* ^f. 'if^i*-*t:*. 0 W J >:..x' U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD LIBRARY NEW YOFOC BOTANICAL' GARDEN Volume XXIII, 1910 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Weather Bureau — ^Willis L. Moore, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau op Plant Industry — B. T. Galloway, Chief. Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau op Soils — ^Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemist. Bureau of Statistics — V. H. Olmsted, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Office of Public PvOAds — L. W. Pasje, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.a Canebrake Station: Uniontown; F. D. Stevens.i Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute G. W. Carver.o Alaska— Si^ta; C. C. Georgeson.6 Arizona— rucson; R. H. Forbes.o A'RKA'HSAS—FayettevUle: C. F. Adams.o Califoenia — Berkeley: E. J. Wickson.o Colorado — Fort Collins: C. P. Gillette.o Connecticut— State Station: New Haven; E. H. Jenkins.a Storrs Station: Starrs; L. A. Clinton.^ Delaware— A'fworfc; H. Hayward.o ThonwA—Gainesiille: P. H. Rolfs. o Georgia — Experiment: Martin V. Calvin.o Guam — Island of Guam: J. B. Thompson. 6 Hawad— Federal Station: Honolulu; E. V. Wilcox.!' Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; C. F. Eckart.o Idaho — Moscow: W. L. Carlyle.a Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport.a Indlana — La Fayette: A. Goss.o Iowa — Ames: C. F. Curtiss.a Kansas — Manhattan: E. H. Webster.o Kentucky — Lexington: M. A. Scovell.o Louisiana— State Station: Baton Rouge; 1 Sugar Station: Audubon Park New Orleans; North La. Station: Calhoun; J Maine— Orowo.- C. D. Woods.a Maryland — College Park: H. J. Patterson. o Massachusetts— ^mfterst" W. P. Brooks. a Michigan — East Lansing: R. S. Shaw.a Minnesota — University Farm, St. Paul: A Woods.o Mississipn~A gricultural College: J. W. Fox.o Missouri- College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.o Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Evans. « o Director. t Special agent II ^W.R.Dodson.o F. Montana — Bozeman: F. B. Linfield.o Nebraska — Lincoln: E. A. Bumett.o Nevada— iJeno.- J. E. Stubbs.o New Hampsihre — Durham: J. C. Kendall." New Jersey — New Brunswick: J. G. Lipman.c New Mexico — A gricultural College: Luther Foster.^ New York— State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan." Cornell Station: Ithaca; I^. U. Bailey." North Carolina— College Station: West Raleigh; C. B. V.^illiams.o State Station: Raleigh; B. W. Kilgore." North T> akota— Agricultural College: J. IT. Worst.o Omo—Wooster: C.E. Thome." Oklahoma — Stillwater: J. A. Wilson." O'KKGon—Corvallis: J. Withycombe." Pennsylvania— State College: T. F. Hunt." State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition, H. P. Armsby." Porto Rico— Federal Station: Mayaguez: D. W. May.s Sugar Planters' Station: Rio Pedras; J. T. Crawley." Rhode Islaj^d— Kingston: H. J. Wheeler." South Carolina— CZcmsora College: J. N. Harper." South Dakota— JSroofcm(?«.- J. W. "V^ilson." Tennessee — Knoxville: II. A. Morgan." Texas — College Station: II. H. Harrington." Utah— io<7an.- E. D. Ball." Vermon't— Burlington: J. L. Hills." Virginia— Blacksburg: S. W. Fletcher." Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson." Washington— PwWman.- R. W. Thatcher." AVest Virginia — Morgantown: J. H. Stewart." Wisconsin— Jfadison.- H. L. Russell." Wyomnig — Laramie: H. G. Knight." in charge. c Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology j^- ^- Evans, Ph. D. IW. H. Long. FieldCropsjJ-J-S^CHULTE. Ij . O. Rankin. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker. Veterinary MedicineP-^- JJoo^^^- IL. W. Fetzer. Rural Engineering . Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIII. EDITORIAL NOTES. Page. The agricultural appropriation act, 1910-11 1 Some recent agricultural investigations in Alaska and the Tropics 101 Robert Koch, deceased 106 Agriculture as first year science 201 Dr. Charles Anthony Goessmann, deceased 401 Fourth session of the Graduate School of Agriculture 402 The agricultural library 501 Encom-agement of research within the agricultural faculty 504 The agricultural side of irrigation 601 International congress on human nutrition 605 William Henry Brewer, deceased 607 STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Alabama College Station: Bulletin 146, June, 1909 55 147, August, 1909 35 148, October, 1909 74 149, February, 1910 39 in IV CONTENTS. Alabama Tuskegee Station: Page. Bulletin 18, June, 1910 494 Alaska Stations: Annual Report, 1909 617, 631, 639, 673, 693, 695 Arizona Station: Twentieth Annual Report, 1909 618, 627, 633, 634, 639, 641, 646, 673, 695 Callfornia Station: Seed Bulletin, 1909-10 35 Circular 48, 1909 283 49, February, 1910 266 50, April, 1910 265 51, April, 1910 293 52 596 53, June, 1910 596 54, August, 1910 677 55, August, 1910 695 Colorado Station: Bulletin 145, December, 1909 231 149, June, 1909 276 151, January, 1910 277 152, October, 1909 264 153, AprU, 1910 292 154, AprH, 1910 234 155, February, 1910 221 156, March, 1910 581 157, May, 1910 553 158, April, 1910 546 159, April, 1910 546 160, May, 1910 523 161, May, 1910 590 Connecticut State Station: Biennial Report, 1909-10, pt. 4 360 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bulletin 62, February, 1910 242 63, April, 1910 475 Delaware Station: Bulletin 86, January 1, 1910 137 87, March 1, 1910 158 88, April 15, 1910 196 Florida Station: Bulletia 102, April, 1910 35, 78 Annual Report, 1909 420, 431, 441, 446, 447, 451, 462, 475, 478, 495 Georgia Station: Bulletin 90, July, 1910 573 Hawaii Station: Annual Report, 1909 223, 233, 240, 253, 295 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Division of Agriculture and Chemistry Bulletin 31, July, 1910 513 32,1910 709 CONTENTS. V Illinois Station: Page. Bulletin 143, February, 1910 190 144, February, 1910 143 145, April, 1910 423 146, June, 1910 578 Circular 122 (revised), April, 1910 120 134, October, 1909 79 135, January, 1910..., 43 136, February, 1910 61 137, February, 1910 59 138, February, 1910 43 139, February, 1910... 42 140, February, 1910 78 141, March, 1910 231 142, March, 1910 224 143, April, 1910 282 Indiana Station: Bulletin 140, February, 1910 185 141, April, 1910 474 142, May, 1910 772 143, May, 1910 778 Circular 18, November, 1909 95 19, November, 1909 94 20, December, 1909 80 21, February, 1910 61 22, March, 1910 147 23, July, 1910 639 Iowa Station: Bulletin 109, March, 1910 : 278 110, February, 1910 277 111, March, 1910 255 111, popular edition, March, 1910 459 112, March, 1910 283, 284 113, March, 1910 278 114, April, 1910 242 115, June, 1910 439 116, June, 1910 447 117, June, 1910 590 Kansas Station: Bulletin 165, March, 1910 243 166, March 24, 1910 234 167, March 15, 1910 238 168, August 1, 1910 752 Feeding Stuffs Bulletins 5-9, December, 1909-April, 1910 73 Circulars 37 9, July 9, 1910 585 10, July 21, 1910 542 Kentucky Station: Bulletin 146, December 31, 1909 526 147, March 15, 1910 466 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 15, 16, 95 VI CONTENTS. Louisiana Stations: Page. Bulletin 118 (pages 1-16), August, 1909 236 119, April, 1910 250 120, July, 1910 648 121, July, 1910 660 122, July, 1910 672 Twenty-second Annual Report, 1909 196 Maine Station: Bulletin 172, December, 1909 159 173, December, 1909 256 174, December, 1909 248 175, December, 1909 219,295 176, January, 1910 275 177, February, 1910 254 178, April, 1910 352 179, May, 1910 674 180, June, 1910 762 181, May, 1910 757 182, June, 1910 757 Official Inspection 18 65 19 26 20 73 21 65 22, May, 1910 567 23, June, 1910 572 Document 375 548 377 524 383 556 385 596 Maryland Station: Bulletin 141, January, 1910 38 142, February, 1910 157 143, February, 1910 252 144, March, 1910 242 145, June, 1910 684 146, July, 1910 691 Massachusetts Station: Bulletin 131, December, 1909 26 132, January, 1910 73 133, February, 1910 580 134, May, 1910 530 Meteorological Bulletins 255-256, March-April, 1910 119 257-258, May-June, 1910 419 259-260, July-August, 1910 617 Circular 18, October, 1908 535 19, November, 1908 559 20, February, 1909 720 21, February, 1909 743 22, April, 1909 717 ,23, July, 1909 765 24, September, 1909 781 25, October, 1909 771 26, February, 1910 731 27, July, 1908 730 CONTENTS. VII Michigan Station: Page. Bulletin 258, February, 1910 254 259, March, 1910 241 260, March, 1910 439 Special Bulletin 51, March, 1910 566 52, April, 1910 535 53, June, 1910 556 Circular 7, June, 1910 581 8, June, 1910 586 9, June, 1910 515 Minnesota Station: Bulletin 116 134, 143, 178, 190 117, April, 1910 695 118, April, 1910 637 119, May, 1909 675 120, July, 1910 731 Sixteenth Annual Report, 1908 83, 95 Seventeenth Annual Report, 1909 196 Mississippi Station: Bulletin 128, April, 1910 428 129, December, 1909 40 130, December, 1909 40 131, December, 1909 42 132, January, 1910 20 133, January, 1910 73 134, January, 1910 35 135, January, 1910 39 136, March, 1910 378 137, April, 1910 475 138, May, 1910 475 139, March, 1910 665 Circular 30, February, 1910 26 31, March, 1910 326 Missouri Station: Bulletin 83, January, 1910 20 84, January, 1910 20 85, January, 1910 26 85, Supplement 526 86, March, 1910 21 87, May, 1910 436 Research Bulletin 1, April, 1910 526 Circular 36, January, 1910 35 37, April, 1910 282 38, April, 1910 318 Montana Station: Bulletin 77, July, 1909 143 78, January, 1910 176 Circular 1, May 1, 1908 386 2, February, 1910 352 3, February, 1910 331 4, April, 1910 363 Sixteenth Annual Report, 1909 799 VIII CONTENTS. Nebraska Station: Page. Bulletin 114, May 3, 1910 222 Nevada Station: Bulletin 66 (Annual Report, 1908), December, 1908 21, 34, 48, 52, 71, 83, 95 71, August, 1909 71 New Hampshire Station: Scientific Contribution 4, 1910 358 New Jersey Stations: Bulletin 228, February 3, 1910 528 229, February 4, 1910 58 230, April 21, 1910 475 231, July 22, 1910 734 New Mexico Station: Twentieth Annual Report, 1909 710, 733, 799 New York Cornell Station: Bulletin 262, January, 1909 538 273, February, 1910 138 274, April, 1910 395 275, April, 1910 316 276, April, 1910 353 277, May, 1910 591 278, May, 1910 541 279, July, 1910 536 280, July, 1910 529 281, August, 1910 614 Circular 7,a May, 1910 426 New York State Station: Bulletin 322, March, 1910 79 323, May, 1910 449, 450 324, July, 1910 672 Technical Bulletin 13, June, 1910 629 Circular 11, November 10, 1909 538 12, December 21, 1909 539 North Carolina Station: Bulletin 206, March, 1910 453, 466 207, April, 1910 577 208, June, 1910 540 209, September, 1910 734 North Dakota Station: Bulletin 88, June, 1910 541 Special Bulletin 20, January, 1910 371 21, March, 1910 168 22, April, 1910 168 23, May, 1910 371 Paint Bulletin 4, April, 1910 692 Second Annual Report Dickinson Substation, 1909 712, 715, 727, 736, 799 Ohio Station: Bulletin 211, November, 1909 44 212, December, 1909 37 a Not to be confused witli Circular 7, May, 1909, previously noted (E. S. R., 21 p. 306.) CONTENTS. IX Ohio Station — Continued. Page. Bnlletin 214, March, 1910. .' 544 215, April, 1910 303 Circular 98, February 1, 1910 595 99, March 1, 1910 381 100, April 7, 1910 396 101, May 12, 1910 596 102, May 20, 1910 733 103, June 12, 1910 733 104, August 15, 1910 717 Oklahoma Station: Bulletin 87, February, 1910 138 88, March, 1910 156 Oregon Station: Bulletin 107, January, 1910 427, 466 108, April, 1910 466 Circular 5, February, 1910 143 6, February, 1910 137 7, 1910 454 8, March, 1910 295 Pennsylvania Station: Bulletin 95 (revised), December, 1909 379 97, March, 1910 62 98, March, 1910 139 99, May, 1910 266 100, June, 1910 341 101, July, 1910 634 Annual Report, 1909 514, 516, 518, 521, 522, 524, 525, 531, 536, 566, 574, 579, 580, 592, 595, 596 Porto Rico Station: Bulletin 9, April, 1910 237 9 (Spanish edition), April, 1910. 638 Circular 8 (Spanish edition), June, 1909 144 12, April, 1910 422 Rhode Island Station: Bulletin 139, January, 1910 21, 96 140, April, 1910 771 Twenty-second Annual Report, 1909 15, 95 South Carolina Station: Bulletin 148, April, 1910 139 149, April, 1910 142 150, June, 1910 466 151, June, 1910 428 152, June, 1910 588 South Dakota Station: Bulletin 118, February, 1910 137 119, March, 1910 176 120, April, 1910 436 121, May, 1910 536 122, June, 1910 678 X CONTENTS. Tennessee Station: Page. Bulletin 87, January, 1910 14 88, April, 1910 441 Texas Station: Bulletin 125 315 126, November, 1909 423 127, March, 1910 572 128, March, 1910 566 Utah Station: Bulletin 107, December, 1909 177 108, April, 1910 742 Vermont Station: Bulletin 147, December, 1909 349 148, January, 1910 349 149, January, 1910 340 150, March, 1910 340 151, April, 1910 369 Virginia Station: Bulletin 184, August, 1909 240 185, September, 1909 381 186, March, 1910 592 187, March, 1910 325 188, March, 1910 352 Circular 7 (revised), March, 1910 163 Virginia Truck Station: Bulletin 4, August 31, 1910 716 Washington Station: Bulletin 90, 1909 444 91, 1910 467 92, 1910 441 93, 1910 490 95, 1910 436 96, 1910 478 97, 1910 452 Popular Bulletin 25, December 10, 1909 42 26, December 15, 1909 42 27, 1910 61 28, March, 1910 61 Bulletin 2, special series, 1910 531 3, special series, 1910 548 4, special series, 1910 691 5, special series, 1910 647 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1909 495 West Virginia Station: Bulletin 123, May 18, 1909 -. 46 124, August, 1909 76 125, January, 1910 129 126, January, 1910 160 127, March, 1910 259 128, March, 1910 261 CONTENTS. XI Wisconsin Station: Page. Bulletin 189, February, 1910 80 190, February, 1910 59 191, February, 1910 79 192, February, 1910 73 193, February, 1910 96 194, February, 1910 175 195, February, 1910 180, 181 Research Bulletin 7, February, 1910 383 8, May, 1910 569 9, May, 1910 511 10, May, 1910 613 11, June, 1910 679 12, June, 1910 721 Special Bulletin, April, 1909 73 Circular of Information 11, February, 1910 73 12, April, 1910 61 13, April, 1910 177 14, May, 1910 310 15, May, 1910 326 16, June, 1910 435 17, July, 1910 674 Twenty -fifth and Twenty-sixth Annual Reports, 1908-9 295 Wyoming Station: Bulletin 83, February, 1910 137 84, March, 1910 139 85, May, 1910 573 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Annual Reports, 1909 165, 196 Farmers' Bulletin 389 62 390 178 391 165 392 140 393 167 394 395 395 337 396 356 397 365 398 319 399 335 400 336 401 441 402 634 403 490 404 440 405 495 400 421 Food Inspection Decisions 115-116 65 117-118 168 119-120 270 XII CONTENTS. Page. Food Inspection Decisions 121 368 122-123 468 124-125 567, 572 Notices of Judgment 195, supplement 468 215-231 65, 73 232-268 168, 175, 181 269-290 271, 283 291-323 371, 378, 382 324-382 468, 475, 479 383-472 567, 572, 580 473-569 768, 771, 781 Report 91 165, 196 92 637 Yearbook, 1909 117,120,121,138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 153, 154, 161, 165, 185, 189, 190, 191, 193, 196 Bureau op Animal Industry: Bulletin 39, pts. 26-27 357 28-31 : 555 122 383 123 385 124 514 Circular 153 81 154 65 155 90 156 85 157 88 158 80 159 87 160 86 161 480 162 676 163 776 Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 1908 ..... 61, 65, 75, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 96 Bureau of Biological Survey: Bulletin 34 555 Circular 71 153 72 153 73..... 253 74 554 75 555 Bureau of Chemistry: Bulletin 113 (revised) 430 131 163 508 Circular 54 63 55 110 56 215 57 217 58 411 59 411 60 412 61 676 CONTENTS. Xin Bureau of Entomology. Page. Bulletin 58, [pt. 6] 75B 64, pt. 8 257 80, pt. 5 760 82, pt. 4 262 82, pt. 5 759 85, pt. 4 364 5 463 6 558 86 461 87 662 18 (technical series) 365 19, pt. 1 (technical series) 56 2 (technical series) 162 Circular 115 55 116 54 117 56 118 57 119 55 120 59 121 156 123 465 124 661 Forest Service: Bulletin 79 444 81 443 82 541 Circular 170 643 178 575 180 544 181 645 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bulletin 171 445 172 640 173 122 174 150 175 140 176 133 177 136 178 338 179 338 180 529, 533, 537 181 557 182 636 183 650 184 640 Circular 51 42 52 47 53 31 54 51 55 35 56 139 XIV CONTENTS. Bureau of Plant Industry — Continued. Page. Circulars? 236 58 651 59 335 60 435 61 434 62 336 63 318 64 693 Document 535 336 Bureau op Soils: Bulletin 58 125 64 138 65 139 66 239 67 427 69 426 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, Vol. XII, No. 5, May, 1910 93 6, June, 1910 398 7-8, July-August, 1910 493 9, September, 1910 796 Weather Bureau: Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory, vol. 2, pts. 4-5 311 pt. 6 419 3, pt. 1 419 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 1-2, January- February, 1910 15 , 3, March, 1910 311,341 4-5, April-May, 1910. . . . 419, 443, 490 6, June, 1910 617 Office op Experiment Stations: Bulletin 218 590 225 196 226 393 Circular 95 189 96 195 97 293 98 495 Office of Public Roads: Circular 92 489 Library: Monthly Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 3, March, 1910 196 4, April, 1910 296 5, May, 1910 495 6-7, June-July, 1910 695 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology l^/ g' Lq^^^' ' ' I?- ij n fJ- I- Schulte. FieldCropsjj Q j^^^^^^ Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering . Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIII. NO- i. Editorial notes: Page. The agricultural appropriation act, 1910-11 1 Recent work in agricultural science 7 Notes 97 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. Micro-chemistry, Emich 7 Refractometry and its practical application, Sidersky 7 Studies with the compensation polariscope, Kovar 7 Characteristics of the fat of different animals, Raffo and Foresti 7 A peculiar precipitation of glycogen, Pfliiger 7 Contributions to our knowledge of plant phosphatids, Winterstein and Stegmann 7 Contribution to our knowledge of cereal phosphatids, Winterstein and Smolenski . 8 The phosphatids from wheat germs, Smolenski 8 A peculiar phosphorus-containing body in ricinus, Winterstein and Stegmann. 8 A poisonous principle in certain cotton-seed meals, Crawford 8 [Chemical, physical, and physiological properties of mowrin], Moore et al 8 Cellase and the diastasic cleavage of cellulose, Bertrand and Holderer 8 The enzyms of fermentation vinegar, Rothenbach 8 [Schardinger's reaction with inorganic ferments], Bredig and Sommer 8 Detecting proteolytic ferments and their antiferments, Mandelbaum 9 A new method for purifying peroxidases, Deleano 9 Laboratory methods for organic nitrogen availability, Jones 9 Volumetric estimation of sulphates, Mitchell and Smith 9 [Separating calcium and magnesium], McCrudden 9 A titrametric method for carbon dioxid, Vesterberg 10 Pohl's method for determining the melting point, Halla 10 Modified method for determining saponification number, Rupp and Lehmann. 10 I II CONTENTS. Page. Separation of saccharose and lactose by the Bulgarian ferment, Margaillan .... 10 Methods for estimating cellulose, Renker 10 Cause of low results in glycogen analysis with dilute alkali, Francke 10 Influence of time of heating with alkali on glycogen determination, Hessen ... 11 The quantitative estimation of formic acid, Franzen and Greve 11 Albert's method for soil acidity, Siichting and Arnd 11 [Albert's method for soil acidity], Albert 11 Pentosans in soil, Schreiner and Shorey 11 Examination of water. Mason 11 lodo-eosin as a test for free alkali in dried-up plant tissues, Hof 11 Judging of corn and its products, Schindler 11 Judging cakes with the protein content declared, Kiihl 12 The ferments of honey and their value for judging honey, Auzinger 12 Detection of cocoa shells in cocoa, Goske 12 Detecting benzoic, cinnamic,and salicylic acids, von der Heide and Jakob .. 12 "Protective" action of the colloids in milk, Alexander and Bullowa 12 Analyses and composition of milk and its products, Gudeman 12 The composition of milk, Lythgoe 12 A study of the newer methods for detecting watered milk, Cornalba 13 Catalase apparatus for milk 13 Apparatus for determining combinations of carbon dioxid in milk, Barilk' 13 A new method for examining cream, Hesse 13 Tablet reagents for estimating sugar in animal urine, Miiller 13 Agricultural analyses, Guillin 13 Tartaric acid from wine residues, Janson 13 Extraction of oil from Chinese oil beans, Hoffmann 13 METEOROLOGY — WATER. The value of weather forecasting in agriculture, Dunlop 14 The relation of the weather service to the farmers of Tennessee, Voorhees 14 Climatology of Italy in its relation Avith health and with agriculture. Roster. . 14 Compensation between types of simultaneous seasons, Hildebrandsson 14 Dependence of some geographical factors on the barometric relief, Brounov 14 On the diurnal heat exchange in a layer of snow on the ground, Okada 15 Monthly Weather Review 15 Meteorological summaries for the year 1908 15 Division of meteorology, Helme 15 The weather of 1909, Landry 15 Meteorology 15 Meteorological records 15 Is South Africa drying up? Barber 16 The occurrence of ground water, Mezger 16 The underground water supply and requirements of cultivated plants, Hitier. 16 Some notes on artesian and other water supplies. Green 16 Analyses of mineral waters, A veritt and Shedd 16 The self-purification of water after artificial inoculation, Schepilewsky 16 The sterilization of water by the ultraviolet, Urbain, Seal, and Feige 16 Disposal of Paris sewage by irrigation at Gennevilliers, Bourneville et al 16 Sewage disposal at Birmingham and Salisbury, England, Watson and Binnie. . 17 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soil fertility and permanent agriculture, Hopkins 17 The conservation of the fertility of the soil, Wiley 18 Crop yield and soil composition, ^\^litney ' 18 Whitney's theory of soil fertility, Lemmermann 18 The removal of silt from soils by the waters of the Seine, Miintz 18 The kaolinizing action of roots on the Roman lava rocks, De Angelis d'Ossat. . 19 Investigations on the soil, Russell 19 A new form of Dr. Russell's oxidation apparatus for soils, Darbishire 19 Nitrification in the soil under different conditions, Welbel 19 The nitrogen enriching of soils, Krainskii 19 The solution of the nitrogen question by soil inoculation, Stoklasa 20 Cooperation of micro-organisms in utilization of insoluble phosphates, De Grazia . 20 Soils of Mississippi, Hutchinson 20 Soil experiments on upland loam of southeast Missouri, Miller and Hutchison. . 20 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Experiments on prairie silt loam of southwest Missouri, Miller and Hutchison. . 20 Experiments on the rollinti; limestone upland, Miller and Hutchison 21 Soil investigations on Uazen lieneh, Truckee-( 'arson project, Dinsmore 21 Studies of the needs of Rhode Island soils, Wheeler 21 Natal soils, Sawer 22 Investii^ations of soils, Aston 23 Commercial fertilizers. Smith et al 23 The fertility of the soil, Dumont 23 Pe])tonized fertilizers, Dumont 23 Utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, particularly for air salti)eter, Bernthsen. . 23 Potash experiments in eastern Holstein, Kuhnert 23 Ground phonolite as a potash fertilizer, Rhodin 24 Fertilizer experiments with phonolite meal, von Feilitzen 24 A criticism of Weill's experiments with ground phonolite, Neubauer 24 Fertilizer experiments with silicate of potash, Wein 24 Pot experiments with silicate of potash, Wein 24 New processes for making superphosphates, Cambon 24 Tests of different kinds of phosphatic fertilizers, Schroeder and Dammann. ... 24 The behavior of superphosphate in the soil, Greisenegger 24 Mineral resources of the United States, 1908. — Part 11, Nonmetallic products.. 25 Peat resources of the United States exclusive of Alaska, Davis 25 Lime and limestones, Aston 25 Seaweed as a manure 25 The garbage question at Paris, Maurecours 25 Fertilizers, Rose and Heimburger 26 Fertilizer inspection 26 Inspection of commercial fertilizers, Haskins, Walker, and Goldsmith 26 Inspection and analyses of fertilizers on sale in the State, Hand et al 26 Inspection of commercial fertilizers, Trowbridge 26 Fertilizers, Aston 26 Manure used in A'ictoria, Australia 26 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The transpiration and ascent of water in trees, Ewart and Rees 26 Influence of light on the expanding of the buds of woody plants, Lubimenko.. 27 The action of ultraviolet light on plants, Cercelet 27 On the increased growth of persistent leaves, De Pergola 27 The transfer of foodstuffs in leaves, Schulze and Schiitz 28 The relation of plants to salts in soils, Hansteen 28 The penetration of inorganic salts into living protoplasm, Osterhout 28 The photochemical formation of formaldehyde in green plants, Schryver 29 Phytochemical investigations at Kew, Greshoff 29 Does tannin in seed coat of barley have any effect on its membranes? Reichard. 29 Some notes on cyanogenetic plants, De Jong 29 The role of oxygen in the formation of proteids in plants, Zaleski 29 The proteases of plants, VII, Vines 29 The occurrence of rennet in plants, Gerber 30 Inoculation experiments with red clover and serradella, Steglich 30 Remarks on the formation and consumption of nitrous oxid by bacteria, Tacke. . 30 Cellulose as a source of energy for assimilation of nitrogen, Pringsheim 30 The assimilation of carbon dioxid by hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, Lebedcff . . . 30 Report of the botanist, Pammel 31 Mutative reversions in cotton, Cook 31 Parthenogenesis in Nicotiana, Thomas 31 Odontites rubra and the influence of its parasitism on its ff)rm, Heckel 31 FIELD CROPS. Cereals in South Africa, Sawer 31 fExi)eriments with field crops at Poona], Main et al 33 !v\|>(Timents of the Poltava field for 1908, Tretyakov and Verbetski 33 [Yields of small grains, alfalfa, and timothy in Nevada], True 34 On the seeding and maintenance of grass land, Dannfelt 34 I Handbc)()k for dry farmers) 34 Cooperative experiments of the dejnxrtment of agronomy, Miller and Hutchison . 35 Distribution of seeds and plants, Wickson and Mansell 35 rV CONTENTS. Page. Development and standing of German agricultural plant breeding, Hillmann.. 35 The velvet bean, Scott 35 Crimson clover, Duggar 35 Broom corn, Perkins 35 American export corn (maize)-in Europe, Shanahan, Leighty, and Boerner... 35 Investigation of the vitality of Kansas seed corn, Ten Eyck 37 Corn judging: Studies of prominent ear characters, Williams and Welton 37 Crossing experiments with corn, Holdefleiss 38 Corn : Variety tests, seed breeding, selection and testing, -Nash 38 [Variety and'distance tests of corn and cotton]. Burgess •. . . 38 Tests of varieties of cotton in 1909, Duggar and Cauthen 39 Cotton, 1909, Perkins 39 American cotton system. Miller, sr 39 Effect of future contracts and producers' organizations on prices of cotton 39 Technical examinations of different flax fibers, Sellergren 39 Peanuts, Ferris 40 Sugar cane for sirup making, Ferris : . . . 40 Two Finnish root crops, Grotenfelt 40 The price of wheat in France, Beaurieux 40 The quality of German grain grown in 1909, Buchwald and Ploetz 40 The spread of the important weeds in Russia, Malzew 40 HORTICULTURE. Forcing plants by warm baths, II, Molisch 40 The culture of plants in pots, Petit 41 Manual of gardening, Bailey 41 The vegetable grower's guide, Wright 41 Snap beans, Ferris 42 How to grow muskmelons, Lloyd 42 Fruit growing for home use in the central and southern Great Plains, Gould ... 42 Gooseberries for the home garden or commercial orchard, Thornber 42 Currants for the home garden or commercial plantation, Thornber 42 On the herbaceous grafting of grapes, Verge 42 Orchard fertilization, Stewart 42 The Canadian apple grower's guide, ^^'ool verton 42 Culture of pineapples and bananas, Austin 43 Coconut culture in Brazil, Granato 43 The care of trees in lawn, street and park, Fernow 43 The small home yard, Wyman 43 How to fix up the yard, Major 43 FORESTRY. [Report of the forest section] 43 Forest conditions in Ohio, Thome, Green, and Secrest 44 Reforestation of the marginal lands of the Wachusett reservoir, Allardice 44 The Riding Mountain forest reserve, Dickson 44 Forest fires in Canada during 1908, Macmillan 45 Fire conservancy in Indian forests. Sen Gupta 45 Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1908-9 45 Grazing leases in Australasia, Veatch , 45 Schlich's manual of forestry. — Forest utilization, Fi.sher 45 The industrial woods, Beauverie 45 [Timbers from Mauritius] 45 A critical revision of the genus Eucalyptus, Maiden 45 Rubber cultivation in Trinidad and Tobago, Carruthers 45 Rubbers from Sierra Leone 45 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Diseases of garden crops and their control, Giddings 46 Report of the plant pathologist, Duggar 46 Report of the entomologist and vegetable pathologist, Tryon 46 A contribution to our knowledge of Uromyces po^, Juel 46 Theoretical and practical control of Ustilago tritici and U. nuda, Appel '46 The control of the loose smut of the barley, Sperling 46 CONTENTS. V Page. Susceptibility of different varieties of oats to Scolecotrichuni, Nilsson-Ehle. ... 46 The influence of variety and temperature on stinking smut infection, Hecke. . 46 The treatment of stinking smut of wheat, McAlpine 47 Bunt tests, 1909, Richardson 47 A new myxomycete, Molliard 47 The results of experiments in 1908 to control the cucurbit mildew, Kock 47 Some fungus diseases of potatoes, Tidswell and Johnston 47 Wart disease of the potato, Orton and Field 47 The late blight in tomatoes, McAlpine 48 A monograph of the Phragmidia on the genus Rubus, Vleugel 48 Roncet of the American grape in Sicily, Pantanelli 48 A sun scald of the grape, Pacottet _ 48 Conditiiins of sclerotia and ring formation of Botrylis cinerea, Reidemeistcr ... 48 The development of some Ascomycetes, Potebnia 48 Fire blight in fruit trees, Mack 48 Bacterial blight of apple, pear, and quince trees, Jones 49 A disease of cacoa fruits, Gueguen 49 Diseases of coconuts, Wates 49 The immunity of the Japanese chestnut to the black canker, Prunet 49 The systematic position of the oak mildews, Neger 49 Oliservations on the morphology of the Oidium of the oak, Ferraris 50 The mildew of the oak, Kirchner 50 The prevalence of the oak mildew in 1908, von Tubeuf 50 The oak mildew in Austria-Hungary, Kock 50 The Oidium of the oak, d'Almeida 50 A new parasitic disease of Juncus, Schwartz 50 Azalea pontica and its parasites in Austria-Hungary, Raciborski 50 A new Ramularia from South Tyrol, Magnus 50 Copper fungicides, Bedford and Pickering 50 The substitution of lime-sulphur preparations for Bordeaux mixture, Scott.. 51 ENTOMOLOGY. Outlines of entomology, Oestlund 52 Insect and fungus pests of the orchard and farm. Lea 52 [Report of the department of entomology, 1908], Doten ^ 52 Injurious insects in Ireland during the year 1908, Carpenter 53 [Insect injury to cultivated plants in Germany during 1908], Liistner et al 53 [Reports of the imperial entomologists for 1907-1909], Lefroy and Hewlett 53 Report of the entomologist [of Uganda], Gowdey 53 Uganda insect pests 53 The fungus-raising termites, Escherich 53 Contribution to a monograph of the gryllid genus Myrmecophila, Schimmer. . . 54 Exotic Thysanoptera in the Genoa museum of natural history, Buffa 54 Aphidological studies, I , Tullgren 54 Coccidae of Japan, III. — First supplemental list, Kuwana 54 Coccidte of Japan, IV. — A list from the Bonin Islands, Kuwana 54 The brown-tail moth: Its possible introduction into Ohio, Shaw 54 The larger corn stalk-borer, Ainslie 54 Recent investigations relating to the control of the olive fly, Berlese 55 The horn fly, Marlatt 55 Facing the boll weevil problem in Alabama, Hinds 55 The clover root-borer, Webster 55 The western grass-stem sawfly, Webster and Reeves 56 A new chalcidoid, MymaridiB parasitic on Tyloderma foveolatum , Girault 56 Parasites reared from the eggs of the gii>sy moth, Howard 56 Observations on some European ants, Wheeler 57 A predaceous mite proves noxious to man, Webster 57 A supposedly beneficial mite noxious to man, Webster 57 Transmission of typhus faver by Pediculus vestamenti, Ricketts and Wilder. ... 57 A monograph of the Myrientomata, Berlese 58 The occurrence of sil vertop in meadow grass near Landquart, Thomann 58 Insects injurious to sweet potatoes in New Jersey, Smith 58 Common insect pests of fruits in Wisconsin, Moore 59 Control of the brown rot and plum curculio on peaches, Scott and Quaintance 59 Results of spraying experiments, 1909, Howe 59 Lime-sulphur wash 60 VI CONTENTS. Page. The sulphur-lime wash, Melander and Beattie 61 Directions for making spray mixtures 61 Spraying the orchard, Woodbury 61 Spraying the home orchard, Milward 61 Spraying calendar for 1910, Beattie and Melander 61 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. The action of saltpeter upon the color of meat, Hoagland _. 61 Occurrence in meats of bodies causing "meat poison," Zwick and Weichel 61 The analysis of flour with reference to its baking quality, Kosutany 61 The gluten content and baking quality of German flours, Neumann and Mohs. 62 Milling and baking tests, Gardner 62 Bread and bread making, Atwater 62 Army bread in France and other countries, Lemoine 62 On the relation of yeast to flavor in bread, Wardall 62 Yeast stimulants in the fermentation of dough, Neumann and Knischewski. . . 63 Mechanical kneading of bread, Arpin 63 Analyses of canned peas and beans, showing composition of grades, Dubois 63 The influence of micro-organisms upon the quality of maple sirup, Edson. ... 64 The boiling of sugar with fruit, Day 64 Some comments on the nutritive and economic value of nuts, Niles 64 Concerning the use of lactic acid in condiments, Faust 64 The need of state and municipal meat inspection, Farrington 65 Sanitary and commercial value for food purposes of pregnant swine, Lehnig. . . 65 Food inspection decisions 65 Notices of judgment 65 Official inspections 65 [Papers on food and nutrition at Illinois Farmers' Institute] 65 Cookery at high altitudes, Anderson 65 The art of eating, Gouraud 65 Investigations on the etiology of pellagra, Buhlig 66 Observations on pellagra at the Peoria State Hospital, Siler and Nichols 66 Attempt to determine the ration of soldiers in active service, Perrier 67 Geography in relation to human nutrition, Woeikof 67 Digestibility of protein, fat, and carbohydrates, Sivre 68 Protein synthesis in the animal body, Olinger 68 The effect of massage on the metabolism of proteid, Rancken 68 The biological value of nitrogenous substances, Thomas 68 Protein requirement and a vegetarian diet, Thomas 69 Animal and vegetable food and minimum requirement, Albertoni and Rossi.. 69 Phosphorus metabolism in man, Holsti : 69 Metabolic minimum in man, Tigerstedt 70 Influence of dietary alternations on the intestinal flora, Herter and Kendall. . 70 Concerning the occurrence of erepsin in feces, Frank and Schittenhelm 71 Progress in nutrition, 1908-9, Langworthy 71 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Digestion experiments with native forage plants, Dinsmore 71 Digestion experiments on the range, Kennedy and Dinsmore 71 Metabolism of the domestic fowl on rations of potatoes, rye, and oats, Voltz. ... 72 On cellulose digestion in domestic animals, Scheunert 73 On the digestion of cellulose, Seilliere 73 Analyses of maize products, Gudeman 73 Soy beans, powder, and oil cake, Collin 73 Feeding stuff inspection 73 Inspection of commercial feed stuffs. Smith and Reed 73 Inspection and analyses of commercial feeding stuffs. Hand et al 73 Feeding stuffs and fertilizers licensed for sale in Wisconsin, 1909, Woll 73 Feeding stuffs and fertilizers licensed for sale in Wisconsin, 1910, Woll 73 Registered feeding stuffs 73 Notices of judgment 73 The dairy calf at meal time, Otis 73 Raising lambs in Alabama: Maintenance rations for ewes. — Feeding cotton- seed meal to pregnant ewes. Gray and Ridgway 74 CONTENTS. Vn Page. Swine: Breeding;, feedins:, and manab., 1910 39 California Station: Seed Bui, 1909-10 35 Florida Station : Bui. 102, Apr., 1910 35,78 Illinois Station: Circ. 134, Oct., 1909 79 Circ. 135, Jan., 1910 43 Circ. 136, Feb., 1910 61 Circ. 137, Feb., 1910 59 Circ. 138, Feb., 1910 43 Circ. 139, Feb., 1910 42 Circ. 140, Feb., 1910 78 Indiana Station: Circ. 18, Nov., 1909 95 Circ. 19, Nov., 1909 94 Circ. 20, Dec, 1909 80 Circ. 21, Feb., 1910 61 Kansas Station: Feeding Stuffs Buls. 5-9, Dec., 1909-Apr., 1910 73 Circ. 8 37 Kentucky Station: _ Twenty-first An. Rpt. 1908. . . . 15, 95 Maine Station: Off. Insp. 18 65 Off. Insp. 19 26 Off. Insp. 20 73 Off. Insp. 21 65 Maryland Station: Bui. 141, Jan., 1910 38 Massachusetts Station : Bui. 131, Dec, 1909 26 Bui. 132, Jan., 1910 73 Minnesota Station : Sixteenth An. Rpt. 1908 83,95 Mississippi Station: Bui. 129, Dec, 1909 40 Bui. 130, Dec, 1909 40 Bui. 131, Dec, 1909 42 Bui. 132, Jan., 1910 20 Bui. 133, Jan., 1910 73 Bui. 134, Jan., 1910 35 Bui. 135, Jan., 1910 39 Circ. 30, Feb., 1910 26 Stations in the United States — Cont'd. Missouri Station: Page. Bui. 83, Jan., 1910 20 Bui. 84, Jan., 1910 20 Bui. 85, Jan., 1910 26 Bui. 86, Mar., 1910 21 Circ. 36, Jan., 1910 35 Nevada Station: Bui. 66 (An. Rpt. 1908), Dec, 1908 21, 34, 48, 52, 71, 83, 95 Bui. 71, Aug., 1909 71 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 229, Feb. 4, 1910 58 New York State Station : Bui. 322, Mar., 1910 79 Ohio Station: Bui. 211, Nov., 1909 44 Bui. 212, Dec, 1909 37 Pennsylvania Station : Bui. 97, Mar., 1910 62 Rhode Island Station : Bui. 139, Jan., 1910 21,96 Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1909. 15, 16, 95 Tennessee Station: Bui. 87, Jan., 1910 14 Washington Station: Popular Bui. 25, Dec. 10, 1909. 42 Popular Bui. 26, Dec 15, 1909. 44 Popular Bui. 27, 1910 61 Popular Bui. 28, Mar., 1910. . . 61 West Virginia Station: Bui. 123, May 18, 1909 46 Bui. 124, Aug., 1909 76 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 189, Feb., 1910 80 Bui. 190, Feb., 1910 59 Bui. 191, Feb., 1910 79 Bui. 192, Feb., 1910 73 Bui. 193, Feb., 1910 96 Spec. Bui., Apr., 1909 73 Circ. Inform. 11, Feb., 1910... 73 Circ. Inform. 12, Apr., 1910... -61 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 389 62 Food Insp. Decisions 115-116 65 Notices of Judgment 215-231 65, 73 IX LIST OF DEPAETMENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. U. S. Department of Agriculture — ^Cont'd. Bureau of Animal Industry: Page. ('ire. 153 81 Circ. 154 Circ. 155 Circ. 156 Circ. 157 . Circ. 158 Circ. 159 Circ. 160 Twenty-fifth An. Rpt. 1908 (70 cents) 61, 65, 75, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 96 Bureau of Chemistry: Circ . 54 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 19, pt. 1 (tech. ser.) (5 cents) Circ. 115 Circ. 116 63 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Cont'd. Bureau of Entomology — Cont'd. Circ. 117 Circ. 118 Circ. 119 Circ. 120 Bureau of Plant Industry: Circ. 51 Circ. 52 Circ. 53 Circ. 54 Circ. 55 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 12, No. 5, May, 1910 Weather Bureau: Monthly Weather Review, vol. 38, Nos. 1-2, Jan.-Feb., 1910 (20 cents per number, |2.50 per year) 56 57 55 59 42 47 31 51 35 93 15 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per vol- ume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publi- cations are given above. The publications of the state experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIIL July, 191D. No. 1. In submitting for the consideration of tlie House of Representatives the bill making appropriations foi- the Federal Department of Agri- culture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911. Hon. Charles F. Scott, chairman of the House Committee on Agriculture, characterized the measure as " unique in the fact that it is almost identical with the estimates submitted by the Secretary; and the estimates are unique in the respect that they are substantially a copy of the existing law. There is no new legislation of importance. There is no change of language which alters in any Avay the scope or character of the work the Department is doing: and in only three of the bureaus are there changes in the sums appropriated sufficient in amount to call for special comment.'' During the progress of the bill through Congress it received the usual extended consideration and a number of amendments were adopted, but in general the Act as finally signed by the President on ]\[ay 26 remains substantially as described above. There is, however, a net increase of $492,000, or nearly four per cent, over the appropria- tions carried by the measure for the fiscal year 1910. Although this increase is somewhat less than that accorded during recent years, it may perhaps be interpreted as no less significant of the continued interest of the people of the country in the work of the Department, and of their realization of the importance of the unin- terrupted continuation of its various lines of work, AVith a view to the avoidance of a deficit in the Treasury during the ensuing year, the estimates of all the departments were, as expressed by President Taft in his annual message to Congress, " cut to the quick," aggre- gating as a whole over one hundred million dollars less than the appropriations for the previous year. That none of this reduction took place in the Department of Agriculture indicates the general acceptance of the view expressed by Chairman Scott that the Depart- ment " bears a relation to the chief industry of our people so direct and vital that to withdraw from any field which it now occupies for so long a time as a year would inflict a money loss upon our people immeasurably greater in the aggregate than the small sum which the most rigid economist would argue should be deducted from this bill." 1 2 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. The total amount appropriated in the Act is $13,487,636. The greater part of the increase is for the Forest Service, wliich will receive, chiefly in consequence of large additions to the national for- ests, $351,900 in excess of last year. The remainder is mainly for the Weather Bureau and the Bureau of Plant Industry. As j3reviously stated, the measure is essentially a duplicate of that of the previous year in its language as well as in its appropriations, and embodies very little general legislation. The Secretary of Agri- culture is given specific authority to investigate the cost of food sup- plies at the farm and to the consumer, and to disseminate the results of such investigations. For the purpose of keeping out diseased animals he may also permit the erection of fences along international boundary lines within the territory of the United States. A provision was also inserted increasing the maximum salary which may be paid to investigators or others engaged in scientific work from $3,500 to $4,000. Under tlie previous limit a number of the more experienced investigators have been drawn away from the Depart- ment. It is understood that this maximum salary is to be reserved for individuals who distinguish themselves by extraordinary scientific work. The appropriations for the Weather Bureau reach a total of $1,524,760. This represents a net increase of $16,500 over the previous year, but $15,000 is for the restoration of the Weather Bureau station at Sand Kej^, Florida, which was destroyed by the hurricane of October 11, 1909. A new clause authorizes cooperation with other bureaus of the Government and with societies and institutions of learning in the dissemination of meteorological information. The total appropriation for the Bureau of Animal Industry is $1,400,460, of which $623,000 is for the inspection and quarantine work (other than the federal meat inspection which is provided for in a permanent law) ; $250,000 for the cattle tick eradication campaign; $147,600 for the work of the Dairy Division; $42,000 for the animal husbandry investigations ; $50,000 for experiments in ani- mal feeding and breeding, which may be in cooperation with the state experiment stations; $108,000 for investigations of animal diseases and the maintenance of the Bureau experiment station at Bethesda, Maryland; and the remainder for general and administra- tive expenses. The Bureau of Plant Industry received one of the few increases in the bill, and has a total allotment of $1,758,206. There is con- siderable rearrangement of the amounts divided among the thirty lines of inquiry, and some regrouping of the work, but in general the changes are not large. As compared with the present year the appropriation for the boll-weevil campaign shows an increase of $25,155, making $250,155 for the purpose, of which $10,000 is im- EDITORIAL, 3 mediately available. There was also an increase of $'24,400 in the sum available for the preparation of sets of cotton standards and the investigations of the handling, grading, and baling of cotton. Among the other groni:)s of projects may l)e mentioned the farm management investigatiojis, which receive $iyO,OGO; studies of the production, improvement, handling, grading, and transportation of grain, which will receive $112,945; methods of crop production in the semiarid or dry land sections, and for the utilization of lands reclaimed under the reclamation act, for which $106,110 is granted; and methods of growing, packing, and marketing fruits and melons, which will have $T1,G15. For the Congressional seed distribution, which was continued on the usual basis, $205,710 was granted, an increase of $3,390. The appropriation for the introduction of rare and valuable seeds from foreign countries was made $43,880. The Forest Service received a total of $5,008,100. This is as usual by far the largest appropriation to any one bureau carried in the bill, and also represents the largest increase made, being $351,900 in ex- cess of the corresponding appropriations for the previous year. The increase is attributed to the recent addition of 26,528,439 acres to the national forests, mainly in xVlaska. The policy of further itemizing the expenditures from the various lump funds, which Avas inaugurated the previous year for most of the bureaus, was extended to the Forest Service. Instead of a single large grant for general expenses there are definite allotments rang- ing from $2,405 to $50,644 for the maintenance of each of the 150 national forests, together with $135,000 for fighting forest fires, $221,040 for the purchase of supplies, $129,420 for investigations of methods for wood distillation and preservation and the economic use of forest products, $11,820 for investigations of range conditions within national forests and range improvement, $66,640 for silvi- cultural experiments in national forests, $108,010 for silvicultural and dendrological investigations, which may be in cooperation with other branches of the Federal Government and with States and indi- viduals, and $115,470 for miscellaneous forest investigations and the preparation and dissemination of the results of the experimental work. The tests of plants and woods as to their suitability for paper making, Avhich have been conducted under a general appro- priation, were definitely assigned to the Forest Service, and $14,000, an increase of $4,000, appropriated for the purpose. The allotment for permanent improvements on the national forests was decreased from $600,000 to $275,000. The time during which dead and insect infested timber from the Black TTills National Forest in South Dakota can be exported from the State, which would have expired July 1, 1910, was extended to July 1, 1912. 4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The Bureau of Chemistry received $895,700, an increase of $25,000 beino; oranted to provide funds for the expenses of witnesses and in- spectors in attending trials under the food and drugs act. The vari- ous lines of work of the Bureau are provided for much as at present. A small increase was also granted to the Bureau of Entomology, $5,000 being added for investigations in this and foreign countries to discover and introduce natural enemies of the white fly. There is some readjustment of the amounts allotted for the several lines of w^ork, $300,000 being provided for the gipsy moth campaign, $40,600 for investigations of insects atfecting deciduous fruits, $25,000 for those of cereal and forage plants, $47,000 for those of southern field crops, $14,000 for forest insects, $16,250 for insects on truck crops and stored products, $21,500 for those of citrus fruits, $10,000 for bee culture, and $28,550 for other investigations. The total appropria- tion for the Bureau, including statutory salaries, is $532,180. The total appropriation of the Office of Experiment Stations, in- cluding $720,000 for experiment stations under the Hatch Act, is $1,067,820, and aside from transfers to other funds is precisely as at present. Of this amount $46,180 is for statutory salaries, $33,400 for general expenses, $99,000 for insular stations, $10,000 for the agri- cultural educational service, $10,000 for nutrition investigations, $70,380 for irrigation investigations, and $78,860 for drainage inves- tigations. In the case of the drainage investigations a provision was inserted requiring the Secretary of Agriculture to make a special report to Congress at its next session, giving the aggregate expendi- tures on this work to date and the areas in the several States and Ter- ritories which have been investigated. The section providing for the insular stations was amended to per- mit the j)rinting of the publications of the Hawaii and Porto Rico stations by the Department instead of in the islands as required at present. A provision permitting of the expenditure of $1,500 from the aj^propriation for the Guam Station for the purchase of land was omitted, as the land has already been acquired. An innovation in the legislation affecting the insular stations is a clause added by the Senate under which $5,000 of the $28,000 appro- priated for the Porto Eico Station is specifically allotted to experi- ments relating to the culture of coffee. This will be a continuation of a line of work which has received much attention from the first. In 1899 Porto Rico was swept by one of the most destructive hurricanes in its history and the coffee industry was all but ruined. When the station was established in 1901, experiments were begun on the restoration and improvement of old plantations and to determine the cost of establishing new ones. These investigations have been con- ducted on the Carmelita estate, where a ten-acre tract was secured to EDITORIAL. 5 carry on exi^eriments in thinning, j^runing, fertilizing, and cultivat- ing the trees, and on the extent to Avhich shade could be removed. With a crop like coffee several years must elapse before definite results can be announced. The past season was the sixth since these experiments were begun and the average 3'ield from tlie experimental plats was 290 pounds of merchantable coffee per acre, as compared with an average of less than 200 pounds for the main crop. In the experiments on establishing new plantations the sixth year has been concluded. The value of seed beds, nursery cultivation, and wind- breaks has been demonstrated. In 1909 a second small crop was produced on the new plantation averaging about 100 pounds of coffee per acre. The cost of the plantation thus far lias been $101.56 per acre. The experiments thus far have shown the necessity of thinning, pruning, reduction of shade on established plantations, and cultiva- tion where the contour of the land will permit, if the yield of coffee in Porto liico is to be brought up to an average that will be profitable. They have also demonstrated the value of seed beds and nursery cul- ' tivation in providing vigorous seedlings for new plantings. In addition to these experiments, about thirty varieties of coffee have been introduced from various parts of the world, Avith the hope that some ma}^ be found better suited to the American taste. A few of the most prized varieties from Arabia and Java have fruited and cup tests have shown that they retain their characteristic aroma and flavor when grown in Porto Rico. As fast as any of those showing superior merit bear seed they are distributed for i^lanting. The sta- tion has also been for several years studying coffee soils, insect and fungus pests, fermentation and preparation for market, etc. It will be seen, therefore, that considerable progress has been made in studies relating to this industry, which is now mentioned in the appropriation act for the first time. The work of the remaining bureaus has been provided for sub- stantially as at present. The Bureau of Soils receives $231,020. the Bureau of Statistics $220,320, the Bureau of Biological Survey $86,920, the Library $35,320, the Division of Publications $202,730, the Division of Accounts $79,990, the Office of the Secretary $229,870, and the Office of Public Roads $114,240. To the sums carried in this agricultural appropriation act should also be added the appropriation for the Department printing and binding, for which the usual allotment of $400,000 is included in the appropriati(m act for sundry civil expenses, an appropriation of $30,000 for the testing of paper-making materials carried in the same act and supplementing the $14,000 granted in the agricultural apjn-o- priation act, and the deficiency appropriations of $50,000 for the 6 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Bureau of Chemistry, aud $7,700 for additional expenses in the com- pletion of' the fencing on the national bison range in Montana, which were authorized earlier in the session. There are also administered by the Department the jjermanent appropriations of $3,000,000 for the federal meat inspection, and $720,000 for the Adams fund, which next year reaches its maximum under the terms of the Adams Act. These if added to the regular appropriations for the Department would make a grand total of $17,755,336. The support of agricultural institutions by the Federal Government is also manifested through several agencies not organically connected with the Department of Agriculture. Most prominent are, of course, the land-grant colleges for which large permanent appropriations are provided by the Morrill acts and the Nelson amendment. There are also several small annual appropriations, such as that in the Indian approj^riation act of $5,000 to enable the Commissioner of Indian Afl'airs to conduct experiments on the Indian school or agency farms to test their adaptability, especially as to the introduction of new crops; that carried in the diplomatic and consular appropria- tion act of $4,800 for the payment of the quota of the United States for the support of the International Institute of Agriculture; and that recently authorized in the urgent deficiency appropriation act for participation in the International Agricultural Exhibition at Buenos Aires, of which $30,000 has been allotted to this Department. Could all of these various appropriations, some of which are indefinite as to amount, be added together the aggregate Avould be an imposing sum. Especially under the present conditions do they constitute a substantial and gratifying confirmation as to the im- portance attached by Coi^gress to the consistent promotion by the Federal Government of both the art and the science of agriculture. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Micro-chemistry, F. Emich {Bcr. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 43 (If) 10), No. 1, pp. 10-13). — A descriiition of general and special micro-chemistry, with particular reference to the work of II. Behrens. Refractometry and its practical application, D. Sidersky (La Refrnctome- irie et scs Applications PnUiqucis. I'aris, 0)09, pp. 112, figs. 39). — This vol- ume contains a short description of the more important refractometers and the principles upon which they are constructed. The practical application of refractometers is also considered, and tables therefor are appended. Studies with the compensation polariscope, J. KoVxVR {Ostcrr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerindus. u. Landw., 37 (1908). pp. 618-633, 7'7'7-7'9//; ahs. in Ztschr. Vntcrsuch. Xahr. u. Genussmtl.. 19 {1910), No. 2, p. 108).— In order to examine substances other than sugars with the compensation polariscope it is necessary to observe the following precautions: The apparatus, when employed with the petroleum light and corlorless solutions, will yield results equivalent to those obtained with the sodium light, if the light from the petroleum lamp is allowed to pass through a strata of potassium bichromate solution which has a thick- ness of either 15 mm. and a concentration of 1 : 100, or a thickness of 100 mm. and a concentration of 0.33 : 100. If these conditions are not adhered to there may be an error of as much as from 4 to 5 per cent. Colored solutions yield results with the compensation apparatus only when the filtered light gives orange-yellow colored fields. Characteristics of the fat of different animals, M. Raffo and G. Foresti (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 39 (1909), II, No. 5, pp. UHi-i9, fig. 1; abs. in Analyst, 35 (1910), No. 407, pp. 68, 69).— The results of analyses of ox, calf, sheep, ass, and horse fat are reported. The determinations made are the saponification number, iodin number, Reichert-Meissl number, Hehner number, melting point, and vis- cosity value. A peculiar precipitation of glycogen, E. Pfluger (Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 121 (1908), pp. 641-643; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 19 (1910), No. 2, pp. 101, i02).— Adding 2 volumes of alcohol to 1 volume of gly- cogen solution yields a milky solution which allows filtration only after the pre- cipitate has settled and the solution has become clear. If the filtration is attempted previous to this very fine particles of the precipitate go through the filter paper. The precipitate, which is a transparent varnlsh-like body, collects on the bottom and sides of the vessel. The author shows that this phenomenon is not due to the docomiiosition of the glycogen. Contributions to our knowledge of plant phosphatids, E. Winterstein and L. Stegmann (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 58 (1909), No. 6, pp. 500-505; abs. in ZentU. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path. Stoffwcchsels, n. ser., // (1909), No. 23, p. 891).— A carbohydrate phosphatid was isolated from the seeds of Lupinus albus, which, on analysis, yielded 3.G jwr cent of phosphorus, 0.95 per cent of nitrogen, and 1().3 per cent of carbohydrates. 47147°— No. 1—10 2 "^ 8 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Contribution to our knowledg^e of cereal phosphatids, E. Winterstein and K. Smolenski iZtschr. Physiol. Vlicni., 58 (1909), A'o. 6, pp. 506-521; abs. in Zeiiihl. Gcsdiii. Pliijsiol. u. Path. ^ioffwechscU, n. ser., // {1909), No. 23, pp. 891, S92). — The itliospbatid obtained from wheat flour is a complex mixture of various phosphatids and in addition contains cholesterin, esters of the latter, free-fatty acids, and other compounds. The phosphatids soluble in boiling alcohol also contain, besides such basic substances as cholin and ammonia, some nonbasic nitrogenous bodies. The phosphatids differ both in their physical and chemical composition. The phosphatids from wheat germs, K. Smolenski (Zfschr. Physiol. Chcm., 58 {1909), No. 6, pp. 522-526; ahs. in Zentbl. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path. Stoff- icechseJs, n. ser., // (1909), No. 23, p. 892). — Partly mixed and partly uniform substances were obtained. Among them was a body which corresponded very closely to a crystalline compound isolated by Winterstein from wheat flour. About a peculiar phosphorus-containing' body in the leaves of ricinus, E. WiNTEKSTEix aud L. Stegmakn {Ztsclu: PJiysiol. ChCDi-., 58 {1909), No. 6, pp. 527, 528; ahs. in Zentbl. Gesam. Physio}, u. Path. Stoffwechsels, n. ser., .'/ {1909), No. 23, p. 892). — From young dried ricinus plants a substance was obtained containing 5.27 per cent of phosphorus and 6.74 per cent of calcium oxid. This is important since no lecithin-like body has ever been isolated from green plants. A poisonous principle in certain cotton-seed meals, A. C. Crawford (Jour. Phurmdcol. and E.cpt. Thcr., 1 (1910), No. 5, pp. 519-5-'i8). — This investigation has been previously noted editorially ( E. S. l\., 22, p. 502). [Chemical, physical, and physiological properties of niowrin], B. Moore ET AL. (Bio-Chein. Jour., 5 (1910). No. 1-3, pp. 9'i-125, figs. 9).— The results of an investigation of a sapo-glucosid " mowrin " and its acid, mowric acid, obtained from mowrah seeds (Bassia longifolia) are presented. Cellase and the diastasic cleavage of cellulose, G. Bertrand and M. Hol- DERER (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sri. [Paris]. 1J,9 (1909), No. 26, pp. 1385-1387; abs. in Chcm. Zty., 3.'t (1910), No. 8, p. 61). — To .determine whether during the diastasic digestion of cellulose an enzym difl:erent from maltase is active, i. e., cellase, the author studied the action of maltase on cellulose. The results showed that maltase had no effect, but on acting on cellulo.se with Aspergillus nigcr cleavage was apparent. The possibility of trehalase and emulsin (sucrase being inactive toward cellulose) being alone active, or of the presence of a new third diastasic enzym. is mentioned. The enzyms of fermentation vinegar, F. Kothenbach (Dent. Essigindus., 13 (1909). p. 305; «f>.s. //) CcitthL Bald, {etc], 2. AU., 26 (1910), No. 1-3, p. 61). — Fermentation vinegar contains enzyms but no toxins. Tests made with vinegar essence with reference to its influence on the growth of acetic acid bacteria showed that the growth was either inhibited altogether or that only a slight film was produced on the surface of the liquid. [Schardinger's reaction with inorganic ferments], G. Bredig and F. Som- MEK (Ztschr. Phys. Chem., 70 (1910), pp. 6-!/, 65). — The authors have shown that the metallic catalysts bring about the reduction of methylene blue with formaldehyde with the same ease as does the catalase of milk. From this work, which was chiefly done with the platinum sole with for- maldehyde and formic acid, it is concluded that the electrically prepared colloidal platinum and iridium soles catalyse very actively (at 70° C.) at the same temperature at which the milk enzym is most active. The velocity of the reaction diminishes greatly when the ratio between the formaldehyde and inorganic ferment is too large. This latter fact has already been noted with the milk euzym. The inorganic ferment can also be weakened in the same AGKICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 9 manner as the milk cnzym by tlic addition of toxic sulistanros sncli as mercnric ohlorid and Lydrocyanic acid. It was not possible to snpplant the formaldehyde by sodinui formate, but the addition of the latter to the regular test with platinum was found to accelerate the reduction of the methylene blue. Carbon dioxid was the principal product formed, and in all probability this is due to the oxidation of the aldehyde by the methylene blue. It was also found that formic acid can be employed instead of formaldehyde, but not under the same conditions. A new anethod for detecting proteolytic ferments and their antiferments, M. Mandelbaum (Milnchen. Med. Wclinschr.. 56 il90i)). No. JfS, pp. 2215, 2216; (lbs. in Zentbl. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path. Stofficcchsels, n. set:, 4 (1909), No. 23, pp. 903, 90'i). — Two methods are described, one of which consists in allowing the ferment to act upon milk agar (composed of 1 part of milk and 2 parts of ordinary agar) in Petri dishes. The other consists in employing milk in riilenhuth's tubes. A new method for purifying peroxidases, X. T. Deleano (Biochcm. Ztschr., 19 [1909). No. 3-5, pp. 266-269). — Tests conducted with raphauus extract and colloidal dialyzed iron showed that the latter produced an almost complete precipitation of the proteins without having any effect on the peroxidase activity. Laboratory methods for organic nitrogen availability, C. H. Jones (Ahs. in Science, n. ser.. 31 (1910), No. 191, p. 307). — The alkaline permanganate and pepsin methods for determining organic nitrogen availability, as used at the Vermont Station on officially collected commercial fertilizers for the past 12 years, are described, and results of these methods on 51 high and low grade animal and vegetable ammoniates now on the market are tabulated and brietiy commented upon. The author concludes that the alkaline permanganate method, while em- pirical, is nevertheless valuable to eliminate quickly from a large number of samples those of questionable availability which may then be tested by the longer pepsin process and qualitatively to show more in detail the nature of the nitrogen source. Volumetric estimation of sulphates, A. D. Mitchell and C. Smith (Jour. Clirni. Soc. [London]. 95 i 1909), \10). jip. .j.'jl-oGS, figs. 2). — On the basis of Kuster's work, Wink- ler's method was rearranged and applied to the determination of carbon dioxid in distilled water, carbonates, mixtures containing carbonates, and in natural waters (both as to free and half-combined carbon dioxid and the free carbon dioxid and carbonate hardness of a water). Pohl's m^ethod for determining the melting' point, A. Halla {Osterr. Chcm. Ztg., 13 (1910), No. 3, p. 2D).— The cause for the differing results obtained by various investigators is ascribed to the fact that in some of the cases a ther- mometer with a pear-shaped mercury bulb was employed. In order to get accurate results with this method the author states specifically that a globe- shaped bulb must be used. A modified method for determining the saponification number, E. Rupp and F. Lehmann (Apoth. Ztg., 24 {1909), No. 10',, pp. 972, 973; ahs. in Ztschr. Riech M. Geschmackst., 2 {1910), No. 4, p. ){). — In this method the saponifi- cation Is performed In a stoppered bottle, whereby the loss by evaporation is practically excluded and the apparatus employed is simplified. Separation of saccharose and lactose by the Bulgarian ferment, L. Mar- GAiLLAN iCompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 {1910), No. 1, pp. //-J-',?'). — The author was able to confirm the conclusions of Bertrand and Duchacek, that with the Bulgarian ferment it is possible to ferment practically all the lactose without attacking the saccharose. The possibility of emploj'ing this method in the analysis of condensed milk is mentioned. Methods for estimating cellulose, M. Renker {Ztschr. Angexo. Chem., 23 {1910), No. 5, pp. 193-198). — Eighteen methods for determining cellulose were investigated. The materials used were jute, sulphite cellulose, wood, and cotton. From the results the author concludes that a modification of Cross and Bevan's chlorination method (E. S. R., 13, p. 916) yields the best results. The method dissolves little real cellulose and does not include the lignin in the estimation. Cause of low results in glycogen analysis with dilute alkali, G. Francke {i'ber die Ursachen, Weshalb die Glykogcn Analyse hci Anwendung Vcrdiinntrr KalUaugc ze Niedrige Werte Geliefert Hat. Inaiig. Diss., Univ. Bern. 1909. pp. 37). — Concentrations of from 1 to 2 per cent of alkali do not change or AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 11 decoiupose the glycogen in organs. The losses when using such dilnte alkali for dissolving organs for glycogen determination are explained by the fact that the dilnte alkali, in contradistinction to 30 per cent alkali, does not so change the protein as to allow a couii)lete precipitation of the glycogen. Influence of the time of heating- with strong alkali on glycogen determi- nation, V. Hessen (Uhcr den Eliifluss, den die Zeit der Eriiitzung niit Slarker Kalihnii/e aiif die Qnaulitalire Annhjse des CUykogenes Auxiibt. Inaug. Dins., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. ^5). — With an alkali concentration of 30 per cent the f-anie results were obtained on heating for *, 1, 2. or 3 hours. It is, therefore, considered evident that heating glycogen-containing organs for h hour suffices for their complete solution. The only precaution which is necessary is to lemove the flask from the water bath every 5 or 10 minutes and agitate it. The quantitative estimation of formic acid, H. Franzen and G. Greve {Jour. J'rakt. CJiciii., n. ser., SO {1909), pp. SGS-SSD : ahs. in Ztselir. Angew. Chem., 23 I 1910). A'o. 5, p. 22)). — A method is described in which the formic acid in bacterial culture solutions is extracted by distillation, and the estimation made by a gravimetric method based on the observation that the formates have the property of redncing mercuric salts to the mercurous state. Albert's method for soil acidity, H. Sijchting and T. Arnd {Zischr. Angew. Chem., 23 {1910), Xo. 3, pp. 103-106). — As the result of making comparative tests between Albert's rapid method and that of Tacke-Siichting (E. S. R., 21, I). 9) the authors conclnde that Albert's method is not reliable. It is further stated that the reason Albert obtained unfavorable results with the Tacke- Siiehting method (E. S. R., 20, p. 1113) was because of an error in titrating the carbon dioxid according to the method of Winkler. [Albert's method for soil acidity], Albert {Ztsclir. Angeio. Chem., 23 {1910), No. 3. pp. 106, 107). — This is a reply to the above, in which it is stated that the results obtained with the author's method are as reliable as those obtained by that of Tacke and Suchting. The author draws attention to the fact that care must be exercised with his method not to use an excess of annnonium salt and barium hydroxid solution. His researches are to be con- tinued. Pentosans in soil, O. Schreiner and E. C. Shorey {Abs. in Seience, n. ser., SI {1910), No. 191, pp. 308, 309). — Ten soils containing various amounts of organic matter were submitted to the oflScial method of pentosan determination. The results obtained lay between 0.005 and 0.275 per cent. There was no relation between the total carbon and pentosan carbon evident. From the soil containing 0.275 per cent of pentosans the authors obtained, on precipitating the sodium hydrate soil extract with alcohol, a dark gummy substance which yielded a iientose sugar on hydrolysis. Examination of water, W. P. Mason {New York, 1910, Jf. ed., rer., pp. V-hlin, pis. 3, figs. 10, maps 2). — This is the fourth edition of this work (E. S. R., 18, p. 7), and contains both chemical and bacteriological methods. The preface states that a special effort has been made to have the methods conform to those proposed by the American Public Health Association. lodo-eosin as a test for free alkali in dried-up plant tissues, A. C. IIoe (liio-Chcm. Jour., J, {1909), No. 3-//, pp. 115, 116; abs. in Zentbl. Gesam. I'IniKiol n. Path. Stoffioeehsels, n. ser., // {1909), No. 23. p. 911).— The author rec- ommends a solution of iodo-eosin in ether as an indicator of the presence of free alkali. Judging of corn and its products, .1. Sciiin»i.kr (Ztsclir. Landir. ]'(rsiiclisir. Osterr.. 12 (1909). Nos. 11, pp. 121-1.'>6; 12. pi. 1).—\ discussion of corn and corn products, with special reference to their use as food. Methods of analysis 12 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. and standards are yiven, and a plate illustrates the nuichiuery for handling the different jirodncts. Judging' cakes with, the protein content declared, Kuiil iPhartu. Zciitrdl- halle, 51 {19 JO), No. //, p. 65). — A critical discussion based on analytical data. In the author's opinion a minimum nitrogen content should be determined, since reliance can not be placed on insufficient qualitative examinations. The ferments of honey and their value for judging honey, A. Auzinger (ZtscJir. Untcrsuch. Kahr. ii. Genussmti., 19 {1910), To. 2, pp. 6.7-83).— The author proposes determining the range of activity for the catalase, diastase, oxidase, peroxidase, and reductase in honeys as a means for judging their qual- ity. The titrating of acidity with one-fourth normal sodium hydrate is also recommended. Eighty-three honeys were tested. Detection of cocoa shells in cocoa. A. Goske (Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. ii. GeniissmtL, 19 {1010), No. 3, pp. 15Ji-158). — A method is proposed in which 5 gm. of the cocoa is dried for 4 hours at 100.° C. and extracted with ether for 16 hours to remove the fat, when 1 gm. is treated with a calcium-chlorid solu- tion, specific gravity 1.535, at 30° C. After centrifuging the cocoa-calcium- chlorid mixture the cocoa separates into 3 layers, of which the lower one con- tains the cocoa shells and some cotyledons. The upper layers are poured off and the residue washed rei)eatedly with hot water and brought on a (xooch crucible where it is dried and weighed. A microscopic examination is made of the residue. About the detection of benzoic, cinnamic, and salicylic acids in wine, C. VON DEB Heide and F. Jakoc {Ztsclir. Untcrsuch. Xahr. ii. Gcnussmtl., 19 {1910). No. 3, pp. 137-153). — Thjs is a study of methods, particularly of the various means for identifying the respective acids. " Protective " action of the colloids in milk, with some ultramicroscopic observations, J. Alexander and J. (J. M. Bullowa {Arch. Fed., 27 (1910). No. 1, pp. 18-25, figs. 2; abs. in Jour. Aincr. Med. Assoc, 5^ {1910), No. 10, p. SIS).— According to the authors, the casein of milk is an irreversible, or coagulating or unstable colloid, which is protected by lactalbumin, a reversible or stable colloid. In modif.ving cow's milk for infant feeding it is necessary not only to consider the percentage of total proteids, fat, etc., present, but also to see that the casein is adequately protected. It is emphasized that in cow's milk the casein exists in an already formed higher degree of colloidal aggregation. A mere chemical analysis, not taking into consideration the principle of collodial protection, is in their opinion, an insufiicient criterion of the actual digestibility or availability of food. Analyses and composition of milk and its products, E. Gudeman (Ahs. in Science, n. scr.. 31 {1910), No. 791, p. 30S). — Analyses of milks from different localities and at different seasons are reported, together with a discussion of the change of ratio between fat and solids-not-fat, and the influence on the comiiosition of concentrated milk products, evaporated and condensed milks and milk powders, as well as of the influence of heating milks of various composition during pasteurization, sterilization, and concentration. The composition of milk, H. C. Lythgoe {Ahs. in Science, n. scr.. 31 {1910), No. 791, p. 30S). — The sugar in milk is a practically constant factor, while the other constituents vary. This factor may be employed in detecting skinuned or watered milk. After making the total solids and fat determination the calculation of the protein content may be made by the Van Slyke or Olson formulas. With skim milk the calculated protein will be too low, and the sugar, estimated by differ- ence (taking the ash content to be 0.7 per cent), will be found to be too high. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 13 In pure milk the c;ik-ulated sugar content varies from 4.2 to 4.S per cent. In tbe case of watered milk tlie calculated sugar content will be too low. A study of the newer methods for detecting- watered milk, G. Cornai.ba (.-l;(/;. ral.sif., 2 (IDOU), No. /'/, /)/). 52!}--hl'i) . — Coniparisons are made between the aullioi-'s method, previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 41!)), and the cryoscopic and refractometric methods. The author concludes that his method furnishes as accurate results as either of these methods, and that it has the further advantage of being ai)i)licable to milks which contain jtreservatives and those which are not fresh. See also a previous note (E. S. K., 21, p, 614). Catalase apparatus for milk {Molk. Ztg. [Hihlcslieiin], 2.'f {J910), Xo. o, pp. 7}, 7 J, pg. 1). — This apparatus, designed by Lobeck, is described as a con- venient one for determining the catalase content of normal and pathological milk. Apparatus for determining- the various combinations of carbon dioxid in milk, A. Harille {Jour. I'lianii. ct Vliiui., 6. scr., 30 [1009), Ao. 10, pp. Ji52-Jio5, fi(/. 1; abs. in Chcin. Ztff., 3'i {1910), Xo. 7, Rcpert., p. 30).— A 2-liter flask having a double bored cork is placed in a water bath. In one of the borings is inserted a funnel which has its internal tubal portion ground rough. Into this is inserted a rubber stopper which also has a boring through which is passed a glass tube connected with a gas wash bottle containing alkali. In the second boring of the 2-liter tiask is placed the tube of a Liebig condenser, which in turn is coimected with an empty gas wash bottle, a series of 2 test tubes con- taining ammoniacal barium water, and another bottle containing limewater to serve as an indicator. The limewater bottle connects with the air suction pump. A new method for exanaining- cream, ITesse {Molk. Zig. [Ilildeslicim], 2'/ {1910), Xo. 7, pp. 107, 108, fig. 1). — An api)aratus is described which is a combi- nation of a pipette and butyrometer and is designated the " pipette-butyrometer." Tests with this apparatus and the Spritz and liose-Gottlieb methods showed it to be reliable. Tablet reagents for estimating sugar in animal urine, E. J. Mulleb ( Untcr- suclntngcii iibcr die \'('n(:cn(lharl;cit dvr Mci-k'sclicn Rcagcnztahletten zur Quanti- taticen Zuckerhcstimmung im Ticrharnc. liuiug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1908, pp. I/O, pi. 1). — The author concludes from tests with dog, horse, and cattle urines that Merck's tablet reagents furnish good results. Agricultural analyses, R. Guillin {Analyses Agricoles. Paris, 1910, pp. J,.'i3, figs. 51). — The first part of this work is devoted to general agricultural analyses, while the second deals with the analyses required in the agrotechnical indus- tries such as starch manufacture, glucose manufacture, distilling, and the manufacture of super])lios|)hatos. Tartaric acid from wine residues, A. Janson {Cltcni. Indus. [Berlin], 32 {1909), Xo. 22, pp. 719^22; abs. in Ztsrhr. Angeir. Chem., 23 {1910). Xo. '/, p. 180). — In addition to the crude tartaric acid obtained from wine residues, the author draws attention to the amount of tartaric acid in tlie dregs and yeast and i)roi)oses a method for its extraction. Extraction of oil from Chinese oil beans, L. Hoffmann {i^eifensiedcr Zig.. 30 {1909), pp. 1357, 135S; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1910, 1, Xo. 1, p. 67).— In the smaller ("hiuese oil mills the moist beans are exposed to a pressure of from 30 to (!() kg. for about 0 hours. Hankow beans containing about 14 to 1(J per cent of oil yield by this method 9 to 10 per cent of a yellow fluid oil, which luis a saponiflcation nunihci- of 10!). The relining of this oil is done in the same manner as with cotlon-setHl oil. The method for extracting the oil in Europe is also described. 14 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. METEOROLOGY— WATER. The value of weather forecasting in agriculture, W. II. Dunlop (Agr. Gaz. [London^, 11 {1910), Aos. 1S82, p. S7 ; 1883, pp. 105, 106, flgs. J, ; 188-',, pp. 129, 130, figs. 3; 1885, pp. 153, 15^. flgs. 2; 1886, p. J77).— This article discusses in a popular way and in some detail the selection of land with reference to meteor- ological conditions; farm operations requiring weather forecasts; general weather conditions of the British Isles; the relation of cyclones, anticyclones, and cloud types to weather conditions ; thunderstorms ; popular weather signs ; frost prediction and protection ; meteorological instruments ; and simple rules for weather in'ognostication. The relation of the weather service to the farmers of Tennessee, J. F. Voor- HEEs {Tennessee 8ta. Bui. 81, pp. 22, charts 13). — The various meteorological elements are shown by means of charts prepared from observations at fi-om 50 to GO Weather Bureau stations distributed uniformly over the State. The records from which the charts were prepared in most cases cover a period of at least 13 years. The charts show the latest killing frost in the spring and the earliest in the fall, as well as the average date of these frosts, average number of days in the growing season, elevation of the stations above sea level, mean annual temperature, lowest temperature in 1.3 years, number of winters during that period with zero temperature or below, mean annual rain- fall, and monthly distribution of rainfall at the different stations. The practical value of the meteorological data to the farmer in the selection and location of crops and in deciding upon the time of planting is explained. Climatology of Italy in its relation with health and with, agriculture, preceded by a study of climatic factors in general, G. Roster {CUniutologia del]' Italia netle sue Attinenzc con Vlgiene e con VAgricoltwa Preceduta da una Studio sui Fattori Climatici in Gencre. Turin, 1909, pp. XXIX+IO4O, pis. 13, flgs. 68; rev. in Agr. Colon. [If alp], // {1910), No. 1, pp. 35, 36).— This is an elaborate treatise dealing in an exhaustive way with the general climatic and meteorological conditions in different parts of the earth, but especially as ob- served in their various relations in Italy as a whole and in the different main- laud and insular divisions of that country. An appendix treats of the climatology of the Italian colony at Eritrea, Africa. The data regarding air, soil, and water, which are presented in great detail, are correlated with economic conditions such as health and disease, distribution of population, vegetation, and methods of culture. Compensation between types of simultaneous seasons in different regions of the earth, II. II. Hildeurandsson {K. I8i-enska Vetensk. Akad. 11 audi., //5 (1909), No. 2, pp. 11, pis. ^).— In previous papers (E. S. R.. 22, p. 615) the author has shown a certain climatic compensation between diffei-ent regions of the earth and a correlation between the condition of the arctic ice and the following season in parts of northern Europe. The present paper jM-esents a study of meteorological conditions at i)oints on tne east coast of North America and in northern Siberia which shows that conditions, for example at North Cape, furnish a basis for ])rediction of subse- quent conditions in Iceland, the west coast of Greenland, and Newfoundland, and that the sununer temi)erature at North Cape is in opposition to that which may be expected on the Con/ment of Europe the following spring. Dependence of some geographical factors on the barometric relief of the earth's surface, P. I. Brounov {Separate from Trudui Obshch. Zeml. Imp. St. Peterb. Univ., vol. 2; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 {1909), No. .'/, pp. 599, 600). — A direct relation between atmositheric pressure METEOROLOGY WATER. 15 nnd elevation is traced. DisintegrMtion of rocks Las apparently proceeded more rapidly in areas of low jirossure and tbns prodnced lower reliefs. On the diurnal heat exchange in a layer of snow on the ground, T. Okad.v (Tokyo Hug. But. Kizi [I'ruc. Toktio Math. Phys. Soc.'\, 2. ser., J/ (1908), Xo. IS, pp. 358-367; abs. in Bcibl. Ami. I'liys., 33 {1909), No. 231), p. 7)33).— Hourly observations on temperature at the surface and at depths of 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm. in snow during 8 days in February, 1907, at two places are recorded. At a depth of oO cm. the daily temperature variation was only 0.4° as compared with 19° on the surface. The heat exchange at this depth was 12 gram-calories at one place of observation and 20 at the other, corresponding in a general way with those found by Homen in sand and moor soils. The exchange on cloudy days was about half that observed ou clear days. Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 38 {1910), Nos. 1, pp. 1-168, figs. 11, charts 33; 2, pp. 169-328, fig. 1, charts 33).— In addition to the nsu:il climatological summaries, weather forecasts and warnings for January and February. 1910, river and flood observations, lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology, a con- densed climatological summary, and climatological tables and charts, these numbers contain the following special i^apers: No. 1.— The Weather and the Plant Pathologist, by D. Reddick ; Effects of Low Temperatures on Citrus Trees and Fruits (illus.), by A. J. Mitchell: The Topography and Rivers of Lower Michigan (illus.), by C. F. Schneider: Work Undertaken at the Fremont Forest Experiment Station in Climatology and Forestry (illus.), by L. H. Daingerfield ; Relation of the Farmer to the Weather Bureau, by L. A. Merrill; Precipitation, Run-off, and Evaporation in the Owens Valley (illus.), by C. H. Lee: The Owens Valley and the Los Angeles Aqueduct (illus.), by A. B. Wollaber; and Floods in Southern California (illus.), by A. B. Wollaber. No. 2.— Snowfall of the Winter, 1909-10, in New York, by G. W. iNIindling: Topography and Drainage — West Shore of Lake Michigan, by H. B. Hersey : Evaporation and Precipitation Measurements at Provo, Utah, by J. L. Lytel ; Studies on the Phenomena of the Evaporation of Water over Lakes and Reser- voirs, V and VI, by F. H. Bigelow ; and Report on Evaporation at Birmingham, Ala.. 1909 (illus.), by W. F. Lehman. Meteorological summaries for the year 1908 {KentucL-y Sta. Rpt. I'JiOS. pp. 50.'i-.')0ii) . — Sunnnaries are given of observations at Lexington, Ky., on tempera- lure, pressure, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind moveuient. Division of meteorology, N. Helme {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 173- 189). — Observations at Kingston ou temperature, prjecipitation, prevailing winds, and general character of the weather are given for each month of the year ended June 30. 1909. The mean temperature for that period was 49.3° F., the lirecipitation r)l.L' in., and the number of clear days 149. The weather of 1909, D. V. Lanory {Rpt. Agr. Nciv Bruiisnnrk, 1909. pp. 11-18). — Summaries of observations on sunshine and temperature at Frederic- ton and other places in New Brunswick are given. Meteorology {New Zeal. Off. Yearbook, 1909, pp. y/.97-50.'/).— Observations ou temperature, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, and wind at 15 stations in New Zealand during 1908 are tabulated. Meteorological records {Victorian. Yearbook, 29 {1908-9), pp. .')88-591). — Tables show the average rainfall of 1906, 1907, and 1908 in each of 26 districts of Victoria, Australia, as well as the principal meteorological elements for the year 19(t.s as compared Willi the average for r>2 years, and averages and ex- tremes of climatic elements for the seasons and for the met(>orological year as deduced from the records obtained at the Melbourne Observatory, 16 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, Is South Africa drying up? F. H. Baiu!er (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 36 {1910), No. 2, pp. 167-110). — The imijoverisbiiieut, detrition, and denudation which have occurred in certain fertile river valleys as a result of overstocking are described. The occurrence of ground water, C. Mezger (Jour. GashcJcucht., 52 {W09), mi. 476-Ji79; J,97-500; ahs. in Wasser u. Ahwasser, 2 (1909), No. 2, pp. 86, 87; Ztschr. Angeiv. Chem., 23 (1910), No. 7, />. 327).— This article discusses the drainage and condensation theories of the origin of ground and spring waters, but especially the bearing of variations in vapor tension in the soil and the atmosphere and the conditions causing such variations on the level of ground water and flow of springs. Other factors affecting the rise or fall of the level of the ground water are also considered. Soil culture from the point of view of the underground water supply and the water requirements of cultivated plants, IIitiek {BuI. Soc. A(jr. France, 1909, Dec. I. in>- 360-366; ahs. in Rev. Gen. Agron., n. ser.. '/ {1909), No 12, pp. '/cS7-//.s'/). — This is a review of investigations by Houllier ( E. S. R., 19, p. 12) from which the conclusion was reached that the lowering of the ground water and the failure of springs in certain parts of France has been due to the extension of the area of clean culture and has not resulted from diminished rainfall, deforestation or internal erosion of soils." Some notes on artesian and other water supplies, L. C. Green (Queenshnid Agr. Jour., 2) (1910), No. 3, pp. 103-10.), pis. 2). — The conditions necessary for the occurrence of artesian water are briefly explained and the occurrence of such waters in Queensland is desci'ibed. Analyses of mineral waters, S. D. Averitt and O. M. Siiedd (Kcnliickij Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 1/87-503). — Analyses of samples from different parts of Kentucky are reported. The process of self -purification of natural water after artificial inoculation with bacteria, E. Sciiepilewsky . XXIII+G53, [jls. 9, figs. 5). — In this book, which is the fourth in the Country Life Education Series, edited by Charles William Burkett, and which is dedicated to the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, the chief purpose is, as stated by the author, '• to bring together in convenient form the world's most essential facts gathered from the field aud laboratory, and to develop from them some foundation prin- ciples of permanent agriculture," in other words, "to teach the science of soil fertility aud permanent agriculture." The book is based to a large extent upon the fundamental thesis, developed mainly l)y the investigations of the Illinois Experiment Station, that " phos- phorus and decaying organic matter are the two substances which constitute the key to profitable systems of permaneiit agriculture on most of the normal soils of America : although, when soils become sour, or acid, ground natural limestone should also be regularly applied." The supply of nitrogen for ordi- nary systems of grain cropping can be maintained by the use of farm manure and the growing and plowing under of leguminous green manures, although conunercial nitrogen can usually be profitably used in market gardening and other more intensive systems of farming. Potash salts are needed only on the comparatively limited class of soils which are positively deficient in potash, as for example, certain i)eaty swamp lands. The author emphasizes the importance of soil surveys, but aLso points out the need of more detailed study than is given in ordiuary surveys to local soil variations and conditions. While recognizing that the natural adaptation of soil and crop is an impor- tant factor in many cases, the author is of the opinion that this is a matter which has been given undue consideration in comparison with other factors of plant production. "Even in the common ]iractice of agriculture, soils at first well adapted lo the growing of a certain crop do not remain so adapted. The fact is too well known to need illustration that specific crops are often grown with success for years finally to fail and be abandoned for some other successful crops, which in turn finally give way to others. Thus good wheat land finally becomes poor wheat land, but .still remains good for timothy bay, which in turn gives way to redtop, and this may be followed by iiartial abandonment of the land for crop production. "At any stage in this process of soil deidedon the land may be ri'stored to its original jiower to produce wheat by adopting the proper systems of soil enrichment. . . . "The most connnon staiile crops can be grown on almost any soil if it is well drained, well watered, .-iiid siilliiiciil ly rich. Of coin-se, the matter of crop adaptation nnist not be ignored, but if we would grow either plants or animals, we must not neglect tlie food supply." 18 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The author's well-known views with reference to the value of finely ground calcium carbonate as compared with quicklime and of insoluble phosphates as compared with soluble phosphates are fully set forth, and the theories of the Bureau of Soils of this Department regarding soil fertility are discussed at length. The book is divided into four parts, (1) science and soil, (2) systems of permanent agriculture, (3) soil investigations by culture experiments, and (4) various fertility factors. Part 1 contains chapters on foundation facts and principles, the more important elements and compounds, plant food and plant growth, the earth's crust, soil formations and classifications, soil composition, available plant food, soil surveys by the United States Bureau of Soils, soil analyses by the United States Bureau of Soils, crop requirement for nitro- gen, phosphorus, and potassium, and sources of plant food : part 2, chapters on limestone, phosphorus, organic matter and nitrogen, rotation systems for grain farming, live-stock farming, the use of phosphorus in different forms, and theories concerning soil fertility ; part 3, chapters on the Rothamsted experiments, Pennsylvania field experiments, Ohio field experi- ments. Illinois field experiments, field experiments in the South including southern Illinois, JNIinnesota soil investigations, Canadian field experiments, and ^hort-time pot-culture and water-culture experiments in comparison with field results; and part 4, chapters on manufactured commercial fertilizers, crop stimulants and protective agents, critical periods in plant life, farm manure, losses of plant food from plants, losses of plant food from soils, fixation of jilant food by soils, analyzing and testing soils, relation of fertility to appearance of soils or crops, factors in crop production, essential factors of success in farming, the value of land, and two periods in agricultural history. An appendix contains sections relating to the production of phosphate rock, a model fertilizer law, composition of animal and plant products, statistics of agricultural products, methods of soil analysis, comjiositinn of some European soils, and agricultural colleges and experiment stations in the United States and Canada. The book also contains an index which adds to its value for ref- erence purposes. The conservation of the fertility of the soil, H. W. Wiley (Nat. Conserv. Com. R[)t., 1909, vol. 3, pp. 269-300). — This is in the main a review of early studies of soil fertility with definitions of soil fertility and a statement regard- ing the utility of rotation of crops. Crop yield and soil composition, M. Whitney (Nat. Conserv. Com. Rpt., J!i09, vol. 3, pp. 9-107). — Substantially the same as Bulletin 57 of the Bureau of Soils iireviously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. IS). Whitney's theory of soil fertility, O. Lemmermann (Mitt. Dent. Landio. GeselL, 2.} (1909), No. 50, irp. 739-7Ji2, fig. 1; ahs. in Ccnihl. Bait, [efc], 2. AM., 26 (1910), No. 25, pp. 686, 687).— The theory is explained and it is stated that it runs counter to accepted principles of fertilization. The removal of silt from soils by the waters of the Seine, A. MiJNTZ ( Compt. liend. Acad. iici. [Paris'^, 1.50 (1910), No. 5, pp. 257, 258; Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 70 (1910), No. 1, pp. f), 1,5; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 1,8 (1910), I. No. 7, p. 220; Mark Lane Express, 103 (1910), No. J,09Ji, p. 3(95).— Estimates are given of the amount of fine soil particles removed by the recent Seine fiood from its drainage basin, and the agricultural importance of the data is discussed. An analysis of a sample of the flood water showed from 140 to 150 gm. of silt per square yard, and it is estimated that the flood carried away fi'om ir.,000 to 20,000 tons of soil per day while it lasted. Considered with reference to the whole area of the drainage basin of the Seine in the vicinity of Paris, the SOILS FERTILIZERS. 19 quantity of soil thus removed is insigiiilieant and tlie danger of loss of fertility from this cause is not serious. The kaolinizing' action of roots on the Roman lava rocks, G. de Angelis u'OssAT {Alti li. Accad. Liiicci, Rend. CI. ISci. Fw., Mat. c Nat., 5. ser., 19 {1910), I. Ao. 3, pp. 15Ji-151). — Fresh fragments of lava rock were graded by sieves to grains of approximately 2 mm., 1 mm., and 0.8 mm. in diameter. Equal parts of the three sizes were mixed and thoroughly washed with distilled water. One part of the mixture was put into a glass pot and tlie other into an earthen pot that had been immersed in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid until effer- vescence ceased. In the earthen pot chaff of meadow grass (GraminecB and Leguminos;e) was sown. The two pots were protected from rain, watered twice a week with distilled water, and kept under identical conditions for a solar year. At the end of that time the mixture in the pot without plants contained 5.5 per cent of fine earth and a trace of clay, while iu the pot with plants the pex'centage of fine earth was 9.7 and of clay a trifle over 2. Investigations on the soil, E. J. Russell (Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. ^Vyc, I 'JOS, No. 17, pp. Ji:2S-.'i33). — A brief account is here given of the beginning of investigations on the absorptive power of soils for oxygen and on the effect of partial sterilization of soils, as well as of all other problems relating to soil fertility which have been noted from time to time. A list of the author's publi- cations on these investigations is given. A new form of Dr. Russell's oxidation apparatus for soils, P. V. Darbi- SHIRE (Jour. Southeast. Ayr. Col. Wye., 1908, No. 11, pp. 229-232, pis. 2).— A simpler form of apparatus which can be more easily charged and read and yet yields reliable and accurate results is described. See also a previous note (E. S. 11.. 10, p. 1120). Nitrification in the soil under different conditions, B. Welbel (Zap. Imp. Obshcli. Selstc. Kho.:;. Yuzli. Ross.. 1908, No. 9, pp. 1-^2; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Ayroii. (Russ. Jour. E.tpt. Landtv.), 10 (1909), No. 4, p. 532). — In lysimetric investigations the conditions affecting percolation and aeration differ from those in the field, hence the Ploti_ Experiment Station took up a study of the reliabil- ity of this method of examining the processes of nitrification and of the moisture in the soil of the field and of the lysimeter. The investigations showed that in lysimeters. under fallow culture, the moisture of the soil was consider- ably less than that of fallow soil in the field, especially in summer, but varies with the time of the year. The results of all the methods of investigation (vegetation pots, periodical chemical analysis of the soil; data of field experiments and of chemical analy- sis of the crops) concordautly corroborate the data of the lysimetric investiga- tions as to the increase in the soil of assimilable nitrogen under cultivation of leguminous plants. The lysimetric investigations also shovx-ed that the fallow culture and application of manure increased the quantity of nitrate nitrogen in the soil, and thi.s was corroborated l)y the other methods of investigation. The nitrogen enriching- of soils, A. Krainskii (Ccnthl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. .\bt., ..'()■ ( HI 10), No. 6-7, pji. 231-23')). — In a series of experiments undertaken to de- termine the ability of nitrogen-fixing orgahisms. like Azotobacter, to enrich the f-oil by the fixation of free nitrogen from the air, the following results were obtained : (1) The soil can be enriched with nitrogen by the action of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, accomi)anied by a moderate economic consumption of organic material during the nitrogen assimilation: (2) li(]uid cultures of Azotobacter consumed from 100 to 200 units of sugar to 1 unit of fixed nitrogen pnuluced : (o) in sand cultures the Azotobacter developed luxuriantly. assinfilMting large quantities of nitrogen and consuming in the process from 11 to 30 units of carbon to every 20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. unit of fixed uitrogen produced; (4) the great ecouoiuy in the consumption of organic materials in the soil by nitrogen fixers is to be explained by their symbi- osis with autotropic organisms, which, growing in darlvuess, form organic com- pounds through the decomposition of carbon dioxid. accompanied by the libera- tion of oxygen. The natural solution of the nitrog-en question by soil inoculation in sug'ar beet culture, J. Stoklasa {Bl. Zackerriibenhau, 17 (IDIO), Nos. 1, pp. 1-5; 2, pp. 2.'t-29). — Inoculation experiments with cultures of Azotobacter and Radio- bacter on soils planted to beets are rejjorted. showing decided increases in yield following inoculation. The author concludes from his results that important increases in yield from a practical standpoint may be secured by such inocula- tion if the soil contains a sufficient supply of suitable carbohydrate food. lime, phosphoric acid, and potash, and is well aerated by proper cultivation. The cooperation of micro-org'anisms in the utilization of insoluble phos- phates of the soil with higher plants, S. de Grazia {Arclt. Fanintcol. IS per. c »sci. Aff., 8 {1909), pp. JjSe-Jf'jO ; Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 43 {1910). No. 2, pp. n9-lS.'i; nbs. in Chem. Zenthl., 1910, I, No. Jf, pp. 29.'i, 295).— This article deals with studies of various factors affecting the solubility of the phosphates of soils in acids produced by bacterial activity. It was found that the addition of chloroform reduced bacterial activity and decreased the acidity produced, but at the same time increased the solution of phosphates. This is ascribed to incre:ised enzym action resulting in the hydrolization of the tricalcium phosphate of the culture medium, producing dicalcium and monocalcium i)hosphate and calcium hydroxid, which neutralized the acidity of the culture. Soils of Mississippi, W. L. Hutchinson {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 132, pp. 8, figs. 2). — This bulletin explains how the fertility of soils may be maintained by proper drainage, good tillage, prevention of surface erosion, and maintenance of an adequate supply of humus in the soil. Soil experiments on the upland loam of southeast Missouri, M. F. Miller and C. B. Hutchison (Missouri Sta. Bill. 83, pp. 16, figs. 3). — The soil on which these experiments were made was located on the typical rolling upland of the Hillsboro group of soils. " The soil is partly of limestone and partly of sand- stone origin, free of gravel and of a very fine sandy or silty nature underlaid by yellowish clay loam. The soil on this particular field had been cropped for a number of years and was badly run down." The experiments were made on 3 series of 5 fifth-acre plats each. The fer- tilizer treatment consisted of cowpeas; cowpeas and lime: cowpeas. lime, and phosphorus; and cowpeas. lime, phosphorus, and potassium. The rotation of crops was corn, cowpeas, wheat, and clover, the cropping of the series of plats being so arranged that one series was in corn, one in wheat and one in clover each year. The experiments showed that the soil was lacking, first, in humus and nitro- gen, and second, in phosphorus, but only slightly deficient in potash and lime. There was a striking response to the application of phosphates, especially in the case of clover. The application of lime and of potash and the growing of cowpeas also gave some return. Specific recommendations for the handling of this soil to increase its pro- ductiveness are given. Soil experiments on the prairie silt loam of southwest Missouri, M. F. Miller and C. B. Hutchison {Missouri Sta. Bui. S-'f. pp. 19-35. figs. 5). — The soil on which these experiments were made was a dark gray loam to a depth of 8 in., underlaid by a silty clay to depths varying from 2 to 3 ft. On account of the fine texture of the soil and the level topography of the country drainage w^as poor in many cases. SOILS FEETILIZEKS. 21 The oxporiments were made on three series of one-flfth-acre blocks, a 3-year rotation of coi-ii. wlieat. and clover being used on each series, but the series were so arr.-umcd tlmf (nio w;is imt in corn, one in wheat, and one in clover each year. 4 lie tiiiilizcr troalnients tested were cowpeas and phosi)horns: cowi)eas and ]H>l:issii!iii ; i)hosphorns and potassium; cowpeas, phosphorus, and jiotas- siuni : and cowjieas. phosphorus. ])otassiuiu. and liiue. Two plats in eneli series received no treatment. The principal facts brought out by the experiments were that the soil is de- ficient, first, in hunnis and nitrogen, second, in phosphates, third, in lime, and fourth, in potash. Marked benefit was derived from the use of phosphates and potash pai'ticularly. but good results were also obtained from the use of lime and cowpeas in addition to phosphates and potash. Specific reconniicndations are given for the treatment of the soil to increase its fertility. Soil experiments on the rolling- limestone upland of southwest Missouri, M. F. ^Mii.LKK and ('. B. IIutciiison {Missouri .S7(/. Bill. 86. iip. l-J-'J). fif/s. 5). — The soil on which these experiments were made " is of limestone origin and con- tai)is varying amounts of fiint or chert, considerable quantities of which may be found on the surface in large sections of this region. The soil is a reddish brown to gray silt loam, averaging about 8 in. in depth and merging into a yellowish red subsoil, the color and clay content of which gradually increase to a depth of 20 in., where it is usually a bright red containing much soft chert in small pieces. The soil i^ friable and loose and where the surface flint does not interfere or where it has been picked off and in the areas where the surface rock does not occur it is a very tractable soil. It washes considerably when exposed, due to its texture and the rolling topography." The arrangement of plats, cropping, and fertilizer treatment was the same as in the experiments noted above. The results of chemical analysis of the soil as well as of the fertilizer experi- ments " indicate very strongly the lack of sufficient quantities of both nitrogen and phosphorus. The need for lime is also indicated (although not so strongly), while the apijlieation of potassium rarely pays on ordinary field crops. Since the nitrogen of a soil is contained in the humus or vegetable matter, the lack of nitrogen also means a lack of humus." Methods of handling these soils to increase their productiveness are discussed. Soil investigations in cooperation with the botanical department on Hazen Bench, Truckee-Carson project, S. C. Dtnsmore (Nevada Sto. Bill. 66. pp. .'iS-51, pi. 1). — Analyses and pot and field tests of an alkaline calcareous shale composing the surface soil and of an almost pure sand extending to a groat depth over a considerable area under the Truckee-Carson Irrigation Project are reportetl. The soils were found to be very unproductive but were benefited by the aiiplication of barnyard manure, thus indicating the need of hunnis. Studies of the needs of Rhode Island soils, H. J. Wheeler {Kliodc Islmid Slu. Bui. 13'J. pp. So-lO.'i). — This is a compilation of material which has previ- ously appeared in various other publications of the station, relating to soil studies at Kingston; soil reactions as affecting potato scab; lack of lime or basic substances in Rhode Island soils; cooperative experiments with lime in different parts of the State; the influence of liming upon deficiencies of phos- I)horic acid, upon the efficiency of nitrogenous fertilizers, and ujion the activity of nitrifying organisms in the soil; methods of applying lime; lime as a libera- tor of potash; effect of liming upon the humus of the soil; effect of different phosphates on soils; relative deficiencies of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitro- gen in Rhode Island soils; treatment of land for the production of hay; co- operative exr)ei'inients to detei'mine the requirements of Rhode Island soils for 22 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the in-ocUiction of grass; and cliemlcal examinations of certain Rhode Island soils. Natal soils, E. R. Sawer (In Cedara Memoirs on South African Agriculture. Pletcrmaritzburg: Govt., 1000, vol. 1, pp. 7-50, figs. 3).— This article, which forms part of an elaborate memoir on South African agriculture dealing with the cereals in South Africa, discusses the geology, formation, composition and fertilizer requirements, bacteriological activities, and tillage of typical soils of Natal. As regards origin, the soils are mainly of two classes, granitic and calcareous, the former class being by far the larger. The low productive capacity and the especially small content of available phosphoric acid in certain of the soils ai*e attributed to deficiency of certain kinds of bacterial activity in the soils. On the other hand, the organisms which fix and transform nitrogen appear to be quite active. The importance of thor- ough tillage to improve the physical condition of the soils is particularly em- phasized. Analyses of 4 representative hillside soils at Cedara showed that on an average each acre-foot of these soils contains 7,776 lbs. of nitrogen. 5,398 lbs. of phosphoric acid. 6,195 lbs. of potash, and 2.301 lbs. of lime, of which only 174 lbs. of phosphoric acid and 478 lbs. of potash are citrate soluble, and only 7 and 30 lbs., respectively, available for crops grown in the field as shown by practical tests. The soils showed an acidity which would require 8.584 lbs. of lime per acre to neutralize. In plat experiments on the 4 soils the results showed marked differences in favor of the types containing the higher percentages of fine material. The yields were doubled or trebled on all 4 soils by the use of superphosphate, slag, bone dust, and mixtures of lime and complete fertilizer or lime and superphos- phate. Applications of lime alone produced little effect. The action of basic slag and bone meal was less affected by the texture of the soil than that of superphosphate. The latter gave its best results only on fine soil. Basic slag was especially effective on clay soils on account of the excess of lime in the slag. Studies of the absorptive power and capillary rise of water in soils of differ- ent types are reported, showing that these properties are dependent upon and controlled by the size and distribution of the soil particles. Studies of the accumulation of soluble salts in these soils showed " something of a gradation downwai'ds in the contents of saline matter, which points to the influence of capillary matter accompanied by a concentration on the surface due to evaporation of the water of solution. . . . Very little of the soluble matter obtained was found to be of value to the plant ; at the most only a trace of phosphoric acid was obtainable from the filtrate, a minute quantity of potash, and smaller quantities of lime and magnesia. Sodium as carbonate, chlorid, and sulphate predominated in the majority of cases." The absorptive power of the soils for soluble salts \yas studied by passing dilute solutions of monocalcium phosphate, magnesium sulphate, calcium nitrate, and potassium sulphate through columns of soil a foot in depth. On an average 92.5 per cent of the phosphoric acid was retained. 60.1 per cent of lime, 55.8 per cent of magnesia, 24 per cent of potash, 23.6 per cent of nitrogen, and 11.7 per cent of sulphuric acid. Examinations of 12 samples of typical tea garden soils of the coast region showed the most marked characteristics of these soils to be a deficiency of humus and of phosphoric acid. The water-holding capacity of these soils was dependent in part upon the size of the soil particles but to a greater extent upon the amount of organic matter present. In view of the fact that the soils of Natal as of other parts of South Africa are deficient in phosphoric acid and certain of the alluvial soils are deficient in SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 23 linio. analyses are given of the available materials which can be used to supply these tleticiencies, iucluding phosphates, limestoue, kraal manure, blood meal, and guano. Investigations of soils, B. C. Aston, {New Zeal. Dcpt. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 17 {1!>0!)). in>- Jo7-'/8J, /)/v. G). — This article refers to studies of the humus soils and tt( ra of the southern islands of the New Zealand group, the results of which lire to be published later, and reports examinations and pot exiierimeuts with samples of tailings from gold mines, with unproductive moor soils, and with soils containing an excess of magnesia and potash salts. Examinations of soils containing various abnormal constituents, such as amethyst, resinous matter, citrate-soluble silica, hydrated aluminum sulphate, and quartz sand, magnesium sulphate, and sodium sulphate, and of several samples of hardpau are also reported. The mine tailings were found to contain a substance injurious to vegetation, possibly zinc sulphid, which was present in small amounts. The fertilizer experiments with the unproductive moor soils showed that drainage and heavy applications of lime and phosphatic slag greatly improved the soils. Gypsum was the most effective lime compound in increasing the yield of cruciferous plants on the soils containing an excess of magnesia, but ground limestone was the most effective in increasing the yield of oats and grass. The harmful effect of potash salts was very marked on certain of the soils tested, which coutainetl an abnormally large amount of potash soluble in citric acid. An increase in the yield of fruit resulting from applications of phosphatic fertilizers on plum trees is reported. Analyses of the soils experimented with as well as of a large number of other samples from different parts of New Zealand are reported, with recom- mendations as to the fertilizer requirements of the soils as indicated by analysis. Commercial fertilizers, H. W. Smith et al. {Rpt. Agr. New Brunswick, 1000. pp. 160-11 If). — This article points out the advantages of cooperative pur- chase and home mixing of fertilizers, giving formulas for different crops and the experience of various organizations in the cooperative purchase and mixing of fertilizers. The fertility of the soil, J. Dumont {Jour. Fabric. Sucr., 51 {1010), No. 5, pp. 1, 2; teller. Indig. ct Colon., 75 {1910), No. S, pp. 175-170).— This article briefly discusses various factors of soil fertility, especially emphasizing the im- portance of humus compounds, and reports experiments with Derome's so-called peptonized organic fertilizer. This material is described as a humate prepared by the treatment of vegetable organic matter with alkaline soda solution. In experiments with soils poor in humus increases of from 18 to 30 per cent in yield were obtained with this material. Peptonized fertilizers, J. Dumont {Siior. Indig. ct Colon., 75 {1010), No.' It, pp. 2JiO-252; Bctterave, 20 {1010), No. 500, pp. 85, Sfi).— Experiments on beets, carrots, potatoes, and grasses with Derome's peptonized fertilizer in comparison with fertilizers compo.sed of superphosphate, potassium chlorid, and dried blood, horn, or nitrate of soda, are reported. The results were very favorable to the peptonized fertilizer. The utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, particularly for the manufacture of air saltpeter, A. Rkrnthsen {Tran.s. Furaditij aS'oc, 5 {1010), No. 3, pp. 207- S05). — This is an abstract of a paper read before the Seventh International Congress of Apitlied Chemistry at London, 1!)09 (E. S. K., 21, p. 531; 22, p. 24). Potash experiments in eastern Holstein, Kuhnekt {Landw. Wcliiihl. Grilles. UoIhL, ho {1010), No. 0, pp. 150-162). — Cooperative experiments with rye, 47147°— No. 1—10 3 24 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. barley, oats, potatoes, beets, and grass are reported, showing in general profit- able retiirns from the use of potash in connection with other fertilizers. Ground phonolite as a potash fertilizer, S. Rhodin {K. Landtbr. Akad. Jdandl. och Tidslcr., ^9 {1910). A^o. 1, pp. 15-80). — Experiments conducted on 5 Swedish farms with fine-ground phonolite ("potassium silicate") for potatoes and mangels, as well as for top-dressing grass laud, failed to show that this material has any value as a potash fertilizer, when applied with sodium nitrate and superphosphate at the rate of 900 or 1,500 kilos per hectare (SOO or 1,335 lbs. per acre). Pertilizer experiments with phonolite meal, H. von Feilitzen {Mitt. Dent. Landw. GeselL, 25 {1910), A'o. 10, pp. 1^5, 14G). — Pot experiments comparing phonolite meal, containing 7.35 per cent of potash, and 88 per cent potash salt on potatoes, turnips, and peas gi-own on low moor soil as well as field experi- ments with barley grown on raw high moor soil are reported, showing a very low elficiency for the phonolite meal as compared with the potash salt. A criticism of Wein's experiments with ground phonolite, H. Neubaueu {Dcitt. Landtc. Prcssc. 36 {190'J), 'So. 83, pp. 885, 886). — The author questions the accuracy of Wein's conclusions (E. S. R., 22. p. 24) as to the availability of the silicate of potash in ground phonolite. Fertilizer experiments with silicate of potash, E. Wein {Dcut. Landw. Presse, 37 {1910), Nos. 2, pp. 13, U; 3, pp. 26, 27).— In this article the author replies at considerable length to criticisms of his investigations by Hiltuer and others (E. S. R., 22, p. 324). and Neubauer (see above). Pot experiments with silicate of potash, E. Wein {Dcut. Landw. Presse, 37 (1910}, Xo. 13, PI). I'lo, l-'iG). — Experiments with Italian rye grass on sandy and moor soils are reported. In confirmation of the results of previous experi- ments (noted above) the author found that the effectiveness of the potash silicate varies greatly with the conditions under which it is used and is greatest when thorough aeration of the soil is provided for. New processes for luaking superphosphates, V. Cambon {Engrais, 25 {1910), No. 9, pp. 2'i3-2't5). — Various new forms of apparatus and machinery and their methods of operation are described. Tests of different kinds of phosphatic fertilizers, J. Schroeder and H. Dam- MAXN {Rer. Inst. Agron. Montccidco, IDO'.K No. 5. pp. 239-2 ',2) .—The tests were carried on at the experimental fields at Sayago, near Montevideo. The materials experimented with and their content in phosphoric acid were : Bone meal 30, Thomas slag 20, and superphosphate 12 per cent. The crop was fodder beets. The fertilizers were applied in quantity sufficient to furnish about 90 lbs. of phosphoric acid per acre. The results were practically identical for all the forms of fertilizer used and showed an increase of over 200 per cent in the amount of roots and of over 150 per cent in the dry matter as compared with the yield of the plat receiving no phosphatic fertilizer. The authors think that the large increase was due to (1) the great lack of phosphoric acid in the soil, and (2) the rapid decomposition of phosphatic fer- tilizers in that climate due to atmospheric agencies. The authors point out that since the different phosphatic fertilizers give practically identical returns the prices should vary according to the phosphoric acid content. The behavior of superphosphate in the soil, 1. K. Greisenegger {Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr., 13 {1910), No. 1, pp. l--'i7). — Two series of experi- ments are reported. The first included a series of absorption tests with dif- ferent types of soils to determine the rate and extent of fixation of water- soluble phosphoric acid in the soils. The other cimsisted of a series of pot experiments to determine the extent to which the phosphoric acid fixed in the deeper layers of the soil can be assimilated by the roots of plants. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 25 The results of these experiments are discussed in their relation to the results of similar experiments by other investigators. They show .that soluble phos- phoric acid aiiplied to the soil in the form of superphosi)liate is tixed in the upper layers of calcareous soil as well as in soil poor in lime in a form insoluble in water, but still readily available to i)lants. The fixed phosphoric acid tends constantly to become more ditlicultly soluble. There is no danger of phosphoric acid as applied in the usual way in fertilizers being washed out of the soil by atmosjiherlc precipitation. In order to secure the best results superphosphate should be applied in as finely divided condition as possible. Deep harrowing or plowing in increases the effect. Very small amounts of the phosphoric acid aiiplied on the surface sink deei)er than 30 cm. (11.82 in.) in the soil. The i)ot experiments showed that in certain cases in which there was no increase of yield following the ai)plication of superphosphate there was, how- ever, an influence upon the amount of phosphoric acid taken up by the plant. The content of phosj^horic acid in the drainage water was lower than the solubility of tricalcium phosi)hate would indicate. It was about o mg. per liter in calcareous soils and 2 mg. in granitic soils. Mineral resources of the United States, calendar year 1908. — Part II, Non- metallic products (U. />. S9[K pi. 1, pys. U). — This is the usual detailed report on this subject. The chapter of greatest agricultural in- terest is that relating to phosphates (E. S. K.. 22, p. 227). In this article the statistics are brought up to the close of the year 1908. Peat resources of the United States exclusive of Alaska, C. A. D.wis (Nat. Conserv. Com. RiJt., 1909, vol. 3, pi>. -)Tb'--'/S2). — This article gives substantially the same data as that contained in an article already noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 187). Lime and limestones, B. C. Aston {'Ncio Zeal. Dept. Ayr. Ann. Rpt., 17 (1909). up. 190, 191). — Analyses of a number of samples are reported. Seaweed as a manure (Field [London], 11.) (1910), \o. 2979, p. 16.5; Mark Lane Expres.^ 103 (1910), A>j.s', .',093, p. 269; -',096, p. 369 ) .—Attention is called to the importance and methods of use of seaweed in the production of early potatoes in Ayrshire and Jersey, and evidence as to the fertilizing value of inshore ware and tangle collected on the shores of the Firth of Forth is sunnnarized. This evidence was submitted in a suit brought by farmers to determine the compensation due them for deprivation of rights to collect this seaweetl for fertilizing purposes. Analyses are reported which show thiit the inshore ware contains about 70 per cent of water, 0.43 per cent of nitrogen, 0.09 per cent of phosi»horic acid, 0.9 per cent of potash, and 0.5 per cent of lime; the tangle contains 85 per cent of water, 0.26 per cent of nitrogen, 0.13 per cent of phosphoric acid, 1.58 per cent of potash, and 0.34 per cent of lime. The evidence tended to show that the seaweed was fully equal, if not superior, to barnyard manure. The garbage question at Paris, Maurecours (Engrais, 25 (1910), Nos. 7, pp. hS2-]S.'j; s, pp. 213-216). — The methods of handling and using Paris gar- bage are briefly described, particular attention being given to the relative merits of methods of incineration and rendering. It is pointed out that hygienists as a rule favor incineration, while farmers prefer methods of rendering by which the larger part of the fertilizing value of the garbage is made available for use. The author is inclined to favor a combination of the two systems of disposal. Analyses of the fine powder obtained by systems of rendering which are now in use show fertilizing constituents as follows: 0.6 to 1 [ler cent of nitrogen. 0.5 to o.S per cent of phosphoric acid, 0.4 to 0.6 per cent of itotash, and 4 to 6 l)er cent of lime, indicating that this material is superior in fertilizing value to barnyard manure. 26 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Fertilizers, R. E. Rose and L. HEiMBURtJEK (F/«. Quart. Bui. Dcpt. Agr., 20 (J'JIO), Xo. 1, pp. .'i, 17-26, 36-76).— The laws and regulations controlling the inspection and sale of mixed fertilizers and cotton-seed meal in Florida are gi\en, with notes on valuation and tabulated analyses of 211 samples of fer- tilizers examined during the year 1909. Of the 155 samples of complete fer- tilizers examined, 21 samples were 0.2 iter cent or more below guaranty in anuuonia, 17 samples in available phosphoric acid, and 25 samples in potash; 69 samiiles exceeded guaranty in ammonia, 117 in available phosphoric acid, and 102 in potash. Fertilizer inspection (ilahie Sta. Off. Insp. 19, pp. 28). — This reports the resultis of analyses of samples of commercial fertilizers collected in the open market in Maine during the spring of 1909. It also contains statements regard- ing the chief requirements of the Maine fertilizer law, the source and function of the constituents of fertilizers, and the valuation of fertilizers. Inspection of commercial fertilizers, II. D. Haskins, L. S. Walker, and P. V. Goldsmith {Massachuscttti .S7«. Bui. 131, pp. 87). — "This bulletin gives a general rei»ort of the fertilizer inspection work for the season of 1909. It discusses briefly valuations, retail cash prices, and the wisdom of buying only high-grade fertilizers. General mention is made of fertilizer brands which show a serious commercial shortage, and summaries indicate the average quality of the fertilizers offered. Conversion factors relating to fertilizers are published and the tables of analyses show the detailed composition of the fertilizers sold in the State." Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers on sale in the State, ■\V. F. Hand et al. { Mississi/ipi ,S7((. Circ. 30. pp. 31). — This circular reports analyses and valuations of fertilizers inspected during the season of 1909-10. Inspection of commercial fertilizers, P. F. Trowbridge (Mifsmuri Hta. Bui. 85, pp. 39-71). — This report, made in accordance with the Missouri fertilizer law, covers the year ended December 31, 1909, and contains a list of fertilizer manufacturers and brands offered for sale by them, a comparison of the valu- ation of fertilizers of the same guarantied composition, analyses of the ferti- lizers inspected, directions for sampling, and a financial statement. Fertilizers, B. C. Aston (New Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt.. 17 {1909), pp. 185-189). — Miscellaneous notes are given on the manuring of pastures and top- dressing of lawns, official inspection of fertilizers, importation of fertilizers into New Zealand, the mixing of calcium cyanamid and superi)hosphate, and the composition of fish oftal ash, jadoo fiber. New Zealand flax waste, rata ash, and soot. Manure used in Victoria, Australia (Victoriun Yearbook, 29 (1908-9), pp. 6-t6-6'i8). — Statistics of the use of natural and artificial manures during the years 1898 to 1908 are given. It is shown that in 1908, 235,492 tons of natural manure and 64,715 tons of artificial fertilizer were used by 24,437 farmers on an area of 2,053,987 acres, as compared with 143,586 tons of natural manure and 16,052 tons of artificial fer- tilizer used by 7,318 farmers on an area of 225,830 acres in 1898. The principal features of the fertilizer inspection act of Victoria ai'e explained. