.

Bacteria causing plant diseases, G, Kock {Monatsh. Landiv., 2 {1909),
p. 2-'i7; (lbs. in Cent hi. Bnlt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 25 {1909), Xo. 19-25, pp. 521, 522).—
The author has compiled a list of the diseases of plants known to be caused by
bacteria and also those that are supposed to be thus produced. It is stated that
no direct application of fungicide will, as a rule, control bacterial diseases, but
that each species demands special methods for its prevention or eradication.

Exotic fungi, G. Massee {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., 1910,
Xo. 1, pp. 1-6, pi. 1). — The author describes as new 16 species of fungi, the
majority from the West Indies. Of tbis number the following may become of

744 EXPEBTMENT STATION RECORD.

ocononiic iniimrtnnco : Mardsniiiis scdiidciis, on tlic <iiltivMto<l cacsu) phiiits of
Africa; IHpIodia )<iii<i.r. parasitic on tlic living hrnm-lics and roots of Para rub-
ber trees of tro])icul Africa; (Jlwo-siKjiiiini citri, on orange leaves from Trinidad;
and Macrosporium hniccohitiim, on leaves of Agave rigida from Mozambique.

Two of the fungi were found infesting the bodies of injurious insects and
may i)rove of economic value, namely. HcplocyVnulrlum siisprcimn n. sp., on the
bodies of dead frog-hopi)ers (Cercopida') from Trinidad, and SclcnxJerrif! (jign-
sponi n. sji.. occurring in clusters on scale insects {Mijtilunitis cilricohi) also
from Trinidad.

Org-ancid galls, E. KiisTKii (Biol. CciithL, .W (UUO), No. 3, pp. I1(j-12H).—
According to the author, galls can be divided into histoid and organoid. The
organoid galls ar(> those which are characterized by a transformation of old
or the formation of new organs, while tlie histoid are comi)osed of simple
;d)noru-,al tissue. The organoid galls in all their morphological characters
belong with those abnormal structures which have been i)roduced by general
or l(K'al nutrition changes, and, therefore, would be classed as truly etiological.

Contributions on g'alls produced by Uredineae, Ruth Stampfli (Hcdirigid,
J/O (1910), No. Jf-o, pp. 230-267, figs. 27). — This is an investigation of the mor-
lihological changes produced in the tissues of host plants by the presence of
invading fungi, and is discussed under 3 heads; Typical galls, (2) deforma-
tion of the flowers, tind (3) galls on stems and leaves.

Specific cases of gall production on various liost plants by different Uredineiie
were studied in detail, especially with reference to any change jn-oduced in the
various elements of the tissues of the Iiost, such as production of sclerenchyma.
wood fibers, parenchyma, etc. The author found that the galls and other de-
formations of the tissues of the host are produced mainly by an extra growth
of parenchyma tissue in the invaded region, and that tlie sclerenchyma strands,
wood fibers of the vessels, etc., w^ere but little changed.

The sexuality of rusts, L. Kurssanow (Ztschr. Bot., 2 {1910). No. 2, pp.
Sl-93, pi. 1). — The author briefly reviews the recent literature on the sexuality
of rusts and notes the different interpretations of various investigators on dis-
puted points, closing with a discussion of the phenomena observed in his
studies of the young rpcidial stages of PucHnin peckinnn, better known as
Cwonui nitens. in which he claims to have found a true conjugation of sexual
cells or gametes.

Infection experiments with, crown rust, F. Mijhlethaler {Cenfhl. Bakl.
[etc.], 2. yiht., 26 {1910), No. 1-3, p. 'jS). — Sowings of teleutospores of crown
rust from Calamagrostis varia on RJidinnus alpina and R. purshiaua produced
abundant fecida ; also sowings of recidiospores from R. alpina on C. varia and
C. teuella produced uredosori. .li^cidiospores from R. calhartica produced ure-
dosori on Bromns erectus condensatiis, Fcstuca alpina, F. anniflinarca, F.
gigantca. and F. varia. The uredospores from B. crcetiis condensatiis were able
to infect B. erectus condensatiis, B. erectus, B. inerniis, B. sterilis. and B.
tectorum.

Seed disinfection and crop production; methods and types of machinery
needed, H. L. Bolley {Nortli Dalcota Sta. Bui. 87, pp. 131-166, pis. 7, figs. 15). —
The author describes in popular language some of the principal diseases of
wheat, oats, and other cereals which are introduced through seed, and gives
simple directions for the methods of prevention or control of seed-borne dis-
eases. Among the diseases described are the stinking smut of wheat, oat
smut, loose smut of wheat, loose smut of barley, flax wilt, and flax canker.
For the control of these diseases various methods of treatment with fungicides
have been recommended, and formulas and methods of treatment are described.

DISEASES OP PLANTS. 745

As a result of the author's studies, he is couviuced that for the farmers of
the Northwest the formaldehyde treatuieut. as used for the preventiou of
stlukiug smut of wheat aud loose smut of oats, and the modified hot-water
treatment for the pi'evention of loose smut of barley aud wheat will give the
most satisfactory i-esults. For the flax diseases the separation of all light
seed and the treatment of the heavy seed with formaldehyde is recommended.

For the treatment of seed various methods have been devised, and a number
of successful forms of machinery for treating grain are described.

Maize smut, T. H. Johnston (Agr. Gaz. N. /?. WaJc.-i, 21 {1910), No. 1, pp.
43, -'I'l. figfi. 2). — The author gives the following as the smuts of New South
Wales: Maize smut {Ustihigo may (lis), two barley smuts (U, hordci and
T'. iiitda), the loose smut of oats {U. avcruc) and of wheat ( f ^ tritiri). bunt
or stinking smut of wheat {TUlctia tritici and T. Iwvis), flag smut of wheat
{Urocystis occulta), and another smut (TJsWago sp.) on couch grass. A
popular description of the life history of the corn smut and remedies for its
control are given.

Smut in wheat {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 1, pp. 58, .5.9).— Atten-
tion is called to the fact that F. Maddox 15 years ago conducted a series of ex-
periments (E. S. R.. 9, p. 10.57) on smut infection of wheat by loose smut
{Ustilago carho), which showed that flower infection was its only means of
propagation, a conclusion that has since been confirmed by other investigators
(E. S. R., 10. p. 676; 19, p. 7.50; 21. p. 445).

The flower infection of wheat smut, W. Lang {Centhl. Bal:f. [rtr:], 2. AM.,
25 (1!)09), No. 1-J,, pp. 86-101, pJ. 1, figs. 2).— A general history of the study
by various Investigators of the propagation of the grain smuts is given, fol-
lowed by observations on the chai-acters of the spores, their germination, in-
fection, and subsequent path of the germ tube down the stigma to the embryo,
the entrance of the mycelium into the embryo and its final wintering over in
the grains of wheat. It is claimed that the spread of the snuit is mainly by
liloom infection and that the weather conditions at this period have much to
do with the success of the infections. Breeding varieties of wheat the seed
coats of which are able to prevent the entrance of the mycelia into the
embryo during the blooming season is recommended.

The propagation of Sclerospora niacrospora by means of wheat kernels,
Y. Peglion {Atli R. Accad. Liiicei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. c. Nat., 5. so:. 11
{1908), II, No. 9, pp. 509-511; ahs. in Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Al)t., 26 {1910).
No. Jf-5, p. 108). — It is stated that this fungus infects the young ovaries of the
wheat, which at maturity show no external signs of disease, but on examina-
tion reveal an abundance of mycelia within the i)ericarp of the seed. When
the wheat is planted and germination occurs, this enclosed mycelium also
grows and easily penetrates into the tender tissues of the wheat seedlings.
By this means direct ])ropagation and dissemination of this mildew are accom-
plished through apparently sound seed.

Smut infection of wheat by means of infected manure, soil, and seed, B.
Steglicii {FlihJing's Landin. Ztg.. 58 {1909), No. 20, pp. 738-7J,2; Landir. Vers',
i^tat., 72 {1910), No. 5-6, pp. 3-'f4-350). — The results are given of a series of
experiments to test the smutting of wheat from manure, soil, seed, and bran,
each of which had been infected with the spores of a smut {Tilletia Iwvis).

It was found that manure mixed with smut spores was able to infect the
seedling wheat slightly, but the percentage of infection was very small when
the manure was left in heaps from 15 to 30 days and then spread on the ground
immediately before the sowing of the wheat. The infection from the soil was
much greater than from manure, aud when smutty seed was used the infection

746 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

was even greater than with either soil or manure. The infection was less in
each case with the late planted wheat. Smutty bran was able to infect the
seeilliii.si wheat when sown in the drills with the seed.

Some observations on bean rust, (i. Gassnek {Rev. Secc. Agron. Univ. Mon-
tevideo, 1908, No. 4, pp. 125-129, fig. 1 ) .—The attacks of this fungus ( Uromyces
appendiculatus) were so severe in 1908 at the experiment station near Monte-
video that much of the crop was lost, mainly on account of the badly rusted
condition of the pods. Experiments undertaken with 13 varieties to discover
if i)ossible resistant varieties showed that several were only slightly attacked
and those may, therefore, i)rove of value in coml)ating the rust.

Diseases of celery, H. Klebahn (Ztschr. Pflanzciikmnl:, 20 {1910), No. 1.
pp. l-Z/O, pis. 2, figs. Ui). — The author briefly discusses celery culture and gives
extended descriptions of some infection experiments with two of its common
diseases, leaf spot and scab disease of the roots and crown. The conclusion
is reached that the leaf spot is caused by Srpfona apil and the scab by Phoma
apiicola.

The remedies recommended for the leaf spot are Bordeaux mixture, and for
the scab treatment of the soil with disinfectants. As the pycnidia of both
diseases are found on the seed, an ajipliciition of Bordeaux might be of value
to both the seeds and the seedling.s.

Potato diseases in Ireland, G. H. Pethybridge {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr.
Ireland Jour.. 10 {1910), No. 2, pp. 2^1-256, j)ls. 7; ahs. in Farmers' Gaz., 69
{1910), No. 7, p. 130, figs. 2). — The results are given of numerous experiments
conducted at a temporary experiment station at Clifden in Western Ireland in
1909, with special reference to a further study of the various diseases of the
lX)tato and to determine, as far as possible, the best means for controlling them.
Late or black blight {Phytophthora infestans), yellowing or yellow blight, stalk
or Sclerotium disease {Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), black stalk-rot or black leg,
and Spongospora scab {Spongospora suMerranea) were studied and methods of
control suggested for each. Mention is also made of leaf curl {Verticiliiiim
aWo-atrum), black speck scab {Cortieiuni ragvin sohuii). and violet root rot
{Rhizoctonia riolaeea).

Spongospora scab of potatoes, G. H. Pethybridge {Irish Nat., 18 {1909),
No. 5, pp. lis, 119; ahs. in Hot. Centbl, 113 {1910), No. 1, p. 19).— After tracing
the history as revealed in the literature of this potato fungus, the conclusion
is reached that the correct name is Spongospora suhtrrranea.

Potato-spraying' at the Grafton experiment farm, A. H. Hay'wood {Agr.
Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 1, pp. 63, 6-'i). — These experiments were
undertaken to ascertain the cost per acre of thoroughly spraying the potato
crop for late blight {Phytophthora infestans). The outfit including all acces-
sories cost about $65, and consisted of a good spray pump with 4 single spray
nozzles, carried on a one-horse wagon, and required the services of 2 men to
run it. The spray used was 6 : 4 : 40 Bordeaux mixture applied at the rate of 50
gal. per acre. The capacity of the outfit was 0 acres per day and the cost of 1
application was estimated at 85 cts. per acre.

Old and new enemies and diseases of berries, G. LIjstner {Amtsltl. Landw.
Kammer, Wieshaden, 91 {1909), Nos. 15, pp. 102, 103, fig. 1; 16, pp. 107, 108,
fig. 1). — This deals with the American gooseberry mildew {Sphcerotheca mors-
uva') and leaf spot {Glceosporium ribis) on currants and gooseberry plants.

A description of the leaf spot disease is given, accompanied by drawings
showing its gross and microscopic characteristics. Bordeaux mixture is recom-
mended as a remedy.

In the second paper, 8. mors-uvcp is discussed and figured. This disease
attacks all parts of the plants, leaves, stems, and fruits. Several varieties of

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 747

currants are mentioned as i-esistant to the disease. For its prevention potas-
sium suli)hid is recommended, 1 kg. of the salt being used to 100 liters of water,
or if that proves too strong, 400 gm. to 100 liters of water may be used.
Spraying should be done every 8 to 10 days, beginning with the unfolding of
the leaves. Five to eight applications during the season are recommended.

The use of different varieties of gooseberry in combating the American
g-ooseberry mildew, J. Eriksson {Dcut. Ohsthaii Ztf/., 1909, No. 22-23, pp.
3'iO-3.',U, Jigs. 2; abs. in Venlhl. Bait, [etc.], 2. Abt., 26 (.1910), No. .'f-5, p.
110). — The author states that there are two ways of combating the ravages of
the American gooseberry mildew, one by vigorous pruning away of diseased
canes in the late fall and winter, which is usually a very unsatisfactory
method, and the other by judicious selection of the more resistant varieties of
currants and gooseberries to breed a variety that will be immune to the disease.

The pathog'enic spotting of the annual canes of the grape, E. Molz (Centbl.
linkt. [ct(%], 2. Abt., 20 (1908), No. 10, pp. 261-272, pis. 2, fifis. 13; abs. in Bot.
Centbl., Ill (1909), No. 25, pp. 67,7, fi-'/S).— The spots found on the young wood
of grapevines are figured and described imder the following heads: Cortical
warts (young lenticcls), so-called pearl glands, Oi'dium sjiots (Vncinula neca-
tor), anthracnose (Sphaceloma anipclininn), sjutls due to Bordeaux spray, and
those caused by hail or other mechanical injuries.

A disease of the pedicels of the grape, P. Pacottet (Rev. Vit., 32 (1909),
No. SI'i, pp. 98, 99). — The author claims that this disease is often very destruc-
tive to the crop, as it attacks the pedicels at the time the berries are ripening.
It is usually precwled by a pericxl of bad weather or extreme changes in tem-
I)erature, especially .-ifter a sudden cold spell. The disease first manifests itself
on the pedicels as a brown ring or spot more or less extended. The pedicels
attacked dry up without the berries apparently sutS'ering, but after a little they
fade without ripening and either dry up or rot according to the degree of
humidity. In the last stages of the disease, a fungus (Botrytis cinerea) infects
the necrotic tissues.

Authorities are divided as to its causes. Some claim it is a fungus (B.
einerca), others a bacterial aliCection, and still others maintain that it is physio-
logical, due to a disturbance of the nutrition by sudden chilling succeeding a
])eri()d of great heat and, active movements of the sap.

The remedies suggested are the development of an excellent root system by
uniform cultivation, the avoidance of vigorous pruning, and the use of light
fires to protect the stems from sudden changes of temperature.

Tire blight of pears, apples, quinces, etc., H. H. Whetzel and V. B. Stew-
art (Neio York Cornell Sta. Bui. 272, pp. 31-51, figs. 19). — The purpose of this
bulletin is to present the history, symptoms, and causes of this disease, together
with the results and conclusions as to its dissemination and control which may
be of immediate and direct value to the orchardist.

Thorough and rigorous pruning of all cankers and diseased spurs, together
with the proper disinfection of all wounds, is the method recommended for con-
trolling this blight.

Some apple diseases, C. Brooks (New Hampshire Sta. Bui. l.'/'i, pp. 109-138.
figs. 29). — Popular descriptions, together with suggestions for treatment, are
given of apple scab (Ventiiria pomi), fruit spot (CyHndrosporium pomi), fruit
pit, sooty blotch and fly speck (Leptothi/rium pomi), apple rust (Gymnosporan-
(liuin globosum), black rot or canker (Uphwropsis maloruni), bitter rot (Glome-
relUi rufomaculans), fire blight (Bacillus amylovorus), crown gall (Pseudo-
inonas tuniefaciens), European apple canker (Neetria ditissima), blister canker
(Nuinniuhtria discreta), and waiter injury.

748 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD,

The bulletin closes with a discussion of spray injury and directions for the
Iireparation and use of Bordeaux mixture and lime-sulphur sprays.

Peach yellows and little peach, M. A. Blake {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 226,
pp. J-^G, pis. 16). — This is a discussion of the history, prevalence, cause, and
characteristics of and remedies for these two diseases, with an appeal to the
peach growers of the State to practice clean, intensive orchard methods and to
eradicate all affected trees. These diseases are prevalent to some degree
throughout the State and neighboring States and are an increasing menace to
the future welfare of the peach industry, which is now gaining strength after
the severe check due to San Jose scale.

In the early stages peach yellows is indicated by the leaves of one branch
of an apparently healthy tree turning yellowish or reddish-green, rolling up
from the edges, and falling early while the remainder of the tree retains its
foliage. The fruit buds are longer and further advanced upon the affected limb,
while the bark has a riper appearance with noticeably larger lenticels. Instead
of these symptoms, the leaves in the center of the tree may turn a light
to yellowish-green, roll slightly from the edges toward the midrib and droop
downward toward the trunk to some degree This yellowing and rolling
may extend well out toward the tips of the branches, and the affected leaves
are often shorter and smaller than under normal conditions. Instances have
also been observed of young trees the entire foliage of which became slightly
yellow during the late fall, followed in the spring by the fruit buds pushing out
in advance of the normal ti-ees, the new leaves remaining a yellowish green
until finall.v there appear unmistakable symptoms of .vellows. These earlier
stages are more difficult to determine in neglected orchards as the foliage of all
the trees may l)e off color. T'pon bearing ti'ees yellows ma.v first appear in the
premature ripening of fruit upon one branch or over the whole tree, while other-
wise the tree may appear healthy.

Little peach has much the same general characteristics so far as the effects
on the leaves are concerned, but causes the fruit to ripen later than normal.
It also appears to spread more raindly through an orchard than yellows, and
the practice of permitting affected trees to remain increases the danger to young
orchards without benefit to the grower in any way. The exact cause of these
diseases is still unknown.

The following suggestions for the prevention and control of the yellows and
little peach ai-e given : Select a well drained site for the orchai'd, purchase well
grown nursery trees of a medium to large grade, and avoid weak trees and
those grown near an infested orchard. Practice good orchard management in
the form of proper cultivation and sufficient fertilizers, but do not fertilize to
excess, especially with nitrogenous manures. Closely observe the growth of
each tree and if symptoms of either disease appear, dig up and burn at once.
Trees removed in orchards from 1 to 5 years old ma.v be replaced b.v nursery
trees, but in older orchards this replanting is of doubtful value, as the young
trees will be retarded in their growth by the surrounding trees.

The peach leaf curl, G. Gassner (Rev. Asoc. Rural Uruguay, 37 {190S), No.
10, pp. 5Jf6-551). — A popular description of this common disease (Exoasctis
deformans), with methods of control by the use of Bordeaux mixture, is given.

A disease of bananas (Jour. Jamaica Agr. Sac., 13 (1909), No. 12, pp. 1/33,
Ji3.'i). — It is stated that two serious troubles beset the banana growers of Costa
Rica, one due to multitudes of gophers burrowing under the ground and eating
away the roots and bulbs until the whole stool falls, and the other apparently
a bacterial disease, capable of infecting healthy plants which have replaced
diseased ones. A plant which is apparently a cross between the banana and
the plantain seems to be immune to this disease.

DISEASES OF PLANTS. 749

Black canker of the chestnut, G. Briosi and R. Fabneti {Ahs. in Hot. Ccntbl.,
no {1909). yo. 19, 1)1). -',89, ',90).— Accoidiug to the authors, the black canker
or root disease of the chestnut is contagious, progressing downward on the
trunk from the original source of infection into the roots until the entire root
system is invaded. At the base or on the lower parts of the trunks of young
trees, a casfcerous outgrowth is found, caused by a fungus parasite for which
the name Coryiicum pcniiciosum n. sp. is suggested.

For young timber vigorous pruning and burning of all diseased wood is rec-
(snuuended. following this bj' ))ainting the wounds with mastic, tar, or other
disinfectant. On old trees all infected bark and wood should be cut out and
the wounds washed with a concentrated solution of sulphate of iron to which
sulphuric acid has been added.

The recent disease of the oak, A. Trotter (Bui. t^oc. Bot. Ital., 1908, No.
7-9, pp. 113-117; (tlis. in Hot. Ccntbl., 110 (1909), No. 2',, p. 629).— The oak
mildew prevalent in northern and central Italy in 1!)08 attacked Qucrcus
peclttnculata, Q. scssiliflora, Q. ccrris, and Q. ilex, causing the death of a large
number of young plants. According to the author, the disease was probably
due to Microspharu qiicrcina rather than to .1/. alni.

The Oidium of the oak, P. A. S.vccakdo (Guz. Contadino [Trcuiso]. 1908,
No. 32; uhx. in Ccntbl. Bahl. [etc.], 2. Abt., 2.) (1909), No. 19-25, p. 531).— It is
stated that in 3907-llM)!) this mildew was widely i)revalent throughout Italy on
oak trees. It does not seem to be either Phyllactinia HUffulta, or Oidium qucr-
cinum, but more closely resembles the Oidium form of the American mildew
(Microspliwra qucrcina). The origin of this new disease is unknown, and so
far no general remedy for it has been discovered.

The dissemination of a new fungus in Italy, " the white disease " of the
oak, C. FusciiiNi iRivista [Conegliano], .'/. scr., IJf {1908), No. 18, pp. ^2^-
J,26; abs. in Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt.. 25 {1909), No. 19-25, p. 530).— The
author gives the various localities in Italy where this Oidium disease of the
oak has appeared. It is stated that it was so prevalent in some regions that
not a single young oak tree could be found that was not attacked by the fungus.

Witches' brooms and branch knots on stone pine (Pinus cembra), K. voN
TuBEUF {Naturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landic, 8 {1910). No. 1, pp. 1-12, figs. 15). —
The author claims that the witches" brooms, galls, and knots on the leaves
and branches of conifers may originate from a variety of causes, such as mites,
insect larvje, fungi, and bacteria. It is stated that the witches' brooms arising
from the buds on P. cembra and probably those on P. montana are caused by
a mite {Eriophycs ccm&rcc) and not by the mite {Phytoptus pini) which pro-
duces the branch knots on P. silvcstris and P. montana. The branch knots on
P. cembra are said to be due to bacteria.

A new lilac disease, H. Klebahn {Krankheiten des Flicdcrs. Berlin, 1909,
pp. 75, figs. .',5; abs. in Bot. Gaz., J,9 {1910), No. 2, pp. 152, 153).— In addition
to giving an account of the more common fungi occurring on lilacs used for
winter forcing in P]urope, the author describes a new disease which is charac-
terized by the attack on the twigs of the plants, the fungus killing them for a
distance of several internodes. Usually only the upper internodes are killed,
but often the lower parts of the stems are destroyed. The flower buds on the
infected twigs do not develop, so that only leafy shoots are produced from the
lower uninjured buds.

It appears that the greater part of the infection occurs while the plants are
in storage. A study of the cause led to the conclusion that it is due to Phy-
tnphthora syringa\ a species closely allied to P. omnivora, but differing in some
of its morphological and biological characters.*

750 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The rot of chrysanthemum flowers, II. ('keimn {.Jour. Hoc. Nat. Jlort. France,
.'/. scr.. It {I!) 10), Jan., pp. 52-57). — The author divides the rot into 2 liinds,
heart rot or that which destroys the receptacle, due to nutrition disturbances,
and the rot of the ligules caused mainly by a funj^us, Botrytis cincrca.

From extended experiments with various mixtures of fertilizers, tlie con-
clusion is reached that tbe heart rot is caused by the improper use^ fertilizers
in attempting to force the size of the heads. The compost, according to the
author, should have more lime and j)otash and less nitrogen than that in com-
mon use and sbould be prepared from 1 to 2 years prior to using. In this
case the plants at the time of flowering should have an extra quantity of nitro-
gen, preferably in the form of lime nitrogen.

An entirely different treatment is recommended for the rot of the ligules, as
this is caused by the spores of the fungus falling on and infecting the flowers
during the blooming period when the atmosphere is humid. When convenient
the plants should be put under a closed shelter just before the buds open. If
the weather is damp, the buds should be sprinklcnl with a dilute solution of
nitric acid in the proportion of 2 gm. of cbemically i)ure nitric acid to a liter
of water, and vessels containing either quicklime, calcium chlorid, or hypo-
chlorite of lime, should be placed among the plants to absorb the moisture. If
the hypochlorite of lime is used, it will also give off oxidizing fumes, which
ai"e claimed to be injurious to the development of the fungus and yet not to
damage the flowers. If the fumes are too disagreeable, a milture can be used
consisting of common salt 1 kg., peroxid of manganese 200 gm., sulphate of iron
500 gm., nitrate of potash 500 gm., and powdered charcoal 1 kg., made into a
thick paste with water and gum arable and then molded into cones. These
when lighted will disengage oxidizing fumes, thus protecting the plants,

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY.

The zoological record, D. Sharp (ZooJ. Err., .',>, {1901). pp. XII +1521; 45
{1!)0S), pp. Xn+1395). — These volumes contain the usual classified bibliog-
raphies covering the literature relating to all branches of zoology.

While the literature indexed in volume 44 is mainly that of 1907, entries
for 1901-1906 received too late for inclusion in the previous volume are included.
Similarly volume 45 indexes mainly literature issued during 1908, but in addi-
tion some entries for 1901-1907.

The state crop pest law of Louisiana and rules and regulations of the
state crop pest commission, in effect November 1, 1909 (Crop Pc.st Com.
La. Virc. 32, pp. 223-2^0). — The regulations of the crop pest commission now
in force have been brought together in this cii'cnlnr.

Third biennial report of the secretary for the years 1908—9, W. IS'ewell
{Crop Pest Com. La. Bicii. Rpt., 3 (1908-9), pp. A'A7I'),— A report of the work
of the year on the Argentine ant, boll weevil, San Jose scale, and other insect
pests.

Nursery inspection in North Carolina, F, Siieuma-n, Jr, (Jniir. Ecoii. Eat.,
2 (1909), No. 6, pp. 382-385).— This is a brief account of the work as conducted
in North Carolina.

Insect enemies of cantaloups, cucumbers and related plants, R. I. SMrni
(North Carolina 8ta. Bui. 205, pp. S-'/O, Jiys. 18). — In this bulletin the important
insect enemies of cucurbits are described and many illusti'ated by means of
original photographs, summarized accounts being given of their life history
and habits, and of preventive and remedial measures. The pests thus consid-
ered include cutworms, the striped cucumber beetle, cucumber flea beetle
(Epitrix cucumeris), 12-spotted Diabrotica (D. 12-punctata) , squash lady

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY, 751

beetle, melon aphis, squash bug, honied squash bug (Anasa armiger), banded
leaf-footed plaut bug (Lcptoglossus phyUopus) , northeru leaf-footed plant bug
(L. oppositus) , squash borer, pickle worm and melon worm (Diaphania hya-
lincata) .

Corn pests, H. Gakman (Kentiwky Hta. Bui. l-'iS, pp. 291-298). — Brief popu-
Uir accounts are given of the more important insect pests of corn, including the
corn root aphis, corn leaf aphis, chinch bug, southern corn rootworm, cut-
worms, wireworms, grasshoppers, green June bug, sugar-cane borer (Ligynis
rn(iicrps), army worm and corn earworm. Two species of mice are said to be
common and to cause injury in the corn fields of Kentucky, namely Peromyscus
michiganensis and Microtus pinrtoriini.

Notes on two insects found on corn, R. L. Webster (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2
{1909), No. 6, p. Ji63). — Honcrocampa Icucostigma and Aphis s('tari(F are re-
ported to have been found in Iowa feeding on the corn plant.

Notes on the injurious scale insects and mealy bug's of Egypt, together
with other insect pests and fung'i, with notes on the methods of prevention
and remedies, W. Draper {Cairo, 1901, pp. 28, pis. 16). — Following a brief
introduction and an account of remedies, the author considers at some length
the scale and other insects common in Egyptian gardens (pp. 7-22). Twenty-five
species of coccids are noted, of which Aonidia glandulosa from acacia and
Sphwrococcus draperi from the date palm (both named by Newstead) are new
to science. A list of 27 other known African species of scale pests, prepared by
Ii. Newstead, is also included, of which the most destructive are the red-spotted
scale {Aspidioliis ficun) which attacks foliage of all of the citrus or orange
family, the different kinds of Fici, palms, etc., and the Akee fringed scale
{Asterolecanium pustiiluns), a most destructive species which attacks the
branches of the fig, oleander, mulberry, plum, and a number of other plants.
Other insects considered are the Egyptian cotton worm {Prodenia littoraUs) ;
a species of thrips which injures the foliage of vines, bitter oranges, limes,
lobbek. crotons, etc.; a red spider (probably Tetranyrhiis trlarii(s), which
injures cotton, the Casuarina wood-borer {Sinoxylon sp.), a destructive leaf-
eating weevil {Otiorhynchus sp.) which has injured roses, the lebbek beetle
{Xystrocera globosa), the sunt caterpillar {Gartropacha acacitc), an aphid; a
small pointed-shell snail {Cochlicclla harbara) which injures lebbek, Casuarina,
and other trees; the African cotton stainer {Oxycarenus hyalinipennis), and
the small bollworm {Stagmatophora gro.ssypicUa).

Three species of Egyptian fungi mentioned (pp. 22-24) are (Imphiola pliwni-
cus, which attacks the date palm, Altcniaria violfc the cause of the violet leaf
disease, and Pucciuia cdrtlianil which is common in Upper Egypt on the leaves
of the Saf flower {Carthamiis tinctorius).

It has been found that in irrigated fields the Egyptian cotton worm {Prodenia
lit f oralis) can be destroyed by allowing the cotton to wilt from dryness, when
the worms, which, after hatching on the leaves, lower themselves to the ground
and remain under the soil, feeding chiefly at' night, are destroyed by the heat of
the unshaded ridges, the temperature of which often rises to 120-130° F. Other
insect pests which attack cotton cultivated in Egypt are the Egyptian bollworm
{Earias insnlann), the small bollworm {Htugmatophora grossipiclla), cotton
cutworm {Agrotis ypsilon), green cotton worm {Caradrina cxigua), the cotton
stainer {Oxycarenus Imlin/pcnnis) , and a species of red spider.

Damage to gardens, rockeries, etc., is often caused by the Egyptian field-rat.
Arvicanthis niloticus, which burrows in the soil and lawns, and also destroys
the tender shoots of young bamboo and other plants. By the introduction of
large rough scale tree-climbing lizards {Agama stclUo), common in the neigh-

752 EXPK1{IMENT STATION RECORD.

borhood of Alexandria and the coast, the government f?ardens at Delta Barrage
have l)e(>n cleared of this jiest.

The species belonging' to the genera Ceratitis, Anastrepha, and Dacus,
M. P.EZzi Hiol. Lab. Zoo/. (Uii. c Af/r. A'. Kciiola t<ui>. Apr. Portici, 3 {1909), pj).
273-313. /if/s. ■}). — A list is given of the species of each genns with their distribu-
tion and tables for separation. Eighteen s[)ecies are recorded as belonging to
Ceratitis, 19 to Anastrepha, and 07 to Dacns. An extensive bibliography is
a PI tended.

New genera and species of North American Corrodentia, G. Knderlein
iB'il. Lab. Zool. (Icii. c At/r. R. Sainln Hitp. Agr. Portici, 3 {1909), pp. 329-339,
flys. .'i). — Three genera and G species, including 2 myrmecophilous forms {Myr-
mococlipneUa aptcra n. g., n. sp. from the nest of Leptothorax nitens and 7'/oc-
tes prenolepidis n. sp., from the nest of Prenolcpis: imparis in California), are
described as new.

A contribution to the knowledge of the Thysanoptera, P. Buffa {lUA.
Lab. Zool. (Icit. c Agr. Ix'. Hcuola Hup. Agr. Portici, 3 (HJ09), pp. 193-196, figs.
3). — Two genera of Tnbniifera are erected for 2 new siiecies.

A contribution to the knowledge of the Italian Lachnini, G. del Guercio
{Redia, 5 {1908), No. 2, pp. 173-359, pl.s. 12. figs. ,?.^).— The morphology, classifi-
cation, general biology, and economic importance of the genera Trama, Stoma-
phis, Dryaphis, Lachnus, Lachniella, and Eulachnus, which compose this tribe
of plant lice are considered. Tables are given for the separation of the species
and numerous pen drawings are included.

Plant louse notes, family Aphididse, C. P. Gillette {Jour. Econ. Ent., 2
{1909}, Ao. 6, pp. 385-388, fig. 1). — Notes are giv(>n ou the occurrence of a
number of species of aphids of the subfamily Lachninse.

A new enemy of the Florida orange, E. A. Back {Jour. Econ. Eiit,, 2
{1909), Ao. 6, pp. >}.'/S, ////.y). — An account of the occurrence of Aleyrodes howardi
in injurious numbers on orange trees at Tampa, Fla., as previously noted
(E. S. R., 22, p. 2.54).

The San Jose scale. — Some sprays for its control, C. G. Woodbury {Indi-
ana Sta. Bui. 138, pp. 75-86, figs. 7). — Following a brief introductory account
of the San Jose scale, the author reiiorts upon the results obtained from the
use of a number of insecticides during the years 1907, 1908, and 1909. All of
these, with the exception of some tests with kerosene, were applied during
March, examinations being made in early June and again in the fall.

Hammond's arsenated petroleum emulsion diluted with an equal ^-olume of
hot water was used on Ben Davis apple trees with but little beneficial effect.
Crude oil was thoroughly effective in killing tlie scale, but the risks of injury
are considered too great to wfirrant its use. Hammond's Horicum, a ])repara-
tion of lime, sulphur, and other materials, was used at a dilution of 1 to 15, but
its action was not decided enough to warrant its recommendation as a spray
material. Kerosene emulsion, 1 : 9, and 1 : 4, made with naphtha soap and
cold water was used late in the spring, when the leaves were partly gi'own.
The young apple leaves were not seriously injured by the weaker spray, but on
comparing with the unsprayed checks, no effect on the scale was apparent.
The stronger emulsion killed the scale and the young foliage as well. Gras-
selli's lime sulphur, 1 : 11, was used on 30 trees, 26 of which were freed from
the scale, 2 were slightly infested, and on 2 the scale was quite plentiful when
the trees were examined in June. This material at the dilution used is
thought to be equal to the homemade solution in effectiveness. Rex lime
sulphur, 1 : 11, was used on peach and apple trees in comparison with the
homemade lime sulphur. Both were effective, only an occasional live scale
being found in October, following the March spraying of several hundred

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 753

IH'acli trees. The results on apple trees in 1908 were also satisfactory and
practically alike for both materials. Bogart's sulphur compound used on 34
trees appeared to have been without effect. Target brand, 1 : 20, was used
effectively on 60 trees. The June examination showed 55 trees being prac-
tically free from scale, and the infestation being slight on the remainder and
confined to crotches where it is thought that but little material could penetrate,
Hammond's Thrip Juice, used at a strength of 1 : 1,000, was ineffective. Cooper
& Nephews' spraying fluid, an oil spray of great spreading power, used on
plum trees at a strength of 1 : 100, was also without beneficial effect.

The author considers homemade lime sulphur to be as effective as any mate-
rial that can be rcconnnended.

A contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae of Italy, G. Leonardi
{Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. ticuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 1 {1907-S), pp. 135-169,
figs. 61; Ann. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 2. scr., 7 (1007), pp. 37, figa. 61).^
Two genera (Micrococcus and Macrocerococcus), (> species, and 2 varieties are
described in this paper as new 1o science.

A second contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidse of Italy, (J. Leon-
ardi (Bot. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 3 {1909), pp. 150-
192, figs. 64; Ann. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 2. ser., 8 (190S), pp. JfJ/, figs.
6.'t). — Fifteen species and 1 variety, repi-esenting 9 genera, are described as new
to science in this second paper.

[Papers on the Coccidae], G. Leonardi (Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola
Sup. Agr. Portici, 1 (1907-8), pp. 65-13.'i, figs. 71). — Four papers relating to the
Coccidse are here presented. In the first 2 new species are described; in the
second the species belonging to the genus Leucaspis are considered, 2 new sub-
genera being described ; in the third 7 species occurring on the island of Java
are described as new; while in the fourth an account is given of Aonidiella
auranti, a species new to Italy.

Further information on Diaspis pentagona and methods of control, G.
Leonard: (B(jI. Lab. Zool. Gen. c Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 3 (1909),
pp. 12-21; Ann. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 2. scr., 8 (1908), pp. i2).— This
account includes a list of 26 species of trees, shrubs, etc.. which serve as food
plants for D. pentagona in Italy. A list is also given of the food plants of this
species in other countries.

The identity and synonymy of some of our soft scale insects, J. G. San-
ders (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), Xo. 6, pp. //28-//J8, pis. 2). — Variations in size,
color and vestiture, together with the fact that many, and especially the earlier,
entomologists have supposed that such sedentary insects as coccids could not
live on different food plants, particularly if the hosts belong to different genera,
have led to a large synonymy. In this paper the author deals briefly with the
synonymy of the more common species occurring in this country, occasionally
Inferring to their distribution in foreign countries. The species thus considered
are the greenhouse orthezia (Orthczia insignis), pit-making oak scale (Astero-
Iccanium rariolosum), long-tailed mealy bug (Pseudococcus adonidum), citrus
mealybug, cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria vitis [^innumcrabilis]), the cottony
maple leaf scale (P. acericola), tessellated scale (Eucalyinnutus tessellatus),
soft scale, long soft scale (Coccus elongatus) , hemispherical scale, olive scale,
black scale (Saissetia nigra), European peach scale (Lecanium persicw),
frosted scale (L. pruinosum), hickory lecanium (L. caryw), European fruit
lecanium (L. corni), oak lecanium (L. quercifex), globular scale (L. prunastri) ,
terrapin scale (L. nigrofasciatum), tulip soft scale {Toumeyella Uriodendri),
and the magnolia scale.

42556— No, 8—10 5

754 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Corn earworm, T. J. IIeadlek {Kansas .S'ia. Circ. 7, pp. 6). — It is estimated
tlial (Inriiifi tlie years 10()S-9, not loss tlian 3.5 per cent of tlie corn Kansas
sliould have produced went to feed corn earwornis. In the fields about Man-
hattan from 00 to 1(X) per cent of the ears were infested in 1908 and 1909,
and throughout the State about 50 per cent. Examination of nearly a thou-
sand injured ears showed about 10 per cent of the tip kernels destroyed, equiv-
alent to about 7.5 per cent of the coni on the ears.

Additional injury was caused throusli the entrance of molds and bacteria,
for the growtli of wliicli the excrement furnislies a medium. Unpublished
feeding tests at the station also indicate that certain species of fungi found
in the excrement from worms have produced in horses well marlied cases of
blind staggers. A brief account of the life history and liabits of the pest
follows.

The investigations show that 40 per cent of the injury by these worms can be
avoided. Exjieriments of the last 2 years indicate that practically none of the
pup;e winter in the soil of weed patches and alfalfa fields about Manhattan,
and as garden patches are small, it ajtpears that a great proportion of the pupre
winter in the soil of infested corn fields. Plowing such fields 5 or 6 in. deep in
late fall and early winter tlestroyed practically 100 per cent of the overwinter-
ing pup*. Since the moth is a strong flier, it is important that growers cooper-
ate in dealing with the pest. Otlier things being equal, late planted corn suf-
fered more severely than that which was planted early, this difference being
due to the fact that late planted corn was in its most attractive stage (in
silk) during the time the third and largest brood of moths was on the wing,
while the early planted corn had finished silking by the time the mass of this
brood was ready to emerge. Corn planted May 1 experienced about 40 per
cent less damage than corn planted June 15 or later, 33 to 35 per cent less
than that planted June 1, and 16 to 20 per cent less than that itlanted May 15.
While the variety of corn which requires the less time to mature showed the
smallest amount of injury, the difference was so small as hardly to be worth
considering.

The codling moth, and how to control it by spraying, E. D. Sanderson
(Xew Hampshire Sta. Bui. I'/S, pp. 61-106, figs. 23). — The information gained
in investigations previously noted (E. S. II., 21, p. 758) is here brought together
in popular form. The life history and habits of the moth are first considered,
followed by an account of spraying experiments conducted during 1906, 1907,
and 1908. The care of the orchard in dealing with the pest is also discussed
and directions given for spraying.

During 1909, cooperative demonstration experiments in spraying were made
at several places, from 10 to 20 trees being sprayed on each farm by the
station representative. The owner's reports of the results obtained in the
orchards thus sprayed are quoted from.

A postal card census of the extent of spraying in 1909. taken through select-
men and the grange, showed that out of 111 towns reporting, there were 71 in
which one or more persons sprayed, while in 40 no spraying was done. The
experience of those who sprayed is presented.

The bulletin closes with accounts by a number of growers of the results
obtained from spraying.

Notes on the parasites of the Saturniidae, W, F. Fiske and W. R. Thomp-
son (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), A'o. 6, pp. ^50-Ji60). — During the course of
work with parasites of the gipsy and brown-tail moths in 190.S-9, collections
were made in eastern Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire of the
cocoons of 8amia cecrojna, a total of 370 being collected. The parasitism is

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY,

755

compared with that observed by Dr. J. B. Smith in collections made in New
Jersey and on Long Island, as pi'eviously noted (E. S. R., 20. p. 953).

Of the 370 pupss 151 were found to be healthy, 123 were parasitized, and 96
were dead but not parasitized. A comparison of those collected in the two
States shows that while the percentage of dead from other causes than para-
sitism remained nearly constant the parasitism in New Hampshire was al-
most twice, as high as that in Massachusetts. Enormous variations in para-
sitism were found in different lots from the same town or from towns closely
adjacent.

Observations were also made of the parasitism of 997 cocoons of Callosamia
promethea and of 40 of Telea polyphemus, w^hich were collected at the same
time. The number and percentage of cocoons parasitized by the several species
of parasites are shown in the following table:

7'(fr(f.s-i7(.s//(- of coLVonfs of txitirc sUkworm.fi collected in Massachusetts and
yew Hampshire during 1908-9.

Species of parasite.

OpMon macruTum

Spitocryplus extremis.
Theronia fulvescens . . .
Diglochis omnivornux..

Tachina (?) sp

A chxtoneura frenchii. .

Total.

C. promethea.

Number.

320

109

4

Per cent.

32.7

10.9

.4

S. cecropia.

Number.

27

4

123

Per cent.
7.3
1.1

.5

12.4
11.9

33.2

T. polyphemus.

Number.
4
1

Per cent.
10.0
2.0

It is considered quite possible that parasitism of the eggs is at times a con-
siderable factor in the control of these moths. It is also concluded from lim-
ited observations that the parasites of the immature caterpillars outrank in
importance those which attack the larger caterpillars and pupte. The inter-
relation of the primary parasites and the secondary parasites of these species
are also considered.

Contributions to the biology of Pieris brassicae and some of its parasites
and hyperparasites, G. Martelli Uiol. Lab. Zoo/. Gen. e .\gr. R. Setiola Sup.
Agr. Portici, 1 {1907-8), pp. 110-22.',, figs. 12; AntK R. Seuola Sup. Agr. Portiei,
2. ser., 7 (1907), pp. 57, figs. 12). — In this paper particular attention is paid to
parasites and hyperparasites of /'. hrassie(e.

Contributions to the knowledge of Dicraneura vinula and some of its
parasites, G. Martelli (BcjI. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portiei,
3 (1909), pp. 239-260, figs. 12). — Studies of the bionomics of D. vinula are re-
ported. Notes on Encyrtus vinuhc and Eupelmus sp. which attack the eggs
and Paniseus testaeeus which attacks the larvfe are included, and a list is
given of 16 other parasites of the moth which have been recorded by various
authors. A bibliography of 43 titles is appended.

Notes on fruit flies, W. W. Fkoggatt {Estac. Cent. Agron. [Cuba] Rpt. (Eng-
lish Ed.), 2 (1905-1909), pt. 2, pp. 117-121, pi. 1).—The Mediterranean fruit fly
(Halterophora capitata) and the Mexican fruit fly (Trypeta ludens) are the
species noted.

A new species of Asphondylia which attacks the lupine, F. Silvestri (Bol.
Lab. Zool. Gen. c Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici. 3 (1909). pp. 3-11, figs. 11;
Ann. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 2. ser., 8 (1908), pp. 11, figs. 11). — A new
cecidomyid, the larva of which has been found to injure the pod of Lupinus
albus near Nola, Italy, is described as Asphondlyia lupini. Its life history,

756 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

linhits, and injury are briefly set forth. Notes are included upon 2 parasites,
Eunjtoina dcntata and f'scudocdtoluccus aspliondijlia', which have been found
to attaclv it.

Illustrations of African blood-sucking flies, other than mosquitoes and
tsetse flies, K. E. Austen (London: Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1909, pp. XV-\-221,
pis. 13, figs. 3; rev. in Nature [London], 82 {1909), No. 209(1, pp. 2',1, 21,2;
Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 13 {1909), No. 5, pp. G07, 608). — Chapters are de-
voted to the ChironouiidfP ; the Psyschodidje, including an account of the
Phlebotomus papatasii which ti-ansmits the three-day fever of Dalmatia ; the
Simulidfe; TabanidiB with the four principal genera — Tabanus, HiTjmatopota,
Paugonia, and Chrysops; the Muscidai; the Hippoboscidaj ; and geographical
lists, respectively.

A catalogue of the Coleoptera (Coleopterorum Catalogus. Berlin, 1910, pts.
1, pp. 11; 2, PI). 32; 3, pp. 80; //, pp. ISJ/). — Part 1 of this catalogue, which takes
up the Rhysodid;e, was prepared by II. Gestro; part 2, taking up the Nilionidse,
Othniida?, .l]gialitid;e, Petrildie and LagriidiTp, and part 3, the Alledulidie, are
by F. Borchniann; and part 4, containing the Ipid;e, is by M. Hagedorn.

The hibernation of the boll weevil in central Louisiana, W. Newell and
M. S. DouGHERTi' (Crop Pest Com. La. Circ. 31, pp. 163-219, pi. 1, figs. 5). — ^An
investigation of the hibernation of the boll weevil extending from September
15, 1908, to July 15, 1909, and conducted at Mansura, Avoyelles Parish, La., is
here reported in detail. The results and conclusions have been summarized by
the authors as follows:

" Out of 1G,2S1 adult boll weevils confined in the 16 cages, 3,.3G0, or 20.63 per
cent lived through the winter successfully. Destruction of all cotton plants
before October 15 resulted in only 3 per cent of the weevils surviving the
winter. Letting the cotton plants stand in the field until about Christmas re-
sulted in over 40 per cent of the weevils living through the winter to attack the
next crop. It was found that starvation of the boll weevils before they entered
hibernation in fall was more effective in causing their death than was cold or
wet weather during the winter. The average time that the weevils remained in
hibernation was 159 days. The extreme length of time that any weevil lived
without food, while in hibernation, was 255 days, or Si months. When the cotton
plants are allowed to stand in the fields until killed by cold, the average weevil
has to go without food for only about 94 days. When cotton plants are de-
stroyed before October 12 the average weevil must go over 6 months without food
or starve to death. Early destruction of the cotton plants results in starvation
of hordes of boll weevils. Moss on the forest trees was found to shelter an enor-
mous number of boll weevils during the winter. Of the weevils that spent the
winter in Spanish moss, 38 per cent lived througli the winter. Of those hibernat-
ing in average materials only 20 per cent lived through. Boll weevils passing
the winter in moss emerged from hibernation much later than those hibernating
in other materials. Moss-covered trees near the cotton field increase weevil
infestation. The length of time that the weevils live after leaving hibernation
in spring has an important bearing on the problems of poisoning the weevil and
of when to plant the crop to best advantage. The average overwintering boll
weevil lived 10.7 days after leaving winter quarters. The maximum length of
life, after leaving hibernation, was 44 days."

The authors consider these results to be indicative of the weevil's hibernat-
ing habits in most of the alluvial territory in the Mississippi, Pved River, Black
River, and Ouachita valleys of Louisiana, as Mansura has practically the same
prevailing temperatures, elevation, and rainfall.

Experiments with powdered arsenate of lead as a practical boll weevil
poison, W. Newell and G. D. Smith ( Crop Pest Com. La. Circ. 33, pp. 252-333,

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY.

757

pi. 1, figs. 3; ahs. in Jour. Econ. Eiit., 3 {1910), 'So. 2, pp. 2,73-255 ) .—The en-
courasing results obtained from cage experiments with powdered arsenate of
lead during tlie spring of 190S as previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 1150), led
the authors to inaugurate field tests. Small fields of cotton in a number of
localities were treated with the poison during the early summer of 1908, but
most of these were destroyed by overflows, etc. One series of experiments at
Mansfield, however, was carried out and is here reported.

On May 28, powdered arsenate of lead was applied to approximately one-half
of a 0-acre field by means of a Champion dust sprayer, 1 lb. per acre being
used and pains being taken to force the powder well into the buds and terminal
leaves. Careful counts, made on July G, of infested squares and bolls in the
I)()isoned and nonpoisonod plats did not indicate any pronounced advantage in
the poisoned plat, but when the cotton was picked 5,008 lbs. was taken from the
poisoned plat of 4.83 acres, against 4,082 lbs. from the uonpoisoned plat of
4.712 acres.

In experiments with a liquid spray of lead arsenate the gain was found to
be too small to justify the expense. In order to determine whether any con-
siderable number of weevils could l)e killed when squares and bulls were present
on the plants, cage experiments with powdered arsenate were made during July
and August in a field near Alexandria. The percentage of weevils killed by the
arsenate on fruiting cotton was considerably smaller than the percentage killed
on small cotton in the budding stage, but the outcome of these experiments
indicated that something might be accomplished by continuing the applications
of powdered arsenate for a time after the first s(piares appear on the plants in
spring. These results led to exi)eriments during 100!), 8 at Lakeland, Pointe
Coupee Parish, 1 at Woodside, Avoyelles Parish. 2 at Shaw. Cimcordia Parish,
and 1 at Mansfield, I)e Soto Parish. All of the field experiments were located
in localities where conditions were thought to be most favorable to the weevils,
in order that the poison could be given the severest possible test. The various
experiments are described in detail ; powdered arsenate of lead was used in all,
being applied by means of the Champion dust gun. The results have been
summarized in the following table :

Hummanj of field experiments ivith powdered arsenate of lead.

Experiment.

Mansfield, 1908...
Lakeland A, 1909.
Lakeland B, 1909.
Lakeland C, 1909.
Lakeland D, 1909
Lakeland E, 1909.
Lakeland F, 1909.
Lakeland G, 1909.
Lakeland H, 1909.
Woodside, 1909...

Shaw A, 1909

Shaw B, 1909

Mansfield, 1909. . .

Number of

applica-
tions pow-
dered
arsenate.

Total

amount of

arsenate

used per

acre.

Pounds.

1.0

2.2

4.7

7.0

10.6

14.5

23.3

51.0

50.8

44.0

48.0

26.5

17.0

Cost of
poisoning
per acre.

SO. 42

.04

1. .33

2.02

2.90

3.99

6.16

12.99

12.94

n.41

12.39

6.88

4.54

Yield of seed cotton
per acre.

Poisoned
cotton plat.

Pounds.

1,049.0

240. 3

485.7

208.7

672.7

342.9

281.7

392.0

198.0

533.7

692.7

1,167.5

1,255.3

Check plat

Pounds.
993.0
82.1
180.3
101.6
127.9
103.1
79.8
76.0

130.2
342.5
567.2
807.1

Net profit
per acre.

82.00
7.34

13.55
.27

23.54
7.69
3.63
2.35
7.07
8.16
4.68

22.32

17.22

In practically every instance where the powdered arsenate was applied with
a Champion dust gun in the right manner, the right amount, and at the right
time, the outcome was profitable. As is shown in the above table, the highest

758 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD.

net profit was obtained from plats in which 5 applications were made. " It is
not impossible that among the earliest matnriug varieties there are some with
which the use of the powdered lead arsenate will prove more profitable than
with others. In the experiments at Lakeland, where conditions in all i)lats
(with one exception) were practically alike, there was a marked difference in
the increased production obtained by the use of the powder on different varie-
ties. Thus the experiment with Peebles Chosen showed a profit of but 27 cts.
an acre from the use of the arsenate, while the Rublee AntiboU Weevil cotton,
in the plat adjoining, showed a profit of $23.54 per acre from its use. Whether
the variety of cotton luid anything to do with tliis marked difference in the re-
sults of poisoning we are unable to say, having no other experiments with either
of these varieties." Other factors mentioned as operating to increase or de-
crease the amount of cotton made by the use of this poison include fertilizers,
character of soil, rains, heat, parasites, and other cotton insects.

It is concluded that tlie best results will be obtained from 5 applications,
made from 5 to 7 days apart, the first to be made at the time the first squares
form. Following the first and second applications of from 2 to 2i lbs. per acre,
the amount of arsenate should be increased until at the fifth from 4 to 7 lbs.
per acre should be used. The authors consider the key to success to lie in get-
ting the poison with force into every terminal bud, into every blossom, and into
the involucre of every square. It is pointed out that the price paid for poison,
cost of labor, and the market price received for lint and seed all go to deter-
mine the amount of profit or loss following the use of the arsenate.

An experiment conducted in midsummer at Baton Rouge is thought to demon-
strate the futility of trying to attack the boll weevils with the arsenate of lead
late in the season. Experiments made by private parties are also considered.

The review is by E. D. Sanderson.

Additional notes upon the breeding of the coffee-bean weevil, E. S. Tucker
(Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 (I'JO'J), No. 6, pp. 37.J-58; ) .—Observations of the coffee-
bean weevil made since the paper previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 653) was
submitted for publication, are reported.

The species has been found to breed in cornstalks during the winter and
spring months without interruption, although a large mortality of all stages is
apparently caused l)y cold weather. In August the weevil was found breeding
in green cornstalks at Alexandria, La. As the attacks occur more commonly
on leaves than stalks, the author concludes that tlie weevils first breed in the
base of the leaves and later attack the joints, probably as each in turn begins
to dry. Stalks examined on August 3 were in a green sappy condition, some
still having fresh, green .leaves altliough no leaves were found attacked except
dried ones. One-half of the cornstalks examined at Matsura, La., in March
were injured and old cornfields examined at Victoria, Tex., the same month
showed some 10 per cent of the stalks to have been attacked. Field observations
have failed to bring out any definite evidence that green cotton bolls are at-
tacked. A species of mite found attacking the pup:e has been identified as
TyrogJyphtts brcviccps

An annotated list is given of the literature consulted.

Papers on cereal and forage insects. — The clover root curculio, V. L. Wil-
DERMUTH (V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bid. 85, pi. 3, pp. 29-38, figs. 5).— While
the clover root curculio {Sitcmes hispidulns) has never been so abundant in
this country as totally to destroy a clover crop, the author believes that
injuries which have before been either unnoticed or considered as due to other
clover pests were partly the work of the adults and larvae of this beetle. " From
the history of other species of insects that have been imported into this country,
and from the fact that late in November, 1909, at two localities, namely,

ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Y59

Corning, X. Y., and Marion, Pa., tlie adults were foiuid to have pi'actically
eaten np the foliage of clover plants, there is i-eason to believe that this one
may become destructive to the clover crop in future years." In a review of the
history of this curculio in foreign countries, it is shown to be widely distributed
throughout England, Europe, and parts of Siberia, and it has been reported
I)y one writer as a source of considerable injury in the vicinity of Dirschau,
western Prussia.

In this country, the species was first collected by Le Coute at Ix)ng Branch,
N. J., in ]S7G. It has since been collected in Maryland. District of Columbia,
Pennsylvania, New I'ork, ]Maine, Ohio. Indiana, and Washington. But little
was known of its life history until 1909. during the course of which year the
author followetl its life cycle in the District of Columbia. It hibernates as an
adult, beneath rubbish, leaves, etc., close to the ground. The adults come forth
with the first warm days of the early spring and the female very soon begins
oviposition. On May 4, almost fully developed larvjp wei'e found by the author
on clover roots, eggs for which must have been deposited during the latter
part of March. The female deposits promiscuously a large number of whitish
eggs on the leaves and ground, or even on the side of the cage when confined.
In the field eggs were found adhering to the lower leaves of both red clover
and alfalfa. It is very probable, however, that in the natural state the eggs
are usually deposited at or near the surface of the ground. The egg period is
13 days in duration.

The larvje immediately after hatching out go down into the ground, and the
pupal stage is passed in an earthen cell, which is oval in outline, about ts in.
long, and half as large in diameter. The time required for the pupal stage is
from 8 to 10 days, and that required from the deposition of the eggs to the
appearance of adults was from 38 to 43 days, thus making from 17 to 21 days
for the larval stage. As the investigations of clover roots at various intervals
during October and November failed to reveal any larviTe, the author concludes
that a second fall brood is wanting in the District of Columbia. The several
stages of the curculio are described and figured.

The larvae feed on the roots of the food plants, large cavities being eaten
along the main roots; often these are in the form of a groove, containing the
feeding larvte. The adults feed on the leaves, eating out irregular patches
from the margin. Red clover appears to be the most common choice as a food,
while white clover, crimson clover, and alsike clover are all fed upon to a
greater or less extent by both the adults and larv:e, and alfalfa seems to be a
common food plant for both.

The larvae were found to be attacked by a fmigus but no insect parasites
were discovered. A list is given of 14 si)ecies of birds which the Biological
Survey of this Department has found to feed upon the adults of the curculio.

Fp to the present time the depredations of the pest have apparently been too
limited and inconspicuous to call for investigations along the line of remedies
and preventives. It is considered probable that the system of short crop rota-
tion has assisted in limiting their number.

A bibliography of 16 titles, which includes the more important papers relat-
ing to this species, is appended.

The rose curculio (Rhynchites bicolor) in Massachusetts, B. N. Gates
(Jour. Ecoii. Eiit., 2 (1909), \o. 6, pp. .'t65, '/6'6). — During May and June this
curculio became so numerous on the rugosa or Japanese rose in the vicinity of
Worcester, Mass., as to ruin nearly every blossom by its attack upon the
swelling rosebuds. Shortly after attacking the Japanese rose, it appeared on
the hardy perennial varieties at the time when they commenced to show color
and was found a week later on wild roses iu fields at North Grafton.

Y60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORf).

Notes on honeybees gathering honeydew from a scale insect (Physokermes
piceae), B. N. Gates iJonr. Econ. Eat., 2 {1909), No. 6, pp. -',66, /,67).— The
author observed honeybees gathering honeydew from P. picnr, infesting spruces
at Amherst, Mass. This scale is a European species recently introduced in
the United States and known to occur at 3 points in Massachusetts. Because
of its numerous parasites, the species is not likely to become a serious pest of
the spruces.

Ants, their structure, development, and behavior, W. M. Wheeler (Xcw
York, 1910, pp. XXV +663. pJ. 1, figs. 286).— The first part of this work, com-
prising chapters 2-10, is largely morphological, while the remaining chapters,
11-30, are devoted to ethological considerations. The several appendixes in-
clude methods of collecting, mounting, and studying ants; a key to the sub-
families, genera, and subgenera of the North American FormicidjB for the identi-
fication of the workers; a list of described North American ants; methods of
exterminating noxious ants; and an extensive bibliography, which is brought
down to the close of 1908.

Ants collected by Prof. P. Silvestri in Mexico, W. M. Wheelee {Bol. Lah.
Zool. Gen. c Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Poriici. 3 {1909), pp. 228-238).— A\\ an-
notated list of 22 forms, of which 4 species and 2 varieties are described as new
to science.

Ants collected by Prof. P. Silvestri in the Hawaiian Islands, W. M.
Wheeler {liol. Lah. Zool. (Jen. e Agr. R. SeuoJa Snp. Agr. Portiei, 3 {1909), pp.
269-272). — Notes on 7 species, of whicli Ccrapachys {Syscia) silvestrli is de-
scribed as new.

Contributions to the knowledge of the Chalcididfe of Italy, L. Masi {Bol.
Lah. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Sciiola Sup. Agr. Portiei, 1 {1907-8), pp. 231-295, figs.
1,7; 3 {1909), pp. 86-lJ,9, figs. J,5 ; Ann. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portiei, 2. ser., 7
{1907), pp. 67. figs. 1,7; 8 {1908), pp. 66, figs. //.5).— In the first paper a genus
(Atoposoma) and 6 species, representing 5 additional genera, are described
as new. In the second paper 1 genus (Pseudocatolaccus) and 7 S]iecies, repre-
senting .5 additional genera, are described as new to science.

Contributions to the knowledge of hymenopterous parasites, F. Silvestri
{Ann. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portiei, 2. ser., 8 {1908), pp. 57, figs. 62).— This
account has been previously noted from another soui'ce (B. S. R., 21, p. 557).

An account of Prospalta berlesei, particularly of the first stages in its
development, F. Silvestri {liol. Lah. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Seuola Sup. Agr.
Portiei, 3 {1909), pp. 22-28, figs. 6; Ann. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portiei, 2. ser., 8
{1908), pp. 9. figs. 6). — Bionomic studies of P. herlesei are reported.

Information on Eurytoma strigifrons, a parasite of Apanteles glomera-
tus and Anilastus ebeninus, (J. Martelli {Bol. Lah. Zool. Gen. c Agr. R.
Scuola Sup. Agr. Portiei, 3 {1909), pp. 261-261,). — Brief biological notes are
given.

The geographical distribution of American ticks, W. A. Hooker {Jour.
Econ. Ent., 2 {1909), No. 6, pp. .',03-.',28) . — In this article lists are given of the
species of ticks occurring in the various political .divisions of the New World.
The species which occur in the United States have been brought together in a
locality list.

FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION.

The glycogen content of beef flesh, I, P. F. Trowbridge and C. K. Francis
{Jour. Indus, and Engln. Chetn., 2 {1910), No. 1, pp. 21-21,). — In this study of
the quantitative estimation of glycogen and the factors which influence it, animals
slaughtered from 2 or 3 to 9 liours after regular morning feeding were used

IFOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 761

and the glycogen determined in the liver and lean muscle. The authors consider
the recorded data insufficient for final deductions but believe that it is possible
from their results to point out probable factors which may influence the glyco-
gen content.

Quotations from the authors' sunmiary follow :

" It is quite possible the older the animal the greater the tendency to store
the glj-cogen. All of the animals 3 years old or over show more than 1 per
cent of glycogen in the liver.

"The condition (fatness) of the animal may favor the storing of glycogen.
Our results are a little contradictory. . . .

" The length of time that elapses after feeding before the animal is slaughtered
seems to be a very important factor in determining the amount of glycogen that
remains stored in the organs and muscles of the animal. . . .

" While we have just considered some of the factors that may influence the
amount of glycogen that the animal stores up, it must not be overlooked that the
time that elapses from the killing of the animal until the sample is digesting in
the alkali may be the chief factor that influences the amount of glycogen found.
With our first animals slaughtered no exact record was taken of the time. The
sample was always sent to the laboratory as soon as obtained and the chemist
immediately went to work to prepare the sample for the analysis, thinking in
this way to have all results comi)arable. The failure of the results to estab-
lish any definite law and knowing how rapidly the acidity of flesh increases
under similar conditions, led us to consider more carefully the element of time
as measuring perhaps the amount of enzymatic reaction. . . .

" These results would seem to suggest that an appreciable amount of enzymatic
hydrolysis may take place between the weighing out of the samples. ... If fur-
ther work confirms the present results as to a rapid hydrolysis of the glycogen,
it will show how utterly worthless the glycogen determination is for the detec-
tion of the presence of horseflesh. , . .

"These results indicate that at 10° C. or lower no appreciable hydrolysis of
the glycogen takes place. This jirobieni is to be studied further during the
ensuing year."

Test in handling and storage of poultry, Mary E. Pennington {Nat. Pro-
visioncr, 42 {.1910), Nos. 4, pp. 10, 23, 24; 5, pp. 23, 2//).— The results of ex-
periments carried on by the U. S. Department of Agriculture are summarized
and discussed with reference to dry-picked and scalded birds stored for varying
lengths of time in different packages, and the results of storing drawn and
undrawn poultry (E. S. R., 20. p. JjGO) are given.

• Among other topics data are summarized regarding the bacteria present in
poultry stored in different ways and their relation to putrefaction.

" If there is any doubt about the class into which these birds fall, so far as
keeping quality is concerned, we can classify them with a fair degree of
accuracy in the laboratory, since bacteria mean decomposition, and the more
we have the more profound will I»e the changes in the chicken, changes putre-
factive in character, which we simply designate as change or decomposition.

'• The crux of this whole matter seems to be summed up in a very few words —
prompt storage, dry picking, dry chilling. ... If we can apply those ele-
mentary principles to our poultry industry, not only the producer, but the
warehouseman and the consumer will greatly benefit."

Preserved chopped meat, E, Baiek {Ber. Nahrmtl. Untersuch. Amt. Landw.
Kammer Brandenh., 1908, p. S; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl.,
19 {1910), No. 2, p. 102). — Chopped meat which had caused severe illness in a
number of persons was examined. It contained preservative salt and was odor-
less and noticeably red after being kept for some days.

762 EXPERIMENT [STATION RECORD.

The occurrence of inactive lactic acid in a meat preparation, E. Sat>kow-
SKi {'/Jsclif. J'liiisinl. Vhcm., M {UK)!)). Xo. ',, pi,. ,^,n-,.^J7) .—According to tbo
author, the sarcolactic acid originally present in meat juice is changed entirely,
or almost entirely, into inactive lactic acid if the niatci-ial is kei)t a sufficient
time. The nature of the cliangc was studied and the author does not think
that it is impi-ohahle that it has to do with the hlood pigment.

The occurrence of yeast and Oidium on slimy sausage casing, II. Ki'iiL
(Aijoth. Zt(j., ,i'i (1009), Xo. 102, pp. f):>6, .9.57).— From his investigation of the
sul).1ect the author concludes that the occurence of the micro-organisms under
consideration on slimy sausjige casing can not he regarded ms ;i matter of no
importance.

Meat and the provisioning of troops in time of war, M.\rti;l (Rev. .SVi,
[/'(//•/a- I. .'/S (11)10), I, Xo. S. pp. 6-')-l'i). — Refrigeration, canning, and other ques-
tions connected with supplying meat to troops in the lield are discussed with
reference to the French and other armies.

A chemical and bacteriological study of fresh eggs, Mary E. Pennington
(Jour. Biol Clicm., 7 (1910). Xo. 2, pp. 109-132).~ln this paper, which was i)re-
sented at the Congress of Applied Chemistry, held in I>ondon in June, 1009, the
author reports the results of studies of the proximate composition of Plymouth
Rock and Leghorn eggs as well as the nitrogen partition in the white and the
character of the fat in the yolk.

On an average the white of Plymouth Rock eggs contained 1.54 per cent of
total nitrogen. 0.171 per cent of nitrogen noucoagulaI)le hy heat, 0.075 per cent
f)f a]l)umose nitrogen, and 0.005 per cent of amino nitrogen. The yolk of the
Plymouth Rock eggs showed on an average an iodiu value of G2.8, saponifica-
tion number of 179.9, acid vahie of 5.S, ester value of 171.2, Hehuer number of
76.1. calculated oleic acid 2.92 per cent, and an index of refraction of 1.4020.
The values as reported for the Leghorn eggs are very similar.

A study of the bacterial content of eggs was reported, the number found and
listed being 30 varieties per 100 eggs.

" In the 57 experiments 18 had a decidedly greater number of bacteria in
the yolk; 11 had the majority in the w^hite and 21 had an almost even distribu-
tion ; 7 were sterile."

Both Plymouth Rock and Leghorn eggs were used and spring and autumn and
fertilized and unfertilized eggs w'ere compared. According to the author, it
may be that the differences in bacterial content which wei-e observed depend
ui)on breed and the conditions under which the eggs were laid as well as the
season. In general, the autumn eggs contained a greater uumher of bacteria
than the early spring eggs.

" That perfectly fresh eggs from healthy hens may contain bacteria is a
generally recognized fact. That they ai'e sometimes sterile is also admitted.
Whether the organisms enter the egg during its passage down the oviduct or
whether they penetrate the shell either at the time of laying or afterward are
questions on which opinions are contrary. The fact that certain pathogenic
organisms characteristic of fowls, as vibros of chicken cholera, have been
found in the egg argues for infection in the oviduct, as do the presence of for-
eign bodies, such as small insects; while the trade experience indicates that
organisms can enter through the shell."'

Egg goods and egg substitutes, Bujard, Mezger, and MIjller (Ber. Unter-
.'<inli. Ainf. iStiittiiart. 1907. p. 3; abs. in Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nalir. u. Oemissmtl.,
18 (1909), Xo. 12. p. 76'.'/). — Data are given regarding the composition of 2
samples of such goods.

Lard, A. McGill (Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 193, pp. 13). — Sev-
enty samples of lard were examined, of w^hich the greater propoi'tion were

POODS — HiJMA]<r KUTRlTIOISf. 763

genuine. Only one sample contained as mucli as I.IS per cent water, which is
just a little more than the limit (1 per cent), which the bulletin recommends
be made legal.

A memorandum by C. C. Forward is incorix)rated in the bulletiu, on methods
of analysis, with special reference to the use of differences in the melting point
as a means of detecting adulteration with tallow.

" It is hoped that the total range of error on any sample of lard tested may
be so reduced as to make it possible to detect with certainty an adulteration of
less than 10 per cent tallow."

Butter g'oods, E. Baiee (Jahresber. yulinntl. Untcrsuch. Amt. Landw. Kam-
mer Brandcnb., 1908, p. 15; ahs. in Ztschr. Untersiich. Sahr. it. GeniissmtL, 19
(1910), Xo. 5, pp. 289, 290). — The question of the substitution of oleomargarine
for butter in bakers' goods is discussed.

Banana margarin [Jour. Agr. Trap., 10 il910), So. 103. p. 16). — In a brief
note it is stated that a mixture of banana tlour, milk, and butter has been
marketed as a butter substitute.

Butter flavor, E. Baiee (Jahresber. Na?irmtl. Untcrsuch. Amt. Landiv. Kam-
mer Brandcnb., 1908, p. 15; abs. in Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 19
(1910), No. 5, p. 289). — The author describes a product designed to impart a
butter flavor to bakers" goods.

Flavoring for bakers' goods, M. Mansfield (Jahresber. Untcrsuch. Anst.
Nahr. u. Genussmtl. AUg. Osterr. Apoth. Yer. Wien, 21 (1908-9), p. 7; abs. in
Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 19 (1910), No. 5, p. 290).— The mate-
rial examined was found to consist of colored and flavored wheat flour.

Milling of wheats, J. C. Beunnich (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Stock [Queens-
land], 1908-9, pp. 57, 6.'/-7i).— The yield of flour and other milling products, the
character of the gluten, color and texture of flour, its chemical composition,
and other data are included in this report of milling tests with a lai'ge numlier
of samples of wheat of differeut varieties.

Notes on flour strength, F. B. Guthrie and G. W. Xorris (Agr. Gaz. N. S.
Wales, 20 (1909), No. 12, pp. 1100-1105, dgms. 5; Austral. Baler, 13 (1909),
No. 10, pp. 21-2Jt). — The tests of the water-absorbing power of different grades
of flour showed considerable variations but general conclusions as to their cause
were not drawn. In tests of the effect of blending hard and soft wheats on
the water-absorbing power of the resulting flour, it appeared that the most
favorable blend was an equal mixture of the two sorts. Studies of the effect
of mixing different grades of flour upon the water-absorbing power of the
resulting blend led the authors to conclude that it would " appear more profit-
able to the baker to blend his flours than to use flour of one quality from a
mixture of wheats, and that the addition of a small proportion of weak flour
to his strong flour, so far from reducing the water-absorptive power of the
latter, actually increases it."

When the baking quality of these flours and blends was studied it was found
that " not only were the volumes of the strong flour loaves larger, but the
admixture of a small proportion of the weak flour gave a loaf of larger volume
than was obtained from the strong flour used alone."

Microscopical analysis of bread of the fourth or fifth century, H. V. Rosen-
DAHL { Sren.sk Bot. Tid.skr., 3 {1900). No. 1, pp. .'il-'iG. figs. 8). — A charred
fragment identified as bread and attributed to the fourth or fifth century was
found on examination to have been made from coarsely ground rye, a result
which is in accord with the fact that until late in the fifteenth century rye
was the only grain grown in Sweden.

The Kafir bread plants, G. V. Nash (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 10 (1909), No.
120, pp. 215-271, pi. 1). — Several cycas species are described, the farinaceous

764 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

stems of which arc used by African natives as a source of starchy food. The
stems, it is said, are buried in the ground for several months; tlie mucilaginous
central pith is then taken out and dried and made into cakes resembling bread.
On this account the name " Kafir-bread " has been bestowed upon the plants,
especially upon the si)ecies known as Encephalartos caffer.

The nutritive value of Annam and Tonkin yams, P. Eberhardt and M. Blocii
(Biil. Set. Phunmu-oL, HI ( liW'J). .Vo. 'J, p. 501); abs. in Vhcm. ZenthL, IDIM), JI,
No. 20, p. J7')()). — Proximate analyses of 6 named varieties of cultivated yams
{Dioscorca aciiUita) are reported and the cultivation of yams and related ques-
tions .-ire discussed with reference to local conditions.

Sea kale industry, L. Maynard {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. /S'.], I'JIO,
No. 3693, p. 13). — Methods of gathering and curing an edible seaweed {Cranibe
mnrilima) in waters adjacent to the Maritime I'rovince of Siberia and the
island of Saghalien are described and statistics regarding the extent of the
trade are given.

The cholin content of some edible fungi, K. Polstorff (Wallach-Festscltr.,
pp. 579-583; a'js. in Chcm. ZcntU., 1909, II, No. 2',, pp. 2015, ,20/6).— According
to the author's analyses CantliarcJliis cibarius, mushrooms (Affaricus campcs-
trix). and BoUtUH cdiilis contain, respectively, 0.01, 0.015, and 0.0056 per cent
cholin.

The composition of American beet sugar molasses, G. A. Meyer {Ztschr.
Vcr. Dcut. ZuckcrindiiN., 1909, No. 6'i6, II, pp. 1019, 1020). — Analyses, including
mineral matters, are reported of beet sugar molasses from California and
Colorado.

Fruit jams, A. McGill {Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 194, PP- 23).—
Of 146 samples collected in Canada, 22 were labeled compounds and 8 were
canned fruits. Of the remaining 116 samples sold as jams, 108 were found to
be genuine, 7 doubtful, and 1 adulterated.

The legal definition of jam (mai'malade) and compound jam is discussed.

Lime fruit juice (lime juice), A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Camada
Bui. 191, pp. 15). — The present report C(miprises data regarding 9 samples sold
as lime juice cordials, 42 judged to be genuine lime juice, 13 judged to be abnor-
mal but not declared to be adulterated, and 12 found to be adulterated. The so-
called lime juice cordials with few exceptions contained salicylic acid as a pre-
servative, though the fact was not mentioned on the label.

Methods of examination ai'e briefly discussed

Lemon flavoring extract, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui.
198, pp. 13). — Of the 75 sami)les examined, only 13 contained above 1 per cent
of lemon oil, while 60 contained less than 0.5 per cent. It was also found that
49 samples were made with alcohol of less than proof strength, while 27 con-
tained alcohol of only about half proof strength.

Cream of tartar, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 195, pp.
25). — r)f 209 snniples of cream of tartar examined 29 were found to be adulter-
ated.

Final report of the royal commission on whisky and other potable spirits,
James of Hereford et al. (London: (lort.. 1909. pp. III-\-Jil). — In this report
the royal commission give the conclusions which were reached regarding whisky
and other potable spirits and the evidence uix)n which their report was based.

Quotations from the discussion of whisky follow :

" Whilst, therefore, the evidence ... is sufficient to explain the conflicting
definitions of whisky which have been put forward, it appears to us that whisky
as a commercial product is regarded both by the manufacturers and by the
public as a spirit made from no other materials than malt and unmalted grain,
and is as a matter of fact so made at the present time; and we feel confident

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 765

that the restriction of the apijlicatioii of the term ' whislvy ' to a product manu-
factureil from malt and grain would meet with no opposition from any of tlie
traders in whislvy. . . .

" We are unable to recommend that the use of the word ' whislvy ' should be
restricted to spirit manufactured by the pot still process. . . .

"That the flavor obtained by the distillation of spirit from a mash of which
maize is the principal constituent differs materially from the flavor obtained
from a mash of malt or malt and unmalted barley is indisputable. But we see
no valid reason for excluding the use of maize in the manufacture of whisky.
There is no evidence to show that maize is not a perfectly wholesome material,
and that being so we can not recommend the prohibition of an ai'ticle from
which is produced a very large px'oportion of the whislvy of commerce, by which
we mean the spirit which is regarded by a large section of the trade and
accepted by the public as whisky. . . .

"In our opinion the use of the terms 'Scotch' and 'Irish' as applied to
whisky can not be denied to any whisky distilled in Scotland and Ireland
respectively."

The general conclusion of the commission " is that ' whisky ' is a spirit ob-
tained by distillation from a mash of cereal grains saccharified by the diastase
of malt; that 'Scotch whisky' is whisky, as above defined, distilled in Scot-
land ; and that ' Irish whisky ' is whisky, as above defined, distilled in Ireland."

With reference to brandy, the conclusion of the commission " is that the term
' brandy ' is applicable to a potable spirit manufactured from fermented grape
juice and from no other materials,

" But we are of opinion that the compounded spirit . . . long recognized by
the name of British brandy is entitled still to be so named and sold as ' British
brandy.' . . .

" Our conclusion ... is that tlic determination of the application of the
term 'brandy' in this country can not be controlled by the nature of the ap-
paratus or process used in the distillation of tlie spirit."

With regard to rum, " it has been suggested that the principal cause for the
difference in flavor between rums produced in various places lies in the methods
of fermentation used, rather than the processes of distillation. According to
the evidence there are two distinct types of rum, Jamaica rum being repre-
sentative of the first and Demerara rum of the second. The first type is the
result of slow fern.entation, lasting from 10 to 12 days, of wash set at a
relatively high density : the second is the result of a rapid fermentation, lasting
from 36 to 48 hours, of wash set at a low density.

" We see no reason, however, to deny the name of rum to either of these
types. We consider that the definition of rum as ' a spirit distilled direct from
sugar cane products in sugar cane growing countries ', . . . fairly represents
the nature of tlie spirit which a purchaser would expect to obtain when he
asks for ' rum.' The Customs already recognize the distinction between * rum ',
' rum from Jamaica ', and ' imitation rum ', and we consider that this differ-
entiation should be continued."

Geneva, gin, liqueurs, and other spirits were also taken account of by the
commission.

With reference to compounded spirits, " we have been unable to recommend
any restrictions upon the numerous materials used in the preparation of gin,
Geneva, and other compounded spirits which are known to the British trade,
or upon the processes which are employed in their manufacture. In the ab-
sence of information as to the nature of the materials employed we can express
no opinion on the wholesomeuess or otherwise of particular compounds, but we

766 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

received no evidence that any spirits of tliis nature (with the exception of
ahsinthe) have a specially toxic action."

P.onding, labeling in bond, and (piestions concerned with trade in potable
spirits under the British food and drugs acts are also considered.

Ale and lager beer, A. McGill (/.»//>. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada BuL J 9(1,
pp. 19). — The author presents the results of the examination of 73 samples of
ale and 67 samples of lager beer collected in Canada.

Of the goods sold as ale or beer, 2 samples contained " such small amounts of
alcohol, as to exclude them from recognition as ale; they properly belong to the
class of nonalcoholic beverages." Two other samples, sold as root beer and
ginger beer, contained alcohol " equivalent to more than 4 per cent of proof
spirit."

Chemical examination of pumpkin seed, F. B. Power and A. H. Salway
{Jour. Antn: Chem. Soc, 32 {1910), No. 3, pp. 3.'/6-360).— Expressed oil, the
" press-cake." and the shells were chemically studied and physiological tests
were made of the fatty oil and resin of pumplvin seed, particularly with ref-
erence to the reputed value of pumpkin seed as a tseniafuge.

"As it is evident that these seeds contain no principle exhibiting marked
physiological activity, any value which they may actually possess, when admin-
istered in substance for the purpose indicated, would therefore appear to be
attributable to a mechanical action. In any case, the remedial value of pump-
kin seeds can not be considei'ed such as to justify their recognition by a national
pharmacopoeia."

Chemical examination of watermelon seed, F. B. Power and A. H. Salway
(Jour. Anicr. Chan. Soc. 32 {1910), No. 3, pp. 360-374).— The results are re-
ported of an extended study of expressed oil, the " press-cake," and the shells
of watermelon seed, together with the results of studies of their possible physio-
logical effect.