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The transpiration and the ascent of water in trees under Australian con- ditions, A. J. EwART and Bertha Rees {Ann. Bot. [London], 2.'f {1910), No. 93. pp. 85-105, (Igms. 5). — In a previous paper (E. S. K., 20. p. 225) one of the authors shows that the ascent of water under the conditions of his experiments is a kinetic prol)leui rather than a static one. He has continued his observa- AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 27 tions in Australia to clot ermine the rate of transpiration under Australian con- ditions, tlie rate of ascent of sap. especially in eucalyptus trees, the condition of conducting tissue during active transiiiration. and the resistance to flow in stems. It was found that the rate of evaporation per square meter of leaf surface from (ut branches, whether placed iu water or not, is always less than from a plant rooted in the soil. When the air is hot and dry the evaporation from a fre<> surface of water undergoes an enormous increase, but from a living plant it undergoes a regulatory decrease, in which case it may become only one-sixth as much as from a free water surface. Cut trees were found to absorb water at a less rate than rooted ones evaporated it. The maximum rate of ascent of sjip noted was 12.3 meters per hour in Eucalyptus vitninaUs. In cut branches of other species of Eucalyptus and in cut acacia trees it rarely exceeds 1 to 2 meters and is often less than 1 meter per hour. Branches containing air and taken from transi)iring trees showed a much greater resistance to flow than when saturated with water. To produce the transi)iration rate of flow a head of water 2 to 10 times the length of the stem may be required, but in fully satu- rated stems with large long vessels a head of one-tifth the length of the stem may be sufficient. An experiment showed that a colored liquid would rise slowly in a saturated stem kept in a saturated atmosphere, but somewhat more slowly if the stem was killed, indicating that the phenomenon is not the result of any vital pump- ing action that is not capable of a physical explanation. No appreciable rise of sai) was found to take place in trees deprived of their leaves, a pumping action being excited only when the leaves are exerting suction on the water in the wood. Influence of light on the expanding' of the buds of woody plants, W. Lubi- MENKO (Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk (Bui. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pctersb.), 6. scr.. 1910, No. 2, pp. 163-168).— In a previous publication (E. S. R., 20, p. 1124) the author showed that the intramolecular nutrition of plants, independent of photosyn- thesis, is regulated by the amount of illumination received. His previous ex- periments have been extended to include the effect of light on the opening of buds. Branches of lilac, beech, linden, white birch, and oak were placed under bell jars, and by means of various layers of paper the illumination was regu- latetl or reduceil. Light was found to stimulate the development of buds aftei; their winter rest even when the illumination was reduced to such an extent that it could not have any photosynthetic power. In the case of lilac and beech there seemed to be an optimum of light, after which the development was retarded. The expansion of the linden, birch, and oak buds took place very slowly in reduced liglit. these species demanding a considerable amount of light for their development. It is claimed that the experiment shows that the buds of woody plants require a period of preparation before their expansion and that during this i)eriod a certain amount of light is necessary. When this preparatory period has passed the buds expand in darkness or light. It is held, therefore, that light exerts an indirect influence' on the growth of l»uds. The action of ultraviolet light on plants, M. Cercelet (Rev. Vit., S3 (1910), No. .S-JJ, pp. t2.'i-hi9). — A n'sume is given of various investigations which show the action of the ultraviolet light \\\)o\\ the growth and develojiment of plants. On the increased growth of persistent leaves, D. De PEmiOLA (Ann. Hot. [Uontc\. 7 (1909), No. .3, pp. 321-330, pi. I; abx. in Bot. Vcnthl., 113 (1910), No. .5, p. 115).— A brief account is given of the author's iuvestigatious ou the increase in thickness of persistent leaves. 28 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The studies were made almost entirely with leaves of Dicotyledons, and it was found tliat they increased in thickness with the age of the leaf, due to a considerable development of the palisade parenchyma. This was found in practically all of the species examined, although the rate bf growth was not uniform. A similar increase was noted for the fibrovascular bundles. The transfer of foodstuffs in leaves, with especial reference to their autumn fall, 15. Schulze and J. Sciiutz (Laiulw. Yerti. Hiat, 11 {1909), No. Ji-5, pp. 299-352). — A study was made of the leaves of the box elder from May to the end of September to determine the changes in the transfer of elaborated material from spring to autumn and the effect of light on the elaboration and transfer of foodstuffs. The fresh and dry weight of the leaves and of many of the substances deter- mined by chemical analysis increased from the beginning of the experiment until the first of September. By the end of September there was obsei-ved a marked falling off in the water content and most of the nitrogen constituents, while there was an increase in crude fiber and ash. In relation to the variation of the morning and evening content, as illus- trating the effect of light on food elaboration, it was found in every case ob- served, except the fat content, that the proportion of constituents present in the leaves in the evening showed an increase over the quantity present in the morning. The fat content fluctuated, being sometimes greater in the morning than in the evening and vice versa. During the last month of the experiment the iireponderance was reversed and there was a greater amount of dry matter, protein, fat, and nitrogen-free extract, and less crude fiber and ash in the leaves taken in the morning. The autumn migration of the various constituents is discussed at some length. The relation of plants to salts in soils, B. Hansteen (Nyt Mag. Naturvi- deiisl:, J/J (1909), Ao. 2, pp. 181-192). — A preliminary report is given of experi- ments with wheat seedlings in water cultures conducted to test the antagonisms supposed to exist between potassium, sodium, and magnesium, and between calcium and magnesium. Different strengths of the individual salts were tested and also the effect of combining them in various ways, particularly with lime, the experiments in every case running for 14 days. The lime salts when used in less than 0.5 per cent solutions favored the gi'owth of the plants. The other salts when used singly were more or less injurious in proi)ortion to the strength of the solutions, but when used in connection with lime salts the injury to the leaves, roots, and root hairs was greatly diminished, this depending upon the relative propoi'tion of lime to the other salt. Accf)rding to the author, lime exerts its antagonistic effect only when used in conjunction with other salts, acting as an external protection to the roots. The penetration of inorganic salts into living protoplasm, W. J. V. Oster- HOUT (ZAschr. Plnjs. Chem., 70 (1910), pp. J,08-J,13, figs. 2).— The author devised a method for observing the growth of root hairs without injuring them, and by this means was able to observe the formation of calcium oxalate crystals within the root hairs. Seeds of Dianthufi hatMtus were germinated in distilled water, transferred to the sjiecial slide, and then placed in solutions of various lime salts. After several hours in the solutions at 30° C. calcium oxalate crystals were observed in the I'oot hairs, showing that the living protoplasm had been penetrated by the inorganic salts without any injury to the cells. The author states that as the calcium ion can not penetrate without a cor- responding anion, it seems highly probable that both the anions and cations, or the uudissociated molecules, of the above mentioned salts penetrate the living I AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 29 protoplasm. If calciniii is taken uit in this way there Is ai)i)arently no reason for donhtinsjc tliat tlie salts of sodinni, potassium, magnesium, and iron may penetrate the liviui; cell in the same way. The photochemical formation of formaldehyde in green plants, S. B. ScHRYVKK (I'loc. Roy. Hoc. [Loiidou], Scr. B, S2 (1910), Ao. B ijo',. pp. 226- 23:^. — It is stated that considex-able criticism has been brought against the various theories regarding the presence of formaldehyde in plants, it being held that, from an experimental point of view, the results are somewhat inconclusive. The author has made a study of this subject, determining the presence of formaldehyde by a method which is said to be exceedingly delicate. The re- action was found to show the presence of minute (piantities of formaldehyde, both combined and free. The author was able to detect formaldeliyde in chlorophyll, where it exi.sts in a state of somewliat stable combination. The photocliemical synthesis of formaldehyde, it is claimed, can be readily demon- strated. From the fact that formaldehyde exists in a state of combination in chlorophyll, the author claims it is possible to explain how the su])i)]y necessary for sugar synthesis in the plant is regulated. Phytocheniical investigations at Ke"w, M. Gresiioff {Ron. Bol. Gnrd. Keio, Bill. Misc. J II form., I'M'J, Xo. 10, pp. 397-.'i 18) .—The results are given of a study of about TOO genera of plants in which the author attempted to correlate the relationshii) of the plants with their chemical composition. Tlie examina- tion was made for tlie distril)ution of tannins and alkaloids as well as for hydrocyanic acid and saponin. Does tannin in the seed coat of barley have any effect on the semiper- meability of its membranes? A. Reichard (ZtscJir. Gesam. Brauw., 32 (1909), p. l-'i'j; (lbs. ill Zt.'icln: i^pii ititsindus., 33 (1910), No. 6", pp. 57, 58).— After re- ferring to the investigations of Brown (E. S. R., 18, p. 727), in which it was shown that the semipermeabilitj^ of the seed coats of barley and some other grains was not due to the activity of the protoplasm, the author describes experiments that seem to indicate that it is due, in some degree at least, to the tannin which is present in considerable quantity in the seed coats of barley. Some variation in the permeability was noticed, but this is believed to have been due to insufficient ripeness. Some notes on cyanogenetic plants, A. W. K. De Jong (Rec. Trav. Chim. Paps-Bus ct Bchj., 2S (1909), Ao. 1-2, pp. 2Jf-.'tl, fig. Z).— An account is given of the author's investigations on the occurrence of hydrocyanic acid in the leaves of Paiif/iiiiii ciJiilc and also of the glucosid yielding this acid in the leaves of I'luisrohts liniatiis. The investigations showed the presence of the glucosid gynocardlne in the leaves of Pangium, but a considerable portion of the hydrocyanic acid is present either in the free state or in a very weak combination. Phaseolunatin was found in the leaves of the beans iu\estigated, the same substance having been previously reported as occurring in the seeds (E. S. R., 15, p. 556). The role of oxygen in the formation of proteids in plants, W. Z.\leski (Biochem. Ztschr., 23 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. l.')0-152).—U is claimed, from the results of experiments conducted, that oxygen plays no direct role itself in the formation of proteids from amino acids in the plants, but may do so indirectly. In the absence of oxygen, proteid formation does not occur and therefore prob- ably all living processes of green plants depend on the presence of oxygen. The proteases of plants, VII, S. H. Vines (Ann. Bot. [London], 2J, (1910), No. 93, pp. 213-222). — In a previous paper (E. S. 11., 17, i). 750) the author gave an account of experiments with malt which led to the conclusion that it con- tains 2 j)roteases, a peptase and an orei»tase. In the present i)aper an account is given of investigations of malt diastase and Taku-diastase showing that both 30 EXPERIMENT STATIOl^ RECOED. contain proteases which digest vegetable fibrin and produce tryptophane from albumoses and peptones. The occurrence of rennet in plants, C Gerber (Rev. Sci., -'fS {1910), I, No. 7, PI). 195-207). — A critical review is given of literature relating to the occurrence of rennets in plants, their localization, effect of vegetable rennets on milk, relation between rennets and the proteolytic ferments of plants, etc., after which the role of rennets in plants is discussed. The author claims that they play an important part in synthesis, in translocation and the storing of reserve proteid material, and in the conduction and nutrition of the pollen tube from the stigma to the ovule. Inoculation experiments with red clover and serradella, B. Steglich {Jahreshcr. Landic. Konigr. Sachs., 190S, p. 120). — Experiments with red clover and sei'radella were conducted to determine, if possible, the reason for the lack of success when serradella follows red clover in crop rotation. It was found by inoculation experiments that the poor growth of the serradella was (\ne to the injurious action of the clover tubercle bacteria on the serradella. Remarks on the formation and consumption of nitrous oxid by bacteria, B. Tacke (CrnthJ. Bali, [(ic.^. 2. Aht., 20 (1910). Xo. 6-7. p. 230).— Thin is a criticism of the investigations reported by Beijerinck and Minkmann (E. S. R., 22, p. 724). The author claims to have previously shown in an article published in 1SS7 that nitrous oxid was produced by denitrifying bacteria, and also that nitric oxid was developed from fermenting turnips in a vacuum. After 8 to 10 days it was present in sufficient quantities to form red fumes of nitrogen peroxid when air was admitted to the vessel. The employment of cellulose as a source of energ'y for the assimilation of atmospheric nitrog'en, H. Pringsheim (CenthJ. Balct. [c^c], 2. Aht., 23 (1909), Xo. 10-13. pp. 300-30 .'i; 26. {1910), No. 6-7, pp. 222-227).— This is a discussion of further investigations (E. S. R., IS, p. 324: 20, p. 18) on nitrogen- fixing bacteria and the various sources of energy available in the assimilation of free nitrogen in the soil. It is shown that by the association of nitrogen-assimilating Clostridia and cellulose-disintegrating bacteria, the insoluble carbohydrate materials in the form of cellulose, which is unavailable to the Clostridia alone, are made avail- able, thus providing a symbiosis between these two groups of soil bacteria. It is further shown that for the utilization of insoluble carbohydrates, the asso- ciation of anaerobic bacteria, as Clostridia and cellulose-fermenting bacteria, is better than the association of the aerobic Azotobacter and an anaerobic cel- lulose-fermenting bacteria ; also that in such combinations the cellulose is capable of supplying more energy to the nitrogen-assimilating micro-organisms than the more soluble carbohydrates, like cane, grape sugar, milk sugar, starch, and mannite. The utilization of the cellulose as a source of energy follows the rule pre- viously laid own for other carbohydrates, that a low concentration of about 0.5 per cent is the best. As a result of these investigations, it is claimed that the presence in the soil of decaying organic matter is of great value in furnishing an avai]al)le source of energy to nitrogen-assimilating bacteria. The assimilation of carbon dioxid by hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, A. J. Lebedeff {Bcr. Deut. Bat. GeselL, 27 {1910), No. 10. pp. 598-602).— The results are given of a number of experiments conducted by the author, which show that an energetic process independent of the assimilation of the carbon dioxid oc- curs which is exactly represented by the equation 2H2+02=2H:;0. Further, by the autotropic assimilation of carbon dioxid by the hydrogen-oxidizing bac- teria, a decomijosition of the carbon dioxid is produced, with the simultaneous liberation of equal volumes of oxygen, the same as iu green plants. The FIELD CROPS. 31 chemism of photosynthesis ami that of chcniosyntlipsis arc thtM-eforc, con- sidered identical. Report of the botanist, L. H. Pammel (Proc. 8oe. Amcr. Florists, 2'f (1908), pp. 173-191). — The autljor Rives a summary of recent investigations relating to plant Itreeding, some diseases of ])lants, investigations witli seeds, and the toxic effect of certain salts on the growth of plants. Mutative reversions in cotton, O. F. Cook ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui: Plant Indus. Virc. ,13, pp. IS). — Attention is called to the frequent reversions that have been noticed in different varieties of cotton, particularly in the Egyptian races, where the Hindi cotton is regarded as a true reversion. The author claims that the phenomena of reversion are not confined to the changes of single characters, but may result in wide departures from parental types and bring different series of varietal characters into expression. The reappearance of the ancestral characters does not depend upon recent hybridization, Init may be shown in abrupt, mutative variations of pure-bred stocks that have been selected for uniformity of a single set of characters. Reversions may be due to new or unfavorable conditions of environment and vary in extent and fretiuency with changes of external conditions. The uniformity of a given stoclc in one place aft'ords no assurance that diversity will not appear in another locality. Tlie Hindi variations of the Egyptian as well as some of the pronounced re- versions in l^jiland cotton are described and discussed at considerable length. Parthenogenesis in Nicotiana, Rose H. Thomas (Mendel Jour., 1909, No. 1, pp. 5-10). — In making a study of the fact that A', sandcrw, a supposed hybrid between N. forgetiana and 2V. afflnis, always comes true to seed, the author investigated a number of species and varieties of Nicotiana, including two forms of N. tnbacum, and found that they may produce seed parthenogenet- ically. In her experiments the anthers and stigmas were carefully removed from all the tlowers, after which the clusters were bagged. The capsules developed later and contained viable seeds. It seems from the experiments that parthenogenesis was found in 10 species, varieties, and hybrids, and it is believed by the author that it will possibly be found in all species if the right i)eri()d of observation is chosen. Notes on Odontites rubra and the influence of its parasitism on its form, E. Heckel (Bill. Soc. Bot. France, 56 (1909), No. 7, pp. //WM~-^)-— Attention is called to 0. rubra, a plant closely related to Euphrasia, which is a faculta- tive parasite on the roots of grasses and other plants. When growing as a semiparasite all parts of the plant are vigorous and of a deep reddish color, but when it is not attached to other plants, as occasionally happens (about 5 per cent of the specimens, according to the author), the stems are weaker, there is no trace of the red color, and the plants are a week or more later in flowering. FIELD CROPS. Cereals in South. Africa, E. R. Sawer (Cedora Memoirs on ^oiifh African Agriculture. Putcrmaritzburg: Govt., 1909, vol. 1, pp. S.'i3+XVIII, pis. .'J//. figs. 9). — The opening chapter deals with meteorology, agricultural geology, chenustry, and soil bacteriology with special reference to conditions in South Africa (see p. 22). The climatic and other conditions of the region are discussed with reference to corn growing. Descriptions of the types and varieties are followed by the results of ?> seasons' tests of varieties. Imported varieties usually gave low yields duriiig the first year of the test but in the last year Hickory King. Vir- ginia White Dent No. 1, Early Mastodon, and Boone County White, with yields 32 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Of 4,662 to 5,990 lbs. of corn per acre stood at the head of a list of 79 varieties averaging 2,442 lbs. of corn and 5,085 lbs. of stalks, etc., to the acre. Among 7 out of 12 varieties, the first Natal generation produced higher yields than did the freshly imported seeds, the averages being 2,119 lbs. and 1,774 lbs. of corn, respectively. Breeding, seed selection and judging, and cultivation are fully discussed with reference to regional needs. Cultivation alone increased the yield of corn from 360 to 390 lbs. per acre, while subsoiling increased the yield by 116 lbs., and subsoiling and cultivation together by 312 lbs. An application of 170 lbs. sulphate of ammonia, 300 lbs. superphosphate, and 100 lbs. potassium chlorid without cultivation produced an increased yield of 1,330 lbs.; the same fertilizer with cultivation, an increase of 1,160 lbs., and with subsoiling, an Increase of 1,448 lbs. ; while subsoiling, cultivation and fertilizer combined increased the yield of grain by 1,664 lbs. Corn cut before an early frost yielded 25y reducing the cost of cultiva- tion. Equal spacing in rows is advocated for all jiurposes and at all centers. Long continued experiments with fertilizers showed that on the soils of Cedara and the Weenen Valley a mixture of phosphate and potash sowetl in the drills with the seed was the most profitable for corn production. It made little difference whether slag or sui)erphosphate supplied the phosphorus, but if phosphates were omitted the yield was little better than without any manures whatever. The artificial supply of nitrogen on these soils proved unnecessary but was very beneficial on coast soils after the first years' cultivation. Heavy api)licatious of fertilizer produced lower yields than moderate ai)plications. The residual effects of successive applications reduced the effect of later appli- cations by 40 per cent, and after 7 or 8 dressings it became necessary to replace only the actual wastage. Fertilizers apijlied in the most favorable way had more than 5 times the effect produced l>y those applied in the least favorable way and the nearer they came to the seed the bettei-, except in case of saline fertilizers, especially nitrate of soda, which sometimes retarded the germination and early development of the plant when applied in contact with the seed. In some cases residiies produced effects twice as great as did the original applications, and the general effect of applications of nitrogen to these soils is illustrated by the fact that the total 4 years' result was less with niti'ogeu than without in one series of experiments. Applications of 300 lbs. of superphosphate, slag, and bone dust singly gave total yields during 3 years of 2.135, 1,887, and 2,180 lbs. of corn per acre, respectively, leaving as residues in the soil at the end of the period 25, 41, and 50 lbs., respectively, of phosphoric acid. The net profits were £3 4s., £2 14s. 6d., and £3 Id. per acre, while the same fertilizers applied in the first, second, and fourth years of a 4-year test produced net profits of £5 10s. 9d., £5 14s. 6d., and £6 Is. 9d. The greatest average effect of an application of lime alone at a cost of £1 Is. 3d. per acre was only 4s. Wheat and corn were irrigated with profit, the latter 6 weeks after planting and again at tasseling. Carolina rice failed to mature in the cooler areas, but certain other varieties can be grown under flood irrigation at the various elevations from the Natal high veld to the coast, and Mashona rice produced satisfactory results under dry cultivation. A rotation recommended for irri- gated laud is corn, winter wheat, tobacco, and field peas. FIELD CROPS. 33 Six-rowed Cape barley proved more prolific than the two-rowed English varieties bnt was unsnitable for malting i)urposes. T^nderdrainage increased the grain and straw yields of both barley and oats, and applications of fertilizer prodneed greater effects on irrigated than on uuir- rigated lands. Notes are given on corn rust {Puccinia sorghi, syn. maydis), wheat rust (P. ffvaminis), oat rusts (P. graminis avenue, P. coronifera) , and others. Of 49 varieties of wheat only 7 produced harvestable ci'ops from all of six sowings. Of these Bobs, Selina, and INIinnesota Blue Stem produced the highest yields. Eieti and jNIe^leah proved the most rust-resistant at the government experimental farm at Salisbury in Rhodesia. In 1904 and 190.5, the Texas, Algerian, and Kansas varieties proved the most resistant to rust in a test of 92 samples of 42 different varieties. There was a marked tendency for va- rieties to deteriorate in rust resistance, the average amount of rust in plants from local seed being 22 per cent more than that in plants of the same varieties from the original seed. Full data from variety, fertilizer, and other experi- ments on wheat, rice, barley, oats, Kafir corn, millet, buckwheat, and teosinte are given. A 3-year test of subsoiling for sorghum produced considerable losses espe- cially during the last two years of the experiment. Advice and information are given on the cultivation and marketing of farm products, including a dis- cussion of farm machinery and methods of handling grain in the United States. Paper making from cornstalks, and the malting qualities of South African grains are also discussed. [Experiments with, field crops at Poena], T. F. Main, G. S. Henderson, J. B. Knight, and W. Burns {Ann. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. Bombaif, 190S-9, pp. 11- Ji2). — Results of variety tests with American, Cambodia, indigenous, hybrid, and tree cottons are given. Wheat selection was conducted with special refer- ence to the number of spikelets per head, tillering capacity and rust resistance, and new wheats of India and foreign origin were tested. The Gudghi sorghum produced more than twice as much grain and kadbi per acre as any other variety and at slightly lower cost, resulting in a net profit 3i times as great as that of any other variety. It ripened a month earlier than other varieties, indicating adai»tability to regions where rainfall is short. Analyses by the agricultural chemist indicate the oil and moisture content of numerous varieties of sesame and castors. Open and shade grown Florida tobacco produced 1,200 and 680 lbs. of cured leaf per acre respectively, while yields of Sumatra tobacco were 1,120 and 840 lbs. The shade-grown leaf became brittle and difficult to handle because of difficulty in regulating humidity and temperatures. The Duke of Cornwall and Northern Star potatoes produced yields of 33,142 and 32.800 lbs. per acre, respectively. Notes are given on tapioca and canaigre {Rumcx Iiijmenosepalus) and other crops, and of tillage, cultural, manurial, rotation, irrigation, and miscellaneous experiments. Deeply plowed land producetl 439 lbs. of wheat per acre, or 165 lbs. more than land plowed with the native plow, while that planted in drills 18 in. apart produced 81 lbs. more grain than did twice the seed in drills 9 in. apart. Brief sketch of the experiments of the Poltava experiment field for the year 1908, S. T. Tretyakov and K. L. Verbetski (Kratkil Ochcrk Opuit. Pol- tavHk. Opuitn. Polya, ]008, pp. 13-68, flgn. 11). — An account is given of experi- ments with winter rye, wheat, and other crops. Meteorological conditions are rejjorted in full for various periods of plant growth, especially the flowering period and the period fmni the beginning of growth in spring to earing. The winter cereals of 1908 were well provided 34 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD, with soil moisture and nitrogen acciuuulated by the time of sowing and started rapidly, but later the dry fall, unfavorable winter, and cool spring restricted vegetative growth and caused a low amount of dry matter. Favorable condi- tions at the time of flowering and ripening led to a rather larger yield than that of 1907, as shown by the following table: Yields of winter wheat and rye in 1901 and 1908. Winter rye. Winter wheat. 1907. 1908. 1907. 1908. Mean number of stems on 1 sq. arshin (28 by 28 in.) 178 170 23.72 225 182 24.92 237 lt>5 26.72 ■ 299 Yield of grain in poods (36.11 lbs.) per dessyatina (2.7 acre) Weigiit of 1,000 grains in grams . . 167 28.92 Sunnner cereals were sown April IT with about 23 per cent of moisture in the upper 25 cm. of soil. The i-ainfall of the pi'eceding month was 21.4 mm. or one-half that of the corresponding period of the year before. Because of cold weather, siirouting required S to 0 days, or 4 days longer than in 1907. In 1907 the weight per 1,(X)0 grains of wheat was 27.07 gm., of oats 26.39 gm., and of barley 37.57 gm., while in 1908 these weights were 35.05 gm., 29.75 gm., and 37.57 gm., respectively. The yield of wheat in 190S exceeded that for 1907 by 25.2 poods per dessyatina, and of oats and barley by 4 poods per dessyatina. As in previous years, 6 poods per dessyatina proved the best rate of seeding. Occupied fallows surpassed green fallows, if occui)ied by early crops and plowed twice on harvesting these crops. Coi-n fallow yielded lower crops than black fallow, but gave greater benefit to the winter cereal in a 3-yeiir rota- tion. An application of 2,400 poods of manure per acre gave a yield 1.6. times as great as an application of one-half that amount, and a straw yield 2.72 times as great. Other experiments conducted with summer crops related to methods of sow- ing, depth and time of plowing, and variety tests. [Yields of small grains; alfalfa, and timothy in Nevada], G. H. True (Nevada 8ta. Bui. 66, pp. 21-2Ji). — The highest yield of wheat reported is 75.58 bu. per acre-foot of water, secured from February seeding with one irri- gation. Seventy-eight bu. of Siberian oats and 90.0 bu, of barley per acre-foot of water were likewise secured with one irrigation. At the Dangberg ranch, 92.03 acres of barley, irrigated 3 times, produced an average yield of 84.5 bu. per acre, or 31.5 bu. per acre-foot of water, while the first cutting of 3.87 tons of alfalfa and timothy was followed by a second crop of 2.46 tons of alfalfa per acre, and 50 acres of alfalfa alone produced 5.8 tons per acre at 2 cuttings. Among the wheat varieties at the station, receiving no irrigation after plow- ing, Crimean, S. P. I. No. 1559, and Turkey, S. P. I. No. 1571, produced the highest yields, 30.6 and .30 bu. per acre, respectively. On the seeding and maintenance of grass land, H. J. Dannfelt (K. Landthr. Akad. Hand!, och Tidskr., //8 (1909). No. 6\ pp. //6*.5-.53.'/).— Digests of recent investigations and practical experience as to the value of different species of grass and le.gumes for permanent pastures are given, and the best methods of preparing the land, the kinds and quantities of seed mixtures to be used, methods of irrigation, fertilization, and reseeding discussed in detail. Examples of successful pasture management on A^arious Swedish soils are cited. [Handbook for dry farmers] (Dry Farming Cong. Bui., 3 (1910), No. 3. pp. 295). — This number contains a complete stenographic report of the fourth dry farming congress, October 26, 27, and 28, 1909, FIELD CROPS. 35 Cooperative experiments of the department of agronomy, M. F. Millkk ami ('. i;. IIuixiii.soN [Missouri .S7(/. Circ. M, in>. 11). — This circular is de- siijnod to furnish directions to the farmers cooperuting with the state station in the experiments with alfalfa, corn, oats, wheat, barley, grasses, clovers, and potatoes. Distribution of seeds and plants, E. J. Wickson and R. E. Manskll {Call- foniia l^ta. ticvd Bui. IU0!)-1(), pi). (J). — This re!)orts the number of packages of seed distributed since 1!)(>2. outlines the aims and methods of the distribution, and lists the seeds now available for that puri»ose. Development and standing of German agricultural plant breeding, P. lIii.LMANN {Joliib. Dvul. Ldiidtv. Grscll., 2'/ (I'JOU), No. 1, pp. 1-9). — These pages contain a review of the i)rincipal work of German plant breeders for the past year and an estimate of the influence of the German agricultural society. The velvet bean, J. M. Scott (Florida 8ta. Bui. 102, pp. 45-56, 57, 58, figa. S). — Continuing previous work on this subject (E. S. II., 13, pp. 1042, 1075), a brief historical sketch of the velvet bean is followed by directions as to the time and method of i)lanting, seed selection, cultivation, and harvesting, a discussion of its use as seed and as a soil renovator, and a report of experimental work with the crop. When planted from 10 to 15 in. in the drill in rows 4 ft. apart, 1 bu. of seed planted 4 acres and 2,258 lbs. of beans in the pod or 22.5 bu. of shelled beans were harvested per acre, while when planted in rows 8 ft. apart, alternating with corn rows, the yield was 20.3 bu. of shelled beans per acre in addition to the yield of corn. Plats fertilized with dried blood, acid phosphate, and muriate of potash, separately or in various mixtui-es, usually failed to produce as high yield as the unfertilized plats. The few increased yields were obtained at an economic loss. Paris green at the rate of from 1 to 3 lbs. per acre has been found effective as a means of preventing injury from the caterpillar of Anticarsia gcmmatilts. Crimson clover, J. F. Duggar (Alahama Col. Sta. Bui. 147, pp. 105-129, figs. 3). — The cultural recpiirements of crimson clover in Alabama and its value as a nitrogen gatherer are discussed and directions given for securing a stand. On reddish, sandy upland loam soil, of the Cecil series, the inoculated crop produced 0,100 lbs. of hay per acre, while the uninoculated produced no har- vestable crop. On Norfolk sandy loam, the yield was estimated at 1 ton of hay i)er acre after inoculation, while the plants on the uninoculated plats had no tubercles, were yellowish, and either died without blooming or bloomed at a height of 2 to 6 in. Results of earlier tests with pure cultures (E. S. It., t), p. 743; 10, p. 837) are reprinted. Broom corn, W. R. Perkins (Mississippi Sta. Bui. 134, PP' 5). — The charac- teristics, varieties, and cultural requirements of broom corn are discussed and directions given for seed selection, planting, cultivation, harvesting, strii)ping, curing, baling, and storing. American export corn (maize) in Europe, J. D. Shan ah an, C. E. Leighty, and E. G. Boerner (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. I'lant Indus. Circ. 55, pp. 4*, flffs- 7). — This circular reports the observations made during 1906, 1907, and 1908 ou wheat arriving at European markets from the principal American ports. Data were gathered with regard to 1.5,077,987 bu. of corn, of which 12.7 per cent was heating or hot on arrival. In 8 cases the entire parcel or cargo was hot or heating. All of this corn was certificated as No. 2 corn. No. 2 corn sail grade, or prime (sail) mixed corn. The ipiality and condition requirements of tliese grades are similar. Tal)ulated data and charts are given as to the condition of the various cargoes. 36 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. During the period from November, 1906, to May, 1907, inclusive, 88 cargoes aggregating 6,598,351 bu. arrived witli 17 per cent of tlie entire quantity in a beating or hot condition. The cargoes were loaded on dates between October 17, 1906 and May 9, 1907. Some hot corn was found in each of 43 cargoes, and 5 were made up entirely of hot or lieating corn. The cool corn varied from 12 to 20.6 per cent in moisture content, averaging 17.1 per cent, and with 50.2 per cent of it in excess of 18 per cent. The dirt and foreign material varied from 0.2 to 4.5 per cent, except for one sample which contained 62.5 per cent, but represented corn located under a hatch. Of corn loaded between December 17, 1907, and May 1, 1908, 24 cargoes arrived cool, 28 cargoes in part heating or hot, and 1 cargo heating or hot throughout. The cool corn varied from 14 to 20 per cent in moisture content, and the dirt and foreign material present from 0.3 to 12.3 per cent. Of the heat- ing or hot corn, 67 per cent was located next to the engine, boiler rooms, or over the propeller-shaft tunnels. For the three seasons studied, the highest percentage of heating or hot corn, 42.3 per cent, was found in shipments made during May and the next highest during April, while the percentage during March was less than during January or February. Corn loaded during October and November was apparently old crop corn and in no instance was found out of condition or heating. According to the rules adopted by the Grain Dealers' National Association, in October, 1008, 18.7 per cent of this corn shipped as No. 2, or equivalent grades, would have been graded as No. 2 or better, 50.1 iier cent as No. 3 ; 18.6 per cent as No. 4, and 12.7 per cent as "sample " on account of being heating or hot. The percentage found heating or hot varied directly as the length of time in the ship and the moisture content. So-called dried corn which arrived cool contained from 15.2 to 19.4 per cent of moisture. The partial drying of corn containing high percentages of moisture was found to so disturb conditions as to make such corn unsafe for ocean shipment. Steamer and No. 3 corn arrived with a moisture content of 19.2 to 22.5 i>er cent and when stored in holds free and away from artificial heat no heating or hot corn was found. The moisture content of rejected and dried corn ranged from 13.2 to 17.4 per cent. Complaints were noted of wlieat received in a badly heating or damaged con- dition, due to high moisture content, and of the delivery of wheat not of the grade purchased because of the presence of dirt, soft wheat, damp, smutty or heat-damaged wheat, or wild garlic. Changes in moistui-e content on board ship may arise from the transfer of moisture by air currents or by chemical changes within the Icernel. Tlie con- ditions necessary for shipping damp corn are a short voyage and low air temperature at the time of loading and during the voyage and the absence of lieat from the ship's boilers. Argentine corn arrived with a moisture content of from 12.2 to 15.5 per cent. Accumulations of dirt, foreign matter, and finely broken particles of corn beneath the hatches were frequently observed, together with heating and moldy corn. The influence of length of voyage, arrangement of bulkheads and differ- ent forms of grain contracts on deliveries of American grain are discussed, and studies given of the demands of the London market and prices paid for corn from various countries. During the period from 1902 to 1908, inclusive, the average price for American corn was 1.42 cts. per bushel below that for all corn received. Definite recommendations are given looking toward the improve- ment of the standing of American corn in foreign markets and a table presented showing the relative worth of grain on a dry matter basis, when prices range from 40 cts. to $1 per unit and the moisture content from 12 to 25 per^cent.. FIELD CROPS. 37 Investigation of the vitality of Kansas seed corn, A. M. Ten PhcK {Kan- sas Sta. ('in: S, i>p. //). — This circulnr roporls tlio results of serniiiiMtion tests of siuuples of com submitted by farmers of 57 counties. The results iire shown in the followiug table: Results of germination tests with Kansas seed corn. No. of sam- ples. Description. Germina- tion per- centage. No. of sam- ples. Description. Germina- tion per- centage. 9 Cribliefl early Gathered early, well saved Gathered kite". 93.30 97.70 87.70 SB. liO 9S. SO 95. 94 94. 52 92.38 86.85 91.47 16 66 32 32 17 54 50 112 250 Early varieties 89. 03 80 Medium early maturing 95. 1 1 3(i 95 60 0 From shook, late Reid Yt'llow Pent Late maturing 92. 79 15 95 75 28 Kansas Sunflower Southern Kansas 93 21 49 Boone Coimtv White 88.78 23 Hildreth 92. 50 11 Silver Mine 92. 25 123 Other varieties The average germination percentage of early gathered corn was nearly 7 per cent better than that of late gathered corn, but there was little difference in vitality between late gathered seed and that from the shock. Corn judging': Studies of prominent ear characters in their relation to yield, C. G. Williams and F. A. Wf:LTON (Ohio Sta. Bui. 212, i)i). 213-236, figs. 9). — In a 5 years' comparison of long and short ears of corn as seed the former produced the higher yield by 3.97 bu. per acre. In 1909, the average difference in a test covering 5 varieties was 5.18 bu. No difference was detected between the yield from long ears and those of medium length, the lessened yield resulting from the use of short ears. Cylindrical ears produced an average yield of 1.08 bu. greater that that pro- duced by tapering ears, in a test of 4 varieties, in 1909, while a 4 years' test showed an average advantage for the tapering ears of 0.87 bu. IMats planted with seed from bare tipped ears yielded 0.42 bu. per acre more than those planted with seed from well tipped ears. Seed selected from this harvest showed in tlie-second year a dift'erence of 1.45 bu. in favor of the well filled tips, and in the third year the difference was increased to 2.19 bu. The seed ears with filled tips were shorter and heavier, had a slightly greater cir- cumference and shelling percentage, and produced a crop having 16.4 per cent more ears with filled tips. Plat yields showed a difference of 0.99 bu. in favor of rough dented ears in 1908, but of 2.17 bu. in favor of smooth dented ears in 1909. The smooth dented ears averaged 1.2 oz. less in weight, 0.2 in. less in length, 0.5 in. less in circum- ference, and 0.5 less in shelling percentage, but in the 5 years' ear row tests had an average advantage in yield of 2.84 bu. per acre. Results with heavy and light seed ears confix'in those previously noted, (E. S. R., 19, p. 332). Of 400 ears tested, the heaviest 40 per cent exceeded iu average weight the lightest 40 per cent by 2.46 oz. per ear, and in an ear row trial, produced a yield greater by 2.08 bu. per acre. In plat tests, the average results for 2 years showed a difference of 1.93 bu. i)er acre in favor of the heavy ears. Of the same 400 seed ears, the 40 per cent having the highest shelling percentage produced average yields per acre 1.2 bu. lower than the 40 per cent having the lowest shelling percentage. The shelling percentage of the harvest was 4.1 per cent in favor of that from the ears having the higher shelling i)er- centage. Among 200 ears, the 20 having the lowest shelling ix'rcentage excelled 38 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD. the 20 Laving the highest by G.42 iu shelling percentage and S.57 bu. per acre in yield. Seed corn taken from a highly manured plat and known as the rich strain outyielded in 1007 a phit unfertilized for IG years and known as the poverty strain l)y 0.98 bu. per acre, and in 1908, by 2.32 bu., but in 1909 the poverty strain led by 3.8 bu. Ears selected from stalks grown in normal stand pro- duced, iu a 4 years' test, an average of 2.36 bu. more per acre than ears selected without knowledge of the stand. Seed selected from plats planted at the rate of 1, 3, and 5 plants per hill produced yields of 91.49, 91.74, and 92.58 bu. per acre, respectively. From 600 ears germinated under 1 iu. of soil, those first up produced au average yield 2.84 bu. less than those which came up last. The kernels con- taining tlie hirger proportion of white starch absorbed water more rapidly and germinated more quickly. The 40 per cent of ears showing the best germi- nation produced an average yield 0.08 bu. per acre greater thau the 40 per cent showing the poorest germination. In hills 42 iu. apart each way, the plats planted at the rate of 4 plants per hill produced a greater yield than those planted at the rates of 1, 2, 3, or 5 plants per hill. Crossing experiments with corn, P. Holdefleiss (Ber. Physiol. Lab. u. Vers. Aiist. LiiiKlw. Jitst. IJallc, 1909, No. 19, typ. nS-199).— The author used numerous different types of corn in his exi)eriments anil presents observations on xenia and mutations. It was observed that short shanked ears were less inclined to the simultaneous production of male and female flow^ers than were the long shanked ears, while this mingling of male and female flowers occurred most frequently on the suckers. Corn: Variety tests, seed breeding, selection and testing, C. W. Ss^ash {ManjjHHd HUi. Bui. l',l, mi. lOJ-13'/. JUjx. iO).— During the period 1903-1907 the highest yielding varieties were Cocke Prolific, Selection No. 77, and Boone County White (Indiana) with yields of 63.6, 58.9, and 57.62 bu. per acre, re- siiectively. During the periods 1904-1907 and 1905-1907. and during the single years 1907 and 1908, the St. Omer variety stood first with yields ranging from 63.53 to 86.16 bu. per acre. The results of variety tests at 6 different farms are reported in tabular form, as are also data regarding 28 varieties tested at the station in 1907-8. Chemical analyses show the protein, fat, and ash content of the seed used and of the crop produced in the case of 19 of these varieties. The score cards adopted by the Ohio Corn Improvement Association for use in the plant selection of corn, in the judging of corn at husking time, and in the final selection of seed ears are presented with explanatory notes. Full directions are given for conducting germination tests. [Variety and distance tests of corn and cotton], J. L. Burgess {Btil. N. C. Dept. Affi:, 31 {1910), No. 2, pp. 19).— A test of 37 varieties at the Edgecombe farm indicates that northern and western varieties do not yield as well on this farm as varieties previously grown in a lower latitude. Biggs Seven Ear, Patton and Marlboro Prolific produced the highest yields. At the Iredell farm, 37 varieties of corn were tested on Cecil loam. The best yields were produced by Parker Cocke Prolific, Wilson Success, and Boone County Special. The Prolific corns made the largest yields at this and the Edgecombe farm. Among 21 varieties of cotton. King Improved and Missionary produced yields worth $4.50 per acre more than those produced by any other variety. The highest yield of corn was produced in rows 5 ft. apart with plants 1* ft. apart in the row, while plants 20 to 24 iu. apart in rows 3i ft. apart produced the highest yields of cotton. FIELD CROPS. 39 At the Buncombe farm, corn yields ranj^ed from 13.1 to 28 bu. per acre, r.oone County White and Tliompson I'rolitic produced the best yields on upUxnd soil. The I'atton variety produced the poorest yield on this soil and the best yield on the bottom soil. Tests of varieties of cotton in 1909, J. F. Duggar and E. F. Cauthkn (Alabama Co!. Sta. Bui. l.'i'J, pp. 3-S). — Crimson clover sowed on inoculated land September 9 between corn rows produced a crop 10 to IS in. high by the following April, which when plowetl under enabled the thin gray, sandy land to produce unusually large yields of cotton. In a variety test of 30 varieties. Cook No. 200, Cook No. 221. Dixie, and Hardin produced the most profitable yields as corrected to uniform stand. Prevalence of anthracnose on the station farm afforded opportunity to test the relative susceiitibility of varieties to this disease. The Kowden, Cleveland. Dixie, and Simpkins varieties showed only 5 per cent each of diseased bolls. Cotton, 1909, W. 11. Perkins {MlssissiiJiJi Sta. Bid. 135, pp. 16). — Meteoro- logical data for 1909 are presented, together with variety, fertilizer, and cultural tests, and notes on cotton breeding and preparation of the soil. In a test of 23 varieties the maximum yield, 2.310 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, was produced by Cook Improved, which was also one of the most diseased varieties, while the least diseased were Sugar Loaf and Gold Coin, which stood sixth and fourteenth respectively in yield per acre. Plantings of cotton in rows, 4, 5, and 0 ft. apart produced yields of 2,175, 2,049, and 1,930 lbs. of seed cotton per acre respectivelJ^ Topped cotton excelled in yield that which was not topped and had an advantage in early maturity. In a 3 years' fertilizer test, the maximum average yield of 2,176 lbs. of seed cotton per acre was produced on the plat fertilized at the rate of 2.000 lbs. of manure per acre, while that fertilized at the rate of i ton of manure and 100 lbs. of lime per acre produced 1,890.4 lbs. Each of the 11 formulas was tested in duplicate to ascertain the effect of a light application of nitrate of soda at time of planting, but no beuetit appeared from the application. The average period required for the maturity of bolls from blossoms that were white on July 15 was 46 days, from those white on August 2, 45 days, and from those white on July 24, 44f days. The tendency appeared to be for the smaller boiled varieties to open in a shorter period than that required by the big- bulled varieties. No marked difference in earliuess of maturity appeared to fol- lls. 37, figs. 10, maps //). — The following papers, prepared by the ex- perts with whose names they appear, constitute the body of the information on which the report of the forest section of the United States National Conserva- tion Connnisslon was based and from which the statements of the secretaries were in the main fornnilated. Rate of forest growth, E. A. Ziegler (pp. 203-2G9).— This paper contains data fin the appi'oximate rates of growth of different forests, time required to pro- duce various wood crops, acre yields, present average production per acre, and total jiroduction. Foreign sources' of timhcr siipplg, R. Zon (pp. 280-370). — In part 1, the author considers the nature and extent of the forest resources of the principal wood producing countries, and in ))art 2 he reviews the timber trade of the various countries of the world with the puriiose of sliowing how far we can count on foreign sources of supply. This review shows a steady increase in wood c(msumption and imjiorts of nearly all the leading import countries, and but 3 ini])firtant countries, llussia, Finland, and Sweden, which can increase their ex])ort wifbont l(>ssening their forest capital. The literature consulted in Iirejiaring this pajier is apiiended. Forest fires, C. Leavitt (pp. .300-408). — This pai)er discusses the damage from forest fires, their causes, i»revention and control, and the results in con- trol worlc accomplished by tlie federal government, state governnients and by private owners. Taxation of timhcr hinds, F. R. Fairchild (pp. 581-632). — ^This paper consists :of,a study of timber land taxation. The first chapter deals with the general 44 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. principles of taxation, and succeeding chapters discuss forest taxation laws in the United States, forest taxation in the United States in practice, the effects of taxation on the forests of the United States, the real economic problem of taxation, principles of scientific forest taxation, and practical considerations and problems of administration. Wood prescrvatioth W. F. Sherfesee and H. F. Weiss (pp. 658-667 ) .—The authors trace the progress of wood preservation in the United States and dis- cuss the relations of wood preservation to forest conservation. Forest planting, A. S. Peck (pp. 668-686). — A discussion of the opportunities for and need of forest plantings. The remaining papers in the volume are as follows: Original Forests, by R. S. Kellogg (pp. 179, 180) ; Standing Timber in Wood Lots, by W. Bradfield (pp. 181-187) ; Stand of Timber, by H. K. Smith (pp. 188-190) ; Standing Timber Owned by the States, by J. G. Peters (p. 191) ; Standing Timber in Possession of the Federal Government, by J. M. Romans (pp. 192-195) ; Fox-est Products, by R. S. Kellogg (pp. 196-202), noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 444) ; Methods of Increasing Forest Productivity, by E. E. Carter (pp. 270- 279), noted from another source (E. S. R., 22. p. 450) ; Cost of Forestry in Differ- ent Countries, by H. S. Graves (pp. 371-374) ; Extent to which Foreign Methods of Forest Administration are Suited to Conditions in the United States, by S. T. Dana (pp. 375-389) ; Waste and Reduction of Timber Supplies Caused by Insects and Methods of Prevention and Control, by A. D. Hopkins (pp. 469-497) ; Conservative Turpentining, by G. B. Sndworth (pp. 498-511) ; Con- servative Logging, by E. N. Clapp (pp. 512-546) ; Waste in Milling, by L. Mar- golin (pp. 545-567) ; Waste in Use of Timber, by M. Cline (pp. 568-.580) ; Reduc- tion of Timber Sui)ply Through Abandonment or Clearing of Forest Lands, by W. B. Greeley (pp. 633-644) ; Utilization of Wood Waste by Chemical and Other Means, by H. S. Bristol and L. F. Hawley (pp. 645-657) ; Water Circulation and Its Control, by B. Willis (pp. 687-710) ; Methods which should be Adopted by Private Owners to Insure the Perpetuation of our Timber Supply, by C. S. Chapman (pp. 711-724) ; What the States should do to Perpetuate the Forests, by F. Roth (pp. 725-747) : and Past and Present Prices of Forest Products, by H. S. Sackett (pp. 748-758). Forest conditions in Ohio, C. E, Thorne, AV. J. Green and E. Secrest {Ohio ma. Bui. 211, pp. 171-212, figs. 17).— In addition to brief reports by the director and by the state forester relative to progress in forestry work during 1909, an account is given of the reconnaissance forest survey work conducted during the past season and which as in previous surveys (E. S. R., 21, p. 739) consisted of an examination of existing conditions in the native forest stands, as well as in various iilantations established by landowners in cooperation with the station. The territory here rei)orted on includes the counties of Wayne, Greene, and Washington. In addition to the discussion of existing conditions, plans are suggested for the improvement of wood lots. Reforestation of the marg-inal lands of the Wachusett reservoir of the metropolitan water works, Boston, Mass., E. R. B. Allardice (Jour. Assoc. Engin. Soc, U (1910), No. 1, pp. 71-93. figs. 5; abs. in Engin. News, 63 (1910), No. 15, pp. J,17-J,20, figs. 5).— This paper consists of a detailed account of the work undertaken by the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board in reforesting marginal lands of the Wachusett reservoir. Considerable data on this work has been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 1040). The Riding' Mountain forest reserve, J. R. Dickson (Dcpt. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. 6, pp. 1,2, pis. i.'J).— The purpose of this bulletin is to outline the field work done in the Riding Mountain forest reserve, located in Manitoba, to report conditions found, and to suggest tentative lines of manage- FORESTRY. 45 uient. The subject-matter is discussed under tlie following general headings: Forest survey of the reserve, working plan report, rnling forest types, forest enemies, study of species, and utilization of species. Forest fires in Canada during 1908, H. R. Macmillan (Dept. Int. Canada, Foresti!/ Branch Bui. 7, pp. 8). — This consists of a record of the more impor- tant forest fires which occurred in the Dominion of Canada during the season of 1008. including also data on the losses resulting therefrom. The record as here given, although considered incomplete, shows the value of timber and im- provements destroyed in 1908 to have been approximately $25,500,000. Fire conservancy in Indian forests, B. Sen Gupta (Indian Forester, 36 (1010), Xo. 3, pp. 132-145, pi. /). — In this article the author presents evidence to show that natural reproduction in teak forests is more satisfactory over unprotected areas than in forests which are under continuous fire protection. Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1908—9 {Rpt. Forest Admin. Baluchistan, I90S-D, pp. J/l). — This is the customary annual report relative to the administration of the state forests of Baluchistan during the year litOi). Tlie more important data relative to areas, forest settlements, the making of working plans, forest surveys, fire-protection work, silvicultural operation, yields, revenues, etc., are appended in tabular form. Grazing leases in Australasia, A. C. Veatch {Amer. Forestry, 16 {1910), No. 2, pp. 101-103). — The author briefly reviews the history of grazing leases in Australasia and gives a summarized table showing the present terms and conditions of grazing leases in that country. Schlich's manual of forestry. — Forest utilization, W. R. Fisher (London, mOS. vol. .'). 2. cd., pp. XXlI+H'iO. pis. (!. pus. '/02).— This consists of an Eng- lish translation of K. (layer's Die Forstbenutzung (E. S. R., 22, p. 449). The text of the original work has been considerably added to by notes and illustra- tions from the experience of the author and others in Great Britain, France, and India. The industrial woods, J. Beauverie (Lcs Bois Indnstriels. Paris, 1010, pp. III+.'i20+XII, figs. 53). — This is a practical treatise on industrial woods. Part 1 discusses the structure and properties of wood, and part 2 consists of detailed studies of the various useful native and exotic woods of France. An extensive bildiography of the sultject is appended. [Timbers from Mauritius] (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensinpton], 8 (1910), Xo. 1, pp. 11-16). — This is a brief report of a number of timbers forwarded to the Imperial Institute from Mauritius relative to their mechanical properties, working qualities, and general characteristics. A critical revision of the genus Eucalyptus, .1. II. Maiden (Si/dnci/, X. S. W.: Govt., 1903-1900, vol. 1, pis. 1-10, pp. 3 ',9, pis. .//,S; Indc.r, pp. A'//).— This is the first of a series of papers, which the author has undertaken with the view of incorporating the recent facts gained from personal observations and else- where about this genus with the knowled.ge of the older authorities. Part 1 contains nnich introductory matter relative to the genus, including a list of the works consulted, and a detailed description of one of the species (E. pilularis), including notes sui)plementary to the description and notes on the synonyms. The succeeding jiarts of the volume deal in a similar manner with other species. Bubber cultivation in Trinidad and Tobago, J. B. Caurtttiikrs (Bui. Dept. Afjr. Trinidad, 9 (1910), Xo. 6'.'/, pjt. 3-9. /(/.v. 7). — A brief report on llie pres4° or with hot air at the same tempera- ture for 20 to 25 minutes. The control of the loose smut of the barley, ,J. Sperling (lllus. Lundir. Ztg., 30 (1910), No. 9, pp. 66, 67).— After a discussion of the value of hot water and hot air treatments for loose smut of grains, the author concludes from ex- periments on small plats and also on a field of more than 100 acres, that the successful control of the barley loose smut is obtained by a four-hour soaking of the barley at a temperature of 2,5° C. and a subsequent drying for .30 minutes in a hot air apparatus in which the grain reaches a temperature of ."i.3 to ~t~>°. The susceptibility of different varieties of oats to Scolecotrichum, H. Xilsson-Ehle (Ahs. in Bot. Ccntbh, 111 -(1909), Xo. 7, p. 16.',).— After dis- cussing the effects that different types of soil, such as moorlands, lime soils, etc., have on the disease, the author lists a number of varieties of oats common to Sweden which are more or less resistant to the fungus. The influence of variety and temperature on stinking smut infection, L. Hecke (Ztschr. Lmuhv. Versnchsiv. Osten:, 12 (1909), No. 2, pp. 49-66, dgm. i ) .—Experiments were conducted with different varieties of wheat to ascertain thei.- relative resistance to the snnit, and also with reference to the influence of temperature on smut infection. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 47 It was fouml that smut infection Ijears an inverse ratio to the temperature during the germination period of the grain, and that under certain conditions the less susceptible varieties were smutted more tlian the susceptible Ivinds. The conchision is reached that stinlving smut infection of wheat is favored by low temperatures during germination, or in other words by late fall as compared with early spring planting. The treatment of stinking' smut of wheat, D. McAlpine (Jour. Dciit. Agr. Victofia, S {1910), ISio. 1, p. 53). — The author gave a practical demonstration to farmers as to the best methods of treating wheat for the prevention of stink- ing smut, using coj^per sulphate 10 : 50 and formalin 1 : 40. Eleven days after treatment the seed was planted, together with a similar plat untreated. At harvest time 1 per cent of smut was found on the untreated plat, while on the treated plats, for the copper sulphate 1 head was found smutted and for the formalin none. Bunt tests, 1909, A. E. V. Richardson {Jour. Dcpt. Agr. So. A».s^., 13 {1910), No. 6, pp. Jf91-49-'i). — Experiments were conducted at the Parafield Experi- mental Farm in South Australia for the purpose of testing the efficiency of various fungicides for the prevention of bunt or stinlving smut in wheat. Copper sulphate in 0.5 to 3 per cent solutions, formalin 1 : 4.80, 1 : 400, and 1 : 320. iron suli>hate in 14 and 20 per cent solutions, and 2 proprietary fungi- cides were used. The smutted seed were innuersed for 5 minutes in the solu- tions and the results as to germination and smutting for each experiment recorded. It was found that the iron sulphate was worthless and the copper sulphate effective in controlling the smut, but deleterious to the germination of the seed. The formalin and one of the patent fungicides not only controlled the smut but also did not appreciably injure the germination of the wheat. A new myxomycete, M. Molliard {Bui. *S'or. Bot. France, 56 (W09), No. 1, pp. 23-25). — A parasitic fungus was found infesting the inflorescence of Tri- glorhin jxthixtrc, forming galls similar to those produced on crncifers by Vyfitopus candidus. On examination it proved to be an undescribed species, for which the name Tctramyxa trigJochiuis is suggested. The results of experiments in 1908 to control the cucurbit mildew, G. KocK (Ztschr. Iju)du\ Ycrsnchxw. (htrrr., 12 (1909), No. 2, pp. 67-73).— After giving a brief summary of the results obtained in previous experiments (E. S. R., 20, p. 247) in attempts to control cucurbit mildew {Plasmopara ctihciifiis) the author records a series of experiments conducted in lOOS, in which the cucumbers were cultivated (1) in flat rows, (2) in ridges, and (3) on wires, and spra.ved at regular intervals with a 1 per cent solution of Bordeaux mixture. The wire culture method gave the best results in regard to attacks from the mildew, but the spraying in every instance decreased the yield of fruit. Some fungus diseases of potatoes, F. Tidswell and T. H. Johnston (Dept. Agr. N. »S'. ir«?r.s', Fnnncrs' liiiJ. 31, pp. 25, pU. 8). — Popular descrijttions to- gether with suggestions for control are given of the following diseases of potatoes: T^ate blight or rot iPhyiophthorn infcstant^), leaf spot or early blight (Altrrniiria fiolani). dry rot ( Fusarium Mohtni or F. o-rynporum), scab (Ooapora HOdhicH), bacteriosis or brown rot {BaciUufi fiolnnaccarum), and nematode diseases. Wart disease of the potato, W. A. Orton and Ethel C Field {U. S. Dcpf. .Agr., Bur. Plant Indiia. Circ. 52, pp. 11). — A description Is given of the wart disease of the potato, due to Chry.'iophlycliH cndohioticn, attention being called to it on account of the recent discovery of its presence in Newfoundland (E. S. R.. 22, p. 545). The nature of the parasite and the distribution of the disease are described at considerable length, and attention is called to the lack of leg- 48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. isliition (iiiaraiitininij the United States against the introduction of this and similar troubles. A bibliography of the disease is given. The late blight in tomatoes, D. McAlpine (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria, 8 19 1 U), No. 1, pp. JfS, Jit), figs. 2). — ^iVttention is called to the fact that the late blight of potatoes {Phi/topliihora infcstans) was found infesting tomato plants in New Zealand. The disease generally attacks tomatoes similarly to potatoes, first appearing on the leaves, then on the stems, and finally causing the fruit to rot. Cross inoculation experiments on both tomatoes and potatoes proved the identity of the fungus. A monograph of the Phrag'midia on the genus Rubus, J. Vi.eugel (Svensk Bof. Tid.skr., 2 (I DOS), No. 2, op. 123- tSS, pi. 1, figs. /,). — A summary is given of the Phragmidia hitherto described for the genus Rubus, followed by a key to 8 species and varieties figured and described, together with a complete host index for each species noted. The author describes as new P. saxatile and P. ruM candicanfium. The morphological and anatomical characters of roncet of the American grape in Sicily, E. Pantanelli (Atti R. Accad. Lined, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 19 {1910), I, No. 3, pp. Ufl-lbJ), figs. 2). — Following a review of the literature on roncet and diseases that are often confounded with it, the author gives a detailed description and discussion of the constant and variable characteristics of the disease, both morphological and anatomical, especially as found on certain varieties of grapes. A sun scald of the grape, P. Pacottet {Rev. Vit., 32 (1909), No. 813, pp. 57-60, figs. Ji). — ^Attention is called to a disease prevalent in France, Algeria, Spain, Chile, and Argentina, due to a scalding of the skins of the grape berries from intense sunlight after several cool, cloudy days. The pulp of the berries in the scalded areas contracts and pulls away from the skin and the fruit finally rots from the subsequent invasion of fungi and Ijacteria. The disease usually appears at the period when the seeds are beginning to harden and is more severe on the white varieties and muscats than on other kinds, and on grapes grown in greenhouses than on those grown in the open. Judicious pruning and destruction of the infected berries as they appear are recommended in the open vineyard, and, in addition to this, whitewashing the glass to modify the intensity of the sun's rays for those grown in greenhouses. The conditions of sclerotia and sclerotia ring formation of Botrytis cinerea in artificial cultures, W. Reidemeister (Ann. jMijeoL, 7 (1909), No. 1, pp. 19-Ji.'i, figs. 3). — The various conditions under which the fungus would form its sclerotia were determined by cultural experiments, these including tests as to the influence of the composition of the culture media, the quantity of the culture, the reaction (acid or alkaline) of the media, osmotic pressure, trans- piration, etc. The paper closes with a brief summary of the formation, size, number, and character of the sclerotia developed under these various conditions, and a dis- cussion of the formation of conidia and appressoria and of correlation between sclerotia and conidia and between appressoria and conidia. The development of some Ascomycetes, A. Potebnia (Ahs. in Bot. CentU., Ill (1909), No. 7, pp. 163, /6'.'/).— This is an elaborate taxonomic treatment of the 4 genera, Mycosphterella. Gnomonia, Glomerella, and Pseudopeziza. Fire blight in fruit trees, W. B. Mack (Nevada Stu. Bui. 66, pp. 62-6^, pis. 2).— The results of a bacteriological study of the fire blight in fruit trees are given in which the organism was separated, cultivated on media, and inocu- lation experiments by means of punctures made on different parts of the apple tree. As a result of the inoculations the characteristic symptoms of the disease DISEASES OF PLANTS. 49 were produced and the orKauisin was re-secured. Attempts to inoculate apples failed, the cultun>s reniahunjj; sterile. The author undertook to locate the organism in the trees during the winter, making cultures from the inner bark of twigs, but the cultures remained sterile. Cultures taken from other parts seemed to indicate that the organism remains over winter in the inner bark of the larger branches, but dies in the smaller ones. Bacterial blight of apple, pear, and quince trees, D. H. Jones {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 176, pp. 67/, pi. 1, figs. 58). — The author describes the bacterial blight of apple, pear, and quince trees, due to BaciUus ami/lovoriis, giving accounts of the occurrence of the organism in the fruit, leaves, twigs, and trunk of the trees. The spread of the disease by means of various insects, pruning utensils, etc., is described, and suggestions are given for its control. A bililiography is appended. A disease of cacao fruits, F. Gueguen (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], OS (1910), No. 5, pp. 221, 222). — A description is given of a disease of cacao fruits that is attributed to one of the molds which is apparently identical with or closely related to Acrostalagmus vilmorinU. This fungus has previously been found on the China aster (E. S. R., IS, p. 749). Most of the cacao pods attacked had been perforated by a scolytid beetle, and it is thought that probably the fungus gained entrance in this way, al- though some specimens were found in which there did not seem to be any external opening. In this case the author believes that the penetration was through the conductive tissue of the style, the infection having been made when the plant was in bloom. Diseases of coconuts, L. A. Waxes {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 13 {1909), No. /,?, pp. .'i3't-Jf36). — Three distinct troubles of young coconuts (bud rot, root disease, and borers) are often present in coconut plantations and it is hard to distinguish one from another. In bud rot the trunk of the tree is not affected and does not show signs of sickness until the tree is dead. Root rot is recognizable by the exudation of a bright yellow gum beginning around the crown of the trunk at the ground level. All diseased bark and wood and adhering roots should be cut out as soon as ob.served, and the cut surface well cauterized with fire and then coated with a heavy application of tar. The borer may be recognized by a brown, watery exudation and can be destroyed by tarring the trunk. The immunity of the Japanese chestnut to the black canker, A. Pkttnet (Bui. ,s'w. Nat. Agr. France, (>!) {1909), No. 10, pp. 926-931; Rev. Vit., 33 {1910), No. 838, pp. 21, 22). — The culture of chestnuts is seriously threatened by this disease in Portugal, Spain, and Italy, while in France it has destroyed over 2r),(K)0 acres of chestnut gi'oves. Experiments have been conducted for several years in various portions of France with the American chestnut {Castanra deiitata) and the J-ipanese ch(>stnut {C. erenata) to ascertain their relative inununity to this disease. The Japanese trees after periods of 5 to 7 years' growth in infected regions proved immune, but both native and American chestnuts in the same groves died from attacks of the fungus. The systematic position of the oak mildews, F. W. Neger (Naturir. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 7 {1909), No. 2, pp. U.',-119, figs. 3).— In a study of the OTdium forms of Phyllactinia and Microsphiera to determine if possible the identity of the oak mildew so prevalent in Europe in IDO.S, it was found that neither the conidia nor the haustoria of Phyllactinia are similar to those of the oak mildew. The author therefore concludes that the oak mildew is not a Phyllactinia but is probably the American mildew {Micros phwr a cxtcnsa). 50 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Observations on the morphology of the Oidium of the oak, T. Ferraris (Atin. MycoL, 7 {1909), No. 1, pp. 62-73).— Technical descriptions and com- parisons of the various species of Oidium found on oalis are given, together witli a general discussion of the dissemination and systematic position of the Oidium so prevalent in 190S. The mildew of the oak, O. Kirchner (Allg. Forst. u. Jagd Ztg., So {1910), May. pp. 158-161).— The author, after calling attention to previous outbrealis of mildew on the oaks in Europe, discusses the characters, dissemination, taxo- nomic position, and control of the oak mildew so prevalent in 1908 throughout European countiMes. The prevalence of the oak mildew in 1908, K. von Tubetjf {Naturiv. Zt^rhr. Forst 11. Lumlic, 7 {1909), No. 2, pp. 119-121 ; uU. in Bot. CentU., 110 {1909), No. 21/, pp. 627, 628). — The author discusses the systematic position of the mil- dew, and its general distribution and severity throughout Europe. Two species of oaks {Quercus ruhra aud Q. palustris) were observed to be very resistant to thin disease. A hot-water treatment was found of value in checking the ravages of the fungus on the young trees, without serious injury to the foilage. The oak mildew in Austria-Hungary, G. Kock {Oaterr. Forst u. Jagd Ztg., 28 {1910), No. 3, pp. 18, 19). — It is stated that the oak mildew has appeared from year to year in this region with varying degrees of severity. The injury is caused by the interruption of assimilation and transpiration in the leaves which are attacked by the fungus. In many cases it causes the death of seedling oaks and young limbs, especially of Qucrcvs pcfliniciilata, Q. sessiliflora and Q. cerris, while Q. ruttra is very resistant to the disease. Dusting the trees with powdered sulphur or spraying them with Bordeaux mixture is recommended. The Oidium of the oak, .T. V. d'Almeida {Rev. Agron. [PortugaU, 6 (1908). No. S, pp. .'/;2-.'/.5). — The author briefly discusses the character and dissemination of this disease, which appeared in Portugal in the summer of 1908, and sug- gests treatment with sulphur as a possible remedy. A new parasitic disease of Juncus, E. J. Schwartz {Ann. Bot. [London], 2^ {1910), No. 93, pp. 236.). — A brief account is given of a root disease of varioiis species of Juncus, due to a mycetozoan parasite which the author calls aSoto- sphwra junci. The infection of the root takes place by the entry of an^moeba into a root hair and thence into the cortex. A detailed account of investigation into the life history of the organism is to be published later. Azalea pontica and its parasites in Austria-Hungary, M. Raciborski {Bui. Intcrnat. Acad. /S'r-i. Cracovie, Ct. Sci. Math, ct Nat., 1909, No. 7, pp. 385-391. figa. 2). — After discussing the range, habitat, and associated plants of this azalea, the author figures and describes a fungus {E.ro1)asidiiim disroidcum) which forms large galls on the leaves. Associated with this appears to be anotlier Exobasidium that does not produce galls, but forms large circulai*, whitish areas. This fungus on further study may prove to be an undescribed species of Exobasidium. A new Ramularia from South Tyrol, P. RIaonus {Ber. Dent. Bot. flcftclL, 27 (1909), No. //. /)/}. 21. ',-222, figs. 5).— After describing as new a leaf spot disease of Polygala imlgaris under the name of Ramularia hcimcrtlana. the author gives a list of host plants for 6 parasitic genera of the Mucedinaceae, namely, Ovularia, Didymaria, Bostrichonema, Ramularia, Ramulaspera, and Cercosporella. Copper fungicides, Duke of Bedford and S. IT. Pickering {Wol}U7-n E.rpt. Fruit Farm. Rpt., 11 (1909). pp. V-\-191 : App. pp. 2/).— This is an extensive report of studies on fungicides, especial attention being given to those the etti- ciency of which depends upon copper compounds. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 51 Aftor a jreneral review of fnusicides and their aelioii the author classifies the various copper preparations according to the action carbon dioxid exerts upon them. A hirge portion of the work is taken up with studies on the chemistry of Bordeaux mixtures of various kinds, some of the results of which liave been noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 19, p. 450; 20, p. 163; 22, p. 455). A review is given of various reports on the fungicidal action of Bordeaux mixture, after which accounts are presented of the authors' experiments on the scorching effect and fungicidal action of various compounds. The etiiciency of fungicides is said to depend on their gradual solution, and the principal solvent agent is the carbon dioxid of the air. The best results are to be obtained with substances which are insoluble at the beginning, but from which small quantities of soluble copper are gradually liberated. The authors state that in making Bordeaux mixture to be economical of material, as little lime should be used as possible, consistent with precipitating all the copper. The lowest basic sulphate which it is possible to make in this way constitutes what has been called the Woburn Bordeaux mixture. This, according to its cliemical composition, should be 2* times as efficient as ordinary Bordeaux mixture. An investigation was made of a form of paste which is practically identical with Bordeaux mixture. So far as present investigation is concerned, this seems to be satisfactory and equal to the ordinary freshly prepared Bordeaux mixture. Field trials on an extensiA^e scale, however, are necessary before it can be untiualifiedly recommended. Many points in connection with the manufacture and application of Bordeaux mixture were examined, and the conclusion is reached that the best way of making the mixture so as to get the precipitate in its most bulky condition is to have the lime solution as weak as ix)ssible and the copper sulphate solution as strong as possible. This is secured by slaking the lime, making it into milk of lime, and diluting with the amount of water required for the total amount of fungicide. This is allowed to settle for a few minutes and then added to the copper sulphate solution, which should be made in as small a bulk of water as possible. In examining the relative efficiency of the different copper compounds it was found that the scorching action of the different salts on tlie leaves was independ- ent of the nature of the copper salt taken and depended solely on the quantity of copper present, A scorching and fungicidal action of solutions containing 1 part of copper in 100,000 or 200,000 was observed and it was found to increase \ery slowly with the concentration. Copper in the electronegative condition was found to be no more effective than that in the electropositive condition, and it is very probable that it has no scorching or fungicidal action at all, although this could not be directly proved. Many experiments were conducted to determine whether the effectiveness of copi)er fungicides could be increased by adding to them some substance which increased their power of wetting the leaves, such as saponin, but the results were negative. They did show, however, the danger of mixing any substances with fungicides or insecticides without a nroper scientific examination of the changes which they may bring about. Saponin in certain preparations was found to entirely alter the nature of some copper compounds. Nicotin may be mixed with Bordeaux paste without any detriment. The report concludes with an apiiendix by one of the authors on carbonates of copper and the cuiiricarbonates ( E. S. K., 22, p. o04). The substitution of lime-sulphur preparations for Bordeaux mixture in the treatment of apple diseases, W. M. Scott (U. -S'. />, figs. S). — Insects of economic importance durinj; the year 1908 are reported under the headings corn and grass insects, cabbage and turnip insects, potato pests, mangel insects, orchard insects and mites, garden pests and forest insects. [Reports upon insect injury to cultivated plants in Germany during 1908], (J. lAisTNKR, MoLZ, and J. Dewitz {Ber. E. Lehranst. Wein, Ub>it u. Cartvnhaii aciscuhcim, 1908, pp. 82-93, 102-110, 112-129).— Brief reports are here presented of injury by a number of insects. G. Liistner reports the abnormal occurrence of the woolly apple aphis (pp. 82-85), observations upon Chehnutohia hrumata (pp. 85-87), the biology of Rhynchites bctuhti (pp. 87, 88), the occurrence of the bud mite {Eriophycs ribis) of the black currant (pp. 88-90), the carnation fly {Anthomyia antiqua) (pp. t)0. 91). a new mite disease of Viola cornuta (pp. 91, 92), and the nematode Aphclcnclnis olcsiiitus and the injury which it causes to chrysanthemums (pp. 92, 93). Remedial experiments conducted against Cochylis ambiguella (pp. 102-108) and Diplosis pirlrora (pp. 108-110) are also reported by the same author. J. Dewitz reports experiments with various insecticides used during PJ07_,S ill combating C. ainhitjitclla and Eitdcinis botrana (pp. 112-129). [Reports of the imperial entomologists for the years 1907—1909], II. M. Lefkoy aud F. M. IIowlett (A*;*^ Ayr. Ncscarcli lust, uiid Vol., Pui^u [Indki], 1907-1909, pp. Ji7-62). — Brief reports of work by the imperial entomologist (pp. 47-56) and the second imperial entomologist (pp. 57-62) of India are presented. Report of the entomologist [of Uganda], C. C. Gowdey {Colon. Rpts., Misc. [Gt. Brit.], Xo. 6-'i, pp. 20-2.'i). — This is a brief report of the work accomplished since it was taken up on February 22, 1909. It is said that but few insects have been recorded from this region. The ordinance requiring fumigation of imported plants enacted in 1908 is considered to afford sufficient protection under the present conditions. Two species of leaf-eating caterpillars (Prodenia Uttoralis aud Protoparce carolirm) and cut- worms are mentioned as important tobacco pests. The most important coccids attacking citrus trees are the long or Glover's scale, the purple scale (J/, citricola), and the pitted scale. The rice hispa is said to occur in the Protectorate. The mole cricket {Qryllotalpa afiHcana) and a ground cricket {Brachytryprs achatiiius) are also mentioned as rice pests. A fruit fly (Trypeta sp.) has recently been found to attack the pod of the cacao. The eggs are laid under the peel of the pods in a puncture made by the short ovipositor. The young larvae hatch from the eggs in from 12 to 15 days and immediately begin tunneling into the pod and feed upon the pulp surrounding the seeds, thereby preventing the normal development of the seeds. Full growth is attained in from 45 to 50 days, aud the puparial stage lasts for from 15 to 17 days, so that the life cycle requires from 72 to 87 days for completion. It is recommended that all pods harboring the maggots be picked and destroyed either by incineration or burial to a depth of 2 feet or more. Uganda insect pests (Ayr. Netcs [Barbados], 9 (1910), No. 203, p. 4^).— This is a review of a pamphlet by C. C. Gowdey on the insects of Uganda. The fungus-raising termites, K. Escherich (Biol. Centbl., 29 (1909), No. 1, pp. 16-21; abs. in .Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1910, No. 1, p. 79).— A study of the fungus gaixlens of termites, which are said to be of various sizes. The ]arv:e are kept near the fungus and live on it. Vyiow the outside of the nests very frequently an agaric (Volraria rurhiza) is found, especially after rain. If a portion of a nest is kept under a bell jar, the stoiiiata of a Xylaria 54 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. iiKike tlieir appearanco, showinsj; that the fungus fiarden is not a pure culture of Yolvaria alone. The latter lias never been found apart from termite nests. Contribution to a monograph of the gryllid genus Myrmecophila, F. ScHiMMER (Ztschr. Wiss. ZooL, 93 (1909), No. 3, pp. Jt09-53Jt, pis. 3, flgs. 26; (lbs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. 8oc. [London], 1910, No. 1, pp. 28, 29).— In this juonograph the author deals mainly with the forms found in ants' nests, espe- cially with M. accrvonnn, which was the only species that could be procured a]i^•e and kept under observation. Only 11 forms of Myrmecophila are known but these are distributed over all H regions of the earth. Exotic Thysaiioptera in the Genoa museum of natural history, P. Buffa {Redia, 5 (1908), No. 2, pp. 157-172, pi. i).— Fifteen species are noted of which 5 are described as new. Two species are recorded from Central America and 2 from South America. Aphidological studies, I, A. Tullgren (Mcddel. Ccntralanst. Forsoksv. Jordbniksomrddet^, No. U, pp. 190, figs. 92).— In this first part of the work on Swedish Aphididne. the author considers the Pemphiginse. Following the introduction and a brief historical review of the knowledge of Swedish plant lice, their external anatomy and general classification are discussed. The classification and biology of the species of Pemphigiufe studied are then taken up under the 6 tribes into which the subfamily is divided. Yacunini is represented by 2 species, Hormaphidini by 1 species. Miudarini by 1 species, Pemphigiui by 14 species (of which 4 are described as new), Schizoneurini by 4 species, and Anoeciini by 1 species. Coccidse of Japan, III. First supplemental list of Japanese Coccidae, or scale insects, with description of eight new species, S. I. Kuwana {Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 11 (1909), No. J,, pp. 150-158, pis. 3).— In this paper are listed 18 species of Japanese Coccidte studied by the author, since the paper pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1157) was published. Eight of these species, representing the genera Asterolecanium, Lichtensia, Takahashia, Lecanium, Chionaspis, and Mytilaspis, are described as new to science; two are new to Japan, while the remaining species have been previously recorded from Japan by various writers. Coccidae of Japan, IV. A list of Coccidae from the Bonin Islands (Ogasa- warajima), Japan, S. I. Kuwana (Jour. N. Y. Ent. /Soc, 17 (1909), No. J/, pp. 158-16.), pis. 3). — An annotated list of 23 species collected in the Bonin Islands during the summer of 1907. Seven species representing the genera Ripersia, Dactylopius, Lecanium, and Mytilaspis are described as new to .science. The brown-tail moth: Its possible introduction into Ohio, N. E. Shaw (Ohio Dcpt. Agr., Dlv. Nurscrg and Orchard Iiisi>. Bui. 10. pp. 23, flgs. 10). — This is a general account of the brown-tail moth, wel)s of which with cater- pillars have been entering Ohio on imported stock from France. The author concludes that under the present system of inspection thex'e will be practically no danger of this pest's being disseminated on Ohio nursery stock should the insect become established in the field. The larger corn stalk-borer, G. G. Ainslie (TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 116, pp. 8, figs. .'/). — This circular, which is practically a revision of Cir- cular 16, gives an account of Diatrcca saccharalis, the nature of its injury, life history, habits, and natural checks and preventive measures. Rotation has been found to be one of the best general preventive measures. "Another remedy, probably the best for this insect, is the thorough destruction, some time before the period of emergence of the moths in the spring, of all the stalks and stubble remaining in the field from the preceding crop," ENTOMOLOGY. 55 Recent investig'ations relating' to the control of the olive fly, A. Rkri.esk (Atti R. Ist. litconinii. Xapoli, 6. so:, (>0 (tUOS), pp. n)3-22'i). — This is a brief review of the subject. The horn fly, C. L. Mari-att (U. S. Drpt. A may bo found throughout every month of the year. As a rule it passes the winter in the adult stage within the roots where it developed. During May it abandons the old roots and seeks out fresh plants or fields in which to lay its eggs. The eggs are mostly deposited between the middle of May and June 20, more often in the crown of the plant, sometimes at the sides of the root even 2 or 3 in. below the crown. These hatch in about a week, and the larva? for a time feed in the excavation made l)y the mother, but soon i)urrow downward into the root, and before the first of August the majority of them have become fully 47147°— No. 1—10 5 56 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. grown and passed into the pnpal stage. By October nearly all have become fnlly developed beetles, but tliey make no attempt to leave the plant until the following spring. In this country in addition to red clover, on which the species makes especially destructive attacks, it is known to attack mammoth and alsike clover and peas and may be expected to become destructive to alfalfa. In cases of extreme abundance, almost the entire main clover root, except the bark, is eaten, the substance being displaced by excreta, and the dead top either becomes detached of itself or is easily broken off if one attempts to pull up the plant. While an infested clover plant sooner or later succumbs to an attack by this insect, life may be lengthened or shortened by meteorological conditions. The only pre- ventive method yet tried that gives any measure of success is summer fallowing as soon as the hay crop is removed. The western grass-stem sawfly, F. M. Webster and O. I. Reeves (C7. S. Dept Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. Ill, pp. 6, fig. 1). — This stem sawfly {Cephus occi- dciitfilis) first observed in 1S90, has since been reported at intervals as feeding upon grasses and occasionally upon wheat in Canada and the United States. Its history and distribution, liabits and seasonal history are discussed and technical descriptions given. " The injured stem appears discolored between the tirst and third joints and the larva may be seen through the translucent wall of the stem where it is eaten thinnest. In the case of wheat, the stalk often bends at this point, an inch or two below a joint rather than above as in Hessian fly injury, and the head falls to the ground shortly before harvest." It is a native species which has learned to attack wheat and rye, since these have taken the place of its native food plants — t]uack grass, wheat grass, brome grass, rye grass, and timothy. It was especially abundant in Agropyron along railroad embankments in North Dakota in 190.5-6, so that in many clumps of this grass one-half of the heads were prematurely whitened. An undescribed chalcidoid was reared from larvje collected in North Dakota. A remedy which has been practiced to some extent is that of plowing down all stubble either in autumn or before June 15, at which time the adults may be expected to emerge and deposit eggs. Grass growing near the edges of fields should be mowed early in July, while the larvfe are small, to prevent them from maturing and attacking the crop of the following year. A new chalcidoid genus and species of the family Mymaridse from Illi- nois, parasitic on the eggs of the weevil Tyloderma foveolatum, A. A. GiRAULT {Jour. X. y. Ent. i^oa, 77' (lOO'J), No. J,, pp. 767-/77).— The species described as new (Atinphoiilra sordidata) was bred from the eggs of a common weevil {T. foveolatum) collected from the stems of the weed aJnothera bieunis. " The parasite is solitary as shown by dissection, the body of its pupa filling nearly the entire cavity of the host egg. It is not rare in this vicinity [Ur- bana. Ill.l." Technical results from the gipsy moth parasite laboratory. I. The para- sites reared or supposed to have been reared from the eggs of the gipsy moth, L. (). Howard (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 19. tech. .sc?-., pt. 1, pp. 12, figs. 7).— In this paper descriptions and notes are given on 3 genera and 3 species new to science, namely. Hcticdiun Icuninfr and Ti/ndaricJru.'t mtrw reared from gipsy moth eggs received from Japan and Atoposomoidea oginm, reared from cocoons of the Ghjptapantclcs japonicus also received from Jaiian. Other species noted are Anastatus hifasciatm, reared from egg masses received from all parts of Japan, also from eggs from Crimea and Hungary; Pachyncnron gifuensis, imported in gipsy moth eggs from Japan; and Perissoptcrus jarcnsis, a scale parasite which is thought to have been reared from gipsy moth eggs ENTOMOLOGY. 57 received from Japan. Rrontioii is also made of a new species of Telenonius reare«l in Kussia from s'l'^^.v nioth eggs. "Only two ;)f the species, namely. .1. hif(isciati<.'< and N. kiirniKr appear to be of primary importance, bnt it is obvions that once acclimatized these two species will i)erform a very considerable part in the reduction in numliers of the gipsy moth in the United States." Observations on some European ants, W. M. Wheeler {Jour. N. Y. Eat. Sac, n (I00f>). No. .'i, pp. 172-187, figs. 2). — Notes are given on 3 parasitic ants {Foniiicd riifd, t). The occurrence of this parasite, its importance as a beneficial predator and as a parasite of man, and its life history and habits are described at some length. The epidemic of dermatitis, which occurred in the vicinity of Philadelphia, has been traced to this mite, which had increased rapidly, due to the abnormal infestation of wheat by one of its hosts, the Angoumois grain moth. ITpon the emergence of the moths that infest the grain, they remain in the straw after threshing and are left to perish from star\ation; thus when infested straw is used in the manufacture of mattresses, they make their way through the cover- ing and attack the first animal host met with that furnishes food. Numerous instances are reported in which persons have thus been attacked. In many of these cases, the wheat jointworm (Isosoma tritici) has been found to be responsible for the presence of the mite. Investigations carried on " at Lafayette. Ind., during December, 1909, and January and February, 1910, show that where straw is kept in masses, as in stacks and barns, the mites literally swarm through the straw, and as soon as an Isosoma or its parasites attempt to gnaw their way out through the cells in the straw, the mites enter and kill them before they are able to enlarge the opening sufficiently to enable them to make their escape ; indeed not more than 5 per cent succeeded in escaping." The mite has thereby prevented Diptropinotus aureoviridis and other jiarasites from controlling the jointworm. Investigations made in 1909-10 show that a period of from G to an indefinite numlter of days elapses between the time the female mite emerges from the abdomen of the mother until it produces young, depending upon the temperature. " For a temperature of from 90 to 100° F., 6 days elapses; for a temperature of from SO to 90°, 7 days elapses; for a temperature of from 70 to 80°, 9 days elapses; for a temperature of from 60 to 70°, 13 days elapses; and for a tem- perature of from 50 to 60°, 28 days elapses. With temperatures lower than 50° it is doubtful if the mites would develop. . . . The life of the mites varied from 18 to an indefinite numl)er of days; 43 days was the maximum age for those kept tmder the lower temperatures. The number of young produced by a single female varied considerably and variation was greater among individuals under like conditions than among those under variable conditions." A predaceous and supposedly beneficial mite, Pediculoides, becomes noxi- ous to man, F. M. Webster (Ann. Enf. Soc. Anirr.. .i (t'.)IO), .Yo. /, pp. 15-39, pis. 3). — This account is substantially noted above. The transmission of the typhus fever of Mexico (Tabardillo) by means of the louse (Pediculus vestamenti), II. T. IvKKETts and II. M. Wilder {■lour. Anicr. Mrd. Assoc, 5', {V.)10). \o. 16, pp. 1 30 '/-1 307 ).—riw following summary and conclusions are drawn from the investigations here reported: 58 EXPEETMENT STATION RECORD. " It seems that Macacus rhesus can be infected with tabardillo invariably by the injection of virulent blood from man taken on the eighth to tenth day of fever. The blood should be diluted with salt solution, as stated previously. Attempts to maintain typhus in the monkey by passage through other monkeys were not succcessful. The monkey may pass through an attack of typhus so mild that it can not be recognized clinically. Vaccination results. The im- munity test is a reliable proof of the previous occurrence or nonoccurrence of typhus at least within a period of one month. Typhus was transmitted to the monkey by the bite of the louse in two experiments, the lice in one instance deri\ing their infection from man and in another from the monkey. Another monkey was infected by typhus through the introduction of the feces and abdominal contents of infected lice into small incisions. Other experiments, in which the immunity tests have not yet been given, corroborate the carrying power of the louse." A monograph, of the Myrientomata, A. Beklese {Redia, 6 (1909), Wo. 1, pp. 1-182, pis. n, figs. Ui; abs. ui Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London'\, 1910, No. 1, p. 33). — In this monograph the author establishes the order Myrientomata for certain primitive genera. Two families are recognized, namely Acerento- midse and Eosentomid;ie ; the former includes 2 genera (Acerentomon and Acerentulus) and is represented by 8 species, of which 2 are new; the latter family is represented by a single genus Eosentomon and 2 species, of which one is new. The Aeerentomid;^ are without trachea^ or stigmata. Investigation of the occurrence of silvertop in meadoAV grass in the neighborhood of Landquart, H. Thomann {Landw. Jnlirh. Schivciz, 22 (1908), Xo. 5, pp. 2-54-267). — It is stated that for a number of years there has been a considerable outbreak of silvertop in meadow grass at Landquart, Switzerland. The results of preliminary investigations extending through one summer, which were conducted by the author are here reported, and an annotated list is given of 9 species of insects, representing 5 orders, which were implicated in the injury in the district where the investigations were made. Observations upon the comparative frequence of injury to different species of grass are reported, 258 affected stalks I'epresenting 11 species of grass having been examined. The cause of injury to 107 of the stalks was determined, Aptinothrips rufa having been responsible for the injury to nearly one-third of these. Insects injurious to sweet potatoes in New Jersey, J. B. Smith (New Jerscii Stas. Bui. 229, pp. 3-16, pi. 1, flgs. 3). — Notes are presented on the principal insect pests of sweet potatoes in New Jersey. The sweet potato flea beetle iClurtocncma conflivis), which passes the winter in the adult stage, leaves hibernation in May and commences to feed on any of the convolvulids and as sweet potato plants are among the first to be found in the field, they bear the brunt of the earlier feeding. The plants are attacked during May as soon as set out, narrow grooves or channels being chewed out on either the upper or the lower side of the leaves. This attack, made while the plants are suffering from the shock of transplanting, causes the leaf to lose its vitality, turn brown and die. If the weather happens to be dry and hot the entire plant dies, or if it does not it grows so slowly that the hill is a poor one at harvest. By the middle of June tlie pest has practically disappeared and nothing more is seen of it until August, when it is again found abundantly on other convolvulids, though not as a rule upon sweet potatoes. Remedial measures consist of an application of arsenicals or a modification of cultural methods. Dipping the plants in a mixture of 1 lb. of arsenate of lead in 10 gal. of water before setting is recommended. By delaying transplanting, the beetles may be forced to bindweeds and other natural food plants and thus a large amount of the injury avoided. ENTOMOLOGY. 59 Four species of gold-bugs or tortoise beetles are common in New Jersey. Hibernating in the adult stage, they ai)pear in the fields in May and feed uikhi the leaves, leaving only the larger veins and leaf stalks. The larvfB, which com- mence to hatch out toward the end of the month, feed on the under surface of the leaves, eating the entire tissue. The second brood appears in the field in early August but is very little noticed. The two-striped sweet potato beetle {Cussida birittafa) is the most abundant and injurious of the 4 species. The golden tortoise beetle (Coptocycla aurichalcea), a species somewhat larger and less common, appears a little earlier in the season. The black-legged tortoise beetle (Cassida nigripes) is larger than either of the two above-mentioned species and much less common. The mottled tortoise beetle (Coptocycla yut- tata) is the least common of all of the species on sweet potato. The measures applied for the flea beetle will answer for the tortoise beetles as well. lender some conditions and in some seasons cutworms are the soui'ce of con- siderable in.iur.v in sweet potato fields. Several species are concerned, Eu.ron mcasorki being the most common. Conimon insect pests of fruits in Wisconsin, J. G. Moore ( Wisconsin Stn. Bui. 190, pp 3-38, figs. 32). — In this summarized account of the important in- sect pests of fruit in Wisconsin, the author first considers briefly the more im- portant scale insects, namely, the oyster-shell scale, San Jose scale, European fruit scale, and scurfy scale. The insects mentioned as affecting the apple include the codling moth, tent caterpillar, fall webworm, caukerworms, apple- leaf roller (ArcJtips argyrospiJa), apple-leaf folder (Peronca miimta), leaf crumpler, apple aphis, woolly aphis, apple curculio, and gall mites. The plum curculio and plum gouger are mentioned as affecting the plum, and the cherry fruit maggot and the pear slug as affecting the cherry. Of the insects affect- ing small fruits, mention is made of the currant aphis, currant saw-fly (Nematus ribesil), strawberry leaf rollei% strawberry root louse (A. forhesi), and white grub. A discussion of insecticides and spraying apparatus follows. Control of the brown-rot and plum curculio on peaches, W. M. Scott and A. L. QuAiNTANCE ill. S. Dcpt. Ayr., Bur. Eiit. Circ. 120, pp. 7). — Attention is called to the fact that since the plum curculio by its punctures opens the way for brown-rot infection of peaches, plums, etc., its control is of double im- portance. Experiments conducted during 1909 have shown that arsenate of lead can be used with self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture for spraying peaches and is entirely successful in controlling the scab, brown-rot, and curculio. The results of spraying at Fort Valley, Ga., in 1909, briefly reported, show that 95.5 per cent of the fruit from a sprayed block was free from brown-rot. 93.5 per cent free from scab, and 72.5 per cent free from the curculio. against 37 per cent free from brown-rot, 1 per cent free from scab, and 2i per cent free from curculio injury on an unspi-ayed block. For the Elberta, Bell, Reeves, and other varieties of peaches of about the same ripening season, it is advised that the first application be made about the time the calyces are shedding from the young fruit with arsenate of lead at the rate of 2 lbs. to 50 gal. of S : 8 : .50 self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture; the second application from 2 weeks to about 1 month after the falling of the petals with the same materials, and the third apiilication about 1 month before the fruit ripens with the self-boiled lime- sulphur mixture alone. Results of spraying' experiments, 1909, R. B. Howe {Illinois Sta. Circ. 137, pp. 39, figs. 11). — Tests of arsenate of lead showed a solution of 2 lbs. to .50 gal. of water to be as effective a spray as 3 lbs., especially when ai)plied alone. This insecticide also gave better results than Paris green whether used alone, 60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. with Bordeaux mixture or witli lime and snlpliur. Results of experiments with other insecticides have been summarized as follows : " Lime and sulphur when used as a sunnner spray by diluting the commercial material gave fine foliage and a good quality of fruit. The question of what dilution will be the most effective is unsettled. "The second application of Bordeaux and arsenate of lead to control scab and insects was the most valuable in 1909. Bordeaux mixture made with 4 lbs. each of copper sulphate and lime and 2 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gal. of water gave the best average results, while the same spray with 6 lbs. of lime gave the highest net value per bushel. The use of iron sulphate in Bor- deaux as a ' dilution sticker ' is better adapted as a spray for use after the fruits have attained some size than as a spray during the entire season. This spray is very adhesive, remaining on the tree until picking time, and being rusty brown in color is not as objectionable as Bordeaux for use late in the season. Target Brand Quick Bordeaux is efficient but costs one-third more than our regular homemade Bordeaux. "The method of spraying heavily with arsenate of lead just as tlie bloom falls to control the codling moth, is not adapted to Illinois conditions, upon the basis of results of 1909 tests. The use of a weak Bordeaux and arsenate of lead applied in the same manner is more efficient." Tables showing the results of tests of various brands of arsenate of lead and Paris green, tests of commercial and self-boiled lime and sulphur alone, and of arsenate of lead, the effective time of application of Bordeaux spray, value of arsenicals in Bordeaux mixture, value of Bordeaux mixture made with varying amounts of copper sulphate and lime, and tests relating to the method of slacking lime, etc., are appended. Lime-sulphur wash {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. Ill, pp. 6^, figs. 18). — In the first of the two parts of this bulletin H. L. Fulmer reports upon the results of a chemical study of the lime-sulphur wash. As the difficulty in handling both the chemical solution and the homemade concentrates is to know how much they should be diluted before applying, a large nnml)er of samples were collected and analyzed. The results are reported in tabular form and show a wide variation in the strength of the different sam- ples, but it is thought that an average should give a fair standard. With this, knowing the strength or density of the wash required, by the use of the hydro- meter any concentrated solution may readily be diluted to the desired strength. The results of experiments on the preparation of homemade wash have been summarized as follows:. " Normal limes, ranging from 48 lbs. and upward of pure calcium oxid per 100 lbs., are suitable for making lime-sulphur wash with a formula of 20 lbs. lime and 15 lbs. sulphur (or any formula having the pro- portions 4 lbs. lime to 3 lbs. sulphur). Flour and flowers of sulphur are, of equal value for making the wash, provided they poss.^ss an equal degree of fine- ness and purity. Forty-five minutes to one hour is sufficient length of time to boil the wash, provided the boiling is vigorous. Increasing the proportion of sulphur to lime up to 1 : 1, or even higher in case of the use of a pure lime such as Beachville, will increase the strength of the wash and decrease the cost of production. Steam and open fire are of nearly equal value as sources of heat and energy for boiling the wash. The development of a green color during boiling can not be taken as an indication of the completeness of boiling with all limes. If a wash cools and crystallizes before it is applied it is not value- less. Heating up to 00 to 70° C. (140 to 15S° F.) and stirring to iireak up the sediment and crystals at the bottom till the crystals dissolve will render the wash practically as efficient as before." FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 61 Experiments carried on with regard to other points show that "homemade concentrated lime-snlphnr sohitions comparing favorably with the conmierciai solntions can be made on the farm and at less exiiense. Lead arsenate and calcinm arsenite can be added to lime-sulphnr washes without causing any appreciable depreciation in the strength of the latter. The formation of crys- tals in lime-suliihur waslies is mainly due to an excess of free lime, but contact with ail' will also cause concentrated lime-sulphur solutions to crystallize. If lime be added to concentrated lime-sulpliur solutions, tliey will suffer extensive crystallization at once. Lime added to diluted concentrates will soon cause appreciable crystallization. Concentrated lime-sulphur solutions slionld be diluted first and then the lime added just immediately before spraying." The second l)art, a practical and popular treatment by L. Ceasar, talies up the various details of preparation and use of the wash, including brief accounts of the insects and fungus diseases that can hv controlled through its use. The sulphur-lime wash., A. L. ^Ielandeu and R. K. Beattie (Washington Sta. I'DjiiiIdr Bid. ir of foods. In exporinients with iiotatoes, witli wheat Hour, and witli nulk (human), each used as the sole article of diet, the niininmni reiiuirenient of nitrojien was fonnd to vary and to be higher than in fasting. In general, the nuninunn requirement was higher the more nitrogen the food supplied. If, however, owing to a large supply of carbohydrate, the nitrogen was not needed as a source of energy, equilibrium was reached with a smaller quantity of nitrogen. Nitrogenous material in wheat flour, potatoes, and milk is used in different degree to meet the proteid requirements of the body. In other words, nitrogen minimum varies not only with the composition of the diet and the proportion of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. but also with the source of protein. Additional experiments were made in which other foodstuffs were tested in rations which contained an abundance of carbohydrate. In the case of a fish, a milk, and a rice diet, the nitrogen excretion was only slightly increased and was increased most with wheat flour and corn meal. Under proper condi- tions, the nitrogen excretion was smaller on a meat diet than on a nitrogen- free diet. The biological value of nitrogen from different sources is discussed at length and the results expressed numerically. Protein requirement and a veg'etarian diet, K. Tiio>i.\s {Unischdii, L) {1910), A'o. .'/, PI). 67-70). — The investigations, noted above from another source, are discussed particularly wnth reference to general dietetics. On the basis of these investigations the author calculates the amount of body ]iroteid which 100 gm. of food ready to serve would replace, the values being 23.1 gm. for beef ; 18.4 gm. for crabs ; 16.4 gm. for fish ; 2.1 to 6.2 gm., according to its water content, for peas porridge or puree; 3.1 gm. for milk and bread; 2.1 gm. for spinach; 1.9 gm. for rice and noodles; 1.6 gm. for potatoes; 1.4 gm. for cooked cauliflower; 1.1 gm. for corn meal; and 0.5 gm. for cherries. The animal foods are better utilized by the body than the vegetable foods. Atten- tion is especially directed to the high value of fish flesh. According to the author, a vegetarian diet, which generally implies low protein, would ordinarily suffice for an agricultural population owing to the character of the work performed, but the question is raised as to whether such a diet would be rational. For an urban population he believes that animal foods are desirable. In his summary, the author notes that when the diet is not entirely adequate loss in body weight results, and since the protein require- ment is ])roportional to the body weight, the amount retiuired under such con- ditions would be lowered and the body could more readily meet its needs with strictly vegetarian diet. However, he believes that under such circumstances the resistance to infectious diseases would be lowered. Experiments on the comparative value of animal and vegetable food and on the minimuni proteid requirement, P. Albkrtoni and F. Rossi (Arch. Ital. Biol., 51 {11)09), p. 385; ah.s. in. Zcntbl. Gesam. PJii/.nol. u. Path. Staff lOcchxHs, n. ser., 5 {1!U0), Nn. 3, pp. 113, ll'i). — The investigations reported have been noted from a sunniiary i)ublished elsewhere (E. S. R., 20, p. 965). Phosphorus metabolism in man, ("). IIoi.sti {UkaiuL Arch. Phi/Miol.,23 {1910). .Vo. S-.'i, pp. 11(3-153). — In general, the author concludes fi'om experiments on the income and outgo of iihosphorus, calcium, and magnesium that phosphorus is excreted regularly in the urine and feces and that differences noted when phosphates are fed are not constant and characteristic. On the other hand, |)hosphorus added to the diet exercised a marked effect on calcium, only 7 or 8 per cent being excreted in the urine as compared with 20 to 28 per cent in a ration without added phosphate. Presumably, the greater part of the cal- 70 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cium in the feces consists of calcium phosphate which was not resorbed. The effect of phosphorus on masnesium was of the same character as that on cal- cium but was less marked. Metabolic minimum in man, R. Tigerstedt (^kand. Arch. Physiol., 23 {1910). Xo. .i-//, pp. 302-30Jf). — In connection with a brief summary and dis- cussion of recent data, the author concludes that 1 calorie per hour per kilo- gram of body weight is to be regarded as the minimum value for energy in an adult man. The influence of dietary alternations on the types of intestinal flora, C. A. Herter and A. I. Kendall (Jour. Biol. Chcm.. 7 (1910). No. 3. pp. 203-236, /)?s. 3). — The experiments which are reported were carried on with kittens and monkeys, and the results obtained, according to the authors, show that an abrupt change in dietary from a dominantly protein diet (meat and eggs) to a milk and sugar diet is followed by an alternation of physiological conditions with respect to the nature of the intestinal flora, the putrefactive products in the feces and urine, and in certain clinical conditions. " The chief characteristic of the bacterial change is the gradual but rapid substitution of an acidophilic nonproteolyzing type of flora for a strongly pro- teolyzing type. The chief feature of the putrefactive conditions in the intestine is the reduction of the indol, skatol, phenol and bound hydrogen sulphid and a diminution in the indican and aromatic oxyacids of the urine. Clinically the most striking feature of the change in diet is (in' monkeys) an improvement in spirits and activity which may safely be construed as showing a markedly improved sense of bodily and psychical well being. " It seems fair to ascribe these very definite changes of melioration in part to a somewhat reduced intake in protein material, since in the change from a meat or egg diet to a milk and sugar diet, there has generally been some dimi- nution in protein. It is well known that, other conditions remaining unchanged, a diminution in protein intake is followed by diminished intestinal putrefaction. It is our opinion, however, that the mere reduction in protein in our experiments is not adequate to explain the changes noted. Xor is it likely that the change in the chemical nature of the proteins ingested, as from the [irotein of beef or eggs to the protein of milk, is a prominent influence in effecting this change. It seems much more probable that changes in the flora observed by us are due mainly to the influence of the carbohydrates and that the diminished intestinal putrefaction is due to the combined influence of a diminution in protein and the addition of carbohydrate materials to the diet. " One of the most interesting features of our studies is the extensive bac- terial degeneration which follows the change from one diet to another. It is possible that in conditions of disease of the intestinal tract where undesirable bacteria abound both on a protein diet and on a diet rich in carbohydrates, frequent alternations in the chemical nature of the diet ai"e beneficial by inter- fering with the establishment of any one type of bacteria in the intestine. "The physiological alternations in thq flora which we may claim to have established by our studies have been noted by us only in normal animals. We have as yet made no effort to study the effects of diet on animals in which the digestive tract is the seat of inflammation. It is our intention to determine what influence, if any, is exerted by pathological processes on the laws of bac- terial alternations which we have noted in health. " We are unable to state whether the processes which we have studied in animals hold sway in man but consider it likely that analogous conditions will be found to e.xist." For earlier work see a previous note (E. S. II., 22, p. 373). ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 71 Concerning' the occurrence of erepsin in feces, F. Frank and A. Schitten- HELM (Zciitl)l. (Irfidiii. I'hy^idJ. ii. Pnth. SloffivrchMls, n. ser., Jf (ID09), No. 23, pp. 881, 882). — According to the authors' investigations, tlie feces contain erepsin or, at any rate, a ferment which has the same properties. Prog-ress in nutrition, 1908—9, C. F. Langworthy {Jour. Home. Econ., 2 (1910), No. 1, pp. 35-72). — A digest of data with special reference to worli reported in the United States and Canada. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Digestion experiments with native forage plants, S. C. Dinsmore (Nevada Stn. Bill. 66. pp. .J7-.JS. pi. 1). — Chemical analyses and digestion experiments were made with the French pea, hairy vetch, willows, and different varieties of alfalfa grown from seed which was obtained from Ecuador, Arabia, Arizona, Texas, Montana, and Mexico. The digestion coefficients obtained with sheep are given in the following table : Average dige-^tion coefficients of alfalfa and other forage plants. Kind of plant. Dry matter. Nitrogen- free ex- tract. Fiber. Alfalfa (Ecuador) Alfalfa (Arabia) Alfalfa ( Arizona) Alfalfa (Texas) A Ifalfa ( Montana) Alfalfa 'Mexico) French pea (LathjTUs) . . . Hairy vetch ( \'icia lillosa) Willows {Salix cxigua) Per cent. 64.55 64.93 66.75 64.37 68.42 61.90 67.72 61.47 53.66 Per cent. 83.57 77. 73 83.79 82.43 84.53 80.68 81.91 70.52 29.04 Per cent. 62.16 47.08 56.84 56. 89 04.99 61.42 59.14 .56. 65 69.88 Per cent. 69.98 61.44 78.60 75.83 72.93 75.85 75.49 65.21 66.40 Per cent. 45.23 41.81 36. 57 36.86 58.28 19.35 49.42 54.03 41.73 Per cent. 60.74 53.20 53.16 46.70 52.04 49.05 67.17 62.85 32.22 The results of chemical analyses of partially dried native forage plants were as follows : Chemical eomposilion of partially dried native forage plants. Kind of plant. Shad scale {Atriplfx cancsctm) Sand bunch gra.ss ( Eriocoma cuspidata). . False buckwheat { Eriogonum h(crmani). Spring.salt brii.sh (Alriplerconfcrli/olia). . Rabbit bru.sh (Chripothamum) Small rabbit brush ( ( iutU rnzia divaricala) Hop .sage ( Grayia polygaloides) AVild barley ( koracum nodosum) Poa nrmdcjuns Astragalus mortoni Protein. P-er cent. 6.60 6.41 6.70 6.59 7.36 6.41 7.94 .82 6.46 7.23 Per cent. 14.50 9.93 9.81 7.25 5. .37 6.56 18.62 1.5.50 7.69 20.44 Fat. Nitrogen- free ex- tract. Per cent. 2.99 3.01 7.14 2.94 12. 38 5.49 4.18 4.03 2.83 8.77 Per cent. 39.60 36.45 46.56 5.74 42. 98 43.27 46.57 46.74 42.64 36.40 Fiber. Per cent. 18.50 34.02 22.98 57.76 26. 40 31.18 12. 68 25.09 34.51 18.61 Ash. Per cent. 17.41 10.18 19.72 5.51 7.09 10.01 7.82 5.87 8.55 Digestion experiments on the ran^e, P. R. Kennedy and S. C. Dinsmore (Nevada Sta. Bui. 77, pp. 1-38, pis. 16). — Digestion experiments were made on the range with a number of native forage plants of the Truckee Valley. Analyses of these plants are also reported and they are illustrated and briefly described. 47147°— No. 1—10- -G 72 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The Indian potato was one of the best liked foiaiie plants on the range. Bal- sam root sunflower was relished better than the common sunflower. The wild dandelion was well eaten but not readily digested. Bitter brush was not well liked. The bitter vetch was not liked and had a poisonous effect, so that the experiment was kept up for only 3 days. The digestion coefficients obtained with sheep were as follows : Av( rage digestion coefficients of nutive forage plants obtained wUli sheep. Kind of plant. Dry matter. Pro- tein. Fat. Nitro- gen-free extract Crude fiber. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 77.19 65.21 74. 'SS 63.19 61.19 54.41 74.21 74.90 58.69 81.49 83.04 47.39 76.82 80.28 49.05 15.69 66.91 53.05 49.87 CO. 16 44.68. 33.13 77.45 35.90 71.36 86.10 69.54 32.42 64.55 36.39 57.22 75.40 55.71 Ash. Nutri- tive ratio. Indian potato {Anfxnia gairdneri) Common sunflower ( U'ydhia mollis) Balsam root sunflower (Balsamorhiza sagit- tata) Wild carrot {Leptotxnia muUifida) Mountain Indian pink ( Castillda miviata) Western variety Brome grass {Bromus marginatus) Native blue grass (Poa sandbcrgii) Dandelion ( Crcpis intermedia) Bitter brush ( Kumia tridcntata) Bitter vetch (Lathyrus coriaceu.s) « Little lupine {Lupinus scllulus) Per ct. 66. 59 60.65 66. 38 68.76 66. 94 59.79 52.71 62.30 76.86 50.38 68.21 Per ct. 56.74 69.46 77.28 71.10 64.76 68.03 63.90 62. 88 81.70 48.03 74.78 Per ct. 50.10 53.01 .38. 29 53.07 46.82 42. 43 22. 69 48.66 57.48 28.35 67.39 1:15.0 1: 3.8 1: 3.9 1: 9.2 1: 8.9 1: 8.5 1: 8.7 1:9.5 1: 6.9 1: 9.4 1: 4.2 " One experiment. Studies on the metabolism of the domestic fowl on rations of potatoes, rye, and oats, W. \'oltz iLandir. Jalirb., .iS {1H0H). \o. '/. i)ii. ■'irj.i^.liK^ ) . — Metabo- lism experiments lasting usually 5 to 6 days were undertaken with several cockerels about !) months old. Cooked potatoes, rye, and oats were each fed alone and in mixtures. In most cases there was either a loss in live weight or it remained stationary, except in some of the rations containing oats. The length of time which the feces remained in the digestive tract varied from l^ hours in the case of the potato ration to 2i hours on the grain ration. Because of this short time bacteria can have but little influence in assisting in the work of digestion. That portion of the feces which was retained for some time in the cecum was of different composition from the rest. One cockerel died after having been kept for 110 days on an exclusive diet of potatoes, and another died after 107 days on an exclusive diet of rye. During that period both lest about 33 per cent in live weight. The conclusion is reached that the mininuun daily allowance for fowls is 1 gm. of digestible protein per 1 kg. live weight. The eoeflicients of digestibility are given in the following tal>ie: Average coefficients of digestihiliti/. total energg, and percentage of arailahle energy obtained icitJt rations for fotvls. Ration. Total 1 organic Protein. matter. Ether extract. Nitrogen- free ex- extract. Fiber. ' Total energy in the ration. Metabo- lizable energy. Potatoes Per cent. 78.33 77.28 82.35 79.20 Per cent. 46.94 47.98 54.48 63.00 Per cent. Per cent. 84.46 83.49 92.48 85.60 Per cent. 6.40 6.29 6.74 Calories. 122. 79 193. 17 230. 16 187. 33 233. 14 Per cent. 73.83 64.94 Potatoes and oats 49.37 28.50 77.38 Rye 74.20 Oats 66.84 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 73 On cellulose digestion in domestic animals, A. Scheunert (Brrliii. Ticiiirztl. WHiiisclir., ^6 (1910), AVj. J, />/j. 113, ll'i). — A continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R.. 22, p. 474). In 3 series of experiments tlie'autlaor collected tbe secretion from tlie salivarj^ glands of sheep and found tliat in no case was it able to digest cellulose after remaining in the thermostat for several days. On the digestion of cellulose, G. Seilliere {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [I'diis], 6S (fUlO). Xo. .i. III). 101-109). — A report is given of experiments in treating cotton fibers with caustic soda, potash, and other reagents and then digesting with the fluid obtained from the alimentary tract of Hclic itomat'm. The author suggests the possibility of using these reagents for rendering stock feeds more digestible. Analyses of maize products, E. Gudeman (A&.s. in Science, n. ser., 13 (1910). A'o. 7.''/. />. 308). — Analyses of maize products during the last 5 years are reported, showing changes in the composition of these products, especially as to ash. acidity, sulpliites, arsenic, and metallic impurities. The effect of federal and state food laws on the composition of these products is discussed. Soy beans, powder, and oil cake, E. Collin (Ann. Falsif., 3 {1910), Ao. 15, pp. 19-.2'f, /igv. 2). — A description is given of the external, microscopic, and chemical chai'acters of soy beans, powder, and oil cake. Feeding stuff inspection (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 20, pp. 29-36). — Analyses are reported of cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed feed. linseed meal, gluten feed, distillers' grains, wheat oflfals, beef scraps, molasses feed, oat feed, alfalfa meal, pea hull meal, and mixed feeds. Inspection of commercial feed stuffs, P. H. Smith and J, C. Reed (Masfni- chm^etts Sta. Bui. 132, pp. 3-6'-'/). — This bulletin contains analyses of commer- cial feeding stulfs found on the market during the year 19(H), together with comments on the results of the inspection. The special topics discussed are the occurrence of weed seeds in feeding stuffs, the weight of sacked feeds, and complete rations for dairy stock. There is a tabulated list of the whole- sale prices of feeding stuffs for the year, and an open letter about low grade by-products, by J. B. Lindsey. Inspection and analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, W. F. Hand et al. { Mixsisxiitpi Sta. Bill. 133, pp. Ji-31). — Analyses of commercial feeding stuft's, chiefly wheat and rice by-products and mixed feeds, are reported. Concentrated feeding stuffs and fertilizers licensed for sale in Wisconsin, 1909, F. W. AVoLL (Wiseon.^in Sta. .Spec. Bill., 1909, Apr., pp. /i).— This con- tains a list of manufacturers of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs and commercial fertilizers that have obtained state licenses for their respective brands for the calendar year ended December 31, li)()9. Concentrated feeding stuffs and fertilizers licensed for sale in Wisconsin, 1910, F. W. Woi.L ( iri.veoy(.s//( Sta. Circ. Inform. 11, pi). 12). — This contains a similar list for the calendar year ending December 31, 1910. Registered feeding stuffs (Kansas Sta. Feeding Stuffs Bills. J. 6, 7, 8, 9, pp. j} each). — These monthly bulletins contain the names of the feeds registered in the State from November, 1909, to March, 1910. for the year ending June 30. 1910, Notices of judgment ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 219-223, pp. 2 each; 228, 229. p. I each; 230, 231, pp. 2 cr/c7( ) .