According to the authors. " the seeds contain no alkaloid, and no evidence
was obtained of the presence of a glucosid. . . .

" The resin, both from the kei'nels and the shells of the seed, w'as adminis-
tered to a dog in amounts of 1 gm. each, but no obvious effect was produced,
and it may therefore be considered quite innocuous."

Food preparations, M. Mansfield (Jahresber. Untcrsuch. Anst. Nahr. ii.
Gcnussinil. Alhj. Osterr. Apotli. Ver. Wicn, 21 {1908-9), pp. 8, 9; abs. in Ztschr.
Untcr.'iucJi. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 19 {1910), No. 5, p. 290). — Data are given re-
garding the examination of a number of food materials including a zwieback
for diabetics which was made of almonds only.

Food and drug analyses, R. E. Rose and B. H. Bridges {Fla. Quart. BuL
Dept. Ayr., 20 {1910), No. 1, pp. 106-l.'i2). — According to the authors' summary,
a total of 327 samples of foods and drugs was examined, of which 217 were
classed as official samples. Of these, 8 w-ere found to be adulterated and 42
misbranded. The samples examined included flavoring extracts, coffee, beer,
wine, baking ' powders, condensed milk, olive oils, sirups, spices, and other
similar materials, as well as drugs.

Report of the department of food and drugs, state board of health, for
January, 1910, and inspectors' reports for the month of January, 1910,
H. E. Barnard {Mo. Bui. Iwd. Dd. Health, 13 {1910), No. 1, pp. 3. J,).—Ot 142
samples of beverages, chocolate, butter, meat products and mince-meat, and
other food materials, 94 were found to be legal. A number of drugs were also
examined.

During the month of January, 91S dairies, stores, bakeries, hotels, and food
manufacturing plants were inspected, of wliich the greater number were found
to be in good or fair condition.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 767

Tenth, annual report on food adulteration under the pure food law, W. M.
Allen and H. Hill {BuI. X. C. DciJt. Agr., 30 (l'>0'J). \o. 12, UP- SS).—A com-
prehensive account is given of the work carried on under the state pure food
law during the year 1909. Out of a total of 721 samples which were examined.
154 were found to be adulterated, misbrauded. or not properly labeled. The
materials examined included among others meats, oysters, flour, milk, cream,
condensed milk, ice cream and ice cream substitutes, table and cooking oils,
canned fruits, vegetables, and similar goods, confectionery, and beers, imita-
tion beers, and other beverages.

Information on food and drug inspection and investigation, R. M. Allen,
.1. O. LaIJach, and L. A. P>ko\vn (Krntiuki/ Stu. Bui. 1.^',, itp. 2. 'i 9-2 67). --The
I)ulletin furnishes information on a variety of topics with special reference to
the Kentucky food and drug law, including the guaranty clause, the use of arti-
licial color, bleached flour, watered oysters, old stock in grocery and drug
stores, the use of the word "approximately," the labeling of products retailed
from the original packages, a decision of the Bureau of Internal Revenue with
respect to the purchase of alcoholic and other liquors for analysis under the
food and drugs act. and general information regarding drug inspection.

Food inspection decision (U. S. Dept. Agr., Food Insp. Decision IL'i, pp. 2). —
This decision has to do with the labeling of " Caracas cocoa."

Notices of judgment {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Notices of Jmlgmcnt IG.i. pp. 5;
166-161, pp. 2 each; 168-160, pp. 3 each; 110, pp. 2; 175, pp. 2; 176, pp. 5; 177,
pp. 2; 178, pp. 3; 1S0-18~), pp. 2 each; 186-187, pp. 3 each; 188-192, pp. 2 each;
193, pp. 3; 19.',, pp. 6; 195-199, pp. 2; 200, pp. 7; 201, pp. ->, ; 202, pp. 5; 203, pp.
3; 20J,, pp. 2; 205, pp. 3; 207-210, 212-213, pp. 2 eac/t ) -—These notices of judg-
ment have to do with the misbranding of canned peas, macaroni, vinegar, corn
meal, canned cherries, coffee, a number of drugs, oil of lemon, rice, peaches and
ai)ricots, sirup, and preserves; the misbranding and adulteration of vinegar,
custard, a beverage (" koca nola"), sirup, white wine vinegar, lemon extract,
cider vinegar, powdered colocynth, and pepper ; aud the adulteration of con-
fectionery ("silver dragees"), water, a drug, currants, cream, and ice cream.

Notice of judgment 165 contains a classified index of notices of judgment
already issuetl.

Meat inspection, H. Martfx {L'Examrn dcs Viaiidcs. I'aris, 1909, pp. 243,
pis. 4, figs. 99). — An introductory handbook on meat inspection which is de-
signed, the author states, for the use of all who wish to judge understandingly
of the quality of meat. The examination of animals on the hoof, slaughtering,
the inspection of meat after slaughtering, frauds in meat products, especially
considered from the standpoint of army supplies, and the principal types of
meat unsuitable for food are among the subjects discussed.

[Food of Mexican country people], C. R. Enock (In Mexico. New York
and London, 1909, pp. 213-218, pi. 1). — Data are summarized regarding the
food and living conditions of the Mexican peons, country people who are largely
engaged in agricultural pursuits and in mining. Corn meal, the native beans,
fat, and meat when it can be obtained, are the principal articles of diet.

Penny luncheons, Alice C. Boughton {Psych. Clin., 3 {1910), No. 8, pp.
228-231, fig. 1). — The character of the penny luncheons served to school children
in the thickly congested districts of Philadelphia by the Starr Centre Association
(E. S. R., 22, p. 371) is described and the nutritiA-e value of the foods and related
topics discussed. The foods supplied are reasonably varied and marked dif-
ferences are observed in the selections made by the children. For instance, the
colored children show a marked preference for creamed hominy, while Jewish
children quite generally select fruit and a wheat cereal food. That the luncheon
system is appreciated is shown by the large patronage it receives.

Y68 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD.

Feeding- of prisoners, D. Widmeb {UmHchau. I', il'.ilO), No. 6, pp. 109-111). —
The need for an iidoquate diet and the importauco uf variety are discussed, and
information is given regarding tlie attempts made to secure satisfactory diet at
Basel state prison. Tlie list of menus for 9 days which is submitted shows that
an attempt is made to avoid a regular I'otation of menus. According to the
author, the food cost between 10 and 11 cts. per person i)er day during 1908.
According to Jacquet's calculations, the daily diet supplies 90 to 9.5 gm. protein,
of which one-third is of animal origin ; 60 to 65 gm. fat ; and .500 to 525 gm. carbo-
hydrates; the total energy value being 3,000 calories.

Nutrition and dietetics, W. S. Hall {New York and Loudon, 1910. pp.
X-\-31.). figs. 7). — As tlie subtitle states, this volume is designed as a manual
for students of medicine, for trained nurses, and for dietitians in hospitals and
other institutions.

The pincipal subjects included are foods, the use of foods in the body, diet in
health, and diet in disease. The appendixes give classifications of diets, recipes
for preparing foods, and directions for the experimental study of the chemistry
of foodstuffs, foods, and digestion.

The volume as a whole discusses the subject of nutrition in health and disease,
particularly with reference to students' needs, and according to the author,
represents the course in food and nutrition which he and his associates now
give to undergraduates and nurses. An index is provided.

Human nutrition, II, Flora Rose (Cornell Reading-Course for Farmers'
Wires, n. ser. 2, 1909, No. 7, pp. 25-JiS, figs. 3). — Undereating and overeating, the
preparation of foods, vegetable cookery, and similar questions are taken up in
this popular discussion of food problems. Simple menus are suggested and a
plea is made for simplicity in living. For earlier work see a previous note
(E. S. R.. 21, p. PA\?>).

A two-years' test of a veg-etarian diet including animal fats, H. Tissieb
{Compi. Rend. *S'or. Biol. [/'«//.s], 68 {1910), No. 1, pp. 12-1. 't) .—Vvom the data
discussed, the author concludes that in the case of 2 adults, one of 4.3 and the
other of 53 years, a vegetarian diet was amply sufficient not only for the
ordinary body demands but also for a large amount of physical exertion.

The nutritional orig-in and treatment of beriberi, L. Breaudat (Bui. Soc.
Path. Exot., 3 {1910), No. 1, pp. 13-20). — From his experiments with animals
and man the author does not recognize the existence of toxic properties in
normal rice albumin. On the other hand, his results confirm, in his opinion,
the theory that certain parts of the rice bran exercise a protective action in
beriberi. He states that all of the animals experimented on, whether they were
affected with parasites or not, when fed cooked polished rice infected with
the vibrion ferment, died, while similar animals fed in a similar way, except
that rice bran was given in addition, did not become diseased but rather gained
in weight. Rice bran was also found to exercise curative properties.

The protective and curative properties were also demonstrated, according to
the author, in studies with man.

The report is followed by a discussion.

Dried milk as a food for infants, O. K. Millard {Brit. Med. Jour.. 1910,
No. 2561, pp. 253, 25J[). — On the basis of extensive tests of dried milk at Lei-
cester Corporation Infants' Milk Depot, conclusions favorable to the use of this
material as infant food were reached. According to the author, the advantages
attending its use are ease of digestion, bacterial purity including freedom from
tubercle bacilli and contamination by flies, the fact that it may be kept in hot
weather without souring, its cheapness as no waste is involved, and its conven-
ience, and palability.

FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 769

" Its disadvantages are of a theoretical nature, and consist in the presumed
destruction of the antiscorbutic properties of fresh millv. This, however, can
be compensated, if thought necessary, by administration of fruit juice. For
domestic purposes apart from infant feeding, dried millc has distinct limitations
as a substitute for fresli millv. as. owing to its taste, it is not so suitable for add-
ing to tea or coffee."

The laws of digestion and resorption, S. Arrhenius (Ztschr. riii/.siol. Chcm.,
63 (WOO), \o. .5. pp. 323-317, dgms. 3; Meddcl. K. Yctensk. Akad. Nobelinst.,
1 (1909), \(). I.'i, pp. 31, dgm. I). — This matliematical discussion of the laws of
digestion is based on the studies of digestion which have been reported by E. S.
London.

Handbook of physiological methods — respiration and digestion, edited by
K. Tigersti:dt { Hundhuch dcr phij.siolof/ischcn Mcthodik — AiiHiiiiff-^'crdaiiung.
Lcipsic, 1908, vol. 2, pi. 2, pp. 18H, flg.s. 3(>). — Tliis volume contains four papers,
namely, Respiratory Movements, by F. Sclienk ; Methods of Studying p]nzymic
Reaction, by ('. Oppenlieimer; Movements of the Digestive Tract, by R. Magnus;
and Operative Methods for the Study of the Digestive Glands, by I. P. Pawlow.

Bibliographies are provided and the volume as a whole, like the others in the
same series, is designed as a handbook for laboratory use.

Handbook of physiolog'ical methods — muscle physiology, edited by R.
TiGERSTEDT { Jldiidhiich dcK phg.siologi.sitioi Mcthodik — M iiskclpligsiologic. Lcip-
sic, 190H, vol. 2, pt. 3, pp. .'iS8, pis. 11, figs. 179). — This volume contains four
papers, namely. Methods for Studying the Thermodynamics of Muscles, by K.
Biirker; Muscle Mechanics in (Jeneral, by M. von Frey; Methods for Studying
Special Forms of Muscular Movement, by O. Fischer; and Electro-Physiology,
by S. Garten.

Bibliographies are provided, and, as with other volumes of the series, the sec-
tions constitute digests of available information on the subjects considered,
with special reference to students' needs.

Treatise on physiology — heat, O. D. Chwolson (Trnifr dc Physique —
VKncrgic ('alorifiquc. Paris. 1909, vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 17/ + '/08, figs. /26).— In this
exhaustive study of the question of heat from the standpoint of body energetics
the author discusses thermochemistry, the variations in the size and pressure
of bodies as a function of temperature, the heat capacity, the transformation
of forms of energy into heat, thermochemical phenomena, cooling of bodies, and
heat conductivity.

The different sections are provided with bibliographies and the volume as a
whole is a liand]>ook on thernioclieniistry and related topics.

Concerning the problem of protein metabolism, K. Rothenstein (Beitrag
zum ProWcm dcs Eiwciss-Stoffwechsels. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp.
19). — Experiments are reported on the income and outgo of nitrogen, dogs
being used as subjects.

The utilization of proteid cleavage products in the animal body. XI,
Experiments with man, E. AlBderhalden, F. Frank, and A. Schittenhelm
(Ztschr. Phiisiol. Chcm., 63 (1909), \o. 2-3, pp. 215-221).— According to the
experimental data reported, the authors were able not only to prevent the loss
of nitrogen but also to induce nitrogen gains in a 1.5-day period in which the
final cleavage products of meat were given very largely per rectum.

The cleavage of nucleic acid taken in the food in the case of normal man,
F. Frank and A. Schittenhelm (Ztschr. Physiol. Chein., 6'3 (1909), No. 4, PP-
269-282). — From their investigations the authors conclude that it is not neces-
sary to prolong an experiment more than a day after the close of the feeding

42556— No. 8—10 6

770 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

period, as the end products of miclek- acid nu'tabolisin are promptly recovered in
the urine and feces. An important differeucc was observed in the case of man
and animals with respect to the cleavaKe of purin bases, since in man the
greater i)ortion is fotnid in the urea and other uric acid constituents of the
urine and only a very small portion is recovered as purin bases. The investiga-
tions led to the conclusion that in the case of man uric acid is no more to be
regarded as a metabolic product than it is in the case of animals, but that it
is used as a building product.

The elimination of total nitrogen, urea, and anamonia following' the ad-
aninistration of some amino acids, glycylglycin and glycylglycin anhydrid,
P. A. Lkvenk and G. M. Meyp:r (AiHcr. Juiir. I'lnjsioL, J.l {JUO'J), A'o. .'/, pp.
21Jf-230). — Gelatin was one of the materials included in these experiments
which were made with dogs as subjects.

According to the authors, all of the excessive nitrogen added as gelatin to a
standard diet *' is eliminated in the form of urea. Thus, this experiment leads
to the conclusioTi that either diketopiperazins do not enter into the composition
of the protein molecule, or that the anhydrids of peptids within the protein
molecule offer less resistance than when in a free state."

Effects of the presence of carbohydrates upon the artificial digestion of
casein, X. E. (Joldtiiwaite iJour. Biol. Vhciii., 7 iVJlO), Xo. 2, pp. 60-81). — •
According to the author, the experimental data recorded show that each of
the carbohydates tested (glucose, maltose, dextrose, dextrin, and galactose)
retarded the digestion of casein, the retardation being proportional to the
amount of added carbohydrate.

On the occurrence of lipase in human tissues and its variation in disease,
M. C. WiNTERNiTz and C. II. Meloy (Jour. Med. Research, 22 (IDIO), A'o. 1, pp.
107-128). — Some of the conclusions drawn from this extended series of investi-
gations are quoted below. Many of the other deductions have to do with patho-
logical conditions.

" In general the nearer the organ approaches the normal histologically, in
our series, the greater is its lipolytic action.

" There is apparently no decrease in the lipolytic activity in old age.

" The lipolytic activity of the various tissues at birth is very low, but it
increases with extreme rapidity during the first few days of life. . . .

" There is no relation between the acidity produced by the action of the
lipase on the tissue extract and the amount of hydrolysis of ethyl butyrate by
the same extract."

Gastric lipase in newborn infants, J. Ibrahim and T. Kopec (Ztschr. Biol.,
53 (1909), No. 5-6, pp. 201-217). — According to the author, a lipase can be
obtained from the mucous membrane of the stomach of new-born infants and
feti in the last months.

Experiments on the resorption of fat in the small intestine, W. Croneb
(Biocliem. Ztschr., 23 (1909), Xo. 1-2, pp. 97-136). — From extended investiga-
tions the author concludes that variations of tlie small intestine differ qualita-
tively and quantitatively with reference to fat resorption. Soaps are resorbed
only in the lower portion while emulsified neutral fats are resorbed throughout
the small intestine, though more abundantly in the lower portion. The amount
of fatty acid present has an effect on the amount of fat resorbed;

Concerning the physiology of water and salt, O. Cohnheim, Kreglinger,
and Kreglinger (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 63 (1909), Xo. 6, pp. 413-431).— From a
study of conditions at high altitude, the authors conclude that an increase in
hemoglobin concentration of the blood is not certain at an altitude of .3,000 to
4, .560 meters. Severe muscular work caused a dilution of the blood, and profuse
perspiration a lowering of the chlorin content of the body, which was followed

ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 771

by a marked retention of cblorin in succeedinf; days. The lowering of the
chlorin content, according to the authors, is attributable to a disturbance in the
hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach.

Chemical constitution and physiological activity of alcohols and acids, II,
J. LoEB {Biochem. Ztschr., 23 {1909), No. 1-2, pp. 39-96).— lu the case of or-
ganic acids the author concludes that physiological activity increases with an in-
creased number of carbon atoms in the molecule but that the increased activity
is relatively uninijiortant.

The fate of sodium, benzoate in the human organism, H. D. Dakin (Jour.
Biol. Chcm., 7 (19 JO), No. 2, pp. J 03-108). — According to the author's summary
of his investigations, " benzoic acid taken by men in doses of 5 to 10 gm. per day
for 2 or 3 days, in the form of sodium benzoate, imdergoes a practically com-
plete conversion into hippuric acid and is eliminated as such in the urine. Under
these conditions no free benzoic acid is excreted. There is no evidence of the con-
version of benzoic acid into any aromatic oxy-acid ; neither is there any evidence
of any material part of the benzoic acid undergoing complete combustion in the
animal body. With the doses of benzoic acid mentioned the increase in glycu-
ronic acid derivatives in the urine is trifling."

An improved method for the estimation of hippuric acid is described.

Energy relations and human physiology, W. Camerer {Jahrh. Kinderheilk.,
70 {1909), No. .',, pp. 39 1-UO) .—Contmmn^ his digest of data on this subject
(E; S. R., 19, p. 768), the author presents controversial and critical data to-
gether with a summary of recently published material.

The production of animal heat and the substituting value of nutrients,
G. Weiss {Rci: (Icii. HvL, 21 (1910), No. 1 pp. 19-26).— A discussion of foods
from the stnndiioint of ciuM-gctics. based on Ilubner's investigations.

Concerning fatigue induced by rapid movements, A. Imbert {Campt. Rend.
Acad. Sci. [Farin], 1^9 (1909), No. 17, pp. 6S9, 690).— From the results of his
experimental studies the author concludes that rapid movements which do not
produce an appreciable quantity of external muscular work quickly induce
fatigue, which in certain subjects at least is very pronounced.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION.

Specific effects of rations on the development of swine, E. B. Forbes {Ohio
Sta. Bui. 213, pp. 239-303 ; Missouri Sta. Bui. 81, pp. 3-69). — Three experiments
in feeding swine at the Missouri Station during 1905 and 1906 are reported, in
which the importance of phosphorus and other ash constituents in rations for
growing animals was studied.

In the first experiment wheat middlings, linseed meal, soy beans, tankage,
and germ oil meal were compared as supplements to corn in the dry lot for
fattening hogs for market. Thirteen lots of 5 grade Poland-Chinas each were
used. Analyses of the feeds are given, including the percentages of phosphorus
and lecithin. The results included the increased weight of leaf lard, kidney,
lung, heart, liver, spleen, tenderloin, and the chemical analyses of tenderloin
muscles and meat of the cross-sections of the cuts.

" Where hogs were full-fed on these rations, the middlings ration was 23
per cent more efficient than corn alone, the linseed meal ration 32 per cent, the
soy beau ration 38.5 per cent, the tankage ration 32.6 per cent, and the germ
oil meal ration 17.6 per cent more efficient to cause gain in weight.

" Where these six rations were fed in practically equal but somewhat re-
stricted amounts, the middlings ration was 28.9 per cent more efficient than
corn alone, the linseed meal ration 29.8 per cent, the soy bean ration 22.6 per

772 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

cent, the tankage ration ].S.l per cent, and the germ oil meal ration 10.4 per
cent more efficient than corn by itself. . . .

" The character of the increase produced by these rations was quite different.
The tendency of tive of these rations to cause growth of muscle and of internal
organs was in the following order: Wheat middlings, linseed oil meal, soy
beans, tankage, and corn alone. This was practically in accord with the phos-
phorus content of the rations; the tankage ration, however, failed to make
growth in accord with its phosphorus content, probably because of the fact that
its phosphorus was present mostly as bone. . . .

" The most striking peculiarity of the linseed meal ration is the high pro-
portion of ash to protein in the meat produced by this feed.

" The germ oil meal ration occupied the opposite extreme from the linseed
meal ration as regards the ash content of the tenderloin muscles, the percentage
being lower than with any other lots.

" With hogs fed on corn alone the bones, muscles, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart
and spleen all compose an abnormallj^ small proportion of the increase in
weight, and fat composes an abnormally large part of the increase.

" The muscles of corn-fed pigs are high in fat and low in protein and in
water, but the percentage of water in the fat-free meat is decidedly high.
The proportion of ash to protein in the flesh of corn-fed pigs, however, is
not low.

" The livers of corn-fed liogs are small and low in ash and in phosphorus.

" Compared with rations containing more protein, corn produces small, fat
kidneys. The low-proteid corn ration makes less extensive requirements, and
so produces less development of the kidneys than other rations containing more
in-otein. This has a bearing on the feeding of growing animals. The eliminative
functions of the body will not reach full development if the animal be reared
on a minimum protein allowance."

In the second and third experiments a study was made of the balance between
the inorganic acids and bases in the rations fed. The elements considered were
calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulphur, phosphorus, and chlorin. The
rations consisted of corn alone; hominy, blood flour and bran extract; hominy,
blood flour and lecithin ; hominy, blood flour and bone meal ; and hominy, blood
flour and sodium phosphate. In all of the rations there was an excess of
mineral acid over minei*al base, this excess being somewhat lower in the bone
meal lot than in the others and considerably greater in corn than in the mixed
ration. The corn ration besides having the most acid ash had the least calcium,
sodium, chlorin, and sulphur, and the most magnesium, potassium, and phos-
phorus, and the smallest proportion of proteid to nonproteid organic nutrients.

The hogs usetl weighed about 125 lbs. each and were mostly grade Poland-
Chinas, 6 months of age.

" The excess of magnesium in proportion to calcium in foods appears to
cause a counteractive liberation of calcium from the tissues, especially the
bones, and thus we may produce malnutrition of the bones merely by the ex-
cessive use of a food characterized by disproportionate amounts of magnesium
and calcium.

" The ash of the bran extract used in these experiments was, as is the ash of
bran, about neutral. Hence this removal of ash from the bones was not acidosis,
though the effects upon the bones was the same. Water extract of wheat bran
is a very palatable food. Its nutritive value was most pronounced when used
in moderation ; the pathological consequences appeared when fed in larger
amounts.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 773

" ' Bran disease,' ' shorts disease,' or ' miller's liorse rickets ' appears to be
caused, in part, by the excessive proportion of magnesium to calcium in wheat
bran and shorts."

The feeding of bran extract produced muscles low in pliosphorus, liver high
in phosphorus, and kidneys low in fat and ash but high in water. The ration
containing lecithin appeared palatable, excelled in the rapidity and the economy
of the gain produced, and the muscles, livers, and kidneys all contained a high
percentage of phosphorus. The phosphorus of bone meal did not appear to
add to the muscle-producing capacity of a low phosphorus ration; in fact, there
was some evidence to suggest that it interfered to a slight extent with the
utilization of protein.

" The muscles of the pigs which receiveil bone meal were lower in ash, and
percentage of phosphorus in the ash, than the muscles of pigs which had
received a low-phos]ihorus ration lacking the bone meal.

"A ration which was very low in phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, but
which contained an abundance of protein and other organic nutrients, made
very little increase in muscles and in bone ash.

" The ration lowest in phosphorus produced muscles which were especially
low In water, both in tlie whole tissues and in the fat-free substance; high in
protein, ash, and phosphorus, but low in the proportion of phosphorus to pro-
tein. . . ,

" The phosphorus compounds of the food do not directly favor fattening, as
they do muscular growth, but they may do so indirectly, through affecting the
general health of the animal. On the other hand, -they are apt to discourage
fattening in growing animals through making possible the normal use of the
nutriment in the formation of proteid increase."

First report of comparative expferiments with swine from, different breed-
ing' centers, N. O. H. Bang, N. Beck, and P. Gommesen (Ber. K. Vet. og Land-
hoh'ijskoles Lab. Landokonom. Forsiig {Copenhagen}, 67 {1910), pp. 86, figs.
5). — The experiments here reported were conducted at two Danish estates,
Elsesminde and Rodstenseje, during 1907 and 190S for the purpose of discover-
ing certain families of swine or single individuals within such families which
may be supposed to satisfy in a marked degree present demands of producton
and market both through inner qualities (exceptional health and vigor) and
exterior conformation (high slaughter value), and which may therefore safely
be used as foundation stock for the swine husbandry of the future.

Average data obtained at slaughtering time for 8S Yorkshires and 363 swine
of the native Danish bi-eeds of Funen and Jutland swine breeding centers are
jiresented in detail. While the average amount of feed eaten and gains made
by the different breeds did not vary greatly in either experiment, the York-
shire swine proved superior to the Danish breeds for market purposes, espe-
cially in point of firmness of pork, form and fullness of belly, form and size of
liam, fineness of head, bone and skin, as well as " general impression," the total
number of points awarded being (on a scale of 15) 13.1 for Yorkshires and 11.9
for Danish swine in the first series of experiments, and in the second series,
12.6 and 11.7, respectively. Better results were obtained with sows than with
barrows in the case of both breeds. Illustrated descriptions of the modern
hog houses in which the experiments were conducted are included in the report.

The new hog barn, J. A. Ceaig and W. A. Linklater (Oklahoma Sta. Rpt.
1909, pp. Sl-J/O, figs. 2). — This is a description of a hog barn built purely for ex-
perimental purposes. The ground plan and photographs of the exterior are
also given.

774 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Calf feeding experiments, IIittciier (Landw. Jahrb., 38 (1909), No. 5-6, pp.
871-950; ahs. in MUclnr. Zcnthl., 6 (1910), A'o. 2, pp. 68-75). — In an experinjent
planned to study the efficacy of disastasolin 37 calves between 7 and 8 days of
age were used, but only 14 completed the full feeding period of 15 weeks. The
calves were gradually changed from whole milk to skim milk pasteurized at 90°,
then cooled to 65° C, to which had been added 50 gm. of starch, 2 gm. of pow-
dered chalk, 1 gm. of salt, and 10 cc. of a 1 per cent solution of foi'malin for each
liter of milk. This ration was fed in the proportion of 2.2 kg. dry matter to 100
kg. live weight. In the group of calves fed the ration without the addition of
diastasolin tlie average daily gain per head was 0.G921 kg., at a cost of G0.41
pfennigs (about 15.1 cts.) per kilogram. The other group made an average daily
gain of 0.7109 kg., at a cost of 64.97 pfennigs (about 16.24 cts.) per kilogram.

In a comparison of cooked and raw whole milk, the best gains were made
with the raw milk during the first 5 weeks and with cooked milk the second 5
weeks, but throughout the whole period of 10 weeks there was but very little
difference. Powdered chalk was added to the milk of both groups.

The average daily gains per head made by calves in 10 weeks, fed on cooked
and raw milk with various mineral supplements, were as follows: On cooked
milk and tricalcium phosphate, 774 gm. ; cooked milk and bicalcium phosphate,
687 gm. ; cooked milk and monocalcium phosphate, 675 gm. ; cooked milk and
calcium citrate, 697 gm. ; cooked milk and calcium chlorid, 644 gm. ; cooked milk
and salt, 803 gm. ; raw milk and salt, 866 gm. ; cooked milk and chalk, 876 gm. ;
raw milk and chalk, 863 gm. ; cooked milk without mineral supplement, 790 gm. ;
raw milk without mineral supplement, 798.5 gm. ; and raw milk with formalin,
702 gm.

The improvement of cattle in the Upper Palatinate, O. Guth (Wurden die
Intcrcsscii dcr Laiulwirtschaft in dcr Si>tdlichva Ohcrpfalz dadurch, dass man
die Offentliche FiJrderung der Viehzucht auf cinen Landschlag Konzentrierte,
irgendivie Tcrnachlassigt oder Geschadigt? Innug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp.
.59). — A comparative study of the cattle breeds in Bavaria, with special reference
to the value of the Voightlander, or red breed, of central Germany. Measure-
ments of many animals made at different ages are given.

The sterility of cattle, E. Hess (Schtoeiz. Arch. TierhciJk., J,8 (1906), No. 6,
pp. 351-4.il; Separate, 1908, pp. 93). — A summary of information on the causes
and treatment of abnormal conditions in cows which are directly or indirectly
the causes of sterility, with numerous references to the literature on the
subject.

Feeding experiments with sheep, A. Lalim (Norsk Landmandsblad, 29
(1910), Xos. 2, pp. 17-20; 3, pp. 36--'il). — Experiments were conducted at 5
different Norwegian farms for the purpose of determining how much hay
mature sheep require for the maintenance of body weight during the winter
months when they receive hay and water only.

It was found that sheep weighing between 50 and 70 kg. at the beginning of
the trials were able to maintain their weight on a daily ration of from 1.01
to 1.46 kg. of hay per head. Analyses of the hay fed showed that these
amounts contained from 0.90 to 1.31 kg. dry matter, 0.07 to 0.15 kg. protein,
0.02 to 0.03 kg. fat, 0.47 to 0.67 kg. nitrogen-free extract, and 0.24 to 0.47 kg.
fiber.

Goat raising in Norway, 1660-1814, S. Skappel (Tidsskr. Norske Landhr.,
16 (1909), No. J,, pp. 167-173).— A historical sketch.

Memorandum on horse breeding (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour.,
10 (1910), No. 2, pp. 231-240). — This is an account of the horse breeding work
of the department of agriculture for Ireland.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 775

During the 0 years in which this has been in operation several changes have
been made, the most important of which is the recognition of the half-bred
sire of the hunter or Irish draft type. Other changes include the purchase
and resale of thoroughbred stallions and the restriction of cart horse stallions
to specified districts. A new policy is outlined to prevent the use of stallions
suspected of inheritable diseases. Information regarding legislation of conti-
nental Europe for the control of live stock breeding is also given.

Horse raising in Denmark in 1908, J. Jensen (Tidsskr. Landokonomi, 1909,
\(>. 7, 1)1). .'i(i'j-.'i2i)). — The article gives the usual annual survej- of the industry.

Beport of the chief poultry expert, D. D. Hyde {New Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann.
Rl)t., n {1909), PI). 13S-163, ph. 3).— This is the usual annual report of the
poultry industry of New Zealand. An experiment is reported as to the cost of
rearing chicks 5 mouths of age, in which the average cost per bird for that
length of time was Is. llgd. The average weight of food consumed per bird was
27 lbs. The use of the open-air system of housing proved satisfactory. There is
a discussion of the causes of mortality of chicks during incubation, aiad other
related matters.

The selection and feeding of laying hens, A. G. Philips {Kansas Sta. Bui.
ICiJf, pp. 277-291, figs. Ji). — This bulletin contains advice on the selection of lay-
ing hens and methods of feeding for egg production. Two stjies of feed hop-
pers are illu.strated and described.

A triple-yolked egg, R. Pearl {Zool. Anz., 35 {1910), No. l-'/-15, pp. Jfl7-
'i23, figs. 2). — This is a descrii)tion of an egg laid by a liarred Plymouth Rock
pullet and containing .3 yolks. Each of the yolks was of normal size, possessed
a germinal disc, and was enclosed in a separate yolk membrane. The yolks
were in no way fastened together and there was no trace of a chalaza. The
shell membranes were normal.

Hens that feed themselves, A. F. Hunter {Riirnl New Yorker, 69 {1910),
No. 'i039. pp. 377, 378, fig. 1). — The author reports successful results from feed-
ing a dry mash, with the special claim that the labor for caring for the fowls is
reduced nearly one-half without decreasing the egg yield.

Electric incubators and brooders, F. E. Ward {Sci. Atncr., 102 {1910), No.
10, pp. 20.'i, 205, figs. 5). — Details are given for constructing an inexpensive
homemade electrically heated incubator holding .10 eggs, and for making two
styles of electrically heated brooders.

Animal husbandry in Denmark, 1908, with special reference to cattle
raising and dairy husbandry, A. Appel {Tidsskr. Landijkonomi. 1909, No. 7,
pp. 337--'i0',; Malkcritid.. 23 (1910). No. 3, pp. 51-67).— X general review.

Live stock guaranties in Switzerland, H. Woker {Die Gewdhrlcistung fiir
Mangel und Zugesirlicrte Eigcnschaften helm Sehtrrizerischen Tiehandel.
Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. l-'f6). — This contains a history of the methods
of warranty which have been practiced in the Swiss live stock trade. Sug-
gestions are offered for their improvement and unification that would be more
advantageous to both buyer and seller.

Number of animals slaughtered and total receipts during fiscal year 1909
{U. 8. Senate, 61. Cong., 2. Session. Doc. Ji28, pp. 27). — Statistics showing the
number of animals slaughtered during the fiscal year 1909 at the establishments
in the United States operating under federal inspection are presented.

Composition of forage in highland prairies and mountain pastures, C.
Dusserre {Ann. Agr. Suisse. 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 5-8).— Analyses of pasture
grasses taken at different altitudes in the Alps are reported. The range of the
different constituents is as follows : Protein from 9.7 to 15.1 per cent, fat from
2.9 to 6.8 per cent, and carbohydrates from 30.9 to 47.6 per cent.

776 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Analyses of roots, B. C. Aston (Neiv Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 11 (1909),
PIK ^iS6'-.J.97). — Analyses are reported of a number of varieties of beets and
turnips.

Analyses of feeding stuffs, F. W. Morse and B. E. Cukry {New Hampshire
iS7«. Bill. IJfl, pp. 167-186). — This bulletin contains the text of the stale feeding
stuff law and of a proposed amendment thereto, a report of a meeting of state
feeding stuffs officials and manufacturers with reference to a uniform feeding
stuffs law, a report of the work in New Hampshire in the inspection of feeding
stuffs, including analyses of cotton-seed meal, gluten feed, molasses feed, calf
meal, meat meal, beef scraps, chicken feed, and many mixed feeds.

[Analyses of feeding stuffs], R. O, Baird {Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp.
29-^31). — Analyses are reported of wheat bran and shorts, corn chops, Kafir
corn, hominy, cotton-seed meal, hulls and cake, Bermuda hay, prairie hay,
alfalfa, and mixed feeding stuffs.

Notices of judgment ((/. 8. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 171-173, pp. 2
each; 174, i'^9, pp. 3 each; 206, 211, 214, PP- 2 each). — ^These notices relate to
the misbranding of stock feeds, the adulteration of milk, and the adultei'ation
and misbranding of stock feeds, cotton-seed feed meal, and milk flour.

[Essays in heredity and development of the animal organism] (In Dancin
and Modern 8cirnce. Cambridge, 1009, pp. 85-101, 102-111, 171-181,, 185-199,
247-270). — The following essays, written in commemoration of the centenary of
the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication
of The Origin of Species, are of interest to animal breeders as they summarize
the progress made in the study of heredity since the time of Darwin : Heredity
and Variation in Modern Lights, by W. Bateson ; The Minute Structure of
Cells in Relation to Heredity, by E. Strasburger; The Influence of Darwin on
the Study of Animal Embryology, by A. Sedgwick; the Palaeontological Record,
I, Animals, by W. B. Scott; and Experimental Study of the Influence of
Environment on Animals, by J. Loeb.

Fifty years of Darwinism {Neiv York, 1909, pp. V+274, P^^- 5, fig. 1). — This
book consists of centennial addresses in honor of Charles Darwin before the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Baltimore, January, 1909.
The following essays are of special interest to students of animal heredity :
The Cell in Relation to Heredity and Evolution, by E. B. Wilson ; The Behavior
of Unit Characters in Heredity, by W. E. Castle; Mutation, by C. B. Daven-
ix)rt ; Adaptation, by C. H. Eigenmann ; and Darwin and Paleontology, by H. F.
Osborn.

The cell as the unit of life, A. Macfadyen, edited by R. T. Hewlett {Lon-
don, 1908, pp. XV 1+381, pi. 1, figs, i^).— These lectures, delivered at the Royal
Institution, London, 1S99-1902, serve as an introduction to biology. They con-
tain a summary of information on the chemistry of the living cell, with special
reference to the action of cellular enzyms and toxins in the work of digestion,
assimilation, and immunity to disease.

On the homologies and significance of the internal glands of the ovary,
P. BouiN and P. Ancel {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [I'aris], 67 {1909), No. 31, pp.
464-466). — The authors find that in man, primates, dog, horse, cow, pig, and
other mammals with spontaneous ovulation there are 2 kinds of corpus luteum.
There is no interstitial gland, but its place is' supplied by the periodic corpus
luteum. In the rabbit, guinea pig, mouse, cat, and other mammals with non-
spontaneous ovulation the interstitial gland is present and only one corjius
luteum.

Concerning the relation between the outer and inner chest measurements
and the organs lying in the thoracic cavity. M. Muller {Landw. Jahrb., 38

DAIRY FARMTN(

-DAIRYING.

Ill

(1909), No. 4, pp. 593-627, pL 1, figs. .'/). — A discussion of data in an article
previously reported (E. S. R., 21, p. 268).

The author points out the inaccuracies which result from estimating the
volume of the thoracic cavity eitlier by talking the inner length and breadth or
by outer measurements. The volume of the lungs is diminished if a layer of fat
is deposited on the inner walls of the cavity, and the lung weight can not be
estimated from the volume as it varies so much in specific gravity. It is stated
that the length of the sternum does not vary so much between light and heavy
horses as other observers have thought.

The position of the shoulder blade and its influence on the posture and
movements of the horse, Moller (Landw. Jalirb., 38 {1909), No. Ji, pp. 697-
713, fifj.s. 10). — A di.scussiou of the statics and mechanics of the fore limb, with
speciil reference to conclusions reached by Miiller (E. S. II., 21, p. 268). By
means of diagrams the author illustrates his conclusion that a more oblique
and longer shoulder blade may be allowed in a saddle horse ridden for comfoi-t
than when speed or the capacity to draw heavy loads is the desideratum.

Reg'eneration of the beak in the goose (Anser cinereus) and the duck
(Anas boschas), E. I. Weruer and W. Goldsciimidt (Arch. Enticickl. Mech.
(hijiiH.. J.s (1909), yo. .'i, pp. 661-677, fig. 1). — The authors found that it took
irom 4 to 6 weeks for the regeneration of the new beak when from 4 to 10 nun.
in length was amputated from the beak of ducks and geese which were about 3
weeks of age.

DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING.

Studies on the history, present condition, and future of cattle breeding
in Holland, D. L. Barker {Stuilirn iihcr die (Uschiclitc, den lleutiyen Ziisland
und die Zukunft des Rindes iind seiner Zueht in den Niederlanden wit Be-
sonderer Kritischer Beriicksichtigung der Arbeitstceise des Niederldndischen
Rindviehstammhuches. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 138+6, pis. 20,
charts 2). — This is a history of cattle breeding in Holland from the earliest
times.

According to the author, the original cattle of Holland were of the Bos taurus
hrachyccros type and were red in color. The black color came from Jutland
cattle imported in the latter part of the eighteenth century. A study of the
cattle in different districts at the present time shows 3 main types.

There is an account of the work of the breeders' association and measures
taken by the "government to encourage cattle breeding, and an improved and
more uniform method of judging type according to the pedigrees of animals is
outlined. Measurements of cattle are given and also the report of an investiga-
tion as to the value of the " milk mirror " as an indication of milking capacity.
The results are summarizetl in the following table, which shows that a good milk
mirror was not necessarily associated with the largest yields of milk :

Average daily milk yield, percentage of fat in milk, and character of the milk

mirror in Dutch cattle.

Number
of cows.

Character of milk mirror.

Average

daily yield

of milk.

Fat con-
tent.

37

Kg.
15.90
15.89
16.23
16.42

Per cent.
3.17

47

Good

3.23

39

Fair

3.19

31

3.14

778 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

A study of the dairy buffalo of Rouniania, (J. Diaconu {Arhiva Vet., 6
(1909), A'o.s'. 2, pp. 92-10.-,; A-), pii. IXl-192; 5, pp. 301-ii.Hi, pl.s. 8).— These
papers include a short historical sketch of the domesticated buffalo of Europe,
descriptions and measurements of 2 types of dairy buffaloes bred in Roumania,
the characteristics of a jiood dairy l)uffalo cow, yields of milk, percentages of
fat, lactose and other constituents of buffalo milk, and other general informa-
tion on this subject.

Investigations on the effect of diminishing the amount of coarse feeds in
rations for dairy cows, T. MIjlleb (Ber. Physiol. Lah. ». Vr/-.s. .1h,s7. Lnndw.
Inst. Halle, 1909, Ao. 19, pp. Ji3-12.)). — During 6 feeding periods lasting about
24 days each 2 dairy cows were fed a ))asal ration of beets, cotton-seed meal,
peanut meal, malt sprouts, and ground barley. In the first and fifth periods
rye straw was fed at the rate of 10 kg. per day per 1,000 lbs. live weight. In
the second period the amount of straw was reduced to one-half, and in the third
period to one-fourth that of the first period. No straw or other roughage was
fed in the fourth period. When the straw ration was reduced the loss in digesti-
ble nutrients was equalized by increasing the ration of ground barley.

The reduction in amount, and even the total elimination of the rye straw
ration, produced no marked change in the amount or composition of the milk.
The cows at first appeared to be unsatisfied but gradually became more accus-
tomed to the less bulky ration. On substituting meadow hay for the straw in
the sixth period there was an increased yield of milk and at a reduced cost.
The average cost of milk per kilogram in the first and fifth periods was 7.2
marks (about 1.6 cts. per quart) ; in the second and third periods, 7.5 marks;
in the fourth period, 7.7 marks ; and in the sixth period, 6.2 marks.

The author draws the conclusion that the ration of coarse fodder may be
reduced, or even eliminated for a short period, without detriment to the health
of the animal and without reducing appreciably the amount of milk, although
increasing its cost.

Specific gravity of Danish milk, H. M. Hoyberg {MwlkcrituL. 23 (1910),
No. 1, pp. 1-5-20). — Examinations of the specific gravity of 1,000 samples of
mixed milk from Danish herds, collected during the months from March to
June and August, were made by means of a Bischoff areometer (lactometer).
About 210 cc. of milk is required with this instrument, with a cylinder 33 cm.
high and 4 cm. internal diameter.

In specific gravity the samples averaged 1.0324; 0.3 per cent of them were
from 1.029 to 1.030; 1.1 per cent from 1.030 to 1.031 ; 12 per cent, from 1.031 to
1.032 ; 56 per cent from 1.032 to 1.033 ; 28 per cent from 1.033 to 1.034 ; and 2.4
I^er cent from 1.034 to 1.035. The author recommends that the Bischoff lactom-
eter be made the standard for the whole country, and that the legal standard
for the si)ecific gravity of new mixed milk be placed at fi"om 1.0310 to 1.0340.

Analysis of the cleavage products of the nucleoprotein of the mammary
glands, J. A. Mandel (Proc. 8oc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 7 (1909), No. 2, pp.
24-26). — The author finds a close correspondence between casein and the nucleo-
protein of the cells in the mammary gland, which he thinks is strong proof
that the casein of the milk is formed by a breaking down of the nucleoprotein
of the protoplasm, with a setting free of the carbohydrates and the purin and
pyrimidin bases.

Are the colostrum bodies a reliable test for determining whether or not
the milk was obtained from a new milch cow? L. Anders (Hat der Nach-
iceis der Kolostrunikorperehen eine Bedeutung fi'ir die Forensischc Beurteilung
des FrischmilcJiendseins der Kiihef Inang. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. ^0). — •
This has been noted from another source (E. S. R.. 21, p. 675).

DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 7*79

A new lactic-acid producing Streptothrix, found in the fermented milk
of India, called the dadhi, G. C. Chatterjee {Ccnthl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt.,
Orig., 33 (1910), No. 2, pp. 103-112, fig. 1).—The iuitlior found that the coagu-
lation of dadhi, the fermented milk of India, which is similar to yoghourt and
leben, was due to a Streptothrix having characters similar to the bacteria found
in the other fermented milks, but differing from them by showing peculiar pink
f;:ranules when stahied with methylene blue and l)y forming convoluted chains
in glucose agar.

Obligate anaerobic bacteria in milk and dairy products, C. Barthel (/v.
Landbr. Akad. Bandl. och Tidskr., .',.9 {1910), No. 1, pp. 15-U6).— The investiga-
lions of the author lead him to conclude that obligate anaerobic bacteria occur
but very rarely in common market milk. Those that are found are almost
wholly of two species, Schattenfroh and Grassberger's nonmotile butyric-acid
bacterium and Bacterium putriflcits (Bienstock). During the fall and winter
months the former occurs much more frequently than the latter, while the
opposite holds true during the spring and early summer. The obligate anaerobes
are considerably more numerous during the sununer mouths than in the fall or
winter, as are also the total bacteria of the milk. No direct relation was found
between the general hygienic condition of the milk and the appearance therein
of obligate anaerobic bacteria. The author furthermore concludes that B. putrifi-
cits (Bienstock) and Paraplcctrmn foetid urn (Weigmann) are identical.

A contribution to the question of the infectiousness of the milk of tuber-
culous cows, G. Hessler (Eiii Beit nig zur Fnujc dcr hift ktiositiit dcr Milch
TuhcrkHl(J.ser Kiihe. Jtuiiig. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp, Gi, charts 2). — The
object of this investigation was to determine whether or not the milk of cows
reacting to tuberculin but not showing other clinical evidences of tuberculosis
contained tubercle bacilli. Sixty-one cows belonging to 3 different herds were
tested.

The chief source of tubercle bacilli in the milk was found to be from tuber-
culous udders. In a few cases only they were found in the milk of cows show-
ing clinical evidence of the disease when the udder was not affected. They
were not found in cows reacting to tuberculin but otherwise ;iffording no
clinical evidence of tuberculosis. In some cases milk became infected from
particles of litter which dropi)ed from the exterior of the udder into the milk
pail.

The conclusion is reached that an occasional clinical examination of the
herd and care in preventing infection from the milk from diseased sources
will enable dairymen to furnish a milk supply free from tubercle bacilli.

A bibliography is appended.

On pasteurizing milk and on the thermal death point of tubercle bacilli
in naturally infected milk, Y. van der Sluis (Ueber die Ahfdtiing dcr Tuber-
kelbaciUen in NatiirUch Inflzierter Milch nnd iiber die Pasteiirisierung der
MUeh. Inaiig. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 2.'^). — No tubercle bacilli were found
in the milk of cows in which the tuberculosis was localized in one particular
organ, but in generalized tuberculosis and in tuberculosis of the udder they
were present in all cases but one. Intra-uterine infection of the young did
not take place in pregnant guinea pigs inoculated with the bacilli. A temper-
ature of 80° C. was found to be necessary to insure the destruction of all the
bacilli in naturally infected milk. Artificial cultures of bacilli in a medium
containing milk acquired an ability to withstand slightly higher temperatures
than those normally i)resent in milk.

Report of the operations of the Danish pasteurization law during 1908—9
(Mwlkeritid, 22 {1909), No. 52, pp. 1156-1171).— During the year 1,391 cream-

780 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

eries were tinder control relative to the pastonrlziition of milk antl bnttermilk
used for feetlinj; purposes and of cn'ani used in the nianufactvire of export
butter, of which 1.182 were coo])erative and K54 proprietary creameries, and 45
estate dairies. The police authorities have taken 14.1(55 control samples in all,
about one-half of which were of skim milk and 5,665 of buttermilk. The per-
centages of the samples of skim milk, buttermilk, and cream found insufficiently
heated were 4.3, 2.2, and 2.9 per cent, respectively. During the year 74 per
cent of the total number of creameries complied fully with the provisions of the
law, 21 i)er cent violated it once, as a general rule through inadvertence, and 5
per cent violated it two or more times. Fines were imposed for 270 violations in
all. to the amount of .5.713 kroner ($1,540).

Report of the milk commission, 1909, A. R. Pyne et al. {Toronto: Govt.,
1910, PI). IJi2, flys. 26). — This contains reports of inquiries into the production,
care, and distribution of milk, a resume of tlie milk laws of the Canadian prov-
inces and the United States, a report of conditions found on dairy farms, and
an account of the efforts of cities in the United States to secure a clean milk
supply.

The dairy industry in Texas, C. H. Alvord (Texas Dept. Agr. Bui. 11. pp.
105, flffs. 65). — An account of the present condition of the dairy industry in
Texas, together with information on all phases of the subject, prepared specially
for the practical man who wishes to engage in dairying in that State.

Dairying in France, G. Ellbrecht {Mcelkeritid., 22 {1909), No. 50, pp.
1085-1108, fif/s. 10). — This article gives a description of the industry, especially
of the manufacture of Roquefort, Cantal, and Laguinole cheese, and of Nor-
mandy butter, with reproductions of photographs of dairying scenes.

An inquiry concerning Alpine dairies, C. Gorini {Rei\ G6n.' Lait, 8 {1910).
No. 7. pp. 155-161). — After a personal investigation of the conditions under
which cheese was made in the Italian Alps, the author found that the causes
of the defects of cheese made in that region were due to the crude methods em-
ployed. The cheese was made under variable conditions, the temperature and
acidity being determined by individual conjecture rather than by accurate
methods.

History of cream separation. — I, Cream raising, B. Martiny {Gcschichte
clcr linlnngcicinnunri. I, Die Aufralnniinfi. Lcipsic, 1909, pp. X+155+51+3.'i, pis.
8, figs. 151). — An historical account of different methods of raising cream which
have been practiced fi'om earliest times up to the invention of the separator.
The dairy utensils employed in cooling the milk and raising and skimming the
cream are illustrated and described. Appendixes contain reports of an experi-
ment in which the different methods of cream raising are compared and also a
bibliography of more than 500 references on the subject.

[Report of the dairy husbandman], R. C. Potts {Oklahoma 8ta. Rpt. 1909,
pp. 27, 28). — The average cost of making butter at the college creamery during
a period of 2 years was 2.85 cts. per pound.

There is a brief report of investigations in butter making, some of the con-
clusions from which are as follows : " The higher the temperature of the cream
or wash water used the higher will be the moisture content of the butter. The
larger the granules churned and the larger the quantity of cream churned the
higher the percentage of moisture in the butter. The churning of rich cream
favored a high moisture content. The addition of cold water to the cream just
as the butter was breaking did not prove to be an efficient way of increasing
the moisture content of butter. Butter worked in a churn in the presence of a
large quantity of water gave a leaky appearance and only medium moisture
content."

VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 781

Danish butter exports, 1908-9, B. Boggild (Tidsskr. Landdkonomi, 1909,
No. /.i, lip. 77.3-72'/; Mfclkcritid., 22 {1909), No. 51, pp. 1115-1123).— The article
gives statistics, with prices received, and a discussion of the general conditions
(.f the industry.

Butter and cheese making in Iceland (Mcelkeritid., 23 {1910), Nos. 2, pp.
21-35; 5, pp. 105-112). — Extracts from a work on Icelandic dairying, by O.
Olavius, and dated 1780. are given.

Fancy cheeses for the farm and factory, C. A. Publow {New York Cornell
Bui. 270, pp. 3-12, fiys. 3). — A bulletin of practical information on the manu-
facture of cottage, Neufchatel, cream, sandwich nut, pepper cream, caraway
potato, olive cream, aud club cheeses. The defects which commonly occur iu
the flavor and texture of cottage cheese are pointed out and remedies are sug-
gested. The methods of making the fancy cheeses are described in detail, in-
cluding both American and foreign methods of manufacturing Neufchatel.

Studies connected with the manufacture of early season cheeses, T. A.
Coward (Univ. Leeds and York.shire Council Agr. Ed. [I'aniphlcf] 77, 1910,
pp. 15). — The characteristics of early and late cheeses were studied with a
view to overcoming the defects whicli commonly occur in cheeses made early
in the season. Chemical analyses were made and compared with the results
obtained by other investigators.

In a study of the bacterial flora of internal rust and off-flavor cheese. 3
chromogenic species of bacteria were isolated: Bacillu>i prodiffiosus var. (?),
Jiacterium aeidi propionici var. (?), and Baeillus nmhogani. Suggestions are
offered for preventing the growth of these organisms in order to obtain a more
uniform product throughout the S(»ason.

On goat cheese and similar kinds of cheese, O. Iversen and O. Sopp {Tidsxkr.
Norske Lnndhr., 16 {1909), No. 3, pp. 97-L',2). — The subject of the manufacture
of goat whey cheese and substitution products for this cheese is discussed in
papers read before the Society for Norway's Weal, and the discussions following
the reading of the papers are given in full.

The flavor of cheese, A. W. Dox {Lookout, 15 {1910), No. 5, pp. 103-106).—
A sh<n"t historical account of the chemistry Of cheese ripening, presented in
popular form.

Thirty years' activity of the experiment station for cheese making in Lodi,
C. Besana {Trent' Anni di Attivita delta R. Stazione Sperinientale di Caseificio
di Lodi. Lodi, 1910, pp. 95, figs. 2). — A historical account of the station is
given, including a summary of the results of investigations undertaken since its
organization in 1880.

Danish cheese production and exports, N. Horlyck {Tidsskr. Landdkonomi,

1909, No. 5, pp. 265-288). — A historical sketch and discussion of the present
conditions of the industry.

Catalogue of the Postal Dairy Library, G. H. Benkendorf {Madison, Wis.,

1910, pp. 6'/). — This is a catalogue by subjects of the Postal Dairy Library
conducted by a member of the staff of the Wisconsin University and Station.
It contains 1,006 titles relating to dairying and kindred subjects, together with
an explanation of the purpose of the library and of the manner of using it.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

Fourteenth semiannual report of the chief of the cattle bureau to the
Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, A. Peters ( Scniiann. Rpt. Cattle
Bur. Mass., l/f (1908). pp. 187-255). — This report gives in detail an account of
the work of the cattle bureau from December 1, 1907, to December 1, 190S.

782 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Rabies diminished somewhat but continued to be vei-y prevalent. More horses
or mules, 941 in all. died or were destroyed In the State because of glanders
and farcy than during any other year of which there is record.

A tabulated rei»ort of the inspection of animals, stables, etc., shows that
234,347 bovines were examined of which 177,047 were milch cows as compared
with 237,047 bovines and 155,876 milch cows the previous year.

Calves purchased for experimental investigations of tuberculosis were inocu-
lated subcutaueously and intravenously by Drs. Theobald Smith and P. A. Lewis
with cultures of tubercle bacilli from the cervical lymph glands of 3 children
suffering from that form of tuberculosis. All the calves developed acute and
fatal tuberculosis, indicating that the disease in the children was of bovine
origin. A case of tuberculosis iu a horse was found to be due to infection from
cattle, as a culture obtained by Dr. Smith from lesions in the horse's lungs
showed the bacillus to be of the bovine type.

Brief mention is also made of a number of outbreaks of other diseases in-
cluding hog cholera, blackleg or symptomatic anthrax, anthrax, actinomycosis,
tuberculosis among swine, and mange among horses.

Sixth annual report of the Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board
for the year ending July 31, 1909 {Ann. Rpt. Minn. Live Stock Sanit. Bd., 6
(1909), PI). .'I'l). — The method of dealing with tuberculosis in other countries
is briefly reviewed and followed by a descrii)tion of the method used in Minne-
sota, and the progress made. It is stated that the average losses to the whole-
sale butchers in Minnesota coming under government inspection will total at
least $50,000 per year.

The total number of glandered horses destroyed was almost one-half less
than in any previous year. An outbreak of anthrax resulted in the death of
40 hogs and 4 head of cattle. An outbreak of mechanical bronchitis in hogs in
Waseca County appeared to have been due to the inhalation of pollen from
clover. A number of outbreaks of infectious anemia or swamp fever of horses
were investigated during the year, but this disease still seems to be unknown
in the southern section of the State. The outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia
were not as prevalent as formerly, and only a few outbreaks of vesicular exan-
thema were experienced. Rabies, blackleg, Johne's disease, avian tuberculosis,
ergotism, hog cholera, suspected poisoning, strongylosis, lymphangitis, and
other diseases, are considered in the re]iort of the bacteriologist.

Seventh annual report of the state board of live stock commissioners of
Ohio, T. L. Calvekt, P. Fischer, and M. B. Lamb {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Live Stock
Comrs. Ohio, 7 {1908), pp. 32, i)Is. 3, figs. 12).— The localities in the State in
which foot rot, epizootic lymphangitis, glanders or farcy, hog cholera, nodular
disease in sheep due to GEsophagostoma colmnbianum, rabies, mange in horses,
scab in sheep, and tuberculosis in cattle occurred during the year are shown by
means of maps. During the year 12 horses were destroyed on account of
glanders and 29 dairy cows on account of tuberculosis.

Annual report of the state veterinarian of Wyoming' for the year end-
ing September 30, 1908, W. F. Pflaeging {Ann. Rpt. State Vet. Wyo., 190S,
pp^ 2^), — Outbreaks of glanders occurred in G counties; in Bighorn County the
disease has been prevalent for 4 or 5 years, having been introduced by a rail-
way grading outfit. An outbreak of anthrax near the border line resulted in
the loss of 100 head of cattle in the State and over 700 head in South Dakota.
Necrotic stomatitis is the most serious swine disease in Wyoming at the pres-
ent time; in one locality 42 hogs and iu another 27 hogs being destroyed.

Lip and leg ulceration of sheep was prevalent in 6 counties. The quarantine
for scabies in sheep was raised from the State and with the exception of in-

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 783

fected individuals found occasionally in importations the State is considered
clean.

Losses from i)lant poisoning include 42 bead of 4-year-old steers in eastern
Converse County, evidently from a form of lupine poisoning. Twenty head of
liorses died from the effects of loco poisoning near Casper and a number of
sheep in Bighorn County. Similar conditions among cattle were met with else-
where in the State.

Annual report on the civil veterinary department, United Provinces, for
the year ending- March 31, 1909, E. W. Oliver (Aiui.. Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dcpt.
United Prov., 1909, pp. 21). — This report discusses veterinary instruction, treat-
ment of disease, breeding operations, etc.

Equine contagious diseases bi'iefly mentioned are glanders, surra, dourine,
and tetanus. Rinderpest was more prevalent, 6,662 deaths being reported
against 7,S54 during the previous year. Only 626 deaths due to hemorrhagic
septicemia were reported against 1,799 the previous year. Of black quarter
143 cases occurred, of which 62 proved fatal, against 200 deaths the previous
year. Anthrax destroyed 1.015 cattle as compared with 685 in 1907-8. Foot-
and-mouth disease was very widespread and the mortality increased from 827
to 1.957. The number of deaths among cattle from other contagious diseases
reported was 118.

Protective inoculations chiefly against rinderpest were carried out on a large
scale, and whenever possible this method of dealing with disease is now adopted.
Operations of this nature were undertaken in 1,084 outbreaks against 948 in
the previous year and 90,874 animals have been inoculated.

Report of the principal veterinary surgeon and bacteriologist, S. Dodd
(Ann. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. and Btoclc [Queensland], 190S-9, pp. 81-105).— In this
report particular attention is given to the occurrence of and work with Texas
fever, osteomalacia of cattle, or soft bone disease, and si)irochetosis of fowls.

Texas fever is said to have been very prevalent in certain districts, and
31,865 head of cattle were inoculated. Osteomalacia which occurs among cattle,
chiefly on some of the coastal lands, was investigated. The condition, one
mainly affecting the bones of cattle, is most common in cows and heifers,
chiefly dairy stock and especially heavy milkers. The symptoms, post-mortem
appearances, and analyses made of bones from both normal and affected ani-
mals, are reported, as are also analyses of soils. As the result of investigations
the author has determined that the disease of fowls in Kuckhampton which has
caused a mortality of from 60 to 80 per cent is spirochetosis.

Of 171,245 head of cattle killed at meat works under supervision during
1908-9, a total of about 0.7 per cent were totally or partially condemned for
tuberculosis. Of 1.170 milch cows inspected, 11 were reported as being affected
with tuberculosis and 8 with actinomycosis. Other diseases reported upon are
infectious ophthalmia, contagious mammitis. contagious abortion, blackleg,
strongylosis in sheep and calves, Birdsville horse disease, equine influenza,
Gilbert River horse disease, hog cholera, sarcosporidiosis, and others.

Alleged poisoning' by soy-bean meal (Mark Lane Express, 103 (1910), No.
J,090, pp. 169, 111; Vet. Rec, 22 (1910), No. 1121, pp. 545-5//9).— Twenty-five out
of 52 cows near Edinburgh, Scotland, which had been fed 1 lb. of soy-bean meal
per day (distributed over 2 feeds) are reported to have died from poisoning
thought to have been due to hydrocyanic acid from the meal. A suit against
the firm from whom the meal was purchased, is under way.

Grain itch (Acaro-dermatitis urticarioides): A study of a new disease in
this country, J. F. Schamberg (Jour. Cutaneous Diseases, 2S (1910), No. 329,
pp. 61-89, j)ls. 1). — A detailed account is given of an eruptive disorder new to

784 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

the physicians of this country, which, since ]!M)1, lias heen appearing in the
vicinity of riiila(leli)liia and in Indiana, Oliio, and other States.

The disease is characterized by a wide-spread urticarioid eruption accom-
panied by intense itching and commonly by mild fever and other systematic
symptoms. It is due to contact with cereals or straw infested with I'edictiloides
vcntricosus or an allied species of mite. An identical or similar affection from
contact with sacks of barley and wheat was noted by naturalists many years
ago in France, (iermany, Russia, and certain other European countries. This
mite prej's upon insects, particularly grain destroying insects. See also a
previous note (E. S. R.. 21, p. HST).

Special report on Sarcosporidiae and their association with loco disease
and dourine, E. A. Watson {Ottaica, Canada: Dcpt. Agr., 1908, pp. 12, pis. 2). —
This contribution has especial reference to the association of sarcosporidiosis
with loco disease and dourine and the possibility of mistaking the spores of
Sarcocystis for certain so-called developmental forms of trypanosomata. Six
cases of sarcosporidiosis in cattle suspected of loco poisoning, 2 in equines sus-
pected of loco poisoning, 3 in dourine-affected equines, and 1 in a cachectic
filly, the cause of the cachexia not being known, are reported.

The following conclusions are drawn as the result of the investigations:
" The parasitic Sarcocystis under certain conditions becomes a very important
factor in disease, invading the entire musculature of their hosts, with serious
or fatal consequences. Sarcosporidiosis may be closely associated with, and is
probably a very frequent sequel to, the disease of horses and cattle known as
loco disease. It may complicate the diagnosis of this disease, and also of
dourine. and probably of some others, and retard or prevent recovery from these
and similar cachectic conditions. The crescentic spores of sarcocystis bear a
striking resemblance to crescentic bodies that have been described as develop-
mental forms of ti-ypanosomata, and it would be unsafe, or quite erroneous to
diagnose an infection by the latter from the presence alone of those crescentic
bodies."

The etiology of dourine, ZwiCK and Fischer {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr.,
25 (1901)). \o. 37. pp. 683-686, figs. 2; abs. in Jour. Trop. Vet. 8ci., 5 (1910),
No. 1, pp. 187-189). — This disease had not been seen for 28 years in Germany,
but has recently been introduced from Russia. The authors' more recent ex-
periments with the trypanosome of Euroi)ean dourine in laboratory test ani-
mals seem to show that there is no ground for the opinion that any difference
exists between the European and African disease. In the inoculation experi-
ments here reported mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats, sheep, a goat, and
an ox were used.

Dourine, Miessner (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 25 (1909), No. 3Ji, pp. 63Jf-
636; ahs. in Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. 189, Jf90).— This disease
has attracted interest owing to an outbreak reported by Toreuz and Kleinpaul
in East Prussia in 1908. The guinea pig. rabbit, mouse, and rat were inocu-
lated but none of these became infected with dourine. Treatment with arseno-
phenylglycin was followed by improvement.

A method of dealing with rinderpest in the field, A. Gibson (Jour. Trop.
Vet. 8ci.. 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. 93-95). — A short account is given of the way in
which rinderpest has been successfully dealt with in Hongkong without the aid
of a laboratory.

What Selang'or is doing to prevent rinderpest (Vet. Rec., 22 (1910), No.
1128, pp. 561, 568). — An account of the work as carried on in the state of Se-
langor. on the Malay Peninsula. Quarantine stations are maintained at Port
Sweettenham, Kuala Lumpur, and Kuala Kubu, for the purpose of preventing
its spread among cattle.

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 785

East Coast fever, R. W. Dixox {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 36 {1910), No.
1, pp. IU-26). — A general account of this affection including preventive and
remedial treatment.

East Coast fever (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 36 {1910), No. 2, pp. 219-
22Jf). — A statement of measures taken to safeguard the Cape of Good Hope
Colony against the introduction of East Coast fever from the adjoining colonies
of Natal and Transvaal. See also a previous note (E. S. U., 22, p. 581).

Spirochetosis of bovines in South Annam, H. Schein (Bid. Soe. Path. Exot.,
3 (1910). Xo. 2, pp. 73-75). — A spirochetosis has been found to occur in South
Annaui. It appears to be due to the spirochete (Spiroehwta thcileri) found by
Theiler in the Transvaal and by Heanley at Hongkong.

The Australian camel trade and trypanosomiasis, S. G. Ha.ji (Jotir. Trop.
Vet. 8ci., 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. 72-88). — Following a discussion of the occurrence
of surra in camels in Australia the author reports upon several cases which
were discovered in the province of Sind during lOOS-9. This is the Indian
province from which camels were imported into Australia, in several of which
Tri/panosoiini rransi were discovered, as previously noted <K. S. K.. 21, p. 78).

Summary of first series of experiments on treatment of surra in camels,
A. S. Leese (Jour. Trop. Vet. ScL, 5 (1910), No. 1. pp. .57-6'/). — Experiments
are reported in which tartar emetic alone, tartar emetic and atoxyl alternately,
and tartar emetic alone but followed by a short course of mercury bichlorid
alone, were administered.

No assistance toward ultimate recovery was afforded Ity the last-named treat-
ment, and that with tartar emetic and atoxyl alternately gave no better results
than the use of tartar emetic alone. As trypanosomes returned on the day
following the last intravenous injection of bichlorid of mercury, it appears that
the mercury did not have any effect upon them.

Note on plague infection in a wood rat (Neotoma fuscipes anectens), W. C.
RucKER (Puh. Health and Mar. Hosp. Sere. U. S., Pub. Health /^/J^s•., 25 (1910),
No. 1, pp. 1, 2). — A wood rat. captured in Alameda County, Cal., October 17,
1909, and found to be infected with bubonic plague, is believed to be the first
plague-infected wood rat ever discovered. Thus it seems that the wood rat may
act as an intermediary in the transmission of the disease to other mammals.
The manner in which the infection was conveyed to this rat is not known, as
wood rats do not ordinarily come in contact with squirrels. Notes are included
on the habits and distribution of this and related species.

Investigations concerning Rocky Mountain fever, H. T. Ricketts (But.
Johns Hopkins Hosp., 20 (1909), No. 218, pp. 151, i.52).— This is the report of
an address before the Johns Hopkins Medical Society. January 4, 1909, in which
the investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 682) are discussed.

Some aspects of Rocky Mountain spotted fever as shown by recent inves-
tigations, H. T. Ricketts (Med. Ree. [N . Y.], 76 (1909), No. 21, pp. 8J,3-855).—
This is the Wesley M. Carpenter lecture of the New York Academy of Medicine
for 1909.

As regards severity, the author recognizes 2 different types, the mild and the
severe. In western Montana the disease is almost uniformly of a very severe
character, the mortality ranging from 65 per cent to about 90 per cent. In
Idaho, the death rate rarely rises above 5 per cent. It is said that both Der-
inaeentor vcnustus and D. modestus will transmit the Montana di.sease to the
guinea pig and that D. venustus will also tran.smit the Idaho disease. Experi-
ence has shown that the larvfe and nymphs as well as the adults acquire and
transmit spotted fever.

42556— No. S— 10 7

786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The author boliovos spotted fever to be ui;initaiiiecl as follows: A certain per-
centage of the female ticks which have acquired the disease as a consequence
of feeding on animals which have been infected by other ticks, transmit the dis-
ease to their offsi)ring tlirough the egg. The new generation during the process
of feeding transfers the virus to certain of the susceptible small wild animals
(ground squirrels, rock squirrels, chipmunks, ground hogs, and perhaps others),
and this may take place during either the larval, nymphal, or adult stage,
hence at various times of the year. During the infection of the wild animals it
is required that hitherto normal ticks, either as larvae, nymphs, or adults, ac-
quire the disease by feeding simultaneously with, or shortly after, the feeding of
the infected ticks. Itegardless of the tick's stage of development at the time
it acquire<l the disease, the virus is retained into the adult period, and in certain
of the females reaches the germ cells and again appears in the next generation.

The presence of tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood in clinical and
experimental tuberculosis. — The viability of the tubercle bacillus, J. F.
Anderson and M. J. Rosknau {Puh. Health and Mar. Hasp. Scrv. U. S.. Hyg.
LaJ). Bid. 51, pp. Ji2). — From 48 cases of human tuberculosis, glycerin-potato
cultures, guinea-pig inoculations, and smears were made from the sediment
obtained by centrifugation of blood, but in not a single instance were tubercle
bacilli demonstrated. In one instance the smears showed an organism that had
the morphological and tinctorial appearances of tubercle bacilli, but the glycerin-
potato culture and guinea-pig inoculations wei'e negative.

" Tubercle bacilli were demonstrated in the blood of 7 of the 8 rabbits ex-
periujentally infected. In 3 of the 7 they were found both by cultures and by
animal inoculations. From this it would seem that when rabbits are infected
by subcutaneous inoculation of tubercle bacilli the latter are found in the circu-
lating blood in a large in-oportion of the cases, but not in sufficient numbers to
be detected in smears. It is of especial interest to note that the blood of a rab-
bit which at the autopsy did not present any naked-eye evidences of tuberculosis
was infective for a guinea pig. Tubercle bacilli were found in the blood of
only 1 guinea pig experimentally infected. It seems, therefore, that whereas
tubercle bacilli are frequently found in the blood of tubercular rabbits, it is
unusual to find them in the blood of tubercular guinea pigs and humans in
numbers or virulence sufficient to infect fresh animals."'

In part 2, the viability of the tubercle bacillus is discussed at some length.
The results of investigations by various authors of the thermal death point of
the tubercle bacillus, its viability in dried sputum under different conditions,
the effect of sunlight upon it, and the period during which it remains virulent
in water, etc., are brought together in tabular form. " We have no easy method
of determining the death of the tubercle bacillus ; its virulence fades before it
dies. The criterion of death depends upon animal experimentation. The
tubercle bacillue may be classed with the nouspore-bearing organisms so far as
its viability is concerned. It is doubtful whether the waxy substance protects
the bacillus against external harmful influences to any unusual extent. The
thermal death point is 60° C. for 20 minutes. This is much less than was once
considered."

A bibliograi)hy of the articles consulted is appended.

A contribution to the study of the ophthalmic reaction of cattle to tuber-
culin, O. Bellini {Arch. 8cL R. Soc. Accad. Yet. JtaL. 7 (1909), No. 1-2, pp.
1-12; ah>i. in Rev. Gen. Med. Yet., 15 {1910), No. 110, pp. 81-89).— Ot 200 bovines
which were given the ophthalmic test at the abattoir at Mantoue, Italy, 29 gave
positive reactions. All the animals were given a careful post-mortem examina-
tion, when the 29 reactors were found to be affected, as were also 3 of the
animals which had not been detected during the test. The author is of the

VETERINARY MEDICINE. 787

opinion, however, tliat the reaction would have been detected in these 3 animals
if they had been constantly observed, or for a longer period. The reaction ap-
peared once after 5 hours, twice after 12 hours, once after 14 hours, 4 times
after 16 hours, and 4 times after 17 hours. Again, much later reactions were
observed, once after 24 hours, twice after 26 hours, once after 28 hours, and
once after 37 hours. The reaction was of short durtion in 13 animals, having
disappeared at the end of i hour in 1 case, after 1 hour in 2 cases, after 2 hours
in 6 cases, after 3 hours in 1 case, and after 4 hours in 3 cases; in 5 other cases
the disappearance was much slower.

The intra-cutaneous turberculin test, K. Joseph (Berlin. Ticriirztl.
Wchnschr., 25 {UUm), No. .',6, pi). 8.'i7-Sol; ahs. in Vet. Rec, 22 i}909), .Ao. J118,
pp. 391-393). — The author carried out a somewhat extensive investigation of
this method, testing the results of each observation by the slaughter and care-
ful post-mortem examination of the animal, whether reacting or not. The
results are here reported and the methods described. The injection was made
(■n the side of the neck instead of on the subcaudal fold of the skin as practiced
by Moussu and Mantoux.

The intra-cutaneous test with tuberculin is highly commended by the author
who i)oints out the various advantages which it possesses over the ordinary
subcutaneous test. It is thought that in addition to its value in diagnosis that
the use of tuberculin in this way may l)e found to assist in prognosis. Experi-
ments with guinea pigs conducted in association with Uumer led to the belief
that it is possible to gain information regarding the extent of tubei'culous pro-
cesses in these animals by repeated quantitative determinations of the subject's
susceptibility to tuberculin.

Intestinal tuberculosis of the ox, P. Chatjsse (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 23
(1909), Nos. 9, pp. 692-728; 10. pp. 809-829, fiys. 30).— \ patho-anatomical
study. The author recognizes 3 types of intestinal tuberculosis in the ox — the
ulcerative, hypertrojihic, and liorpctic.

Kespiratory metabolism investigation and its importance for zootechny
and veterinary medicine with a contribution to the knowledg'e of pulmonary
exchanges in bovines, J. Paeciitner (Respiratoriselie Htofficeehselforschung
vnd ihrc Bedeutung fiir die Nutztierhaltuny und Tierheiikunde mit einem
Bcitrag zur Kenntnis voni Lungengasivech sel des Rindes. Berlin, 1909, pp. 6.'i,
pis. .'/; rev. in Rec. Med. V^t., 86 (1909), No. 23, pp. S.'i9, 850).— This work con-
sists of 2 parts, the first being devoted to a historical review, while in the
second personal investigations are reportetl.

The specific chronic enteritis of cattle [Johne's disease], H. Horne (Berlin.
Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 5, pp. 109, 110, fig. 1; al)s. in Vet. Rec, 22
(1910), No. 1121, pp. 538, 539). — The author considers his investigation upon
an experimentally infected animal to indicate that cattle suffering from Johne's
disease react to the cutaneous and ocular tests with avian tuberculin, as well
as to the subcutaneous injection.

The treatment of mammitis in the cow, L. Bigoteau (Rev. Gen. Med. Vet.,
13 (1909), No. 150, pp. 325, 326; uhs. in Vet. .Jour.. 66 (1910). No. Jil6, pp.
11. 'i, 115). — The treatment of mammitis in the cow by injections of boricated
water, as reported by the author in 1905. is said to have since been employed
in France and other countries with success.

The method consists of the injection of 120 to 180 gm. of a 3 per cent boric
acid solution into the sinus of each affected quarter. The solution, made with
boiling water, should be injected at a temperature of 20 to 25° C. At the same
time a purgative should be given. It is necessary that the inflamed quarter
be completely emptied before the injection is made.

788 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Immunizing calves during gestation against white scour, K. von Sande
(lidliii. TicnirztL ]V<lnis,lir., 2-') (HHIH). Xo. /',. pi). 2(U-2(;.')).—The director
of Gaus' Institute at Frankfurt reviews this subject at some leiigtb.

Out of 215 cows injected with 20 cc. of an extract from the bacilli of white
scour, 91. G3 per cent of the calves were rendered immune, 6.04 per cent suc-
cumbed to the disease, and 2.33 per cent recovered. The author concludes that
by means of this extract, one may conf«'r an immunity upon cows which is
transmitted to the young and renders them refractory to the disease from the
time of birth. The immunization of the cow is accomplished through two sub-
cutaneous injections of the extract, the first of 10 cc. to be made 6 weeks be-
fore the terminati(m of gestation is due, ami the second of 20 cc. 10 days later.
This treatment does not affect the general health of the cow.

A prophylactic treatment for white scour in calves during gestation,
Fehrmann {Berlin. Ticnirzil. WcIiusrJn:. 2.'> {1!)09), No. 7, pp. 139, IJ/O).—
The author has used the (Jans polyvalent germ-free extract from the bacilli of
calf diarrhea with good results. The injection of this extract during an ad-
vanced stage of gestation appears to be capable of transmitting a protection to
the fetus in utero which remains after birth as an active immunity.

Two diseases affecting pregnant ewes, J. A. Gilruth {Xcw Zeal. Dept. Ayr.,
Vet. Dir. Bill, lo, pp. 11). — An account is given of the eversion of the vagina,
which is at the present time probably the greatest cause of losses in sheep in
New Zealand, and of the antepartum paralysis which has been found to exist
throughout the Dominion although more prevalent in the south.

The caseous suppuration of sheep, H. Carre (Rev. G6n. M4d. V6t., 15
(1910), Xo. 170. Pit. i;'}-SI). — The author finds that purulent lesions of sheep are
caused by a group of microbes which may l)e considered as varieties of the
I>acillus of Preisz-Nocard, and which in their morphological, cultural, and '
biological characteristics present very great analogies. The value of vaccina-
tion against the toxic forms appears to have been established experimentally,
and practically it has given some very encouraging i-esults. It is also possible
to protect sheep against the affection by an umbilical and caudal dressing
applied after birth. The affections due to the Preisz-Nocard bacillus are said
to have a much greater distribution than is generally supposed.

The parasite of otocariasis of Congo goats, L. Gredcelst {Arch. Schiffs u.
Tropeii Hyg., 13 {1909), Xo. 5, pp. I.j0-lo2; abs. in Jour. Trop. Vet. ,S'c/., .T
(1910), No. 1, p. 206). — The author examined material supplied by Broden and
concludes that the parasite involved is Pt^oroptes eomtiuDiis.

Studies on the bacteriology of infectious swine diseases, R. R. Dinwiddie
and J. F. Stanford {Arkansas Sta. Bui. 105, pp. 315-350). — This bulletin dis-
cusses bacteriological studies conducted diu-ing the course of 5 outbreaks of
disease in hogs. The results of the investigation have led the authors to the
following general conclusions :

" In natural outbreaks showing the anatomical lesions of hog cholera either
Baeillus eholerw sitis or Smith's swine plague bacteria may be present api)areutly
acting as cause.

" Pneumonia occurring in hog cholera is generally due to the action of swine
plague bacteria.

" Swine plague pneumonia is of frequent occurrence unassociated with con-
tagion.

"All the symptoms and post-mortem lesions of hog cholera of natural origin
may be produced by artificial infection with pure cultures of Bacillus cholera;
suis. This artificially induced disease is transferable by cohabitation and by
inoculation from one animal to another, but does not exhibit the extremely
contagious features of the natural disease.

VETEEINARY MEDICIXE. 789

"Animals are easily immiiuized against swine plague bacteria by injection of
sterilized cultures, the immunizing substance being resident in the bodies of the
bacteria and not in solution in the tluid.

" Immunity against virulent hog cholera bacilli is safely and uniformly pro-
di'.ced by inoculation with living cultures of naturally feeble virulence, but hot
b.v sterilized cultures.

"This double vaccination has not proved of practical value in the control of
natural outbreaks in hogs."

Some original notes on the comparative immunizing properties of vac-
cine and aggressin in Schweineseuche, F. S. H. Baldrey {Jour. Troi). Vet.
IScL. J (1910). No. 7. lip. J/G-ol. chart 1). — A brief report of experiments.

Spiroptera strongylina, B. F. Kaupp (Mo. TaUey Vet. Bui., 4 (1910). No.
11. i>i). 2'J-ol. ptj.s. .'/). — This nematode is reported to have been taken from the
stomach of hogs raised in the Missouri Valley. This is thought to be the first
report of its occurrence in the T'nited States.

Some notes on equine filariasis, E. P. Argyle (Jour. Trop. Yet. HcL, 5
(1910), Xo. 1, pp. 96-100). — Several cases are here reported.

Canine piroplasmosis in Tonkin, C. Mathis (Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 2 (1909),
Xo. 7, pp. 3S0-383; (ih.«. in Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 5 (1910), Xo. 1, pp. 201,
202). — The author states that in Asia this disease is known in India and
China. He now records its occurrence in Tonkin at the veterinary infirmary at
Hanoi, where it has often been found in both indigenous and imported dogs.