—These have to do with the adulteration of milk, misbranding of condensed milk, and the adulteration and niisbi-anding of bran and stock food. The dairy calf at meal time, I). H. Otis (Wisconsin sta. Iliil. 192. pp. 3-l'i. PVi- -'i). — This bulletin cunlains information for the practical farmer on feeding 74 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. calves, based largely on results found at the experiment stations. It is pointed out that hy good feed and care, or the lack of it, it is easy to make a variation of ^1 to $10 per head in the value of the calf the first year. Directions are given for using skim milk, buttermilk, whey, and other feeds as substitutes for whole milk. Raising lambs in Alabama: Maintenance rations for ewes. — Feeding cot- ton-seed meal to pregnant ewes, D. T. Gray and J. W. Ridgway {Alabama Col. Sta. Bui. I'lS, pp- 131-158, pis. //). — This contains general information on sheep raising in Alabama and reports experiments in raising lambs begun in the summer of 1908. Details of the method of handling the flock and the winter feeding of ewes are given. One lot of ewes was kept at uniform weight in the winter of 1906-7 on a ration of 0.5 lb. of cotton-seed meal and 1.3 lbs. of hulls daily. Another lot was maintained on a daily ration of 1.9 lbs. of soy-bean hay. The lot on soy-bean hay ate on an average 1.35 lbs. of salt per head per month, and the lot on cotton- seed meal and hulls 1.53 lbs. A lot fed green sorghum and mixed hay con- sumed 1.23 lbs. of salt per head per day, and one receiving cotton-seed meal and hulls 1.29 lbs. The water drank per head per day by ewes from August 21 to September 9 on a green sorghum ration was 2.5 lbs., and on cotton-seed meal and hulls, 6.1 lbs. The lambs attained an average of 51 lbs. each at the end of 101 days, and were sold from 8 to 9 cts. per pound live weight. Sixty-five ewes were fed on cotton-seed meal for different lengths of time, and in varying amounts, with no ill results, except in one case where a ewe that had been fed on a cotton-seed meal ration for 147 days staggered and became blind and finally died. There wei-e no more cases of abortion among ewes eating cotton-seed meal than in the check lots. Swine: Breeding, feeding, and management, AV. Dietrich {Chicago. 1910, pp. 312, pi. 1, fiffs. 36). — In this book an attempt is made " to present the subject of swine breeding, feeding, and management in such a form that it can be understood by the general farmer and swine breeder, the man who is producing hogs for the pork product, as well as for the man who is producing pure-bred swine for breeding purposes. The student also is kept in mind, and it is hoped that the elementary form in which this subject is presented will appeal to the needs of the class room." The information is drawn to a large extent from the author's practical experience on the farm and from the experimental work which he has conducted at the Illinois Station. The portion of the book which treats of feeding rests on a more scientific basis than is usually the case in so-called practical books. Swine in health and disease, Zwaenepoel and Hermans (Lcs Maladies et VHygiene du Pore et son Exploitation Zootcchniquc. pp. 305, pis. 7, figs. 23; rev. in Ann. Med. VM., 58 (1909), No. 6, pp. 367, 368; Rec. Med. V<^t., 86 (1909), No. 23, pp. 8-^6, 8-^7). — This is a practical treatise upon the breeding, feeding, and management of swine. Notes on the history of swine raising in Norway, 1660—1814, S. Skappel (Tidsskr. Norske Landbr., 16 (1909), No. 7, pp. 326-331).— Thiii is a general discussion of the conditions of the swine industry during the period stated. Horse breeding in theory and practice, B. von Oettingen {London, 1909, pp. VIII + -'f6D). — This book, which is a translation from the German, is largely a discussion of data obtained from stud books of the Thoroughbred horse and from reports of racing trials. The first part is devoted exclusively to the Thoroughbred, taking up in detail the development of the breed up to the middle of the nineteenth century, a dls- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. . 75 cussion of points in which the author thinlvs it has deterioi'ated since then, and suggestions for its improvement. Parts 2 and 3 treat respectively of heredity and the practical part of horse breeding. State leg-islation regulating the standing of stallions and jacks for public service, R. A. Cave (U. H. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Anim-. Indus. Rpt. 1!)0S. i)i). 3:i5- 34'i)- — This article contains the text of the Wisconsin stallion law, notes on the stallion laws of other States, and remarks on the beneficial results of this legislation. Inheritance of characteristics in domestic fowl, C B. Davenport {(Jarnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 121, pp. 100, pis. 12). — This work reports a series of studies on the question of dominance and its varying potency in poultry and contains a general discussion of the following topics: Relation of heredity and ontogeny; dominance and recessiveness ; potency; reversion and the factor hypothesis; the limits of selection; noninheritable characters; and the role of hybridization in evolution. The potency of a character is defined as the capacity of its germinal deter- miner to complete its entire ontogeny (E. S. R., 22, p. 671). A complete series of cases is reported which shows the different degrees of potency of common characteristics found in poultry. The split or Y comb, which results from mating a single comb with a V comb as seen in the Polish race, is a heterozygous form due to imperfection of dominance of the median element. It is a case where i-elative dominance varies from perfection to entire absence and through all intermediate grades, the average condition being a 70 per cent dominance of the median element. When dominance is relatively weak or of only intermediate grade the second generation of hybrids contains ex- tracted pure dominance in the expected proportions of 1:2:1, but as the potency of dominance increases in the parents the proportion of offspring with the dominant (single comb) increases from the 25 per cent to 50 per cent. This leads to the conclusion that on the one hand dominance varies quanti- tatively and, on the other, that a degree of dominance is inheritable. The index of heredity was found to be 0.301 it 0.002, which agrees closely with Pearson's theoretical coefficient of correlation between offspring and parent. The studies on polydactylism revealed a similar variation of potency and showed, in Houdans at least, an inheritance of potency. " There is some evi- dence, derived from ' pure-bred ' Silkies, that differences in the degree of development of the extra-toes are inherited. But the average condition of the toes in the offspring of second or later generation hybrids can not be used as evidence of inheritance of the degree of parental development of the toes, since the.se are dependent on the same basal cause, namely, the hidden gametic con- stitution of the parents. I>espite the obscuration of imperfect dominance, poly- dactylism in poultry proves itself to be a unit-character that segregates." Syndactylism illustrates another step in the series of decreasing potency of the dominant. On not one of the Fi generation was the dominant (syndactyl) condition observed, and when these hybrids were mated together the dominant character appeared in not 75 per cent but in from 10 per cent to none of the offspring. " The striking fact, the one that assures us the segregation is nevertheless occurring in this case too, is that some families (whose two parents are extracted recessives) throw 100 per cent recessives. . . . Syndactylism is a typical sport, that is, a rather large mutation having a teratological as- pect. ... It is probable that syndactylism, under the conditions of the poul- try yard, has little life and death significance, but is one of those neutral characters whose existence Darwin clearly recognized." 76 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The source of diminishing potency is illustrated in the case of rumploss fowl. '• Here a dominant condition was originally mistaken for a recessive condition because it never fully showed itself in Fi and F^.. Nevertheless, in related indi- viduals the condition is fully dominant. We thus get the notion that a factor that normally tends to the development of a character may, although present, fail to develop the character. Dominance is lacking through impotence." "The last term of the series is seen in the wingless cock which left no wing- less offspring in the Fi and F:. generations. In comparison with the results gained with the rumpless cock, winglessness in this strain is probably dominant but impotent." The inheritance of booting, or the feathering on the feet, was studied with bantam Cochins of 2 varieties, a bantam Darlv Brahma, and with Silkies. It appeared to he blended and without segregation, but by the aid of the principle of imi)erfect dominance, the apparent blending was found to follow segregaticm. Booting was controlled by a dominant -inhibiting factor which varies greatly in potency. The coefficient between average parental and filial grades was found to be — 0.17±0.1.3, which can be interpreted to mean that in a homogenous assemblage of families there is no correlation between the grade of booting of parents and offspring. By the aid of the same principle in crosses between the embryonic open condition of the nostril, exhibited by the Polish and Houdau. and the more advanced condition of the narrow nostril, the nostril height way found to be controlled by an inhibiting factor that stops the overgrowth of the nasal flap and produces the narrow nostril. " The crest of fowl receives especial attention as an example of a character previously regarded as simple but now known to comprise two and probably more factors — a factor for erectness, one for growth, and probably one or more that determine the restriction or extension of the crested area. " The direction of lop of the single comb is an interesting example of a char- acter that seems to be undetermined by heredity. In this it agrees with numer- ous right and left handed characters. It is not Improbable that the character is determined by a complex of causes, so that many independent factors are involved. " A series of studies is presented on the inheritance of plumage color. It is shown that each type of bird has a gametic fornmla that is constant for the type and which can be used with success to predict the outcome of particular combinations. New combinations of color and ' reversions ' receive an easy explanation by the use of these factors. The cases of blue, spangled, and barred fowl are shown also to contain mottling or spangling factors." The difficulty of changing a breed is illustrated by 2 experiments. The aim of the first experiment was to increase the red in Dark Brahmas liy crossing with Game, but was met with wholly unexi»ected prompt success, though not in the way anticipated. The result was not due to selection but to the recombination of the factors necessary to make the Game plumage coloration. In the second experiment an attempt to produce a new buff race from the (Jame fowl by means of selection has so far resulted in failure. A bibliography of the literature is appended. Some factors influencing' the vigor of incubator chickens, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 12.'i, pi). 21-Ji5). — Experiments ai*e I'eported on the effect of the age of the parents upon the vigor of chickens, on the airing and cooling of eggs during incubation, and on the use of moisture. Eight comparative tests were made on the fertility and hatchability of eggs from pullets and old hens. As far as stated, the only breed of fowl used was the White Leghorn. The eggs and chicks were treated as uniformly as possible. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 77 As the following table shows, the eggs of the pullets were smaller, less fertile, tlie chicks smaller when hatched, the growth slower, and the deaths from disease more numerous than was the case with eggs laid by mature fowls: FcrliliUj and hutchabUity of cf/pi^ in i/onnf/ and old foirls. Pullets 2-year-old hens 3-year-old hens Pullets 2-year-old hens 3-year-old hens Pullets 2-year-old hens .Vyear-old hens Pullets 2-year-old hens 3-year-old hens Pullets 3-year-old hens Pullets Old hens Youug fowls. . Old hens Young fowls . . Old hens Number of eggs incu- bated. 114 92 8S 110 110 ISO ISO ISO 180 Weight of eggs per 100. Lbs. 11.50 12. 18 14.29 11.71 12. 22 13! 16 12.21 12. 04 13. 07 9.95 13.50 13.30 10.09 13.09 10.30 13.04 11.70 13.20 12.10 12.50 Per cent unfertile. 361 Number Per cent Weight of chicks of eggs of chicks hatched. hatched. per 100. Lbs. 45 81.80 7.33 60 75. 90 7.54 60 81.10 8.47 76 66. 70 7.64 62 70. 50 7.75 64 77.10 8.50 51 71. 80 7.64 46 83. 60 7.71 39 68. 40 8.00 69 66. 99 6.46 86 61.87 9.17 75 68. 18 6.51 94 85.45 8.24 127 70. 96 6.75 152 85.39 9.15 25 41. 66 7.00 39 65. 00 8.33 123 69.16 7.68 138 80.70 8.24 Weight of chicks per 100 at second weigh- ing. Lbx. a 24. 70 27.60 35.00 b 30. 74 37.32 c 18. 35 25.17 dl9.00 25. 40 22. 60 26. 90 a At 40 days after hatching. 6 At 46 days after hatching. c At 22 days after hatching. d .\t 21 days after hatching. e At 26 days after hatching. In a trial with the incubator ventilators open and with an avera.ge maximum and minimum outside temperature of 80° and 54.7° F., respectively, a better hatch was obtained and the chicks were stronger when the eggs were not cooled. Like results were obtained in a second trial with closed ventilators and with a low external temperature. In 3 other tests with closed ventilators and a high outside temperature the eggs not cooled hatche. 393-427). — This information includes a review of the live stock market in 1908, meat prices at home and abroad, the foreign trade in animals and animal products, federal meat inspection, and data as to the number of live stock registered in the United States, certified pedigree record associations, national and state stock breeders' associations, legal standards for dairy products, contagious diseases of animals in foreign countries, and a list of state live stock sanitary officers. The live stock situation in Illinois, H. W. Mumford (lUinois' 8ta. Circ. 140, pp. 15). — This is an address before the Illinois Live Stock Breeders' Asso- ciation, Jani;?j'y 27, 1910, in which the author calls attention to tlie tendency of the present lime in the Central West to abandon live stock production. The causes for this a.re discussed and measui-es are suggested for the encourage- ment of the live s\ock industry. Notes on the an^jnal industry of Argentina, G. M. Rommel (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ariijii. Iiiiluft. Rpt. 190S, pp. 815-333. pis. 6, figs. /.5).— This article contains statistics of the live stock industry, descriptions of stock management as practiced on the large Argentine ranches, and an account of the meat packing plants on the Kiver Plate. Among suggestions offered for developing trade with South America are the following : " Only good animals should be sent. Argentine breeders are just as good judges as those in other countries. The best de- mand exists for beef cattle in the following order : Shorthorns, Herefords, Aber- deen-Angus; for horses. Thoroughbreds and Hackneys; for sheep, Lincolns are by far the most in demand ; for hogs, Berkshires and Poland-Chinas, but the hog trade ... is limited." The development of live-stock shows and their influence on cattle breed- ing and feeding, E. G. Ritzman {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Rpt. 1908, pp. 345-3-'G). — An account of the development of live-stock shows and their educational value for the feeder and breeder. It is suggested that more detailed information should be obtainable concerning the carcass competitions and the methods of feeding and preparing all animals for exhibition purposes. The value of the poultry show, R. R. Slocum ( U. S. Dept. Agr,, Bur. Anim, Indus. Rpt. 1908, pp. 357-363). — The educational, commercial, and social values of poultry shows are discussed. It is pointed out that the utility side of the industry should be emphasized in the future, as up to the present time purely fancy points have been pushed forward faster than utility qualities. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. [Velvet beans for milk production], J. M. Scott {Florida Sta. Bui. 102, pp. 56, 57). — During the winter of 1908-9 a test of feeds for milk production was made in which velvet beans in the pod, wheat bran, and sorghum silage were compared with cotton-seed meal, wheat bran, and sorghum silage. It was found that 5,660 lbs. of the velvet beans in the pod, which it is esti- mated can be grown by the farmer for .$16.98. were equal in feeding value to 2,000 lbs. of cotton-seed-meal analyzing 7.5 per cent of ammonia and costing $30. Some stockmen reported unfa\orable results from feeding the velvet beans, but DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 79 it is believed tliat these may be avoided by feeding in moderate amounts and in combination with other feeds. Is dairy farming profitable":' W. F. Spillman (HonnVs Dainjman, Jfl {1910), No. 11, pp. JfOJf, .'/O.J).— The author presents in tabular form data on 12 tj'pes of dairy farms in order to compare the net px'ofit when grain is raised and when it is bought, both for large and small herds. The conclusion is drawn that " at the present time in cases where the income of the cow is less than something like $100 there is more profit in keeping the smaller herd and raising the concentrates than in keeping a larger herd and buying the con- centrates, but with herds where the income per cow is $130 or more it will undoubtedly pay under present conditions to keep the larger herd and buy the concentrates." Cow index of keep and profit, W. J. Fraser {Illinois ^ta. Virc. ISJf, pp. 22, figs. 2). — The author has compiled a table in which the various items of income and expenditure from a dairy herd, based on the findings of the department of dairying at the station, are so presented that any dairyman can readily ascertain the profit or loss per year for each cow in his herd, providing the yields of milk and milk fat are known. There is a detailed explanation of the methods by which the estimates were made. Tabulated data of a number of herds are given to illustrate the range of profit and loss from individual cows in a herd. The individual animal as the unit in profitable dairying, G. A. Smith {New York State Sta. Bui. 322, pp. 16). — This presents cost data from the station herd showing that the productivity of the individual cow is the true basis on which to establish and maintain a herd for an economical milk pro- duction. The cost of milk per iiound was found to range with different cows in 190G from 0.48 to 1.34 cts., in 1907 from 0.6 to 1.578 cts., and in 1908 from 0.655 to 1.838 cts. "The best cow in the herd (the same cow) averaged 10,150 lbs. of 4 per cent milk annually for 3 years on $.58 worth of food; the poorest cow (different ones each year) averaged 3,350 lbs. of 5.85 per cent milk on $52.40 worth of food. . . . [In 1908] if for the poorer half of the herd we had substituted animals equal to those in the better half, it would have increased the yearly station revenue $237.40 if we had sold milk at current shippers' prices, or $379.90 if we had sold butter fat. with an added expense of only .$40, the cost of the extra food consumed by the better cows." Data obtained from inquiries sent to dairymen are also presented, which emphasize the importance of weeding out poor cows if a profit is to be ob- tained at the present high prices of feeds. Robber cows in dairy herds, F. II. Hall {New Yor>lc State Sta. Bui. 322, popular 6(7., pp. 2-8). — A popular edition of the above. A decade of official tests of dairy cows, 1899-1909, F. W. Woll and R. T. Harris (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. I'Jl. jtp. S-.'i9, figs. 23). — This is an account of the work of the station in making official tests of dairy cows. The number of tests during the year ended October 1, 1909, aggregated 1,479, an increase of 11 per cent over the previous year. The various breeds represented were as follows: Holstein, 364; Guernsey, 143; Jersey, 28; Red Polled, 7; and grades, 1. Of the Holsteiu tests, 20 were 2-day tests, 352 7-day tests, and 10 30-day te.sts. During the last decade these tests have been conducted in 27 counties for 109 breeders, in all a total of 2,764 cows. It is believed that the system of official and semiofficial testing has been largely responsible for the improved breeding, feeding, and care of dairy stock which has exerted an influence upon the entire dairy industry. During the first 5 years of the decade the average production of aged Holstein cows on 80 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. T-day tests was 397.5 lbs. of milk and 13.9 lbs. of butter fat, while in the last 5 years of the decade the average iiroduction of this class was 432.9 lbs. of uiilk aud 15.3 lbs. of butter fat. Community breeders' associations for dairy cattle improvement, G. C. Humphrey (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 189, vp. 3-21, pg.^. 7). — This bulletin discusses the purpose of community organizations for breeders of dairy cattle, the advan- tages of buying and selling through cooperative advertising, and the me'^hod of procedure in forming local organizations, aud contains an account of the organi- zatious \Ahich have been formed in Wisconsin. The first of these associations in the State was organized in 1906. In January, 1910, there were 31 which were well distributed through the important dairy sections of the State. Improved methods for the production of market milk by ordinary dairies, C. B. Lane and K. E. Parks (U. S. Deiti. Agr., Bur. AHiin. Indus. Ri)t. 1908, pp. 365-377, figs. 11; Circ. 158, pp. 12, figs, ii).— The topics treated in this article include the care of the herd, handling the milk, the milk house, utensils, and equipment. There are illustrations of a milk house, the interiors of both filthy and sanitary stables, milk pails, and a sterilizer. A device invented by Dr. L. H. P. Maynard, of the Dairy Division of this Department, for milking directly into the shipping can is illustrated and described. A list of Department publications on the subject is appended. Economic and sanitary milk production, O. F. Hunziker and O. E. Reed {Indiana Sta. Circ 20, pp. 2-), figs. 15). — Popular information is presented con- cerning the selection of the dairy cow aud sire, milk records, feeding the dairy herd, feeding the calf on skim milk, the care of milk, and the consumer as a factor in producing sanitary milk. A study of the fatty bodies in milk, V. Vincent {Ann. 8ci. Agron., 3. ser., 4 {1909), II, No. .'i, pp. 278-287). — These studies refer particularly to the glycerol in milk, cream, and butter. From the results obtained it is evident that glycerol is present in old butter and cream but not in milk, and that no relation exists between the glycerol content and the free-fatty acids. Lipases are not normally present in milk or cream, and the presence of soap in butter is due to the presence of certain bacteria which secrete lipases. This lipolytic action is not responsible for the formation of butter aroma, the latter being probably due to the cleavage of the lactose. Lactic acid bacteria ai)i)arently do not secrete lipases. Further studies in the acidity of fresh milk, W. M. Esten (Hrirnrr, n. scr., 31 {1910), No. 797, p. 5-^8). — An abstract of a paper read before the Society of American Bacteriologists, December, 1909. The entire range of variation of the acidity of the milk during the year for a. herd of 25 cows was from 0.155 to 0.1 S7 per cent. The acidity varied inversely as the temperature, reacliing its highest point in February and the lowest in August. "The quality of the milk varies as the acidity, so that the winter milk has more food value than in sun.mer and a higher price in winter is justified by this fact. The acidity lias an important bearing in the inspection of milk. The dairy selling Jersey milk with 5 per cent of butter fat will sometimes show, an acidity of 0.2 per cent when fresh and does not then con- tain a particle of lactic acid." " It is therefore requisite that milk inspectors be capable of judging a high acid content of milk which indicates high quality and value from liigli acidity caused l»y growth of acid organisms." The determination of the number of leucocytes in milk by a direct method, S. C. Prescott and R. S. Breed (Hcicncc, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 797, p. 552).— An abstract of a paper read before the Society of American Bacteriologists, December, 1909. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 81 By the use of a new method, doseribed by the authors, it has been found that the ly, the neci'ssity of legislation and competent official supervision, the proper handling of milk by producers, merchants, and in the home, and the advantages (if pasteurization in cases where tliere is any doubt of the healthi- ness of tlie milk. Report to the local government board on investigations in the public health laboratory of the University of Manchester upon the prevalence and sources of tubercle bacilli in cow's milk, A. S. Delepink {Ann. Rpt. Local Govt. Ed. [Gt. Brit.], 38 {1908-9), pp. 3.'fl-JiU, figs. 11, dgm.s. J,, charts 6.).— This is a report of numerous experiments on the presence of tubercle bacilli in milk carried out between the years 1S92 and 1908. The most important worlc done was the examination of 7,000 samples of milli and an inspection of many farms in order to study the sources of infection of the milk supply of Man- chester, England. Data on farms visited are presented in tabular form. There are also charts showing the distribution of the milk supply in that vicinity. Some of the conclusions reached are as follows: "Lesions of the udder were found in one or more of tlie cows on at least three-fourths of the farms suiiply- ing tuberculous milk to Manchester. . . . 82 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. " Tuberculosis of the udder can be detected with great accuracy by a combina- tion of veterinary inspection of the cows and of bacteriological examination of the milk obtained from udders showing signs of disease, more specially en- largement and Induration. It is unfortunately impossible for the most ex- perienced veterinary surgeon to distinguish, by inspection and palpation, tuber- culous mastitis from all other forms of mastitis. It is also practically impos- sible of the veterinary surgeon, unaided, to discover by ordinary inspection early tuberculous lesions of the udder. The Manchester records show that out of 940 udders which veterinary surgeons of exceptional experience and ability thought might possibly be affected with tuberculosis, only 242 were proved by bacteriological examination actually to be tuberculous. . . . " One of the facts brought out by the work done in Manchester requires some consideration. Some farmers who supplied tuberculous milk to Manchester have, after this had been discovered, ceased sending their milk to the town, and now send it elsewhere or use it to make cheese. Occurrences of this kind indicate the necessity of strict control of the milk su]:)ply of every district. So long as the presence of tuberculous cows, and more specially of aged tuberculous cows, is tolerated in our herds, a certain amount of tuberculous infection of the milk suppl.v is inevitable. The elimination of cows with tuberculous udders undoubtedly removes the most material and dangerous source of infection, but it is only after the milk has become infectious that these cows are detected. Frequent inspection is therefore indicated under the present system of control." The vitality of typhoid bacilli in milk and butter, H. J. Washburn ( U. S. Dept. Affi:, Bur. Aiiini. Indus. Rpt. 190S, pi). 297-300). — By tracing the causes of typhoid cases occurring in the District of Columbia it was found that 11 per cent in the year 1906 owed their origin to infected milk ; in 1907 about 9 per cent and in 1908 about 10 per cent were due to the same cause. Experiments are reported which show that typhoid bacilli will retain their vitality in butter for 151 days. In milk they all disappeared at the end of 43 days. The economic and sanitary supervision of city milk supplies, ;m. N. Baker (Bur. of the Censiis \r. N.], Spec. Rpts.. Stath. of Cities 1907. pp. SG-.'/o, .',-'i9- 451). — This report contains information regarding the milk ordinances of 158 cities in the United States during the year 1907, Aluminum milk cans, J. H. Monrad (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 29 {1910), A'o. 20, p. J.'/O, figs. 2). — A description and discussion of a nonrusting milk can recently put on the market in Denmark, made from aluminum plates welded together by a patented process and inserted into the lower part of a jacket made of galvanized steel plate. The price is about double that of a tinned steel can. More about paper bottles, L. B. Allyn (Milk Man, 3 {1910), No. 1, p. 9). — Several tests are reported in which single-service paper milk bottles were compared with glass bottles. Milk kept in glass bottles at a temperature of 65° F. was found to increase in acidity faster than that in paper bottles kept at the same temperature. Samples of market milk kept at different tempera- tures gave the following results as to the increase of bacteria : Increase of Mcteria in glass and in paper bottles at different temperatures. Number of sample. Tempera- ture, de- grees F. Original number of bacteria per cubic centimeter. Bacteria per cubic centi- meter in elass bottles after 10 hours. Bacteria per cubic centi- meter in paper bottles after 10 hours. 1- 2 3 90 70 50 20, 250 44,460 28,860 76,057,050 4,446,000 132,866 54,116,200 2,712,060 58,320 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83 Milk vineg'ar, G, Filaudeau and Vitoux (Ann. Falsif., 2 {1909), No. 8, pp. 27S-280; abs. in Zcnthl. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path. Stnjficechsels, n. ser., 5 (1910). -Vo. /. i>. '/,?). — The milk residues from butter and ciieese factories, which contnined on tlio average 30 to 50 gm. of lactose per liter, were concentrated. ' jirinu'd with sugar, fermented, and the liquor converted into vinegar by the Orleans method. The product obtained was of a clear, bright yellow color and had a pleasant taste. VETERINARY MEDICINE. The effect of smelter fumes upon the live-stock industry in the Northwest, R. J. FoRMAD (V. 8. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Anim. Indus. Rpt. 1908, pp. 237-268. pi. 1, figs. 7). — The effects of smelter fumes on the live-stock industry and on forage, as previously noted from other sources (E. S. R., 20, pp. 28, 790) are briefly reviewed and investigations reported. In response to appeals from stock growers and farmers who had sustained losses of stock and crops, the author conducted investigations from October to December, 1906, in the Deer Lodge Valley, Montana, at distances on an air line of from 1^ to 12 miles from the Anaconda smelter. Information obtained as to the holdings of 49 persons indicated that losses had caused a decrease from 2,447 horses, kept in 1902, to 423. An experiment made to test the effect of arsenic on horses in which 20 grains of white arsenic was fed to a horse on August 29 and 40 grains the following day resulted in the death of the animal on September 6. Arsenic ulcers similar to those found among horses in the vicinity of the smelter were produced through the application of an arsenical paste of semiliquid con- sistency to the nasal septum by means of a svA^ab of cotton. The clinical symp- toms shown by cattle and horses in the Deer Lodge Valley are described at some length. Post-mortem examinations made of 22 cases are briefly reported as are the microscopical-anatomical studies of samples taken at the autopsies of 12 cases. " The pathologic findings on post-mortem examination show unmistakable lesions of chronic catarrhal inflammation of the stomach, intestines, lungs, and kidneys. The microscopic preparations demonstrate conclusively the presence of a pronounced irritant, which has operated on all organs pertaining to the metabolism and assimilation of food, as well as those concerned in the elimina- tion of' waste products, being characterized by an inflammatory cell prolifera- tion in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, the portal areas of the liver, the peri-bronchial connective tissue of the lung, and the interstitial connective tissue of the kidneys. These cell infiltrations of proliferations can be the result only of an irritant, which on chemical analysis has proven to be ai'senic." A bibliography of the more imi)ortant literature relating to the subject is appended. [Report of veterinary division], M. H. Reynolds (Minnesota 8ta. Rpt. 1908, pp. XVI-XXI). — In this report brief mention is made of the work of the year on ventilation and with hog cholera, swamp fever, tuberculosis, and in- fectious abortion. The use of hog-cholera serum on normal hogs is stated to have given exceedingly satisfactory results. Experiments have shown that the common laboratory animals are not suscejitible to swamp fever. [Report of department of veterinary science and bacteriology, 1908], W. B. Mack (Nevada Sta. Bui. 66', pp. 53-02, 65-68. pis. 2).— During the year under report several chickens from Reno were examined and found to be affected with tuberculosis. A flock of sheep inspected was found to be infected with foot- 84 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. rot, a bacillus corresponding morphologically to BaciNus necrophorus being dis- coveretl. Clinical observations and the results of post-mortem and bacteriolog- ical examinations of several cases thought to be hog cholera, and an outbreak of anemia in horses in Elko County previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 584), are also reported upon. Infectious anemia, mycotic lymphangitis, and chronic bacterial dysentery, J. K. MoHLER {U. S. Dcijt. Agr., Bur. Aniin. Indus. Rpt. 190S, pp. 223-236. figs. (j)_ — This article has been substantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 20. p. 7S5). The 1908 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the United States, A. D. Melvin (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Anhii. Indus. Rpt. 1908. pp. 379-392, figs. 8).— This is an account of the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in this country, which was first discovered near Danville, Pa., early in November, 1908, and of the methods and expense of eradication. Diseased animals were found on 157 premises, of which 101 were in 15 counties of Pennsylvania, 45 in 5 counties in New York, 9 in 2 counties in Michigan, and 2 in 1 county in Maryland. In the work of eradication, 2,025 cattle valued at $76,785.39, 1,329 hogs valued at $11,470.79. 275 sheep valued at $1,759, and 7 goats valued at $18, were slaughtered. The total expenditure by this Department was $299,112.10, and about $113,000 was expended by the four affected States in their part of the work. As described in a circular previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 383) the infection was brought into this country in smallpox vaccine. The fixation of the complement in glanders, Miessner and Trapp {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 52 {1909), No. 1, pp. 115-146, charts 5; al)S. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Hoc. [London'], 1910, No. I, p. 87). — The authors describe the complement fixation methods, the antigen, the serum, the amboceptor, the complement, and the blood corpuscles, and give details with respect to malleiu experiments. Complement fixation was positive in 95.7 per cent of glandered. and in 1.27 per cent of normal, horses. A suitable antigen was found in an aqueous extract of glanders bacilli made from an agar culture, diluted from 250 to 1,000 times with phenol saline. The antigens were very sensitive to daylight, but boi*e boiling and minus temperatures of from 10 to 15° C. With aqueous extracts of organs of glandered and normal horses and guinea pigs, there was no com- plement fixation with the serum of glandered horses. Similar results were obtained when alcoholic extracts were used, and also with oleate of sodium, oleic acid, and lecithin. The diagnosis of rabies in inoculated animals, J. W. Cornwall and M. Kesava Pai (Jour. Trap. Vet. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. lJi9-155, charts ;2).— This account is taken from Bulletin 1 of the Pasteur Institute of southern India. The measure of immunity against rabies in animals, J. W. Cornwall and M. Kesava I'ai {Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 1. pp. 156-161).— Au ac- count also taken from Bulletin 1 of the Pasteur Institute of southern India. Negri bodies, J. W. Cornwall and M. Kesava Pai (Jour. Trop. Vet. 8ci., 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. 162-180).— StmVies from the Pasteur Institute of southern India. The transmission of avian tuberculosis to mammals, J. R. Mohler and H. J. Washburn (U. &. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Rpt. 1908, [>p. 165-176).— An outbreak of tuberculosis among fowls on a large ranch in Oregon that seemed to extend to the swine of the same farm through feeding the hogs upon the carcasses of fowls that succumbed to the disease, led to the inaugura- VETERINARY MEDICINE. 85 tion of a series of experiments deslsued to ascertain if tlie bacilli of avian tuberculosis may be trausmitteil to mauuuals under suitable conditions. Two living hens obtained from I lie infected ranch produced tuberculosis in tuberculin-tested pigs to which they were fed. Affected tissues from these infected pigs were fed to healthy fowls and administered in various ways to guinea pigs and rabbits in order to test their virulence for mammalia. Cul- tures obtained from these inoculations proved to be avian in their biological characteristics. Only 2 eggs were laid by the diseased hens during the 5 months following their aiTival at the laboratory, which fact is' considered to have been due to the unthrifty condition of the birds. " Microscopic examination of these eggs failed to disclose the presence of tubercle bacilli, but the inoculation of guinea pigs proved their presence. Several guinea pigs were inoculated with the white of the egg and others with the yolk. Those which received inocula- tions of the yolk failed to develoi) tuberculosis, but those which were injected with the white, with one exception, developed very characteristic lesions within a short period." Through these and other experiments with avian tubercle bacilli, it has been proved that the micro-oi-ganisms of naturally acquired tuberculosis in fowls can be made to lodge and multiply within the tissues of swine, cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs. " Repeated passage of such avian tubercle bacilli in large numbers from animal to animal will result in the final development of a type of tubercle bacilli which will produce typical lesions of tuberculosis in mammals." The causation and character of animal tuberculosis, and federal measures for its repression, J. R. Moiiler ( [/. »S'. Dcpi. Agr., B)ir. Aiiim. Indus. Rpt. J908, pp. 155-16-')). — This is a paper that was presented at the annual conven- tion of the American Veterinary Medical Association in 190S in which the various methods of tuberculous infection, a comparative study of tubercle bacilli, relation to public health, prevalence, and the federal work in suppress- ing the disease are considered. The economic importance of tuberculosis of food-producing- animals, A. D. Melvin (U. /S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Aiiim. Iiulus. Rpt. WOS, pi). 97-107).— Previously noted from other sources (E. S. R., 21, p. 282; 22, p. 387). The relation of the tuberculous cow to public health, E. C. Schroedeb (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Aniin. Indu.^. Rpt. 190S, pp. 109-153, pis. 3, figs. 15).— The subject is reviewed at some length, evidence gained through experimental investigation being presented. The author discusses the character of tuber- culosis as a disease of cattle, the manner in which tubercle bacilli are expelled by tuberculous cattle, the appearance of cattle that expel tubercle bacilli, the manner in which tubercle bacilli thus expelled get into milk and dairy products, the virulence and vitality of tubercle bacilli in dairy products, proportion of tuberculous cows among those in use for dairy purposes and the frequency with which dairy products contain tubercle bacilli. Chronic bacterial dysentery of cattle, J. R. Mohler {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus., Circ. Llli. pp. 3, ]ig. 1). — A reprint of another portion of the paper in the annual rei)ort of the bureau above noted. The morphology of the microbe of bovine pleuro-pneumonia, Bordet (Abs. in Rev. G^n. MM. Vet., 15 (1910), No. 17.',. pp. 3',S, 3'i9; ^^ct. Rcc, 22 (1910), Xo. 112-'i, p. 1,90). — The author finds the organisms first discovered in 1908 by Nocard and Roux to be involution forms dei)endent upon the nature of the culture media. " P.y special cultural methods, he has succeeded in including these minute particles to develop into typical spirochistai, stainable by Giemsa's 86 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. stain, which he regards as the perfect form of the causal ageut of pleuro- pneumonia." Spiroptera reticulata in cattle, S. Dodd (Vet. Rec, 22 (1910), No. 1129, pp. 570, 571). — Although recently published works upon parasites of domesticated animals state that S. reticulata is not known to occur in animals other than eciuines, the author points out that for some years parasitic nodules containing worms supposed to be this species have been known to exist in cattle in Aus- tralia. The parasite in question is very common in Queensland cattle but appears to be seen most frequently in cattle from the western plains. Report on experiments with, the wild passion-flower vine in connection with, the death of cattle in the Beaudesert district, S. Dodd (Queensland Aqv. Jour., 24 (1910), Xo. 2. pp. 88-DS). — Feeding experiments with Passiflora alba are reported. Lip-and-leg ulceration of sheep (U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 160, pp. 35. figs. 7). — This consists of two papers, presented at the convention of the National Wool Growers' Association. Ogden, Utah, January S, 1910. I. The icork of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the suppression of lip-and- leg ulceration of sheep, A. D. Melvin (pp. 5-12). — A gi-oup of diseases of an ulcerative nature, variously known as foot-rot, necrotic dermatitis, necrotic stomatitis, etc., which have existed in the United States for many years, have been found to be caused by the necrosis bacillus (B. necrophorus), and thus may be considered as a single disease, manifesting itself in various forms. In this paper the author discusses the occurrence of the disease and the work of suppression that is being carried on by this Deiiartment. As the malignant form continued to spread, a federal quarantine on sheep in S counties in Wyom- ing was declared August 6, irK)9. II. Lip-and-lcg ulceration (Necrohacillosis) of sheep: Its cause and treat- ment, J. R. Mohler (pp. 13-35). — In this paper the author discusses the history of the disease, its nature, and methods of treatment at some length. While it has been discovered in this country in both East and West as well as in various parts of Europe off and on for the past 20 years, until quite recently but little effort has been made to find the causative agent or to check its spread. " The characteristic lesions may be found on any part of the exterior of sheep where the bacillus which causes it may gain entrance; but cuts, bruises, abra- sions, and exposure to devitalizing processes being less frequent upon parts covered with wool and their contact with infection less likely, the woolly por- tions of the body are less subject to lesions than other parts. In this country lesions upon the head, as lips, chin, nose, cheeks, gums, and hard palate, are the most frequent, while much less common are the ulcers on the legs and feet. Shear cuts and the tail stump of docked lambs are at times infected, while slit ears have been more frequently involved. In bucks freqiiently and in wethers occasionally the sheath is infected. The vulva of ewes has been found ulcer- ated in a relatively small percentage of cases, while the udder and teats even more rarely have developed the infection, notwithstanding that the sucking lambs showed more or less ulceration and eruptions on the mouth parts. In some cases lesions have appeared in the pharnyx and lungs, accasionally in the liver and stomach, and in such instances the disease uniformly results in death." The various manifestations are arranged and described under (1) the Up ;iud leg form, .(2) the venereal form. (3) the foot-rot form, and (4) the sore mouth form. The disease is primarily the result of abrasions of the skin and other tissues, allowing the access of the bacilli. A pi'olonged drought, which renders the food scarce, inducing the sheep to browse on thistles and roughage and thereby causing the necessary abrasions, is a predisposing factor. Experi- ments conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry have shown that necrosis VETERINARY MEDICINE. 87 bacilli obtained from lesious of lip-iind-le,^ ulceration will produce similar ulcers in lio.us, horses, calves, and chickens which have been arliticially infected by them. "The losses have varied considerably in the different States autl sections. One company lost 3,(HtO, or 10 per cent, in 1!K)!) ; another lost TOO out of 2.000 old sheep, besides a shrinkage in the lamb crop due to abortion ; while still another flock master placed his loss at $15,000 from the effects of the disease. Bucks, more valuable in proportion to numbers, are lost to service or become the greatest menace to uninfected bands." " If taken in time, the disease in the vast majority of cases responds readily to treatment, the principal recijnisite being vigilance on the part of the herder to cut out as soon as they occur all cases of the infection, which should be placed in the hospital band for hand treatment. "Prevention should be carried out along three lines: (1) Separation of the sick from the healthy animals; (2) close scrutiny of the sheep that have been exposed to infection by contact with affected animals or premises, or otherwise; (3) complete disinfection of all pens, corrals, and sheds, as the necrosis bacilli will retain their virulence under favorable conditions in and around the sheep- fold for several years. The walls, racks, and troughs should be sprinkled with a 5 per cent solution of sheep dip or other similar disinfectant. The manure and a portion of the surface soil of the corral should be removed and the ground sprinkled with the disinfectant solution. If possible, the healthy sheep should be taken to new and uninfected bed grounds and pastured on uninfected range. Ex[>erience has shown that sound sheep may be safely pastured on land that has been previously occupied by animals .suffering from lip-and-leg ulcer- ation if a winter's frosts have been allowed to intervene." The treatment of these, affections, no matter how many varieties of the disease may make their appearance, consists of disinfection and cleanliness, or disinfection and prevention. Treatment by local antiseptics is very satisfactory if begun in time and applied energetically. Some important facts in the life history of the gid parasite and their bearing' on the prevention of the disease, M. C. IIall ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr.. Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 159, pp. 7). — In view of the doubt harbored by veterinarians and sheepmen regarding the correctness of the generally accepted life history of the gid parasite, the subject is here briefly reviewed. It is shown that the larvjie or bladder form of the dog taenia develops only in the brain and spinal cord of sheei) and that ordinarily it is necessary that the larvje be consumed by a dog for further development to take place. It is sug- gested as quite probable, however, that further investigations may show that coyotes, other wolves, and foxes, animals closely related to the dog, also serve as hosts for the adult form of this parasite. The author considers it highly improbable that the gid parasite should develop iu the sheep outside of the central nervous system to the point where it would be capable of infecting the dog and not have been discovered by helminthologists. Exjieriments are re- ported which show that dogs readily gain access to the sheep brain even though protected l)y the skull. Gid found in sheep in New York, W. J. Taylor and W. II. P.oynton iAinrr. Vet. Rrr.. 36 iI'MO), No. 5, pp. .5.37-.5'/S, fiffs. 7).— An outbreak of gid iu a flock of sheep near (Jeneva. N. Y., is here reported. The affected animals were found to be the offspring of Shropshire sheep imported from Great Britain in 1(K)7 and 1908. Two Scotch collie dogs were imported at the same time for use as sheep dogs. In a four months' old lanil) examlHed three cysts of Twnia marginata {Cysticcrcus tcnuicoUis) were found 47147°— No. 1—10 7 88 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. iu tlie omentum covering the wall of the second stomach, sis or seven Hwmon- clius ( 8ti-onij!i1us) contortus and a whipworm (TricJioccplKtlus affinis) were found in the abomasum, and a few larvjie of (Estrus ovis in the frontal sinuses. A tapeworm (Twiiia cocnurus) developed in a dog to which an infested brain was fed. The prevention of losses among sheep from stomach worms {Hcemonchiis contortus), B. H. Ransom {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Aii'nn. Indus, Rpt. 1908, pi). 269-278; Circ. iJ7, pi). 10). — The behavior, life history and means of control of these parasites as brought out by Investigation and experiment are discussed. The older sheep as well as the lambs are more or less heavily infested with stomach worms, but due to a greater resistance are not so much affected. The injurious action of stomach worms is attributed to two things: First, the loss of blood abstracted by the parasites and the loss of nutritive materials which may be absorbed by the parasites from the alimentary fluids, and, second, the destruction of red corpuscles by a poisonous substance secreted by the parasites which is absorbed into the blood. It is suggested that a substance may be present in the blood of adult sheep tending to neutralize the poisonous matter produced by parasites, which is absent from the blood of lambs, or if present occui-s iu small c]uantities. While the maximum longevity of the larva? is not definitely known, pastures have been found to remain infectious after a lapse of nearly S months, namely from October 2.") to June 10. Cultures made on September 14, lOOG, from the feces of infected sheeii and kept in the labor.itory contained live larvie on June 5, 1907. " Cultures iu which the embryos were allowed to develop to the final larval stage, after which they were kept in cold storage at temperatures below freezing, in some cases as low as 12° F., still contained some living embryos after two or three months, while in other cultures eggs and embryos not yet developed to the final larval stage were killed within a few hours when exiiosed to temperatures below freezing." ExperimiMits have shown that the eml)ry<)n:c stomach worms, when contained in liquids, pass through oi-dinary filter paper. It is stated that the only method of handling lambs born of infested ewes which can be guarantied to keep the lambs free from stomach worms is so impracticable that it is not likely to come into general use. Experiments made in the District of Columbia in 190S demonstrated the fact that during the sunmier lambs can not be entirely protected from infection if kept with infested ewes, even though the flock be placed on fresh pastures at intervals much shorter than would be possiI)le under jiractical conditions. The plan of having a special suckling pen has also failed to prevent entirely stomach worm infection in lambs from infested mothers. The failure of the method is con- sidered as due to the more or less common occurrence of larval stomach worms njion the skin and wool of the ewes from whence they may sometimes be taken into the mouth of the lambs while suckling and be swallowed. A plan for the combination of pasture rotation and medicinal treatment is described which it is thought should prevent all losses after the first year or two in operation. In following this plan, all the sheep except the lambs should be given a preliminary treatment with bluestone, coal-tar creosote, or gasoline as directed in the circular previously noted (E. S. li., 18, p. 9S7). Rotation should then be practised as follows: "Pasture No. 1 until July, pasture No. 2 until winter begins, then to pasture No. 3 (the winter pasture), then at the end of winter to pasture No. 4, then in July to pasture No. 1, then to the winter liasture (No. 3), then to pasture No. 2, etc." If placed upon an infected I)asture, a second mediciusjl ti'eatment should be administered during the sum- mer. Before moving to pasture No. 3, another treatment for stomach worms is recommended. After the first year's treatment the medicine is given only iu VETERINARY MEDICINE. 89 the fall, just before the sheei) and cattle are moved to the jiastiire in which they siiend the winter. As salt acts to a certain extent as a preventtive against stomach worms as well as being a necessary element iu the diet of ruminants, it should be supplied to the sheep in liberal quantities. It is said that in an experiment in which sheep were fed tobacco no effect was noticeable either upon the stomach worms or upon the sheep. Malta fever and the Maltese goat importation, J. R. Moiiler and G. H. Hart {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Aniin. Indus. Rpt. IQOS. pi). 279-295. pi. 1, figs. 3). — In this paper the authors describe the characteristics of the Maltese goat and the nature of Malta fever, a disease of goats due to Micrococcus incJitcnsis, which is conveyed to man through the milk. The history of the importation of Maltese goats to the United States, made in 1005, and investigations, in which J/. Diclitcnsis was fed to the goaft and agglutination tests made of their blood upcn their arrival in this country, during the course of which it was shown that the herd was infected, are con- sidered at some length, 'rhls infection made the destruction of the entire herd necessary, and all were destroyed within about a year after their importation. It is concluded that " so long as Malta fever remains so prevalent in the Island of Malta, and such a large percentage of the native goats are passive carriers of the M. melitensis it will be, impracticable to attempt to introduce these animals into the United States. Even if they were assuredly free from M. melitensis. it is doubtful on account of climatic conditions whether they could be profitably bred in this country, excei)t in the extreme Southern States." Field tests with serum for the prevention of hog cholera, W. B. Niles {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Rpt. ]90S, pp. 177-217. fig. 1). — Experi- ments conducted in 47 herds in order to determine what could be accomplished by treating animals of different ages, located in different localities, and kept under varying field conditions, are here reported. The results have led the author to conclude that nonimmune hogs of all ages may be protected against hog cholera when sufficient doses of serum are administered, namely, for sucking pigs, from 10 to 15 cc, for shotes weighing from 30 to 200 lbs., from 20 to 30 cc, and for old hogs, from 40 to 60 cc. It is thought probable that further experiments will show that as large a dose as 60 cc. will never be required. " In herds recently infected with hog cholera where only a few animals have become sick, nearly all loss may be prevented by the use of serum alone. The serum will not save those animals in the last stages of the period of incubation, but may be depended on to protect all of the uninfected animals aiid most of those in the early stages of the period of incubation. Simultaneous treatment in these herds appears to yield the same results as the serum when given alone except that the duration of immunity may be longer. In badly infected herds, where the disease has made considerable headway, a number of the animals may be saved by the serum, the percentage saved depending upon the extent of llie infection ; that is, upon the number of unaffected or only slightly affected animals in the herd at the time of treatment. By the prompt use of hyper- inunune serum in an infected herd and the prompt vaccination of surrounding herds, hog'cholera may be quickly stamped out when it first appears in new territory. In case the infection has already spread from one infected herd to several neighboring herds, the vaccination of all herds bordering on the infected area will prevent further spread of the disease. The treatment of healthy shotes by the simultaneous methods very rarely causes the appearance of disease, and should it do so it may be quickly controlled by the subsequent use of hyperinnnune serum alone." 90 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. The control of hog cholera by serum iininuiiization, A. D. Mpxvin (U, S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Anini. Indus. Kitt. 190S, pi). 21'.)-22Ji). — This paper has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R.. 20, p. 881). Mycotic lymphangitis of horses, J. R. Mohler (U. .S'. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Aiiim. Indus., Circ. loo. pp. o. figs. -'/). — This is a reprint of a portion of the article noted above. Sporadic Stomatitis pustulosa in horses, Bochberg {Ztschr. VeterinUrJc., 21 (1909), No. 5, pp. 220. 221; Tct. Jour., 65 (1909), No. J,08, pp. 317, 318).— A report of the disease in 5 horses. It is supposed to have arisen from the use of moldy and dusty clover hay. A case of periodic ophthalmia, Walther (Abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1910), No. 1128, pp. 5o'i. odo). — A case regarded as a metastatic sequel of periodic ophthal- mia is reported. Gout in birds (Abs. in Vet. Rcc, 22 (tOlO), No. 1129, pp. 573, 57^).— Avian gout like human gout is said to assume articular and viscei'al forms. Notes on some diseases of the ostrich, W. Robertson (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 36 (1910). No. 1, pp. 3'i-'il, figs. //). — Notes are given on anthrax, or miltziekte, and paralysis of the limbs due to a short bacillus. This latter affection is said to have been on the increase during the past 6 years. Note on an intestinal parasite of the ostrich, W. Jowett (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope. 36 (1910), No. 1. pp. 60-63. figs. 6). — Tlie parasite described aiv pears to be a Strongylns (Sclerostoma). The occurrence of bacteria in Echinococci and Cysticerci and their rela- tion to the death of these animal parasites, R. Mehlhose (Centbl. Balct. [ctc.^, 1. Abt., Grig., 52 {1909), No. /. /*/;. ',3-7.'i, pi. 1, fig. i).— The results of a study of the bacterial contents of the bladder forms of tapeworms are reported in tabular form, 00 cases being thus presented. Bacillus arenicolae n. sp., a pathogenic bacterium from the gut-epithelium of Arenicola ecaudata, H. B. Fantham and Annie Porter (Cciithi. Bakt. [etc.] 1. Abt., Grig., 52 (1909), No. 3. pp. 329-33.',, pi. i).— This new species, found by the authors in the lumen of the gut and within the intestinal epithelium of A. ecaudata, though not of frequent occurrence, causes lesions in the gut-epithe- lium of the annelid and may hasten its death. RURAL ECONOMICS. The agricultural laborer, L. Thomassin (Bui. Hoc. Agr. France, 1910, Apr. 1, pp. 20-26). — This is a paper read before the Agricultural Society of France, February 23, 1910. The author made a study of tbe economic and social conditions surrounding the life of farm laborers in the Vexin district, with a view of determining the chief causes of rural depopulation and of suggesting means for the repopula- tion of the land. As far as wages are concerned, the farm laborers in this section of France are shown to receive from 85 to 120 francs per month with- out board, from 50 to 70 francs per month with board, and other premiums according to the amount of milk produced, sheep sold, lambs raised, and wool produced. Day laboi-ers receive 3 francs per day without board and 2 fi'ancs with board. The economic position of farm laborers, therefore, is regarded as comparing favorably with the lot of industrial workers. The social position of the farm laborer, however, is regarded as capable of great improvement and as the chief cause of rural depopulation. To improve conditions it is recommended that good houses should l)e erected with attached gardens, that facilities be afforded for keeping i)oultry, pigs, rabbits, etc., to RURAL ECONOMICS. 91 heip defrny the cost of living, and that laborers should be permitted to enjoy Sunday as free as possible from all kinds of labor. Such social advantages, it is believed, \A'ould I'esult in the establishment of farm laborers' households with their attendant joys of family life and would serve as a means of retain- ing laborers on the land. The chief recoumiendation, however, is the erection on each large farm of a ball vt'here the worl^men aud their families could meet in social gatherings, where lectures could be given and entertainments held, and with a library of good books aud other educational features provided which would take the place of the attractions of the cities. lu these features the woman on the farm could play a k^rge social role, as could also the proprietor to whom, particularly, it would be a matter of economic interest to promote the social welfare of both farmers and tenants. The farm, at Trousse and the laborers' dwellings, II. Hitier {Jour. Agr. Prat, u. scr., 19 {1910), Nos. 2, pp. Ji9-53, figs. 3; 3, pp. 83-86, flgs. 7).— This article describes the arrangement and operation of a farm of 075 acres, the proprietor of which received the gold medal awarded by the Agricultural Society of Meaux for the amelioration of agricultural conditions. The special feature on this farm which led to the reward was the erection of laborers' houses, well lighted, sanitary, commodious, and with attached gardens which were constructed and arranged by the proprietor with the desire of actually improving the conditions of the agricultural laborers em- ployed on his estate. The plans of these houses aud their interior and exterior arrangement and surroundings are described and illustrated. It is urged that the example set by the proprietor of this farm should be emulated by large farmers as a means of raising the standard of living of farm laborers and their families. Concerning" the establishments for mig'ratory laborers (Wiirttvinh. Wclnihl. Landio., 1910, No. 10, pp. 159, 160). — Statistics are presented on the successful operation for the three months ended December 31, 1909, of the 27 places established in Wiirttemberg for the registration and care of agricultural and other lal)orers in search of employment. The returns show a decrease in begging and of offenses punishable by imprisonment as a result of the estab- lishment of these institutions. The winter woi'k of the farmer {Luiuhr. Ztsclir. Rhcinprovinz, 10 {1909), Xo. .'i9, pp. 702, 703). — This article discusses the different lines of work which farmers can do in winter, such as the care of tools, machinery, buildings, fenpes, manure, soil, woodlands, orchards, etc., the keeping of farm accounts and their value, attendance at meetings of farmers, and the reading of agri- cultural literature. Such work, it is believed, would give the farmer a better insight into the economic status of his farm operations and result in more l>rotitab]e systems of farm management. Working methods in American agriculture, J. Suxuby {Tid^shr. Xorske Landbr., 16 {1909), Nos. 9, pp. 387-.',19; II. pp. .'i98-536).—A report on ol)serva- tions made by the author during a visit to the United States in 190S. The agrarian situation and ag-riculture in Belgium, J. Frost { Agrarrcr- ffifisuiig iind Laridicirtschaft in Bclgicn. Berlin. 1909, pp. V II I +.55.5. maps '}. — This volume discusses the climate and soils of Belgium, the means of transportation, the condition of the agricultural population, agricultural organi- zations, and education, with detailed accounts of the systems of farming practiced in the different sections of the country and the nature and extent of the agricultural industries, including data as to both the kind and quantity of croi)s raised and the live stock industries. 92 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Belgimii is shown to be a nation of small lioldings. In 1905 out of a total of 286,250 farms, no less than 193,845 were from 1 to 5 hectares in size; 89,459 from 5 to 50 hectares; 2,392 from 50 to 100 hectares, and only 554 above 100 hectares (247.1 acres) in size. Many of the data presented are discussed with reference to their bearing on the present economic and social status of the rural population. Work of the agricultural commission, 1907-8 {Trav. Com. Agr. [Russia'\, ]i)01-8, pp. 25+5+13, maps 39). — The duties of this commission in Russia as prescribed by liiw are as follows: (1) To enable peasants to free themselves from the cumbersome and uneconomic methods of cultivating their holdings, which are now cut up into extremely small narrow strips; (2) to assist those jieasants who possess only a very little land to increase it to an average-size holding by funds secured through the agricultural peasant bank or by the purchase of government land. The need of such a commission for relieving the agrarian situation in Russia is shown by the fact that in many villages part of the peasant land ("nadiel") received at the time of emancipation by each peasant has been subdivided into many lots, sometimes as high as a hundred, of insignificant narrow strips, and in others so scattered that sometimes some of them are situated more than six miles from the peasant's dwelling house. The detailed work of the commission during the two years is described and illustrated in this report. Agricultural credit (Eitgrais, 25 {1910), No. 13, pp. 355, 3.56).— This is the text of the new French law of March 19, 1910, authorizing agricultural mutual credit societies to grant long-term loans to members in order to facilitate the acquisition, exploitation, and reconstruction of small holdings. The union of the associations of the Alps and Provence, H. Sagnier (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. .scr., 18 {1909). No. 51, pp. S27, 828). — This article summarizes the proceedings of the annual meeting held at Marseille, December 11 and 12, 1909. The union embraces nine departments of France and is composed of about 250 affiliated societies with 50,000 members. The article shows that the farms in this section of France consist largely of small holdings, which fact has brought the associations into closer coopera- tive action and yielded greater returns to the farmers for their products than would have been possible without the union. Agricultural cooperative societies in Egypt, B. P. Nubab {Egypte Con- teinporainc, 1910, No. 2, pp. 197-206). — This article discusses the economic value to the small landowning class in Egypt of societies for the cooperative purchase and sale of farm pi-oducts and of agricultural credit banks. Egypt, so far as the rural population is concerned, is a country of small hok|ings. Of 1,090,000 rural proprietors, no less than 1,018.000 own lands ranging from about 1 to 10 acres in size. With a view to improving the eco- nomic condition of this class, and particularly to free them from the hands of professional money lenders, a commission was appointed by the Khedival So- ciety of Agriculture to Investigate and make suggestions regarding the best forms of cooperative societies adapted to Egyptian rural conditions. This paper, by one of the members of the commission, i)oints out the objections th.st have been raised against the organization of such societies in Egypt, shows that the difficulties mentioned have been overcome in Germany, France, and other countries, and urges the government to pass a law whereby such coojiera- tive societies dan be easily organized. Such a law, it is believed, would o])en a new era of prosperity to small proprietors, the farm laboring class, and ]»articu- lai-ly to Egyptian agriculture. Why is cooperation not more successful among farmers? J. E. Johnson {Rpt, Agr, New Brunswick 1909, pp. 221-230). — This is an address delivered AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 93 by the nianafior of tbo Norfolk Fruit Growers' Association at (Juelpli, Ontario, February P.. lUlO. Tbe su.trgestions presented for making farmers' cooperative associations more successfnl than they liave been in tbe past are for farmers to run their farms on business i)rinci[)les, keei)injr farm accounts, preserving confidence in other members, paying the managers good salaries, securing more knowledge along cooperative lines, obtaining more uniformity in the grading and i)acking of farm products, and the pro-rating of products, particularly apples, according to varieties, giving more attention to home markets, and carrying out the by- laws and the true spirit of Cdoiicrative associations. The future position of the United States in the wheat and meat markets of the world, F. F. Matenaers (Dent. Laiidiv. Pressc, 37 (1910), Nos. 8, pp. 81. 82; 10, pp. 105-101). — The author presents and discusses statistical data regarding the acreage and ])roduction of wheat in the United States from 1870-1008. inclusive, together with the exports of wheat and the increase of population during the same period. On this basis the conclusion is drawn that in 15 years time the United States will be able to supply only its own demand tor wheat. Similar data on live stock production for meat are presented, and it is contended that the I'nited States has already lost first place in the world's market and will gradually reach the same position in this respect as for wheat. Crop Reporter (U. aS. Dcpt. Apr., Bur. i^tatis. Crop Reporter. 12 {1910), No. o, pp. 33-'i0. //(/. 1). — Notes and statistics on the condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries, the farm values and prices of agricultural products, and a comparison of tbe monthly receipts of eggs and poultry in the chief markets for the first four months of 1009 and 1910. Agricultural imports and exports in Denmark, 1908, N. C. Christensen (Tidsslr. Laiidokoiioiiii. IDOD. Nos. 11. pp. liOX-li22 ; 12. 693-698). AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The relation of ag'ricultural education to conservation, ,J. K. Reynolds (So. Attautie Quart.. 9 {1910). Xo. 2. pp. n'7-188). — This article calls attention to the declining rate of exportation of agricultural products from the United States as evidence of the need of conserving the fertility of the soil, and sug- gests the following remeflies: (1) Strengthening the work of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the state agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and the farmers' institutes and similar extension agencies; (2) a careful study of the work and influence of special agricultural schools of secondary grade: (3) making provision for the teaching of agriculture and domestic science in tbe ordinary public high schools; (4) tbe encouragement of agricultural courses for prospective teachers in the state normal schools; (.5) tbe introduction of elementary agriculture into the elementary connnon schools; and ((>) the development of additional special agencies for extending agricultural instruction directly to rural communities. The author holds that approi)riations at least equal to those supporting "non- productive state institutions for tbe abnormal classes" shmild be made for the educational needs of normal society in a democracy. Agriculture in the hig'h school, M. H. Buckham {\ niirliiifiton. Tt.]. 1910, pp. 6). — This address, given t(» the students of tbe winter course in the Uni- versity of Vermont, considers agriculture as a cultural subject worthy to be taught in all schools, on the ground that it is a group of sciences having " re- 94 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. sources wbicli if wisely used would increase indefinitely man's health, wealth, energy, and enjoyment of life." A four-year course is suggested in which the first year should be given to " soils and all Inorganic matter," the second to plant life, the third to animal life, and the last to " human life as affected by agriculture," including its economic, hygienic, intellectual, esthetic, moral, and social aspects. The belief is expressed that agriculture so taught would also have important vocational as well as cultural value in giving a more intelligent basis for the choice of agriculture as an occupation, and would tend also to induce interested students to follow up the "more strictly vocational aspects of iiiOdern science to agricultural art." Agriculture in the public schools, W. C. Weleorx {Dallas Semi-Weekly Farm Ncivs, 1910, Jan. 7). — This address, given at the Texas State Teachers' Association at Dallas, emphasizes the popular demand for school agriculture by citing resolutions adopted at various educational -conventions, and points out the educational values of the subject. It contrasts the interest of pupils in " things that are at ai> average of 4.000 miles from home " with those within a radius of a mile from the schoolhouse. The author also points out the in- crease of individual earning power that comes from definite industrial training and suggests i)ractical means of correlating agricultural study with other school subjects and with the vocational interests of the community. Agriculture a fad, E. G. Cheyxey (Minn. Farm Rev., lo {JDIO), Xo. 5, pp. V7, 9S, 112). — The author deprecates the demand for the raiiid introduction of agricultural study into the schools of the Middle West before teachers have been properly prepared for such instruction. He holds that the " elements of agriculture are already known to most farm boys and that advanced instruction in practical farming is not possible in the rural schools." In city schools he believes that elementary agriculture would be l)oth educational and highly interesting. He especially disaiiproves the belittling of "culture" that is fre- quently heard in the special agricultural schools, and regards the broadening influence of " art, music, philosophy, history, literature, and the like," as par- ticularly needful on the farm as a compensation for the lack of urban advan- tages for amusement and social contentment. Gardening in institutions, B. Hall (Surrey. 23 (1010). Xo. 25, pp. 939-9 J,6, figs. 9). — This article describes the beneficial results that have come from garden work in reformatory institutions, hospital.s, and training schools in various parts of the United States, particularly at the Bellevue Hospital Home (for tuberculous patients), the school gardens on Randall's Island, the State Agricultural and Industrial School at Industry, the New York Orphan Asylum at Hastings-on-Hudson, and the State Reformatory for Women, all in the Stato of New York ; the Chilocco Training School, in Chilocco, Oklahoma ; the North- ampton State Hospital for Women, in Massachusetts; and the Ohio State Reforniatorj; at Mansfield. Little gardens for boys and girls, Myrta M. Higgins { Boston and Xew York, 1910. pp. XI +1.53, ph. 8, figs. !,, dgms. 9).— This book, based on the experience of the author, has been written for children " who have neither greenhouses nor old established gardens." Its aim is to explain clearly the. simpler operations of gardening and " to arouse an interest in plant life that will be lasting and helpful." It deals with garden equipment, and the work of the different seasons and indoor gardening in winter. Industrial contests for boys and girls, G. I. Christie and Henrietta W. Calvin { Indiana Sta. Circ. 19, pp. 11. figs. 2).— Corn-growing, bread-baking, and butter-making contests have now been organized in 45 counties of Indiana. Working plans are suggested for the organization of boys' and girls' clubs, MISCELLANEOUS. 95 with directions for^corn culture ami records, contests iu baking bread, canning fruit, and sewing, and exhibiting tlie products. Agricultural extension. — II, Corn shows and selecting', preparing, and scoring' exhibits, A. T. Wiancko and G. I. Christie {Indiana Sta. Clrc. 18, pp. 30, figs. 25, map 1). — Rules governing exhibits at local corn shows are suggested and directions given for selecting, preparing, and arranging exhibits for corn judging iu accordance with the score card. The study of corn, V. M. Shoesmith (ycic York. 1910, pp. I X + 11-96. pi. 1. lifiK. 2.'i. mail 1). — This boolv is prepared as a laboratory guide in corn judging for use in agricultural colleges and schools and as a guide to the farmer iu the study of corn. It furnishes a coiupreheuslve description of the various types and more popular varieties of corn, directions for selecting, judging, testing, shelling, and grading corn, a discussion of the relative value of ear characteristics as represented in the score card, and other data. A study of corn, L. N. Duncan {BuJ. Agr. Dcpt. [Ala.'], No. 33, pp. 16, figs. S). — This bulletin has been prepared as a guide to the school study of the corn plant. It furnishes outlines for a detailed examination of the entire plant, the foliage, ears, kernels, and cob. and includes the standard corn score card adopted by the Alabama Polytechnic Institute. List of books on agriculture and related subjects prepared by short course department (Mass. Agr. Col. [raiiiplilet], 1910. March, pp. 15). — This list is classitied under the following heads : General farm reading, agricultural edu- cation, bacteriology, botany, dairying, domestic animals, domestic science, ento- mology, farm crops, fertilizers, floriculture, fruit, hygiene and physical training, landscape gardening, market gardening, mushrooms, poultry, rural social science, soils, trees and shrubs, and veterinary science. The author, date, and price of each book is given, but not the publishers. MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-first Annual Keport of Kentucky Station, 1908 (Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. XV-\-5lO, pis. U'l. figs. .')). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1908. a report of the director on the work of the station during the year, reprints of Bulletins 133 to 138. previously noted, and reports of analyses of mineral waters' and meteor- ological data abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Sixteenth Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1908 {M'n'i^csoia Sta. Rpt. 1908. pp. XX]'+3ti5, pis. S, figs. 1U9). — This contains the organization list; a list of the bulletins published during the y wir : a reitort of the director, includ- ing a financial statement for the fiscal year ended .June 30, 1908, and brief summaries of the work of the various departments of the station, of which that of the veterinary division is abstracted on page 83 of this issue; and reprints of Bulletins 102 to 109. previously noted. Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1908 {Xcrada Sta. Hal. 66, pp. 10, pis. 7). — This contains the organization list and reports of the board of control, the director, aud heads of departments. The report of the director includes a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908. The experimental work reported in the dei)artmenfal reports is al)stracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-second Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1909 (Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 15-J-I99 + V1) . — This contains the organization list, a report of the director on the work of the station during the year, including a suuunary of meteorological observations of the year which is abstracted on page 15 of this issue, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1909. 96 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Report of the director, 1909, H. L. Russell (Wisconsiin Sta. BuJ. 193, pp. 52, figs. 6'). — This contains the organization list, a report of the work of the station during the year, especially those phases dealing with administration, research, publications, and extension work, brief summaries of the publications of the year, lists of donations and exchanges, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 1908 {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Aniin. Indus. Rpt. 1908, pp. 502, pis. 11, figs. 7i).— This contains a report of the Chief of the Bureau for the fiscal ye.ir ended June 30. 1908, numerous articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and a list of the publications of the Bureau during lOOS. An appendix contains the rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to animal industry issued in 1908. List of publications of the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Kingston, R. I., available for distribution March 1, 1910 ( Rhode Ishind ma. Bui. 1.39. pp. ni-VII). A suggested revision of the terminology of agriculture, I^. C. Wooster {Emporia, Kans., 1910, pp. 7). — The author proposes a reclassification of the materials utilized by plants, dividing them into plant foods, plant crude foods and food elements, and plant accessory foods, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. The nature of agricultural research, J. Hudig and U. J. Mansholt (Cul- tura. 21 {1909), A'o. 2.10, pp. .322^.3.31; 22 (1910), Xos. 257, pp. 1-16; 258, pp. J/9-63). — An extended discussion is presented of the purpose, methods, and functions of exijerimentarion in agriculture with brief descriptions of the ex- periment stations at Lauchstadt, Dikopshof, and Rothamsted, the American and Danish experiment station systems, and the moor culture station at Bremen. Report on the introduction of improvements into Indian agriculture {Calcutta: Dcpt. Agr.. 1909, pp. 25). — This is a revision of a report of a com- mittee of the Board of Agriculture of India, which was apijointed " to consider and report on the best methods of bringing experimental work of proved value to the notice of cultivators." The various extension agencies at work in the various provinces of India are discussed, including the formation of local agricultural associations and village agencies, the holding of local demonstra- tions, tlie publication of leaflets and circulars and vernacular agricultural .iournals, the utilization of the general vernacular press, the encouragement of agricultural shows and exhibitions, the employment of itinerant instructors and individual expert cultivators, the operation of seed farms and depots, the management by improved methods of Court of Wards estates, colonization with expert cultivators, and the training of sons of cultivators. The necessity of a thorough iniderstanding by experimentalists and extension workers of local conditions is emphasized, and special stress is laid on concen- trating work in comparatively small areas, winning the confidence of the natives, and encouraging in them a spirit of inquiry. NOTES. Arizona Station. — Dr. W. B. McCallum lias resijined as associate botanist to act'ept a eouiniercial position in Mexico, bis I'esignation talcini; effect Jnly 1. Arkansas University and Station. — At a recent meeting of tbe board of trustees additional appointments in tbe college of agriculture and statittn were made as follows : P. N. Flint, of tbe (Jeorgia Station, as professor of animal busbandry and animal buslcmdniaii : K. C. Tbompson. assistant cbemist at tbe Kansas College and Station, as brst assistant in agricultural cbemistry; J. G. Stabl and H. E. Stevens as assistants in plant patbology; George G. Becker, assistant in entomology; J. M. Borders, instructor in agricultural education; and E. J. Tbompson as assistant in animal husbandry. W. S. Jacobs, adjunct pi-ofessor of agriculture and assistant agriculturist, bas resigned to engage in work in Canada. Colorado Station. — L. G. Carpenter bas resigned as director of tbe station and bas ])een succeeded by tbe entomologist, C. P. Gillette. Connecticut State Station. — Tbe new laboratory building is nearing completion. A portion of it comprises tbe addition to tbe original laboratory building, wbicb was being built at tbe tii^ie of tbe burning of tbe latter in January, and tbe remainder is a restoration of tbe burned portion. Tbe wbole now forms one building of uniform and nearly fireproof construction, witb two stories and basement of brick and reinforced concrete, and 96 by 64 feet in size. Tbe basement contains a laboratory, macbinery room, sampling, storage, and s])raying apparatus rooms, and a fireproof vault. On tbe first floor are a large chemical laboratory, witb office, storerooms, and library, tbe forester's oflice and w'orkroom, rooms for tbe botanical library and collections, tbe botanist's office and laboratories, and a second fireproof vault. The second floor contains three chemical laboratories, with an office, library, and storerooms, and rooms for tbe entomological collections, library, office, and laboratories. Outside of tbe building but connecting witb it is a two-story ab., 1910 175 Bui. 195, Feb., 1910 180, 181 Circ. Inform. 13, Apr., 1910... 177 Wyoming Station: Bui. 83, Feb., 1910 137 Bui. 84, Mar., 1910 139 U. S. Department of Agriculture. An. Rpts. 1909 165,196 Farmers' Bui. 390 178 Farmers' Bui. 391 165 Farmers' Bui. 392 140 Farmers' Bui. 393 : . . 167 Food Insp. Decisions 117-118 168 Notices of Judgment 232-268 . 168,175,181 Rpt. 91 (10 cents) 165, 196 Yearbook, 1909 ($1.00) 117, 120, 121, 138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 153, 154, 161, 165, 185, 189, 190, 191, 193, 196 Bureau of Biological Survey: Circ 71 153 Circ. 72 153 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 131 (15 cents) 163 Circ. 55 110 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 19, pt. 2 (tech. ser.) (5 cents) 162 Circ. 121 156 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 173 (10 cents) 122 Bui. 174 (10 cents) 150 Bui. 175 (10 cents) 140 Bui. 176 (5 cents) 133 Bui. 177 (15 cents) 136 Circ 56 139 Bureau of Soils: Bui. 58 (10 cents) 125 Bui. 64 (5 cents) 138 Bui. 65 (5 cents) 139 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 225 (10 cents) 196 Circ 95 189 Circ. 96 195 Library : Monthly Bui., Mar., 1910 (5 cents) 196 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is §1 per vol- ume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publi- cations are given above. The publications of the state experiment stations are distributed from the stati(ms and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIII. August, 1910. No. 2. The four American experiment stations located outside of the con- tinental United States illustrate anew the universality of certain fundamental problems in agriculture, and the broad application of the experiment-station idea alike in the Tropics and the far- north, to primitive and to highly specialized conditions of production. These stations, located successively in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam, are making noteworthy progress in both practical and sci- entific lines, and. like the state stations, are already proving essen- tial elements in the rational development of the agriculture of their respective localities. From their isolation and the character of their publications their work is less familiar than that of the home sta- tions, but it possesses many features of general, and some of special, interest. AVhen these stations were established diversification was adopted as the general aim in each case. This has been continued as the most profitable policy where agriculture is so slightly developed as in Alaska, so specialized as in Hawaii and Porto Rico, and so primitive as in Guam. Naturally much of the work at each station has been of an elementary nature, but fundamental problems have been recog- nized as calling for thorough-going investigation and the adaptation of the results of inquiry to the special conditions presented. One of the important lines of work has been a study of the soils. Soil investigations in the Tropics and in Alaska are of special importance, since the conditions are quite unlike those of temperate climates where most soil studies have been made, and generalizations based on earlier work are not applicable except in a very restricted- way. In Porto Rico there are areas in cane fields, pineapple plantations, and coffee estates where the soils appear fertile, so far as ordinary physical and chemical examinations go, but fail to produce profitable crops. Such soils are variously designated as " tired " or " sick '' and in most cases are not benefited b}^ ordinary applications of fertilizers. Plants grown on these soils exhibit some of the conditions of mosaic diseases, a lack of chlorophyll in parts of the leaves, followed by a browning of the tissues. Investigations showed that these soils con- tain an excessive amount of butyric acid formed by the fermentative 101 102 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. activity of soil organisms. Several "species of anaerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria were found in abundance in the soil, where they developed Avith great rapidity, forming butyric acid wherever there were roots or other organic matter capable of supplying the requisite carbohydrates. Experiments in destrojdng the bacteria showed that by the injection into the soil of carbon bisulphid, creolin or other germicides, the trouble was corrected. The cost of the carbon bisul- phid required for the treatment is so great as to make its use almost prohibitive on a field scale, and as a consequence a number of experi- ments are in progress to bring the treatment within the range of economic use. A study is also in progress on the catalase of soils ; and as bacteria are one of the chief sources of catalase, the soil treatment mentioned above is found to have an inhibiting effect on the catalytic action of soils. In Hawaii studies of the soil were among the earliest scientific investigations taken up by the station. The total nitrogen content of some of the soils was found to be higher than the crop production would indicate, and investigations showed much of the nitrogen to be present in organic forms that are not available for plant growth, if not actually detrimental. Much attention has been given to the study of pineapple soils. In certain sections pineapples do not thrive. The young plants start off well, but in a few months the leaves turn j^ellow and many of the plants never bear fruit, or if any is produced it is inferior in both size and quality. An examination into the probable causes for this showed the presence of an unusual amount of manganese in the soils, in some cases as much as 5 per cent of manganese oxid. Such soils are black and apparently very fertile, but the manganese forms a deposit about the roots, interfering Avith their functions. The degree of yellowing of the plants was found to be in direct proportion to the percentage of manganese present. The red soils of the islands showed less manganese and were better adapted to pineapple growing than the black type, the dark color of which is attributed to the presence of the higher oxicls of manganese. Experiments are in progress to correct the influence of abnormal amounts of manganese, and in the meantime the planting of this crop on such soils is advised against. Another study which has connection with soil work is the use of commercial fertilizers in the growing of rice. The rice soils of Hawaii are largely of volcanic origin, and in spite of the submerged culture they j^uddle very poorly and there is a great loss of fertilizers through leaching. As a result of studies made by the station, the substitution of sulphate of ammonia for nitrate of soda has been fol- lowed with excellent results. These experiments also indicate that the oriental practice of applying a considerable amount of the fer- EDITORIAL. 103 tilizer with the flood water when rice is heading is not justified, so far as Hawaiian conditions are concerned. The possible waste of such late applications has been clearly demonstrated. In Alaska a soil problem of great imj^ortance has been worked out. In that country much of the land is covered by a layer of moss of considerable depth. It has been the practice to plow the moss under when preparing land for cultivation, but this practice has been found to be ill advised and to injure the suitability of the soil for crop pro- duction. In the cold soils the moss is very slow in rotting, and there appears to be a tendencey for a greater acidity to develop under such conditions. Various experiments have been carried on to solve the problem of the disposal of the moss, and it has been found that a better plan than plowing under is to tear up the moss by light plow- ing, followed by harrowing, and after it has become dry to burn it. By this method uniform stands and good crops have been obtained the first season, whereas several years are generally required for equal results if the moss is plowed under. The practical application of this discovery will be of great importance in the development of that country. An important line of work at each of the insular stations has been the introduction and breeding of new economic plants. In Alaska much attention has been given to the testing of varieties of field and garden crops, to get those that will ripen in the short season ; and in many instances it is now possible to recommend varieties that may be expected to do well in the dift'erent parts of that country. Through the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction of this Department many varieties of plants have been secured from high latitudes in Europe and from the elevated portions of southern Asia, and with some of these very promising results have been obtained. Breeding and acclimatization work with cereals is being carried on, especiall}^ at the stations located in the great valley regions of the country, and locally developed forms have been obtained that mature earlier than the same varieties from seed produced outside of Alaska. It has been found practicable to grow cereals in the vallej^s of the Yukon and Tanana rivers. Trials have been made of many varieties of oats, barley, rye, and wheat, and of the first two there are noAv known varieties that can be reasonably expected to ripen every year. The work has involved not only the introduction of the grains but the establishment of early maturing strains of varieties through tlie con- tinued selection of the earliest maturing heads. Some hybridizing of varieties of barley has been undertaken, with every promise of success. A successful effort has been made to produce hybrid strawberries, crossing the well-known wild species with a cultivated variety. A large number of first generation hybrids have been obtained, some of 104 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Avliich combine the hardiness of plant of the wild type with the size of fruit of the cultivated one. Hybrids have also been secured betAveen the cultivated raspberry and the Avild salmon berry, although none has fruited as yet. With vegetables marked success has been attained by the Alaska Stations, and it is now possible to recommend varieties of the more common and hardy vegetables for the prin- cipal regions of the country. This information is of inestimable value in a new and undeveloped country like Alaska, as it makes possible the addition of mam^ vegetables to the dietary of the people, who might otherwise suffer in health by too restricted diet.- In Porto Rico the most important introductions thus far have been seedling sugar canes which are not only more productive of cane but yield a higher percentage of sugar and are more resistant to pests of all kinds; varieties of coffee better suited to the American taste; citrus and other kinds of tropical fruits; forage and green-manuring crops, etc. In Hawaii the station was instrumental in the introduc- tion of the Bluefields or Jamaica banana, which bears shipment better than the varieties locally grown before the advent of the West Indian form; the introduction of many important forage crops; the spread of rubber cultivation ; introduction and breeding of improved varieties of rice; cotton production, etc. In Guam the introduction of forage plants and demonstration of improved methods of cultivation are at present receiving the principal attention. In connection with the policy of diversification of agricultural products, the stations have undertaken the restoration of industries that formerly flourished but had become unprofitable under altered conditions. In Porto Rico much work has been done with coffee, and as stated in a previous issue (E. S. R., 23, p. 4) many important facts have already been determined which will aid greatly in placing the coffee industry of the island on a more satisfactory basis. In Hawaii considerable work is being done to reestablish cotton cul- ture upon a profitable basis, and this is proving one of the notable features of the station's activity. About four years ago the station began experiments with cotton, with a view to the development of an industry adapted to areas where sugar cane can not be profitably grown on account of an insufficient water supply. All the leading types of cotton were secured and culture and breeding work begun. The best results have thus far been secured with Sea Island and Cara- vonica cottons, and the yield and quality of the fiber of some of the strains leave nothing to be desired. In this work a number of features have been introduced that are unusual in cotton growing. Both the Sea Island and Caravonica cottons are being grown as perennials. The plants are widely spaced, and are vigorously pruned every year. In thi^ way not only is the shape of the plant controlled, but by the date of pruning the develop- EDITORIAL. 105 inent also can be controlled so that the cotton picking: season will come at the time when there is the least demand for labor upon the sugar plantations. Another important discovery is that the prunings if used as cuttings root and develop rapidly. Sea Island cotton does best when pruned to a low stump, while with the Caravonica it is ad- vantageous to cut away from one-third to three-fourths of the previous season's growth. By this rigorous pruning from 50 to 100 cuttings can be obtained from a single plant. In addition, it has been found practicable to bud or graft cotton plants, thus propagating desirable individuals. Advantage has been taken of the possibility of vegetative reproduction to produce rapidly strains from individual plants that possessed desirable qualities. This removes the possibility of undesirable accidental crossing, which has discouraged many a cotton breeder when the crop was grown as an annual. Just how long cotton can be profitably grown as a perennial under field conditions without replanting is yet to be determined. The preliminary experiments with this crop have been so successful that a mimber of planters have taken up cotton growing in connection with their cane production, either on land not wholly suited to cane or as a possible rotation crop. Another important line of work in Hawaii has been the breeding and cultivation of rice. A number of hybrids of great promise have been produced which are now being cooperatively grown on a con- siderable scale. In addition to these hybrids the station has secured a large number of the most highly prized Chinese and Japanese varieties for further breeding experiments. The shipping and marketing of tropical fruits on the mainland is a matter of great importance in both Porto Rico and HaAvaii which has received the attention of the stations in those islands. These experiments have been made not only with fruits that are considered strictly tropical, such as pineapples, bananas, mangoes, and avocados (alligator pears) , but also with all kinds of citrus fruits. The investi- gations have involved a number of problems in ocean transportation, but they have also shoAvn the necessity of care in picking, packing, and handling. In accordance with the investigations of this Depart- ment in California and Florida, it is evident that extreme care in picking and handling fruits is a prime requisite in the successful mar- keting of these extremely perishable products. With proper handling it was found feasible to market in Chicago fresh pineapples and avocados from Hawaii, when fruit shipped with the customary treat- ment was often so badly decayed on reaching San Francisco as to make its shipment unprofitable. 106 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Ill Porto Rico and Alaska some attention is being given to the in- troduction of live stock with a view to the improvement of that now common. Marked success has been attained with Galloway cattle in Alaska, where they have proved hardy and well adapted to the country. Improved horses, cattle, swine, and fowls have been intro- duced by the Porto Rico Station, and the demand for their progeny greatly exceeds the station's supply. The active interest in animal breeding in Porto Rico is considered a very hopeful sign of appre- ciation of the station's efforts. Apart from these specific features of the stations' work, a broader result has been to demonstrate the feasibility of a varied agriculture in an untried field like Alaska, a conclusion of the greatest impor- tance to a permanent population and the development of that terri- tory, and the application of scientific methods to a greater diversity of agricultural production in Hawaii and Porto Rico. The skep- ticism with which these undertakings were looked upon locally has been replaced by a confidence in their possibilities and an appre- ciation of agricultural experimentation, which augur much for the future usefulness of these stations. The death of Robert Koch, which took place on May 27 at Baden Baden where he had gone in search of health, removed the second of the two great founders of modern bacteriology and establishers of the germ theory of infectious diseases. Few men accomplish more for a science, for the methods of investigation, and for humanity directly than he did in the sixty-six years of his life. His epoch- making studies, his versatility, and the practical outcome of his work give him a high place in science and among the benefactors of the human race. Doctor Koch was born December 11, 1843, in Klausthal, Prussia. He passed through the gymnasium and at the age of nineteen began the study of medicine at the University of Gottingen, graduating in ' 1866. While there he came under the influence of such leaders in science as Friedrich Woehler, the chemist, who first produced urea synthetically, Wagner the physiologist, and Jacob Henle, the great anatomist. After serving for a short time as assistant physician in the Gen- eral Hospital at Hamburg, he took up the practice of medicine at Langenhagen in Hanover. At that time he seriously considered coming to the United States, Avhere two of his brothers had already established themselves. Soon afterward he removed to Rackwitz, a small place in Posen, and in 1872 became district physician in Woll- stein. In 1879 he was called to Breslau as a public medico-legal officer, but soon returned to Wollstein, where he remained but a few months before being called, in 1880, to the Imperial Board of Health in Berlin. EDITORIAL. 107 At the time Koch commenced his investigations in the early seventies, Pasteur had ah-eady corrected the mistaken idea of spon- taneous generation of microbes, and had published epoch-making researches which through Lord Lister had been applied in the anti- septic treatment of wounds; but the road had been but partly opened, the connection between bacteria and infectious diseases still beinor obscure, and it remained to be determined whether the bacteria found in certain diseases were causative or merely consequential agents. While practicing in the country, Koch carried on investigations with anthrax and traumatic infective diseases. Although the etiologic significance of the anthrax bacillus had previously been demonstrated by Davaine, it remained for Koch to determine the conditions under which spores are formed and the part that they play in the spread of the disease in nature. Five years later he published valuable re- searches relating to the resistance of anthrax spores to heat and chemical agents. This work in 1876 and the appearance in 1878 of his monograph on researches in the etiology of traumatic infective diseases marked the definite beginning of exact bacteriologic-etiologic investigation. Koch's work in Berlin in 1880 is said to have begun in a small room with one window, with Loeffler and Gaffky as assistants. Here the investigations of anthrax were continued and photomicrography and new culture methods, including the perfection of the transparent solid media, were worked out. In the introduction of the so-called plate method of obtaining pure cultures of bacteria, an invaluable means was furnished by which a single bacterial species or strain could be isolated from a mixture of many. It was a most important advance in bacteriological technique. In 1880, simultaneously with Eberth, but independent of him, he discovered the typhoid bacillus. On March 2-1, 1882, Koch startled the world by announcing the discovery of the tubercle bacillus as the cause of the dread disease tuberculosis. He demonstrated the presence of the tubercle bacillus in the diseased tissue of tuberculous animals and in the sputum and tissues of human beings suffering from the disease. His ingenuity and mastery of methods enabled him to stain the organism in the tissues and to isolate and study it on artificial media outside the body — a task which many others had attempted but failed to accom- plish. He continued his investigations on tuberculosis as opportunity offered, and in 1901 announced his conclusion that human and bovine tuberculosis are due to different types or strains of the bacillus, as pointed out by Theobald Smith, But he went further, holding the view that bovine tuberculosis is of minor importance in the develop- 48507°— No. 2—10 2 108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ment of tuberculosis in man, and emphasizing that the chief danger to man is from the human type, Avhich does not affect cattle. His conclusion that the transmission of the bovine disease to man takes place rarely or not at all through the milk or flesh of diseased animals met with much opposition, and has not been generally accepted; but he held to it and at the International Congress on Tuberculosis in 1908, which met in this country, he reiterated this view. In 1800. Koch announced his discovery of tuberculin (old tuber- culin), and expressed the belief that in it a specific cure for tuber- culosis had been found. This aroused the greatest interest through- out the world, and speedily became the subject of widespread investi- gation into its curative and diagnostic properties. His " new tuber- culin " was brought forward in 1897. After his masterly work on tuberculosis, Koch Avas naturally looked upon as the man most likely to solve the complicated problem con- nected with cholera epidemics. In 1883 he was sent to Eg}pt on this quest, the disease then threatening to invade Europe; and from there he proceeded to India to continue his studies. The result was the discovery of the comma bacillus as the cause of cholera, a classic investigation recognized as one of the greatest triumphs of his life work. On returning to Germany in 1884, he was rewarded for his labors by a gift of 100,000 marks from the government, and the fol- lowing year was appointed a professor at the University of Berlin and director of the new Hygienic Institute. This position he occu- pied until 1891, when he was appointed director of the newly founded Institution for Infectious Diseases in Berlin. Koch's investigations on rinderpest in Africa in 1896 resulted in the discovery that cattle can be immunized against the disease for a period of several months, through the injection of bile taken from animals which have been sick with the disease for six or eight days. Other investigations followed on bubonic plague, surra, African coast fever, and malaria. His work upon the latter led to his recommenda- tion of the preventive administration of quinin to people as a means of destroying the plasmodia in infected individuals, or preventing their development, in malarial districts, and thus ridding a com- munity of malaria. Koch also studied various protozoan diseases in German East Africa in 1901, and in 190G he visited the interior of Africa to study sleeping sickness and means for its prevention, meet- ing, however, with only partial success. Through the development of exact methods of investigation which resulted in placing bacteriology on the basis of an independent bio- logic science Koch made possible the present advanced state of our knowledge of infectious diseases. That he himself contributed much to this knowledge will be evident from the record of his remarkable activity, which was crowned with such large measure of success. In the discoverv of the tubercle bacillus and the fact that tuberculosis is EDITORIAL. 109 a preventable disease, he pointed a way to combat and to reduce the most fatal affliction of man and beast. With the discovery of tuber- culin, a most valuable method of early diagnosis of tuberculosis in man and animal was added to our combative equipment. The appli- cation of the tuberculin test in cattle has made practical the isolation of infected from uninfected animals, provided means against its spread, and greatl}^ reduced the possible source of transmission of the disease from beast to man. In some localities in the United States, England, and Germany the mortality from the white plague has already been reduced to nearly one-half of what it Avas prior to Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus. His investigations of an- thrax and rinderpest have also resulted in* great benefits to man and to animal industry. The record of the work of such a man as Koch is his greatest and most lasting monument, but the honors accorded him on all sides show the high regard in which he was held. He w^as an honorary member of nearly all the great scientific societies of the world, re- ceived honorary titles and degi'ees from German and foreign uni- versities, and was decorated by nearly all the monarchs of Europe and by the Emperor of Japan. The German Government recentl}' made him a privy councillor w^ith the title of Excellency. He was awarded the Nobel prize in medicine in 1905, In his death the whole world has lost a master, one whose name will remain for time on the roll of the great in science. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. The color reactions of the proteins (egg albumen), I. C. Reichaed (Pharm. 7A(j., 55 (1910), Nos. 16, pp. 158-160; 17, pp. 167, 168).— A study of the color reactions produced with desiccated and powdered egg albumen and various re- agents, among them sulphuric, acetic, hydrochloric, fuming hydrochloric, nitric, trichloracetic, amidoacetic, molybdic, sulphanilic, picric, titanic, iodic, vanadic, and metaphosphoric acids, ammonium hei)tomolybdate, potassium hydrate, copper sulphate, silver chlorid. vanillin, urea, and phenylhydrazin. Proteids in the seeds of Pinus koraiensis, K. Yoshimura {/Aschr. Unter.surh. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 19 {1910), No. 5, pp. 2.57-260) .—A proximate analysis of these pine nuts is reported, as well as determinations of the proportion of his- tidin, arginin, and lysin. Some contributions to our knowledge of stachyose, C. Neuberg and S. Lachmann {Blochcm. Ztschr., 2.', (1910), Nos. 1-2, pp. 171-177) .—The authors have perfected a method for extracting and purifying stachyose, the resulting product having all the characteristics of the tetrasaccharid isolated by Schulze, Planta, and Winterstein. When stachyose was treated with emulsin for a period of 3 months no substance having the characteristics of 5-galactose was found, though reducing substances were formed. With yeast maltase after a period of 3 days the stachyose solution showed evidences of a right-handed rotation, and eventually yielded a substance having the characteristics of dextrose and an osazon with the characteristics of the trisaccharid manuio- triose. Kefirlactase also produced a phenyl osazon. Contribution to our knowledge of the nitrogen-free extract substances in foods and feeding stuffs, J. Konig and W. Sutthoff (Zfschr. Untersiidi. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 19 (1910), No. .J, pp. 177-189). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 111). The influence of acids and alkalis on the activity of invertase, C. S. Hud- son and H. S. Paine (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 55, pp. 7, figs. 2). — "Acids and alkalis are found to affect the purified enzym invertase in two ways; in small concentrations they influence its activity but do not per- manently destroy it, in lai-ger concentrations they accomplish its destruction. The destruction by acid at 30° C. reaches a barely noticeable rate at 0.01 normal acidity and increases rapidly with the acidity until it becomes almost instan- taneous at 0.0.5 normal. The rate of destruction follows the formula for uni- molecular reactions. The alkaline destruction begins a little below 0.01 normal and is almost instantaneous at 0.045 normal. The activity of invertase in acid solutions, which are not strong enough to destroy the enzym, was measured for hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, phosphoric, sulphuric, boric, oxalic, tartaric, citric, and acetic acids; the activity depends almost entirely on the concentra- tion of hydrogen ions in the acid solution and the various acids thus show typical differences which correspond with their recognized degrees of dissocia- tion. The activity of invertase is zero in alkaline solutions, rises to a maximum in very weakly acid ones, and decreases with stronger acidity." 110 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. Ill The proteolytic ferments in the seeds employed as feeding stuffs, R. GiKSEN (Uber die Protcolyiischcn Fenncntc dcr al.s FnttvnnHtvl bcnuiztcn Kdrncrfriichte. Inang. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. S'l). — The author was able to show that jirotease exists both in the endosperm and the bran of cereals, and points out that its value in the latter furnishes a scientific reason for the practice of feeding bran to animals having digestive disorders, particularly old animals. Several legumes were also examined for the presence and content of protease. In each instance the enzym was extracted by glycerol and its activity exerted on the gelatin plate in Petri dishes and compared with trypsin and pancreatiu solutions of known strengths. The results are summarized in the following table, the percentage content of enzyms being calculated as trypsin : Relative activity of the proteolytic ferment fi in rarions seeds and the percentage content of enzyms. Kind of seed. Period of mini- mum action of seed. Period of maxi- mum action of seed. Period of mini- mum action of bran. Period of maxi- mum action of bran. Enzym content of the seed. Enzym content of the bran. Character of the opti- mum medium. Optimum tempera- ture. Rye Barley Hours. 1 2 2 1 1 Hours. 4 6 6 4 4 Hours. 1 Hours. 3 Per ct. 0.50 .26 .28 .65 .70 Per ct. 0.9 Neutral and alkaline . . do. Degrees C. 30-45 30-40 Corn do 30-40 Wheat Rice 1 3 1.1 do do 30-40 30-40 Oats Neutral Acid and neutral Neutral do 30-40 Beans 4-5 3-5 1 2-4 6 6 4 5-6 .24 .28 .65 .29 30-40 Peas 30-40 Vetch 30-40 Lentils Acid and neutral 30-45 Maltase and glucosid-splitting ferments, J. Zellner {Monat.^h. Chem., 30 (1909), No. 8, pp. 655-662; abs. in Ztschv. Angew. Chem., 23 (1910), No. 6, p. 275). — The author seeks to prove his theory that maltose, when formed in fungi by diastasic action, is at once further hydrolyzed by a maltase in the fungus. His test was carried out with extracts of various tree-inhabitating fungi and maltose. The results indicated a strong hydrolysis of the maltose, thereby demonstrat- ing the presence of maltase. The glucosid-splitting enzyms which were present In the fungi which inhabit willow trees were different from those which were present in the tree itself. The use of pure cultures for pickling cucumbers, A. Kosswicz {Ztschr. Laiidir. Versiiciistr. Ostcrr.. 12 {1909), No. 11, pp. 151-110).— The results of the tests indicate that the lactic-acid bacteria isolated from fermenting garlic and pearl onions are satisfactory for acidifying cucumbers and preventing their softening, the preference being given to the garlic bacteria. Tannic acid was also found satisfactory for preventing softening. An attempt was also made to discover the cause of foaming fermentation. The use of fruit sugar for priming wines, W. I. Baragiola {Schireiz. Wchnschr. Chem. u. Pharm., .'/S (1910), No. 10. pp. l.',9-152). — The author, after discussing the laws of different countries in regard to the use of sugar for i)riming wines, concludes that beet sugar should be employed for this pur- pose, as fruit sugar presents no advantages over it. Desulphiting of wine by hexamethylenetetramin, Rouillard and Goujon {Ann. Falsif., 3 (1910), Nos. 15, pp. 14-16; 16, p. 60).— The authors propose a test for wines which have been desulphited with hexamethylenetetramin. On 112 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. adding a portion of the distillate from the wine, obtained by distilling with phosphoric acid without utilizing a stream of carbon dioxid, to a solution of bisulphite of rosanilin, a violet coloration is obtained. The action of minutely distributed metals on olive oil, W. Van Run {Pharm. Wcekhl., -'/J {J908), Xo. 13, iti). 3.',1\ J.}.S; ah>i. iti Ztsriir. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GeiiussmtL, 19 (1910), No. Jf, p. 22^). — Olive oil which had been heated for 6 hours with finely powdered magnesium, aluminum, zinc, man- ganese, iron, nickel, copper. lead, and tin yielded the following results: Mag- nesium, zinc, copper, lead, and manganese were dissolved to a degree in the oiJ and this resulted in a diminution of the acid value of the oil. Aluminum, nickel, and tin had no effect on the oil whatever, and it was impossibe to detect these metals in the ash of the oil. The addition of carbonate of potash to cocoa, Bordas (Ann. Falxif.. 3 (1910), No. 16. pp. 61-70). — The legal, physiological, chemical, and industrial aspects of the use of potassium carbonate in cocoa manufacture are discussed. Micro-cheniical qualitative and quantitative analysis, F. EmIch and J. DoNAU (Monatsh. Chem., 30 (1909), No. 9, pp. 11,5-151, figs. 3).— This is a de- scription of methods, particularly of the handling and weighing of small pre- cipitates. tritrafiltration methods, R. Burian (Zcnthl. Physiol., 23 (1909), No. 22, pp. 161-112, flgs. 3). — This contains a very general description of the various forms of apparatus usually employed for ultrafiltration in colloidal chemical work, and a description, with illustrations, of a new filtering apparatus, designed by the author, which can be employed with and without pressure and at diminished pressure. The determination of moisture by distillation, S. S. Sadtler (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 2 (1910), No. 2, pp. 66, 61). — The results of a distillation method which employs benzene (boiling point 300 to 450° F.) and of the ordinary oven test with cheese, egg albumen, linseed meal, and sawdust, are reported. Determination of alkalinity and acidity in soils, K. K. (iEDKOixz (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. E.rpt. Landw.), 10 (1909), No. 6, pp. 153-181).— This is a critical study of existing methods, with a description of that employed at the Agricultural Chemical Laboratory at St. Petersburg. The determinations made in this scheme of analysis are total alkalinity, alkalinity due to normal carbonates, bicarbonates, and alkali earth metals, total acidity, and the acidity due to free and combined acids. The soil solutions with the above tests are obtained according to the metliods prescribed in Bulletins 18 and 31 of the Bu- reau of Soils of this Department, previously noted (E. S. R., 13^ p. 428; 17, p. 881). [Report of the] division of fertilizer chemists, American Chemical Society (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 (1910). No. 2, pp. 10, 11). — A report of the results of cooperative and comparative analyses of fertilizers for nitrogen, l)otash, moisture, etc. Potash tests in commercial fertilizers, J. E. Breckenridge (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 1 (1909), No. 12, pp. 80^-806).— From the results of repeated tests with the official method for potash the author concludes that the method of adding water and boiling renders some of the water-soluble potash insoluble and" therefore yields low results. In order to overcome this discrepancy, he recommends the following procedure : Take 5 gm. of the substance on a 11 cm. filter, wash with small amounts of cold water into a 500 cc. flask until the fil- trate amounts to about 400 cc, add 5 cc. of hydrochloric acid, bring the mixture to the boiling point, make alkaline with ammonium hydrate, precipitate with ammonium oxalate, filter, and then proceed in the usual manner. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 113 [A test to determine potash in fertilizers containing potassium, carbonate], J. E. l>Ri;cKENKiD(iE {Jotir. Iruliia. and En(jin. Cliciii., 1 (1909), No. 12, pp. 810, SU). — The author reconuuends the following procedure: To 2 gm. of the fer- tilizer in a 2(X) cc. flask add 175 cc. of cold water and a few di'ops of methyl oranjjje, ant\ neutralize with hydrochloric acid. After adding 5 cc. of ammonium hydrate, heat and determine the potash according to the official method. Remarks on the direct alkalimetric m^ethod for estimating phosphates, M. E. Pozzi-EscoT {Bill. Assoc. ChiiiK Siicr. et Distill., 27 (1910), No. N, pp. ~7.T-77'7). — The indicators helianthin. dimethyl brown, Congo red, and cochineal can be employed in conjunction with phenolphthalein. The author also points out that the method is not applicable for phosphatic alkaline earths, as a double decomposition takes place with the sodium salt of phenolphthalein. Estimation of arsenic in copper, E. Azzarello (Gas. Chim. Ital., 39 (1909), II, No. 5, pp. 1,50-1,53, fig. 1; abs. in Analyst, 35 (1910), No. J,01, pp. 75, 76, fig. I). — The Hollard-Bertiaux apparatus is recommended for determining small amounts of arsenic (0.15 to 0.55 i)er cent) in copper. A new method for the volumetric determination of iron, H. BoLLENnACii (Brrg-u. Hiittciimdnn. Rundschau, 6 (1909), p. 55; ahs. in Chcm. Ztg., 31, (1910), No. 12, Rcpcrt., p. 50). — The author employs sodium hydrosul])hite for reducing the iron sulphate in solution. The reaction is based on the fol- lowing equation: Fe.(S04)3+Na2S.04+H2S04=2FeS04+2NaHS04+2SO.,. Or- ganic acids, nickel, zinc, manganese, chromium, and aluminum do not interfere with the reaction. Food codex of the Netherlands. I, Milk. II, Food fats and cheese. Ill, Water, A. J. J. Vanuevelde (Rev. G&n. Chim., 10 (1907), No. 21, pp. 372-3SS; 12 (1909), No. 23, pp. 363-375; 13 (1910), No. 3. pp. '//-.T.5).— Methods of exami- nation, standards of purity, and similar matters are included in this official code, which was i)rei)ared at the request of the Congress of IMiblic Hygiene of the Netherlands. Coloring' matters for foods and condiments, A. Beythien and H. Hempel (Farben Ztg., 15 (1909), pp. 301, 3^8, 392, 436; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 3', (1910). No. 1.',, Rcpcrt., p. 58). — A discussion as to the toxic and nontoxic coloring mat- ters, with special reference to those which are allowable under the pure food law of the I'nited States. [Judgment of cereals], M. Levy (Ztschr. Uutcrsuch. Nahr. u. GcniisstiitL, 19 (1910). No. 3, pp. 113-136, pi. 1). — The author utiliz'es a micro-chemical method to determine variations in the quality of cereals. This consists of sectioning the cereal, staining the section with Griibler's dry residue of Pappenhelm's Iri-acid stain, washing with water, hardening with alcohol, clearing with xyol, mounting in Canada balsam, and examining the section with the oil immersion lens. Certain physical and chemical changes are apparent in poor grain. Numerous ash analyses are appended which were gathered from various sources. Importance is laid on the relation which exists between the ixitash and jihosphorus and the gluten. Determination of invert sugar in beets, J. Urban (Ztschr. Zuckcrindus. Biihnicn, 3J, (1910), No. 5, pp. 287-297, fig. l).—ln view of the fact that Feh- ling's solution which contains sodium hydrate has a destructive action on the saccharose during the determination of invert sugar in beets, the author pro- poses a method in which the sodium hydrate is rei)Iaced by sodium carbonate. A table for the new method is appended. It is further propose^l that the extraction of the beets be done with cold instead of hot water, as the latter de^'oniposcs a part of the invert sugar. Determination of the dry matter and starch content of potatoes with the Reimann potato balance, S. Hals and Y. Buciiholz (I'idssh-r. Norskc Laiidhr., 114 EXPEfilMENT STATION RECORD. 