The drug treatment of canine piroplasmosis, G. H. F. Nuttall (Parasi-
toJdiiii. 2 U!)09). Xo. If, pp. 409-.'i3.'i). — Some earlier work on the subject by
ItJilian investigators is reviewed, and further experiments with dyes, including
brilliant green, benzopurpurine, and Congo red, are reported.

It was found that the first two of these dyes exert no injurious effect upon
the parasite and that the piroplasms multiply in the usual manner up to the
iinie of the animal's death. The three experiments with Congo red, howeAer,
demonstrate very clearly that the dye exerts a direct effect upon the parasites.

Protocols are presented relating to the continued infectivity of the blood of
Cogs described in an earlier paper (E. S. R., 21, p. 488). The author concludes
that it is evident from these experiments that the parasites persist in the blood
of dogs which have recovered from an acute attack of piroplasmosis in con-
sequence of treatment with trypanblau and trypanrot.

The results obtained from the use of trypanblau by Jowett in South Africa
(E. S. R., 22, p. 582) are briefly summarized. A summary with conclusions is
also given of the results of experimental treatment of canine piroplasmosis by
various authors. Trypanblau and tryjianrot appear to be the only drugs that
have definite preventive or curative action.

Contagious gastro-enteritis in dogs, S. H. Gaiger (Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci.,
') ( 1910). Xo. 1. pp. 52-56, charts 5). — The al)ove name is given to a severe and
absolutely fatal disease among dogs in Lahore which is here described.

The author has known the disease for the last 3 years, but not until the last
few months has it caused such losses. It is estimated that during this time
one-third of the better-class dog population has been wiped out. The pariah
dog is immune, or carries the disease in a chronic form. " Examination of
fresh mucus from the gastro-intestinal tract shows amebae in fair numbers,
l)Ut no difference has been noted l)etween these amebae and the amebae found
in healthy dogs' feces. The disease is most probably conveyed from dog to dog
by ticks."

Comparative physiological investigations of the normal rectal tempera-
ture, respiration, and heart beat of birds, particularly of the barnyard fowls,
F. LoER iVcrgh'ichcnd phi/sioloc/ischc UntcrsiichUHcjcii iiher die normale Rektal-

790 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

tcmpcratiir, Atem- und Pulfrcquenz clcr Vagal, untcr hesondcrer Berucksich-
tif/ioifj uiificrcs Hatisgefliigcls. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 26, charts o). —
Previous investigations on the subject are first reviewed, tlie temperature of
different birds as reported by different investigators being given in tabular
form.

The author's investigations were hirgely devoted to a study of the rectal
temperature of fowls, the results of which are reported in tabular form. The
factors considered include the influence on body temperature of age in the
domestic fowl, turkey, guinea fowl, pigeon, pheasant, goose, and duck (E. S. R.,
22, p. 72) ; of sex in the domestic fowl, turkey, pheasant, goose, and duck; of
breed in the domestic fowl, turkey, and pheasant ; of molting in the hen ; and
of food in the goose. The influence of setting and of the surrounding tempera-
ture are briefly considered, while the daily variation and the influence of hunger
and thirst and of digestion are shown by means of charts. The temperature
of 72 species, representing 31 families of exotic birds at the zoological gardens
in Halle and Le4psic, is also reported.

The respiration of 90 hens observed varied in frequency from from 12 to 28
per minute with an average of 1S.44 ; of 40 turkeys from 12 to 16 with an
average of 13.4 ; of 90 pigeons from 16 to 86 with an average of 25.51 ; of 40
geese from 12 to 20 with an average of 13.10 ; and of 90 ducks from 16 to 28
with an average of 18.84. «

The body temperature of fowls, F. Loee {Dcut. TierdvzU. Wchnschr., 11
{1909), Xo. J,l, pp. 698-100, charts -', ; uhs. in Rec. Med. Vet., 86 {1909), No. 23,
pp. 8Jf3, S '/'/)• — The temperature readings of numerous individuals of different
breeds of the domestic fowl, as summarized In the account above noted, are
here reported in tabular form, accompanied by charts.

Diseases of fowls, G. Bradshaw {Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, Farmers' BuJ. 15,
pp. 101, pis. 2, figs. IS). — A second edition of this general account of diseases of
fowls to which several additional disea.ses, notably infectious enteritis, which is
said to have had deva.stating effects on several of the large poultry fax'ms, have
been added.

Fowl plague is not a contagious disease, E. ^Iarchoux {Compt. Rend. Soc.
Biol. [Paris], 68 {1910), No. 8, pp. 3Ji6, 341)- — The author's experiments appear
to .show that fowl plague is not conveyed through the feces. He considers it
probable that the transmission takes place through some acarid other than
the fowl tick.

A new lucocytozoon of the fowl, C. Mathis and M. Leger {Compt. Rend.
^oc. Biol. [Paris], 68 [1910), 'So. 1, pp. 22-2-'/). — A second species of Leucocy-
tozoon discovered in the blood of the domestic fowl in Tonkin is here described
as L. sabrazesi. It was found in 5 of 439 fowls examined. This is thought
to be the first time that 2 species of Leucocytozoon have been recorded from
the same bird host.

A study of parasitic typhlitis. The nodules of cecum parasites of the
pheasant, M. Letulle and Marotel (.4/c7(. Par., 12 {1909), No. 3, pp. 361-368,
Jigs. 2). — Nodules formed by the nematode Heteralcis vcsicularis are here
considered.

The intestinal coccidiosis of young animals, J. Basset {Bid. Soc. Cent. Med.
Vet.. 86 [1909), No. 22, pp. .',63-Ii81, figs. 2).— A brief account of this affection
in the domestic fowl, pheasant, pigeon, rabbit, hare, ferret, and dog.

The spirochetes found in the crystalline style of Tapes aureus: A study
in morphological variation, H. B. Fantham {Parasitology, 2 {1909), No. .'/,
pp. 392-'i08, pi. 1. figs. 2). — The author concludes that the spirochetes of T.
aureus are all referable to one species. This is probably either Spirochwta
balhianii, which also occurs in the oyster, or a variety of the same.

RURAL ENGINEERING. 791

The Thelazies, nematode parasites of the eye, A. Railliet and A. Henry
(Compf. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris]^ (JS (1910), Xo. 5, pp. 213-216). — Five species
of Tlielazia parasitic in uianinials are noted, of which 3 are describetl as new
to science.

The Onchocerces. nematode parasites of the conjunctival tissue, A. Rail-
liet and A. Henry iCompt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Purisi, GS {1910), No. 6, pp.
248-251). — Five species of Onchocerca are recognized of which 2 are described
as new.

Filariae in the vitreous chamber of the eye of a camel — ophthalmia, A. S.
Leese (Jour. Trap. Vet. ScL, 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. S9-92. p(js. 2).— The case here
reported was due to a new species which Railliet has named TheJazia leesci.

Some helminths of Python sebae, A. Railliet and A. Henry (Bui. Soc. Path.
Exot., 3 (1910), No. 2, pp. 9.'i-9S). — In a post-mortem examination of a python
Ivilled at the Pasteur Institute at Paris, a cestode and 4 species of nematodes
were found.

Animal parasites and parasitic diseases, B. F. Kaupp (Chicfigo, 1910, 2. ed.,
rev., pp. XII+9-211, pis. 11, figs. ?;?). — A second revised edition (E. S. It.,
20, p. 883).

A preliminary check list of the parasites of Indian domesticated animals,
S. H. Gaicer {-/our. 'Prop. Vet. Sci.. .j (1910). No. 1. pp. U.'i-H ) . — The parasites
of domestic animals which have been found in India are listed.

RUKAL ENGINEERING.

Traction plowing, L. "W. Ellis (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 110,
pp. Ji5, fig. 1). — The history and adaptability of steam and .j^asoliue tractors for
lilowing purposes in the United States are briefly outlmed and internal com-
bustion engines discussed.

The 3 sections in which traction plowing is common are the Pacific Coast
States, the Northwestern States, and the Southwestern States. The equipment
for traction plowing and its cost are treated in such a way as to i)resent infor-
mation of value to one who operates or contemplates securing a traction outfit.
Disk and moldboard plows and steam and internal combustion traction engines
are discussed with special reference to their cost and the conditions to which
they are especially adapted and suggestions given as to the miscellaneous
equipment needed.

The cost of operation, repairs, labor, watei" supply, plowing capacity, and
income from traction plowing outfits are fully dealt with. Tables show the
prices commonly charged for traction plowing, the estimated acre cost vtath
gasoline and steam plowing engines and with horses, and the relative number
and requirements of the various types of motive power. The cable system of
steam plowing is outlined.

The average cost per acre of plowing with steam in California is estimated
at 85.3 cts., in the Southwest $1.14, in the Northwest $1.73 and in Canada
$1,898. while that of plowing with gasoline engines is set at $1,119 and $1,457
in the Southwest and Northwest, respectively. With horses the average cost
on the Minnesota farms reported was $1,201 for fall plowing and $1,258 for
spring plowing.

An experiment in clearing logged-off land by the aid of a donkey engine
in 1908, W. H. Lawrence {Washington Sta. Bui. 1, spec, ser., pp. 3-15). —
Tests to determine the rapidity, effectiveness, and cost of clearing land with a
donkey engine are reported.

A 13-acre tract, adjacent to a tract cleared as previously noted (E. S. R., 9, p.
295) was cleared, by the use of a donkey engine and stumping powder, of about

792 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

4(t stumps per Mcre. v;ir.viii,ii in diiuiu'tcr from 1 to Hi ft. and from a heavy
f,'ro\vth of undorbriisli. The cost was at the rate of $71.90 an acre.

The author concludes that "a donkey enguie built for logging purposes is not
properly constructed for hind clearing. Clearing laud with a donkey engine
poorly operated is very expensive, while such a machine properly manned by
a good crew is. on the whole, quite satisfactory. The usual way of piling and
burning stumps and other debris destroys the soil. The ' windrow ' method Is
a more satisfactory way of piling and burning. The clearing of land by the
aid of a donkey engine is not as expensive a method as the impression, gained
from estimates generally given [indicates]. Stumping powder and the donkey
engine are quite satisfactory and rai)id. but rather expensive, agents to use in
clearing logged-oft" land."

Tests of pumping plants in New Mexico, 1908-9, B. P. Fleming and J. B.
Stoneking {Nctv AJc.Hco 8ta. Bui. 73, pp. 50, fins. 10). — This bulletin describes
a series of tests of seven i)lants made in cooperation with the Irrigation Investi-
gations of this Ofhce.

The methods of making the tests and their details are given and the results
summarized. There is also a diagram from which it is possible to determine
the practiciibility of pumping under given lifts and given yields and prices of
crops. The object of the tests, as stated by the authors, was " to determine as
nearly as may be. not only the efficiency of the pumping plant as a machine
(which, while of interest to the engineer, is rarely understood by the farmer)
but to determine also the fuel use in terms of the head and water pumped and
the total cost of ojieration including such items as fuel, lubricating oil. attend-
ance, interest, and taxes, estimated depreciation, and wherever possible, the
actual area irrigated or capable of being irrigated."

The power developed by the engines was determined by indicator and Ijrake
tests. The lifts were determined by the use of pressure and vacuum gages
and the water pumped was measured over weirs, making the results unusually
accurate. The authors developed a new method of determining the power
developed in the engines, in which, as " all the gasoline engines tested were of
the hit-and-miss type, the necessity of using an indicator was obviated by
determining l)eforehand the relation between horsepower developed by the
engine and the number of explosions per minute, so that during pumping the
power delivered to the pump at any time could be determined by simply count-
ing the niunber of explosions in a given interval of time. This method was
tested thoroughly before trying it in actual pump tests, a small engine being
rigged up by attaching a friction brake to a fly wheel and by connecting up the
exhaust-valve motion with a stroke counter in such a way that the explosions
during a given length of run would be automatically recorded. In addition a
small fuel tank was supported on a spring balance weighing to ounces in such
a way that the fuel used could be accurately weighed. The engine was then
run at several different brake loads during intervals of 10 minutes each and
the relation between horsepower developed and number of explosions per
minute was platted on cross-section paper."

Four of the seven plants tested had gasoline engines, one a crude-oil engine,
and two steam engines. All of the pumps tested were centrifugal except one,
which was a bucket pump. The summaries show the lift, with the fuel cost
per acre-foot and per foot-acre-foot. With the gasoline engines the total cost
per foot-acre-foot varied from 12.S to 28.6 cents, the high cost being with the
bucket pump, and due largely to the low efficiency of this type of pump. The
efficiencies of the pumping plants varied from 31.6 per cent for the gasoline
engine with bucket pump, to 51.S per cent for one of the gasoline engines and

RURAL ECOXOMICS. 793

centrifugal pumps. The efficiencies of tlie two steam engines with centrifugal
pumps varied from 42 to 40.8 per cent, and that of the crude-oil engine was
37.2 per cent.

Farm^ drainag-e operations, W. H. Day (Ontario Dcpt. Affr. Bui. 17.J, pp. 38.
figs. 22). — This bulletin, which supplements Bulletin 174. pi'eviously noted (E.
S. R., 22. p. 589), gives directions for making and using a home-made drainage
.level, making and recoi-ding differential levels, determining the grade of the
drain, and preparing a profile. The limitations of the spirit level for drainage
work are discusse<l and directions given for testing and correcting it. The
method of making careful surveys for complete drainage systems is explained
in full for the purpose of aiding the farmer in understanding a map and pre-
paring and constructing his drains according to it. A table is presented for
use in determining the size of tile to be used in the main drain carrying the
maximum Guelph rainfall from various areas through drains with grades from
a fall of 1 ft. in 2.(X)(V to 1 ft. in 20. Directions for digging, grading and filling
ditches, laying tile, and for constructing outlets and sand traps are also given.

Sand-clay and earth roads in the Middle West, W. L. Spoon ( U. S. Dcpt.
Agr., Office Public Roads Circ. fH. pp. ,}/, figs. 6). — This circular gives the
results of experiments in sand-clay road construction conducted in Kansas
in 1908.

Previous to the inquiry it had l)een sujiytosed that this method was inai)i)licable
to the North and West on account of frost and a lack of clay or sand suitable
for the purpose. The soil conditions, climate, and drainage in the Middle West,
and the construction of sand-clay roads in the gumbo or plastic soil sections,
on loam and alkali soils, and on sand-hill roads, is discussed in detail, together
with the use of sand-oil covering for these roads.

Experimental roads were constructed with local materials at Garden City,
Dodge City. Rncklin, and Ford. Kans.. the cost ranging for the first three of
these localities from .$707.4.") to .$l,lSo.G4 i)er mile. It is believed that a careful
study of local conditions in any comnnmity will usually reveal many pos-
sibilities for impi'oving roads at a comparatively small cost.

Report on the service condition of paints (\ort1i Dalcoin Sta. Paint Bills.
1, pp. .5-5 'i. figs. 3-'i ; 2. pp. 90; 3, pp. 36. figs. 15). — Reports on the service con-
dition of paints (on test fences at the station (E. S. R.. 1'.>. ji. 1080), by repre-
sentatives of the Paint Manufacturers' Associations of the United States and
of two paint manufacturers, are presented in detail.

RURAL ECONOMICS.

The incomes of 178 New York farms, M. C. Bxjrritt CScw York Cornell
Sta. Bui. 271, pp. 15-27, fig. 1). — The purpose of this investigation was to
determine what income could reasonably be expected from a farm investment
in New York and what type of farming offered the best investment. The data
reported are for the two years 1906 and 1907.

The method of calculating returns was to include as gross income all cash
recei])ts plus any increase in property values on hand, while expenses included
all cash expenditures plus any decrease in property values. The net income,
therefore, represented the difference between receipts and expenses and in-
cluded interest on the investment, while the value of the farmer's labor was
derived by deducting from the net income the interest at 5 per cent on the
invested capital. The data thus determined on 5 classes of farms were as
follows :

794 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

The relation of capital, income, and expense to profit — Averages of 178 farms.

Dairy
farms.

General
farms.

Fruit

Potato

farms.

farms.

31

14

$12, 893

811,801

4,503

3,118

1,651

1,207

2, 852

1,913

2,207

1,321

19.8

13.7

Truck ^Iflf^^
'^"^'- f^frms.

Number of farms

Total capital invested

Gross income

Expense

Net income per farm

Farmer's labor income

Per cent on tlie investment

67

$10, 417

2, .529

1,318

1,211

690

8.7

60
11,327
2, 327
1,130
1,197
631
7.9

6

$6, 652
1,884
939
945
612
9.7

178

$11, 137

2, 829

1,291

1,538

981

11.1

Following the method of calculation, therefore, it appears " that the average
of these farmers, after making interest at 5 per cent, has had the use of a
house and such produce as the farm furnished in addition, and has made
$081 above all farm expenses and above the value of farm labor done by
members of the family other than him,self;" that fruit farming in New York
yielded the highest percentage (19.8) and general farming the lowest percent-
age (7.9) on the investment; and that the fruit farmers were the best paid
men of all classes under consideration. The cost of labor, excluding the
owner's labor, ranged from $409 on truck farms to $789 on fruit farms, though
the high cost of labor on fruit farms is attributed in part to the extra men and
board required at harvesting time.

ComparL^ons are also made of the various factors on the most successful and
least successful of 80 farms taken as a whole, and also when grouped into 28
genei-al farms, 40 dairy farms, and 18 fruit farms. These data show that the
average percentage " of iirofit for the 8(5 farms was 12.8 per cent. For the poor-
est class it averaged but 5.8 per cent, while for the best class the average was
19.1 per cent. One of the first facts to be observed is that in every comparison
the total acreage, arable acreage, and the capital of the best farms is con-
siderably larger.

" The income on the most profitable farms averages about double that of the
least profitable farms, but the expenses are about the same. The better farmers
seem to have secured their greater profits not l)y spending less but by taking
in more.

" In regard to the distribution of the capital, we find that the best farms
uniformly have the largest real estate value and much larger machinery and
implement, horse and other live stock values, which emphasizes the need of a
larger capital. Expense for seed and feed is somewhat larger on the best
farms on an average, but higher on dairy farms than on the others. The best
farms spent nearly twice as much for fertilizers and considerably more for
machinery and repairs and buildings and fences. The most profitable farms
had $76 greater labor expense than the least profitable."

The greatest factor in the citrus industry (Cal. Cult., 34 (1910), No. S, p.
227). — This is an account of the conditions surrounding the citrus industry in
California prior to the formation of the Southern California Fruit Exchange in
October, 1895, and a brief account of this organization up to March, 1905. when
its name was changed to the California Fruit Growers' Exchange and its sphere
of activity enlarged to include practically the whole of Califoi-nia.

The business methods and the amount of business transacted by the society
are described. Its success is shown by the fact that for three years the gross
sales amounted to $51,442,168.01, the losses on which amounted to only .$391.45.
" On the old basis the fruit commission men charged 5 per cent for guaranteeing
sales. The saving to the fruit men thus amounts to $2,571,716.98 in these three
years by the new method of marketing."

RURAL ECONOMICS. 795

Cooperative organizations of fruit-growers {Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Fann-
ers' Bui. 26 pp. IV +15). — Information is given regarding the constitution of
fruit-growing associations in California, the agreements mutually entered into
l).v the grower and the exchange as to sales, rates of selling commissions, pur-
chase of supplies, disbursements, dividends, and minor details, and methods
of handling and marketing the frnit. Among the associations particularlj-
described are the California Frnit Exchange, Loomis Fruit-grower's Associa-
tion, California Fruit-growers Exchange, and the California Itaisin Growers'
Association.

Agricultural organizations in New York State, R. R. Riddell (N. Y. Dept.
Agr. Bill. 13, pp. 50). — A list of 9S4 active organizations which have been estab-
lished for the pui-pose of advancing one or more phases of agriculture within
the State of New York, together with the names and addresses of officers, date
of organization, monibei'ship, etc., is given in this lnill(»tin.

The Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, I.. G. Robinson {.Jew-
ish Agr. and Indus. Aid Soe. Ann. Rpt. 1909, pp. 65). — This report for 1909,
while conforming largely in plan and purpose to that of preceding years
(E. S. R., 20, p. 1195), contains a summary of the first ten years' work of the
society, including the method of furnishing financial assistance.

" It will be interesting to note that, whereas in the first year of our ex-
istence we made but .'>9 loans, aggregating $14,425 to 41 fanners, in the past
year we made 250 loans, aggregating over $141,000 to 311 farmers. Our out-
standing farm loans during the period in question have increased from $7,500
to nearly half a million dollars, and the total amount of farm loans made during
the ten years aggregates nearly $800,000. The first loans were virtually confined
to New Jer.sey and Connecticut; to-day our operations cover 24 States and
Canada."

Loans bear a low rate of interest, generally 4 per cent, repayable in moderate
annual installments, and are usually secured by a second mortgage frecpieutly
supplemented by a chattel mortgage or other collateral. A table arrangetl
alphabetically by States gives the total number of known Jewish farmers in
the rnitetl States at the close of 1909 as 3.040 occupying 2.701 farms. The
educational and cooperative work of the society is also described in detail.

The union of agricultural associations of the southeast, H. Sagnier (.Jour.
Agr. Prat., n. ser., IS (19(19), Xo. ^S, pp. 733-735). — This is a summarized ac-
count of the proceedings of the organization at its twentieth annual meeting
held at Lyon. France. November 23 and 24. 1900.

The union oiierates in 10 departments, and on October 31. 1909, consisted of a
coalition of 42.8 associations with 117.000 members. The business transacted
in 1908 included cooperative buying and selling 2,856.803 francs (about
$551,363); furnishing credit through 115 local banks 2.572.838 francs; live
stock insurance through 76 banks l.OOO.OOO francs; fire insurance by 340 banks
with 15,000 members totaling 88.000,000 francs; and insurance against accidents
with 20,000 families embracing 200,000 hectares. A new feature was the estab-
lishment of the "caisses dotales." or banks for encouraging the young rural
people of both sexes to accumulate their savings as a marriage dowry. Other
lines of work conducted in 1908 are also discussed.

The law of January 2, 1910. establishing a fund for the promotion of
agricultural credit in the provinces of Marches and Umbria (BoL Min. Agr.
Indus, e Com. [Rome], 9 (1910), Ser. A, No. 5, pp. 81-85).— The text of the law
is reported. Funds of 700,000 lires (about $135,100) and 400,000 lires, of which
200.000 lires and 300,000 lires, respectively, are advanced by the government,
are established for promoting agricultural credit in the respective provinces.
For the first 10 years no interest is required on the government fund, but there-

796 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

iifter interest at 2 per cent ])er aniinin is to Ix- t-liarseil. Interest rates by the
banlvs for (liseoiiiitin.u afirieultin'al l>ills (if exc-lian.ue, etc., are limited to 4 or .")
per cent. Tlie ]iurposes for wliicli money can l>e borrowed, the amonnts and
secnrity reqnii'ed, and (he control f)f the funds are fully prescribed in the law.

Agricultural cooperation and credit in Spain, A Marvaud (Rev. I'Uoii.
Intcnidf.. a ( l!in<)). J] . .Yo. ,'?. pp. r)3!i-')')(i) . — This article reviews the history
and develoiinicnt of a,i,'ricultnra] credit institutions in Spain. The functions and
modifications of the " positos," or grain deiiositories. as established under the
Eoman period are described in detail, tojrether with a snnnnarized account of
the present status, membership, and business of ajiricultural mutual credit
banks. A biI)lio.!j;rai)hy of modern literature is included.

Cooperative credit in Burma ihulinn Agr., 35 (1910), No. 1, pp. 6, 7). — The
progress, status, and conditions of agiMcnltural credit in Burma are discussed
in this article.

On July 1. 1909, the societies numbered 174 with 5.356 members as compared
with SI and 3.0S5. respectively, the preceding year, while the capital had in-
creased nearly threefold. The rural population, even in the I'emotest districts,
is said to l)e enthusiastic for cooperative credit as a means of relief from debt
and the jirofessional money-lender.

Agricultural cooperative credit societies, F. R. Jordan {Dcpt. Agr. y. S.
Wales, Farmers' liul. A. pp. 'lU). — This is a summary of the organization and
development of the various forms of agricultural credit societies in Europe,
compiled with a view of encouraging the organization of such societies in New
South Wales.

Crop Reporter {U. -S'. Dcpt. Agr.. Bur. t^tails. Crop Reporter, 12 iVJIO). Xo.
Jj, pp. 25-32. fig. 1). — Statistical data on the yields, condition, and acreage of
farm crops in the Ignited States and foreign countries, and on the condition
and loss of farm animals, the farm values of important crops, and the range
of prices of agricultural products in the I'nited States are presented and
discussed.

The g-eographical distribution of grain prices in India, T. H. Engelbrecht
(Die geographische VerteiJnng der Getreidepreise — //, Indien. Berlin. 1908, pp.
Till +112. pis. 16). — The statistical data summarized regarding the grain prices
in India cover a period from 1861 to 1905.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

Redirection of high schools in agricultural communities (School Ed., 29
(1910). No. 8, pp. 11. IS). — This article calls attention to the need of increased
agricultural production and of a new attitude toward agriculture as a basic
indnsti'y.

From the standpoint of education the problem is recognized as almost wholly
in secondary lines. Without arguing against the special agricultural high
school the author points out some of the advantages of utilizing the existing
public high school for agricultural teaching, as avoiding (1) the expense of
new plants, (2) class education of rural populations, and (3) the loss of home
training and influence, while it (1) positively "directs the city boy country-
ward," (2) preserves the local indeitendence of the school, and (3) broadens
and vitalizes the influence of the institution. The ob.iect sought is said to be
" not agricultural schools, but agriculturalized schools."

The plan advised for accomplishing this is to I'edirect and improve the cur-
riculum of the ordinary rural school, to make the division between it and the
high school at the end of the sixth grade, and to group the high-school work
in two sections of three grades each. A detailed outline of work for the

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 797

seventh, eighth, and ninth grades is offered, including 1* years of German,
agriculture, and domestic science. The last 3 years' work in the high school
"may be made college iireparatory. vocational, or both, as conditions seem to
require."

The carrying out of this plan involves securing a competent instructor for
agriculture to be in service 11 months in the year. He should conduct the class
work in that subject, manage an experimental school farm of 5 to 25 acres,
give a winter course for older students, and carry on the following forms of
extension work: (1) Rural acquaintance, (2) rural school visitation and work,
(3) rural school-house meetings and farmers' clubs, (4) industrial contests,
and (5) local farmers' institutes.

Agricultural education: State normal schools, B. M. Davis (El. School
Teacher, 10 (IDIO), A'o. 8, pp. 370-387). — This article reviews the work already
done by various state normal schools in establishing training courses in agri-
culture, calls attention to the scarcity of prepared teachers and the difficulties in
the way of preparing them, and continues the bibliograiihy of helpful publica-
tions begun' in earlier articles of this series.

The College of Hawaii, J. W. Gilmore {Hawaii. Almanac and Ann., 36
{1910), pp. l.'/S-l.j.j.). — This article consists of a brief reference to the steps
leading up to the establishment of the college, followed by a description of its
courses of study and field of service.

The curriculum in forestry education, F. Koth {Forestry Quart., ,S {iUlO),
No. 1, pp. 17-2-)). — The author of this paper compares the course of study irt
forestry with that In law, agriculture, and other professions, and believes that
the length of time spent in such study is determined largely by the student
himself. He states that the old empirical basis for the professional course in
forestry was established over 100 years ago and has been enlarged by study,^
comparison, compilation, and controversy to as great a length as students at
the present time are willing to devote themselves to such study.

The author calls particular attention to the value of those " parts of the
curriculum not guaranteed by the printed circular, but which are the essentials
which the name of the school and its teachers must vouch for ; " namely,
the particular relation or attitude of the teacher, student, and school to the
subject studied. He holds that the problems in the forestry course still unset-
tled may be summarized as follows: (1) Whether the course should be given
at a university or a technical college; (2) the length of the course; (3) the
secondary preparation required; (4) the proper proportion of time to be given
to technical forestry studies; (5) the proportion of time to be given to acces-
sory studies; (6) the proper balance of technical forestry studies in reference
to each other; (7) the proper amount of practice or field work, and the con-
ditions of securing it; (8) to what extent the curriculum should be repre-
sented in Civil Service examinations; and (9) what minimum progi'am of
studies should be required for admission to such examinations.

Syllabus of illustrated lecture on wheat culture, J. I. Schulte {U. 8. Dept.
Agr.. Office E.cpt. Stas.. Farmers' Inst. Lecture 11, pp. 22). — This lecture, for
which 45 lantern slides have been prei«ared, covers the history, botany, composi-
tion, improvement, distribution, cultivation, harvesting, and storage of wheat,
arranged for use in farmers' institutes. A list of 45 references is appended.

Essentials of successful field experimentation, C. E. Thorne {Ohio Sta.
Circ. 96, pp. 38, figs. 21). — This iniblication is in the main a reprint of the
syllabus of an illustrated lecture prepared for the Farmers' Institute Specialist
of this Office, and previously noted (E. S. R. 17, p. 819),

798 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Biennial Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1908—9 (Connecticut l^torrs
Htd. Riit. J'JU8-'J, jji). XLJ+.'iSJ ). — This tonlains the organization list, a financial
statement for the fiscal j-ears ended June 30, 1908 and June 30, 1909, reports
of the director and heads of departments, reprints of Bulletins 49-58, an
article entitled The Intracellular Enzyms of reuieillinm and Asi)ersillus with
Special Reference to Those of PcniciUiiun cnmcmhcrti, abstracted on page 703
of this issue, and a soneral weather review, abstracted on page 711 of this issue.

Eighteenth Annual Report of Oklahoma Station, 1909 ( Oklahoma tita. Riit.
I'.iD'J. PI). I'i2). — This contains the (n-gaiiization list, a report of the director, a
financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1909, reports of heads of
departments, of which portions of those of the dairyman and the chemist are,
together with an account of the new hog barn, abstracted elsewhere in this
issue, and reprints of Bulletins 82-85, ju'eviously noted, and of press bulletins
entitled Handling Milk and Cream in the Dairy during the Hot Months,
Alfalfa. Selecting .Seed Corn, The Twig Girdler, A Soil Survey of Oklahoma,
Selection of Breeding Hogs, Onions, How to (Irow Sweet Potato Plants. Black
Leg Vaccine, Broom Corn Culture, The Oklahoma Bee Keeper's Calendar and
Honey Plant List, Hog Cholera, and Transferring Colonies of Bees.

Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1909 (South Dakota Sta. Rpt.
1909, pp. 3-.'i'J\. — This contains a report by the director on the personnel, publi-
cations, and exchanges of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1909, and departmental reports, of which portions of that of the
agronomist are abstracted on pages 711 and 727 of this issue.

Twenty-first Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1908 ( Vermont Sta. Rpt.
1908, pp. XXXI). — This contains the organization list, a brief announcement
concerning the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1908, and a report of the director on the work and publications of the station,
which includes a discussion of the functions of experiment stations and brief
statements concerning the various departmental activities of the year.

Director's report for 1909, ^y. H. Jordan (New York State Sta. Bui. 321, pp.
Ji.l9-.'io8). — This contains the organization list and a review of the work and
publications of the station for the year, with a discussion of its needs and
functions.

The work of the department of cooperative experiments, L. H. Goddard
(Ohio Sta. Circ. 91, pp. 8). — This circular outlines proposed cooperative work
in 1910 between the station and farmers in field experiments, fair exhibits, and
farm management investigations.

Accessions to the Department Library. October-December, 1909 ( V. S.
Dcpt. Agr., Library Bui. 7.'/, pp. 68).

Monthly bulletins of the Department Library, January and February, 1910
(U. N. I>( pt. Af/r.. Lihriinj Mo. Bill.. 1 ( 1910), Xos. 1, pp. 23; 2. pp. .JS). — These
publications, which succeed the quarterly bulletins entitle^l Accessions to the
Department Library (see above), contain for the months of January and Febru-
ary, 1910, respectively, corresponding data as to the accessions to the Depart-
ment Library and also recent additions to the list of periodicals currently re-
ceived (E. S. R., 22, p. 595).

Experiment Station Work, LVI (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 388, pp. 32,
figs. 7). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Incompatibles
in fertilizer mixtures, principles of dry farming, methods of seeding oats, roll-
ing r. harrowing winter wheat, destruction of eelworms in garden and green-
house soil, pruning, bean anthracnose or pod spot, animal feeds for farm stock,
feeding the pig. and jelly and jelly making.

MISCELLANEOUS. 799

The work and significance of the agricultural experiment stations in the
Netherlands, and especially of that at Wagening'en (De Wcrkkring oi Bciee-
kenis van de RiiksUimlhouiv-Proef stations in hct Algemeen en van het Rijks-
la ndboutc-Proefstat ion Wagcningen in hct Bij-:onder. The Hague, 1909, pp. 11,
figs. 4)- — An account is given of the establishment, history, organization, and
work of the various experiment stations in tlie Netherlands, with particular
reference to that at Wageningen.

Indiana farm laws with business forms and letters, W. K. Williams
iColiiDihus, Ohio, 1910, pp. 2'i6). — This contains the text of the laws of Indiana
pertaining to agriculture and to farm life, arranged by subjects, together with
specimen business forms and business letters and an index to the laws.

[Laws of Iowa pertaining to agriculture] (loica Yearbook Agr., 9 {1908),
pp. 9.'/.'i-958). — This section presents the text of the Iowa laws pertaining to
the duties of the state department of agriculture, the collection of agricultural
statistics, defining what shall constitute a lawful fence, requiring state enroll-
ment of stallions kept for public service, giving the owner or keeper of a stal-
lion a Hen upon his get for service fee. and the destruction of weeds.

The agricultural law of the State of New York (.Y. Y. Dept. Agr. Bid. 11,
pp. 3c-99c). — ^The text is given of the agricultural law of the State of New
York, constituting chapter 1 of the consolidated laws of the State, which went
into effect February 17, 1909.

The standard cyclopedia of modern agriculture and rural economy, edited
by It. P. Wright {London, 1908, vols. 1. pp. yil+2.'i0. pis. 1.3, pgs. 91. churl 1;
2, pp. VIII+240, pis. 18, figs. 102; 3, pp. yiII+248, i}ls. 17, figs. 125; 1909, If,
pp. VIII +240, pis. IS, figs. 108, chart 1; 5, pp. VIII-h2.56, pis. 16, figs. 96;
[1909], 6, pp. VIII+256, pis. 19. flgs. 139; 1910, 7, pp. IX+2o6, i)ls. 18, figs.
8.'f). — This encyclopedia contains definitions of agricultural terms and articles
by a corps of English specialists pertaining to practically every phase of agri-
culture. Of the volumes thus far issued, volume 1 extends from Abatement to
Auricula, volume 2 from Australia to Broadcast Sowers, volume 3 from Broad-
cast Sowing to Cocoa, volume 4 from Coconut to Ducks, volume 5 from Ducks to
Firlot, volume G from Fish Guanos to Hemlock, and volume 7 from Hemlock
to Lancashire Cheese.

NOTES.

Arizona Station. — G. E. P. Smith, irrigjition ongineer, lias beeu grauted a
year's leave of absence. lie will visit irrigated districts in southern Europe
and northern Africa during the sununer and will then probably return to this
country for a technical study of pumping devices during the remainder of the
year.

California University. — Several new buildings have been erected during the
year for the f<ehool of agriculture at Davis, including a dining hall, horticul-
tural building, veterinary clinic, horse and sheep barns, poultry houses, a grape
house, and an addition to the seed house.

Exercises in celebration of the completion of these buildings were held at
the school May 3, with an attendance of 2,400. The program consisted of a
basket picnic and of addresses by Presidents Benjamin Ide ^yheeler, of the
university, and David Starr Jordan, of Leland Stanford Junior University,
Profs. E. W. Major, C. M. Haring, M, E. Jaffa, and W. T. Clarke, and Miss
Katherine Winaus.

Georgia College. — A special course in cotton grading and agriculture will be
offered from June 27 to July 29, in cooperation with the university summer
school. Special emphasis is to be laid on cotton grading and plant breeding
as affecting the improvement of the fiber. Elementary courses in soils,
agronomy, and plant production which will be of special interest and benefit
to teachers will also be provided.

Extension schools for teachers are being organized at several points in the
State in cooperation with the county school commissioners. The plan is to
have the staff" of the extension department take charge of these institutes and
organize work along lines which will enable the teachers to acquire the informa-
tion necessary to introduce instruction in agriculture into the common schools.

Hawaii College. — Willis T. Pope, pi'ofessor of botany and horticulture, has been
apiiointed by the governor superintendent of public instruction in the Territory.

Idaho University and Station. — The board of regents has authorized the estab-
lishment of a school of practical agriculture with a course of study to extend
over three years, and with six months' instruction each year beginning about
October 1. E, J. Iddings, assistant in animal husbandry in the Colorado College,
has been appointed principal of the school and is to enter upon his duties
August 1.

Several movable schools of agriculture are to be held during December and
January for periods of two weeks each. The plan includes the holding of
three of these schools simultaneously, so that the men drawn from college work
maj' accomplish the most with the least possible traveling and loss of time.
The appointment of three field men for extension work in horticulture and
entomology, irrigation and general farming, and dairying, respectively, was
also authorized.

C. C. Vincent, assistant horticulturist of the Oregon Station, has accepted an
appointment as assistant in horticulture in the university and station.

Indiana Station. — Frank D. Kern, associate botanist, has been appointed a
university fellow in botany at Columbia University for the ensuing year.

Massachusetts Station. — An appropriation has been made by the legislature of
$15,000 for purchasing laud and buildings In the cranberry district and the
equipment and maintenance of a substation in the interests of cranberry
growers. Dr. H. J. Franklin is to be in local charge of the substation.
800

o

INDEX OF NAMES.

Aaronsohn, A., ;500.
Abbe, C.,jr.,21fi.
Abbey, M. J., 294.
Abbott, G. A., 696, 710.
Abderha'den, E., 9, 301, 305, 568,

769.
Abel, M. H., 167.
Aberson, J. H.,328.
Abrest, E. K.,467.
AccomazEO, P. , 325.
Adami, J. G., 170.
Adams, C. F.,198.
Adams, W. G. S., 291, 343, 396.
Aders, W. M.,2S1.
Adler, 0.,215.
Agee, A., 624.
Agnew, M. A., 595.
Aguet, J.,91.
Ahem, G. P., 643.
Aicher, L. C.,596.
Aitkin, J., 607.
Aiyar, I. S., 17.
Akerman, A., 197.
Albahary, J. M.,264.
Albert, T. J., 718.
Albo, J. A. y,77.
Albuquerque, J. P. d', 536.
Alexander, A. S., 576, 676.
Alexander, J., 467.
Alexander, J. A., 737.
Allan, R. G.,440.
Allemann, O., 114,580.
Allen, C. S.,96.
Allen, E. R.,715.
Allen, L. M.,327.
Allen, R. M.,767.
Allen, T. G.,265.
Allen, W. J., 640.
Allen, W. M.,767.
Alliot, H.,312.
Allison, H. 0.,673.
Alsberg, C. L., 169.
Alvarado y Albo, J., 77.
Alvord, C. H.,780.
Alway, F. J., 122, 221, 422.
Alwood, W. B.,214.
AnceI,P.,776.
Andelin, A., 484.
Anders, L.,778.
Anderson, E. M.,399.
Anderson, J. F., 284, 391, 552, 679,

786.
Anderson, L., 494, 577.
Andouard, A., 165.

Andouard, P., 165.

Andrade, E. N. de, 451.

Andr^, G.,28.

Andrews, L. W.,611.

Andrews, W. H.,306.

Annett,II. E.,711.

Anstead, R. D.,364.

Antoine, 489.

Apelt, 427.

Appel, A., 775.

Appel, 0.,48, 325, 345, 347.

Apsit, J., 436.

Arbaumont, J. d', 131.

Arctowski, H., 313, 517.

Argyle, E. P., 789.

Arloing, S.,82, 389, 685.

Armington, J. H., 615.

Armsby, H. P., 5, 70, 96, 97, 299.

Armstrong, E. F., 169.

Amim-Schlagenthin, 325, 336.

Arnould, A., 147.

Aron, H.,667.

Arragon, C.,708.

Arrhenius, S.,769.

Arthur, J. C, 348, 451, 647.

ArtHiann, P., 705.

Ashby, R. C.,697.

Ashby,S. F., 119, 123.

Asher, L.,608.

Ashton, J.,712.

Askwith,G. R.,193.

Aspit, J.,27.

Aston, B. C.,776.

Astruc, H., 165.

Atkins, W. R. G.,476.

Atkinson, G. F.,249.

AtkinsoH, J. M., 255.

Atkinson, T. R.,289.

Augst, 274.

Auguet, A.,67, 305.

Auhagen, 0.,393.

Austen, E. E.,756.

Auzinger, A., 309.

Avari,C. R.,282.

Averna, R., 651.

Avery, O. T.,384.

Aviragnet, E. C, 77.

Ayres, P. W.,45.

Babcock, E. B., 93, 399, 693.
Babo, A. von, 144.
Baccarini, P., 455.
Back, E. A., 254, 255, 7.52,
Backe, A., 412, 611,

Bagley, W. C.,695.

Bagros, M.,22.

Baier,E., 761, 76.3.

Bailey, L. H. , 206, 292, 499,590,594.

Bailhache, G., 447.

Bailliart, 389.

Bainer, H. M., 191,496.

Baird, R. O.,770.

Bakardjieff, S.,709.

Baker, E. L.,70.

Baker, 0. S.,388.

Baker, H. C, 145, 454.

Bakker, D. L.,777.

Balavoine, R.,283.

Balboa,.!. M.,493.

Balcomb, E. E.,495.

Baldamus, A. C. E., 176.

Baldrey, F. S. 11., 83, 789.

Baldwin, H.,569.

Balen, B. A. P. van, 330.

Balfour, A.,, 392.

Balfour-Browne, F., 253.

B4Iint, A.,81.

Ball,C. R.,729.

Ball, O. M.,200.

Ball, v., 82.

Ballinger, R. A., 597.

Ballou, F. H., 144.

Ballou, H. .\.,360.

Balls, L.,529.

Balp, S.,196.

Balthasar, K.,511.

Bandini, I., 91.

Bang, B., 287, 388, 390, 586.

Bang, N. O. H., 477, 773.

Bang, O., 287.

Banks, N.,550.

Bannert, 620.

Bano, J. de, 339.

Barclay Trelles, .1., 128.

Bardel, W.,365.

Bardrlli, C. C.,212.

Bardot, 684.

Baidte, A. Y., 702.

Barger, G., 62.

Barilla, A., 112.

Barnard, C, 565.

Barnard, H. E., 263, 367, 566, 567,

766.
Barnes, H. T., 314.
Barnet, W. A., 337.
Barnett (Canon), 168.
Barnett, E., 681.
Barnett, (Mrs.) S. A., 168.

801

802

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Barnhart, J. M., 414, 479, 578.
Baron, A., 703.
Barre, H. W., 544, 048.
Barrett, C. S., 292.
Barrett, O. W., 631.
Barrett, W. F., 311.
Barrows, A., 496.
Barrus, M. F., 543.
Barthel, C, 723, 779.
Bartholomew, J. B., 299.
Bartlett, A. W., 314.
Bartlett, J. L., 217.
Barto, D. O., 693.
Bartollni, 685.
Bartsch, P., 550.
Basset, J., 790.
Bassett, H. P., 695.
Basu, S. K., 533.
Bateson, W., 100, 776.
Battle, H. B., 210.
Baudoin, 571.
Baumert, G., 10.
Baurledl, B., 491.
Bayley, G. D., 372.
Beaeli, J. B., 449.
Beach, S. A., 142, 447, 734.
Beadle, C, 416.
Beagle, F. D., 616.
Beals, E. A., 216.
Beauchamp, de, 118.
Beaug(5, C, 713.
Beaumont, L. C, 587.
Beauverie, J., 148.
Beck, M., 084.
Beck, N., 773.
Beck, O. C, 96.
Beck, R., 365.
Beckurts, II., 311.
Beeck, A., 176.
Beger, C, 076.
Behre, A., 11, 612.
Behrens, J., 226, 448.
Beijerinck, M. W., 427, 724.
Bell, H. G., 496.
Bell, J., 363.
Bell, J. M., 456.
Bellair, G., 549.
Bellet, D., 590.
Bellini, O., 786.
Bells, A. E., 615.
Benedict, F. G., 7, 97, 170.
Benedict, P. A., 670.
Benkendorf, G. H., 698, 781.
Benner, M. B., 168.
Bennett, H. H., 423, 617.
Bensel, C. E., 137.
Benson, C, 293.
Berberich, F. M., 710.
Bergeon, 84.
Berger, 369.
Bergey, D. H., 166.
Berghe, J. van den, 114.
Berl, E., 508.
Bernard, N., 133, 722.
Bernardini, L., 433.
Bernthsen, A., 24, 127=
Berry, H. B., 298.

Berry, K. .\., 333.

Bersch, W., 317, 716.

Berteau, .\., 340.

Berthault, P., 626.

Berthelot, 427.

Bertrand, G., 702.

Besana, C, 781.

Besley, F. W., 147.

Besley, II. J., 400.

Besson, P., 216.

Bethune, C. J. S., 153, 559.

Betts, E., 275.

Beiihne, R., 365.

Beutenmiiller, W., 255.

Bevan, L. E. W., 581.

Beveridge, W. W. O., 265.

Bevier, I., 496.

Beythien, R., 564, 611.

Bezzi, M., 361, 752.

Bichikhin, A., 335.

Bieler, T., 220.

Bielitzer, A. W., 685.

Blerbaum, K., 687.

Biernacki, E., 370.

Biffln, R. II., 300.

Bigelow, F. H., 217, 615.

Bigoteau, L., 787.

Biltz, W., 432.

Binaghi, R., 323, 709.

Bioletti, F. T., 448.

Biourge, I'., 112.

Bircher-Benner, M., 168.

Birchley, S. W., 352.

Bischkopff, E., 632.

Bishop, E. C, 494.

Bitting, A. W., 389.

Bitting, K. G., 344.

Bixby, F. L., 96.

Bizot, 640.

Bizzell, J. A., 221, 605.

Bjerregaard, A. P., 13,. 696.

Blaauw, A. J., 329.

Blackman, F. F., 720.

Blair, A. W., 640.

Blair, F. G., 196.

Blair, W. R., 388, 418.

Blaizot, L., 189.

Blake, M. A., 141, 150, 102, 748.

Blanchard, R., 55, 303.

Blanek, E., 219, 220.

Blanco, E. S., 498.

Blandov, N. N., 320.

Blanskma, J. J., 10.

Blarez, 66.

BlaringheTn, 135.

Blasdale, W. ('., 211.

Blatchley, W. S., 551.

Blin, H., 50.

Bloch, M., 764.

Blodgett, T., 297.

Blumenfeld, S. F., 497.

Blunno, M., 711.

Bock, J., 137.

Boekhout, F. W. J., 70, 77, 515.

Boggild, B., 78, 781.

Bohrisch, P., 113.

Bois, D., 365.

Bokorny, T., 328.
IJolin, I., 115.

Bolley, II. L., 236, 348, 544, 744.
Bolster, R. H., 16.
Boname, P., 534.
Bondurant, A. J., 500.
Bonebright, II. B., 191, 299.
Bongert, ,1., 287.
Bonis, A., 165, 566.
Bonn, A., 66, 311.
Bonnell, li. H., 371.
Bonome, A., 85.
Borchmann, F., 756.
Bordas, F., 62, 514, 703.
Bordet, J., 182.
Bordewich, H., 125.
Bornstein, R., 314.
Borthwick, A. W., 548.
Boseley, L. K., 117.
Bosworth, A. W., 112, 660.
Bosworth, C. W., 498.
Bottcher, O., 700.
Bottomley, W. B., 122, 123.
Bouflard, G., 404.
BoLighton, A. C, 707.
Bouin, P., 776.
Boulatovitch, M., 420.
Bouquet, H., 289.
Bourne, G. C, 385.
Bourquelot, E., 230.
Bouvier, E. L., 164.
Bovell, J. R., 536.
Bowditch, H. I., 266.
Bowker, W. H., 199, 222, 322.
Bowser, L. T., 510.
Boyce, R., 556.
Boyer, A., 493.
Boyer, n. B., 215.
Bo>niton, W. H., 470.
Bradbury, R. H., 301
Bradshaw, G., 790.
Braf, A., 100.
Brakeley, J. T., 15&
Brand, R. E., 577.
Brandes, O., 24.
Brandl, J., 150.
Bramion, W. A., 474.
Bray, W. L., 299, 630.
Brdllk, v., 329.
Breal, E., 300.
Breaudat, L., 768.
Bredemaim, G., 22, 123.
Breed, S. E., 693.
Breinl, A., 184.
Bremer, W., 564, 611.
Bresee, E. M., 96.
Brctschneider, A., 650
Brevans, J. de, 677.
Brewster, C. E., 152.
Brick, C, 325, 743.
Bridges, B. H., 766.
Bridgman, J. E., 192.
Bright, F. I., 368.
Brinkmann, T., 689.
Briosi, G., 749.
Brislawn, M. T., 34.
Britton, W. E., 254.

INDEX OF NAMES.

803

Brizi, U., 648.
Brocq-Rousseu, D., 133.
Erode, J. L., 263, 369.
Brodie, F. J., 14.
Brooks, C, 747.
Brooks, E. A., 550.
Brooks, I. S., 695.
Brooks, W. P., 231, 232, 499.
liroun, A. F., 343.
Broun, T., 255.
Brown, A. P., 701.
Brown, C. F., 89.
Brown, C. W., 482, 484.
Brown, F. L. C, 740.
Brown, J. A., 513.
Brown, J. N., 198.
Brown, L. A., 767.
Brown, L. F., 299.
Brown, P. E., 723.
Brown, T. G., 267.
Brown, W. C, 499.
Browne, C. A., 412.
BrowTie, F. B., 253.
Browning, C. H., 385.
Bru, 392.

Bruce, D., 83, 282, 557, 581.
Bruckner, E., 314.
Brumpt, E., 189, 490.
Brun, C, 340.
Bruner, L., 57.
Brunhes, B., 417.
Briinnich, J. C, 763.
Bryan, A. H., 412.
Bryan, E. A., 495.
Bryan, T. J., 67.
Bryant, F. B., 643.
Bryant, O. W., 588.
Bryce, A., 467.
Brzezinski, J., 339.
Bubak, F., 544.
Buchanan, G. S., 164, 166.
Buchwald, J., 512.
Buckham, M. H., 699.
Buckingham, E. N., 153.
Buckley, E., 470.
Budinov, L. 320, 383, 384.
Bulfa, P., 752.
Buichikhlna, A., 429.
Buisson, 306.
Bujard, 762.
Buller, A. H. R., 542.
Bunyard, E. A., 732.*
Bunyard, G., 341.
Burbank, L., 447.
Burch, D. S., 78.
Burck, W., 329.
Burd, J. S., 526.
Burelle, E., 719.
Burgess, A. F., 200, 550.
Burgess, J. L., 138.
Burgstaller, A., 9.
Biirker, K., 769.
Burkett, C. W., 183, 234, 344.
Burlison, W. L., 697.
Burr, A., 710.

Burri, R., 114, 181, 182, 413.
Burritt, M. C, 793.

52795°— VOL 22—10-

Busch, M., 210, 609.
Busck, A., 54.
Bushong, F. W., 609.
Busse, W., 149.
Butler, E. J., 51, 52.
Butler, W. J., 284.
Butte, L., 372.
Buttenberg, P., 680.
Butterfleld, K. L., 498, 506.
Bygrave, W., 189.

Caccia, A. M. F., 145, 146, 644.

('aceres, 600.

Caffrey, D. J., 296.

Calkins, G. N., 250.

Calmette, A., 184.

('aluwo, P. de, 347.

Calvert, T. L., 782.

Calvin, J. W., 200.

Camerer, W., 771.

Cameron, F. K., 219, 423.

Cameron, S. S., 188.

Campbell, II. C, 179.

Campbell, J. W., 615.

Campbell, R. II., 45.

Campbell, W. W., 399.

Canada, W. W., 563.

Cannon, W. A., 230.

Cantagrel, M., 513.

Capezzuoli, C, 372.

Cappelli, R., 600.

Cappenberg, H., 306.

Carcassagne, 368, 309.

Cardon, P. V., 597.

Cardwell, J. R., 734.

Carl, R., 127.

Carles, P., 66, 566.

Carlinfanti, E., 608, 709.

Carlyle, W. L., 96.

Carmichael, B. E., 173.

Caro, N., 127.

Carobbio, A., 512.

Carpenter, F. A., 215.

Carpenter, G. H., 361.

Carr, M. E., 18.

Carr, R. G., 598.

Carrasquilla, J. de D., 420

Carr^, C, 87.

Carrg, H., 788.

Carrier, L., 191.

Carroll, W. P., 213.

Carruthers, W., 300.

Cartaya, J. T., 389.

Carter, E. E.,450.

Caruso, G., 434.

Carver, G. W., 449, 729.

Carver, T. N., 496.

Gary, C. A., 387.

Castle, W. E., 507, 776.

Gate, C. C, 248.

Cathcart, C. S., 130, 228, 259, 625.

Catheart, E. P., 169, 267.

Cavalcanti, P., 233.

Cavazza, D., 431.

Gaze, L., 287.

Celestino, A., 550.,

Celichowski, K., 619.

Cereser, O., 721.
Chace, E. M., 12, 43, 112.
Chaga.s, C, 486.
Chamberlain, W. I., 597.
Champion, G. C, 362.
Chandler, W. H., 152, 297.
Chapman, A. C, 309.
Chapman, G. 11., 235.
Chapman, H. G., 565.
Chapman, H. H., 145.
Chappaz, G., 247, 493.
Chappel, G. M., 216.
Chaptal, L., 421, 443, 715.
Charlan, F., 234, 337.
Charles, F. L., 695.
Chase, L. W., 316, 696.
Chassevant, A., 712.
Chatterjee, G. C, 779.
Chauss(5, P., 84, 684, 787.
Cherry, W. H. P., 589.
Chesney, F., 163.
Chevalier, A., 243, 738.
Chevalier, J., 164.
Chevalier, O., 337.
Chiej-Gamacchio, G., 238.
Chittenden, F. H., 56, 161, 257,

461, 554.
Chittenden, F. J., 454, 455.
Choin, P. de, 571.
Chouk(5vitch, I., .391.
Chrdtien, A., 84.
Christensen, H. R., 546.
Christensen, P., 29.
Christie, G. I., 506.
Christophers, S. R., 689.
Chuard, E., 152.
Chudinui, E., 228.
Chudinui, O., 228.
Church, C. G., 238.
Church, F. R., 596.
Chwolson, O. D., 769.
Cieslar, A., 522.
Clllis, E. de, 34, 226, 227.
Ciuca, A., 81, 183, 283.
Clapp, F. G., 218.
Clark, H. W., 421.
Clark, W. F., 216.
Clarke, P. I., 292.
Clarke, W. T., 800.
Claude, G., 117.
Clausen, 322, .324, 523.
Clayton, H. H., 216.
Cleiand, J. B., 187.
Clements, P., 668.
Clemesha, W. W., 17.
Clerc, A., 255.
Cleveland, H. B., 616.
Cline, McG., 298.
Clinton, G. P., 155.
Clinton, L. A., 496.
Clinton-Baker, H., 145, 451.
Clothier, G. L., 642.
Clothier, R. W., 38.
Cloukey, H., 199.
Clouston, D., 440.
Clute, W. N., 196.
Cobb, E., 695.

804

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Cobb, N. A., 49.
Cocco-Ortu, F., 165, 700.
Cochel, W. A., 269, 271.
Cochet-Cochet, 449.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 154.
Coderque, II., 397.
Cohen, J. B., 15.
Cohnheim, 567.
Cohnheim, O., 770.
Coit, J. E., 418, 735.
Coker, W. C , 529.
Cole, L. J., 4u0, 479.
Cole, P. T., 597.
Colebatch, W. J., 200.
Coleman, L. C, 150.
Coles-Finch, \V., 10.
CoUens, A. E., 47.
Collin, E., 67, 213, 308, 412.
Collinge, W. E., 251.
Collingwood, C. B., 26.
Collins, G. N., 238, 443, 528.
Collins, P., 365.
Combes, R., 132.
Comes, O., 449.
Comstock, D. F., 375.
Comte, C, 289, 552.
Condra, G. E., 222.
Cone, V. M., 88.
Conger, N. B., 216.
Conn, H. J., 628.
Conn, H. W., 179, 481.
Connaway, J. W., 288.
Connor, J. M. B., 78.
Conradi, A. F., 655, 060, 687.
Conradi, H., 183.
Conseil, E., 552.
Constancis, 348.
Conti, E., 91.
Cook, F., 374.
Cook, G. B., 196.
Cook, H. E., 499.
Cook, H. O., 541.
Cook, J. W., 599.
Cook, M. T., 657.
Cook, O. F., 30, 37, 445, &32.
Cooke, V. T., 338.
Cooper, W. H., 51.5.
Cooper, T. P., 691.
Coppens, 274.
Cordley, A. B., 248, 349.
Cornet, P., 372.
Corper, H. J., 261.
Corradi, R., 511.
Cory, V. L., 232.
Costanzini, F., 423.
Cotton, F. A., 93.
Cotton, J. S., 725.
Cotton, W. E., 83.
Cottrell, H. M., 74.
Coulter, J. L., 290, .395.
Coupin, H., 353.
Courtright, J., 597.
Cowan, J., 096.
Coward, T. A., 781."
Cowell, J. F., 715.
Cowley-Brown, F. L., 740-
Cox, W. T,,450.

Craig, J., 734.

Craig, J. A., 597, 773.

Craigie, P. G., 491.

Crane, D. B., 643.

Crane, E. L., 41.

Crawford, A., 352.

Crawford, A. C, 502.

Crawford, J. C, 57, 558.

Crawley, H., 281.

Creighlon, 11. J. M., 9.

Crepin, 11., 750.

Criddle, N., 136.

Cripps, R. A., 513.

Criswell, T. H., 296

CrocheteUe, J., 300.

Cromer, C. O., 725.

Crone, A., 176.

Croner, W., 770.

Cronheim, W., 422, 707.

Crosby, D. J., 195, 499, 597, 693,

695.
Crosby, M. A., 573.
Crossley, B. W., 296.
Crowley, R., 372.
Cruz, M. M., 339.
Cuif, E., 44.
Culbertson, G., 342.
Cunningham, O. C, 96.
Cunningham, W. M., 449.
Cumow, S. H., 153.
Curry, B. E., 424, 719, 770.
Curtiss, C. F., 97.
Curtler, W. H. R., 592.
Cathbertson, J., 145.

Dachnowski, A., 22.

Dak-in, H. D., 771.

d'Albuquerque, J. P., 536.

Dalrymple, W. H., 387.

Dam, W. van, 209, 302.

Dammann, 85.

Damon, C. M., 117, 419, 61.5.

Damon, S. C, 199.

Dancy, F. B., 210.

Daniel, J., 298.

Daniel, L., 340, 7.32.

Daniels, C. N., 484.

d'Arbaumont, J., 131.

Darbishire, A. D., 625.

Darling, S. T., 556.

Darton, N. H., 16.

Darwin, C, 776.

Davalos, J. N., 389.

Davenport, C. B., 172, .379, 671,

776.
Davenport, E., 199, 398, 472, 499,

506, 593, 599, 695.
Davidson, W. M., 552.
Davis, B. C, 499.
Davis, B. M., 293, 628, 092, 797.
Davis, C. A., 25.
Davis, G. G., 420.
Davis, H. S., 655.
Davis, J. J., 552.
Davis, J. R. A., 527.
Davys, R. J., 458.
Dawson, C. F., 389.

Dawson, E. R., 472.

Day, G. E., 507.

Day, 11. M., 470.

Day, W. H., 589, 793.

Dean, II. H., 290.

De Andrade, E. N., 451.

Dearborn, J. J., 541.

Dearl)orn, N., 549.

Dearing, C. T., 597.

De Armond, R. W., 596.

De Bano, J., 339.

De Beauchamp, 118.

De Br6vans, J., 077.

De Caluwe, P., 347.

Decaux, L., 432.

De Choin, P., 571.

De Cillis, E., 34, 226, 227.

Declaire, 85.

De Dios Carrasquiila, J., 420.

Deering, J. M., 390.

Deerr, N., 013.

De Eza (Viscount), 291.

De Foville, A., 265.

De Graafl, W. C, 710.

De Gregorio Rocasolano, A., 9.

Degrully, L., 538.

Deiler, A. C, 513.

De Hera, A. A., 323.

De Jong, A. W. K., 707.

De Jonge, A. E. van H., 547, 549.

De Jongh, J. R., 360.

Dekker, J., 473.

De Kruijflf, E., 723, 724.

Deleano, N. T., 131, 720.

Del Guercio, G., 162, 752.

DeLoach, R. J. H., 233.

Delwiche, E. J., 136, 137, 442.

Delwiche, O. J., 698.

De Mello Geraldes, C. E., 451.

De Molinari, M., 324.

Demoussy, E., 436.

Demaree, F. H., 297.

De Martonne, E., 14.

De Meyer, E., 100.

DenaifFe, 732.

Deneen, C. S., 199.

Den Herder, P. C, 012.

Deniges, G., 212.

Densch, 009.

De Rossi, G., 628.

De Santisteban, J. B., 234.

Descomps,' A., 66.

Desmoulins, A., 340.

De Somay, P., 211.

Detken, W., 345.

De Vilmorin, H., 138.

De Vilmorin, P., 138.

Devonshire (Duke of), 698.

De Vries, H., 625, 732.

De Vries, J. J. O., 70, 305, 515.

Dewar, D., 273.

Dey, D., 287.

Deyeke, G., 184.

d'Herculais, J. K., 153.

d'Herelle, F. H., 151.

Diaconu, G., 778.

Diakonoff, H. von, 546.

INDEX OF NAMES.

805

Dick, M., 266.

Dickens, A., 237.

Dickerman, G. S., 693.

Dickerson, E. L., 160.

Dickey, M. G., 418.

DieklioflE, S., 714.

Dienert, F., 118, 711.

Dietrich, 184.

Dietrich, T., 311.

Dietrich, W., 574, 589.

Dimock, W. W., 187.

Dlnsmore, S. C, 664.

Dinsmore, W., 184, 185, 695.

Dinwiddie, R. R., 389, 788.

Dios Carrasquilla, J. de, 420.

Ditthom, F., 119.

Dixon, R. W., 785.

Dobriner, P., 304.

Dodd, S., 783.

Dodge, H. A., 199.

Dodson, W. R., 670.

Doggett, L. F., 67.

Dole, R. B., 421.

Dolley, D. H., 471.

Dommerhold, 186.

Donath, E., 221.

Doncaster, L., 273.

Donovan, C, 288.

Dop, L., 396.

Doroshevski, A. O., 702.

Dorset, M., 287, 288.

Dorsey, W. R., 275.

Doryland, C. J. T., 21.

Doten, S. B., 660, 662.

Doty, S. W., 475.

Doty, W. F., 341.

Dougherty, M. S., 756.

Douglas, L. M.. 26, 366.

Douglass, A. L., 216.

Dowzard, E., 307.

Dox, A. W., 703, 781.

Doyarenko, A. G., 126, 127, 12S,

129, 222, 224.
Draper, W., 751.
Drieberg, C, 357, 398.
Driessens, C, 372.
Drost, A. W.,547.
Dryden, J., 380.
Dschunkowsky, E., 386.
Dubois, E., 322.
Dubois, R., 240, 241.
Du Bois-Reymond, R., 567.
Dubrovskii, N.,713.
Duckwall,E. W., 13, 312, 513.
Ducloux, A., 494.
Ducloux, E. H.,518.
Ducomet, V., 742.
Ducros, H. A., 467.
Dudgeon, L. S.,284.
DufI, J. S.,193.
Duffield, M. S.,623.
Dufougere, W., 581.
Duggar, B. M., 148,344.
Dujardin,307.
Dumas, W. C.,610.
Dumont, J.,524, 616.
Dumont, T., 254.

Duncan, L. N.,296.
Dunlop, H.,51.5.
Dunlop, W. R., 14.
Dunn, H. A., 534.
Dunstan, W. R.,637.
Dupuis, 486.
Durand, E., 733.
Durand, L.,311.
Durier, E.,411.
Duschanek, J. 0.,287.
Duschsky, J., 305.
Dusserre, C, 511, 775.
Dutton, W. F., 261.
Duval, C. W., 389.
Duvel, J. W. T.,445.
Duzee, E. P., van, 655.
Dyer, B.,005.
Dyson, O. E., 387.
Dzerzgowski, S. K., 393.

Eardley-Wilmot, S., 740.

Early, T. A., 95.

East, E. M., 626, 627.

Eastham, J. W., 559.

Easton, C.,313.

Eaton, B. J., 640.

Eaton, E. M.,470.

Eberhardt, A. O., 597.

Eberhardt, P., 764.

Ebarhart, C.,20.

Eckardt, A., 370.

Eckbo, N. B., 344.

Eckles, C. H., 382.

Eckstein. 362.

Edgerton, C. W., 452.

Edsall, D. L.,564.

Edson, H. A., 697.

Edwards, F. G.,587.

Edwards, H.,499.

Eeckhout, van den, 486.

Ehrenberg, P., 208, 221, 509, 573,

620.
Ehrhorn, E. M., 55.
Ehrlich, F.,530.
Eichhom, A., 485.
Eichhorn, G.,72.
Eichinger, A., 149.
Eigenmann, C. H., 352, 776.
Elberg, 0.,245.
Elford,P.,398.
Eliot, J., 421.
Ellbrecht, G.,780.
Ellenberger, .567.
Elliott, J., 596.
Ellis, A. C, 196.
Ellis, E. E.,16.
Ellis, L. W., 492, 791.
Embleton, D., 80.
Emde, H.,304.
Emerson, C, 84.
Emerson, P., 93.
Emerson, R. A., 40.
Emmerling, O.,703.
Emmett, A. D.,60.
Endell, K.,610.
Enderlein, G., 752.
Engeland, R., 367.

Engelbrecht, T. H.,796.
Ennis, W. D.,608.
Enock, C. R.,767.
Erdmann, H., 718.
Eriksson, J., 148, 246, 349, 747.
Erlbeck, A. R.,674.
Erneyi, E. von, 612.
Escard, J.,622.
Escher, H. H.,609.
Escherich, K.,363.
Escot, M. E. P., 9, 412, 706.
Esten, W. M., 180, 481, 711.
Estes, C.,210.
Estor, W.,673.
Euler, H., 115,509.
Eustace, 11. J., 142.
Evans, C. M.,594.
Evans, G., 440, 730.
Evans, J. D.,559.
Evans, W. A., 279.
E ward, J. M.,298.
Ewart, A. J., 284.
E wart, J. C, 378, 507.
Ewert, R., 548, 639.
Exner, S.,567.
Eyde, S., 127.
Eyerly, E. K.,199.
Eza (Viscount) de, 291.

Faber, F. C. von, 51, 148, 151,350.

Fagan, T. W.,382.

Fahrion, W.,312.

Faina, E.,600.

Fairchild, D.,238.

Fairfield, W. H., 330, 338.

Fairley, T.,513.

Falconer, J. T. , 298.

Fantham, H. B., 281, 790.

Farcy, L., 303, 707.

Farley, A. ?. , 141, ISO, 162.

Farmer, J. B.,625.

Farneti, R., 749.

Farr, H. V.,611.

Farrand, B., 480.

Farrell, F. D.,.596.

Farrington, E. H., 181, 484.

Farrington, E. I., 294.

Fassig, O. L.,615.

Fauss, .391.

Fawcett, G. D.,24.5.

Fawcett, H. S., 350.

Fayol, A.,740.

Fehrmann, 788.

Felldin, 72.

Felt, E. P., 55, 461, 550, 552, 556,

559, 560, 653.
Fendler, G.,612.
Fenea, G.,283.
Ferguson, A. R.,385.
Fernald,C. H.,55.
Femald, H. T., 200, 251, 259, 557.
Fernau, A.,. 305.
Fernbach, 66.

Femow, B. E., 342, 698, 738.
Ferrar, H. T.,616.
Ferrari, E., 240, 448.
Ferrari, P., 91.

806

Ferrero, F., 396.
Ferrettl, U., 14.
Ferrier, O., 119.
Ferrini, U. R.,397.
Fibiger, J.,389.
Filaiideau, G., 166.
Fillassier, 369.
Finch, W. C, 16, 172.
Finegan, T. E.,499.
Fingerling, G.,677.
Finizio, G.,372.
Finley, AV. W.,590.
Finn, F.,273.
Fippin, E. 0.,5I9.
Fischer, 784.

Fischer, C. E. ('.,52,248.
Fischer, E., 249, 357.
Fischer, U., 23, 317, 318, 325,

723.
Fischer, O., 769.
Fischer, P., 782.
Fisher, I., 168.
Fisher, M. L., 93, 535.
Fisher, R. T., 698.
Fisher, S. .V.,731.
Fiske, W. F.,754.
Fitchett, F.,486.
Fitz.L. A., 296.
Flammarion, C, 518, 521, 529.
Fleming, B. P., 792.
Fletcher, F.,528.
Fletcher, J., 55, 354, 559.
Fletcher, S. W., 498.
FHnt,P. N.,575.
Floyd, B. F.,350.
Foerster, F.,225.
Foester, O.,706.
Foe.x, E.,351.
Foix, F., 498.
Folger, A. F., 183.
Forbes, A. C, 162, 352, 549.
Forbes, E. B., 68, 97, 771.
Forbes, R. H., 34, 41, 43.
Forbes, S. A., 55.
Forbes, W.T. M.,35S.
Forbush, E. H.,250.
Forel,F. A., 517.
Foresti,G.,515.
Formanek, J.,613.
Forrest, C. N., 740.
Forster, 165.
Forsyth, D.,266.
Fortgens, J.,642.
Fortier, S.,8S, 135.
Forward, C. C.,703.
Foville, A. de, 265.
Fox, H.,388.
Fox, J. W.,695.
Foxworthy, F. W.,344.
Francis, C. K.,9, 760.
Frank, F.,769.
Franklin, H. J., 800.
Franzen,H.,609.
Fraps, G. S.,513.
Fraser, A. D.,557.
Eraser, W. J., 577.
Fraser, W. P., 348.
Frear, W., 226, 228.

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

427

Fredholin, A., 547.

Freeman, O. M., 491.

Freeman, R. (;., 680.

French, C, 253.

Frerichs, G.,303.

Frey, M. von, 769.

Friedenthat, II., 108.

Fricdheim, W.,303.

Friedmann, K. L. F., 541.

Frier, G. M.,596.

Fries, J., 416.

Friesenhof, G., 21.

Friske, K., 473.

Fritsch, J.,430.

Fritsche, H., 216.

Froggatt, W. W., 55, 559, 755.

Froley, J. W., 89.

Fron, A., 738.

Frosch, P., 687.

Frost, G., 591.

Frost, H. L., 199.

Fry, W. B.,83.

Fuji, S., 65.

Fullaway, D. T., 58.

Fuller, C, 458, 737.

Fuller, F. D., 375, 46.5.

Fuller, J. G., 172, 475.

Fulmek, L.,365.

Fulton, E. S.,231.

Fultz, F. M., 196.

Funder, L.,78.

Funk, B.,248.

Funk, C, 214.

Funk, I., 198.

Furlong, C. W.,563.

Fuschini, C, 733, 749.

Fyson, P. F.,35.

Gabrilowitsch, O. G., 613.
Gage, G. E.,75, 587.
Gage, S. DeM., 421,708.
Gager, C. S.,598.
Gaiger, S. H., 283, 289, 789, 791.
Gain, E., 27, 133, 436.
Gain, J. H., 400.
Gaines, R. H.,009, 715.
Gallagher, W. J., 737.
Galli-V'alerio, B., 360, 392, 558.
Galloway, A. R., 172.
Gamacchio, G. C, 238.
Gangoiti, L., 14.
Garcia, F., 732, 735.
Garcia, N., 559.
Gardner, F. D., 466.
Garman, H., 729, 751.
Garner, W. W., 637.
Garnett, H.,308.
Garnier, 568.
Garrahan, L. P., iss.
Garten, S., 769.
Gascoyne, W. J., 210.
Gaskill, E. r.,231.
Gassner, G., 746, 748.
Gates, B. N., 759,760.
Gaucher, N., 447.
Gaudechon, H., 28, 225, 425.
Gaultier, R., 415.
Gautrelet, E., (i69.

Gauvry, E., 612.
Gay, C. W., 75, 507.
Gay, F. P., 182.
Gayer, K., 449.
(;aylord,C. W., 290.
(Jayon, 06.
Gedroitz, H., 411.
Geelmiiyden, H. C, 305.
(^.eerligs, H. C. P., 312.
Geissler, 316.
Gengou, 182.
Genth, F. A., jr., 308.
Gentil, L., 410.
Gerald, W. J.,. 375.
Geraldes, C. E. de M., 451.
Gerber, C, 27, 365, 437, 530.
Gerlach, 525.
Gerrans, B. H., 708.
Gestro, R., 756.
Geudens, G., 164
Geyer, D.,76.
Gibbs, W. M.,56.5.
Gibson, A., 354, 555, 559, 78'
Gibson, R. B., 210.
Gieseler, E. A., 304.
Giglio-Tos, E.,570.
Giglioli, I.,397.
Gilbert, A. G.,380.
Gilbert, W. W., 49.
Gile, P. L.,224.
Giles, F. M., 92.
Giles, W. N., 591.
Gill, A. H.,12.
Gill, F. W.,303, 306.
Gill, W., 643.
Gillanders, F., 729.
Gillet, P.,450.
Gillette, C. P., 552, 752.
Gilmore, J. W., 797.
Gilruth, J. A., 78S.
Giltay, A., 10.
Giltner, W., 285, 586, 681.
Gimel, G., 312.
Gioda, A., 91.
Girault, A. A., 253, 363.
Girerd, C, 645.
Giribaldo, D., 308, 514.
Girola, C. D., 335.
Gissing, F. T., 712.
Glaue, H., 289.
Glidden, C. J., 215.
GUkin, W., 410.
Glockner, E., 684.
Glover, G. H., 179.
Gmeiner, F., 183.
Gnezda, J., 10.
Goddard, L. H., 798.
Godet, C, 437.
Godfrey, E. H., 691.
Godfrey, F. N., 499.
Goldberger, J., 284, 552.
Goldschmidt, F., 711.
Goldschmidt, W., 777.
Goldsmith, P. V., 210.
Goklthwaite, N. E., 770
Goll, H. L., 597.
Gomez, G., 451,

INDEX OF NAMES.

807

Gommesen, P., 773.

Gonder, R., cm.

Good-all, A., 3,S5.

Gore, H. C, 65, 415, 614.

Gorinl, C, 780

Goris, A., 437.

Gorter, 449.

Gossard, H. A., 462, 550.

Gosset, B. S., 74, 583.

Gouthifere, H., 516.

Graaflf, W. C. de, 710.

Grabner, E., 428.

Gracey, W. T., 344.

Graebner, P., 351.

Grafe, V., 230.

Graham, W. A., 729.

Grandeau, L., 222, 427, 622.

Grant, C. E., 559.

Gratz, O., 200.

Graves, H. S., 098.

Gray, D. D., 355.

Gray, H., 81.

Grayblll, H. W., 163.

Greaves, J. E., 617.

Gredoelst, L., 788.

Green, J. R., 325.

Green, J. W., 164.

Greene, E. L., 234.

Greene, E. P., 69.

Gregg, J. W., 400.

Gregoire, A., 324.

Gregorio Rocasolano, A. de, 9.

Gregory, H. E., 16.

Gregory, J. J. H., 500.

Gregory, J. W., 517.

Greig, R. B., 532, 536.

Greshoff, M., 300, 630, 665, C70.

Grete, A., 303, 510.

Grier, J., 308.

Griffiths, J. L., 265, 381.

Griflon, E., 150, 151, 732.

Grimaldi, C, 66, 113.

Grimbert, L., 22, 514.

Grimmer, W., 114.

Grindley, H. S., 60, 97, 303, 306.

Grisdale, J. H., 330, 376, 382.

Grosbeck, J. A., 157.

Gross, E., 637.

Grosseubacher, J. G., 650.

Grothe, O., 623.

Groundstroem, O., 593.

Grout, 199.

Gnibb, E. H., 535.

Gruner, H., 223.

(friinhut, L., 514.

Guarnieri, P., 311.

Guerault, P., 80.

Guercio, G. del, 162, 752.

Guerin, C, 184.

Guerry, E., 610.

Guieherd, J., 349.

Guignard, L., 28.

Guilbert, G., 417.

Guillin, R., 24.

Guillon, J. M., 642.

Guinier, P., 451.

Gully, E., 521.

Gunn, D., 163, 357.

Gunn, W. D., 674.

Giinzel, E., 11.

Gussow, E. T., .300, 545.

Guth, H., 12.

Guth, O., 774.

Guthery, J. D., 597.

Guthrie, F. B., 715, 718, 719, 763.

Gutzeit, P., 290.

Guyer, M. F., 380.

Haack, 739.

Haarst, J. ran, 514.

Haber, F., 525.

Hack, 284.

Hackleman, J. C, 096.

Hadek, A., 541.

Hadi, S. M., 335.

Hadley, H. S., 199.

Hadley, P. B., 177, 393, 479, 581.

Hadwen, S., 83, 5&3.

Haecker, T. L., 97.

Hagedoom, A. L., 171.

Hagedorn, M., 756.

Hagemann, O., 71.

Hahn, P., 559.

Haji, S. G., 785.

Hall, A. D., 123, 605.

Hall, C. J. J. van, 547.

Hall, F. H. (111.), 599, 695.

Hall, F. H. (N. Y.), 179, 662.

Hall, H. M., 737.

Hall, L. C, 97.

Hall, M. C, 489-.

Hall, M. R., 16.

Hall, R. C, 644.

Hall, W. L., 5.39.

Hall, W. S., 768.

Haller, F. L., 96.

Halliburton, W. D., 62.

HalUgan, J. E., 70, 434, 670.

Halstead, A., 78.

Halsted, B. D., 140.

Hamberg, H. E., 711.

Hambleton, J. C, 551.

Hamilton, E. W., 299.

Hamilton, J., 196, 506.

Hamilton, J. L., 240.

Hammer, B. W., 578, 679, 724.

Hand, W. F., 624.

Handrik (Mrs.), 75.

Hansen, B. H., 517.

Hansen, C. C, 344, S63.

Hansen, H. J., 10.

Hansen, J., 76.

Hansen, K., 135.

Hansen, N. E., 529.

Hansen, P., 443.

Hansson, N., 268, 477.

Harbourt, S. A., 92.

Harder, R., 249.

Hardin, M. B., 503, 526, 625.

Harding, H. A., 178, 649.

Hare, R. F., 13, 610.

Haring, C. M., 388, 800.

Harmer, S. F., 153.

Hamed, R. W., 464.

Harrington, G. T., 638.

Harris, J. A., 528.

Harris, J. N. , 680.

Harris, W., 484.

Harris, W. A., 297.

Harrison, J. B., 337.

Harshberger, J. W., 1.33, 377.

Hart, D. B., 472.

Hart, E. B., 172, 306, 414, 515,

573.
Hart, J. H., 151, 364.
Hart, J. W., 597.
Hart Synnot, R. V. O., 500.
Hiirtel, F., 65.
Harter, L. L., 142, 147, 453.
Hartwell, B. L., 434, 526.
Hartwich, C, 709.
Haseliwflf, E., 29,712.
Hasem'an, L., 696.
Haskins, H. D., 228.
HasLer, A., 716.
Hassall, A., 53!
Hasse, A. R., 92.
Hastings, E. G., 181, 576, 578,

679, 723.
Hastings, M. M., 14, 575.
Haughton, R., 429.
Haumont, L., 432.
Hausmann, O. K., 320.
HausmanH, W., 27.
Hawes, A. F., 242.
Hawkins, H. V., 177.
Hawkins, L. A., 50, 247.
Hawks, E. B., 380.
Hayes, A. H., 712.
Hayhurst, P., 154.
Hayward, H., 97, 714.
Hay ward, R., 362.
Haywood, A. H., 746.
Haywood, J. K., 299.
Headlee, T. J., 251, 754.
Heald, F. D., 47, 48, 151.
Heap, W., 98.
Hearhart, F. C, 173.
Heaton, S., 398.
Hubert, A., 132, 339.
Hebrant, 489.
Heckel, E., 434, 436.
Hector, J. M., 715.
Hedges, C. C, 660.
Hedin, S. G., 608.
Hedrick, U. P., 340.
Hegnauer, L., 697.
Hegyi, D., 336.
Heide, B. H., 98.
Heidenstam, W. A. G., von, 541.
Heim, F., 339.
Heinemann, P. G., 478.
Heinrichsen, 338.
Heinze B., 620, 621.
Heinze, E., 5.39.
Hektoen, L., 386.
Helland-Hansen, B., 517.
Heller, A. A., 234.
Heller, C. S., 400, 597.
HelLmann, G., 15.
Helyar, F. G., 498.

808

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

Hemsley, A., 342.
Hendrick, J., 25, 324, 621.
Henkel, T., 710.
Henneberg, W., 214.
Hennet, L. von, 591, 592.
Ilenning, E., 245.
Henrieksen, II. C, 733.
Honriouillp, E., 100.
Henry, 427.

Henry, A., 153, 189, 301, 791.
Henry, H. H., 590.
Hepburn, J. S., 702.
Hepburn, N. W., 47S.
Herbert, H. M., 218.
Herbet, 85.
Herbig, W., 230.
Herculais, J. K. d', 153.
Herder, P. C, den, 612.
Herelle, F. H. d', 151
Hering, R., 119.
Herms, W. B., 550.
Heron, J., 00.

Herrick, G. W., 461, 404, 558.
Herrick, R. S., 640.
Herring, L. J., 290.
Herrmann, F., 428.
Herter, 72.
Herter, C. A., 170.
lies, A., 210.
Hess, A. F., 387.
Hess, E., 774.
Hess, F. L., 718.
Hess, R., 342.
Hess, W. E., 538.
Hessler, G., 779.
Heuss, 84.

Hewlett, R. T., .383, 770.
Heyer, C, 342.
Heyking, J., 518.
Heymans, J. F., 390.
Heymons, R., 55.
Hicks, A. C, 478.
Higgins, J. E., 41, 042.
Hildebrandssou, H. H., 015.
Hilgenstock, R. W., 225.
Hill, A. R., 199.
Hill, H., 707.
Hill, H. W., 179.
Hill, J. J., 192, 597.
Hillman, F. H., 447.
Hills, J. L., 430, 468, 670.
Hillyer, W. E., 112.
Hiltner, L., .324, 432, 438.
Hiltner, R. S., 513.
Hinds, W. E., 260.
Hinek, G., 291.
Hintze, R., 672.
Hirst, C. T., 298.
Hirtz, P., 665.
Hitchings, E. F., 734.
Hite, J. E., 95.
Hitier, 224, 322.
Hittcher, 477, 774.
Hodges, A. D. P., 557.
Hodgetts, P. W., 142.
Hodson, R. W., 380.
Hoerning, R., 351.

Hoffmann, C, 576, 67H, 079, 724.

Hoffmann, L., 378.

Hoffmann, M., 317.

Hoflmeister, A., 491.

Hoft, H., 382, 414, 702.

Holcomb, G. N., 199.

Holden, P. G., 506.

Holland, E. B., 209, 212, 276.

HoUmann, 442.

Hollopeter, W. C, 371.

Holm, H. C, 415.

Holmes, J. D. E., 686.

Holmes, J. S., 644.

Holton, E. L., 596.

Holway, E. W. D., 647.

Honey, D., 458.

Honey, W., 458.

Hood, J. D., 551.

Hooker, C. W., 253.

Hooker, W. A., 760.

Hooper, D., 68.

Hopkins, A. D., 157, 260.

Hopkins, C. G., 129, .398.

Horlyek, N., 781.

Home, H., 787.

Horowitz-Wlassowa, A., 702.

Horth, F., 301.

Horton, E. C, 216.

Horton, T., 218, 616.

Horvath, G., 55.

Hoth, B., 673.

Hoton, L., 12.

Houard, C, 057.

Hougardy, A., 78.

Houlding, H. W., 382.

Houser, J. S., 57.

Houston, S. D., 596.

Houten, P. J. van, 540.

Howard, A., 735.

Howard, C. W., 359, 303, 458.

Howard, G. F., 297.

Howard, L. O., 55, 155, 559.

Howard, W. L., 734.

Howe, C. D., 539.

Howe, F. W., 594, 693.

Howe, W. A., 616.

Howell, W. H., 668.

Howland, J., 564.

Hoyberg, H. M., 778.

Hrdlicka, A., 562.

Hudson, C. S., 114, 410, 412.

Hudson, T. G., 26.

Hueppe, F., 565.

Hughes, D. A., 390.

Hughes, H. D., 399.

Hughes, J., 525.

Hugounenq, L., 208, 301.

Hugues, C, 538.

Hugues, E., 733.

Hulme, F. E., 043.

Hume, H. H., 538.

Hummel, P., 82.

Humphrey, G. C, 573, 576, 677.

Humphreys, W. J., 418.

Humphries, A. E., 164, 568.

Hunt, C. L., 470.

Hunt, T. F., 223, 506, 714.

Hunter, A. F., 775.
Huntington, E. C, 297.
Huperz, T., 575.
Hurd, W. D., 499.
Hutchinson, C. B., 297.
Hutchinson, H. B., 121, 328.
Hutchinson, W. L., 695.
Hutt, W. N., 144.
Hutton, G. H., 330, 338.
Hyde, D. D., 77.5.
Hyslop, J. A., 57.

Ibrahim, J., 770.
Iches, L., 650.
Ikeda, T., 447.
Hera, A. A. de, 323.
Imbert, A., 771.
Ingle, H., 568.
Inoue, R., 303.
loms, M. J., 236, 733.
Ireland, J., 597.
Irie, Y., 02.
Irwin, W. N., 380.
Issatchenko, B. L., 329.
Ito, S., 544.
Iversen, O., 781.
Iwanissowa, H. P., 326.
Izaguirre, J. M. &., 690.

Jackson, A. D., 554.

Jackson, H. L., 213.

Jackson, H. V., 539, 589.

Jacobsen, I., 540.

Jacoby, H., 225.

Jacometti, G., 431.

Jaffa, M. E., 467, 800.

Jiigerskiold, L. A., 550.

Jagger, M. G., 235.

James, C. C, 9, 433.

James of Hereford, 704.

Jamieson, T., 230.

Janka, G., 541.

Jannasch, P., 211.

Janson, A., 640, 734.

Jany, P., 351.

Jardine, W. C, 123.

Jar\TS, C. D., 735, 743.

Jarvis, T. D., 559.

Jaubert, J., 117.

Jeannel, R., 557.

Jeffries, R. R., 040.

Jenkins, E. H., 235, 299, 624, 670.

Jenks, F. B., 499.

Jennings, C. A., 114.

Jennings, H. S., 671.

Jensen, C. O., 389.

Jensen, H. I., 522, 718.

Jensen, J., 775.

Jensen, O., 478, 532.

Jepson, F. P., 255.

Jepson, W. L., 451.

Jervis, L., 41.

Jessen-Hansen, H., 10.

Jilinsky, J., 120.

Jilke, W., 211.

Jobson, G. B., 380.

Jodidi, S. L., 618, 619.

INDEX OP NAMES.

809

Joglekar, G. V., 292.

Johansson, J. E., 567.

John, C, 241.

Johnson, A. G., 543.

Johnson, A. T., 17G.

Johnson, F. S. S., 431.

Johnson, H. L., 496.

Johnson, J., 96.

Johnson, R. O., 494.

Johnson, T., 149.

Johnson, T. C, 136.

Johnson, W. H., 533.

Johnston, T. H., 453, 745.

Johnstone, J., 708.

JoUes, A., 163, 515.

Jona, J. L., 668.

Jones, A. A., 696.

Jones, A. H., 67.

Jones, C. H., 670.

Jones, E. R., 289.

Jones, L. R., 346, 642, 649.

Jones, R. C, 200.

Jones, W., 703.

Jones, W. J., jr., 299.

Jong, A. W. K. de, 707.

Jongh, J. R. de., 360.

Joosens, L., 100.

Jordan, D. S.. 800.

Jordan, F. R., 796.

Jordan, H. E., 472.

Jordan, W. H., 496, 499, 798.

Jorgensen, G., 67, 213, 411.

Joseph, K., 787.

Josting, H., 246.

Jowett, W., 582, 586, 789.

Jowitt, J. F., 232.

Junge, E., 340.

Junghanns, 275.

Juniper, A. B., 600.

Juritz, C. F., 19, 20, 164, 214, 222,

519, 526.
Jurrjens, J. C, 96.
Just, J., 72.

Kahn, J., 308.
Kains, M. G., 341.
Kantschieder, J. S., 312.
Kastle, J. H., 703.
Kaumanns, N., 734.
Kaupp, B. F., 188, 789. 791.
Kausek, A., 125.
Kaye, F., 647.
Kayser, R.,305.
Kebler, L. F.,166.
Keeling, B. F. E.,315.
Keitt, T. E., 637, 670.
Keller, G. N.,729.
Kellerman, K. F., 16, 715.
Kellerstrass, E.,676.
Kelley, W. P.,124,240.
Kellner, 0.,211.
Kellogg, G.D., 341.
Kellogg, J. H., 370.
Kellogg, R. S.,450.
Kelly, A., 458.
Kendall, A. I., 373.
Kennaway, E. L., 310.

Kennedy, W. J., 97, 174, 184, 185.

Kensington, W. C, 343.

Kerandel, J.,486.

Kern, F. D.,800.

Kern, O. J.,397.

Kerr, E. W., 115.

Kerr, J. E.,373.

Kertesz, C.,656.

Keylock, H. E., 187.

Keyser, A.,322.

Keysselitz, G.,656.

Kietaibl,C.,304.

Kikkoji, T.,708.

Kilgore, B. W., 138, 299, 375, 714.

Killebrew, J. P., 233.

Kimberly, A. E.,580.

Kimbrough, J. M., 633, 635.

Kinch, E., 434, 446.

King, CM., 42.

King, F. G.,674.

King, F. H., 124, 507,522, 523, 617.

King, M. L.,299.

King, R. \V.,310.

King, W. E.,21.

Kinghorn, A.,353, 387.

Kinsley, A. T.,388.

Kinzel, W., 720.

Kippenberger, C, 166.

Kirk, A., 144.

Kirkaldy, G. W., 399, 464, 655.

Kirkland, A. H., 55, 285.

Kissling, R., 11, 415.

Klebahn, H., 524, 746, 749.

Klein, E., 62.

Klein, L. A., 387, 681.

Kleine, 55, 56, 282.

Kleine, F.,684.

Kleine, R., 362.

Kleinschmidt, E., 117.

Klemme, W., 540.

Klinuner, 186.

Klincksieck, P., 662.

Kling, A.,132, 414.

Klossovskii, A., 312, 600.

Klut,H.,.304.

Knab, F.,54, 57.

Knapp, S. A., 74, 499, 636, 692.

Kniep, H.,229.

Knight, C.S., 199, 537.

Knight, H., 642.

Knight, H. L., 560.

Knight, J. B.,232.

Knorr, F.,696.

Knowles, C. H., 356, 420, 442.

Knowles, M. E.,388.

Knuth, P., 527.

Koch, A., 428, 578.

Koch, A. E.,71.

Koch, F. J., 719.

Koch, O., 78.

Koch, R., 388, 684.

Koch, W., 411.

Kock, G.,743.

Koenig, A., 525.

Koenig, W.,680.

Koestler, G., 182.

Kohl, N., 473.

Kohn-Abrest, E.,467.
Kolliker, A., 549.
Konew, D.,287.
Konig, J., Ill, 508, 564, 664, 665.
Koningsberger, J. C, 353.
Konovalov, I., 433.
Konradi,D.,587, 682.
Koons, G. H.,96.
Kooper, W. D.,704.
Kopec, T., 770.
Koppen, T., 249.
Kornauth, K.,649.
Kornicke, F.,626.
Kosminsky, P., 359.
Kossel, H.,84.
Kossovich, P., 623.
Kossowicz, A., 709.
Kostritsine, M., 23.
Kostytschev, S., 721.
Kostzyeletzkii, A., 424, 619.
Koto, P. 0.,38G.
Kovessi, F.,230.
Kraemer, H., 570.
Krainskii, A., 427, 519.
Kraus, C.,638.
Krause, F., 648.
Krauss, F. G.,29.
Kravkov, S.,342.
Kreglinger, 770.
KreidI, A., 567.
Kreiger, R., 255.
Kreis, H.,168.
Kreiss, A., 135.
Krestovnikova, L., 229.
Krieg, W.,647.
Krieger, 427.
Krimberg, R.,263.
Krische, P.,227,525, 622.
Kroemer, K., 516.
Kriiger, F., 148.
Kruijfl, E. de, 723, 724.
Kruijs, M. J. van't, 707.
Krumwiede, C, 390.
Krzemeniewski, S., 221, 629.
Kiihl,H., 612, 665,762.
Kiihn, J., 200, 249, 427, 601.
Kuhn,0.,612.
Kuhnert, 422.
Kuhnert, A., 125, 146.
Kurssanow, L., 744.
Kiirsteiner, J., 182.
Kusano, S., 148.
Kiistenmacher, M., 365.
Kuster, E.,744.
Kuttner, S.,509.
Kwilecki, 211.

La Bach, J. 0.,767.
Laband, L., 11.
Lackner, E.,266.
Lacy, M. G.,495.
Ladd, C. R. F., 195.
Ladd, E. F., 262, 465, 710.
Ladell, W. R.S.,617.
Lafont, A.,251,288.
Lagerheim, G.,647.
Laine, E., 421.

810

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Laliiii, A., 774.

Lamb, G.,G82.

Lamb, II. G.,590.

Lamb,M. n.,782.

Lambe, L. M.,153.

Lambert, A.,G2.

Lambert, F.,360.

Lamothe,L.,242.

Lamsfcis, E.,737.

Lamson, F. L.,734.

Lancaster, N., 12.

Landes, S. W.,594.

Lane, C. B.,77.

Lane, (Mrs.) J. L., 167.

Lang, F., 324.

Lang, W., 745.

Langbein, H., 411.

Langdell, R. S., 739.

Langer, J., 512.

Langley, A., 592.

Langworthy, C. F., 7,97, 170,560.

Larrainzar, A. B., 522.

Larsen, C.,579.

Lassetter, W. C.,596.

L4szl6, A.,393.

Latham, B., 15.

Latzer, L. L., 373.

Laubert, R.,351.

Lauder, A., 382.

Laughlia, H. 11., 598.

Lavall^e, P., 234.

Lavenir, P., 522.

Lavinder, C. II., 64,109.

Lavoll(5e, P., 524.

Law, J., 581.

La Wall, C. H.,212.

Lawrence, W. H., 791.

Lea, A. E.,589.

Lea, A. M.,363.

Leach, A. E.,411.

Leather, J. W., 20,711.

Leavitt, S.,730.

Lebram, F., 488.

LeClerc, J. A., 730.

Leclerc du Sablon, 630.

Ledoux, L., 525.

Lee, C. E., 479,484,578,579.

Lease, A. S., 785,791.

Leete, F. A., 740.

Lef^vre, J., 132.

Lefferts, D. C.,737.

Leflmann, H.,508.

Lefroy, H. M., 60,356,357,306.

Leger, M., 188,189,490,790.

Legier, E.,.337.

Lehman, H. H.,289.

Lehmann, K. B., 264.

Leigh, H.S., 357.

Leighton, M. 0.,421.

Leipziger, E., 287.

Leishman, W. B., 387.

Lema, L., 126.

Lemcke, A., 345,348.

Lemmermann, O., 318,523.

Lemoult, P., 411.

Lemy, P., 164.

Le Naour, P., 515.

Lendrich, K., 67.

Lentz, 0.,283.

Leonard, H. G., 98.

Leonard!, G., 753.

Leplae, E., 295.

Lescard(5, F., 475.

Lesne, P., 156.

Less, E.,314.

Lesser, E., 735.

LetuUe, M.,790.

Leufven, G., 476.

Levasseur, E., 167,195,470,692.

Levene, P. A., 8, 115,702,770.

Levering, M., 98.

Levi-Malvano, M., 608.

Levison, J. J., 560,642.

Lewis, C. E., 547.

Lewis, P. A., 389,782.

Lichtenthaeler, R. A., 298.

Lieb, C. C.,266.

Liechti, P., 42,411,613.

Lienau.x, E., 287.

Liesegang, R. E., 306, .307.

Lignieres, J., 85,86,390.

Ligot, 0.,324.

Lillie, F. R., 272.

Limbocker, J. N., 596.

Lind, G., 247,732.

Lindau, G., 29, 133.

Lindeman, H., 25.

Lindinger, L., 357.

Lindsay, D. E., 310.

Lindsey, J. B., 208,275,276.

Linklater, W. A., 773.

Lipman, C. B., 531, 695.

Lipman, J. G., 120,715,723.

Lippincott, H. S., 298.

Littlejohn, A. R., 185.

Livingston, B. E., 14.

Livingston, G.,399. *

Livingston, (Mrs.) G. J., 215,217.

Lloyd, E. R., 695.

Lloyd, R. E., 672.

Lochhead, W., 559.

Locke, E. G., 416.

Loeb, J., 272,771,776.

Loeb6r, J. A., jr., 145.

Loer, 72.

Loer, F., 789,790.

Loew, O., 222,302.

Loewy, A., 567.

Lohmann, E., 609.

Lohnis, F., 426.

Loisel, J., 216.

Lolli, A., 125.

London, E. S., 769.

Long, W. H., 298.

Longman, S., 149.

Longyear, B. O., 95.

Lonsdare, J. M., 636.

Lopriore, G., 446,700.

Lorenz, N. von, 542.

Lotsch, E., 474.

Lottermooser, A., 509.

Loughridge, R. H., 695.

Louis-Dop, 396.

Louise, E., 710.

Loimsbury, C. P., 55, 160, 355,

365,458.
Love, II. II., 528.
Low, S., 399.
Lowy, M., 709.
Lubin, D., 195.
Lucas, D. R.,569.
Luckhardt, A. B., 478.
Lucks, R.,346.
Luerssen, A., 119.
Luhmann, E., 614.
Luhs, J.,386.
Lund, A. v., 477.
Lund,T. H.,579.
Lunge, G., 508.
Lusk, G., 568.
Lustner, G., 345,349,746.
Lutz, A., 255.
Lutz, L.,722.
Lutz, O., 27,303.
Lyall,S.,341.
Lydekker, R., 172,173.
Lyevochkin, L., 441.
Lyman, H. H.,559.
Lyon, H., 436.

Lyon, T. L., 221,519,605,714.
Lyons, H. G.,315.
Lyons, R. E., 516.

McAdie, A. G., 216,217,615.
M'Alpine, A. N.,336.
McAlpine, D.,453.
McBeth, I. G.,715.
McBride, J. N.,90.
McCall, J. S. J., 539,635.
McCallum, W. B.,53.
McCampbell, E.,390.
McCampbell, E. F., 182,361,582.
McCarroll, R. N., 187.
McCarthy, D., 499.
Macchiati, L., 326.
McClatchie, A. J., 418.
MoClelland, C. K., 238.
McCoIIum, E. v., 172, 471, 474

573, 698.
McConnell, P., 377.
McCook, H. C, 363.
McCormick, C. H., 198.
McCoy, G. VV., .56, 255, 352.
McCrudden, F. H., 072.
Maedonald, J., 571.
Macdonald, W., 92, 133.
Macdougal, D. T., 506.
Macdougall, R. S., 154.
McFadyean, J., 584.
Macfadyen, A., 776.
McFarland, J., 182.
McGeorge, W. T., jr., 213.
McGill, A., 130, 165, 505, 762, 764,

766.
Macgillivray, A. D., 558.
MacGowan, G., 303.
McGregor, R. C, 353, 550.
McHatton, T. H., 240.
Mclntire, A. L., 343.
Mackay, A., 330, 338, 376.
McKellar, W. D., 458.

INDEX OF NAMES.

811

McKendriek, A. G., 682.

Mackensen, B., 642.

McKenzie, P. H., 396.

Mackinnon, D. L., 251.

MacKnight, F. E., 716.

McLachlan, A., 37.

Maclaren, A., 95.

McLean, C. J. R., 119.

Mac Lean, H., 410, 669.

McLeod, C. H., 314.

McMeans, A., 696.

Macmillan, H. R., 45.

McMiillcn, A., 135.

McMullcn, R. H., 187.

McNally, J. C, 372.

MacNeal, W. J., 373.

McPhail, J., 263.

McRobert, J., 577.

McWethy, L. B., 400.

Mach, E., 144.

Mach, F., 439.

Mack, W. B., 87.

Macomber, M. S., 690.

Macoun, W. T., 330, 338, 350, 365,

447, 733.
Maddox, F., 745.
Magill, W. S., (il6.
Magnus, P., 148.
Magnus, R., 769.
Magnus, VV., 307, 512.
Mahoux, J., 165.
Mai, C, 612, 678.
Maillard, L. C, 168.
Maillard, P., 412.
Main, H., 10.
Main, J., 494.
Mairs, T. I., 475.
Maizieres, 220, 227, 424, 621.
Majmone, B., 650.
Major, E. W., 800.
Makrinov, 1. A., 318, 384, 427.
Malfatti, II., 516.
Malins-Smith, W. M., 538.
Malkmus, B., 488.
Mally, C. W., 50.
Malpeaux, L., 233.
Malvano, M. L., 008.
Malvezin, P., 457.
Mandei, J. A., 778.
Mangano, G., 713.
Mangin, L., 647.
Mangold, 72.
Mankovski, K. G., 442.
Mann, II. II., 607.
Manns, T. F., 453.
Mansfield, G., 372.
Mansfield, M., 763, 766.
Mantoux, C, 390.
Manuelli, M., 225.
Maquenne, L., 436.
Marehal, P., 154, 159, 262, 357.
Marchand, H., 64.
Marchandise, C, 200.
Marchesini, 085.
Marchi, E., 72.
Marchlewski, L., 208.
Marchoux, E., 790.

Marcille, R., 310.

Marcotte, L., 304.

Marcq, J., 187.

Mares, R., 323, 345.

Marescalchi, A., 454.

Mariboe, C, 643.

Maring, D. T., 216.

Marimucci, M., 736.

Marker, C, 381.

Marks, G., 636.

Markus, II., 287.

Marlatt, C. L., 163.

Marotel, 790.

Marr, F. S., 511.

Marre, E., 274, 449.

Marsh, C. I)., 284.

Marshall, C. E., 681.

Marshall, C. H., 557.

Marshall, C. J., 187, 390.

Marston, A., 615.

Martel, 7(i2.

Martel, II., 307, 386, 767.

Martelli, G., 59, 755, 760.

Martin, ('., 80.

:^artin, C. II., 82.

Martin, E. A., 118.

Martin, W. B. M., 385.

Martinez, J., 498.

Martiny, B., 780.

Martonne, E. de, 14.

Marvaud, A., 796.

Marvin, C. F., 216, 217.

Marzinowski, E. J., 685.

Mascr6, M., 437.

Masi, L., 59, 760.

Massee, G., 50, 51, 548, 743.

Matheny, W. A., 362.

Mathers, F. C, 708.

Mathewson, E. H., 137.

Mathis, C, 188, 189, 490, 789, 790.

Matthaiopoulos, G. T., 113.

Matthes, H., 113, 114.

Maublanc, A., 150, 151, 454.

Maurel, 308, 369.

Maurizio, A., 164.

Maury, S. W., 738.

Ma.xwell, H., 539, 541.

May, B., 458.

May, D. W., 642.

May, E. E., 262, 465.

Mayer, A., 719.

Mayer, C, 241.

Mayer, M., 387, 656.

Mayer, P., 53.

Mayer, R., 84.

Maynard, L., 764.

Mayo, N. S., 97.

Mayr, H., 449.

Maze, P., 80.

Meacham, F. T., 138.

Meade, R. M., 37.

Means, T. H., 614, 615.

Mearns, E. A., 550.

Mefiord, W. T., 284.

Melander, A. L., 461.

Mell, P. H., 90, 700.

MeUo Geraldes, C. E. de, 451.

Meloy, C. R., 770.

Meltzer, S. J., 170, 470.

Mclvin, A. D.,387.

Menozzi, A., 622.

Mensio, C, 213.

Menten, M. L.,267.

Merrill, E. D.,666.

Merrill, J. F.,596.

Merwin, H. E.,436.

Metcalf, Z. P., 463, 464.

Metchnikofl,E. A., 385.

Mettan, A. E.,587.

Metzner, R.,507.

Meyer, E. de, 100.

Meyer, G. A., 704.

Meyer, G. M., 770.

Meyer, H. H. B.,637.

Meyer, J., 689.

Meyer, K. F., 186,685.

Meyer, R.,311.

Meyer, W.,263.

Mezger, 762.

Michael, L. 0.,296.

Michaelis, L., 302, 383, 708.

Michel, C.,479.

Michels, M.,484.

Michin, N. A., 686.

Mickleborough, J., 652.

Miessner, 81,287, 784.

Miklauz, R., 221, 317.

Miles, G. F.,50.

Millard, C. K., 7(58.

Miller, E. R., 513.

Miller, E. W.,698.

Miller, H. P., 697.

Miller, J. H., 506.

Miller, L. F., 400, 579.

Miller, M. F., 297, 714.

Miller, N., 353.

Miller, N. H. J., 328.

Milner, R. D.,560.

Milward, J. G.,247.

Minder, F., 229.

Minear, S. A., 95.

Minkler, F. C, 134.

Minkman, D. C. L,724.

Minot, C. S.,171.

Minssen, H., 125.

Miquel, P.,117, 118.

Mirande, M.,28.

Misra, C. S.,356.

Mitchell, S. F.,299.

Mitchell, S. R.,13.

Mitscherlich, E. A., 223, 425, 510,

609, 619, 624.
Mitzmain, M. B., 255.
Mixer, C. A., 215.
Miyake, T., 358.
Modona, L. N.,90.
Mohler, J. R., 84, 388, 485, 502.
Mohr, E.G. J., 617, 713.
Mohs, K.,406.
Mokrzecki, S., 547.
Molinari, M. de, 324.
Molkot, P. van, 592.
Moller, 777.
MoUer, J., 535.

812

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Moller, W.,2fi.
Molliani, M.,721.
Molz, K., 351, 747.
Monier, F., 1G3.
Montgomery, E. G., 444, 636.
Montgomery, J. S., 497.
Montgomery, R. E., 353, 387.
Monvoisin, 38;?.
Mookerjee, D. N., 223.
Moor, C. G., 508, Oil.
Moore, R.,643.
Moore, J. B.,450.
Moore, J. F.,447.
Moore, J. G.,098.
Moore, R. A., 136, 140, 233, 442.
Moore, V. A., 390.
Moore, W. L.,516.
Moorhouse, L. A., 697.
Mordwilko, A., 54.
Morel, A., 208, 301.
Morgan, A. E., 190, 298.
Morgan, F. P., 166.
Morgan, H. \., 55.
Morgan, J. F., 526.
Mori, N.,689.
Morison, C. G. T., 129.
Morley,C.,159.
Morres,W., 212, 414,515.
Morrill, A. W.,65.3.
Morrill, J. S.,699.
Morris, F. J. A., 559.
Morris, O. M., 697, 739.
Morrison, H. C.,499.
Morse, E. W.,97.
Morse, F. W., 199, 424, 776.
Morse, G. B.,594.
Morse, S. r.,430.
Morse, W. J., 546, 649.
Morstatt, H.,345.
Mortensen, M. Iv., 135, 246.
Moss, C. E.,540.
Mottet, S.,449.
Moulton, C. R., 696.
Moussu, 77.
Moussu, G.,390.
Much, H., 184.
Mudaliyar, V. G.,17
Mueller, W., 65.
Muhe, H.,305.
Miihlethaler, F.,744.
Muir, F.,362.
Muir, J.,140.
Muir, R., 385.
MuUer, 762.
Miiller, F., 182.
Miiller, H.,527,741.
MuUer, .T.,567.
Muller, K.,547,566.
Miiller, M.,. 305, 776, 777.
Miiller, T., 778.
Mumford, F. B., 97, 199.
Mumford, H. W.,97, 673.
Miinch,E.,152, 653.
Munier, 264.
Munson, T. V.,42.
Muntz, A., 28, 225, 421, 425.
Muravyev, I. A., 384.

Murray, A. J., 285.

Murray, J., 330, 338, 345, 575.

Musso, L., 13.

Mnth, F.,.325, 326,733.

Muttelet, F.,65.

Myers, C. E.,640.

Nadson, G. A., 722.

Nagle, J. C.,588.

Nanneson, L., 476, 577.

Nansen, F.,517.

Naour, P. le, 515.

Napier, J. M., 96.

Nash, C. L.,598.

Nash, C. W., 153,559.

Nash, G. v., 763.

Navarro de Andrade, E., 451.

Needham, J. G.,6.54.

Neger, F. W., 455, 539.

Nelson, E. W.,53.

Nelson, J., 177.

Nelson, R. J., 198.

Nelson, S. B., 389.

Neri, F.,283.

Nerkin'g, J.,708.

Nestreljaew, A., 79.

Netopil, J.,365.

Neuberg, C.,1U, 708.

Neumann, M. P., 466, 512.

Neumann, O., 135, 306.

Nevell, E. J., 691.

Newell, W., 400, 463, 404, 465, 056,

750, 756.
Newman, C. C, 639, 640, 699.
Newman, C. L., 099.
Nswman, J. S., 699.
Newstead,R.,558,751.
Nicolas, E., 173.
Nicolas, G., 327.
Nicolle,C.,552.
Niedvietsky, V.,470.
Nielsen, H.T., 39.
Nielsen, J. C, 300.
Nielsen, SigneS., 302.
Nielsen, Sigval S.,302.
Nierenstein, M., 184.
Niisima, Y., 557.

Nikaido, Y.,516.

Nikiforov, A.,317.

Niklewski, B.,131.

Nillson, J.,476.

Nilson,A.,335.

Nisbet, J.,645.

Nixon, R. L.,95.

Noat'',L.,394.

Noack,0. C.,391.

Noack,0. G.,390.

Nobbe,F.,222.

Nolfray,E.,452.

Noll, H., 717.

Norgord,C. P., 190.

Normand, J.,563.

Norris, G. W.,763.

North, C.E., 179.

Northrop, C, 597.

Norton, H. W., jr., 573.

Norton, T. H., 254, 670.

Nottbohm, E.,07.
Nourry, C, 166.
Nourse, D. O., 676.
Nuesch, A.,286.
Nussbaumer, T., 413.
Nuttall, G. H. F., 8:?, .583, 789.

O'Beirne, H.,592.

Obrecht, R. C.,G74.

Oceann, P. J., 87.

Ockerson, J. A., 615.

Oeock,C. A., 289, 589.

O'Gara, P. J., 249.

Ogden,H. N.,218, 616.

Ogden, R. C.,399.

Ogilvy, L.,193, 475.

Oijen, L. A. T. J. F. van, 642.

Okada, T., 123.

Okamoto, H., 362.

01avius,0.,781.

Oldys, H., 152.

Onver, E. W., 783.

Oliver, G.W., 638, 642.

Olry, R., 429.

Olsen, J. W., 96.

Olson, G. A., 11, 280.

Olson, O. M.,96.

Olsson-Seffer, P., 741.

Onderdonk, O.,640.

Opazo, A., 451.

Oppenheim, K.,212.

Oppenheimer, C, 608, 703, 709.

Opperman, C. L., 75, 587.

Ordway,T.,188.

OrelH.b. S.,053.

Orlofl,J. E.,304.

Ormsbee, C. 0.,499.

Orstrand.C. E. van, 215.

Ortega, J. M., 498.

Orth,A.,223.

Ortu,r.C.,165,700.

Orbom, H.,55.

Osborn, H. F.,776.

Osborne, T. B.,509.

Osborne, W. A., 500.

Oses,R. G.,535.

Osgood, W.H., 53.

Osmaston,B. B.,344.

Osterwalder, A., 452.

Ostrander, J. E., 117, 419, 615.

Ostrogovich, A., 310.

Oswald, A., 301-, 304.

Oswald, R. J., 192.

Otis, D. H.,97.

Otruighan'ev, A., 622.

Ott de Vries, J. J., 70, 305, 515.

Otto, R., 704.

Owen, E. J.,140.

Owen, S. M.,497.

Owens, C. J., 294.

Oxford, A. W., 167.

Pacottet, P., 747.
Packard, W.E., 399.
Paddock, W., 495, 640.
Paden, C, 169.
Paechtner, J., 787.

INDEX OF NAMES.

813

Pagenstecher, A., 359.
Paige, J. B.,2S4.
Paine, H. &., 114.
Palmer, T. S., 152.
Palmer, W. C.,696.
Palmer, W. S., 14.
Panisset, L.,385.
Panzer, T., 203.
Parhon, M., 159.
Parish, S. B., 134,235.
Park, W. H.,390.
Parker, G. H.,672.
Parker, J. B.,655.
Parks, W. H.,389.
Parow, 70.
Parr, A. E.,334.
Parrott, P. J., 200, 465, G61.
Parsons, T. S.,400.
Partridge, W., 508, Gil.
Passy, P. 255.
Pa.strovieh, P., 608.
Patch, E. M., 254, 552.
Patten, A. J., 26.
Patten, H. E.,20.
Patton,C. A., 420.
Paull,L. F.,640.
Pawlow,!. P., 769.
Pazos, J. H., 360.
Peacock, R. W., 379, 674.
Peairs, L. M.,553.
Pearl, R., 380, 571, 775.
Pearson, G. A., 540.
Pearson, K., 363, 671.
Pearson, L.,390.
Pearson, R. A., 692.
Pease, H.T., 282.
Pec, F., 613.
Pecaud,G.,684.
Peckham,E. G.,153.
Peckham.G. W.,153.
Pecus, M.,288.
Peglion,V.,745.
Pehu,M.,77.
Peirce, G. J.,29.
Pellet, H., 719.
Peluffo, A.,308,514.
Pennington, M. E., 761, 762.
Penrose, R. A. F., jr., 620.
Penzig, 0.,538.
Percival, J.,500, 649.
Percy, E. M.,115.
Percy, H.W., 587.
Perkins, A. J., 416.
Perkins, W. R.,697.
Perret, C.,320.
Perrier, G.,303.
Peryassu, A. G., 55.
Fetch, T., 151, 248, 351.
Peters, A., 390, 496, 781.
Peters, A. T., 84, 389, 400.
Petersen, J., 479.
Peterson, J. B.,306.
Peterson, P. P., 96.
Peterson, W. H., 96.
Pethybridge, G. H., 746.
Petit, P., 135.
Petri, L., 652.

Petrie, G. F.,282.

Petrie, J. M., 437,565.

Petrisor, S., 310.

Petrow, G. G., 208.

Pettis, C. R.,52, 242, 450.

Pettit, J. H., 429.

Pfeifler, 304.

Pfelffer, T., 23.

Pfenninger, U., 229.

Pfersch, C. L., 597.

Pflaeging, W. F.,782.

Pfluger, E., 8, 305.

Pfundt, M., 329.

Phelps, E. B., 421.

Philips, A. G.,575, 775.

PhiUips, F. J., 146, 644.

Phillips, J. L., 465.

Phillips, J. M., 188, 582.

Phillips, W. J., 256.

Picard, F., 353.

Pickering, S. U., 304, 455.

Piepers, M. C, 359.

Pierce, H. C, 296.

Pierron, L., 227.

Pilger, R., 725.

Pinchbeck, G., 411.

Pinchot, G., 698.

Pinckney, R. M., 122.

Pinsker, J., 705.

Plot, J. B., 390.

Piper, C. v., 39.

Pira, A., 473.

Pitt, F., 352.

Planchon, L., 435.

Platter, H. M., 17.

Pleissner, M., 616.

Plemper van Balen, B. A., 330.

Plmimer, H. G., 83.

Plimmer, R. H. A., 266.

Plumb, C. S.,379.

Pluvinage, C, 225.

Pocock, R. I., 273.

Poggi, T.,691.

Pohl-Rohrbeck, H., 4,30.

Polstorflf, K., 764.

Pomeroy, C. S., 241.

Pond, R. H., 200.

Pool, V. W., 48.

Pooth, P., 210.

Pope, J. E.,388.

Pope, W. T., 800.

Popenoe, C. H.,56, 161.

Popp, J. R. v., 100.

Popp, M., 325.

Porcher, C, 478, 677.

Porchet, F., 515.

Porter, A., 281.

Porter, E. H., 616.

Porthelm, L. von, 27.

Pott, E., 375, 573.

Potter, H. B., 399.

Potts, H. W., 729.

Potts, R. C, 78, 780.

Poulenc, C, 704.

Poulton, E. B., 554.

Powell, G. H., 43.

Powell, G. T., 299.

Power, F. B., 766.

Powers, W. L., 298.

Pozzi-Escot, M. E., 9, 412, 706.

Pradier, G., 718.

Prager, VV., 315.

Pratt, E. A., 394.

Pratt, G. H., 17.

Pratt, H. A., 560.

Pratt, H. C, 156, 356, 358.

Pray, J. S.,506.

Prianishnikov, D. N., 24, 127, 129,

130, 224.
Price, J. C. C, 95.
Price, M. P., 45.
Price, O. W., 450.
Pringsheim, H., 123.
Prinsen Geerligs, H. C, 312.
Pritchard, C. H., 344.
Prochnow, A., 413.
Prochnow, O., 217.
Proudlock, R. L.,540.
Prudhomme, E., 145.
Przibram, H., 272.
Publow, C. A., 681, 781.
Pummill, F., 470.
Punnett, R. C, 72.
Purcell, B. L., 299.
Purcell, M. F., 422.
Purves, J. M., 739.
Puttemans, H., 123.
Pyne, A. R., 780.

Quaintance, A. L., lfl(B.
Quanjer, 11. M., 346.
Quante, 124.
Quesneville, M., 225.
Qvam, O., 326.

Radford, G., 492.
Raflfo, M.,515.
Ragondet, 24.
Ragsdale, J. \V., 90.
Rahn, O., 480, 482. 484.
Railliet, A., 153, 791.
Raineri, G., 700.
Rakovski, A. V., 702.
Ranck, C, 43.
Rand, F. V., 642.
Rankin, A. C, 629.
Rankin, W. H.,246.
Rapp, R., 415.
Rappin, 87.
Rashevski, P. I., 343.
Rasmussen, F., 279.
Raudnitz, R. W., 680.
Raum, J., 138.
Ravaz, L.,247, 448.
Ravenel, M. P., 389, 578.
Ravenna, C, 324, 721, 722.
Raventos, J., 227.
Ravn, F. K., 245, 246.
Ray, J., 718.
Reakes, C. J., 183.
Reber, L. E., 506.
Rechnagel, A. B., 342.
Reddick, D., 651.
Reed, G. M., 46.

814

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Reed, H. S., 721.

Reed, W. V., 459.

Reeder, G., 216.

Regis, F., 515.

Rehn, J. A. G., 551.

Reich, R., 307.

Reiehe, C, 451.

Reichert, E. T., 701.

Reid, W. H., 591.

Reiff, W., 54, 357.

Reiraers, J. H. W. T., 673.

Reinhard, A., 629.

Reinscli, A., 67.

Reitmair, O., 649.

Remington, J. S., 12.

Remisch, F., 364.

Remlinger, P., 283.

Remy, T., 39, 718.

Renault, P., 714.

Renouf, W., 485.

Ressler, E. D., 96.

Rettger, L. F.^ 489.

Reuter, E., 253.

Revis, C, 383.

Reymond, R. du B.,567.

Reynolds, M. H., 388, 390.

Rhodin, S., 442.

Richards, E. H., 366, 496.

Richards, M. V., 193.

Richardson, A. G. G., 95.

Richaud, A., 569.

Richet, C, 118.

Richmond, H. D., 309.

Richter, J., 85, 288.

Richter, L., 222.

Ricketts, H. T., 552, 682, 785.

Riekmann, W., 10.

Riddell, R. R., 795.

Ridley, H. N., 248, 548.

Riehm, E., 347, 650.

Rieter, 369.

Rietz, H. L., 278.

Rievel, 680.

Riggs, W. M., 96.

Riley, S., 644.

Rinkle, L. G., 696.

Rios, F., 341.

Ritter, E., 613.

Ritter, G., 724.

Ritzman, E. G., 267.

Rivifere, G., 447.

Rixford, G. P., 340.

Robbins, E. T., 174.

Robbins, W. W., 154.

Robert, A. W., 341.

Robertson, J. W., 600.

Robertson, L., 470.

Robertson, M., 82.

Robertson, R., 330, 338.

Robertson, T. B., 113, 272, 301.

Robertson, W., 297.

Robinson, H. K., 643.

Robinson, L. G., 795.

Rocasolano, A. de G., 9.

Rochaix, A., 414.

Rochaix, P., 415, 516.

Rochaz de Jongh, J., 360.

Roche, R., 320, 321.
Rochussen, F., 415.
Rodella, A., 182.
Rodger, A., 146.
Rogers, B., 390.
Rogers, J. E., 145.
Rogers, L. A., 179.
Rogers, S. J., 35.
Rohland, P., 208, 712.
Rohrbeck, H. P., 430.
Rohrbeck, W., 194.
Rohrlg, 194.
Rohrig, A., 307, 710.
Roijen, H. J. B. v., 494.
Rolants, E., 119.
Rolet, A., 416.
Rolfs, F. M., 150.
Rol/s, P. H., 534.
Romanovitch, 689.
Romell, L., 455.
Rommel, G. M., 498.
Rona, P., 302, 708.
Roper, D. C, 38, 445.
Rose, F., 768.
Rose, P. S., 299.
Rose, R. E., 69, 766.
Rosenau, M. J., 391, 679, 786.
Rosenberger, 84.
Rosendahl, H. V., 763.
Rosenfeld, A. H., 464, 46S.
Rosenheim, A., 705.
Rosenheim, O., 13.
Rosenstein, J., 153.
Rosen wald, J., 300.
Ross, A. H. D., 343.
Ross, S. H., 709.
Rosset, H., 308.
Rossi, G. de, 628.
Rossi, G. v., 223.
Rossi-Ferrini, U., 397.
Rostrup, S., 252.
Rotch, A. L., 216, 418.
Roth, F., 698, 797.
Roth, G., 521.

Rothenfusser, S., 10, 11, 612.
Rothenstein, K., 769.
Rothhaar, E., 84.
Rothmund, V., 9.
Roubaud, E., 156, 487.
Rousselet, A., 310.
Rousset, H., 433, 466, 512.
Rousseu, D. B., 133.
Roux, E., 163, 164, 165.
Roy, P., 414.
Roy, V. L., 398.
Ruau, J., 194.
Rubel, C. W., 577.
RGbeneamp, R., 509.
Rucker, W. C., 153, 250,785.
Rudloff, H. L., 290, 394.
Ruggeri, A., 448.
Ruikatchev, M., 518.
Rule, 265.

Riimker, K. von, 40.
Rupp, P., 166.
Russ, F., 324.
Russell, E. J., 121, 125, 714.

Russell, H. L., 723.
Russo, A., 72.
Ruston, A. G., 15.
Rutherford, J. G., 390, 475.
Riitimeyer, L., 569.
Ryall, 15. R., 695.
Ryan, II., 310.
Ryce, G., 322.

Sabanin, A. N., 520, 714.

Sabatini, A., 707.

Sablon, L. du, 030.

Sabouraud, R., 288.

Sacca,, R. A., 144.

Saccardo, P. A., 749.

Sacher, J. F., 211.

Sackett, W. G., 46.

Sagnier, H., 795.

Sahlmann, 186.

Saikl, T., 288.

Saillard, E., 312, 413, 717.

Saj6, R., 60.

Salkowski, E., 263, 762.

Salmon, E. S., 653.

Salvador, J., 644.

Salway, A. H., 766.

Sammis, J. L., 114.

Sampson, A. W., 35, 327.

Sampson, D. L., 597.

Sande, K. von, 788.

Sanders, J. G., 298, 463, 554, 753.

Sanderson, E. D., 60, 200, 461, 465,

551, 554, 597, 754, 758.
Sandsten, E. P., 137, 526.
Sanin, A., 707.
Sannino, F. A., 448.
Santisteban, J. B. de, 234.
Sargeant, F. P., 305.
Sarthou, J., 514, 703.
Sartory, A., 369.
Saunders, C. E., 330, 367.
Saunders, W., 330, 354, 532.
Savage, E. S., 73, 76.
Savage, W. G., 183, 186, 263, 679.
Savariau, N., 396.
Savastano, L., 650, 652.
Sawamura, S., 413.
Sayer, W. S., 480.
Schaefler, A., 212, 280.
Schaflnit, E., 411, 648.
Schalk, A. F., 696.
Schamberg, J. F., 783.
Schander, R., 346, 742.
Schaumann, H., 9.
Scheeffer, F., 20.
Scheffer, T. H., 457.
Schein, H., 785.
Schenk, F., 769.
Schenke, V., 510, 619.
Scheunert, A., 474, 567.
Schldrowitz, P., 66.
Schlfl, J. H.,300.
Schiffel, A.,451.
Schittenhelm, A., 769.
Schlagenthin, A., 325, 336.
Schleh, 347.
Schleisinger, E. G.,374.

INDEX OF NAMES.

815

Schlicht, A., 214.
Schlosser, W., 51G.
Schlumberger, M. E., 212.
Schmidt, E. W., 542, 54G, 647.
Schmidt-Nielsen, Signe, 302.
Schmidt-Nielsen, Sigval, 302.
Schmitthenner, F., 641.
Schmitz, B.,411.
Schmiicker, S. C, 398.
Schmutzer, 263.
Schnabel, J., 399.
Schneider, A., 8.
Schneider, C. F., 216.
Schneider, G., 545.
Schneider-Orelli, O., 653.
Schneidewind, 429, 432.
Schoenemann, C, 710.
Schoenleber, F. S., 685.
Scholl, A., 11.
Scholl, E. E., 163.
Schonherr, O., 127.
Schoorl, N.,8, 303.
Sehorstein, J., 52.
Schroeder, E. C, 83, 388, 679.
Schroeder, J., 669.
Schrottky, C, 159.
Schryver, S. B., 166, 370.
Schucht, L., 25.
Schulte, J. I., 797.
Schultze, A., 674.
Schulze, B., 716.
Schulze, E., 437.
Schulze, F., 224.
Schulze-DiekhofF, 714.
Schumacher, 194.
Schurman, J. G.,499.
Schuster, 417.
Schwarz, E. H. L., 317.
Scofield, C. S., 35.
Scott, C. A., 399.
Scott, W. B., 776.
ScoveU, M. A., 430.
Seaver, F. J., 452.
Sedgwick, A., 776.
Sedgwick, T. F.,641.
Seeberger, A., 570.
Seelhorst, C. von, 122.
Seely, F. 470.
SefTer, P. O., 741.
Seller, F., 264.
Seiss, C, 115.
Seissl, J., 438.
Selby, A. D.,452.
Seligmann, I. N., 300.
SeUards, E. H.,227.
Sen, J., 20.
Senst, R., 304.
Sergent, E.,353.
Severance, G., 298.
Severin, A., 55.
Severin, H. C, 554.
Severin, H. H. P., 554.
Severin, S., 317, 319, 383.
Seymour, A. H., 616.
Seymour, E. L. D.,642.
Shaklee, A. O., 470.
Sharp, D., 750,

Sharpe, H. G.,265.

Sharpe, T. A., .330, .338.

Shattock, S. G.,284.

Shaw, G. W., 19.

Shaw, H. B.,80.

Shaw, J. K.,2.30.

Shaw, N. E.,405.

Shaw, S. B., 341.

Shaw, T., 377.

Shear, C. L., 50, 247.

Shedd, C. K., 199.

Sheley, H. W., 615.

Shepard, J. H., 71, 535.

Shepperson, A. B., 636.

Sherfesee, W. F., 243.

Sherman, F., jr., 254, 257, 560, 750.

Sherman, H. C, 611.

Shikorra, G.,345.

Shimooka, C, 15, 40, 43, 60, 65, 68,
72,73,75,81,91,92.

Shinn, C. H., 147.

Shipley, A. E., 153, 189, 250.

Shoesmith, V. M., 400.

Shore, N. D., 140.

Short, A. K., 496, 699.

Shrewsbury, H. S., 515.

ShuU, G. H., 171, 628.

Shulov, I. S., 128, 223.

Shutt, F. T., 172, 309, 316, 321, 325,
330, 365, 375.

Sicard, A., 362.

Sidersky, D., 215, 515.

Siebel, F. P., 8.

Sieber, H., 684.

Siegel, 186.

Siegfeld, M., 680.

Siemssen, 225.
Silberrad, U., 341.

Sill, E. M., 168.

Siller, R., 66.

Silvestri, F., 59, 153, 155, 755. 760.

Simon, J., 21, 222, 439.

Simon, L. G., 568.

Simonds, J.-P., 392.

Simpson, H. E., 215.

Sinclair, J., 571.

Sindall, H. E., 612.

Siniscalchi, A., 433.

Sitwell, G., 642.

Skalov, B., 222.

Skalweit, B., 442.

Skappel, S., 774.

Skinner, J. H., 97, 269, 271.

Skinner, R. P., 621.

Skraup, Z. H.,8.

Slaus-Kantschieder, J., 312.

Slechta, J. J., 275.

Sleeswijk, 182.

SUchter, C. S., 711.

Slingerland, M. V., 55, 654.

Slowzoflf, B. J., 370.

Sluis, Y. van der, 779.

Smedley, E.,560.

Smetham, A., 79.

Smith, C. A., 14.

Smith, C. B., 89.

Smith, C. D.,285.

Smith, E. E., 166.

Smith, F., 3.36, 532, 533.

Smith, G., 153.

Smith, G. A., 178.

Smith, G. D., 756.

Smith, G. E. P., 89, 800.

Smith, G. O., 597.

Smith, H. G., 741.

Smith, H. R., 97.

Smith, H. S., 656.

Smith, J. B., 53, 55, 156, 159, 658,
755.

Smith, L. M., 482, 484.

Smith, P. H., 235, 268, 276, 299.

Smith, R. E., 244, 350, 399.

Smith, R. I., 750.

Smith, T., 388, 782.

Smith, W. M. M., 538.

Snedden, D., 497.

Snellen, P. C. T., 359.

Snodgrass, R. E., 5.50.

Snyder, H. L., 193.

Sobbe, von, 414.

Soderbaum, H. G., 432.

Sokolov, K. D., 129.

Sokolov, N., 310.

Sopp, O., 781.

Sorauer, P., 543. %

Sorel, F., 85.

Sornay, P. de, 211.

Soskin, S., 737.

Soule, A. M., 506, 714.

South wick, E. T., 298.

Spalding, V.M., 325.

Sparks, E., E., 506.

Spencer, J., 298.

Spethmann, M. T., 196.

Spillman, W. J., 379, 537, 625, 676.

Spiro, 567.

Splittgerber, A., 564, 664, 665.

Spoon, W. L., 793.
Spreull, J., 487. .
Springer, A., 77.
Springer, A., jr., 77.
Sreznevski, B. I., 416.
Stabler, H., 17.
Stadie, A., 87.
Stahl, E., 131.
Stallings, R. E., 26, 69.
Stiimpfli, R., 744.
Stanford, J. F., 788.
Stange, C. H., 184.
Staniszkis, W., 531.
Starkey, T. A., 119, 314.
Staub, W., 182.
Stebbing, E. P., 362.
Stebbins, C. A., 695.
Steckel, L. M., 680.
Stedefeder, 85.
Steely, J. E., 225.
StegUch, B., 246, 745.
Stehelin, R., 170.
Steiger, G., 718.
Stein, G., 413.
Steinel, O., 495.
Stammer, G., 672.
Stene, A. E., 555, 560,

816

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Slepanov, N.,342.

StcSpanova, V. L.,393.

Stephenson, J., jr., 88.

Sternberg, W., KIT.

Stevens, F. D., 033.

Stevens, F. I-., 427.

Stevens, H. P., 416.

Stevenson, N., 39.

Stewart, C. A., 130.

Stewart, F. C, 647

Stewart, J. G.,338.

Stewart, J. S., 494.

Stewart, J. T., 299.

Stewart, R., 617.

Stewart, S., 388.

Stewart, V. B., 199, 747.

Stickdorn, W.. 488.

Stieger, 691.

Stiepel, C, 310.

Stift, A., 347, 364.

Stiles, C. W., .53.

Stiles, J. C, 5.57.

Stimson, R. W., 499.

Stocking, W. A., 481.

Stockman, S., 583, .584, 586.

Stoddard, E. M., 296.

Stoddart, C. W., 125.

Stoeber, E., 613.

Stoicescu, G.,81, 183.

StoU, H., 145.

Stone, A. L., 140, 2.36, 698.

Stone, G. E., 55, 228, 235,236,244,

245, 264, 005.
Stone, R. E., 53.
Stoneburn, F. H., 297, 489.
Stoneking, J. B., 792.
Storm, A. V., 294.
Stormer, K., 245, 741.
Storms, A. D., 496.
Story, F., 45.
Stranak, F., 22.
Strasburger, E., 776.
Straughn, M. N., 238, 703.
Straus, I., 300.
Strebel, 570.

Street, J. P., 624,662, 670.
Streeter, G. C, .395.
Streitberger, F., 113, 114.
Streng, 182.
Stroh, G., 85.
Strohmer, F., 117.
Strong, R. P., 668.
Strunk, H., .56.5.
Stubenrauch, A. V., 143.
Stuntz, S. C, 526.
Stutzer, A., 4.32, 526.
Stuurman, W., 287.
Sud worth, G. B.,738.
Sumner, F. B., 378.
Surface, F. M., 380, 571.
Surface, H. A., 655, 662.
Sutthoff, W., 111.
Suzuki, S., 414.
Suzuki, U., 02, 65.
Svoboda, H., 323.
Swaine, J. M., 654.
Swan wick, B., 446.

Swenk, M. H., 557, .5.59.
Swezey, O. H., 1.5,5, 458.
Swierstra, C. J., .3.59.
Swingle, W. T., 340, 538.
Swinne, R., 30.3.
Sydow, P., 13.3.
Sykes, M. G., 229.
Sylvester, E., 398.
Sylvester, W. W., 96.
Symons, T. B., 55, 553.
Synnot, R. V. O. H.,50e.

Taber, W. C, 456.

Tacke, B., 24, 125, 718, 725.

Taft, L. R., 651, 659, 660.

Tagliarini, A., 304.

Tailby, G. \V.,jr.,73.

Takahashi, T. 214.

Takcuchi, T., 133,303,436.

Talman, C. F., 117.

Tandberg, G., 295.

Tanret, G., 112.

Tarum, D., 734.

Tatlock, R. R., 680, 709.

Tavares, J. S., 548.

Tavenner, J. W., 294.

Tavernier, R., 421.

Taylor, C. S., 124.

Taylor, E. P., 258.

Taylor, F. "W., 726.

Taylor, L. E., 540.

Taylor, T., .500.

Taylor, W. A., 102.

Tazenko, A., 318.

Tchislovitch, N., 086.

Tedder, A. J., 66.

Teed, F. L., 66.

Teele, R. P., 189.

Teichert, K., 680.

Teller, G. L., 63.

Tempany, H. A., 2.33, 204, 614.

Ten Eyck, A.M.. 39, 232, 297, 726.

Tepin, H., 246.

Terry, B. T., 82.

Testoni, G. 415.

Tetens, O., 216.

Thackara, A.M., 226.

Thatcher, R. ^\'., 34, 298, 433, .530,

537.
Theiler, A., 187, 287, 380, 487, 488,

581.
Theobald, F. V., 154, 301, 364.
Thevenon, L., 414.
Thiele, 044.
Thimm, C. A., C83.
Thiroux, A., 581.
Thoday, D., 229, 530.
Thorn, C, 79, 531.
Thorn, C. C, 520.
Thomas, W. A., 656.
Thompson, A. R., 12, 26, 46, 64, 69.
Thompson, D. S., 75.
Thompson, D. W., 153.
Thompson, H. N., 450.
Thompson, J. T., 119.
Thompson, W. G., 167.
Thompson, W. R., 754.

Thompstone, F,., 434.

Thomsen, F., 101, 3,56, 357.

Thomsen, P., 723.

Thonjson, A. H., 274.

Thomson, C. G., 584.

Thomson, E., 314.

Thomson, E. Y., 303.

Thomson, F. W., 157.

Thomson, R. T.. 680, 709.

Thoni, J., 181, 580.

Thornber, J. J., 29, 45.

Thornber, W. S., 449, 538, 539.

Thorne, C. E., 620, 797.

Thornton, R. W., 576, 730.

Thorpe, T. E., 60.

Thurtell, H., 87.

Tidswell, F., 453.

Tiemann, D., 146, 645.

Tietz, E., 200.

TiSeneau, M., 308.

Tigerstedt, R., 709.

Tillyard, R. J., 356.

Tinsley, J. D., 298.

Tissier, H., 768.

Titus, E. G., 462.

Todd, A. H., 374.

Toggenburg, F., 02.

Toomer, J. E., 695.

Tornani, E., 565.

Torrend, C, 548.

Tortelli, M., 311.

Tos, E. G., 570.

Tosatti, A., 448.

Total, E., 349.

Totani, G., 209.

T<5th, J., 415.

Totten, R. J., 216.

Tottingham, W. E., 698.

Touplain, F„ 62, 514, 703.

Toussaint, E., 610.

Tower, W. V., 252.

Townsend, C. H. T., 361, 404.

Trabut, L., 340.

Tracy, W. W., 41.

Tranzschel, W., 648.

Treboux, O., 530.

Treherne, R. C, 5,59.

Trelles, J. B. y, 128.

Trnka, R., 219.

Troop, J., 42, 600.

Trotter, A., 749.

Troup, R. S., 540, 644, 739.

Trowbridge, P. F., 9, 97, 760.

Troy, H. C, 681.

Triidinger, 381.

True, A. C, 294.

True, G. H., 87.

Truelle, 565.

Trzebitzky, F., 420.

Tschermak, E. von, .5(17.

Tubeuf, K. von, 543, 047, 0.53, 722,

749.
Tucker, E. S., 758.
Tudhope, W. S. D., 341.
Tnffi, K., 709.
Tulaikov, N., 617.
Tunniclifl, R., 386.

INDEX OF NAMES.

817

Tupamahn, J., 642.
Turmann, M., 395.
Turner, 388.
Turner, J. B., 198.
Turner, J. D., 299.
Tyler, F. J., 635.
Tyzzer, E. E., 55, 188, 377.

Uhlenhuth, 582.
Uhlenhuth, P., 689.
Ulrich, K., 431.
Ulrich, P., 149, 340.
Ulzer, F., 608.
Umber, F., 567.
Umberger, H. J., 497.
Urbahns, T. D., 297.
Urban, J., 126.
Urich, F. W., 253.

Vageler, P., 317, 321, 521.

Vaillant, P., 615.

Valdez, J., 458.

Valerio, B. G., 360, 392, 558.

Valet te, T., 662.

Valladares. I. F., 282.

Valine, H., 84, 85, 185, 489.

Vallillo, G., 82.

Van .\lstyne, E., 499.

Van Balen, B. A. P., 330.

\an Dam, W., 209, 302

\'an den Berghe, J., 114

Van den Eeckhout, 486.

Van der Sluis, Y., 779.

Van der Zande, K. H. M., 77.

\"andevelde, A. J. J., 264, 328.

Van Dine, D. L., 58.

\'an Duzee, E. P., 655.

Vaiiha, J. J., 717.

Van Haarst, J., 514.

Van Hall, C. J. J., 547.

Van Hall-De Jonge. A. E.,547, 549.

Van Horn, F. B., 227.

Van Horn, R. W., 57.

Van Houten, P. J., 540.

Vanino, L., 539.

Van Leenhofl, J. W., 241.

Van Molkot, P., 592.

Van Norman, H. E., 700.

Van Oijen, L. A. T. J. F., 642.

Van Orstrand, C. E., 215.

Van Slyke, D. D., 8.

Van Slyke, L. L., 112, 416, 660.

Van Velzer, A. C, 240.

Van't Kruijs, M. J., 707.

Vater, H., 713.

Verevkin, P. D., 226.

Vermorel, V., 364.

^'ernet, E., 49.

Verrill, A. E., 352.

Verrill, A. H., 352.

Verwey, A., 25.

Verworn, M., 567.

Very, F. W., 216.

Vibrans, O., 125.

Vidal, D., 443.

Viereck, H. L., 261.

Vieser, E., 230.

Vigiani, D., 91.

Villar, S., 383.

Villard, V., 340.

Vilmorin, H. de, 138.

Vilniorin, P. de, 138.

Vinall, H. N., 534.

Vincent, C. C, 591.

Vincey, P., 690.

Vinet, E., 651.

Vinson, A. E., 76, 209, 703.

Vitoux, 166.

Voges, E., 648.

Voglino, P., 742.

Vogt, A., 129.

Vogt, H., 669.

Voigt, L.,287.

Voorhees, E. B., 430, 620.

Vorhies, C. T., 154.

Vriens, J. G. C, 138.

Vries, H. de, 625, 732.

Vries, J. J. O. de, 70, 305, 515.

Vuaflart, L., 305, 566, 709.

Vuillemin, P., 725.

Vuilleumier, V., 511.

Vye, J. A., 597.

Wachter, L. M.,218.
Wacker, L.,304.
Wager, H., 26.
Wagner, H., 113.
Wagner, J. P., 619.
Wagner, P., 432, 630, 717.
Wahl, B., 365.
Wait, C. E., 468, 469.
Wakefield, E. M.,330.
Walbum, L. E., 588.
Waldron, L. R.,731.
Wale, B. N., 700.
Walker, E., 241.
Walker, G. T., 217.
Walker, P. H., 613.
Wallace, E., 650, 652.
Wallgren, E., 429.
Walpole, G. S., 62.
Walster, H. L., 693.
Walters, E. H., 298.
Wanhill, C. F., 265.
Warburg, O., 243, 539.
Warburg, P. M.,300.
Warburton, C, 153.
WarcoUier, G., 415.
Ward, A. R., 388.
Ward, C. H., 199.
Ward, F. E., 775.
Ware, E. E., 696.
Warren, J. E., 396.
Washburn, H. J., 388.
Waters, H. J., 96, 97, 397.
Watson, E. A., 784.
Watson, J., 577.
Watson, J. D.,421.
Watts, F., 204.
Waugh, F. A., 230, 241.
Weaver, G. H., 386.
Webb, J. L., 260.
Webber, H. J., 528.
Weber, A., 84, 680.

Weber, C. A., 631, 713.
Weber, H., .342.
Weber, L.,410.
Webster, E. H.,299.
Webster, F. M., 250, 463.
Webster, R. L., 358, 751.
Webster, W. H. H., 125.
Weed,C. M., 93.
Weedon, T., 518.
Wehnert, 537.
Wehrmann, S., 289.
Wehrung, 312.
Weidanz, O., 689.
Weigert, 312.
Weigmann, 385.
Wein, E., 24,25.
Weinberg, 089.
Weinland, E., 55.
Weinstein, J. W.,266.
Weir, W. W., 90.
Weiss, G., 771.
Weiss, H. F., 147.
Weiss, J. E.,22.
Weiss, O.,507.
Weissenberg, R., 558.
Weisvveiller, G., 702.
Wclbel, B., 523.
Welborn, W. C, 097.
Weld, I.e., 77.
Weldon, W. F. R., 153.
Weller, H., 11,012.
Wellington, J. W., 697.
Wellman, F. C.,3e3.
Wellman, M. T., 470.
Wells, H. G.,267.
Wells, T. H., a37.
Wender, N., 411.
Werber, E.I.,777.
Werner, C, 637.
Wesener, J. A., 63.
Westgate, J. M., 632.
Weston, F. E., 707.
Wheeler, B. I., 800.
Wheeler, C. F.,700.
Wheeler, W. M., 256, 760.
Wherry, W. B., 3f>3.
Whetzel, H. H., 4.54, 650, 747.
Whipple, L. F.,526.
Whipple, O. B., 42, 640.
Whitchurch, J. E.,433.
White, B.,384.
White, C. Y., 388.
White, D. S.,390.
White, F.,96.
White, G. C, 696.
White, H., 499.
White, H.C.,469.
White, J., 43.5.
White, W., 298, 400.
Whitehead, E. K., 197.
Whitford, H. N.,738.
Whitmore, W. G., 96.
Whitney, I. P., 098.
Whitney, M., 18, 23, 714.
Whitson, A. R., 125, 093.
Whittaker, H. A., 10.
Whitten, C. W., 599.

818

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

AVhyniper, ('., 550.

Wiancko, A. T., 725.

Wickson, E. J., 734.

Widfe, J.,12.

Widmer, D., 768.

Widtsoe, J. A., 425.

Wiegner, G., 514.

Wieler, A.,325.

Wilcox, E. M., 39, 48, 53, 235.

Wilcox, E. v., 45, 645, 731.

Wilda, H., 740.

Wilder, R. M., 552.

Wildermuth, V. L:, 758.

Wiley, H. W., 240, 412, 500, 516,

597, 679.
Wilk, L.,317.
Wilkinson, J. A., 399.
Wilkinson, J. W., 93.
Wilkus, A. J.,596.
Willard, J. T.,97, 263.
Willey, D. A., 396.
Williams, J. B.,559.
Williams, M. M., 695.
Williams, O. T., 669.
Williams, P. F., 737.
Williams, W. K., 799.
Willis, C, 33, 711,727.
Willis, C. P., 740.
Willis, J. J., 537.
Willson, F. C.,242.
Willstatter, R., 609.
Wilmot, S. E., 740.
Wilson, A., 391.
Wilson, C. B., 551.
Wilson, E. B., 170, 776.
Wilson, F. W., 74.
Wilson, H. F., 552.
Wilson, H. M.,590.
Wilson, James, 299.
Wilson, J., 273, 473.
Wilson, J. K., 178.
Wilson, J. W., 198.
Wilson, M. L., 296.
Wilson, P. H., 290.
Wilson, R. M., 628.
Wilson, R. N., 640.
Winans, K., 800.

Windisch, K., 309.

Windisch, W., 632.

Wing, J. E., 443.

Winkler, W., 383.

Winogradski, 427.

Winslow, A., 519.

Winslow, A. A., 125.

Winslow, E. D., 275.

Winslow, K., 179.

Winter, O. B., 399.

Winternitz, M. C, 770.

Winton, A. L., 411.

Wislicenus, H., 208.

Wisner, E., 522.

Withers, W. A., 427.

Witte, 309, 612.

Witte, H., 231.

Wittmack, L., 325, 435.

Wittrock, V. B., 638.

Wlassowa, A. H., 702.

Wober, A., 8.

Woeikow, A., 420.

Wohltmann, F., 200, 539.

Woithe, 582.

Woker, H., 775.

Wolbach, S. B., 288.

Wolf, F. A., 455.

Wolfl, A., 13, 578.

Woll, F. W., 125, 172, 576, 577, 077.

Wood, A. G., 497.

Wood, J. H., .361.

Wood, T. B., 378.

Woodburn, W. L., .340.

Woodbury, C. G., 42, 660, 752.

Woodhead, G. S., 389.

Woodhouse, A. W., 292.

Woodhull, J. F., 594.

Woodman, A. G., 360.

Woodman, F. W., 696.

Woods, A. F., 96, 597, 038.

Woods, C. D., 299.

Woods, H., 153.

Woodward, K. W., 146.

Woodworth, C. W., 554.

Worsham, W. A., jr., 95.

Worthley, L. II., 154.

Wright, A. E., 170.

Wright, A. M., 274.
Wright, .1. O., 298.
Wright, R. P., 232, 233, 322, 336,

799.
Wright, W. R., 097.
Wrightson, J., 122.
W rough ton, L., 458.
WullT, T., 151, 348.

Yakimoff, W. L., 473, 686.
Yakushkin, I. V., 128.
Yakuwa, G., 514.
Yamakawa, M., 62.
Yates, L. H., 710.
Yoder, P. A., 199.
Yoshimura, K., 62, 65.
Yothers, M. A., 698.
Young, J. M., 152.
Young, M., 264.
Young, R. T., 353.
Yukawa, G., 665.

Zacharewicz, E., 454, 7.33.
Zaleski, W., 629.
Zammarchi, A., 225.
Zamorani, M., 324, 722.
Zande, K. H. M. van der, 77.
Zannoni, I., 341.
Zederbauer, E., 44, 541, 739.
Zeller, T., 609.
ZerapMn, Q., 521.
Zerr, G., 509.
Ziegler, E. A., 147.
Zikes, H., 725.
Zillikens, F., 308.
Zimmerman, 188.
Zimmermann, A., 646.
Zlmmermann, H., 365.
Zirolia, G., 550.
Zisterer, J., 568.
Zon, R., 342.
Zuntz, N., 375, 507.
Zwaenepoel, 274.
Zwick, W., 184, 784.
Zwingeaberger, O. K., 717.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Note.— The abbreviations "Ala. College," "Conn. State," "Mass.", etc., after entrie.s refer to the pub-
lications of the respective experiment stations; " Alaska," "Hawaii," and " P.R." to those of the experi-
ment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and I'orto Rico: "Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada,
and " U.S.D.A." to those of this Department.

Page.

Abattoirs, inspection in France 386

need of, in the South, U.S.D.A.... 74
(Sec also Slaughterhouses.)
Abortion-
contagious, in cows o8G

Mich 081

U.S.D.A 197

prevalence in Queensland. . . 783

treatment 280

epizootic, in cattle 584

Absinthe, toxic action 700

Absorption laws and their application,

U.S.D.A 418

Acacia pycnantha, role of nitrogen in 437

Acariasis, conditions of infection in 393

Acaro-dermatitis urticarioides, studies 783

Acetanilid, harmfulness, U.S.D..\ 166

Acetic acid, effect on rennet 302

ripening of dates by 209, 703

Acetone, determination in urine 310

effect on ripening of dates 704

AcUsetoneurafreiichn, parasitic on Saturniidre. 755

Acid butyrometric apparatus, standardizing. 510

coaguluni, differentiation from rennet

coagulum 702

mixtures, melting, and solidification

points 008

phosphate. {See Superphosphate.)

Acidia frateria, studies, U.S.D.A 257

Acidimetric method, new 9

Acidity of fruit juices, detection 65

Acids, composition 771

effect on transpiration of plants 721

mineral, effect on humus in jjeat 317

organic, determination in tobacco. ... 11

physiological activity 771

volatile, determination in tobacco. . . . 415

Acordukcera maura, injurious to pecans 465

Acoustele, use in hydrology 118

Acrididfp, spermatogenesis in 655

Acrobasis nebulella, studies, Tex 461

Actinomycosis—

atypical, pathological histology 391

prevalence in Massachusetts 782

Queensland 783

52795°— VOL 22—10 3

Page.

Activators, effect on digestive processes 668

Adenin, occurrence in bamboo sprouts 209

Adoretus tenuimaculatus injurious to cotton,

Hawaii 58

Adrenalin as an anesthetic 486

.^rological Congress at Monaco, U.S.D..\ 418

Urology, review in 117

Afforestation in China 344

Germany 644

New Zealand 343

African coast fever-
control in South Africa 581, 785

transmission 186

treatment 785

African cotton stainer, notes 751

Agama stellio, destruction of rats by 751

Agarics, rennets in 437

Agaricus campestris, cholin content 764

mineral nutrition 339

Agave leaf disease, description 744

Agave spp., descriptions 234

Agaves, culture in India 445

on waste lands 441

Age, growth, and death, treati.se 171

Agglutins, essential features of 385

Aggressins, immunizing properties 789

of chicken cholera organism 686

Agricultural —

associations in France 795

various countries 397

bank in Russia 292

banks, usefulness 291

bluestone, analyses, Can 365

bookkeeping, simple method 590

treatise 590

census, schedule of questions, U.S.D.A .. 293
chemistry. (Sfe Chemistry.)

clubs for boys and girls 398

U.S.D.A 594

college and farm at Saidapeth 293

at Coimbatore 200

library, functions 495

colleges —

duty of 397

government v. administration in 101

819

820

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Agricultural— Conlinuod. Page,

colleges— continued.

organization lists, U.S.D.A 595

publications relating to extension

work 594

relation to food supply 0

statistics, U.S.D.A 1%, 197

work and influence 401

{See also Alabama, Arizona, etc.)

colonization in Canada 692

North Carolina 396

commission business, reform in 395

conditions in G uam 197

Norway 295

Truckee - Carson region,

U.S.D.A 35

conference in Massachusetts 498

New York 499

cooperation , function of the 0 range in . . . 591

in Algeria 592

Belgium 395,592

France 194,591,795

government aid to. 591

Spain 796

papers on 591

treati.se 492

credit bank in Italy 691

government aid to, in Russia 90

in Algeria 493, 592

Belgium 592

Burma 796

Europe 796

France 194, 493, 591 , 795

India 194, 292, 592

Italy 795

Mexico 493-

Spain 291,796

various countries 691

dictionary 595

domestic science schools in France 494

economics. {See Rural economics.)
education-
bibliography 595, 692, 693

for rural districts 692

government aid to, in Japan 91

in America, treatise 92

Canada 293, 599, 692, 093, 797

Egypt 293

England and Wales 293

Japan 92

Minnesota 92

rural schools 594

theSoubti 196

Winnebago County 297

Michigan society for promotion of — 598

papers on 293

progress in, U.S.D..V 195

service, U.S.D.A 595

suggestions for 293

{See also Agricultural instruction.)

endowments, notes 92

engineers, American society 299, 590

relation to weather records,

U.S.D.A 514,515

exhibit, international. In Argentina 500

Agricultural— Continued. Pago,

experiment stations. {See Experiment
stations.)

extension work, Ind 94

Wis 294

paper on 692

{See also Agricultural col-
leges.)

holdings in Belgium 395

Ireland 39()

New SouthWales 195

hydrotechnical work in Russia 120

immigration into Canada 396

instruction—

at Cold Spring Harbor Biological Lab-
oratory 598

University of Melbourne 500

for teachers 100

in Austria 494

Cambridge University 698

Columbia U ni versity 299

elementary schools... 93,294,494,495,693

Finland 397

high schools 92, 398, 599, 796

Cal 494

U.S.D.A 294

Hungary 494

normal schools 599, 797

U.S.D.A 294

prisons 599

rural schools 594,693

Syracuse U ni versity 299

various countries 397

relation to school science 494

insurance in France 591,795

labor in Mexico : 491

problem in Germany 194

Spain 690

relation to cost of produc ts 491

laborers-
accommodations on farms 394

in Finland 593

Ireland, statistics 291

the U nited Kingdom 193

insurance against accidents 91, 492

scarcity of, in Ontario 193

social and economic conditions 491

wages of, in Canada 593

Finland 593

Ireland 291

Ontario 193

the United Kingdom 193

land values in Canada 593

law in New York 799

laws in Indiana, treatise "99

Iowa, yearbook 799

Maine 595

Oklahoma 595

Vermont 595

libraries, conference on 598

library, movable, in Maryland 294

machinery for treating grains, N.Dak 745

standards for 299

materials, analyses 214

organizations in New York 795

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

821

Agricultural— Continued. Page.

packages, transportation in Europe 590

possibilities in Canada 396

problems, treatise and bibliography 40

products-
cost of production 491, 691

relation to cost of living 490

research, government aid to, in Japan ... 91

in Canada 692, 693

resources of Idaho, U.S.D.A 88

school at Morrisville, N. Y 498

Smith's, lectures at 498

schools in Arkansas 699

Georgia 494

Oklahoma 599

summer 698

Virginia association 498

situation in New York 292

small holders, conditions of success 394

small holdings-
act in England, operation 90

in England 592

France, treatise 395

legislation concerning 90

societies, bibliography 92

stations in India, report 440

statistics, collection in Iowa 799

estimates 593

of Ireland 396

Nebraska.. 396

New South Wales 195

strikes, effect on rural economy 090

survey in Nebraska 396

tenancy in Durango, Mexico 491

Agriculture —

and rural economy, cyclopedia 799

bibliography 92

care of sick employed in 194

Department of. (See United States De-
partment of Agriculture.)

diminishing returns in, bibliography 394

economic condition 201

limits of intensive culture 491

elementary, manual 693

text-book 93

English, history 592

free publications on, U.S.D.A 694

government aid to, in Cuba 600

Russia 592

graduate school 505

in British Columbia, possibilities 292

Canada 692

Dahomey, treatise 396

Japan 91

New York C92

possibihties 292

Pender County, N.C., U.S.D.A 423

Spain 323

Sweden G92

international institute 92, 195, 396, 493

law of diminishing returns in 393

legislation concerning, in Brazil 600

Santo Domingo GOO

Lincoln's views on 398

literature on, Cal 494

-Agriculture— Continued. Page.

needs 290

of Brunswick, Ga., U.S.D..\ 617

outline of courses in 294

practical, readings and examinations in. . 694

relation to country churches 499

phosphorus 433

railroads 193, 590

short course in 200

treatise 295

tropical, international congress 300

use of electricity in 589

yearbook 495

Agrology in Argentina 522

Agronomic charts, use 495

Agrotis crinigcra, notes, Hawaii 458

ypsilon, injurious to cotton, Hawaii . . 58

notes 751

Hawaii 459

Ailanthus moth, remedies 560

Air, analyses 117

apparatus for purifying 117

currents , observations on 314

effect on calcium cyanamid 226

fungus development 152

liquid , effect on seeds 436

methods of analysis 265

moisture, effect on vitality of pollen 329

pollution by smoke 15

role of, in insect ecdysis 54

water, and food , treatise 366

{See also Atmosphere.)

Alabama College, notes 95, 296

Station, financial state-
ment 694

notes 95, 695

report of director 694

Alaska Stations, notes 596

Albumin, determination in urine 211

egg, effect on ammonification in

soils, N.J 121

blood corpuscles. . . 72

milk, analyses, Can 375

rice, toxic properties 768

Alcohol-
composition 771

denatured, manufacture, U.S.D.A 516

determination 515

in raspberry sirup 11

effect on oranges 737

manufacture, N.Me.x 13

physiological activity 771

test for milk, use of alizarin in 414

Alcoholic drinks, bactericidal action 264

Ale, examination 766

Aleurone, physiological effects 568

Aleyrodes cilri. (See White fly.)

hotoardi, injurious to oranges 752

packardi, notes, N.J 659

Alfalfa-
analyses 375, 669

bacterial disease, studies 46

culture, Ariz 35

Okia 798

experiments, Ala.Canebrake 634

822

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Alfalfa— Continued. Page.

fertilizer experiments, Kans 232

requirements 429

fields, eradication of dodder from 2.35

for steers 97

Can 376

hay, digestibility, S.Dak 71

score card for 537

in America, treatise 443

inoculation. Can 321

U.S.D.A 197

experiments. Can 331,333

N.J 715

irrigation, U.S.D.A 135

leaf spot in Austria 544

inoculation experiments 048

weevil, studies 462

lime for, U.S.D.A 197

meal, analyses, La 670

Vt 670

feeding value, U.S.D.A 595

for cows. Mass 275

nematodes affecting 246

pasture for pigs, Colo 74

profits in raising, U.S.D.A 135

quality as affected by number of cuttings. 443

rack, description, Colo 75

seed, adulteration and misbranding,

U.S.D.A 038

examination, Nebr 39

seeding, U.S.D.A 135

experiments, Can 333

stem disease, notes 240

variegated, studies, U.S.D.A 632

varieties. Can 330

winterkilling, U.S.D.A 135

yield as affected by number of cuttings . . 443

Algje, fungi affecting 249

nutrition with formaldehyde 328

soil, review of investigations 317

Alizarin, use in milk testing 414

Alkali soils. (See Soils, alkali.)

Alkalis, effect on bones 129

enzyms 530

humus in peat 317

Allantoin, determination in urine 310

Allium, relation of stalk to flowers 528

Allorhina nitida. (Sec Green June beetle.)

Allothrips, new genus, description 551

Almond extract, adulteration, U.S.D.A 664

Almonds, varieties 449

A lopecurus pratensis, digestibility 71

AlsopMla pomctaria. {See Cankerworm, fall.)

Altcrnaria violse, notes 751

Aluminum-
determination in —

inorganic plant constituents 610

phosphate rock 010

dishes for quantitative analysis 013

germicidal action 029

nitrid, manufacture and use 431

oxid, methods ol analysis 303

significance in barium sulphate precipi-
tate 9

Alypine as an anesthetic 480

Amblyomma spp., notes 558

American— Page.