16 (1909), A"o. 7. pp. 303-312). — Comparative determinations of the percentages of dry matter and starch by chemical analysis and the potato balance are re- ported for 144 samples of Norwegian potatoes harvested during 1907 and 1908. The results show that in the large majority of cases the balance, with the Maercker table, gave low results for dry matter, th'e average being 1.38 per cent too low. The percentage of starch in the dry matter increased gradually with the percentage of dry matter in the potatoes, while the uonstarchy com- ponents (dry matter minus starch) did not vary greatly, the tendency being toward higher figures for the best potatoes. The average of the nonstarchy substance in 96 different samples was 5.74 per cent. The average dextrose content was 1.28 per cent, with a range from 0.45 to 2.29 per cent, and the cane sugar 0.60 per cent, with a range from 0.11 to 1.03 per cent. Progress in honey chemistry, A. Hasterlik (Leipziff. Bienen Ztg., 25 (1910), A'o. 2, pp. 22-2-5). — A general article on the more recent advances in the field of honey chemistry, particularly with reference to newer reactions for detect- ing adulterations. Detection of glucose vinegar, G. Dellitc (BuI. Trav. Soc. Pharm. Bordeaux, 1909. p. -',',0; (lbs. in Chcm. Ztg., 3.', {1910), Ao. V,, Rcpert., p. 58).— Neutralize 100 cc. of the vinegar with normal sodium hydroxid solution, clear with lead subacetate, and add an excess of saturated sodium sulphate solution. After filtering, fill up to the 200 cc. mai'k. and determine the sugar with Fehllng's solution. The influence of the method of heating on the nonvolatile ether extract of spices, A. LowENSTEiN and W. P. Dunne {Jour. Indus, and Enyin. Chcni.. 2 {1910), No. 2, pp. 1/7-49). — In a comparison of the official method, heating to 110° C. in an air bath, and the vacuum method, heating to 90°, with a mercury pressure of 10 cm., it was found that the differences obtained in actual weight of oil were small and practically due to simple oxidation. The iodin numbers of the extracts, however, differed, that of the vacuum extract being always the higher. Changes in the color and the solubility of the extract were also noticed wlien heating in the air bath at 110°. Sulphurous acid in champagne, G. Filaudeaxj {Ann. Falsif., 3 (1910), Xo. 16, pp. 58-60). — Comparative analyses carried out at the central laboratory of the minister of agriculture and the municipal laboratory of Rheims for fi'ee and total sulphurous acid in champagne by the French official methods are reported. Studies in the action of heat on milk, R. R. Renshaw and F. C. Ware (.lour. Amer. Chcm. Soc, 32 (1910), Xo. 3, pp. 391-396).— The authors sought to de- termine the cause for the diffei-ence in results obtained by the gravimetric and optical methods for lactose. From the results it is evident that alkaline salts have no effect on the lactose of milk when it is heated at 85° C. for some time, and it would seem that the cause lies in bacterial or enzymatic agencies. It was further shown that it is possible to obtain perfectly concordant results between the optical and gravi- metric methods, so that utilizing the supposed discordance as a means for de- tecting pasteurized milk is not reliable. A new method for detecting pathologic milk, Bauer and Sassenhagen (Med. Klinik. 5 (1909), \o. 51; ah-s. in Ticrarzt, -',9 (1910), Xo. 2, pp. 2.',-26).— The authors found a positive hemolytic test for milk during mastitis, and pro- pose employing it for detecting milk from diseased animals. Judging from the results obtained the method seems to be very exact. A rapid and simple method for determining the fat content of cream, L. F. RosENGREN (Xord. Mejeri Tidn., 2.'i (1909), Xo. 52, pp. 615, 616; K. Landtbr. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 115 Akad. Hnndl och Tidskr.. J/D [li)10). Xo. J. pp. 77-7'.'/). — This method, originally proposed by M. Weibull (E. S. li., 9, p. 224). involves the determination of the total solids and the calcnlation of the percentage of fat by difference, it being assumed that the average cream contains 8.7 per cent of fat-free solids. The author suggests determining the total solids (0 by a method similar to that now used for the water content of butter in creameries. About S gm. of cream is to be weighed in a small creamery balance and the dish carefully heated over an alcohol lamp, stirring constantly during the operation until the mass assumes a light brown color, when the dish is to be allowed to cool and again weighed. The fat content (/) is calculated from the formula /=!. 1^—9.5. The results obtained by this method agree within 0.2 per cent with the gravi- metric method. A table is appended showing the percentages of fat in cream correspoiHling to the different percentages of solids. Examination of cream, O. Lobeck {ilolk. Ztg. [Hlldcsheim], 24 {1910), A'o. IS, pp. 215-218). — A comparative study of methods, with particular reference to the utility of the Sal-method. The newer methods for testing butter and margarin, J. Prescheb (Phavm. ZeiitraUiallc, 51 (1910), No. 7, pp. 12S-127). — This is a discussion of the newer methods for examining butter, margarin, and mixtures of margariu and butter and other fats. Analyses ;ire appended to illustrate the various points taken up. A color reaction for butter and lard, C. Keichard {Phunn. ZcnfniUiolJc, 51 (1910), A'o. 6', p. 107). — It was observed that when finely powdered copper sul- phate was added to melted butter and melted lard the butter assumed the green color of the copper salt and the lard did not. The color became intense on standing after being exposed to the air for some time. A modified Uffelmann reaction, H. Kxjhl (Pharm. Ztg., 55 (1910), No. 12, pp. 120, 121; ahs. in Molk. Ztg. [HUdcshciiii], 2', ( 1910), No. 16, p. 276).— The author draws attention to the fact that the Uffelmann test also reacts with oxalic, tartaric, succinic, and citric acids. It is proposed to consider it a group reaction and to modify the test as follows : To 10 cc. of a cold saturated solu- tion of salicylic acid add a few drops of ferric chlorid, and then a few drops of the solution to be tested foj* lactic or the other acids. If these are present a yellow color ensues. The reaction thus modified is much more sensitive than the original one with phenol. Brewers' grains, M, Gonnermann (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 16 (1910). No. 3, PI). .'il--'i5). — This is a discussion in regard to the identity of the substances in brewers' grains which cause a right-hand rotation. Tests were made with alcoholic and aqueous extracts and the results led the author to conclude that the substance extracted by alcohol is maltose and that that extracted with water is practically erythrodextrin. Special stress is laid on the importance of de- termining the invert sugar and analyzing according to Clerget's method when examining I)rewers' grain molasses feeds. Schaffnit's method for determining impurities in linseed press cake, J. A. EzKNDAM {Lcindir. ^'(•rs. .S'/fl^, 71 (1909). No. '/-o. pp. 2.S7'-?.0,S ) . — This is a com- parative study between the Sehaffnit method," modified by the author, and the Netlierland method. It is concluded that the Netherland method is to be pre- ferred. Estimation of the acidity of apple must, C. Brioux (Cidre et Poire, 1909, p. 229; rt&.s. in Ann. Falsi/., 3 (1910), No. 16, p. 72).— Twenty cc. of the must are placed in an alkalimeter and 5 cc. of sodium bicarbonate solution added. Erom the difference in weight due to the evolution of carbon dioxid the acidity may be calculated as malic acid. "I.audw. Vers. Stat., 67 (1907), pp. 51-56. 116 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Quantitative method for fatty acids in fats and oils, K. Braun {Seifen- fabrikant, 29 {1909), p. 11J,0; (ibs. in. Clicm. Abs., // {1910), No. 3, pv. 392, 393).— Saponify about 0.5 gm. of the material with 30 cc. of alcohol and 0.5 gm. of potassium hydrate, evaporate off the alcohol, dissolve the residue in 20 ce. of water, neutralize with sulphuric acid, using methyl orange as indicator, transfer the solution to a 200 cc. flask, and add an excess of decinormal silver nitrate. Then add about 10 gm. of sodium sulphate (anhydrous), make the solution up to Ibe 200 cc. mark and filter. To 100 ce. of the filtrate add 5 cc. of iron alum solu- tion (saturated in the cold and treated with nitric acid) and titrate with decinormal ammonium sulphocyanid solution. From this calculate the number of cubic centimeters of decinormal silver nitrate solution used. Each cubic centimeter of this equals 0.001266 C3H2 (the theoretical residue left when the fatty acid is subtracted from the fat), and 100 per cent minus the percentage of C3H2 equals the percentage of fatty acids. The fats and oils must necessarily be free from chlorids. The determination of the acid and saponifying numbers of dark fats and oils, F. Marx {('hem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 16, p. 12',; ab><. in Pharni. Zifi.. .-,5 {1910), No. 20, p. 20-',). — A new method is described, as follows: Weigh 2.5 gm. of the fat into a 600 cc. porcelain dish, stir in 50 cc. of neutral alcohol, add 6 to 8 drops of phenolphthalein, and titrate the free fatty acids. Pour the mixture into a 250 cc. flask, washing the residue remaining in the porcelain dish with 20 cc, and then with 10 cc, of pure benzol into the flask. Then add 25 cc. of one- half-normal alcoholic potash solution, boil for I hour, pour the solution back into the porcelain dish and with the aid of hot alcohol add 5 to 6 drops of phenolphtha- lein and titrate back with acid to estimate the unused alkali. The detection of fish oils in vegetable oils, (). Eisenschiml and II. X. Cop- THORNE {■Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcni., 2 {1910), No. 2, pp. -'i3-'.',5). — The authors sought to find a reliable qualitative and quantitative method for fish oil in linseed oil, and found a qualitative test which is deemed entirely suitable for detecting fish oils in admixtures with vegetable oils or similar products. In this. 100 drops of the oil are dissolved in 3 cc. of chloroform and 3 cc. of glacial acetic acid. Bromin is then added slowly to the n^ixture and after 10 minutes the test tube is placed in boiling water. Vegetable oils clear up, while fish oils remain cloudy. In the case of boiled oils it is necessary to remove the metals before making the test. Linseed oils heated up to or higher than 260° C. do not give the test. Fat staining methods, P. Eisenberg (Arch. Path. Anat. a. Physiol. [Virchon-], 199 {1910), No. 3, pp. 502-5J,2). — This is a chemical and techno-histological in- vestigation on the staining of fats in animal tissues. The significance of the biological detection of vegetable agglutinins and hemolysins, II. Kobert {Landw. Vers. Stat., 11 {1909), No. J,-5, pp. 2.')'li-2l)i\ . — A discussion of the use of these biological reactions for detecting adulterations in vegetable products. Photochemical formation of formaldehyde in green plants, S. B. Schryver {Proc. Roy. Soc. {London}, 8er. B, S2 {1910), No. B 55J,, pp. 226-232; abs. in Pharm. Jour. [London], J,, ser., 30 {1910), No. 2.',19, p. 238).— The following lest serves to demonstrate the production of formaldehyde in plants: To 10 cc of the solution add 2 cc. of a 1 per cent (freshly made and filtered) pheuyl- hydrazin hydrochlorid solution, 1 cc of a 5 per cent potassium ferricyanid solu- tion, and 5 cc. of hydrochloric acid. If formaldehyde is present a bright red color is developed. METEOROLOGY WATER. 117 METEOROLOGY— WATER. Reorganization of weather forecasting in Russia, P. I. Rkotjnov {Trudui Selsk. Khoz. Met., 1909, No. 5, II, pp. i-/.s').— Tho synoptical method of fore- casting the weather which, according to tlie author, is most highly developed in the I'liited States, is only in the incipient stage in Russia. In fact, there is in Russia only one meteorological center, viz., the Chief Physical Observatory at Nikola iev. There sprang up from time to time in Russia a number of local meteorological centers, but none of them are iii operation to-day. The author strongly urges the establishment of an adequate number of local meteorological centers. Instructions for the establishing of field experimental observation plats at agricultural meteorological stations {Trudui tieUlc. Khoz. Met., 1909, No. 5, II. pp. ()9-78. pi. 1). — The instructions were issued by the meteorological bureau and deal with the selection of a proper plat, its size (maximum about one-half acre, minimum about 0.067 acre), subdivision, manner of cultivation, etc. How farmers may utilize the special warnings of the Weather Bureau, C. F. voN Herrmann {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. ^87^98).— This article gives a brief general account of the Weather Bureau and the informa- tion it furnishes, and explains the use of special rainfall warnings, frost and cold wave warnings, and storm and flood warnings. INlethmls of lU'otection of different kinds of crops against frost and cold are describt'd. The yield of millet (Panicum miliaceum) in dependence upon meteor- ological factors, I. A. Pulman {Trudui Selsk. Kohz. Met., 1909, No. 5, I, pp. 6~19, ehartfi 4)- — The field on which these studies were made is situated at ni° 10' north latitude and 37° 21' east longitude from Greenwich. The locality Is of the steppe character, 221 to 225 meters above sea level, and the soil is a clayey chernozem on loess. Observations during 10 years led the author to the conclusion that the chief factors determining the yield of millet are temperature and precipitation. Dur- ing the period from stooling to heading the most important role belongs to teni])erature. This should be from 19 to 22° C. and not lower than 18°, then heading sets at the normal time, 35 to 40 days from the time of sprouting. When the temperature is lower than 18° the heading is delayed 5 to 10 days, l)robably resulting in a bad yield. During the period of heading the chief role is played by precipitation. Failure of precipitation at this time destroys the hope for a good crop. If in the 20 days from the beginning of the heading to the formation of the grain the rainfall is less than 30 mm. the yield will be less than medium. The influence of meteorological conditions on the growth and yield of oats in the chernozem region, P. I. Bkounov {Trudui Selsk. KIioz. Met., 190S, No. Jf, I, pp. 270, figs. 12). — This report is primarily a digest of the experience of S agricultural meteorological stations. It is stated that discussion of the same subject will be continued in a second part of the same volume, in which final conclusions will be drawn. The general conclusions which now seem to be established are that abundant precipitation (more than 100 mm., 3.94 in.), uniformly distributed throughout the period from sprouting to heading, and a resulting moisture content of from 16 to 18 per cent in the soil to a depth of 25 cm. (about 10 in.), secured a high yield of both grain and straw, and that this was the controlling meteorological factor. A drought, lowering the moisture below the limits mentioned during the first two-thirds of the period named, affected injuriously the yield of straw, !)ut in most cases did not exert any distinct action on the yield of grain. Since the heading took place in the second half of June, the precipitation of June 118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. was important for the yield of both grain and straw; 70 mm. (2.75 in.) was the normal precipitation for the month. As compared with precipitation, the temperature in the chernozem region appears to be as a rule a secondary factor, although extremes of temperature may occasionally prove fatal to the yield. The mean temperature and the length of the period from seeding to heading exerted a certain influence on the yield of straw. Good yields of grain were obtained under greatly varying mean temperatures and sums of temperature. In general a low mean tem- perature (5-6° C.) during the period of germination and a moderate mean temperature (11-13°) during the later stages of growth was favorable to the yield of grain and especially of straw. A mean temperature higher than 17° during the period from sprouting to heading affected unfavorably the yield of straw and endangered the yield of grain. A moderate mean temperature dur- ing the period from sprouting to heading (15-16°) and its consequent long duration (more than 50 days) were found to be necessary for a good yield of straw; a high mean temperature during this period (18° and higher) and its consequent short duration (less than 45 days) though not injuring the yield of grain, all other conditions being favorable, caused a failure of the straw. Frosts, even when heavy and frequent (to — 10° at the surface of the soil) in the first period did no harm, but frosts (to — 5°) in the second period endangered the yield of grain. Hot days with mean daily temperatures of 24° and higher and with maximum temperatures of 30° and higher in the intei'val of time from earing to the milk stage endangered the yield of grain, especially a number of such days in succession. A similar temperature after the milk stage may cause the falling out of the grain. The relation of the yield of apples to precipitation during 1901 to 1908, K. I. Semadeni and W. K. Gauer (Trudiii »SV7.sA-. 7\7/o~. Met.. 1909. \o. .7, /, p/>. 20-26). — The observations were made on an estate near the city of Chernigov, 51° 37" north latitude and 31° 1' east longitude from Greenwich, and about 150 meters above sea level. The soil is a clay. During the 6 years under observation good and bad yields of apples alternated. The general conclusions of the author follow: (1) The size of a full crop (good yield) is in direct correspondence with the amount of i)recipitation during the vegetation year preceding the crop; (2) in like corresi)ondence with the i)re- cipitation are the short crops (bad yields) ; (3) the chief role is played by the precipitation during the preceding period of vegetative activity (from the thawing of the soil in the spring to its freezing in the beginning of the winter). The minimum temperature of the lower layers of the air, T. P. Wangen- HEiM (Trudui Selsk. Khoz. Met., 1909, No. 5, I, pp. 27-35, figs. 3).— Since the life of a great majority of the field and garden plants is passed between the height of 10 cm. (about 4 in.) from the ground and the surface of the soil the author deemed it vei-y important to study the temperature of this layer of air. He concludes that immediately over or at the surface of grass (10 cm. from the surface of the soil) there is a considerable lowering of the temperature as compared with that of the air in the instrument shelter at a height of 3.74 meters as well as with that of the surface of the soil on black fallow ; at the 10 cm. level the coming of frosts was observed when no fi-eezing could be detected at the other levels. This lowering of the temperature takes place in the evening and night, in the complete absence of dew or other moisture on the plants, and at a time when there is increased radiation, this inclines the author to the opinion that it is due to increased radiation and not to increased evaporation. Moisture and temperature of the air on mountains and in the free atmos- phere, J. Schubert {Met. Ztschr., 26 {,1909), pp. 390-396; Verhandl. Dent. METEOROLOGY WATER. 119 Phy.-92). — This is a brief account of the history, present status, and future of the nitrate industry of Norway, with notes on the value and use of calcium nitrate as a fertilizex*. 128 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. Extraction of nitrogen from distillery vinasse, L. Vuaflart (Engrais, 25 (1910), A'o. LI, pp. 297, 29H; Sucr. Indig. et Colon., 15 (1910), No. IJ,, pp. 319- 321; Betterave, 20 (1910), No. 503, pp. 134-136).— This article describes briefly the biological process devised by J. Efifront (E. S. R., 20, p. 729). Fertilizer experiments with, insoluble phosphates, J. Sebelien (Tidsskr. Norske Landbr., 16 (1909), No. S, pp. 339-352; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chem., 38 (1909), No. 12, pp. 801-80-',; Jour. tioc. Chem. Indus.. 29 (1910), No. 2, pp. 101, 102). — Pot experiments with oats and buckwheat were conducted by the author during the seasons of liJUT and 1908 with phosphates of dilTereut origin applied in connection with sodium nitrate or ammonium sulphate. The effects of 4 kinds of phosphates were compared, namely, superphosphates containing 19.6 per cent phosphoric acid, French Somme phosphate with 28.41 per cent, an Algerian phosphate from Tebessa 26.5 per cent, and Bamble (Norway) apatite 31.54 per cent. The latter 3 raw phosphates were applied in fine ground con- dition, at the rate of 200 kg. per hectare (178.5 lbs. per acre). The nitrogen was also given at the same rate per hectare, whether in the form of nitrate or sulphate, and all cylinders received in addition a uniform application of potassium chlorid. In the first season's trials with oats larger crop yields were obtained from all phosphatic fertilizers when ammonium sulphate was added than with nitrate ; with buckwheat the same result was obtained except in the case of applicatiMis of superphosphate, which gave a larger increase in yield with nitrate than with sulphate. When ammonium sulphate was applied, both the Algerian and French phosphates pi'oduced better results than did superphos- phate, and the effect of apatite was nearly equal to that of the superphosphate. The second season's trials with oats corroborated in general these results and showed that finely powdered raw phosphates possess a marked fertilizer effect if applied in connection with ammonium sulphate, as has been previously found in experiments by Prianishnikov (E. S. K., 21, p. 722). The second year's trials with buckwheat, in which the soluble salts were added in water solution. Instead of being directly mixed with the sand, as in 1907, were absolute failures for the ammonium sulphate series, as no plants appeared in these cylinders. The author states that no satisfactory explanation can be given of this differ- ence with our present knowledge of the subject. The phosphate deposits of the United States, F. B. Van Horn (Nat. Conserv. Com. Rpt., 1909, vol. 3, pp. 558-570). — Substantially the same information as that contained in Bulletin 394 of the U. S. Geological Survey (E. S. R., 22, p. 227). Comparative value of ground limestone and burnt lime, S. W. Fletcher (South. Planter, 71 (1910), No. //, pp. Jf03, JM).—This is a brief discussion of the relative commercial and agricultural value of these two forms of lime. The author concludes that with the present prices of burnt lime it would be prefer- able on most soils to use the ground limestone provided this material could be obtained at the farm at a cost not exceeding .$1.75 per ton. Concerning the influence of various relations between lime and magnesia on the development of plants, II, L. Beknardini and A. Siniscalchi (l^taz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 42 (1909), No. 4-6, pp. 369-386; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 98 (1910), No. 567, II, p. 61). — Already noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 433). Manganese in agriculture, H. Bartmann (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 19 (1910), No. 4, pp. 115-117, figs. 4; Engrais, 25 (1910), No. 16, pp. 441, 443).— The various exi)eriments which have been made with manganese as a fertilizer are briefly reviewed. SOILS FERTILIZERS. ^ 129 The action of zinc in pot experiments, P. Ehrenberg (Landic. Vers. Stat., 12 (1910), Xo. 1-2, pp. 15-1^2, pis. 6; abs. in Chein. Abs.. .', {1910), A'o. 9, p. 1212). — The work of other investigators on this subject is reviewed and the author reports a series of experiments with mustard, oats, barley, buckwheat, beets, and carrots which he has carried on for several years to determine the effect of zinc on soils and plants, under different conditions and particularly in connection with the use of ammonium sulphate aud nitrate of soda as fertilizers. It was fouud that soils in poor physical condition were improved by the addition of zinc, the improvement being especially marked when the zinc was used in connection with nitrate of soda. The increased growth of plants which was observed, particularly on soils of high absorptive power, is ascribed to the action of the zinc in bringing about an exchange of bases and in checking the action of harmful organisms in the soil. The injurious effect of the zinc on plant growth, which was observed in some cases, is attributed to corrosive action on the plant roots resulting from an increased formation of hydroxyl ions accompanied by the setting free of ammonia, especially in soils of low absorptive power. It was found that this injurious action was increased by sterilization of the soil and by the use of new zinc pots. Annual report on fertilizers, B. P.. Ross {Bid. Agi: Dcpt. [Ala.], Xo. 29, pp. 12-5). — This is a report of fertilizer inspection in Alabama during the year ended July .31. 1909, with general information regarding fertilizers, the text of the state fertilizer laws, and a brief discussion of the fertilizer requirements of the cotton plant. Analyses of fertilizers sold in Maryland. H. B. McDonnell et al. (Md. Agr. Col. Quart.. 1910. Xo. -}7'. pih 32). — This reports the results of analyses and valuations of fertilizers inspected under the state law from September to De- cember, 1909. Commercial fertilizers, B. H. Hite and F. B. Kunst (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 125. pp. -'{7-102). — This is the complete I'eport of the fei'tilizer inspection during 1909. The report of analyses is accompanied by a brief statement re- garding the operation of the clause of the state law requiring a guaranty of the quality of the material used in the fertilizers, as well as on the use of lime to correc-t acidity in sour soils, which are of frequent occurrence in the vState. Report of the agricultural chemist for the year 1908—9, H. H. Mann (Ann. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. Bombdii. 19()S-!). pp. .jO-o.)). — A brief account is given of the work of the year, including examinations of waters, soils, manures and ferti- lizers, foods, feeding stuffs, oils and oil seeds, and miscellaneous products. In the examination of soils and waters particular attention was given to those containing an excess of alkali aud the effect of certain of the waters in developing alkali in soils is discussed. A brief account is also given of the use of " Rab "' in the preparation of the seed bed for rice. The process known as " RAb '" in ludia " consists in burning a mass of branches of trees or cow dung on the land where a rice seed bed is to be placet], some time before the rains. It is almost universal in all the trap and laterite regions of western India, where, it is stated, it would be difficult to gi-ow rice without it." The author's investigations indicate that the chief value of this practice lies in the heating of the surface soil, which causes three principal changes, (1) alteration in the number and proportion of the differeut soil bacteria, (2) the making soluble of a considerable amount of organic nitrogeuous matter in the soil, and (3) improvement of the physical condition of the soil. 130 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Department of botanical research, D. T. MacDougal (Carnegie Inst. Wash- ington Year Book, 8 (1909), pp. 57-70, pis. 2). — In addition to the report of the director, in which the routine work of the laboratory at Tucson, Ariz., and the branch laboratory at Carmel, Cal., is described, accounts are given of some of the investigations now being pursued by the staff. These include studies on the alterations in heredity induced by ovarial treatment, the water-balance in succulents, origin of parasitism, growth and alterations in form and volume of succulents, relation of evaporating capacity of the air to plant distribution, activities of plants in tropical rain forests, distribution and movements of desert plants, evaporation and other climatic factors in relation to distribution of plants, physics of transpiration in plants, soil moisture in relation to plant growth, root habits of desert plants, parasitism in desert plants, and inheritance of structural characters in hybrids. Some evaporation experim.ents in relation to excessive transpiration, K. M. WiEGAND (Abs. in Seience, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 794, P- 43 Jf). — In order to determine, if possible, the comparative value to the plant of hairy and cuti- nized coverings, the author conducted a series of evaporation experiments in which cotton or wax was spread over an evaporation surface of saturated blotting paper, the covering being supposed to represent a hairy or a cutinized leaf. Comparative readings of the loss of water from the variously treated blot- ting papers in still air and in wind were made, and it was found that evapora- tion was retarded much more by the wax than by the hair. The efficiency of the hairy covering was much greater in wind than in still air, and even very thin hairy coverings produced a noticeable retarding effect on wind. In sun- shine the retarding effect was also marked. From this it is concluded that plants probably make use of waxy coverings when transpiration is to be re- tarded at all times, and hairy coverings when it is to be retarded only on exi»osure to strong dry winds and sunshine. The effect of longitudinal compression upon the production of mechanical tissue in stems, L. H. Pennington (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 11 (1909), p. 36)^ — The effect of longitudinal compression on woody and herbaceous plants was studied, the material consisting of sprouts and seedlings of locust, aspen, sumac, sunflower, castor bean, and horse bean. In no case did the average of a series of experimental plants show a gain in strength or in mechanical tissue over a like series of control plants. The response of the g'uayule, Parthenium argentatum, to irrigation, F. E. Lloyd (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 794, pp. 434, 435). — A summary is given of the results of a study of the guayule under irrigation in Mexico for a period of two years. At the close of two seasons' growth, the irrigated plants showed only minute quantities of rubber, although the growth of the plants was 8 times as great under irrigation as under the ordinary conditions. The plants examined the following April showed a large though not a maximum amount of rubber, and the amount was found to increase as the water of irrigation was withheld. The conclusion is reached that though the rate of secretion is slower in more rapidly grown plants, it may after a di'ought approach the maximum. It is believed, in view of the total amount of growth, that the total secretion of an irrigated plant is greater in the long run than that of a field plant. Hail injury on forest trees, F. J. Phillips (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 19 (1910), No. 3, pp. 49-56, pis. 7, fig. 1). — A report is given of a study of the injury caused by a hailstorm at Hutchinson, Kans., in May, 1908. The effect on a AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 131 number of species of trees is described at length and the relative injury to the different species indicated. The author states that from the two years' observations there seems little doubt that hail injury increases the infestation of hardy catalpa by the dry rot fungus {I'oli/stivtiis versicolor). It was further found that it reduces the annual wood increment, causing the formation of false annual rings in the species worst affected. Natural pruning of the branches continues for many years after a hailstorm has passed, and such pruning has been noted on branches which had been injured 19 years previously. The post-mortem blackening' of leaves, L. Maquenne and B. Demoussy (Rrv. Gdn. ScL, 21 {1910), No. 3, pp. 196-203, figs. 3).— A study has been made of the cause of blackening of leaves after they are severed from the plant, and while this phenomenon is found due to several causes, one of the most common is the action of certain diastases on glucosids in the leaves. While the leaves are living there appears to be no interaction of these substances, but upon the death of the leaves the cell walls appear to become permeable and the change of color rapidly follows. The intensity of alpine light, F. E. Clements and F. K. Butters {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 31 {1910), No. 191}, p. If35). — Readings were made during the summer of 1909 in the Selkirk Mountains, on Mt. Rainier in Washington, and in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado to determine whether mountain regions with higher humidity would reveal greater light absorption. The readings in in the different regions were in close, if not complete, agreement, and indicated that alpine light is little if any stronger than the light at lower altitudes and that it can not be considered an efficient cause of alpine dwarfing. Action of ultraviolet rays on microbes, P. Cernovodeanu and V. Henri {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 {1910), No. 1, pp. 52-5-'f; alts, in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 {1910), No. 3, p. 171).— A study of the bactericidal action of ultraviolet rays emitted by mercury vapor lamps is reported. Action of ultraviolet rays on microbes, P. Cernovodeanu and V. Henri {Compt. Roul. Acad. Set. [Paris], 150 {1910), No. 11, pp. 729-737 ) .—This is a report of further investigations on the bactericidal action of ultraviolet rays (see above). On the presence of enzyms in soil, water, and dust, C. Fermi {Centbl. Bwkt. [etc.], 2. AM., 26 {1910), No. 10-12, pp. 330-33^) .—The methods used in doterniiniiig the presence or absence of various enzyms in soil, water, and dust are given, together with the results obtained for each case. Gelatinolytic enzyms were more abundant in soil and dust than in water, while coagulant enzyms were found in soil, water, and dust, but only in samples rich in decaying organic matter. Proteolytic enzyms, amylase, invertase, and amygdalase were not found in any of the samples. Tests with cultures of root tubercle bacteria, A. J. Ewart {Jour. Dept. Afjr. Victoria, S {1910), No. 2, pp. 98-105, figs. //)! — This paper gives the results of tests made with cultures of root tubercle bacteria, such as nitragin, nitro- culture, etc. The cultures used were purchased in the open market, one being guarantied to contain bacteria for the inoculation of field peas {Pisiim arvense) and the other for alsike clover {Trifolium hiihridum). They were tested in the first instance by using field peas grown in sterilized, artificial solutions, in which No, 1 was inoculated, No. 2 uninoculated, and No. 3 inoculated but with no nitrates in the nutrient solution. The peas grown in the uninoculated culture were distinctly larger than in the other two, while root tubercles were found on only No. 1. 132 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, In addition to these experiments, 3 small plats were planted with alsike cIoA-er and 3 with field peas, and inoculated by mixing the cultures with steril- ized skimmed milk and moistening the seeds with this mixture. The results showed conclusively that inoculation did not benefit either the clover or the peas, but rather the reverse. In all the plats tubercles were present on the roots and were as abundant on the uninoculated as on the inoculated. A third series of experiments was conducted with peas and clover on land which had not grown legumes for a number of years (in some cases 10 years), in which half of the plats were dressed with lime at the rate of 2 tons per acre. Both crops were harvested when the plants were in full flower. A general average of the yields from inoculated and uninoculated plats showed no mate- rial results from either inoculation or liming. Selected plants lifted from each plat and compared as to the root system revealed tubercles on all of them, being very abundant and large on the peas, while those on the clover were small, few in number, and brown and shrivelling at the time the examination was made. The author claims as the net results of these experiments that root tubercle bacteria are able to exist in soil for at least 10 years. In soils containing these bacteria, even if they are not abundant, no appre- ciable benefit will be derived by inoculating the seed or soil, as the number so added will be trivial as compared with those already present. If after a careful examination of the plants grown on any soil it is certain that tubercle bacteria are lacking, the surest method to obtain them is to inoculate the new . soil with 130-300 lbs. per acre of soil from an old field that previously had grown legumes. If this is not available, the root tubercles may be stripped from plants, pounded to a thin paste with water, and mixed with the seed before planting. Xitragin or other nitro-cultures may be used, provided the cultures are fresh and suitable for the particular crop, but this is the most expensive and the least efl'ective method of infecting sterile soil. New infection experiments with nitrobacterine, nitragin, and soil cul- tures on blue lupine, H. von Feilitzen (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 26 {1910), No. 10-12, pp. 3.'i5-3o2, figs. .'/). — The results are given of infection experiments with nitrobacterine, nitragin, and soil cultures on blue lupine grown on high moorland under cultivation. It was found that legumes grown on this type of soil for the first time did not produce satisfactory results, unless they were infected with cultures of tubercle bacteria. Soil cultures from fields which had iireviously grown legumes produced the surest I'esults and the highest yields. So long as the land had grown a crop of legumes the previous year, the source of the soil cultures was immaterial, soil cultures from vetch and clover land producing satisfactory results on seradella and lupine. The results with nitragin were not so satisfactory as with soil infection, while the nitrobacterine under the conditions was entirely without value. Mutual interaction of plant roots, J. B. Dandeno (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 11 (1909), pp. 2.'/, 2-'}, pJ. 1). — In continuation of previous experiments (E. S. R., 21, p. 319) the author has conducted additional investigations on the mutual interaction of plant roots. It has been noticed that Canada thistles in grain fields were found growing in places where the best grain occurred, and this led to a series of pot experi- ments in which the effect of the underground system of the Canada thistle on the growth of oats, barley, buckwheat, wheat, and flax was studied. With the oats the thistles seemed to do no harm, but rather tended to increase the crop. The buckwheat showed exactly the opposite result. Tweuty-two days after FIELD CROPS. 133 planting:, it was quite clear that the thistles stimulated the growth of oats, barle.v, and wheat. Observations were made on corn grown under a ])oplar and a hlack locust tree and also about the stump of an oak tree, the tree having been removed about the time the coi'n was planted. The corn grown about the oak tree stump was very poor, while that under the black locust was almost equal to corn grown in the garden where there was no opportunity for shade. The fungus symbiosis of orchids, H. Burgeff {Naturw. Wchnschr., 25 (1910), Xo. il, pp. 12D-13.'i, figs. 5). — A summary is given of the present informa- tion relating to the symbiosis existing between certain fungi and orchids, together with a description of the author's attempts to germinate orchid seeds with and without cultures of fungi. The evolution of new form.s in Viola through hybridism, E. Brainerd {Amcr. Xat.. -'i-', (1010), Xo. 520, pp. 229-236).— The author, who has been study- ing the species of North American violets for a number of years, has found great variation in them and attributes much of the polymorphism to hybrids occurring between species in the same group. An account is given of a hybrid between F. affinis and T'. saglttata which has been carried through several generations. The plants were found to conform very closely to the Mendelian ratio. A new form of Nigella damascena obtained through mutilation, L. Blar- INGHEM (Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 150 {1910), No. 7, pp. 1,06-^08).— A description is given of a form of .Y. damascena that is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of carpels which are arranged in two whorls within the flow^er. This form is said to have originated in 1907 from plants that had been cut douia, and to be readily propagated from seed. A cristate form of this plant that is said to come true from seed is also noted. Seeds and plants imported during the period from July 1 to September 30, 1909. Inventory No. 20 {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 176, pp. 3-'i). — This is a list of the more important seeds and plants secured from various parts of the world during the first quarter of the fiscal year 1910 and contains .329 introductions. Only those which were deemed of especial interest are included, the minor importations being recorded in the office files only. FIELD CROPS. On methods in field experiments, M. Egorov {Zliur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landic). 10 {1909), No. 4, pp. 502-518). — ^After a rapid survey of the literature the author observes that as yet no types as regards the size of plats have been established. His own contribution to this question is based on experiments at the Kharkov Experiment Station. A level field, apparently very imiform and 240 square sjizhens in area (11,700 sq. ft.), was divided into 240 square jilats (49 sq. ft. in area) on w'hich oats was raised. The yields obtained are considered both as gathered from single small plats and from larger plats resulting from the combination of a number of these plats. The results of these groupings are indicated in the following table: 134 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Mean deviations from the mean yields on plats of different areas. Area of plats. Dimensions of plats. Number of plats. Mean deviation In yield. Sg. sazhens. Sazhens. Kilograms. Per cent. 1 Iby 1 240 0. 1489 7.336 3 Iby 3 80 .3487 5.727 5 Iby 5 48 .5279 5.206 10 Iby 10 24 .7691 3.792 2 by 5 24 .8925 4.400 20 2 bv 10 12 1.5830 3.936 4 by 5 12 1.4410 3.583 40 4 by 10 6 2. 2770 2.796 8 by 5 6 1. 8370 2. 255 60 4 by 15 4 3. 4050 3.420 2 by 30 4 2. 7860 2.799 120 4 by 30 2 6. 8400 2.800 8 by 15 2 .4600 .1883 Thif? and other tables indicate that notwithstanding the apparently uniform nature of the soil, the yields from the single or 1 sazhen plats show considerable fluctuations, the mean yield from a plat being 2.03 kg. and the mean deviation +0.1489 kg., or 7.336 per cent. If the small plats are formed into larger plats the relative deviations decrease with the increase of the plat area. The greater the numbei" of parallel plats the more accurate are the results. The number of parallel plats remaining the same, the larger the plats the more accurate are the results. The total area of the field remaining the same, .the larger the number of the plats the smaller the deviation. Accordingly, the same degree of accuracy of experimental results may be obtained on a larger number of smaller plats of a smaller total area as on a smaller number of larger plats of a larger total area. [Field crop yields and methods of production], A. J. McGuire {Minnesota 8ta. Bui. 116, PI). 385-391, 3 lbs. of seed cotton per acre was produced by the Ninety Day cotton, an early variety with bolls of medium size. Som.e conditions influencing' the yield of hops, W. W. Stockberger and J. Thompson {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 56, pp. 12, figs. 2). — A study was made as to the conditions on an acre of hops in California selected as representative of 600 surrounding acres. This study showed that nonproductive and missing hills reduced " the actual yield to 87.9 per cent of what might be expected of a perfect stand." Individual hills varied in yield from 0.5 to IS lbs., while the average yield per hill was G.104 lbs. "As the number of vines per hill increased, the average yields of the hills having the same number of vines were found to increase in approximately the same ratio. Assuming a full stand of 957 hills with 6 vines trained to each hill, the calculated possible yield is 65.2+ per cent greater than the actual yield on this acre. " ' Bastard ' or ' mcmgrel ' hills should be dug out and destroyed, as they are of no value and diminish the total yield." Field peas, L. B. McWethy {Wgoming Sta. Bui. S.'/. pp. 11, pis. 3).— The climatic and cultural requirements of field peas are stated and directions given for harvesting. In a variety test French June (19389) produced the maximum yield, 21.45 bu. per acre, and ripened earlier than any other variety. A variety test of potatoes, C. F. Noll {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. .98, pp. 3-20, figs. ^). — The average yields of varieties tested during the period 1906-1909, inclusive, ranged from 48.5 to 181.5 bu. of marketable potatoes per acre. The varieties giving the highest average yields were Six Weeks and Pride of Michigan for the early varieties, Early Puritan and Early Rose for the medium late varieties, and Heath Medium Late Surprise and Whiton White Mammoth for the late varieties. The results of the tests during each of the 4 years are I)resented in tabular form and descriptive notes are given of some of the varieties. Planting potatoes, S. Tretyakov {Khutoryanln, 1909, Xo. l.'t; ats. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 {1909), No. Jt, p. 580). — Larger yields were obtained when the tubers were planted whole than when cut. Fertilizers for potato soils, M. Whitney {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. 65, pp. 10). — This bulletin gives a compilation of yields of potatoes on fertilized and unfertilized soils obtained in 1,769 tests reported by 23 of the state agri- cultural experiment stations. Although there was considerable variation in yield of the check plats of the same field there appears to be good chance to obtain an increase in the crop by the application of fertilizers, especially by the application of 2 or 3 sub- stances rather than of a single substance. Little indication was observed of a significant difference in productivity due to different amounts of fertilizers used or of a significant difference in effectiveness of fertilizers on soils of dif- ferent natural productivity. In the author's opinion, the data reviewed do not permit a judgment as to the cumulative effect of the continued use of fertilizers for a long period. The re.sults generally indicate a profitable use of fertilizers in growing potatoes. 48507°— No. 2—10 4 140 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Influence of fallow culture of the soil on the yield of winter rye, according to results of experiments on the experiment field of the Menzelinsk Agri- cultural School, P. M. IvANov {Selslc. Ehoz., 1909, No. 27; abs. in Zlmr. Opnitn. Agron. (Russ. Jottr. Expt. Landw.), 10 {1909), No. J,, p. 538). — Black fallow surpassed early green and other fallows during the two years covered by the observations reported. The history and distribution of sorghum, C. R. Ball ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 175, pp. 63, flgs. 17). — This bulletin gives a key to the prin- cipal groups of sorghum, outlines its present distribution, and states its agri- cultural and botanical history and nomenclature. Although it is held that all cultivated sorghums are derived from the wild species Andropogon halepensis there are many indications of its independent origin in tropical Africa and in India. The predominating groups in British South Africa are kafirs and sorgos, while in equatorial Africa, the leading types are little known groups related to the durras, and in North Africa only the durra groups are foimd. India contains a large number of little known or entirely new groups of sorghum. Some are forms of shallu and others approxi- mate the durra group. The kowliangs are a new group found in East China and Manchuria. A chronological bibliography is appended. Experiments in sugar-beet culture in the Vilna government, V. Ivanov- SKii (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.). 10 {1909). No. If. pp. Ji84-'t88). — Experiments conducted in 1006-1908 in the Vilna government indi- cate that sugar-beet culture would be remunerative in that section. Comparative experiments in cultivation of sugar beets after black fallow and after wheat, F. Lubanski {t^clsk. Khoz., 1908, No. 31 ; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landio.), 10 {1909), No. J,, pp. 557, 558).— Tabulated data indicate that superphosphate after black fallow influenced the yield of beets but slightly in either a wet year or a dry year, while after winter wheat its effect was much more marked. Irrigation of sugar beets, F. W. Roeding ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 392, pp. .52, flgs. 14). — The furrow, check, border, and subirrigation methods of irrigation are discussed with special reference to sugar beet production, and full directions given for plowing, seeding, blocking and thinning, harvesting, and siloing the crop. The rotation of crops, prevention of crop failures under irrigation, and the economical use of the water supply are also discussed. Experiments conducted at Loveland, Colo, in cooperation with the Great Western Sugar Company, and at Rocky Ford, Colo, in cooperation with the American Beet Sugar Company, showed in 1906 a higher yield per acre from 0.94 ft. of water applied in 2 irrigations than from larger amounts of water applied in 3 or 4 irrigations. The irrigation of every row by means of lath boxes produced a yield of 1.2 times as great as the irrigation of alternate rows by the same method, and 1.5 times as great a yield as the irrigation of every row by the open furrow method. In 190S, 0. S3 ft. of water applied in 2 irrigations produced the highest purity and sugar percentages, but a lower yield per acre than did larger amounts of water applied in 3 or 4 irrigations. The irrigation of every row resulted in a more economical use of water than the irrigation of alternate rows, and the use of lath boxes saved considerable labor. Conditions influencing the production of sugar-beet seed in the United States, C. O. Townsknd {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 173-1 8.'f, pis. 3).— The status and importance of the production of sugar-beet seed in the United States is outlined in these pages and diseases and climatic conditions are dis- cussed in their relations to seed production. Methods of testing, planting, and FIELD CROPS. 141 cultivatiugc.Reed beets are given together with directions for gathering, cleaning, curing, and marketing the seed. The storage of beets through the winter is one of the most serious problems of seed production and a large number of methods of siloing seed beets have been tested, of which the so-called sand method by which the roots are entirely embedded in sand, either with or without the use of a pit or trench, has given the best results. The sand should be slightly moist so that the roots will not wilt. The customary method of piling the beets on the ground without sand or other material between them proved satisfactory from the standpoint of protection from cold when the piles were covered with straw or burlap and sufficient earth to hold these materials in place, provided just enough covering was added to prevent freezing. Difficulty was encountered from heating, how- ever, and still greater loss arose from the attacks of mice upon the crown, destroying the buds and rendering a considerable number of the- roots useless for seed production. Short summary of year's "work in tobacco experiments, J. M. Van Leenhoff {Colon. Rpts., Misc. [Gt. Brit.], No. 6Jf, pp. 18-20). — Of 22 varieties experimented with for seed purposes, Cavalla cigarette tobacco from Macedonia was the most promising for growth by the small farmers of the region. Under shelter plants grew well, where the subsoil was porous. The leaves were very thin and of a yellowish light green color but the crop was rendered useless by mildew. The future wheat supply of the United States, M. A. Carleton ( TJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 259-272, figs. 2). — The author outlines the increase in acreage devoted to farming and to wheat growing in this country from 1850 to 1900. During this period the total acreage in farms increased from 293.560,614 to 838,591.774, while the acreage of improved lands increased from 113.032,614 to 414,498.487 ; between 1870 and 1900, the percentage of the total land area of the United States devoted to wheat growing increased from 1 to 2.2. Since 1900, it is estimated that 200,000.000 acres have been added to the farm area of the country, " making the percentage of the total land area in farms approximately 55 per cent." " The present wheat acreage appears to be approximately 4.4 per cent of the farming area, a slightly less pi'oportion than in 1870. By 1950 the proportion should easily reach 6 per cent." The average yield per acre has increased from 12.31 bu. during the decade ended with 1878 to 13.75 bu. during that ended with 1908. The effect of supply and demand upon the price of wheat, the increase of wheat acreage in the older States, and the probable future of wheat production and consumption are discussed and estimates made on a statistical basis of probable changes in these matters by 19,50. A table compares the total land area, the wheat acreage, and the percentage of the total land area in wheat in 20 countries. According to these estimates a yield of 1.600.000,000 bu. may be expected in this country in 1950, of which 1,400,000,000 bu. may be required for home consumption. Production in foreign countries is expected to keep pace with the increase in population in these countries. Vegetable seed growing as a business, W. W. Tracy, Sr. ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 273-28 'f, pis. 2). — The author states that in early times most of the garden seed produced in America was grown by seed merchants, but that now growing of seeds and their marketing are quite as distinct as the manufacture and sale of other merchandise. The growth of the industry is reviewed, its extent niid i)resent status outlined, the various elements of value in garden seeds discussed, and a brief account given of each of the principal sources of supply of vegetable seeds. Some seeds are secured from canneries and from truckers' crops, which could not profitably be sold in the green state, but the larger portion of the 142 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. supply is grown by farmers under special contract with seeduieu. These con- tracts differ from those for the manufacture or delivery of most merchandise, because of the possibility that weather and other conditions may prevent their fulfillment. The farmer is cautioned against devoting his whole farm to seed growing and advised to restrict his contract to the growing of a limited acreage. HORTICULTURE. Notes and observations on horticulture in America, Buyssens {Min. Int. et Agr. [Brussels] Off. Rural, Avis au.v Cult., 2. scr., 1910, No. 6, pp. 23, pis. 12, figs. 7). — The author made a study of hoi-ticultural conditions and practices in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. The notes and obser- vations here presented are grouped under the general headings of the culture of cut flowers in the open, greenhouse construction and heating, the floral deco- ration of public and private gardens, and the methods of horticultural instruc- tion and processes of experiment and researcli. Temperature an important factor in horticulture, F. W. Morse (Ann. Rpt. Vt. State Hort. Soc., 7 (1909), pp. 5S-66).— This is a discussion of the funda- mental principles in the relation between heat and plant growth. In conclusion the author expresses the opinion that our present knowledge of this subject shows that the development of plants is dependent upon heat, just as chemical action is dependent upon it. " Plants require an optimum temperature for their different phases of life, and these phases are accelerated or retarded in the same propoi'tion that chemical action is modified by heat." The unheated greenhouse, E. J. Castle (Loudon, pp. VI +20, figs. 2Jf). — A popular booklet discussing the equipment and management of cold frames, hot beds and cold greenhouses, and giving considerable information relative to various plants suitable for culture therein. Success in market gardening-, H. Rawson (Netc York, 1910, pp. XIV +211, pis. 15). — This is a revision of the work on the same subject by the author's father, the late W. W. Rawson. Its aim is to present the most up-to-date methods of commercial vegetable culture in the eastern United States. French market gardening, J. Weathers {London, 1909, pp. XV +227, figs. 57). — This work, which is designed especially for English gi'owers, contains practical details for the intensive cultivation of vegetables. Pax't 1 discusses the meaning of intensive cultivation, the history in France and the general principles of intensive cultivation, implements, accessories, etc. Part 2 takes up the special culture of the various market-garden vegetables, and part 3 con- tains a calendar of operations for the year, together with a plan of a French garden. Report of investigation of cabbage and cauliflower growing in Canada and the United States, A. McMeans (Ann.. Rpt. Ontario Veg. Growers' Assoe., 5 {1909), pp. 60-98, figs. 22). — This report embodies the results of an investi- gation into the cultural and marketing methods used by the leading growers in a number of the principal cabbage producing States, including also informa- tion relative to the status of the industry in Ontario. Fall and winter cabbages, C. C. Newman (South Carolina Sta. Bui. I.'i9, pp. 3-11, figs. 5).— The subject matter of this bulletin has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 640). Cultural experiments with cabbage in 1909, Huber (Mitt. Deut. Lnndu-. Gesell., 25 (1910), No. 16, pp. 22Jf-231, figs. .3).— Tabular results are given of cooi)erative variety tests of cabbage conducted under the direction of the (Jor- man Agricultural Society in 1900, including data showing the relative value of the different varieties for making sauerkraut. HORTICULTURE. 143 Thousand headed kale, H. D. Scuddeb {Oregon Sta. Circ. 5, pp. //). — Popular directions are given for growing this crop, including a discussion of soil, seed- ing, transplanting, feeding, summer kale, and seed selection. Growing- tomatoes for early market, J. W. Lloyd and I. S. Brooks {Illinois Sta. Bui. I'l-'i. pp. 47-88, figs. 17). — This bulletin describes somewhat in detail the cultural and marketing methods employed by commercial tomato growers, together with the results of cultural and other experiments conducted at the station. Some tests were made in 1908-9 to determine the influence of the age and character of the plants on their yield of early fruits. From these tests it appears that large, well-grown plants are essential to the production of large yields of early tomatoes, and that the production of a heavy crop early in the season does not impair the vigor of the plants enough to affect seriously the yield of late fruits. The results of 4 years' fertilizer tests indicate that a mix- ture of steamed bone, dried blood, and potassium sulphate was superior to the various other fertilizers used. Pruning tomato plants to single stems reduced the yield of both early and late fruit, exposed the fruits to sun scald and crack- ing, and did not materially increase their size. Staking tomatoes without pruning, however, increased the yield of marketable fruit over that of un- trained plants. As a result of a 5 years' test, it was found that the leaf-spot of the tomato {Septoria lycopersici) can be controlled by spraying with Bor- deaux mixture. [Vegetable and fruit culture in northeastern Minnesota], A. J. McGuire {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 116, pp. .'tOS-.'ilS, fig. 1). — Brief suggestions are given rela- tive to the kinds of vegetables and fruits suitable for culture in northeastern Minnesota. Veg-etable seed investigations, E. B. Eddy {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Veg. Growers* Assoc, 5 {1900), pp. 57-60). — A table is given summarizing the results with the principal kinds of vegetable seeds tested by the Dominion seed inspectors dur- ing the past 3 years. The number of samples tested, average germination, standard germination, and percentage of variation from the standard are indicated. Storage of vegetables, J. W. Wkllington {Ann. Rpt. Vt. State Hort. Soc, 7 {1909), pp. 47-53). — This paper discusses methods and devices for the home storage of vegetables. Promising new fruits, W. A. Taylor {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 375-3S6, 2)ls. 7). — This consists of historical notes with descriptions and colored plates of the following little known or new fruits which are suggested as prom- ising for trial : INIother and Ccffman apples, Carrie gooseberry, Winfield rasp- berry. Diploma currant, Victor roselle, and the Bradley, Claremont, Halbert, Mobile, and Daisy pecans. Fruit tree planting in Montana, R. W. Fisher {Montana Sta. Bui. 77, pp. 3-35, figs. 7). — The purpose of this bulletin is to outline the methods of culti- vation and irrigation practiced in the fruit producing valleys of IMontana, and to indicate the best methods of culture and the varieties best suited for the home orchard. The bulletin concludes with an estimate of the cost of starting and maintaining a 10-acre orchard for a period of 8 years. Fruits recommended for planting in Ontario {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 179, pp. 20). — -This bulletin consists of general and district lists of fruits recom- mended for planting in various parts of the provinces of Ontario after careful tests of varieties made at the various fruit experiment stations and by experi- enced growers. Report of the fruit expert, W. J. Axlen {Rpt. Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, 1909. pp. 20-25). — This consists of notes on the condition of various deciduous and 144 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, citrus fruits being grown in the departmental orchards, including financial statements for tlie year. Investigations on the root growth, of fruit trees, Goethe {Jahrb. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 25 (1910), No. 1, pp. 61-72, pl^. 8). — Results are given of exam- inations made of the root systems of different kinds of fruit trees. The work is discussed under the general headings of the characteristic root development of different fruit trees, the conditions influencing root development, and the relation of root diseases to tree sickness. Notes on the time of blossoming of fruit trees, C. H. Hooper (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London]. 17 (1910), Xo. 1. pp. 32-3S). — This consists of notes for the season of 1909 relative to the blossoming period of different varieties of orchard and small fruits, the data being based on records made at the Wye Agricultural College at Kent and at other points in England. Prevention of frost injury to fruit crops, G. B. Brackett ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 557-367/, pi. 1, fig. 1). — The author briefly reviews the exiierimental work conducted along this line, including the use of explosives, smudges and heating devices, and gives illustrations of the successful employ- ment of heating devices in western orchard sections, including data relative to the cost of equipment and maintenance. He concludes that the abundance of testimony is sufficiently ample to warrant the statement that the prevention of frost injury to fruit crops has passed the experimental stage and has become a well established fact. Investigations on the causes of premature dropping of fruits, G. Bellair (Rev. Hort. [Paris], 82 (1910), No. 8, pp. 182-18',, figs. 4).— The author briefly reviews various causes of premature dropping of fruits and indicates remedies for the trouble. The handling of deciduous fruits on the Pacific coast, A. V. Stubenrauch (V. .s'. Dept. Agr. Yairhook 1909, pp. S65-37-'i, pis. 3). — This paper contains practical suggestions relative to the preparation for shipment and marketing in fresh condition of such fruits as apples, apricotg, cherries, peaches, pears, plums, nectarines, grapes, and small fruits. The subject matter, which is based upon the fruit shipment and storage investigations of the Bureau of Plant In- dustry (E. S. R., 20, p. 1037) is discussed under the following headings: Trans- portation problems, handling, jiacking and marketing, mechanical injuries, and refrigeration including prec-ooling. Picking and packing citrus fruits, M. J. Iorns (Porto Rico Sta. Circ. 8, Spanish cd., pp. ^-19, figs. 2). — The English edition of this circular has been previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 239), Fruit growing, storage, and marketing in the United States, N. Kaumanns (Jahrb. Deut. Landw. Gesell, 25 (1910), No. 1, pp. 80-91).— This has been noted from another source (E. S. R.. 22, p. 734). Preliminary observations on the adaptability of native varieties of grapes of Piedmont as scions for grafting on American vines, C. Sante (Bol. Quiud. Soc. Agr. ItaL. 15 (1910), No. S. pp. 326-329). — The observations are based on experiments conducted at the Alba school of enology and consist principally of notes on the character of grafts made between a number of native grapes and various American species and hybrids. Review of phylloxera and of the American vines, C. Grimaldi (Rivista [Conegliano], 4. ser., 16 (1910), Nos. 5, pp. 97-103; 6, pp. 121-124; 7, pp. 145- 150; 8, pp. 169-173). — This consists of a report to the Italian Agricultural Society of an investigation into the failure of a number of American and French grape stocks used in reconstituting the vineyards of Sicily. As reported in a similar investigation by A. Ruggeri et al. (E. S. R., 22, p. 448) the phylloxera does not appear to be the principal cause of the failure, many of the vines FORESTRY. 145 apparently sufferiug from lack of affinity between stock and scion, unfavorable soil and cultural conditions, etc. The experimental vineyards of the Lausanne Viticultural Station, H. Faes (Terre VaiuL, 2 (1910), Nos. 15, pp. 169-111; 11, pp. 193, 194).— A descriptive account of these vineyards is given. Olive culture, materials and processes of making oil (Cong. Leitaria, Olivicttlt. e Indus. Azeitc 190.5, Relat. Geral, II, pp. 152, pis. 8, figs. .5).— This volume consists of reports on olive culture and various phases of oil manu- facture presented to the Congress of Dairying, Olive Culture and Oil Manu- facture, held in Lisbon in 1905. The following themes are considered: Olive culture in Portugal, varieties of cultivated olives, diseases of olives, period of maturity, harvesting, sorting and washing the fruit, the preserving of olives, the influence of heaping the fruit on the quality of edible oils, grinding olives, the materials and processes of crushing and their influence on the quality of edible oils, materials and processes of expressing olives, decanting, washing and filtering the oils, utiliza- tion of the bagasse, oil extraction by chemical processes, bottling the oil, plans and models of oil presses, cooperative oil mills, schools for training in mill work and stations for studying oils, methods of promoting the olive oil industry, the commei'ce in oil in Portugal, the decline of the industry through the im- portation of foreign oils, oil merchants, agricultural credit applied to the oil industry, and control against frauds. Pineapple culture in Porto Rico, J. M. Turner ( WcckJi/ Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. .S'.], 1 (1910), yo. 11, 'pp. /,S7-//90).— A brief general account of the pineapple industry in Porto Rico, including information relative to the cost of culture and returns from the crop in different districts of the island. The citrus grove, its location and cultivation, P. H. Rolfs (Fla. Quart. Bui. Dept. Agr., 20 (1910), yo. 2, pp. 81-96). — This article contains concise information relative to the character of the Florida soils, the selection of a site for citrus groves, preparing the land, methods of culture, and building up a neglected grove. Tea in Jamaica, H. E. Cox (Bui. Dcpt. Agr. Jamaica, n. ser., 1 (1910), No. 3, pp. 116-181, pis. 2). — This consists of a brief account of the history of tea culture in Jamaica, the conditions under which the industry is being developed, cultural details, and the preparation of the leaf for use. The graftage of chestnuts, J. Farcy (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 (1910), No. 20, pp. 592-595). — The author points out the importance of grafting as a means of checking the ink disease of chestnuts and gives sug- gestions relative to methods of grafting. Manual of floriculture, A. Buyssens (Manuel de Floriculture. Vilvoorden and Paris. 1909, pp. 362, figs. 264). — This is a guide to the culture of flowering plants and shrubs in the open and under glass. It discusses general cultural operations, soils, fertilizers, greenhouse management, and gives descriptive and cultural notes of the more important indoor and outdoor flowers, orna- mental plants, and shrubs. Gardens and gardening (Loiccll. Mass.: City Library [1910], pp. 23). — A list of books relating to gardens and gardening in the Lowell City Library. FORESTRY. Silviculture, H. J. A. Dittmar (Der Waldbau. Neudamm, 1910, pp. 219). — This work is offered as a guide for instruction and practice as well as a manual for the private forest owner. In part 1, introductory considerations deal with the various forest types, climate and soil, the development of pure and mixed 146 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. stands, natural and artificial reproduction, and the maintenance of the stand. Part 2 takes up the various deciduous and coniferous trees relative to their special characteristics, cultural requirements and treatment. The arboretum of the Boyal High School of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry at Wageningen, J. Y. Sitringar {Meded. Rijks Hoogerc Land, Ttiiii cu Bo-schl)oiiii:sch., 3 (1910). No. 2-5, pp. 119-213, pis. 3).— This consists of a short review of the nature and history of dendrology and of the literature, nomenclature, and origin of our tree species, together with a list of species growing in the arboretum which includes botanical names and synonyms, geo- graphic distribution and other notes. Increment investigations with spruces, Usener (Allg. Forst u. Jagd. Zfg., 86 (1910), pp. 122, 123). — Comparative tables are given showing the diameter and volume accretion of some 243 firs and 133 spruces examined in the com- munity forests of Ranrupt and Colron-la-Roche in Alsace-Lorraine. Soil physics investigations in m.ixed stands of oak and beech, R. Wallen- BOCK (Ccntbl. Gcsam. Forstic, 36 (1910), No. J,, pp. i.5/-i56).— R<^sults are given of a series of investigations conducted in oak and beech stands to determine the relation between the kind of soil cover and the physical character of the soil. The author concludes that the physical character of forest soils is influenced by the kind of tree in the stand and its accompanying soil cover. The dead soil cover found underneath pure beech stands increased the water capacity of the soil in a much greater measure than the vegetative soil cover found under- neath pure oak stands. Loamy soils in pure beech stands are favorably in- fluenced by the action of the leaf mold cover to a depth three times as great as in an oak stand. Where oaks and beeches grow in a mixed stand, the greater the percentage of beech trees the greater the water capacity of the soil. The results of similar investigations along this line are also noted. The effect of the forest upon waters, P. Buffault (Rev. Eaux ct Forfts, -}8 (1909), Nos. 1, pp. 1-18; 2, pp. 33-.', 'i ; Anicr. Forestry, 16 (1910), No. 3, pp. 151-173). — This consists of a summary of the results of European investiga- tions relative to the influence of the forests upon stream flow and upon the sources of water, including a review of this question as discussed at the Con- gress of Navigation held at Milan in 1905. The opportunities in forest planting for the farmer, A. S. Peck (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 333-3U, pis. J,, fig. i).— In this article the author points out the necessity for utilizing the farm woodlot to the best advantage and of establishing new forests on treeless areas, both for protection and as a commercial proposition. Suggestions are given relative to the methods and species by which this may be best accomplished in the different sections, in- cluding data on what has already been done along this line by the Government. State, and private individuals. Basket-willow industry, F. Dillingham (Wcckh/ Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. /S.], 1 (1910), No. 11, p. .'/9i).— This consists of notes on the character of the basket-willow industry in the Bavarian district of Upper Franconia. [Forest resources in Maryland], B. N. Baker, W. B. Clark and E. Hirsch (Rpt. Conserv. Com. Md., 1908-9, pp. 119-135, pis. 2, fig. 1).—In addition to a brief survey of the forest resources of the State, this report discusses wasteful methods of lumbering, forest fires, the farmer's woodlot, the use of the forests, and the relation of forests to stream flow, concluding with suggestions for the development and conservation of the woodlands in the State. Forest conditions in South Carolina, W. M. Moore (Dept. Agr. Com. and Indus. [S. C] Bui. 1, pp. 54, figs. 7), — This report embodies the results of a DISEASES OF PLANTS. 147 preliminary examination of forest conditions in South Carolina made by the State and the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It consists of a general description of the region surveyed, information relative to the timber supjily and output of the State, descriptions of the forests by regions, discussions of grazing and forest fires, conservative lumbering and turpentining, farm wood lots, taxation, forest planting, and the influence of deforestation upon streams, and recommendations for the preservation of the forests and streams. Forest conditions in Sweden, C. Metzger (AUg. Forst ii. Jagd. Ztg.. 86 {1910), PI). 115-122). — A descriptive account of forest conditions and operations- ill Sweden. Annual administration report of the forest department of the Madras Presidency for the twelve months ending June 30, 1909 (Ann. Adiulii. Rpt. Forest Dcpt. Madras, 1909, />/>. 96+CXXXII+12). — This is the yearly progress report relative to the constitution, management and administration of the state forests in the northern, central and southern circles of the Madras Presi- dency, including financial statements for the year. The data relative to areas, progress in forest survey and working plans, routine administi'ation work, forest products, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Vegetable pathology, H. Tryon (Ann. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. and Stock [Queens- land], 1908-9, pp. 112-122). — This is a report on the various diseases of agri- cultural, orchard, and garden crops, in which much space is given to a discus- sion of the discovery in Queensland and Tasmania of the late blight of the potato {Phytophthora infestans) and the probable source of its introduction, together with laws and remedies to check its further dissemination in Aus- tralasia. The principal fungus diseases of the year, T. W. Kirk {New Zeal. Dcpt. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 17 {1909). pp. 76-86, pJ. 1). — This is a report of the various diseases found on cultivated plants in New Zealand in 1909. Special note is made of the death of fowls caused by eating wheat badly affected with stinking smut {Tilletia tritici). Turnips suffered severely from a bacterial rot attributed to BaciUiis olera- cccc, which is claimed to be mainly carried by insects. An unknown species of Phoiua is also reported to be causing great destruction to blackberries. Injuries to cultivated plants in Reuss, F. Ludwig {Phytopath,. Bcr. Biol. Centralstelle Reuss, 1909, No. 5, pp. 10; abs. in Ztsehr. Pflanzenkranl-.. 20 {1910). No. 2, pp. 83, S-'f). — ^A general summary of fungus, insect and weed pests of grain, forage, truck garden and orchard crops, and forest trees for 1909. Some fungi from Ossola, A. Noelli {Malpighia, 23 {1909), No. 3-4, pp. 171-lS.'i. fig. 1). — This is a list of some 47 species of fungi, mainly parasitic, from the valley of Ossola, of which MoUisia fagicola on the leaves of the beech {Fagus sylvatica) is described as new. The loose smut of oats and stinking smut of wheat and their prevention, J. C. Arthur and A. G. Johnson {Indiana Sta. Circ. 22, pp. 1.5, figs. 9). — De- scriptions are given of the loose smut of oats and the stinking smut of wheat and suggestions offered for their prevention, the method advised being the sprinkling of the seed when spread on the floor with a solution of about 1 pt. of formalin to 50 gal. of water, after which the grain is thoroughly shoveled over so as to distribute the moisture evenly. About 1 gal. of this solution is required for 1 bu. of oats or 2 bu. of wheat. 148 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The control of the loose smuts of barley and wheat, O. Appel (III us. Landw. Ztg., 30 {1910), 'So. 15, p. 126, fig. i).— This is a popular discussion of the principles underlying the methods of combating these grain smuts, together with a description of a modified hot-water treatment for their control. Studies on the toxicolog-y of Diplodia zese, H. S. Reed {N. Y. Med. Jour., 91 (1910), No. 4, pp. 164-169, flgs. 2; abs. in Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 794, p. -'/'37). — An examination of the literature dealing with the etiology of pellagra is said to show great diversity of opinion as to the identity of the fungi held responsible for the deleterious property of the affected maize. The author calls attention to the recent spread in this country of D. sew, which was almost simultaneous with the appearance of pellagra. The fungus is said to be present in European countries where pellagra is found, and recent studies have shown that it lives parasitically upon the growing maize as well as saprophytically on the mature grain. Chemical and physiological experiments on the properties of maize infected with Diplodia are in progress, and the physiological experiments have shown that such maize is toxic to small animals. The author has been able to isolate from meal infected with Diplodia a product which seems to resemble the pellagrozein isolated by Lombroso. The pests and diseases of New Zealand Phormium, T. W. Kirk and A. H. Cockayne (New Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 11 (1909), pp. 286-289, pis. 9).— This is a summary of the fungus and insect enemies of the New Zealand hemp (P. tenax). in which the characteristics and distribution are given of surface mildew (Cladosporium sp. ), leaf spot and black smut, which are caused by fungi not yet definitely identified, rust (MeJampsora sp.), and root fungi, several of which destroy the roots of Phormium, notably a species of Fusarium which especially attacks young plants. Studies on the potato fusaria, O. Appel and W. Wollenwebeb (Mitt. K. Binl. Atist. Land u. Forstic, 1909, No. 8, pp. 17-19). — This is a brief summary of our present knowledge and theories concerning the part that species of Fusarium is supposed to play in producing certain diseases of the potato. The blackleg' of the potato, D. Hegyi (Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 20 (1910), No. 2, pp. 79-81; Coinpt. Rend. Acad. Sei. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. 6, pp. 347, 348). — This is a brief discussion of the probable infection of healthy potato plants by means of wireworm injuries or other wounds on the underground parts of the plants and the subsequent spread of the bacteria throughout the potato from this infection point. The leaf-roll disease of potatoes, O. Appel and W. Kreitz (Mitt. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstio., 1909, No. 8, pp. 15-17). — A brief review of the life history, methods of control, and theories as to the cause of this disease, is given. Notes on seed potatoes, F. Parisot (Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 9 (1910), No. 1 pp. 21-24). — The cause of the diseased condition noted in a previous article (B. S. R., 19, p. 735), wherein seed tubers after winter storage are soft, with the surface shriveled and dried, and with small eyes and slender sprouts, is claimed to be due to an intoxication or poisoning produced by the action of the carbon dioxid arising from the respiration of the tubers them- selves while in storage. As means of prevention, storage at low temperatures and the elimination of the carbon dioxid from the storage rooms are recom- mended. Leaf diseases of the celery (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 16 (1910), No. 12, pp. 1010, 1011, fig. i).— General descriptions of the chai'acteristics and means of dissemination of two leaf diseases (PhiiUdsticta apil and Scptorta petroselini) are giveu. As a preventive measure, spraying with half-strength Bordeaux DISEASES OF PLANTS. 149 mixture on the first aiipearance of either disease and continuing at intervals of a week until thi-ee applications have been made is suggested. The brown rot of the tomato, C. K. Bancroft {Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londoii'\. 16 (1910), No. 12, p. 1012). — This is a well-known disease in portions of England in which the fungus attacks the fruits only. An infected fruit first shows dis- colored patches which as the disease progresses run together so that the whole surface becomes discolored while the pulp is reduced to a dark-colored mass. Seeds from infected fruits are of a darker color than normally, because of the presence in the endosperm and embryo of fungal hyphte which appear to be the hyphiB of Phytophtliora omnivora. These infected or "brown seeds" are capa- ble of germination and are reported to produce plants which always bear infected fruits. Diseases of trees, L. Savastano {Patolo(/ia Arl^orea Applicata. Naples, 1910, pp. XI -{-666). — This is an elaborate treatise on the common diseases of trees infecting Italian forests and orchards. The author divides the subject into 5 general divisions as follows: (1) Biology of trees, (2) constitutional diseases, (3) bacterial diseases, (-1) parasitic diseases, both fungus and insect, and (5) meteorological diseases and silviculture. The work closes with an extended bibliography of Italian literature on diseases of forests and orchards, especially those of grapes, olives, and citrus fruits. Separate indexes are also appended for hosts and parasites. [Investigations on crown gall, peach yellows, and other orchard diseases], J. L. Phillips {Rpt. State Ent. and Plant Path. Va., 7 (1908-9), pp. 56-98, pis. 8, flgs. 5, nuips 2). — This paper gives the results of investigations on crown gall of the apple, peach, quince, dwarf pear, dwarf peach, and raspberry ; on peach yellows, peach rosette, little peach, and peach leaf curl ; and on anthrac- nose and rusts of the currant, raspberry, and blackberry. After giving the life history of crown gall of apples and the results of various experiments and observations on the nature and dissemination of this disease, the author concludes that crown gall is a bacterial disease which is transmitted to nursery trees by the use of seedlings affected by the hairy root form of the gall and by the use of scions from trees with roots diseased with crown gall. These are the two main sources of infection, although crown gall will also spread from tree to tree in the nursery row. Nurserymen, therefore, should carefully Inspect all seedlings used in propagating apple trees and destroy every one that shows the slightest trace of hairy root and also cut their scions from healthy trees. The lower end of a seedling that is diseased should not be used, even though this lower part is not apparently affected with hairy root, for the disease is in the sap and this lower part will transmit the disease almost as certainly as the upper part. Experiments conducted by the author show in some cases as much as 100 per cent of trees diseasesd with crown gall where scions had been cut from trees affected by this trouble, even when they were inserted into apparently healthy seedlings. It has also been shovpn in experiments with thousands of trees that the disease may be reduced as low as from 5 to 10 per cent in the nursery by re- jecting diseased seedlings and scions from diseased trees. Fruit growers are advised to demand absolutely clean-rootetl, healthy trees which have grown in the nursery for 3 years free from the disease, for they can be more certainly depeudetl upon to produce healthy trees than younger stock, as the bulk of this disease does not show up until the third year. Remedial treatment, such as the heavy applications of lime, fertilizers, etc., has not proved eflfective in controlling this disease in the nursery, but on the contrary often causes severe injury and in some cases has resulted in the death of trees thus treated. This is true not only of nursery stock, but all orchard 150 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. trees treated with heavy a])i)lications of fertilizers, etc.. have shown similar injury. Until more is known about the peach crown gall, the author advises the same precautions for it as for the apple gall. In regard to crown gall of the dwarf trees and of the quince, no recommen- dations are made, as a large proportion of such trees are affected by the disease in the nursery and further experiments must be made to ascertain what injury is produced before the fruit grower will be justified in destroying such trees because of the hairy root form of the crown gall found on them. After noting the characteristics of and damage done by peach yellows, peach rosette, little peach, and peach leaf curl, the author sums up the results of ex- periments and observations on the peach yellows as follows: Peach yellows has now reached the main peach sections in the United States, down almost to Georgia and Alabama, and is generally prevalent in orchard and seedling trees along roads, hedges, etc., but does not seem to have reached the peach sections of the far West. It is transmitted by peach pits and by buds from diseased trees to tlie nursery. From the nursery it is carried to the orchard, where it is able to spread from one orchard to another. Control must be begun by the nurseryman getting healthy peach pits and healthy scions for propagating purposes. As the disease seldom shows up in the nursery row, it is necessary to keep careful data on young orchards to find out what nurseries are distribut- ing diseased trees. In experiments with buds from diseased trees, the trees that grew as healthy as any in the nursery developed the disease the following year in the orchard in more than 90 per cent of the trees. The disease does not spread very quickly in the orcliard, as trees may stand in close proximity to diseased trees for 3 or 4 years without showing symptoms. Buds from diseased trees inserted into orchard trees produce yellows on these trees very quickly, usually within 12 months' time. The disease can be readily controlled in the orchard, if orchardists will plant healthy trees and see that all orchards in their vicinity, as well as their own, are systematically inspected and the diseased trees promptly destroyed. It does not seem desirable to replant orchards where diseased trees have been removed after they are 4 years old. Notes on Sclerotinia fructigena, J. B. Pollock (A6«. in Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 794, P- 437). — It has been held by some Euroijean authors that the species of Sclerotinia attacking stone fruits in the United States is »Sf. cinerca and not 8. fructigena, as has been generally assumed. Studies have therefore been made of material collected at various places and compared with reports of various workers in Europe and the United States. The apothecia found in Michigan as well as in other parts of the United States agreed very closely with 8. fructigena as foimd in Europe. In the United States the species occurs more commonly on stone fruits, while in Europe it is most common on pome fruits. The author believes that in all probability the species described as Sf. fructi- cola is identical with /S?. fructigena. The control of peach, brown rot and scab, W. M. Scott and T. W. Ayres ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 174, pp. 31, pis. If, fig. 1). — A report is given of 3 years' demonstrations and experiments with self-boiled lime-sulphur mix- ture for the control of peach brown rot (Sclerotinia fructigena) and peach scab (Cladosporium carpophilum) . The experiments were begun in 1907, continued on a larger scale in 1908, and in 1909 the treatment was demonstrated on a block of more than 5,000 trees. The author states that if self-boiled lime sulphur is properly prepared and applied there is very little danger of injury to the fruit or foliage. There is DISEASES OF PLANTS. 151 ji possibility, however, of staiiiinfr tlie fruit if tlie mixture is applied within 2 or 3 weeks of the ripening period. On this account it is reconnnended that the last api)lication be made not later than 4 weeks before the ripening period. Where curculio is present arsenate of lead at the rate of 2 lbs. to 50 gal. of water may be used, the first si)raylng to consist of this insecticide, and to be followed in 2 or 3 weeks with a coml)ination of lime sulphur and lead arsenate, and a month later with the lime sulphur alone. Where the curculio is not troublesome the arsenate of lead should be omitted, but 3 or 4 weeks after the petals fall the trees should be sprayed with the self-boiled lime sulphur. This should be followed with 2 applications, one in 3 weeks and the last about a month before the fruit is expected to ripen. For scab alone one treatment of the lime sulphur applied about a month after the petals drop will nearly control the disease, but if there is a possibility of an epidemic a second spraying may be applied in 3 or 4 weeks. The peach leaf curl, A. Manakesi {Coltivatore, 56 (IDIO), No. 7, pp. 208- 211). — This is a brief discussion of the nature and methods of dissemination of this fungus, together with the results obtained by using various fungicides in attempts to control the disease. The control of the apple scab, F. Fischer {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 19 {1909). No. 7, pp. 432-43Jf; abs. in Rev. Patol. Vcg., 4 {1910), No. 7, pp. 97, 98).— The author concludes after several years of attempts to control this disease {Ftisi- cladium dOHlriticum) that there are no varieties of apples absolutely immune, as some which are apparently resistant one year may be attacked the next season. The fungus usually invades the fruit through injuries to the epidermis, which permit the entrance of the germ tubes. The infection depends on the condition of the weather. Cool nights alternating with warm days are favorable for the dissemination of the fungus, especially if these conditions occur at the time of seed formation in the young apples. In the spring before the leaves open is reconnnended as the best time for the first application of Bordeaux mixture. A leaf disease of the cheri-y, E. Marre {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Ccntre), 31 {1910), No. -',, pp. 121-123; Bui. Mens. Off. Renscig. Agr. [Parish, 9 {1910), No. 1, pp. 2.'i-27). — In certain provinces of France a serious leaf disease of the cherry has already materially decreased the yield and threatens to become widespread. It was identified as Onomonia erythrostoma, a well-known fungus in Austria and Germany. The general characters of the disease are given and remedies suggested, such as burning the infected leaves in the fall and the use of Bordeaux mixture to check its spread in the spring. The ascog-enous form, of the grape Oidium, V. Peglion {Atti R. Accad. Liiirri, Reud. CJ. .S'cJ. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. scr., 18 {1909), IT, No. 10, pp. J^SS- 1)91). — Attention is called to the discovery during November in the vicinity of Ferrara of perithecia associated with Oidium tuclceri. The perithecia belonged to Uncinula necator and it is claimed that this is probably the ascogenous form of the common grape Oidium. An epidemic of Spumaria on strawberries, L. ]\Iangin {Rrr. Ilort. [Paris], 81 {1909), No. 2.',, pp. 568, 569, figs. :2).— The prevalence of S. alba on the stems and leaves of strawberry plants, producing an unsightly ajipearance and prob- ably injuring the formation of fruit, is noted, together with a general descrip- tion of the myxomycete and its development on the strawberry. Spraying with a potassium sulphid solution 3:1,000 is recommended. Fungus diseases of the maguey, G. Gandara (Mrm. y Rev. Soc. Cienf. ".An- tonio AJzate," 25 {1908-9), No. 9-12, pp. 293-305, pi. I. figs. 8).— Descriptions and hosts are given for three well-known fungi parasitic on the u)agney (.igave amcricana), namely, CoUciotrichutn ugares, Voniotliyrium concentricum, and 152 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. Plotcriffhtia agaves. A discussion follows of the characters, prevalence, and damage done by fungi not bitlierto reported on these plants, these being Thiclavia sp., Trichothccium roseum, Phytophthora agaves, and two Hymenomy- cetes. One of these which seems to belong to the Thelephoracese causes seri- ous losses to growers of the Tequila maguey by forming rosy-colored areas on the bases of the leaves, which gradually invade the entire plant and kill it. The other Hymenomycete is a species of Panus which attacks the bases of the leaves of A. americana. The article concludes with suggestions for combating these fungi. A new disease of coffee, F. C. von Faber {Teysmannia, 21 (1910), No. 1, pp. 60-62). — The author calls attention to a new disease of coffee, which resembles RostrcUu eoffew in its gross characteristics on the stems and branches of the coffee plants. Cross sections of the diseased wood show, however, that the fungus extends from the tops of the branches into the roots, forming dark brown areas on the wood beneath the bark which as the disease progresses may appear as brown or black spots on the bark of the affected trees. Cutting down the trees, as is done in combating the Rostrella fungus, will not control this disease, because the roots are also invaded. The only safe remedy is to dig up and burn the entire plant. Outbreaks of the oak mildews in Hungary, J. Roth (Natiinr. Ztschr. Forst u. LaiuJn-.. 7 (1909). A o. ,s. pp. .'f26. '/27). — The prevalence and severity of this disease during 1!X»S are noted for 4 provinces in Hungary. Attention is also called to the fact that other plants besides oaks suffered from mildew attacks that year, indicating that iniusually favorable conditions existed for the propagation of mildews in general. The rusts of the pine and the parasitic occurrence of Cenangium. abietis, E. ScHAFFNiT (Vortragc Pflanzenschutz, AM. Pflanzenkrank. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. Land IV. Bromherg. 1910, No. 1. pp. 69-79, figs. Jf). — After a brief notice of parasitic fungi in general, the author discusses the characteristics, prevalence, and hosts of 4 coniferous rusts, namely, Melampsora pinitorqua, Peridcnnium pini, Cliii/sonijj.ra abietis, and C. ledi. Attention is also called to the occurrence in 1909 of Cenaiigiiini abietis as a parasite on the Scotch pine, causing the death of shoots on trees 5 to 50 years old. The leaf-fall diseases of the pines and their control, R. Schander ( Tortriige Pflanzenschutz, Abt. Pflanzenkrank. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. Landw. Bromberg, 1910, No. 1, pp. 33-.'t2, flgs. 10). — The author describes the characteristics of the various fungi which cause the needles of pines and other conifers to fall pre- maturely, and discusses the effects of Bordeaux mixture when used in combat- ing them. The following species are claimed to produce this premature shed- ding of the needles: Lophodermium pinastri, L. macrosporum, L. abietis, Uypo- derma strobicola, H. laricis, and H. sulcigena. Corticium javanicum in Borneo {Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, 9 [1910), No. 2, pp. 59, 60). — This disease of rubber trees was especially severe in 1909 during the monsoon period. The first appearance of the disease on the trunks of the Para rubber trees is characterized by small drops of latex issuing as if from punctures in the bark. Soon black patches appear which gradually increase in area. Beneath the dead bark are found pads of foul smelling rubber. Then the pinkish fungus of C. javanicum makes its appearance and completes the destruction of the trees. On the branches, the disease appears as small raised spots of cork scattered about, which eventually split and become small black sores. When these become numerous, the whole of the cambium and all but the outer bark layer are dark brown and rotten and the characteristic pink fungus appears. I ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 153 The progress of the disease is checked by tapping, burning, and tarring. Old wounds and rough places on the bark seem to afford an easy entrance to the fungus, so these should also be tarred. A parasite occurring- in the latex of Euphorbia pilulifera, A. Lafont iCompl. h'ciid Sac. Biol. [Paris], 66 {1909), A"o. ,?.?, pp. i (; J/-/ 0/5 ).— Attention is called to a disease of this ornamental Euphorbia which causes a premature shedding of its leaves. On examining the affected tissues, a species belonging to the group FlagellatjB was found infesting the latex of the attacked plants. The organism is described as Lcptomonas davidi n. sp. Some parasitic fung-i on greenhouse plants, E. Griffon and A. Maublanc (Bui. Triiiicst. Soc. MycoJ. France, 25 (1909), No. //, pp. 238-2.',-^, pi. i).— The authors discuss 4 diseases of hothouse plants, of which Pestalozzia clusice on the leaves of Clusia sp. and PliyUosticta draccenw on Draciena leaves are described as new. Codiseum plants were found to be injured by two fungi, GIOEOsporium soraucrianum, which is claimed to be identical with G. crotonis, and Asteroma codiaH, a violet-colored fungus associated with the Glceosporium on the stems and limbs of the CodijBum. A carnation disease, H. Blin (Rev. Hort. fPf/m], 82 {1910). No. 5, p. lO/f). — This is a brief discussion of a leaf disease of carnations due to the parasitic fungus Hetcrosporiuni ecliinulatum, which is said to have caused much damage during 1909 in yarious portions of France both to outdoor and hothouse plants. A'arious fungicides are recommended as means of combating the disease. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Darwin and modern science, edited by A. C. Seward {Cambridge, 1909, pp. XVII-\-595, p!s. 5, figs. 12). — A collection of 28 essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the origin of species, of which the following are of special interest to zoologists : The Value of Color in the Struggle for Life, by E. B. Poulton (pp. 271-297), and Geographical Distribution of Animals, by H. Gadow (pp. 319-336). See also a previous note (E. S. R., 22, p. 776). The animals of Australia. Mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, A. H. S. LrcAS and W. H. Dudley {Melbourne, 1009, pp. XI +327; rev. in Nature [London], S2 (1910), No. 2103, p. Jio3). — ^Yhile this work is intended primarily for the general reader the arrangement and treatment are throughout thoroughly scientific. Many of the illustrations are taken from original photographs. Private game preserves and their future in the United States, T. S. I'almee {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Biol. Surrey Circ. 72, pp. 11, pis. 2). — This circular discusses the history and present status of private game preserves in this country and the outlook for the future. National bird and mammal reservations in Alaska in charge of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Surrey Circ. 71, pp. lij, maps N). — The executive orders setting aside these reservations are pre- sented, together with maps which show the exact territory embraced in each. These reservations, established in February and March, 1909, comprise, with one exception, small islands along the coast of Alaska and in the Bering Sea, and are known respectively as Bering Sea, Fire Island, Tuxedni, Saint Lazaria, Y\ikon Delta, Pribilof and Bogoslof reservations. " Fire Island is the breed- ing ground of the Alaska moose, the islands in Bering Sea contain rookeries of sea lions, and all of "the reservations are important breeding grounds of sea birds or ducks and geese." Pocket gophers as enemies of trees, D. E. Lantz (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 209-218, pis. 3, fig. 1). — It is stated that pocket gophers inflict losses 154 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fully as great as those caused by either rabbits or field mice. They are widely distributed, inhabiting more than half the entire territory of the United States outside of Alaska and the island possessions, and also northwest Canada and Mexico, whence their range extends southward to Costa Rica. Of the 9 genera, Geoniys, Cratogeoniys, and Thomoniys occur within the United States. All have similar food habits and are exceedingly destructive to plant life, injuring field crops, gardens, and trees. Their burrows prevent close mowing, admit surface water, and on sloping ground lead to the washing of deep gullies. Their tunnels in dams and levees cause many costly breaks. It is stated that in southern California the roots of the fig tree and apricot seem to be most subject to attacks, but orange, lemon, almond, apple, pear, and all other orchard trees of the region, excei)t the peach, are also injured, as well as nursery stock. In the open forests of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama the gophers live almost entirely upon tree roots, but their injury is not serious. It is said that soft crown gall occurs frequently on roots injured by gophers and mice. The methods of destroying pocket gophers described include poisoning, trapping, flooding, and fumigation. " If but few pocket gophers are to be de- stroyed, there is little choice between traps and poisons as the means to be used. If, however, the animals are numerous or distributed over large areas, poisoning is by far the quickest as well as the cheapest method." Helps in combating gophers are found in several natural enemies, including the barn owl, great blue heron (Ardca lirroilUis), badgers, weasels, wildcats, coyotes, skunks, and snakes. The importance of cooperation in combating the gopher is emphasized. Bats and petroleum, H. Mandoul (Arch. Par., 12 {1909), No. ^, i)p. ^51- J/So). — The audior finds rats to have a i)articular aversion to petroleum A hand-list of the genera and species of birds, V, R. B. Sharpe {London: Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1909, pp. XX+l>9Jt; rev. in Nature [London], 82 {1909), No. 209 'i. p. 1H3).— The fifth and last volume of this work ( E. S. R., 16, p. 234). Introduction of the Hungarian partridge into the United States, H. Oldys {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 2//9-i.5S, pi. 1). — An account of the nature and habits of the Hungarian or gray partridge {Perdix pcrdix), some 40,000 of which were transplanted from the game covers of Europe to those of America during the years 1908-9. " While most of the reports received of these various colonization experi- ments with the Hungarian partridge are favorable, persons interested should not be too sanguine of ultimate success. . . . The Hungarian partridge may never satisfactorily adapt itself to conditions in this country ; or it may develop objectionable traits. Hence it would seem wise to devote less energy and money to the establishment of this and other exotic species and give more attention to the restoration and maintenance of our native game birds." Plants useful to attract birds and protect fruit, W. L. McAtee {U. »S'. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 185-196). — The main purpose of this article is to call attention to the plants which best serve to provide food for birds and to draw their attention away from cultivated crops. The plants that are useful in different sections of the country for attracting fruit-eating birds and protecting cultivated fruits, as well as food plants for sparrows and upland game birds, are described. " Nothing surpasses mulberries for alluring birds away from the early orchard fruits. Early bearing varieties should be planted in numbers and some should be selected for the length of the fruiting season. . . . Where it is desired to attract birds and afford them a sanctuai'y at all seasons, a large variety of plants must be used. For this purpose thickets of shrubs and other ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 155 low growths are better than trees, since tangles of bushes and vines afford a more secure retreat from bird enemies and are the favorite cover of many species. Where birds occur in large numbers their enemies are sure to con- gregate. Hence grounds especially designed to attract birds should also be furnished with devices to insure security from cats and other predatory animals." A trypanosome of a field mouse (Microtus arvalis), A. Laveran and A. Petit {Comi)t. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 67 (1909). No. 37, pp. 198-800, fig. 1).—A trypanosome found in the blood of a field mouse, obtained from the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, is described as representing a new species to which has been given the name Trypanosoma microti. The species appears to be nonpathogenic. Note on the mode of multiplication of Piroplasma bovis as observed in the living" parasite, G. H. F. Nuttall (Parasitology, 2 {1909), No. Jt, pp. S.'tl- S.'iS, dgm. 1). — ^This account of observations of the mode of division of P. bovis and the character of its amoeboid movement in fresh blood is illustrated graph- ically by a diagram, composed of figures selected from a series of sketches made while watching the live parasite under the microscope. The cultivation of Piroplasma equi, E. J. Marzinowsky (Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infcktionxknuik., (>2 {1909). No. 3. pp. .'//7-.'/22, pL 1).—A brief review of the cultivation of protozoa is given. The author finds P. cqui to develop in a 10 per cent solution of chemically pure sodium citrate. Developmental forms were found to appear on the second day and a culture was kept alive for 30 days. By transference to of fresh media the parasite was kept until the third genera- tion. Observations on Theileria parva, the parasite of East Coast fever of cattle, G. H. F. NrxTALL, H. B. Fantham, and Annie Porter {Parasitology. 2 {1909). No. Jf. pp. 325-3.'iO, figs. //, charts 2). — The authors here i-eport observations that were conducted upon the blood of 2 cows experimentally infected by means of ticks {Rhipiccplialus evcrtsi), from South Africa. " Summarizing our observations on the living parasite, we would state that they show active movements within the corpuscles and at times undergo altera- tions of form. No structural details can be made out in living parasites. We have not obtained any conclusive evidence that the parasites multiply within the infected corpuscles, but at times appearances were observed suggesting this l)ossil)ility. In several cases the parasites seemed to "grow slightly in size dur- ing the i)eriod of observation. When infected corpuscles lost their hemoglobin the parasites were distinctly seen for a time, after which they degenerated and died. The escape of parasites from infected corpuscles was witnessed on six occasions; it w-as accomplished without injury to the corpuscle. On two occa- sions the escaped parasites appeared to reenter fresh corpuscles." The life cycle of Herpetomonas jaculum, parasitic in the alimientary tract of Nepa cinerea, Annie Porter {Parasitology. 2 (1909). No. .'/. pp. 361- 391. pi. 1, fig. 1). — The complete life history of this apparently nonpathogenic parasite is given for the first time. Most of the common water scorpions (N. rincrca) obtained from the southeast of India were infected with it. The occurrence of a new species of Herpetomonas (H. bcspac) in the alimentary tract of a hornet (\'<.spa crahro) is also recorded. A handbook of microscopical technique as related to investigation of the protozoa, S. J. von Prowazek (Taschenhuch dcr mikroskopischcn Technik der Prdiistvnuntcrsnchung. Lcipsic, 1909, 2. ed., pp. 81; rev. in Parasitology , 2 (1909), No. .'/, p. 'i3(i). — A second enlarged edition. 48507°— No. 2—10—5 156 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Practical microscopy. — An introduction to microscopical methods, F. S. Scales (London, 1909, 2. ed., pp. XVI+33Ji; rev. in Nature [London], 82 {1909), No. 2096, p. 245). — A second revised and enlarged edition. The southern plum aphis, C. E. Sanborn (Oklahoina Sia. Bui. 88, pp. 3-8, figs. 5). — The southern plum aphis (Aphis setariw) appears annually on plum trees in Oklahoma and unless controlled by natural means or by insecticides practically destroys the plum crop. The new growth of the affected tree is dis- torted, the leaves being more or less corrugated and crumpled together on the lower surface. The terminal bud Ms stunted and its growth is sometimes abruittly terminated. !Many of the blossoms are often killed, and in cases where the infestation is severe early in the season, no fruit is set. Early in the spring the so-called stem mother hatches out from the egg, in which stage it has passed the winter. Reproduction then takes place at a rate of 2 to 5 young per day for a period of 3 or 4 weeks. These young attain their growth in a week or 10 days and also reproduce raiiidly. Winged forms develop which disperse and found new colonies. Early in the summer when the terminal branches have nearly completed their season's growth and the leaves have be- come toughened by age, dispersion becomes most pronounced. At this time the ai)hids commence to establish colonies on certain species of grasses, namely, Canadian blue grass (Poa compressa) , crab grass (Panicum sanguinalc), goose grass (EJusine indica), redtop (Tridens seslerioides) , yellovf foxtail (CJicetochloa gl a uca), nimhle-wiU (Muhlenhergia schreberi) and P. poly- anthes. When noticed upon grass they are often seen to be attended by ants, such as Sdlenopsis dchilis. Miiioinorium ininutum, and S. geminata. The latter part of October the winged form, known as a migrant, arises from the grass colonies and locates on the plum tree, there to found a new colony. The descendants of these migrants differ greatly in function from their spring find summer predecessors, from the fact that there are sexual forms, and the females are oviparous instead of viviparous. When the oviposition is com- pleted, which is usually by the middle of November, the aphids die. It is recommended that lime-sulphur wash be used at any time after the eggs have been deposited in the fall and before the buds commence to swell in the spring. Tobacco sprays are recommended for summer use. Lady beetles are considered the most im])ortant of the natural enemies. The oyster-shell scale and the scurfy scale, A. I^. Quaintance and E. R. Sasscer (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 121, pp. 15, figs. 2). — This circular gives a summarized account of the life history and methods of control. The oyster-shell scale, a species of world-wide distribution, was introduced into the New England colonies at an early date. In Canada and the Northern States there is thought to be but one full brood annually, whereas in the Middle and Southern States the species is double brooded. It has a wide range of food plants, 109 being here listed, but is more commonly found on the apple, maple, horse-chestnut, poplar, willow, and lilac. In some localities it appears to be held in check by parasites, those more commonly found being Aphelinus mytilaspidis, A. ahnormis, A. fuscipennis, A. diaspidis, Aspidiotiphagus citriniis, Annphes gracilis, and ChcUoneurus diaspidinaruni. The scurfy scale, a nati\e of North America, occurs principally upon rosa- ceous plants, such as the apple, peach, pear, plum, cherry, etc., and also on the currant and gooseberry among cultivated plants. A list is given of 35 plants upon which it has been found. It seldom becomes sufficiently abundant to cause particular injury or to require specific treatment. " In the more north- ern States there is but one brood each year, but in the South, as in Tennessee and in (Georgia, there are evidently two full broods, and in the latter State there is a strong probability of a third," Three predaceous species, Tyroghjphus ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 157 vKiliifi, Cliilocorus bivuhierus, and Jli/iicraspidifi sp. and three parasites. Ahlcrus clisiocanipa'. Pliijscus raricornis, and a species of the genus Prospaltella, are recorded. As means of control for both species, the importance of pruning out all dead and weakened parts preparatory to spraying orchards, shade or ornamental trees is emi^hasized. In orchards well sprayed during the dormant period for the San Jose scale, these species rarely prove troublesome. As there is a con- siderable difference of opinion among entomologists as to the effectiveness of the sprays applied during the dormant season to elfect the destruction of the eggs, re[)orts of several are quoted from. The authors consider it preferable, where the destruction of these insects alone Is to be considered, to spray as the young are hatching out in the spring. Directions are given for the preparation and application of several of the more important insecticides which may be used against the pests, including kerosene emulsion, crude petroleum emulsion, whale-oil soap wash, lime-sulphur wash, miscible oils, and connnercial lime- sulphur washes. The morphology and life history of Crithidia gerridis, as found in the British water bug (Gerris paludum), Annie Porter [Parasitology. 2 (1909), No. Jf. pp. 3-'f8^66, pi. J). — The insect host of the Crithidia here considered, commonly known as- the pond skater, is closely allied to G. fossarum which has also been found, at Madras, India, to harbor a Crithidia. Trypanosoma lewisi in Haematopinus spinulosus, E. Rodenwaldt (CentM. Balct. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 52 {1909), No. 1, pp. 30-J,2, pis. 3, fig. 1; ahs. in tecies known to transmit plague, 11 were Ceratophyllus fasciatus, 1 was (JtenopsjiUiis niHseuli. and 1 could not be identified. Three snout beetles that attack apples, F. E. Brooks ( West Virginia Sta. Bui. 126, pp. 10.5-124, pis. Jf). — This deals with the plum curculio. the apple cur- culio, and the apple weevil. The plum curculio has been very abundant in West ^'irginia for several years, and was noticeably destructive to apples during the spring and summer of 1909, the apples in many unsprayed orchards showing, by the first of June, curculio marks in practically every fruit. Early spring varieties, such as Yellow Trans- parent and Early Harvest were stung until the fruit was scarcely recognizable. The fruit from three young York Imperial trees that had not been sprayed showed 1,229 stings, and in the 210 apples borne only 10 escaped injury. The parasite SigalpJnis cureulionis is said to be quite common in the State. "Ants of several species and the larvi^ of soldier beetles were observed in Upshur County in 1908 to kill many of the curculio larvie after they had left the fruit and were seeking places to pupate in the ground." Spraying with an arsenical, preferably arsenate of lead, is considered the most effective means of preventing injury. " The spray should consist of from one to 3 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gal. of water, or where Bordeaux mixture is used, the same amount of arsenate of lead to .50 gal. of the mixture." It is desirable, however, to make use also of other methods of preventing injury, such as jarring, cultivation of the soil beneath the trees during July and August to break up pupal cells, and the destruction of fallen fruit. The apple curculio is much less abundant and destructive in the State than the two other species. The author has found this curculio on apple, plum, and wild crab at French Creek, Upshur County, and on wild crab at Seebert, Pocahontas County. " While, to our knowledge, it has never been a pest of serious consequence to the apple in West Virginia, yet the fact that it breeds here, quite probably in considerable uuml)ers in many parts of the State, together with the fact that it seems to be forming a liking for cultivated apples, should lead the fruit grower to regard it with suspicion and to do what he can to prevent its rapid multiplication." " Where the apple curculio becomes troublesome care should be taken that no thickets of wild crab or hawthorn are allowed to remain as breeding places near the orchards." Jarring is said to be effective against this siiecies. A parasite {Pristomeridia agilis) was reared by the author in August, 1909, from wild crab apples infested with apple curculio larvae that had been collected at French Creek. The apple weevil ( Pscudanthonomus crat(cgi) was found to be doing consid- erable injury to apples during the spring and summer of 1909. Previous to June. 1907. when it was observed attacking apples, little was known of its feed- ing habits. " The beetles emerge from hiberuutiou early in the spring and ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 161 tOAvard the last of May begin to lay eggs in young apples. . . . The last egg obtained from the beetles kept in jars was laid on June 24 and the last of the beetles died on July 8. Early in July the beetles of the second generation began to appear. The first adult of this generation was seen to emerge, with slight assistance, from an infested apple on July 7, one day before the last of the old generation passed away. By July 25, beetles from the early laid eggs were appearing in the breeding jars in considerable numbers though the last indi- vidual of them did not leave the apple until August 30. The period during which the beetles were emerging seemed to be considerably longer than the period of oviposition. This was due to the great variation in the length of time required by the different individuals to complete their transformation. A dif- ference of several weeks, in this respect, was noticed in the individuals which developed from eggs laid by a single female during 1 day in 1 apple." It is concluded that but one generation is produced annually. In addition to feeding on the fruit, a limited portion of their food is obtained from the leaves by scrap- ing fragments of the tissue from the upper surface, which habit is important as it brings the species more readily within the reach of arsenicals. "The feeding punctures, in cases where decay does not set in, usually heal over so that they show only as minute scars in the ripe fruit, and the same is true of the egg punctures where the eggs fail to hatch or where the larvae die soon after beginning to feed, as is often the case. . . . The larvae that hatch from the eggs feed on the fruit, forming tortuous tunnels through the flesh, or, more often, make large and irregularly shaped feeding chambers about the core." Four or 5 days are required for the incubation of the egg. " The larval period was found to vary greatly in length ranging from 18 days, in one case, to 53 days in another. Its average duration seemed to be about 30 days." The exact length of the pupal stage was observed in only 4 individuals, in each of which it was 8 days. Spraying with arsenicals appears to be quite effective, as many of the beetles are killed by swallowing the poison that adheres to the leaves. A parasite bred from a full grown weevil larva has been identified as Bracon anthanomi, a species reared in 1892 from the strawberry weevil. Injuries to forest trees by flat-headed borers, H. E. Burke ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 339--'il5, figs. 12). — In this paper the author describes some of the more important buprestid larvfe, the nature of their injury, and remedial measures. " Flat-headed borers injurious to forest trees are of 2 principal classes — those which destroy the vital part of the tree, the bark, and cause its death, and those which damage or destroy its principal product, the timber." The flat-headed bark-borers considered are the two-lined chestnut borer (Agrilus Mlincatus), bronze birch borer (A. anxius), flat-headed western hemlock bark-borer (Mc- lanopMla drummondi), and flat-headed eastern hemlock bark-borer (J/, fulvo- guttata). The flat-headed wood-borers discussed are the flat-headed bald cypress sapwood borer {Acma'odcra pulclieUa), flat-headed bald cypress heartwood borer (Trachykelc Iccontci), flat-headed big tree heartwood borer (T. opiilcnta), flat-headed western cedar heartwood borer (T. blondeli), flat-headed turpentine heartwood borer (Buprestis apricans), golden buprestis {B. aurulenta), large flat-headed pine heartwood borer {Chalcophora virginicnsis) , and flat-headed sycamore heartwood box-er (C. campestris) . The nature of the work of each is shown by drawings. It is thought that much of their injury can be prevented by the use of methods of control recommended by expert forest entomologists. The chalcidoid parasites of the common house or typhoid fly (Musca domestica) and its allies, A. A. Girault and G. E. Sanders {I'sijchc, til {1909), 162 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. No. 6, pp. 119-132, figs. 5; 11 (1910), No. 1, pp. .9-28).— In this, the first of a series of 3 papers, the authors consider the reconstruction of the chalcitloid genus Nasouia of the family Pterorualidie. Nnsoiiia brevicornis, the type species of the genus from Illinois, is described and its biology considered at some length. " The genus attacks gregariously or ' socially ' the puparia of 3 or 4 genera of the higher Diptera — Chrysomyia (maceUaria) , Lucilia, Musca (domcsticu) Sarcophaga. and Phorniia (ref/ina) ; also it may be found to attack Calliphora. ... In nature, the genus attacks mostly Chrysomyia (macclhtria) and Phormia (reffina), so far as is known. In confinement, it readily attacked the puparia of Cyno)tiyia cadavcriiia, in addition to the others. Though gregarious, it is an external parasite, the larvje not penetrating the host's body." N. brevicornis was abundant in the insectary at Urbana, where fly-breeding cages were located, during the summer and early fall of 1908. Both sexes crawl very fast and the female is able to fly, though crawling seems to be the favorite means of locomotion. The males do not fly and their wings are apparently non- functional. " Examinations made of parasitized hosts, showed that in all cases, the parasite is ' social ' or gregarious and does not attack the host until after the formation of the puparium, preferably after the latter has been formed for at least 24 hours. Puparia of Phormia regina examined, were in some cases filled entirely with the larvae of the parasite which had totally consumed the host pupa ; for example, from one puparium 47 larvas of the parasite were removed. ... In 119 puparia there were 1.496 individuals of Nasonia br-evicornis, of which 710 were males and 786 females. The average number of males in each puparium was 5.96, of females 6.60." In one instance, the female was able to parasitize successfully 22 host puparia and another 17 puparia, when quite a number were available. The parasite is said to hibernate as a full-grown larva in the puparia of its various hosts, pupating in the spring and emerging shortly afterwards. Technical results from, the gipsy moth parasite laboratory. — II. Descrip- tions of certain chalcidoid parasites, J. ('. Ckawford ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bid. 19. pt. 2. tech. ser., pp. T.3-2J,, figs. 16). — The new species here de- scribed were bred from material collected in Japan and Europe for the pur- pose of rearing parasites of the gipsy and brown-tail moths. A table is first given of the species belonging to the genus Chalcis known to occur in the Fnited States, including those introduced purposely, of which two, C. flskei a parasite of Tachinidse and C. purnplesia parasitic in the pup;ie of Sarcophagidse, both from Japan, are described as new to science. Hypoptero- malm apuntelophagus and H. pcecilopus, both accideutly included in shipments of parasitic material, the former reared from Qlypt a panicles japonicus from Japan, and the latter from a species of Glyptapanteles from Europe, and Pleurot ropis orientalis, P. hoiranJi, Pcrilampus inimiciis. and Diiiunockia secundus, all reared from G. japonicus, from Japan, are also described as new. The ticks (An. Soc. Rurai Argentina. .'/S ( 190!)), No. .30. pp. .'i2-'i'>- fiOs- 2). — Descriptions and illustrations of 8 of the more common species are given. Experiments upon the transmission of S^irochaeta gallinarum and S. obermeieri, C. Sciiellack {Arb. K. GsndJttsamt., 30 {1909). No. 2, pp. 351- 362). — The details of experiments conducted are here reported. It was found that Argas refl,exits and Ornithodoros mouhata, as well as A. persicus and A. miniatus, may transmit N. gaUinarum. The Brazilian virus was transmitted in a greater percentage of cases by A. miniatus than by the other 3 species. The incubation period for spirochetes transmitted I)y .1. miniatus is constant (from 6 to 7 days), but this is not the case with .1. re- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 163 flcrits. Broods from infected miniatus ticks are not pathogenic and several experiments conducted indicate that those from infected reflcxus adults are not. Experiments with Dcrmaui/ssits ariiaii resulted negatively. From experiments with bedbugs which were transferred directly from in- fected to uninfected hosts, in which different periods had elapsed before the transfer, and in which the young of infected bugs w^ere used, the author con- cludes that this insect does not transmit the spirochete of the European form of recurrent fever. The spirochetes can live for a long time in the intestines of bedbugs and may, however, occasionally be disseminated in this way. Trans- mission experiments with A. rrflexus on rats gave only negative results. Atten- tion is called to the fact that the studies of several authors have shown the body louse to be the important agent in the transmission of 8. obernieicri. Fighting the insect pests and diseases of orchard, field, and garden crops, H. L. Price {Virginia Sta. Circ. 7, rev., tip. 2-148, figs. 65). — ^A revised and enlarged edition of this circular, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 351). Insects associated with the cotton plant in Ceylon, E. E. Green {Trap, Agr. and Mag. CvyJon Agr. Soc, 33 {1909), No. J/, pp. 318-321).— A brief account of the more important species. Guide to the investigation of animal parasites of man and the doniestic animals, M. Braun and M. Ltjhe (Lritfndcn ziir Untcrsuchung der Tierischen Purasitcn de.^ Menschen und der Haustiere, Wilrzburg, 1909, pp. VII-\-186, figs. 100). — An account of the chief parasites of man and domesticated and other animals. Lead arsenate, J. K. Haywood and C. C. McDonnell {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Clieiii. Bill. 131, pp. /f9, pis. If, fig. 1). — Studies in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology, extending over a period of 2 years, and inaugurated principally lor the purpose of determining the conditions which cause lead arsenate to be injurious to foliage, are reported. Data obtained from the 18 manufacturers of the product in this country iu 1908 indicate that approximately 2,500 tons was sold during that year. The first part of the bulletin relates to analyses made to determine the quality of the leading arsenates as found on the market in different sections. The methods of analyses are described, and the results reported in tabular form. As a considerable variation in moisture content was found, it is recommended that the product be packed in air-tight packages and always bought in plainly labeled original packages. In sever;; 1 of the samples examined, it was found that the acetic acid had not been completly washed out. One of the samples examined was lead arsenite and another was a mixture of the arsenate and arsenite in about equal proportions. A great variation was found-in the com- position of different samples. " The content of arsenic oxid ranges fi"om 6.03 to 43.81 per cent (the latter as As^Oa) ; lead oxid varies from 23.06 to 72.57 per cent; moisture from 0.41 to 61.84 per cent; water-soluble arsenic from 0.02 to 5.45 per cent (AsuO^) ; and water-soluble impurities from 0.08 to 7.54 per cent." When the determinations were calculated to moisture-free material a much greater uniformity was found, but there was still a considerable varia- tion. Arsenic oxid ran,ged from 10.30 to 44.70 ])er cent (the latter AsiiOi) ; lead oxid from 49.58 to 77.93 per cent; water-soluble arsenic oxid from 0.03 to 5.56 per cent (AS2O3) ; and water-soluble impurities from 0.14 to 13.86 per cent. " While some of the firms are making a good product, this can not be said of all." The second i)art of the bulletin takes up homemade lead arsenate and the chemicals entering into its manufacture, the methods of analysis, composition of the chemic-al fornuilas, and directions for preparation, etc., being considered. The third part reports experiments made to determine the action of lead 164 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. arsenate on foliage. These were conducted particularly for the purpose of de- termining by what solvent the lead arsenate is acted upon that renders more or less of the arsenic soluble so that burning of the foliage results. During the investigations in 1907 no injury resulted to the foliage of the apple from any of the mixtures applied and only very slight injury to that of the peach, none being of a decided enough character to attribute it with cer- tainty to the spraying. Similarly in 190S, the foliage of the apple trees was not injured in any case from applications of pure lead arsenate or any of the by- products naturally formed in its manufacture. " Rather severe injury was caused to the foliage and fruit of the peach by pure lead arsenate, made either from lead acetate or lead nitrate, and the same was true when the salts formed as by-products in the making were not washed out, whether applied with or with- out lime. The fruit was of a deep red color which generally extended throughout the flesh, and maturity was hastened about one week. Lead nitrate caused severe injury to the foliage but not to the fruit. Lead acetate in the stronger application caused slight injury to the foliage, but very materially protected the fruit from insect injury. Sodium acetate and acetic acid, acetic acid alone, and sodium nitrate produced no injurious effect on the foliage or fruit in the strengths applied. . . . No injury from previous spraying could be detected on May 25. when the final application was made. Five hot, clear days, without rain, followed this application, and on June 4, 10 days after the application, very decided injury was observed." Thus it appears that during the years 1907-8 no injury resulted to apple foliage from 3 applications of lead arsenate, made from sodium arsenate and lead acetate, or sodium arsenate and lead nitrate, when applied at the rate of 1^ lbs. (dry basis) to 50 gal. of water. Lead arsenate prepared from lead nitrate possesses several qualities which make it slightly more desirable for spraying purposes than that prepared from lead acetate, but it is more dangerous to use if not properly made. " In very minute quantities arsenic appears to exert a stimulating effect or act as a tonic [on foliage], as it does on animals. It is probably this action which, by accelerating the functional activity of the leaf and producing more rapid assimilation, causes the excessive re^ldening and hastens the maturity of the fruit. On the other hand, if too large an amount is absorbed, it has a toxic effect. I'esulting in retarded assimilation, which in turn will cause the fruit to shrivel and drop before it has matured." In experiments to determine the action of the carbon dioxid of the air, lead arsenate was found to be slightly less soluble in distilled water saturated with carbon dioxid, even when heated to 50° C, than in cold distilled water free from carbon dioxid, and it would hardly be expected that the results could be otherwise on the tree. A large amount of arsenic was dissolved by solutions of sodium chlorid and sodium carbonate, and also by a sample of water tested. " It would appear from these results that if certain salts commonly occurring in waters are present in more than very small amounts they will exert a solvent action on the lead ai'senate." Still more exhaustive orchard experiments than those here reported were con- ducted in 1909 in which lead arsenate was applied to peach trees in the same proportions as in other experiments [IJ lbs. (dry basis) to 50 gal.], 3 applica- tions being made. These are briefly summarized as follows: "When applied with spring water . . . some injury to foliage resulted, but it was not nearly so marked as in the precetling year, and a longer time elapsetl before the injury was noticeable. When applied with distilled water very slight injury occurred, noticeably less than when the spring water was used. When applied with distilletl water to which 10 grains per gallon of sodium chlorid had been added, rather serious injury resulted. When distilled water containing 40 grains of FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 165 sodium chlorid per gallon was used, the lujury was very much increased, practically 50 per cent of the foliage being affected. When applied with dis- tilled water containing 10 grains of sodium carbonate per gallon, injury was noticeable 14 days after the first application, and 7 days after the third ap- plication the trees were almost completely defoliated. Applied with distilled water containing 10 and 40 grains of sodium sulphate per gallon, some injury resulted, but this was not so marked as that produced in the presence of sodium chlorid. In similar experiments where lime was added at the rate of 4 lbs. to 50 gal. injury to the foliage was almost entirely prevented." FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Prices of meat, James Wilson {U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpts. 1909, pp. 15-31; Rpt. 91, pp. 10-2^; Yearhook 1909, pp. 15-31). — As a part of his annual report the Secretary of Agriculture gives special attention to a discussion of the prices of meat, and as the result of a special inquiry, discusses the increase in retail prices over wholesale, the conditions affecting meat supply, meat price move- ments, and beef and pork ijrices, and gives a general summary of the move- ment of meat prices. From reports obtained in 50 cities throughout the United States it appeared that " the mean gross profit in selling beef, that is, the total retail cost charged to consumers above the wholesale cost paid by the retailers, is 38 per cent. In 5 cities the rate of increase is 20 per cent or under ; in 10 cities, 21 to 30 per cent ; in 12 cities, 31 to 40 per cent ; in 12 cities, 41 to 50 per cent ; and in 11 cities over 50 per cent." As regards factors afl:ecting retail costs of meat, the expense of delivering goods, the overdoing of the retail business by the multiplication of small shops, and the tendency on the part of consumers to focus their choice of cuts on steaks and roasts of " names regarded as respectable " are enumerated and discussed. In the summary of data regarding conditions affecting meat supply atten- tion is drawn particularly to the fact that the production of stock cattle has been diminished by range abandonment, to the new demands made on farms for corn for beef production, to the high price of corn, to high prices of all meat, partly because of high corn prices, to the fact that the production stock of hogs was reduced in 1907, to high farm land values, and to the fact that both supply and cost of meat production have united to raise meat prices. Further- more, " for 70 years the production of meat has declined relative to population ; meat exports increased until 1906, after which they sharply declined ; there has been a decreasing meat consumption per capita ; [and] iucreaseil per capita consumption of cereals, vegetables, fruits, and saccharine foods." Data regarding beef prices are also summarized and discussed. Economical use of meat in the home, C. F. Langworthy and Caroline L. Hunt (U. H. Dcpt. Af/r., Fariiicr.s' Bui. 391, pp. y/5+//).— Information regard- ing the value of meat as food, the proportion of different cuts and their rela- tion to meat prices, the texture and flavor of meat, and general methods of preparing meat for the table are discussed as well as ways of reducing the expense for meat in the diet, the publication as a whole being based ui)on the results of experiments which have been carried on as a part of the nutrition investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations. Lessening of expense for meat in the diet, it is pointe {1910), \o. 7, pp. .'i39--'fSo). — From experiments with dogs the following conclusions were drawn : "After the removal of the larger part of the small intestine the absorption of the ingested protein is diminished. The absorption of leucin is reduced. The rate of assimilation and of retention of the absorbed protein follows the same course as in normal animals. Comparison of these results with those obtained on animals after gastro-enterotomy makes it suggestive that the stomach and not the intestines is the organ principally concerned in the function of protein assimilation." Have proteids of different composition a different nutritive value? — II, The physiological value of casein and its cleavage products, E. Voit aud J. ZiSTERER {Ztschr. Biol, 53 {1910), No. 9-11, pp. 457-.i98).—It is probable that the physiological value of protein is unfavorably influenced by far-reaching cleavage and that this factor varies with the nature of different materials. It follows that, in general, proteid cleavage in the digestive tract is not complete but that, on the other hand, certain definite radicals are resorbed unchanged. The nitrogen-sparing property of different nitrogeneous substances offers a means of judging whether cr not the material is suitable for protein synthesis in the body. The use in the animal body of products obtained by far-reaching cleavage of proteids, XII, E. Abderhalden and O. Frank {Ztschr. Physiol. Chcni., 64 {1910), No. 2, pp. 158-163). — According to the authors, the results obtained in the experiments showed that the products secured by heating meat with sul- phuric acid wex*e capable of replacing food protein. The results of remineralization in conditions of faulty metabolism, such as neurasthenia, etc., H. Higgins (Lancet [London], 1910, I, No. 8, pp. .'f82-Ji91, figs. 2). — On the basis of clinical and analytical data, particularly with reference to the character and partition of nitrogen and mineral constituents of the urine, the author discusses theories of nutrition in relation to mineral constituents of the diet. His conclusions, as a whole, he points out, are against the general application of the purin-free diet theories and the low proteid diets, since he believes that serious consequences may attend the disturbance of the mineral equilibrium or balance of the diet. It is undeniable, he states, that such diets have their uses under certain circumstances, "but unless these conditions are defined they are often used for unsuitable cases. Prolonged itersonal experience has convinced me that it is possible to inflict irreparable damage to the tissues by persisting in the use of either unsuitable or inadequate dietaries. Above all, it is necessary 48507°— No. 2—10 6 172 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED. to remember that their evil effects may talie years to declare themselves, without providing any recognizable subjective indications during the process. " Biotechnics, or the art of adjusting individuals with their environment, con- sists in those modifications of the ration, of work, rest, climate, etc., necessary to attain and maintain the optimum chemical and physical equilibrium." The metabolisin and effect of conim.on salt in healthy man, R. Tuteub (Ztschr. Biol., 53 (1910) No. 7-8, lyp. 361-385). — According to the conclusions drawn from the experiments reported, it is not possible to obtain daily chlorin equilibrum with medium, low, or high doses of salt. When either medium or small quantities of salt are taken, all of the chlorin is recovered after consider- able time in the secretions. On the other hand, if repeated large quantities of salt are taken, retention of chlorin in the body is noted, which persists for a time. When a single large dose of salt is taken an excess of chlorin is excreted inside of 48 hours. The chlorin content of the feces is small, being generally proportional to the amount of feces. An increased quantity of salt, or rather the larger amount of water which is taken under such conditions, is responsible for increased diuresis. Other effects of salt on the urine are also considered. In general, the author concludes that a regulated quantity of salt has special significance for maintaining metabolic equilibrium. Concerning the chlorin, calcium, mag'nesium, and iron content of normal human organs and also their water, protein, and fat content, A. Magnus-Levy {Biovhcm. Ztschr., 2'^ {1910), \o. 3-5, pp- 363-380).— A large amount of analyti- cal data is reported and discussed in comparison with the work of other investi- gators. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The theories of evolution, Y, Delage and M. Goldsmith (Lcs Theories dc VEvoUition. Paris, 1909, pp. 371). — The authors of this book discuss the theories of heredity by which the evolution of plants and animals has been brought about in nature and under domestication. Considerable space is given to the questions of the influence of environment, adaptation, and inheritance of ac- quired characters. Although believing that actpiired characters are inherited, the authors admit that positive proof is still lacking. Mendelian phenomena without De Vriesian theory, W. J. Spillman {Amer. Nat., J/Jf (1910), No. 520, pp. 21-'i-228). — The author, whose views are somewhat similar to those of Holmes (B. S. R., 21, p. 470), is a Mendelian but does not believe in the De Vriesian doctrine that organisms are aggregates of separately heritable characters. He divides Darwin's fluctuating variations, amenable to the action of natural selection, into the 4 following types: (1) Variations due to Mendelian recombination of characters, (2) variations not inheritable as shown by the investigations of Johannsen and others, (3) variations due to irregularity of distribution of chromosomes in mitosis (De Vriesian muta- tion), and (4) variations due to changes in the germ plasm, which the author thinks are inherited and the most important factor in evolution. Reference is made to the work of Riddle, who has pointed out (E. S. R., 21, p. 374) that color inheritance may be explained by cytoplasmic differences without recourse to the idea of unit characters. The term " character differential " is proposed in place of " character pairs," as the influential factor may be a generalized function of the cell. A new term, " teleone," is defined as any organ, tissue, substance, or cell organ which has the power of influencing the course of development. Teleones derived directly from the egg are called " primary," while those arising during ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 173 the course of development are " secondary teleones." The manner in which they are thought to function in heredity is explained in detail. Studies in the experimental analysis of sex, G. Smith {Quart. Jour. Micros. ,s('/. [London], n. sen, 5-i {1910), No. 216, pp. 577-60.',, pi. i).— This is a paper on sex heterozygotism, in which the author reports his observations on several species of invertebrates and discusses the different theories of Mendeliau in- lieritance of sex. An examination of several thousand specimens of a species of spider crab when liarasitized by a cirripedian showed that the infected male assumed female c-haracteristics in varying degrees of perfection, even to the development of ova in the testis. The female, however, never took on such secondary male characters. Other facts are cited which support the theory that in many species of animals one sex, either male or female, is always a sex hybrid, while the other is pure. According to the author the sex hybrid may appear as a male, a hermaphrodite, or a female according to some unknown physiological condition, and that external influences may give a bias to a heterozygous embryo to appear as either male or female. It is pointed out that sex may not neces- sarily be a simple unit character but, on the contrary, that the sex character- istics fall into 2 divisions, primary and secondary. Reasons are given for assuming that there is an internal secretion which is continually changing in development, and acts and is acted upon by the various organs of the body. It is also assumed that this sexual formative substance or generative ferment (Heape) has male and female modifications which are allelomori)hs, giving rise to the half hybrid nature of sex, but only future in- vestigations can show under what physiological conditions one sex may gain the upper hand. The author's theory of the correlation between primary ana secondary sexual characteristics differs from Cunningham (E. S. R., 21, p. 170) in assuming that there is some common factor back of both primary and secondary characteristics. Sex and sexual characters, J. T. Cunningham {ScL Prog. Twentieth Cent., Jt {]'.)10), Ao. 15, pp. Ji57-.'f73). — The view is expressed that Doncaster, in sup- porting the Mendelian view that sex is the property of gametes (E. S. R., 22, p. 273), has failed to account for the artificial development of secondary sexual organs by means of chemical stimulation which has been obtained by Shat- tock and Seligmann with poultrj', Nussbaum with frogs, and Starling and Claypon with rabbits. Several cases are used to illustrate wherein the author's view differs from Doncaster's. " If we make the weak ovum correspond with the male-bearing ovum, the selective union is betvA'een gametes of the same sex, not of opposite sexes — the weak ovum unites with a strong sperm and the lat- ter is dominant. Thus, the sex is not determined by the ova alone or by the sperms alone, but by whichever is stronger, that is, the more vigorous are domi- nant." The distinction between adaptive and nonadaptive characters is thought to be the same as that between continuous and discontinuous variation. The heredity of sex, F. Keeble {Nature [London], 82 {1910), No. 210.',, pp. Ji87, J,SH). — Instead of assuming that the phenomena of sex are due to a single pair of alleloniorphic characters, the author proposes a hypothesis of 2 inde- pendent pairs of characters, namely, " maleness (M), with ifs allelomorph, al)S(>iice of maleness (m), which constitute one pair, and femaleness (F), with its allelomorph (f), which constitute the other pair. On this hypothesis, since Mm, Ff are independent of one another, representatives of both pairs of char- acters occur in every gamete. "All gametes are therefore of one or other of the following sex constitutions, MF, Mf, mF, mf. Hence all zygotes produced by the pairing of such gametes are of one or other of the following nine gametic constitutions: 1 MMFF, 174 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 2 MMFf, 2 MmFF, 4 MmFf, 1 MMff, 2 Mmff, 1 mmFF, 2 miuFf, 1 mmff. [This gives] 9 MF, 3 Mf, 3 mF, and 1 mf. In zygotes MMFF and MmFf it may be predicted that circumstances, nutrition, etc., determine whicli type (male or female) of sexual organs is produced." Recent literature touching- the question of sex determination, H. E. Jordan (Aiucr. Xut., JfJi (1910), Xo. 5 JO, pp. 2-'i5-25J). — The author reviews the work of Russo (E. S. R., 21, p. 269) and other recent investigators on this subject which furnish some evidence that sex can be controlled by nutrition and is inde- pendent of the number or character of the chromosomes. On alternative inheritance in dogs, A. Lang (Ztschr. Induktive Abstam. u. Vererbuiigslehre, 3 {1910), No. 1-2, pp. 1-33, figs. 4). — Crosses were made be- tween a brown short-haired bird dog with brown spots on a light abdomen and extremities and a long-haired blaclv Newfoundland. The results agreed with those found with other mammals. In general the black, brown, and solid col- ors were dominant over the spotted, and short hair was dominant over long. Crosses are also reported in which the short leg of the dachshund was usu- ally dominant when crossed with other breeds. Is there a correlation between the development of the horns and bones? G. Laurer (Dcut. Landw. Tierzucht, l) ( 1910), Xo. 11, pp. 126, 127).— The author measured the length and circumfei'ence of cannon bones of 42 cows of the Kehl- heim breed and concludes that large and strong bones are generally associated with small horns and small bones with large horns. Concerning inbreeding, A, de Chapeatjrotjge {Ebiigcs iibcr Inzucht und Hire Lcistidig aiif Vcr-scliicdciicn Zuchtgcbictcn. Hamburg, 1909, pp. 98). — This book is devoted to a discussion of the adviinttiges of inbreeding, especially in horses. Many examples obtained from pedigree records are cited to show the service which inbreeding has rendered in the improvement of different classes of live stock. Animal remains from the excavations at Anau and the horse of Anau in its relation to the races of domestic horses, J. U. Duerst (Carnegie Inst. Wash- iuglon rub. 13, pp. 3'il-.'i.'i2. pis. 21, figs. 3). — A detailed description of the pre- historic jinlmals found in excavations in Turkestan, including discussions of the relationships of different wild and domesticated species of animals. Measurements of the subfossil bones found in these deposits are given. The oldest species of wild ox found was Bos namadicus, the Asiatic form of primigenius. In later deposits, about 8000 B. C, a domesticated ox appeared, which is identical with B. taurus macroccros of Egypt. This species was later spread by tribal migrations. B. taurus brachyceros was a more modern and stunted form of maeroceros. An examination of the skulls of Sus palustris showed them to be the oldest known form of the turbary pig. In the early deposits there was a wild sheep. Oris- rignei a7kal. A later domesticated species, O. aries palustris, reached its fidl development about 6250 B. C. The Anau horse. Equus caballus pumpeUii, a new species, is the oldest domesti- cated Oriental horse known and is ancestrally closely related to E. prseicalskii, but possessed a more slender form. The genealogy of the Anau horse and its relation to the Arabian, the English thoroughbred, and other European horses is illustrated by a diagram. Remains of the camel, goat, shepherd dog, which is closely related to the dingo, and hornless sheep were found at Anau in deposits which date back to about 5850 B. C, but apjiarently these were not indigenous but had been brought there by the migration of tribes from elsewhere. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 175 Proceedings of the American Society of Animal Nutrition (Amer. Soc. Anim. Nutrition Proc. J909, pp. 36). — Papers are here printed in full wliicli have been previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 96). Some observations on the fermentation of silage, W. M. Esten {Science, n. set:, 31 (IDIO), No. 7.97, pp. 5.'/7, 5-'f8). — This is an abstract of a paper read before the Society of American Bacteriologists, December, 1!)09. Lactic-acid bacteria grew profusely in corn juice until about 0.35 to 0.4.5 per cent of lactic acid was formed, when they ceased to grow. The yeasts wex*e tolerant to much larger amounts of acid and continued to grow until practically all the sugar was used up. In fresh silage large numbers of yeasts and acid bacteria were found. The biochemical changes were nearly all completed during the first 12 days. The maximum growth of the acid bacteria was on the fourth day and the maximum growth of yeast on the twelfth. The highest tempera- ture, .29° C, was noted the first 36 hours. Samples were taken from a hole in the silo 5 ft. from the bottom and from 1 to 2 ft. from the edge. Investigations on the digestibility of palm-nut-cake meal and palm-nut meal from which the fat had been removed, E. Weinuikk ( IjUndw. Vcrx. Stat., "12 (1910), No. 1-2, pp. 1'i3-1'j0). — In digestion experiments with wethers, on a basal ration of hay, the average digestion coefficients of 2 kinds of palm-nut meal rich in fat were dry matter 76.4, protein 76.5, nitrogen-free extract 88.8, fat 78.6, and fiber 39.4 per cent. The coefficients for palm-nut cake from which the fat had been removed were dry matter 79.0, protein 74.2, nitrogen-free ex- tract 92.6, and fiber 55.2 per cent. Investigations on the digestibility of seed beet straw and sugar beet seed residue, P. Eisenkolbe (Landw. Vers. Stat., 12 {1910), No. 1-2, pp. 151-157). — Digestion experiments were made with wethers in which hay, cotton-seed meal, and sugar formed the basal ration. The digestion coefficients of seed beet straw were dry matter 33.9, protein 40.5, fat 36.5, nitrogen-free extract 41, and fiber 24.9 per cent. The coefficients of beet seed residue were dry matter 37.1, protein 57.2, fat 63. nitrogen-free extract 45, and fiber 17 per cent. Analyses of feeding stuffs grown on marshy soils, H. von Feilitzen {Jour. Landir., 57 (1909), No. 3, pp. 231-236). — Analyses are reported of rye, barley, oats, hay. field pea {Pisiim urrense), kale (Brassica oleracca acephahi), vetch {Vicia narhonensis and V. villosa), Jerusalem artichoke, and Sphagnum cuspi- datum. Licensed commercial feeding stuffs, 1909, F. W. Woll {Wisconsin Sta. Bill. 19Jf, pp. 3-9.'i). — Analyses of 766 samples of feeding stuffs are reported, in- cluding wheat, rye, barley, and buckwheat products, linseed and cotton-seed meals, gluten feed, alfalfa meal, blood meal, hominy, corn chop, corn-and-cob meal, malt sprouts, distillers' grains, tankage, beef scraps, meat meal, and mixed feeds. There is a discussion of results and of the amendments to the state feeding stuffs law. Results of the examination of stock feeds, B. L. Purcell {Ann. Rpt. Dairy and Food Comr. Va., 1 (1908-9), pp. 112-lJi5). — Analyses are reported of wheat, rye, and corn products, red dog flour, cotton-seed meal, oats, dried beet pulp, beef scraps, molasses feeds, and other mixed feeds. Notice of judgment (U. S. Dept. Ayr., Notice of Judgment 256, pp. 3). — This has \() do witli the adulteration and misbranding of a stock food. Winter feeding of farm stock, H. G. Mxjndy (Rhodesian Agr. Jour., 7 (1910), No. 3, pp. 1093-1101, pis. 3). — This article describes methods of feetling dairy cows under the conditions which exist in Rhodesia. The crops recommended for conversion into silage or dry fodder for winter feeding are maize, sweet sorghum, teosinte, sugar cane, i)earl millet, Boer manna (Sctaria italica), Japanese millet, teff grass (Eragrostis ahyssinica), 176 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. velvet beaus, cowpeas, Kafir beans {Yigna catjang var.), peanuts, and flax. Other crops which are suitable for providing winter feed are pumpkins, pota- toes, rape, and cassava. The pasture grasses recommended are Pu^ixiUnn dilataUim. Dactylis glomerata, tall fescue, Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatiis), burnet {Sauguisorlja minor), and cow grass clover {Thfoliiim pratcnse perennc). Steer feeding: Small grains and clover hay for two-year-old steers, R. W. Clark {Montana Hta. Bid. 78, i>i). 3d-Ji8).—X report of work carried on for 5 years to compare the effect of small versus large quantities of gi-ain for steers. In 1906-7 the feed consisted of clover hay and a grain mixture of barley, oats, and wheat. During the first period doubling the grain doubled the gain, while in the second period trebling the amount of grain increased the gain only 30 per cent. The cost of production decreased with the increase of grain in the first period when a small amount of grain was fed, but increased in the second period. When a large amount of grain was fed, trebling the amount of the gi-ain ration more than dbubled the cost of production. The results in 1907-8 also showed that up to about 7 lbs. of grain per head per day the gain was proportional to the grain fed, but these results were due in part to the fact that the hay was of poor quality. During the 5 years the cheapest and largest daily gain was made during the first 2 years, this being due to the most perfectly cured hay. The average results of the 5 years are summarized in the following table : Average remilts from feeding different amounts of grain to steers. Ration. 3 pounds grain per .steer per day. h pounds grain per steer per day. 7 pounds grain per steer per day. 10 pounds grain per steer i>er day Food consumed for 1 lb. gain. Daily Hay. Grain. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 18.2 2.18 1.12 14.9 3.30 1.40 15.4 4.60 1.50 13.8 6.00 1.50 Cost of 1 lb. gain. Cents. 7.64 7.77 9. 20 10.14 In comi)uting the cost, grain was rated at $1 per hundredweight and hay at $6 per ton. There was a small profit every year except one on the steers fed, but the main advantage was in finding a market for the feed at reasonably good prices. There would have been no profit in feeding during the winter of 1907-8 if the feed had had to be purchased. " With well-cured clover hay the cost of gain is about one-half of that secured from poorly cured hay, if price of each is the same." The buffalo, A. Stazi {Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. ItaJ., 15 (1910), Nos. Ji, pp. 106- 111; 5, pp. UfS-lJiO). — A statistical and general account of the buffalo and its value for agricultural purposes in Italy, where it seems to be appreciated as the number has increased considerably during the past 20 years. Fattening Iambs, J. W. Wilson (South Dakota t^ta. Bui. 119, pp. 6-'i5-651). — In 1908, 20 grade lambs 8 to 10 montiis of age were divided into 2 lots to com- pare the value of alfalfa and prairie hay. The grain ration consisted of oats, corn, and linseed meal in the proportion of 4:4:1. The lots were started on 1 lb. per head per day of this mixture, and this was increased until they were receiving 2.2 lbs, of gi^ain daily. For every pound of gi'ain fed the lambs in the alfalfa lot they consumed 1..3 lbs. of hay and made an average daily gain of 0,51 lb. per head, at a cost of 4.2 cts. per pound. For each pound of grain fed ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 177 the prairie hay lot 1 lb. of hay was eonsumecl and an average daily gain was made of 0.3S lb. per head, at a cost of .5.3 cts. i)er pound. The grain mixture was raced at 1 ct. per pound and the hays at 3 cts. per pound. In the autunui of 1908 experiments were made ou the feeding value of rape pasture with 4 lots' of 12 lambs each. The average gains per head per day for 44 days were on rape pasture alone 0.37 lb., ou rape pasture and corn 0.37 lb., on rape pasture and oats 0.43 lb., and on rape pasture and barley 0.43 lb. In 1009 the figures for similar lots during a period of 31 days were 0.34, 0.32, 0.3S, and 0.37 lb., respectively. The results in 1909 were less satisfactory than the previous year on account of the dry weather and early killing frosts. No trouble was caused from bloat when the lambs were first turned ou rape, even when no other forage plant was accessible. reeding- fish, to swine, Raebiger {Zctithl. Agr. Clicm., 38 {1909), No. 12, ih l>.'i5; ahs. in IJIiis. Laiidw, Ztg., 29 (1909), No. 31, p. 311). — When swine were fed for 3 weeks ou fish rich in fat there was a fishy and oily taste and smell in the flesh which could be detected even when the lish ration had ceased 14 days previous to slaughtering. The feeding of 1 lb. per day of fish meal from which the fat had been removed produced no unfavorable effect on the flesh. Lincolnshire curly-coated or Baston pigs, W. J. Colebatch (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 13 (1910), No. 7, pp. 582-589, figs. //). — An account of this little known but valuable bacon pig of Lincolnshire, England. The daily gains of this and other breeds at the Smithfield show for 1908 are given. The care of new born foals, A. S. Alexander ( Wisconsiiv Sta. Circ. Inform. 13, pp. 7). — This circular contains information for the practical horse breeder on the management of pregnant mares, the foaling box-stall, treatment of the foal at birth, raising the orphan foal by hand, and on navel and joint disease. The improvement of Utah horses, J. T. Caine, III, and H. J. Frederick ( Utalt Sta. Bui. 107, pp. 97-lJi2, figs. 18). — This bulletin contains a brief account of the present position of horse breeding in Utah, descriptions of diseases and un- soundness which should be considered as constituting di.squaliflcations, the score- cards used at the Utah College for judging horses and other information on this subject, the text of the state stallion law, a directory of pure-bred stallions licensed by the State, a list of American and foreign stud books recognized by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and a financial report of the State Board of Horse Commissioners. Horse breeding- in Madagascar, C. Sisteron (Ul'Ucvage du Cheval a Mada- gascar. Paris, 1909, pp. 115, pis. 21). — This official report to the French min- ister of war gives a brief histoiy of the present status of horse breeding in the colony. Interesting facts are related concerning early importations of horses which date from 1817. Little progress was made until 1897, but since that time importations have been made from Arabia, Abyssinia. Tunis, Algeria, and France. The chief breeding centers are Imerina and Betsileo. Measuring horses, P. (ioLDBECic (Deut. Landw. Prcs.sc, 37 (1910), No. 24, pp. 2(19, 210, figs. 7). — This article discusses the importance of making accurate measurements of horses, describes the instnmients used, and gives results of measurements made of several European breeds. A measuring stick for horses, R. Schoenbeck (Dent. Laiidiv. Ticrzucht. lit (1910), No. 10, p. 112. figs. 2).— This is a description and illustration of a new form of folding measuring stick for measuring farm animals and which can be conveniently carried in the pocket. Poultry breeding for profitable e^s production, J. B. Morman (Eel. Poultry Jour., 17 (1910), No. 2, pp. 176, 177, 226-229. fig. 1; Poultry [Londou]. 28 (1910), Nos. 1420, pp. 531, 582; I42I, p, 61Jf), — This article contains data ou egg pro- 178 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. duction of an average of about 50 fowls kept on a town lot during a period of 3 years. The egg yield in 1907 was 3,966 eggs, in 1908, 5,133, and in 1909, 5,511. This increase the author thinks due largely to selection of breeding stock. Emphasis is also laid on the importance of hatching pullets early enough in the season to lay eggs the following winter. Details of methods of feeding and manage- ment are given. In October, 1909, with 19 pullets and 40 hens, the former laid fewer eggs than the latter, but in November, the pullets laid slightly more eggs than double their number of hens, and in December, 19 pullets laid 241 eggs and 35 hens 95 eggs. The net profit for 1909 was $136.85. Report on the poultry industry in Belgium, E. Brown (London. 1910, pp. VIII +112, pis. 16). — This is a report of a visit to the egg-producing areas and table poultry districts in Belgium for the purpose of studying Belgian methods of producing eggs and table poultry, the system of producing the famous "poulets de Bruxelles " and " poulets de lait " (milk chickens), the duck industry of the Pays d'Alost. the effect of poultry keeping on the fertility of the soil, methods of marketing, and public measures employed for encourag- ing the industry. There are brief descriptions of the Braekel, Campine, Ma lines, Brabant, Ardenne, and Herve breeds of fowl and of utility Bantams. Poultry packers' guide, M. V. Bickel (Mason City, la., 1909, pp. 51, pis. 8). — This book contains practical information on buying, feeding, dressing, cooling, grading, packing, shipping, and marketing poultry. Pheasant raising in the United States, H. Oldys (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 390, pp. JfO, fiffs. 17). — This was prepared in response to numerous inquiries for information on pheasant raising, and presents a clear and concise account of methods used by successful pheasant raisers. The methods of obtaining the stock, managing the birds, and marketing the product are treated in detail. Different species of pheasants are illustrated and described, and there is a brief history of pheasant raising in Europe and the United States. A chapter on diseases of pheasants by G. B. Morse is appended. The reliable pheasant standard, F. J. Sudow {Poiif/hkcrpsic, N. Y., 19J0, 3. cd., cnl., pp. 9-'i, pis. 3, figs. 12.'f). — This is a practical guide on the culture, breeding, propagation, trapping, and hunting of pheasants, water fowl, and other game birds, with a few brief notes on Angora goats, rabbit breeding, and deeer farming. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. [Dairying in Minnesota], A. J. McGuire (Minnesota Sta. Bui. 116, pp. 391-399, 413-417, figs. //).— An account of the work in dairying at the North- east substation. In 1907 the average yield of 17 cows kept on the farm was 4,730 lbs. of milk and 222 lbs. of butter per cOw. The value of the butter at 28 cts. per pound was $62.16, the cost of feed from October 15 to May 15, $29.50, leaving a net profit of $32.66 per cow, exclusive of the cost of feeding in the summer time. The yield was lowered considerably because nearly half the herd were heifers. The average yield of 9 cows for the past 3 years was .5.128.4 lbs. of milk and 253.8 lbs. of butter per cow. The methods of caring for the herd are described and suggestions are offered for advancing the dairy industry in Minnesota. Directions are given for improving the breeding stock, feeding dairy cows, making butter; and utilizing the skim milk in growing a bacon pig. Developments in milking machinery (New Zeal. Dairyman, 13 (1909), No. 9, pp. 53. 5.'i)- — A brief note on a patented apparatus that can be attached to milking machines. The milk is delivered into an automatic releaser made up DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 179 of 2 buckets on a cradle that tips itself and allows the full bucket to be emptied into the milk cans. It is claimed that 1 man and an assistant with 4 machines can milk 59 cows in 54 minutes. Estimating- the cost of milk, B. W. Potter (Country Gent., 75 {1910), No. 2985, pp. 379, 380). — According to the figures submitted by the author, the cost of producing a quart of ordinary milk at the present prices is 5 cts., and of certified milk 10 cts. per quart. Variation in the composition of milk, C. J. Koning {Chcm. Weekhl., 6 (1909), No. Jf-'f, pp. 855-871; abs. in Chem. Zcntbl., 1909, II, No. 26, p. 2188).— From the results of a chemical, physical, and bacteriological examination it is concluded that aside from the variations which take place under pathological conditions the individuality of the cow and the feed given the animal are im- portant factors to be considered in determining the causes for the variation in the composition of milk. Abnormal percentage of fat in seven-day tests, C. H. Eckles (HoarcVs Dairyman, /// (1910), No. 12, pp. Jf20, 'i21). — The author reports further data supporting his contention, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 574), that a T-day test after calving time is not a fair estimate of the production of the cow for the year. An average of about 5 per cent of fat in the milk of several cows at the Missouri Station a few days after calving decreased to about 3 per cent inside of 30 days. The presence and significance of streptococci in milk, J. Baehr (Arch. Hyg., 72 (1910), No. 2, pp. 91-160, pi. 1). — Streptococcus pyogenes was found in only 2 cases out of 81 samples of milk examined, and in one of these samples the milk came from a cow with a diseased udder. 8. lactis, as described by Kruse, was present in a large percentage of the samples. The results of experiments with white mice and guinea pigs indicate that ordinarily it is not pathogenic in human beings. As its source is in the litter of the stall, sanitary methods of handling the milk are necessary to pre- vent its spread. The question of the nomenclature of the so-called Bacillus bulgaricus, S. Makkinoff (Cciithl. Bald. Vek:\, 2. Aht., 26 (1910), No. 13-15, pp. 371,-388).— After a thorough review of investigations on fermented milk, the author arrives at the conclusion that B. lactis acidi (Leichmann), StreptohaciUus Jebcnis (Rist and Khoury), B. bulgaricus, Bacterium mazun, and Kornchen bacillus are identical. The first of these is preferred by right of priority. The species is divided into two races, which may be distinguished as one produces a viscous fermentation while the other does not. The lactic-acid streptococcus found in the Don sour milk was thought to be identical with Streptococcus hollumUcus (Weigmann), although there was a variety of lactic-acid streptococcus obtained from the whey of a viscous fer- mentation which was different from the others because of its ability to grow on a meat peptone medium at room temperature." A bacteriolog-ical study of the nailk of the city of Lisbon, I. Borges and A. A. Ferreira (Arch. R. Inst. Baet. Vamara Pestana, 3 (1910), No. 1, pp. 99- 135). — The bacterial content of 158 samples of commercial milk ranged from 73,000 to 271,000,000 per cubic centimeter, with an average of about 23.700.000. A bibliography of the literature relating to the bacteriological examination of the milk supply of cities is appended. The distribution of bacteria in bottled milk and certain controlling factors, J. C. Torrey and A. II. Raiie (.Jour. Infect. Diseases. 7 (1910), No. 3, "Line 27 of a previous abstract (E. S. R., 22, p. 384) contains a misprint and should read " could be grown on meat-peptone media." 180 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. pp. 377-392, chart J).— Over 90 samples of bottled milk from New York City were examined in order to study the factors which influence the distribution of bacteria in the bottle. Samples were taken with the pipette, the milk dipper, and by iiouring from the bottle. The conclusions reached were as follows : "The upper 2 oz. of the cream of fresh bottled milk of fair quality contain on the average 50 to 100 per cent more bacteria than an equal amount of the lower cream. In older and more grossly contaminated milk the lower cream may embody as many as or even more bacteria than the upper layers. By removing these two top ounces from a milk bottle and using the remaining top milk (8 oz. ) for infant feeding, as Hess has suggested, there generally results a reduction of from 30 to 50 pei"- cent in the bacterial count. " The dominant controlling factor in the primary disposition of bacteria in a milk bottle is the upward 'rafting' activity of the fat globules. A higher percentage of bacteria are brought to the surface layers in a milk rich in cream than one poor in that substance. At ice-box temperature the rate of increase of bacteria in the cream and that in the skim milk are practically identical. As the temperature is elevated the rate of multiplication in the skim milk out- sti'ips that of the cream until at 30° C. it may be many times as rapid. In certain samples of rather highly contaminated milk the abrupt change in the temperature of the environment from 5 to .30° C. caused a striking bacteriolysis in both the cream and the skim milk. This was probably an expression of bacterial antagonism. "The sediment portion of the average bottle of fresh milk contains frequently fewer bacteria than any other region of the fluid. A marked excess of bacteria in the sediment indicates that the milk is old or that it has l)een kept in a warm place." New and improved tests of dairy products, S. M. Babcock and E. H. Fae- RiNGTON (Wisconsin »S7«. Bill. 1!)~), /)/>. ,3-1.3, figs. 5). — Details are given for preparing and using a fat-saturated alcohol in the Babcock test. This is placed on the top of the fat in the test bottle to aid in a more accurate read- ing when testing cream. Readings with different test bottles before and after using the alcohol showed that the accuracy of the test was increased from 0.5 to 2 per cent. A milk sediment test is described, which can be used for testing the different lots of milk as they are received at the factory or receiving station. One pt. of milk is poured into a cylinder and filtered through a thin disk of absorbent cotton at the bottom. This disk contains the dirt and setliment from the milk and can be dried and produced as evidence as to the cleanliness of the milk. The cylinder is kept heated by a hot-water jacket in order to facilitate the rapidity of the filtering. The success of the filter will dei)end largely on the texture of the cotton disk, which should be made of absorbent cotton that contains no starch or sizing. The records obtained by this test are an aid in grading milk by its dirt content, and thus furnish a basis of paying for it according to certain standards that may be agreed upon. An illustrated description is also given of the Wisconsin hydrostatic cream balance previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 2S0). Reduction-fermentation test, O. Jensen (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amcr. Cream.. 29 {1910), Tslo. 23, pp. 858, 860). — A translation of an article previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 478) on the method of using the reduction-fermentation test for judging milk in paying according to quality. The alcohol milk test, J. H. Monrad (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 29 {1910), No. 25, pp. 938, 9JfO). — This is a description of the alcohol test for determiuiug the quality of milk at the weigh can, as the reduction and fer- DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 181 mentation tests are too slow for that purpose. This test, which is popular in Germany, is recommended by the author, who also suggests that some innocuous method of denaturing alcohol be devised so as to reduce the expense of making the test. Notices of judgment (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Notices of Judgment 2-il, 26Ji, 265, 267, 268. I). 1 each ) . — These relate to the adulteration of milk and cream. Chemical alterations in butter, V. Vincent {Ann. Sci. Agron., 3. ser., .} (1909). II, Xo. -'/, pp. 269-277; ahs. in Chcm. A1)S., Jf (1910), No. 3, p. 392).— Analyses of butter were made before and after storage. It is shown that a certain amount of saponification of the butter fat takes place during storage with a resulting increase of the insoluble fatty acids, and further, that soluble and insoluble volatile acids are formed by decom- position and synthesis. From this work it is evident that the glycerids of the insoluble acids are cbangetl to a greater degree than those of the soluble acids. Irish, butter and the Reichert-Wollny standard, G. Browni.ee {Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 10 {1910), No. 3, pp. ft38-J,58, charts S).— Data are reported as to 8 selected creameries which show that throughout the year the Reichert-Wollny number varied in each case with the percentage output of butter. About the beginning of the year there was a sharp rise in the amount of volatile fatty acids, though the output remained still very small. This was apparently due to the fact that milk from new milch cows was added to the milk from the cows that were still drying off, thereby raising the Reichert- Wollyn number and quite masking the lowering effect which the advanced lactation would bring about. These figures confirm the opinion that the chief factor influencing the Reichert-Wollny number of the butter is the lactation period of the cows sup- plying the milk. The greater the extent to which winter dairying is carried on the less tendency there is for the butters to give abnormally low percentages of volatile fatty acids at that time. In order to get butter of a uniform com- position, the calving of the cows should be distributed more evenly over the year. The preparation of buttermilk curd, J. L. Sammis {Wisconsin 8ta. Bui. 195, pp. l'f-21, figs. 2). — This gives a more detailed description of making butter- milk cream, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 177). Buttermilk of 0.5 or 0.6 per cent acidity, made either from raw or pasteurized cream, is run into a steam-heated vat or starter can or placed in a pail which can be heated in a tub of hot water. The buttermilk is stirred and heated to from 75 to 78° F., when it is covered and left quiet for 2 hours, at which time tlie curd and whey are stirred again gently while heating to 100°. The curd grains thus formed are coarse enough to be caught on cheese cloth, where it is left to drain over night. This product is called buttermilk cream. When it is desired to make a dry granular product resembling cottage cheese, the buttermilk is heated longer and at a higher temperature before it is put on the cloth to drain. After standing for IJ to 2 hours at 78° the material is heated, stirring gently, to 1.30 or 140° and left to settle for 1 hour or longer. The higher temperature can be depended upon to kill any tuberculosis or typhoid bacteria which might have been present in unpasteurized cream. The seasoned product, called buttermilk cheese, may be sold in pasteboard ice-cream buckets or paraffined paper boxes. It is of finer grain than cottage cheese, but may be eaten in the same way or mixed with butter to form "sandwich cheese." The yield is 12 to 15 lbs. of cheese to 100 lbs. of buttermilk, according to the percent- age of casein in the buttermilk and the percentage of water contained in the product. 182 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Further investigations on cheese, P. Buttenberg and W. Koenig (Ztschr. L'niersuch. Xahr. u. Genussmtl., 19 (1910), \o. 9, pp. ^75-48-J). — Analyses are reported of Chester, Parmesan, Kiinmiel, Brie, Sahnenschicbt, Roniadour, Mar- garin and many other varieties of European cheeses. The methods of making the analyses are described. Dairy products of Montenegro, O. Laxa {Rei\ Gen. LaU., 8 {1910), Nos. 8, pp. 179-186; 9, pp. 201-207, pis. 2). — An -account of the dairy industry in Monte- negro. Some cows are kept but the domesticated animals are chiefly sheep and goats. One of the principal dairy products of the Balkan countries is skorup, which is made chiefly from the milk of sheep. The milk is heated and poured into elliptical wooden vessels, where it remains from li to 2 hours. The top layer is removed and constitutes the skorup, which may be eaten fresh on potatoes and other foods. A large projiortion of the skorup is salted and placed in casks, where it undergoes some fermentation, yielding a product intermediate between butter and cheese. In taste it resembles cream cheese, but varies according to the degree of rii)eness. In case it is infected with molds it is much like Roque- fort cheese in taste and smell. In analyses of samples obtained in different places the percentage of dry matter ranged from 70 to 85 per cent, fat from 50 to 76 per cent, albuminoids from 5.57 to 14 per cent, and ash from 1.28 to 5.87 per cent. The native methods of making butter, cheese, and several kinds of fermented milks are described. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Animal experimentation: The protection it affords to animals themselves and its value to the live-stock industry of the country, X. A. Mooke (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 54 (1910), No. 11, pp. 85-i-S59). — The great importance of animal experimentation, particularly as related to the development of our knowledge of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, glanders, rabies, anthrax, Texas fever, tuberculosis, hog cholera, etc., is discussed at some length. On the distribution of antibodies and their formation by the blood, L. Hektoen and A. J. Carlson (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 7 (1910), No. 2, pp. 319-333, charts 5). — Experiments conducted with dogs are reported. Agglutination and sero-reaction in mycoses, F. Widal et al. (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 24 (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-33; ahs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 54 (1910), No. 14, p. 1174)- — '* It seems evident from the research and experience reported that it is possible to differentiate actinomycosis by agglutination and the fixa- tion of complement test using for the purpose spores of the Sporotrichum ; the actinomyces does not resi)ond to the tests, but there is a generic reaction with the spors of the allied Sporotrichum. The latter can be easily cultivated and separated. The reactions also occur constantly in thrush with these spores, but there is no reaction in ringworm or aspergillosis." On the variation of the hemolytic complement in experimental trypano- somiasis, W. YoRKE (Ann. Trap. Med. and Par., 3 (1910), No. 5, pp. 565-579). — From experiments conducted and here reported in detail the following conclu- sions have been drawn : "The results obtained confirm those of Hartoch and Yakimoff, that in most cases of experimental trypanosomiasis, a marked diminution or total disappear- ance of the hemolytic complement can be observed for a few hours before the animal's death. This decrease of the hemolytic complement is limited to the last stages of the disease, and is not met with in the earlier stages, even when the blood is swarming with trypanosomes. The serum of an animal in VETERINARY MEDICINE. 183 the last stages of the disease, at a time when it contains no hemolytic comple- ment, has no inhibitory effect npon the activating power of the complement of normal serum. The presence of numerous Irypanosomes in the blood causes of itself no diminution of the hemolytic complement, and secondly it is not possible to absorb, in vitro, the complement from normal serum by the addition of numerous trypanosomes." The seminal vesicles as carriers of infection, R. H. J. Gallandat-Huet (Centbl. Bald, [etc.], 1. AM., Orhj., 52 {1909). No. J,, pp. Jf77-J,97 ; ofts'. in Vet. Rcc, 22 (1910). No. 1133, pp. 630, 631). — Studies made of the seminal vesicles of a number of animals, including the horse, bull, ram, goat, etc., show that micro-organisms may be carried in this way by healthy animals. The secretion of seminal vesicles of animals that had died of acute septicemia was found to contain the specific organism. It was found that the virus might be transferred in the act of coition. Experiments in which the disease was artificially pro- duced in small experimental animals showed that the virus lingers in the semi- nal vesicles after it has apparently disappeared from the circulation and from the parenchymatous organs. A bibliography of 28 titles is appended. Condemned animals and bacteria in the flesh, of animals slaughtered under such conditions, A. Metzger (Uber Notschlachtungen und Bakterien im Fleische notgcsclilachteter Tiere. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 72). — A large amount of statistical and other data are summarized and investigations reported regarding the character and extent of bacterial infection in the flesh of animals condemned as diseased, but which under certain restrictions may be slaughtered and sold in Germany for food purposes. According to the author, the bacteria which may exist in the flesh of such animals and cause disease belong to the colon-typhoid group. According to his summary, 13 per cent of the condemned animals slaughtered under general methods of inspection in Alsace-Lorraine in 1907 were declared unflt for human food, owing to the possibility of bacterial contamination, and 19 per cent in Schleswig-Holstein where bacterial insi^iection was in force. He believes that by microscopical inspection alone a larger proportion of meat than is necessary may be withheld from sale, and recommends systematic bacteriological studies which will result in a better knowledge of the whole subject, so that the inspec- tion may be regulated in such a way as to conform to the demands of public hygiene and yet not work undue hardship to the meat industry. Concerning' a so-called septic condition in slaug'htered animals and its relation to meat poisoning and bacteriological methods of meat inspection, M. MxJLLER (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milclihyg., 20 {1910), No. 5, pp. 7.'/5-J.57).— From a summary and digest of data the author concludes that bacteriological studies are essential in the case of animals condemned as diseased, since where the sale of such animals as food is permitted the flesh may more or less frequently cause illness through bacterial infection of a specific character. Notes on stock diseases of German and British East Africa and Uganda, and the resolutions of the International Veterinary Congress at The Hague, 1909, A. Theiler {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 8 {1910). No. 30, pp. J 83-197). —A review of the present knowledge of stock diseases in these colonies. Pseudotuberculosis in guinea pigs produced by Bacillus paratyphosus B., Dieterlen (Arh. K. (Isndlitsamt., 30 [1909), No. 2, pp. .'/2.9-',,^J).— The author finds that pseudotubercular lesions of the spleen can be produced in guinea pigs through the subcutaneous injection or the ingestion of Bacillus paratyphosus B. The streptotrichoses and tuberculosis, A: G. R. Foulerton {Lancet [London], 1910, I, No. 9, pp. 551-556, figs. IS; II, No. 10, pp. 626-631, figs. 5; III, No. 12, pp, 769-773, pi, 1), — After considering in some detail the general 184 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. characteristics of the streptotrichese and the pathology of the infectious which they cause, the author deals with the evidence which is available in supix>rt of the following propositions: (1) That under the name of tuberculosis there are commonly included infections caused by more than one species of parasite; and (2) that the parasites, generally reputed to be bacilli, which are the cause of tuberculosis, belong in reality to a higher group of organisms and should as streptotriche.'P be included with the hypliomycetes. or mold fungi. Atypical generalized tuberculosis in a bullock, K. Poppe (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 20 (1909), No. 3, pp. 76-79; aJ)s. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Tlier., 23 (1910), No. 1, pp. 9Jt-96). — A case in which tuberculosis of the brain ap- pears to have been primary. With the exception of a slight pleural adhesion, there was no evidence that the disease had' a hematogenous or embolic origin. A contribution to the study of the influences determining the prevalence of bovine tuberculous mastitis, S. Delkpine (Lancet [London], 1910, I, A'o. 20, pp. 1326-1333). — The author considers the milk of cows suffering from tuberculous mastitis to be the most important means of transmission of bovine tuberculosis in infants. Attention is called to the fact that cows affected with tuberculosis of the udder are in a nia.iority of cases suffering also from more or less advanced tuberculosis of other organs. The author personally examined post-mortem the organs of nearly 100 cows affected with tuberculous mastitis, and in only one case failed to discover tuberculous lesions of internal organs. In three cases the internal lesions were limited, but in the great majority of cases they were extensive. Out of more than 300 cows suffering from tuberculosis of the udder, and examined by several veterinary surgeons, only four were reported as free from any other tuberculous lesions. Primary tuberculosis of the cow's udder would therefore appear to be of rare occurrence. Tubei-culous mastitis is not common in young cows, the author estimating that about 90 per cent of the cases are over 4 or 5 years of age. From personal observations, he concludes that in about 3.7 per cent of all cows suffering from tuberculosis of any organ, the udder is affected with tuberculosis. Up to the end of 1909, 5.360 cans of mixed milk sent to Manchester were sampled on their arrival, and 450 cans found to contain tuberculous milk. Of the cows examined clinically by the veterinary surgeon, the udders of 1,082 cows showed signs of being possibly affected with tuberculosis, and of these, 290 proved, by inoculation, to be capable of producing tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Between 1896 and 1909, 1.613 farms sending milk to Manchester were tested 4.282 times; at the first test 176 farms were found to have tuber- culous cows and at the second test 238. "The evidence ()l)taine cases of equine colic without any of the mishaps which are said to attend its use. " While admitting that barium chlorid should be used with some caution, on account of its cardiac toxicity, the author does not think that the cardiac danger need be very greatly dreaded, even when the pulse is rather weak and frequent. He lays stress upon the technique of the intravenous injection; and in addition to scrupulous sterility of the syringe and solution, he em- phasizes the necessity of carrying out the injection very slowly. He occupies from one to two minutes in injecting the solution, and has never had a death during, or in consequence of, the injection. . . . "He has had most brilliant results from the use of barium chlorid alone in some severe cases of flatulent colic in which the pulse had already become rather weak and frequent, the resi)iration was very difficult in consequence of the intestinal distension, and the visible mucous membranes were dark red to bluish-red." The agglutination test for glanders [in Prussia], Nevermann (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 25 (1909), No. 18, pp. 341-350; abs. in Jour. Com par. Path, and Ther., 23 (1910), No. 1, pp. 62-64). — During the two years ended March 31. 190S. the agglutination test was employed on 3,466 horses. Of these, 648 were killed and 395 were found to be glandered. Of the total number, 2,085, or 60.16 per cent, showed a constant agglutinating power of 300-400 and 960, or 27.69 per cent, at 500-800. Among the horses with an agglutinating power at 300-400. there were 20, or 1.91 per cent, the first year, and only 9, or 0.87 per cent, the second, and of these, 4 were destroyed on clinical grounds. Among the animals with a permanent agglutinating power of 500-800 there were found 55 glandered animals, or 5.73 per cent. Horses with an agglutinating power of VETERINARY MEDICINE. 187 1.000-1.200 were nearly all killed, and those with a higher agglutinating power were destroyed without exception. In the group 1,000-1,200 about 60 per cent and in the 2 groups 1.500 and 2.000 and over as many as 85 and 96 per cent were found to be glandered. It was. however, not always possible to discover lesions of glanders at the post-mortem of horses with even tliese high agglutinat- ing powers. "The total results of the agglutination test are held to indicate that this method of diagnosis is a valuable one'fov the eai'ly I'ecognition of glanders, and that it is therefore valuable as an aid in the stamping out of the disease By- its means many glandered horses showing no clinical symptoms of the disease whatever can be discovered. In the author's opinion, all horses showing an agglutinating power of 1.500 or over should be destroyed, and he holds that from a veterinary-police point of view it is not a serious matter that when this plan is adopted some sound animals are destroyed. It would also be justifiable to destroy iuuuediately horses with an agglutinating power of 1,000. The ani- mals of this group (1,000-1,200) numbered only 3.9 per cent of the aggregate tested." Peculiar intra-nuclear bodies of the ganglionic cells in enzootic cerebro- spinal meningitis of the horse, E. Joest and K. Degen iZtscJir. Infcldlons- la-anl-. u. Hi/fJ. Hausticre, 6 (1909), No. 5, pp. 3.'iS-356, pi. 1. fig. 1 ; ahs. in Vet. Rcc. 22 (1910). No. J 137, p. 696). — This is a pi-eliminary account of researches into the histological alterations of the central nervous system in horses suffer- ing from infectious cerebro-spinal meningitis. Small bodies intra-nuclearly situated, and distinguished by a pi'onounced affinity for eosin, were discovered in the large ganglionic cells of the hippo- campus. " These bodies were discovered exclusively in the nuclei of the gangli- onic cells; their number varied, sometimes reaching, but never exceeding 6; they are constant in shape, always being siiherical. In the view of the authors these bodies can only be either the product of a special alteration of the cell or foreign bodies which have penetrated the cell and nucleus from without. Twenty-seven horses affected with infectious cerebro-spinal meningitis were histologically examined, and in 24 of these, or 88.9 per cent, the existence of these intra-nuclear bodies could be demonstrated. Two of the 3 negative cases- did not appear to be typical cases of the disease. In 8 horses, which were either healthy or suffering from diseases other than cerebro-spinal meningitis, the intra-nuclear bodies were not demonstrable." While the bodies seem to represent a characteristic microscopic appearance in this disease, their etio- logical relation to it has not been determined. Concerning the bacteriology of chicken cholera, L. Trincas (Gior. R. Snc. Itnl. Ig., 30 (1908), No. 9, pp. 385-396; ahs. in Bui. In.^t. Pa.er acre were secured. The alfalfa had the appearance of being winterkilled, but the potatoes were of good quality. A series of plats was irrigated with what was considered sufficient water to produce the best results, while check plats were left unirrigatal. The results are shown in the following table : Yields of irrigated and iiuirrigated fleld crops. Crop. Irrigation ( in inches. Yield per acre. Remarks. Barley Do Millet Do bu.. bu.. lbs.. lbs (i.6 0 4.2 0 10.8 0 7.38 0 8.57 0 42.} l.ij 2,944 737 r^.ooo 2,100 38i 140" t)3 Excellent grade. Rainfall 11.89 in. Rainfall 11.89 in. Used as a catch crop after field peas damaged by hail. Do Alfalfa Do Winter wheat Do lbs.. lbs.. bu.. Damaged by hail in early stages. Do. Completely winterkilled. Excellent in quality. Ground fallowed in 1908. Potatoes Do bu.. bu.. Methods of applying water to crops, S. Foktier ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr: Yearbook lOOn, pp. 293-308, pi. 1, flgs. 10).— A brief review is given of the recent history 190 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of irrigation, suggestions made for the planning and preparation of farms for irrigation, and directions given for the use of the flooding, check, basin, border, and furrow methods. Irrigation is discussed with special reference to the production of rice, alfalfa, grain, sugar beets, potatoes, and orchard fruits. The problems of an irrigation farmer, C. S. Scofield {U. S. Dept. Agr. Year- hook 1909, pp. 1 97-208). — The present status of irrigation in America, the rela- tion between underground water and alkali, cooperative problems, and com- munity relationships peculiar to irrigation farming are discussed. Suggestions are given for selecting and starting an irrigated farm, choosing, tilling, and marketing crops, arranging crop rotations, and using water in an economical manner. Clearing land through the use of dynamite, A. J. McGuike {Minnesota Sta. Bill. ]1G. pp. Jill-'i,21). — The advantages and limitations of the use of dynamite in clearing laud are set forth in these itages and directions for removing stumps by this means given in full. Another use for the small farm engine, H. B. Bonebright {Gas Rev., 3 {1910), No. .'i, pp. 7), 16, figs. 2). — The use of a small gasoline engine for operating a home-made concrete mixer is described. A constant supply of fresh water, I. G. Shellauargeb {Gas Rev., 3 {1910). iVo. Ji, p. 22). — The installation of a force pump and gasoline engine for this purpose is briefly described. Information in regard to fabricated wire fences and hints to purchasers, A. S. CusHJiAN ( C'. .S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1909, pp. 285-292, fig. i).— This article discusses the proper selection of wire for fencing in farms, poultry plants, sheep pastures, etc. The author believes that a wire fence should never contain wires of lighter gauge than No. 9 or No. 10, except for poultry or rabbit fencing. Economy of the round dairy barn, W. J. Fraser {lUinois Sta. Bui. l.'iS, pp. Jih' fifjs. Ji). — This bulletin discusses the advantages of round barns for dairy farms and gives details of constructing a round barn 60 ft. in diameter, large enough for 40 cows. This is the type of barn which has been in use at the station for over 2 years and which has given satisfaction. The cost of erecting such a barn is compared with that of erecting a rectaiigular barn. In the station barn, the cow stable is on the ground floor, well lighted by 16 windows. A 10-in. brick wall is carried up 9 ft. above the stable floor. This wall contains a 2-in. air space to prevent moisture from condensing on the inner wall and making the barn damp, an important point, as many barns with a solid stone or brick wall are objectionable on account of dampness. The King system of ventilation was used. To economize S[)ace and lumber the hay chute was used for a ventilator, and to economize space the milk room was locatetl under the driveway. The itemized cost of building showed a total of $3,670.61. Other round barns are described and illustrated. " The round barn is the more convenient, because of the unobstructed mow, which reduces the labor required in mowing hay, and because of the greater ease and fewer steps with which the feed can be gotten to the cows, owing to the central location of the supply. The circular construction is the strongest because advantage is taken of the linear strength of the lumber. All exposed surfaces are circular, and withstand greater wind pressure, as the wind can get no direct hold, as on the sides or gable ends of a rectangular barn. In round numbers, rectangular barns require, according to their construction, from 34 to 58 per cent more in cost of material than round barns with the same floor area and built of the same grade of material." "A polygonal barn has the disadvantages of both the rectangular and the round barn, and is less stable than either. It must necessarily have u heavy EURAL ECONOMICS. 191 frame, \Aliic'b is expensive, and as the siding can not run around the corners, it is very ditficult to tie the different sides together sutRciently to prevent the barn being raelved by the wind." Comforts and conveniences in farmers' homes, W. R. Beattie ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook I'JOB, pp. S'foSoti, figs. 6). — The proper location of the house and outbuildings, the convenient planning and arrangement of the kitchen and bathroom, the water supply, sanitary requirements, protection against insects, the need for a well-arranged laundry, heating and lighting devices, and other similar topics are considered. The article discusses the subject particularly from the standpoint of the installation of conveniences in farm houses which are already built. Conveniences in the farm home, J. J. Sprenger (Fanner, 28 (1910), 'So. 17. pp. 607-609, figs. 2, dgms. 2). — Personal experience is given in planning a farm- house and equipping it with modern conveniences. Rural hygiene, I. W. Brewer (Philadelphia and London, 1909. pp. X+227, pis. l-'i, figs. 9). — In this volume, which the author states is designed for a hand- book of sanitation for the use of students in the agricultural schools and col- leges, and for the residents of the rural districts of the United States, there are chapters on work and recreation; dwellings; schools; water; disposal of excreta; food and diet; wines, whisky, and other alcoholic drinks; milk; ice; counti'y stores, jails, and good roads; flies, manure, and slaughterhouses; hogs, intestinal parasites ; and a number of diseases and general rules regarding con- tagions diseases. According to the author, it has been his intention "to discuss the various phases of life in the country from the standpoint of the sanitarian, endeavoring to point out where we depart from the standards fixed by students of hygiene and showing bow those faults may be corrected." Hints on camping arrangements for sanitary officers, R. T. Brown (.Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 12 (1909), Sos. 5, pp. 5U-553, figs. 6; 6, pp. 631-628, figs. 4; 13 (1909), No. 1, pp. 51-58, figs. 11). — The location of camp sites, water sup- ply, drainage, the protection of water supplies from infection, the disposal of refuse and waste water, the care of cooking utensils, and similar matters are considered. About dust setting preparations, A. Beythien (Ztsehr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Geiiussnifl.. 19 (1910), .Yo. .'/. pp. 189-205). — A consideration of the various methods and preparations for preventing dust on roads and in dwellings. RURAL ECONOMICS. [Papers on agricultural production and resources in the United States] {yat. Conserv. Com. Rpt., 1909, vol. 3, pp. 3-107, 144-20^, 241-268) .—This vol- ume contains a series of articles dealing with the general topic of the develop- ment and conservation of our natural agi'icultural resources. The titles and authors of these papers are as follows; Crop Yield per Acre, by Y. H. Olmsted (pp. .3-8) ; Crop Yield and Soil Com- position, by M. Whitney (pp. 9-107) ; Agriculture as a National Asset, by B. T. Galloway (pp. 144, 145) ; Agricultural Production with special reference to Crop Resources, by A. F. Y^'oods (pp. 146-204) ; The Agricultural Resources of the eastern United States : Their Development and Conservation, by E. C. Chilcott (pp. 24G-253) ; Agricultural Production as a Niitural Asset, by C. S. Scofield (pp. 2iJ4-2CA) ; and The Interpretation of Ci'op Statistics, by A. C. True (pp. 205-208). Methods and costs of marketing, F. Andrews ( U. 8. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook 1909. pp. 161-172). — This article discusses the methods which prevail in different 192 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. parts of the United States in niarlvetiug various products, including such staple crops as cotton, wheat, and tobacco, live stoclv, fruits, vegetables, dairy and poultry products, etc. The different phases of marketing, which range from direct selling between producer and consumer to selling by means of from one middleman to as high as five middlemen, are described in detail and discussed with reference to their bearing on tlae returns secured by producers and the cost of goods to consumers. As a general rule the costs of marketing the bulk of farm products include expenses incurred in " hauling from the farm, fi'eight, commission for selling, storage, inspection, weighing, interest on capital, profits of various dealers, and insurance. To these may be added the losses due not only to deterioration of products after they leave the farm, but also to unequal distribution of shipments resulting in overstocked markets." As direct marketing between producer and consumer is limited, resort is generally had by the producer to the agency of a middleman for the disposal of his produce or to coopei-ative selling associations. The number of these associa- tions is shown to be constantly increasing in the United States and to be spread- ing into all branches of agriculture. Among the beneficial results attained in cooperative marketing have been the shipment of better grades of fruits and vegetables, and the command by the farmers of a greater influence in the mar- kets by trading with large quantities of produce through a single individual as their representative. Spanish farm, profits, R. Frazer, Jr. {Weelxli/ Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. .S'.]. / (I'JIO), Ao. 7, I). 313). — The value of land according to irrigation rights, and the avei-age cost of production and profits secured in the culture of oranges, almonds, peanuts, onions, and rice in the Valencia district of Spain are briefly discussed. Tenure of farm lands, LeG. Powers (Xat. Conscrv. Com. Ri)t., IDOD, vol. 3. pp. 375-380).— This article discusses the number, size, ownership, and occu- pancy of farms in the United States fi-om 1850 to 1900 as determined from the Census reports. With reference to farm tenure in 1900 the author concludes as follows : " The farms tilled in part or wholly by their owners were .3,712.408, and those tilled wholly by tenants were 2.024,964. For every 1,000 farm owners, tenants, and male workers other than owners and tenants over 15 years of age engaged on farms, there were 417 farm owners, 227 farm tenants, and 256 others, of whom substantially one-half worked for wages or for their parents. "The relative number of farm owners was greater in 1900 than in 1850; the relative number of tenants was much greater in the later than in the earlier year, and has shown a tendency to uninterrupted increase, while that of the lowest form of farm labor has shown a most marked tendency to de- crease in relative importance. With slight changes in the relative condition of farm work, there has been a tendency in fifty years to substitute tenant labor for slave and hired labor, and this tendency has been a most important factor in affecting farm tenure, the average size of farm land cultiAated by the individual farmer, and indirectly in increasing the relative number of persons owning farm land and in decreasing the size of land owned by the average individual landlord." [Land in the United States], G. W. Woodruff CXaf. Conscrv. Com. Rj)f., 1909, vol. 1, pp. 75-93, dgms. 2). — Statistics on the e.\.tent of the land in the United States in private holdings and reserved for public use, the different kinds of public land, and other economic data relating to the public domain are presented and discussed. RURAL ECONOMICS. 193 [Land occupation, live stock, land system, and agriculture in New Zea- land] (New Zeal. Off. Yearbook, 1909, pp. US-i,16. 650-675, 700-726).— Statis- tical returus in 1909 are presented and discussed. Of 75,152 total holdings in 1909, 21,927 ranged from 1 to 10 acres in size, 12,360 from 10 to 50 acres, and 10.206 from 100 to 200 acres, being slight increases over the number of hold- ings in 1908 (E. S. R., 20, p. 1090). Farming as an occupation for city-bred men, W. J. Spillman {U. S. Dcpt. A(/r. Ycttrhdok 1909, pp. ,139-2 -'iH) .—Thiti article discusses the opportunities open to men brought up in cities for acquiring information about farming as an in- dustry and of learning special features of the worK, the conditions which give promise of success, and the advantages of a farmer's life. It is deemed advisable that the city man without capital secure employment with a practical farmer with a view of learning the details of the business or take up his residence in the suburbs and begin in a small way as a gardener, by keeping a cow or two, by raising poultry or fruit, etc. Men with capital are advised to consider before investment the amount of capital required for equip- ment in the type of farming to be undertaken, and attention is called to the numerous sources of information now available as aids to the amateur. The advantages of a farmer's life are briefly compared with city life and the conclusion is drawn that the " income from farming depends more upon the farmer himself than it does upon any other one factor. An intelligent man who must depend upon his own labor may live well on the farm after he has acquired a satisfactory knowledge of the business. If he can command con- siderable capital he may profit by the labor of others, and if his capital is large enough and he is a good business manager he may live even luxuriously. But the beginner, even with considerable capital, must be prepared to bear some hardships while he is learning the business." Means of counteracting rural depopulation, Sohier de Bert {Jour. Soc. Cent. Agr. Belg., 51 (1910), No. 5, pp. 131-140). — This paper enumerates and discusses the various measures that have been put into operation by individuals interested in economic and social progress, by large landowners, and by the governments of Belgium, Holland, Prussia, Spain, France, Denmark, Great Britain. United States. Italy, etc., for making country life more attractive and landowning easier in order to prevent further rural depopulation and to en- courage rural repopulatiou. Among the many measures practiced in the various countries, the following are deemed advisable to improve rural conditions in Belgium : Legislation to make small proprietary holdings inalienable and not sub.iect to seizure; the adoi»tion of the metayer system of tenancy; the granting to farm laborers of a certain share of the products; the rehabilitation of the so-called domestic in- dustries such as lace-making; the establishment of larger numbers of rural mutual credit banks, cooperative societies, and mutual insurance societies; the encouragement and spread of agricultural education ; the reorganization of public rural policies; assistance to the poor; road improvement; and civic im- provement and sanitation. Agricultural cooperation in Montana, O. H. Barn hill (Ticentieth Cent. Faniirr, 1910, No. JiH9, pp. 3, 19). — This is an account of the organization in 1907 at Kalispell. Mont., of the Farmers' Protective Association and of its suc- cessful development to date. The basic idea of the society is protection to farmei's through cooperation from the excessive profits of shippers of farm products and dealers in merchandise, and it conducts a cooperative grocery and general store, grain elevator, and flour mill, and markets large quantities of potatoes grown in the Flathead valley. The business of all departments of the association now amounts to $500,000 a year. 194 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Agricultural organizations in New Brunswick, W. W. Hubbard (Muritime Fanner, 15 (1910), A'o. 13, />. 312). — A brief history i)y the secretary of agri- culture of New Brunswick of such organizations from 1790 to the present time, with a discussion of their economic significance for the future development of figriculture in New Brunswick. Selling- and exporting associations in Italy, F. M. Ferroni (Bol. Quind. Soc. Ayr. ItaL. 15 (1910), No. 5. pp. 139-1^3) .—This article calls attention to the great lack of cooperative selling and exporting societies in Italy as compared with many other countries; points out the natural advantages possessed by Italy for the raising of products that could be exported cooperatively, such as almonds, dried fruits, oranges, cereals, grapes and grape products, etc., as well as the difficulties which stand in the way of the development of agricultural cooperative societies; enumerates what the government has done and should aim to do in the future to encourage such organizations; gives statistical data on the results accomplished by the societies that now exist in Italy; and con- cludes that the increase in their number would tend to equalize prices between producer and consumer and develop the highest efficiency in Italian agriculture. The organization of the agricultural statistical service in various countries (L'orf/aiiizdtion dcs Scrriccs dc St(itisti(jU(' A(jricoIc dans Ics Dirrrsi Pays. Rome: Inst. Internat. Agr.. 1909, vol. 1, pp. -}-'/.5). — The organization of the sta- tistical service and the methods of collecting agricultural statistics in the chief countries of Europe and North and South America, and in India and Japan are discussed in this volume. Methods of crop reporting in different countries, E. H, Godfrey {Jour. Roy. 8iaiis. ted by animal charcoal reqnire casein as a solvent, while trypsin wliich is absorl)ed by. vegetable charcoal can be easily liberated and extracted by other protein solntions. Plant charcoal showed the greatest ca- pacity for absorbing enzyms and antienzyms. On the basis of these findings the authors prepared the i)rodnct known under the term " carbenzym." A theory of oxydase reactions. Manganese and iron-free oxydases, A. Bach (Bci: Dcut. Chem. GeselL, Ji3 (1910), Xo. 2, pp. 36. '/-3 66.) .—The author concludes from his work with Lactarius velleretis and Russula delica that the presence of manganese and iron compounds is not altogether essential for oxydase reactions. A rapid method for extracting and purifying plant oxydases, A. Bach {Ber. Dent. Chnn. GescU., J,3 (1910), Xo. 2, pp. 362, 363).— \ description is given of a fractionation method for working up plant extracts which contain pectins and gummy matter. It consists of treating the plant extract, which contains 5 to 10 per cent of magnesium sulphate, repeatedly with alcohol and collecting the various fractions. A feature of the method is that very little alcohol is required for the operation. The nitrogen and ash constituents of some ornamental plants, A. Hebert and G. Truffaut (Bill. Soc. Chini. France, J,, scr., 7 (1910), Xo. 1, pp. 31-37).^- Analyses are given of about 60 species of ornamental plants in wiiich the dry matter, total nitrogen, and ash were determined. 210 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY, 211 Some organic bases in cabbage (Brassica oleracea), K. Yoshimura {Ztschr. Uiitcri^ticJi. Xdlii: ti. (lrtni-'..',• rcr. in Xatiirtr. Rundschau, 25 {1010), A^o. 13, p. 167). — A small but comprehensive volume, coutaining chap- ters on the examination of soils, fertilizers, feeding stuffs, seeds, plant ashes, and milk and dairy jirodTu-ts. The microscopical examination of drugs, foods, and textile fabrics, A. Schneider ( J/r/cA'.s Rpt., 19 {1910), No. 3, pp. 61-63. figs. 7).— This is a de- scription of the microscopical characteristics of powdered vegetable drugs, spices, cocoa, tea, coffee, and textile fabrics. Kjeldahl determination for nitrogen, C. Neuberg {Biocltcin. Ztschr., 2'f {1910), No. 3-5, pp. .',35. )J6).— The author draws attention to the fact that a great many beginners when liberating the ammonia from the amidomercuric- sulphate (Hg(NH:i)2S04) employ too little alkali. On adding the sodium thio- sulphate a portion of the sulphuric acid contained therein is liberated and passes over into the distillate. To eliminate this possible source of error, the author suggests using potassium xanthogenat instead of sodium thiosulphate and in the proportion of 1 gm. for each 0.4 gm. of mercuric oxid. Determination of nitric and nitrous nitrogen, Salle (Ann. Chim. Analyt., 15 (1910). Xo. 3, pp. 103-105).— Take 0.5 gm. of the nitrates in a 600-700 cc. flask and add 200 cc. of distilled water, 5 gm. of powdered zinc, from 1 to 2 gm. of ferrous sulphate, and 50 cc. of a 36° Beaume soda solution. In the neck of the flask place some glass wool and connect with the distilling apparatus. The ammonia is distilled off and collec-ted as usual in decinormal sulphuric acid and titrated. Detection of nitrates in the presence of oxidizing substances, M. E. Pozzi- EscoT (Ann. Chim. Analyt., IJ, {1910), No. 11, pp. .',13, hll,, flg. 1; ahs. in Ztschr. Angctr. Chcni., 23 {1910), No. 9, p. .'//N). — Oxidizing substances such as chlorates and bromates, and halogen salts such as iodids and bromids. in- fluence the reaction for detecting nitrates. This disturbing influence can be eliminated by reducing the nitrate to an ammonium salt and testing for the ammonia with Xessler's reagent. Analysis of Chili saltpeter, J. P. Virgili {Rev. R. Acad. Cien. Madrid, 8 {1909), Xo. 6. pp. 329-331). — A study of methods, with particular reference to the presence of chlorid and perchlorid of soda and potassium chlorate. Methods of analyses of the potash salts, H. Roemer {CJicni. Engin.. 11 {1910). \(i. 3. pp. SO-S.'i). — A description is given of methods for the analysis of potash salts for potash (platinic chlorid and perchloric acid methods), cal- cium, magnesium, sodium, sulphur, chlorin, and moisture, together with the methods of preparing the various reagents and the filters and the recovery of the platinum from the wastes. Recovery of waste platinum, A. W. Blair {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 {1910). No. 3, pp. 102, 103). — The method in use at the Florida Experiment Station consists in exposing the alcoholic platinum chlorid wash, containing no ammonium chlorid, to direct sunlight until the supernatant liquid is i)refectly clear and the platinum is deposited as a black substance. The supernatant alcoholic liquid may either be rec-overed b.v distillation or poured off. The potassium platinic chlorid from the (Jooch crucibles can be treated in a similar mamu'r. The black platinum residues are treated in the usual way. Determination of small amounts of calcium in the presence of large amounts of magnesium, A. Capi'kl {Kali, 4 {1910), pp. 77, 78; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 3Jt {1910), No. 26, Rcpcrt., p. 105). — The solution, containing a known amount of the sample, is acidified with hydrochloric acid, diluted, 50 cc. of a saturated solution of aunnonium chlorid added, and brought to the boiling point. A saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate is added, the solution boiled 214 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. again, allowed to settle, and decanted. The calcium carbonate precipitate is then transferred to the filter, where it is washed free from chlorin. The calcium is weighed as calcium oxid. Determination of sulphuric acid by the barium chromate method, M. Hol- LiGER (Ztschr. Anahjt. Chem., J,9 {1910), No. 2, pp. S.'/-93 ) .— The neutral solu- tion containing the sulphate is brought to boiling (carbonates, if originally present, are destroyed by heating with acid), the acid barium chromate solution (prepared according to Bruhn's method) is added, the solution is boiled again for a minute or so, 1 or 2 drops of feri-ic chlorid solution is added, then am- monia until the solution has a definite odoi", and finally the excess of ammonia boiled off. The precipitate is allowed to stand and settle, the solution filtered into a 800 cc. ground glass stoppered bottle, and the precipitate washed with a little hot water. The filtrate is cooled quickly by immersing the bottle in run- ning water, and 20 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 20 cc. of a 10 per cent potassium iodid solution are added. The solution is diluted to 400 cc. and allowed to stand (stoppered) for 4 hour, when it is titrated with deci- normal thiosulphate solution, using staix-h as an indicator. One cc. of deci- normal thiosulphate equals 3.269 mg. of HiSOj. Method for determining carbon dioxid with the Berthelot bomb, E. Grafe (Biochem. Ztschr., 2Ji {1910), No. 3-5, pp. 277-2S1). — The author proposes estimating carbon dioxid in physiological chemical analysis by connecting a valve to the bomb of a Berthelot calorimeter, which in turn leads to a U-tube filled with calcium chlorid (previously saturated with carbon dioxid and then thoroughly aerated), to 2 Geissler or Wetzel tubes containing 40 per cent potassium hydrate and with a superimposed calcium chlorid tube on them, and finally, to an additional U-tube which contains calcium chlorid and soda lime to prevent any reverse external carbon dioxid from entering the apparatus. The valve on the bomb is so regulated that the gases can pass over into the saturating apparatus in small bubbles. The author also suggests utilizing this method for determining the vapor tension at the same time. Behavior of protein solutions with acetone, T. Weyl {Ber. Dciit. Chem. GeselL, .'i3 (1910). No. 3. pp. 508-511). — It is shown that with acetone a com- plete precipitation of the total protein of cow's milk and blood can be obtained. The method is shown to be very stitisfactory as compared with that of Hoppe- Seyler. Determination of saltpeter in meats with nitron, C. Paal and A. Gang- HOFER {Ztscln: Untcrsiich. Nahr. n. GenussmtL, 19 {1910), No. 6, pp. 322- 328). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 21. p. 702), the authors propose digesting the meat extract with sodium hydrate solution in place of the pre- liminary treatment with lead acetate, as recommended by Paal and Mehrtens (E. S. K., 18, p. 52,-)). An application of the Folin method to the determination of the am- moniacal nitrogen in meat, M. E. Pennington and A. D. Greenlee {Jour. Amer. Chrm. Soc, 32 {1910), No. J,, pp. 561-568, fig. i).— The authors show that unsatisfactory results are obtained in chicken meat by distilling off the am- moniacal nitrogen by the usual method with the aid of magnesium oxid, and they attempt to remove the ammonia directly from the tissue or tissue extract by means of a modified Folin method. To evolve the ammonia, experiments were conducted with magnesium oxid and sodium carbonate. With both reagents tlie same results were obtained. The ammonia obtained from the extract was always somewhat less than that obtained from the tissue itself. Analyses of chicken meat showed that perfectly fresh birds contained from 0.011 to 0.012 per cent of ammonia in the tissues. Those which were liept at AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 215 moderately low temperatures 4 to 9 days bad from 0.014 to 0.01!) per cent, \vhil(> those stored for over a year were even higher. The determination of the acid value of crude fat and its application in the detection of ag'ed foods, M. E. Pennington and J. S. Hkpiu'un {Jour. Awcr. Chrni. S'lC, 32 {1910), No. Jf, pp. 56S-572). — The authors recommend determin- ing the acidity of the crude fat (I'endered in the laboratory) as an index for ascei'taining the age of chicken meat. It is stated that the acidity of the visceral fat Increases more markedly wMth the time of keeping or with bad handling than does the subcutaneous fat. Rendering the fat in the laboratory takes a much shorter time than the modified official extraction method, and the results are practically as accurate. Analyses of dai-k colored vegetable fat residues, C. Stiepel (Scifensiedcr Ztf]., SO {l!iOse-Gottlieb method is not absolutely accurate and that it is necessary to operate according to the directions specified by Hesse. The modified method dispenses with the graduated cylinder, the whole of the ethereal extract being used for the fat estimation. The ether is also removed by a siphon and a specially devised flask which can be weighed is necessary. Shaking the sample with two separate ix)rtions of ether-petroleum-ether was found to be superfluous and rinsing twice with 25 cc. of ether after siphoning was sufficient. Attempts to displace ethyl alcohol by the cheaper methyl alco- hol were not successful. In evaporating off the ethereal layer, the authors noticed that an accumulation of moisture on the sides of the flask took place. In order to eliminate this disturbing factor a wide-mouthed Erlenmeyer flask is used. [Determination of catalase in milk], C. Retis iJoitr. Roy. Inst. Puh. Health. IS ilfUO). Yo. J, pp. 231-231). — The author coucludes from his investi- gations with numerous samples of milk from known sources that the triple origin of catalase, that is, from the leucocytes, bacteria, and the milk itself, is probably correct. In the case of the milk catalase. it is pointed out that this may originate from the solution of the leucocytes in the udder, so that an extracellular catalase may in reality be intracellular. The mere determination of the catalytic activity of milk is liable to lead to unwarranted conclusions. In regard to the water content of butter. F. Bengen {Chcm. Ztg., 3.J {1910), Xo. 19. p. I'l^). — A polemical article in reply to Siegfeld (see p. 210). Determination of water in butter. M. Siegfeld i Client. Ztg.. 34 {1910). Yo. 3.S'. itp. 330. 331). — A controversial article in reply to Bengen (see above). The significance of the stalagmometer, J. Traibe iBiochcm. Ztschr.. 24 (1910), Xo. 3-0, pp. 341-3 'lo). — A description of some of the uses to which this apparatus can be put. See also a iirevious note ( E. S. R.. 22. p. 413). The quantitative formol titration method for amino and hippuric acids and polypeptids in urine, Y. Henriques and S. P. L. Sorexsex i Ztschr. Phi/siol. Chnn.. 64 (1910). Yo. 2. pp. 120-143).— A study of methods, with a description of them. An adiabatic calorimeter for use with the calorimetric bomb. F. G. Bene- dict and H. L. Higgixs (Join: Aincr. Chcm. Soc. 32 {1910). Yo. 4- PP- 46t-4^, tig. 1 ) . — A description of the apparatus is given, together with a specimen combustion sheet obtained with its use. Experiments on the preparation of sugared, dried pineapples, H. C. Gobe {U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Chcm. Circ. .57. pp. S. fig. 1). — The principal fact de- veloped in this work is that slice«l pineapples when drieil and sugared yield a very palatable product of fine keeping quality. 218 EXPEBIMEXT STATION EECOKD. " Since sliced pineapples svben allowed to stand in contact with sugar form a large quantity of sirup, it is advisable to dry them until from 65 to 75 per cent of the weight has been lost, and then allow the partly dried slices to stand in contact with about 12 per cent of their weight of sugar for from six to eighteen hours. During this period some sirup may be expected to separate. The slices are then to be redried until they appear fairly firm but are still slightly sticky. " The sugared, dried pineapples darken slightly on keeping, the Red Spanish variety darkening considerably more than the Smooth Cayenne. In the case of the Red Spanish, this darkening was prevented to a very large extent by keeping in cold storage." Olive oil, M. Ringelmaxzst {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., IS {1909). Xos. 36, pp. 336-341, figs. 3; 38. pp. 403-401, figs. 3; 40. pp. 469-472. figs. 4; 42. pp. 53.5-537, fiffs. 4; -J^. pp. 593. 594, fig. 1). — ^A description of the machinery and methods for the extraction of oil from the olive. The utilization of certain fruit pomaces, E. Walter (Pure Products. 6 {1910), Xo. 4, pp. 173-176). — As the greater part of the fruit aroma exists in the pomace, the author proposes certain methods (distillation and extraction) for obtaining the aroma of raspberries, currants, cherries, strawberries, peaches, and apricots. [Honey mead or hydromel] {Xeic Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt.. 17 {1909), pp. 184, 185). — Methods are given for preparing mead from honey and from honey and raisins. A century of sugar manufacture from the grape, .J. Dujaedix {BuI. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. ct Distill.. 27 {1910). Xo. 9. pp. 833-839). — A historical discussion of the manufacture of sugar from the grape. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Descriptive meteorology, W. L. Mooke (Xeic York and London. 1910, pp. XTIII-\-344, figs. 81. charts 45). — The author states that his object in writing this book was " to provide, so far as possible, the young men entering the service of the U. S. Weather Bureau with a comprehensive introduction to modern meteorology. But to meet their needs in this particular is to provide equally well for all others who are beginning seriously this important science." It is stated that " special effort has been made to have the theory of meteorology lead up to the art of weather forecasting." Among the new features introduced in this work to which special attention is called are: "(a) A graphical representation, based on the latest information, of the relative proportions, at various elevations, of all the important gases of the atmosphere, (h) A discussion of the importance of dust particles in the air to the widely different phenomena of sky light, by which we get in- direct illumination, and the condensation that precedes and leads to precipita- tion, (c) A discussion, with the aid of an elaborate series of diagrams based on extensive cloud observations, of the movements of the air at various ele- vations in cyclones and anticyclones, (d) A discussion, illustrated with diagrams, of the vertical distribution of temperature during different seasons and different weather conditions, (e) An account, both descriptive and ex- planatorj-, of the isothermal layer, which, as sounding balloons have shown, is always and everywhere present. (/) A chapter on weather forecasting, illus- trated by over thirty typical charts of the weather. A study of this chapter should enable the layman, with the aid of a daily weather map. to make a good forecast of the coming weather for two or three days ahead." METEOROLOGY WATEB. 219 The scope and arrangement of the book is indicated by the following list of chapter titles: The atmospheres of the earth and of the planets: atmospheric air: micro-organisms and dust motes of the air; physical conditions of the smi and its relation to the earth's atmosphere; heat, light, and temperature: thermometry; distribution of isolation and the resulting temijeratures of the atmosphere, the land, and the water: the isothermal layer: atmospheric pres- sure and circulation ; the winds of the globe ; the clouds : precipitation : fore- casting the weather and storms : optical phenomena in meterorology : and climate. A selected list of general works on meteorology as well as special biblio- graphies of the subjects treated in each chapter are given. Studies on the general circulation of the earth's atmosphere. F. H. Bigelow iAdici: Jour. Sci.. -}. scr.. 29 ilOlO). Xo. iTi, pp. 21:7-202. rigs. 6). — This is a discussion of the departures and the residuals of the temperature and precipita- tion in climatology. The influence of forests on climate, floods and erosion. G. F. Swain (Engin. Xcics, 63 (1910), Xo. 15. pp. -}27-429). — In this article the author takes issue with the conclusions of the Chief of the Weather Bureau of this Department previously noted ( E. S. K.. 22. p. .516). Checking floods in the French Alps. B. Moobe (Amer. Forestry. 16 {1910). Xo. }. pp. 199-201. figs. H). — A short historical account of the damage caused by floods in the French Alps and of measures which have been undertaken to pre- vent future flood damage. Meteorological observations {Maine Sta. Bui. 17-5, pp. 329^31). — The usual summaries of observations on temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind movement at Orono, Ale., and on precipitation at various places in the State during ItXiO are given. The mean temperature was 4.3.SS° F.. the mean for 41 years being 42.32°. The total precipitation was 46.9S in., the mean for 41 years being 43.7 in. The snowfall was 97.7.J in., the average for 41 years being 91.74 in. The number of cloudy days was IM. Agricultural-meteorological observations on the Poltava Experiment Field, 1886-1900. V. A. \ jasov (In Itoghi Rabot PoUavsKagho Opuitnagho Polya CO Dvudlzat Lyet. 1SS6-1905. PoJtava, 1908. vol. 1. pp. i-f.?; App.. pp. l-3i2, figs. 8). — This is a report on observations on the relation of meteorological conditions (precipitation and temjierature) to the growth of cereals under semi- arid conditions. The average annual rainfall of the region in which the Poltava Station is located is 465 mm., varying from 337 to 62S mm. The average distribution of the rainfall by months is as follows: January 17.S. February 20.9. March 29.S. April 29.3. May 39.1. June 79.7, July 5.S..5. August 52.1. September .35.S. October 45.4, November 24.8, and December 31.9 mm. The mean temperature of the period of growth of the oats and spring wheat experimented with was 17.3° C, varying from 36.1 to 19.3° C. The spring period, more particularly the period from the sowing of simnner cereals to the time of heading, appeared to be the critical stage for these plants, the growth of the crop being deiiendent to a large extent upon the precipitation occurring during this period, although in- fluenced to a considerable extent by the amount of moisture stored in the soil during the previous fall and winter. No direct dependence of yields on the sums of temperature or on the mean temperature of the period was observed. There was. however, a direct relation between the yield and the ratio of the temi^erature to the precipitation. The yield of oats was found to be directly dependent ui>on the precipitation from August of the preceding year to the time of heading, on the mean temperature of the air and the intensity and duration of solar radiation in the period from flowering to ripening, and on the amoimt 220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of evaporation during the latter period, and inversely proportional to the amount of precipitation and the relative humidity of the air after the heading stage had been reached. Briefly stated, a good season for summer cereals is distinguished by a rela- tively large amount of precipitation and a rather low temperature from the time of germination to heading and a relatively large amount of heat and light with smaller precipitation after the period of heading. The weight of the grain ap- peared to be directly dependent upon the intensity of solar radiation and invej-sely proportional to precipitation, humidity of the air, and cloudiness in the period from flowering to ripening. In the case of barley, the yields were directly dejiendent upon precipitation during the entire period of growth, espe- cially prior to heading and during the j)receding fall and spring. A high tem- perature during the period of growth lowered both the quantity and quality of the yield. In the case of winter cereals the critical period appeared to be during September and October, and sometimes during August. The quantity and quality of winter cereals depended mainly on the precipitation during the period from seeding to the beginning of winter. The rainfall of Nevis and Antigua, A. H. Kirby {West Indian BuL, 10 (1910), ^^o. 3, pp. 273-28-'f). — This is a study of rainfall statistics of these two islands undertaken in view of a suggestion that the rainfall, particularly of Nevis, is diminishing. The study furnished no evidence that the rainfall of the islands is greatly diminishing, but it is shown that the precipitation has been below normal during the last few years. The general conclusions reached are " that there are periods of years of diminished rainfall, over large areas, that are intermittent in their occurrence. There is no evidence to show whether these happen regularly or not. " For both islands, during a period of years in which the rainfall is deficient, the times at which the precipitation may be relied upon to be nearest to the normal amount occur at or near the equinoxes and at the end of the year. " On the contrary, during such a period, the mouths whose rainfall suffers the greatest diminution are those which are most remote from the equinoxes, with the exception of those that immediately precede the close of the year. This, in effect, means that a period of diminished rainfall owes its existence mainly to abnormally small precipitation during the beginning and middle of the year. This does not preclude the possibility of assistance being given, in attaining the general result, by the fact that the rainfall of the other months has remained near the average for several years. "All the above considerations help to indicate that the conditions which regu- late changes in the rainfall for periods of several years have a wide area of operation." Investigations on the nitrogen content of atmospheric precipitation in Flahult, Sweden, H. von Feilitzen and I. Lugner {Filhling's Landiv. Ztg., 59 (1910), No. 7, pp. 2^8-252). — Observations are reported which show that the total amount of nitrogen brought down to the soil in precipitation (rain and snow) at Flahult during the year 1909 was 5.18 kg. per hectare (4.61 lbs. per acre). This agrees closely with data obtained at Rothamsted and other places and shows tliat the amount of nitrogen available for plant growth from this source is very small. Nitric acid and ammonia in the rainfall at Tonkin, Aufray (Bui. Econ. Indo-Chine, n. ser., 12 (1909), No. 81, pp. 595-616).— Data from observations covering the years 1902 to 1909 are reported, showing that duiiug this period the nitric acid in the rain water varied from 15.48 to 70.37 kg. per hectare (13.78 to 62.63 lbs. per acre) annually. The ammonia varied from 5.4 to 18.5 kg. per hectare (4.8 to 16.5 lbs. per acre) annually. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 221 These figures show that while the amount of nitrogen contained in the rain water of this region is not very great, it is much larger than that reported from other regions (see above) and is not entirely negligible as a source of plant food in certain years. As was to be expected, liy far the larger proportion of the nitrogen is found in the rain water during the warmer months of the year. Tlie conditions influencing the accumulation of nitric acid and ammonia in the rain water are discussed. Chemistry, and the conservation of our water resources, M. T, Bogert (Jour. Franklin Inst., 169 {1910), No. 5, pp. 385-388).—'- The author points out the important bearing that the purity of our water supply has upon its utilization for drinking purposes or in various industries, and the services of the chemist in determining its availability for these purposes. Attention is also called to the serious problem arising in connection with the steadily in- creasing pollution of our streams and tide-waters by sewage, factory waste, and refuse of all kinds, and how chemistry can be of service in the solution of this problem." SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The fixation of nitrogen in some Colorado soils, W. P. IIeadden (Colorado Sta. Bill. 155, pp. -'iS, figs. 8).— This bulletin records the results of a study of causes of unproductiveness in certain spots on irrigated lands. The barrenness of these spots is popularly attributed to black alkali, but the investigations reported in this bulletin show that it is due to excessive quantities of nitrates. ■' These nitrates do not come from the soil nor from the shale as frequently assumed but are formed in the soil. " The death of many apple trees, some poplars and other shade trees during the season of 1900 was caused by excessive amounts of nitrates in the soil. These nitrates were carried down within the feeding area of the roots by the spring rains and irrigation. The amount of these nitrates accumulated in some of these soils is already very large, amounting to many tons per acre-foot of soil, 100 tons per acre-foot having been indicated by some samples. " The agency by which the nitrogen of the air is converted into these nitrates in the soil is a group of micro-organisms possessing the power of converting the nitrogen of the air into nitric acid. These organisms have a very wide distri- bution in our soils and are not always hurtful, but when the conditions of the soil, including moisture, temperature, and the presence of much alkaline earth carbonate, become very favorable they develop so vigorously that they produce the effects recorded in this bulletin. These organisms thrive in some of our best cultivated lands, and some of the anomalies of our agriculture are probably due to them. " The very considerable amounts of nitrates found in some of our soils, to- gether with the large areas so enriched, and their wide distribution, suggest the I)robability that the formation of the nitrates of Chile and Peru may have been due to the agency of these organisms." A thorough bacteriological study of the subject is in progress. Experiments on the influence of sterilization of the soil on the growth of plants and on the soil, K. K. Gedroitz (Tritdui Selsk. Khoz. Khim. Lab. St. Petrrh., 6 (1909), pp. 30'i-SJi2; ahs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Rnss. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 (1909), No. «, pp. 8Ji6, 8.',7). — Some of the changes in the soil which are caused by sterilization, such as the increase of the solubility and assimil:d)ility of the nutritive substances and the increase of the absorption ca- pacity of the humus, are unqualifiedly useful for the plant. Other changes due to sterilization, on the contrary, may prove to be unfavorable for the growth of 222 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. plants; thus the products of the decompositiou of the humus, which on some soils are of acid character, may in some cases he injurious to the plants. The fertilizing influence of sunlight, F. Fletcher {Nature [London], 83 (1910), No. 2110, pp. 156, 157). — The author gives some results of investigations on " rah " on rice lands which he conducted in India a few years ago, and ques- tions whether the benefit resulting from this practice is explained, as has been suggested, by the work of Russell and Hutchinson on partial sterilization of the soil. He suggests that the beneficial effects may be due to the destruction of toxic compounds which he claims to have shown to exist in soils (B. S. li., 20, p. 521). He has shown that culture solutions which have been rendered infertile by the growth of plants may be made productive by treatment with volatile antiseptics such as toluene, benzene, chloroform, and carbon bisulphid, which he claims render the toxic substances in the solution insoluble. Humidity of the soil in connection with the methods of its cultivation under winter and summer cereals, K. G. Mankovski (In Itoghl Rabat Poltav- slcitglw ()i)iiiiii(i(/li(> Poll/a :a Dradlzat Ljict. ISS6-1905. FoJtnni, 1908, vol. 1, pp. Ji3-209 ; App., pp. 33-111, fiys. 13). — The influence of time, depth, and method of tillage was studied in detail in these experiments. A series of observations and experiments extending over a number of years showed the advantage of surface tillage in absorbing and conserving the soil moisture, the benefit being especially marked in case of early fall plowing. Early tillage increased the supply of available plant food and so reduced the amount of water necessary to the proper nutrition of the plants. Varying the depth of tillage gave better results than tillage at a constant depth. The marked influence of mulches in increasing the water supply of the soil was also shown. Storing moisture in the soil, W. W. Burr and W. P. Snyder (Nebraska Sta. Bui. 114, pp. 5-51, figs. 3, dgms. I'l, map 1). — This bulletin discusses the move- ment of moisture in soils and the necessity of storing water in the soil during periods of wet weather to be used during periods of drought, describes the type of soil found on the substation farm at Noi'th Platte, Nebr., as well as the methods of taking samples for soil moisture determinations, and reports a series of moisture determinations in samples of soil taken to a depth of 15 ft. The results are given in tables and diagrams illustrating the variation in mois- ture content at different depths under various systems of tillage and cropping. From the data reported the following conclusions are drawn : " Land which is under thorough cultivation absorbs water much more freely than land not under cultivation or which is covered with grass or for any reason has a hard surface. " Land under thorough cultivation loses but little water from below the first' foot by surface evaporation so long as the mulch is kept in good condition. "A growing crop uses water from the land in proportion to the growth of dry matter in the crop. " Land under summer tillage or thorough cultivation from May 1 to Septem- ber 1 on the substation farm has accumulated from 5.5 to 7 in. more water in the first 6 ft. of soil than similar land growing a crop. The water so stored has been equal to from 40 to 50 per cent of the rainfall for the same period. The moisture content on summer tilled land increases below the 6-ft. area and is apparent to a depth of at least 10 ft. "Water stored in the subsoil to a depth of at least 6 ft. is available for the use of farm crops, and alfalfa is able to draw water from much deeper areas. "Abundance of water in the subsoil is a great protection to the crop against drought, and moisture in the surface soil, while it may favor the immediate growth of the plant, does not protect it against prolonged drought. The pro- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 223 teotlon of the crop against drought is iu almost exact proportion to the total available soil water within the reach of the crop. "Grass crops (alfalfa and brome grass) dry the subsoil to such an extent on the substation farm that the first crop following grass is wholly dei)endent on the season's rainfall for its moisture supply. "A rainfall of from a quarter to a half inch may have a decidedly beneficial effect upon a growing crop and is of great assistance in securing a good stand at seeding time. Such a rainfall has little or no eifect in increasing the water in the lower soil unless the surface is already moist from previous rains. Less than a half inch of rain falling on a dry soil mulch does not wet the soil below the mulch and is soon evaporated by the sun and wind." Soil evaporation, 11. W. Thornton (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope. .i6 (1!)W). So. J, p}). 3-J2-.l'/7'. figs. 5). — Experiments at the Robertson Experiment Station with jacketed cylinders similar to those used in investigations on evaporation by this Office are reported. The princii)al object of these experiments was to determine the effect of cultivation on the conservation of soil moisture. The soil in the cylinders received varying amounts of water and some received surface cultivation when dry enough to permit it and others were left without cultivation. The results show that the cultivated cylinders lost far less water than the uncultivated cylinders. " It is clearly shown that a vast amount of moisture can be saved by cultivation, amounting in the cool month of September to over half an inch of rainfall, though there is little doubt that the evaporation during the heat of summer will be very much higher, but even taking half an inch per month gives a total of G In. per annum, which is an amount that can not be despised. This experiment shows the great benefit derived from cultivation in dry land farming." An introduction to the study of the soil solution, F. K. Cameron {Jour. Phils. Chciii.. I't {I'JIO). Xo. .}, pp. 3.20-312. figs. 3).— This article attempts to give ■' an outline of our present knowledge of the chemical principles involved, with such discussion of the physical and biological factors as is essential to an orderly pi-eseutation of the subject." It is based to a large extent upon investi- gations which have been reported from time to time In bulletins of the Bureau of Soils of this Department. The transfer of heat in soils, H. E. Patten (Set. Anicr. Sup., 69 (1910), No. 1789, pp. 253. 2-j'i. figs. //). — This is a brief account of apparatus and methods used in investigations which are reported In detail in a bulletin of the Bureau of Soils of this Department previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 20). The variable character of the vegetation on basalt soils, H. I. Jensen (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, S.'f {1909), pt. 4, PP- 713-720).— The various types • •f vegetation found on basalt formations are described and an attempt is made 10 correlate the plant distribution with soil characteristics. A table is given showing the average chemical composition and physical properties of typical soils of various geological formations as compared with the basalt soils on which the observations reported were made. The author's observations show in general " that the defect of basaltic soils is never want of plant food. The worst faults are high water capacity, which causes the drowning of plants in wet weather; and the low capillary power, which impedes a renewal of soil moisture in droughty seasons." Pineapple soils, W. P. Kelley (Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 58-63). — Chem- ical examinations of certain black lands on which pineapples did not grow well showed the presence of from 2.43 to 9.74 per cent of manganese CNInsOi) and indicated a close relation between the manganese content of the soils and the 52065°— No. 3—10 3 224 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. general appearance and growth of the pineapples. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 21, p. 139). Deli soils, J. G. C. Vbiens (Meded. Deli-Proefstat. Medan, 4 (1910), No. 5, pp. 155-111). — This is a continuation of the report on analyses of tobacco soils previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 818). Analyses of rocks and minerals from the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, 1880 to 1908, F. AV. Clarke {V. S. Gcol. Sitnrn Bill. 1,19, pp. XII+323). — The results of analyses of the large number of samples of rocks and minerals which have been examined by the U. S. Geological Survey up to January 1, 1909, are brought together in this bulletin " with such bibliographic and petrographic data as seem to be necessary, in order to identify the speci- mens and to facilitate chemical discussion." European practice and American theory concerning soil fertility, C. G. Hopkins {Illinois Sta. Circ. 1J,2, pp. 31). — This circular consists of replies to a letter addressed to ministers of agriculture of several European countries re- garding causes of increase in crop production as well as correspondence with James J. Hill regarding principles of soil fertility. The action of commercial fertilizers on marsh soils, P. Cornelius {Mitt. Deut. Landw. GeselL, 24 {1909), No. 20, pp. 318-321; ahs. in Zcntbl. Agr. Chem., 39 {1910), No. 2, pp. 101, 102). — Experiments extending over a number of years are reported showing the value of Thomas slag applied as a toi)-dressing and supijlemented with nitrogenous manure as a fertilizer treatment for such soils. The Thomas slag was espec-ially beneficial to red closer and beans. The condition of the soil was also improved by the use of manure or compost. Plant food in Posen soils, M. Gerlach {Landw. Ccntbl. Poscn, 1909; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Clicm.. 39 {1910), No. 2, pp. 103-105). — Experiments on sandy soil in several places in this province are reported showing that complete fertilizer gave decided increases in yield in every case. Potash and nitrogen were the single constituents showing the greatest effect. Phosphoric acid produced little effect and the results with lime w^ere variable and inconclusive. Cooperative experiments ■with mineral fertilizers in the Ekaterinoslav Government, V. V. Viner et al. {Dokladiii I ZliiirnaJiii t^ori/cshclianiyd Zcm- skikh Aghronomov 1 SpetziaUstov po ^clskokhozijaistvennomii Opuitnomu Dyelu, Sozvannaglio Ekatcrl noslavskoi Ghubcrnskl Zcmskoi Upravol 21-30 Apryelya, 1908. Ekaterinoslav, 1908, pp. 288; rev. in Zliiir. Opiiitn. Agron. {Riiss. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 {1909), No. 6, pp. 813-815). — Aside from questions of local interest, this report contains a summary of the results obtained by the Russian ex- periment stations regarding the fertilizing of chernozem. Until very recently there was great difference of opinion as to the need of fertilizers on chernozem soils. A correct solution of this question was first given Ijy the Shatilov Experiment Station, which found that there are two essential obstacles to the utilization of fertilizer by chernozem — a limited supply of moisture and the possibility of a premature drying up of the crops before complete maturity. The investigations at the Shatilov Experiment Station prove that different fertilizing materials vary with regard to the use of moisture. Those plants which suffer from poor mineral nutrition are most wasteful of soil moisture. Abundant nutrition also, in the case of certain kinds of fer- tilizers, induces luxuriant growth of the vegetative organs and promotes the premature drying up of crops. This is most pronounced in case of nitrogen fertilizers. Potash fertilizers do not affect the plants to any great extent in this respect. Although the transpiration coefiicient, when potash was applied, was somewhat lowered, crops which received potash fertilizer and w^ere reacted upon by the latter had a tendency to be retarded in their development and SOILS FERTILIZERS. 