Bison Society, report 74

Library Association 598

Society of Agricultural Engineers 299, 590

Animal Nutrition 4,96

Amids, assimilation by plants 132

Amino acids, determination in urine 310,516

physiological action 770

Amins, assimilation by plants 721

Ammonia —

absorption by soils 520

crude, fertilizing value 431

determination in air, apparatus for 013

urine 210

in peat soils, Mich 618

potash salts 432

Industry, development 225

manufacture from peat 717

occurrence in deep water 717

preparation from sewage 422

soot 225

reaction with Nessler's reagent 8

reduction of nitric nitrogen to 706

Ammonification in soils —

and solutions, N .J 120, 121

as affected by partial sterilization 121

Ammonium-
nitrate, imports into the United States. . 125

salts as a source of nitrogen for molds 724

assimilation by plants 328

effect on solubility of phosphates. .. 128
sulphate. (See Sulphate of ammonia.)

Amphislomum conicum in cattle 689

Anacampsis crescenti/asciella, notes 54

Anseroxydase in milk 514,703

Anagallis spp. , toxic properties 284

Anagyrus nubilipcrmis n. sp., description 363

A nas boschas, regeneration of beak in 777

Anasa armigcr, notes 751

tristis. (See Squash bug.)

Anastrcphaspp., list and bibliography 752

Anax longipcs, notes, U.S.D.A 258

Anchyloslomum trigonocephalum in dogs 289

Ancylis comptana. (See Strawberry leaf-rol-
ler.)

Andesite, analyses 617

Anemia, infectious, in horses, Mich 081

prevalence in Minnesota. 782

Anemone rusts, studies 047

Anesthetics, effect on glucosids In plants 28

plants 436

(See also Ether and Chloroform.)

A ngophora spp. , elastic substance on 741

Angoumois grain moth, notes, Md 55

N.J 160

A ngnccum fragans as affected by anesthetics

and freezing 437

Anilastus ebeninus, parasitism 700

Animal-
anatomy, study In slaughterhouses 570

blood, red and white corpuscles in 385

body, nuclein synthesis in 471

breeding-
determination of correlation in 671

effect of selection in 071

experiments, P. R 2G7

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

823

Animal— Continued. Page,

breeding—continued.

experiments with butterflies 54

canaries 172

horses 475, 774

mosquitoes 55

poultry 380

sheep 378,379

white mice 378

imperfect dominance in 671

relation to biology 377

value of twins in 570

by-products, analyses 375

diseases-
contagious, prevalence in France 380

India.... 484,485

Hongkong. 681

Japan 81

Minnesota. 782
Pennsylva-
nia 681

Queensland 783

treatment 484, 783

tropical, instruction in 386

laboratories for research in. . 38C
(Sec also specific diseases. )

economy, factors of safety in 170

egg development , treatise 272

fats, detection 11

feeding, handbook 375

feeds for farm stock, U.S.D.A 798

heat, production 771

husbandry in Eritrea 72

outline of courses in 294

industry in Denmark 775

intestines, organisms in 183

nutrition, .\merican society 4,96

inorganic acids and bases in,

Ohio 68

Pennsylvania institute of 199

relation to experiment stations,

U.S.D.A 170

r61e of phosphorus in, Wis 172

organism, development 776

parasites and diseases, treatise 791

physiology, new institute of 375

plague, control in California 56

products, analyses, N.Y. State 70

imports and e.Kports, U.S.D.A. 593

use in .Japan 08

protein, effect on rabbits 568

structures, factors of safety in 170

tissues, methods of analysis 411

Animals-
anatomy of, treatise 385

and their treatment, treatise 197

as affected by castration G73

bleeding in different methods of slaugh-
tering 673

dispersal of seeds by 197

domestic-
diseases of the eye in 81

parasites of, in India 791

pathology of suprarenal glands in 183

protozoan diseases in 286

types in the British Museum 172

Animals— Continued. Page.

farm, care of, P. U 267

feeding. Mass 268

immunization against anthra.x 81

rinderpest 584,783

imports and exports, U.S.D..V 593

in Indiana, notes 551

Russia, bibliography 249

injurious to sugar beets 364

inspection in Massachusetts 782

loss of weight in transportation 72

of Alaska and Yukon, U.S.D.A 53

poisoning by kainit 24

prevalence in Minnesota 782

protection of trees from 352

protein requirements 97

slaughtered in the United States 775

wild, transmission of spotted fever by 786

(See also Live stock, Cattle, Sheep, etc.)

Anisia sp., notes, U.S.D..\. 256

Anisopleryx pomctaria. (See Cankerworm.)

Anomala marginala, injurious to plants 557

A nona spp. , notes, P. K 236

A nopheles—

maculipennis, notes 255

transmission of diseases by 560

spp. , transmission of malaria by 556

AnoTogryllus muticus, injurious to tobacco... 464

Anser cinereus, regeneration of beak in 777

Ant, Argentine, control in Louisiana 750

notes 356, 464

remedies 656

destroying machine, description 253

red, notes, Hawaii 156

Antelopes, raising for meat 380

A ntherxa assama, notes 60

.\nthocyanin formation as related to carbo-
hydrates 132

A nthomyia canicularis, notes 261

Anthomus grandis. (Sec Cotton-boll weevil.)

pomorum, remedies 364

signatus. (See Strawberry weevil.)
Anthoxanthum odorotum as affected by anes-
thetics and freezing 436

Anthrax —

bacillus, detection in feces 283

bacterial diagnosis 81, 183

immunization 81

prevalence in Hongkong 682

India 484, 485, 783

Japan 81

Massachusetts 782

Minnesota 782

Wyoming 782

Anthrax lucifer, notes 559

Anlhrenus scrophularix. (See Carpet beetle.)

Antibodies, essential features of 385

Antimony oxid, methods of analysis 303

Antiphagines of chicken-cholera organism 686

Antipyrin, harmfulness, U.S.D.A 166

.\ntirinderpest serum, production and use. . . 584

Antistreptococcic serum, tests 689

Ants, appara. us for carrying and studying.. 153

as domestic pets 365

bionomics of, treatise 363

destructive to codling moth 460

824

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Ants in Mexico 7(.0

llio Hawaiian Islands 700

notes, N.J IfiO

of Formosa and the Philippines 250

relation lo corn-rool louse, S.C 055

plants 303

remedies 500

Hawaii 41

P.R 252

treatise and bibliographj' 760

white. (iSfe Termites.)

Anyslis agilis, destructive to codlinj; moth. . . 460

Aonidia glandulosa n. sp., description 751

Aonidiiila auranii, notes 753

Apantdes glomeratus, biology and morphol-
ogy 558

parasitism 7C0

lunatus, notes, U.S.D.A 2.58

Aperient solutions, saline, osmotic pressure. . . 068
Aphxnogasier fulvum, destructive to codling

moth 46C

Aphanomyces Ixrds, studies 347

A phelenchus olesisivs, notes 351

Aphelinus mytilaspidis, studies 159

Aphididae, biology 54

new genera and species, descrip-
tions 552

notes 552,752

Aphids, remedies, Hawaii 41

studies, Va.Truck 161

Aphis angclicx, notes 552

brassicse. {See Cabbage aphis.)

forhtsi, studies, N.J 059

gladioli n. sp., description 054

gossypii. (See Cotton aphis and Melon

aphis.)
persicx-niger. {See Peach aphis, black.)
pomi-mali. (See Apple aphis.)

setarix, injurious to corn 751

Aphis, woolly, notes 160, 465

Aphrometer, description 709

Aphthous fever. {See Foot-and-mouth dis-
ease.)

Aphycus stomachosus n. sp., description 363

Apiculture in French colonies 262

{See also Bees.)
Apis mellifera. {See Bees.)
Apoplexy, parturient. {See Milk fever.)
Apple—

anthracnose, characteristics 349

aphis, remedies. Can 365

diseases, notes 647

N.H 747

studies. Me 547

treatment 249

fire blight, studies, N.Y.Cornell 747

growers' union at Hood River 591

industry in New England, Conn. Storrs . . 7-35

juice, preservation with sodium benzoate. 569

leaf hopper, notes 465

Can 354

maggot, notes. Can 355

mildew, notes, Cal 244

treatment 349

wintering 647

orchards, care and management 734

Page.
.\pple— Continued.

orchards, renovation. Conn. Storrs 735

pollen, germination as affected by tem-
perature, Wis 527

pomace, analyses 172

Can 375

scab, life history 050

treatment 50, (>47, 050

seedlings, Wealthy, characteristics 447

seeds, insect affecting 054

sucker, remedies 154

worm, lesser, note.s 054

life history 459

Apples—

as afleeted by climate and soils 240

June beetles 557

red bugs 054

breeding experiments, Can 338

in America 447

cold storage investigations, Iowa 142

culture. Can 338

Ind 42

in Maine 734

Texas 040

the Ozarks 241

under irrigation, N.Mex 735

evaporated, misbranding, U.S.D.A 004

fertilizer experiments, N.J 142

fresh, preservation 341

fumigation experiments, U.S.D.A 102

grafting experiments, S.C 039

injury by spraying, N.H 748

insects affecting 364

parthenogenesis in 039

pruning. Wash 538

selling, Me 407

spraying demonstrations in North Caro-
lina 500

St. Everard, description 42

varieties, Can 339

Iowa 143

date of maturing .340

for Wyoming 040

resistant to scab 050

yields. Can 338

Apricot diseases, studies, Cal 244

gummosis, notes 50

pollen, germination as affected by

temperature. Wis 527

Apricots, canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 67,407

culture in Texas 640

drying 640

fertilizer experiments 718

misbranding, U.S.D.A 767

Aquiculture, relation to farming 518

Arachis hypogea, culture and composition 534

Arachnids and Crustacea, treatise 153

insects, blood-sucking, trea-

^tise 353

A rxcerus fasciculatus. {See Cofiee-bean wee-
vil.)

A raujia sericofera, fertilization by insects 153

A rcMps postvittanus, notes, Hawaii 59

rosaceana, studies, N.H 554

Arctianae of Japan, revision 358

Arctostapliylos viscida n. sp., description 154

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

826

Argas larviB, injurious to poultry 87

Argas miniatus, remedies 103

persicus, miniatus, notes 558

spread of spirochetosis by 189

studies 392

transmission of spirillosis by. 289

reflexus, notes 362

Argentine ant. (See Ant, Argentine.)

Arhar, selection 442

Arizona Station, notes 800

Arkansas Station, notes 496, 596

University, notes 198, 496

Armillaria mucida, studies 248

Army rations in France 168

report on 265

worm, destruction by birds, Hawaii. . 459

fall, notes, Kans 251

injurious to corn, Ky 751

sugarcane, Hawaii 458

Aroids, history and use, U.S.D. A 632

Arsenate of lead, preparation and use 549

soda, analyses. Can 365

Arsenic acid, detection 303

determination 61 1

effect on vegetation. Mass 235

fumes, effect on vegetation 646

poisoning of fruit trees by 647

relation to crown rot, N.Y. State 650

use in treatment of surra 686

Arsenical sprays, preparation and use. Wis. . 247

Artemisia spp., notes 222

Arthropods, apparatus for collecting 559

blood-sucking, in Jamaica 558

role of, in disease transmission,

treatise 363

Artichokes, value in industry 443

Artists, book on colors for 662

A rvicanthis niloticus, notes 751

Asafetida, powdered, adulteration and mis-
branding, U.S.D. A 664

Ascaris canisanA A.felis, differentiation 289

Asclepiadacese, fertilization by insects 153

Ascochyta medicaginis, notes 544

pisi, dissemination 543

sp., studies. Mass 245

Ash, determination in sugars and sirups 10

Ashes, analyses. Can 325

composition 523

straw, fertilizing value 224

Asparagin, concentration in seedlings 229

Asparagose, notes 112

Asparagus-
beetle, notes, N.J 160

parasite, notes 557

breeding for rust resistance, N.J 142

culture, Colo 640

fly, notes 156

removal of mineral matter by blanching. 369

sugars in 112

Aspergillus —

fumigatus, notes 649

glaucus, determination 647

notes, Mass 264

Mich 481

niger as affected by nutrient solutions. . . 27

intracellular enzyms in, Conn.Storrs 703

U.S.D.A.. 703

Page.
A spergillm—Coati nued .

niger, studies 619

use in soil investigations 425

oryzx, varieties 214

Aspergillus, intracellular enzyms in. Conn.

Storrs 798

source of nitrogen for 725

Asphondlyia lupini n. sp., description 755

Aspidiotus arctostaphyli n. sp., description. . . 154

belulx, notes 60

ficus, notes 751

forbesi. (Sec Cherry scale.)

hederx, notes 162

ostrexformis. (See European fruit

scale.)
perniciosus. (See San Jos6 scale.)

A spongopus viduatus parasite, notes 251

Association of —

American Agricultural Colleges and Ex-
periment Stations 97

Applied Botany, report 325

Feed Control Officials 298

Official Agricultural Chemists, U.S.D. A. 614

A sterocystis radicis , notes 149

Astcrolecanium pustulans, notes 751

variotosum, synonymy 753

Atavism in guinea-chicken hybrids 380

Atmosphere-
apparatus for determining composition . . 117

as affected by the moon 417

composition, review in 117

upper, studies, U.S.D. A 418

Atmospheric —

electricity, paper on 314

review in 117

moisture, absorption by wool 274

radioactivity as affected by the moon 216

temperature. {See Temperature.)

A triplex canum , notes 222

Atropos divina toria, remedies 560

A tlacus ricini, notes 60

Attidoe of North America, revision 153

Atylotus jamaicensis n. sp., description 559

Aulacaspis pentagona, injurious to pecans 465

notes 160

I Autographa brassicx. (See Cabbage looper.)

Autolysis, aseptic, in dogs, cause 288

Automobile service in France 386

4 utosticha pelodes, notes, Hawaii 156

A vena spp., notes 136

A verrlioa carambola, notes, P.R 236

Azalea disease, studies 351

Azotobacter beyerincki, inoculation experi-
ments, N.J 121

Azotobacter chroococcum —

fixation of nitrogen by 22

investigations 221, 427

Azotobacter, culture experiments 724

fixation of nitrogen by... 123,427,428

growth in culture solutions, N. J 121

Bacillus alkaline, effect on milk 578

of glanders, biology 488

ratin, studies 488

Bacillus —

amylobader, characteristics 22

amylovorus, notes, N.H 747

avenx n. sp., description, Ohio 453

826

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

J5aa7/«^— Continued. Page.

bulgaricus, organism resembling, Wis 679

cartovorus, studies, N.Y. State 049

casci spp., studies 181,384

cholerx suis, agglutination, Mich 580

studies, Ark 788

coli communis as affected by metals 029

fixation of nitrogen by 22

notes 180

enlcritidh, notes 18:5, 488

studies 391

laclis acidi, notes, Conn.Storrs 79

twcosws, organism resembling, K.l. 479

mahogani, notes 781

paraplcctrum /a-tidum, notes 182

paratyphosus, notes 183

phytophthorus, notes 340

prodigiosus var. (7), notes 781

putrificus coli, notes 182

pyocyaneus, decomposition of nitrates by. 319

radicicola in nitro-bacterine 428

studies .320,028

septicxmix anserum exsudativx, studies. . . 687
spp., decomposition of potassium nitrate

by 009

dissemination by fruits 369

notes 724

subtilis as affected by salts 531

thermophilus, subspecies, descriptions 724

tuberculosis. (See Tubercle bacillus.)
Bacteria—

acid-fast, as a cause of Johne's disease 685

aerobic nitrogen-fixing, studies 724

as a cause of iron corrosion 715

pine disease 749

plant diseases 743

steel corrosion 609, 715

as affected by electricity 228

classification 532

cultures from Emmental cheese 580

decomposition of potassium nitrate by. . . 609
development in soils as affected by partial

sterilization 121

effect on action of fertilizers 620

nitrogen fi.xation 221

transformation in soils. 121

fecal, of healthy men 373

formation and use of nitrous oxid by 724

in eggs, studies 762

milk, soils, water, etc. (Sec Milk,
Soils, Water, «te.)

stored poultry 761

intestinal , studies 373

loss of nitrogen by 125

method of counting 723

nitrogen-f5xing, effect on plant growth . 122, 123

regeneration 123

studies 222

obligate anaerobic, in milk 779

on dried fruit 605

pathogenic, survival in bread 308

text-book 182

proteolytic enzyms in 628

relation to soils 222

Bacteria— Continued. Page.

r61e of, in protein cleavage 702

soil, review of investigations 317

thermophilous, in the Tropics 723

Bacterial diseases, relation to cestodes and

nematodes 250

Bacteriological apparatus, discussion 705

infections of digestive tract. . . 170

Bacteriology, agricultural , treatise 723

fermentative, review of investi-
gations 703

treatise 214

soil, bibliography 317

methods 028

status 317, 325

studies 427

Bacterium—

acidi propionici var. (?), notes 781

vars., cultures 580

casei limburgensis , notes 181

caucasicum, notes 384

fluorescens, notes 578

gummis, notes 050

gunthcri, studies 181,580

lactis acidi, physiology of 383

sources, Conn.Storrs 180

studies 384

pullorum, description, Conn.Storrs 489

putrificus in milk 779

sp. as a cause of liver disease 288

spp., description 724

studies 214

zopfii, notes 181

Bactromyia aurulenta, studies 360

Bagasse, fuel value. La 115

furnaces, tests, La 115

Bagworms, notes 654

remedies 560

Bakeries, inspection in Missouri 766

Bakers' goods, butter flavor 763

flavoring for 763

oleomargarine in 763

training schools for 265

Bakery, municipal, in Budapest, description. 264

products containing eggs, judging. . . 300

Baking, cooperation in 108

powder, analyses 67, 766

misbranding, U.S. D. A 664

Balloon ascension, highest, U.S.D.A 216

Balloons, pilot, use in meteorology 314

use in thunderstorms, U.S.D.A 215

Bamboo sprouts, occurrence of adenin in 209

Bamboos, uses 145

Banana disease, notes 748

flour, use In metabolism experiments 170

margarin as a butter substitute 703

weevil, notes 356

Bananas as wind-breaks, P. R 242

varieties, Hawaii 41

Banded leaf-footed plant bug ," notes 751

Barium sulphate-
determination in presence of interfering

bodies 707

methods of analysis 303

precipitate, significance of aluminum in . . 9

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

827

I'age.

Bark beetles, European, natural enemies 362

notes, Ohio 495

of Hokkaido 557

louse, oyster-shell. (See Oyster-shell
bark-louse.)
scurfy. (See Scale, scurfy.)

ohia, analyses, Hawaii 12

Barley-
analyses 69

as a nurse crop. Can 332

affected by drainage 589

brewing, culture in France 135

by-products, analyses. Conn. State 670

characteristics 135

composition as affected by shade 530

storing and

drying 632

cost of production in North Dakota 691

culture 335

e.xperiments 135

S.Dak 33

digestibility, S.Dak 71

effect on gizzard in hens 72

extract, photodynamic effects 27

fertilizer experiments 25, 226,

442,524,621,717,728

Can 333

for pigs, Colo 74

germination experiments 326

Can 331

growth as affected by manganese 436

imports into Great Britain 195

judging and grading 537

loose smut, treatment 346

N.Dak 744

morphological changes in 140

nitrogen content, relation to brewing 416

phosphates for 524

prices in Australia 192

removal of mineral matter by blanching. 369

seeding experiments. Can 333

smut, dissemination 543

notes 246, 745

treatment 48,246,741

stable manure for 716

sulphured, detection, U.S.D.A 213

varieties 135, 441, 442, 532, 728

Can 330

Kans 232, 726

N.H 727

S.Dak 34

classification 135

identification 335

yield as affected by date of planting. Can. 333
Barnyard manure —

care. Wis 125

effect on superphosphate 524

fertilizing value 428, 440, 441 , 536

Hawaii

Kans

Mass

N.Mex....
Va. Truck.

31
232
231
732
147

Page.
Barnyard manure — Continued.

liquid, preservation 440

preservation with kainit 24

time of application. Mass 232

value and use 23, 125, 222

Basalt, weathering investigations 713

Basic slag. (See Phosphalic slag.)

Basidiomycetes spp., rennets in 437

Basisporium gallarum, notes, Nebr 48

Bat guano, analyses 4.34

P.R 224

Batrachedra rileyi, notes, Hawaii 156

Bats, destruction of codling moth by 460

Bean anthracnose, notes, U.S.D.A 798

studies 546

treatment, Conn.Storrs. . . 743

diseases, dissemination 543

extract, photodynamic effects 27

Fusarium disease, notes 345

leaf beetle, notes 464

rust, studies 746

seedlings as affected by formalin 230

Beans as affected by drainage .589

solar radiations ,529

breeding e.xperiments, N.J 141

composition at various stages of growth 229

decomposition in soils 318

fertilizer experiments 232

Kans 238

germination experiments 326

history 449

horse, as a green manure 429

fertilizer experiments 34

varieties. Can 330

yield as affected by spraying. . . 439

inheritance of color in, Nebr 40

inoculation experiments 232

jack, analyses, Hawaii 26

as a cover crop, Hawaii 41

fodder, analyses, Hawaii 69

Lima, inoculation experiments, N.J... 715

misbranding, U.S.D..\ 67

origin and function of pentosans in 721

removal of mineral matter by blanch-
ing 369

sword, varieties, P.R 237

varieties. Can 339

Bedbug hunter, remedies 560

remedies 560

transmission of typhus fever by 552

Bee colonies, moving, Okla 798

diseases, loss from, in Victoria 365

dysentery, treatment 365

keepers' association of Colorado 365

associations in Ontario 142

keeping in Hawaii, Hawaii 58

Ireland 261, 396

Oklahoma, Okla 798

Pennsylvania 655

Porto Rico, P.R 252

outline of courses in 294

Beech, injuries by frost 351

leaf disease, notes 345

pruning experiments 44

828

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Beech stands, thinning; 14G

ties, preservation 452

Beef as aflected by cold storage 60

baby, production, Can 376

chilled, black spots on 62

shipping experiments 381

dried, examination 560

glycogen content 760

imports into Hongkong 682

production in Canada 475

scraps, analyses, N.H 776

tea, osmotic pressure of 668

Beer, analyses 706, 707

fruit, description and analyses 00

imitation, analyses 707

Kafir, analyses 164

sulphur dioxid content 500

sulphurous acid in 60

transportation in France 640

Bees as domestic pets 305

gathering of honey from scale insects. . . 700

handbook 60

nutritive exchanges in 159

regulations concerning 355

Beeswax, caloric value 310

composition 310

extracted, characteristics 013

Beet chips, acidifying 573

for steers 573

diseases, distribution by seeds 149

notes 148

pulp. (Sec Sugar-beet pulp and Mo-
lasses-beet pulp.)

root rot, studies 347

treatment 348

seed, distribution of diseases by 149

value as affected by water content. 336

sugar industry, report on 137

making, treatise 510

molasses, analyses 764

tops, moldy, poisoning of horses by 187

tumors, notes 149

Beetle, blue-green, remedies 57

Beetles, cave, notes and bibliography 557

haunts of 559

injurious to hops 364

of the Eastern States, notes 57

scolytid. (Sec Scolytid beetles.)

Beets, analyses 776

fertilizer experiments 717

fodder, assimilation of potash and ni-
trogen by 4.32

feeding value 208

formaldehyde from 410

green manuring experiments 429

inoculation experiments ...-. 22

sugar. (See Sugar beets.)

top-dressing with nitrate of soda 225

Begonias as affected by frost 720

Benzin , effect on ripening of dates 704

vegetation, Mass 2.35

Benzoic acid —

determination in presence of cinnamic

acid 707

effect on Reichert-Meissl number 113

ripening of dates 704

Page.

Beriberi, t reatment 768

Berlin blue, methods of analysis 303

Bermuda grass, culture, U.S.D.A 197

hay, analyses, Okla 776

Berries, insects affecting 742

Berry diseases, notes 742

Berrija ammonilla, nature and use 644

Berseem, culture experiments 34

Bcrtcroa incana in Vermont, V't 638

Bevecage law, N.Dak 262

Beveragf s, alcoholic, examination 67

osmotic pressure of 608

analyses 104, 307,567, 706, 707

for the sick, preparation 167

inspection and examination,

N.Dak 262

law concerning, in A Igeria 467

methods of analysis 265

nonalcoholic anal>"«es. Conn. State 662

N.Dak.... 262
Bibliography of—

agrarian legislation 90

problem in Germany 194

agricultural cooperation in Belgium 395

Spain 796

education 293, 595, 692, 693, 797

problems 40

agriculture 92

in Nebraska 396

air, water, and food 366

Anastrepha 752

animal blood corpuscles 385

nutrition, Ohio 69

problems, U.S.D.A 170

animals in Russia 249

ants 700

A zolohacter chroococcum 221

birds of the Philippines 550

blood antisera 689

botany 325

breeds of pigs 473

butter, keeping quality, Mich 482, 484

Camembert cheese manufacture, Conn.

Storrs 80

cattle disease, new 488

cave beetles 557

Ceratitis 752

citrons 240

clover-leaf weevil, U.S.D.A 256

root curculio, U.S.D.A 759

club root disease 246

Coccophagus lecanii 303

coffee-bean weevil 758

cookery books 107

corn dry rot, Nebr 48

improvement, Ky '29

cotton 336

cream raising 780

Criptobia, U.S.D.A 281

Dacus 752

dairying 680, 781

Dicraneura vinula parasites 755

dietary studies 666

dog distemper 288

domestic science, elementary 594

dragon fly 253

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

829

Bibliography of— Continued. Page.

dry farming 23

Emmental cheese ripening 1!^2

evaporation 418

U.S.D. A '. . - 215, 217

experimental dourine 582

feeding stuffs 375

ferments and their action 608

fig culture 240

forest insects, U.S.D. A 2G0

species, variation in 451

forestry, U.S.D. A 197

fruit pollination 734

gall insects of Ontario 559

garbage 719

gardening 43

goose diseases 687

grape culture 733

hares and rabbits, U.S.D. A 53

horticulture, Danish 643

houseflies 654

Indian dietetics 563

law of diminishing returns in agriculture. 394

lemon culture 448

leucocytes in milk 679

leucocytozoa 2S1

meteorology 417

U.S.D.A 117

milk changes 578

moor soil temperatures 521

mycology 133

nitrogen assimilation by plants 328

fixation 221 , 225

North American entomology 550

nutrition investigations, U.S.D.A 170

oblique-banded leafroller, N.H 5.55

organic colloids in sewage water 119

peat 712

Penicillium, U.S.D.A 532

periodical cicada, Mass 253

physiological methods 769

plant diseases 345

Nebr 53

galls 657

respiration 327

potato diseases 347

wart disease 650

poultry, Md 75

breeding, Me 673

protozoology 250

pseudotuberculosis in sheep 391

refrigeration and cold storage 14

role of nitrogen in plant metabolism 437

ropy milk, R.I 479

rubljer culture 646

school garden work, Cal 94

scolytid beetles, U.S.D.A 159

seed-corn ground-beetle, U.S.D.A 257

sex determination 273

origin 472

soil bacteriology 317

fertility 123, 714

southern pine sawyer, U.S.D.A 261

sterility in cows 774

sugar 637

beet anatomy 535

diseases 347

Bibliography of— Continued. Page.

sugar-cane entomology, Hawaii 464

thermochemistry 769

ticks 364

toads 353

trichoptera 154

trypanosome diseases 683

tubercle bacilli 184, 786

tubercle bacilli investigations 84

tuberculosis in sheep 84

investigations 388

tuberculous milk, infectiousness 779

United States Department of Agriculture

publications 293

vegetable proteins 509

soft rots, N.Y. State 649

water and sewage 712

resources of Connecticut 16

weed destruction, Hawaii 731

wheat culture, U.S.D.A 797

zapupe 234

zoology 750

Canadian 153

Bilberry wine, manufacture 516

Biliary fever in dogs, treatment 582

prevalence in German South-
west Africa 287

Bindweed, destruction, Ivans 232

Biochemical methods, handbook 9

Biographical sketch of Kiihn , Julius 601

Newman, J. S 699

Biological investigations in Alaska and Yu-
kon, U.S.D.A 53

Biology, experimental, lecture on 272

of chlorophyll, treatise 131

the cell, treatise 776

relation to meteorology 217

plant and animal breed-
ing 377

speculative, treatise 570

Birch, sap pressure in 436

Bird trematodes, descriptions 550

Birds and their protection, treatise 250

destruction of army worm by, Hawaii. 459

codling moth by 460

dispersal of seeds by 197

dissemination of junipers by 644

eating of locusts by 356

foot trefoil, digestibility 71

injurious to clover root curculio,

U.S.D.A 759

new species, description 550

of Egypt, treatise 550

Great Britain, treatise 352

Java, economic importance 353

Ontario 153

Santo Domingo, notes 352

South Australia 153

the Philippines 550

bibliography 550

treatise 353

West Virginia 550

pathogenic action of helminths in 289

physiological investigations 789

temperature in, studies 790

Birdsville horse disease, prevalence in Queens-
land 783

830

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

rage.

Biscuits, consumption in Siani 503

ferric chloric! reaction in 412

flourfor, U.S.D.A 197

Bison. (Sec Buflaloes.)

Black cock, internal parasites of 189

Hillsbeetle, notes, U.S.D.A 158

quarter, prevalence in Hongkong 682

India 484,485,783

scale, synonymy 753

Blackberries, culture in Washington, Wash . . 449

Blackberry wine, manufacture 516

Blackleg, immunization 283

prevalence in Jamaica 583

Japan 81

Massachusetts 782

Minnesota 782

Queensland 783

vaccine, notes, Okla „ 798

Blastophagn grossorum, notes 355

Bleached flour. (See Flour, bleached.)

Bleaching agents, detection in flour 512

Blister beetle, margined, injurious to tobacco . 404

mite, notes 654

remedies, N.Y. State 661

Blood-
animal, red and white corpuscles in 385

antisera, treatise and bibliography 689

circulating, tubercle bacilli in 786

corpuscles as affected by various sub-
stances 72

defibrinated, digestibility 71

dried. (See Dried blood.)

examination 689

flour for pigs. Mo 772

Ohio 772

horse, characteristics of different breeds . . 473

parasites, studies, U.S.D.A 281

studies, U.S.D.A 281

Blue grass hay, digestibility, S.Dak 71

Kentucky, seed, adulteration and

misbranding, U.S.D.A 638

tongue in sheep, studies 161

weed in Vermont, Vt 038

Blueberry rust, secidial stage 348

Bluestone, agricultural, analyses, Can 305

Board, cost of. in British Guiana .372

Body heat of poultry as affected by age ... 72

Bogs, toxins in, effect on soils 22

Boiler explosions in Germany 290

scales, analyses, Can 325

Boletus edulis, cholin content 764

Boll weevil. (See Cotton boll weevil.)

Bollworm. (See Cotton bollworm.)

Bomb calorimeter, use in determination of

phosphorus 411

combustion, modification 411

Bombijx neustria, remedies 304

Bonbons, alcohol content 105

licorice, analyses 67

Bone, analyses, R.I 434

dust, fertilizing value 440

residual effects 440

ground, analyses, N .J 625

meal for pigs, Ohio 772

Mo 772

solubility as affected by calcium

carbonate 130

Bone, raw, fertilizing value. Mass 231

Boneblack, dissolved, fertilizing value, Mas.s. 231

Bones as affected by alkalis 129

Book louse, remedies 500

Books on—

age, growth, and death 171

agricultural bookkeeping 590

cooperation 492

in Belgium 395

education in America 92

laws in Indiana 799

problems 40

small holders 394

holdings in France 395

agriculture 295

elementary 93, 093

English 592

in Dahomey 396

air, water, and food, 366

alfalfa in America 443

animal anatomy 385

egg development 272

feeding and feeding stuffs 375

parasites and diseases 791

animals and their treatment 197

ant bionomics 303

ants 760

arthropods, role of, in disease transmission 363

bacteriology, agricultural 723

of fermentation 214

bees 60

beet-sugar making 516

biochemical methods 9

biology of chlorophyll 131

speculative 570

birds and their protection 250

of Egypt 550

Great Britain 352

the Philippines 353

blood antisera 689

botany 325

bulb culture in Holland 341

butter making 681

butterflies, geographical distribution 359

cane sugar 312

cattle, British 473

feeding and managing 377

Hereford 571

cell biology 776

cereals, morphological changes in 138

chemical analysis 508

conversion tables 210

novelties 704

technical analysis 508

chemistry of foods and condiments 508

sugar 215

chicks, incubation and brooding 380

children in health and disease 266

clay 712

climate and its variations 313

climatography , agricultural 315

coconuts 145

coffee and cacao culture 43

cold-storage industry 14

color manufacture 609

colors for naturalists and artists 662

conifers of the British Isles 145, 451

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

831

Books on— Continued. Page.

cotton 335, 636

cream raising 780

Crustacea and Arachnids 153

dairying and dairy work 681

Darwinism 776

dietetics 167

diptera 656

diseases of farm stock 183

dog distemper 288

domestic science, elementary 594

dry farming 133

education 693

eggs, preservation by cold storage 475

embryology of the chick 272

enteritis, pseudotuberculous, in cattle 685

ethereal oils and odoriferous bodies 415

eucalyptus culture 451

evolution of species 273

farmers, training 590

ferments and their actions 608, 703

fern culture 342

fertilizer and acid factories 716

experiments 224

fertilizers, manufacture 430

fig culture 240

flies, African blood-sucking 756

flower pollination 527

food adulteration 163

and drug analysis 508,611

inspection and analysis 411

legislation in France 164

foods and condiments 163

forest taxation 342

utilization 449

forestry 738

formaldehyde 304

frosts and hail 416

fruit culture in Japan 447

fruits of California 734

fungi 542

parasitic, on men and animals 353

garden making 642

gardening, history, and bibliography 43

gardens , rock 643

geography , physical 14

grafting 447

grain prices in India 796

grape culture and wine making 144

in America 42

Italy 733

under glass 144

hemiptera 655

hemoglobins, crystallography 701

heredity, thought, and transcendental

memory 72

horticulture 341

hygiene 265

Ichneumons of Great Britain 159

immunity 182, 385

insects 53

and arachnids, blood-sucking 353

injurious in Victoria 253

jam making and fruit bottling 710

land reform 290

lavender plantations 242

live stock breeding and managing 377

meat inspection 767

Books on— Continued. Page,

metabolism investigations, respiratory. . . 787

meteorology 312

agricultural 416

milk production 179

milling and baking industries 164

mosquitoes in Brazil 55

mutation theory 625

national parks 146

nature study 196, 398, 594

nitrogenous fertilizers, manufacture 622

nutrition 168, 568

and dietetics 768

diseases 567

oil analysis 12

oils, seed 608

orange recipes 167

pathogenic bacteria 182

peat 712

physiology, human 567

muscle 769

plant chemistry 509

diseases 344

food 322

galls 657

potato culture 39

poultry breeding 176,575

diseases 289

keeping 575

raising 380, 676

protein chemistry 301

protozoology 250

respiration and digestion 769

roses 449

rubber 740

school gardening 398

gardens 93

sex causation 472

silkworms 366

silviculture 342

social reform 168

soil management 519

soils 317, 693

spices 565

sugar laws in France 337

sweet peas 643

the Farmers' Union 292

thermochemistry 769

tobacco 637

trees and shrubs 145

of San Antonio 642

of California 451

Kentucky 738

tropical diseases 556

turkey raising 380

vegetable proteins 509

vertebrates, cave, in America 352

veterinary medicine 581

water 16

and sewage 712

supplies in tropical climates 17

weather forecasting 417

wheat 138

wind and weather 416

wine making 711

wood, nature and use 740

zapupe 234

Boophilus bovis. {See Cattle ticks.)

832

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Bordeaux— Page,

mixture —

analyses, Can 365

as affected by molasses 45G

chemical changes in 455

dry , tests 456

effect on plant growth 439

injurious to cucurbits, Conn.Storrs. . 743

preparation and use 249, 549, 653

N.H 748

Wis 247

soda, chemical changes in 456

sugar mixtures, composition and value. . 549

Borers injurious to guava trees, P.R 242

small, notes 356

Boric acid 1 detection in milk and butter C12

Bos taurus brachyccros, notes 777

origin 378

Botanic garden in Brooklyn 598

Botany, applied, association for 325

history and bibliography 325

international congress 300

Botrytis cincrca. iSee Grape gray rot.;)

sp., notes 151

Botrytis, source of nitrogen for 725

Bovine piroplasmosis, treatment 583

Bovines, inspection in Massachusetts 782

pulmonary exchanges in 787

Box-elder aphis, notes 57

Boys' agricultural clubs 398

U.S.D.A 594

country, manual training for 594

Brachartona catoxantha, injurious to coconuts. 358

Brachylepis salsa, notes 222

Bracon [ Mdanobracon] M'f66i, notes, U.S.D.A . 261

sp., notes, U.S.D.A 256

Bran, bleaching experiments 512

extract for pigs, Mo 772

Ohio 772

mixed, analyses, S.C 670

propagation of wheat smut by 746

rice, protective properties for beriberi.. 768
{Sec also Wheat, Oats, Rye, etc.)

Brandy, analyses 66, 164, 165

definition 765

drops, alcohol content 165

Bread, ancient, analysis 763

baking experiments 64

municipal, in Paris 264

composition 467

containing raisins, food value 467

crust, ferric chlorid reaction in 412

definition 366

digestibility 467

high prices, relation of farmers to 192

making from soy beans and gluten . . . 164

new method 368

micro-organisms in 64

plants, Kaflr, description 7()3

protection from contamination 264

relation to bleached flour 63

survival of pathogenic bacteria in 368

Breadfruit, propagation, P.R 237

Breakfast foods. (See Cereal foods.)

Breakfasts for school children 371

Breathing, deep, physiological effects , . . 375

Page.
Breeding. (See Animal breeding and Plant
breeding.)

Brewers' grains, analyses 375

Conn. State 670

La 670

N.Y. State 70

Vt 670

British Guiana, cost of living in 372

Brome grass, culture experiments, S.Dak 33

seed, examination, Nebr 39

grasses, introduction into California . . 134
Bromus incrmis. (See Brome grass.)

sccalinus smut, notes 148

spp., introduction Into California 134

Bronchitis, mechanical, in pigs 782

Brooders, electric, construction 775

heating by gasoline, U.S.D.A 295

Brooklyn Botanic Garden 598

Broom corn, culture, Okla 798

fertilizer experiments 431

millet, notes C36

varieties, S.Dak 33

varieties, Kans 726

grass hay, digestibility, S.Dak 71

Brown-burrowing cricket, injurious to to-
bacco 464

Brown-tail moth-
control. Can 354

in Cape of Good Hope 355

Massachusetts 55, 154

Rhode Island 555

disease, studies 155

flacherie, studies 358

in Massachusetts 654

New York 461, 465

notes 654

Mass 251

parasites, importation . . .- 559

notes 754

remedies 364

Bruchus prosopis, notes 57

Brussels sprouts, removal of mineral matter

by blanching 369

Buchu gin, misbranding, U.S.D..\. 664

Buckwheat —

assimilation of ammonium salts by 328

by-products, analyses. Conn. State 670

fertilizer experiments 324

flour, adulteration and misbranding,

U.S.D.A 467, 566

growth as affected by chlorin 223

hulls, composition and digestibility,

N.Y. State 70

varieties. Can 330

Kans 232

Bud variation, relation to plant breeding 528

Bud worms, injurious to tobacco 464

Buffaloes, dairy, in Roumania, studies 778

descriptions and measurements.. 571

domestic, in southern India 674

preservation in America 74

water, in Formosa 73

Bufo columbiensis , notes 353

lenfiginosus americanus, studies and

bibliography 353

marinus, destruction of ticks by 558

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

833

Page.

Building materials in Nebraska 396

Bulb, Kjoldahl connecting, niodifleation 114

Bulbs, culture in Holland, treatise 341

resting stages, investigations 29

Bull frogs, destruction of ticks by 558

Bullock manure, solid v. liquid, tests 440

Bulls, bleeding in different methods of slaugh-
tering 673

dairy, judging in Sweden 476

Butter-
abnormal, analyses 79

acidity in, measurement, U.S.D.A 295

relation to quality, S.Dak 579

adulteration, detection 710

analyses 67, 79, 665, 766

as affected by soy bean products, Mass. . 277

canned, demand for, in China 382

composition. 111 578

effect on quality, 111 480

factors affecting, 111 479

consumption in Siam 563

cost of production, Can 382

Okla 780

exports from Denmark 781

definition 366

effect on flour. Can 368

factory wastes, disposal 581

fat. (See Fat and Milk fat.)

flavor for bakers' goods 703

industry in Alberta 381

Wiirttemberg 381

keeping in cold storage 484

quality, bibliography, Mich . . . 482, 484

studies, Mich 480, 482

making experiments 477

Friwi system 385

from stale cream 580

in Iceland 781

New Hampshire, N. H 279

Normandy 780

Investigations, 111 579

Okla 780

on farms, 111 484

U.S.D.A 595

overrun in, 111 480

N.H 280

treatise 681

quality, relation to acidity, S. Dak 579

composition. 111 480

scoring, 111 580

exhibits in Finland 484

Wisconsin, Wis 484

starters, propagation. Wis 181

substitutes, notes 763

transportation in France 640

use by natives in Africa 78

whey, manufacture 182

Butterflies, breeding experiments 54

feeding habits 359

geographical distribution, treatise 359

North American, mimicry 554

(See al^o Lepidoptera.)

Buttermilk for pigs, Ind 271

pasteurization in Denmark 780

Butyrometrie apparatus, acid, standardizing. 516

Cabbage-
aphis, remedies, Va. Truck 161

bacterial rot, notes, Mass 244

black rot, dissemination 543

butterfly, notes 58

Can 354

parasite, biology 558

club root, notes 728

Fusarium wilt, studies , 453

looper, injurious to tobacco 464

notes, Va. Truck 161

root maggots, notes, N.J 160

soft rots, investigations, N.Y. State 049

worm, imported, notes 464

Can 354

notes, N.J 160

Va. Truck 101,102

Cabbages-
culture, Colo 640

S.C 640

decay in storage, U.S.D.A 142

fertilizer experiments 537

Mass 231

Va. Truck 147

insects affecting, Va. Truck 161

removal of mineral matter by blanching. . 3C9

test of strains. Pa 040

Cacao and coffee culture, treatise 43

borers affecting 350

diseases, descriptions 151, 744

notes 47, 248, 4.54. .547, 743

treatment 151

fertilizer experiments 538

industry in French colonies 340

insects affecting 47, 364

mammals affecting 364

witches' broom disease, studies 547

Cactus, spineless, culture on waste lands 441

Caculos, notes, P.R 252

Caddice flies, studies and bibliography 154

Cxoma nitens, sexuality 744

Cxtogxdia monticola, notes, Hawaii 459

Caffein, loss from coffee by roasting 67, 369

removal from foods 166

Cajanus indicus, analyses, Hawaii 69

Calaasbhes, introduction and culture,

U.S.D.A 2.38

Calandra sp., notes 356

Calceolaria rugosa disease, description ■ 452

Calcium and magnesium, separation 211

Calcium carbonate —

analyses. Conn. State 624

and carbonic acid, relation to soils 20

determination in soils 511

effect on —

cyanamid in soils 226

movement of water in soils 220

nitrogen content of soils 318

fixation 427

N.J 121

soils and plants 130

solubility of phosphates 129, 130

transpiration in plants 721

Calcium —

carbid, manufacture 127

834

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Calcium — Continuod. Page,

chlorid -

effect on decomposition of rocks GIC

milk serum, refraction 514, 612

specific gravity 514

citrate, manufacture, U.S.D.A 12

cyanamid-

as affected by air 226

calcium carbonate 226

storage 128,717

P.R 224

destruction of wild mustard by 338

effect on crops 338

plant growth 439

fertilizing value. ... 24, 127, 225, 226, 333, 334,
431,440,537,621,717,718

Hawaii 31

for grapes 733

industry, history 225

in Canada 125

France 225

manufacture 127, 225, 226. 431, 621, 717

nitrogen content as affectedby storage 128

properties 717

transformation in soils 226

use 226

U.S.D.A 526

determination 610

fluorid, methods of analysis 303

hypochlorite, use in cider making 312

ions, transfer from plant cells 131

malate, effect on nitrogen fixation 427

metabolism as effected by fish diet 370

nitrate-
as a top-dressing 621

basic, fertilizing value 431

effect on solubility of phosphates 128

fertilizing value 126,

3.34,431,441,446,621,717

industry in Norway 622

manufacture 24, 127,621

mixing with nitrolime 24

use, U.S.D.A 526

oxid, determination in presence of silica. 511

pjrrophosphates, manufacture and use ... 622

salts, effect on Bacillus suMilis 531

germination of corn 228

food value for nitrogen-fixing or-
ganisms 428

State of , in milk 302

sucrate, detection in milk 10

sulphate. {Sec Gypsum.)

Calf meal, analyses, N.H 776

Caliephialtes messer, notes 355

California Fruit Growers' Exchange 794

Station, notes 399,695

University, notes 95, 399, 695, 800

" wheat, misrepresentation, U.S.D.A. 729

Calligrapha, new species, descriptions 57

Callicrapha phiUdetphica, notes 57

Calliphora dux, notes, Hawaii 58

sp., studies 55

Callosamia promethea, parasitism 755

Calocorisfulvomaculalus, injurious to hops. . . 364
Calorimeter, bomb, use in determination of

phosphorus 411

Calves-- Page,
bleedingin different methods of slaughter-
ing 673

determination of age in 674

feeding experiments 774

Can 376

Mich 573

N.Y.Cornell 73

U.S.D.A 295

hookworms in 287

innnunization against tuberculosis 185

white scours 788

parasites in digestive tract of, S.C 088

Calyptospora columnaris, aecidial stage 348

Cambridge University, agriculture in 698

Camels, variation of temperature in 187

Canaries, breeding experiments 172

Canavalia cnsiformis, analyses, Hawaii 69

Cane sirup, misbranding, U.S.D.A 262

sugar and maple sirup mixtures, detec-
tion, U.S.D.A 709

detection in plants 305

determination, U.S.D.A 412

production of formaldehyde from . 212

treatise 312

Canestriana sp., notes, U.S.D.A 257

Canine distemper. (See Dog distemper.)

piroplasmosis, studies 582

Cankerworm, fall, notes 753

notes 654

Can 355

Canned apricots, misbranding, U.S.D.A 467

cherries, misbranding, U.S.D.A 767

fruits, analyses 707

goods, chemistry of 312

discoloration by iron 514

misbranding, U.S.D.A 07

sterilization 13,312

peas, examination 13

mi-sbranding, U.S.D.A 767

Cantaloups. (See Muskmelons.)

Cantharellus cibarius, cholin content 764

Caoutchouc. (See Rubber.)

Capercaillie, internal parasites of 189

Capnodium olxophilum , remedies 560

Caracas cocoa, labeling, U.S.D.A 767

Caradrina eiigua, notes 751

Carbohydrates —

determination in feeding stuffs 612

effect on—

digestion of casein 770

formation of pentosans in plants 721

protein metabolism 169, 170

in seeds, studies 437

molecular weight, determination 304

relation to formation of anthocyanin 132

requirements by pigs, 111 574

role in dough fermentation 467

Carbolic acid, effect on vegetation. Mass 235

Carbolineum as an insecticide 3(i5

Carbon—

bisulphid —

destruction of weeds by, Hawaii 731

effect on nitrogen fixation 427

soils,P.R 224

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

835

Carbon— Continued. Page,

bisulphid— continued.

fumigation, U.S.1)..\ 162

(lioxid—

assimilation by plants 28. 229

in leaves 530

effect on decompo.sition of rocks 016

fertilizing value. 024

respiration from seeds 436

disulphid for sugar beets 137

effect of nitrogen fi.xation 221

Carbonic acid and calcium carbonate, relation

to soils 20

Carbonophosphates in milk 112

CaccUa gnava, studies 3()0, 301

Cardoons, culture 238

insects affecting 238

Carnations, culture experiments, N.J 141

Carpet beetles, remedies 560

Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth.;

Carrots, analyses, Can 375

culture in New Zealand 729

r61e of mineral salts in 131

varieties, Can 330

Carthamus tinctorius flower disease, notes 751

Casein bread, effect on protein metabolism. . . 169

coagulation as affected by gelatin 467

determination in milk 113,710

N.Y. State 112

digestion as affected by carbohydrates . 770

leucin fraction in 8

methods of analysis 710

Can 309

nitrogen factor for 309

physiological effects 568

proteolysis 509

tsst, use in cheese factories, Wis 515

Caseous lymphadenitis, prevalence in Cape

Colony 580

Cassava, analyses 467

flour, hydrocyanic acid in 709

starch, analj'ses 08

varieties 441

waste, analyses, Hawaii 69

Casinia licus, notes 253

Castor-bean meal, to.xicitj- 81

beans, germination investigations 720

pomace, analyses, Hawaii 26

silk industry in India 60

Castration, effect on animals 673

metabolism 672

Casuarina wood-borer, notes 751

Catalase, determination, apparatus for 710

functions 302

in milk 514, 703

r61e in germination of seeds 720

Catalpa sphinx, notes, N.J 160

Catanclla impudica, analyses 68

Caterpillar, leaf-folding, notes, Hawaii 59

sunt, notes 751

Caterpillars, social, notes 57

Catolacciis anthonomi, parasitic on strawberry

weevil, N.J 658

Catsup, examination 67

Me 467

misbranding, U.S.D.A 263

52795°— VOL 22—10 4

Cattle— Page.

breeding in German colonies G74

Holland 274, 777

British, evolution 473

disease, new, bibliography 488

diseases, contagious, prevalence in India. 783

in New Zealand 183

notes, Mich 081

report on, U.S.D.A 285

exports, P.R 207

feeding and managing, treatise 377

experiments 269

U.S.D.A 197

Hereford, treatise 571

hornless, origin 273, 378

immunization against—

black quarter 485

rinderpest 485, 783

Texas fever .- 783

tuberculosis. 87, 185, 180, 084, 085

improvement, P.R 268

in Bavaria 774

Indian, in Jamaica 74, 583

industry in southern India. 674

western Canada 475

inspection in Massachusetts 781

Malagasy, imports into France 274

manure, residual effects 440

Nellore, in the Philippines 173

new intracorpuscular parasite in 487

opthalmic reaction to tuberculin 786

plague. (See Rinderpest.)

poisoning by loco weeds 783

raw potatoes 284

tutu plants 486

slaughter tests 99

ticks, dissemination 558

notes 558

(See also Ticks.)

types in the British Museum 172

value of twins for breeding 570

Cauliflower-
bacterial rot, notes. Mass 244

soft rots, investigations, N.Y. State 649

Cauliflowers, removal of mineral matter by

blanching 369

Cave beetles, notes and bibliography 557

Cayenne pepper, analyses 164

Cecidomyia destructor. (See Hessian fly.)

leguminicola, notes. Can 354

nigra, remedies 304

Cecidomyiidae, new species, descriptions 556

Cecropia moth, parasitism 754

Cedar rust, life history, Nebr 47

studies 451

Celery blight, treatment, Cal 244

caterpillar, studies, U.S.D.A 258

crown rot, studies. Mass 245

culture, Colo 640

diseases, studies 746

fertilizer experiments, Kans 238

removal of mineral matter by blanch-
ing 369

Cells, biology of, treatise 776

chemical mechanics in division of 272

ganglion, as affected by diseases 283

836

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Cells in milk, naluro 383

Cellulose, digestibility, investigations 474

Cement dust, effect on plants 29

CeJtchrus Iribuloides, introdurtion into Cali-
fornia 134

Census, decennial, U.S.D. A (J92

Centipede, house, remedies 560

Central New York Egg and Poultry Ship-
pers' Association 591

Cerapachys [Syscia] silvcstrii n. sp., descrip-
tion 700

Ceratitis capitata, notes 101

spp., list and bibliography 752

striata n. sp., description 559

Ceratoma trifurcata. (See Bean leaf beetle.)
Ceratnmia catalpx. (See Catalpa sphinx.)
Ceratophyllus fasciatus, distribution on ro-
dents 255

gallinx, notes 301

CeratostomeUa carulea, notes 152

Cercopida?, parasitism 744

Cercopithecus patas, new spirillum in 581

Cercospora sacchari, notes, Hawaii 49

Cereal diseases, notes 742

treatment, N.Dak 744

foods, analyses. Conn. State 602

Fusarium diseases, studies 543

stem rot, studies 148

Ceraline feeds, analyses 375

Cereals —

adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D. A. 269

air-dried, respiration in 130

culture in Japan 68

fertilizer experiments 126, 323

germination experiments 435

high prices, relation of farmers to 192

imports into Great Britain 195

insects affecting 560, 742

misbranding, U.S.D. A 07

morphological changes in, treatise 138

seed and harvest tune in Bengal 134

varieties, origin and relationsfiip 020

(See also specific kinds.)

Cerebro-spinal meningitis, enzootic, in horses. 187

Ceroplastes rusci, notes 00, 162

Cestodes, relation to bacterial diseases 250

Chsetocnema confinis, notes, N.J 160

Chalcidida? of Italy 760

Chalcidoidea, new species, descriptions 57

Chalcodermus collarishorn, notes 57

Chalk soils, fertilizers for 525

moisture investigations 15

Champignons, reaction for 709

Charadrius fulvus, eating of army worms and

cutworms by, Hawaii 459

Charaxes spp., feeding habits 359

Charbon. (See Anthrax.)

Charcoal, effect on rennet action 008

kiln, Japanese, description 344

Charlock. (See Mustard, wild.)
Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus, destructive to

codling moth 400

Cheese —

acidity in, measurement, U.S.D. A 295

Alpine, defects in 780

analyses 781

Cheese— Continued. Page.

Camembert, making, Conn.Storrs 79

U.S.D. A 595

bibliography. Conn.

Storrs 80

Cantal, manufacture 780

cottage, manufacture, N.Y.Cornell 781

cream, absorption of tin by 370

curing. (See Chee.se, ripening.)

discoloration by dairy utensils 280

early and late, studies 781

Emmental, as affected by MoniUa nigra

n. sp 182

bacteria in, studies 181,385

bacterial cultures from 580

ripening investigations 182

factories in Alberta 381

Wurttemberg 381

use of casein test in. Wis 515

factory wastes, disposal 581

fancy, manufacture, N.Y.Cornell 781

from goats' milk, manufacture 781

industry in Alberta 381

Denmark 781

Wiirttemburg 381

Laguinole, manufacture 780

layer, analyses 680

making 477

at Lodi 781

in Iceland 781

relation to abnormal milk 680

with pasteurized milk 80

misbranding, U.S.D.A 664

Neufchatel, manufacture, N.Y.Cornell. . . 781

new form in England, description 484

ripening, chemistry of 781

Roquefort, manufacture 780

Russian-Swiss, bacteria in, studies 384

sap sago, analyses 680

scoring exhibits in Wisconsin, Wis 484

short, studies 77

skippers, remedies 500

soft, making from pasteurized milk 80

starters, propagation, Wis 181

use by natives in Africa .' 78

yields, computation 280

Cheimatobia brumata, remedies 364

Chelone, nematodes affecting 452

Chelonus blachburni, notes, Hawaii 59

Chemical —

analysis, treatise 508

apparatus, standardization 311

control stations in Norway 295

conversion tables, book 210

indicators as affected by neutral salts 708

laboratory at Roulers, report 114

novelties, treatise 704

station at Orebro, report 12

technical analysis, treatise 508

Chemicals —

effect on bud development 133

nitrogen fixation by Azotobac-

ter 724

transpiration of plants 721

ripening of dates by 209, 703

use in foods, Me 566

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

837

Chemistry— Page.

agricultural, progress in 311

relation to colloids 208, 509

chlorophyll, nomenclature 208

colloid, description 509

relation to soils 411

relations 208, .509

food and condimental, treatise 508

progress in 311

milk, work in 190!) 114

plant, treatise 509

protein, progress in 301

treatise 301

sugar, treatise 215

yearbook 311

Chermes abktis, notes 054

Me 553

pinUolix, remedies, Me 552

spp., biology 357

notes 154

Cherries, canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 767

fertilizer experiments 718

parthenogenesis in 639

varieties for Wyoming 640

Cherry aphis, notes 356

gummosis, notes 50

juice, acidity of 65

scale, notes, N.J 160

Chess, soft, introduction into California 134

Chest measurements, relation to thoracic or-
gans 776

Chestnut black canker, studies 749

blight, investigations 652

disease in Spain, studies 455

leaves, nitrogen content 28

Chestnuts, significance in solid-hoofed mam-
mals 672

Chick-peas, germination experiments 326

Chicken cholera organism, aggressions of 686

feed, analyses, N.H 776

Chickens, cost of raising in New Zealand 775

mites affecting 5.58

(See also Fowls, Poultry, etc.)

Chicks, incubation and brooding, treatise 380

late hatching experiments. Can 380

mortality during incubation 775

Chicory, analyses 565

composition 709

methods of analj'sis 709

nature and use 565

Chiggoe flea, notes 559

Children In health and disease, treatise 266

school, breakfasts for 371

feeding 168, 372

malnutrition 108

penny lunches for 371, 767

young, food consumption. U.S.D.A . 561
Children's gardens. {See School gardens.)

Chillies, varieties 232

China, cost of living in 372

Chinch bug, injurious to com, Ky 751

notes 57, 257

Can 354

Kans 251

remedies, Kans 655

studies, U.S.D.A 463

Page.

Chionaspis citri, notes, P.R 252

euonymi. (See Euonymus scale.)
furfura. (See Scurfy scale.)

spp. , number of eggs laid by 253

Chipmunks, transmission of spotted ferer

by 683,786

Chlorids —

detection in gelatin ,307

distribution in striated muscle 267

effect on determination of—

nitrates in water 707

nitric nitrogen in soils, Utah 018

Chlorin, determination 9

effect on buckwheat 223

Chloridea obsoleta. (See Heliothis ohsoleta.)

Chloroform, effect on ripening of dates 704

Chlorophyll, assimilation and sj-n thesis 132

biology of, treatise 131

bodies, studies 131

formation, conditions affecting . 329
relation to phospho-
rus 329

nature 438

Chocolate, analyses 766

com, misrepresentation, U.S.D.A. 729

Cholesterin, determination 306

Chop-feed, analyses 375

Chromium o.xid, methods of analysis 303

Chrysanthemum rot, studies 750

Chrysanthemums, nematodes affecting 351

Chrysomphalus —

ficus (aonidum). (See Florida red scale.)

obscuTus, injurious to pecans 465

spp., notes 160

tenebricosus. (See Gloomy scale.)
Chrpsomyia macellaria. (Scf Screw-worm.)

Chrysomyxa ramischix n. sp., description 647

Chrysophlyctis endobiolica —

inoculation experiments 545

notes 149, 246, 346

studies 649, 650

Can 545

Chrysops costalis, notes 559

Churches, country, relation to agriculture 499

Churn, new, tests 77

Cicada, periodical, in Massachusetts, Mass 253

Cider, analyses, U.S.D.A 416

artificial sweetening, detection 415

cold storage, U.S.D.A 415

definition 565

making experiments, U.S.D.A 214

paper on 415

use of calcium hypochlorite in. 312

preservation with sodium benzoate 569

vinegar, adulteration and misbrand-
ing, U.S.D.A 767

manufacture 416

Cigar case bearer, notes 653, 654

Cigarette beetle, injurious lo stored tobacco . . 464

Cimex lectularius. (See Bedbug.)

Cinnamic acid, determination in presence of

benzoic acid 707

Cinnamon trees, galls of, in Ceylon .365

Cirphis spp. , notes, Hawaii 458

Citellm beecheyi, plague of, studies 352

838

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

I'agc.

Oitellus bcecheyi, transmissiou of plague by . . . 250
Cilral, determination in lemon extracts and

oils M3

Citric acid, methods of analysis 9

Citronella grass, distillation of oil from 232

Citrons, history, relation, and bibliography . . 240

Citrus aurantium , origin 340

medira, history and bibliography 240

spp. , breeding experiments 340

Citrus diseases, notes 350

P.R 245

frmts,culture in south Texas.U.S.D.A. 197

Texas 538

exports from Natal 737

fertilizer experiments, P.R 236

gummosis, causes 050

notes 350

stocks for, tests, Hawaii 41

varieties, P.R 236

(See also Oranges, Lemons, etc.)

industry in California 794

leaf disease, notes 350

mealy bug, notes , Hawaii 58

synonymy 753

products, insects allecting 57

Cladosporium butyri, notes 181

carpophiluvi, notes, Can 350

hcrbarum as affected by nutrient

solutions 27

Cladosporium, source of nitrogen for 725

Clathrus trilobatus, notes, Hawaii 49

Clay, plasticity, treatise 712

Clemson College, notes 90, 697

Climate—

and its variations , treatise 313

as affected by forests 510

changes in 517

dynamics of 517

effect on composition of sugar beets. Can. 331

fruits 240

morphology of cereals 138

method of advertising, U.S.D.A 215

of Argentina 420

British Columbia 292

Brunswick, Ga., U.S.D.A 617

Buenos Aires 14

Dahomey 390

Idaho, U.S.D.A 88

India 420

Japan ■ 15

Nebraska 390

New South Wales 117

Pendar County, N.C., U.S.D.A 423

Texas, U.S.D.A 588

the Gold Coast and Ashanti 450

Truckee-Carson region, U.S.D.A 35

Wyoming, relation to dry farming 14

relation to crop yields 345

grape culture 144

requirements of Para rubber 646

tropical, water supplies in, treatise 17

variations in 314

correlation 217

{Sec also Meteorology.)

Climatography , agricultural, treatise 315

Climatology of Columbian Plateau 420

Page.

Climatology, problems in, U.S.D.A 615

(See also Meteorology.)

Clilandra elastica, analyses 740

Clivina impressifrons, studies, U.S.D.A 256

Clostridia, nitrogen-fixing, identity 123

Clostridium sp., in nitro-bacterine 428

Clothes moths, remedies 560

Clouds, cirrus, relation to rainfall 217

false cirrus, display, U.S.D.A 418

Clover—

alsike, fertilizer experiments, Mass 231

varieties. Can 330

analyses 669

and grass mixtures for meadows 725

as a green manure, Ala. Canebrake 634

Can 331

affected by calcium cyanamid 338

canker, notes 346

crimson, culture experiments 34

culture in Wisconsin, Wis. 442

effect on soil fertility 524

fertilizer experiments 324

Can 332

Ohio 23

from clover-sick soil, characteristics 320

sewage meadows, analyses 573

germination tests 731

inoculation experiments 320

Can 331

leaf spot, inoculation experiments 648

weevil, lesser, studies, U.S.D.A 256

liming, Ohio 495

red, assimilation of phosphoric acid by. . 623

inoculation experiments, N.J 715

seed, adulteration and misbranding,

U.S.D.A (:,38

examination, Nebr .39

self sterility in 231

varieties, Can 330

root curculio, studies, U.S.D.A 758

.seed, examination, Nebr 39

Vt C38

marketing in European countries . . 442

midge, notes. Can 354

production in European countries. . 442

Wisconsin^ Wis 443

seeding experiments, Can 3.33

varieties. Wis 443

yellow, as a green manure 429

Club root disease, notes and bibliography. . . 246

investigations 546

Cluster fly, remedies 500

Cnidocampa flavcscens. {See Oriental moth.)

Coco-bola, notes, N.Dak 202

Cocaine as an anesthetic 486

Coccidae, catalogue, U.S.D.A 554

notes CO

of California 554

Italy, new genera and species 753

Ontario, papers on 559

West Africa, notes 154

Wisconsin 554

Coccidia, detection 581

Coccidiosis, intestinal, in young animals 790

Coccidium cuniculi, detection 581

Cpccinellidis of Madagascar, revision 362

INDEX OP SUBJECTS.

839

Page.

CtjcvOp)iagus cinguliventris n. sp., description. 363

Iccantii, bibliography 363

spp. , notes 363

Coccus elongatus, synonymy 753

sp. , in nitro-bacterine 428

Cochlearia armoracia, raising from seed 339

Cochin lila barbard, notes 751

Cocklebur, destruction, Wis 1-50

Cockroaches, Central American, in New York. 65-1

remedies StK)

Cocksfoot, fertilizer experiments 442

Cocoa butter, refraction 113

Caracas, labeling, U.S.D. A 767

culture 442

definition 366

examination, Me 467

methods of analysis 413

powders, fat and water content 67

Cocofat, refraction 113

Coconut cake, effect on composition of milk

fat 710

milk secretion 677

oil, preparation 145

products, preparation 145

stem disease, notes 248

studies 351

Coconuts, culture in India 445

fertilizer experiments 442

insects afiecting 356, 358

treatise 145

Codfish, analyses, Conn. State 662

Codling moth, life historj': 459

notes 654

Can 355

parasites, notes 161, 355

regulations concerning 355

remedies 364, 460

Mo.Fruit 258

N.H 754

Wash 461

CanuTus cmbralis, treatment 489

serialis in a goat 287

sp. in a rabbit, notes 189

Coffea arahka, notes 51

robusta, culture in Federated Malay

States 737

Coffee, adulterated, detection 513, 612

analyses 449,766

Conn.State 662

and cacao culture, treatise 43

bean weevil, investigations 758

beetles, notes 709

caffein content 67, 369

composition 709

cost of raising and marketing, P.R 242

culture 442, 449

P.R 241

in Federated Malay States. . . . 737

New South Wales 539

definition 366

diseases, descriptions 151

notes 51 , 350, 743

examination 67

Me 67

extract and infusion, notes 565

identification 709

Page.

Coffee, injuries to, by various organisms 351

insects affecting 351,356.364

P.R 242.252

leaf spot, notes 51

loss of caffein from, in roasting 369

methods of analysis 709

misbranding, U.S.D. A 767

nematodes affecting 51, 351

osmotic pressure of 668

plantations, renovation 642

statistics, U.S.D. A 692

varieties 449

Cognac. {See Brandy.)

Coke, analyses 214

Cold frames, preparation and use, Colo 640

Spring Harbor I3iological Laboratory,

agriculture in 598

storage —

effect on beef and poultry 60

evaporimeter, description, U.S.D. A. 14

for apples, Iowa 142

butter 484

cider, U.S.D. A 415

meat 164

industry, treatise and bibliography. 14

waves in south-central Wisconsin 217

periodicity in 314

Coleophora fietcherella. (See Cigar case-
bearer. )

spp., injurious to pears 255

Coleoptera, catalogue 756

distribution in Indiana 551

injurious to pines 362

North American, classification. .. 362
Coli bacillus. {See Bacillus coli communis.)
Colleges. {See Agricultural colleges.)

Collembola, role of, in economic entomology . 251

Colletotrichum lindemulhianum, dissemination 543

studies 546

malvaru7n, noies 454

Colloid chemistry, description 509

substances in cultivated soils 208

Colloids, determination in clay 610

organic, in sewage water 119

relation to agricultural chemistry. 208, 509
Colocynth, adulteration and misbranding,

U.S.D.A 767

Colorado College, notes 95,496

State Beekeepers' Association 365

Coloring matter, standards in foods, Nev 664

Colors for naturalists and artists, treatise 662

manufacture, handbook 509

Colostrum bodies, relation to lactation period. 778

catalase reaction in 514

Columbia River, annual rise, U.S.D.A 216

University, agriculture in 299

Composts, composition 523

preparation in Japan 523

Concrete fence posts, construction, Colo 191

Condensation investigations on chalk soils. . . 15

Condiment plants, paper on 737

Condiments and foods, te.xt-book 163

legislation in Switzerland 367

Confectionery, adulteration, U.S.D.A 767

alcohol content 165

analyses 767

840

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Confoetionory, use of sugar and corn sirup for 117

Conifer disease, cause 749

Conifers —

culture in Northeastern States, U.S.D.A. 242

of the British Isles, treatise 145,451

Coniothecium arachideum n. sp., description. . 34(1

Coniothyrium fuckelii, notes 349

Connecticut-
State Station, notes 198,296

Storrs Station, financial statement 798

report of director 798

Conorhinus rubrnfasciatus, studies 288

Conotrachelus nenuphar. (See Plum cur-
culio.)

Conservation congress at St. Paul 597

Contarinia gossypii, notes 360

johnsoni, notes 654

Convulsions in young pigs 392

Cookers, flreless, tests 265

Cookery books, bibliography 167

Cooking apparatus for army use 265

cheap cuts of meat 565

chemistry of 470

flreless, pamphlet on 470

outline of courses in 294

Cooks, training schools for 265

Cooperage stock, production in the United

States 243

Copper —

arsenite as a wood preservative 542

compounds, studies 304

detection in cheese curd 212

determination in canned vegetables 413

fungicides, tests of adherence 454

germicidal action 629

humus mixture, effect on plant growth . . 439

in canned vegetables 565

certified milk 77

soils by spraying 152

salt, new, fungicidal value 457

sulphate, effect on alcholic fermentation . . 115

plant growth 439

solutions as affected by lime. . . 456

use in greening foods 565

Copra, exports from the Gold Coast 341

preparation 145

Cord grass hay, digestibility, S.Dak 71

Cordyligastersepientrionalisn. sp., description. 464

Coriaria spp., toxic properties 486

Corizus lateralis, life history 551

Cork oak disease, notes 742

Corn, air-dried, respiration in 436

analyses 375

and cob meal for pigs, Iowa 175

apogamy in 528

as a cause of pellagra 169

affected by drainage 589

reflorit 439

assimilation of amins by 722

ammonium salts by 328

bacterial disease, dissemination 543

bran, analyses, N.Y. State 70

breeding experiments 535, 627

Nebr 444

by-products, analyses 172

Conn. State 670

canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 67, 566

Page.

Corn, Chinese, Xenia characters in, U.S.D.A. 444

chop, analyses 70

La 670

Miss 670

Okla 776

for pigs. Pa 475

cost of production—

in Massachusetts, Mass 232

Minnesota 691

North Dakota (>91

culture 335

Fla 534

experiments, Can 331

Ga 6.33

Nebr 444

S.Dak 33

deterioration in storage, U.S.D.A 445

digestibility, S.Dak 71

dry-rot, studiesand bibliography, Nebr. 48

earworm, investigations, Kans 754

notes 57

Kans 251

exhibits, preparation and display, Ky. 729

exposition at Columbus COO

extract, photodynamic effects 27

feeds, analyses, Vt 670

fertilizer experiments 226. 431

Can 331

Ga 633

Mass 231

N.J 134

' Ohio ■ 23

fodder, culture experiments, S. Dak 33

varieties. Can 532

for pigs, Iowa 174

Mo 772

Ohio 772

steers 97

germination as affected by calcium

salts 228

experiments 326

growing contests, prizes in :'.9i

history of, in China, U.S.D.A 444

imports into Great Britain 195

improvement, bibliography, Ky 729

inoculation experiments, N.J 121

insects affecting 257, 751

Ky 751

irrigation experiments, Utah 426

leaf miners affecting .' .356

meal, analyses, Ohio 173

S.C 670

misbranding, U.S.D.A 767

new type from China, description,

U.S.D.A 443

notes 534

oil, exports from the United States 312

planting experiments, Ga 633

plowing experiments 441

pollination e.xperiments 535

prices in Australia 192

production for seed, N. J 134

of alcohol from , N. Mex 13

products, analyses. Can 375

relation to pellagra 64

removal of mineral matter by blanch-
ing 369

INDEX OF STTB.TEOTS.

841

Page.

Corn, root louse, investigations, S.C 655

worm, injurious to tobacco 464

southern, notes, Va. Truck. 162

score card for 729

Wis 233

seed selection 729

Fla 534

Ohio 495

Okla 798

testing by specific gravity 534

seedlings, respiration investigations 029

sewage sludge for 120

silage. (Sec Silage.)
sirup, use for confectionery and pre-
serves 117

smut, notes 745

standards of perfection, Ky 729

starch, manufacture in the United

States 312

stover, digestibility, S.Dak 71

study by boys and girls 196

tillers in, economic value, Nebr 444

varieties 335, 431 , 534

Can 330

Ga 633

Ind 725,726

Kans 726

N.J 134

S.Dak 34.727

worm, notes 654

N..1 160

yield, relation to soil productivity,

U.S.D.A 18

Corncobs, composition and digestibility, N.Y.

State 70

Cornell Station , notes 199

University, notes 199, 696

rise 92

Corpuscles in animal blood, bibliography 385

Corrals, descriptions, Cal 577

Correlation in animal breeding, determina-
tion 671

organic, mechanism for 672

Corrodent ia. North American, new genera

and species 752

Corrosive sublimate-
effect on vegetation , Mass 235

preparation and use 345

Corticium vagum solans, studies 746

Corynespora mazei, description 346

Coryneum beyerinkii, studies, Cal 244

foliicnlum, studies, Me 547

mori, notes 51

perniciosum n. sp., description 749

Cossonidse of New Zealand, revision 255

Cossus lignipcrda, remedies £60

Cost of living in British Guiana. 372

China 372

Cotton-
address on, U.S.D.A 636

American, botany and origin 528

selection 442

anthracnose, investigations 544

S.C 648

perfect stage 452

aphis, notes 356

Hawaii 58

Cotton — Continued. Page.

boll weevil, control in Louisiana 750

destruction in winter 463

hibernation in Louisiana 756

remedies 756

bollworm, Egyptian, notes 751

notes 257, 464

Hawaii 59

small, notes 751

breeding 233

cytological aspects 529

experiments 35, 529

U.S.D.A 37

Caravonica varieties 136

cloth, bleaching, notes 17

culture 441

experiments 334, 441

Ala.Canebrake 634

Ariz 38

in Nyasaland 635

the United States, U.S.D.A... 636

various colonies 445

on water-logged soils 440

- diseases, notes 233

Egyptian, variations in, U.S.D.A 37

fertilizer experiments 440, 441

Ala.Canebrake... 633,634

Ga 635

flower-bud maggot, notes 360

handling and marketing 441

Hindi, origin, U.S.D.A 445

industry in the United States 38

insects affecting 636, 751

Hawaii 58,59

leaf beetle, notes 58

notes 534

plowing experiments 334

refuse, fertilizing value 441

root louse, investigations, S.C 655

seed as affected by storage 233

cake, analyses, Okla 776

feeds, analyses, La 670

Vt 670

hulls, adulteration, U.S.D.A 269

analyses, Okla 776

use 416

seed meal-
adulteration, U.S.D.A 776

analyses 69, 70, 172, 375

Can 375

Conn.State 670

La 670

Miss 624

N.H 776

N.Y.State 70

Okla 776

S.C 670

Vt 670

discovery of toxic property 501

fermented, for pigs, U.S.D.A 595

fertilizing value, Ala.Canebrake 033,634

Ga 033

for cows. Mass 276

S.C 676

inspection. Miss 624

physiological effects, S.C 681

seed oil as food in the Levant 369

effect on flour, Can 368

842

KXPEKIMENT STATION RECOKD.

Cotton— Continued. I'age.

seed oil, use in canning fisli 2Gi

products, food value 330

methods of analysis 213

soils, fertilizers for, U.S. D. A 23

spinners' and manufacturers' associa-
tions, international congress 445

statistics 38, 445

stem niagpot , notes, Hawaii 58

supply, regulation in various countries... 44.')

topping experiments 440

treatise 335, 630

varieties 136, 232, 233, 334, 440, 441 , 445, 5.33

Ala.Canebrake 634

Ariz 38

Ga 6:55

Hawaii J 33

American upland, U.S.D.A 635

local adjustment, U.S.D.A 30

yam, bleaching and dyeing 17

yields, as affected by-
fertilizers, Ala.Canebrake 034

screening seed , Ga 635

statistics, U.S.D.A 23

wilt, notes, Ga 635

worm, Egyptian, remedies 751

Cottonwood gas, composition 009

Cover crops for orchards, Hawaii 41

P.R 230

Couch grass smut, notes 745

Coumarin and vanillin, differentiation 308

in plants as affected by anesthetics

and freezing 430

Country life commissions, notes 300

Cow disease, notes, Mich 081

manure, analyses. Can 325

stalls, sanitary, description. Wis 589

testing associations in Norway 295, 470

Cowpea fodder, analyses, Hawaii 09

Cowpeas, analyses, Hawaii 20

as a cover crop, Hawaii 41

breeding experiments, P.R 237

inoculation experiments, N.J 715

notes 534

varieties, Ind 726

Kans 726

P.R 237

Cows as affected by cotton-seed meal, S.C 081

bleeding in different methods of slaugh-
tering 673

concentrates v. home-grown grains for.. 676

digestion experiments 474

feeding experiments 268, 477, 778

Mass 275, 270

N.Y.Cornell 70

Grand Traverse disease of, Mich 285

health of, effect on milk 77

in Japan and Formosa 73

Wiirttemberg 381

inspection in Massachusetts 782

lactation period as related to colostrum

bodies 778

linseed meal for 77

mangels for 477

U.S.D.A 595

methods of feeding, Cal 577

poisoning by lead arsenate, Mass 284

raw potatoes 284

Pag6.

Cows, poisoning by soy-bean meal 783

potatoes for ~(,

rations for, S.C 076

record.s. (See Dairy herd records.)

soy-bean products for 477

sterility in 774

sugar-beet pulp for 477

testing, value of, Wis 577

Crabs, food value ]fi4

Crambe miritima, gathering and curing . . 764

Crambus caliginocellus, notes 257

Cranberries, cooking, German method .369

culture experiments 142

insects affecting, N.J KiO

markets for, in Europe 309

Crape myrtle flowers, variation and correla-
tion in 52s

Cream —

adulteration, U.S.D.A'. 7i)7

analyses 7ti7

balance, description 280

composition 680

decomposition degree in 515

exhibition at I'ittsburg, U.S.D.A 77

handling in hot weather, Okla 798

on farms. 111 484

law concerning, in Algeria 467

of tartar, examination 704

pasteurized, effect on butter, 111 579

pasteurization in Denmark 780

raising, history and bibliography 780

. scoring, U.S.D.A 78

stale, as affected by ozone 580

whipped, notes, U.S.D.A 595

Creameries, cost of construction and equip-
ment 78

in Alberta 381

Wiirttemberg 381

payment for milk at 478

Creamery, cooperative, in \'ienna, descrip-
tion 382

Creatinin, determination 309

Cremastogaster ashmeadi, destructive to cod-
ling moth 400

Crenis boisduvali, feeding habits 359

Creosote as a wood preservative 740

effect on growth of grapes 448

Cresol soap solutions, examination 415

Cress, assimilation of amids by 132

nutrition with formaldehyde 328

Crickets, remedies 560

Crimson clover. {See Clover, crimson.)

Criocephalus ferun, notes 362

Crioceris asparagi. (See Asparagus beetle.)

Crithidia hystrichopsyllx n. sp., description.. . 251

Cronartium ribicola, notes 52

Crop diseases, distribution in East Prussia. . . 345

mixtures, fertilizer experiments. Can. . . . .331

pest law in Louisiana 750

reports, U.S.D.A.. 91,195,293,493,593,032,796

index, U.S.D.A 92

rotations. (See Rotation.)
yields, relation to —

North Sea 517

soil productivity, U.S.D.A 18

weather 345

Crops, cost of production in Minnesota 091

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

843

Page.

Crops, culture 442,534

in Japan C8

the Truckee-Carson region,

U.S.D.A 35

with soy beans, U.S. D. A 39

fertilizer experiments 320, 718

formulas for 26

fodder, culture 442

handling and marketing 732

notes 534

of Nebraska 390

production in Spain 323

relation to parasitic fungi 245

seed and harvest time in Bengal 134

silage, culture and harvesting 070

varieties 341

Ariz 418

water requirements 124

Crotalaria, destruction, Hawaii 731

Crotilaria ju7icea , culture in India 445

Crolophaga ani. destructiou of ticks by 558

("row blackbird, food of. U.S.D.A 197

Crown gall, notes 647

Mass 244

rot, cause and prevention, N.Y. State. 050

rust, infection experiments 744

Cruciferae, utilization of tricalcium phosphate

by 324

Crude fiber. {See Cellulose.)

petroleum. (See Petroleum.)

Crustacea and Arachnids, treatise 153

marine, use as food 104

Cryptoiscus oligosporus n. g. and sp., descrip-
tion C52

Cryptobia, synonymy and bibliography.

U.S.D.A 281

Cryploblabes aliena n. sp., description, Hawaii 156

notes, Hawaii 59

Cryptococcwt fiTciminosus, notes 392

Cryptorhynchus bitatse, notes 57

Clenopsyllus musculi, distribution on rodents 255

Cucumber beetle, notes 464

striped, notes 750

Va. Truck... 162

blight, treatment, Conn.Storrs 743

canker, notes 50

flea beetle, notes 750

leaf spot, notes 340

Cucumbers, breeding experiments, P.R 237

fumigation experiments. Mass... 259

Insects affecting 750

Va.Truck 101

parthenogenesis in 639

Cucurbitaria picex n. sp., description 548

Cucurbits, assimOation of amins by 722

insects affecting 750

Culex dyari, notes, N.J lo7

fatigans, notes 157

perturbans, notes, N.J 156

spp., remedies 560

Culicidse. (See Mosquitoes.)