225 riiiening owing to the fact that the exi)eii(lituro of water, when potash fertilizers were used, increased during the period of ripening. Phosphatic fertilizers, on tile contrary, intensified the development of the cereals mainly in the first half of their growth, but they accelerated the development and early ripening of the grain to such an ext-ent that the absolute and relative expenditure of water in the period of ripening was the least in crops which received phosphatic fertilizer. The experiments showed that in chernozem soils phosphoric acid is always in the minimum ; that potash salts if effective at all are so only in the presence of phosphates ; and that nitrates, especially in the absence of phosphates, produce slight or even negative results. Comparative investigations on the fertilizer action of nitrate and nitrite. <). Kellner (Landw. Vers. Stat., 72 (1910), No. 3-'i, pp. 311-311 ; ab.s. in Jour. Chcm. 8oc. [London], 98 {1910), No. 570, II, p. 3//0).— In pot experiments with nitrate and nitrite and mixtures of the two even the smaller amounts of nitrite retarded the early growth of oats but did not reduce the final yield as compared with nitrate. When used at the rate of 166 kg. of nitrogen per hec- tare (148 lbs. per acre) the nitrite interfered with germination. To avoid any checking of early growth it is considered desirable to have the calcium nitrate used as a fertilizer as free as possilile from nitrite. Some observations on the action of lime nitrogen, A. Stutzer ( Mitt. Deut. Landw. GeseU., 25 {1910), No. 13, pp. 19-'/, 195). — The I'esults of experiments on upland moor soils and on the use of lime nitrogen as a top-dressing are reported. There was no indication of the formation of dicyandiamid when lime nitrogen was used on moor soils, and consequently the author thinks there is no danger from this source. On the other hand, the experiments indicated that the cyanamid was very slowly converted into available nitrogen compounds in the moor soil. He observed no injury from late top-dressing with lime nitrogen or from the use of dicyandiamid during the period of plant growth. Analysis of a sample of calcium cyanamid, Aeby (Bill. 8oc. Chiin. Bclg., 2.'t (1910), No. 1, p. 7). — Examination of a sample of this material, which gave off a disagreeable and penetrating odor, showed the presence of 3.4 per cent of calcium carbid. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 1118). The production of nitrous acid and ammonia during the distillation of water, E. Van Melckebeke (Bill. Soc. Cliini. Bclg.. 2'f (1910). No. 1, p. 7).— Experiments undertaken to explain the disagreement of the results obtained by Schoenbein and Carius regarding the production of nitrate of ammonia during the evaporation of water are reported. The results, however, were inconclusive. Economic geology of the feldspar deposits of the United States, E. S. Bastin (U. S. Gcol. Survey Bui. Ji20, pp. 85, pis. 8). — This bulletin discusses chemical and physical charactei's, origin and geologic occurrence, minerals of the feldspar deposits, methods of mining, commercial availability of deposits, methods of milling, uses, grades and prices, and production, and describes deposits in different localities in the United States. Reference is made to the work of Cushman of this Department on the use of feldspar as a fertilizer. Phosphates of the Pacific, P. Lemoine (Qiiinz. Colon., IJf (1910), No. 6, pp. 222, 223). — Data are given regarding the exploitation of phosphate deposits on various islands in the Pacific Ocean. Phosphates of the oceanic islands, L. De Launay (Nature [Paris], 37 (1909), No. 1SG5, pp. 190, 191). — Data are given regarding the exploitation of phosphate dejiosits on various islands in the Pacific Ocean. Phosphates of the Pacific, H. Courtet (Bui. Soe. Nat. Acelini. Franer, 56 (1909), PI). 279-288). — A brief summary of the principal facts in the articles noted above. 226 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Influence of CaCOs and MgCOo on the soil and plants, P. S. Kossovich and L. Althausex (Tntditi ilcndclycvsk. Syczda Obshch. i Phkl. Ehim., 1 (1907), pp. 490; ais. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landic). 10 (1909), yo. 5. pp. 693-695). — From the results of pot experiments carried on for sev- eral years the following conclusions are drawn : (1) The liming of acid soils of a decidedly podzol nature, without addition of other nutritive substances, strikingly increased the yield of various plants; on soils of a less pronounced podzol nature the influence of liming was weaker; on a gray forest clay it produced almost no favorable influence; and on cher- nozem the liming either did not at all increase the yield or raised it very slightly. (2) The increase of yield on the same acid podzol soil was less when the lime (CaO and CaCOs) was applied at the same time that other fertilizers furnishing nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash were added. (3) The favor- able action of calcium carbonate on acid podzol soils increased with the amounts of this fertilizer up to a certain limit, which was close to the amount of lime requisite for the neutralization of the soil; further additions of lime, according to the kind of plant, either remained without essential influence on the yield or perceptibly lowered it; in some cases a large quantity of lime en- tirely ruined the plants. The in.1urious action was shown in delayed sprout- ing, death of the seedlings, and the browning of the leaves at the borders and their final drying up. However, at the same time that the majority of the [ilants in a pot were injured or killed, individual plants occasionally developed almost normally. (4) Mustard and clover proved to be more sensitive to the acidity of the soil, especially the former ; accordingly the liming strongly in- creased the yields of these plants. An excess of lime, however, affected them very injuriously. Buckwheat, vetches, peas, and rye were less affected by the acidity of the soil and an excess of lime injured them less. Barley, though not particularly sensitive to the acidity of the soil, was benefited by liming and stood excessive quantities of calcium carbonate quite well. (5) The most probable injurious compounds formed in strongly acid soils upon excessive lim- ing are the normal carbonates of sodium and calcium. The clearly alkaline reaction of the soils which rec-eived an excess of lime and also the nature of the development of the plants, seem to support this assumption. (6) In gen- eral, calcium oxid. precipitated lime, marble, dolomite, magnesite. and basic magnesium carbonate acted like calcium carbonate. However, the different forms varied in harmfulness when applied in excessive quantities on soils of strongly podzol nature, basic magnesium carbonate acting most intensely in this respect and dolomite least. (7) The time of the introduction of the lime (immediately before sowing or 30 days before sowing) did not modify the influence of excessive liming; the result was similar when the same plants were sown again on the soils which had received lime the preceding year. Vetches and buckwheat, which were used in these experiments, suffered to the same extent each year. The use of boron as a catalytic fertilizer, H. Agtxhox (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. 5. pp. 288-291; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 48 {1910), I, No. 7, p. 220; Ann. Gembloux, 20 (1910), No. 5. pp. 303. 30//).— This article summarizes some of the facts more fully presented in a thesis by the author (see p. 230) on the presence and role of boron in plants. The investigations reported indicate that boron is a useful element of higher plants. The addition of small quantities either to a synthetic culture solution or to a natural soil increased appreciably the weight of dry matter produced. The cultural value of the boron appears to be quite similar to that of manga- nese. Its use in practical agriculture would seem to be feasible because the small amounts necessary can be supplied at slight cost. \ AGETCULTURAL BOTANY. 227 AGRICUITTJRAL BOTANY. Landmarks of botanical history, I, E. L. Greene (Smithsn. Misc. Collect.. 5i, Xo. 1S70, pp. 3.i9). — This paper discusses certain epoclis in tlie development of the science of botany, the subject being viewed from a philosophical rather than an industrial standpoint. The author .cives prominence to the biography of some of the early botanists, including Theophrastus, Brunfelsius. Fuchsius, Tragus, and Cordus of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The present part is devoted to a period prior to 1562 and is to be followed by further contribu- tions on this general subject. The author considers botany as the relation of plant to plant and to the whole vegetable kingdom without reference to its economic or commercial bearing. The publication is issued in limited edition principally for distribution to public libraries and educational institutions, but a few copies may be obtained at 6.5 cents per copy by addressing the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Essays in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the Origin of Species, A. C. Seward (In Darwin and Modern Science. Cambridge, 1909, pp. 66-84, 102-111, 223-2^6, 29S-318, 385-^00, 401-^23).— This series of essays was pre- inired to illustrate the far-reaching influence of Darwin's work, and gives a summary of the present state of infoi-mation regarding the different topics dis- cussed. The papers of botanical interest are: Variation, by H. de Vries; The Minute Structure of Cells in Relation to Heredity, by E. Strasburger: The In- fluence of Environment on the Forms of Plants, by G. Klebs: Geographical Dis- tribution of Plants, by W. Thistleton-Dyer : Darwin's Work on the Movements of Plants, by F. Darwin : and The Biology of Flowers, by K. Goebel. Report of the department of botany, H. Hasselbring (Estac. Cent. Agron. [Cuha] Rpt. (Euglhh Ed.). 2 (1905-1909), pt. 1, pp. 68-71).— An outline is given of the investigations begun at the station, the principal work including plant breeding with tobacco, physiological investigations of various kinds, and plant introductions. Some new hybrids and their bearing on the classification of wheat, B. C. BuFFUM (Abs. in Science, n. ser.. 31 (1910), \o. 799. p. 63Ji). — Attention is called to various classifications that have been proposed for the species and varieties of wheat. As a result of the author's experiments in hybridizing wheat, it has been found that practically all the species and varieties may be reproduced. His hybrids resulted from crossing a mutating winter wheat with a mutating winter emmer. From these hybrids he has obtained in the second generation well-defined specimens of a number of species, including Triticum monococcnm, T. dicoccum. T. spelta. and T. polonicum, as well as various forms of what would be classified as T. sativum. The author believes that his experiments have shown that all the wheats have been developed from not more than two forms and possibly from a single form of Triticum. Notes on teratology in tropical plants, M. T. Cook (Estac. Cent. Agron. [Cnbal Rpt. (English Ed.), 2 (1905-1909), pt. 2, pp. l-',0-l.'t2, pis. 2).— Abnormal growth of Yucca aloifolia, cultivated roses, strawberries, and pineapples are described. Change of sex in Humulus lupulus not due to traumatism, W. W. Stock- EERGER (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 799, p. 632). — It has been claimed that the bisexual inflorescence of the hop is due to wounds, and the author has conducted some experiments to refute ibis theory. 228 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. , The removal of the taproot, severe priming, removal of portions of the crown, and cutting back of the vines failed to cause any change in the normal pro- duction of the flowers. The experiments further showed that plants would transmit the abnormal type of inflorescence when propagated asexually, and that only plants bearing pistillate flowers are subject to a reversal of the sex. In an experimental plat of 1,400 seedlings all the plants were apparently normal at first, but later in the summer some of the iilants bearing pistillate flowers developed staminate ones also. None of these plants had been sub- jected to any severe treatment and it is held that some factor other than traumatism must produce sex reversal. Corallorhiza and mycosymbiosis, B. C. Gruenberg (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), Ao. 7.99, j). 633). — ^An examination of the rhizomes of several species of Corallorhiza showed that they contained secondary starch, which the author claims must have been derived from organic materials in the soil or humus. In considering the fungus symbiont it is not thought that the Corallorhiza is dependent upon it for its nutrition. While the sj-mbiosis is a constant char- i\cter of the species examined it is thought to be a result of the habit of the fungus and not to be obligatory for the maintenance of the orchid. It is thought that the fungus may assist the orchid by furnishing conditions favor- able to the germination of the seeds, but it is believed that other conditions may also stimulate the seeds to germinate. The infection of the rhizome is said to take place about the time of germination. The digestion of hyphal masses within the cortical cells is considered as a means for preventing the spread of the fungus to the point of injuring the orchid and is not assumed to be necessary for the nutrition of the plant. Studies upon oxidases, H. Hasselbring and C. L. Alsberg (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 799, p. 637). — In investigations of a disease of cabbages and spinach resembling in some respects the mosaic disease of tobacco, the authors found that there appeared to be an increase in the oxidizing power of the plants. Studies of the extract of the plants showed that there was probably not an increase in the oxidase but a decrease in the anti-oxidases. It has been shown that heating plant extracts would cause a loss of the oxidizing power, which would be restored after the solution had stood for several hours. In the authors' investigations it was found that if a heated extract was centrifugated immediately after heating and the clear liquid pipetted off from the coagulum, the clear liquid did not acquire any oxidizing power on standing, while the liquid containing the coagulum did recover it. It is believed that in this case the authors were dealing not with a zymogen but with the inclusion of the enzym in the clot and its subsequent leaching out on standing. The protection of plant cells against fungus attack, L. P. Brullov (Zhur. Bolyezni Rast., 1908, No. 1; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landiv.), 10 (1909), No. It, pp. 591, 592). — The results of laboratory investiga- tions on the protection of plants against fungus attack are given. The studies were made with laboratory material of Vaucheria sessilis (?), which the author states is a good subject for study on account of the ease with which it may be examined. It is quite frequently attacked in the labora- tory by an undetermined fungus, the hypha of the fungus attaching itself to the cell wall of the host plant. In response to the irritation caused by the fungus the protoplasm of the cell deposits on the inner side of the cell wall a series of layers to protect against the entrance of the fungus. As a result of these deposits the fungus either ceases to grow, or, if it is very active, ulti- mately penetrates the protecting layer and expands within the cell, destroying its contents. The cellulose deposit, on account of its resistance to staining reagents, is said to be readily observed and seems to be a form of suberin or AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 229 cutiii. The author claims that throu;^h the irritation produced by the fungus there is a response which results in a chemical change in the nature of the product. Studies on the development of bulbous plants, G. Andr6 (Campt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 150 (1910), Nos. 9, pp. 5Ji5~5Jf7 ; 11, pp 713-715).— A report is given on the variation in dry matter, ash, total nitrogen, and the other con- stituents of •bulb-forming plants at different stages of their growth. Most of the oxi)eriments were made with onions, of which 100 of equal size and weight were selected for study. Of these 20 were analyzed and the remainder planted April 13. At intervals of a month or 6 weeks 20 of the onions were lifted and analyzed, the last two periods being when the plants were in full flower and when they had matured. There was found to be a loss in the fresh weight of the bulbs immediately following planting, but this was subsequently changed into an increase in both fresh and dry material, until at the time of flowering a maximum was reached for both the aerial and subterranean parts of the plant. From the flowering period until maturity there was a gradual reduction both in fresh and dry weight of all parts of the plant, showing that there was a continuation of the respiratory function of the plant until its maturity. In studying the increase in ash, nitrogen, etc., it was found that there was a tranfer of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and other constituents from the bulb to the aerial plant immediately after the bulbs were set in the soil. This transfer was later followed by increases when the plant growth had become well established in the ash, total nitrogen, phosphoric acid, lime, magnesia, and potash in both the bulbs and aerial parts of the plants. Winter condition of lenticels, L. A. Kenoyer (Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 22 (1909), pp. 323-326).— The author has investigated the claim that lenticels are usually closed during the winter by the suberizatiou of the last layers of cells and opened again when spring activity is resumed. He conducted a series of experiments with twigs of 35 different species of plants, using the pressure of a mercury column to force air through the twigs. Of 100 twigs tested, 65 seemed to have some or all of the lenticels open for respiration during the winter mouths. It was noticed that the 2-year-old growth had genei'ally more open lenticels than the growth of the season and that the .3-year-old growth had more than that of 2 years. It was also observed that in some species some twigs gave positive results while others gave negative when tested. Examinations were also made for lenticels on the roots of several species and they were found developed on many but not all. Their structure was quite similar to that of lenticels occurring on the stems. Of 12 species of roots examined. 4 were found with open lenticels and 8 without. In several instances the root lenticels were found to be closed while those on the stems of the same plants were open. Effect of various g'ases and vapors upon etiolated seedlings of the sweet pea, L. I. Knight, R. C. Rose, and W. Crocker (Abs. in Science, n. set:, 31 (1910), No. 799, pp. 635, 636). — Various investigators having shown that the impurities of laboratory air have a marked effect on etiolated seedlings of \arious leguminous plants, the authors have studied the effect of gases and vapors upon sweet pea seedlings. The effects of the gases are shown in de- crease of rate of growth, in length, and in swelling and a horizontal placing of the region of growth. About one dozen different kinds of gas and vapor were tested, and the effect on Inhibition of growth, swelling, and horizontal placing is shown. Ethylene gas at the rate of 0.1 part in 1 million of atmosphere was found to cause a 230 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. considerable inhibition of gi-owtb, wbile 2.5 parts of illuminating gas in the same amount of air bad a similar effect. In commenting upon this investigation, tbe autbors believe tbat tbe use of etiolated epicotyls of sweet peas would furnisb a delicate and accurate test for traces of illuminating gas in greenhouses, where often a considerable injury is met by the escaping of gas in quantities too small to detect by chemical methods. The distribution and formation of respiratory chromogens in plants, V. I. Palladin (Izi\ Imp. Akad. Nauk (Bui. Acucl. Imp. 8ci. St.-Petersb.) , G. ser., 1908, No. 12, pp. 977-990; aJjs. in Zhiir. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 {1909), No. i, pp. 568, 569).— After describing a method of detect- ing chromogens the author gives a report of the examination of 71 species of plants, in 67 of which respiratory chromogens were found. They were absent in Agaricus campestris, Helvella csculenta, wheat seedlings, and asparagus, birt as other methods show their presence in all but the asparagus, it is believed that only that plant may be considered an exception to the general rule of their occurrence. The method for detecting chromogens consisted of boiling the plants in water, after which they were comminuted. To the colorless solution obtained a small quantity of peroxidase prepared from horse-radish was added, together with a few drops of a weak solution of hydrogen peroxid. In the presence of chromogens the liquid becomes red and then reddish brown. In considering the conditions for the formation of these chromogens the author examined the influence of carbohydrates, aud found in experiments with Rumex patienfia that supplying the plants with a 20 per cent solution of saccharose increased the quantity of respiratory chromogen in the leaves. In the superficial cells of the leaves wliich had been furnished saccharose an abun- dant red pigment was observed, and this is held to be due to the fact that the introduction of tbe sugar increased the respiration aud the oxidizing chromogens did not need to be reduced. This same cause is believed to be the reason for the red and violet coloration of shoots in many plants in the early spring. The occurrence of red pigment in the fall is held to be due to the low temperature, which is accompanied by oxidizing reactions. Under low temperature and the accompanying processes of tbe dying of the leaves the chromogens are oxidized into pigments. Influence of phosphates on the respiration of plants, N. N. Ivanov (Isv. Imp. Akad. Xaiik (Bill. Acad. Imp. Hci. .S7.-/¥/r/.s/>. ) , 6'. ser., 1910, No. 4, pp. 303-318, fig. 1). — Experiments were made with yeast, wheat seedlings, and etiolated tips of broad beans which showed that 0.5 per cent of disodium phos- phate depressed the fermentation of living yeast for a few hours, a 2 per cent solution depressed the fermentation of living dry wheat germs. A 1 per cent solution increased the evolution of carbon dioxid in dead wheat germs as well , as those treated with acetone, and a 0.5 to 2 per cent solution stimulated the evolution of carbon dioxid in dead wheat germs in the presence of a current of hydrogen. The etiolated tips of the broad beans responded in the same manners as wheat germs and yeast. Monopotassium phosphate was found to produce af-- depressing effect in all cases. L. The role of boron in plants, H. Agulhon {Rcclicrclies sur la presence et le rdle du bore chez les veg^taux. Thesis, Paris, 1910, pp. 163, j)ls. 6 ; abs. in Rev. Vit., 83 (1910), No. 847, pp. 272, 273).— In another publication (see page 226) an account is given of the catalytic action of boron when present in plants. In the present abstract the role and action of this element when present in the plant kingdom are discussed. FIELD CROPS. 231 I ^H In experiments made with wheat, oats, peas, radishes, etc., grown in sterile ^F liquid media, in sterilized soil, and in the open field, it was found that the H different species reacted differently toward boron, but that for each there was an optimum which favored the growth and yield of the plant. Greater quanti- ties than the optimum were found to reduce the chlorophyll content of the plant and to check its root development. The influence of lime on soil bacteria, H. Fischer (Laiulw. Vers. Stat., 70 (1909), A'o. 5-6, pp. 335-3-'i2). — This paper gives the results of experiments with fluid cultures with lime and other substances on the activity of soil bac- teria, especially with reference to their effect on the utilization of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen by the bacteria. It was found that both ammonia and nitrate nitrogen could be utilized in considerable quantities by the soil micro-organisms in the production of albu- minoid nitrogen, the ammonia nitrogen aiding this transformation in a greater degree than the nitrate nitrogen. The presence of calcium carbonate aided the formation of albuminoid nitrogen from sulphate of ammonia, but not to any considerable extent. A surplus of barium carbonate appreciably enhanced the albumin formation from sulphate of anmionia, but diminished that from sodium nitrate. Magnesium carbonate lessened the transformation of ammonia nitro- gen into albuminoid nitrogen, and ii'on sesquioxid lessened the transformation of both ammonia and nitrate nitrogen. Quicklime exerted a much greater influence on the soil bacteria than calcium carlionate. Effects of acidity of culture media on morphology in species of Penicillium, C. Thom (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 199, p. 635). — In connection with previous studies (E. S. R., 22, p. 531), the author has found that the in- hibiting effects of acid in culture media vary with the species and the kinds of acid. The first effect noted is usually the retardation of growth and finally of the production of the colored spores. In testing their tolerance to acid the clo.se relationship of certain groups and forms is emphasized, and the author believes that this will be found a useful accessory to the description of species. International catalogue of scientific literature. R — Bacteriology (Inter- nat. Cat. Set. Lit., 6 (1909), pp. YIII+lO'iO).— The present volume is in con- tinuation of the series previously described (E. S. R., 14, p. 1049), the litera- ture indexed being mostly that of 1906. More than 9,000 titles are indexed both by author and subject. The American literatui'e continues to be vei'y inade- quately represented, although there is some improvement over the number of titles in the previous volume. FIELD CROPS. Dry land farming in eastern Colorado, H. M. Cottrell (Colorado 8ta. Bui. I'f5, pp. '1-32, figs. 4)- — This bulletin is a manual of general information for the use of the prospective dry-land farmer in eastern Colorado. The proper system of farming is suggested, the methods of handling dairy cows, poultry, and gar- dens best adapted to the region are stated, and directions given for retaining moisture in the soil, selecting crops for dry-land farming, and securing the best results from them. Crop rotation for Illinois soils, C. G. Hopkins (Illinois Sta. Circ. 1)1, pp. 20). — This is an address delivered before the Illinois State Farmers' Institute on crop rotation and fertilizers as related to permanent agriculture in the United States and European countries. The general subject of soil fertility is reviewed and notes are given on rock phosphate, bone meal, potassium salts, and ground limestone. 232 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. On the manuring of pastures in New Zealand, B. C. Aston (Reprint from Fiinucrff' Union Advocate, pp. 7). — The particles of basic slag wliicli passed througli screens having 100, 60, and 30 wires to the linear inch when applied to plats of iiasture land at the rate of 1,225 lbs. per acre produced 17,800, 17,000, and ICGOO lbs. of green grass per acre, respectively, while an unmanured plat produced at the rate of 12,600 lbs. Experiments were conducted at Cockle Park and Moumahaki to determine the effect of api)licatious of phosphorus upon the power of pastures to support sheep. At the former point an application of 50 lbs. of potasli increased the total live weigbt supported by 27 per cent, while the perceutages of increase followiug an application of 7 cwt. suiierphosphate, 5 cwt. basic slag. 4 tons of quicklime, and 10 cwt. basic slag were 91, 96, 4, and 233, respectively. At Moumahaki the maxinumi increase of live weight supported, 32.9 per cent, fol- lowed the application of 3 cwt. of superphosphate, while the increased per- centages from applications of 5^ cwt. basic slag, 2^ cwt. basic slag. 2^ cwt. of Maiden Island guano, and 24 cwt. of ground lime were 28.6, 27.4, 11.8, and 13.4, respectively. A 5-acre field test showed that the application of 21 shillings worth of basic slag enabled an increase at the rate of 2^ sheep to the acre to be carried during a i>eriod of 126 days. Annual report for 1909, A. D. Hall {Rothnmsted Expt. Sta., Harpenden, Ann. Rpt. 1909, pp. 16). — A brief history of the station and a statement of its object and plan of work are followed by resumes of each of a number of papers published during the year by members of the laboratory staff. Meteorological data for 1909 are given and the yields secured on each of the different plats during recent years presented in tabular form. The general plan of the work bas already been noted ( E. S. R., 7, p. 380). Experiments in cultivation, H. Dammann {Rei\ Secc. Af/ron. Univ. Monte- video, 1908, AVj.s-. 3, pp. 23-73; .'/, pp, 203-213}. — Analyses of the soil and subsoil of the field experimented on and of numerous varieties of clovers and grasses are followed by the results of trials of these grasses and clovers grown separately and in mixtures. Variety tests of winter and spring barley are also given. The application of superphosphate appeared to increase the protein content of 5 different varieties to the extent of from 0.3 to 1.22 per cent. The late sugar beet variety Zuckerfabrick Kleinwanzleben produced tbe maximum yield of 8,025 kg. of sugar per hectare (about 7,142 lbs. per acre) but was excelled in percentage of sugar by Dippes Elitezucbtung. A scheme is given for the classification of soils as poor, medium, normal, rich, and very rich according to their nitrogen, phosphoric acid and lime content. A complete fertilizer includ- ing lime appeared to produce much higher yields of American wheat than did any incomplete mixture. The application of phosphoric acid and nitrogen to barley was followed by a greater increase in yield of grain and straw than was the application of the same mixture with potash or of potash and nitrogen or potash and phosphoric acid. In another series of tests the highest yield of barley was obtained from the application of potash, phosphoric acid and nitro- gen to land fertilized the previous year with manure, phosphoric acid and nitrogen, while an eiiual yield of grain but a lower yield of straw was obtained without any fertilizer whatever upon land enriched the previous year with manure. The Eckeudorf Original produced a higher yield of roots than any other forage beet but had also the lowest percentage of dry substance and was excelled in yield of dry substance per acre by the variety Heinrich Mettes. Experiments in the cultivation of forage plants, J. Schroeder and H. Dam- mann (Rev. Inst. Agron. Montevideo, 1909, No. 5, pp. 222-23S) .—Chemical analyses of corn, buckwheat, sorghum, Johnsou grass, spring rape, sainfoin, FIELD CROPS. 233 vetch, artichokes, and potatoes are given with a brief discussion of the adapt- ability of each to the rejrion and its cultural requirements. [Rice and cotton investigations], W. P. Kelley and F. G. Krauss (Hawaii Hta. h'i)t. J90!). PI). 63-76, pis. -'/). — A progress report is given of work with rice and cotton and some data on the cotton work presented. The rice yield during 1909 was greatly injured by the unprecedented attack of a destructive army worm (Lcucania unipuncta). Rice No. 19, S. I'. I. 12508, is believed to be firmly established and is being planted by growers. Propagation of cottons by cuttings and budding was undertaken, and also experiments in pruning plants^^ring their second season of growth. Sea Island types were found to resi)ond best to low pruning in which a mere stump, 3 to 0 in. in length, is left. The Caravonica types do best when from one-fourth to three-fourths of the previous season's growth is removed. Too severe prun- ing causes excessive woody growth in these types at the expense of the fruit. Such rank growth is brittle and liable to splinter in heavy winds. Low pruning of upland cottons insures the survival of a larger percentage of plants until the next season, but when pruning to spurs after the fashion of California grape growers was resorted to the fewer plants which did survive outyielded those which were pruned later. It has been found possible to obtain 100 or more cuttings from a single Caravonica plant. Shield budding has proved effective and practicable in field culture. Brief notes are given on a number of Sea Island. Egyptian, Ui)laud, and Caravonica varieties which are being tested, on 2 wild native Gossypiums (G. tomcntosum and G. (Irynarioides), which are being propagated for use as a basis for breeding work, and on Chinese and Japanese matting sedges {Cy perns tcget-formis and Juncus effusus). Report of an experiment on the manuring of rye grass and clover at several centers in the county during 1906—7, E. Porter and R. C. Gaut (Comity CoiDH-il Lanf-asicr, Ed. Com., Ayr. Dcpt.. Fanner's Bui. 15. pp. 23). — The results of the miiform manurinl plat experiments at 11 different centers in 1906-7 are summarized in the following table: Results of tests icitJi fertilisers on ryeyrass and elorer. Plat No. Fertilizer. Cost of fer- tilizer. o Average profit on first crop. 6 Average profit on aftermath at 2 centers in 1907. Nitrate of soda, 1 cwt Nitrate of soda, Icwt.; superphosphate, 2 cwt Nitrate of soda, 1 cwt.; superphosphate, 2 cwt.; muriate of potash, 1 cwt Superphosphate, 2 cwt.; muriate of potash, Icwt Nitrate of soda, 1 cwt.; basic slag, 2 cwt.; muriate of pot- ash, Icwt Sulphate of ammonia, 88 lbs.; superphosphate, 2 cwt.; muriate of potash, 1 cwt Nitrate of soda, 2 cwt.; superphosphate, 2 cwt £ s. d. 9 10 15 1 4 2 4 11 s. d. 6 10 16 3 13 " Valued at 2.s. per -cwt. " Valued at per cwt. On plat 2 the nitrate of soda stimulated the rye grass without injuring the clovers, and the crop was bulkier and taller than that on the check plat. IMat 3 was unsurpassed at 4 of the centers and usually showed more satisfac- tory results than plat 2. Plat 4 was usually an improvement upon plat 3, and had a full growth of good length in both clovers and rye grass. Plat 5 had, at every center, the best clover growth but the rye grass was usually no stronger than on the check plat. Plat 7 was deficient in the number of clover plants 234 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. and these were weak in growth. On plat 8 clover plants were almost entirely absent. Nitrate of soda produced 1 cwt. 3 qrs. more first-crop liay per acre than sul- phate of ammonia, supplying the same amount of nitrogen when both were used alone, and when they were used in conjunction with phosphatic and potash fertilizers, the nitrate of soda produced 3 cwt. more hay. Two cwt. super- phosphate produced 24 qrs. more first-crop hay per acre than did 2 cwt. basic slag. When kaiuit, sulphate of potash and muriate of potash were applied in amounts supplying equal quantities of potash, kainit produced approxi- mately 2 cwt. less per acre than either of the other fertilizers. One cwt. of muriate of potash produced 4 cwt. 1 qr. per acre more first-crop hay than did i cwt. of the same fertilizer and 2 qrs. more than did 2 cwt. of the fertilizer. The complete mixtures produced the best herbage in both the first and second crops. The abundance and strength of clovers was impaired by using sul- phate of ammonia early in the year or by forcing the rye grass by heavy appli- cations of nitrate of soda, which was a more expensive source of nitrogen but gave a larger increase in crop than sulphate of ammonia. Phosphatic and potash fertilizers favored the growth of clover without assisting that of the rye grass. Spring grains, A. M. Ten Eyck (Kansas Sta. Bui. 166, pp. 357-369, figs. S).— In a test of 13 varieties of oats. Improved Red Texas and Sixty Day produced the highest average yields, 44.03 and 43.93 bu. per acre, respectively, during the period 1903-1909 inclusive. For the same period Select Mandscheuri barley yielded 34.7 bu., spring emmer 36.49 bu., and durum wheat 11.74 bu. per acre. In 1907, winter spelt yielded 64.27 bu. per acre. The average yields of all varieties of oats and barley tested during the period were 1,409 lbs. of oats and 1,666 lbs. of barley per acre. The Red Texas oat produced the heaviest grain but was excelled in percentage of meat or kernel by the White Russian and Burt varieties with 78.94 and 75.24 per cent, respectively. Tennessee winter barley yielded 15^ bu. more grain per acre during 5 years than did the best producing variety of spring barley, and durum wheat 50 per cent more than ordinary spring wheat. Brief descriptions are given of several of the varieties of oats and wheat tested. Five varieties of oats, 8 of winter wheat, 4 of barley, and 1 or more each of spring wheat, emmer, and winter rye have been improved through selection and breeding. The head row of Kharkof wheat producing the highest yield in 1907-8 thrashed out 349 per cent more grain than the lowest producing head row and 46 per cent more than the average of the 50 rows in the test. In a similar test of Red Texas oats, the highest yielding row produced 270 per cent more of grain than the lowest, and 42 per cent more than the average row. A table presents the yields, tillering power, height, and number of plants harvested from each of the rows of No. 721 Mandscheuri barley. Selected Mandscheuri produced during 1907-1909, inclusive, 4.75 bu. per acre more than the original variety, while selected strains of Bonanza showed an improved yield of 0.62 bu. per acre and two-row Mandscheuri during the first 2 years of the test showed an increased yield of 2.41 bu. per acre. The number of bushels of seed of various farm crops distributed during each year of the period 1904- 1909, inclusive, are presented in tabular form. The tillering of cereals, J. C. Schoute (Verhandcl. K. Akad. Wctcjisch. Amsterdam, 2, Sec, 15 {1910), No. 2, i)p. XIX+492, figs. J5).— This volume summarizes and discusses the work of numerous investigators on this sub.iect. Report of alfalfa investigations, P. K. Blinn (Colorado Sta. Bid. 15). pp. 3-10, figs. 6). — This is a progress report of an attempt to improve the hay and seed-yielding traits of alfalfa by systematic seed selection. FIELD CROPS. 235 Plnnts bavins n lishl green colored foliage appeared to snffer the most from frost. Among the different varieties the Tnrkestan was better than any other in tendency to root down from the crown branches and was eaten by horses in I»refereuce to ordinary kinds. The heaviest seed-yielding varieties of 1 year I)roved best in the following year as well, but it is pointed out that although seed-yielding tendency may be affected by hereditary traits, it is doubtless more generally influenced by climatic and cultural conditions. Experiments in the production of brewing barleys, H. Dammann (Rev. /y/^•^ Af/roii. Moiitcridco, l!)09, \o. .7, pi). 201-211). — Plat experiments testing a mixture of potash, lime, nitrogen and phosphoric acid and the same mixture save for the omission of each of these plant foods in turn showed the highest yield when all were applied but a lower protein content than in any case save when nitrogen was omitted, when the protein content was only 7.75 per cent. The lowest yield of grain and highest protein content followed the omission of phosphoric acid from the mixture. In field tests of the same ])lant foods and of manure, the highest yield of grain was obtained after an application of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen to land fertilized the preceding year with uiti'ogen, ithosphoric acid and manure, while practically the same yield was obtained on a iilat unfertilized but fer- tilized the preceding year with manure. All other plats gave lower yields. On each plat, the 190S crop had been potatoes and the 1907 crop wheat. In a variety test Svalof Hannchen produced the highest yield of grain. Svalof Prinzessin had the highest protein content, although the lowest yield of grain. Experiments on the cultivation of forage and sugar beets, H. Dammann (Rev. Inst. Agron. Montevideo, 1909, No. 5, pp. 213-221). — Meteorological data for the period of the experiment are presented. The last of August was found to be the best date for planting and plantings of one plant to each 800 to 900 sq. cm. (from 124 to 139.5 sq. in.) produced the highest yield of sugar per acre. Fertilizer experiments with sugar beets, J. Graftiau (Ann. Gemhloiix, 20 (1910), No. 2, pp. 65-71). — An analysis of the soil on which the experiments were conducted is given. Each plat was fertilized with superphosphate and sulphate of potash at the rates of 600 and 200 kg. per hectare (534 and 178 lbs. per acre) respectively. Nitrate of soda (calcium cyanamid), and sulphate of annnonia with and without lime, were tested as sources of nitrogen. The plat fertilized with calcium cyanamid produced less than three-fourths as much sugar as did each of the others, and the proportion of leaves and crowns to roots was much greater. Fertilizer experiments with, sugar beets, E. Saillard (Jour. Agr. Prat., II. Her., 19 (1910), No. 9, pp. 267-269). — Nitrate of soda, calcium cyanamid, and lime nitrate applied with potassium and manure produced 5,513, 5,527, and 5,785 kg. of sugar per hectare respectively, while on plats fertilized with (1) potas- sium chlorid, (2) kainit and potassium chlorid, and (3) without potassium but with nitrate of soda and manure the yields of sugar were 4,848, 5,221, and 4,651 kg. per hectare, i-espectively. Tests of the cultural value of varieties of corn, H. Dammann and J. ScHROEDEK (Rev. Seec. Agron. Univ. Montevideo, 1908, No. //, pp. 185-202, pis. ^i). — Rejjorts are given of tests of 18 North and South American varieties of corn and of 12 North American varieties separately re])orted. The dates of planting, sprouting, flowering, and harvesting are reported for each variety as well as the average height of the plant, weight per hundred grains and per hectoliter, the yield per plat and per hectare, and the chemical analysis of each variety. The highest yields were obtained from Hickory King and Iowa Gold Mine. 236 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Corn, W. R. Dodson and Y. L. Roy (Louisidna Sta. Bui. 118, preliminary part, pp. 2-16). — This publication, which will form a portion of a bulletin cover- ing the general subject of corn production in Louisiana, gives directions for selecting, grading, and storing seed corn, and preparing exhibits. An explana- tion of the score card and rules and regulations for judging ai-e also included. Manurial experiments with cotton in the Leeward Islands, H. A Tempany (West Indian Bui., 10 (1910), No. 3, pp. 269-213).— The results of 5 years' experiments indicate that under conditions prevailing in the Leeward Islands with soils in moderately good tilth, the application of artificial and natural manures to Sea Island cotton is unremunerative. [Shrinkage of hay in the stack], B. N. Wale {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. IH/e. 190S, No. 17, p. J/'i). — On July 2G, 124 lbs. of hay was placed in a hop pocket in the center of a stack. By November 2, after undergoing normal fermentation, it had lost 21* lbs. or 17.33 per cent. The cultivation of hemp in the United States, L. H. Dewey {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 57, pp. 7, fig. 1). — This circular discusses the cli- matic and soil requirements of hemp and gives directions for sowing, harvest- ing, retting, and bi-eaking. The total cost per acre is estimated at $30 and the gross returns at $50. " Hemp can not be grown profitably in small isolated areas. Two hundred acres or more should be grown on one or more farms near together, so as to warrant the introduction of special machinery for drilling, harvesting, breaking, and baling, and also make it possible to ship the fiber in full car lots. " Before undertaking the cultivation of hemp on a commercial scale it is advisable to try some preliminary exiDerimeuts with half an acre or less, to determine whether the local conditions are adapted to the crop." Characteristics of some varieties of oats, E. Gross (Ztsehr. Landw. Ver- suchsic. Osterr., 12 (1909), No. 9, pp. 666-670). — Studies of the characteristics of Nonplus Ultra, Ligowa, Milner. Mortgage Lifter, Meteor, and Duppau varie- ties of oats are given, including the tillering power, ratio of straw to panicle, grain to straw and chaff, and grain to chaff, the number of kernels per plant and per panicle, the weight per thousand kernels from selected plants, and the yield per hectare. Report on experiments with potatoes, 1909, J. G. Stewart (Edinb. and East of Scot. Col. Agr. Bill. 20. pp. 12). — Among the early varieties tested Mac- pherson i)roduced the highest total yield, 8 tons 10 cwt. per acre of excellent cooking quality, while among the medium early varieties, Dalmeny Acme pro- duced a yield of 6 tons 1.5 cwt. of fair cooking quality, and Dalmeny Gem produced from new seed a yield of 8 tons 14 cwt. of very good cool^ing quality. Among the late varieties. Northern Star produced a yield of 10 tons 5 cwt. of inferior cooking quality, while Dalmeny Hero produced 11 tons 6 cwt. and 3 qr. of good cooking quality. All were practically free from diseased tubers. Large sets produced a slightly larger crop than did small sets. At only one center out of five did spraying give a favorable result, but at that center the "soda" spray proved more satisfactory than the "lime" spray. An applica- tion of 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, 4 cwt. of superphosphate, and 1 cwt. of sulphate of potash was followed by a yield of 4 tons 2i cwt. greater than that secured from soil to which no artificial fertilizers were applied and 14 1 cwt. greater than that to which the same mixture was applied in addition to 1 cwt. of carbonate of magnesia. The substitution of IJ cwt. of calcium cyanamid for 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia in this formula resulted in a yield of potatoes lower by 1 ton 8i cwt. FIELD CROPS. 237 Results of experiments in potato culture, A. Cadoret (Prog. Agr: et Vit. (Ed. 'Est-Ccnfrc). 31 (1010), No. S, pp. 2 3 6-2'fl).— This article presents the results of variety and fertilizer tests conducted with potatoes, including the work of 10 different investigators. The rice growing season of 1908-9 in Cochin China, E. M. de Flacourt (Bui. Econ. Indo-Chine, n. scr., 12 (1909), Nos. 79, pp. 3.'i3-^53; 80, pp. 51,0- 5J2). — This article discusses early and late rice, the acreage devoted to rice, and the price of paddy and of rice during the first and the last half of each month of the year in each province of Cochin-China. Comparative study of the chemical composition of the rice of Iguape and that of other regions, L. Granato (BoI. Agr. [Sao Paulo], 10. .^er., 1009, Sos. 8, pp. 631-6-'i5; 9, pp. 72-'i-738) .—Many analyses by Silvestrini of the grain, straw, and hulls of 11 different varieties of rice are given. Varieties grown in different regions and countries are compared as to chemical composition and food value. [The relation between the time of blooming and harvest of winter rye], E. IHNE (Arh. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 1909, No. 161, pp. //3).— General observa- tions of the time of blooming of plants and their practical application are given and figures presented for the years 1887, 1888. 1891, 1893, and 1894 to show that the early blooming of rye in the Grand Duchy of Hesse has been followed by a greater yield than has late blooming. It is also stated that early blooming is never followed by a late harvest and that late bloomingt is never followed by an early harvest. Sugar cane in Porto Rico, D. W. May (Porto Rico Sta. Bui. 9, pp. 7-40, pis. 8). — This bulletin reviews variety, fertilizer, and cultural tests with cane else- where and reports similar trials in Porto Rico, together with brief notes on cultural and grinding practices and cane diseases. It was found that all seed cane should be treated before planting. When the seed was put in a tank and water and a few shovelfuls of lime added, the canes germinated more readily and were freer from disease. All imported canes were treated with Bordeaux mixture and this is recommended for use in Porto Rico with all canes. Yields of 36.6 tons per acre were secured at the station from plantings of 3 seed in holes 7* ft. apart, 49.8 tons from a planting of the same amount of seed 2A ft. apart in furrows in which the seed was planted on end, and 54.1 tons from horizontal plantings wholly covered in furrows in a continuous row. Mole crickets damaged the canes planted in continuous rows and necessitated replanting in a few spots. At Central Aguirre, Otaheite cane yielded 49.76 tons per acre and Christalina 60.56 tons when planted in holes, as is usual in Porto Rico, while the same varieties planted in continuous furrows, as in Hawaii, produced 50.36 tons and 71.48 tons, respectively. The Hawaiian system pro- duced an estimated yield of 406 lbs. more sugar per acre with Otaheite cane and 407 lbs. more with Cristalina cane. Cane planted 10 ft. apart each way yielded 32.4 tons per acre, 7i ft. apart each way .37 tons, and 5 ft. apart each way 40.7 tons, while the yields of rat- toon cane were 26, .30.9, and 33.3 tons per acre, respectively. Experiments on heavy, medium, and light fertilization of cane planted at these distances showed that close planting is more profitable because of the larger yields of cane, greater economy in cultivation, and less favorable conditions for the growth of grass and weeds. Heavy fertilization was followed by greater differences in yield between the wide and narrow plantings. During 3 years' experiments in which the yield of the check plats was con- sidered as 100, the relative yields of plant cane and rattoons following applica- 238 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tions of various fertilizers were iiitrogeu 111.75, pliospliorns 109.66, potash 114.11, uitrogeu and pliospliorus IIS.IS, nitrogen and potasli 119.38, pliospliorus and potasli 113.29, and nitrogen, pliosphorus, and potash 113.63. It appears that when h^nds have rested for some years tlie rattoons need more fertilizers than the plant cane and that for these a complete fertilizer is best. Plats planted at various distances and limed at a cost of $1.28 per acre pro- duced an increased yield valued at $7.15 per acre, but the limed plats pro- duced lower yields of rattoons than those not limed. It is recommended that heavy clay lands be given an application of burnt lime followed by an annual application of a complete fertilizer with nitrogen as the principal element. In another experment the check plat yielded 44 tons per acre; plats limed at the rate of 500 lbs. i)er acre with and without fertilizer produced yields of 57 and 50 tons, respectively; and those limed at the rate of 3,000 lbs. per acre with and without fertilizer yielded at the rates of 62 and 69 tons, resi^ec- tively. Wet swamp land, tile drained and i)lanted at distances of 10 ft. apart each way, produced yields of 56.1 tons and 39.8 tons per acre, respectively, when limed with 5 gal. per hill of burnt lime and the same amount of unburnt lime. The unlimed cane yielded 24.9 tons per acre. The lime used in this experi- ment was a Porto Rico soft coral limestone. Porto Rico caves contain large deposits of very rich bat guano, some of which contains over 20 per cent of i)hosphoric acid. This material was tested in comparison with lime, each being used in the cpiantity of 1 shovelful per hill on plats on which the hills were 5 ft. apart each way. The guano plat gave 4O3 lbs. of cane per hill, while the lime and check plats each gave 33 lbs. per hill. In another experiment an application of i liter of guano and h liter of burnt lime per hill was followed by a yield of 42.7 tons per acre ; of 1 liter of guano, by 47.6 tons; of 1 liter of lime, by 43.6 tons; and from the check plat of 36 tons. Tests of 4 complete fertilizers at the station indicate that nitrogen is the element most needed by the soils of that section. The results with potash and phosphorus were lower than with no fertilizer. Tests of lime and of 5 complete fertilizers at Hormigueros indicate that the soils in that vicinity are not in proper physical condition to give good returns from an application of fertilizers, but that these soils should be heavily limed to improve their physical condition. Negative and variable results were also obtained at Santa Rita, Central Ingenio, and Central Merceditas, as the soils were not in a condition to respond to heavy applications of fertilizei'S. Five experiments conducted at Guanica Centrale indicated that tankage was a more effective source of nitrogen than sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of scda, and the 2 experiments in which calcium cyanamid was used indicated that this fertilizer was more effective than any of the others. At Mayaguez, nitrogen produced a greater profit with plant canes thaii with rattoons, but the reverse was true of phosphorus and of potash. The loss of weight in shipping was found to vary from 5.8 to 8 per cent. Purity percentages show a rapid deterioration in the value of canes after cut- ting. The average loss arising from delays of from 12 hours to 6 days is esti- mated at 10 cts. per ton. Beport on wheat growing in Verrieres in 1909, P. de Vilmorin (Bui. Soc. Agr. France, 1910, Afn-. 1, Sup., ;>/>. ,'/2--J.S). — The yields per acre of straw and grain, the quality of straw, tillering power, resistance to lodging and diseases, the form of the ear, and the earliness of 38 varieties of fall wheat and 11 varieties of spring wheat are given in this article. A quantitative method for the determination of hardness in wheat, H. F. Roberts (Kansas 8ta. Bui. 167, pp. 371-390, figs. 9). — Hardness in wheat is con- sidered indicative of superior milling quality, and this bulletin descx'ibes an FIELD CROPS. 239 apijaralup desijrnecl to (letorniiiie the menu crusliins? point of the wheat kernel. It is ho[)e(l to ascertain the eorrehition existinijc between hardness of the Icernel and the chemical and physical characters of the glnten. A thorough investigation of 2 pure strains of wheat, one hard, the other soft, indicated that a sufficiently correct average mean crushing point for a given pure strain or variety could be refTched by taking the mean of the crushing points of oHO kernels. "Soft" wheats generally crushed under a pressure of 0,000 gm. or less (lo lbs.), "semihard" wheats under about 9,000 gm., and *' hard " wheats at 12.000 gm. or over. Fertilizers for wheat soils, M. Whitney {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. 66, pp. .'fS, fiys. .^8). — This bulletin gives a compilation of the yields of wheat on unfertilized soils and on soils fertilized with various materials in 3,227 individual plat tests reported by the state agricultural experiment stations for the years 1800-1907. The yields of check plats are compared with those of the fertilizetl plats and valuations and results given for the 4.5 different materials tested singly and in various combinations. The applications of these different classes of fertilizers resulted in average losses ranging from $1.43 to $4.58 per acre except in the case of applications of manure and compost where the average gain per acre was 17 cts. Though the duplicate cheek plats showed such wide variations that considerable latitude is necessary in the interpretation of all results, the chances for an increase in the yield of wheat are deemed greater with two or three fertilizers mixed than with single fertilizers. Small applications of single fertilizers gave in general no less an increase than the larger amounts, and an equal increase in crop was Indicated for the same fertilizers on good soils as on unproductive soils. Brief accounts of fertilizer plat tests on the same soil for a long period of years at the Ohio and Pennsylvania stations, and at the Rothamsted Station in England are also given and discussed, considerable yearly variation being pointed out. Beport of the test of chemical fertilizers in Greece, T. N. Melindonas (Deltioii Ifclhinikas (Jeonjikas Hetanvins. I {190'.)), No. 12, pp. 3Jf4-3Ji7, fig. 1). — The application of fertilizer containing from 3 to 3^ per cent of nitrogen, 10 to 11 per cent of phosphoric acid and 11 to 12 per cent of potassium nitrate was followed by a yield of wheat worth 128 drachmas per stremma ($100 per acre) as compared with a yield valued at 58 drachmas per stremma on the check plat. Experiments on tillering and thick against thin sowing of Ked Fife wheat, R. N. DowLiNG (Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wi/e, 1908, No. 17, pp. .',9-56).^ Plats of Red Fife wheat drilled in rows G in. apai't and at the rates of 1, 2, 3. and 4 bu. per acre showed a tendency to tiller and to rust decreasing as the rate of sowing increased, but a plat sowed at the rate of 2| bu. per acre in rows 12 in. apart excelled all others in tendency to tiller and gave a yield of grain and straw slightly loss than that sowed at the rate of 3 bu. per acre. The maximum yield was produced on the plat sowed at the rate of 4 bu. per acre. From a similar weight of seed Red Fife produced more stems than Essex Conqueror, but the English wheat had a higher percentage of tillering and yielded 18 bu. more grain per acre. [On seed analysis, inoculation of leguminous crops, spraying experiments, and grain breeding], F. (}. Stebler {Laiulw. Jaltrb. Sehivciz-, 2Ji {1910), No. 1, pp. 2.'i). — The results of purity and germination tests of seeds of varieties of clover, alfalfa, grass, forest trees, and forage and fodder crops at the Seed Control Station at Zurich are reported. Mechanical analyses of the soils 52005°— No. 3—10 -4 240 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. of 4 experiment fields are given and results of inoculation of lupines and soy beans presented in tabular form. In spraying experiments Bordeaux mixture and Cucasa, a proprietary mixture, resulted in appi'oximately equal yields. A brief review of grain breeding work is given. Some analyses of seeds, G. Gassner {Rev. Secc. Agron. Univ. Montevideo, 1908, No. //, PI). 101~ury; Rev. Inst. Ayron. Montevideo, 1900, No. 5, /. 95^ 105). — Germination and purity tests of samples of seed of alfalfa of 9 differ- ent classes are given in connection witb tbe market price and cultural value of tbese seeds. Dodder {Gusenta rucemom) was found only in tlie seed from Argentina, but tbe opinion is expressed tbat seedsmen prevented tbe securing of representative samples. Tbe percentage of impurity reported ranged from 0.83 to 3.54 per cent. Tbe cultural value reported, wbicb is tbe product of tbe purity percentage and tbe germination percentage, ranged from 56.14 to 92.17 per cent. Tbe germination percentage of 6 varieties of clover and tbe principal im- purities present are reported in tabular form. Tbe cultural value ranged from 12.8 to S2.7 per cent. Impurities of grass and clover seed sold in Virginia, Gertrude B. De Loach, L. Carrier, and T. B. Hutcheson {Virginia Sta. Bui. /.S',, /^/>. .3-18, figs. 14). — Tbe results of purity and germination tests of red clover, crimson clover, timotby, redtop, and orcbard grass are presented in tabular form and lists of tbe principal weed seeds found in eacb given witb a statement of tbe frequency of occurrence of eacb kind of weed seed, and discussion of metbods of testing seed in tbe laboratory and on tbe farm. Trials with spraying machines for iron sulphate solutions, 1909, C. V. BiRK and M. Dall (Tidsskr. Laiidokonomi. 1009, No. 12, pp. 6.'i9-667. figs. 2). — Brief descriptions of seven power or band spraying macbines tested and found to do satisfactory work witb iron sulpbate and Bordeaux solutions are given. Tbe strong and weak points of eacb are indicated in a summary of tbe opinion of tbe judges. References to recent work in plant breeding, G. Fruwirth {Jour. Landw., 51 {1909), No. 3, pp. 281-306). — A review is given of numerous publications on plant breeding. HORTICULTURE. Report of the horticulturist, J. E. Higgins {Haicnii ^ta. Rpt. 1909, pp. Jfl-.')7, Ills. 3). — In addition to tbe marketing e.xperiments witb pineapples pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 21. p. 45). considerable attention was given to metb- ods of propagating citrus fruits and mangoes, and studies were begun to de- termine tbe most satisfactory metbods and season for budding tbe avocado. Tbe causes wbicb are believed to be cbiefly responsible for tbe numerous failures reported in budding citrus trees are given as poor bud wood, lack of vigor in tbe stocks, and insect attacks. Scale insects and mealy-bugs were combated more successfully and cheaply by fumigating witb hydrocyanic-acid gas tban by tbe use of kerosene emulsion. Remedies are also suggested for climbing cutworms, Archis postvittanus, and apbids. It is recommended tbat those wbo bave difbculty in budding sbould adopt tbe sbield metbod witb tbe in- verted " T," so successfully used in propagating tbe mango (E. S. R.. 22, p. 642.) Citrus stocks of rough lemon, sweet orange, sbaddocks, and seedlings from California grown pomelos are being tested, eacb important variety of orange, lemon, or pomelo being budded on eacb of tbese stocks. Buds inserted during January, February, March, aud April appeared to be equally successful, pro- HORTICULTURE. 241 vided tlio individual trees were in active growth, although the buds set early in the year were ahead in point of growth. Although the inarching method of propagating the mango has been to a large degree supplanted by budding, inarching is still considered very useful in propa- gating valuable trees that have become pot-bound or otherwise stunted. Th(! use of cover crops on the slopes in the station orchards during the rainy seast)n has become an established practice. The jack bean and cowpea of the clay type have given the l)est results of any legumes tested. The pigeon pea {Cujiiiiiis indicKs), although a valuable leguminous plant, grows too tall and woody to be turned under easily. In some tests in drying roselle fruits with the view to making them less bulky and less susceptible to decay during shipment, it was found that 12.8 lbs. of the fresh fruit were required to jiroduce 1 lb. of dry calyces. It is calculated that to pay as well as the fresh fruit the dry calyces can not be sold for less than 4.J cts. per pound plus the cost of drying. Since less than half this price was offered for them by preserving companies on the mainland, it appears more profitable to market the Hawaiian roselle directlj' in the form of jams and jellies. An outline is given of the system used by the horticultural division in keep- ing records of plantings and the life history of plants. Report of professor of horticulture, P. ,T. Shaw (Ann. Rjtt. Sec. Ayr. Xora l^cotia, 1909, pt. J, pp. 38-57, fly. 1). — This consists of an outline of the educa- tional work conducted at the agricultural and normal colleges in Truro, together with a statement of the condition of the model orchards located throughout the I'rovince. Bean growing'. W. F. Kavkn {Michigan ,Sta. Bid. 259, pp. 89-96). — This bul- letin contains information relative to the ordinary cultural methods employed in growing the field bean under Michigan conditions. It discusses the suita- bility, preparation and fertilization of soils, varieties, cultivation, harvesting, marketing, and threshing, and diseases of beans. Tables are also given showing the acreage, yields, and average prices paid Michigan farmers for beans for each mouth during a 10-year period. Nursery stock and soils pertaining' to the production of types and sizes, O. G. Wilson (Spec. Crops, n. scr., 9 (19 10), \o. 93. pp. 333-337, flys. J).— Illustrations are given of favorite types of ginseng roots as grown by the author, together with a discussion of the principles to be observed in order to raise good roots, which are given as proper soil, deep high beds with the proper mulch, and absence of the most rainfall during the first season. Fertilizer experiments with tomatoes, K. Weydahl (Norycs Landhr. Ilois- l-olca Sh-r., 1909, A'o, 9, pp. l.'i, pis, J/). — Pot experiments with tomatoes are reported in which it was shown that the tomato plant makes heavy demands on the supply of easily available nitrogenous fertilizers in the soil but requires only light supplies of phosphoric acid and potash. German fruit culture, R. Goethe, F. Ihne et al. (Arb. Dent. Landic. GesclL, 1908, Xo. 150. pp. XIV+320+8, flys. lO.'i, maps 2).— This is essentially a manual of information relative to the German fruit industry. Part 1 contains the results of the German fruit tree census for the year 1900, tog«>ther with short descriptions of fruit growing in the various kingdoms and provinces of the (ierman Emi)ire. In part 2 considerati(m is given to climate, soils, and tree physiology. I'art .'{ takes up the details of intensive and exten- sive fruit growing, including information relative to the re(iuirements of various fruits, varieties and races, planting operations and subsequent orchard manage- incnl, .111(1 combating insect jiests, diseases, and other enemies. Part 4 discusses imports and exports of fruits, yields, marketing, commerce, and profits. Part 5 242 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. coutaius descriptions of various fruit plantations and estates and of community fruit growing, as well as the culture of fruit trees along streets, railways, and canals. The cold storage of apples and other fruits, J. A. Ruddick {Canada Dcpt. Agr., Branch Dairy aud Cold Storage Vonir. Bill. 23, pp. 8-20, figs. 5). — This is a discussion of the p()ssil)ilities of cold storage as an aid to the fruit growing industry in Canada, including information relative to varieties of fruit adapted to cold storage, methods of storing fruit, the construction of cold storage ware- houses, and ice storages on farms. Apple growing in New England. Ill, Planting the apple orchard, C. D. Jarvis {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bill. 62, pp. 97-130, figs. 29). — This is the second of a series of bulletins issued by the station relative to apple growing in New England (E. S. R., 22, p. 735). It discusses in detail the selection of location, soil, nursery stock, and varieties, preparing the land, laying out the orchard, planting operations, and subsequent care of the orchard. Apple culture, C. P. Close {Maryland Sta. Bill, l.',',, pp. 217-265, figs. 81).— This is a popular treatise on the growing and marketing of apples with special reference to Maryland conditions. Consideration is given to the natural condi- tions and soil of Maryland, improving soils, selection of seed, preparation of land, planting opei-ations, details of culture and management, harvesting, grad- ing and packing, storage, and orchard heating. Lists are given of the best varieties for home use and for marketing, together with a descriptive list of some 85 varieties which have been grown in the State and are of more or less value. A detailed statement by E. P. Cohill is given relative to the cost of starting and maintaining a 7-year-old 30-acre orchard. Notes are ;iJso included on apple insects and diseases. Olive culture in Algeria, E. Vivet {Ecolc Agr. Alger. Maison-Carree, Inform Agr. Bill. 10, pp. '(2, figs. 7). — A i)oiJular treatise on olives with special reference to their culture in Algeria. It treats of varieties, adaptation to climate and soil, grafting, planting, pruning, fertilizers, insect pests and diseases. Plum varieties, E. E. Little {loiva 8ta. Bui. 11 J/, pp. T2]-L'i9, pi. 1, figs. 10). — This bulletin is essentially a progress report for the past 10 years as to the large number of varieties of i»lums being tested at the station (E. S. R., 12, p. 240). It also discusses the propagation of the plum, soils, planting, pruning, thinning, culinary uses, selection of varieties, ripening season of the fruit, and classification. The descriptive list gives information for each variety, relative to its hardiness, the extent to which it is grown in Iowa, and its adaptability, liability to disease, origin where known, character of the tree and fruit, and synonyms and references, the more pi'omising varieties being described most in detail. Plum varieties, E. E. Litti^e {Iowa Sta. Bui. 11), pp. 3-8, figs. 2). — A popular edition of the above. Strawberry cultivation {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries {London^, Leaflet 207, pp. 6). — This leaflet contains popular directions for growing strawberries with special reference to English conditions. Handbook of grape growing and wine making, A. von Babo and E. Mach ( Handbuch des Weinhaues und Jeer Kellerwirtschaft. Berlin, 1910, vol. 1, 2. half, 3. ed., pp. XVI+625-lJ,18, figs. 520).— This half of volume 1 (E. S. R., 22, p. 144) takes up the methods of training and supporting grapevines, cultural operations in the vineyard, the insect pests and diseases of grapes, harvesting and pi-essing, by-products of the grape industry, the employment of labor, and the financial ])hases of viticulture. Summer pruning, G. Chappaz {Prog. Agr, et Yit. {Ed. VEst-Centrc), 31 {1910), ,Yo. 22, pp. 6.'i5-6'i9). — A brief study of the practices of removing super- FORESTRY. 243 fluous shoots, pinching back, and girdling grapevines, with reference to their importance to the French vineyardist. The anthor concludes in substance that these are all special practices, and although of some value under certain con- ditions, {hey should not he generally employed in the producti(m of wine grapes. Coffee plantations of Tonkin, 1'. J. S. Cramer {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 3 (IVIO), No. 2, pp. i)Ji-100).—Th\ii is an English translation of a report presented to the Governor-Genera 1 of Indo-China (B. S. R., 21, p. 037). The tea plats at the experiment station, Peradeniya {Circs, and Agr. Jour. Rog. Bot. Gard. Ceylon, 5 {Ji)10), Xo. 1, pp. 12, pis. Jf). — A descriptive account of these plats, discussing the conditions of soil and climate, pruning, cultiva- tion, manuring experiments, and yields under varied treatment. Tabular data are given showing soil analyses and yields in pounds of made tea from the various plats planted in July 1903, and since treated with various manures and cover crops. The kola nut tree in French Guinea, H. Leroide {Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 10 {1910), No'. 85, pp. 268-288). —A study of the kola nut tree in French Guinea, relative to its distribution, uses, and methods of culture. Pistachio culture, J. Brichet {Bnl. Dir. Agr. Com. et Colon. [Tunis], 14 {1910), No. 5-'f, pp. 55-62). — A brief account of the pistachio trees, relative to their botany, culture, and products. The garden primer, Grace Tabor and G. Teall {New York, 1910, pp. 118, pis. 29, figs. 7). — This is a practical handbook on vegetable and ornamental gardening. It discusses sorts of plants, soils, garden nomenclature, seeds and sowing, seedlings and transplanting, cultivation, fertilization, pruning, hotbeds and coldframes, garden pests and spraying, and garden tools. Planting tables intended to apply to various sections of the country are also given for flowers and vegetables, together with a gardener's calendar and a spraying table for garden pests. Propag'ation and pruning of ornamental plants, S. Olbrich {Vermehrung und iiehnitt der Zlergeholze. Stuttgart, 1910, 2. ed., rev., pp. VII+2-'tl, figs. 133). — This is a practical treatise on the propagation of ornamental trees and shrubs. Following a detailed discussion of the different methods of propaga- tion, the plants are arranged in alphabetical order and discussed relative to their specific treatment. The pruning and training of shrubs in various forms is also discussed in detail and information is given relative to dis- tinguishing characteristics in winter and the autumn leaf coloration of the different plants. Some beautiful flowering trees of the Tropics: Their utility and hygienic effects, H. F. Macmillan {Circs, and Agr. Jour. Roy. Bot. (iard. Ceylon. !^ {1909), No. 20, pp. 179-188). ~The author briefly reviews the utility and hygienic effects of trees in general and gives brief descriptions of a large number of tropical flowering trees. FORESTRY. Eeport of state forester upon forest conditions in central and western Kansas, A. Dickens {Kansas Sta. Bui. 165, pp. 293-355, figs. 37). — This report presents the text of the law establishing a division of forestry at the Kansas College and the results of forestry operations conducted at the Ogallah and Dodge City forest substations, and sums up the author's experience of over 20 years of observations and study of the forest conditions in central and western Kansas. The work at the substations has consisted for the most part of growing and dislributing various tree seedlings. Notes are given on a number of species of 244 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. trees included in demonstration plantings started at the substations, and on the catalpa plantations made at the college, the earliest of which were started in 1872. Owing to its great value as a tree for western Kansas, the catalpa is discussed somewhat in detail relative to its identification and culture, a number of extracts from a former bulletin of the station (E. S. 11., 14, p. 153) being included. Report of the minister of lands and forests of the Province of Quebec for the twelve months ending- June 30, 1909, J. Allard {Rpt. Min. Agr. Prov. Quebec, 1909, pp. IX +202, i>?s. S). — In connection with a brief general report on the operations of lauds and forests for the year ended June 30, 1909, a large numl)er of tabular statements made by the officers in charge are appended, showing the receipts and ex])enditures of the deiiartment from various sources, licenses granted and other routine matters, revenues, results of forest protec- tion work, forest surveys, and the control of water powers, together with con- siderable miscellaneous information. Official proceedings of the division of forestry of the Royal Prussian Ministry for Agricultural Domain and Forests, 1908 (Amtl. Mitt. At>t. Forsten K. Prcass. Min. Laiidiv. [etc.], 1908. pp. IV+'p). — This consists of a statistical review of forest operations and conditions in Prussia for 1908 with comparative data for a few previous years. The data give information relative to impoi'ts and exports of forest products, areas, yields, and reveinies, and considerable mis- cellaneous information. Review of forest conditions in 1908, Semper {Ztschr. Forst n. Jagdw., Ji2 (1910), Nos. Ji, pp. 195-215, 5, pp. 293-316).— A statistical review of forest con- ditions in Prussia for 1908, consideration being given to the genei'al situation, forest areas, present conditions, silviculture, forest protection, utilization and yields, timber trade, wood using industries, wood transportation, forest officers and workmen, and hunting and foi-estry. Forest taxation in Germany, A. Arnould (Rev. Eaux ct ForetS, 1/9 (1910), No. 1], pp. 32S-339). — A study of the systems of forest taxation in vogue in the German Kmiiire. Forest conditions in Baden, K. Philipp {Die forstlichcn Tcrhdltnissic Badcns. Freihurg, 1909, pp. 39). — In view of considerable criticism I'elative to the administration of the forests in Baden, the present contribution is offered as a critical examination of forest conditions in that country with a view to seeking out methods by which the forest stands may be improved and the revenues Increased. Proceedings of the Bavarian State Forest Administration (Mitt. Staat.>/.s. Forest Ailinhi. liurimi. I!)08-!I, iip. .2in'-\-(i). — This is the usual aiuiual stateiiicnf of dponitions iu (he state forests of Ihe I'c.i^u, Teuassarini, Northern and Southern circles uf Ilurma, includinj^ information relative to alterations iu forest areas, forest settlements, surveys, protection, silvicultural operations, exploitation, financial results, and administration work. Important features of the worlv are appended in tabular form. The plateau of the San Francisco peaks in its effect on tree life, P. Lowell (Mill. Aiiicr. Gcoi/r. Soc, /// (WOi)), Xos. 5, pp. 2.',7-270. fujs. 10; 6, pp. 365- S82, fii/s. JO). — ,A study of the zonal distribution of different trees in the San Francisco region of the Colorado plateau. The author finds that the thinness of the air offers no obstacle to the tree's growth. Slope exposure' has a decided influence on the maximum and mininiuni altitude of a given species, and the mass of land at a given height also influences zonal distribution. The grt>ater the land mass under them, the more uniform are the tree zones in altitude. In the lower zones where the land mass is greater, the tree zones actually rise on the north even against the effect of slope exi)osure. This is attributed to a greater generation of warmth in the large mass of plateau soil. Studies in Norway, H. Perrin (Rev. Eaux et Forets, Jf9 (1910), Xos. <), pp. 262-276, figs. 3; 10, pp. 289-303, figs. 13).— This comprises the results of a study of silviculture and timber exploitation in Norway. The subject matter is dis- cussed under the general headings of a general account of Norwegian forests, their administration, forest legislation, etc., the species and stand, culture, reforestation and management, exploitation, forest industries, and commerce. [The Russian timber industry], J. H. Snodgrass (Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpt.s. [U. aS'.], 1910, No. 3.',7, pp. 75, 76).^Data are given on the forest wealth and the lumbering industry in the Russian Empire. The coastal forests of Cameroon, M. BiJSGEN (Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdw., 42 {1910), No. 5, pp. 26.i-2S3, pi. 1, figs. 3).— A descriptive account of this forest is given relative to its constitution, extent, species of economic value, and similar points. Soil changes effected by afforesting impoverished farm lands, Fricke (Ztschr. Forst ii. Jagdw.. .',2 {1910), No. 5, pp. 25.'y-J(;.'/).— Investigations of soils taken frt)m impoverished farm lands which have been reforested with pine trees lead the author to conclude that the first generation of trees is of little value in adding humus to the soil for the use of the second generation of trees. The soils studied were of a medium-grained quartz sand formation. The litter deposited on the surface of the soil can only become of value to the succeed- ing generation of trees by incorporation with the mineral soil through cultural methods, which methods are generally out of the question in forest operations. Sowing or planting? I). Frombling (Forstw. Ccntbl., n. scr., 32 (1910). No. 5, pp. 253-271). — A discussion of the relative merits of establishing forests by means of seed and by the use of nursery grown plants. [Tree planting and maintenance after planting], Herri ngton (Proc. N. Y. Farmers, 1909-10, pp. 5-20, pis. 1.'/). — An address, with the accompanying dis- cussion, delivered before the New York Farmers' Club in which consideration IS given to the commercial methods of transi)lanting, i)lanting, and maintaining large ornamental and forest trees, and also including a popular discussion of the diseases of trees. The vitality of pine seed in serrotinous cones, J. C. Blumer (Torrcija, 10 (1910). No. 5, pp. lOS^III). — A (liscussion of this subject based on the observa- tions of the author and other investigators. 246 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The black poplar (Populus nigra), N. Skalosubow (Trudui Byuro Prlkl. Bot., 3 {1910), No. 2, pp. JfS, 4.'/ ) .— xU'cordiug to this note the bark of the black poplar is extensively used in Russia in making floats for fish nets. The landolphias and the rubber yielding- mascarenhasias, H. Jumelle and H. Perkier {Lcs Laiidolphia ct Ics Mnficarcnhashi a Caoiitrhoiir du nard de UAnaJalava. Paris, 1910, pp. 46, map 1). — A descriptive account is given of the forest regions in northwest Madagascar with special reference to the rubber yielding landolphia vines and mascarenhasia trees. Bisks, mistakes and improvements in the rubber production of Asia, D. Sandmann {Tropcnpflanzcr, IJf {1910), Nos. 3, pp. lll-l'tO; ',, pp. 180-206, figs. 17). — The author reviews the beginnings and improvements in the planta- tion rubber industry of tropical Asia, consideration being given to the various species, cultural details, harvesting, and coagulating the latex. Analytical investigation of the conception of wood hardness, N. von LoRENZ (Analytisc/ic TJntersucliung dcs Bcgriffcs dcr HrAzhurtc. Vienna, 1909, pp. III). — A theoretical study in which the author endeavors to work out a system of formulas and equations for measuring form pressure and hardness pressure in conducting hardness tests of woods. The application of the various formulas is discussed in connection with a number of hardness pressure tests conducted by G. Janka at the Mariabrunn Forestry Station (E. S. R., 18, p. 341), in which prism, wedge, cone and bullet shaped pressure bodies were used. The author endeavors to show to what extent theory has conformed with actual exi)erience as well as the possibility of completing the theory of form pressure and resistance by means of pressure experiments. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the mycologist, 1907-1909, E. .T. Butler and W. McRae {Rpt. Agr. Research lust, and Col. Pusa [India]. 1907-1909. pp. 6J-68).— Following a description of the institution, its laboratories, and organization, brief accounts are given of the research work that has been begun. This includes studies of disease of sugar cane, coconut palms, citrus fruits, various wilt diseases, and a mulberi-y disease. The authors state that the sugar cane disease most prevalent is the red rot, and progress is being made in working out the life history and methods of infec- tion of this disease. In addition the life histories of two other sugar cane parasites are being investigated. Successful inoculations with the parasite causing one of the most destructive palm diseases have been secured. The disease of citrus fruits which is occupy- ing most attention is that called white rust, which has proved quite destructive to valuable orange orchards in a number of localities. The disease is said to be Identical with that which has recently appeared in southern Europe, and apparently can be avoided by the choice of stock in grafting citrus plants. In a study of wilt diseases the authors' attention has been called to wilt of cotton, indigo, pigeon peas, and chick peas. In all of these the fungus to which the cotton wilt of the United States is attributed was present, but the experimental work has thrown doubt on the parasitism of this species. An entirely distinct organism was isolated from the pigeon i)ea and infection experi- ments have shown it to be the cause of the disease in this crop. This organism has been described as Fusarium udum. A detailed account of the investigations Is to be published later. The experiments indicate the possibility of obtaining a resistant strain of pigeon pea. The cause of the wilt disease of the chick pea has been definitely determined. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 247 Report on economic mycology, E. S. Salmon (Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. VTyr, IDO.S, No. 17, pp. 2.'i7-3o6, pis. 17). — This report contains observations on the American gooseberry mildew, blacli scab or wart disease of potatoes, black ecab or spot of apples (E. S. K., 20, p. 950), apple leaf spot (E. S. K.. 10. p. 549), cherry leaf curl (E. S. R., 20, p. 248), leaf spot of chrysanthemums (E. S, R., 19, p. 659), Rhizoctonia disease of sea-kale (E. S. R., 20, p. 451), and in- fection experiments with ChnjsopliJyctis cndobiotica. In the discussion of the American gooseberry mildew and the black scab or wart disease of potatoes, the author traces the distribution of the fungi, calls attention to their destructiveness, and suggests means for their control. In the infection experiments with Chrysophlyctis, the fungus causing the black scab or wart disease of potatoes, it was found that if resting spores are subjected in November to temperatures varying from — 5° to — 6° C. for 1| hours they are able to germinate and infect sprouting potatoes at once. Further experiments showed that exposure for 4 hours to a temperature of — 5" to — 8° did not destroy the germinating power of the resting spores, and this is believed to show that winter plowing of soil infested with the disease is useless as a means of destroying the spores. Diseases of the cultivated plants for the years 1906—1908, L. Hauman- Merck and J. A. Devoto (BoI. Min. Agr. [Buenos Aires], 10 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 98-113; aJ)s. in Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. At)t., 25 (1909), No. 19-25, p. 520).— This gives a list of 43 diseases, mainly on field, forage, orchard and truck crops, distributed as follows : Phycomycetes 7 species, Ascomycetes 12, rusts and smuts 17, imperfect fungi 5, a bacterial disease {Bacillus olew) of olives, and an alga {Mycoidea parasitica) parasitic on the leaves of the magnolia. Six insect pests are noted, of which 4 are aphids, 1 a mite (PJiytophtiis vitis), and a red spider (Tetranychus). Notes on plant pathology, J. B. Pollock (Rpt. Mich. Acad. ScL, 11 {1909), pp. Ii8-5Ji). — Notes are given on Ganodcrma sessile, a wound pai'asite on the maple; Polystictus hirsiitus, a wound parasite on mountain ash; the conidial form of Sclerotinia on the wild black cheri'y ; and on the identity of the Euro- pean and American forms of Sclerotinia friictigena. The latter has been noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 23, p. 150). In addition a new species of Sclerotinia, 8- (rstivalis, occurring on old mummied apples, is described, this species differing from other species of the genus in the time at which the apothecia develop. Some Alabama plant diseases, F. E. Lloyd, C. S. Ridgway, and II. J. Chat- TEKTON {Bid. Ayr. Dept. [Ala.], No. 32, pp. 22, figs. 8). — Popular descriptions, together with suggestions for prevention, are given of the pecan disease due to Fusicladiiim effusum, fire blight of pears, apples, etc., caused by Bacillus amy- lovorus, and black rot of grapes {Guignardia hidwellii). Contribution to the fungus flora of middle Russia, A. Potebnia {Ann. Mycol., 8 {1910), No. 1, pp. 42-93, figs. 38).— This is a list of fungi, mainly parasitic, in which the groups Sphseriales, Sphaeropsidales, and Melancouiales are treated at considerable length. Researches on the loose smut of grains, O. Appel and E. Riehm {Mitt. K. Biol. Anst. Land. u. Forstw., 1909, No. 8, pp. 9-13). — This is a summary of re- cent investigations by various writers on the different methods of combating the loose smut of grains. The principal conclusions have been noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 22, p. 48; 23, p. 46). A bacterial disease of alfalfa caused by Pseudomonas medicaginis n. sp., W. (i. Sackktt {Science, n. ser., 31 {1910), No. 797, />. 553). — A technical de- scription is given of P. medicaginis n. sp., which is held to be the cause of the bacterial disease of alfalfa. Previous notes have been given regarding this disease (E. S. R., 22, p. 46). 248 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. An outbreak of club root (Urophlyctis alfalfae) on alfalfa in Bavaria, G. KoRFF iPruht. Bl. I'flnnzenhau n. Schutz, n. scr., 7 (WOU), Xo. 21. iip. 1.',7-1G1, figs. 2). — The author discusses the characters of this disease, its dissemhiation, and remedies therefor. See also other accounts of this fungus (E. S. li., 18. p. 151 ; 20. p. 845; 21 p. 549). Investig'ations on the cause and remedies for the lieart rot of th.e sugar beet, W. Krltger (Bl. ZuckerrUhcnhau, 16 (1909), No. 2Ji, pp. 369-373).— A brief history of the spread of this disease in Germany is given. The investigations carried on seem to indicate that the condition of the soil and subsoil is a prominent factor in its outbreaks. Poorly drained and nonaerated soils with a strongly alkaline reaction and certain forms of nitrogenous fertilizers were found to favor it. Turf mixed with the soil was found to decrease the virulence of the attacks. The remedies suggested are more humus in the soil and the use of a nitrogen fertilizer which when mixed with the soil will give an acid re- action. The root rot of beets, G. Liniiart (Monatsh. Landic, 1 (1908), p. 356; abs. in Bol. Centbl., 110 (1909), No. 18, p. 473).— The value of blanching and soaking the beet seeds as a means of controlling Phoma betw is discussed. The con- clusion is reached that as the fungus is found in the soil as well as on the seed coats, the seed treatment alone will not prevent the disease, l>ut that by a careful selection of the least diseased seeds and cultivation in soil free from the fungus, in addition to the usual blanching and soaking ti-eatment of the seed, a sound crop may be produced. The disinfection of beet seed, L. Peters (Mitt. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forsiic, 1909, Xo. 8, pp. 25-28). — Experiments were conducted to prevent seed infection by Phoma betce, which is considered to be the only fungus capable of infecting seedlings from diseased seed. One hundrel)hth(iruH (E. S. II., 15, p. 374), and the organism isolated resembles to a con- siderable degree B. sohmisapnis, described by Harrison (E. S. 11., IS, p. 646). The relationship between the different bacteria and the diseases they cause on the potato is not considered in the bulletin. The disease, as the name indicates, is characterized by a pronounced black- ening of the stem below ground, usually extending 1, 2, or even 3 in. above the surface. Where conditions are very favorable, as during continued wet, cloudy weather, the inky-black discoloration may be found on a portion of the stem for several inches above the ground. Such losses as have been experienced in ]\Iaine are largely contined to the killing of the affected plants before the tubers have reached merchantable size, little or no decay of the mature tubers having been observed. The organism is distributed through the seed tubers, and it is recommended that these be obtained from regions known to be noninfested. All cracked and injured tubers should be rejected and tlie others treated with corrosive sub- limate or formalin before cutting. The leaf roll disease and the bacterial ring- disease of the potato, W. von Zkdtwitz (Wiener Laiidtr. Ztff.. '>'.> (1909), Xej. SS. pp. 87N, Sl9: atant litpiid. Fresh Bordeaux mixture was found less toxic than that which had stood for a considerable time. As in the previous investigation, the author found that certain dilutions were more toxic than others, corn grow- ing in a solution of supernatant liquid of one-fourth strength, while it would not grow in a one-eighth strength solution. This is explained by the state- ineut that probably more raiiid decomposition goes on in the dilute solutions. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 253 The author decluces fi'om his experiments the following conclusion : Bor- deau mixture becomes more toxic as it becomes older, and consequently may cause damage that it would not do if used fresh. The toxic action of copper sulphate on Botrytis cinerea, H. Colin (Rev. Gen. Bot., 21 (IVOO), No. 2.'/8, i)p. 280-29J,, fig. i).— The results of a number of experiments are given on the toxic action of various strengths of copper sul- phate solution on the germination of the spores and the subsequent growth of the mycelium of B. cinerea in glucose culture media. In conducting these exi)eriments 10 series of 4 cultures each were prepared as follows: In each vessel was 250 cm. of nutritive liquid, containing at the beginning of the cultures 8 gm. of anhydrous glucose, to which was added 25, 37.5, 50, 62.5, 75, 125, 150, 250, 300, and 350 mg., respectively, of copper sulphate. The toxicity of each concentration represented was determined by the quantity of glucose remaining at the end of the experiment and by the decrease in weight of dried matter. Concentrations ranging from 25 to 75 mg. of copper sulphate per 250 cc. of culture media showed no toxic action. Even at a concentration of 300 mg. there was an appreciable growth, but with 350 mg. growth practically ceased, although some mycelium was formed. This toxic action is due to the copper, for when sulphates in the form of ammonium suli)hate corresponding to 300 mg. of copper sulphate were used in the cultures, no deleterious effect was produced on the growth of the fungus. The method of action of a new copper fung'icide, G. Perrin (BhI. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 69 (1900), No. JO, pp. S90-893).— An account is given by C. Bon- nier of investigations carried on with a soda-copper mixture to which a form of black soap was added. 'The effect of this fungicide on the conidia and zoo- spores of Peronospora viticola was especially studied. The author found that while copper inhibited the germination of the spores, the presence of soap in the mixture caused both the conidia and the zoospores to swell and burst, thus destroying them. The mixture was found to be very efficient as a fungicide. By reason of the soap, which forms a very complex combination, it seems to be more efficient than the ordinary Bordeaux mixture. It is also more fluid, easier to apply, and more adherent. It not only destroys the zoospores but is found to penetrate the parenchyma of the leaf for some distance following the development of the mycelium, and the action of the copper destroys the mycelium within the leaf. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Progress of game protection in 1909, T. S. Palmer, H. Oldys and C. E. Brewster (V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey Circ. 13, pp. 19, fig. 1). — This brief review is a continuation of the series which has been prepared annually since 1902 in order to place on I'ecord a condensed statement of the more im- portant events of each year, to indicate the progress in various lines and show what has been accomplished in protecting wild life, introducing new species, or increasing the game in public and private pi'eserves. Report of the entomologist, D. T. Fullaway (Haioaii Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. ll-'iO, ftgx. 8). — This report consists of a brief general account of the occur- rence of insect pests during the year and a synopsis of Hawaiian Aphididie, of which 9 genera and 21 species have been recognized, 4 species being described as new to science. Througli the dipping and fumigation of pineapple suckers and the liberal application of tobacco dust to the jilants, the mealy-bug (Pseudococcus hro- vicliw'i) and the scale-bug (Diaspi>s hronicUa) were kept at a minimum. 254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The chief investigations of the year were those of the insects affecting cotton, a bulletin relating to which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 58). Three species of cutworm, namely, the black cutworm, the army worm, and Spodoptera viauntia were particularly injurious to crops during the winter and spring. The army worm was found for the first time injuring rice, serious losses being reported from all the rice producing sections of the islands. At two places on Kauai, and at Kalihi, Punaluu, Hauula, and Kailua on Oahu, the damage amountpd to from 10 to 60 per cent of the crop. A tortricid moth {Anwrhia emigratellu) which attacks a great variety of soft and succulent plants, including citrus, alligator pear, guava, passion-tlower vine, tomato, etc., is rapidly increasing and gives pi'omise of becoming a serious pest of fruits. The introduction of parasites of bean weevils from Texas is said to be under way. Cultures of entomophagous fungi have been received from Florida and will be tried on destructive Coccidae. Caterpillars of two species of moth, Ciifpfoblobcs alicna and A. emigratella, were found to prevent the natural formation of pods of the algeroba, on the beans of which stockmen depend largely for winter fodder. Insect notes for 1909, O. A. Johannsen {Maine *S7«. Bui. 177, pp. 2l-lfli, pJ'<. 3). — This bulletin contains brief accounts of the insects of greatest im- portance in Maine during the season of 1909. The saddled prominent ( Hrterocampa guttivitta) though less injurious than the previous year was a source of considerable injury to the birch and other deciduous foi'est trees. Descriptions of the earlier stages are given of several of the species noted, including the spindle woi*m [Achatodcs zx'(c), birch leaf Bucculatrix (B. caimdcnsiseUa), apple leaf sewer (Ancylis [I'hoxopteris] nubectilana), a fungus gnat (Mycctobia divcrgenn), two species of crane flies ( Ctenophora apicata and Trichocera regelationis), a potato maggot {Droso- phila busckii), and a beetle {Carpophilus honiptenifi) found feeding on dried peaches. Other insects the occurrence of which is noted are Acrnbasis rvbrifascicUa, abundant on sweet fern, the fall webworm, gipsy and brown-tail moths, cigar case-liearer, lesser apple worm, the salt marsh cateri)illar and Diacrisia (Spilo- soma) virginica attacking garden crops, San Jose scale, cottony grass scale (Eriopeltis festucw), grape leaf hopper, the downy physllid of alder (Psylla floccosa), several species of Aphididiie, the grass thrips {Atmphothrips striata), a false crane fly {Rhyphus punctatus), mosquitoes, the currant fruit fly, a tachinid fly (Frontiiia arcMppivora) i)arasitic on Anosia plexippus, the bumble flower beetle (Euphoria iiida) which attacked apples in storage, a scolytid beetle (Pityophthorus conipcrdit) which mines in pine cones, shot borer (Xylcborus dispar), pine borer {Monohammus scut<'1hitu>i), and the spruce (Loptiyriis abietis) and larch {'Scmntus crichsonii) saw flies. Insects of fi.eld crops, R. H. Pettit (Michigan Sta. Bui. 258, pp. 35-8'/, figs. 51). — This bulletin is the third of a series dealing with the insects affecting different classes of crops, of which the first and second have been previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 1089; 17, p. 990). Under crop headings summarized accounts are given of the more important pests of field beans, clover, corn, oats, field peas, timothy, and wheat. Report of the department of vegetable patholog'y, W. T. Horne (Estac. Cent. Agron. [Cuba] Rpt. (English Ed.), 2 (1905-1909), pt. 1, pp. 72-90, pis. Jf). — This report includes a brief account of cane insects, tobacco insects, citrus insects, and insects affecting leguminous crops. First report of the state entomologist upon the horticultural inspection work for the year 1909 (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Hort. Colo., 1909, pp. 115-137, pis. 2).— Twelve counties in the State are reported to have horticultural inspectors. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 255 Orchard and nursery inspection law, approved April 19. 1909, together with the rules and regulations of the commissioner of agriculture relating thereto, E. R. Kone (Texas Dcpt. Ayr. Virc. 1, n. scr., pp. 11). — Au excerpt of this law. Some insect galls of Cuba, JNL T. Cook (Estac. Cent. Agron. [Cuba] Rpt. {Spanish Ed.), 1 (1901,-5), pp. 21,1^52; (English Ed.). 2 (1905-1909), pt. 2, pp. L'lS-l'iG, pis. 9). — Of the 15 forms of galls described in the first paper, 10 are formed by species of Eriophyes and 5 by species of Cecidomyia. Descrip- tions are presented in tbe second paper of galls formed by 5 species of Eriophyes, of 7 formed by species of Cecidomyia, and 3 by species of Cyuips. Notes on Termes gestroi and other species of termites found on rubber estates in the Federated Malay States, H. C. Pratt (Dcpt. Agr. Fed. MaUnj States Bid. 1. pi>. 12). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 7G4). A catalogue of the Orthoptera of Cuba and the Isle of Pines, J, A. G. Rehn (Estac. Vent. Agron. [Cuba] Rpt. (English Ed.), 2 (1905-1909), pt. 2, pp. 175-226). — An annotated list in which 195 species are considered. Of these, m are peculiar to Cuba and 25 to tropical and subtropical America, 24 are Autillean in distribution, 23 occur in South America and the Antilles. 14 occur in North America and Cuba only, and H) are circunitropiral. Some new Thysanoptera from southern California, I, D. L. Crawford (Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 (1909). Xo. -'/, pp. 100-108, figs. .',).— A genus (An- kothrips), 3 species, and 2 varieties are described as new to science. Notes on California Thysanoptera, I (Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 (1909), No. ^, pp. 120, 121). — Notes are given on the occurrence of Euthrips tritici, Tlirips tabaci, T. madronii, Heliothrips fasciatiis, and Lcptothrips aspersiis. Some Thysanoptera of Mexico and the South, I, D. L. Crawford (Pomona Join: Ent.. 1 (1909), A o. .',, pp. 109-119. figs. J,). — The genus Rhaptothrips, 3 species and 1 variety from near Guadalajara, Mexico, and 1 species from Managua, Nicaragua, are described as new to science. The apple leaf -hopper, R. L. Webster (Iowa Sta. Bui. Ill, pp. 5-32, figs, l.'f). — During the season of 1909 apple leaf-hopiiers were particularly abund- ant in Iowa nurseries, their attack resulting in the stunting of a large number of trees. The young hoppers are especially conmion on nursery stock four times dur- ing the season, viz, the latter part of May. June, July, and August, when the different generations appear. The work of the insect becomes evident through a peculiar curling of the growing tops of nursery stock, particularly of the apple stock during the month of June. " The result of au attack of the leaf- hoppers is that the growth of the new wood is shortened, the leaves grow close together on the branches, and the whole tree fails to attain the size it should in a season's growth. Consequently many niu'sery trees do not become the proper size in three years and fre(pieutly they must be left for another year to complete their growth." The winter is passed both in the egg and in the adult stages. So far as known the winter eggs are placed only in the bark of apple trees, while dur- ing the summer they are deposited in a large number of food plants in the petiole or in the larger veins of the leaves. Although the period required for the incubation of the egg has not been determined, it is shown to be at least 0 days or longer in August. In 1909 the first young were observed on May 13. Insectary records have sliown considerable variance in the time lengths of the 5 nymphal stages, technical descriptions of which are presented. About a mouth is required for the completion of the life cycle from egg to adult. In 52065°— No. 3—10 5 256 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Iowa there are four generations, counting the generation \yhich hatches from the egg early in the spring as the first. Leaf hoppers are found on foliage as late as the middle of October, although most of them are gone by that time. Tripheleps inskliosus, which attacks the nymphs, is said to be the most im- portant natui'al enemy. Occasionally larvae of the lace-winged flies attack the hoppers. A mite nymph has been found attached to the thorax of an adult hopper and an empid fly (Draijctis sp.) has been observed with its proboscis inserted in the under side of the abdomen of iiymiths. " Experiments during 19pearance. The infestation was particularly heavy during 1908 and 1009, but during the latter season many syrphus maggots were present and these seem likely to check its increase. Technical descripiions of stages of the species and of the galls accompany the accounts and a key for the separation of the several species is appended. Chermes of Maine spruces, Edith M. Patch (Psyche, 16 (1909), No. 6, pp. 136, 137). — Notes are given on the 6 species of gall-forming Chermes above noted. Aphididae of southern California, III, E. O. EssiG (Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 (1909), No. 4' Pl>- 98, 99. fl(j. 1). — Descriptions are given of the winged vivi- parous and apterous viviparous females and of the nymph of the apterous viviparous female of Chnitophonix popiilicola, which is found in considerable numbers on the young stems of Populas trichocarpa in the Santa Clara River Valley near Santa Paula. Combating' the citrus mealy bug, E. O. Essig (Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 (1909). No. .'f. pp. 89-91). — An account is given of experiments with different strengths of hydrocyanic-acid gas, which, up to the present time, has not given satisfactory results. The insect enemies of the i^est. including Crpptohrmuft vionlroiizifri. Rhhohiits rentraJU. and the l)rown lace-wing, are said to be doing effective work. Some miscellaneous results of the work of the Bureau of Entomology, IX. The woolly white-fly: A new enemy of the Florida orange, E. A. Back ([/. S. Dept. Agr., Bior. Ent. Bui. 6J,, pt. 8, pp. 65-71, pi. 1, figs. ^).— In this 258 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. paper the author px-esents an accouut of the life history aucl habits and technical descriptions of the woolly white-fly {Alcyrodes howardi), which as previously noted (E. S. R., 22. pp. 254, 752) has been found to have become established at Tampa, Fla. It occurs on several islands in the West Indies, including Porto Rico and Cuba, where it appears to be partially held in check by parasites and j)redaceous enemies. In Florida it has become well established over a large portion of the city of Tampa and eastward about two miles into Ybor City. The last brood of adults of this species has been found to be on the wing later in the year than that of either the citrus or spotted-wing white-fly, at Tampa adults having been noted by the author late in January. " Unless molested or crowded each female deposits her eggs in a complete circle, she being always on the inside. This arrangement she effects by using her mouth parts as a pivot upon which to rotate her body. Since often as many as 3 or 4 rows of eggs are present in one circle, it is evident that the female describes several circles while ovipositing before seeking a new place. Although as few as 27 eggs have been counted in a single circle and as many as 130 in a circle of 4 rows, it is probable that the larger number does not indicate the maximum egg-laying capacity, which in the case of A. citri, has been found to be 222." The larva after hatching crawls about before settling. Soon after ceasing to crawl it develops a short inconspicuous marginal wax fringe similar to that of the first instar of .1. iiubifcra. During the second instar 6 white, abdominal cross bands and a distinct white marginal fringe of wax develop. Each of the dorsal spines also secretes a long outstanding waxen rod. "After passing into the third instar the larva, except in point of size, assumes the appearance of the pupa ; the marginal fringe and abdominal secretions found in the preceding instar remain practicallj^ the same, but these are largely or wholly concealed by the long white, curling, and variously matted secretions which arise from along, but not on, the margin of the insect, giving to a leaf infested with this species a woolly appearance, which, when infestation is heavy, entirely con- ceals the insect beneath. These threadlike secretions are often twice as long as the insect itself. . . . The adult insi-ct of eifiier sex is lemon-yellow, with pure-white wings, without darker markings; the ground color of the body being ]iartially obscured by loose particles of waxen secretions. The adult resembles closely A. citri, the citrus white-fly, but carries its wings farther away from the body, thus leaving more of the abdomen exposed." A globule of honeydew which collects over the vasiform orifice, often be- coming so large as to conceal the posterior half of the body, is said to be characteristic of this species. " These globules are extremely viscid and make the handling of leaves infested with this aleyrodid very disagreeable. They collect in large numbers in the waxen secretions on heavily infested leaves and both they and the secretions become grayish and dust-laden with age. The globules frequently become overgrown by a rank growth of greenish-brown fungus resembling the hyperparasitics species attacking the yellow white-fly fungus, A^chciHonia flavocitrimi.'" The woolly white-fly has been found to infest the various species of citrus, the guava. and the mango, but the author considers its presence on the mango as probably the result of accident. The red fungus {A. aUyrodis) has been reported to attack this s])ecies in Cuba. " From ])resent indications it seems proI)able that this white-fly will be more easily controlled by fumigation than by spraying, inasmuch as when nearly mature it is very well protected from spray liquids by the secretions, mentioned above. Present indications are that during the early larval instars it is as well controlled by spraying as are the citrus and the spotted-wing white-flies, with which it is found associated." ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 259 Notes on California Coccidae, E. O. Essie, {Pomonn Jour. Ent., 1 (J!)Of)), No. 4, pp. 92-97, figfi. 7). — Notes are given on Parlatoria prrgandii, CcropJnfites cerifcrus, Chioinispis qucrrus, and Ccroputo yucca'. Spraying for the codling moth, W. E. Rumsey (West Virginia Hta. Bui. 121, pp. 121-1 'lO, /j/s. .-, pg. /)• — The author presents a short preliminary rei)ort of a comparative test made during 1909 of the so-called eastern and western methods of applying arsenicals for the codUng moth, as based on sjn-aying experiments conducted in Berkeley County on 10-year-old Ren Davis trees. Trees treated by the eastern method were sprayed on May 1.'? with Bordeaux mixture (3-5-50 fornuila) to which was added 3 lbs. of lead arsenate to each 50 gal. of li(iuid, double vermorel nozzles with a ])ressure of 100 lbs. being used in the application. A similar application was made May 2S. The third spray- ing was done on June lO. and the fourth and last on July 22. " The trees used in the western method of treatment were sprayed on the afternoon of May 12, 1909 (calyx in the same condition as with the other method) using 1 lb. of arsenate of lead to 50 gal. of water, with a Rordeaux nozzle attached to the extension rod at an angle of 45° and the pressure gage on the gasoline sprayer registering from 200 to 250 lbs." The results obtained from each method and the infestation of fruit on nnsprayed trees are reported in tabular form, the number of worms entering from the calyx, stem, and side being indicated. While the data as sunnnarized in the following talile appear to show that there was practically no difference in the results obtained, it is thought that further tests are necessary to determine definitely which is of the most value in time and money to the grower. Percciifagc of infcsfatiou of apphx hy codling niotli on sjiragcd and iinspraged trees. Western method. Eastern method. Unsprayed trees. Fruit. Number exam- ined. Per cent wormy. Ine" ^^'«™y- Number exam- ined. Per cent wormy. Dropped after Jiine 23 3,044 12, 015 2.2 2.8 2,419 6,326 4.3 2.9 4,955 5,247 29.6 Picked 38. 3 Total 15,059 2.6 8,745 3. 3 10, 202 34. 1 A great excess of calyx wormy fruit, both picked and dropped, from the eastern or mist sprayed trees over that of the western or coarse-higli pressure spraying was noted. The percentage of side and stem wormy ajiples was ap- Iiarently much greater with the western method. •• In using a coarse nozzle it was found that about twice as much material was applied as in the case of the mist spray; therefore, the amount of arsenate of lead in the material for the two methods would l)e in the relation of 2 : 3. although but 1 lb. of the poison to .50 gal. of water was used in the western method and 3 lbs. in the eastern." More time was consumed in spraying by the western method because of the necessity of taking special care to fill the calyx cujis, but since in the eastern methods several additional sprayings are necessary, it is concluded that if the western method will always give the good results obtained in this test, much time can be saved to eastern orchardists through its adoption. In this test records were also kept of the in.lury caused by the plum curculio. It was found that where the one coarse-high-pressure spray was used 12.5 per cent of the fruit was stung, and where the 4 mist sitrays were aiiplied 13.9 per 260 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cent of the apples were injured, while the unsprayed trees gave 32.1 per cent of punctured fruit. In conclusion it is stated that as a result of proper spraying to reduce injury from insects and diseases, a profit of $6,000 was obtained from a 13-acre grove of 13-year old ajiple trees in Berkeley County. An injury to pine trees in Cuba, caused by Dioryctria sp. and other Lepi- doptera, W. T. IIoknk and J. S. Houskr (Esfdc. Ccnl. Apron. \('iih(i] Rpt. {English Ed.). 2 (1905-1909), pt. 2, pp. i//7-///.9).— Serious injury to the pine trees near Herradura in del Rio province is reported. In November, 1907, nearly all of the pine trees appeared to have been affected at some time during their development, through having the central or terminal shoot killed. In some cases the central shoot was converted into a tapering rod G ft. or more in length which died and was attacked by wood-boring insects. After the death of the central shoot or leader one of the lateral branches grows out and becomes a leader, or several may grow out in this way. These secondary leaders may be attacked successively, making the tnmk so crooked that the tree has little value. The tobacco split worm, J. S. Houser (Estac. Cent. Agron. [Cuba] Rpt. {Englifsh Ed.). 2 ( 190.5-1 909), pt. 2, pp. 133-139, pi. 1).—In Cuba, attention was first directed to injury by PJithorinioea operciilella in April, 1007. It appears to be widely distributed in the island. At San Juan and Martinez, it was learned that the insect had been present in the district extending from that place west to the sea for at least 25 years, the pest being known locally as Candelilla. "'The plants upon wliich this insect has been observed feeding in Cuba are tobacco, eggi)lant, pendejera (ffolanum torvum), Holanum vcrbasci- folium, Solanum sp. (probably S. jamaicense), and the common jimson weed {Datura sji.). the list being arranged with regard to the susceptibility to attack." The wattle processionary caterpillar, AV. E. Jones {Natal Agr. Jour., 13 {1909), A'O. 6, pp. 7'/J-7.jO). — Observations on the life history and habits of this species are reported. Three parasites (2 tachinids and an ichneumon fly), and a predaceous bug keep the pest from doing any great amount of injury. The predaceous bug. a reduviid, which forms in adjacent colonies of from 12 to 20 individuals, arrives in ones and twos and remains near the caterpillars. This bug is said to be a remorseless exterminator of the cluster to which it is first attracted, remain- ing as it does until the colony of caterpillars is entirely destroyed. The relation of sex to heliotropism in the brown-tail moth, W. Reiff {Psyche, ^'' ( 19()!i), No. fS, pp. I l'>-HS). — A contribution from the entomological laboratory of the Russey Institution. Heredity of the race characters univoltinism and bivoltism in the silk- worm (Bombyx mori), Isabel McCracken {Jour. E.rpt. Zool., 7 {1909), No. 4, pp. 7.'i7-76Jf ) . — An account is given of a series of breeding experiments which extended through a period of 5 years. " It seems that as between these intra- specific characters, there is an underlying ' law of potency ' that has to do with characters as ancestral rather than with characters as parental units." Blood sucking' insects of Madagascar, J. Surcouf {Insects Piqueurs de Efadof/ascar. Tahanides. Paris. 1909, pp. ////, pi. 1 ; rev. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 {1909), No. 23, p. 1013). — This is the first part of a .systematic study of the Madagascan Tabanidje. Two genera (Methoria and Bouvierella) belonging to the subfamily Pangoniuie are described as new. Fly-borne enteric fever: The source of infection, N. Faiciinie {Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 13 {1909), No. ,J, pp. •T.sr^-.W// ) .— The author concludes that *' infection conveyed by flies' legs, natural though it may appear from all the ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 261 •experinienti=! carried out to prove its i)ossibility, is not a common, nor even a considerable cause of enteric fever, in time of peace at any rate. On the other hand, infection by the excrement of flies bred in infected material explains imany conclusions formerly difficult to accept. In a word, it is the bi-eediug (ground that constitutes the danger, not the ground where the flies feed." The rat flea (Ceratophyllus fasciatus) attacks man, J. C. Gauthier and lA. Raybai^d (Coniitl. Rend. .SV>c. Hiol. {raris], 67 ( lOOn). lYo. S7, pp. 859, 860).— Experiments are reported which show that this species sucks human blood. Thus it may play a role in the transmission of bubonic plague and possibly other infectious diseases. Snout beetles that injure nuts, F. E. Brooks {West Tirginia Sta. Bui. 128, pp. IJ/o-lSo, pis. 6, figs. JO). — This bulletin reports the results of an investi- gation made at French Creek, W. Va., that extended over a period of several years. Special efforts were made to acquire information regarding the egg- laying habits of the different species, their life histories, seasonal abundance, natural enemies, and methods of reducing or preventing loss. With the exception of the beechnut all the 27 species of nuts found in West Virginia are attacked by the larvfe of one or more of the 14 different species of snout beetles here considered. "Young walnuts and hickorynuts are fre- quently attacked soon after the blossoms fall from the trees and the infested nuts drop to the ground before they are half grown. Chestnuts, acorns, and some other varieties sustain the greatest injury as they approach maturity. It is not unusual for chestnuts that are kept a week or two after gathering to become from .50 to 7.5 per cent wormy and acorns often suffer to even a greater extent. The infested nuts ai-e rendered unfit for food and in many cases are so badly eaten that they will not germinate when planted." The normal life cycle in West Mrginia for all the species here discussed is described as follows : " Beetles issue from the earth in July and August, several weeks after blossoms have disappeared from nut trees, practically all the individuals of one species leaving the ground at near the same time. Egg- laying continues from the time the meat in the nut begins to form until the nut is full-grown. Eggs hatch in fi'om one to two weeks. Larvae feed on the kernel of nuts, some species reaching full growth before or near the time the nuts drop and others maturing much later. Full-grown larvte leave the nuts through large, circular holes which they eat in the shell. The larva, after leaving a nut . . . peneti-ates the .soil for an inch or more where it fashions a small cell . , , in which it passes the winter unchanged. In June, July, and August the larvae change to pupae in which stage they remain for two weeks, more or less, and then transform to adults. They remain in their cells as adults for .several days, or, often, until a warm rain softens the earth, and then emerge and go to the trees." There are some exceptions to this rule, however, as occasionally individuals of at least 2 species, the chestnut weevil and the confused acorn weevil, will change from larvie to adults, either late in the fall or early in the spring, and issue from the ground in May. "Another departure from the normal life cycle is the case of a small percentage of larvte which remain for two years in their cells in the earth and then transform to beetles and issue from the ground in company with those that develop from the previous season's generation of larvae." The larger chestnut weevil (Bnlaninus proboscidcus) , the largest of the nut weevils, is one of the most aliundant and destructive species. It attacks chest- nuts and chiufpiapins. laying most of its eggs early in the season so that by the time the rii)e nuts droi) from the trees the full-grown larvae are abundant in the nuts. 262 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The cliestnut weevil (B. rectii.'i) deposits most of its eggs a short time previous to the dropping of the nuts from the trees. The shellbark is the only native hickory that is attacked extensively by the hickorynut weevil (B. carycE) in West Virginia, and this variety is seldom injured more than 20 per cent. Other varieties, such as the pignut and mockeruut are often destroyed to the extent of 50 to 75 per cent of the crop. Injury by the hazelnut weevil {B, ohtii.su.s) varies from 5 per cent to one-half the crop. The common acorn weevil (B. fjiiercus) is the largest of the weevils attacking acorns. The mot- tled acorn weevil (B. tuisicii.s) was found to be the least common of all the acorn infesting weevils, wliile the straight snout acorn weevil (B. orthorjin- cJius) has been restricted to biennial oaks. The sooty acorn weevil (B. bacilli), the confused acorn weevil (B. cotifusor), and the spotted acorn weevil (B. pardaliis) are also considered. Two s])e(ies of curculio attaclc walnuts and hickorynuts, often causing a heavy drop of the innnature nuts. These are the walnut curculio {Conotraclie- lus juglaiiilis) and the hickory curculio (C. affinis). Two acorn cui'culios, the larger acorn curculio (C. iiaso) and the smaller acorn curculio (C. jjosticaliifi) are also considered. A braeon parasite (TJrosigdJjilnifi arnifitus) is one of the most important insect enemies of these beetles. A smaller braeon parasite, known as .S /f/ »//*/(». s" curciilioiiis was reared in abundance from the larvte of the hickorynut cur- culio and in lesser numbers from those of the walnut curculio. Other natural enemies mentioned are three species of ants {Lasius alictia, Aplnenogaster aquia, and Solenopsia debilis), 2 parasitic flies (Metadexia hasaJis and Myo- phasia cenea), the larva of a click-beetle, and the nymph of Podisus nidcini- ventris. The short tailed shrew is considered as perhaps the most important enemy. While these pests are difficult to deal with, it is said that very satisfactory results are l)eing obtained by a few persons who are producing and handling nuts on a large scale. Remedial measures mentioned are fumigation of the nuts with carbon bisulphid, destruction of infested nuts, cultivation of the soil about nut trees, and trapping the beetles by hanging twigs covered with dead leaves to the branches and on the body of the tree about the time the beetles are most abundant. Some insects injurious to truck crops. The life history and control of the hop flea-beetle, W. B. Parkek (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 82, pt. .',, pp. 33-^s, pis. 2, figs. 10). — This is a report of investigations of the hoj) flea- beetle (I'siflliodcs piinctuluta), conducted in British Columbia during 1909. A general account of this pest including the results of investigations made by H. J, Quayle in 1908 have been previously noted (E. S. R., 21. p. 154). As beetles confined in cylinders oviposit from li to 2 in, below the surface of the soil and eggs were also found in the field about li in. below the sur- face, it is concluded that this is about the average position in which they are deposited. Eggs buried in moist soil in the laboratory and in the hopyard hatched in from 19 to 22 days. The length of the larval life was found to be about 35 days. " This insect does not form a distinct pupal cell, as is the case with some other coleopterous larvae, but when full-gi'own ceases to feed, con- tracts greatly in length, and enters a long somnus, the prepupnl stage. The larva remains in this stage from 11 to 14 days, and then transforms to a true pupa with free appendages." The true pupal stage lasts on the average 16i days. "After the adult has emerged from the pupal state, between 12 and 24 hours are required for col- oring and, perhaps, as much longer for it to work its way out of the soil. Beetles which appeared to be not over 4 days old were found in copula and, ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 263 judging from these very unsatisfactory data, about 0 days would be required for the beetles to become fully mature. . . . When ready to oviposit, the female works her way down into the soil until she reaches the moist layer, where she lays her quota of eggs. . . . Beetles captured in copula and confined in vials laid from 4 to IS eggs." The ongovity of the beetle is said to be quite variable, several lots of newly emerged insects dying within a week, while an individual from a lot collected ^Lay 11 lived until August 22. From 3 to 6 weeks is thought to be the average. Any soil with a moderate moisture content appears to be favorable for the growth of the larvae, the texture having no influence whatever upon them. The species has been observed feeding ujion a large number of plants. Labo- ratory experiments showed a difference in the food ])lants preferred by beetles captured on hops and those collected from mangels. " During the spring and early summer the beetles fed upon the shoots and tendei- buds and ate holes the size of a pin head in the leaves. ... In feeding ui»on the hop plants, the beetles dug small i)its in the shoots, which when the attack was severe caused the death of the stem. In the fall the beetles climb the trellis poles and ci-awl along the vines until they reach the hoi) cones, of which they are very fond. When the beetles appear in large numbers they will devour a plant com- pletely." There are two distinct Itroods of beetles in the Chilliwack and Agassiz valleys. One emerges in the early spring and the otlier in the latter part of July or the first part of August. About .S4 days is said to be required for the comple- tion of the life cycle. Hibernation connnences with the arrival of cold weather, the beetles crawling into the first favorable place that is found. In 1909 the first beetles observed emerged March 9. The maximum number, how- ever, did not appear until April 15. Beetles collected between June 10 and 14 are said to have I)een killed in large numbers by a bacterial disease. " The larva of one of the Carabidse was quite plentiful in the soil, and under laboratory conditions was observed to feed voraciously upon the flea-beetle larvre. Two species of centipedes were also numerous, but oidy one was observed feeding upon the larvae. Control measures are considered under the headings of tarred board or sticky shield, tarred sledges, banding with tanglefoot, destruction of hibernating bee- tles, Boi-deaux mixture, Bordeaux-tobacco extract, tobacco dust, impractical measures, sju-aying, traits, and cultivation and fertilization. These measures were tested during the spring and summer, the apiilication of tanglefoot and under some conditions the use of the sticky shield proving to be the key to the flea-beetle problem. At the time the vines are ready to train, the beetles may l>e greatly reduced in numbers so that the vines can reach the strings by the use of the sticky shield or the heavier tarred board. "After the vines are trained the beetles are readily controlled by the use of tanglefoot bands. These bands should be renewed on the vines, and the trellis poles should also be banded at the time that the vines are tied in and stripped, or just before the appearance of the second generation. These tanglefoot bands form a perfect barrier to the insects. Even though the beetles are present in very large numbers they can not reach the upper parts of the hop vines, which can therefore i)roduce a crop without molestation. In order to starve the beetles the yards should be well ably does sometimes interfere with the looks of a fancy pack of early fruit. Often the fruit of a badly infested ti'ee is small and does not matui-e properly." Experiments with tobacco sprays indicate that while they kill the mites touched, repeated applications during the summer are necessary to keep the pe.st in check, as the eggs are not destroyed and many mites escape the spray. Ex- periments show that flowers of sulphur, 1 lb. to 3 -gal. of water with enough soap so that the sulphur will mix with the water is a perfectly effective remedy, when used as a summer spray. Oil sprays seem to penetrate the eggs and de- stroy them better than the tobacco extracts, but are unsafe to use with water strongly impregnated with alkali. Lime-sulphur applied when the trees are dor- mant has no effect upon the eggs, but appears to kill the young mites as they hatch out. T. bimaculatus is the only red spider of importance in western Colorado. Its injury is similar to that of the brown mite. In many cases small fruits have been damaged severely ; raspberry, currant, and gooseberry bushes are thought to have been the greatest sufferers. The leaves are sapped of their vitality. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY, ■ 265 turn yellow and drop early, while the fruit is small often not maturing suffi- ciently to be salable. The mite passes the winter in the ground, within 10 ft. of the base of the affected trees, and usually near to the trunk. The eggs are deposited chiefly on the under surface of the leaves. In 1909, hibei'nation be- gan as early as August 9, myriads of the mites being found in the ground at Palisade on that date. The lace-winged flies and a small black species of lady beetle (Seymmisi puiic- tum) are mentioned as natural enemies. The sulphur spi-ay as mentioned for the brown mite is recommended for use in comI);iting this pest in summer. Arachnida of Cuba, N. Banks (Estac. Cent. Agron. [C»6rt] Rpi. (English Ed.), 2 (1905-1909), pt. 2, pp 150-11.',, pi. /).— In this paper 100 species are re- corded from Cuba and 10 others have previously been recorded from the island. Of these species 16 are described as new, 5 of the new forms being among the daddy-long-legs. The author believes that 200 or 300 species will be found in the Island. Fumigation scheduling, C. W. Woodworth (California 81a. Circ. 50, pp. 2-',, figft. l.'i, cliarts 3). — The author first discusses the development of methods for determining the tented space as re(piired in the fumigation of citrus fruit trees. If the tent or tree is calculated as a regular figure, the volume may be reckoned from any combination of any two of its four dimensions except the circumference and diameter. All of these dimensions may be determined optically from the ground except the circumference, and all of them can be measured directly. The author refers briefly to direct measurements, which may be made l)y pacing, by the use of a pole, or by a tape. The distance over the tree is con- sidered to be best secured by graduating the tent and making it in effect a tape. Optical methods are based upon the comparison of similar triangles and de- pend upon the fact that the sides of such triangles are exactlj- proportional to each other. Four methods are suggested as available for optical measurement. These consist in the application of the principle of the photo camera, the magic lantern, displacement mirrors, and direct vision. Two methods of direct vision are recommended for use. one. more accurate for experimental work, the other very rapid for practical fumigation. The first or so-called accurate method depends upon the use of a tape to measure the distance from the tree to the scheduler. The apparatus used consists of a sighting diagram, and a specially graduated tape reading in oiuices. A dif- ferent diagram is required for each different basis of calculation. " The proc- ess of measuring a tree when done by one person consists in attaching one end of the tape to the nearest point on a tree or tent, then backing off until the width of the tree just fills the diagram. If the top of the tree also corresponds, the graduation on the tape indicates the oiuices that should be used. A series of marks on the diagram indicates the amount to add or subtract for high or low trees." The most convenient means of holding the chart at a constant distance from the eye is by the use of a light wire around the hat band, the end of the wire being bent into a hook against which the chart will I'est when mak- ing an observation. The apparatus u.sed in the second or so-called rapid aiethod consists of an arrangement for holding at a constant distance from the face a loop or steel wire, which can be so bent as to conform with the shape of the tree, being adjustable both for height and width. In order to obtain uniform readings with this instrument, it i.s necessary to hold the chart at a constant distance from the eye as with the so-called accurate method, and one must also stand at a uniform distance from. the tree to be measured. In the two methods of measurement described, a difference iu dosage is provided for in the adjust- 266 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. ments of the instrnments niwl a difference in the basis of calculation by using different tapes or charts. Attention is called to the fact that leakage is a prime factor in determining the relative amount of cyanid to use in tents of different size and that there may be other important factors, such as absorption of gas by the plant, to be considered. The area basis in which a 20 ft. tree receives 4 times the dose of a 10 ft. tree, which was first suggested by the California Station is thought to be as safe a basis to adopt as any until our knowledge of the matter is further advanced. The linear basis in which a 20 ft. tree receives twice as much as a 10 ft. tree is, however, made use of l:»y a majority of the fnmigators in California. Descriptions of the methods of calculation, graphic calculation, use of the chart for calculating direct measurements, heights and breadth, distance over and around the tent, and directions for graduating tapes, etc., follow. The circular concludes with an account of adjustments and the errors to be guarded against in the two method:.. Preparation and use of concentrated lime-sulphur, J. P. Stewart (Penn- st/lrdiiia il(^ them to perform their duties in an etticient manner. This conclusion is suppoi-ted by the fact that they buy considerable quantities of cakes, etc. . . . "It is a common mistake to suppose tliat, on an average, men eat more or less food according as they can afford it. The main deterniining factor is un- doubtedly the amount of physical work they perform, and the soldier is no ex- ception to this rule. If he is workt^ hard he nuist have more food, and in times of extra exertion certainly requires on an average more than 4.0(X) cal- ories, to prevent gradual loss of strength and efficiency. "As the result of their inquiries, the committee believe that, taking into account the extra food which the British soldier is now well able to buy when he requires it, he receives, during peace, sufficient food; and as far as could be judged from visits to Aldershot, Tidworth, Cardiff, Halifax, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Ilounslow, and Reading, and the examination of the different articles given in the messing accounts, the quality and variety of food are satisfactory." It is stated that the committee has not thoroughly studied the question of war rations, but the data summarized regarding the minimum ration allowance of the British Army in South Africa show that it supplied 13S gm. protein, 105 gm. fat, 528 gm. carbohydrates, and 3,903 calories. " For men constantly engaged in marching and fighting a I'ation amounting to . . . about 4,500 calories would be needed, to judge from available data. The amount of physical work done during war varies considerably, however, and possiblj' the British war ration, which has apparently been fixed as the result of considerable practical experience, would prove sufficient. On this point further observations of a more definite character than those at present available are, wc think, needed." Among the recommendations of the committee regarding the preparation and inspection of canned meat, the following are quoted : " The amount of fat in tinned meat should be 10 to 15 per cent." " There should be a definite relation between the weight of a fin and the weight of its contents, irrespective of whether the weight of tlie latter is ' nominal ' or ' actual.' " The present practice of dating the tins should be continueil ; . . . the tins should be painted, not lacquered, and ... no paper labels should be allowed. " Sample tins should be examined after they have been incubated for a fortnight at 37° C." Beport on an analysis of tinned meats as supplied to the army, W. W. O. liKViaarKao (In Third liciiort of ('(Hiiiniltcc on I'lii/siolofnrdl hjffcviH of Food, Training, and Clothing on the Soldier. London: Gt. Brit. War Off., 1908, pp. lo-.'tS; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 13 (IVOih. No. 1, pp. S2-0.'i, fig. i).— An examination was made of a number of samples of tinned meat designed for army use, the composition and the amount of nitrates and heavy metals present being determined as well as the general character of the goods. In age the sanq)les ranged from 1 month to 5 years and 7 months, and included roast beef and mutton and corned beef and mutton. Report on further analj^sis of tinned meats, W. W. (). Biovi-RiDdK (In Third licport of Coniniittre on I'hysiologicdl Kffrctx of Food, Training, and Clothing on the Soldier. London: (It. Brit. War Off., tftOH, pp. ')2-r,(i; Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 13 (lOOD), No 3, pp. 325, 326" ) .— Twel ve sanq)les of canned roast beef, 7 samples of canned roast mutton, and 9 samples of canned corned mutton were analyzed and the maximum, minimum, and average figures rei)orted. 268 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. A report on the further analysis of compressed corned beef as supplied at the present time to the army, W. W. O. Beveridge (In Third Rei)ort of Com- mittee oil ■ Physiological Effects of Food, Training, and Clotliing on the Soldier. London: Gt. Brit. War Off., 1908, p. J/S). — A sample of compressed cooked corned beef was examined. Determinations were made of the proximate con- stituents and the different nitrogenous constituents. The tat was especially studied, tlie usual constants being determined. Bacteriological report, C. E. P. Fowler (In Third Report of Committee on Phijsiologieal Effects of Food, Training, and Clothing on tJte Soldier. London: Gt. Brit. War Off., 1908, pp. 49-51; Jour. Roij. Army Med. Corps, 13 (1909), Wo. 3, pp. 323-325). — In connection with the work rei^orted above, bacteriologi- cal studies were made of .5 samples of camied meat, 3 of the cans being "blown." From one of them an organism was isolated having the charac- teristics of Bacillus pittrificus coll. " It nuist have been present in the meat before packing, resisted the process of sterilization, and survived with very slow growth under the strictly anaerobic conditions present. "The vitality of these spores is considerable, as they will resist boiling for one or two minutes." The same organism had probably been present in one of the other cans examined, according to the author, having " survived for a certain time and then died out." [Experiments on canning- meat], W. W. O. Beveridge and H. B. Fawcus (In Third Report of Committee on Physiological Effects of Food, Training, and Clothing on the Soldier. London: Gt. Brit. War Off., 1908, pp. 57-72, dgm. 1).— Two papers are included in this report. In the first paper are given the results of studies as to the penetration of heat into the substance of the meat in tins during sterilization. A ther- mometer was inserted into the interior of cans of meat which were heated under conditions approximating those followed in processing canned goods. From a consideration of the recorded experimental data, the authors point out that " when tins of meat of identical size and shape are immersed in fluid boiling at a certain temperature, there is considerable variation in the length of time re(iuired for the center of the meat to reach a given temperature. The cause of this is somewhat uncertain. Each experiment was carried out in an identical manner, so that the cause must have been in the tins themselves. It is probable that the ra,te of penetration of the heat is influenced by the amount of fat present in the meat. The percentage amount of this is found to vary con- siderably in different tins. The fact of the meat being tightly or loosely packed, and the condition of the vacuum present, may also favor or retard the penetration of the heat." In the second of the two papers included in this report the thermal death point and the optimum temperature of growth were studied of the bacillus isolated from blown tins of corned meat referred to above which is apparently identical with Bacillus cadaveris sporogenes of Klein and B. putriflcus coli of Bienstock. The general conclusions drawn from the investigation follow : [B. cadatieris sporogenes], although found nonpathogenic to animals, decom- poses tinned meats and renders them quite unfit for consumption. Therefore processes of sterilization of tins of meat must be used which will destroy the spores of this bacilluB. "The optinuun temperature of growth of this bacillus is blood heat (.37° C). "At this temiierature inoculated tins of meat become rapidly decomposed, but this decomposition is not necessarily made apitarent at once by the presence of gas in the tin. Blowing of the tins often does not take place within a fort- night, even at this temiierature. Tins of meat contaminated with the spores of FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION. 269 this hacillus could be kept at temperatures of 22° and under for many months, without showing any signs of blowing. If, however, such contaminated tins, although apparently sound when examined in this country, were exposed to a leuu)erature such as is likely to be met with in the Tropics, they would rapidly become decomposed." " To ensure complete sterilization, the temperature of the medium surround- ing the tins, must alw^ays be above 112°. The lowest temperature of the sur- rounding Iluid which will completely sterilize the tins, within a reasonable time, is 120°, and this temperature must act for uot less than GO minutes. "From the two experiments recorded with a fluid boiling at i;>0°, it would appear that even then at least an hour would be required to ensure the death (.f these very resistant spores. We are aware that the above results do not tally with the usually accepted idea of the thermal death point of spore-bearing bacilli, but we would point out that experiments have not before, to our know- ledge, been made with this particular bacillus. "The experiments were carried out with evei*y available precaution against error and repeated often enough to ensure accuracy." Report on the nature and causes of the blackening' of the interior of tins, W. AV. O. Bevhriijge (In Third Report of Voiinnittvv on Plufsiolofiicdl Effects of Food, Training, and Clothing on the Soldier. London: Gt. Brit. War Off., 1908, pp. 73-79; Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 13 {1909), No. 3, pp. 326-332).— Experi- mental studies were made with a view to determining the cause of the discolora- tion of the interior surface of tin cans, particularly those containing meat. According to the author. " the discoloration of the interior of tins containing moist foods, which have been sterilized by heat, varies from a mere browni stain here and there to complete blackening, and, in cei'tain cases, actual erosion of the metal. " The discoloration is insoluble in water, alcohol and ether, and is not vol- atized by heat. It is soluble in mineral acids, and to a large extent by alkalis, such as sodium hydroxid. In many cases some of the greasy discoloration will be found to be soluble in ether, paraffin, or glycerol. From chemical analysis the blackening may be said to be due to : (1 ) Sulphid of tin ; (2) sulphid of iron ; (3) oleate of iron." From his investigations he concludes that " except in cases where the contents of the tin are blackened by contact, or w^here there is actual erosion of the metal, the discoloration of the tin is probably not in any way deleterious to the con- sumer, nor has it any injurious effect upon the food itself. "Except in the case of bacterial fermentation, a high temperature, above 110° C, appears to be essential. " In putrid samples of tinned meats, blackening and erosion of the metal can easily be accounted for by bacterial fermentation, caused by anaerobic spore- bearing bacilli, which forms large quantities of H-S mercaptan bodies and acids, these reacting on the tin form sulphids of the metals. " Perfectly fresh meats having an acid reaction may be sterilized at even a high temperature (120 to 130° C.) without causing blackening of the tin. " Where alkalinity of the food exists, from being tainted or from having become so during the pickling process, and where the heat of sterilization is carried too far. much blackening of the interior is liable to result. "Acidity of the contents, except where it exists in a high degree, does not cause the same amount of discoloration as in the case of foods having an alka- line reaction. " Excess of fat, combined with a high degree of heat in the presence of superheated steam, is responsible for a certain amount of discoloration. 270 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. " Much blackening of the interior of tins of meat might be regarded as in- dicating, in some instances, tliat the food was not in a perfectly fresh condi- tion before sterilization, and that the uiannfactnrers in consequence employed higher temperatures during sterilization than ordinarily used, with a view to insuring etlicient sterility." The manufacture of food products, J. E. Richelet (Bol. Min. Agr. [Buenos Aires], 11 {1909), l\o. 7, pp. 657-6S(J). — The manufacture of different sorts of canned goods, the preservation of meats, the use of preservatives, and similar questions are considered. The milling' and baking qualities of Indian wheats. II, Some new Pusa selections tested in 1909, A. and G. L. C. IIowaku {A(jr. Research. Inst. Pusa [lit(]ia\ Bill. n. pp. 2'i). — The report includes data on the composition and bread maliing qualities of a number of varieties of Indian wheats, and dis- cusses the wheat industry of India and the importance of producing improved varieties. The effect on the market prices of establishing detinite grades is also con- sidered. Flour and bread making-, R. Harcourt and Miss M. A. Puunv (Ontario Dept. Af/r. Bui. /s'O. pp. J/O, figs. 9). — In this discussion of flour and bread mak- ing the results obtained at the Ontario Agricultural College are summarised as well as other data. Circumstances influencing the quality of wheat, the milling and quality of flour, leavening materials, chemical changes which take place in bread making, composition of bread made from different kinds of flour, and similar topics are discussed, and recipes are given for making bread and pastry. Mycoderma infection of baker's yeast, W. Henneberg and M. P. Neumann (Ztschr. Spiritiisindus., 33 {1910), No. 2. pp. 13, l-i; aljs. in Cliein. Ztg., 3^ (1910), A'o. 25, Re pert., p. 101). — Numerous biological analyses of press yeast showed that .50 to SO per cent of the yeast consisted of Mijeodernia eererisiw species. From the experiments made it is concluded that such a mixture of wild and cultivated species can not be employed for making bread. The chemical composition of figs, R. Paladino (Bioelteni. Zlsclir., 2Jf (1910), No. 3-5, pp. 263-265). — Tlie author reports the composition of fresh figs ( Ficiis ctirica), both flesh and skin, and of dried figs. Nonalcoholic beverages, G. Ambijhl (Jahresher. Kantonseliem. Ht. Gallen, 1908, p. 21; abs. in Ztschr. Utersuch. Nahr. ii. GenussmtL, 19 (1910), No. 6, pp. 3'i9, 350). — Data are given regarding the composition of a so-called milk champagne made from sweetened and flavored skim milk and a beverage made from the material remaining after wine distillation. Flavoring extract of vanilla, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 201, pp. 9).— This report is based on the examination of 77 samples, pur- chased throughout Canada. In the absence of a legal standard for vanilla flavoring extract in Canada, the author does not think that opinions regarding the samples can be expressed. Food inspection decisions (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Food Insp. Decisions 119, p. 1; 120, p. 2). — These two decisions have to do, respectively, with the use of shellac and other gums for coating chocolates and other confections and with the labeling of Ohio and Missouri wines. The board is of the opinion that the practice of coating chocolates and other confections with shellac and other gums is not a proper procedure under the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act, since such coating will not only conceal inferiority but as a rule the gums are dissolved in alcohol some of which must necessarily permeate the product. " Evidence further shows that one of the reasons for adding the coating is that the goods may be held for a longer time. FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION. / 271 Tho exposure of confections for a long while before use is not advisable nor desirable." Notices of judg-nieut (U. K. Dcpt. Ayr., Notices of Jinl(jincnt id'J, />/>. 2; 270-271, pp. 5 each; 272, pp. 2; 273-27 /,, p. 1 each; 275, pp. 2; 27G-277, p. 1 each; 278-279, pp. 2 each; 2S0, pp. 3; 281-282, p. 1 each; 283, pp. 3; 28Ji, pp. 7; 2SU. pp. 2; 288, p. 1; 289, pp. 2; 290, p. 1). — Tliese notices of judgment have to do with the adulteration of sardines and desiccated egg; the misbranding of maple sirup, salt, a drug product, cottee, vinegar, cane and maple sirup, and honey, and the alleged misbranding of danderine; and the adulteraticm and misbranding of maple sirup, vinegar, black pei)per, lemon flavor, lemon powder and orangeade powder, powdered milk, and molasses. Studies of protein metabolism in children, 1'. Grosser (Biocltcm. Ztschr., 2.'i (1910), No. 3-3, pp. 3ff6-353). — An infant 7 mouths old and a 4-year-old child were snb.iects of the experiments reported. The author concludes that in the case of children the nitrogen metabolism is not affected by the amount of water taken and that tCe metabolism of nitrogen may be regarded as repre- senting protein metabolism when the experimental period is sufficiently long and the results not deduced from too limited observations. Experimental studies of the effects of temperature upon the digestive power of gastric and pancreatic juice, H. Koeder {Biocheni. Ztschr., 2-^ {1910), No. 6, pp. -'i9(l-o20, (J(/nis. 2). — From his experimental studies the author con- cludes that the digestive power of pepsin and trypsin has a direct relation to temperature, increasing to a temperature of over 40° C, the optimum being 50 to 55° rather than 40° as has been previously claimed. Pepsin, trypsin, and ptyaliTi exposed to very low temperatures, i. e., liquid air, lost their digestive power. The author also considers the temperature i-elations of human gastric juice in comparison with that of a dog. The protecting effect of colloids in the digestion of casein and fat of milk, J. Alexander (Ztschr. Chcni. it. Indus. KoUoidc. 6 (1910), No. 'i. pp. 197-201). — The author has summarized and discussed a considerable amount of data sup- plementing the article previously noted (E. S. R.. 23. p. 12). [Beriberi in the Japanese army] and hygiene concerning food and drink, W. C. P.RAiSTED (In Report on the Japanese Naral Medical and Sanitary Fea- tures of the Russo-Japanese War to the Surgeon-General, U. S. Navy. Wash- iugton: Govt., 1906, pp. -'i3, .'I'l, 77, 78). — The relation between beriberi or kakke and the eating of large quantities of rice is discussed and data summarized showing the disappearance of beriberi after the improvement in the army and navy ration, particularly with reference to the use of larger amounts of protein. The rei)ort, which was the result of a personal study of the subject in Japan, also contains a large amount of data regarding sanitary and other topics of special interest from the standpoint of medicine. Notes on rations of different armies in peace and war, W. G. Macpherson (In TJiird Rcjiort of Conunittee on I'liysioloyical Effects of Food, Training, and Clothing on the Soldier. London: Gt. Brit. War Off., 1908, pp. 82-10 J ).— A compilation of data regarding rations of tho French, German, United States, Japanese, Spanish, and Italian armies. In a number of cases the nutrients and energy in the ration b.ave been calculated by Pembrey. Some analytical data arc also reported. Composition of emergency rations, W. W. O. Beveridge (In Third Report of Committee on Physiological Effects of Food, Training, and Clothing on the Soldier. London: Gt. Brit. War Off., 1908, pp. 80, ,S7).— Analyses are reported of ;i samples each of two sorts of emergency i-ations. 52005 '—No. 3— 10 6 272 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Report upon clothing- and equipment, A. Keogh et al. (In Fourth Report of Committee on Physiological Effects of Food, Ti-aining, and Clothing on the Soldier. London: Gt. Brit. War Off., 1D08, pp. 3-10; Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, IS (1909), No. 5, pp. 592-603) .—In tliis article the results of a number of tests are reported of the effects of the new and the old army equipment. Loss of moisture, increase in weiglit of the clothing, body temperature, pulse rate, and similar factors were studied with men on the march. The investigation as a whole has to* do with the effects of clothing and other equipment upon these factors. Second report (on the physiological effects of marching) of committee on physiological effects of food, training, and clothing on the soldier, A. Keogh ET AL. {London: Gt. Brit. War Off., 1908. pp. 2i).— The effect of clothing of different kinds, external temperature, and other factors were studied with reference to muscular work, i. e. marcliing. Interim report (on the physical training of recruits) of committee on physiological effects of food, training', and clothing on the soldier, A. Keogh ET AL. {London: Gt. Brit. War Off., 1908, pp. 11). — The old and new methods of army training are discussed with reference to physical efiicieucy and related questions. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Studies with Sudan III in metabolism and inh'^ritance, O. Riddle {Jour. Expt. Zoo/., 8 {1910), No. 2, pp. 163-1 8'i). — The author has here summarized previous results obtained in feeding Sudau III and reported further experi- ments. Laying hens were fed Sudan III in gelatin capsules, dissolved in egg yolk, butter, or animal fat, and by enclosing small lumps of the stain in pieces of bread. The results were very similar in all cases. The stain was introduced into the bodies of chicks and rabbits by feeding and by injection of its solution in a mixture of oleic acid and alcohol. A widely variable quantity of the solution was injected into the peritoneal cavities of these animals; also into brachial veins of the chick, and ear veins of the rabbit. In feeding turtles the stain was made into capsules with butter and placed in the stomach by means of forceps. With the fowls and rabbits the stain was deposited in the growing ova. Fowls heavily fed on Sudan III, for even a day or two, usually showed a red- dish color in all their adipose tissues, but most prominently in subcutaneous and peritoneal fat. When the stain was fed to newly hatched chicks the feathers took up the stain and became distinctly red in color. Only traces of the stain were found in the somatic tissues of turtles. Rabbits ingested Sudan III more slowly than fowls, but upon continuous feeding red-colored fat became visible in all parts of their bodies. "While in the body, Sudan III clings at all times to the fats or their constituent fatty acids, and so goes quite me- chanically wherever these particles go; it is indeed, attached to them." "The stained fat may appear in the mesenteric lymphatics as soon as 70 minutes after feeding. Perceptil)le amounts may be deposited on the periphery of growing ova one or two hours later. . . . Fat stained with Sudan is ap- parently less available to the organism than is unstained fat. . . . "The significance in inheritance of our experience with Sudan lies: (1) In the fact that here we get — through relatively accurate knowledge of the properties and physiological behavior of this anilin dye — a clear picture of how particles of the food or soma become a part of the germ or new generation ; (2) in the emphasis which it lays upon the fact that the normal constituents of the egg have a comparable history; (3) in the seemingly perfect parallel ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 273 which it offers in explanation of the ialieritaiice of immunity, etc.; (4) and tlie i)ossible light which this extremely simple form of inheritance may throw upon the mass of developmental and inlieritance phenomena which seem to be of a much higher order of complexitj^" A l)il)lioj;raphy of the subject is appended. Coloration of the milk in lactating animals and staining' of the growing adipose tissue in the suckling' young, S. li. and Susan 1*. Gage {Aiiat. lice, ,)' (J'JO'J), Ao. -'/, 1)1). 20 J, 20 i).— A continuation of earlier work (E. S. K., 20, p. 1170). The adipose tissue of half-grown white rats showed a pink coloration within 5 days from the time the stain Sudan III was given in the feed. Contrary to expectations, newly born young of rats and guinea pigs did not show traces of the stain that had l)een mixed with the mother's food during gestation, which is proof that it did not pass through the placenta. At the end of 8 days after birth young rats showed an abundance of pink adipose tissue and the milk tilling the stomach was so pink tliat it showed through the stomach wall. [Studies on the development and the pigmentation of feathers], O. Riddle {Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol Lah. Woods Hole, 12 (1007), No. 3, pp. 165-171,, figs. 3; Ut (1908), Nos. 3, pp. 163-176, figs. 2; 6, pp. 328-370, pis. J,, figs. 5).— These studies relate chiefly to the development of the feather, the structural differ- ences between pigmented and nonpigmented areas of feathers, and the causes of pigment distribution. The different types or defects in the structure of the adult expanded feather are thought to be due to a reduced nutrition caused by a daily lowering of the blood pressure. The rate of growth varies greatly in different feather tracts of the bird. " In a Plymouth Kock it was, in the primaries, secondary coverts and body coverts, 4, 2.25, 1.75 nnu. daily resi)ectively. In general, the rate bears a rather definite relation to the ultimate length of the feather; and is less at the proximal than at the distal end of the feather. . . . "The ring dove shows a still more rapid feather growth. Seven mm. of growth in 24 hours has occasionally been recordetl in the rectrices of these birds. The average for these birds is, rectrices 5 to G mm., primaries 5 to G mm., upper tail coverts 4 mm., primary coverts 4 mm. It will be recalled that this is also the order of frequency for the ai)pearance of the defective areas in the various feather-tracts. This and kindred observations establish beyond doubt that the frequency of appearance of obvious fault-bars in feathers is directly related — one might say proportional to the rate of growth." "Under starving conditions the rate of linear feather growth is not affected until the third or fourth day; after this the rate falls rapidly (doves). Fault- bars can be readily produced experimentally by reduced feeding; by the feed- ing of the fat stain Sudan III, which seems to 'tie up' certain foods; by very strong mechanical crumpling sufficient to break the tissues and blood vessels; and by lowering the blood pressure with amyl nitrite. . . . Previous results showing that the lowest (daily) temperatin-e of birds occurs in the early hours of the morning (1 to 5 a. m.) have been contirmed. . . . The fundamental bars furnish the starting point for all evolutionary studies on the color-charac- ters of birds." Further contributions to the theory of heredidty, W. WiiiNBEiui (Arch. Reriods the liens were killed, so that it is not known exactly how many eggs they were capable of laying. Comparative weights of beef cattle, J. A. S. Watson and E. Harrison ( Itnrdrr's (!(i:.. .77 (1910). \/>. 1072, 1073).— The average age. weights, and gains iicr day in tli(» dilferent classes of jnire bred beef cattle, shown at the Internationa] Live Stock Expositions for 1907, lOOS, and 1909. are presented in tabular form. 276 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The average weight of aged bulls was as follows : Shorthorn 2,297 lbs., Here- ford 2,222 lbs., Angus 1.963 lbs., and Galloway 1,868 lbs. ; of aged cows, Short- horn 1,820 lbs., Hereford 1,691 lbs., Angus 1,541 lbs., and Galloway 1,426 lbs. ; of 2-year-old steers. Shorthorn 1,617 lbs., Hereford 1,639 lbs., Angus 1,571 lbs., and Galloway 1,437 lbs. Rating the Shorthorn figures at 100, the relative weight of the other breeding stock was Hereford 96.2, Angus 89.9, and Galloway 82.9. The following conclusions are drawn : " In general, animals of the beef breeds kept in high show condition reach half their final weight at something over 400 days or about 13* months. They reach 75 per cent of their final weight at an age of something over 750 days or about 25* months. Females approach their final weight somewhat faster than do males but the greater weight of the male is attained by greater daily gains being longer sustained than in the case of the female. In comparing the rate of growth in weight in the different breeds it will be seen that the Angus approaches its full weight more rapidly than does the Shorthorn. This is true in both sexes. The Hereford figures corre- spond closely to those of the Shorthorn in males and to those of the Angus in females; in other words, the earlier maturity of the female as compared with the male would appear to be accentuated in this bi'eed. The numbers of Gallo- ways are small and the ages do not in general correspond closely to those of the other breeds, so that the figures shown are less trustworthy. Contrary to expec- tation they show that the Galloway approaches its full weight faster than the Shorthorn and probably faster than the Hereford." On comi^aring these figures with the weights of show steers at the Smithfleld Show it was found that the English steers were considerably heavier. This was due in part to the tendency of the British feeders and breeders to show none but the choicest animals and in part tp a difference in showyard ideals. Carrying range steers through the winter. Sugar beets for fattening steers, W. L. Carlyle and G. E. Morton {Colorado Sta. Bui. I.!i9, pp. 3-15, figs. 2). — Grade Hereford steers fed only during the third winter made an aver- age gain of 235 lbs. per head during this time. The average weight when fin- ished was 1,146 lbs. each, and they were valued at $5.75 per hundredweight. Those fed the second and third winters gained 361 lbs. per head the third winter, weighed 1,407 ll)s., and were valueil9-.'i.'i5). — In this bulletin, feeding trials which have been con- tinued for 2 years are reported in which concentrated feeds rich in protein were substituted for oats in rations for work horses used at the station. The principal pouits considered were the health of the horses, degree of spirit maintained, ability to endure haid w^rk and hot weather, maintenance of weight and flesh, and economj' of the ration. The breeds of horses used were Shires, Clydesdales, and Percherons. In all cases, practically the same amount of protein, carbohydrates, and fat were fed in each ration. Timothy hay was fed a greater part of the time. In the first experiment, corn and oil meal 10:1 constituted the grain ration for 1 lot, but when this was found too laxative it was changed to corn. oats, and oil meal 12:4:1, which gave excellent results. During a period of 100 days, this ration cost 2?> cts. per head per day as contrasted with a ration of corn and oats which cost 24.6 cts. per day. The weights of the hor.ses varied from week to week but this could be tracetl directly to the nature and amount of the woi-k. A comparison of gluten feed and oil meal for 91 days indicated that for horses that relish gluten feed, or with gluten feed having a more palatable flavor, as good results could be expected from its use as from an amount of oil meal fur- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 279 nishiiiff the same amomit of protein with the ration, but there is no advantage in using it when a more palatable feed is at hand. When cotton-seed meal was contrasted with oil meal for 154 days, the daily cost of feed per horse was only 0.1 ct. higher with the cotton-seed than with oil uieal. In a final test of 77 days, the 2 rations gave very uniform results, but on the whole the cotton-seed meal gave more satisfaction. The ration contain- ing it was fully as palatable and as efhcient in maintaining the health and weight of the horses. It was less laxative and with cotton-seed meal at $30 per ton a little cheaper. Among the conclusions drawn are the following : " The health, spirit, and endurance of work horses were the same when fed corn with a moderate amount of oil meal, or gluten feed, or cotton-seed meal, as when fed a corn and oats ration supplying a similar nutritive ratio. The ration of corn and oil meal maintained the weight, flesh, and appearance of the horses fully as well and with less expense than the one of similar nutritive value composed of corn and oats." The sheep of the Carpathian mountains, C. de Beruosak (Bui. Mens. Off. Rensrig. Agr. [Parii^'i, 9 Hi) 10), No. 2, pp. l.'i5~lGl). — This gives an account of the sheep industry in the mountain region of northeastern Hungary. The Raclva sheep, a native dairy breed, the chief characteristic of which is hardiness, averages about 73 liters of milk during the pasture season, from which about 10 kg. of cheese are made. Details of making this cheese, called " lipto," are given. The wool, which is of poor quality, is sheared twice each year, yielding a total clip of about 1 kg. per head. The author also reports his experience in importing improved breeds of .sheep from Friesland which, when crossed with the natives, improve the quan- tity and quality of wool and increase the yield of milk. r Swine husbandry in foreign countries], W. W. Ballantyne et al. (Ottfiwa: Govt., 1910, pp. 60. pis. 21, figs. 6).— This is a report of the Canadian connnission appointed to investigate the swine breeding of other countries. The countries visited were Denmark, Holland, England, Scotland, and Ire- land. The methods of feeding swine and curing and marketing pork products, as practiced in those countries, are reported in detail. It is pointetl out that for successful swine raising in Canada more cooperation is necessary among producers in selling their products. The erection of coopei'ative packing houses is reconunended. How to keep hens for profit, C. S. Valentine {Ncxd York, 1910. pp. IX-\- 298, pis. 16). — A practical book on poultry, in which the importance of the poultry industi'y to the nation is discussed, and the l>est methcds of breeding, feeding, and managing fowls are given in detail. Special attention is given to American i)reeds of fowl and the Indian Runner duck. [Ostrich industry in Uruguay]. F. W. GoniNr: (.l/o. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [V. .v.], 1910, No. 35.5, p. 8.'/).— The consul at Montevideo reports that the nandu, or native ostrich, has recently decreased to such an extent that the government has taken steps to protect it. This species of ostrich (Rhea americana). which is easily tamed and domesti- cated, is a native of I^ruguay and Argentina. It resembles somewhat the African bird but is smaller, of a mixed gray color, and has 3 toes. When mature the birds weigh from SO to 100 lbs. each and are about 5 ft. in height. The eggs average 2 lbs. each and i*equli'e 40 days for incubation, which is done by the male. Each bird yields about 000 gm. (1.32 lbs.) of marketable feathers, worth fi-oni .$.3.10 to .$0.20 per kilogram in Montevideo. In lOO!) nearly 2.1,000 kg. (.")r>,000 li>s.) was exi»orted to France, (iermany, Spain, and the United States. 280 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Experiments with milking machines, X. (). IIofman-Bang {Ber. K, Vet. og Landbohojskoles Lab. Landokonom. Forsog. [Copenhagen], 68 {1910), pp. 79. figs. 3). — The experiments were conducted with the L.-K.-Gillie milking ma- chine on the Ourupgaard dairy farm during the seasons 1907-S and 190.S-9. Four uniform lots of 10 cows and 4 heifers each were used in the first season's experiments, when two of the lots were milked by machine and two by hand during an experimental period of about SJ months. One of the hand-milked lots was stripped by hand after having been machine-milked, while this was not done with the other lot until after 42 days from the beginning of the period when it was deemed necessary to do so on account of the decrease ia the milk yield of the cows. In the second season's experiments 4 lots of 14 head each were formed, namely, 2 of aged cows and 2 of heifers ; one of each of these was milked by hand and the other by machine. In this experiment the new Thule teat cup was used, which seemed to render it unnecessary to strip the cows after they had been machine-milked. The results of the experiments showed that nearly the same amounts of milk were, in general, obtained by either method of milking. For the aged cows, however, hand milking appeared to give a small increase over machine milking, while the opposite was true for the heifers. The chemical composition of the milk was not affected by the method of milking ado])ted. No special ditli- culties were met with in operating the machine, and the cows stood quietly dur- ing the process of milking. The great difference in the ease of milking different cows and heifers by hand was found to be not nearly so pronounced by machine milking. The results obtained indicate that one 'man with two machines (milking 4 cows) can do about the same work as three hand-milkers, and can milk 50 to 60 cows in 2 to 2^ hours. The bacteriological examinations of the milk drawn by the machine and by hand showed that machine-drawn milk may have a lower bacterial content than that of milk drawn by hand if both the machine and the teats of the cows are kei)t scrupulously clean. Care in keeping the teats clean is especially important from the fact that bacteria in dirt adhering to the teats are likely to be sucked into the milk pail with the air and will tend largely to increase the bacterial content of the milk. Comparative experimients with cream separators, N. O. Hofman-Bang and P. y. F. Petersen (Ber. K. Yet. og Landbotiijjskoles Lab. Landokonom. Forsog [Copenhagen], 70 {1910). pp. 125+86, pis. 3, figs. 11, dgms. 6).— A critical study was made of the various factors that influence the separation of cream by cen- trifugal force imder i)ractical creamery conditions. The report gives a full description of the three power separators used, viz, (A) Alexandra, (B) Per- fect-Glgant (patent Knudsen), and (C) Alfa Laval, Al, Model 1910, all of about 4,500 lbs. per hour capacity, with diagrams and illustrations, and de- scribes in detail the various phases of the investigation. The average percentages of fat as determined by the GottJieb method in the skim milk for all comparative trials were for separator A, 0.07G, B, 0.066. and C, 0.068. The average percentages of fat for the three skimming temperatures adopted were 0.061 at 75° C, 0.069 at 55°, and 0.076 at 35°. By varying the amount of cream obtained between 7 and 20 per cent it was found that the larger the percentage of cream the better skimming resulted. With 7 per cent of cream there was O.OSS per cent of fat in the skim milk, with l.S per cent, 0.068, and with 20 per cent, 0.065. The normal amount of milk run through the separators was about 4,000 Danish pounds, but the amount varied between 3,500 and 4,500 lbs., the average results for 3,500 lbs. being 0.067 per cent of DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 281 fat in skim milk, for 4.000 lbs., 0.009. and for 4,500 lbs., 0.071. The influence of tbe speed of the separator on the skimming is shown by the findinLC of 0.064, 0.067. and 0.074 per cent of fat in the skim milk, respectively, when the separa- tors were run at 10 per cent above normal speed, normal speed, and 20 per cent below normal, this being the average for all. three se]iarators and skimming temperatures. When the position of the cream screw remained the same, changes in the skimming temperature and the fat content of the milk caused but little varia- tion in the percentage of cream obtained, but changes in the speed and the amount of milk seitarated caused considerable variation, increasing with larger amounts of milk separated or with lower speed. Sejiarator C was most sensi- tive to these changes, and B least sensitive. The changes to which the per- centage of cream is subject on account of changed speed or amount of milk separated tend to counteract the changes in the skimming efficiency which would otherwise appear, and they can sometimes wholly counteract these so that it may appear as if an increased speed or a smaller amount of milk sepa- rated gives a poorer skimming, and vice versa. Trials on the influence of the fat content of the milk on the skimming showed that under otlierwise similar conditions more fat will remain in the skim milk from rich milk than fi-om ]ioor milk, but not proiiortionately more, and that rich milk is therefore skinuned relatively better than milk low in fat. The yield of butter obtained did not increase in quite the same proportion as the closeness of skimming, so tliat there appears to be a limit beyond which it is useless to carry the clean skimming if cleaner churning is not obtained at the same time. The trials made, however, show that tliis limit has not yet been reached, and it is tlierefore important in practical creamery work to skim as clean as possible. In order to determine whether tlie separators under investigation worked satisfactorily as compared with those found in most Danish creameries, analy- ses of skim milk from the daily run in 426 creameries were made, and these ranged between 0.030 and 0.310 per cent, averaging 0.094. The difference be- tween this percentage and the average for the three separators (0.070) repre- sents about 1,000 lbs. of butter annually for an aA-erage sized Danish creamery. Cream separators deliver the m.ilk mixed with more or less foam. Separator A gave 45 per cent of foam, B 40, and C 37, on the average for all skimming temperatures. The higher the temperature the more foam, and at .35°, 55°, and 75° C, 35, 40. and 46 per cent of foam, respectively, was found in the skim milk; at increased, normal, and decreased speeds, 44, 42, and 3S per cent of foam, respect ivel.v, was obtained. During the skimming, slime collected in the separators, but under normal conditions all three makes finished a whole rnn without its being necessary to clean them, and it was found that the slime did not affect the closeness of the skinuuing. Even when the bowls were so filled with slime that tlie percentage of cream was increased to about three times noi'mal, the percentage of fat in the skim milk was not increased above normal in the case of any of the separators. The power required for running the three separators was 2.3S. 1.34. and 1.30 H. P. for A. B. and C. respectively, at normal speed and capacity, but as creameries can utilize fully all waste steam during the time the separators are running the loss of heat on account of a high power requirement of a separator can therefore only be estimated at about * lb. of coal per H. P. hour. All the separators ran smoothly, and there was no appreciable wear on their bearings after 20 months' service. For sejiarator A tbe inertia with respwt to the peri^endiculur axis was 12 per cent larger than that with regard to an axis 282 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. at right augles to tliis; for separator B 14 per ceut was found in the same way, and for C. !J per cent. The smoothness of the run of the separators was furthermore determined by direct touch, and scored on a scale of from 0 to 15 points, the numbers 10 to 15 being considered excellent. As the averages of 5 scorings, separator A received 12.8, B, 12.9, and C. 14.2 points. By changing the 15 upper plates for 15 others taken at random at the factory stock rooms the steadiness of the run was not affected for any of the separators. Variations in cream tests, C. H. Eckles {2Ii/^souri Sta. Cirr. 37, pp. 13-lG). — This is a circular of popular information which discussej? the causes of variation in the percentage of fat in separator cream. Report of the dairy institute at Hameln, V. Vieth {Bcr. Milchu-. Inst. IlameJii, 1909, pp. 39). — Trials of cream separators, comparisons of the Gerber and Gottlieb methods for testing milk, data on butter and cheese making, and related matters are reported. Conservation of energy and its relation to the dairyman, W. J. Fraser {lUinois tila. Circ. IJ/S, pp. 2-26, Jig. 1). — An address read before the Illinois State Farmers' Institute, Febi'uary 24, 1910, in which attention is called to the great waste of energy caused by shiftless methods of ignorant and indifferent dairymen. Facts and figures are cited to show the great differences in profit between good and poor dairy cows. Report of Ostergotland County cow-testing associations, 1908—9, K. A. Westman {(jstrrfpitlands Ldns Hushalh Siillsk. UanclJ., 1910, 37o. 1, pp. 7/8). — Fifty-six .different associations were in operation at the close of the year and 46 during the entire year, rei)resenting 809 herds and 22,502 cows, or 20.8 per cent of the total number of cows in the county. The results obtained in the feeding and testing of the different herds are given in detail. Breeding centers for cattle, J. Ekelund {McddcL K. Luiidtbr. Styr. [Sircdcn], 190S,, Xo. S (137), pp. 362+yiI). — The report presents detailed results of the state competition for the production of milk and butter fat by pure-bred Swedish dairy cows of the mountain, Ayrshire, and lowland breeds during the years 1904- 1905. This competition w^as arranged for by the government under regulations dated August 28, 1903, which stipulated that the individaal cows in herds se- lectetl as " breeding centers " were to be regulai'ly tested as to the production of milk and butter fat and their feed consun)i)tion detevmined. The owner was required to test the herd with tuberculin annually and to offer for sale bulls in the herd between 1 and 2 years old to the numbor of at least 10 per cent of the cows in the herd. The prizes offered for the herds found best suited to form breeding centers ranged between 300 and 1.000 krone and aggregated 9,000 krone (about !f;2,400) annually for the 2-year competition. The yields of the individual cows in the various herds for the years 1904 to 1908 are also given in the report. The production cost of milk in the Stockholm district (Nord. Mcjrri Tidn., 25 (1910), Xo. 13, pp. /.'/7-7.'/.0).— This study of the data furnished by Swedish cow-testing associations shows that the cost of producing 1 kg. of milk under the conditions prevailing in East Central Sweden amounts to 4.70 (ire (1.1 cts. per quart). The various factors influencing the cost and the average yields of the cows in the testing association are discussed in some detail. Cows fed on cactus, W. Sinclair (Rural New Yorker, 69 (1910), No. J/O'/S, pp. 601, 602, fi(/- (5, their ration consisted of hay, grain, and corn silage. In 1900-7, 2 additional rams were added to the experiment. During this test, one of the rams receiving hay and grain died under the experiment. After May 15, when the feeding ended, they were turned on pasture for the summer, all apparently remaining in perfect health. In the fall one of the 3 which received mangels was slaughtered, an examination showing the organs to be noi'mal in all resi)ects, and no calculi being found. During 1907-S, 2 i-am lambs were added to the exi)eriment, the 0 animals being divided into 3 lots of 2 rams each. 'All animals were fed on a ration of 1.1 lbs. of corn daily in addition to all the hay they would eat. After the lirst 20 days one lot was fed sugar beets in addition to the hay and grain, and, similarly, a second lot received mangels. The roots were increased during the next 40 days to 17.0 lbs. daily besides corn and some hay. . . . The ex])eriment began December 14, and ended April 9, and included daily examinations of feed, urine, and feces. At the end of the exi)erinient 1 animal from each lot was slaughtered. A small calculus was found in Ibr kidney of the sugar-beet fed ram. The kidneys of the mangel-f<'d ram were enlarged, while (lie kidneys of the ram receiving hay and grain only were normal." 284 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The foriuatiou of a calculus in the sugar-beet fed ram led to a reiiotitiou of the experiiiieut during 190S-9, the number of rams being increased to 42. A control lot of 11 received hay and grain ; 9 received hay, grain, and corn silage ; 11 received hay, grain, and mangels ; and 11 received hay, grain, and sugar beets. The feeding began September 11 and ended April 14. On January 31, a ram of the sugar-beet fed lot died after being sick 1 day ; several calculi too large to pass through the urethra were found in the bladder. On February 11, a ram of the mangel-fed lot died after being sick 2 weeks ; the bladder from this animal was lost, but the kidneys were found to be very soft and friable. February 18, a ram of the sugar-beet fed lot was killed after having been sick for 2 days ; the bladder was found ruptured, highly inflamed, and containing many small calculi. On April 11, a second ram of the sugar-beet fed lot died after a short illness, many small calculi being found in the bladder. Thirty-tv\^o of the 36 rams remaining were sent to the packer in Des Moines on April 21, examinations of each carcass and viscera being made at the time of slaughter. The result of this examination is summarized in the popular edition of this bulletin, noted below, as follows: "The kidneys of all the hay and grain fed rams were normal. The bladders of 5 of them were normal, while in the other 4 the bladders were slightly affected. The hearts of all these rams were normal as well as were the livers, gall bladders, and other organs. Of the hay, grain, and ensilage fed rams 6 showed all internal organs entirely normal. In one of the others the kidneys were slightly affected, while the remaining ram showed a slight affection of the bladder. All other organs were normal. Of the 8 rams receiving hay, grain, and mangels, every one had the bladder and kidneys more or less affected, while many of them suffered from affection of some of the other internal organs as well. The same was true of the 7 rams that had been fed hay, grain, and sugar beets. One of these showed a large number of calculi in the calyces of the kidneys." The 4 rams remaining which had been fed in stalls, and whose feed, feces, and urine had been examined for a period covering 100 days were slaughtered at Ames. Their viscera showed the same results that had been obtained from the other rams. The 2 hay and grain fed rams had normal bladders, kidneys, hearts, and gall bladders. A mangel-fed ram had an enlarged bladder and enlarged kidneys with loose capsule. The kidneys were mottled and stained, (Tf soft texture and pale color. The heart and gall bladder were enlarged. A sugar-beet fed ram showed an enlarged ulcerated bladder, and enlarged kidney containing a small calculus, and an enlarged heart and gall bladder. The effects produced by adding sugar beets or mangels to a ration of hay and grain are discussed at length as to the digestibility and retention of dry matter, the gains made, the dressing percentages, the composition of the body, and of individual muscles, the organs of the body, the kidneys as to the large excretion of water and solids, the general progress of the disease, and the metabolism of nitrogen. Notes on the experiments follow. A summary and conclusions are considered in the popular edition noted below. Do mangels and sugar beets cause kidney and bladder stones? (loicn Sta. Bui. 112, jxjp. cd., pp. 3-11, figs. .'/). — The summary and conclusions drawn from the investigations above noted are ivesented in this edition. " While mangel-fed rams digested 11.10 per cent more dry matter than the dry-fed animals, they retained only 3.32 per cent more. That is. they lost through the kidneys 8.47 per cent more of the dry matter taken into the liody than did the dry-fed rams. In the same way the sugar beet-fed rams lost 3.80 per cent more dry matter than did the dry-fed rams. This increased loss of dry matter is due to the leaching effect of the inci'eased amount of water contained in the roots. VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 285 "The following comparison is based on the gains made in 1908—9 by the lots of 9 rams each that \A'ere fed over a period of 215 days. The daily average gain by the lot receiving hay, grain, and mangels was 0.292 lb. ; by the lot re- ceiving hay. grain, and sngar beets, 0.291 lb.; and by the lot receiving only hay and grain 0.229 lb. 'The sugar beet-fed rams dressed 5.80 per cent higher and the mangel-fed rams 3.85 per cent higher than did the dry-fed rams. " The first influence of feeding roots on the composition of the body is to facilitate the deposition of fat in the tissues. . . . "Almost without exception the vascular system of the rams receiving sugar beets and mangels wiis affected. The bladders, kidneys, hearts, and gall blad- ders were enlarged or otherwise alfected. In most of the organs and often in the muscular parts of the body there were hemorrhages due to the breaking down of the capillaries. " Because of the large amount of water contained in the beets and mangels — over 90 per cent — the animals eating them excreted large amounts of urine. This urine carried with it increased amounts of salts — urea, phosphates, etc. The first apparent eli'ect of this increased activity of the kidneys was an in- crease in their size. This was accompanied by a softening of the texture, paling of color, and loosening of the capsule. The kidneys were " soggy " to the extent that often with little effort they could be pinched in two between the thumb and finger. As the kidney tissue was broken down, it offered nuclei on which the phosphate salts could crystallize, forming small calculi. Many of these were too large to pass from the kidney, and were cemented together to form larger ones. Others passed into the bladder, irritating it greatly. As these stones accumulated and increased in size, they finally obstructed the urethra, thus preventing the escape of the urine. As a result the bladder be- came distended, highly inflamed, and was finally ruptured." The conclusions drawn are as follows : " Sugar beets and mangels favor the formation of renal and urinal calculi, or kidney and bladder stones, when fed to breeding rams. It is very probable that these roots have the same effect when fed to ewes, or to cattle. In view of the fatal results often attending the formation of these stones it would seem inadvisable to feed sugar beets and mangels to breeding animals. There is no particular danger in feeding sugar beets and mangels to fattening animals, as the calculi are not likely to develop sutficiently during the fattening jieriod to cause serious results." The production of calculus disease in breeding animals, L. G. Michael (Berlin. Klin. Wchn.schr., J,7 (1910), No. IS, pp. 580-582, firjs. -J).— This account relates to the investigation noted above. The enzyms of the mammary gland, W. Grimmer (In Festschrift Otto WalUuh. Gottingen, 1909, pp. 452-466). — Investigations of extracts made from manunary glands of the sheep, bovine, goat, pig, and horse indicate that no soluble peroxydase exists under normal conditions, and that where this is pres- ent a pathological condition usually exists. Peroxydase is bound to the cell elements and. can only be obtained by destroying the cell membrane mechanic- ally. No difference in regard to peroxydase exists in the resting or secreting mammary gland. Animals yielding milk i)oor in or free from peroxydase had peroxydase in the glandular tissue. Catalase was also present in a large num- ber of the glands and this exogenously. The greatest amounts were found in the mammary glands of the pig and horse, while the minimum amount was in the lactating gland of the cow. Aldehyde<:'atalase. reductase, and hydrogenase could not be detected in either the lactating or nonlactating glands, and from this the author assumes that these enzyms have a bacterial origin when present 286 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD, in the milk. Salolase was found in all lactatinj^ and some nonlactating glands. See also a iirevious note ( E. S. II.. 121. ji. 574). Biological proteid difEerentiation with rats and mice, K. Trommsdorff (Arh. K. (Jii>idhtmmt., ^i (lOOV), No. 2, pp. 560-567; ahs. in Bioclicin. ZcntbL, 9 (1909), No. 7-8, p. 382). — From this work it appears that it is possible sharply to differentiate the proteid of the rat from that of the mouse by both the pre- cipitin and the complement binding reactions. The anaphylaxin test was not specific. From this it is evident that the mouse and rat are not so closely related biologically as it is generally assumed. About the action of imm.urie sera, E. Weil and H. Braun (Folia Serol., 3 (1909), No. 7, pp. 271-275; 'Jhs. in Biocltcm. ZcnthL, 9 (1909), No. 7-8, pp. 361, 362). — Immune sera are divided into two classes, namely, those which become inactive on treatment with bacteria and those in which the protective action remains unchanged. To the first class belong those which attack bac- terial substance in the same manner as do the bactericidal and the bacterio- tropic sera,- The second group of sera produce no change on the bacterial sub- stance, only reacting toward the secretion products of the bacteria and there- fore being antitoxic and antiaggressive. Detection of antigens and antibodies by the deviation of complement, A. MosES (Mem. Inst. Osicaldo Cruz, 1 (1909), p. 109; abs. in Zentbl. Biochcm. u. Biophys., 10 (1910), No. 4, p. iS8).— The author was able by the aid of the complement binding reaction with numerous cases, among them being two cases of spirochetosis of chickens, to detect the antigens and antibodies. With hydro- phobia, variola, and chicken plague the results were in most instances negative. Experiments with vaccine, variola, and ovine, L, Voigt (Ztschr. Infektions- l-nnilc. II. IJi/fj. JIaiisticrr. (j (1909), No. 2, pp. 101-116, pis. 5; abs. in Berlin. TicriirzU. Wehnschr., 26 (1910), No. 20, p. /,10).— The results are given of numerous experiments with sheep, monkeys, goats, pigs, and rabbits, in which the author was able to verify Bollinger's belief that vaccination with a foreign variety of pox protects the animal against subsequent attacks of the pox peculiar to the animal itself or against foreign varieties of pox, but does this only incompletely. Variola in the monkey had the symptoms common to man (rash, etc.), but was milder in degree. Cattle, sheep, and goats reacted toward variola in the same manner as does the rabbit, i, e., localized fever-free areas of papules, macules, and pustules. The goats and sheep are only partially protected against variola by vaccination. The severer form of variola in the pig, con- trary to the general belief, was not observable. With vaccine the localized areas of fever with the accompanying skin manifestations could be found in the pig and monkey, while with cattle, sheep, goats, and rabbits the skin mani- festations were present without the fever. A'accine with the sheep and goat produced only incomplete immunity against a following infection with ovine. Likewise, ovine did not protect completely against subsequent infection Avith vaccine. The effect of Pasteur's anthrax vaccination on the meat and milk of the animal, N. Axtoxi (Ueber den Einflus.s der Puxteiir'schen MilzbrnndsrJnitzini- pfunijen auf Fleisch und Milch der oeimppen Ticre. Inaug. Diss. Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 31). — I'rotective vaccination has no effect on the meat of vaccinated animals. Anthrax bacilli could not be detected microscopically or culturally in either the organs or extracts of the muscles. The findings with vaccinated goats, cows, and sheep were similar, and in addition vaccination had no per- ceptible effect on the offspring. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 287 Combating' aphthous fever, H. J. Lovink (Tijdschr. Vceartscnijk., 36 (1900), Xo. I'i, pp. 861-816; ahs. in Ann. Med. V^t., 59 {1910), No. 3, pp. 168- 170). — ^An account of the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease in Holland. Ticks and the piroplasms of hedgehogs, W. L. Yakimoff (Centbl. BakL [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 52 {1909), No. 4, pp. 472-.'/77, pi. 1).—A new species of Piroplasma found to occur in the district of Sarotov, Russia, in the blood of 16 of the 25 hedgehogs {Erinaccus europccus) examined, is described as P. nincnse. The hedgehogs were found to be highly infested with the nymphs of the tick Dennacentor reticu^atus, which in the adult stage transmits equine piroplasmosis (E. S. R., 22. p. 685). Attempts to infect colts with this new Piroplasma through the application of adult ticks bred from nymphs taken from infected hedgehogs, and through injections of blood from infected hedge- hogs, failed. Similar results followed the injection of blood into several species of small animals. In addition to the hedgehog, the field mouse was also found to serve as a host for the nymphal stage of D. rcticidatus. Experimental attempts to infest horses with piroplasms from hedgehogs, A. WiNOGRADOFF and W. Yakimoff {Bid. Epizoot. Zemstvo Sarotov [Russia], 1908, No. 11; ahs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 {1909), No. 23, p. 1032).— This ac- count relates to the studies above noted. Invectigations of intra-uterine infection in tuberculosis, W. Klein {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 9, pp. 205-208; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 23 {1910), No. 1, pp. 7-'t-79). — The subject is here reviewed at some length and investigations reported. '' Material from the liver, lungs, and spleen of 13 apparently healthy fetuses of more or less badly affected cows was inoculated into 117 guinea pigs. In each case the placenta was also tested as to the presence of tubercle bacilli by experimental inoculation. Not a single guinea pig of the whole number be- came tuberculous. In 2 cases in which the cotyledons contained tubercle bacilli guinea pigs inoculated from the corresponding fetuses remained healthy. . . . Material from 14 apparently normal pig fetuses and 58 guinea pig fetuses, including some of the placentas, was inoculated into 181 guinea pigs, and in only 4 fetuses (from a single female) were tubercle bacilli discovered. . . . '*The frequency of placental infection can be judged by examining the sta- tistics of the slaughterhouses in Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg, where it is customary to slaughter new born calves and calves only a few days old. At Kiel during the period 1895-1898, 21,858 calves under a week old were slaughtered, and of these, 138, or 0.63 iier cent, were tuberculous. At Flens- burg from 1899-1906, 24,822 calves were slaughtered, with 179, or 0.72 per cent, diseased. At Schwerin from 1894-1903, of 48,449 calves slaughtered, 103, or 0.21 per cent, were tuberculous. The percentage varies between 0.21 and 0.72, depending upon the varying prevalence of the disease among the adult cattle. ... In Prussia only 0.15 per cent of calves slaughtered are tuberculous. . . . The relative frequency of fetal tuberculosis in cattle is therefore mainly ascribable to the peritoneal tuberculosis, which is so typical of the disease in cattle. . . . Intra-uterine tuberculous infection in cattle is not of extraordhiary rarity, as it is in tbe human subject, and it occurs much more frequently tban the extreme opponents of P>aunigarten"s theory suppose." Detection and significance of tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood, ScHNiTTEK {Deut. Med. Wclinschr., 35 {1909), p. 1566; ahs. in Hiig. Rundschau, 20 {1910), No. 10, p. 536). — This is a description of a method which was em- ployed in 34 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, of which 17 were in the third stage of the disease, 9 in the^second, and 8 in the first. Tubercle bacilli were 52065°— No. 3—10 7 288 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. found in the circulating blood in only the second and third stages, and then not in every instance. About the complement binding reaction in tuberculosis, ^^I. Laub and J. NovoTNY {Wiener Klin. Wchnschr., 1009, No. 31, p. 110-^; abs. in Biochem- CentbL, 9 {1909), No. 7-8, p. 36S).— Tests were conducted for the purpose of determining the value of the complement binding reaction for diagnosing tuber- culosis. The antigens employed were Koch's old and new tuberculins and Paltauf's tuberculin. On the basis of the findings of the experiments the authors conclude the i-eactiou is " nonspecific." Tembladera, an affection of herbivorous animals in the region of the Andes, H. Rivas and C. Zanolli {Rev. Faciilt. Agron. y Yet. La Plata, 2. ser., 5 {1909), pp. 160-184, pis. 6; abs. in Berlin Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 16, p. SlfO). — A fungus, Endoconidimn tembladerce, which develops on grass {Festuca hieronymi) has been found to be the cause of a toxic disease of stor'li in South America. This affection, known as Tembladera. is met with particu- larly in the Andes region from northern Argentina northward. Horses, cattle, sheep, and goats are affected. A contribution to the knowledg'e of Aujeszky's disease, Kern (Kozlcni Osszehasonl. Elet es Kortan Korebol, 8 {1909), No. 3-4, p. 108; abs: in Rev. Gen. MM. Y6t., 15 {1910), No. 112, pp. 208, 209).— This disease, also known as infectious bulbar paralysis, although not rare in Hungary or Croatia does not appear to have been reported from other countries. Several cases observed in Croatia are here reported upon. On a farm where the disease was epizootic 3 bovines, 2 dogs, and a cat died within a period of 4 days. The author is of the opinion that the virus is transferred b.y some blood-sucking insect. A contribution to the etiology of infectious bulbar paralysis, Hutyra {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 7, pp. 149-151; abs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 23 {1910), No. 1, pp. 91-93).— Previous to 1902, when its etiology was demonstrated experimentally by Aujeszky, infectious bulbar paralysis had been unrecognized or confused with rabies. The affection is manifested during its very acute course principally by symptoms of pharyngeal paralysis and intense irritation of various parts of the body. Since 1902, the disease has been observed repeatedly by Hungarian veterinary surgeons at different places and in different species of animals, no less than 21 cases having been seen during 190S at the clinic for dogs and cats at Budai)est. Balas ascertained that the disease was the cause of an enzootic among rats at a public abattoir and at the same time he saw a cat affected with it, which led him to suppose that there was a causal connection between the disease of dogs and cats on the one hand and the death among rats on the other. During the course of an outbreak among cattle in Gyor. inoculation experi- ments were made which showed that rats had died from the same affection. The author concludes that either the two species of animals contracted their illness from the same source or that an animal of the species first attacked transmitted the disease to the other species. While it is thought that rats may be agents in the dissemination of the disease, the manner in which the infective agent is transmitted to animals of different species still remains to be determined. Simple notes on the common cattle diseases of Bengal. D. Quinlan {Dept. Agr. Bengal, Quart. Jour., 2 (1908), No. 1, pp. -JJ-JW). — The diseases noted are rinderpest, foot-and-mouth dise;ise, anthrax, and hemorrhagic septicemia. The histological changes in the kidneys of bovines with nephritis, M. W. G. Becker {t.ber die liistologlschcn ^ vrdndcrungi ii dvr Nicrc dcs Ri)idcs bei Ne- phritis. Inaug, Diss. Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 23). — The results are given of a veterijStary medicine. 289 histological exauiinatioii of 35 cases of kiduey affections other than pyelone- ;)hritis. The anthor divides the cases on the basis of his findings into acnte nonpuru- lent and metastatic purulent nej)hritis. The first group is again subdivided into glomerular nephritis, the acute with small celled infiltrations, ])arenchy- uia'ous, and hemorrhagic. Further classifications which are given are those with edema and chronic indurative nephritis. Contributions to our knowledge of immunization against swine plague, 11. E. E. Beoll {Bcitrdgc zur linmunisicning gcyvn Schwcincscuche. Inaug. Diss. Univ. Bern, 1908, pp. 2Ii). — This work has to do with investigations of various methods which have been proposed for immunizing against swine plague. From the results with young pigs it is noted that the preliminary intra- abdominal injection of killed bacteria and the subsequent injection of living bacteria (according to Beck and Koske's method) predisposes to swine plague and does this before immunity can be attained. Intra-abdominal injections of killed bird bacteria and the preliminary treatment with living bacteria did not yield good results. A high degree of immunity was obtained against animals artificially infected by vaccinating with bacteria which had been heated for 20 hours at from 52 to 55° C. Autolysates as used by Titze and according to Con- radi's method are not regarded as practical on account of their great degree of toxicity. The best results were obtained against artificially infected animals with extracts which were not filtered and which were obtained by centrifuging and subsequent sterilization with oil of mustard. Experiments in regard to immunizing against swine plague, R. Bassenge (Ztsclir. E.rpt. Path. u. Thrr., 6 {1!>0!)), No. S, pp. 689-G9.'i; abs. in Biochem. ZentU., 9 (1909), No. 7-8, pp. 362). — The author produces a glycerin paste from substances obtained from bouillon cultures of the Bacillus suiseptictis by the aid of agglutination, centrifuging, and shaking out, which is capable of producing immune bodies. From the tests it appears that mice can be jirotected even after 3 weeks against superseding infection with the bacilli. A contribution to the study of chronic bronchitis in the horse, F, GRiiXEB (Sclitccis. Arch. TicrhciUc. .31 (1909). No. 6, pp. 351 -.395 ; ah.s. in Vet. Rec, 22 {1910), No. ll-'fO, pp. 139, 1-iO). — The author describes a sjieeial form of equine chronic bronchitis, provisionallj- designated as dry bronchitis, which he has repeatedly observed and studied, and the symptomology of which he especially contrasts with that of broken wind. A bibliography of 69 titles is appended to the account. Investigations of the number of erythrocytes and of the amount of hemo- globin in the blood of horses suffering from rheumatic hemoglobinemia in comparison with healthy horses and those suffering from other internal diseases, Konig {ilonatsh. I'raht. TicrhciUc, 21 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. l-o-i; ab.s. in Rev. Gen. Med. V6t., 15 {1910), No. 112, pp. 211, 218).— The average number of erythrocytes found in healthy horses was 8,323,000 per cubic millimeter; in stallions 9,434,000 were found, in geldings 8,179,000, and in mares 7,357,000. The amount of hemoglobin in the blood of healthy horses varied from 95 to 105 per cent of normal. In rheumatic hemoglobinemia as a rule the normal number of ei'ythrocytes was found but in every case investigated the amount of hemoglobin increased from the onset. Never in this affection was a diminu- tion in the number of erythrocytes observed. This is considered proof that the increase in the amount of hemoglobin is not due to the disintegration of erythrocytes and a confirmation of Frohner's theory that it is due to the passage into the blood of coloring matter from affected muscles. In some internal diseases of the horse, as in different kinds of colics (33 cases), gastroenteritis (7 cases), gangrenous pneumonia (6 cases), tetanus (5 290 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. cases), acute encephalitis (2 cases), heat apoplexy (1 case), neuroparalysis (1 case), hemorrhage of the spinal cord (1 case), and in founder (1 case), the author found toward the end of the disease and also shortly before death a more or less marked increase in the number of erythrocytes and amount of hemoglobin. In petechial fever (3 cases), however, a decrease was found both, in the number of erythrocytes and in the amount of hemoglobin. A bibliography of 62 titles is appended. The diagnosis of glanders by the precipitation method, W. Pfeiler (Arch. Wiss. It. Prakt. Tierhcilk., 35 (1909), No. Jf-5, m). 323-337; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 {1910), No. 1130, p. 588; Berlin. TierdrztJ. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 7, p. 155). — The author employed two tests for this purpose, the mixing test (in which the serum to be examined is mixed with the precipitinogen reagent) and the strata or layer test (where if a horse serum is covered with a laj-er of distilled water, salt solution, or carbolic-salt solution tliere appears at the point of contact a gray-white ring which simulates the ring which appears when specific precipitins are present). There were 452 samples of blood exam- ined, amongst which were 306 from glander suspects or from animals which were presumably exposed to the infection. All the cases were further con- trolled by either the complement binding reaction or the agglutination test. From the results it is concluded that the deviation of complement reaction allows the detection of old and new cases, while the agglutination test will detect new cases but will not show cases where the disease has been of long duration. The precipitation test was always positive with recent cases and in most instances with old cases, and in only two cases were the results negative. The prevention of strangles, Desoubry {Bui. iioc. Cent. Med. Tel., 87 {1910), No. 2, pp. J,9-56; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 23 {1910), No. 1, pp. 87-91). — During an outbreak of this disease 30 cc. of anti-sti"angle serum was systematically injected into every healthy animal which had been exposed to infection and within a few hours of birth into all the foals born afterwards, and the disease stamped out. Since 1907 injections of serum have been given from the time of birth with the intention of preventing the dis- ease, remarkable results being obtained. Among 650 animals which received injections from April 1, 1907, to May 31, 1909, not a single case of strangles was observed, although these were at places where the disease ordinarily occurred. " The plan adopted in using Dassonville's serum as a protective agent, and the one which gave the best results, was to give a dose of 20 cc, (1) either at the time of birth or shortly after, on the following day or later; (2) when the foals, at about 6 months old, left the principal establishment for weaning, and had to be sent to stables at a distance; (3) at the time when they went a:way for training, when it was most important that they should be in the best of health to bear the strain that would be put upon them; (4) when an outbreak of strangles occurred in a stud, in order to immunize, if not already too late, those that had been exi)0sed to infectii, ^.5J>. — The text of the law of March 19. 1910. which extends the privilege of long-term loans to farmers for facilitating the acquisition, partition, improve- ment, and reconstruction of small proprietary holdings in France on the basis of individual responsibility, is reported. Long-term individual credit for farmers, G. Becci (Bui. Soc. Agr. France. 1910. Apr. 15, Sup., pp. 200-202). — The provisions of the above law are sum- marized and discussed. Although recognizing the imi>ortance of legislation which seeks to increase the number of small rural owners, who are consid- ered essential to national prosi^erity. the author raises the objections that the law has a tendency to interfere with the free operation of economic forces and does not in itself make definite provision for determining the rate of interest, the duration of loans, and the conditions of repayment. Long-term individual credit for farmers (Prog. Agr. ct Vit. (Ed. I'Est- Centre). 31 (1910), Xo. 17. pp. 51.i-516). — This is a govemment decree, made March 26, 1910, providing for carrying out the law relating to long-term loans to farmers. The decree meets the last objection raised by Count G. Becci noted above. The law of April 5. 1910. concerning the pensioning of workmen and peasants (Bui. Hens. Off'. Renscig. Agr. [Paris]. 9 (1910). Xo. .',. pp. 3-',9-363; Bui. Soc. Agr. France. 1910. Apr. 15, pp. J,31--',50).— The text of the French law, which includes the different classes engaged in agriculture, is reported. The pensioning of workmen and peasants (Scmainc Agr. [Paris], 29 (1910), Xo. 1501, pp. 121-123). — The provisions of the above law which I'elate to the Insuring and pensioning of the different classes of workers engaged in agricul- ture are here summarized and discussed. Agricultural products shipped into Colorado in 1909, H. M. Cottrell i Colorado Sta. Bill. 153. pp. 'i-2-'f). — Estimates bnsed on information secured from leliable sources show that the value of meat and meat products, dairy and poultry products, cereals and breadstuffs. hay. seeds, fruits, and miscellaneous food accessories shipped into the State in 1!X»9 was .S.32.616.140. The data are presented with a view of showing that '" nearly every agricultural product shipiied into Colorado could have been more easily produced in the State, at a greater Iirofit, and under conditions more enjoyable for the producer than in the sec- tions where it originated." and emphasize the opportimities the State offers in the various branches of agriculture. Agriculture in the State of New York i Bradstrecfs. 38 (1910), Xo. 1661. p. 2S6). — A discussion of the lack of farm labor, of possible means of supply- ing it, and of the advisability of changing the size of farms and farming meth- ods to meet existing labor conditions is given. The increased yield per acre of wheat in England considered in relation to the reduction of the area, H. D. Vigor (Jour. Roy. Statis. Soc, 73 (1910), No. ■i. pp. 396-'iOS, dgm. 1). — "The aim of the present note is to investigate the change in the yield of the wheat crop during the period from 1S85 onward, for which official returns of the production per acre in England are available, and AGBICULTURAL EDUCATION. 293 to trace whether some of the increase shown in the returns may or may not be due simply to the withdrawal of less productive soils from the crop." The results obtained are summarized as follows: "(1) The reduction of the wheat ai'ea has been accompanied by a rise of the yield per acre in England as a whole. "(2) The yields of separate counties have shown a slight tendency to level up. "(3) Counties of low yields do not appear to have been specially selected for a reduction of area. "(4) Improvements of the yields appear, to some extent, to be greatest in those counties where the proportionate reductions of area have been greatest." The paper is followed by a discussion. Prices of agricultural produce {Jour. Bd. Agi: [London], 16 (1910). No. 12, pp. lO-'fl-lOol). — Statistics on the average prices of live stock, meat, provisions, potatoes, aud hay in England and Scotland during February, 1910, and of wheat, barley, and oats during 1908, 1909, and to March, 1910. are reported. The cereal prices are compared with those in France. Belgium, aud Germany. Investig'ations on the profitableness of agriculture in Switzerland during 1908, E. Lauk (Landw. Jahrb. Schweiz, 24 (1910). .Yo. 2. pp. 25-153). ^In addition to the usual data (E. S. R., 21, p. 189) on yields, value, exports, prices, etc., of farm produce raised in 1908, there is an account of the profitableness of agi'iculture as determined by the detailed returns from 287 farms. The exportation of agricultural products from Denmark in 1909, Beau- CAiBE (5«/. Hens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 9 (1910). Xo. 2, pp. riS-llo).— Statistics on the quantity, prices, and destination of butter, cream, milk, lard, eggs, live beef cattle, meat, and horses exported from Denmark in 1909 in com- parison with similar data for the two preceding years are presented and dis- cussed. While the exportations of certain products diminished in quantity, the price as a rule was higher, so that the Danish farmers reaped as favorable returns as in 1908. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Institutions in the United States giving instniction in agriculture, M.\rie T. Spethmann {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 91, pp. i J). —These classified lists include 57 collegiate institutions for white students receiving aid from the Federal Government, 24 privately endowed colleges giving secondary instruction in agriculture. 58 special agricultural high schools and 28 public high schools receiving state aid. 2 privately endowed agricultural high schools. !")<> normal schools and industrial schools for women. 432 public and private high schools and academies teaching agriculture without state or federal aid, 18 institutions offering correspondence or reading courses in agriculture, 34 si)ecial elementary schools teaching agriculture, and the 46 secondary and 20 elementary schools teaching agriculture for negroes aud Indians, a total of 875 institutions, and an increase of 330 since the issuance of a previous list in October, 1908. University Farm School, Davis. California [California ^ta. Circ. 51, pp. 22. figs. II). — This circular gives a description of the farm and buildings, general information concerning the daily work of the institution, and announcements for 1910-n. Suggestions on rural education. T. S. Dymond (London: Bd. Ed.. 190S, pp. 17-rJ}). — The object of this pamphlet is to assist in some degree in adapting rural education to the conditions of rural life. 294 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The author states the educational needs of those who are to follow rural pursuits and suggests the character of instruction required to meet these needs, taking up successively- (1) rural elementary schools, (2) higher elementary schools and upper classes to elementary schools in rural districts, (3) rural secondary schools, (4) rural evening schools, (5) schools of rural industry, such as schools of gardening and fruit culture, practical forestry, farming, dairying, and domestic economy, (6) agricultural colleges and university de- partments, including agricultural short courses, and (7) the traini4g of teach- ers for rural schools by means of pupil teacher centers, training colleges, local classes for teachers, and training of science teachers for rural secondary school*. There are appended suggested nature studies, nature-study and meteor- ological calendars, suggested schemes for school gardening, beekeeping as nat\ii'o study, a syllabus of instruction in dairying for the upper classes of an ele- mentary school, a list of natural science books suitable for a rural school library, nature-study exhibitions, subjects suitable for exercises in rural arith- metic, outline syllabuses in certain subjects in centralized evening schools, and a course of natural science for pupil. teacher centers. The American rural school: Its characteristics, its future, and its prob- lems, II. W. FoGHT {New York, WW, pp. XXI +361, pis. 16, figs. 23).— This is a toijieally-arranged text-book lor rural school teachers, superintendents, school-board members, teachers' I'eading circles, and normal training classes. Its chapters on the rural school teacher, nature study and school grounds, school gardens, elementary agriculture and industrial clubs, and manual train- ing for rural schools furnish a survey of recent developments in these direc- tions and many suggestions for further perfecting the efficiency of rural schools in relation to vocational training. The concluding chapter on progress in rural school consolidation and its literature points out the advantages of this move- ment in promoting the general social and educational interests of the com- munity. The agricultural high school, a new grip on the rural problem, B. H. Crocheron {Cornell Countryman, 7 {1910), No. 8, pp. 267-269). — Agricultural high schools are described as " those schools into which agriculture has been introduced as an additional or supplementary subject, and those other schools which are created primarily to teach agriculture but which with it give a general education." A school of the latter class is described with reference to its many functions outside of the class rooms and its duties to the adults and others in the community who are not in school. Agriculture in a village high school, F. A. Woodward {Cornell Conntrymnn, 7 {1910), No. 8, pp. 261, 262). — In this ])aper the author discusses the reasons for introducing agriculture into his school and describes the work as to meth- ods, equipment, difficulties, and results. An introduction to agriculture, A. A. TJpham {New York, 1910, pp. XI+ 270, flffs. Ill, dams. If, map 1). — An elementary text-book designed for tin; seventh and eighth grades, including chapters on good roads, forestry, and home and school grounds, an appendix on insecticides and fungicides, ferti- lizers and food constituents, etc., and a list of articles and bulletins on agri- cultural topics. The subject of crop rotation is treated historically and much more fully than is usual in elementary text-books. Each chapter is followed by a summary and a list of questions. Land teaching, H. E. Stockbridge {Atlanta, Ga., 1910, pp. VIII+131, pis. 26, figs. 2, flgms. 2).^A compilation of information for the aid of teachers who are required to teach agriculture in rui'al schools without special ])reparation. It is arranged under the following topics: The home grounds, first principles MISCELLANEOUS. 295 of farming and gardening, simple botany, scliool gardens, horticultnral prac- tice, crop pests, and tal>les in regard to seed germination and fertilizers. No attention Is directly given to animal husbandry. Rural industrial education, B. M. Davis {Miami Bui. [Ohio State Xormal Col.], S. scr. (IDJO), Xo. 9, pi>. io). — This bulletin presents the outline of a 2-year training course in industrial education for rural schools, with an intro- duction calling attention to the pressing demand for properly prepared teachers and the special advantages of the Ohio township system of district organization for the rapid introduction of instruction in agriculture, manual training, and domestic science into rural schools. Among' school g-ardens, M. Louise Greene (Neiv York. 1910, pp. XV+388, pis. 2-'i, fiys. 8t, dgms. 11). — A study of various successful school gardens and a collation of the facts and principles illustrated by them. Separate chapters deal with the evolution of the school garden, the various kinds and objects of garden work, the question of soil fertility, cost of equip- ment, the planning, iilanting. and cultivation of the garden, the recognition and eradication of some garden weeds, and the handling of the garden during the term and vacation time. Some educational and social results of garden work are presented in the last chapter with appendixes of practical informa- tion, representative quotations, and a bibliography. [Papers] for distribution on the farming- demonstration train {Oregon Sta. Circ. 8, pp. 33, figs. 17). — This circular, intended for distribution on the better-farming train recently sent out in Oregon, contains the following popu- lar articles: Livestock the Basis of Agricultural Prosperity, by James Withy- combe (pp. 3-8) ; Tillage and Cropping Methods for the Eastern Oregon Dry- Farmer, by H, D. Scudder (pp. 8-17); Soil Fertility, by C. E. Bradley (pp. 17-19) ; The Home Orchard in Eastern Oregon, by C. I. Lewis (pp. 20-25) ; Better Cows, by F. L. Kent (pp. 2(>-30) ; and Poultry on the Farm, by James Dryden (pp. 30-33). Literature for the practical farmer, T. M. Mygdal {Tidsskr. Landokonomi, 1909, Xos. 9, pp. .'/.57-//78; 10. pp. 590-595). — The author discusses the literature available for Danish farmers, and to what extent this is valuable. He pleads for an increased interest in agricultural literature and for its adaptation to the immediate needs of the practical farmer. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Hawaii Station, 1909 {Haicaii Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 76, ph. 7, figs. 8). — This contains the organization list, a summary by the Si>ecial Agent in Charge as to the investigations of the y^ar, and reports of the ento- mologist, horticulturist, chemist, and agronomist. These reports are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Annual Reports of Wisconsin Station, 1908-9 {Wisconsin Sta. Rpts. 1908-9, pp. IV+35+52+22S, pf. 1, figs. 29).— This contains reprints of Bulletins 171 and 193, previously noted, these being the reports of the director for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1908. and June 30, 1909. respectively, and of Research Bulletins 1-6. previously noted. Finances, meteorology, index {Maine Sta. Bui. 175, pp. 330-3^0+ XII, pis. 2).— This contains the organization list of the station; meteorological obser- vations noted on page 219 of this issue; a financial statement as to the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, and as to other funds for the fiscal year ended Decemr)er 31. 1909; an index to Bulletins 164 and 165, which, together with Official Inspections 7-18, previously noted, collectively consti- tute the twenty-fifth annual report of the station; a list of bulletins and of 296 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. miscellaneous and technical publications issued during the yeai* ; and announce- ments and notes on the work, personnel, and equipment of the station. Report of the Agricultural College of Norway, 1908-9, N. Oedegaard (Ber. Norges Landbr. HmslcoJes Virks., 1908-9, pp. 2Ji.'t+237, p/.s. J,, flgs. 3J,, dgnis. 2). — The report gives the usual account of the instructional and research work of the Agricultural College of Norway at Aas for the year ended June 30, 1909, including temperature measurements of the soil taken in 1908 at Aas, Bodb and Stend, with averages for 1900-1908, by G. Holtsmark, a table for determining the percentage annual increase in growth of forest trees, by J. Kaurin, and a report on the manufacture of peat litter and on drainage of marsh lands, by S. Ilasund. and other data. Monthly Bulletin of the Department Library, April, 1910 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Library Mo. Bui., 1 {1910), No. Jf, pp. 75-102). — This contains a tenta- tive program of the Agricultural Libraries Round Table meeting held at Mack- inac Island from June 30 to July 6, 1910. and data for April. 1910, as to the accessions to the Department I.ibrax-y and the additions to the list of periodicals currently I'eceixed. NOTHS. Colorado College and Station. — H. M. Bainer, professor of farm mechanics and instructor in dairying in the college and in charge of farm machinery investi- gations in the station, has resigned to become agricultural demonstrator for the Santa Fe Railway system. Georgia College. — The extension department has recently held several teachers' institutes at which courses of agricultural instruction have been outlined. The interest shown by the teachers has been very gratifying and indicates that the institute method is a feasible means of introducing agricultural instruction into the common schools. A. Maclaren and R. L. Nixon, of the extension department, have resigned, the former to accept a position in Toronto, Canada, and the latter to accept the princlpalship of the Tenth District Agricultural School at Granite Hill. The honorary degree of doctor of science was conferred ui)on President Soule at the recent commencement of the University of Georgia. Prei)arations are in ]n-ogress for the erection of a veterinary hospital in which it is planned to manufacture and distribute hog-cholera serum. Illinois Station. — Additional permanent soil experiment fields have been lo- cated at Mount Morris, Dixon. La Moille, Minonk, Aledo, Carthage, Carlinville, Lebanon, Ewing. Raleigh, and Unionville. These fields comprise about 20 acres each of land selected for the purpose because of its uniformity, representative character, and accessibility to visitors. Two additional tracts of land have been also purchased and added to the permanent ecpiipment of the department of hor- ticulture, one a 20-acre oi'chard in bearing at Olney, and the other a 76-acre farm 1 mile east of Olney. Arrangements have been practically completed by the department of dairy Inisbandry for establishing a cow test association among the dairymen in the vicinity of Harvard. A contest, to be known as the Illinois Competitive Cow Test, is being arranged for the purpose of arousing moi'e interest in breeding and better methods of feeding. A fund of .$1,000 has been secured for cash prizes in this contest, and in addition there will be extensive merchandise prizes. Massachusetts College and Station. — President K. L. Buttertield received the honorary degree of doctor of laws at the recent commencement of Amherst College. Dr. B. N. Gates, of the B>ureau of Entomology of this Department, has accepted the assistant professorship of bee culture, and in addition to instruc- tion will carry on experiments for the station and act as state inspector of apiaries. In the station, Sumner C. Brooks, a 1910 graduate of the college, has been api)ointed assistant in botany and vegetable pathology, and David W. Anderson, a graduate of the New Hampshire College, graduate assistant in horticulture, chiefly for work in plant bi-eeding. Missouri University and Station. — II. O. Allison, assistant ;i!iimai husbandman in tlic Illinois University and Station, has been appointed assistant professor of animal husbandry. He will have charge t)f the breeding herds of beef cattle and the cattle feeding experiments. Other recent appointments include L. A. Weaver, a graduate of the university, as assistant in animal husbandry. \V. J. Ilendrix. a graduate of tlie Ohio Stiite University, as assistant in agronomy. L. A. Morgan, of tlie .Veliraska Univer.sity. as assistant chemist in tlie station to succeed Di'. C. K. Francis, who has resigned to accept the 298 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. professorship of agricultural chemistry in the Oklahoma College, and H. E. McNatt as extension assistant in the dairy department. The university has organized an extension division which is to include the extension activities of the college of agriculture. New Jersey State Station. — Victor B. Hausknecht, a graduate of Pennsylvania College, has been appointed assistant chemist, vice Leon A. Cougdon, resigned. North Carolina College and Station. — John Michels, professor of animal hus- bandry and dairying and dairy husbandman, has resigned to engage in com- mercial work. North Dakota College. — A special train recently sent out over the Northern Pacific lines is believed to represent the varied activities of farm life with unusual completeness. The exhibits and demonstrations included domestic science, farm machinery, dairying, live stock, grain growing, horticulture, l)oultry, and a farm library exhibit. Ohio Station. — Contracts have been let for the construction of an abattoir and cold storage plant foi* use in the nutrition investigations, to cost about $20,000. I'aul Work has b6en appointed assistant hoi-ticulturist, in charge of vegetable gardening, and Harry J. Christoffer assistant botanist. Oregon College and Station. — Science announces the resignations of E. F. Pernot as professor of bacteriology and bacteriologist to enter commercial work, and of J. C. Bridwell. instructor in zoology and entomology and assist- ant entomologist, to accept a similar position at the University of California. G. W. Peavy has been appointed professor of forestry, vice E. R. Lake, who has been granted leave of absence. J. F. Morel has been appointed instructor in veterinary science. Porto Rico Station. — Under the auspices of the Insular Department of Educa- tion the station staff has been conducting a 6-week course of lectures at the University of Porto Rico, beginning July 5. Among the subjects taken up were arboriculture and forestry, apiculture, school gardening, insect pests and di.s- ■eases of Porto Rican plants, troi)ical crops, school hygiene, drainage and bac- terial disea.ses, and animal production. Rhode Island Station. — Cooperative experiments with alfalfa are being carried on this season on about 50 farms. There has been found to be hardly an in- stance where liming has not been highly beneficial, and in some cases alfalfa could not be grown at all unless lime was used. Thus far, as a rule, slaked lime has been more efficient than ground limestone or ground magnesium lime- stone, though there are a few instances where the results have been otherwise. The slaked lime, ground limestone, and ground magnesium limestone were used in such quantities in all cases as to neutralize the same amounts of acid. South Dakota College and Station. — The dairy barn has Iteen nearly conii)leted, at a cost of about .$10,000. It is planned to use a portion of the building for class rooms and experimental laboratories. The school of agriculture has completed its second year with an increased at- tendance, and seems to meet with much favor from the people of the State. Recent appointments in the college include Dr. G. L. Brown as dean, W. H. Irvine and W. D. Bailey, graduates respectively of the Ontario and Massachu- setts colleges, as assistants in dairying, and W. L. Burlison, formerly of the Oklahoma College and Station, C. M. Woodworth, Howard Loomis of Albion College, and Howard Biggar of the South Dakota College, as assistants in agronomy. Wisconsin University and Station. — Dr. C. W. Stoddart, assistant professor of soils and assistant soil physicist, has accepted the professorship of agricultural chemistry in the Pennsylvania State College. U. S. Department of Agriculture. — Dr. C. Hart Merriam has resigned as chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey and has been succeeded by H. W. Henshaw, NOTES. 299 who lias been administrative assistant. Dr. Merriam is to retain an otficial connection with tlie Survey as consulting biologist, but is to devote himself par- ticnlarly to the preiJaration of a monograph on the mammals of North America under an endowment provided by Mrs. E. H. Harriman. Eecent Appointments in the Philippine Islands. — Charles R. Jones, formerly of the Bureau of I*]ntomology of this Department, has accepted an appointment as entomologist to the Philippine Board of Agriculture, with headquarters at Manila. Dr. W. H. Boyuton, instructor in pathology at the New York State Veterinary College, has accepted an appointment as pathologist in the veterinary- service of the islands. Increased Imperial Assistance to Agriculture in England. — What is believed will prove the nucleus for greatly increased assistance to British agriculture by the imperial government is an act passed by the recent Parliament known as the Agricultural and Road Development Act. This measure is very compre- hensive in its scope, the initial clause providing for " aiding and developing- agriculture and rural industries by promoting scientific research, instruction, and experiments in the science, methods, and practice of agriculture, including farmers' institutes, the organization of cooperation, instruction in marketing pi'oduce, e.xtension of small holdings, and adopting any other means which may develop agriculture and rural industries." Under the provisions of this act a board of 8 commissioners has been appointed, consisting of Lord Richard Cavendish, chairman. Sir Francis Hopwood, vice-chairman, S. Eardley-Wilmot, William Haldane, M. A. Ennis, John Davies, Sidney Webb, and A. D. Hall. It is expected that particular attention will be devoted at the outset to afforesta- tion and road improvement. The president of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries has appointed a committee of 15 to advise the board on all scientific questions bearing directly on the imin-ovement of agriculture, and especiallj^ as to methods to be adopted for i)romoting agricultural research in universities and other scientific schools, aiding scientific research workers, and insuring that new scientific discoveries are utilized for the benefit of agriculture. T. H. Middleton, of the board, will serve as chairman of this committee, other members of which are the Duke of Devonshire, Prof. J. B. Farmer, Dr. R. Stewart Macdougall, P. Spencer Pickering, and Stewart Stockman. A rural education conference of 42 members has been recently constituted by the presidents of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Board of Education for the discussion of all questions connected with education in rural districts and those of interest to agriculturists and the two boards. Hon. Henry Hobhouse is chairman of this conference, which includes among other niemlters Maj. P. G. Craigie, A. D. Hall, William Somerville, and T. B. Wood. Appropriations for Canadian Agriculture. — The appropriations for the Cana- dian Department of Agriculture for the ensuing year as recently authorized aggregate .$1,037,000, an increase of $105,000 over the present year. Some of the princiiial items are .$185,000 for the maintenance of experimental farms, including an increase of .$45,000 for the estaolishment of additional farms; $10,000 for the publications of the experimental farms; $108,000 for exhibi- tions; $5,000 for the 5 stations for the fumigation of nursery stock; $100,rW0 for the development of the dairy and fruit industries; $82,000 for the estab- lishment of cold storage warehouses and experiments in cold .storage for fruit ; $52,000 for the development of the meat industry; $250,000 for animal diseases; $50,000 for the seed inspection work ; $20,000 for the enforcement of the meat and canned foods acts; $.5,000 for tobacco investigations; and $10,000 for the International Institute of Agriculture. International Congresses at Brussels. — The International Congress of Tropical Agriculture, which met May 20-2.3, was organized into sections dealing with 300 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. agriculture nnd forestry, animal industries, and labor, transport, and trade. About two hundred papers and reports were submitted. These were mainly in the first section where the principal topics considered were the culture of cotton and rubber in tropical countrie.s, wheat breeding investigations, tobacco grow- ing, and the Zanzibar clove industry. In section 2 the principal topic was the acclimatization of European cattle in the Tropics. During the congress a special meeting was held of the International Association of Colonial Agricul- ture, at which Prof. Wyndham Dunstan, director of the Imperial Institute, was elected president. The International Horticultural Congress was held April 30 to May 3, and was well attended. The subject of horticultural nomenclature received par- ticular attention. The principal business transacted was the adoption of the rules promulgated at the 1905 congress at Vienna, with certain necessary addi- tions in the case of horticultural varieties and hybrids. Necrology. — Prof. Edouard Van Beueden, the Belgian zoologist, well known for his contributions on embryology and the mechanics of cell division, died April 28, 1910. He was born at Louvain March 5, 1846, and began teaching zoology at IJege in 1871. Three years later he was promoted to the grade of professeur ordinaire, a position which he held the remainder of his life. Though his researches were in the realm of pure science, the results which he obtained in-ovided the foundation for many current investigations on the prin- ciples of breeding. His first paper, which was published in 1869, was on the composition and signification of the egg. His later cytological studies rank with those of Hertwig and Strassburger in importance and he made many con- tributions to the knowledge of the tissues of the developing embryo of many species of animals. In his studies of intestinal worms he was the first to show that for the ovum the chromatic threads are a portion of the existing network of the nucleus and that the two-daughter chromosomes are alike and pass to the opposite holes of the spindle. He discovered the centrosphere and was the first to demonstrate the importance of the centrosome in cell division. Per- haps his most important work was the demonstration of the halving of the number of chromosomes in gametogenesis. He founded and edited the Archives de Biologic, in which some of his most important work was published. Pro- fessor Van Beneden was the recipient of many honors from European universi- ties and scientific societies. Hon. A. C. Bird, dairy and food commissioner for Michigan since 1905, died May 27, at the age of 46 years. He was a graduate of the Michigan Agricul- tural College and for several years a member of its governing board. Miscellaneous. — The Fourth International Congress of Genetics will be held in Paris in Septenil)er, 1911, under the auspices of the National Horticultural Society of France. Dr. P. de ^'ilmorin will act as secretary. Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Pressc announces that the Dairy Experiment Station and Institute at Kleinhof-Tapiau was on April 1 removed to Konigs- berg. where it is housed in some recently erected buildings of the Konigsberg Cooperative Dairy Association. The Agricultural Experiment Station of the Chamber of Agriculture of the District of Cassel was removed in June from Marburg to Harleshausen, near Cassel. Wiener Landicirtschaftlichc Zeitung announces the retirement of Prof. Leopold Weigert from the directorship of the Royal Imperial Viticultural and Pomological School at Klosterneuburg, after a service of thirty-five years. Dr. L. Wittmack, of Berlin, has been appointed rector of the Agricultural High School of Berlin for two years, beginning April 1, 1910. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology j^y' ^- Lqng^' ^^' ^' TT- 1 1 n f J- L SCHULTE. Field Crops I j^j^^^^j^ Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker. IT , • AT T • /W. A. Hooker. Veterinary MedicineJL. w. Fetzer. Rural Engineering . Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural P]ducation — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIII, NO. 4. Paga Recent work in agricultural science 301 Notes 400 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY" — AGROTECHNY. Contributions to soil analysis, Pettit 301 Contribution to fertilizer and soil analysis, Mitscherlich et al 302 A new method for estimating potash in soils, Cavazza. . ._ 302 Bacteriological methods for available nitrogen in fertilizers, Lipman 302 A mechanical agitator for phosphate analysis, Frailong 302 Estimation of phosphorus and magnesium in phosphate precipitates, Brandis. . 303 Methods for the quantitative estimation of inorganic phosphorus, Forbes et al.. 303 \ new sensitive reaction for nitric acid and nitrates, Schmidt and Lumpp 303 .Method for determination of amino nitrogen and its applications. Van Slyke. . . 303 A new reaction for proteids, Arnold 304 Hydrolysis of j)rotein, Pfannl 304 A modification of Fischer's ester method, Pribram 304 Casein peptones containing phosphorus, Dietrich 304 Investigations with lecithin and cholesterin, Porges and Neubauer 305 About carnaubon, Dunham and Jacobson 305 Fat analysis and fat chemistry for the year 1909, Fahrion 305 The examination of the volatile acids in edible fats, Poppe 305 An extraction apparatus, Roberts 305 The simple carbohydrates and the glucosids, Armstrong 305 As to the identity of pepsin and chymosin. Van Dam 305 Reversibility of enzym actions and effect of external factors on enzyms, Kohl. . 306 I II CONTENTS. Page. About cellase, Bertrand and Holderer 306 Food chemistry for 1909, Fendler 306 Comment on the rapid detection of food adulteration, Rothea 306 Estimation of the purins in foods, Bessau and SchmM 306 A new constituent of food products, Backe 306 Analysis of lard and detecting adulteration, Wauters 307 The nitrogenous substances in honey, Lund 307 About the ferment reactions of honey, Auzinger 307 Effect of pectin on sugar estimation in dry marmalades, Strohmer and Fallada. . 307 The determination of the fat content of cocoa and chocolate, Prochnow 307 On the quantitative determination of cane sugar by the use of invertase 307 Influence of nonsugars on sugar estimation in beets, Andrlik and Stanek 307 Electrical conductivity method for the ash in impure sugar solutions, Lange.. 307 A reversion of the starch-dextrin reaction, Reichert 307 The estimation of iron in milk, Fendler, Frank, and Stiiber 308 Determination of sodium chlorid in milk, Poetschke 308 Fat and specific gravity of curdled milk liquefied with ammonia, Hofmeister.. 308 Refraction and specific gravity of calcium chlorid serum, Mai and Rothenfusser. 309 The relation of the acidity to the catalytic power of fresh milk, Sarthou 309 Diastases in milk (peroxidases), Nicolas 309 Milk ferments, Meyer 309 Examination of condensed milk 309 Simplifications in milk analysis, Collins 310 Refraction constant of the nonvolatile acids of butter, Dumitrescu and Popescu . 310 The composition of various butters, Reinsch 310 The determination of salt in butter at the creamery, Sammis 310 Contributions to our knowledge of beeswax, Buchner 310 Preparation of beeswax 310 Vinegar from apples, De Castella: 310 The home canning of fruits and vegetables, Shaw 310 Canning tomatoes on a large scale, Demuth 310 [The manufacture of dry tomato conserve] 310 The microflora and the preservation of French mustard, I, Kossowicz 310 Clarifying powders in sugar manufacture, Hazewinkel 311 The sulphuring of wool, Reychler 311 Hydrolysis of cellulose with hydrofluoric acid, Ville and Mestrezat 311 The behavior of fluorids in the preservation of wood, Nowotny 311 [Miscellaneous analyses], Gamble 311 Report of the Stein analytical-chemical laboratory for 1908, Christensen 311 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory 311 Monthly Weather Review 311 Weather report. Day 312 [Meteorological observations in Trinidad] 312 The weather of the past agricultural year, Brodie 312 The weather of Scotland in 1909, Watt 312 Hailstorms and lightning strokes in Saxony, 1886 to 1905, Grohmann 312 The rains of the Nile Basin and the Nile flood of 1908, Lyons 312 Dew measurements during 1904 to 1907, Passerini 313 Surface water supply of Ohio River basin, 1907-8, Horton, Hall, and Bolster. . 313 Surface water supply of St. Lawrence River basin, 1907-8, Barrows et al 313 Surface water of upper Mississippi River and Hudson Bay basins, Horton et al. 313 Surface water supply of western Gulf of Mexico, 1907-8, Freeman et al 313 Surface water supply of the Colorado River basin, 1907-8, Freeman and Bolster. 313 Water supply statistics 313 Examination of public water supplies 313 Examination of rivers 313 Purification of sewage, Clark and Gage 313 Sterilization of large quantities of water by ultraviolet rays, Henri et al 313 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. What is weathering? Treitz 314 Soil types as determined by climatic zones, von Cholnoky 314 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Classification of soils according to climates 314 Agrogeoloiiical field work, Horusitzky 314 What should be in agrogeological reconnaissance and special charts? Timko. . 314 The preparation of agrogeological reconnaissance and special charts, Giill 314 The special value of soil analysis in intensive agriculture, Leplae 314 Analysis, classification, and principal properties of clay soils, Atterberg 315 Agricultural soils. Baker, Clark, and Hirsch 315 The chemical composition of some [Texas soils], Fraps 315 Nitrogen and carbon in virgin and fallowed soils of eastern Oregon, Bradley.. 315 [Soils of Trinidad], Carmody 315 Analyses of soils of the Palazzo farm near Bologna, Giglioli 315 Agronomic chart work in Bohemia, Kopecky 315 Soil properties of the Koros flood region, Ujj 315 Soil zones of Roumania, IMunteanu-Murgoci 315 Soil conditions in Norway, Bjorlykke 315 Soil zones and soil types of European and Asiatic Russia, Glinka 316 Soil temperatures in the Black Poorest and Egypt, Koenigsberger et al 316 The nature of the color of black cotton soil, Annett 316 Influence of autumn plowing of summer cereals at Poltava Station, Tretyakov. 316 Effect of steam sterilization on water-soluble matter in soils, Lyon and Bizzell. 316 On the biochemical cycle of phosphoric acid in cultivated soils, Perotti. . 317 Bacterial activity as a corrosive influence in the soil, Gaines 318 Legume bacteria, Edwards 318 Methods of legume inoculation, Kellerman 318 A contribution to the nitrogen problem under dry farming, Alway and Trumbull . 318 The fertilizing influence of sunlight, Russell 318 Soils and their fertility, Pettit 318 In what does the fertility or sterility of the soil consist? Massart et al 318 The principles of maintaining soil fertility. Miller 318 Soils and manures, Murray 319 Plain talks on the use of fertilizers, Voorhees 319 Farm practice in use of fertilizers in South Atlantic States, Beavers 319 Pot culture experiments, 1908, Voelcker 319 Some secondary actions of manures upon the soil, Hall 320 On the efficacy of soluble fertilizer salts in dry climates, De Grazia 321 Distribution of the manure values of foods between dung and urine, Crowther. 321 Decomposition of manure and its action, Sjollema and De Ruijter de Wildt.. 321 Experiments with green manures, Baessler 322 The time between turning under green manure and sowing, De Grazia 322 On the selection of plants for green manure, De Grazia 322 Raw phosphate and green manure, De Grazia 323 The cost of available nitrogen, Voorhees 323 Tests of the fertilizing value of synthetic calcium nitrate, Passerini 323 Facts regarding the natural changes in cyanamid nitrogen in the soil, Perotti. . 323 The manufacture of nitric acid from the air, Haber 323 The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by the electric arc 323 The great nitrate deposits of Chile 323 [Production, exportation, and consumption of nitrate of soda in 1909], Otero. . . 323 Experiments with different Thomas slags, Sjollema and De Ruijter de Wildt. . 323 Basic slag as a fertilizer, Whitehouse 324 After effects of certain phosphates on limed and unlimed land, Wheeler 324 The mining of phosphate in Micronesia, Badermann 324 Phosphate deposits of South Carolina and New Brunswick, Matthew 324 An effect of drainage^ Bieler-Chatelan 324 Field experiments with phonolite and its relation to plant diseases, Bromme. . 324 Phonolite as a potash fertilizer in Sweden, Rhodin 325 Determination of the physiological action of lime in vineyard soils, Treitz 325 Lime for Virginia farms, Ellett 325 [Jelly fish as a fertilizer], Carmody 325 Report on disposal and use of mud from the harbor of Delfzijl, Lohnis et al 325 Fertilizers, Hendrick 325 [Soils and fertilizers], Voelcker 326 Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers, season 1909-10, Hand et al.. 326 Analyses of fertilizers — fall season 1909, Kilgore et al 326 Analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers, 1910, WoU 326 IV CONTENTS. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Page. Overhead electrical discharges and plant growth, Priestley 326 The influence of various colored lights on plants, MasuUi 326 The closing response in Dionsea, Brown and Sharp 327 The effect of aqueous solutions of electrolytes on germination, Micheels 327 Effect of mineral salts on proteid metabolism in plants, Zaleski and Israilsky. . 328 The relation of plants to certain salts, I, II, Hansteen 328 The absorption of barium by plants, Colin and De Rufz 328 Relation of calcium to nitrate nitrogen assimilation by green plants, Ermakov. 329 The influence of a lack of lime on seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris, Hoffmann. . . 329 Recent investigations on the role of hydrocyanic acid in plants. III, Treub. . . 330 Chlorophyll assimilation of carbon, Kimpflin 330 [Nitrogen content of nodules and rootlets of immortelle trees], Carmody 330 The toxic properties of tannin, Cook 330 FIELD CROPS. A manual of practical farming, McLennan 331 Dry farming experiments, Angus ." 331 Dry farming practice in Montana, Atkinson and Cooley 331 Water requirements of crops in India, Leather 331 Swedish methods of crop improvement, Clark 332 The rotation experiment in Rosenthal, von Riimker et al 332 [Variety and other tests of field crops], Zavitz ' 332 [Experiments with field crops, Barbados, 1908-9], Bovell 334 [Notes on field crops], Oses, Couret, and Pagliery 334 Experiment field of the Taganrog Agricultural Society, Bilinski 334 Results of the Lauchstiidt experiments with small grains, Schneidewind 335 Irrigation of grain, McLaughlin 335 Dry-land grains for western North and South Dakota, Salmon 335 Contributions on the breeding of peas and field beans, Frolich 336 Correlation between the weight and protein content of barley kernels, Sperling. 336 The separation of seed barley by the specific gravity method, Derr 336 A more profitable corn -plan ting method, Hartley 336 A^ariety work with cotton and notes on selection, DeLoach 336 Suggestions on cotton cultivation and fertilization, DeLoach and S<)ule 336 Distribution of cotton seed in 1910, Shoemaker 336 [Fiber tests], Havik 337 On the value of the male hop, Salmon and Amos 337 Sixty-Day and Kherson oats, Warburton 337 Status of investigations of varieties of sugar beets, Remy and Zimmermann ■ 337 The significance of number of embryos and size of beet seed-balls, Schubart. . . 337 Work of the Mackay Central Sugar Experiment Station, McCready 338 Trifolmm rcsupinatum, Bushuev 338 Studies in Indian tobaccos, Howard 338 The P'lorida velvet bean and related plants, Piper and Tracy 338 Improvement of the wheat crop in California, Blanchard 338 [Spraying tests and seed investigations], McCready 339 [Weeds in Ontario in 1908-9], McCready 340 Corn cockle 340 A practical method of killing witch grass, Eaton and Edson 340 HORTICULTURE. The role of anesthetics and other agents in plant forcing, Stuart 340 Smudge pots for the prevention of frosts, Wichita, Kans., Sullivan 341 [Keeping tests of onions], ('row 341 The fertilization of apple orchards, Stewart 341 Orchard fertilization, Stewart 342 Thinning of table grapes, Bioletti 342 Fertilizer experiments with grapes, Windisch 342 Activities of Macomer royal nursery of American grapes, 1897 to 1909, Liiizzi. . 