Cultivation, effect on soil bacteria, Kans 21

Culture solutions, formation of ammonia in,

N.J 120

Cupressus glabra in Arizona 738

Curculionidx, Australian, revision 363

Currant juice, acidity of 05

Page.

Currant leaf disease, notes 345

spot, notes 746

wine, composition as affected bj'

Gloeosporium 566

manufacture 516

Currants, adulteration, U.S.D.A 767

, parthenogenesis in 639

varieties for Wyom ing 640

Curry powder, analyses 164

Cuscuta epithymum in V^ermont, Vt 038

europxa, hosts 638

Cuscuta, wintering 647

Custard, adulteration and misbranding,

U.S.D.A 767

Cutworms, destruction by birds, Hawaii 459

injurious to corn, Kj' 751

cotton, Hawaii 58

cranberries, N.J 160

cucurbits 750

sugar cane, Hawaii . . 458

tobacco 464

notes 257, 464

Can , 354

N.J 160

Cyanamid, fertilizing value 441

Cyclopedia of agriculture and rural economy. 799

Cyclotaphrys anser n. sp., description 404

Cydoniajaponica, postripening investigations. 704

Cylas formicarius, notes 464

Cylindrosporium pomi, notes, N.H 747

Cynara cardunculim, culture 238

CynipidiB of North America 255

Cynthia moth, remedies 560

Cyperus tegetiformis, culture experiments,

Hawaii 33

Cypress, new, in Arizona 738

Cysticercus fasciolaris, notes 352

Cysticercus in a liare, notes 189

Cytodites nudus, parisitism 393

Daclylis glomerata, fertilizer experiments 442

Dacus, new species, descriptions 559

Dacus spp., list and bibliography 752

Dscdalea unicolor, notes 455

Dairies, Alpine, investigations 780

inspection in Mis.souri 263,560, 706

score card for, U.S.D.A 78

Dairy and laundry liouse combined, plans. . . 192

animals, milk for 676

associations in Wiirttemberg 382

buffaloes in Koumania, studies 778

bulls, judging in Sweden 476

competitions in Wisconsin, Wis 577

contests, addresses on, U.S.D.A 78

employees, regulations for 385

farming, acreage per cow 381

farms, increasing profits on 676

inspection in Canada 780

herd records 77,382.470,477

Cal 577

Can 382

U.S.D.A 595

Wis 077

herds, methods of inspection 385

husbandry in Africa 78

industry in Alberta 381

Denmark 78

France 780

844

EXPEHIMRNT kSTATTON RECORD.

Page.

Dairy industry in Texas 780

WiirUemberg 381

wastes, disposal 580

inspection in France 380

Wyoming 311

institute at Kleinliof-Tapiau, report. . . 477

library, postal, catalogue 781

premises and employees, disinfection. . * 17!)
products-
analyses 12, 1()4

definition 307

examination 203

from tuberculous cows, use, Nebr . 80

obligate anaerobic bacteria in 779

sheep of East Friesland 274

societies, cooperative, in Great Britain. 080

utensils, descriptions 780

discoloration of cheese by 280

waste water, purification 712

work, score card for 179

Dairying and dairy work, treatise 081

bibliography 080, 781

in British Columbia 292

Denmark, 111 577

Holland, 111 577

the British Isles, 111 577

mountain, in Norway 78

possibilities of, in China 382

work in 1909 114

Daisies, destruction. Wis 140

Dancing moth, notes, Hawaii 156

Dandelions, destruction, Wis 140

Darwinism , treatise 770

Dasheens for the South, U.S.D.A 031

Dasypogoninffi, new species and genera, de-
scriptions 255

Datana ministra, remedies 560

Date industry in Algeria 737

palm diseases, notes 751

Dates, artificial ripening investigations 209, 703

artificially ripened, keeping quality.. 704

culture, Ariz 43

in India 441

Texas 640

wild , analyses 68

Datura tatula, notes 235

Daucus carota, notes 235

Davainea spp. , notes 189

[ Tsenia] tetragona, notes, Md 587

Deforestation, effect on floods 517

in New Zealand 343

southern Indiana, effects. . . 342

Delaware Station, notes 095

Demodci folliculorum, studies 183

Demography and hygiene, international

congress 500

Dendroctonus —

ponderosas. {See Black Hills beetle.)
pseudotsugx. {See Douglas Fir beetle.)

spp., studies, U.S.D.A 157, 158, 159

Denitrification in soils, N.J 121

investigations 22, 126, 319, 724

Department of Agriculture—

of Egypt, report 293

Norway, report 295

Ontario, report of fruit branch 142

Department of Agriculture— Continued. Tago.

of Pennsylvania, law concerning 262

{See also United States Department of
Agriculture.)
Dermacentor —

nitens, notes 558

occidentalis , notes 363, 583

reticulatus, notes 362

spread of piroplasmosis by . . . 685

spp., transniLssion of spotted fever by 785

venustus, life liistory 683

Dermanyssus avium, notes 301

Dermatophilus [Sarcopsylla] penetrans, notes. . 559

Dermestcs lardarius. {See Larder beetle.)

Dessert preparations, analyses, Conn. State. . . 062

Dew ponds, nature, construction, and use 118

Dcxiinx spp., studies 360

Dextrin, effect on digestion of casein 770

molecular weight, determination.. 304
Dextrose —

and levulose, separation 215

effect on ammonification in soils, N.J 120

digestion of casein 770

soil bacteria, N.J 120

food value for nitrogen-fl.xing organisms. 428

Dhaincha as a green manure 532, 533

Diabetics, zwieback for, examination 706

Diabrotica —

12-punctata, injurious to tobacco 464

notes 257, 750

Va.Truck 102

vittata. {See Cucumber beetle, striped.)

Dianthus, breeding experiments, N.J 140

Diaphania hyalineata, notes 751

nitidalis. {See Pickle worm.)

Diaporthe parasitica, investigations 652

Diaprcpcs spcngleri, notes, P.R 252

Diarrhea, white, in chickens, Conn.Storrs 489

Diaspis bromclix, notes, Hawaii 58

Diatrxa saccharalis. {See Sugar-cane borer.)

Dicrancura vinula, biology 755

parasites of 755

Dictionary, medical, in various languages 689

of agriculture 595

Dictyophora sp., notes, Hawaii 49

Dicyandiamid, fertilizing value 24

formula for 128

Diet, effect on uric-acid excretion 206

fish, effect on metabolism 370

for prisoners 108, 768

the poor 372

of American Indians 552

Mexican country people 767

natives of Taytay 000,667

vegetarian, of Japanese monks 665

test 768

{See also Food.)

Dietaries, rural, discussion, U.S.D.A 469

Dietary —

proteid, relation to tuberculosis 370

school, studies 371

studies, bibliography 606

in Georgia, U.S.D.A 469

moimtain regions of Tennessee,

U.S.D.A 468

public institutions, U.S.D.A . . 560

rural regions, U.S.D.A 467

INDEX OF SUB.TEOTS.

845

Dietary — Continued. Page.

studies in Vermont, U.S.D. A 468

with Japanese monks 665

Dietetic theories in America 467

Dietetics and nutrition, treatise 768

general principles 564

Indian, bibliography 563

treatise 167

Diets, calculation 265

Digestion—

and resorption, laws of 769

respiration, handbook 769

as affected by salt 169

experiments, artificial 664, 669

with dogs 474, 568,770

rabbits 72, 568

rats and guinea pigs . . 63

sheep 71,111

S.Dak 71

Digestive processes, chemical regulation in... 668

tract, bacteriological infections of. . 170

DiglocMs omnivorous, parasitic on Saturniidae. 755

Dinarmus dacicida n. sp., description 59

Dioscorea aculata, analyses and culture 764

Diphlcbia Icstoides, studies 356

Diplodia cacaoicola, notes 47, 547

maydis, notes 47

Tapax n. sp., description 744

studies 548

zex, life history and parasitism, Nebr. 48

Diplosis liumuli, injurious to hops 364

Dipping vat, cost, U.S.D.A 163

Diptera, catalogue 656

new species, descriptions 361

Syrian and Egyptian, notes 361

Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, nature and use... 540

Dirt, determination in milk 11, 612

Disastasolin for calves 774

Discosia pini n. sp., description 151

Disease, relation to impure water 616

Diseases of animals. {See Animal diseases.)
plants. (See Plant diseases.)

transmission by insects 556

Disinfection with formaldehyde, methods 588

Disonycha mellicollis, studies, U.S.D.A 554

Dissostcira Carolina, spermatogenesis in 655

Distemper, canine or dog. {See Dog distem-
per.)
Distillers' grains —

analyses ' 375

Conn. State 670

N. Y.State 70

Vt 670

dried, misbranding, U.S.D.A 269

Distillery by-products, effect on milk 478

Ditches, construction 793

Dodder, clover, in Vermont, Vt 638

description and eradication 235

Dog distemper, effect on ganglion cells 283

notes 188

treatise 288

tick, brown, notes 355

Dogfish fertilizer, analyses. Can 325

Dogs as affected by sodium benzoate 570

digestion e.xperiments 474, 568, 770

immunization against rabies 682

leucocy tozoon parasite in 188

Dogs, liver disease in, cause 288

metabolism e.xperiments 370, 672, 769

parasites in digestive tract of, S.C 689

types in the British museum 172

Dolycoris baccarum, studies 361

Domestic —
science-
contests, prizes in 393

elementary, text-book and bibliog-
raphy 594

instruction for negroes 693

in 594

outline of courses in 294

school at Parma 196

schools, agricultural, in France 494

teaching by correspondence 470

servants, wages of, in British Guiana 372

Dory myr met pyramicus, destructive to cod-
ling moth 460

Dough fermentation, relation to starch degra-
dation 46g

Douglas fir beetle, notes, U.S.D.A 158

Dourine—

etiology 784

experimental, treatment and bibliogra-
phy 582

prevalence in India 783

Iowa 386

relation to Sarcosporidia> 784

studies 784

transmission 684

Dragonflies in the Mississippi Valley 551

life history and bibliography 253

Drainage —

effect on river flood stages, U.S.D.A 615

yield of crops 589

engineers, list, Wis 289

farm, in Arkansas, Ark 190

in Mississippi Valley, U.S.D.A 190

Nebraska 396

New York, possibilities 292

San Joaquin Valley, U.S.D.A 88

Utah, U.S.D.A 89

investigations at Pusa 711

work and publications,

U.S.D.A 190

laws, synopsis, Wis 289

level, home-made, construction and use. . 793

loss of nitrogen by 125

of farm lands 793

project in northeastern Arkansas,

U.S.D.A 190

tile, laying 793

water, analyses, Hawaii 26

Dredge owners, list, Wis 289

Drepanosiphum platanoides, notes 552

Drepidotsenia infundibuliformis, notes, Md 587

Dreschsler's nematode in cattle 689

Drted blood-
effect on ammonification in soils, N.J 121

fertilizing value 226, 536

Ala.Canebrake 634

Mass 231

for cows. Mass 276

Drug and food analysis, treatise 508

inspection. Conn. State 662

846

KXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Drug iiispet'tiori, Ky 7U7

ill Florida TOO

Missouri 500, 507, 700

laws, Nev 07

Me 407

plants, seed and harvest time in Bengal 134

preparation, misbranding, U.S.D.A... 004

products, misbranding, U.S.D.A 407

store Ijeetle, injurious to stored tobacco 404

Drugs, adulteration, U.S.D.A 707

analyses 67, 08, 367, 567, 706

N.Dak 202

misbranding, U.S.D.A 707

standards and definitions. Me 407

Dry farming, discussion and bibliography ... 23

in China 523

Wyoming 338

relation to climate 14

investigations. Wash 520

nitrogen problem in 221

principles, U.S.D.A 798

treatise 133

Drying, eflect on composition of barley 032

Duck beak, regeneration 776

industry in China 275

Ducks, body temperature as affected by age. 72

breeding 575

respiration in 790

temperature in, studies 790

Dunes, fixation 740

Durum wheat. {See Wheat, durum.)

Dust, cement, eflect on plants 29

Dye plants, seed and harvest time in Bengal. 134
Dysentery, chronic bacterial. {See Johne's
disease.;

Earias insulana, notes .- 751

Earth, utilization 450

East coast fever. {See African coast fever.)

Eaux-de-vie, analyses CO

Echinorhynchus canis n. sp., description 188

gigas, notes 187

spp., studies 289

Echinum vulgare in Vermont, Vt ; 638

Echthromorpha, new species, description 255

Eclampsia, puerperal. {See Milk fever.)

Economic development, relation to education 190
Economics, home. {See Domestic science.)
rural. {See Rural economics.)

Edestin as affected by sulphuric acid 208

hydrolysis 8

leucin fraction in 8

Education, agricultural. {See Agricultural
education.)

relation to economic development 196

treatise 593

vocational, report on 594

Eel e.xtract, studies 62

Eelworms, destruction in soils, U.S.D.A 798

injurious to hops ''364

Egg albumin. {See Albumin, egg.)

Egg and poultry shippers' association in New

York 591

clarified, eflect on rennet action 009

development in animals, treatise 272

Export' Association in Denmark 75

industrv in various countries 165, 476

Page.

Egg laying competitions in New South Wales 75

substitutes, composition 762

triple-yolked, description 775

white protein, composition 565

yolk, artificial, analyses '. 02

lecithin in 565

Eggplants, breeding experiments, N. J 141

grafting, P.R 2.37

Eggs, adulteration, U.S.D.A 262

artificial v. natural incubation 380

changes in, during incubation 476

cold storage, examination. Me 566

consumption in various countries 165

definition .367

fertility and hatching, Me 571'

fresh, chemistry and bacteriology of. . . 702

handling and marketing 177

incubation experiments. Can 380

marketing, Kans 575

cooperatively. 591

packing for export 75

preservation, Ariz 76

by cold storage, treatise. 475

preserved, examination. Me 566

prices of, in China 275

production in Japan 76

increased by selection. Can. 380

weight of, per dozen 75

Einkorn, culture experiments, S.Dak 34

Elasis guineensis , culture in West Africa 539,737

Electricity, atmospheric, paper on 314

review in 117

eflect on micro-organisms 228

use in agriculture 589

meat curing 164

Electrolysis of iron 8

Eleodes opaca, injurious to grain 557

Elm-leaf beetle, notes 465,560, 653, 654

Mass 251

N.J 159

remedies 560

miner, notes 654

span worm, notes 654

twig girdler, notes, Kans 251

Ehns as aflected by gas 351

Elodea canadensis, assimilation of carbon di-

oxid by 229

Embaphion muricatum , notes 557

Embryology of the chick, text-book 272

Emmer, composition as aflected by shade. . . 530

culture experunents, S.Dak 34

digestibility, S.Dak 71

varieties. Can 330

Kans 726

Empoasca mali. {See Apple leaf-hopper. )
Empusa [Entomophthora] sphserosperma,

notes, U.S.D.A 256

Enarmonia prunivora. (Sec Apple worm, les-
ser.)

Enccphalartos cajfer as a bread plant 764

Encyrtus vinulx, notes 755

Endoparasites, notes 189

Energy relations, digest of data on 771

Engine, cycle, paper on 299

donkey, use in clearing logged-off

land, Wash 791

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

847

Engineering problems, relation to weatlier

records, U.S. D. A 614, 615

Engineers, drainage, list. Wis 289

relation to Weather Bureau,

U.S.D.A 615

Englisli sparrow —

destruction and use, U.S.D.A 549

eating of army worms by, Hawaii 459

Ennovws subsignarius. {See Elm span
wonn.)

Knology, studies, U.S.D.A 214

Enteritis, chronic. (See Johne's disease.)

infectious, in fowls 790

pseudotuberculous, in cattle, trea-
tise 685

Entomological conditions in Arizona 653

Society of Ontario, report 559

Entomology, economic, papers on 655

rdleofCollembolain. 251

experimental, studies 54

in graduate school of agricul-
ture 559

international congress 500

medical, scope and methods 550

North American, bibliography. 550

station publications 465

status in the United States 153

sugar-cane, bibliography, Ha-
waii 464

Entomophthora aulicx, notes . .-. 155

sphxTOsperma , notes,

U.S.D.A 256

Environment, effect on —

composition of sweet corn, U.S.D.A 238

wheat, U.S.D.A 730

Enzyms —

ammonia-producing, in silkworms 303

in seeds, relation to vitality 435

intracellular—

of lower fungi, Conn.Storrs 703, 798

U.S.D.A 703

proteolytic—

in fungi and bacteria 628

relation to vegetable rennets 27

studies 530

role in germination of seeds 720

Epagoge sulphureana eggs, notes 358

Ephcdrus sp. , notes 154

Ephcstia kueiiniella. (See Mediterranean flour

moth.)
Epilachna borealis. (See Squash lady beetle. )

Epilriz cucumeris, notes 750

parvula. (See Tobacco flea-beetle.)

Equidae, evolution 173

Ereunetis flavislriata, studies, Hawaii 155

spp., notes, Hawaii 156

Ergotism , prevalence in Minnesota 782

Eri silk industry in India 60

Erinose vine disease, notes 161

Eriopcltis coloradensis , notes 58

Eriophycs —

boisi, notes 365

cembrx as a cause of pine disease 749

pyri. (See Pear-leaf blister-mite.)

Eristalis tenax, notes 261

Page.

Ermine moth in New York 4C5

Erysinum cheiranthoideis in Vermont, \t 638

Esparcet, effect on soil fertility 524

Essential oils. (Sec Oils, essential.)

Esters of organic acids, effect on dates 704

Ether, effect on dates 704

Ethyl salts, effect on dates 704

Ethylene chlorid, effect on ripening of dates. . 704

Eliclla zinckenella, siu(lKs, U.S.D.A 554

Euacanthus interruptus , injurious to hops 364

Eucalymnatus tesscllatus, synonymy 753

Eucalypts, culture, P.R 236

treatise 451

insects affecting 451

of New South Wales, notes 643

varieties for Arizona, Ariz 45

Eucalyptus corymbosa, elastic substance on... 741

globulus forests, exploitation 741

Euchxtias oregonensis, life history 569

Euchistus servus, notes 464

Eucnemidae of the Eastern States, notes 57

Eudemis botrana, studies 161

Eugenol, determination in cloves 307

Eugonia, snow-white, notes, N.J 160

Eulecanium —

nigrofasciaturn. (See Terrapin scale.)
persicx. (See Peach scale.)

Eulophus longulus, notes 59

Eumasciccra coccidctla n. sp., description 464

Euonymus diseases, treatment 351

scale, studies, U.S.D.A 463

Eupelmus sp., note.s 755

UTOzonus, notes 59

Euphorbia —

lactiflua as a rubber plant 451

piluUfera, parasite in latex of 251, 288

Euproctis chrysorrhaa. (See Brown-tail
moth.)

European elm scale, remedies, Nev 660

fruit scale, notes 159

Eurytoma dentata, notes 756

rosx, notes 59

stringifrons , biology 760

Eutypa erumpens, notes -17

Euxesta notata, notes, N.J 160

Evaporation-
bibliography, U.S.D.A 215,217

from water and soils, studies 617

surfaces in Egypt 315

in a bog island, bibliography 418

Nebraska 396

investigations, Utah 425

on chalk soils 15

laws of 615

studying, methods and apparatus,

U.S.D.A 216, 217

Evaporimeter, cold-storage, description,

U.S.D.A 14

Evergcstis rimosalis, notes, Va.Truck 162

Evolution of species, treatise 273

Exanthema, vesicular, prevalence in Minne-
sota 782

Exhaustion, physiology of 471

Exoascus deformans, notes 748

pruni, notes. Can 3£0

848

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Exobasidiu m sp. , notes 351

Experiment-—

farm in tlie Truckee-Carson region,

U.S.D.A 35

station at Kleinhof-Tapiau, report 477

Oaxaca,' Mexico 498

Vienna, report 317

Zimbili, work 533

field meeting, Ohio 495

in Palestine 299

stations-
botany in 325

fruit, in Ontario 142

government ;;. administration in ... . 101

In the Netherlands 799

organization lists, U.S.D.A 595

publications on entomology 465

relating to extension

work 594

relation to animal nutrition,

U.S.D.A 170

food supply 6

statistics, U.S.D.A 196, 197

(SfC a/«o Alabama, Alaska, €<c.)
Extension work. (See Agricultural colleges
and Agricultural extension work.)

Eye diseases in domestic animals 81

Face color, inheritance in sheep 378

Factory wastes, purification 17

Fallowing, efiect on nitrogen content of soils. 222

soil fertility 524

experiments 335, 442

Can 332

Farcy. {See Glanders.)
Farm animals. {Sec Live stock and Ani-
mals.)

communities, paper on 292

crops, legal status 193

dairy and laundry house, plans for 192

demonstration, of Pennsylvania Rail-
road 298

domestic servants, scarcity of, in Onta-
rio 193

drainage in Arkansas 190

forestry, outline of 197

houses, heating 290

incomes in New York, N.Y.Cornell. . . 793
laborers. {See Agricultural laborers.)
machinery. {See Agricultural machin-
ery.)

management in Nebraska 396

mechanics, outline of courses in 294

mortgages in Ontario 193

products, exports, U.S.D.A 593,692

imports, U.S.D.A :.. 293,593

stock, animal feeds for, U.S.D.A 798

companies, organization 90

water supplies in Minnesota, U.S.D.A. 16
Farmers' families, dietary studies, U.S.D.A.. 468
institutes-
notes 92

in the United States, U.S.D.A.. 196

winter, for negroes 500

mortality statistics, U.S.D.A 195

organizations in the United States. . 395

relatip]! to high prices of cereals .... 192

Page.

Farmers' short courses for, in Tennessee 100

study of meteorology by 14

training, treatise 590

Union, history 292

in Belgium 592

Farming, diversified, in Arizona, Ariz 34

relation to aquiculture 518

{See also Agriculture.)

Farmogerm, tests, N.J 715

Farms, tirainage 793

equipment, U.S.D.A 492

handling milk products on. 111 484

peasant, economic returns 394

preservation of timbers on U.S.D.A.. 740

railroad demonstration 598

refrigeration on 589

replanning for profit, U.S.D.A 89

sewage disposal on 723

small dwellings on, significance 394

underdrainage. In Ontario 589

water supplies on 723

Farmyard manure. {See Barnyard manure.)

Fasting, efl'ect on gastric j uice secretion 569

Fat as all'ected by heating 11

low temperature 113

bovine, detection in lard 12

chemistry of, in the intestines 569

progress in 608

detection in beeswax 515

determination in cheese 114

dairy products 514

feces 415, 516

milk 309

distribution in striated muscle 267

physiology and pathology.. 372

efiect on blood corpuscles 72

protein metabolism 169, 170

extraction from feces 310

formation of mannites from 669

in pig liver, characteristics 669

melting point, determination 12

methods of analysis 212

of tissues and organs, nature 669

resorption in the small intestines 770

Fatigue, physiology of 471

studies 771

Fats, animal, detection 11

color reaction for 212

dark, modified method of analysis 310

natural changes in 702

thermal degrees of 311

Feather grasses, culture and use 336

Feathers, market classes 576

Feces, analysis, technique of 415

Feeding stuffs—

adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A. 467

analyses 12,375,473,678

Can 375

Mass 277

by-products, feeding value 70

coarse, effect on milk 778

condimental, adulteration, U.S.D.A 776

analyses 375

Conn. State 670

formulas for 70

misbranding, U.S.D.A 77?

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

849

Feeding stuffs — Continued. Page.

digestion coefficients 678

liandbook and bibliography 375

inspection—

Kans 172

N.J 197

and analyses, Conn. State 670

La 670

Miss 070

N.H 776

N.Y.State 70

Vt 670

decisions, U.S.D.A 269

in Illinois 67

law, Mass 573

N.H 776

N.Y.State 70

Wis 172

in Canada 375

Georgia 69

North Carolina 375

Pennsylvania 375

methods of analysis 11,304

mixed, analyses 69,70,172,375

La 670

Miss 670

-N.H 776

N.Y.State 70

Okla 776

Vt 670

effect on gizzard in hens 72

nitrogen-free extract in Ill

of Dutch East Indies, analyses 670

proprietary, adulteration, U.S.D.A 269,776

analyses, Conn. State 670

Vt 670

misbranding, U.S.D.A 776

regulations concerning 526

rice, analyses, Hawaii 64

{Sec also specific kinds.)
Feeds. {Sec Feeding stuffs.)

Fcltia dislocata, notes, Hawaii 458

Fence, portable panel, description. 111 589

posts, cement and concrete, U. S. D. A. 595

concrete, construction, Colo 191

Wis 2*9

preservation, U.S.D.A 740

Fennel, effect on milk secretion 677

Fermentation —

alcoholic, as affected by salts 115

bacterial, review of investigations 703

bacteriology, treatise 214

Ferments and their action, treatise 608, 703

artificial, in infant feeding 564

diastatic, as affected by heat 27

lactic-acid, effect on intestinal pu-
trefaction 569

nuclein, in yeast 703

proteolytic, as affected by shaking, 470
(See also Enzyms.)

Ferns, culture, treatise 342

of Macon Co. , Ala.Tuskegee 449

Fertilizer —

and acid factories, insurance 716

experiments —

cooperative, in Hawaii, Hawaii 32

Russia 129

Fertilizer— Continued. Page,
experiments — continued.

treatise 224

(See also special crops.)

formulas for crops 26

industry, development 716

in the United States 125

U.S.D.A. 26

progress in, U.S.D.A 26

law in Georgia 26

Pennsylvania 26

South Carolina 26

markets, statistics 719

mixtures, calculation 430

formula 715

incompatibles in, U.S.D.A 798

requirements of soils. (See Soils.)
Fertilizers —

action as affected by bacteria 620

analyses 12, 26. 228

as a top dressing 620

consumption in Germany 625

Spain 323

the United States,

U.S.D.A 26

effect on quality of tobacco 234

soil bacteria 319, 523

exports from the United States 126

for cotton -soils, U.S.D.A 23

injurious effects on crops 322

inspection —

and analyses, Cal 526

Conn.State 624

La 434

Mass 228

Mich 26

Miss 624

N.H 719

N.J 130,228,625

N.Y.State 434

R.I 434,526

S.C 526,625

Wis 125

in Canada 130

Georgia 26

New Hampshire 228

Pennsylvania 228

manufacture 17

treatise 430

methods of analysis 304

mixing 620

nature, .sources, and use 430, 620, 716

nitrogenous. (See Nitrogenous fertiliz-
ers.)
phosphatic. (See Phosphates.)
potash. (Sec Potash.)

regulations concerning 526

relation to soil fertility 715

residual effects, Ala.Canebrake 634

Can 332

Hawaii 30,31

specific gravity 526

use. Wis 125

in Kentucky 430

South Australia 131

(See aim specific ivaterials.)

Festtica pratensis, digestibility 71

850

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Pagtf.

FiluT crops, culture 4-12

fcrlilizer experiments -IK)

crude. {Sec Cellulose.)

plants, culture in India 44 j

Fibers, .seed and harvest time in Benj^al I'M

Ficus dastica as alTect ed by smelter fumes (Hti

vogclii rubber, analyses 741

Fidia viticida. {See (Jrape root-worm.)

Field crop dLseases, notes 742

crops, culture, N.J 134

in Japan 40

fertilizer experiments 727

production in Ontario 193

{Sec also special crops.)

experiments, cooperative, in Ohio 798

lecture on, Ohio 797

peas. {Sec Peas.)

rat, Egyptian, notes 751

Fig coccid, notes 00

Figs, consumption in Siam 503

culture in Texas 040

treatise and bibliography 240

Smyrna, culture in California 340

varieties 441

Filaria viansoni, notes 188

Filariasis, equine, notes 789

Filter paper, effect on soil bacteria, N.J 120

ground, effect on corn, N.J 121

Fir, Douglas, pruning experiments 44

rate of gi'owth 45

injuries by frost 351

silver, regeneration in Murg Valley 145

Fireball of Sept. 21, 1909, U.S.D.A 216

Fireless cookers. {See Cooljers, tireless.)
Fires, forest. {See Forest fires.)

prevention and control, Ohio 495

Fish, analyses 564, 664

artificial digestion experiments 664

canning, use of cotton-seed oil in 203

consumption in Siam 563

curing 564

diet , effect on metabolism 370

extracts, studies 62

food value 564, 665

guano, fertilizing value 26

Ala.Canebrake. 634

manufacture 26

industry in Europe 665

Germany, value 664

meal, feeding value. Mass 276

nutritive value 665

odor, cause 263

ponds, fertilizer experiments 711

use in sewage disposal 422

products, analyses 564, 604

recipes for 665

scrap, analyses. Can 325

Flavoring extracts, analyses 760

Conn.State 062

examination 67, 263

Me. ; 467

standards, Nev 664

for bakers' goods 763

Flax, assimilation of phosphoric acid by 623

breeding for disease resistance 544

culture experiments, S.Dak 33

Page.

Flax, culture in India 445

diseases, notes 149

treatment, N. Dak 744

feeds, analyses, Vt 070

fertilizer experiments 130, 223. 727

growtli as affected by manganese 436

industry in Ireland 233

screenings, analyses, Can 375

seed, examination, Nebr 39

seeding experiments 440

statistics 233

varieties 728

Can 330

wilt, dissemination 543

yield as affected by soil moisture 224

Flaxseed meal, analyses 172

Flea beetle, notes, N.J 100

yellow-necked, studies, U.S.D.A. 554

Fleas, identification 5()

regional distribution on rodents 2.55

remedies 500

transmission of typhus fever by 552

Flies, African blood-sucking, treatise 756

biting, in Federated Malay States 156

fever, injurious to hops 374

house. {See House flies.)

transmission of diseases by 56, 556, 581

Floods as affected by forests 516

factors affecting, U.S.D.A 539

Floors and floor coverings, pamphlet on 470

Florida red scale, notes, P. R 252

Station, notes 399

Flour, adulterated, detection 709

adulteration and misbranding,

U.S.D.A 506

adulteration and detection 307,512

analyses rm. 708, 767

as affected by storage, Can 367

various substances. Can 368

baking quality, studies 763

tests 466

Can 367

Kans 263

N.Dak 465

bleached, relation to bread production

and nutrition 63

bleaching, digest on 466

experiments 62, 512

cassava, hydrocyanic acid in 709

composi tion as affected by storage. Can 331

consumption in Siam 563

durum, baking tests. Can 367

N.Dak 465

examination, apparatus for : . 411

for nitrogen 368

fermentation experiments 264

for baking powder biscuits, U.S.D.A. . 197

imports into Great Britain 195

injured by molds, detection 709

j udging 411

low-grade, analyses 375

methods of analysis 708

misbranding, U.S.D.A 467

quality 104

as affected by germination of

wheat, Kans 203

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

851

Page.

Flour, red dog, analyses. Miss 670

Vt 670

rice, characteristics 412

detection in foods 412

strength of 763

Flower bulbs. {See Bulbs.)

Flowers, blooming periods, Can 339

nectar in, biological significance 329

pollination, treatise 527

propagation 341

Flue dust, analyses, Can 325

Fluorids, detection in wine 213

for preserving tomatoes 709

Fly, white. (S« White lly.)

Fodders, analyses, Can 375

Hawaii 69

Fames lucidus, notes 52

Food adulteration, treatise 163

and drug analysis, treatise 508, 611

habits in Japan 68

of natives of Tay tay 668

Tierradel Fuego... 563
insi)ection—

Conn. State 662

Ky 767

Me 467, 566

and analysis, treatise 411

decisions, U.S. D. A 67,

262,263,467,566,664,767

in Florida 67, 766

Great Britam 164, 263

Illinois 67

Missouri 367, 566, 567, 766

North Carolina 767

Wyoming 311

investigations, work and publications,

U.S.D.A 170

law, Nev 67

in Florida 67

Illinois 67

model, N.Dak 262

laws. Me 467

legislation in France, treatise 164

Great Britain 66

manufactories, inspection in Missouri . . 766

materials, examination, N . Dak 262

preservatives. (See Preservatives.)

products, legislation in Switzerland 367

standards, Nev 664

supply of the future, paper on 90

relation to animal feeding 5

values, application in homes 470

(See also Diet.)

Foods, adulteration, detection 470

analyses 214,311,665,766

N.Dak 262

and condiments, text-book 163

carbonaceous, for nitrogen-fixing or-
ganisms 428

care of, in the home, U.S.D.A 167

cereal. (Sfe Cereal foods.)
consumption by young children,

U.S.D.A 561

in Paris 563

Siam 563

52795°— VOL 22—10 5

Page.

Foods, cost of, in China 372

desiccated, manufacture 62

discoloration by iron 513

energy values 771

examination 566, 567, 766

for salicylic acid 611

farm, composition and nutritive value 495

for the sick, preparation 167

greening with copper 565

liquid, osmotic pressure of 668

malted, analyses 564

methods of analysis 11 , 265, 511

mineral constituents, importance 568

nitrogen-free extract in Ill

predigested, in infant feeding 564

preservation 14

preserved, consumption in Siam 563

prices of, in British G uiana 372

Chile 167

France 167,470

Mexico 5()3

various countries 265

production in Siam 563

proprietary, in infant feeding 504

nutritive value 564

osmotic pressure of 668

removal of caflein and thein from 166

standards and definitions. Me 467

use of chemicals in, Me 566

Foot-and-mouth disease-
prevalence in France 386

Hongkong 682

India 484, 485, 783

Japan 81

Foot rot, prevalence in Ohio 782

Forage crop, new, notes 446

crops, culture 442

N.J 134

experiments 34

(See also special crops. )

plant diseases, notes 742

seeds, adulteration, U.S.D.A... 447

plants, insects affecting 742

of Dutch Indies, analyses 473

Uruguay, analyses 669

Forest —

areas, extension, U.S.D.A 450

need of increase in France 645

conditions in Crow's Nest Valley 45

Kentucky 644

cover, effect on soil temperatures 44

diseases, notes 549

divisions in Burma and India 740

fires in Italy 343

New York 450

the United States, U.S.D.A 450

prevention in California 242

laws in California 242

management, comparison of methods 146

maps, instructions for making, U.S.D.A . 644

nurseries in Massachusetts 739

nursery, Kans 238

planting leaflets, U.S.D.A '.... 145

plantings, Kans 238

cooperative, Nebr 140

852

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Forest— Continued. Page.

plantings in the steppes, conditions 342

Vermont 242

products-
exports, U.S.D.A 243,092

from Canada 343

Ireland 343

the Gold Coast 450

Philippines 643

in 1908 243

imports, U.S.D.A 243,293

Into Canada 343

the Gold Coast 450

Philippines 043

In Canada, statistics 343

Nebraska 390

the Sudan, statistics 343

of Bengal 343

utilization in the Philippines 043

reserves in Burma 146

New Zealand 343

South Australia 643

revenues, estimation 147

school at Nancy 740

^'aUombrosa 740

seeds, conservation experiments 739

germination tests 540

selection 451

settlements in British India 643

Prussia 194

soils, fertilizer requirements 713

nitrification in 521 , 522

species, variation in, bibliography 451

surveys, instructions for making,

U.S.D.A 644

trees. (See Trees.)

wealth in the world 343

Forestation, effect on precipitation 517

Foresters, training of, in Japan 450

Forestry —

bureau in Japan, organization 450

care of sick employed in 194

education , curriculum in 797

elementary course in, U.S.D.A 197

farm, outline of 197

in Ajmer-Merwara 344

Alsace-Lorraine 739

Canada 45

China 344

Famenne district, Belgium 450

India 343, 643, 740

working plans 644

Ireland 343, 396

Japan 450

Nebraska, Nebr 146

New York 450

possibilities 292

New Zealand 343

South Australia 643

the Andamans 643

Gold Coast '. 450

Philippines 643

Sudan 343

instruction in various countries 397

laws in Vermont 595

leaflets, U.S.D.A 44

outline of courses in 294

Forestry— Continued. Page.

relation to wood preservation 147

standard course in 698

treatise 342, 738

Forests-
coniferous, in the Himalayas 043

continental, report on 740

dipterocarp , in t lie Philippines 738

effect on climate and floods 516

eucalyptus, exploitation 741

insects affecting 365

control, U.S.D.A 260

management 740

relation to shake-making. . . 147

mapping in Maryland 147

national, grazing in, U.S.D.A 542

methods of timber marking in . 342

preservation and use 044

nitrogen assimilation by 521

of Bengal 343

Canada 343

Dominica 146

Ireland 343

New Zealand 343

the Gold Coast 450

Ivory Coast, survey 738

United States, U.S.D.A 450

White Mountain, value, U.S.D.A 45

pine, in Finland 45

preservation in New Zealand 343

protection in British India 643

scolytid beetles affecting, U.S.D.A 157

taxation, treatise 342

teak, in Siam 344

utilization, treatise 449

Fork worm , description 189

Formaldehyde, detection in chopped meat. . 611

disinfection , methods 588

effect on bean seedlings 230

extraction from beets 410

in meat 166

nutrition of plants by 328

production from cane sugar. 212

solution, preparation and use. 345

solutions, analyses, Can 365

treatise 304

Formalin. (See Formaldehyde.)

Formic acid in raspberries 710

Formicariums, descriptions 365

Fowl plague, transmission 790

Fowls, acquired habit in 177

as affected by Argas larvae 87

breeding 575

destruction of ticks by 558

microfilaria in 188

physiological investigations 789

plumage inheritance in 379

poisoning by katnit 24

temperature in, studies 790

tumors in 188

(See also Poultry.)

Foxes, destruction of field mice by 352

Foxgloves, breeding experiments, N.J 140

Freezes, protection of orchards from. Mo 734

Freezing, effect on glucosids in plants 28

plants 436

Frog-hoppers, parasitism 744

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

853

Page.

Frost and hail, treatise 41(5

damage from, prevention, U.S.D.A. . 216, 217

effect on plants 720

pollen, Wis 527

trees 351

protection of fruits from 240

orchards from. Mo 734

peaches from, Kans 237

vineyards from, in Europe 538

resistance of plants to 639

Frosted scale, synonymy 753

Fruit-bearing plants, parthenogenesis in 639

beers, description and analyses 66

brown rot, notes, Cal 244

diseases, notes 452

dried, micro-organisms on 665

experiment stations in Ontario 142

experiments at Pusa, India 735

Hy, notes 160, 161, 559, 755

parasites, not es 355

transmission of diseases by 560

growers' association of Grand Junction. 447

associations in Ontario 142

exchange of California 794

in North Carolina, list 560

growing associations of California 795

industry in Canada 734

Germany 735

Japan 447

Oregon 734

the United States 734

juices as affected by sodium benzoate. . 569

osmotic pressure of 668

lecanium , synonymy 753

pollen, vitality. Wis 527

pollination , bibliography 734

seedlings, notes, Can 338

shipping associations, cooperative 591

sirups, adulteration, detection 65

crystallization of sugar from 614

trees, barren, treatment 241

Fruits —

as affected by climate and soils 240

bottling, directions for 710

canned , analyses 767

consumption in Siam 563

culture, Kans 238

experiments, S.C 639

in B ritish Columbia 292

Japan, treatise 447

dissemination of micro-organisms by 369

fresh, exports from South Africa 341

infested with San Jos6 scale, laws con-
cerning, U.S.D.A 163

orchard, arsenical poisoning 647

culture in California 734

India 335,735

Texas 640

Wisconsin 734

diseases, notes 742

insects affecting 742

parthenogenesis in 639

pollination investigations 734

protection against frost 240

from rodents, Ohio. .. 144

pruning, U.S.D.A 798

Fruits— Continued. Page.

orchard, tillage v. sod-mulch for 340

top working, Colo 42

varieties for Mexico 340

winter injuries, N.Y. State 650

postripening investigations 704

pre-cooling investigations 341

preservation for exhibition 241

with sodium benzoate 569

production in Ontario 193

small, culture in Texas 640

Wisconsin 734

harvesting and marketing 341

transportation in France 640

varieties 142, 341

Fuchsin, detection in wines and sirups 512

Fuels, prices of, in the United States 265

Fumes, smelter, effect on vegetation 646

Fumigation —

houses, construction 465

of apples, U.S.D.A 162

buildings, notes 655

with hydrocyanic-acid gas 465, 560

Hawaii 58

Mass 259

N.H 555

U.S.D.A.... 162,461
Fungi—

as a cause of pine disease 749

affected by nutrient solutions 27

reflorit 439

development as affected by various fac-
tors 152

edible, cholin content 7(54

exotic, description 743

fruit ing, as affected by physical factors. . . 330

injurious to alga; 249

clover root curculio, U.S.D.A. 759

parasitic, effect on yield of wheat 348

in men and animals, atlas 353

on phylloxera, notes 455

scale insects 154

relation to crops 245

parasitism 542

proteolytic enzyms in 628

soil, review of investigations 317

treatise ' 542

wood-destroying, notes 52

Fungicide law, federal 699

Fungicides —

copper, tests of adlierence 454

effect on plant growth 4.38

list of substances used in making 365

notes. Can 365

preparation and use 152, 345, 365, 453, 549

Ariz 53

Funtumia elaslica, analyses 740

Fur-bearing animals in Alaska and Yukon,

S.D.A 53

U.

115

Furnaces for consuming bagasse, tests. La. ..

Fusarium —

lint, dissemination 543

loliaceum n. sp. , notes 742

mon Hi forme, notes, Nebr 48

solani as affected by nutrient solutions... 27

studies 149

spp., notes 743

854

EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD.

jPMsarJwm— Continued. Page.

spp., relsilion lo other fungi, Nebr 48

studies 543

violse n. sp. , description 4.'35

Fusicladiuw dendriticum. {See Apple scab.)

Fttsnma parasitica . notes 3(i4

Galactose, elfect on digestion of casein 770

methods of analysis 305

Galerucella lutenla, notes 405, 054

Gall insects of Ontario, catalogue 559

midges, American, paper on 559

notes C54

Galls, insect, in Europe 057

of cinnamon trees in Ceylon 305

plants, treatise 657

organoid, studies 744

Uredinece, studies 744

Gallus banhi'M, notes 470

Galziekte, notes 282

Game animalsin Alaska and Yukon, U.S. D. A 53

laws lor 1X9, U.S.D.A 152

in Pennsylvania 655

Garbage, collection and use 719

destruction 719

utilization in Breslau 130

Garden crop diseases, notes 742

insects, notes CO

making, treatise 642

Gardening, history and bibliography 43

Gardens, injury by rats 751

rock, treatise 643

school. {Sec School gardens.)
Garget. {See Mammitis.)

Gartropacha acacix, notes 751

Gas, effect on trees 351

from Cottonwood trees, composition 009

manufacture from peat 25, 717

Gasoline, effect on ripening of dates 704

vegetation, Mass 235

heating of brooders by, U.S.D.A ... 295

Gasteromycetes, rennets in 437

Gastric juice secretion as affected by fasting. . 509

lipase in new-born infants 770

Gastridium Icndigcrum, mUodnction into Cali-
fornia 134

Gastro-enteritis, contagious, in dogs 789

Gastrophilus incrmis, notes 301

Geese, body temperature as affected by age. . 72

breeding 575

diseases of, investigations 087

respiration in 790

temperature in, studies 790

Gelatin, analyses. Conn. State 602

color reaction for 300

digestibility 770

effect on ice cream 467

examination, Me 67

Gelcchia gossypiclla, notes, Hawaii 59

Geneva, definition 705

Geography of Connecticut , 16

Japan 91

physical, treatise 14

Geology of Connecticut 10

Nebraska 390

South Dakota 10

Georgia College, notes 95, 198, 596, 800

Station, notes 296

Page

Germ oil meal, analyses, Mo 771

Ohio 771

Germicide, tonic, analyses, N.Dak 262

Gid in sheep, treatment 489

(Jilbert River horse disease, prevalence in

(Queensland 783

Gillar, prevalence in India 485

Gin, analyses 00, 105

buchu, misbranding, U.S.D.A 004

definition 765

Ginger beer, examination 766

Gingerol, determination in ginger 308

Ginseng black rot, studies 246

fiber rot, treatment 454

Gipsy moth as affected by cold and moisture. 359

control in Massachusetts 55, 154

Rhode Island 555

'disease, studies 155

flacherie, studies. 357

in Massachusetts 654

notes. Mass 252

parasites, importation 559

notes 754

remedies 364

Giraffes, raising for meat 381

Girls' agricultural clubs 398

U.S.D.A 594

instruction in domestic arts 594

Gizzard in hens as affected by feeds 72

Glanders-
bacillus, biology 488

nodules and neoplastic lesions of 82

prevalence in France 386

India 485, 783

Iowa 386

Japan 81

Massachusetts 782

Mianesota 782

Ohio 782

Wyoming 782

reactions in . . 184

Glcchoma hcdcracca as a host plant of Orobanchc

rainosa 452

Gliricidia maculaia , notes ' 47

Globular scale, synonymy 753

Globulin, digestibility 71

Glaosporium —

citri n. sp:, description 744

lindcmuthianum , studies 546

malicoTticis, characteristics 350

ribis, notes 746

rufomaculans, notes, N.H 747

spp., effect on composition of currant

wine 506

notes 345

Glomcrdla gossypii n. sp., description 453

rufomaculans. {See Gloeosporium
rufomaculans.)

Gloomy scale, notes 254

Glossina —

fusca, development of Trypanosoma

brucei in 656

morsitans, notes 56, 487

transmission of Trypanosoma

gambicnse by 282

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

855

GZoss/na— Continued. Page.

palpalis —

bibliography 683

breeding grounds in Uganda 557

development of Trypanosoma gam-

biense in 282

duration of infectivity 581

investigations, in German East Africa 684

notes 55, 56

studies 156

transmission of souma by 684

Trypanosomavivaxhj. 557

spp., flagellates in, studies 353

notes 581

Glossinfe, development of trypanosomos in . . . 55

proboscis, natural infection 487

Glover's scale, notes 160

Glucose, effect on digestion of casein 770

use in cider making 415

Glucosids, cyanogenelic, in Linaria striata 230

detection in plants 305

in plants, studies 28

new, in primulas 437

Glue, manufacture 17

Gluten bread, making 164

feeds, analyses 375

N.ll 776

N.Y.State 70

Vt 670

studies. Mass 210

Glycerids, detection in beeswax 310

Glycerin, food value for nitrogen-fixing or-
ganisms 428

Glycogen, determination 305

molecular weight, determination . 304

GlycoUic acid, reaction for 212

Glycylglycin, physiological action 770

Goat hair, production in Uganda 274

industry in Norway 774

Goats, immunization against sheep pox 287

in Japan and Formosa 73

Wiirttemberg 381

measurements and weights 274

milk for 676

ovariotomy in 87

use in Porto Rico, P.R 268

Golden plover, eating of army worms and cut-
worms by, Hawaii 459

Goose beak, regeneration 777

Gooseberries, parthenogenesis in 639

varieties for Wyoming 640

Gooseberry-
leaf spot, notes 746

mildew, distribution in East Prussia 348

notes 345,547, 743, 740

treatment 247, 348, 747

wine, manufacture 516

Gooseneck sorgo, misrepresentation, U.S.D.A 729

Gophers, notes, Kans 251

relation to spotted fever 683

Gossypium spp. , notes 529

Gossyparia spuria. {Sec European elm scale.)

Gourds, culture and use, U.S. 1>. A 238

Graduate school of agriculture 505

Grafting, treatise 447

Grain aphis, notes. Can 354

spring, studies, Kans'. 251

Page.

Grain crops, prices m Great Kritain 195

production in Great Britain 195

diseases, notes 452

flies, notes 741

itch, studies 783

loose smut, treatment 345, 741

mites, notes 741

prices in India, treatise 796

rations for pigs, Ohio 174

rusts, germination experiments 648

internal ional statistics 543

smut, treatment 345

Can 345

weevils, notes 257

Grains —

analyses 665

composition a.s affected by fertilizers 23

culture : 442

destruct ion Ijy FAendes opaca 557

feeding value, N.Y.Cornell 76

heavy and light seed 731

inoculation experiments 22

machinery for treating, description, N.

Dak 745

moldy, poisoning of horses by 284

statistics 140

treatment for smut 245

varieties, Can 532

yield as affected by drainage 589

(See also Cereals and special crops.)

G ram, fertilizer experiments 440

varieties 335, 441

Gramineae as affected by liming 130

Grand Junction Fruit Growers' .Association.. 447

Traverse disease in cattle, Mich 285

G range as a factor in cooperation 591

Granite, analyses '. 522

(Jrape apoplexy, treatment 651

black mold, notes 547

rot, notes 647

treatment 651

Mich 651

U.S.D.A 50

blossom midge, notes 653, 654

canes, pathogenic spotting 747

cuttings, growth as affected by creosote 448

diseases, notes 151, 742

downy mildew, treatment 349

gray rot as affected by nutrient solu-
tions 27

studies 747, 750

treatment 349, 454

hybrids, studies 340

industry in Cape of Good Hope 241

Spain 43

juice, analyses. Conn. State 662

composition 65

pedicel disease, studies 747

phylloxera, notes 357

plume moth, notes, N.J 160

powdery mildew, treatment 247

products, manufacture and use 66

residues, composition as affected by

fertilizers 443

rootworm, notes 654

stocks, American, failure in Sicily 448

856

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Grapeberry moth, remedies, Midi ()59

Grapes—

American, cull lire in l''rancc 042

Italy 733

asatTecteil by climate and soils 240

.Time beetles 557

calcium cyanamid for 733

composition as alTected by O'idium 651

cost of production in Tuscany 734

culture 339

P.H 237

as related to climate 144

bibliography 733

in A m erica, treatise 42

Texas 040

treatise 144

under glass, treatise 144

delaying fruiting period in 448

■ destruction of moths in 305

fertilizer experiments, cooperative 42

fresh, preservation 341

insects affecting 742

iron sulphate for 448

parthenogenesis in 639

phosphoric acid content 733

protection against frost in Europe 538

pruning experiments, U.S.D.A 197

shipping experiments 143

spraying experiments, Mich 247

sulphate of potash for 448

use 66

varieties, period of maturity in Italy 641

yield as affected by leaf development 144

Grapevine disease, studies 247

root louse, notes 357

Grapevines, American, maturing in Ger-
many 041

Grapldoki phaenicus, notes 751

Graphite, methods of analysis 303

Grass and clover mixtures for meadows 725

Fusarium diseases, studjes 543

rasts, studies 148,451

seed, examination, Nebr 39

Vt 038

production and marketing in

European countries 442

Grasses-
analyses 669, 775

as affected by iron sulphate 43S

distillation of oil from 232

feather, culture and use 336

fertilizer experiments 323, 334, 441, 442

Can 332

Mass 231,232

germination tests 731

growth as atTected by manganese 430

meadow, digestibility 71

of Dutch Indies, analyses 473

southwest Africa 725

oil-yielding, culture 232

ornamental, of Macon Co., Ala.Tuskegee. 449

phosphates for 524

seeding experiments. Can 333

sewage sludge for 120

(See also specific kinds.)
Grasshoppers. (,See Locusts.)

Page.

Great Lakes, ice condition,? on, U.S.D.A 216

Green liug. (See Grain ai)his, .spring.)

June beetle, injurious to corn, Ky 751

manures, composition 523

effect on nitrogen content of

soils 222

soil fertility 524

fertilizing value, Hawaii 31

residual effects 440

manuring experiments 122, 429, 442

Can 332

in the Tropics 539

winged Chcrmes, notes. Me 553

Greenhouse orthezia, synonymy 753

Grocery stores, inspection in Missouri.. 2(3,566,507

Ground hogs, spread of spotted fever by 780

squirrels. (See Squirrels, ground.)

Grouse, internal parasites of 189

locust, injurious to tobacco 404

parasites, notes 189

red, tapeworms and thread worms in. 189

Guam Station, notes 290

Guanase in yeast 703

Guanin, effect on uric acid excretion 266

Guano, bat, analyses 4.34

P.R 224

deposits in Peru 225

fish, fertilizing value 26

manufacture 26

industry in Peru 225

Guava disease, notes, P.R 252

Guavas, borers affecting, P.R 242

destruction, Hawaii 731

Guignardia hidweUii, treatment, U.S.D.A 50

Guinea fowl hybrids, atavism in 380

fowls, breeding 575

temperature in, studies 790

pigs, digestion experiments 03

tuberculous, reaction to potas-
sium iodid 85

Gum copal, exports from the Gold Coast 341

determination in sirups 305

slum, analyses, Hawaii 12

Gutta-percha industry in Dutch East Indies. 46

Qymnospnrnngiuw globosum, notes, N.H 747

jnnipcrinum, studies 249

juniperi-virginianx, life

history, Nebr 47

spp., studies 452

GjT)sum, analyses. Can 325

errors in 718

deposits in California 718

effect on plant growth 439

fertilizing value 432

methods of analysis 303

Hxmaphysalis —

chordeilis, destruction of turkeys by 393

parasitism 393

Ha^maphysalis, new species, description. .... 363
Hxmatobia scrrata. (See Horn-fly.)
Hxmatopinus spinulosus, development of

Trypanosoma Icwisi in 83

Hxvionchus contortus, studies, S.C 687

Hail, protection from 118

Hailstorms, duration 118

Halterophora capitala, notes 755

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

857

Page.

Haltichella sp., parasitic on codling moth 460

Hares of North America, U.S.D.A 53

Harlequin cabbage bug, notes 464

Va.Truck .... 162

Harpagoneura complena, notes 356

Harpaline ground beetle, destructive to po-
tato beetle, U.S.D.A 57

Harpalus sp., notes, N.J 659

Harvey lectures, 1906-7 170

Hawaii College, establishment and work 797

notes 800

Station, notes 95

report 94

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station, notes 399

Hawks, destruction of field mice by 352

Hawthorn-medlar graft hybrid, studies 340

Hay, analyses 69

Hawaii 69

Bermuda, analyses, Okla 776

digestibility 71

S.Dak 71

from Paspalum dilatatum, analyses 729

sewage meadows, composition 573

judging and grading 537

of arid regions, nutritive value,

U.S.D.A 197

prairie, analyses, Okla 776

rice, composition, Hawaii 65

spike-rush, analyses, Can 375

spontaneous combustion 70, 77

yield as affected by drainage 589

{See also Alfalfa, Clover, and Timothy.)

Hazelnuts, parthenogenesis in 639

Headache mixtures, harmfulness, U.S.D.A.. 166

Health, public, relation to milk 279

Heartwater In Persian sheep 355

Heat, animal, production 771

conductivity In soils, U.S.D.A 20

effect on diastatic ferments 27

enzyms 530

{See also Temperature.)

Hedgehogs, destruction of field mice by 352

Heliophila unipuncta. {See Army worm.)

Heliothis armiger, notes 654

obsoleta. {See Cotton boUworm.)
Hemerocampa leucostigma. {See Tussock
moth, white-marked.)

Helminthiases in cattle 689

Helminths in birds, pathogenic action 289

pythons 791

Hemileia oncidii n. sp. , description 150

vastatrix, notes 51

Hemlptera catalogue 655

predaceous, notes, Hawaii 59

Hemispherical scale, notes, P.R 252

synonymy 753

Hemlock, Injuries by frost 351

Hemoglobins, crystallography, treatise 701

Hemolysins, essential features of 385

Hemorrhagic septicemia. {See Septicemia.)

Hemp as a green manure 442

Bombay, culture in India 445

culture experiments 335

fertilizer experiments 431

sisal, industry In New South Wales... 637

Hen mites, red, notes 361

Page.

Hendersonia acicola n. sp. , description 653

hcrpotricha, notes 148

Hens, feeding for egg production, Kans 775

gizzard as affected by feeds 72

laying ability, determination 75

selection, Kans 775

partial leucosis in 172

respiration in 790

self-feeding, economy In 775

Hepialus humuli, injurious to hops 364

Herbivora, metabolism experiments. Wis 573

Herbs, seasoning 565

Heredity, ancestral law 472

application in plant breeding,

U.S.D.A 625

effect on milk-fat production 278

essays in 776

In canaries 172

corn breeding 627

mice 377

peas, studies. Mass 231

plants, studies 230

sheep 378

of color in animals 273

beans, Nebr 40

Lychnis dioica 628

rodents 171

presence and absence hypothesis. . 171

studies 170

thought, and transcendental mem-
ory, treatise 72

Tlerpetomnnas.aspongopi , notes 251

clenophthalmi n. sp., descrip-
tion 251

Herring roe, effect on uric acid excretion 266

Herrings, analyses 665

Hessian fly, notes. Can 354

studies, Kans 251

Hetcrakis papulosa, description 189

vesicularis, studies 790

Heterocampa guUivUta, notes, Mass 251

Helerocordylus malinus, injurious to apples. . 654

Heterodera radicicola, injurious to cork oaks. . 742

schachtii, injurious to hops 364

Heteroptera, catalogue 655

Heterothrips, new genus, description 551

Hevea brasiliensis. {See Rubber, Para.)

Hickory bark borer, remedies 660

care and management, U.S.D.A 145

lecanium , synonymy 753

Hicoria spp., care and management, U.S.D.A. 145

Hides, exports from Brazil and Colombia 275

Highways. {See Roads.)

Hippology, science of 173

Hippopotamus, raising for meat 381

Hippuric acid , determination 771

Hives, observatory, descriptions 365

Hoary alyssum, in Vermont, Vt 638

Hog cholera —

agglutination reactions In , Mich 586

bacteriological studies, Ark 788

immunization 379

Ark 789

Kans 685

S.C 681

notes, Okla 798

858

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Hog cholera— Continued. Page.

prevalence in Iowa 386

Japan 81

' Massachusetts 782

Minnesota 782

Ohio 782

Queensland 783

serums, production, Kans 685

tests 87

treatment 288

Mich 681

U.S.D.A 287

Hogs. {See Pigs.)

Home economics. (See Domestic science.)

Homes for aged persons, description 168

interior decoration 470

Hominy, analyses 70

Okla 776

feeds, analyses 375

La 670

N.Y. State 70

for pigs. Mo 772

Ohio 772

Honey adulteration, detection 512

ash content 307'

examination, Me 67

Investigations 612

plants of Oklahoma, Okla 798

regulations concerning 355

storing and shipping 312

trees and plants in Hawaii, Hawaii. . 58

use in cooking and confectionery 467

Hood River Apple Growers' Union 591

Hook-worms in calves 287

S.C 681

investigations, S.C 687

Hop aphis, Injurious to hops 364

flea-beetle, notes. Can 354

Hops, chemistry of 66

Insects affecting 364

Hordeum jubatum in Vermont, Vt 038

Hormones, effect on digestive processes 668

Horn fly, notes 682

Hawaii 58

Hornets, remedies 560

Horns, inheritance, in sheep 378

Hornworms, injurious to tobacco 464

Horse beans as a green manure 429

fertilizer experiments 34

yield as affected by spraying 439

breeding statistics. Wis 676

chestnut seed disease, description 455

diseases in New Zealand 183

prevalence in Queensland 783

transmissibility 187

family, evolution 173

fore limbs, statics and mechanics of. . . 777

industry in Denmark 775

Wisconsin, Wis 676

mange, prevalence in Massachusetts... 782

Ohio 782

meat, consumption as food 367

detection 761

putrid, chemical bases in 62

radish , raising from seed 339

sicluiess, immunization 187

Horses-
anemic disease in 87

blood of ditlerent breeds 473

breeding experiments, P.R 267

in France 475

Ireland 774

d&scriplions and measurements 571

draft, judging 571

exports from (Jreat Britain 381

feeding, P.R 267

U.S.D.A 197

experiments 268

111 674

immunization against tuberculosis 186

imports into Great Britain 381

improvement in Wisconsin, Wis 676

in Japan and Formosa 73

Paris, statistics 430

inheritance of colors in 273

maintenance in long-distance riding 475

parasites in digestive tract of, S.C 689

poisoning by beet tops 187

loco weeds 783

moldy grain 284

si lage 587

sulphur 587

raising 75

significance of chestnuts on legs of 072

types in the British museum 173

wintering on farms, U.S.D.A 595

Horticultural-
cooperative associations in Ontario 142

crops, handling and marketing 732

exhibitions in Ontario 142

instruction in rural schools 093

varieties, production 732

Horticulture, Danish, bibliography 043

departments of, in Europe 100

in Italy 341

international congress 500

outline of courses in 294

treatise 341

Hot beds, preparation and use, Colo 040

Hotels, inspection in Missouri 706

Houardia, new species, descriptions 154

House centipede, remedies 500

flies, biology and bibliography 0.34

breeding 255

■ studies 201,403

transmission of diseases by 500, 054

rent, cost of, in British Guiana 372

Household administration, pamphlet on 470

insects, remedies 500

marketing, pamplilet on 470

Human tissues, lipase in, investigations 770

Humidity, effect on development of white

mice 378

Humifera as a fertilizer 227

Hummock soils, fertilizing value 719

Humus as affected by limestone, N.J 121

partial sterilization 121

compounds, studies 221

effect on nitrification in soils 318

nitrogen fixation 221

plant growth 439

weathering of rocks 317

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

859

Humus, Improvement of Illinois soils by.. . . 129

in peat as atlec ted byalkalis and acids 317

silicic acid, fertilizing value 324

Hunterellus hookeri, notes 355

Hunting laws in Pennsylvania 655

flya/ommoa-^j/p^mra, transmission of piroplas-

mosis by 68 i

Hyalopterus aquilegix flavus, notes 154

dactylidis n. sp., description 154

Hybrids, guinea-cliicken, atavism in 380

Hydrazine hydrochlorid, effect on ripening of

dates 704

Hydrochloric acid —

effect on decomposition of rocks 016

rennet 302

methods of analysis 9

Hydrocyanic acid —

detedion in plants 28

gas fumigation 465, 500

Hawaii 58

Mass 259

N.H 555

U.S.D.A 162,461

in cassava flour 709

mushrooms 630

physiological function 722

reaction with phenolphthalein 304

Ilydracia micacea, in Canada 559

Hydrofluoric acid, detection in foods 308

usein protein hydrolysis.. 208
Hydrogen —

fluorid, detection in presence of fluorid

salts 707

peroxid, use in oxydase tests 708

sulphid, effect on discoloration in canned

goods 514

Hydrology of Argentina 518

use of acoustele in 118

Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.)

Hygiene, alimentary, international congress. . 500
and demography, international con-
gress 500

sanitation, pamphlet on 470

household, notes, U.S.D.A 167

practical, handbook^ 265

Hygrometers, comparison 314

Ily menibosmina pomonellx, notes 161

Ilymenochxte noiia, notes 248

Hymenolepsis microps, notes 189

Hymenomyeete fruiting bodies, studies 330

Hymenoptera of South America 159

parasitic, development 700

new family 57

on olive fly, notes. . . 59
Hyphantria cunea. (See Webworm, fall.)

Hypochnus solani, notes 346

Hypoderma spp., notes 361

Ilyponomeuta euonymella, studies 3()0

padella in New York 465

spp., remedies 364

Hypophosphoric and hyphosphorous acids,
determination in presence of phosphorus

acids 705

Hystrichis elegans, studies 289

Ice, analyses 164

artificial, production 14

Ice, conditions on the Great Lakes, U.S.D.A. 216

craam, adulteration, U.S.D.A 767

analyses 367, 767

as affected by gelatin 467

examination 263

N.Dak 262

standards, Nev 664

substitutes, analyses 767

thickeners, examination, Me 566

transportation in France 640

Ices, law concerning, in Algeria 467

Ichneumon flies, notes, U.S.D.-'V 258

Ichneumon koebelli n. sp., description, Hawaii. 459

Ichneumons of Great Britain, treatise 159

Idaho Station, notes 96, 596, 800

University, notes 198, 596, 800

Idiopterus nephrclepidis n. sp., description 552

Illinois Station, notes 496

University, notes 198, 496, 695

Immunity, experimental, laboratory guide. . 182

in plants, studies ; 722

theories of, status 385

treatise 182, 385

Immunization. {See .-Vnthrax, Tuberculosis,
etc.)

Implements, prices of, in British Guiana 372

Inanition, metabolism in 170

Incubation of chicks, mortality in 775

Incubators, electric, construction 775

India rubber. (See Rubber.)

Indiana Station, financial statement 094

notes 596, 695, 800

report of director 694

Indians, .Vmerican, diet of 552

Indigo, culture in India 335

Industrial arts, importance to rural commu-
nities 594

education in the South 196

wastes, pollution of streams by . . . 218

Infant feeding, criteria and standards in 265

problems in 266

urine, partition of nitrogen in 669

Infants—

amyloly tic power of saliva in 372

dried milk for 768

feeding, value of mineral constituents in . 568

food requirements 266

foods for 564

new-born, gastric lipase in 770

Influenza, equine, prevalence in Queensland. 783
Inheritance. (See Heredity.)

Insect common names, list 550

ecdysis, role of air in 54

galls in Europe 657

injurious to apple seeds 654

larvae as a cause of pine disease 749

Insectary, new, description, N.H 551

Insecticide law, federal ' 699

materials, dealers and manufac-
turers, Ala.College 260

Insecticides —

eflect on plant growth 438

list of substances used in making 365

notes. Can 365

N.J 160

preparation and use 152, 365, 549

860

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Insecticides— Continued. Page.

preparation and use, U.S.D. A Uhi

Va. Truck W>

(See also specific forms.)
Insects—

and arachnids, blood-sucking, treatise. . . 353
forest. {See Forest insects.)

gall, of Ontario, catalogue .559

household, remedies 560

in Indiana, notes 551

injurious-
control in Louisiana 750

North Carolina 500

in New South Wales 559

Ontario 559

Victoria, handbook 253

list, Hawaii 58

notes 252, 253, 356, 441, 442, 534, 559, 742

Hawaii 58

P.R 252

parasitism 744

studies 161

Va.Truck 101

to alfalfa 462

artificially ripened dates 704

cacao 47, 364

cardoons 238

cereals 560, 742

citrus products 57

coconuts 356, 358

coffee 351, 350, 364

P.R 242,252

corn 257, 751

Ky 751

cotton 636, 751

Hawaii 58,59

cranberries, N.J 160

cucurbits 750

eucalypts 451

forests 365

control, U.S. D.A 260

gardens, notes 60

hops 304

lemons 448

live stock, Hawaii 5S

oil palms 737

olives 59, 162, 559

onions, Ariz 41

orchard fruits 364

pears 255,364

pecans 464, 465, 737

plants 742

remedies 655

rice 364

seeds 500

strawberries. Can 733

N.J 658

sugar cane, Hawaii 464

sweet potatoes, Ala.Tuskegee 729

tea .364

tobacco 234, 337, 464

trees 162, 742

truck crops 464

wheat, notes 58

legislation concerning 550

numbers of eggs laid by 253

parasitic, in New South Wales 559

Insects— Continued. Page.

parasitism by Lavoulbeniaceae 353

prevalence in Ontario 559

relation to hunuui welfare 550

role of, in milkweed ftrlilization 153

trypanosome diseases 387

sucking, apparatus for observing 550

thoracic structure 550

transmission of diseases by 386

typhoid fever by 261

treatise 53

{Sec also specific insects.)
Intestinal putrefaction as afleeled by lactic-
acid ferments 569

Intestines, chemistry, of fat in 569

small, rcsorpt ion of fat in 770

International-
agricultural exhibit ill Argentina 500

botanical congress 300

catalogue of meteorology 417

congress—

for the repression of food and drug

adulteration .366

of alimentary hygiene 500

cotton spinners and manufacturers 445

hygiene and demography 500

tropical agriculture 300

on tuberculosis, proceedings 387

entomological congress 500

horticultural congVess 500

Institute of Agriculture 92, 195, 396, 493

live stock expositions 1,97

Veterinary Congress, tropical section 386

Invertase, preparation, U.S.D. A 412

Iowa College, notes 296, .399, 496, 695

Station, notes 296, 399

Iridomyrmex humilis, notes 356

remedies 253

Iron, corrosion in soils, cause 715

detection in cheese curd 212

determination in inorganic plant con-
stituents 610

phosphate rock 610

discoloration of foods by 513

distribution in striated mu.scle 267

electrolysis 8

in milk 410

oxid, methods of analysis 303

sulphate as a manure preservative 716

destruction of weeds by. Wis. 140

eflect on plant growth 438, 439

for grapes 448

Irrigation-
effect on soluble salts in soils 19

wheat 730

experiments in Wyoming, U.S. D.A 588

in Canada 45, 692

Idaho, U.S.D. A 88

Nebraska 396

New York , possibilities 292

North Dakota, U.S. D.A 289

Texas, U.S. D.A 588

investigations —

U tah 425

review, U.S.D. A 189

work and publications, U.S. D.A 199

laws and legislation in Nevada, Nev 87

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

861

Irrigation — Continued. Page.

laws in Texas, U.S.D.A 588

pumping plants for, Ariz 89

sewage, for sugar beets 712

water, analyses, Hawaii 26

composition, Utah 018

{See also Water.)

Isosoma tritki, notes 465

Can ,354

Ithyphallus coraUoides, notes, Hawaii 49

Ixodes sequalis n. sp. , description 363

spp. , biology 558

Jack bean fodder, analyses, Hawaii 69

beans, analyses, Hawaii 26

as a cover crop, Hawaii 41

Jams, analyses 104

consinnpt ion in Siam 503

examination 704

Me 506

making, directions for 710

recipes for 167

Jaundice, infectious, studies 582

malignant, in dogs; treatment 582

treatment 83

Jawar, varietias 232

Jellies, adulteration, detection 65

examination. Me 5()6

making, U.S.D.A 798

Jelly distillates, production of formaldehyde

from 212

powders, analy.se„s. Conn. State 062

Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid

Society 795

Jews as farmers 795

Johne's disease, diagnosis 287

investigations 685

papers on 287

prevalence in Minnesota 782

reaction in 787

John.son gra.ss, introduction into California... 134

Juncus cffusus, culture experiments, Hawaii. 33

June beetles, injurious to plants .557

Junipers, dis.semination by birds 044

Junonia ccrnia, breeding experiments 54

Jute as affected by lime 5.33

culture 441

in India 445

fertilizer experiments 440, 532, 533

handling and marketing 441

irrigation experiments 440

seeding experiments 533

varieties 335, 533

yield as affected by various factors 532

Kafir beer, analyses 164

bread plants, description 763

corn, analyses, Okla 770

aphLs, studies 101

variet iei!, Kans 726

S.Dak 33

Kainit as a cotton rust preventive, Ga 635

effect on movement of water in soils. . 220

plant growth 439

fertilizing value 324, 325, 334, 446, 717

Ala. Canebrake 634

in ponds 422

for soil improvement 714

formula for 525

Kainit industry in Germany 622

toxicity 24

Kala-azar studies 288

Kaliosysphinga ulmi, notes 654

Kansas College, notes 290, 399, 496, 596

Station, financial statement 295

notes 296,399

report of director 295

Katydids, injurious to tobacco 464

Kerosene, effect on vegetation, Mass 235

Ketchup. (Sfe Catsup.)

Khurti as a green manure 442

Kidneys, cystic, in pigs 685

Kinases, effect on digestive processes 668

Kirsch liqueurs, analyses 165

Kitchen equipment, de.scription 167

Kitchens, inspection in Mi.s.souri 566

Kjeldahl connecting bulb, modification 114

Koa, analyses, Hawaii 12

Koca nola, adulteration and misbranding,

U.S. D. A 767

Kohl-rabi, culture in New Zealand 729

Kokkelin, manufacture and u.se 280

Kola nuts, exports from the Gold Coast 341

Krameria secundi flora , notes 54

Kiihn, Julius, biographical sketch 601

Kiitin, nature Ill

Labor colonies in Victoria 691

Laboratories for slaughterhouses 164

Laborers, city , social and economic conditions 491
farm. {See Agricultural laborers.)

LaboulbeniacesR, parasitic, in insects 353

Lachnini of Italy, studies 752

Lachnosternas in Canada 559

Lactic-acid —

bacilli, studies 384

bacteria, classification 13

in butter, Mich 481.483

slime producing, studies 114

studies 181

use in acidifying beet chips 573

determination in cheese 414

fermentation , nature 301

ferments, effect on intestinal putrefaction. 569

effect on ripening of dates 704

inactive, in meat preparations 762

manufacture 516

producing bacteria in fermented milk 779

reaction for 212

streptococcus in sour milk 384

Lactobacillin, analyses 384

Lactuca scariola in Vermont, Vt 638

var. integrata notes 235

Lady beetles, notes . 362

Hawaii 59

Talbot Milk Institute 78

Lagcnaria vulgaris, introduction and culture,

U.S.D.A 238

Lager beer, examination 766

Lagerslrcemia indica flowers, variation and

correlation 528

Lake region, general features, U.S.D.A 615

Shore disease in cattle, Mich 285

Lamarckia a«rea, introductionintoCalifornia. 134

Lambs, winter production, U.S.D.A 197

(_See also Sheep.)

862

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Pago.

Laming's mixture, fertilizing value 431

Lamium maculatum as a host plant of Oro-

banchc ra mosa 452

Land clearing, U.S.D.A 295

grant colleges. (See Agricultural col-
leges. )

intieritance in Switzerland 290

intensive culture, economics of > . . 689

legislation in various countries 90

logged-olV , clearing. Wash 791

moss, improvement 322

plaster. (Sec Gypsum.)

reform, treatise 290

rollers, paper on 299

settlement in Canada 692

tenure system in Japan 91

Nebraska 396

values in Nebraska 396

Landolphia sp. , rubber, analyses 741

Landowners, relation to tenants 90

Lands, chalk, fertilizers for 625

irrigated, drainage, U.S.D.A 88, 89

irrigated in Idaho, U.S.D.A 88

mountain grazing, revegetation, U.S.

D.A , 35

phosphate, conservation in the West. 623

public, in the Philippines 643

swamp, cost of reclaiming and tile

draining, Ark 190

reclamation in Louisiana 522

waste, reforestation in Ontario 342

use 441

Lantana, destruction, Hawaii 731

Laphygma frugiperda. (See Army worm,
fall.)

Larch species resistant to canker 548

Lard, adulterated, detection 763

analyses 411, 762

Conn.State 662

as affected by low temperature 113

composition, variations in 411

effect on flour, Can 368

methods of analysis 763

refraction 113

Larder beetle, remedies 560

Laria [Bruchus] prosopis, notes 57

Lariophagus tcxanus n. sp. and n. g., descrip-
tion 57

Larit spp. , resistant to canker 549

Lasioderma serricorne. (See Cigarette beetle.)

Lasius claviger, notes, S.C 655

nigcT amcricanus, notes, S.C 655

Laterite, yellow, analyses 617

Laths, production in the United States 243

Lathyrus sylvestris as affected by iron sulphate 438

Laundry and dairy house combined, plans 192

work, cooperation in 168

Lava fertilizer, analy.ses, Conn.State 024

meal, fertilizing value 432

Lavatera trimestris disease, treatment 454

Lavender plantations, treatise 242

Lawns, trees for 642

Lead acetate, analyses. Can 365

effect on vegetation. Mass 235

arsenate, analyses. Can 365

N.J 259

Page.

Lead arsenate, inspection, N.J 971

poi.soning of cows by, Mass. . . 284

detection in drinking water 411

determination in drinking water 411

sulphate, methods of analysis 303

development, effect on yield of grapes. . 144

Leaf miners, notes 35<i

Leather formation, chemistry of 312

Leaves, carbon dioxid assimilation in 530

chest nut . nit rogen content 28

chlorin content 328

phosphoric acid in 438

Lebbek beetle, notes 751

Lebia grandis, destructive to potato beetle,

U.S.D.A 57

Lecanium olex, notes 60, 162

remedies 560

spp., notes 160

synonymy 753

Lecithin, determination 708

effect on sex determination 72

for pigs. Mo 772

Ohio 772

in egg yolks 565

milk 410

nitrogen groups in 410

Leeks as affected by solar radiations 529

Legume tubercle micro-organism, studies 628

Legumin, effect on blood corpuscles 72

Leguminous plants-
effect on nitrogen content of soils 122

soil fertility 524

soils. Can 321

fertilizing value, Hawaii 31

inoculation experiments, N.J 715

root tubercles. (See Root tubercles.)

seed and harvest time in Bengal 134

significance of root tubercles in 725

Leislimania donovani, studies ' 288

Lemon —

by-products, industry in Italy, U.S.D..V. 12,43

diseases, notes 448

extracts-
adulteration, U.S.D.A 467,506,664,767

examination , 704

misbranding, U.S. D.A. . 67, 467, 566, 664, 767

grass, distillation of oil from 232

industry in Italy, U.S.D.A 43

juice, osmotic pressure of 668

oil, examination, U.S.D.,\ 112

methods of analysis, U.S.D.A 112

misbranding, U.S.D.A 767

occurrence of pinene in, U.S.D.A 112

production, U.S.D.A 12

rot, notes, Cal 244

rough, as a citrus stock, Hawaii 41

Lemons, culture in Italy, U.S.D.A 43

Paola region, Italy 448

insects affecting 448

Lentils, removal of mineral matter by blanch-
ing 369

L6on Faucher prize, summary of essays 195

I^eopard moth, wood, notes, N.J 160

Leonids of Nov., 1909, photographing,

U.S.D.A 216

Lepidoptera as affected by cold and moisture. 359

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

863

Pago.

Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of the Transvaal . . . 359

role in milkweed fertilizat ion . . . 153
Lepidosaphes beckii. (See Purple scale.)
gloveri. (See Glover's scale.)
ulmi. (See Oyster-shell scale.)

Lepisma domestica, remedies oW)

Leplinotarsa decemlineata. (See Potato beetle,
Colorado.)

Leptocorisa varicornis, notes 357

Leptogastrinsc, new species and genera, de-
scriptions 255

Leptoglossus spp., notes 751

Leptomonas davidi, notes 251

Leptosphseria herpotrichoides, notes 14s

sacehari, notes, Hawaii 49

Leptothrix ochracea, notes 8

Leptothyrin pomi, notes, N.ll 747

Lettuce, fertilizer experiments, Kans 23S

nematodes affecting. Mass 245

wild, destruction. Wis 140

Leucin fraction in various substances 8

Leucocytes —

as affected by toxin of Sclerostommii bi-

denlalum 82

determination in milk, U.S.D.A 180

in dogs, parasitism 188

milk as affected by machines. Wis 570

bibliography 079

significance 679

studies, U.S.D.A 179

Leucocytosis, experimental, in cows, Wis 078

Leucocytozoa, mammalian, studies 689

studies and bibliography 281

Leucocytozoon cauleryi in fowls, notes 490

sabrazesi, description . . 790

Leucosis, partial, in hens 172

Leucospis robertsoni n. sp., description 57

Levisticum officinale bacterial disease, descrip)-

tion 452

Levuana iridescens, notes 350

Levulose and dextrose, separation 215

Liatris spp., as affected by anesthetics and

freezing 436

Lice, transmission of fowl spirochetosis by . . . 392

typhus fever by 552

Licorice bonbons, analyses 67

Light, colored, effect on carbon dioxid assimi-
lation by plants 229

effect on fruiting of fungi 330

germination of seeds 720

oat seedlings 329

perception in plants 26

zodiacal, notes, U.S.D.A 216

(See also Sunlight.)

Lilac disease, studies 749

Lilacs, varieties, Can 339

Lilium pollen, germination as affected by

weather. Wis 527

Lille Municipal Laboratory, report 311

Lima-bean pod-borer, studies, U.S.D.A 554

Lime, absorption by soils 520

analyses, Conn. State 024

and magnesia, ratio for plants 433

by-product of sugar factories, use 431

caustic, effect on movement of water in

soils 220

Page.

Lime, determination in soils 423

effect on copper sulphate solutions 456

decomposition of stable ma-
nure 716

enzyms 530

fertilizing value of peat 429

germination of corn 228

jute 533

movement of water in soils. . 219

nematodes. Mass 245

plant growth 439

potash in soils, N. II 424

transpiration in plants 721

fertilizing value, Hawaii 46

Wash 433

in ponds 422

for alfalfa, U.S.D.A 197

free, in pliosphatic slag 129

fruit juice, examination 764

methods of analysis 764

in phosphatic slag 25

niter. (See Calcium nitrate.)

nitrate, fertilizing value 333,334

nitrogen. (Sec Calcium cyanamid.)
rock, effect on yield of cotton, Ala.

Canebrake 634

Lime-sulphur —

mixture, concentrated, tests, N.Y. State. . 661

self-boiled, value 047

sprays, preparation and use, N.H 748

wash, analyses, Can 365

chemistry of, N.Y.State 660

composition and use, N.Y.State... 662

Lime, value on soils 624

water, use in chemical analysis 9

Limekiln ashes, analyses. Conn. State 624

Limestone, ground, effect on humus, N.J 121

Liming experiments 130, 532, 716

Can 331

Ohio 23,495

Lina populi, studies 360

scripta, notes 58

Linaria striata, cyanogenetic glucosid in 230

Linden borer, remedies 560

moth, snow-white, notes 653, 054

Lindens as affected by gas 351

Linen industry in Ireland 233

Linguatula txnioides in dogs, studies 289

Linseed meal, analyses 375

Conn.State 670

Mo 771

N.Y.State 70

Ohio 771

Vt 670

for cows 77

oil, production 60^

varieties 335

Lip and leg ulceration in sheep 782

Liparis monacha, remedies 254

Lipase, gastric, in newborn infants 770

in human tissues, investigations 770

Lipoids, classification 13

Lipoleiis piccus, notes, Va. Truck 161

Liqueurs, definitions 765

kirsch, notes 165

Liquid air, effect on seeds 436

864

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Lispa sinensis, parasitic on mosquitoes 255

Lissothrips, new genus, description 551

Listronolus latiuscutus, studies, U.S. I). A. ... 257

Lithium , methods of analysis 8

Live stock-
animal residues for, Mass 270

breeding and managing, treatise 377

in England 378

legislation concerning 775

diseases in New Zealand 183

treatise 183

dried potatoes for 70

ear tagged , marketing 390

exposition at Chicago 97

expositions, international 1

feeding experiments, paper on 97

reporting 97

relation to food supply 575

guaranties in Switzerland 775

in Ireland 390

Nebraska 390

industry in British Columbia 292

Indo-Chiua 571

I'orto Kico, V.R 207

insects affecting, Hawaii 58

insurance in France 795

mutual insurance societies, organization. 493

poisoning by oleanders, U.S.D.A 595

raising in Formosa 73

Japan 72

rations for 70

remedies, composition, N.Dak ,. 202

statistics 275

U.S.D.A 593

tropical and subtropical diseases in 380

(Sec also Animals, Cattle, Sheep, etc.)

Liver disease in dogs, cause 288

Living matter, energy changes in 168

Lizards, destruction of rats by 751

ticks by 558

Lobster extract, studies 62

Loco disease, investigations , U.S.D.A 284

relation to Sarcosporidiae 784

poisoning of live stock by 783

Locust hispa, notes 405

red-legged, injurious to tobacco 464

Locustidaf , spermatogenesis in 055

Locusts as aflectpd by gas 351

brown, control in the Transvaal 356

control in Cape of Good Hope 161

Soi'th Africa 458

injuries to corn, Ky 751

cranberries, N.J 160

tobacco 404

notes 355

of Brazil, descriptions 551

Loemopsylla cheopis, distribution on rodents. . 255

Log measures, standardization 147

Lolium perrennc, digestibility 71

Loomis Fruit-Growers' Association 795

Lophococcus maximus, notes 356

Lotus corniculatus, digestibility 71

Louisiana Stations, notes 199

University, notes 297

Lucern. (See Alfalfa.)

Luotima rivicoa angustifolia, notes, P.R 236

Lumber— Page,

production in Massachusetts 541

the United States 243

use in Massachusetts 541

(Sec also Timber and Wood.)

Lumbering, wasteful methods, U.S.D.A 450

Lumpy jaw. (See Actinomycosis.)

Lunches, penny, for .school children 371 , 767

Lupuie seedlings, respiration investigations. . 029
Lupines-
analyses 670

as a green manure 429

affected by iron sulphate 438

liming I.to

decomposition in .soils 318

inoculation experiments 428

N.J 715

poisoning of steers by 783

yield as affected by spraying 439

Lychnis dioica, color inheritance in 028

Lycophotia margaritosa, notes, Hawaii 459

Lymantria dispar as affected by cold and mois-
ture 359

Lymphangitis, epizootic, in horses, cause 392

prevalence in Ohio . 782

prevalence in Minnesota 7.S2

Lypcrosia irritans, notes 559

Lysiphlebus cerasaphis, notes 1 54

tritici, notes, Kans 251

Macaroni, misbranding, U.S.D..\ 767

wheat. (See Wheat, durum.)
Machinery. (Sec Agricultural machinery.)
Macrodactylus suhspinosus. (See Rose
chafer.)

Macrosiphum granaria, notes. Can 354

J/ocrospor/ttm/a»cfo/3^Mmn.sp., description. 744

Magnesia and lime, ratio for plants 433

effect on germination of corn 228

for nitrifying organisms 427

Magnolia scale, synonymy 753

Magnesium—

and calcium, separation 211

chlorid, determination in water 304

determination 610

ions, transfer from plant cells 131

metabolism as affected by fish diet 370

methods of analysis 8

salts, effect on Bacillus svbtilis 531

sulphate, elTect on plant respiration 629

Magnetic observations at Havana 14

in Russia 518

Magnetism, terrestrial, review in 117

Maine Station , notes 496

Maize. (See Corn )

Malachra, culture in India 446

Malacosoma americana. (See Tent caterpil-
lar.)

castrensis, studies 360

Maladie du coit. (Sfc Dourine.)

Malaria, transmission by mosquitoes 556

Malarial stains, detection of coccldia by 581

Mallein, diagnostic value 184

Malmohus cow-testing associations, report. . . 476

Malnutrition from using pasteurized milk 680

in school children 168

Malt extracts, composition 264

products, effect on flour, Can 368

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

865

Page.

Malt sprouts, analyses 375

N.Y. State 70

effect on milk secretion 677

Maltose, effect on digestion of casein 770

Mammals, inheritance of colors in 273

injurious to cacao 364

solid-hoofed, significance of chest-
nuts in 672

Mammitis —

contagious, prevalence in Queensland — 783

in cows, treatment 186, 787

parenchymatous, emission of bacteria. . . 391

Mammoth scale, notes 356

Man as affec ted by sodium benzoate 570

assimilation of proteid cleavage products 769

chemistry of sodium benzoate in 771

dispersal of seeds by 197

healthy, fecal bacteria of 373

metabolism experiments 169, 26(5

new trypanosome in 480

Manganese —

as a fertilizer •. 433

effect on growth of pineapples 240

nitrate, effect on alcoholic fermentation.. 115

sulphate, effect on plant growth 436

fertilizing value 718

Mange, follicular, treatment 587

psoroptic, in dogs 489

(See also Cattle, Dog, Horse, and
Sheep mange or scab.)
Mangels—

anal5'ses. Can 375

culture in New Zealand 729

feeding value, N.Y.Cornell 76

fertilizer experiments 126,

322,334,442,446,717,728

Can 331

for cows 477

U.S.D.A 595

insects affecting, Hawaii 58

varieties 442

Can 330

Mangers, concrete, construction, Wis 589

Mango blight, treatment, Hawaii 42

Mangoes, blooming period, Hawaii 42

budding and inarching, Hawaii 41

propagation 538

Hawaii 642

shield budding, Hawaii 642

shippingand transplanting, Hawaii. 41

varieties 449

P.R 236

Manioc. (See Cassava.)

Mannite, effect on nitrogen fixation, N.J 121

food value for nitrogen-fixing organ-
isms '. 428

formation from fat 669

Mantids, Chinese, notes, N.J 160

Manual training for country boys 594

Manure —

ashes, analyses. Can 325

barnyard. (Sec Barnyard manure.)

dissemination of tuberculo.sis by. Nebr. . . 84

effect on productivity of black soils 429

soil bacteria 319

fertility 523

Manure— Continued. Page.

effect on variation in peas 528

feraiizing value 323, 334

Hawaii 46

Ohio 23'

liquid, for sugar beets 125

preservation with iron sulphate. . 716

production in Paris 429

propagation of wheat STiiut by 745

stable, decreasing supply in England 524

substitutes for 430

(See also Cow, Poultry, Sheep, etc.)
Manurial requirements of soils. (See Soils.)
Maple and cane sugar sirup mixtures, detec-
tion. U.S.D.A 709

leaf scale, cottony, synonymy 753

leaves, phosphoric acid in 438

scale, cottony, sjoionymy 753

sirup, preservation. Mass 264

sugar, examination, Me 566

misbranding, TT.S.D.A 262

worm , green-striped, notes 053

Mass 251

Mapleine, misbranding, U.S.D.A 664

Maples, sap pressure in 436

Marasmius hawaiir.nsis, notes, Hawaii 49

sacchari, notes. Hawaii 49

scanden,'' n. sp, , description 744

Margarin, detection in butter 212

refraction 113

Margaropus annulatus. (See Cattle ticks.)

Markets, inspection in Missouri 263

Marl, analyses, Can 325

definition 130

Marmalades, analyses 65

Marodi vine rubber, analyses 741

Marsh grass hay. analyses 69

soils. (See Soils, marsh.)

Martin slag, analyses 622

manufacture and use 622

Massachusetts College, notes 199, 496

Station, financial statement... 295

notes 199,596,800

report of director 295

Mastitis. (See Mammitis.)

Mat rushes, culture experiments, Hawaii 33

Matter and energy, metabolism 567

May beetles, notes, N.J 659

P.R 252

relation to tree planting 645

flies, descriptions 654

Mayetiola destructor. (See Hessian fly.)

Meadow grasses, digestibility 71

Meadows, fertilizer experiments 431, 728

requirements 630

grass and clover mixtures for 725

in the Weichsel marshes, notes 631

(See also Grasses.)

Mealy bug, citrus, sjTionymy 753

in Egypt, notes 751

long-tailed, synonymy 753

notes, Hawaii 58

P.R 252

remedies, Hawaii 41

P.R 252

Measures, Japanese, terms relating to 91

Meat, analyses 767

866

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Meat, bacteriological examination 183

cheap cuts, cooking 505

chopped, use of ))rcservativcs in 5(i4

cold storage 104

consumption in Siani 503

curing by electricity 104

ellccl on rabbits 5()8

establishments, inspection in France. . 307

examination 089

extract , composition 203, 367

effect on uric acid excretion. . . 200

fly, studies 55

formaldehyde in 100

horse. (Sr( Horse meat.)

inspection in France 380

Germany 203

Hungary 263,393

Queensland 783

treatise 707

markets, inspection in Missouri 566

meal, analyses, N.H , 770

feeding value. Mass 270

for pigs, Iowa 175

pickled, salt content 62

preparations, inactive lactic acid in . . . 762

prepared , analyses 367

preservation for troops 762

preservatives, composition 564

preserved , examination 761

products, analyses 700

inspection 164

substitutes, studies 203

transportation in France 040

Mechanical colleges. (See Agricultural col-
leges.)

Media for estimating soil bacteria 723

Medicago lupuUna as a green manure 429

notes 235

Medical dictionary in various languages 689

Milk Commission, methods and

standards 385

survey of Taytay 668

zoology, index-catalogue, U.S.D.A . . 53

Mediterranean flour moth, remedies, U.S. D. A. 461

Medlar, postripening investigations 704

Megass, manufacture and fuel value 337

Mclampsora spp. , notes 151, 653

Melanobracon webbi, notes, U.S.D.iV 261

MclanopMla acuminata, notes 362

Melanoplus femur-rubrum. (See Locust, red-
legged.)
Mdanospora pampeana, relation to other

fungi, Nebr 48

Melilotus alba, notes 235

officinalis as affected by anesthetics

and freezing 437

culture on waste lands... 441
Mclittia satyriniformis. {See Squash borer.)

Mclittobia hawaiiensis, notes, Hawaii ■. . 150

Melon aphis, notes 57,356,751

blight, treatment, Conn.Storrs 743

bug parasite, notes 251

canker, notes 50

mildew, notes 743

worm , notes 751

Mendel's law, application in cotton breeding. 529

Page.

Mtnopon sp., spread of fowl spirochetosis by. 392

Mtruin migratnriii, introduction into England 53

McruliuK liicrymanx, differential characters. . 148
Metabolism

as affected by castration 072

experiments-
determination of phosphoric acid in. . 9

use of banana Hour in 170

with dogs 370,672,769

herbivora, Wis 573

men '.. 169, 266

in disease 170

Inanition 170

investigations, respiratory, treatise 787

of matter and energy 567

nucleic acid 769

phosphorus in plants 531

plants, role of nitrogen in 437

proteid cleavage products 769

protein 169, 170, 530. 769, 770

purin 267

Metals, effect on drinking water 119

germicidal action 629

Meteorological-
data, exhibit, U.S.D.A 216

observations-
Conn. Storrs 711, 798

Mass 117, 419, 615

Mich 615

N.J 117

Ohio 420

S.Dak 711

U.S.D.A 215, 419, 615

Wyo 615, 694

at Bologna 420

Buenos Aires 14

Havana 14

Juvisy 518

Manila Central Observatory 314

Mexico, Mo., U.S.D.A 216

Paris 117

Ploty Experiment Station 420

Tenerifle, U.S.D.A 216

Tokyo 314

in British G uiana 314

Cape of Good Hope 14

Denmark 518

Fiji .....". 420

Great Britain .- 216

India 440,441

Iowa 216

Natal 14

New South Wales 117

Russia 518

Sweden 711

the United Kingdom 14

{See also Clunate, Rain, Weather,
etc.)
Meteorology-
agricultural, treatise 416

at Colby College, U.S.D.A 215

bibliography, U.S.D.A 117

history in the United States, U.S.D.A. 215,216

international catalogue 417

relation to biology 217

review in 117

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

867

Meteorology— Continued. Page.

study for farmers 14

treatise 312

Methylene chlorid, effect on ripening of dates. 704

Mice, field, natural enemies 352

heredity in '. 377

injurious to corn, Ky 751

white, breeding experiments 378

development as affected by ex-
ternal conditions 378

Michigan Society for Promotion of Agricul-
tural Education 598

Station , financial statement 694

notes 399,597

report of director C94

Micrococcus—

candicans, dissemination by fruits 369

casci liquefacicns , organism resembling. . . 384

dcnitriftcans, notes 724

lactis varians, notes, Mich 481

spp., description 724

Microdus hawaiicola, notes, Hawaii 156

Microfilaria scquini, description 188

Microlepidoptera, new species, descriptions. . 54
Micro-organisms —

assimilation of nitrogen by 22

Bulgarian, occurrence in sour milk 384

studies 383

development in butter, Mich 483

dissemination by fruits 369

In bread 64

Japanese vinegar, studies 214

Injurious to mustard, notes 709

legume tubercle, studies 628

nitrogen-Axing, carbonaceous foods for. . . 428

studies 427

(See also Bacteria.)

Aficroparsus variabilis n. sp., description 254

Microsphzra alni, notes 742

gucrcina, notes 749

sp., notes 547

Microspira xstuarii, notes 119

Microtus pinctorum, injurious to corn.Ky 751

Middlings. (Sec Wheat, Oat, Rye, etc.)

Milk, abnormal, relation to cheese making. . . 680

abnormally creaming, studies 578

adulteration, U.S.D.A 566,776

albumin, analyses, Can 375

alcohol reaction 309

altered , methods of analysis 414

ana;roxydase and catalase in 514, 703

analyses 12, 164,367,767

as affected by by-products 478

health of cows 77

roughage 778

sodium benzoate 569

asses', composition and nature 479

bacterial content, studies 679

Wis 576

flora at low temperatures 578

biological studies 578

boiled, detection 212,414

l)UlTaIo, composition 778

canneil , consumption in Siam 563

carbonophosphates in 112

catalase in 514, 703

cellular elements in, nature 383

52795°— VOL. 22—10 6

Page.

Milk, certified, copper in 77

changes in, bibliography 578

chemistry, work in 1909 114

coagulation investigations 209,702

commission in Canada , report 780

medical, methods and

standards 385

composition 382, 477, 677

as affected by soy bean

products. Mass 276

of different breeds 677

variation in 382

condensed-
analyses 766, 767

Conn.State . 662

consumption in various countries. . 382

examination 67

industry in the United States 78

control stations in Norway 295

cooked V. raw, for calves 774

cost of production, Cal 577

Can 382

in Sweden 577

winter 577

detection in asses' milk 514

definition 367

determination of solids in 514

tension and viscosity

in 413

distribution of nitrogen in 303

dried, for infants 768

nutritive value 77

effect on flour. Can 368

evaporated , effect on flour, Can 368

exhibition at Pittsburg, U.S.D.A 77

fat, composition as affected by coconut

cake 710

content as affected by imperfect

milking 382

seasonal deviations in 382

production as affected by heredity. . 278

purity of, testing 114

refraction. . : 113

{Sec also Fat.)
fermented, effect on intestinal putrefac-
tion 569

lactic-acid Streptothrix in. . 779

fever, prevention 186

flour, adulteration and misbranding,

U.S.D.A 776

for calves, N.Y.Cornell 73

dairy animals 676

formation in the udder 383

germ content as affected by milking

machines, N.Y. State 178, 179

goat, composition and nature 479

manufacture of cheese from 781

handling in hot weather, Okla 798

heated, detection 710

human, lecithin content 410

hygiene, studies and standards for 478

inspection in France 386

institute in Melbourne 78

investigat ions 479

iron content, studies 678

j udging, use of score card in 478

808

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Milk laws in Canada and United States 780

lei'ilhiii and iron content 410

leucocyte content-
as affected by machines, Wis 570

determination, U .S.D. A 180

significance (i79

studies ''79

U.S.D.A 179

mirror, value 777

nitrate reaction in 11,012

nutritive value 77

obligate anaerobic bacteria in 779

of tuberculous cows, infectiousness. . . 080, 779

pasteurization 080, 779

in Denmark 780

homes, U.S.D.A 179

pasteurized, as a cause of disease 080

nutritive value 77

use in cheese making 80

payment for, at creameries 478

preservation with formaldehyde 414

prices of, in Wiirttemberg 381

production and distribution 179, 780

in northeast England 382

Wiirttemberg 381

raw and boiled, dilTerentiation 414

relation to public health 279, 079

ropy, studies, R.I 479

sanitary , production 478

scoring, U.S.D..\ 78

secretion as affected by-
machines, Wis ^70

potatoes 77

stimulating substances. . . 077

studies, Mass 275, 270

serum, calcium chlorid, refraction — 514,012

specific gravity 514

sheep's, value in hot countries 77

skimmed. (Sec Skim milk.)

solids, determination 308

fat content and specific gravity. 309
sour, occurrence of Bulgarian micro-
organism in 384

specific gravity 778

state of calcium in 302

sterilized, nutritive value 77

sugar, determination 212

formation 077

supply of Birmingham, England 78

Chicago 279

cities in the United States... 780

state supervision 080

New York, tuberculous con-
tamination 387

supplies, control in Belgium 78

transmission of tuberculosis by, Iowa. . 185

transportation in France 040

tuberculous, composition 383

use by natives in Africa 78

of alizarin in alcohol test 414

vinegar, manufacture 100

watered, detection 012

Milking, effect on progress of parenchymatous

mammitis 391

machines, effect on germ content of

milk, N.Y. State 178,179

Page.

Milking machines, history. Wis 577

physiological effects. Wis 576

studies, Wis 576

use in Wisconsin, Wis... 577

stables, descriptions 577

Milkweeds, fertilization, relation to insects... 153

Millet, broom-corn, varieties, S.Dak 33

digestibility, S.Dak 71

fertilizer experiments 223

germination experiments 326

phosphorus metabolism in 531

sewage sludge for 120

varieties. Can 330

Kans 726

Milling and baking industries, treatise 164

by-products, bleaching 512

Milo maize for pigs, Colo 74

varieties, Kans 726

Mince-meat, analyses 766

Mineral-
constituents of foods, importance .508

matter, removal from vegetables in cook-
ing 309

oils, detection in fatty oils 515

salts, effect on respiration in plants 029

role in plants 131

substances for pigs. 111 575

waters, misbranding, U.S.D.A 467

of Argentina, classification 518

Minerals, analyses 214

potash, fertilizing value 128

Minnesota Conservation Congress 597

Field Crop Breeders' Association.. 335

Station, notes 90, 297, 497, 597

University, notes. ... 90, 297, 497, 597, 695

Mint, fertilizer experiments 431

Miscellaneous supplies, methods of testing,

U.S.D.A 013

Mispelus germanica, postripening investiga-
tions 704

Mississippi College, notes 095

Station, notes 497,695

Missouri Station, notes 297,597,096

University, notes 199, 297, 597, 096

Mistletoe parasitism, studies, U.S.D.A 630

pine, dissemination in Tyrol 722

Mites as a cause of grain itch 784

pine disease 749

injurious to chickens 558

coffee 351

parasitic on coffee-bean weevil 758

Mohair, production in Uganda 274

Moisture. {Sec Water.)

Molasin, analyses 269

Molasses, analyses 172,264,375

beet pulp, dried, analyses 269

{See also Sugar - beet
pulp.)

burning, loss of potash in 719

diluted, osmotic pressure of 668

effect on Bordeaux mixture 456

feeding value for horses 475

feeds, adulteration, N.Y. State 70

analyses 70,269

La 670

Miss 670

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

869

Page.

Molasses, feeds, analyses N. II 776

Vt G70

examination and calculation. 214

manufacture 70

from beet sugar, analyses 704

froth fermentation, studies 614

production of alcohol from, N.Mex. 13

pulp, dried, feeding value 268

refractometry of 413

Molds, soil, review of investigations 317

source of nitrogen for 724

Money , Japanese, terms relating to 91

Monilia nigra n. sp., effect on Emmental

cheese 182

Monkeys, new spirillum in 581

Monks, Japanese, vegetarian diet of 665

Monocaleium phosphate —

effect on transpiration of plants 721

solubility as affected by calcium car-
bonate 130

Monohammus titillalor. {Sec Southern pine

sawj'er.)
Monomorium minutum miKirre«m, destructive

to codling moth 460

Monopotassium phosphate, solubility as af-
fected by calcium carbonate 130

Monoslege rosx, notes 58

Montana College, notes 497

Moon, effect on atmospheric radio-activity . . 216

earth's atmosphere 417

Moor soils. {See Soils, moor.)

Morning-glory seeds, oxidase in 133

Morrill centennial exercises 699

Mosquitoes, control in New York 654

in Brazil, treatise 55

Cuba, studies 360

India 157

New Jersey, N.J 156

parasitism 255

remedies 560

studies 255, 360

transmission of diseases by 556, 560

Moss land, improvement 322

Moths, destruction in vineyards 365

{See also Lepidoptera.)

Mountain dairying in Norway 78

grazing lands, revegetation,

U.S.D.A 35

rat, relation to spotted fever 683

Mountaineers, dietary studies, U.S.D.A 468,469

Muck, analyses, Can 325

Conn. State 624

ashes, analyses. Can 325

Mucor mucedo as affected by nutrient solu-
tions 27

Mucor, source of nitrogen for 725

Mud, analyses. Can 325

filter press, fertilizing value 442

of Yallah salt ponds, studies 119

Mulberries, culture in Texas 640

varieties 441

Mulberry diseases, notes 51,52

enzyms, studies 530

Mules, breeding experiments, P.R 267

feeding, P.R 267

sweet potatoes for, Ala.Tuskegee 729

Page.
Murgantia histrionica. {See Harlequin cab-
bage bug.)
Muriate of potash, fertilizing value, Hawaii. . 31
Mus spp., seasonal prevalence of Trypano-
soma lewisi in 282

Musca domestica. {See House fly.)

Muscle, creatin content as affected by work.. 267

physiology , handbook 769

striated, distribution of constituents . 267

Muscular work, nerve reaction in 471

Mushroom sciara, notes, N.J 160

Mushrooms, cholin content 764

culture. Colo 640

hydrocyanic acid in 630

mineral nutrition 339

reaction for 709

rennets in 437

Muskmelons, breeding experiments, P.R 237

culture experiments, Ariz 34

fresh, preservation 341

insects affecting 750

Mussel scale, notes 160

Mustard— ,

adulteration, detection 67

analyses 67

as affected by iron sulphate 439

assimilation of phosphoric acid by 623

growth as affected by copper sulphate 439

organism causing spoiling of 709

seed, sampling 612

wild, destruction 338

Wis 140

yield as affected by soil moisture 224

spraying 439

Mutation theory, treatise 625

Mutton, imports into Hongkong 682

tallow as affected by low tempera-
ture 113

Mycology, bibliography 133

Mycorrhiza, injurious to plants 722

Mycosphxrella citrullina, notes SO

Myelins of the body 170

Myelois sp., notes, Hawaii 59

Myiasis intestinalis, cause 261

Mynah bird, eating of army worms and cut-
worms by, Hawaii 458, 459

Myriangium durixi, notes 154

Myrmocodipnella aptera n. g. and n. sp., de-
scription 752

Myrtle flowers, variation and correlation 528

Myrtus tomentosos, notes, P.R 236

Mytilaspis citricola n. sp., parasitism 744

pomorum. {See Oyster-shell scale.)

Myzomonas belse, notes 149

Myxomycetes, soil, review of investigations.. 317

Myzomyia spp., notes 157

Myzus cerasi. {See Cherry aphis.)

persicx. {See Peach aphis, green.)

Naphtha soap as a disinfectant 393

Nasturtiums, assimilation of amids by 132

National vitality, conservation 168

Natives of Africa, use of milk products by. .. 78

Taytay, diet of 666,667

Tierra del Fuego, food habits 563

Naturalists, book on colors for 662

Nature study in congested city districts 398

870

EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED.

I'ago.

Nature study in rural schools {iy3

silo as a school topic 594

teaching in California, Cal 9-1

treatise 19(), 398, 594

Nebraska Station, notes 90,400,090

report 94

University, notes 90, 199, 400, 090

Nectar in flowers, biological significance 329

Neclarophora pisi, notes 404

Can 354

Ncctria ditissima, notes, N.H 747

solani, notes 347

spp., notes 549

thcobromx, notes 47

Neeni cake, fertilizing value 441

Negri corpuscles, tliagnostic value 392, {)S2

origin and importance 283

staining, new method 283

Negroes, domestic science instruction for 093

farmers institutes for, in winter 500

Nematode, Dreschsler's, in cattle 089

eye parasites, notes 791

Nematodes as alTected by lime, Mass 245

injurious to alfalfa 240

Chelone 452

chry sau themums 351

coflfee 51,351

cork oaks 742

lettuce. Mass 245

sugarcane, Hawaii... 49

notes 789

relation to bacterial diseases 250

remedies 249, 549

Ncocosmospora vasinfecta, notes, Ga 035

Neolccanium cornuparvum. (See Magnolia
scale.)

Neothrips, new genus, description 551

Neotomafuscipcs anectcns, bubonic plague in. 785

Nepheline stone, fertilizing value 128

Neplicula slingerlandella, occurrence in New

York 054

Nessler's reagent, reaction with ammonia 8

Nevada Station, notes 199

New Hampshire College, notes 597

Station, notes 597

Jersey State Station, notes 597, 090

Stations, financial statement 197

report of director 197

Mexico College, notes 90, 298, 090

Station, notes 90,298,090

York State Station, report of director. . . 798

Newman, J. S. , biographical sketch 099

Nicotiana, breeding e.xperiments, N.J 140

Nicotine, determination in tobacco juices 515

Night soil, fertilizing value 440,441

utilization 325

Nile flood, relation to rainfall 315

river, relation to subsoil water 010

Niter cake, effect on vegetation, Mass 235

Nitragin, tests 428, 442

N. J 715

Nitrammon-lime, fertilizing value 432

Nitrate, crude, fertilizing value 441

deposits in California 021

Chile 120,430,020

in potash salts 432

Page.

Nitrate, industry in Chile 120,431

Norway 431,622

Norwegian, fertilizing value 525

of ammonia, production in Germany. 621
lime. (Sec Calcium nitrate.)

potash, fertilizing value 138

Nitrate of soda-
analyses 224

application, improved method 432

as a lop dressing 224

effect on—

composition of plants 23

movement of water in soils 220

plant food assimilation by beets... j. 432

respiration in plants 629

transpiration of plants 721

vegetation. Mass 235

exports from Chile 126

fertihzing value 24,125, 126,

127,130,220,322,333,334,
422,431,432,434,440,442,
440,525,530,537,021,717

Ala. Canebrake 633,634

Hawaii 31,46

Mass 231

N.Mex 732

for apples, N.J 142

manufacture ■ 323

production, relation to price 430

residual effects, Hawaii 30, 31

statistics 525

Nitrate reaction in milk 11,612

Nitrates, artificial, manufacture 717

as a source of nitrogen for molds 724

decomposition by bacteria 319

decrease in soils, studies, N.J 120

determination 303, 706

fertilizing value, Kans 232

in peat soils, Mich 618

manufacture in Norway 125

Nitric acid, determination 210

effect on starch 702

manufacture 324, 622, 717

methods of analysis 9

Nitrification —

■ in soils 123,221,318,521,522,714,715

N.J 121

in soils as alfected by —

carbon 221

partial sterilization 121

Nitrifying organisms, culture experiments. . . 427

Nitrite, method of analysis 707

nitrogen, fertilizing value 525

of soda, fertilizing value 525

organism, occurrence in sea water. . . 723

Nitrobacteria, occurrence in sea water 723

Nitro-bacterine, bacteriological examination. 427

tests 428

Nitrogen-
assimilation by beets 432

forests 521

plants, bibliography 328

atmospheric—

assimilation by micro-organisms 22

plant trichoraes 230

bibliography ! 225

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

871

Nitrogen— Continued. Page,

atmospheric — continued.

fixation 22, 122, 127, 221 , 225,

226, 323, 427, 525, G22, 715, 717, 724

N.J 121

U.S.D.A 520

by bacteria 123

peanuts 534

yeast "25

utilization 24, 127

available, cost, N.J 620

consumption in Spain 323

determination 303, 009

in milk 309

nitrates and nitrite.s 510

soil extracts 009

distribution in milk 303

effect on germination of corn 22S

factor for casein 309

fixation by .Vzotobacter as affected by

chemicals 724

soil bacteria 123

investigations 428

fixing bacteria, aerobic, studies 724

organisms, carbonaceous foods for. 428

studies 427

formation in leaves 28

free extract in foods and feeds Ill

gain in animals, studies 473

in prairie soils, studies 122

soils as affected by partial sterilization . 121

investigations in India 442

lime, fertilizing value 226,621

loss from soils, investigations 318

on farms 125

nitric, in irrigated soils, Utah 617

reduction to ammonia 706

of green manure, loss in sandy soils 122

organic, in peat soils 019

Utah 618

partition in urine of infants 669

problem in dry farming 221

r61e of, in plant metabolism 437

sources 125,226

wholesale prices, N.J 130

Nitrogenous fertilizers-
atmospheric, new 431

comparison 226, 333, 446, 537, 621, 717, 733

Ga 633

Hawaii 31

Mass 231

for flax 136

manufacture 622

new, report on 24

organic, tests 127

Nitrolime, mixing with calcium nitrate 24

Nitrous ether, examination. Me 467

oxid, formation and use by bacteria. . 724

Nodular disease in sheep, prevalence in Ohio. 782

North Carolina State Station , notes 298

Dakota College, notes 199, 497, 5&7, 096

Station, notes 199, 096

Sea, relation to crops in Norway 517

Northern leaf-footed plant bug, notes 751

Nothoscordum , relation of stalk to Qowers. . . 528

Nololophus antigua in New York 465

notes, Can 355

Nucleicacid, biochemistry 702

Nucleic acid in yeast, formula 115

metabolism 769

Nuclein, synthesis in the animal body 471

Nucleoprotein cleavage products, analyses. . . 778

Nummularia discreta, notes, N.H 747

Nun moth, remedies 254

Nursery —

inspection in Arizona ■. 653

Cape of Good Hope 160,355

Colorado 354

Louisiana 465

North Carolina 750

Ohio 465

Ontario 142

Pennsylvania 6.55, 662

Rhode Island 560

law, Nev 662

stock fumigation 465

Nutrient solutions, effect on fimgi 27

Nutrition—

and dietetics, treatise 768

diseases, treatise 567

human, discussion 768

investigations, cooperation in 97

in Solvay Institute 265

publications, U.S.D.A.... 170

relation to bleached flour 63

science of, treatise 568

theory of, treatise 168

(See also Digestion, Food, Metabolism,
etc.)

Nuts, culture experiments, S.C 639

in Texas 640

Kola, exports from the Gold Coast 341

pine, analyses 665

Nyssorhynchus maeulatus, notes 157

Oak, cork, disease, notes 742

diseases, notes 742

injuries by frost 351

lecanium , synonymy 753

mildew, cause 749

notes 547, 548

scale, pit-making, synonymy 753

seedlings as affected by mycorrhiza 722

white disease, prevalence in Italy 749

Oaks, accretion investigations 540

British, diSerentiation 540

fertilizer experiments 146

pruning experiments 44

Oat blade blight, studies, Ohio 453

diseases, notes 648

treatment, N. Dak 744

extract, photodynamic effects 27

feeds, analyses, Vt 670

composition and digestibility

N.Y. State 70

hay, notes 442

products, analyses. Can 375

dried, analyses 62

root disease, notes 741

seedlings as affected by light 329

smut, dissemination 543

notes 246, 745

treatment, Can 332

Mich 694

N.H 772

872

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Oat straw. (lis;('stil)ility, S.Dak 71

Oats, adulteration, U.S.I). A 67

aiialysi'S 69, 70, 375, 670

ami peas, analyses 172

as a nurse crop, Can 332

aflected by calcium cyanamid 338

drainage 589

iron sulphate 439

assimilation of phosphoric acid by 623

plant food by 619

characteristics 336

composition as affected by shade 530

cost of product ion in North Dakota 691

culture experiments 138, 335

Can 331

Kans 232

Nebr 636

S.Dak 33

digestibility, S.Dak 71

fertilizer experiments 324, 325, 333,

442,524,621,717,728

Can 332,333

Kans 232

germination experiments, Can 331

green manuring experiments 429

growth as alTected by copper sulphate. 439

heavy and hght seed, tests 731

imports into Great Britain 195

judging and grading 537

methods of seeding, U.S.D.A 798

morphological changes in 138

phosphates for 524

prices in Australia 192

seeding experiments, Can 333

stable manure for 716

sulphured, detection, U.S.D.A 213

varieties 138, 233, 335, 336, 441, 442, 532, 533

Can 330

Ind 726

Kans 726

N.H 726,727

Nebr 636

S.Dak 33

white wild, characteristics 136

yield as aflected by —

date of planting. Can 333

moisture 223

spraying. , 439

Oblique-banded leafroller, bibliography, N.H 555

studies, N.H 554

Ochrospora sorbi, notes 648

Ocncria dispar. (See Gipsy moth.)

[Liparis] monacha, remedies 254

Ocyptera brassicaria, studies . , 361

Odonata, Australian, studies 356

Odontota dorsalis, notes 465

Odynerus spp., notes, Hawaii 156

(Ecanthus spp., injurious to tobacco 464

(Ecophyllcmhius neglectus n. sp. and n. g.,

description 59

QSdomyccs leproides, studies 650

Oilnothera, breeding experiments 628

(Esophagostoina columbianuvi, notes 782

Ohia bark, analyses, Hawaii 12

Ohio State University, notes 96, 199, 400, 800

Station, cooperative work with farmers 798

Page.

Ohio Station, financial statement 495

notes 199, 497, 597, 097

report of director 495

Oi, destruction, Hawaii 731

O'idiuin carnis, development 62

lactis in butter, Mich 481, 483

quercinum, notes 548, 742, 749

Oidium, (>fTect on composition of grapes 051

on dried fruit 605

slimy sausage casing 762

Oil analysis, handbook 12

coconut. {See Cocoruil oil.)

crude, preparation from sewage 422

distillat ion from grasses 232

et hereal, determination in cloves 307

inspection in Wyoming 311

lemon, production, U.S.D.A 12

olive. {See Olive oil.)
lialm. {See Palm oil.)
palms. (Sec Palms, oil.)
peanut. {See Peanut oil.)

pecan, analyses 513

plants, seed and harvest time in Bengal. . 134
seeds. {See Seeds, oil.)
sesame. {See Sesame oil.)

Oils, absorption, test of methods 12

chemistry of, progress in 008

dark, modifled method of analysis 310

essential, determination in spices and

drugs 513

ethereal, and odoriferous bodies, treatise 415

methods of analysis 710

mineral, detection in fatty oils 515

natural changes in 702

seed, treatise 008

table and cooking, analyses 767

thermal degrees of 311

volatile, effect on ripening of dates 704

Oklahoma College, notes 697

Station, financial statement 798

notes 597, 697

report of director 798

Okra, breeding experiments, N.J 140

Oleanders, poisoning of live stock by,

U.S.D.A 595

Oleomargarine as affected by low tempera-
ture 113

detection in butter 515

in bakers' goods 763

manufacture 17

Olethreutes albiciliana, notes 54

Oligosita americana n. sp., description 363

Olive coccid, notes 60

diseases, notes 652

fly, notes 59

parasites, notes 59

industry in Spain 43

knot, studies, Cal 244

leaf tineid, notes 59

oil, adulteration and misbranding,

U.S.D.A 566

analyses 513, 766

Conn.State 662

as aflected by temperature, Ariz. . . 736

industry in Spain 43

the Levant 369

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

873

Olive oil machinery, description 312

manufacture 312

Ariz 735

reaction 12

Tunis, special reactions 310

scale, synonymy 753

tineid, studies 254

Olives, culture in Arizona, Ariz 735

history and synonymy 538

in southern Italy, classification 73G

insects affecting 59. 1()2, 559

varieties, Ariz 736

Omphalodes verna, notes 452

Omphalophlebitis in lambs, Mich 081

Onchocerca spp., description 791

Oncideres cingulatus, notes 362

Onion diseases, notes, Ariz 41

mildew, notes, Cal 244

root maggot, notes. Can 355

rot, notes, Mass 244

smut, treatment, Mass 244

thrips, notes 464

N.J 160

Onions, Bermuda, culture, Ariz 34

cost of production, N.Mex 732

culture 335

Colo ^. 640

Okia 798

experiments 142

N.Mex 732

in Arizona, Ariz 41

the Southwest, U.S.D.A.. 595

fertilizer experiments 41

Kans 2,'58

insects affecting, Ariz 41

varieties, Ariz 41

Ontario Corn Growers' Association, report 233

Oospora scabies. (See Potato scab.)

Ophiobolus herpotrichus, notes 148

Ophion macruruni, parasitic on SaturniidiE.. 755

Ophionectria coccicola, notes 154

Ophthalmia in camels, notes 791

infectious, prevalence in (Queens-
land 783

Opogona spp., notes, Hawaii 156

Opsicatus personatus, remedies 560

Orange leaf disease, description 744

weevil, notes, P.R 252

maggot, notes 755

recipes, treatise 167

Oranges as affected by alcohol 737

breeding experiments 340

culture in Texas 640

exports from Natal 737

frost bitten, detection 737

insects affecting 752

P.R 252

Satsuma, stock for, U.S.D.A 538

splitting, studies 652

sweet, as a citrus stock, Hawaii 41

Orchard diseases, notes 452

grass seed, adulteration and mis-
branding, U.S.D.A 638

inspection. (See Niu'sery inspec-
tion.)
Orchards, apple. (See Apple orchards.)

Orchards, care and management 640

Colo 640

Ind 42

cover crops for, Hawaii 41

P.R 236

irrigation experiments 734

peach, experimental, N.J 141

planting, Colo 640

plans for 7.34

profits from, in Germany 734

protection against frost. Mo 734

renovation, Ind 42

spraying experiments 500

Orchid rust, description 150

Oregon College, notes 90

Station, notes 497

Organic matter, effect on nitrification in soils. 318

Organisms in animal intestines 183

soils as affected by partial ster-
ilization 122

Oriental moth, notes, Mass 251

Ornamental plants. (See Plants, ornamental.)
trees and shrubs, culture in Cali-
fornia 737

propagation 341

Ornithoclona erylhrocephala, notes 559

Orobanche, injurious to tobacco 348

Orobanche ramosa, host plants 452

Orlhezia insignis, synonymy 753

Ortlioclase, fertilizing value 128

Orthoptera, distribution in Indiana 551

of Sumatra, descriptions 551

Osage orange, relation to San Jose scale, Md. 553

(Osmotic pressure in eggs during incubation. . 476

Osteomalacia in cattle 783

Ostrich feathers, market classes 576

Otiorhynchus picipes, injurious to hops 364

sp. , notes 751

Otocariasis, parasitic, studies 788

Otter moth, injurious to hops 364

Ovaries, internal glands, significance 776

Ovariotomy in goats 87

Owls, booby , spread of squirrel plague l^y 153

destruction of field mice by 352

Oxalic acid, methods of analysis 9

Oxen, bleeding in different methods of slaugli-

tering 673

Oxidase, composition and role of 115

in seeds 133

review of literature 703

Oxycarenus hyalinipennis , notes 751

Oxygen, effect on enzyms 530

Oxyptilus periscelidactylus. (See Grape plume
moth. )

Oxy-tonic, analyses, N.Dak 262

Oyster-shell bark-louse. (See Oyster-shell
scale. )

scale, notes 160

number of eggs laid by . . . 253

remedies 560

Oysters, analyses 767

handling and marketing, U.S.D.A. . 165

propagation, N.J 177

standards for. Me 467

Ozone, effect on stale cream 580

Pachnssus azurescens, remedies 57

874

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

I'apo.
I'at'kiiit;-houso iiroducts. (Sec Animal prod-
ucts.)

Padouk, Andaman, notes 344

in Burma, studies 739

Paddy. (See Rice.)

Paints, ready mixed, analyses, N.Dak 710

tests, N.Dak 793

Palm kernels, exports from the (J old Coast. . 341

Palm-nut cake, effect on milk secretion 077

oil, exports from the Gold Coast 341

indust ry in Africa .')39

Palms, oil, culture in West Africa 737

diseases, notes 737

insects affecting 737

PancMora hyalina , notes 654

Panel fence, portable, description, 111 589

Paniscus testaceu.t, notes 755

Pansy Fusarium disease, studies 455

Pansy-violet, breeding experiments, N.J 140

Panzeria rudis, studies 300

Papayas, culture 533

Paper-
distilling industry, use of artichokes in . . 443

filter, effect on soil liacteria, N.J 120

ground fdter, effect on corn, N.J 121

mulberry enzyms, studies 530

Papilio polyxenes, studies, U.S.D.A 258

Para rubber. (Sfc Rubber.)

Paracasein , digestion experiments 302

ParaflTin, detection in lard 515

wax, detection in lard 708

Paragcrmaria autumnalis n. sp., description.. 464

Paragrotis spp. , notes. Can 354

Paralysis, parturient. {See Milk fever.)

Parapledrum fortidum in milk 779

Parasites. {See Animal parasites. Insect

parasites, etc.)
Paresis, parturient. {See Milk fever.)

Paris green, analyses 465

La 434

N.J 259

effect on vegetation. Mass 235

inspection, N.J 197

preparation and use 549

Park system of Providence, Rhode Island ... 449

Parks, national, treatise 146

Parlaloria proteus, notes 162

Parsley stalk weevil, studies, U.S.D.A 257

Parsnip leaf-miner, studies, U.S.D.A 257

Parsnips, culture in New Zealand 729

Parthenogenesis in fruit-bearing plants 639

Parturient apoplexy, paralysis, or paresis.
{See Milk fever.)

Paspalum dilatatum, studies 729

Pasteurization, effect on butter. 111 579

composition of milk. 77
law, enforcement in Den-
mark 779

of milk 680, 779

Pasture for pigs, Colo 74

' astures, improvement, U.S.D.A 725

in the Weichsel marches, notes 631

Paving blocks, wood, preservation 740

Pea aphis, notes 464

Can 354

cannery refuse, use for forage, U.S.D.A.. 573

extract, photodynamic effects 27

Page.

I'ea products, analyses, Can 375

seedlings, respiration Investigations 029

simscald, dissemination 543

vines, fertilizing value, U.S.D.A 573

Peach aphis, black, notes 356

N.J ICT

green, notes, Va. Truck 101

blight, notes, Cal 244

borer, life history, S.C 056

diseases, studies 150

N.J 1.50,748

treatment 150

Kans 237

fruit spot, treatment, Oreg 248

gummosis, notes 50

leaf curl, notes 748

treatment 052

Md 553

louse, remedies, Kans 237

orchards, experimental, N.J 141

pollen, germinaf ion as affected bj' tem-
perature. Wis 527

scale, European, synonymy 753

hosts, list 742

white, notes 100

Peaches, adulteration, U.S.D.A 004

as a vinegar stock, U.S.D.A 014

affected by climate and soils 240

canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 67

culture in Texas 040

drying 640

irrigation experiments 734

misbranding, U.S.D.A 707

parthenogenesis in 639

protection from frost, Kans 237

Peanut disease, notes 346

hulls, detection in linseed cake 213

meal, analyses 375

Hawaii 26

oil, analyses, Conn. State 602

effect on milk secretion 677

products, composition and digestibil-
ity, N.Y. State 70

Peanuts, analyses 5.34

breeding experiments, P.R 237

culture £33, 535

experiments 441

in Hawaii, Hawaii » 33

fixation of nitrogen by 534

notes 534

Spanish, cost of production, Ga 575

for pigs, Ga 575

varieties 440, 441

Hawaii 33

Pear blight, studies 47

Cal 244

fire-blight, studies, N.Y.Cornell 747

treatment 650

leaf blister-mite, notes 654

Can 355

psylla, notes, N.J 160

scab, treatment 350

Pears as affected by climate and soils 240

bagging experiments 447

canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 67

culture in Texas 640

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

875

Page.

fears, fertilizer experiments 718

insects affecting 255, 364

partiienogenesis in 639

varieties, Can 339

dates of maturing 340

for Wyoming 640

Peas as a green manure 429

affected by iron sulphate 438

solar radiations 529

breeding experiments, N.J 141

Canadian field, inoculation, N.J 715

canned, copper in .565

examination 13

misbranding, U.S.D.A 767

culture 335

Wis 1.36

dried, removal of mineral matter by

blanching 309

fertilizer experiments 324

Kans 2.38

field, composition as affected by shade. . 530

culture, Wis 130

for pigs, Colo 74

varieties, Can 3.30

growth as affected by manganese 436

nutrition with formaldehyde 328

pigeon, analyses, Hawaii 26

as a cover crop, Hawaii 41

fertilizer experiments 440

sand, inoculation experiments 428

variation in. Mass 230

as affected by food supply. 528

varieties 442

Can 330, 339

Wis 136

yield as affected by drainage 589

spraying 439

Peat fertilizer fdler, industry 719

fertilizing value 428

hog, history 473

industry in Sweden 429

lands or soils. {See Soils, peat.)

litter, absorptive capacity 125, 317

manufacture of ammonia and gas from . 717

resources of the United States 25

treatise and bibliography 712

use In sewage purification 421

uses 25

Pecan bud moth, remedies, Tex 462

case bearer, studies, Tex 461

diseases, notes 737

oil, analyses 513

Pecans, culture 737

in Mississippi, Miss 642

North Carolina 144

Texas 640

insects affecting 464,465,737

varieties 737

Pectinase, studies, N.Y.State 649

Pediculoides ventrkosus as a cause of grain itch. 784
Pediculus vestimenti, transmission of typhus

fever by 552

Pegnmyafusciceps, notes, Va.Truck 161

Pellagra, etiology 1C9

problem in the United States 169

prognosis and treatment 64

Penicillium— Page.

bibliography, U.S.D.A 532

culture experiments, U.S.D.A 531

intracellular enzyms in, Conn.Storrs 798

new species, description, U.S.D.A 531

Penicillium camemberti —

intracellulanenzyms in, Conn.Storrs 703

U.S.D.A 703

studies, Conn.Storrs 798

Penicillium —
glaucum—

as affected by nutrient solutions 27

dissemination by fruits 369

notes, Mich 481

poisoning of horses by 284

spp., notes. Mass 264

Pennsylvania College, notes 400

Institute of Animal Nutrition . 199

Railroad demonstration farm . . 298
soldier beetle, destructive to

codling moth 460

Station, notes 400

Pentalonia nigronervosa, de.scripl ion 552

Pcntastoma drn/icula in calt le 689

Pento-sans, digestibility 474

origin and function in plants 721

Pepper, adulteration, U.S.D.A 407, 664, 767

discussion 467

Cayenne, analyses 164

ground, sampling 612

misbranding, U.S.D.A 664

use in Egypt 467

breeding experiments, N.J 141

Pepsin as affected by shaking 470

Peptone, effect on ammonification in soils,

N.J.. 120,121

blood corpuscles 72

soil bacteria, N.J 120

Percolation investigations on chalk soils 15

Perfume plants, paper on 737

Pcridcrmium pini, notes 549

strobi, notes 52, 151

Perkinsiella vastatrix, notes 362

Peromyscus micMgancnsis , injurious to corn,

Ky 751

Peroxidase in seeds 133

role in germination of seeds 720

Persimmons, culture in Texa 640

seedless, studies 340

Persons, aged, food consumption, U.S.D.A. . 561

Pestalozzia hartigii, life history 52

Petalura gigantea , studies 356

Petroleum emulsion, preparation and use 549

Petstcmoin Ixvigatus in Vermont, Vt 638

Petunias, breeding experiments, N.J 140

Petwun, nature and use 644

Peziza wiUkommii, notes 548, 549

Phaseolus —

multiflorus pollen, germination, Wis 527

vulgads —

composition at various stages 229

history 449

inheritance of color in, Nebr 40

Phasmophaga, new species, description 464

Pheasant cecum nodule parasites, studies 790

Pheasants, temperature in, studies 790

Phcidole dentata commulata, notes, S.C 655

876

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Pheidnle nugnaphala, notes, Hawaii I'Hi

J'htlijKva ramnsa, deseriptioii 3tS

I'lieiiaceliti. liannfiiliiess, U.S.D.A Klii

riicnolphlhalciii as a hydrocyanic-acid re-
agent 304

J'hilippia olcx, notes 00

PhUroninug sp., remedies 3(V2

Phhhnlnmus papalasii, studies 75(1

Phhgdhonlius sexta. {Sec Tomato worm.)
Phhuni pratcnse. (Sec Timothy.)

PMaoihrips olcx, remedies 5W

Pha n ii paludom , analyses 68

Phoma apiicola, studies 740

l)el:r, studies 149, 347

mali, studies, Me 547

Phonolite, fertilizing value 25,324,325,432,718

methods of analysis 25

Phora, new species, descriptions 3(U

Phorbia ceparurn, notes, N.J l(il)

Phorodnn humuli. (Sec Hop aphis.)
Phosphate—

agricultural, fertilizing value 524

deposits, American, conservation 433

in Australia 718

Florida 129

the United States 227

industry in Florida 227

the United States 227

lands, conservation in the West 623

raw, solubility as affected by calcium car-
bonate 130

reverted, residual effects, Hawaii 30, 31

rock, dissolved. (See Superphosphate.)

ground, loss of moisture in 9

soluble, in phosphatic slag 129

Phosphates —

comparison 524, 622, 023, 718

Ma.ss 231

distriltution in striated muscle 267

fertilizing value 622, 623

Kans 232

in soils, factors affecting. Wis 125

vinegars 513

mining in Florida 623

new, composition and fertilizing value. . 525

raw, fertilizing value 128

solubility as affected by-
calcium carbonate 129, 130

podzol soils 129

statistics 524

use in France 524

(See also Superphosphates.)

Phosphatic fertilizers, cheapening in Russia. 129
Phosphatic slag —

analyses 022

composition 129

fertilizing value 334, 524, 022, 623, 718

in ponds 422

for chalk lands 525

soil improvement 714

lime in 25

manufacture 022

meal, fertilizing value, Mass 231

residual effects, Hawaii 30, 31

solubility as affected by calcium carbon-
ate 130

Phosphatids, nitrogen groups in 410

Page.
Phosphoric acid —

ab.sorption by soils 520

assimilation by i)Iaiits 433,023

consumption in Spain 323

determination 211. 510

detonnination—

in alkaline phosphates 9

metabolism experiments 9

phosphates 411, OKI

forms of, in fertilizers 227

methods of analysis 9

wholesale prices, N.J 130

Phosphorous acid, determination in presence

of phosphorus acids 705

Phosphorus —

determination 210, 21 1 , 300

determination —

in meat 9

organic substances 411

wine 500

iodimetrio method 705

effect on development in pigs. Mo 771

Ohio 771

germination of corn 228

improvement of Hlinois soils by 129

metabolism as affected by fish diet 370

in plants 531

relation to agriculture 433

chlorophyll formation 329

role in animal nutrition. Wis 172

Phthora vastatrix n. sp. , description 151

Phlhorimxa operculella. (See Potato-tuber
worm.)

Phyllactinia corylea , notes 52

suffulta, notes 749

Phylliun crurifolium , life history 357

Phyllodecta vulgafissima, studies 161

Phyllosticta olcx n. sp., description 652

Phylloxera caryxcauUs , injurious to pecans . . . 465
vastatrix. (See Grape phylloxera.)

Phylloxera, fungus parasites, notes 4.55

remedies 733

Phymatosiphum monelli n. sp., description. . . 552

PhysiographyofAlaskaand Yukon, U.S.D.A. 53

Physiology, animal, new institute of 375

human, digest of data on 771

treatise 567

muscle , handbook 769

physical-chemical methods in . . . 008

Physokermes picex, gathering of honey from . . 760
Phytonomus murinus. (Sec Alfalfa leaf-wee-
vil.)

nigrirostris, stwlieSyV.S.'D.X 256

Phytophthora infestans. (See Potato rot and
Potato blight.)

omnivora, notes 452

syringx, studies 749

Phytoptus pini, as a cause of pine disease 749

vitis, notes 101

Picea disease, new, description 518

Picea sifchensis canker, description 548

Pickle worm, notes 751

Pickles, discoloration by iron 514

Pieris brassicx, biology 755

parasite, biology 558

parasites and hyperparasites . 755

spp., notes 358

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

877

Pig bam, construction, Okla 798

description, Okla 773

diseases, bacteriological studies, Ark 788

house, portable, description, Colo 75

houses, descriptions 773

industry in Germany 176

liver fat, characteristics 669

Pigeon manure, fertilizing value 125

pea fodder, analyses, Hawaii 69

peas, analyses, Hawaii 26

as a cover crop, Hawaii 41

fertilizer experiments 440

Pigeons, breeding 575

respiration in 790

temperature in, studies 790

Piggery at Colorado College, description, Colo. 75

Pigs as affected by cotton-seed meal, S.C 681

bleeding in different methods of slaugh-
tering -673

breeding, selection, Okla 798

care and management, P. U 268

Wis 475

curly-coated, description 379

cystic kidneys in 685

feeding, U.S.D.A 798

experiments 268, 575, 674

Can 376

Ga 575

111 574

Ind 271

Iowa 174

Mo 771

Ohio 173,771

Pa 475

fermented cotton-seed meal for,U.S.D.A. 595

history of breeds 473

immunization against hog cholera, Kans. 685

S.C. 681

in Japan and Formosa 73

loss of weight in slaughtering 673

measurements 275

mule-footed, history 379

parasites in digestive tract of, S.C 689

raising 674

in Colorado, Colo 74

the South, U.S.D.A 74

running with tuberculous cattle, Nebr. . 85

shield of, investigations 672

slaughter tests 99

sweet potatoes for, Ala. Tuskegee 729

tests of different breeds 773

young, convulsions in 392

Pimpernel, to.xic properties 284

Pimpla heliophila, notes ICl

Pine beetles, notes, U.S.D.A 157, 158, 159

disease, cause 749

notes 151

distillation in the United States 243

forests in Finland 45

leaf Chermes, remedies. Me 552

disease, notes 053

lodgepole, rate of growth 45

longleaf, growth and yield 145

mistletoe, dissemination in Tyrol 722

needles as affected by frost 720

nuts, analyses 665

sawyer, southern, studies, U.S.D.A 260

Page.

Pine seed, Scots, tests 45

seeds, germination experiments 529

storing 739

western yellow, reproduction in the

Southwest, U.S.D.A 540

white, blister rust, notes 52, 151

thinning experiments 541

Pineapple by-products, utilization 041

diseases, notes, P.R 245

extract, adulteration and mis-
branding, U.S.D.A 664

Industry in the Bahamas 449

scale, notes, Hawaii 58

Pineapples as affected by fertilizers, Fla 641

breeding experiments, P.R 237

canning 641

culture, Fla 640

P.R 733

in India 445

the Philippines 339

growth as affected by manganese. 240

insects affecting, Hawaii 58

P.R 252

.shipping experiments, Hawaii. . . 41

varieties, P.R 237

Pinene, occurrence in lemon oil, U.S.D.A 112

Pines, care and management, U.S.D.A 145

coleoptera affecting 362

Norway and jack, studies, U.S.D.A... 44

Pinus cembra disease, cause 749

palustris, differentiation from P. tseda. 344

ponderosa disease, notes 151

serotina seeds, germination tests 529

silvestris disease, notes 653

spp., care and management, U.S.D.A. 145

studies, U.S.D.A 44

sylvestris seed, tests 45

txdd, differentiation from P. palustris. 344
Piophila casei. {See Che&se .skipper.)

Pipes, manufacture from gourds, U.S.D.A... 2.38

Piroplasma higeminum, treatment 583

boi'is, notes 83

canis, notes 83

commune, studies 582

mutans, notes 488

Piroplasmosis, canine, in Tonkin 789

treatment 789

equine, in Russia 685, 686

in canines, treatment 83

cattle, treatment 83

Piroplasms, transmissions by ticks 487

Pissodes notatus, remedies 362

Pith worms, injurious to tobacco 464

Pityogenes coniferx, remedies 362

Plague, control in California 56, 250

on the Pacific coast 249

in a wood rat 785

Plant breeding —
experiments —

N.J 140

P.R 237

with apples 447

Can ,"38

asparagus, N.J 142

beans, Nebr 40

cereals 544

corn 535, 627

878

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Plant breeding— Continued. Page,

experiments— coil t iinied .

with corn, Nebr 444

cotton 35,529

U.S.D.A 37

herbaceous plants 732

CEnotliera 028

oranges 340

peas 528

potatoes 325, 330, 020

Conn. State 026

sugar beets, S.Dale 535

cane 536

wheat 440, 730

Wash 537

new methods, U.S.D.A 0.38

principles of heredity in, U.S.D.A 025

relation to biology 377

bud variation 528

Plant bugs, notes, N.J 100

cells, transfer of ions from 131

chemistry, treatise 509

diseases —

bibliography 345

by bacteria 743

dissemination by seeds 543

in the Tropics 743

notes 356, 452, 742

Ariz 53

Cal \ 244

prevalence in Saxony 741

relation to weather 245

studies, Mass 245

treatise 344

treatment 345, 647

and bibliography, Nebr. 53

tropical, notes 325

{See also different host plants.)

food supply in soils 424

transformation in soils 220

treatise 322

Fusarium diseases, studies ' 543

galls, treatise 657

glucosids, studies 28

growth as affected by-
fertilizers 438, 439

manganese 430

nitrogen-fixing bacteria 122, 123

partial sterilization 122

spray materials 438, 439

ultraviolet rays 430

growth, relation to water 124

Inspection. {See Nursery inspection.)

lice as affected by reflorit 439

biology 54

destructive to watermelons, Ariz. . 34

notes 552

remedies, N.J 160

studies 752

{See also Apple aphis, etc.)

metabolism, r6Ie of nitrogen in 437

parasites, list 647

wintering 047

root parasites, treatment 549

rusts in Indiana, studies 543

notes 151

Page.
Planl trichonics, assimilation of atmospheric

nitrogen by 230

Planlago lanceolata, notes 235

Plantain, lance-leafed, in Vermont, Vt 038

meal, analyses 68

Plantains, culture in India 446

Plants-
acclimatization investigations 133

as affected by anesthetics and freezing. . . 436

calcium carbonate 130

cement dust 29

frost 720

radium 132

solar radiations 529

asexual hybridization 732

assimilation of amids by 132

am ins by 721

ammonium salts by 328

carbon dioxid by 28,229

phosphoric acid by 4.33

plant food by 619

composition as affected by fertilizers 23

shade 530

culture, review of investigations 317

desert, distribution and movements in... 325

disease resistant, development 46

distribution, Hawaii 42

etiolated, photodynamic effects of ex-
tracts from 27

factors affecting-
geographical distribution 450

predisposition to disease 148

fertilization 430

fertilizer requirements 523

flowering, in Indiana, notes 551

fruit-bearing, parthenogenesis in 039

grafting experiments 732

honey, in Hawaii, Hawaii 58

immunity in, studies 722

imports, U.S.D.A 529,630

laws concerning, U.S.D.A 163

injury by smoke 230

insects affecting 742

remedies 655

introduction into south California 134

lime and magnesia for 433

method of infection, description 647

nutrition with formaldehyde 328

origin and function of pentosans in 721

ornamental, blooming period 42

breeding experiments, N.J. . 140

of Macon Co., Ala.Tuskegee. 449

perception of light by 26

production of new species 447

protein metabolism in 530

proteolytic enzyms of, relation to vege-
table rennets 27

relation to ants 363

resistance to frost 639

respiration investigations 629

r61e of mineral .salts in 131

rubber, expedition in .search of 451

sjrmbiosis in, .studies 722

theory of smoke injury to 325

transpiration investigations 327, 630, 721

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

879

Plants— Continued. Page.

urease in 133

variation in, studies 732

vascular, respiration in 327

water, transpiration current in 229

woody, susceptibility to disease 152

Plasmodiophora brassicx. (See Cabbage club

root.)

Plasmopara cubensis, treatment, Conn.Storrs. 743

Plasmopara vine disease, notes 101

Plaster, analyses. Conn. State 624

land. (See Gypsum.)

Platinum crucibles, destruction 516

Platyparea posciloptera, notes 156

Plectrothrips, new genus, description 551

Plcosphxndina briosiana, description 544

Pkospora graminca, treatment 246

Pleuro-pneumonia, prevalence in Japan 81

Pleurotus ostrcatua enzyms, studies 530

Plowing, effect on soil bacteria, Kans 21

experiments in India 440

fall, effect on soil moisture 442

traction, U.S.D.A 791

Plum curculio, studies, Mo. Fruit 258

diseases, treatment, Can 350

gummosis, notes 50

leaf miner, occurrence in New York . . . 654
pollen, gennination as affected by tem-
perature, Wis 527

Plumage inheritance in fowls 379

Plums as affected by climate and soils 240

canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 67

culture in Texas 640

grafting experiments, Mass 241

varieties for W yoming 640

Pneumococcus infections, tests of serums and

vaccines for 386

Pneumonia, equine contagious, descri ption . . 488

in hog cholera, cause. Ark 788

infectious, in horses 587

{See'aho Pleuro-pneumonia.)
Podisus macuUvcnlTis, destructive to potato

beetle, U.S.D.A 57

Podosphxra leucolricha, notes 349

PoisoH ivy, destruction , Mass 235

Polarimeter, description 311

Poles, production in the United States 243

Pollen, germination and fertility. Wis 520

experiments 330

vitality as affected by air moisture... 329

Pollcnia rudis, remedies 560

pollini, notes 60, 652

Polygraphus trcJichi, remedies 362

Polyporus hispidus, notes 52

ignarius, studies 247

spp. notes 455

versicolor, notes 651

Pomelo as a citrus stock, Hawaii 41

Pomology in Italy 341

Ponds, culture of food plants in 422

fish, use in sewage disposal 422

Pontia rapx. (See Cabbage wonn , imported.)

Poplar sawfly, life history and habits 654

Poppies, selection 442

Poppy seed, analyses 665

Population of Nebraska 396

Page.
Porizon cooki, parasitic on strawberry leaf

roller, N.J 659

Pork, analj'ses. Mo.. 771

Ohio 771

Chinese, inspection in England 164

PoTlhelria dispar. (See Gipsy moth.)

Porto Rico Station, report of director 295

University, notes.... 597

Postal dairy library, catalogue 781

Polamanlhus inequalis n. sp., description 654

Potamogelon spp., transpiration current in. . . 229
Potash-
assimilation by beets 432

availability in soils, N.H 424

cheapening 432

consumption in Spain 323

determination 303

cobalti-nitrite method 510

in soils 211,220

effect on composition of plants 23

germination of corn 228

fertilizers, comparison. Mass 231

fertilizing value 537

for chalk lands 525

industry in Germany 226, 227, 622

loss in burning of molasses 719

methods of analysis 411

minerals, fertilizing value 128

relation to nitrification in soils 714

salt deposits in various countries 718

salts, ammonia and nitrate in 432

effect on soil moisture 24

transpiration of plants 721

fertilizing value 718

{Sec also Potassium salts.)

silicate, analysis and solubility 128

fertilizing value 24, 718

wholesale prices, N.J 130

Potassium—

chlorid, effect on solubility of phosphates. 128

fertilizing value 718

distribution in striated muscle 267

iodid, reaction of tuberculous guinea pigs

to 85

methods of analysis 8

nitrate, decomposition by bacteria 609

phosphate, acid, effect on nitrogen fixa-
tion, N.J 121

removal from vegetables in cooking 369

salts, effect on respiration in plants 629

Potato beetle, Colorado, notes 58, 464

studies, U.S.D.A... 56

blackleg, notes, Va.Truck 137

bUght, cost of spraying for 746

resting spores 346

studies 746

Me 546

treatment 453

Wis 247

canker, notes 246

studies, Can 545

diseases, bibliography 347

notes 149, 150, 346, 347, 452, 453

studies 246, 746

Me 546

880

EXPEIUMENT STATION ilElJDliD.

Potato diseases, treatment, Ohio 495

Hakes ami chips for eows 70

leaf eurl, treatment 439

roll, studies 325, 54C, 049, 742, 743

manures, analyses, R.I 434

meal, cost of production 070

rot fungus, resting spores 340

scab, history 740

notes 149

treat nieiil, Mich 094

seed of various sizes, tests 330

stalk borer, notes 58,404

tuber worm injurious to tobacco 404

wart, life history 049

studies and bibliography 050

Potatoes—

as affected by iron sulphate 439

breeding experiments 325, 330, 020

Conn. State 020

bud variations in. Conn. State 027

composition as affecrted by shade 530

crop failure, studies, Va.Truck 130

cultivated, origin 434, 435, 020

culture 335

experiments 330,533

Ariz 34

Wis -.. 137

in Japan 08

on irrigated farms, U.S.D.A 535

treatise 39

dried, for live stock 70

drying 070

effect on flour. Can 308

gizzard in hens 72

milk secretion 77

fertilizer experiments 120, 233, 322,

324,334,330,431,441,442,
440,532,533,717,718,728

Kans 238

Mass 231

for cows 70

pigs, Can 370

green manuring experiments 429

inoculation experiments 22

production for seed, Va.Truck 130

of alcohol from, N.Mex 13

raw, poisoning of live stock by 284

removal of mineral matter by blanching. 309

sewage sludge for 120

stable manure for 710

starch content, studies, Wash 34

storing experiments 330

varieties 233, 330, 442, 728

Can 330, 532

Wis 137

yield as affected by—

seed treatment. Can 331

spraying 439

sprouting 233

Poudrette, fertilizing value 432

Poultry as affected by cold storage 00

breeding, bibliography. Me 573

experiments 380

treatise 176, 575

colony houses for, U.S.D.A 197

cooperative marketing 591

Page.

Poultry diseases, instruction in 594

notes 170

Md 75

studies 790

treatise 289

feed hoppers, descrijjtions, Kans 775

feeding experiments, Can 380

feeds, analyses 70, 375

lleas, notes 301

liandliiig and storing 701

industry in China 275

Maryland, Md 75

New Zealand 775

Scotland 575

keeping in Japan 75

manure, notes, U.S.D.A 595

raising in .Vmerica 470

British Columbia 292,380

treatise 380, 076

tick, remedies 163

{See also Chickens, Ducks, «fc.)

Prairie dogs, destruction, Kans 457

notes, Kans 251

hay, analyses, Okla 770

digestibility, S.Dak 71

Prays olex, remedies 500

studies 254

oleellus, notes 59, 102

Precipitation, effect on forestation 517

{See also Rainfall, Snowfall,
etc.)

Precipitins, essential features of 385

Preservatives for exhibition fruits 241

in foods, detection 100

meat, composition 504

paper on 100

use, N.Dak 202

Preserves, adulteration, detection 05

examination, Me 560

misbranding, U.S.D.A 262,767

use of sugar and corn sirup for 117

Prickly comfrey as a forage crop, U.S.D.A . . . 534

lettuce in Vermont, Vt 638

notes 235

pear, destruction, Hawaii 731

Primula officinali.s, new glucosids in 437

Printing materials as affected by termites 054

Prisoners, diet of 168

feeding 768

Prisons, agriculture in 599

Procrustes coriaceus, studies 300

Prodcnia littoralis, remedies 751

Promecotheca reichii, notes 350

Propionic acid, effect on ripening of dates ... 704

ProsopisjuU flora, culture on waste lands 441

Prospalta berlesei, biology 700

Proteid cleavage products, utilization 769

dietary, relation to tuberculosis 370

Protcids, cleavage experiments 301

constitution 301

differentiation 10

Protein absorption as affected l)y salt 169

animal, effect on rabbits 568

cleavage by bacteria 702

products, discussion 8

chemistry, progress in , 301

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

881

Page.

Protein chemistry, treatise 301

toinposltion, relation to physiological

ctTec-ts 508

decomposition in V)utter 484

Mich 483

digest of data on 301 , 5(18

food value 1(19

formation in plants 722

hydrolysis 208

leucin fraction in 8

metabolism 1G9, 170,530, 709, 770

in plants 530

muscle, physiological effects 508

of egg white, composition 505

requirements of animals 97

pigs, 111 574

vegetable, treatise and bibliography. 509

Proteopteryx deludana, remedies, Tex 402

Proteus vulgaris, decomposition of potassium

nitrate by 009

Protozoa in soils as affected by partial sterili-
zation 122

Protozoology, treatise and bililiography 250

Prunes, consumption in Siam 503

Pruning, physiology of 732

Prunus insititia, composition at various stages. 131

sinnosa, postripening investigations. . 704
Prussicacid. {Sec Hydrocyanic acid.)

Pseudaonidia articulatus, notes, P.R 252

Pseudo-asparagose, notes 112

Pseudocatolaccus asphondylix, notes 756

Pseudococcus adonidum, synonymy 753

citri. (See Citrus mealy bug.)

spp., notes, Hawaii 58

Pseudomunas avcnse n. sp., description, Ohio. 453

levistici n. sp., notes 452

tumefaciens, notes, N .H 747

Pseudonionas, fixation of nitrogen by 123

Pseudoperonospora cubensis, notes 743

Pseudopeziza medicaginis, inoculation 648

Pseudotuberculosis, bacillary, in sheep, trans-
mission 391

Psylla mail, remedies 154

olex, remedies 560

pyri [pyricola]. (See Pear psylla.)
Psylliodes punctulata. (See Hop flea-beetle.)

Psoroptes communis, studies 788

Ptarmigan, internal parasites of 189

Pterocarpus dalbcrgioides, notes 344

macrocarpus, studies 739

Ptychomyia selecta, studies 360

Public health, relation to milk 679

institutions, dietary studies in,

U.S.D.A 560

Pvxcinia carlhami, notes 751

graminis, notes 151,544

wheat varieties resistant to 49

malvaccarum, wintering 647

peckiana, sexuality 744

rubigo-vera, studies 451

spp., studies 148, 452, 047

Puddings, recipes for 167

Puerperal eclampsia. (See Milk fever.)

Pulvinaria acericola, synonymy 753

vitis [=innumerabilis.'\ (See Maple-
scale cottony.)

Pumping plants for irrigation, Ariz 89

tests, N.Mex 792

Pumpkin seeds, chemistry of 766

Purdue University, notes 596

Purin, determination in urine 310

metaljolism 267

PurjJle scale, notes 160

P.R 252

Pus cells. (See Leucocytes.)

Putrefaction, modification of racemic gluta-

minic acid in 114

Pyogenes aureus, dissemination by fruits 369

Pyrogallol, effect on transpiration of plants . . 721

Pyronema, culture experiments 452

Pythium debaryanum, studies 347

Python sebx, helminths in 791

Quercus spp., differentiation 540

suber disease, notes 742

Quince fire blight, studies, N.Y.Cornell 747

Japanese, postripening investigations. 704

Quinces, fresh, preservation 341

parthenogenesis in 639

Quiscalus crassirostris, destruction of ticks by. 558

Rabbits, destruction 352

digestion experiments 72, 508

of North America, U.S.D.A 53

parasite in digestive tract of, S.C.. 689

protection of trees from 352

Rabies, atrophic form, studies 682

diagnosis 283

effect on ganglion cells 283

in street dogs of Constantinople 283

pathology of, new view 587

prevalence in France 386

Indiana 392

Japan 81

Massachusetts 782

Minnesota 782

Ohio 782

transmission of immunity to 082

Race, walking, studies 374

Racemic glutaminic acid, modification in

putrefaction 114

Rachitis from using pasteurized milk 080

Radiation laws and their application,

U.S.D.A 418

Radiobacter, effect on nitrogen fixation 221

Radish disease, studies. Mass 245

Radishes, assimilation of amins by 722

Radium, effect on plants 132

Ragweed, destruction, Wis 140

Railroad demonstration farms .598

ties, production in tlie United States 243

Railroads, relation to agriculture 193, 590

Rain, composition 518

effect on—

composition of corn, U.S.D.A 240

growth of vegetables 732

pollen. Wis . . .■ 527

soluble salts in soils 19

starch content of potatoes. Wash . . 34

fertilizing value, Can 316

Rainfall, changes in 617

in Barbados 518

Cape of Good Hope 420

Hetch Hetchy Valley, U.S.D.A. 615

882

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD.

I'age.

Rainfall in lUily Iil5

Porto Kii'O, U.S.D.A 015

Ciueeii.slaiul 518

Samoa, U.S.D.A 210

soutlioasteru Europe 420

relation to cirrus clouds 217

deforestation 342

Nile flood 315

plant diseases 245

variations in 15, 314

(See also Precipitation.)

RaLsin growers' association in California 795

Raisins, adulteration, U.S.D.A 004

consumption in Siam 503

handling for distillation 416

seedle.ss, adulteration, U.S.D.A 004

value in bread making 407

Ranibong as affected by smelter fumes 040

Rape, decomposition in soils 318

Raphanus spp., notes 235

liaphiuimaiic ulilis as a rubber plant, studies. 40

Raspberries, culture in Washington, Wash. . 449

formic acid in 710

varieties for W yoming 040

Raspberry callus disease, studies 348

extract, misbranding, U.S.D.A... 07

juice, acidity of 05

wine, manufacture 510

Ratin bacillus, studies 488

Rations, army, in France 108

report on 205

for calves 774

cows, S.C 070

live slock 70

pigs. Mo 772

Ohio 772

calculating. 111 575

Rats, digestion experiments 03

Egyptian field, notes 751

extermination with virus 152

fertility and uornialily in 072

transmission of plague by 250

tumors in, studies 352

wood, bubonic plague in 785

Red ant, notes, Hawaii 150

bug, injurious to apples 054

clover. {See Clover, red.)
dog flour. (See Flour, red dog.)
scale. {See Scale, red.)
spider. {See Spider, red.)

Redtop as a green manure, Ala. Canebrake. . 034
Redwater. {See Texas fever.)

Rhodesian. {See African coast
fever.)

Reflorit, tests 439

Reforestation in Crow's Nest Valley 45

Italy. 343

Massachusetts 739

New York 450

Ontario 342

the Southwest, U.S.D.A.. 540

Vennont 539

Reformatories, agriculture in 599

Refrigerating machines, notes 14

Refrigeration on farms 589

Page.

Refrigeration, treatise and bibliography 14

Refrigerator car service in France 040

Reichcrt-Meissl number as affected by pre-
servatives 113

Rennet action, investigations '. 702

retardation 608

as alTected by acids 302

coagulum, dillerentialion from acid

coagultnn 702

ellect on milk 209

paraeasem 302

occurrence in Basidiomycetes 437

vegetable, relation to proteolytic

enzyms in plants 27

Remiin as allected by shaking 470

Kent, house, cost in British Guiana 372

Rescue grass hay, analyses 09

Resin, exploitation 740

Resorption and digestion, laws of 769

Respiration and digestion, handbook 769

m poultry 790

Restaurants, mspection in Missouri 507 ,

Rhagoletis pomonclla. {See Apple maggot.)

Rhea, culture in India 445

Rhinoceros, white, raising for meat 381

Rhipicephalus auslralis. {See Margaropus
australis.)

sanguineus, notes 558

texanus, notes 355

lihizoctonia sp., studies •. 246

violacea, studies 340, 746

Rhizopus nigricans as affected by nutrient so-
lutions 27

dissemination by fruits. . . 309

Rhizopus, source of nitrogen for 725

Rhode Island College, notes 200, 497

Metropolitan Park Commission 449

Station, notes 298, 497, 097

Rhodes grass, analyses, Hawaii 69

Rhodesian redwater. {Sec .\frican coast
fever.)

Rhopalocera of Java, monograph 359

the Transvaal, list 359

Rhynchi/es bicotor, i^revalence in Massachu-
setts 759

Rib grass in Vermont, Vt 638

Ribes spp. diseases, notes 151

Rice albumin, toxic properties 768

analyses 08, 172

Hawaii 30,64

assimilation of ammonium salts by 328

bran, protective properties for beriberi. . 708

bug, notes 357

by-products, analyses, La 670

Miss 670

cleavage products, studies 65

consumpt ion m Japan 65

Siam 563

culture experiments 532

Hawaii 32

in Hawaii, Hawaii 29

Japan. 68

dry-land, fertilizer experunents, Hawaii. 31

examination. Me 500

exports, Hawaii 29

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

883

Rice, feeding value 670

feeds, analyses 375

Hawaii 64

fertilizer experiments 440, 532, 533

Hawaii 30, 31

flour, characteristics 412

detection in foods 412

hay, composition, Hawaii 65

hulls, composition and digestibility,

N.Y.State 70

imports, Hawaii 29

industry in Japan and Formosa 65

statistics 233

insects affecting 356, 364

irrigation experiments 532

Hawaii 32

milling industry in Hawaii, Hawaii 29

tests, Hawaii 30

misbranding, U.S.D.A 767

recipes for 368

seeding experiments 532

Hawaii 32

• straw, analyses, Hawaii 64

transplanting experiments 335

varieties 233, 335, 440, 533, 636

Hawaii 29, 32

Rinderpest, control in the Malay Peninsula. . 784

unmunization 485, 584, 783

patholegical anatomy 82

prevalence in China 187

Hongkong 682

India 484,485,783

Japan 81

treatment in the field 784

River flood stages as affected by drainage,

U.S.D.A 615

Roads, construction in Kansas, U.S.D.A 793

improvement, paper on 299

Robber-flies of America, notes 255

Robin, American, introduction into England. 53
Rock phosphate. (Sec Phosphate.)

squirrels, relation to spotted fever 683

Rockeries, injury by rats 751

Rocks, crystalline, water in 218

decomposition, studies 616

solubility investigations 20

weathering, as affected by humus 317

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, cause and

treatment 682

Rodents, inheritance of yellow color in .- 171

protection of trees from, Ohio 144

regional distribution of fleas on 255

Root beer, examination 766

crop diseases, notes 742

crops, culture experiments, Can 331

in New Zealand 729

f»r the South, U.S.D.A 631

insects affecting 742

varieties, Can 532

maggots, notes, N.J 160

tubercles on legumes, significance 725

Roots, acid excretion by 328

Rosacea; , formation of starch by 530

Rose canker, notes 349

52795°— VOL 22—10 7

Page.

Rose chafer, notes 465

N.J 160

remedies, Mich 659

curculio, prevalence in Massachusetts. . . 759

diseases, notes, Cal 244

Roselle, fruiting season, P.R 236

Roses, fertilizer experiments, N.J 141

treatise ' 449

Rotation experiments 441, 532, 716

Can 331,332

Ohio 23

S.Dak 34

Wis 137

dry crop 440

in India 440

on black soils , 429

Rubber-
analyses 740, 742

Ceara, fertilizer experiments, Hawaii 46

tapping experiments, Hawaii 45, 645

culture 441

bibliography 646

in Dutch Indies '. 540

South Malabar 540

Uganda 647

diseases, notes 248, 743

Ecanda, studies 46

exports from the Gold Coast 341

fertilizer experiments, Hawaii 46

industry in Dutch East Indies 46

French Guinea 243

Mexico 741

New Guinea 243

on the Ivory Coast 243

insects affecting 356

latexes, studies 451

manufacture 451

notes 534

Para, abnormalities in 151

as affected by smelter fumes 646

climatic and soil requirements 646

culture experiments, Hawaii 45

disease, studies 248, 548, 744

fertilizer experiments, HawaiL 46

leaf miners affecting 356

plants, e.xpedition in search of 451

tapping experiments 647

treatise 740

Rum, analyses 66

definition 765

Martinique, analyses 566

Rimiinants, parasites in digestive tract of, S.C. 687
Rural communities, importance of industrial

arts to 594

conditions in New England, improve-
ment 195

Spain , improvement 691

dietaries, discussion, U.S.D.A 469

districts, agricultural education for 692

economics and agriculture, cyclopedia. 799

as affected by strikes 690

need for studies in • 204

practical suggestions on 193

life, economic organization 290

884

EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED.

Page.

Rural Mexicans, standard of living 707

progress, conference in New England.. 498

regions, dietary studies in, U.S.D.A.. 407

sanitation in Minnesota, U.S.D.A 10

schools. (Sec Schools, rural.)

sociology in country schools 093

Rushes, mat, culture experiments, Hawaii... 33

Rusts, sexuality 744

{See also Corn, Wheat, etc.)

Rutgers College, notes 298

Rye, analyses 375, 070

as a nurse crop, Can 332

affected by frost 720

biological studies 037

by-products, analyses, Conn. State 070

fertilizer experiments 127, 429, 717, 718

fiour, adulteration and misbranding,

U.S.D.A 506

grass, digestibility 71

for steers. Can 376

morphological changes in 140

prices in Australia 192

stable manure for 716

varieties 138

Can 330

N.H 727

Saccharin, detection 308, 415

determination 415

in beer 213

Saccliaromyccs spp., notes 115

Saccharose, detection in milk 10

use in cider making 415

Sactogastcr rufipcs, notes 360

Saf flower disease, notes 751

Saffron, adulteration, detection 67

Sago palms, culture in Dutch East Indies — 642
Saissetia hemuphsrica. (Sec Hemispherical
scale.)

nigra, synonymy 753

olcx. (See Olive scale.)

Sal soda, effect on vegetation, Mass 235

Salads, recipes for 167

Salicin, hydrolysis, U.S.D.A 114

Salicylic acid —

efleet on Reichert-Meissl number 113

ripening of dates 704

Saliva, amyloly tic power, in infants 372

Salsola kali tragus, notes 235

Salt, determination in butter 414

effect on—

digestion of jjaracasein 302

keeping quality of butter 484

Mich 482

vegetation, Mass 235

fertilizing value 223, 446

in Vienna pickled meat 62

physiological effects 169,770

ponds of Yallah, studies 119

solutions, apparatus for measuring elec-
tric conductivity 016

wastes, analj-ses. Conn. State 624

Saltbushes, Australian, culture in India 335

Saltpeter, Chile. (See Nitrate of soda.)

fertilizing value 440,441

residual effects 440

Salts, effect on soils 124

Page.

Salts, mineral, effect on respiration in plants. 029

neutral, effect on indicators 708

soluble, in soils, as affected by various

factors 19

Samia cccropia. (See Cecropia moth.)

San Jos6 scale, control in Louisiana 7.50

food ])lants, Md 553

injurious to pecans 465

notes 465, 653, 654

Mass 251

relation to osage orange, Md . . 553

remedies 655

Conn. State 254

*■ ■ Ind 660,752

Kans 237

Md 553

N.J 162

N.Y.State 661

U.S.D.A 162

Sand peas, inoculation experiments 428

plains, reforestation in Vermont 539

Sands, moving, fi.xation 740

Sanitation and hygiene, pamphlet on "470

rural, in Minnesota, U.S.D.A 16

Sanitary conditions in Taytay 068

inspection lavs-, N.Dak 2*12

Sanninoidca exitiosa. (See Peach borer.)

Sansevieria, culture in India 445

Sap pressure in trees 436

Saperda vcstita , remedies 560

Sarcosporidiosis, prevalence in Queensland .. 783
relation to loco disease and

dourine 784

Sarcopsylla gaUinacea, notes 361

pen( trans, notes 559

Sardine industrj^ in Norway 263

Sardines, adulteration 164

analyses. Conn. State 062

Saturniidae parasites, notes 754

Sausage, analyses 566

Conn.State 662

casing, slimy, micro-organisms on... 762

Savannah blackbird, destruction of ticks by. 558

Sawdust as a litter 434

Sawflies, American, synopsis 558

injurious to pecans 405

notes 58

Scabies. (Sec Cattle, Dog, Horse, and Sheep

mange or scab.)
Scale insects-
dissemination 357

gathering honey from 700

grass-infest ing , notes 58

new genus and species, descriptions. 357

notes 154, 160, 161

parasitism 154, 744

prevalence in Egypt 751

Nebraska 656

remedies, Hawaii 41

P.R 2.52

soft, identity and synonymy 753

oyster-shell. (See Oyster-shell scale.)

red, parasite, notes 161

San Jose. (Sff San Jose scale.)

Scarlet fever among dairy employees 1 73

Schizophyllum commune, studies 330

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

885

Page.
School children. (See Children, school.)

dietary, studies 371

forest, at Nancy 740

Vallombrosa 740

garden work at Joliet 196

in California, Cal 93

gardening, te.xt-book 398

gardens in Ceylon 398

Ontario 693

treatise 93

Parents' Association, constitution 397

Schools —

agricultural. (See Agricultural schools.)
elementary —

agriculture in 93, 294, 494, 495, 693

pruning instructions in 495

high, agriculture in 92, 398, 599, 796

Cal 494

U.S.D.A 294

negro, domestic science in 693

normal, agriculture in 599,797

U.S.D.A 294

rural, agriculture in 594, 693

horticulture in 693

improvement 397

studies for. 693

training, for bakers and cooks 265

Sciara multiseta, notes, N.J 160

Science, school, relation to agricultural in-
struction 494

Scirpus cxspitosus hay, analyses. Can 375

SclerodeTTis gigaspora n. sp., description 744

Sclerospora macrospora, propagation 745

Sclerostomum bidentatum toxin, effect on leu-
cocytes 82

Sderotinia. liberliana, notes 151, 452

.sc^fro/iocwm, studies 746

trifoliorum, notes 346

Scolecotrichum graminis avenx, notes 648

Scolioneurina?, .Vmerican, synopsis 558

Scolytid beetles of Hokkaido 557

North America, U.S.D.A. 157

catalogue. 654

remedies 362

Scolytus quadrispinosus, remedies 560

Score card for alfalfa hay 537

corn. Wis 233

dairies 179

U.S.D.A 78

milk 478

seed corn 729

Scours, white, immunization 788

Screenings, feeding value. Mass 235

Screw worm fly, notes 559

Scurfy bark louse. (.See Scurfy scale.)

scale, remedies 560

Scurvy from using pasteurized milk 680

Scutigera forceps , remedies 560

Sea kale industry , notes 764

levels, atmospheric temperature at 216

water, occurrence of nitrobacteria in 723

Seaweed , analyses 68

Seed beds, effect on germination of seeds . . . 325, 326

sterilization , Colo 640

Control Station at Orebro, report 12

com ground-beetle, studies, U.S.D. A. .. 256

Page.

Seed-corn maggot, notes, Va. Truck 161

enzyms, relation to vitality 435

inspection. Me 638

Vt 638

law, N.Dak 236

Wis 236

laboratory in Nebraska, work, Nebr 39

oils, treatise 608

Seedling extracts, photodynamic effects 27

Seeds—

air-dried, respiration in 436

as affected by liquid air 436

beet, distribution of diseases by 149

carbohydrates in , studies 437

chemistry of 766

dispersal 197

dissemination of diseases by 543

examination, Nebr 39

forage-plant, adulteration, U.S.D.A 447

forest, conservation e.xperiments 739

germination tests 540

selection 451

germinating ability 326

apparatus, description 541

respiration tests 629

germination as affected by light 720

seedbed... 325,326

tests 435,731

Conn. State 235

Mass 236

imports, U.S.D.A 529, 630

insects affecting 560

mustard, sampling 612

nongerminating diastases in, preserva-
tion 436

oil-bearing, germination investigatiqns. . . 720

old and mutilated , germination 326

oxidase and peroxidase in 133

pine and spruce, storing 739

propagation of wheat smut by 745

sampling and transmission. Conn. State. . 235

separation. Mass 236

stored, as affected by physical factors 739

tree, diseases of, studies 455

vegetable, selection 41

vitality as affected by water, .\riz 29

weed, in feeding stuffs. Mass 235

plant seeds, Nebr 39

Seismic observations at Ilabana 14

Selection, effectiveness in animal breeding. . . 671

Septic tank for sewage disposal, description. . 723
Septicemia, hemorrhagic—

prevalence in India . . . 484, 485, 783

Minnesota 782

studies 283

in a heifer, Mich 681

Septocylindrium suspcctum n. sp. , description. 744

Septoglaum mori, notes ' 52

Septoria aniirrhini, notes 455

apii, studies 746

azalcx, introduction into Silesia 548

petrosclini apfi, treatment, Cal 244

Sericulture. (Sec Silk.)

Serradella as a green manure 429

decomposition in soils 318

yield as affected by spraying 439

886

EXPERIMENT STATION HKCORD.

Pago.

Serums, effect on rennet action 009

for various infect ions, tests 380

hemolytic power, increase of 80

precipitating, preparation 089

symposium on 3S5

Sesame oil, detection 311

reaction 12, 31 1

Sesamum, notes 534

Sctariaglauca, introduction into California.. 134
Sewage —

and water, treatise 712

apparatus for measuring electric con-
ductivity 610

disposal by fish ponds 422

in Charlottenburg 310

country homes 421

Missouri 010

the United States 519

on farms 723

effluents, standards of purification for.. 119

examination 118

fertilizing value in ponds 422

irrigation for sugar beets 712

mfethods of analysis 205

pollution of streams by 218

purification 119, 421

sludge, analyses 120

disposal at Brockton 119

fertilizing value 120

use in production of crude oil and ammo-
nia 422

water. (See Water, sewage.)

Sewerage in New Jersey 218

Sex causation, treatise 472

determination as affected by lecithin... 72

studies and bibliography. 273

gametes, origin 472

Shaddock as a citrus stock, Hawaii 41

Shade, effect on composition of plants 530

trees. (Scf Trees, shade.)

Shakes, relation to forest management 147

Shallu, misrepresentation, U.S. D. A 729

Sheep, abscesses in 580

bleeding in different methods of

slaughtering 673

breeding experiments 378,379

care and management, .\riz 74

at lambing time, U.S. D.A 197

dairy, of East Friesland 274

digestion experiments 71, 111

S.Dak 71

diseases, notes 788

Mich 681

prevalence in New Zealand . . 183

epizootic disease in 287

feeding experiments 774

gain of nitrogen in 473

improvement, P.R 268

industry in Australia 379

statistics 475

inheritance in 378

lip and leg ulceration in 782

maggot fly, notes, Hawaii 58

manure, analyses, Conn. State 624

manure, burnt, analyses 719

fertilizing value 719

Page.

Sheep, Merino, breedlngin France 274

nodular disease, prevalence in Ohio. . 782

poisoning by loco weeds 783

tutu plants 486

pox, immunization 287

prevalence in Japan 81

raising in Japan 73

New South Wales 074

• scab, prevalence in Ohio 782

W yom ing 782

slaughter tests 99

types in the British Museum 172

value of twins for breeding 570

Shellac industry in India 366

Shellfish, bacteriological e.xamination 708

handling and marketing, U.S. D.A. 165

polluted, methods of testing 708

Shepherd's weather glass, toxicity 284

Shingles, preservation, U.S. D.A 740

production in the United States 243

ShipstuS, analyses 375

Shorts, analyses 375

Okla 776

Shrimps, use as food 104

Shrubs and trees, treatise 145

blooming period 42

flowering, planting tables 642

grafting 447

notes. Can 339

of Macon County , Ala. Tuskegee 449

San Antonio 642

Vermont, Vt 642

ornamental, culture in California 737

propagation 341

Sida, culture in India 446

Sidebone in horses, examination 188

Sierola molokaicnsis, notes, Hawaii 156

Sigalphus virginknsis , parasitic on straw-
berry weevil, N.J 058

Silage, analyses, S.C 670

chemistry of : 595

cost of production, N.J 134

crops, culture and harvesting 070

digestibility, S.Dak 71

feeding value, N.Y.Cornell 76

for cows, S.C 676

from sewage hay, analyses 573

list of publications on, Va 192

making 595

as a school topic 594

moldy, poisoning of horses by 587

stack, making 670

{See also Corn, Clover, etc.)

Silicate of potash, fertilizing value 324

Silicates, methods of analysis 303

Silicic acid, methods of analysis 303

Silk, eri, industry in India 60

industry in Japan 60

worms, ammonia-producing enzym in. . 303

raising in India 441

the Transvaal 163

treatise 366

Silos, concrete, description and construction . 290

construction 290, 670

Va 191

list of publications on, \a 192

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

887

Page.

Silver dragees, adulteration, U.S.D.A 767

flsh, remedies 560

salts, methods of analysis 303

Silybum marianum, notes 235

Simodaclyius cinnamomcus, injurious to cot-
ton, Hawaii 58

Sinoxylon conigcrum, notes, Hawaii 59

sp. , notes 751

Siphlonisca scrodromia, n. g. and n. sp., de-
scription 654

Siphonaptera, identification 56

Sirup, adulteration and misbranding,

U.S.D.A 07,566,767

analyses 766

Conn.State 602

cane. (See Cane sirup.)
corn, use for confectionery and pre-
serves 117

misbranding, U.S.D.A 263,767

starcli, determination in foqds 305

Sirups, fruit, adulteration, detection 65

crystallization of sugar froi.i 614

soda fountain, standards, Nev 664

Sisal hemp industry in New South Wales 637

Sisymbrium altissimum in Vermont, Vt 638

Sisyropa hemerocampx n. sp., description 464

Sitodrcpa panicea, injurious to stored tobacco. 464

Sitoncs Jiispidulus, studies, U.S.D.A 758

Sitolroga ccrealella. (See Angouraois grain-
moth.)

Skim milk, analyses, Ohio 173

buttermilk, notes, U.S.D.A 595

for calves, N.Y.Cornell 73

pigs, Ga 575

Ind 271

Slag. (Sec Phosphatic slag.)

Slaughterhouses, inspection and laboratories. 164
study of animal anatomy in 570
(See also Abattoirs.)
Sleeping sickness-
bibliography 683

etiology 56

notes 557

prevalence in Uganda 581

studies in German East Africa 684

transmission by flies. 56

Sloeberry , postripening investigations 704

Slough grass hay, digestibility, S.Dak 71

Slum gum, analyses, Hawaii 12

Smith's swine plague bacteria, studies. Ark. . 788

Smoke, injurious to plants 230, 325

pollution of air by 15

Smut. (See Barley smut. Corn smut, etc.)

Snail industry in France 76

Snails, injurious, notes 751

to coffee 351

Snapdragon disease, notes 455

Snapdragons, breeding e.xperiments, N.J 140

Snow, effect on soil temperatures 21

fertilizing value. Can 316

Soap, naphtha, as a disinfectant 393

Social reform, treatise 168

Soda Bordeaux, chemical changes in 456

fertilizing value 223

fountain sirups, standards, Nev 664

Page.
Sodium—

arsenicals, effect on vegetation. Mass 235

benzoate as a preservative 509

chemistry of, in man 771

determination in ketchups 112

physiological effects 570

carbonate, effect on nitrogen fixation 427

chlorid. (Sec Salt.)

methods of analysis 8

nitrate. (SfC Nitrate of soda.)
phosphate, effect on —

respiration in plants 629

transpiration of plants. . . 721

for pigs. Mo 772

Ohio 772

salts, effect on Bacillus subtilis 531

sulphid, effect on vegetation. Mass 235

sulphite, detection in presence of sodium

salts 707

usevin chopped meat 565

Soft scale, synonymy 753

Soil acidity, determination 124

bacteria—

as affected by various substances,

N.J 120

fixation of nitrogen by 123

media for quantitative estimation. . . 723

studies 317

bacteriology, bibliography 317

methods 628

status 317, 325

studies 426,427

conditions of Mkatta steppe 321

erosion, prevention, Nebr 423

extracts, physiological action 23

fertility, bibliography 123, 714

dynamics of 423

factors affecting 123, 714

investigations in Russia 523

maintenance 222, 223, 322

Wis 125

in Asia 522

California 19

Japan 522

relation to fertilizers 715

inoculation experiments 22, 222, 442

for alfalfa. Can 321, 333

beans 232

corn, N.J 121

leguminous plants 428

tests of cultures, N.J 715

investigations-
electrochemical methods 219

relation to colloid chemistry 208

wire-basket method 429

management, treatise 519

moisture as affected by —

fall plowing 442

methods of culture 124

potash salts 24

conservation 322

Wash 520

effect on —

bacterial activity, Kans ... 21

nitrogen fixation 427

yield of crops 223

888

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Soil inoistiire— Continued. Pago.

relation to tTop production 124

plant diseases 245

tillage, Wash 520

organisms, review of investigations 317

productivity as affected by partial sterili-
zation 121

studies, U.S.D. A 18

requirements of Para rubber 040

sampler and case, description, Kans 21

survey in Oklahoma, Okla 798

South Africa 519

temperatures—

as aflected by forest cover 44

snow 21

effect on bacterial activity, Kans — 21

in upland moors 521

investigations 123

studies 521

yields, law of minimum in 223

Soiling crops, culture, N.J 134

^^rieties 442

Soils, alkali, analyses, Can -. 321

digest of data on .- 522

investigations 124, 222

ammonifying powers in 427

analyses 123, 223, 335, 441, 631, 783

Can • 321

Hawaii 20

U.S.D.A IS

as affected by bog toxins 22

calcium carbonate 130

carbon bisulphid, P. U . . 224-

availability of potash in, N. H 424

bacteria in, as affected by cultivation,

Kans 21

bacterial activity in, new theory 005

bacteriological investigations 21, 723

black, productivity as affected by ma-
nure 429

care and treatment 714

chalk, moisture investigations 15

cocoa, restoration of fertility in 123

composition as affected by green ma-
nures 524

copper in, by spraying 152

corrosion of iron and steel in 715

cotton, fertilizers for, U.S.D.A 23

cultivated, colloid substances in 208

cultivation in dry regions 23

decomposition of plants in 318

destruction of eelworms in, U.S.D.A.. . 798

dune, variations of ground water in 322

effect on composition of wheat,

U.S.D.A 730

fruits 240

elementary course in 693

evaporation from, studies 617

examination, P.R 224

fen, fertilizer requirements 322

fertilizer requirements 224, 337

forest, fertilizer requirements 713

nitrification in 521,522

formation of ammonia in, N.J 120

granitic, analyses 522

mineral constituents in 320

heat conductivity, U.S.D.A 20

Page.

Soils, hummock, fertilizing value 719

improvement 714

Can 321

in the vicinity of Berlin, studies 223

irrigated, nitric nitrogen in, Utah 017

loess, of Nebraska, analyses, Nebr 422

loss of nitrogen from .' 125

management 322

marsh, analyses 713

methods of analysis 20

microtjiological properties 519

moistening, thermal effects 425

moor, improvement 710

in Bavaria, studies 521

reclamation and use 322

temperatures in 521

nitrate-bearing, analyses. 021

nitrification in 123,221,714.715

as affected by carbon. . . 221

studies 318

nitrifying powers in .' 427

nitrogen content-
as aflected by plants 122

various factors 222

of Argentina, studies 522

Bengal, notes 223

Bologna, analyses 423

Brunswick, Ga., studies, U.S.D.A . . 617

Cape Colony, analyses 20

origin and composition 19

Crow's Nest Valley 45

Illinois, improvement 129

studies 429

Natal, analyses 617

Nebraska, description 222, 396

New South Wales, analyses 522

northern Siberia, bacterial content.. 317
Pender County, N.C., analyses,

U.S.D.A 423

Porto Rico, P.R 222. 295

Somaliland, analyses 713

southern Harz region, studies 223

Taurida, composition 713

the Kirghiz Steppe, studies 617

Nile Valley, analyses 713

Truckee-Carson region, protec-
tion, U.S.D.A 35

Upper Egypt, physical prDperties. . . 321

partial sterilization, studies 121

peat, composition 322

improvement 322

nitrogenous compounds in 619

Mich.. 618

reclamation and use 322

phosphate content, factors affecting.

Wis 125

phosphoric acid in, studies 424, 019

physical properties, determination 219

studies, importance 320

plant food in, maintenance 424, 619

podzol, effect on phosphates 129

propagation of wheat smut by 745

reclamation in Denmark 123

relation to bacteria 222

colloid chemistry 411

review of investigations 317

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

889

Page.

Soils, Russian, absorptive power 520

solubility investigations 20

specific heat of 714

soluble salts in, as affected by various

factors 19

swamp, reclamation in Denmark 123

transformation of plant food in 220

treatise 317,693

value of lime on 624

Volusia, problems and management,

U.S.D.A 18

water economy in 124

washing, prevention 322

woodland, productivity 645

Solanum commersonii, mutation in 435

studies 626

maglia, fixation of bud mutation in. 434

Solar radial ion, effect on plants 529

review in 117

Somatic toeniasis, treatment 489

Soot, analyses. Conn. State 624

preparation of ammonia from 225

Sorbite as a source of starch 530

Sord'iria longicaudata, notes, Xebr 48

Sorghum-
culture experiments 441

S.Dak 33

fertilizer experiments 440

fodder, digestibility, S.Dak 71

midge, paper on 559

seed, vitality as affected by water, Ariz. . 29

species misrepresented, U.S.D.A 729

varieties 441

Kans 726

Sorghum halepense, introduction into Cali-
fornia 134

vulgare, physiological function of

hydrocyanic acid in 722

Souma, etiology CS4

Soups, osmotic pressure of 668

South Carolina Station, financial statement. . 694

report of director 694

Dakota College, notes 298, 400

Station, financial statement... 798

notes 400

report of director 79S

Southern pine sawyer, studies, U.S.D.A 260

Soy bean bread, making 164

cake, analyses 209. 375

feeding value 269, 375

for cows 477

meal, analyses, Ohio 173

for cows 477

poisoning of cows by 783

oil, extraction and analysis. Mass . . 209
products, effect on composition of

milk. Mass 276

preparation 269

seed, storing, U.S.D.A 39

beans, anal.vses .375

Mo 771

Ohio 771

cost of production, Ga 575

culture and use, U.S.D.A 39

in Japan 68

for pigs, Ga 575

Page.

Soy beans, inoculation experiments, X.J "15

production and use 269

urease in 133

varieties. Hawaii 33

Ind 726

Kans 726

U.S.D.A 39

Sparrow, English-
destruction and use, U.S.D.A 549

eating of army worm by, Hawaii 459

Spartina cynosuroides hay, digestibility,

S.Dak 71

Specific gravity tables for sugar 413

Spelt, digestibility, S.Dak 7I

varieties. Can 330

Spermatogenesis in Acrididse and Locustidse. 655

Sphnceloma ampelinum, notes 747

Sphxrella pini/oUa n. sp., notes 742

SphxTOCoccus draperi n. sp., description 751

Sphxropsis miloTum, notes, X.H 747

Sphxrostilbe coccophila, notes 154

X.J 100

flavida, notes 51

Sphxrotheca leucotricha, notes 349

mors-uvx, distribution in Prus-
sia 348

notes 547.743,746

Sphecius speciosus, notes. X.J ICO

Sphenophorus callosus, notes 257

obscurus, notes 362

sordidus, notes 356

Spicaria colorans n. sp., description 547

Spice plants, paper on 737

Spices, analyses 7t6

culture... 442

ground, sampling 612

seed and harvest time in Bengal 134

treatise 565

Spider, red, destructive to codling moth 460

injurious to cotton, Hawaii 59

hops 364

notes 751

Spiders, injurious to sugar cane, Hawaii 464

Spike-rush hay, analyses, Can 375

Spilocry plus extremis, parasitic on Saturniidse. 755

Spilosoma lubricipeda, studies 360

Spinach aphis, notes, Va.Truck 161

fertilizer experiments 431

Va.Truck 147

growth as affected by manganese 436

Spirilla, transmission by ticks 487

Spirillosis in fowls, investigations 289

geese, researches in 386

Spirillum, new, in monkeys 581

Spirits, definitions 765

drinking, report on 667, 764

extraction from raisins 416

Spirochxta anserina, notes 392

balbianii. studies 790

duttoni, organism resembling 581

transmission in ticks 387

eberthi, notes 82

gaUinarum, organism resembling. . 490

studies 189

pitheci n. sp., description 581

spp., modes of division 281

890

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Siiirochseta spp..no{os 189

Iheileri, notes 785

Spirochetosis in fowls 189, 392. 490. 783

prevalence in South Annani . . . 785

Spirogyra, fungi affecting 249

Spiroptera slrongylini, notes 789

Spleen, iron content 372

Splenic fever, prevalence in Jamaica 583

Splitworms, injurious to tobacco 4C4

Spodoptcra miuritia, notes, Hawaii 458

Spondias axillaris, notes, P. R 236

Spondylocladium atrovirens, notes 149

Spongospora scabies, notes 346

subterranea, history 746

studies 149,746

Sporidesmium solani varinns, notes 346

S pnrotrichum globuUferum, parasitic on chinch

bug, Kans 655

Spots and stains, removal 470

Spotted fever, Rocky Mountain —

investigations 785

relation to typhus fever 284

Spraying apparatus, dealers and manufactur-
ers, Ala.College 260

effect on copper content of soils 152

experiments, Mich 060

cost, X.J 162

machinery, notes, Wis 247

Springs In Connecticut 16

protection from pollution 118

Spnice beetle, eastern, notes, U.S.D.A 158

notes, U.S.D..\ 159

liudworm, notes 555

disease, description 548

Engelmann, rate of growth 45

gall aphid, notes 654

increment measurements 451

pruning experiments 44

seeds, storing 739

timber, tests of strength 541

Squalls, notes, U.S.D.A 216

Squash borer, notes 751

bug, horned, notes 751

notes 751

lady beetle, notes 750

Squashes, breeding experiments, N.J 141

Squirrel plague, dissemination by owls 1,53

pathology and bacteriology . 352

tail grass in Vermont, Vt 0.38

Squirrels, ground, destruction 250

ticks, notes 303

transmission of plague by. 250

protection of trees from 352

transmission of spotted fever by. . . 786

Stable floors, concrete, construction. Wis 589

fly, investigations 656

notes 559, 682 .

transmission of dourine by . r. 684

manure, action and value 716

decomposition 620

as affected by

lime 716

Stables, inspection in Massachusetts 782

milking, descriptions, Cal 577

Stagmatophora grossypiella .notes 751

Stains and spots, removal 470

Page

Stallion law in Iowa 799

Stallions, certification, in Victoria 188

Stalls for cows, sanitary, description, Wis 589

Staphylococcus infections, tests of serums and

vaccines for 386

Staphylococcus pyogenes albus, studies 587

Starch as affected by nitric acid 702

cassava, analyses 68

detection in mustard 308

determination • 10, 1 12, 300

in barley 306

feeds and foods 11

methods HI

effect on corn, N.J 121

milk secretion 677

soil bacteria, N.J 120

formation from sorbite 530

hydrolysis 11

industry, use of artichokes in 443

molecular weight, determination .304

sirups, determination in foods 305

value as an accelerator 9

Stearin, detection in beeswax 310

Steel beetle, remedies, Mich G59

corrosion by bacteria 009, 715

Steers, beet chips for 573

feeding experiments 97, 99

Can 376

Ind 269

poisoning by plants 783

short feeding. 111 673

S'cgomyia calopus, transmission of diseases by 500

fasciata, breeding experiments 55

occurrence in Sudan 464

Stegomyia;, notes 157

Stciniella callida, studies .360

Stenamma [A phxnogaster] fulvum, destructive

to codling moth 460

StenotaphTum americanum , notes 446

Stercum fenugincum , notes 455

hirsutum, notes 651

purpureum, studies 330

Sterilization, effect on composition of milk. . . 77

Stoats, destruction of field mice by 352

Stock. (See Live stock.)

foods. (See Feeding stuffs, condi-
mental and proprietarv.)

Stomach contents, examination 266

worms in calves, S.C 681

investigations, S.C 687

Stomatitis, necrotic, prevalence in Wyoming. 782
Stomozys cakitrans. (Sec Stable fly.)

Stomoxys, transmission of souma by 684

Stones, utilization 450

Storage, decay of cabbages in, U.S.D.A 142

effect on calcium cyanamid 128, 717

P. R 224

composition of barle.v 632

corn, U.S.D.A 445

cotton seed 233

nitrogen content of calcium

cyanamid 128

superphosphate 433

wheat and flour, Can 331, 367

Stores, inspection in Missouri 766

Storms, destructive, U.S.D.A 216

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

891

Page.

Stovaine as an anesthetic 486

Strangles, treatment 689

Straw ashes, fertiUzing vahie 224

effect on nitrogen content of soils 318

soil bacteria 319

feeding value 573

oat, digestibility, S.Dale 71

rice, analyses, Hawaii 64

yield as affected by drainage 589

Strawberries, culture, Can 733

experiments, N.J 141

insects affecting. Can 733

N.J 658

parthenogenesis in 639

varieties, Can 339, 733

N.J 141

for Wyoming 040

Strawberry —

diseases, treatment, Can 733

extract, adulteration, U.S.D.A 467,6()4

misbranding, U.S.D.A 07,467,664

industry in Ontario 142

juice, acidity of 65

leaf beetle, notes, N.J 659

roller, notes 57

studies, N.J 160,658

root louse, studies, N.J 659

weevil, notes, N.J 160

paper on 559

studies, N.J 658

white fly, notes, N.J 659

Stream measurements 16

Streams, pollution 218

l)y sulphite pulp waste. . . 421

prevention in Missouri . . . CIO

Streets, trees for 042

Strcptobacillus kbtnis, studies 383

Streptococcus hollandicus. notes 384

mastidis, notes 186

Streptococcus infections, tests of serums and

vaccines for 380

lactic-acid, in sour milk 384

Streptothrix sp. , lactic-acid producing 779

Strig maggot, injurious to hops 364

Strongylidae, classification 153

Strongylosis in sheep and calves 783

prevalence in Minnesota 782

Strontium sulphate, methods of analysis . . . 303

Subsoils of the Nile Valley, analj-ses 713

Sugar beet anatomy, bibliography 535

blight, notes, Cal 244

by-products, dried, feeding value. 268

crop estimator, description 137

diseases, bibliography 347

notes 347

review of literature 3G4

pulp, analyses...-. 375

dried, analyses 70, 209

feeding value 208

for cows 477

preservation 477

siloed, analyses 269

feeding value 268

(SfcaZso Molasses-beet pulp.)

seed, production, S.Dak 535

beets, analyses, N.Dak 202

Wash ,34

Page.

Sugar, anatomical structure 535

animals affecting 364

carbon disulpliid for 137

composition , factors affect ing. Can 331

culture experiments 334

fertilizer experiments 125.220.431.432,717

sewage irrigation for 712

stable manure for 710

varieties 334

Can 330

bibliography 637

by-products, unification of terms 117

cane borer, injurious to corn, Ky 751

notes 257. 302

breeding experiments 536

bud moth, studies, Hawaii 155

culture 533

diseases, notes 47

P.R 245

studies, Hawaii 49

eflect of structure in milling, Ha-
waii 013

entomology, bibliography, Ha-
waii 464

fertilizer experiments 440. 441. 533

Insects affecting, Hawaii 458

nematodes affecting, Hawaii 49

planting experiments 533

sucker, notes 253

varieties 335, 337, 440, 533, 536

chemistry, treatise 215

color reactions for ID

crystallization from fruit sirups 614

detection 412

determinalion 10,412

in molasses feeds 305

urine 214

effect on tilood corpuscles 72

corn, N.J 121

formation of pentosans in

plants 721

feeding value, for horses 475

industry in Mauritius 105

invert, clarification of solutions 412

lactones, studies, U.S.D.A 410

laws in France, treatise 337

mill by-products, effect on milk 478

production of alcohol from, N.Mex 13

products, forming sulphuric acid in . . . 312

refuse, fertilizing value 442

.specific gravity and temperature tables. 413

solutions, effect on pollen germination. 330
fermented, effect on respiia-

tion in wheat germs 721

osmotic pressure of 608

use for confectionery and preserves 117

(Sec also Beet sugar and Cane sugar.)

Sugars, determination in sugar mi.xtures 305

effect on nitrogen fixation 428

in asparagus 112

reducing, determination 305

Sulphate of ammonia —
effect on—

composition of plants 23

movement of water in soils 220

fertilizing value. . . 120, 136, 138, 220, 334, 431, 434,
441,440,530.537,021,717

802

KXPKKIMKNT STATION IIKCOHD.

fculphalo of ammonia— Com iinu'd. I'agi'.

fortilizint;valtic, Hawaii , 31

Mass 231

iiiiporls in the rnited States 125

industry in Gerniany 225

physiological effects 127

residual effects, Hawaii 30, 31

statistics 621

time of application 120

Sulphate of copper, preparal ion and use 345

magnesia, effect on plant growth. 439
Sulphate of potash—

and magnesia, residual effects, Hawaii.^ 30,31

effect on composition of grapes •148

transpiration of plants 721

fertilizing value 334,440,446

Hawaii 46

in ponds 422

for grapes 448

residual effects, Hawaii 30. 31

Sulphite pulp waste liquor, use 421

pollution of streams by. 421
Sulphur—

determination in alkali polysulphids 511

sulphids and sulphates. 708

dioxid in beer 560

fumes, effect on vegetation 640

methods of analysis : 303

poisoning of horses by 587

washes. (See Lime-sulphur washes.)

water, fertilizing value 25

Sulphuric acid —

determination as barium si.lphate 211

etfect on edestin 208

methods of analysis 9

production in sugar products 312

Sulphurous acid-
conversion into sulphuric acid 312

detection in lime juice 307

determination in lime juice 307

wine 307

in beer , 06

use in chopped meat 564

Summer drinks, examination 203

Sunflower cake for cows 477

Sunlight, effect on-
carbon dio.xid assimilation by plants. ... 28

germination cf pollen. Wis 527

tubercle bacilli 780

Sunlight in Samoa, U.S.D.A 216

Superphosphate—

as affected by barnyard manure 524

storage 433

changes in, during manufacture 433

double, method of analysis 700

dried, fertilizing value 324

drying 227

effect on-

composilion of plants 23

movemen t of water in soils 220

nitrogen content of soils 318

variation in peas 528

fertilizing value... . 322, 334, 440, 441, 442, 440,524

Ala.Canebrake 034

Hawaii 46

in ponds 422

for wheat 234

.Superphosphate— Continued. Page.

manufacture 25

apparatus for 433

mineral, production 227

residual elfects, Hawaii 30, 31

use in France 524

Suppuration, caseous, in sheep 788

Surra in camels, introduction in .Vustralia ... 785

prevalence in India 785

treatment 785

horses, treatment 080

prevalence in India 485, 783

treatment 83

Sus palustris, history 473

Swamp fever in horses, Mich 681

lands. (See Lands, swamp.)

Sweet corn, analyses, U.S.D.A 239

breeding experiments, N.J 140

composition as affected by en-
vironment, U.S.D..\ 238

fertilizer experiments, Kans 2.38

oil, examination. Me 07

orange as a citrus slock, Hawaii 41

peas, nomenclature 145

treatise 643

potato diseases, notes, Ala.Tuskegee.. 729

recipes, Ala.Tuskegee 729

weevil, notes 57, 464

potatoes-
canning, Ala.Tuskegee 729

culture, Ala.Tuskegee 729

Okla 798

experiments, Ariz 34

in Japan 68

for live stock, Ala.Tuskegee 729

insects affecting, .Vla.Tuskegee 729

Swine erysipelas, prevalence in Japan 81

plague, immunization, .Vrk 789

prevalence in France 386

(See also Pigs.)

Swiss Spotted-cattle Breeders' Association... 77

Sword beans, varieties, P.R 237

Sylviculture. (See Forestry.)

Symbiosis in plants, studies 1.S3, 722

Symptomatic anthrax. (See Blackleg.)

Synchytrium endobiotkum, life history 049

spp., cytology of 148

Syngamus frachealif:, description 189

Syntomosphi/rum sp., notes, U.S.D..\. 257

Syracuse University, agriculture in 299

Syrphus flies, notes, Hawaii 59

Syscia silvestrii n. sp., description 760

Tabanidse of Brazil, new species and genera,

description 255

transmission of souma by 684

Tachina japonica n. sp., description 464

lariarum, studies 3(')0, .361

(?) sp., parasitic on Saturniidac 755

Tachinids, destructive to potato Ijeetles,

U.S.D.A 57

Tachinida?, new species, descriptions 464

Tachininas spp., studies 360

Txnia cxnurus, notes 189

crassicollis, notes 352

tetragona, notes, Md 587

Tscniasis, nodular, in fowls, Md 587

Txniocampa stabilis, studies 360

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

893

Tallow, mutton, as affected by low tempera-
ture

Tamari-shoyu, composition

Tan bark, consumption in the United States.

Tanezu, micro-organisms in, studies

Tannic acid, effect on transpiration of plants.
Tanning extracts, consumption in the United

States

Tankage, analyses, Mo

Ohio 173,

R.I

fertilizing value, Ala.Canebrake. . .

Ga

for pigs, Ohio

Pa

Tanyard refuse, analyses

Tapes aureus spiroclietes, studies

Tapeworm disease in fowls, Md

Tapeworms in red grouse

Taphrina bussein. sp., description

Tapioca, insects affecting

Tapirs, inheritance of colors in

Tar as a wood preservative

Taraxacum officinah, notes

Taros for the South, U.S.D. A

Tartaric acid in wine

methods of analysis

reaction

Tea industry in Java

insects affecting

leaves, composition at various stages of

growth

manufacture in Japan and Formosa

osmotic pressure of

Parana, industry in Brazil

thrips affecting

Teachers, free publications for, U.S.D. A

short courses for, in Tennessee

Teak forests in Siam

Telea polyphemus, parasitism

Temperature —
atmospheric-
al sea levels

vertical gradient in, U.S.D. A

body, of poultry as affected by age

effect on —

Bacterium lactis acidi

development of white mice

fat

germination of pollen, Wis

stored seeds

olive oil, Ariz

forecasting

in Cape of Good Uope

poultry and birds, studies

low, effect on fats

Lepidoptera

seeds

relation to crown rot, X.Y.State

relation to plant diseases

summer, in Europe

tables for sugar

variation in

camels

winter and summer, periodicity of ex-
tremes in

ge. Page.

Tenants, relation to landowners 90

113 Termeslucifugus, studies 161

65 Termites, injurious to printing materials 654

243 ^ protection of wood from 357

214 I • remedies 253,560

721 I Terpeneless lemon extract, adulteration and

misbranding, U.S.D. A 664

243 Terrapin scale parasites, descrfption 363

771 synonymy 753

771 Tessellated scale, synonymy 753

434 Tetanus antitoxin, standardizing, U.S.D. A.. 485

634 prevalence in India 783

633 : 7V?ranj/cftu«aWftaj, injurious to hops 364

174 sp., injurious to cotton, Hawaii. . 59

475 telarius, notes 751

719 i Tetrastichus. new species, descriptions 558

790 Tetrastichus xanthomdxnx, notes, 'S.J 159

5S7 Teltigidea lateralis, injurious to tobacco 464

189 Texas fever, immunization 783

151 mechanism of infection in 387

356 prevalence in Queensland 783

273 tick, eradication, U.S.D. A 163

740 ticks. {See also Cattle ticks.)

235 treatment 83,583

631 seeded ribbon cane, misrepresentation.

165 U.S.D.A 729

9 Station, notes 200,400.097

304 Textile wastes, purification 17

43 Thalictrum spp., notes 234

364 Thamnidium, source of nitrogen for 725

Thein, removal from foods 166

413 Thelazia leesci n. sp., description 791

43 spp., descriptions 791

668 Thermochemistry, treatise 769

539 rftcTonia/u/iMCfn*, parasitic on Saturniidte.. 755

357 Thielavia basicola, studies 454

693 U.S.D.A 49

100 Thielaviopsis ethaceticus, notes, Hawaii 49

344 studies 248,351

755 This les, destruction. Wis 140

Thomas slag. (See Phosphatic slag.)
Thoracic organs, relation to chest measure-

216 ments 776

210 Threadworms in red grouse 189

72 ' Thrips, injurious to cotton, Hawaii .59

.tea 357

383 new genera and species 7.52

378 notes 751

11 P.R 252

527 Thrips tabaci. (Sec Onion thrips.)

739 Thrushes, migratory, dissemination of mistle-

736 toe by 722

314 1 Thunderstorms, notes, U.S.D. -V 216

420 ! use of balloons in, U.S.D.A. 215

790 I Thyridopttryx ephemerxformis. (See Bag-

113 : worms.)

359 Thysanoptera, new genera and species 7-32

436 of Illinois, descriptions 551

650 Tick fever, Rhodesian. (See African coast

245 fever.)

615 (See Texas fever.)

413 Ticks, American, distribution "CO

314 bibliography 364

1S7 I biology 558

I destruction Ijy animals and birds 558

313 ' of turkeys by 393

894

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

Page.

Ticks, clTcct on Indian cattle in Jamaica 583

ground squirrel, notes 303

ilst 386

of Jamaica, studies 558

preservation 392

transmission of diseases by 380,487

piroplasmosis by 685,686

Spiroclixta duttonihy. 387

transmission of spotted fever by 083, 786

(See also Cattle ticks.)

Tile drainage, laying 793

makers, list. Wis 289

Tillage investigations in India 442

relation to soil moisture, Wash 520

TiUctia Ixvis, propagation 745

spp., dissemination 543

notes 148,745

'Timber, Austrian, tests of strength 541

blue rot, notes 152

estimating in Maryland 147

exports from Dominica 140

marking in the national forests 342

preservation, relation to forestry 147

production in Ireland 343

New Zealand 343

the Gold Coast 450

Philippines 043

rots, notes, Hawaii 49

supply of Canada 343

preservation, U.S.D.A 450

time of cutting, determination 342

{See also Lumber and AVood.)

Timothy, germination tests 731

varieties, Can 330

Tin, absorption by cream cheese 370

toxic properties 370

Tineids injurious to pears 255

Tisheria albostraminea, notes 54

Tissues, human, lipase in 770

Toad flax, notes 038

Toads, studies and bibliography 353

Tobacco-
ash, analyses 719

fertilizing value 138, 719

blight, treatment 337

bug, remedies 037

spined , notes 464

culture and harvesting 234

experiments 337

in Ireland 729

Ontario 337

diseases, notes , 234

districts and types, U.S.D.A 233

fermentation 515

fertilizer experiments 337

Ohio 23

Va 137

cooperative 138

flea beetle, notes 404

improvement, U.S.D.A 295

industry in the United States, U.S.D.A . 637

Virginia and North Caj'olina. 234

insects affecting 234. 337. 404

leaf miner, notes 404

notes 534

of Nyasaland, analyses 637

Tobacco— Continued. Page.

orobanchc, notes 348

fpiality as affected by fertilizers 234

raising, economic considerations 91

residue, crystalline, fertilizing value 434

root rot, studies, U.S.D.A 49

stalks, analyses 719

fertilizing value 719

stored, insects affecting 404

text-book 037

transpiration investigations 030

varieties 534, 729

wastes, analj-ses, Conn. State 024

yield as affected by .soil moisture 224

Tomato canker, notes 50

cannery refuse, analyses 325

catsup, adulteration and misbrand-
ing, U.S.D.A 064

conserve, dry, manufacture 410

diseases, notes 452

Cal 244

pollen, germination as affected by

'weather, AVis 527

tests. Wis 527

seed bed, sterilization, Colo 040

worms, notes, N.J ICO

Tomatoes, analyses 204

breeding experiments N.J 141

canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A. . . 07

coloring matter in, studies 009

culture, Colo 640

experiments, Ariz 34

fertilizer experiments, Kans 238

fumigation experiments. Mass 259

parthenogenesis in 039

preservation 709

seed selection, Can 339

varieties, Ariz 34

yields. Can 339

Tools, prices of, in British Guiana 372

Topography of Crow's Nest Valley 45

Dahomey 396

Nebraska 396

Tornado at Anniston, Ala., U.S.D.A 216

Savannah, Ga. U.S.D.A 215

Tornadoes in various states, U.S.D.A 216

Tortoise beetles, notes, N.J 160

Tortrix fumifcrana, notes 555

Torula wiesneri, fixation of atmospheric nil ro-

genby 725

Toumeyella liriodcndri, synonymy 753

Toxicological materials, analj'ses 214

Trachea, bovine, tuberculous lesions in 84

Trains, drinking water on 118

Transpiration, effect on fruiting of fungi 330

investigations, Utah 425

Tree crickets, injurious to tobacco 404

diseases, notes 305. 742

seeds, diseases of, studies 455

Trees and shrubs of San Antonio, book 042

treatise 145

blooming period 42

culture in Nyasaland 739

Oklahoma, Okla 739

directions for planting 044

distribution in South Australia 043

fertilizer experiments 146

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

895

Trocs for lawns, streets, and woodlands 042

grafting 447

honey, in Hawaii, Hawaii 58

insects affecting 102,742

measurements, Can 339

of California, treatise 451

Canada, list 45

Dominica 146

Kentucky, treatise 738

Macon County, Ala.Tuskegee 449

Massachusetts, character and use 739

the Maritime Alps 644

Wasliington, Wash 539

ornamental, culture in California 737

propagation 341

planting, relation to May beetles 645

protection against animals 352

pruning experiments 44. 541

instructions in schools 495

sap pressure in 436

shade, culture in Oklahoma, Okla 739

spraying in Brooklyn 500

timber, rules for collecting data on 145

weather cycles in growth of, U.S.D. A. . 216

Trematodes, bird, descriptions 550

Tribulus tcrrestris, notes 235

Tricalcium phosphate —

solubility as affected by calcium carbonate 130

utilization by Cruciferae 324

Trichiocampus viminalis, life history and

habits 054

Trichobaris trinotate. (See Potato stalk-borer.)

Trichobius parasiticus, notes 559

Trichogram ma prctiosa, notes 459

Trichomes of plants, heredity in 230

Trichophytom gypseum granulosum., studies. . 288

Trichoptera, studies and bibliography 154

Trichosoma longicollc, description 189

Trichostrongylus pergracilis, description 189

Tricoccphalus affinis, notes 082

Trimcrotropis citrina, injurious to tobacco 404

Triphasia monophylla, notes, P.R 230

Tritoxa flexa, notes, N.J 100

Troctes divinatoria. (See Book-louse.)

prenolepidis n. sp., description 752

Tragus s^^., notes, U.S.D. A 258

Troops, European, feeding in Mancliuria 470

preservation of meat for 762

Tropical diseases, treatise 556

Truck crop diseases, notes 452

malnutrition diseases, treatment,

Va.Truck 147

crops, breeding and selection, N.J 140

Insects affecting 404

Truckee-Carson region, description, U.S.D. A. 35

Truffles, fertilizer experiments 733

Trypanosoma —

amcricanum n. sp., studies, U.S.D. A 281

brucci , development in Glossina fusca 056

calmcttci, description 189

cazalboui, transmission 684

cruzi n. sp., description 486

dimorpJion, description 487

notes 581

transmission 084

ekphantis, notes 283

Trypanosoma — Continued. Page.

equipcrdum, transmission 684

evansi, notes 785

gambiense, development in Glossina pal-

palis 282

notes 56

transmission by Glossina mor-

sitans 282-

ingcns n. sp., notes 83

lewisi, development in Ilxmatopinus

spinulosus 83

seasonal prevalence in Mus spp. . . 282

minasense n. sp., description 486

[Spirochseta] eberthi, notes 82

spp., notes 486,487

transmission by flies 581

thcileri, notes 282, 387

vivax, transmission by Glossina palpalis. . 5SI

Trypanosome disease in a bull 282

camels and liorses. . . 684

cattle 487

elephants 282

new, in men 486-

Trypanosome diseases-
bibliography 083

formation of toxin in 83

in cattle and horses 486

northeastern Rhodesia 387

notes 581

relation to tsetse flies 282^

role of insects in 387

studies, 184

treatment 83

Trypanosomes, culture, review of literature. . 387

development in Glossinse 55

differentiation 82

in cattle 387

new species, description 486

transmission by flies 56

Trypcta ludcns. (See Orange maggot.)

Trypsin as affected by shaking 470

Tsetse fly, bibliography 683

relation to trypanosome diseases. . 282

studies '. ISfr

transmission of souma by 684

Tubercle bacilli—

bacteriolj'sis 184r

bibliography 1S4, 78&

bovine, investigations 84

virulence of artificial cultures 184

death point 779'

entrance into the body 684

human and bovine, differentiation 85

studies 38»

in circulating blood 786

U.S.D. A 84

feces of tuberculous cattle 388

of different origin, studies 184

viability 786'

Tubercles, root. (Sec Root tubercles.)
Tuberculin, avian, diagnostic value in Johne's

disease 287

defects of, studies 85

inoculation, relation to anti-
bodies in tuberculosis 284

intra-cutaneous tests 787

intradermal reaction to 85.

896

EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD.

Papc.

Tuberculin, ophthalmic reaction of rattle to. 7S(i

reactions, studies 80,390

symposium on 385

test, combined, reactions in 185

Tuberculosis—

among Tennessee mountaineers,

U.S.D.A 4C9

animal, control in Pennsylvania 387

pathology and bacteriology 388

relation to man 387

antibodies in, relation to tuberculin inoc-
ulation 281

avian and human, relation 284

prevalence in Minnesota 782

bovine-
control 390

detection 389

Iowa 184

diagnosis 391

differentiation of forms 84

immunization G84

paper on 388

prevalence in California 388

Minnesota 782

Ohio "82

Queensland 783

the South 387

relation to milk supply 78

transmission investigations, Iowa — 184

to horses 782

infants 782

under range conditions 388

congress at Washington, D.C 387

control, factors affecting, Nebr 85

in Minnesota "82

diagnosis 85,86,390,786,787

dissemination by manure, Nebr 84

in animals 387

experimental, investigations. 786

human and bovine, relation 388, 389

transmission to calves 782

types of tubercle bacilli in 390

immunization 87, 185, 186, 489, 684, 685

in a panther 84

animals, control 390

diagnosis 389

cattle, treatment 580

cows 391

domestic animals, studies 390

pigs, method of infection 388, 389

sheep, notes and bibliography 84

wild animals in captivity 388

intestinal, in oxen "87

of the bones, detection 85

porcine, prevalence in Massachusetts 782

prevalence in France 386

Iowa 386

reaction in 85

relation to proteid dietary 370

susceptibility to, studies 391

Tuberculous lesions in bovine trachea 84

Tulip bulbs, resting stages, investigation; — 29

soft scale, synonymy 753

Tulips, nonfiowering, explanation 330

Tumble mustard in Vermont, Vt 638

Tumors in fowls 188

rats, studies 352

Tumors, inoculation experiments 377

Tunas, production of alcohol from, N.Mex. . . 13

Turkeys, breeding 575

destruction by ticks 393

raising, treatise 380

respiration in 790

temperature in, studies 790

Turnip finger-and-toe disease, notes 728

soft rots, investigations, N.Y.State. . 649

T urnips, analyses 776

Can 375

culture in New Zealand 729

fertilizer experiments. 126, 536, 621, 717, 728

Can 331

varieties, Can 330

Turpentine beetles, notes, U.S.D.A 159

Turs, varieties 232

Tuskegee Institute, notes 290, 399

Tussock moth-
notes 560

Can 355

remedies 560

rusty, in New York 465

white-marked, injurious to corn 751

notes 57,465,654

Can 355

N.J 160

Tutin, toxic properties 486

Tutu plants, poisoning of animals by 486

Twig girdler, notes 302

Okla., 798

Tylcnchus devastatrix, injurious to hops 364

dipsaci, notes 246

Typhlitis, parasitic, studies 790

Typhoid fever in Ohio 17

problem in Minnesota,

U.S.D.A 16

transmission by insects 201

Typhus fever, relation to Rocky Mountain

spotted fever 284

transmission by insects 552

lice 552

TypophOTUS guadrinotatus, notes, N.J 059

Tyroglyphus breviccps, parasitic on coffee-bean

weevil 758

Udders, cellular structures 383

Ultraviolet rays, effect on plant growth 436

Uncinaria canis, notes 583

Uncinula necator, notes 747

spiralis. (_See Grape powdery rail-
dew.)

Underdrainage of farms in Ontario 589

Underground water. (-See Water.)
United States Bureau of Education, work. . . 293
United States Department of .\griculture—
Bureau of Animal Industry-
investigations on tuberculosis 388

Bureau of Statistics, report 293

distribution of publications 94

educational work 293

free publications for teachers 693

Library, accessions 197, 595, 798

Office of Experiment Stations, notes 298

report 197-

publications on silos and silage, Va 192

relating to extension work. . 594
Weather Bureau. {See Weather Bureau.)

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

897

Page.

University of Melbourne, agriculture in 5C0

Uranium nitrate, fertilizing value "IS

Urd as a green manure -I42

I'rea, determination in urine 310

elTect on ammonification in soils, N. J. . 121

Urease in plants 133

UredinejE galls, studies 7-14

Uredinex spp., parasitic on Japanese grasses. . 544

Uric acid excretion as affected by diet 2(10

Urine, methods of analysis 515

of infants, partition of nitrogen in 009

Urocystis italica, notes 455

occulta, notes 745

Uromyces appendiculatus, studies 746

dactylidis, infection experiments. . . 047

flectens n. sp., description 047

Urophlyctis leproides, notes 149

Usiilago carbo, propagation 745

spp., dissemination 543

notes 745

Utah College, notes 298, 597

Station, notes 298,597

Utensils, prices of, in British Guiana 372

Vaccine, immunizing properties 789

therapy, principles of 170

Vaccines for various infections, tests 38C

symposium on 385

Vahea rubber, analyses 741

1 ''alsa leucostoma, studies 150

1 an(?Ma spp., as affected by cold and moisture 359
Vnnhornia eucnemidarum n. sp. and n. g.,

description 57

N'anilla, culture in Cuba 737

extract, adulteration, U.S.D..V. . . . 500, 064

lead number 213

misbranding, U.S.D..\... 500.004

notes 308

Vanillin and coumarin, differentiation 308

Vapor, water, liberation by plants 030

Vaquita, notes, P.R 252

Vegetable bacterial soft rots, investigations,

N.Y. State 649

^■egetable diseases, notes 742

industry in Ontario 142

products, use in Japan OS

proteids. (See Proteids.)
rennets. (.See Rennets.)

seeds, selection 41

shipping associations, cooperative. 591

Vegetables, analyses ' 005, 707

as affected by sodium benzoate. . . 569

breeding experiments, P.R 237

canned, copper in 505

cooperative marketing 591

consumption in Siam 563

culture^ Can .339

experiments, S . C 039

fertilizer experiments, Kans 2.38

germination tests 731

growth as affected by rainfall 732

harvesting and marketing 341

insects affecting 742

preservation with sodium ben-
zoate 509

removal of mineral matter by

blanching 308

seed and harvest time in Bengal . . 134

Page.

\'egetables varieties 142,341

(See also specific kinds.)

Vegetation as affected by chemicals, Mass 235

smel ter f u mes 040

effect on nitrogen in soils 122

of the Philippines, studies 738

Veneer, mfinufacture in the United States. . . 243

Venturia pomi. notes, N.H 747

Vermicularia varians n. sp., notes 742

Vermin killers, substances used in making. . . S65

Vermont Station, financial statement 798

notes 097

report of director 798

University, notes 497, 697

Vertebrates, cave, in America, treatise 352

I 'erticillium albo-alrum, studies 347, 746

}'espa vulgaris, studies 303

Vetch as a green manure 429

affected by iron sulphate 438

culture experiments 34

decomposition in soils 318

Veterinary college at Punjab, report 485

congress at The Hague 386

department of Bengal and Assam 484

inspector examinations, TJ.S.D. A. 87

instruction in India 783

various countries. . 397

medicine, text-book 581

zoology, index-catalogue, U.S.D. A 53
Vibrio dcnitrificans , decomposition of nitrates

by 319

Vicia faba seedlings, asparagin in 229

Vicianose, preparation 702

Vigna caljang, analyses, Hawaii 09

Vinegar-
adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D. A. 707

analyses 104

cider, manufacture 416

essence, analyses 164

industry, paper on — .. 204

Japanese, micro-organisms in 214

milk, manufacture 106

phosphates in 513

stock, value of peaches for, U.S.D. A 614

white wine, adulteration and misbrand-
ing, U.S.D. A 767

Vines of Macon Co., Ala.Tuskegee 449

woody, of Vermont, Vt 042

Vineyards. (See Grapes.)

Violet leaf disease, notes 751

Virginia Association of Agricultural Schools. 498

Truck Station, notes 400,597

Virus, extermination of rats by 152

Viticultural conditions in Ilerault 733

Viticulture in Cape of Good Hope 240, 241

T 'iiiana cincrca , studies 300

Voandzcia subtcrranca, culture and composi-
tion 534

Wages in British Guiana 372

Mexico 503

Walker River, water rights on, Nev 88

Walking race, studies 374

Walnut blight, studies, Cal 244

datana, notes 57

Walnuts, new varietj', description 242

Warble flies, investigations 361

Washington College, notes 298, 697

898

EXPERIMENT STATION UI-X'ORD.

Page.

Washington Station, notes 298,097

reports 94

worlc 495

Wasps, digger, notes, N.J KK)

remedies 500

Waste products, analyses 718

use in maintaining soil fer-
tility 522

Water-
adulteration, U.S.D.A 767

analyses 214,518

Hawaii 26

N.nak.... 262

analysis, interpretation of results 304

new bacteriological standard ... 119

and sewage, treatise 712

apparatus for measuring electric conduc-
tivity ; 616

bacterial flora at low temperatures 578

clarifying apparatus, description 712

deep, occurrence of ammonia in 717

detection in lard 306

milk 11

deterniinutlou in cheese 414

spices and drugs 513

dispersal of seeds by 197

drinking, as alYected by metals 119

on trains 118

regulations in France 119

wholesomeness 119

effect on blood corpuscles 72

composition of sugar beets, Can. 331

decomposition of rocks 616

fungus development 152

germination of stored seeds 739

Lepidoptera 359

vitalil y of seeds, Ariz 29

evaporation from, studies 315, 617

examination 118

fluorescent substances in : 118

ground, methods of examination 711

variation in dune soils 322

impure, relation to disease 010

losses from ground phosphate rock 9

methods of analysis 205, .304

misbranding, U.S.D..V 67

movement in soils as affected by-
fertilizers t 220

lime 219

of Yallah salt ponds, studies 119

physiology of 770

polluted, disinfection 421

powers in various countries, control 421

purification 119

rain. {See Rain.)

requirements of pigs, 111 574

relation to plant growth 124

rights on Walker River, Nev 88

sea, occurrence of nitrobacteria in 723

sewage, organic colloids in 119

subsoil, studies in Egypt 010

sulphur, fertilizing value 25

supplies —

ground, relation to deforestation 342

in Idaho, U.S.D.A 88

Missouri, purification 016

Nebraska 310

New Jersey 218

Water— Continued. Page,

supplies— continued.

in tropical climates, treatise 17

on farms 723

in Minnesota, U.S. D..\ 10

pure, maintenance 118

selection 218

surface, in the United States 16

supply of Paris 218

surface, analyses 421

treatise 16

underground—

in Connecticut, bibliography 16

crystalline rocks 218

Paris, examination 118

South Dakota 10

the Nile Valley, studies 714

location 1 18, 421

Users' Association of West Umatilla

River, U.S.D.A 015

vapor, liberation by plants 030

well, analyses, Can 316

Watermelon seeds, chemistry of 700

Watermelons, destruction by plant lice, Ariz. 34

fresh, preservation 341

Waters of Argentina, classification 518

Watersheds, inspection in Missouri 010

Wattle culture for bark 540

Wax, methods of analysis 013

Weasels, destruction of field mice by 352

Weather —
Bureau-
benefits of, U.S.D.A 015

relation to engineers, U.S.D.A 615

report of chief, U.S.D.A 418

cloudy, effect on-
carbon dioxid assimilation by plants. 28

germination of pollen. Wis 527

cycles in tree growth, U.S.D.A 210

forecasting—

probabilities, in U.S.D.A 215

review in 117

rules for 417

treatise 417

good, forecasting 314

in Puerto Plata, U.S.D.A 210

relation to crops 345

Ariz 418

Weathering investigations in the Tropics 713

Webwonn, fall, notes 57, 054

Kans 251

Weed seeds. (See Seeds, weed.)

Weeds, destruction 441

Mass 235

Wis 140

andbibliography,Hawaii. 731

in Iowa 799

fertilizing value, Hawaii 31

in Massachusetts, Mass 235

Vermont, Vt 638

notes 742

(See also specific plants.)

Weevil, clay-colored, injurious to hops 304

leaf-eating, notes 751

notes 57

Weights, Japanese, tenns relating to 91

Wells, artesian, construction and manage-
ment 16

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

899

Page.

Wells, construction 16

in Nebraska 396

location, construction, and care 218

protection from pollution 118

West Umatilla River water-users' association,

U.S.D.A 615

Virginia Station, notes 96

Whales, manufacture into fertilizer 719

Wheat -

Alaska, culture, Ohio 495

analyses 172, 375, 665, 670

as aflected by drainage 589

irrigation 730

storage, Can 307

assimilation of carbon dioxid by 28

bran, analyses 69, 375

Okla 776

S.C 670

for cows. Mass 275

role of ash constituents in. Wis 573

breeding experiments 446, 730

Wash 537

for disease resistance 544

by-products, analyses, Conn. State 670

La 670

Miss 670

composition as affected by —

environment, U.S.D.A 730

fertilizers 23

shade 530

storage, Can 331

composition, factors affecting. Can 331

cost of production in^North Dakota 691

culture 335

experiments 441

Can 332,.333

Hawaii 33

S.Dak 33

lecture on, U.S.D.A 797

on alkali soils 222, 224

diastase as affected by heat 27

diseases, treatment, N.Dak 744

durum, as aflected by irrigation 730

culture experiments , Kans 232

digestibility, S.Dak 71

milling tests, Can 367

N.Dak 465

varieties 441

Can 330

S.Dak 33,727

effect on gizzard in hens 72

extract, photodynamic effects 27

fertilizer experiments 25, 431, 432,

434,440,441,442,537,717

Can 331

Kans 232

Ohio 23

for poultry, Can 380

flour. (See Flour.)

frozen, for poultry , Can 380

germination, effect on quality of flour,

Kans 263

experiments. Can 33l

germs, respiration investigations 721

grass hay, digestibility, S.Dak 71

hay, analyses, Hawaii 69

52795°— VOL. 22—10 8

Wheat— Continued. Page.

heavy and light seed 731

importation law, Kans 234

imports into Great Britain 195

increase of production in the United

States 192

insect, new, notes 58

irrigated , fertilizer requirements 441

irrigation experiments, Utah 426

jointworm, notes 465

Can 354

remedies, Ohio 495

judging and grading 537

loose smut, treatment 345

middlings, analyses 69, 70, 375

Mo 771

Ohio 173,771

for pigs. Pa 475

milling tests 406, 763

Can 367

Kans 263

N.Dak 465

morphological changes in 140

nongerminating , preservation of diastases

in 436

pathological changes in 648

prices in Australia 192

England, U.S.D.A 195

production in Hungary 474

of alcohol from, N.Mex 13

products, analyses 70

Can 375

propagation of Sdcrospora macrospora by . 745

protein content, S.C 637

removal of mineral matter by blanching. . 369

rolling V. harrowing, U.S.D.A 798

rust, varieties resistant to 49

seeding experiments 441

Can 333

seedlings, transpiration investigations 721

selection 442

smut, dissemination 543

notes 246,745

propagation 745

treatment 741

Can 332

Mich 694

stable manure for 716

stinking smut, treatment, Ohio 495

straw worm , notes, Kans 251

superphosphate for 234

transfer of ions from 131

treatise 138

varieties 138,232,234,338,431,441,537,728

Can 330, 331

Ind 726

Kans 39

N.H 727

S.Dak 33,34,727

classification 138

imported, Kans 234

yield as aflected by date of planting. Can. 3.33

fungi 348

soil moisture 224

relation to soil productivity,

U.S.D.A 18

Whey butter, manufacture 182

900

EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD.

rage.

Whipworm , notes 082

Whisky, analyses CO, 165

N.Dak 202

examination, Me 500

imitations, decision concerning,

U.S.D.A 004

labeling, U.S.D.A 604

report on 66, 764

White ants. (Sec Termites.)

fly, new species, in Florida 254

grubs, notes, N.J 659

lead, analyses, N.Dak 710

Willow disease, notes 653

rust, notes 151

Wind and weather, manual 416

breaks, bananas for. P.R 242

dispersal of seeds by 197

W'ine, analyses 60, 105, 766

bactericidal action 264

composition as affected by fertilizers. . . 448

cost of production in Tuscany 734

currant, composition as affected by

Gloeosporium 566

examination, apparatus for 709

industry in Cape of Good Hope 241

Spain 43

inspection In Australia 166

making, treatise 144, 711

use of pure yeasts in, U.S.D.A. 215

manufacture and use 00

from berries 510

methods of analysis 213

phosphorus in 506

preparation 711

tartaric acid in 165

Wireworms, injurious to corn, Ky 751

cotton, Hawaii 58

hops 364

notes 257, 404

remedies 557

Wisconsin Station, notes 96, 298, 400

University, notes 90. 298, 400, 098

Witches' brooms, cause 749

Wood ashes, analyses. Can 325

destroying fungi, notes 52

distillation in the United States 243

formation, relation to colloid chemis-
try 208

manufacturers in Massachusetts 541

nature and use, treatise 740

paving blocks, preservation 740

preservation 541.542

U.S.D.A 243

on farms, U.S.D.A 740

protection against termites 357

pulp, consumption in the United

States 243

rat, bubonic plague in 785

using industries in Massachusetts 541

utilization 343

(See also Lumber and Timber.)

Woodchucks, relation to spotted fever 083

Page.

Woodlands, thinning 541

trees for B42

Woods, Indo-Malayan, noles 344

W^ool, absorption of atmospheric moisture by. 274

industry, statistics 475

scouring, notes 17

Woolly aphis. {Sec Aphis, woolly.)

Work, effect on erealin content of muscle 207

AVorkingmen. (Sfc Laborers. )

Wormseed mustard in Vermont, Vt 638

Wyethia spp., notes 234

Wyoming Station, financial statement 094

notes 400

report of director 094

University, notes 400, 498

XanthiB, effect on uric acid excretion 266

Xanthium spinosum, notes 235

Xenla characters in Chinese corn, U.S.D.A. . 444
Xylan, food value for nitrogen-fixing organ-
isms 428

Xylaria hypoxylon, studies 249

Xylopcrtha sp., notes 356

Xystrocera globosa, notes 751

Yams, analyses 764

culture 764

Yautias for the South, U.S.D.A 631

Yearbook of agricultural laws in Iowa 799

agriculture 495

chemistry 311

zoology 53

Yeast as affected by electricity 228

compressed, bluing of 703

feeding value 575

in butter, Mich 481,483

Emmental cheese 181

labeling, U.S.D.A 506

nitrogen fixing, description 725

nucleic acid in, formula 115

Duclein ferments in 703

on dried fruit 605

slimy sausage casing 762

pure, selection and control 13

use in wine making, U.S.D.A. .. 215
Yellow fever mosquito, occurrence in French

Sudan 404

Yerba mate industry in Parana, Brazil 539

Yoghourt, occurrence of Bulgarian micro-
organism in 384

preparation. Wis 079

Zapupe, treatise and bibliography 234

Zebras, inheritance of colors in 273

Zebus, descriptions and measurements 571

imports into France 274

Zeuzera pyrina. (Sec Leopard moth.)

Zinc, germicidal action 629

oxid, methods of analysis 303

sulphate, effect on respiration in plants. 629

Zoology, bibliography 750

Canadian, bibliography 153

medical and veterinary, index-cata-
logue, U.S.D.A 53

yearbook 53

Zwieback for diabetics, examination 766

o

126S

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS

A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR

Vol. XXII NIAY, IQIO No. 6

EXPERIMENT STATION

RECORD

WASHINGTON

aOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1910

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Scientific Bureaus.

Weather Bureau— Willis L. Moore, Chief.
Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief.
Bureau of Plant Industry — B, T. Galloway, Cltief.
Forest Service — H, S. Graves, Forester.
Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief.
Bureau of Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemist.
Bureau of Statistics — V. H. Olmsted, Statistician.
Bureau op Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist.
Bureau of Biological Survey — 0. Hart Merriam, Chief.
Office of Public Boads — L. W. Page, Director.

Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director.

THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Alabama—

College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar. a
Canebrake Station: Untontown; F.D.Stevens.o
Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Inatitute; G. W.
Carver, a
ALASKA— Sitta; C. C. Georgeson. &
Arizona— Twcson; K.H.Forbes. a
Arkansas— iTaj/efieviife.* C. F. Adams, a
California— £er)!:efe2/; E. J. Wickson. a
CoLOKADO — Fort Collins: L. G. Carpenter, a

CONNECTICDT—

state Station: New Haven; E. H. Jenkins, a
Storrs Station; Storrs; L. A. Clinton, a

Delaware— iV'eworfc.- H.Hayward,«

FtORiDJi—Oaineaville: P. H. Rolfs, a

Gkorgia — Ezpervnieni: Martin V. Calvin, a

Qxix^—Agana: J. B. Thompson. 6

Hawaii—

Federal Station: Honolulu; E. V.Wilcox. b
Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; C. F.
Eckart. »

Idaho — Moscow: E. E. Elliott, c

Illinois — Urhana: E. Davenport."

lmii&:sK—LaJaydte: A. Goss. a

loWAr-Aviea: C. F. Curtiss. »

Kavsas— Manhattan: E. H. Webster.a

Krntvcky— Lexington: M. A. Scovell. a

LOtriSIANA—

State Station: Bato7i liouge;^
SugarStation:^M<itt6onPorA;,l^ ^ Dod.son a

JVew Orleans; I

North La. Station: Calhoun;)
Maine— Orono.- C. D. Woods, a
Maryland — College Park: H. J. Patterson. «
Massachusetts— .A7nfters</ W. P. Brooks.a
Michigan— i'asi Lansing: R. Si Shaw, a
Minnesota — University Farm, St. Paul: A. F.

Woods.a
ilia8iasiPfl~Agricultural College: W. L. Hutchin-
Bon. o

a Director.

b Special agent

Missouri-

College Station: Columbia: F. B. Miunford.a
Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans."
Montana— .Bosewian; F. B. Linfield.a
Nebraska — Lincoln: E. A. Burnett. «
Nevada— iJCTJo.- J. E.Stubbs.a
New Hampshire— Dttr/ia/n; W. D. Gibb,s. e
New Jersey- iVew Brunsioick: E. B. Voorhees. a
NewMexico — Agricultural College :LuthQTTofiteT. a
New York—

State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan."
Cornell Station: Ithaca; H.J. Webber.c
North Carolina—

College Station: West Raleigh; C. B.William«.a
State Station: Raleigh; B. W. Kilgore. a
^ORTH Bi^KOTA. — Agricultural College: J. H.

Worst, a
Ohio — Wooster: C.E. Thome. «
Oklahoma— SiiiWwater.' John A. Craig.o
Oregon— Cort'oflig; J. Withycombe. a
Pennsylvania—

State College: T. F. Hunt. «
State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition,
H.P. Armsby. a
Porto Rico— Mayaguez: D. W. May. >>
Rhode Island — Kingston: H. J. Wheeler."
South Carolina — Clemson College: J. N. Harper. «
South Dakota— Brookings: J. W. Wilson, a
TENNESSEa— A'noxt'iJte.- H. A. Morgan, a
Tkxas— College Station: H. H. Harrington, a
Utah— Zo£fan; E. D. Ball, a
VsRMOiiT— Burlington: J. L. Hills, a
Virginia—

Blacksburg: S. W. Fletcher.a
Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson. a
Washington-— Pttiimaw.- R. W.Thatcher. a
West Virginia— Jfoi-firan^oM^n; J. H.Stewart. o
Wisconsin— Jtfodiso?!.- H.L. Russell."
Wyoming — Laramie: J.D.Towar.a
in charge. o Acting director.

BULLETINS OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

Experiment Station Record, Vols. I-XXI, with Indexes-; Vol. XXII, Nos. 1-5.

Bulletins. — Nos. 1, Organization and History of the Stations ; 2, Digest of Reports of
the Stations, 1888; 3, Meeting of Horticulturists, 1889; 4, List of Station Horticulturists;
5, 12, 13, 19, 23, 27, 39, 47, 59, 74, 88, 111, 122, 137, 151, 161, 176, 197, 206, 224, Organiza-
tion Lists of Stations and Colleges ; 6, List of Station Botanists; 7, 16, 20, 24, 30, 41, 49.
65, 76, 99, 115, 123, 142, 153, 164, 184, 196, 212, Proceedings of Association of Colleges and
Stations ; 8, 22, 106, Investigations at Rothamsted ; 9, Fermentations of Milk ; 10, Mete-
orological Work for Agricultural Institutions ; 11, A Compilation of Analyses of American
Feeding Stuffs ; 14, Convention of National League for Good Roads ; 15, Handbook of
Experiment Station Work ; 17, Suggestions for Food Laboratories ; 18, Assimilation of
Nitrogen by Mustard ; 25, Dairy Bacteriology ; 26, Experiment Stations — Their Objects
and Work ; 28, Composition of American Food Materials ; 29, 53, 89, 187, Nutrition Inves-
tigations, University of Tennessee ; 31, Dietary Studies, University of Missouri, 1895 ;
33, The Cotton Plant ; 35, Nutrition Investigations in New Jersey ; 36, Irrigation in Con-
necticut and New Jersey; 37, Dietary Studies, Maine State College; 38, 71, Dietary
Studies of Negroes in Alabama and Eastern Virginia; 40, 54, Dietary Studies in New
Mexico ; 42, Cotton Culture in Egypt ; 43, Losses in Boiling Vegetables, and the Composi-
tion and Digestibility of Potatoes and Eggs ; 44, 45, 63, 69, 109, 117, 121, 136, 175,
Metabolism Experiments; 46. 116, Dietary Studies in New York City; 48, 62, 82, 94, Re-
ports to Congress on Agriculture in Alaska ; 50, 61, 83, 93, Reports on the Work and
Expenditures of the Agricultural Experiment Stations; 51, 64, 78, 97, 114, 128, Statistics
of Colleges and Stations ; 52, Nutrition Investigations in Pittsburg, Pa., 1894-1896 ; 55,
Dietary Studies in Chicago ; 57, Varieties of Corn ; 58, Water Rights on the Missouri
River and Tributaries ; 60, Laws for Acquiring Titles to Water from the Missouri River
and Tributaries ; 66, Physiological Effect of Creatin and Creatinin ; 67, 85, 101, 126, 143,
156, Studies on Bread and Bread Making; 68, Some Chinese Vegetable Food Materials
and Their Value; 70, Water-Right Problems of Bear River; 72, Farmers' Reading
Courses ; 73, Irrigation in the Rocky Mountain States ; 77, Digestibility of American
Feeding Stuffs ; 79, Farmers' Institutes — History and Status ; 80, Experiment Stations in
the United States ; 81, Irrigation in Wyoming and its Relation to Ownership and Distribu-
tion ; 84, Nutrition Investigations, California Experiment Station ; 86, Use of Water in
Irrigation ; 87. Irrigation in New Jersey ; 90, Irrigation in Hawaii ; 91, Nutrition Investi-
gations, University of Illinois, North Dakota Agricultural College, and Lake Erie College,
Ohio ; 92, Reservoir System of the Cache la Poudre Valley; 95, Report on the Agri-
cultural Resources and Capabilities of Hawaii ; 96, Irrigation Laws of the Northwest
Territories ; 98, The Effect of Muscular Work on Food Consumption, Digestion, and
Metabolism of Bicyclers; 100, Report of Irrigation Investigations in California; 102, 141,
162, Cooking of Meats ; 103, Evolution of Reaping Machines ; 104, 119, 133, 158, Reports
of Irrigation Investigations, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1904 ; 105. Irrigation in the United
States ; 107, 132. Fruit and Chinese Dietaries in California ; 108, Irrigation Prac-
tice Among Fruit Growers on the Pacific Coast ; 110, 120, 138, 154, 165, 182, 199, 213, Pro-
ceedings of Farmers' Institute Workers ; 112, Agricultural Experiment Stations in
Foreign Countries ; 113, Irrigation of Rice in the United States ; 118, Irrigation from Big
Thompson River ; 124, Report of Irrigation Investigations in Utah ; 125, A Digest of
Recent Experiments on Horse Feeding ; 127, Instruction in Agronomy at Some Agricul-
tural Colleges ; 129, Dietary Studies in Boston, Springfield, Philadelphia, and Chicago ;
ISO, Egyptian Irrigation; 131, Plans of Stnictures in Use on Irrigation Canals in the
United States ; 134, Storage of Water on Cache la Poudre and Big Thompson Rivers ;
135, Legislation Relating to Farmers' Institutes ; 139, Special and Short Courses in Agri-
cultural Colleges ; 140, Acquirement of Water Rights in the Arkansas Valley in Colorado;
144, 190, Irrigation In Northern Italy ; 145, Preparing Land for Irrigation and Methods
of Applying Water ; 146, Current Wheels — Their Use in Lifting Water for Irrigation ;
147, Report on Drainage Investigations, 1903 ; 148, Report on Irrigation Investigations
in Humid Sections of the United States; 149, Studies of the Food of Maine Lumbermen;
150, Dietary Studies at the Government Hospital for the Insane, Washington, D. C. ;
152, Dietary Studies with Harvard University Students ; 155, Agricultural Instruction
for Adults in the British Empire ; 157, Water Rights on Interstate Streams ; 159, A
Digest of Japanese Investigations on the Nutrition of Man ; IGO, School Gardens ; 163,
Agricultural Instruction for Adults in Continental Countries ; 166, Course in Cheese
Making for Movable Schools of Agriculture ; 167, Irrigation in the North Atlantic States ;
168, The State Engineer and His Relation to Irrigation; 169, 170, 171, Reports of Agri-
cultural Investigations in Alaska. Hawaii, and Porto Rico, 1905 ; 172, Irrigation in
Montana : 173, Corn-Harvesting Machinery ; 174, History of Farmers' Institutes in the
United States ; 177, Evaporation Losses in Irrigation and Water Requirements of Crops ;
ITS. Course in Fruit Growing for Movable Schools of Agriculture; 179, Small Reservoirs
in Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota ; 180, Publications of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Stations in the United States ; 181, Mechanical Tests of Pumping Plants in Cali-
fornia ; 183, Mechanical Tests of Pumps and Pumping Plants LTged for Irrigation and
Drainage in Louisiana; 185, Iron In Food and Its Functions in Nutrition; 186, Exerci.ses
in Elementary Agriculture — Plant Production ; 188, Irrigation in the Yakima Valley.
Washington ; 189, Report on Drainage of Eastern North Dakota ; 191, Tests of Internal -
Combustion Engines on Alcohol Fuel ; 192, Irrigation and Drainage Laws of Italy ; 193,
Studies of the Effect of Different Methods of Cooking upon the Thoroughness and Ease of
Digestion of Meat, University of Illinois ; 194, A Review of Investigations in Soil Bacte-
riology ; 195, Simple Exercises Illustrating Some Applications of Chemistry to Agri-
culture ; 198, Prevention of Injury by Floods in the Neosho Valley, Kansas ; 200, Course
in Cereal Foods and Their Preparation for Movable Schools of Agriculture ; 201, Cost of
Pumping from Wells for the Irrigation of Rice in Louisiana and Arkansas ; 202jDigesti-
bility of Starch of Different Sorts as Affected by Cooking ; 203, Distribution of Water in
the Soil in Furrow Irrigation ; 204, School Gardening and Nature Study in Englisli
Rural Schools and in London ; 205, Irrigation in Wyoming ; 207, Irrigation in the Sacra-
mento Valley, California ; 208, The Influence of Muscular and Mental Work on Metab-
olism and the Efficiency of the Human Body as a Machine ; 209, Irrigation in Oregon :
210, Irrigation in South Dakota; 211, Irrigation in Kansas; 214, Irrigation in the State
of Washington ; 215, Irrigation In New Mexico ; 216, Irrigation in Idaho ; 217, Drainage of
Irrigated Lands in the San Joaquin Valley, California ; 219, Irrigation in North Dakota ;
220, Secondary Agricultural Education in Alabama; 221, Dietary Studies in Rural Regions
in Vermont. Tennessee, and Georgia ; 222, Irrigation in Texas; 223, Dietary Studies in
Public iQStitutions in Philadelphia. Pa., aud Baltimore, Md.

J)',i;r,,,j^°;|; Botanical Garden Library

3 5185 00292 3934

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