342 Coffee from grower to consumer, Keable 343 [Cacao manurial plats in Dominica], Watts 343 [Varieties of fruit for North Tyrol].'. J^43 The ornamental trees of gardens and parks, Jager and Beissner 343 Beautiful fiowers and how to grow them, Wright 343 The home garden, Hitchings et al ' 343 CONTENTS. FORESTKY. Page. Annual roport of the department of forestrj', ('ary 343 The Highlands of the Hudson Forest lleservation, Moon 344 Reforesting operations, Pettis 344 The Louisiana forestry law 344 A study of forest conditions of southwestern Mississippi, Holmes and Foster. . . 344 The cost of forest mapping and estimating in Montana, Woodward 344 Yield tables of western forests, Terry 344 Effect of grazing on forest conditions in Caribou National Forest, Hodson 344 Lopping branches in lumbering operations, Stephen 345 Note on best season for coppice fellings of teak ( Tectona grandis), Hole 345 A note on the fissibility of some Hidian woods, Troup 345 [On the development of adventitious roots on old tree stems], Vogtherr 345 The greening of fresh linden wood, Neger 345 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Contributions to the life history and structure of certain smuts, Lutm.an 345 Origin of heteroecism in the rusts, Olive 345 The wintering over of summer conidia of pathogenic Ascomycetes, Ewert 346 Sooty molds, Woy 346 Fungi causing diseases of cultivated plants in the West Indies, Bancroft 346 Legislation in the West Indies for the control of pests and diseases, Ballon 346 The control of the loose smut of grains, Stormer 346 A barley disease, Pammel, King, and Bakke 346 Status of cotton anthracnose investigations at South Carolina Station, Barre 346 Notes on bacterial blight in cotton, McCall 347 Studies on the parasitic fungi of rice in Japan, Miyake -. 347 The black scab of the potato, Ritzema Bos 347 The prevention and control of the potato wart disease, .Testing 347 Important contributions in 1909 on diseases of sugar beets and potatoes, Stift. . 347 Diseases of sugar beets, Fallada 347 The diseases of the sugar beet during 1909, Stormer 348 The cause and control of beet diseases in Posen and West Prussia, Schander 348 The root diseases of beets, Busse and Ulrich 348 Root tumors on sugar beets, Reinelt 348 The heart or dry rot of beets, Busse and Ulrich 348 Premature seed formation in beets, Gonnermann 349 The premature seed formation of the sugar beet, Briem 349 The stinking smut of wheat and its control 349 The bacterial soft rots of certain vegetables, Harding, Morse, and Jones 349 The wilt disease of melons, Pantanelli 349 A bacterial soft rot of muskmelon caused by Bacillus melonis n. sp., Giddings. . 349 A spinach disease caused by Beterosporium variabile, Reed 350 The mint rust, Noffray. _ 350 Chlorosis of fruit trees. Riviere and Bailhache 350 The dying of fruit trees, Miiller and Stormer 350 [Orchard diseases], Bethune 351 Black rot canker {iSph;iropsis mulorum), McCready 351 Plant diseases, Jones 352 The pear and apple blight in Montana, Swingle 352 Lime-sulphur sprays in the summer spraying of Virginia apple orchards, Scott. 352 A new species of Endomyces from decaying apple, Lewis 352 Researches on gum flow and frost injuries to cherry trees, Sorauer 353 Peach leaf curl, Wallace and Whetzel 353 Taphrina andina n. sp. , Palm 353 The American gooseberry mildew, Steffen 353 The spread of American gooseberry mildew by packing material, Van Poeteren. 353 The important diseases of the grape, Ritzema Bos 353 The grape anthracnose in the Netherlands, Ritzema Bos 353 A disease of the cacao plant, Bancroft 354 The Taphrina species of the birch, Juel 354 The Oidium of the oak in the Botanical Garden of Naples, Trinchieri 354 Three species of the type of yEcidimn cornutum, Kern 354 A disease of Pterocarpus indicus 354 The Lenzites rot of coniferous woods, Falck 354 A species of Nectria fruiting upon the earth. Pollock 354 VI CONTENT? , Page. Fomes annosus and two Gymnosporangiums on Juniperus virginiana, Hartley.. 355 Notes on some diseases of coniferous nursery stock, Hartley 355 Some new parasitic fungi of ornamental plants, II, Trinchieri 355 The infection of Lychnis {Melandrium) album by Ustilago violacea, Worth 355 The principal diseases of the rose, Montemartini 355 The preparation of Bordeaux mixture, Quanjer 355 Powder for Bordeaux mixture, Van der Zande and Lagers 356 Which deserves the preference, Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture? Quanjer. . . . 356 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Life histories of northern animals, Seton 356 Notes on Kansas mammals, Lantz 356 The muskrat, Lantz 356 Text-book of protozoology, Doflein 357 Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology. Stiles and Hassall 357 Indian insect life, Lefroy and Howlett 357 Insect types and cotypes, Withington 358 Additional results of collecting insects in Kansas and Colorado, Tucker 358 The relation of temperature to the growth of insects, Sanderson 358 Superparasitism: An important factor in the natural control of insects, Fiske. . 358 Proceedings of the American Association of Economic Entomologists 359 Proceedings of the eighth annual meeting of horticultural inspectors : 360 Ninth report of the state entomologist, 1909, Britton 360 Injurious insects and remedies, Bethune 361 [Report of the entomologist of Mozambique], Howard 362 Some new species of Mallophaga from Michigan, Carriker, jr., and Shull 362 Blattid notes, Rosenfeld 363 San Jose scale and its relation to climatic districts in Wisconsin, Severin 363 A new species of Aspidiotus, Herrick 363 Coccidte of Kansas, Dean 363 The army cutworm, Cooley 363 The life history of Cnidocampa flavescens, Dyar 363 A new species of Acrobasis, Dyar 363 New Microlepidoptera from New Mexico and California, Busck 363 A new tortricid of economic importance in the Hawaiian Islands, Busck 363 Notes on Chambers' species of Tineina, Braun 363 Description of a new species of Coriscium, Ely 363 Papers on cereal and forage insects. — The sorghum midge, Dean 364 Two new Cecidomyiidse, Felt 365 The carnivorous larvae of two species of mosquito, Gendre 365 Mermis larvae, parasitic in the larvse of Stegomyia fasciata, Gendre 365 Three new Trypetidte from the Pacific Islands, Coquillett 365 Vivij)arity in Fhorocera serrivcntris and other flies, Wesche 365 Amnra avida as a strawberry pest. Smith 365 Additions to the list of Kansas coleoptera for 1908, Knaus 365 Bees, Phillips 365 The anatomy of the honey bee, Snodgrass 365 Animal parasites as the cause of disease in the honey bee. Zander 366 Bee mortality in the Stawell district 366 Bee mortality, Beuhiie 366 The life history of a sawfly injurious to willows, Schwarz 366 Hymenoptera of New Jersey, and other Hymenoptera, Viei'eck 366 New parasitic Hymenoptera, Crawford 367 Habits of parasitic Hymenoptera, Withington 367 Value of sodium cyanid for fumigation purposes, Woglum 367 Insecticides and fungicides, Fulmer 367 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. The glycogen content of beef flesh, II, Trowbridge and Francis 367 The occurrence of a characteristic color in salt herring, Griebel 368 Food inspection decision 368 [Wheat flour and bread investigations], Harcourt 368 The water content of wheat and rye flour, Rammstedt 369 The nutritive value of famine bread and its digestibility, Dobrosklonsky 369 Process of rendering bran digestible ; 369 CONTENTS. Vn Page. Canned soup, McGill 369 "Buddy sap," Edson 369 Concerning the composition of coffee, III, Gorter 370 The composition of coffee, Gortei* 370 Manufacture of chocolate, Fritsch 370 A new aspect of the effects of boric acid as a food preservative, Bernstein 370 Important points in wrapping-paper for use with foodstuffs, Kuhl 370 Hearings on H. R. 16925, to regulate the storage of food products 370 Notices of judgment 371 [Pure food topics], Ladd and May 371 Food and drug inspection, Hanson 371 Report of the analysist, Ly thgoe 371 Diet and metabolism, Labbe 371 Metabolic influence of copious water drinking with meals, Fowler and Hawk. . 371 Utilization of animal food by men absolute vegetarians for many years, Yukawa. 372 The influence of different proportions of protein in the food on resistance to the toxicity of ricin and on recuperation from hemorrhage, Foster 372 Protein requirements of man, Carracido 373 Protein cleavage in the digestive tract in man, Stauber 373 The synthesis of fat in the animal body, Leathes 373 The mother substance of glycogen, Pfliiger and Junkersdorf 373 [Note on glycogen formation], Pfliiger 373 Note on overnutrition and mineral metabolism, Biernacki 373 Some colloid-chemical aspects of digestion, Alexander 373 Relation of ptyalin concentration to saliva secretion, Carlson and Crittenden. . 374 The influence of heat on the tryptic digestion of egg albumen, Talarico 374 Effect of excluding pancreatic juice from the intestine, Pratt et al 374 Ammonia, phosphoric acid, acid bodies, and amino acid? in urine, De Jager... 375 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The normal rate of growth of an individual and its significance, Robertson 375 Growth and its analytical representation, Enriques 375 Experimental embryology, Jenkinson 376 Text-book of embryology, Bailey and Miller i 376 Heredity, Castle 376 Some modern views concerning heredity and variation, Firth 376 [The biological factor in heredity], Bevan-Lewis 377 Cellular osmosis and heredity, Macallum 377 Inheritance from the standpointof themechanicsof development, Godlewski, jr. 377 Interpretation of "pure bred" by breeders' associations, Lydtin and Hermes.. 377 [Stock breeding at the government farm in Trinidad], Carmody 377 Willows as stock food and shade in summer, Peacock 378 The grape as a feed for dairy cows, Fascetti and Fotticchia 378 Cattle feeds, Harcourt 378 Notices of judgment 378 Feeding beef steers on cotton-seed meal, on pasture, McLean 378 The dead meat trade 378 Experiments in fattening sheep, Fabre 379 Experiments with swine. Day 379 Experiments in pig feeding, Mairs and Doty , 379 [Horse breeding], Ware 379 Studies in horse breeding, Carlson 379 The theory of the four stallions, Williams 379 [Report of] the professor of poultry husbandry, Graham 380 Egg rec(jrds for the year 1908-9 380 Farm poultry 380 Incubation and brooding, Jull ^ 380 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. The dairy herd. Day 380 Cooperative dairy work, Goddard and Bugby 381 Clean and sanitary milk, Brainerd 381 Notices of judgment 382 [Report of] the professor of dairy husbandry. Dean 382 Factors controlling moisture content of cheese curds, Sammis et al 383 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Influence of lactic acid on the quality of cheese of the Cheddar type, Doane. . 385 Losses in making cheese from normal and overripe milk, Harcourt 386 Home cheesemaking, Elliott 386 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Proceedings of American Veterinary Medical Association 386 Report of the veterinarian health board for 1908, Hansen 387 Report of the chief of the veterinary section, Conacher 387 Colonial veterinary science, Theiler 387 Contributions to experimental pathology and chemotherapy, Ehrlich 387 Studies in immunity, Ehrlich et al., trans, by Bolduan 387 About the varieties of normal opsonins, Chyosa 387 Are alexins antienzyms of the leucocytes? Yoshinaga 388 Evidence that toxins reach the spinal cord via the spinal roots, Orr and Rows. . 388 Tests in regard to the manner in which anthrax serum acts, Bail 388 Cancer in man and animals, Bashford 388 , Zoological position of causative agent of epizootic lymphangitis, Panisset 388 On differences in precipitins produced by tubercle bacilli, Baldwin 388 Preparation of sera rich in antitubercular antibodies, Calmette and Massol. . . . 388 Transformation of the human into the bovine type of tubercle bacillus, Baldwin. 389 Report of use of antiformin for detection of tubercle bacilli, Patterson 389 Note on the condition known as "white flesh," Trotter 389 The pathological anatomy of bacillary pyelo-nephritis of cattle, Ritzenthaler. . 389 Schiitz's vaccination for hemoglobinuria on bovines 389 [A new treatment of virulent forms of mastitis], Schmidt 390 Cattle in the West Indies, May 390 Serum treatment of infectious calf pneumonia 390 Anthrax in the pig, Eggebrecht 390 Experiments with variola of swine, Poenaru 390 The treatment of surra in horses by arsenic and its derivatives, Holmes 390 Intestinal streptococci from the horse, the cow, and man, Winslow and Palmer. 390 A contribution to the clinical study of infectious typho-anemia, Dupas 391 The etiology of intestinal congestion in the horse, Carre 391 The susceptibility of the dog to African horse sickness, M'Fadyean 391 Four cases of diabetes in the dog, Lanfranchi 392 Enzootic ulcerous keratitis in dogs, Cadeac 392 The Filaria immitis in Transcaucasian dogs, Gogel 392 Spirochetosis in fowls in Queensland, Dodd 392 The development of Spirochxta gallinarum, von Prowazek 392 Guinea-worm in domesticated animals, Leiper 393 Classification of piroplasms, with description of two new species, Franga 393 The biological detection of echinococcus disease, Putzu 393 The bionomics of helminths, NicoU 393 RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation experiments and investigati(;ns in western Oregon, Stover 393 The use of windmills in irrigation in the semiarid West, Fuller 395 [Drainage investigations]. Day - 395 Building poultry houses. Rice and Rogers 395 RURAL ECONOMICS. Agricultural wealth production in Uruguay, Backhaus and Macchiavello 395 A general discussion of agriculture in the Belgian loess region, Van Daalen 395 The agricultural value of Manchuria, Roselli 396 The centers of agricultural production in Ohio, Goddard 396 Farm life conditions in the South, Branson 396 Origin and condition of the agricultural laborer in Livonia, Agthe 396 Establishment o! laborers on the land in North Germany, Mendelson and Blume. 396 Means of counteracting contract-breaking by agricultural laborers, Asmis 396 Agricultural contracts and the condition of the peasants in Upper Milan 397 Small holdings in Surrey, Grellier 397 State aid to agriculture in Switzerland 397 Reports on the work of the International Agricultural Institute, Faina and Dop. 397 Cooperation, Wilcox - 397 CONTENTS. rX rage. Report on credit societies in Bombay Presidency, 1909, Campbell et al 398 The inundations and the local mutual agricultural credit banks. Cure 398 Concerning the profitableness of agriculture, Arnstadt 398 Advance in farm product^?, Smoot 398 Crop Reporter 398 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Report of Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland 398 Agriculture for high schools, Warren 399 Elementary agriculture as a subject of study in the grades, Hart 399 Relationship of the physical sciences to agriculture, Haskell 399 Biological sciences in their relation to agricultural science, Sanderson 399 Nature study and agriculture in rural schools, Bigelow 399 School studies and the home and industrial activities. Waterman 399 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Page. Connecticut State Station: Bien. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 4 360 Maine Station; Bui. 178, Apr., 1910 352 Mississippi Station: Bui. 136, Mar., 1910 378 Circ. 31, Mar., 1910 326 Missouri Station: Circ. 38, Apr., 1910 318 Montana Station: Circ. 1, May 1, 1908 386 Circ. 2, Feb., 1910 352 Circ. 3, Feb., 1910 331 Circ. 4, Apr., 1910 363 New Hampshire Station: Sci. Contrib. 4, 1910 358 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 274, Apr., 1910 395 Bui. 275, Apr., 1910 316 Bui. 276, Apr., 1910 353 North Dakota Station: Spec. Bui. 20, Jan., 1910 371 Spec. Bui. 23, May, 1910 371 Ohio Station: Bui. 215, Apr., 1910 303 Circ. 99, Mar. 1, 1910 381 Circ. 100, Apr. 7, 1910 396 Pennsylvania Station: Bui. 95 (rev.), Dec, 1909 379 Bui. 100, June, 1910 341 Texas Station: Bui. 125 Stations in the United States — Continued. 315 Vermont Station: Bui. 147, Dec, 1909 349 Bui. 148, Jan., 1910 349 Bui. 149, Jan., 1910 340 Bui. 150, Mar., 1910 340 Bui. 151, Apr., 1910 369 Virginia Station: Bui. 185, Sept., 1909 381 Bui. 187, Mar., 1910 325 Bui. 188, Mar., 1910 352 rage. 383 310 326 Wisconsin Station: Research Bui. 7, Feb., 1910... Circ. Inform. 14, May, 1910. . . Circ. Inform. 15, May, 1910.. U. S. Department of Agriculture . Farmers' Bui. 394 395 Farmers' Bui. 395 337 Farmers' Bui. 396 356 Farmers' Bui. 397 365 Farmers' Bui. 398 319 Farmers' Bui. 399 335 Farmers' Bui. 400 336 Food Insp. Decision 121 368 Noticesof Judsment291-323. 371, 378, 382 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 39, pts. 26-27 (15 cents each) 357 Bui. 122 (10 cents) 383 Bui. 123 (Scents) 385 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 85, pt. 4 (10 cents) 364 Bui. 18, tech. ser. (20 cents). . 365 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 178 (10 cents) 338 Bui. 179 (10 cents) 338 Circ. 59 335 Circ. 62 336 Circ 63 318 Doc. 535 336 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 12, No. 6, June, 1910 398 Weather Bureau: Bui. Mount Weather Observ., vol. 2, pts. 4-5 (25 cents per part, $1 per volume) 311 Monthly Weather Review, vol. 38, No. 3, Mar., 1910 (20 cents per number, $2.50 per year) 311,341 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 226 (15 cents) 393 Note —The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per volume and there will be two volumes each vear. The prices of other technical publications are given above. The publications of the state experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIII. Abstract Number. No. 4. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICTJLTUEAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Contributions to soil analysis, J. H. Pettit {Jour. Landw., 51 (1909), No. S, pp. 237-267, fig. 1; ahs. in Jour. Clieiii. Soc. [London], 98 {1910). No. 567, II, p. 65; Analyst, 35 {1910), No. 409, p. 177). — These experiments were conducted for the purpose of obtaining knowledge as to the plant nutrients extracted by dilute solvents and the relation of these nutrients to the fertility of the soil. Particular effort was made to establish a relationship between the results obtained by the methods of von Sigmond (E. S. R., 19, p. G) and Schloesing (E. S. R.. 15, p. 344). From the results obtained with the 6 soils examined it is evident that there is a definite natural limitation of the solubility of soil phosphates. If the basicity of the soil is considered, the uniform active concentrations of the nitric acid lie within certain definite limits, namely, about 400 to SOO mg. N^O^ per liter of the acid soil extract solution. The potassium oxid of the 6 soils with the method employed showed some differences in regard to solubility, some being slightly soluble and others readily soluble. Only in the case of the loam was a uniform effective concentration found. The relation existing between the soil and the total phosphoric acid or the potassium oxid content (soluble in hydrochloric acid of specific gravity 1.15) is not the same as that which is present when these are dissolved out with nitric acid. Shell marl, for instance, although it contains more total phosphoric acid than new red sandstone (bunt- sandstein), has only one-third as much easily soluble phosphoric acid as the latter. Loam contains two and one-half times the quantity of potassium oxid which the new red sandstone contains, but its content of easily soluble potas- sium oxid is only about three-fourths of that of the latter. The results of pot experiments with buckwheat, barley, potatoes, and loamy and shell marl soils corresponded closely with those obtained from chemical analysis. The amount of ])otassium oxid and phosphoric acid which was taken up by these plants, with one exception, was not the same as that soluble in dilute nitric acid. Further, there was no general relationship between the phosphoric acid and potassium oxid absorbed by one plant from the 4 soil pots and the readily soluble phosphoric acid and potassium oxid which was originally present in the soils. The various plants exhibited much difference in their capacity for taking up nourishment from the soil. Buckwheat, for instance, absorbed from a loamy soil three and one-half times as much potas- sium oxid and twice as much phosphoric acid as barley, which makes it obvious 301 302 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. that with a single solvent it is not possible to determine the assimilable nutrients contained in the soil with reference to all plants. The expressions " assimilable phosphorus " or " assimilable potash " should therefore be elimi- nated as they are confusing, and it is better to eini)loy the general term "' easily soluble substances," as estimated by the von Si.c;mond method. Contribution to fertilizer and soil analysis, E. A. Mitscherlich et al, {Laiidtc. Jahrh., 3d (1910), Jo. 2, pp. 299-.33Ji, pis. 2, fig. i).— The authors draw attention to the fact that while the methods for fertilizer and soil analysis and their results are sufficiently accurate for the buyer and seller they do not fur- nish a satisfactory explanation for the variations in results obtained with the same fertilizer during plant growth. The solubility of a fertilizer depends upon four factors, namely, the time, the temperature, the carbon dioxid content of the solvent, and the amount of solvent. It appears from the results obtained with dibasic and tribasic calcium phosphate, however, that the time factor can be lessened to a great degree by using larger amounts of water, and that it also depends to a great degree upon the nature of the phosphoric acid fertilizer. In regard to the relation of the carbon dioxid content to the rapidity of solution, it appears that the rate of solution is directly proportional to the amount of carbon dioxid in the water and the undissolved salt which is present. The function of temperature seems to be to increase the solution rate of iihosphoric acid in the presence of potash and nitrogen salts, but with phosphoric acid and calcareous salts this was not the case as a temperature varying between 10 and 20° C. seeuied to be the culminating point. In order to estimate the actual amount of solvent required for extracting the phosphoric acid in fertilizer analysis, with particular relation as to how much would be taken up by the plant, the authors have compiled two tables, one which is a summary of the results of solution experiments with water saturated with carbon dioxid at a temperature of 30° C. and a time limit of 24 hours, and the other a table which had been calculated for the same purpose. For nitrogen fertilizers only such materials were selected as contained nitro- gen in several forms, for instance, Peruvian guano and one prepared from red clover. It is shown that a definite carbon dioxid content in a water has no effect on the solubility of the nitrogenous bodies. Time also had no influence, and the effect of the amount of solvent was practically negative. In a test to determine whether carbonated water had any selective action upon the various forms of nitrogen present, it was found that with the Peruvian guano 6.8 per cent was insoluble and with clover hay 62 per cent, which, according to the theory of the authors, is considered *' nouavailable matter." From the results of the soil tests appended it appears that the results hold good for soils as well as for fertilizers. A new method for estimating' potash in soils, L. E. Cavazza (Nuovo Metodo per Dosare la Potassa. Alba, 1910, pp. 8). — The soil, which has been dried at 100° C, is digested in 10 per cent hydrochloric acid on the water bath. To the solution obtained therefrom oxalic acid is added, the solution evaporated to dryness, ignited, and weighed as potassium carbonate. Bacteriological methods for determining the available nitrogen in fer- tilizers, J. G, LiPMAN (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 (1910), No. Jf, pp. JJ/G-UiS). — The use of tests of the rate of ammonification in addition to nitrifi- cation is explained. A mechanical agitator for phosphate analysis, R. Frailong (Bui. Assoc. Cliim. Hucr. ct Distill., 27 (1910), No. 9. pp. SH'i-SGG, figs. 3).— A description and an illustration of the apparatus are given. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 303 lodonietric estimation of the phosphorus and magnesium in phosphate precipitates, R. Bkandis (Ztscltr. Analyt. Chcm., IiU (1910), No. S-Jf, pp. 152-157). — A method is described, in which the magnesium is precipitated as magnesium ammonium phosphate and the ammonia determined by a method which has practically the same basis as that of Artmann previously noted (11 S. R., 22. p. 70.".). Methods for the quantitative estimation of inorg'anic phosphorus in veg-etable and animal substances, E. B. Forbes et al. (Ohio Sta. Bui. 215, pp. .'i5!)-'iS9) . — The authors found it necessary to obtain a method for inorganic phosphorus which did not have the disadvantages possessed by the Hart and Andrews' method (E. S. R., 15, p. 496). It is shown that with the latter con- siderable difficulty is encountered in extracting the total amount of inorganic phosphorus present without bringing about a hydrolysis of the phytin. Phytin itself was also found to hinder the precipitation of the inorganic phosphorus. The authors have elaborated methods for estimating the inorganic i^hosphorus in plant and animal tissues, which eliminate the above retarding factors. For plant tissues the method consists essentially of the following: The inorganic phosphorus is extracted with a 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid solution, then the lihytin and the inorganic phosphorus are precipitated with magnesia mixture while the nucleinic acids remain in solution. The inorganic phosphorus is dis- solved out from the precipitate by the aid of a nitric acid solution in alcohol, and the phytin separated from this by means of filtration. The remaining process for determining the phosphorus is the usual oflicial method with molyb- date. Where enzyms are likely to be present, phenol is employed to check their action. For animal tissues the method utilized is as follows: "(1) Extraction with boiling ammonium sulphate solution; (2) filtration, concentration by boiling, and precipitation with magnesia mixture; (3) a gravimetric estimation of phos- phorus by precipitation, first with oflicial molybdate solution, then (4) with magnesia mixture, and finally (5) burning to the pyrophosphate. This method is equally api)licable to muscle, liver, kidney, and brain." A new sensitive reaction for nitric acid and nitrates, J. Schmidt and H. LuMPP (Bcr. Drut. Chem. GcseU., -',.3 (1910). No. 5. pp. 79J,-797).—A 0.1 per cent solution of di-(9.10-monoxyphenanthryl)amins in concenti-ated sulphuric acid is the reagent. To make the test a small fragment of the salt to be tested is added to from 2 to 3 cc. of the reagent. If nitrates are present a wine-red coloration will be obtained. A method for the determination of amino nitrogen and its applications, D. D. Van Slyke (Proc. »S'oc. Expt. Biol, ami Mcd.,7 (1009), No. 2. pp. JiG-J,S; abs. in Chcm. Abs., If (1910), No. 7, p. 933). — This method is based upon the known reaction of aliphatic amins with nitrous acid, RNH,+HN0:;=R0H + Il20-f N:. The method proposed requires but little apparatus, is rapid, and is stated to be as accurate as the Dumas or Kjeldahl method. It is carried out in a 35 cc. bottle, fitted with a three hole No. 4 rubber stopper. Through the stopper pass (1) the stem of a 10 cc. burette; (2) the thick-walled capillary inlet from a cylindrical dropping funnel of 25 cc. capacity, the capillary being of 2 mm. in- ternal diameter and reaching nearly to the bottom of the bottle; and (3) an outlet tube for gas, this being a cai)illary from 25 to .30 cm. high, of 1 mm. in- ternal and from 5 to 6 mm. external diameter, with the lower end flush with the bottom of the stoi)per and the u])per end bent in a semicircle to meet the inlet of a gas burette, and with a stopcock near the middle. " The amino solution for analysis is placed in the burette, and a few cubic centimeters of water in the dropping funnel. Into the bottle are poured 27 cc. of a 10 : 3 solution of sodium nitrite followed by 7 cc. of glacial acetic acid. The 304 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. stopper is placed in position and the slight air volume left in the bottle dis- placed by water from the dropping funnel. The outlet tube is then closed, whereupon the nitric oxid gas formed by decomposition of the nitrous acid fills the upper part of the bottle, forcing the solution back into the funnel. When from 5 to 10 cc. of gas are thus gathered, which requires but a few seconds, the outlet is opened and the gas driven out again, washing out the remaining traces of air. This is repeated to make absolutely certain that no air remains; then the outlet is closed until a gas space of from 15 to 18 cc. has formed. The stop- cock of the dropping funnel is then closed and the outlet connected with a gas burette. The amino solution is run in from the 10 cc. burette, and the bottle shaken at short intervals to hasten the evolution of gas. The latter is continued until oO to 40 cc. more gas than the volume of nitrogen expected is in the gas burette. The cock of the droi)ping funnel is then oi)ened, and all the gas from the bottle and outlet tube displaced into the gas burette. This mixture of nitric oxid and nitrogen is now run into a Hempel pipette containing a 5 per cent potassium permanganate — 2.5 per cent potassium hydroxid solution, which absorbs the nitrous oxid. The pure nitrogen is then measured in the burette." Alanin, valin, leucin, glycocoll, aspartic acid, glutaminic acid, phenylalanin, serin, oxyprolin, tyrosin, ai'ginin, histidin, tryptophan, and guanin yield one molecule each of nitrogen. Lysin yields 2 molecules of nitrogen. Prolin, being an imino substance, does not react at all. Guanidin and its derivatives also fail entirely to react. The method is expected to be of value for rapid analysis in identifying the amino acids, for the estimation of the amount of amino nitrogen in unknown substances, and in mixtures such as hydrolyzed protein. It has also been made the basis of a quantitative estimation of the amino acids in urine. The urea is first changed to ammonia by the action of sulphuric acid in an autoclave at 175°, the anmionia distilled off after the addition of calcium oxid. and the amino nitrogen determined in the filtrate. It is suggested that this method will be of value in indicating conditions where physiological oxidation of protein nitrogen is incomitlete. A new reaction for proteids, W. Arnold (Abs. in Chcm. Zfg., 3Jf (1910), No. 38, pp. 332, 333). — A series of animal proteids gave a characteristic reaction with sodium nitroprussid and ammonia, and which was not found to be due to a splitting off of alkali sulphids. The test is conduc-ted as follows : To from 1 to 2 cc. of an aqueous solution of the proteid is added from 2 to 4 drops of a 4 per cent sodium nitroprussid solution and then a few drops of ammonia. In the presence of certain jn-oteids an intense purple-red coloration will ensue. Hydrolysis of protein, M. Pfannl (Monatsh. Chcm., 31 (1910), No. 1, pp. 81-85). — Comparative tests made between the usual Fischer method and Przibi'am's alcohol-hydrochloric acid method yielded with fibroin 33.8 per cent glycocoll and 53.9 per cent volatile esters by the Fischer method, and 35.1 per cent glycocoll and 5T.S per cent volatile esters by the Przibram method. With gelatin the Przibram method yielded 10.8 per cent glycocoll and 3G.7 per cent A'Olatile esters. A modification of Fischer's ester method, B. O. Pribram (Monatsh. Chcm., 31 (I'JIO), No. 1, pp. .51-5 'i). — As a possibility exists of resai)onification taking place during the salting out process with sodium carbonate, as proposed by Fischer, or with barium oxid as suggested by Levenne, the author proposes to libei'ate the ester by means of dry ammonia. Casein peptones containing' phosphorus, M. Dietrich (Biochcm. Ztschr., 22 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. 120-130; abs. in Milchiv. Zcntbl., 6 (1910), No. 1, pp. 37, 38; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 98 (1910),No. 567, I, p. 82).— The calcium AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 305 coiupouncl of one of the dijiestioii products of casein (polypetid phosphoric acids), separated by Reh's method (E. S. R., 19, p. 1108), was studied by the author and is described as a yellow-brown powder easily soluble in cold water but in-soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone. Phosphoric acid was split off when this body was treateure food work from the fact that it gives reactions similar to certain of those of salicylic acid. See also a previous note by Sherman (E. S. K., 22. i». 611). Analysis of lard and detecting adulteration, J, Wautbrs {Abs. in Chem. Ztff., .3Jf (1910), No. 26, p. 222). — The analysis includes the determination of specific gravity, refraction figure. solul)ility temperature In alcohol. Reichert- Meissl uuml)er, Wauters number, and iodin number. Determining the refracto- metric figure and the critical temperature are sutticient to detect an addition of 10 iier cent of coco fat. The nitrogenous substances in honey, R. Lund (Mitt. Lrhcnsm. Vntersuch. «. Hyg., Schicciz. Gsndhtsamt., 1 {1910). No. 1, p. 3S; abs. in CItetii. Ztfj., 3Jf (1910), No. 35, Repert., p. I'll). — The author criticises the existing methods for examining honey and draws attention to the fact that the protein (total pro- tein and albumin) in natural and artificial honeys furnishes a good index as to their identity. About the ferment reactions of honey, A. Auzinger (Ztschr. JJntersuch. Ndlir. H. (Icntissnitl.. 19 (1910), No. 7, pp. 353-362).— From the results it seems evident that the reaction obtained with paraphenylendiamin, hydrogen dioxid, and honey can not be attributed to a ferment action. Tests with various pure sugars brought out the fact that this same reaction can be obtained with fruc- tose, showing that the test is purely chemical. Ex[)eriments to determine the action of the various methods for diastase, catalase, and the paraphenylendiamin reactions at different temperatures, and in acid, neutral, and alkali media, were also made. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 2.3, p. 12). The effect of pectin substances on sugar estimation in dry marmalades, F, Strohmer and O. Fallada (Osten: Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerindiis. a. Landw., 39 ( 1910), No. 1, pp. 1/9-55). — In estimating the sugar content of fruit conserves particular attention must be paid to the influence exerted by pectin. The determination of the fat content of cocoa and chocolate, A. Prochnow (Arch. Phanii.. 2.'iS (1910), No. 2. pp 8/-cS',S). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R.. 22. ]>. 41.3). On the quantitative determination of cane sugar by the use of invertase (Amer. Sugar Indus, and Beet Sugar Gaz., 12 (1910). No. 5, pi). 119, ISO).— Previously noted from another source (E. S. R.. 22, p. 412). Influence of optically active substances (nonsugars) upon the sugar estimation in beets, K. Andrlik and V. Stanek (Ztschr. Zuckcrindus. Bohmen, 3'i (ID 10). No. 7, pp. 385-399). — Beet juice, obtained by digesting with water and clarifying with 10 cc. of lead vinegar, when concentrated to one-fifth of the original volume showed a diminution in the polarization and x'educing value not due to the inversion of the sucrose. The same observation was made with press and diffusion juice, and indicates the presence of optically active sub- stances which differ from raflinose, amino acids, etc. The electrical conductivity method for the ash in impure sugar solutions, A. E. Lanue (Ztschr. Vcr. Dcut. Zuckcrindus., 1910, No. 651. II. pp. 359-3S1).— The author finds that the results obtained with the Main method (E. S. R., 22. J). 10) are very satisfactory, but draws attention to the fact that it is always necessary to have a series of constants at hand. A new method is therefore proposed, inirticularly for impure sirups, and tables for use with it are ap- pended. A reversion of the starch-dextrin reaction, E. T. Reichert (Univ. Penn. Med. Bui. 23 (1910), No. 2, pp. .77-7'/). — The starch-dextrin reversion reaction 54345°— No. 4—10 2 308 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. was studied by a new metliod. which Is dynamic and not enzymatic in its action, and consists in raising the, temperature of the digesting solution rapidly when it has arrived at a point near or at its equilibrium. The tests were conducted with a 1 per cent starch solution and chiefly with pancreatln, although in some instances malt and taka-diastases and ptyalin were used as the enzym. When the enzym was allowed to act upon the starch solution until a violet coloration was obtained with iodin, and then quickly heated up to 60° or 65°C., a reversion to the original blue coloration of the starch was obtained. No reversion was obtainable after the reaction had proceetied to the achro-dextrin stage, but occasionally dextrin-maltose and maltose-glucose reversions were noted with the polari scope. The estimation of iron in milk, G. Fendler, L. Frank, and W. STtJBEB {ZtHchr. Unlcrsiich. Nahr. u. Gcnussmil., J!) {lUlO), ^o. 7, pi). 369, 310).— Evaporate 200 gm. of the milk in a platinum dish and incinerate to white ash. As often the ash still contains some carbon ]iarticles, dissolve the residue (as far as possible) in 5 cc. of hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.125) and extract with water. Burn the insoluble particles in the filter completely (with the filter), to the residue add the hydrochloric acid extract previously obtained, and evaporate the whole to complete dryness. Then treat the mass with 20 cc. of fuming hydrochloric acid, again evaporate to dryness, to the residue add 30 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid, digest on the water bath, and finally heat over a burner until dense white fumes of sulphuric acid escai)"es. Finally dilute the residue to 110 cc. with water, filter, and take 100 cc. of the filtrate taken for the Iron determination, which is made in an Erlenmeyer flask. Into the flask place a stick of zinc (around which is wound some platinum wire, the end of which is fused into a glass rod), stopper the bottle with a Bunsen vent and heat for one-half hour on the water bath, allow to cool, remove the zinc stick, and titrate with twentieth-normal potassium permanganate solu- tion. One cc. of the permanganate solution equals 0.004 gm. ferric oxid. The so-called "iron milks" examined by the above method, and which were obtained from cows fed iron preparations, contained from 0.0005 to 0.00070 per cent of iron oxid, while ordinary milk contained from 0.0004 to 0.0012 per cent. Determination of sodium chlorid in milk, P. Poetschke (Ais. in Chem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 31, p. 268). — On incinerating the residue from milk accord- ing to the usual method some of the sodium chlorid is lost. The author pro- poses to eliminate this possibility by diluting the milk with water, adding copper sulphate, and then allowing sodium hydroxid to run in slowly in order to precii)itate the proteins. The chlorin is determined according to Volhard's method. Fat content and specific gravity of curdled milk liquefied with ammonia, O. Hofmeisteb {Landbote, 1910, p. 371; ah.'i. in Molh-. Ztg. [Uildcslieim], 2'i {1910), No. 29, p. 532). — The specific gravity and fat content of curdled milks which were reliquefied with ammonia were determined and the results compared with those obtained in the original fresh milk. C F The formulas used for this purpose were as follows: For fat. F=-^t — -. where A F=fat in the original milk, F, = fat in the curdled milk liquefied with am- monia, A=the volume of the curdled milk, and C=the volume of the liquefied P g_^ g g milk. For the specific gravity, s= ' " . — ' — , where s=the required specific A gravity of the original milk, Si=the specific gravity of the ammonia. s-=that of the liquefied milk. A=the volume of the curdled milk, B^that of the am- monia, and C=that of the liquefied milk. The results obtained were very satisfactory. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 309 Eefraction and specific gravity of the calcium chlorid milk serum, C. Mai .•iml S. KoTHKNFUSSER (MUchw. Zenfbl., 6 (liJlO), Ao. '/, /;/;. I'f6-15.'i). — A po- U'luical article, continuing previous discussions (E. S. R., 20, p. 706; 21, p. 11; 22, p. 511). The relation of the acidity to the catalytic power of fresh milk, J. Sarthou (Jour. /'Jianii. rt Chiiii., 7. .sf r., / ( 1!)10), Ao. 8, pp. 387 -3!) 3) .—The author draws .Mttention to the fact that no relation exists between the catalytic activity and tljc amount of acid present in the milk. Estimating the catalytic power, how- ever, will determine the degree of freshness of the milk. Diastases in milk (peroxidases), E. Nicolas {Abs. in Chem. Ztg., 34 {1910). Ao. 21K II. .i'ii>). — The author discusses Bordas and Touplain's work (E. S. R., 21. p. 475). which attributes the peroxidase reaction in milk to colloidal casein, and states that if the casein of the milk is removed with acetic acid the result- ing (filtered) serum will decomiiose hydrogen dioxid and give the characteristic reaction with guaiacol. The coloration becomes even more intense if the colloids are removed from the milk by magnesium sulphate or sodium chlorid at a temperature of from 37° to -10° C. If to the lactose serum from raw milk (originally treated with acetic acid) from 2 to 3 volumes of alcohol are added, a precipitate is obtained which is soluble in acetic acid and which also contains the active substance. This pre- cipitate when washed with alcohol, rubbed up and treated with distilled water or slightly acidified water, gives up the peroxidase substance to the water and in which the characteristic reactions can be obtained. The author expresses the opinion that a soluble product exists in milk which possesses the peroxidase activity. Milk ferments, J, Meyer (Arl). K. Gsndhtsamt., 3'/ {1910), No. 1, pp. 115- 121). — From the results it appears in contradistinction to those obtained by Bordas and Touplain (E. S. R., 21, p. 475) that the sediment and cream layer from a filtered milk which has been heated for a sutticient length of time will not decompose hydrogen peroxid nor give a blue coloration with para- phenylendiamin. When the sediment liberates hydrogen peroxid this is prob- ably due to the dirt particles contained therein, which sometimes are capable of acting as catalysts. Tests with raw milk casein showed that while this substance was capable of decomposing hydrogen peroxid it did not bring about an oxidation of the paraphenylendiamin with hydrogen peroxid. Heated casein also did not liberate oxygen, nor did it oxidize paraphenylendiamin in the presence of hydrogen peroxid. Milk serum (obtained by filtering through a coUodium ultra-filter) when rubbed up with raw casein did not give the characteristic reaction. Attempts to reactivate boiled milk with pumice stone or platin sole showed that the hitter brought about an active reaction almost immediately, while i)umice stone did this slowly. Examination of condensed milk {Pharm. Post., 1/3 {1910), No. 2.'/, pp. 235, 236). — A method employed by the treasury department (technical control) at Vienna is given. Condensed milks usually contain sucrose (R) in addition to lactose (M) and possibly fluctuating amounts of invert sugar (I), so that G (total sugar) =R + M+I. The total sugar is determined after inversion with Fehling's solution and the result calculated as cane sugar. In a second sample the cine sugar and the invert sugar are fermented with press yeast and the remaining milk sugar determined with Fehling's solution and the findings reported as cane sugar. The difference (G— M) gives the cane sugar content. 310 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, Simplifications in milk analysis, S. H. Collins (Pioc. Univ. Durham. Phil. 8oc., 3 (1909-10), No. //, pp. 191-19',, fig. 7).— The author has constructed a slide rule which, in contradistinction to the Droop Richmond apparatus, requires only one setting to obtain the results. The refraction constant of the nonvolatile acids of butter, G. Dumitrescu and D. M. Popesu {Ahs. in Chcm. Ztg., 3J, {1910), No. 23, pp. 196, 197).— The authors show that determining the refraction constant of butter furnishes an index as to the amount of nonvolatile acid present. The limits found in these tests were between 20.9 and 30.2 at 40° C. for pure Roumanian butters. The composition of various 'butters, A. Reinsch {Ber. Chem. Untcrsuch. Amt. Altoiw, 1909; ahs. in MUchw. Zciitbl., U {1910), No. J,, pp. 1SS-19Z) .—The results of determinations .of the refractive index and Reichert-Meissl number of German and Russian butters for 1009 are reported. The determination of salt in butter at the creamery, J. L. Sammis {Wis- consin Sta. Circ. Inform. 1.',. p. 7, figs. 2). — A modification of the method pre- viously described (E. S. R., 13, p. 16). Contributions to our knowledge of beeswax, G. Buchner {Ztschr. Offentl. Chcm., 16 {1910), No. 7, pp. 12S-131). — Attention is called to abnormal results obtained in the analysis of genuine beeswax. Preparation of beeswax {Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Ken.^ington], 8 {1910), No. 1, pp. 23-31). — An account of the preparation of beeswax for the market in Africa and India is given. Vinegar from apples, F. de Castella {Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria, 8 {1910), No. 3, pp. 151-156). — The feasibility of producing vinegar from apples in Aus- tralia is discussed and the processes of manufacture are described. The home canning of fruits and vegetables, S. B. Shaw {Bui. N. C. Dcpt. Agr., 31 {1910), No. 5, pp. 21/, figs. 9). — This bulletin embi'aces the results of experimental tests in the home canning of fruits and vegetables. The principles of canning and the necessary equipment are discussed, and specific directions are given for canning various fruits and vegetables, mixed vegetables, and soups. Canning tomatoes on a large scale, G. S. Demuth {Weekly Market Growers Jour., 6 {1910), No. 19, p. 5). — A practical article in which the entire process is considered. [The manufacture of dry tomato conserve] {Pure Products, 6 {1910), No, 5, pp. 251-254). — A description of a method for prei)aring dry tomato conserve previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 416). The microflora and the preservation of French mustard, I, A. Kossowicz {Ztschr. lAiiidw. Vcrsuchsw. Ostcrr., 13 {1910), No. 2, pp. 95-120).— The results show that freshly ground mustard as it leaves the mill contains bacteria and spores of the Mesentericus and Subtilis group. The decomposition of nuistard is very often brought about by bacteria which are not active gas formers, but notwithstanding this, gas formers are very often present. The gas bubbles I)resent in the fermenting mustard may also originate from two other sources, (1) from the metabolic processes of the nongas-forming bacteria, and (2) from the air absorbed by the mustard mash. An infected mustard without gas fermentation will sometimes be decomposed to a greater degree than one con- taining much gas. The mashing process brings about a decided decrease in the micro - organism content, the mold and budding fungi being chiefly sup- pressed. The addition of condiments or hydrogen peroxid and lactic acid to the mash exerts no influence on the suppression of the bacteria. In order to prevent the spoilage of mustard it is advisable to add some white mustard seed to the mash, and to have a higher acetic acid content i)resent. METEOEOLOGY — WAXES. 311 usini; for this purpose t;arlic vineixar where advisable, to ocoasionally refresh the stored nnistard by uiilliiiK with fresh mustard and some acetic acid, to mash la thiclv, and finally, to keep the finished product in a cool place. Steriliz- inj; the mustard thus far has not .iiiven j^ood results. Clarifying powders in sugar manufacture, J, J. Hazewinkel {Mcded. Procfslat. Jura-Suikerindiis., I'.ilo, .Vo. 33, pi). 299-307). — Tests to determine the advisability of employing a clarifying pow^dor (aluminum sulphate and sodium sulphite) in sugar manufacture are reported. The sulphuring of wool, A. Reychleb (Bui. Soc. Chim. Bclg., 23 (1909), No. J2, itp. J,7l-',lo; (ihs. in Cliriii. Ztg., 3', (1910), No. 25, Rcpert., p. 103).— The combining;; of sulphurous acid witli wool proceeds in two ways, namely, (1) by chemical absorption which at first is rapid, then gradually diminishes, and finally reaches a certain limit, and (2) by solution of the gaseous sulphurous acid. The author has constructed an apparatus for measuring the absorption of sulphurous acid by the wool. Hydrolysis of cellulose with hydrofluoric acid, J. Ville and W. Mestrezat (Vuinpt. Rend. Acad, ^'c^. [/'«r/.s|, I.JO (1910). A'o. 12, pp. 783, 7'S//).— Hydrolyz- ing 100 gm. of dry cellulose with a 50 per cent solution of hydrofluoric acid yielded 41 gm. of glucose in G hours. The behavior of fluorids in the preservation of wood, R, Nowotny (Osicrr. ChciH. Ztg., 13 (1910), yo. 7, pp. Sl-S'i). — A study in reference to the behavior of zinc fiuorid solution and zinc chlorid-sodium tiuorid solution and of various methods in impregnation of wood. [Miscellaneous analyses], W. P. Gamble (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and E.rpt. Farm, 35 (1909), pp. 90-93). — Analyses are reported of potable waters, ashes, fertilizers, bone phosphate, bone meal, potassium sulphate, ground cap- lin. ground kelp, limestone, and sand. Report of the Stein analytical-chemical laboratory for 1908, F. Christen- sen (Tidsykr. Landiikonoini, 1909, No. 6, pp. 329-355). — Results of analyses of feeduig stuffs, fertilizers, and dairy products are reported and discussed. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bui. Mount Wvatlirr Obscrv., 2 (1910), pts. .',, pp. 111 + 183-278, pis. 5. figs. 18, charts 6; 5, pp. ■279-3Ji5, figs. 3, charts 6). — These numbers contain the following articles: Part 4. — Vertical Temperature Gradients as JNIodified by Seasons and by Storm Conditions (illus. ), by W. J. Humphreys; Periodic Variation in the Velocity of the Centers of Higli and Low Pressure, by E. Gold ; The Velocity of the Centers of High and Low Pressure in the United States, by C. F. von Herrmann (E. S. R., 19, p. 10) ; Changes of Atmospheric Density in Storms (illus.), by J. I. Craig; Pyrheliometer and Polarimeter Observations, by H. H. Kimball; Recent Building Operations at Mount Weather. Va. (illus.), by A. J. Henry; The Construction of a Weather Bureau Kite (illus.), by A. J. Henry; The New Kite Reel (illus.), by W. R. Blair; and Upper Air Data for April, May, and June, 1909 (illus.), by W. R. Blair. Part 5. — Atmospheric Phenomena and Ilalley's Comet, by W. J. Humphreys; The Isothermal Layer and the Temperature of the Earth, by W. J. Humphreys; Latitude Effect on thie Temperature and Height of the Upper Inversion, by W. J. Humphreys; The Atmosphere, by R. S. Woodward; Misleading Names for Winds, by C. Kassner; and Upper Air Data for July, August, and Septem- ber, T.iOit (illus.), l)y W. R. Blair. Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev.. 38 (1910). No. 3, pp. 329-.506. /igs. 18, charts J'l). — This number contains the usual climatological sununaries. 312 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. weather forecasts and warnings for March. 1010, river and ttood ohservations. lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent iiapers on meteorology and seismology, a condensed climatological summary, and climato- logical tables and charts. There are also special pai)ers on Average Stream Flow of the Chattahoochee and Flint liivers in Georgia ; The Worli of the Water Resources Branch of the United States Geological Survey in the Ohio River Valley, by A. H. Horton; The Shoshone Reservoir, by W. S. Palmer; Water Supply for the Shoshone Project, by D. W. Cole; Smudge Pots for the Prevention of Frosts, Wichita, Kans. (illus.), by R. H. Sullivan (see p. 341) ; Relation of Precipitation and Stream Flow to Irrigation Projects (illus.), by D. W. Mead; Climatology of Deschutes Valley (illus.), by E. A. Reals; Water Resources of Deschutes River Drainage Basin (illus.), by J. C. Stevens; Flood in the Willamette Valley in February and March, 1910 (illus.), by H. J. Andree; The Coconino Forest Plxperimeut Station Near Flagstaff, Ariz, (illus.), by A. E. Haclvett ; The Petrified Forests of Arizona (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow; Comments on Professor Swain's Article on Floods and Forests, by T. P. Rob- erts; and Summary of the Climatological Data for the United States, by Sec- tions, by F. H. Bigelow. Weather report, W. H. Day (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 35 {1909), pp. .'i9-5Ji). — Observations on temperature, precipitation, length of season, wind, and damage by lightning at different places in Ontario for the year 100!) are reported. [Meteorological observations in Trinidad] {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, 1908-9, pp. 19-24). — Tables give the annual rainfall at the Royal Botanic Gardens, 1SG2 to 190S; mean annual records of barometric i)ressure, temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, ISSS to 1908; sunshine records, 1908; observations on barometric pressure, temperature, humidity, rainfall, etc., at St. Clair, 1908 ; and annual rainfall for the Island of Trinidad as shown by observations at GO different stations. The weather of the past agricultural year, F, J. Brodie {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 10 {1909), pp. Jf06-.'il f,) .—The general character of the different seasons of the year is described and summaries of long-term observations on rainfall, temperature, and sunshine for the United Kingdom are given. The weather of Scotland in 1909, A. Watt {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. .sc/-., 22 {1910), pp. SOo-SKi). — "This rejwrt consists of (1) a general description of the weather over Scotland from month to month; (2) a selection of rainfall returns, in which each county of Scotland is represented by one or more stations." Hailstorms and lightning- strokes in Saxony, 1886 to 1905, E. Grohmann {Ztschr. K. Sachs. Statis. Landvsumt., 55 {1909), pp. 108-122, maps 2).— Very complete data on this subject are given. The rains of the Nile Basin and the Nile flood of 1908, H. G. Lyons {Sur- vey Dept., Egypt, Paper No. l.'i, pp. 69, pis. 8). — The available data relating to the distribution of rainfall in the Nile Basin, the rainfall of 1908, the pre- ceding low stage, and the Nile flood of 1908 are summarized and discussed, and observations indicating earth movements at Lake Victoria, are also reported. The period of deficient rainfall which began in 1896 was broken in 1908. The improved facilities for studying this subject are described. " During 1908 rainfall was measured at 88 stations in the Nile Basin while that recorded at 118 other stations in neighboring regions was studied in connection with the meteorological conditions of northeastern Africa." Also, see a previous rei)ort (E. S. R.. 22, p. 315). METEOROLOGY — WAtEfi. 313 Dew measurements during' 1904 to 1907, N. Passerini (Co/. 1st. Agri t/// I'diicr No. 2'i3, pp. 7-224, P^-^- -h P9- !)■ — I'his publication gives the results of flow measure- ments in the drainage basins of tlie following rivers : Alleglieny, Monongaliela, ^Muskingum, Kanawha. Miami, Wabash, and Tennessee. Surface water supply of the St. Lawrence River basin, 1907-8, H. K. Barrows, A. II. Horton, and R. H. Bolster (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 2.'f'i, pp. 7-163, pis. 7, fig. 1). — This publication gives the results of flow measurements iu the following drainage basins: Lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River. Surface water supply of the Upper Mississippi River and Hudson Bay basins, 1907-8, A. H. Horton, E. F. Chandler, and R. H. Bolster (t/. S. Geo/. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 245, pp. 7-133, pis. 5, fig. i).— The re- sults are given of flow measurements iu the drainage basins of the following rivers: St. Mary, Red, Mississippi (at Anoka, Minn.), Chippewa, Black, Wis- consin. Wapsipinicon, Rock, Iowa, Sangamon. Kaskaskia. and Big Muddy. Surface water supply of western Gulf of Mexico, 1907-8, W. B. Freeman, W. A. Lamb, and R. H. Bolster (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 24s, pp. 5-171, pis. 4, fig. 7).— The results are given of flow measurements in the Rio Grande River drainage basin. Surface water supply of the Colorado River basin, 1907-8, W. B. Free- man and R. H. Bolster {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 249, pp. 206, pis. iO).— This publication gives the results of flow measurements in the Colorado River drainage l)asin. Water supply statistics (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 40 (1908), pp. 215- 250). — Data for rainfall and flow of streams in various places iu Massachusetts are given. Examination of public water supplies {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 40 (1908), pp. 203-211). — Chemical analyses of the princii)al sources of public water supply in Massachusetts examined during 1908 are reported. Examination of rivers {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 40 {1908), pp. 545- 555). — This is an account of the examination of sources and character of pollu- tion of various streams in Massachusetts. Purification of sewage, H. W. Clark and S. DeM. Gage {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 40 {1908), pp. 253-538, dgins. 20; reprint, pp. 201, dgms. 20).— This is a review of 21 years' experiments on the purification of sewage at the Law- rence (Mass.) Experiment Station. It summarizes the results of experiments on the composition of the sewage used ; sand and soil filtration ; efficiency of trickling filters; contact filters aud their operation; comparative disposal of organic matter by sand, contact, and trickling filters; i)reliminary treatments for removal of siispended matter; disposal of sewage sludge by destructive dis- tillation; bacteriology of sewage and sewage purification; and biochemistry of S'.'wage purification. Sterilization of large quantities of water by means of ultraviolet rays, V. Hknri, a. Helhronner, and M. de Recklinghausen {Conipt. Rend. Aead. Sci. [Paris], 150 {1910), No. 15, pp. 932-934, fig. 1; abs. in Sci. Abs., Sect. B— Elect. Engin., 13 {1910). No. 6, pp. 209, 2/0).— This article describes an apparatus capable of sterilizing water at a rate of 125 cubic meters per hour. The appara- tus consists essentially of a mercury vapor lamp in quartz of the Westinghouse- Oooper Hewitt type. With such a lami), using a current of 220 volts and 3 amperes, an emulsion containing typhoid, dysenteric, and similar bacilli was 314 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, C'ouii)letely sterilized at a distance of 60 cm. in 80 seconds, at 40 cm. in 1.^) seconds, iit 20 cm. in 4 seconds, and at 10 cm. in less than 1 second. The sterilization was effected by an expenditure of 3.0 watt hours per cubic meter, but it is thought that this can be considerably reduced. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. What is weathering? P. Treitz {Comiit. Rend. Conf. Internat. Agrng6ol. [Budapest], 1 {IVO'J), pp. lSl-161). — Special emphasis is laid in this article upon the controlling influence of moisture upon weathering, and soils are classified witli reference to tlie character of the climate in which they have been formed. The principal soil zones described are (1) those in which the precipitation is from 450 to 800 mm., (2) those with from 300 to 450 mm., and (3) those with less than 300 mm. In the first is included the moist oceanic climate in which the soil solutions are poor in bases and have an acid reaction, and the drier con- tinental climate in which the soil solutions are rich in bases, especially lime, but are also acid. The second zone includes semiarid climate in which the soil moisture is a saline, alkaline humus solutiou. The third zone includes desert climate and drifting sandy soils. In discussing weathering the author distinguishes between the surface crust of the soil particle, consisting of products of weathering, and the inner unaltered core. The former when separated from the particle and diffused through the soil forms clay. The weathered soil is a mixture of silicates resulting from the weatliering process with fragments of unaltered original minerals. The weathering is more complete in humid regions tlian in dry regions. As regards the composition of the products of weathering, the relation of bases to acids varies slightly within each climatic zone. With a change of the climatic con- ditions, however, this relation varies uniformly. The acid content (silicic and humic acid) decreases with the humidity of the air, the content of bases increas- ing with increasing aridity. Even forest soils contain from 10 to 20 times as much bases in arid regions as in humid regions. Tlie separation of acids as well as bases from the soil solution depends upon climatic conditions. With a decrease in tlie intensity of solution greater amounts of easily soluble com- pounds separate out. Soil types as determined by climatic zones, E. von Cholnoky {Conipt. Rend. Conf. Internat. Agrogeol. [Budapest], 1 (lUO'J). pp. 103-176, chart 1). — This article deals with desert, steppe, savanna, and forest soils, and shows the relation of moisture to the character of the soil. Classification of soils according' to climates (Terre Vaud., 2 (1910), No. 16, pp. 18]~1H3). — This is a review of papers by Treitz, Cholnoky. and Cornu on the relation of soils to climate. Agrogeological field work, H. Horusitzky (Compt. Rend. Conf. Internat. Agrogeol. [Budapest], 1 {1909), pp. 193-201).— The principal points which should receive attention in such work are stated. What should be included in agrogeological reconnaissance and special charts? E. Timko (Compt. Rend. Conf. Internat. Agrogeol. [Budapest], 1 (1909), pp. 208-205). — A brief statement of the requisites of such soil charts is given. The preparation of agrogeological reconnaissance and special charts, W. GiJLL (Compt. Rend. Conf. Internat. Agrogeol. [Budapest]. 1 (1909), pi). 201- 212).— A brief statement. The special value of soil analysis in intensive agriculture, E. Leplae (Compt. Rend. Conf. Internat. Agrogeol. [Budapest], 1 (1909), pp. 177-187). — This article maintains that chemical analysis is of great value in determining SOILS — FERTiLTZERS. 3l5 till' fci'tilizor ri^iniii't'iiu'iits of soils in intensive atiricultnre and has the advan- tage of beins nuich (|nicker than field experiments. The constituents of mineral soils; the analysis, classification, and prin- cipal properties of clay soils, A. Atteuberg {Compt. Rend. Coiif. Internat. A !l roil vol. [BiKhiiirst], 1 (I'JO'J), pp. 2S!)-301, fig. 1). — The essential points of this article have already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 106). Agricultural soils, B. N. Baker, W. B. Clark, and E. Hirsch iRpt. Con- serv. Com. Md., 1908-9, pp. I'Ji-SU, pis. 2). — The various types of soils of the Eastern Shore, southern and north central Maryland, Frederick Valley, Catoctin Mountain and Blue Ridge, Hagerstown Valley, and the Appalachian region are desi'rii)ed and their crop adai)tatii)iis explained. The chemical composition of some [Texas soils], G. S. Fraps {Texas Sta. Bill. 125, pp. (J-!^'i, flil^- 1^) ■ — 111 continuation of [irevions work (E. S. R., 19, p. 919), this bulletin reports the results of a chemical examination of soils from Angelina, Brazoria, Cameron, Cherokee, Delta, Lamar, Hidalgo, Lavaca, Mont- gomery, Nacogdoches, Robertson, Rusk, Webb, and Wilson counties, Texas. The results of the chemical analyses are in many cases checked by those of pot experiments to test the actual fertility of the soils. The results are used as a basis for the discussion of essentials of crop production, physical and chem- ical deficiencies of soils, conservation of soil fertility, the value of chemical ana.lysis and pot experiments in determining soil fertility, and the chemical characteristics of Texas soil t.viies. Nitrogen and carbon in the virgin and fallowed soils of eastern Oreg'on, C. K. Bradley {Jour. Indus, and Eiigin. Chem., 2 {1910), No. -}, pp. 138, 139). — From the data reported the conclusion is drawn " that while the percentage of nitrogen in these soils has remained practically constant under continual crop- ping for, in extreme cases, 25 years, there has been a marked decrease in the carbon or oi-ganie content." [Soils of Trinidad], P. Carmody {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, 1908-9, pp. J/l, -i?). — The general character of the soils of Trinidad is de- scribed, and analyses with comments are given of an exceptionally rich humus soil obtained from an old lagoon and of a soil on which sugar cane blighted badly. The first was found to be unusually rich in phosphates and organic mat- ter and poor in lime. It also contained a large amount of chlorin in the sub- soil. The soil on which sugar cane blighted was found to contain an excess of magnesia over lime. Analyses of soils of the Palazzo farm in Corticella, near Bologna, in the experimental field for tile draining, I. Giglioli {Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Rome], 8 {1909), kier. C, No. 11, pp. 28-30. pis. 10).— The results of analyses of 11 samples of soils taken at different depths and at different points in the field are reported and discussed. Agronomic chart work in Bohemia, J. Kopecky {Compt. Rend. Conf. Inter- nat. Agrogeol. [Budapest], 1 {1909), pp. 213-211). — A brief description is given of the work done under government ausi)ices. Soil properties of the Kbros flood region, H. Ujj {Compt. Rend. Conf. Inter- nat. Agrogeol. [Budapest], 1 {1900), pp. 2'i5, 2-'/6). — The injurious effect of ex- cessive water in these soils is explained. Soil zones of Roumania, G. Munteanu-Murgoci {Compt. Rend. Conf. Inter- nat. Agrogeol. [Budapest], 1 {1009), pp. 313-325, pi. 1). — The principal soil zones are Itriefly described. Soil conditions in Norway, K. O. Bjorlykke {Compt. Rend. Conf. Internal. Agrogeol. [Budapest], 1 {1909), pp. 115-122). — This article briefly discusses the geological and agronomic classification and i)etrography of Norwegian soils. Sl6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Soil zones and soil types of European and Asiatic Russia, K. Glinka (Co)iipt. Rend. (Jonf. Inter nat. Ayrogeol. [BudutJcst], 1 (lUOi)), piK 9o-113 pi. 1). — The most important and extensive soil zones, viz, podzol, chernozem, chestnut colored, and semidesert, and various modifications of these soils, are described, with analyses of typical samples and notes on their distribution. Soil temperatures in the Black Eorest, Graubiinden, and Egypt, J. KoENiGSBERGER, E. Thoma, and F. Leiek (Ber. Naiiirf. Gesell. Freiburg, 18 {1910), No. 1, pp. 23-J{2, pis. 3, fig. 1). — The general conclusion from the data here summarized is that in dry sandy soils the temperature at the surface is about 1.5 to 2° C. higher than that of the. air, but that this difference does not exceed 1° in unforested soils in very humid climates. The nature of the color of black cotton soil, H. E. Annett {Elem. Dept. Agr. India. Chcm. 8cr., 1 {1910), No. 9. pp. 1S5-203).— It is stated that the black cotton soil of India covers at least 200,000 square miles and is the second in importance of all Indian soils, since in addition to a variety of other crops by far the largest proportion of the Indian cotton is grown on this soil. While varying in color from deep black to a slaty gray the typical soil is deep black and has an excessive tendency to crack during dry weather. Various investigations have previously been made with refei'euce to explaining these properties, but without very definite results. The author is of the opin- ion that the soil is formed in situ from trap rock. His investigations led to the conclusion that " the black color of these soils is mainly due to the presence of several per cent of titaniferous magnetite and of 1 to 2 per cent of soluble humus. The mineral substance alone would not account for the deep black color. Here it may be noted that the black color of certain Hawaiian soils is in [)art attributed to mineral matter, in this ca.se manganese dioxid. The soils are not rich in organic matter judged from the European standard, and organic nitrogenous manures appear to give good results on them. The amount of clay is exceptionally high and this accounts for the ' cracking' which takes place in these soils during the hot dry weather." Observations on the influence of the autumn plowing of the soil under summer cereals at the Poltava Experiment Station, S. T. Tretvakov (Khozyaintvo, 1909, No. 1; ahs. in ZIrur. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. E.vpt. Landw.), 10 (1909), No. J,, pp. 5J,0, 5//i).— Observations during 11 years (ISSJr) to 1905) clearly show that in the region of the Poltava Experiment Station the earlier the field is plowed in the fall for summer wheat the greater the yield and that the earliest plowing in the fall may be only SJ in. deep provided the field is later plowed again to a dei)th of about S in. Three years' exi)eriments with barley showed that it is influenced by the time of the fall plowing in the same way as wheat, but in a greater degree, being more benefited by early plowing than is wheat. Plowing in the fall and leaving the harrowing until spring resulted in lower yields than where early harrowing followed the plowing. Effect of steam sterilization on the water-soluble matter in soils, T. L. Lyon and J. A. Bizzell (New York Cornell Sin. Bui. 275, pp. 129-155, figs. j2). — This bulletin summarizes the results of experiments by other investi- gators on the effect on soils of complete or partial sterilization by heat or vola- tile antiseptics, and reports studies by the authors of the chemical changes brought about by steaming garden soils in an autoclave under a i)ressure of 2 atmospheres for from 2 to 4 hours. " Both the steamed and the unsteamed soils were allowed to stand in the greenhouse in pots witliout being planted to any crop, the surface being cov- eretl with filter paper, and by the addition of distilled water the moisture content was maintained at about 25 per cent of dry soil. No special i)recautiou SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 317 was taken to itrcveiit inoculation except from other soils. The number of bac- teria in tlie sterilized soil increased to an enormous number in tlie course of several uiontbs, but as tiiere was practically no increase in nitrates it is evident that either nitrifying bacteria did not enter the soil or that their growth was inhibited." Among tlie more important new facts brought to light by these experiments are the following: *■ Steaming the soil at 2 atmospheres pressure for 2 hours or 4 hours reduces the nitrates of the soil to nitrites and to ammonia, but most of the ammonia is formed from organic nitrogen. " On standing for various periods up to 3 months, without plants growing on them, the steamed soils steadily decreased in their content of soluble matter, including ammonia and nitrogenous organic matter. "Ammonification as well as nitrification (the latter mentioned by Deherain and De Moussy) were practically nonexistent during the 3 months following steaming. "The time required for the soils to recover from the injurious effects of steaming, as shown by the better growtli on the steamed than on the un- steamed soils, was with one exception in the order of their relative produc- tiveness. " Wheat seedlings grown in the aqueous extract of the freshly steamed soil grow less well tliau those in the extract of the nnsteamed soil, but when the extracts were diluted the better growth was made by the seedlings in the extract of the steamed soil. The results indicate the production of injurious substances during the steaming process. " Steamed soil on which wheat was grown for 3 months contained decidedly more soluble matter at the end of that time than did that jiortion of the soil on which no plants were grown, but whicli stood for the same length of time under similar conditions. '• The growth of wheat plants on the steamed soil served to hasten its recovery from the injurious effects of steaming. " The effect of adding an infusion of unsterilized soil to the same soil steamed was to increase greatly the germination of seeds and the early growth of the plants, but to retard later growth, so that the second crop was very much smaller on the steamed soil to which the infusion had been added than on the steamed soil not so treated. "Another effect of the infusion was to hasten the disappearance of total water-soluble matter, but it did not increase nitrification nor did it apparently increase anunonification, at least when plants were not growing on the soil." On the biochemical cycle of phosphoric acid in cultivated soils, R. Perotti (8ul Ciclo liiorliimico dclV Anidride Fosforica nel Terrcno Agrario. Rome, J909, pp. VII +231, pis. 2, figs. 15; Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., J,2 (1909), No. 8, pp. 531-552; Crnthl. Bald, [cic.^, 2. Aht., 25 (1909), No. L'l-JS, pp. .',09-.'i 19). —The author claims to have established the following facts: In soils in which micro-organic processes are at worlv many bacteria exist which are able, under favorable conditions, to decompose phosphoric acid. The presence of carbohydrates in the culture media had a marked influence on bacterial solution phenomena, especially when a 2 per cent solution of cane sugar was used. The sources of the nitrogen in the liacterial cultures had a great influence on the ability of the bacteria to decompose the phosphoric acid; the ammonium salts in general, which are physiologically acid, favored them to a noteworthy degree, both as to intensity and duration of the action. This was especially true of the sulphate and chlorid of ammonium. The influence of the bases varied with the nature of the elements and the form of combination, but 818 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. when i)reseut in soluble form they prevented the l);ifterial decomposition of tho phosi»boric acid. The successive stei)s in the solution or decomposition of the phosphoric acid in bacterial cultures were as follows: (1) Generation of acids, (2) secondary reactions in the solution, and (3) production of a soluble phosphorus-containing organic substance. The first two of these are the results of the activity of the bacteria on the phosphoric acid, and the last is due to the metabolic assimilation of the micro-organisms. Bacterial activity as a corrosive influence in the soil, R. H. Gaines {Jour. Indus, uitd Eitgiii. Clicm., 2 {I'JW), \o. -'/, pi). 12H-IS0). — From an examination of samples of rust collected from pits in the outside and tubercles on the inside of steel conduits in different parts of the country, the conclusion is reached "that the corrosion of underground iron and steel structures is in part due to bacterial activity: (1) Directly, or by the attack of a specific microbe; (2) indirectly, or by creating acid conditions in the soil. Certain bacteria present, owing to peculiar modes of absorption and elimination of sulphur and its com- pounds, convert harmless substances into corrosive acids. "The remedies proposed are: (1) Free drainage, quiclvly carrying off the acid solutions formed, should arrest or prevent destructive action; (2) in localities or situations where drainage is impracticable, slack lime should be packed about the metal, to neutralize acids formed as a result of bacterial activity." Legume bacteria, S. F. Edwards {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 35 {1909), pp. 131, i32).— About 2,000 cultures of legume bacteria were distributed to farmers during 1909, and of 372 reports received giving the results of their experiments, 56.7 per cent stated that benefit had been derived from the use of the cultures. Methods of legume inoculation, K. F. Kellerman {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 63, pp. 5). — This circular briefly points out the futility of inoculating nonleguminous crops and gives directions for the soil transfer and pure-culture methods of legume inoculation. A contribution to our knowledge of the nitrogen problem under dry- farming, F. J. Axway and R. S. Trumbull {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chan., 2 {1910), A'o. //. i)p. 135-138). — See an article previously noted ( E. S. R., 22, p. 221). The fertilizing influence of sunlight, E. J. Russell {Nature [London], 83 {1910), Ao. 2113, p. 2.^.9).— Referring to a previous note by Fletcher (E. S. R., 23, p. 222), the author questions whether the results obtained in experiments on partial sterilization can be explained on the basis of the occurrence of toxic substances in the soil as suggested by Fletcher. Soils and their fertility, J. H. Pettit {Successful Farming, 9 {1910), Nos. 3, pp. //6', .',7, flg. 1; Ji, pp. 3Jt-31, figs. 2; 6, pp. 26, 3Jf, figs. 2). — A general popular discussion of the subject. In what does the fertility or sterility of the soil consist? J. Massart et al. {Bui. 8oc. Cent. Forest. Belg., 16 {1909). No. 8, pp. Ji53-'i65, pis. 6).— This is a discussion of the theory of soil fertility of the Bureau of Soils of this Department. The principles of maintaining soil fertility, M. F. Miller {Missouri Sta. Circ. 38, pp. n-.'i8. figs. 6). — This discussion, which applies particularly to Missouri soils, deals with composition, deterioration, and improvement of soils, and more particularly witli the use of various rotations and systems of cropping, live stock, manures, and fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility. A system of cropping for average soils in Missouri is suggested. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 319 Soils and manures, J. A. Murray (London, WW, pp. XIII+35'i, fiffs. .?.?). — This book attempts to present tlie fundamental facts and principles of soil fertility and treats the subject from the scientific point of view. Some previous bno\\-]edj:e of chemistry is considered necessary to its proper understanding. " The facts and figures selected to illustrate established principles have been chosen, as far as possible, from the Rothamsted records, partly on account of their recognized reliability and partly, also, because these classic researches are likely to prove of greater interest to English students than others which have been carried out abroad." Different chapters deal with the origin of soils, physical properties of soils, chemistry of soils, biology of soils, fertility, principles of manuring, phosphatic manures, phospho-nitrogenous manures, nitrogenous manures, potash manures, compound and miscellaneous manures, general manures, and farmyard manure. Appendixes give instructious for valuing manures issued by the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland and the estimated manurial value of the com- moner kinds of feeding stuffs. Plain talks on the use of fertilizers, E. B. Voorhf:es ( Farmers Digest, Jf {1910), Nos. 1, p. 6; 2, p. U). — This is a continuation of the article on this subject already noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 430). Farm practice in the use of commercial fertilizers in the South Atlantic States, J. C. Beavers (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 3US, pp. 2',, figs. 2).— According to this publication, there is a lack of accurate information regarding the economic use of fertilizers, and " with a good rotation, deep and thorough tillage, and the use of green manures, legumes, and winter cover crops, the quan- tity of commercial fertilizers required for a given crop yield can be consider- ably reduced. " The character of the soil has a marked influence on the quantity and kind of fertilizer it is necessary to use in a good system of farming. '• In farm practice there is a gradual increase in the quantity of all the fer- titlizer constituents required to produce like yields as the proportion of sand in the surface and subsoil increases. The increase is greatest in the quantity of potash necessary, followed by phosphoric acid, and then by nitrogen. "A study of farm practice shows that the best farmers . . -. obtain yields of 1 to 2 bales of cotton, 40 to 75 bu. of corn, and 40 to 75 bu. of oats on soils where [poorer] farmers . . . get but one-half to 1 bale of cotton, 15 to 40 bu. of corn, and 15 to 40 bu. of oats, due to the fact that the best farmers have a better understanding of the use of fertilizers and employ better farm methods. " One of the most common grades of fertilizer on the market in the South Atlantic States at present contains 8 per cent of phosphoric acid, 3 per cent of ammonia, and 3 per cent of potash. This grade of fertilizer is of primary value only for cotton on red clay soil under fairly good methods of rotation. This fer- tilizer formula needs to be greatly modified for crops on sandy, sandy loam, and gray loam soils, and for all crops other than cotton on red clay soil. " Detailed suggestions are contained in this bulletin on the best method of fertilizing and the most ])rofifable kinds of fertilizer constituents to apply on soils of different character to cotton, corn, oats, wheat, and cowpeas." Pot culture experiments, 1908, J. A. Voelcker (Jour. Roy. Agr. Sac. Eng- land, TO (1000), pp. 38.'i-395).—The subjects of these experiments were the influence of lithium and potassium salts on wheat, the influence of colloid sub- stances on the productiveness of soils, the Influence of magnesia in soils, fertilizers for fen soils, continuous culture of barley on an acid soil, and inocu- lation of leguminous crops. Continuing the experiments of i)revious years with lithium and potassium salts it was found that the former were injurious to wheat plants, the carbonate 320 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. i^bowing the most marked effect in this respect and tbe nitrate being least in- jurious. A slight tendency in tbe same direction was observed with potassium carbonate, but with none of the other salts of potash. With even as little as 0.0037.5 parts of lithium in 100 parts of soil a harmful effect on the wheat crop was observed. In connection with experiments with green manures, tests were made of the effect of adding colloid substances like aluminum silicate, sodium silicate, kao- lin, lime, and magnesia. It was found that the addition of aluminum silicate resulted in a large increase in crop on soils green manured with tares and mustard. A less increase was observed with sodium silicate, and no effect with kaolin. The increase is attributed to the improved physical condition of the soil resulting in larger retention of moisture. The experiments with magnesia showed that the use of this substance in the form of sulphate is not beneficial, but that it may be used with benefit in insoluble forms so long as the percentage of magnesia in the soil does not exceed that of lime. The experiments on fen soils indicated that such soils are benefited by general manuring with mineral and nitrogenous fertilizers in spite of the fact that the soils are already rich in nitrogen. In experiments with barley grown continuously iron sulphate, copper sul- phate, and pyrogallic acid proved of no value in correcting the acidity produced in the soil by continuous use of ammonium sulphate. The yield was increased by the use of 0.1 per cent of animal charcoal, but the nature of the action of this substance was not made clear. Slight increases in the yield of white, mammoth, and red clover, and alfalfa resulted from inoculation with nitro-bacterine. Some secondary actions of manures upon the soil, A. D. Hall (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 10 (1909), pp. 12-3.5). — On the basis mainly of expeiiments carried on at Woburn and at Rothamsted the author draws the following con- clusions : "The long-continued use of sulphate of ammonia on soils poor in lime results in the soils becoming acid. "The acidity is caused by certain micro-fungi in the soil which split up the sulphate of ammonia in order to obtain the ammonia, and thereby set free sulphuric acid. " The infertility of such soils is due to the way all the regular bacterial changes in the soil are suspended by the acidity; instead fungi permeate the soil and seize upon the manure. "The remedy, as may be seen upon the Woburn plats, is tbe use of sufficient lime to keep the soil neutral. " From the Rothamsted soils carbonate of lime is being washed out at the rate of 800 to 1,000 lbs. per acre per annum, the losses being increased by the use of sulphate of ammonia, but lessened by dung or nitrate of soda. " Nitrate of soda, when applied to heavy soils in large quantities, destroys their texture. " Some of the nitrate of soda gets converted into carbonate of soda by the action of plants and bacteria, and carbonate of soda, by deflocculating the clay particles, destroys the tilth. " The best remedies are the use of soot or superphosphate ; the best pre- ventive is the use of a mixture of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia instead of either separately. " Soluble potash manures and common salt may also injure the tilth of heavy soils through the production of a little soluble alkali by interaction with car- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 321 lionate of lime in the soil. Tlie remedy is to apply sucli manures in the winter or in conjunction with superphosphate." On the efficacy of soluble fertilizer salts in dry climates, S. de Grazia {Ann B. Stuz. CJiim. Agr. 8i)ti: Roma, 2. scr., 3 {l!>0!)). pp. 157-186; Htaz. Spcr. Agr. Ital., 43 {1910), No. 1, pp. -}9-78).— Pot experiments with sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, potassium chlorid, and potassium sulphate led to the conclusion that all four salts in varied amounts and under different moisture conditions gave, in the majority of cases, an increased product ; this increase varied directly with the amount used in the case of the nitrogenous salts. Field experiments at Portici in 1902-3 with the same salts and also with pure sodium nitrate, near Naples in 1904-5 with the four salts named above, and near Rome in 190G-7 with the same salts and in 1907-8 with calcium cyanamid (Frank and Polzenius process), ammonium sulphate, and sodium nitrate are reported. In general it was found that none of the salts had any injurious effect even when used in amounts larger than in ordinars* farm practice. The distribution of the manure values of foods between dung and urine, C. Crowther {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 22 {1910), pp. 125- l.'i2). — ^The conclusion reached from this study is that " the distribution between the dung and urine of the manurial ingredients of foods consumed by fatten- ing bullocks may be approximately estimated if, after deducting from the total supply of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the food the amounts retained in the fattening increase produced by it, the rest be so distributed that the urine is credited with the remaining digestible nitrogen and 85 per cent of the ix>tash, whilst the dung receives the rest of the potash, the undigested nitro- gen, and the phosphoric acid." Estimating the manurial value of various feeding stuffs on this basis, the conclusion is reached that if the cei'eal straws be excluded and also rice meal, " which, owing to its comparative richness in phosphoric acid and indigestible nitrogen, occupies an exceptional position, it will be found that on the average of all the foods . . . practically four-fifths (79.7 per cent) of the total 'original manure value' is contained in the urine, and only the remaining one-fifth in the dung." These estimates indicate " that under the conditions of the average farm, where the food stuffs will be consumed by several different classes of stock, the total liquid excreta as they leave the animals will possess from three to four times the manurial value of the total solid excrements, so far as these manurial values are determined by the chemical composition of the excreta." As regards the losses occurring under different conditions, it is stated that "the 'original manure values' are prol)ably most nearly attained in the case of dung and urine voided by the animals in the field, although even then the full value will not be recovered owing to uneven distribution and exposux-e of the dung to the drying influences of sun and wind. " Theoretical considerations would seem to indicate that in the case of the foods consumed under cover the fertilizing ingredients will be conserved to the greatest extent when all the urine is collected seiiarately. Almost insuperable difiiculties in connection with the storage and distribution of the urine I'ender this impossible in practice, however, and much of the urine must for these reasons be incorporated in the farmyard manure." This subject has been fully discussed by Hall and VoelcUer (E. S. K., 14. p. 1057). Experiments on the decomposition of stable manure and on its action as a fertilizer. III, P.. Sjoleema and J. C. de Rui.tter de Wildt {Vcrslag. Land- houirk. Onderzock. Rijksjandhouivproef.'itat. [Netherlands]. 1910, No. 7, pp. lOG- I'lG, fig. 1). — The experiments here reported are a continuation of work pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 721). As in the former investigations, these 322 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED, experiments dealt with tlie influence of temperature and of air on the forma- tion and volatilization of ammonia and on the loss of free nitrogen and also included a study of the decomposition of nitrogen compounds. It is the opinion of the authors that the most of the conclusions drawn from the former experiments have been confirmed or at least not contradicted by the results of the present investigation, viz, that stable manure fermented under anaerobic conditions at a high temperature gave the best results, no loss of nitrogen taking place either as ammonia or in the free state ; also that the ammonia content of the manure was not a reliable measure of its action on the plant. The question of what part the fermentation of the pentosans (fur- furoids) play in the action of stable manure requires additional investigation. The after effect of stable manure, as in the previous experiments, was found to be small: the fresh stable manure showed the most, and that fermented at a high temperature the least, after effect. Experiments with green manures, Baessleb (Mitt. Dent. Landw. Gesell., 25 (1910). Xo. 18, pp. 263-267). — A series of experiments to determine the relative efficiency as green manures of serradella furnishing 155 kg. of nitrogen per hectare (138.35 lbs. per acre) and lupines furnishing 208 kg. of nitrogen per hectare (185.65 lbs. per acre) during three successive years is reported. The crop succession with the serradella was oats the first year and winter rye the second and third years; with lupines, potatoes the first year and winter rye the second and third years. With both green manures there was a decided increase in yield on poor sandy soils. The effect of the manures was most marked the first year. The results were slightly better with lupines than with serradella the second year, but were about equal the third year. Green manuring in the fall gave better results than spring green manuring in the case of lupines, but the difference was less pronounced with serradella. There was little or no difference on the average between deep and shallow plowing under of the green manure. With shallow fall green manuring, about 31 per cent of the nitrogen was utilized by crops, and a slightly smaller percentage with deep plowing under of the manure. The utilization was slightly better for fall than for spring green manuring. As compared with nitrate of soda, taken as 100, the utilization of the nitro- gen of the green manure was on the average for the first year 48.2 per cent, the second year 10.1 per cent, and the third year 2.6 per cent. The incidental effect of the green manures in improving soil conditions was quite marked the first year, still pi-onounced the second year, but small the third year after application. On the time that should elapse between the turning under of green manure and the sowing of the cultivated plants, S. de Grazia (Ann. R. Stnz. Chim. Agr. Spcr. Ronui, 2. sen, 3 {li)OU). pp. 33-37). — The results of trials in 1007-8 with flax and wheat and in 1908-9 with fodder corn are reported. The green manures used were barley and rye and beans and vetch. In the first year intervals of 0, 10, 25, and 40 days were compared and in the second 0 and 24 days. The flax was much less influenced by a difference in the interval than was the wheat. The results with fodder corn were not conclu.sive. On the selection of plants for green manure, S. de Grazia (Ann. R. Staz. Chim. Ayr. ^pcr. Rotna. 2. scr.. 3 ( VJI)9). pp. SD-J/l). — A crucifer and a number of legumes were comjiared, but the only definite conclusion drawn is that the crucifer showed itself equal to and in several cases superior to the legumes. SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 323 Raw phosphate and green manure, S. de Gbazia (Ann. R. Staz. Cliim. Agr. i.97 per cent of nitrogen. [Soils and fertilizers], J. A. Voelckeb {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 10 (WOU), pp. S.'f8-3ol). — Analyses are reported of samples of dissolved bone, kainit, rape meal, soot, lime, tanyard refuse, and road scrapings, and of soils containing an excess of magnesia over lime. Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers, season 1909—10, W. F. Hand et al. (MississiiJpi Sta. Cite. 31, pp. //-JJ). — This circular contains analyses and valuations of 199 samples of fertilizers collected during the season of 1909-10. It also contains a warning against patented formulas for fertiliz- ers and explains how purchasers may recover damages for fertilizers which do not conform to the guaranty. Analyses of fertilizers — fall season, 1909, B. W. Kilgore et al. (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., SI {1910), No. 3, pp. 71). — The analyses here reported are of samples collected by the fertilizer inspectors of the state department of agriculture during the fall of 1909. A list is given of brands of fertilizers registered for sale in 1010. Analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers, 1910, F. W. Woll {Wisconsin ata. Circ. Inform. l.'>, pp. IZ). — Analyses of o4 l>rauds of fertilizers licensed for sale in the State during the year are reported, with notes on valuation and explanations of technical terms used in fertilizer analyses. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Overhead electrical discharges and plant growth, J. H. Priestley {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 11 {1910). No. 1, pp. 16-28). — An account is given of recent developments as to the effect of overhead electrical discharges on plant growth, the data being largely drawn from experiments by J. E. Newman carried on in cooperation with Sir Oliver Lodge. In experiments covering four years a con- siderable increase is noted in the production of cucumbers, strawberries, cab- bages, beets, carrots, wheat, barley, and other crops. In one instance there was a decrease of 9 per cent in the production of strawberries from the quantity gathered from the control plats, but this is attributed to the fact that the season was a very dry one. The influence of various colored lights on plants, O. Masulli {Bui. Orto Bot. If. Unir. Napoli, 2 {1909), No. 3, pp. 329-.i02, pis. 4)- — The author has made an extended study on the effect of different portions of the spectrum on the growth and development of a large number of plants. The experiments snowed considerable variation on the part of the plants toward the different kinds of illumination. Germination was found to be not directly influenced by the different radiations, the thermal power having greater influence than the color of the illumination. Germination was retarded or ac- celerated in direct proportion to the heat energy of the rays. The development in size of the leaves in general was greatest under the less refrangible rays, particularly under the yellow and green light. The effect of the different AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 327 colored illuminations on the position and texture of the leaves, development of the mesophyll. palisade parenchyma, chloroi)Iasts, stems, etc., are discussed at some length. The author concludes that the favorable effect of yellow and green light on plants is due not only to their thermal effect, but also to the fact that these two colors of light more nearly approach white light in their illumination. The closing response in Dionaea, W. H. Brown and L. W. Sharp (Bot, Gas., Ji9 (1910), No. Jf, pp. 290-302, dgm. J). — A study has been made of D. muscipula to determine the cause of its closing response. This was found to depend on the intensity rather than on the number of stimuli. "Response is normally brought about by the compression of certain cells at the bases of the sensitive hairs, but the compression of other cells of the blade also causes closure, and it is probable that the latter cells are equally sensitive with the cells at the bases of the hairs, as is indicated by electrical and thermal stimulation. " The closing response follows the application of mechanical, electrical, and thermal stimulation. It also follows a combination of stimuli of two kinds when consecutively applied, the individual stimuli being of an intensity such that either alone would be insufhcieut. " The effect of mechanical stimulation is due to compression of cells, and not to contact with a hard object, continued pressure, or release of pressure. The failure of the leaf to respond to shaking is probably connected with the small inertia of the sensitive hairs, and the slight resistance offered i>y the air to their passage through it. " Water at room temperature causes closure only when it bends a sensitive hair. "After one mechanical stimulus there is a short period during which a second mechanical stimulus is ineffective." The efEect of aqueous solutions of electrolytes on germination, H. Micheels (Acad. Roll. BtUj.. Bid. (7. Sci., 1909, Xo. 11, pp. KHli-l 1 IS) .~-\ report is given of studies on the influence of solutions of certain electrolytes on the germina- tion and early growth of wheat. The experiments were carried on with solu- tions of potassium chlorid, potassium nitrate, potassium hydroxid, sodium ehlorid, sodium nitrate, calcium carbonate, magnesium chlorid, aluminum chlorid, and other salts, representing different osmotic pressures, the salts being used singly and in various combinations. In studies with monovalent, divalent, and trivalent cations, as represented by N/100 and N/1000 solutions of sodium chlorid, magnesium chlorid, and alumi- num chlorid, the mf)st favorable results were obtained with the most dilute solutions. Comparisons between N/10, N/'lOO, and N/1000 solutions of sodium chlorid showed that the N/100 solution was the most favorable to germination and growth of the seedlings. In a similar manner it was found that N/100 solution of potassium chlorid, and N/1000 solutions of potassium nitrate, potassium hydroxid, and calcium nitrate gave the best results. Where mix- tures of N/100 solutions of potassium chlorid and potassium nitrate were tested the combination was less favorable to growth, as expressed by the length of the roots, than either of the salts used alone. The combination favored the develop- ment of root hairs as compared with potassium nitrate, although the roots were shorter. The leaves, where the two were combined, were intermediate between those produced in the simple cultures. When sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate in N/100 solution were compared with mixtures of the two, the mixture of the two salts was found decidedly favorable, the sodium compound having exercised a protective effect. Addi- 328 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. tional experiments on the protective action of various salts confirmed the con- clusions of Osterhout (E. S. R., 20, p. 527). Attention is called by the author to previous publications which he claims established the priority of his investi- gations regarding the protective action of some of these salts when used in combination. The effect of mineral salts on proteid metabolism in plants, W. Zaleski and W. ISKAiLSKY (Biochem. ZtscJtr., 2't (1910), No. 1-2, ut). i4-2i).— Accord- ing to the authors, it was shown by Prianishulkov that calcium sulphite accel- ei'ated the proteid metabolism in germinating vetch seed. Later it was found (E. S. R., 15, p. 447) that mineral salts, and especially the calcium salts, aided in pi'otein regeneration, which was retarded whenever calcium was excluded from the culture medium. The authors conducted a series of experiments with wheat and lupine seed- lings to determine the effect of potassium nitrate, magnesium sulphate, and calcium nitrate, as well as of a complete nutrient solution containing the above salts together with phosphoric acid, on the proteid metabolism as well as the changes in dry matter in young plants. The young shoots were separated from the cotyledons and the proteid metabolism determined for the different parts of the plant. The complete nutrient solution favored the reduction of proteid nitrogen in the lupine seedlings as compared with those gi'own in distilled water. There was found an increase of nitrogenous compounds in the axial organs of the plant, with a corresponding reduction in the cotyledons. Potassium nitrate had practically no effect on the total nitrogen metabolism of lupines. Magnesium sulphate not only diminished catabolism in the plants, but also reduced the amount of proteid nitrogen in the axial organs. A slight increase in the nitro- gen content was noted in the axial portions of plants which had received calcium nitrate, but there was little difference in the total for the entire plant. AVith wheat seedlings the chemicals in general reduced the catabolic activities of the plants as compared with tho.se grown for 10 days in distilled water. The relation of plants to certain salts, I, II, B. Hansteen (Jahrb. Wiss. Hot. \I'riii(/.sliriiii\. .'/? iHHO). \o. .i, pp. 2.S.9-J76", pi. 1, fig.-i. 1<)).—Ai\ extended study was made by means of water cultures on the influence of solutions of potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium, as well as of various mixtures of these salts, on the toxic effect of lime-free solutions and the antitoxic action of lime. The plants used were seedlings of wheat, oats, beans, vetches, poppies, mustard, radish, red clover, and other plants, and the effect of the various solutions on the plant, especially on root growth and root hair development, was noted. Magnesium, sodium, and potassium were found injurious to roots in the order named, magnesium being the most toxic. Lime proved a corrective of the injury caused by the other salts. The ratio of lime to the other chemicals varied somewhat, but .should always be increased with a greater concentration of the other compounds. Temperature, osmotic pressure, the nature of the anions, and similar factors had very little connection with the antitoxic action of the calcium salts. Certain antagonisms were noted between some of the compounds. Potassium and magnesium were markedly antagonistic, as shown with wheat seedlings, while the antagonism between potassium and sodium was hardly perceptible. The nature of the effect of the salts on the plants is discussed at considerable length. The absorption of barium by plants, H. Colin and J. de Rufz (Compt. Rend. .^Icud, Scl. [I'arisl, 130 ilDlO), No. 17, pp. 107. '/-1 07 6). —The results of a AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 329 Study of peas, maize, and beaus cultivated in dilute solutions of nitrate or chlorid of barium are given, the experiments witli peas being described at con- sidei'able extent. In these experiments, after germinating the peas in distilled water they were placed iu solutions of barium, a strength of 0.125 per thousand being found best suited to the purpose of the investigations. After growing the plants for some time iu these solutions they were examined microchemically and the amount of barium determined chemically. In the experiments with peas practically all the barium was found localized in the roots, although there were traces to be found iu the stems of the plants. Relation of the salts of calcium, to the assimilation df nitrate nitrogen by green plants, V. P. Ermakov {Univ. Izv. [Kiev], //S {1908), No. 5, Art. 3, pp. 1-68; ahs. in Zliur. Opititii. Agroa. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landiv.), 10 {1909), No. 3, pp. 39^-396). — In a series of experiments leaves of a number of species of plants were placed with their petioles in solutions of nitrates for a day or two, after which they were examined microchemically for nitrates. An accumu- lation of nitrates was observed only iu the leaves which had not received any calcium. In another series of experiments leaves which had been previously placed in solutions of potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate and had accumulated nitrates were transferred into solutions containing calcium salts, when the nitrates which had been accumulated by tlie leaves disappeared. From this the author concludes that for the assimilation of nitric nitrogen the presence of calcium salts is necessary. In addition to the microchemical examination, quantitative determinations of nitric nitrogen in the leaves were made, and the analytical results corrobo- rated those obtained microchemically. In the presence of calcium chlorid and calcium sulphate the leaves of grapes and Paulownia were found to assimilate more than 90 per cent of the accumulated nitrates, while in the absence of these salts only from 10 to 15 per cent of the nitrogen was assimilated. Another series of experiments was conducted to determine the dependence of the accumulation of organic nitrogen on the presence or absence of calcium, comparing grape leaves placed for 24 hours in solutions of calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrate and calcium chlorid, potassium nitrate and calcium sulphate, and potassium nitrate and potassium sulphate. In each case 100 leaves were used, 50 receiving calcium, the others not. All the experiments showed that in the plants receiving calcium, the amount of organic nitrogen was increased on an average about 10 per cent, while it remained unchanged in those receiving no calcium salt. The influence of a lack of lime on the seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris, DoKA Hoffmann {Osterr. Bot. Ztschr., 60 {1910), No. 2, pp. ()i-6-i).— Experi- ments were conducted with bean seedlings the roots of which had been wounded to test the effect of a lack of lime on the plants. The roots were entirely re- moved or half their length cut off and the seedlings were then grown in distilled water, spring water, a complete nutrient solution, and a similar solution with- out lime. In the cultures grown in spring water and in the nutrient solution the roots of all the plants remained sound, while in the distilled water and in the lime- free solution they became diseased in from 5 to 11 days. In a similar manner the aerial parts of the plants became diseased, those without any roots remain- ing free from disease 1 or 2 days longer than those with intact roots. The plants with half roots developed symptoms of disease about the same time or a little later than those with sound roots. In general the injury to the aerial portions of the seedlings due to a lack of lime was iu inverse proportion to the root development. 330 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Recent investigations on the role of hydrocyanic acid in plants, III, M. Treub (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 2. ser., « (1909), pt. 1, pp. 85-118, pis. 6; ubs. in Naturw. Rundschau, 25 (1910), No. 12, pp. L'fl, 1^8).— The author concludes and summarizes his investigations begun in 1S95 on the presence of hydrocyanic acid in plants (E, S. R., 19, p. 932). In the present paper the results of his studies on sorghum, passion flower, Alocasia macrorhisa, Hevea hrasiliensis, and Prumis javanica are discussed at length. In reviewing the previous work the author claims that nothing has been brought to light to invalidate his conclusion that hydrocyanic acid plays an important role in plant nutrition and that It' is a plastic material in the forma- tion of albuminoids. The presence of carbohydrates is fundamental to its foi'mation, and inorganic substances furnished by the soil through the sap of the plant are a second requisite for its formation. He claims that recent investi- gations have confirmed his earlier hypothesis, which, briefly stated, is that hydrocyanic acid is the first recognizable product in the assimilation of nitro- gen in plants and that it is probably the first organic nitrogenous compound formed by them. Chlorophyll assimilation of carbon, G. Kimpflin (Essai sur VAssimilation PhotoclilorophyUicnnc du Carbone. Thesis, Univ. Lyon, 1908, p. 159, figs. 13; rev. in Bot. Ccntbl., 113 (1910), No. 10, pp. 2/,8, 2//9).— After a historical resume of the subject, the author gives a discussion of some of the modern theories regarding photosynthesis. Following this are accounts of experiments with green and etiolated plants, the effect of illumination, etc. In studying the biological phenomena of photosynthesis, the author found that after illumination a certain period of time must follow before the carbon dioxid assimilation can begin, and conversely that it is continued beyond the time of illumination. His experiments show that the plant makes use of formaldehyde in the synthesis of its carbohydrates and that by the use of cer- tain reagents it is possible to recognize formaldehyde in the parenchyma of the leaf. It appears to be localized and in connection with the chloroplasts, and consequently does not manifest an injurious action on the protoplasm. The author considers chloroi)hyll in plants as the agent for the transposition of light and electrical energy. A bibliography of nearly 500 titles concludes the paper. [Nitrogen content of nodules and rootlets of immortelle trees], P. Car- MODY (Ann. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, 1908-9, p. J/l). — The nodules were found to contain considerably larger percentages of nitrogen than the rootlets. The difference, however, was smaller when the trees were in flower. The toxic properties of tannin, M. T. Cook (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 802, pp. 151, 752). — The author has carried on experiments to determine the toxic properties of tannin when added to media in which different species of fungi were grown. None of the species of Glceosporium or Colletotrichum was found to give maximum growths in media containing more than 0.4 per cent, while the majority gave the best growth where no tannin was present. Species of Fusarium, Neocosmospora, Cladosporiuni, SphsTpropsis, Sclerotinia, and Phoma were more resistant than Glceosporium, but none gave maximum growths in media containing more than 0.6 per cent. Si)ecies of Penicillium were found to be retarded for a time, but they had a tendency to overcome the toxic action of the tannin. The experiments have been duplicated and comparisons made of the gi-owth of organisms in media in which the proteid and tannin formed a precipitate and in media in which proteid was not used. Experiments were also made to FIELD CROPS. 331 test the relative resistance of cork from which tannin hud been extracted as compared with cork soaked with tannin in varions percentages. FIELD CROPS. A manual of practical farming, J. McLennan {New York, 1910, pp. X+29S. pis. -SS, figs. ^6'). — Soil problems and the production of farm crops and animals are treated in this book with the primary purpose of aiding the practical farmer and student of agriculture. Tables and technical terms have been avoided. Dry farming experiments, W. Angus (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. So. Aust., 13 (1910), No. 8, pp. 6.'i2-64o). — Dry farming experiments in disking, plowing at various depths, and subsurface jiacking are reported. Deep plowing proved advantageous when the laud was fallowed. The most satisfactory increase followed the use of the subsurface packer immediately after the plow in the process of fallowing both in deep and shallow plowing. No advantage was apparent from the use of the subsurface packer immediately before sowing on fallow land or in fall plowing. Dry farming practice in Montana, A. Atkinson and F. S. Cooley (Montana Sta. Circ. -3, pp. 11-3.'/, figs. 7). — This cii'cular discusses the equipment neces- sary for the beginner, the conservation of moisture, tillage operations, dry- land crops, live stock on the farm, and other topics"of general interest to the dry farmer. A brief reading list is appended. Water requirements of crops in India, J. W. Leather (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Clicni. Ser., 1 (1010). No. S, pp. l.i3~lS.'i, pis. 15, charts 23).— The tran- spiration ratios of 10 important field crops as determined by Lawes, Hellriegel, Wollny, and King are presented in parallel columns. The authors have made their own determinations, with a number of field crops, each of which was tested in glazed stoneware jars of soil of capacities varying from 14 to .50 kg, each. Tlie water and fertilizing materials added and the conditions of exposure to sunlight and winds were varied. The water was added by means of unglazed earthenware cylinders, 2 in. in diameter and from G to 10 in. deep and provided with small holes in the lower part. Thus the surface soil remained loose and nearly air-dry, cracking was avoided, and the use of covered jars rendered unnecessary. As control jars showed that the loss of water from the soil under these conditions was very regular and was small by comparison with that tran- spired by a heavy crop, it introduced an error which was immaterial save in the case of small stunted plants. The exposure of the jars to the sun had no influence on the ratio, but the addition of nitrate and phos[)hate or rape cake and phosphate reduced the ratio very greatly. A lower ratio was obtained by the use of large jars contain- ing a large mass of earth, this lowering the ratio from 10 to 20 per cent. Other things being equal the better development of the plant was accompanied by a lower ratio. Not only manure but also good tillage and deep soil or any factor which aided in the development of the crop appeared to tend toward an economy of water. In general, crops which mature rapidly have a low ratio and the longer lived ones a high ratio, but this rule is not without conspicuous exceptions. A table presents the ratio of each of the crops experimented with for a harvest of 1,0(X). 2,000, o,(X)0, 4.000, or .5,000 lbs. per acre, and the nmnber of tons per acre or acre inches of water required to produce the.se yields. The average of all ratios obtained for each crop is shown in the following table. 332 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Transpiration ratios of various fltid crops. Crop. Wheat Barley Oats Linseed Sarsou ( Brassica campestris )... Peas Gram ( Cicer arielinum) Maize Juar ( Andropogon sorghum) Murwa {Eleusine coracana) Kodo {Paspalum scrobindatum) Arhar ( Cajanus indicas) Guar ( Cyamopsis psoralioides) . Cold weather crops. Monsoon crops. Un ma- nured. Manured. 850 680 870 1,000 740 830 1,400 Unma- nured. 550 480 550 1,000 j 620 530 1,000 Manured. 450 400 250 300 1,000 1,100 330 400 250 300 600 600 Swedish methods of crop improvement, G. H. Clark {Ottawa: Govt., 1910, pp. 111-121). — This is a report of observatlous made during a visit to England, Scotland, Holland, Denmark, Sweden. France, and Germany for the purpose of studying the methods of seed production and croi) improvement. The rotation experiment in Rosenthal, K, von Rijmker et al. {Mitt. Landiv. Inst. Breslau, 5 {1909), No. //, pp. .'fil-GL'i, figs. 2). — The author gives a preliminary report on six different systems of crop rotations followed since 1900 and presents in tabular form the data thus far collected. [Variety and other tests of field crops], C. A. Zavitz {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 35 {1909), pp. 166-230, figs. S).— The 1908 report has been previously noted (E, S. R., 21, p. 325). Selected strains of IG varieties of oats, barley, wheat, rye, millet, and tield beans produced yields higher than those of the standard varieties by O.G to 12.6 bu. per acre, except in two cases in which the selected strains fell slightly below^ the standard varieties. Slight sprouting in the field checked the vitality of the grain as seed. Twelve separate tests with winter wheat showed a yield greater by 6.8 bu. per acre from large than from small seeds, 7.8 bu. from plump than from shrunken seeds, and 35.6 bu. from sound than from broken seeds. Seed thoroughly ripened before harvesting produced greater yields of grain and straw as well as grain with a greater weight per bushel. Plump seed produced 7.8 bu. more per acre in the case of barley and 5 bu. more in case of spring wheat than shrunken seed. Sound grain surpassed broken grain in yield by an average of 10.6 bu. per acre in 6 years' tests with barley, and by an average of 19 bu. per acre in 9 years' tests with peas. In a test of the bluestone, the hot water, and the immersion and sprinkling formalin treatments of grain for smut, it appeared that the greatest yields of winter wheat and oats per acre followed the immersion of seed in a formalin solution for a period of 20 minutes. The Early Ripe oats proved almost abso- lutely free of smut during the period 1902-1909, inclusive. The other 5 varieties were more frequently infected during the first half of the test when they were left untreated. Flax produced the longest straw when less than 1 bu. of seed was used but the greatest yields of straw and grain when from 2 to 3 bu. of seed per acre were sown. The results of experiments in which oats were planted by hand at different distances are only partially reported at this time. Among 12 varieties tested the number of stools per plant ranged from 6 in the case of the Early White Jewel to 22 in the case of the Burt variety. Increase in distance between FIELD CROPS. 333 oat plants was accompanied by increase in number of stools, percentage of rust, lateness of maturity, and height of crop. The Joanette, Regenerated Abundance (imported seed), and Banner varieties produced an average of 8.9 bu. more oats per acre when 4 bu. was sown than when 2 was used, while Ontario seed of Regenerated Abundance produced 3 bu. more per acre from the lighter seeding. Drilled oats yielded 66.4 bu. per acre as compared with 61 bu. from those sown broadcast. In a 3 years' test barley and oats sown together produced the greatest yield when seeded at the rate of 4 pk. of each per acre. A 3 years' test of different combinations of 19 varieties of grains showed the highest results from mixtures of (1) 48 lbs. of Mandscheuri barley and 56 lbs. of flax, and (2) 48 lbs. of Mandscheuri barley and 34 lbs. of Daubeney oats. Tests of the power of different varieties of different grains to reproduce them- selves in competition with other varieties indicated that the Mandscheuri barley excelled all others tested in this respect, while spring rye, Wild Goose wheat, field peas, and hull-less barley were more deficient in this power. In each of 2 tests lasting 3 and 6 years respectively emmer occupied a medium place and was represented in the yield by about the same percentage as in the seed sown. Mixtures of different varieties of the same class of grain tested 5 years with winter wheat and 3 with barley and oats showed that the mixtures produced results similar to the average results of the varieties when grown separately. The yields of Mandscheuri, O. A. C. No. 21, and winter barley are stated and discussed. In a 3 years' test, Daubeney oats averaged 40 per cent lodged 3 weeks before ripening, and Sheflield Standard 91 per cent when ripe. Liberty had the lowest averages for lodging, 10 and 32 per cent, respectively, for the two periods. During the period 1897-1909, Triticnm vulgare averaged 33.5, T. durum 38.0, T. polonicum 23.9, and T. turgidum 26.1 bu. per acre. The 4 species were repre- sented in the test by the Red Fife, Wild Goose, Polish, and Seven-Headed vari- eties, of which the last two and Alaska (T. turgidum) have been sensationally discussed in the press. June 1 and 16 proved the best dates of sowing for Japanese Panicle and Japanese Barnyard millets and July 1 for Hungarian grass, as indicated by a 3 years' test. A 4 years' test showed that a sowing of 51 lbs. of oats, 30 lbs. of Early Amber sugar cane, and 7 lbs. of common red clover seed per acre gives a good pasture for cattle during the year of sowing. The more notable yields obtained in variety tests are indicated by the following table : Highest yields secured in variety tests. Grain and variety. Emmer (Common) . Barley (Mand- Bcheuri) Oats (Siberian) Oats (Joanette) Barley (Mand- scheuri) Winter wheat ( Daw- son Golden Chaff ) Spring wheat (Sax- onka) Spring wheat (Red Fife) Spring wheat (Wild Goose) Potatoes (Empire State) No. of varie- ties tested. Length of test. 1902-1907. ...do.... 20 yrs ,...do.... Average yield per 2,756 lbs. 2,715 lbs. 87.7 bu. 87.4bu. ...do.... 71.9bu. 14 yrs.... 54.8bu. 20 yrs.... 31.3bu. ...do.... 31.2bu. 17 yrs 38. 2 bu. 20 yrs 221. 7 bu. Grain and variety. Oats (Joanette) ... Barley, si.x-rowed (Mandscheuri).. Barley, six-rowed (Success) Barley, two-rowed (Imported No. 5,591 Iowa) Barley, hull-less (Purple) Oats (Daubeney) . Oats (Siberian) ... Oats (Alaska) Winter wheat (Daw- son Golden Chaff) Sprlngwheat (Min- nesota No. 163).. No. of varie- ties tested. Length of test. 1909 5 yrs ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... 14 yrs 1905-1909. Average yield per acre. 73.7bu. 72. 6 bu. Sl.lbu. 60. 7 bu. 43.0bu. 87.4bu. 86.9bu. 85. 3 bu. 54.8bu. 35.3bu. 334 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Highest yields secured in varieiy tests — Coutinued. Grain and variety. Spring wheat (Wild Goose) Alfalfa, green crop.. Alfalfa hay Winter rye (Mam- moth White) Emmer (Common).. Spelt (Alstroum ) Rye (Saatroggen) .. Buckwheat (Rye Buckwheat) Field peas (Early Britain) Field beans ( Pearce Improved Tree).. Flax (Manitoba) ... Millet (Siberian)... Emmer( Black Win- ter) Sunflower (White Beauty) Sorghum ( Austra- lian Broom Corn ) . Corn (White Cap Yellow Dent) No. of varie- ties tested. Length of test. 17 yrs — 1896-1909. ...do.... 6 yrs.. 8 yrs . , ....do. 5 yrs.. ....do.... lOyrs.... 11 yrs... 5 yrs ....do ... 3 yrs 11 yrs . . . 1909 5 yrs Average yield per acre. 38.2bu. 20. 91 tons 5. 10 tons 60..50bu. i 3,082 lbs. 2,259 lbs. 30.5bu. 34.0bu. 39.4bu. 23.0bu. 20. 0 bu. 51. 6 bu. 2, 055 lbs. 72. 9 bu. 19. 4 bu. 66.1 bu. Grain and variety. Sugar beet (Bruce (iiant White Feed- ing) Sugar beet (Rennie Jumbo) Field carrots (Steele Improved Short White) Sorghum (Orange Sugar Cane) Millet (Japanese Panicle) Cabbage (Sutton Earliest Drum- head) Kale, Thousand- headed Rape (Large Seeded Umbrella) Collards, Marrow... Broccoli, Purple Sprouting Brussels sprouts Mustard, New Chinese No. of varie- ties tested. Length of test. ...do.... 1909 5 yrs 1899-1909. .do.... .do.... Average yield per acre. .do., .do.. .do., .do.. ...do... 26. 3 tons. 21. 1 tons. 28. 0 ton.^. 18. 6 tons. 4. 4 tons. 27. 7 tons. 26. 0 tons. 22. 1 tons. 21. 9 tons. 20. 8 tons. 16. 4 tons. [Experiments with field crops, Barbados, 1908-9], J. R. Bovell (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Ri)t. Loeul Deiit. Ayr. Barbados, 1908-9, pp. 2-13).— The introduction of sugar canes for planting is noted and brief reports given on cooperative worlv with Sea Island cotton on 9 estates and Sill^et cotton on 14 estates. The Silliet variety was found growing among plants from seed originally obtained from this Department. Severe drought and the attacks of the scarabee {Cryptorhynchus batata:) prevented entirely satisfactory results with a large number of varieties of sweet potatoes recently obtained from the Penn- sylvania Experiment Station and elsewhere. The maximum yield of 22.240 lbs. per acre was produced by the Southern Queen variety. A report is also given of the results of sowings of seed from the Vincelouian, Six Weeks, and Kala varieties. In 1907, among sweet and bitter varieties of cassava the maximum yields were at the rates of 16.920 and 21,394 lbs. per acre respectively, while in 1908, there were 12,840 and 23.280 lbs. respectively. Twenty-nine varieties of economic Colocasiese introduced from the Porto Rico Station produced re- sults ranging from a total failure to a yield of 3,120 lbs. of tubers per acre. [Notes on field crops], R. G. Osfis, J. G. Coubet, and J. C. Pagliery {Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Ci>rc. 31, pp. 3-30, figs. 4)- — The writers discuss the cause for the low price of tobacco in Cuba and make suggestions as to methods of culti- vation of .iute, sisal hemp, rultber, coconut palms, and Erythorn.vylon coca. Experiment field of the Taganrog Agricultural Society, N. T. Bilinski (In Kratkugho oteheta roznlknov. I desyatll. dyeyateVnostl (1889-1908) op. poJya Taghanroghskagho s.-kh. obshehestva. Taganrog, 1909, pp. 15-.'fl; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10 (1909), No. 5, pp. 667- 673). — The black and early green fallows give better yields of wheat and rye than the late green fallow and most frequently the early green fallow gives the highest yields. Manure produces a greater effect on black fallow than on early green fallow. Rye is more sensitive to manure than wheat. FIELD CEOPS. 335 The results of the Lauchstadt experiments with varieties of small grains, ScHNEiUEWiND (Illiis. Latiilw. Ztg., 29 {1909), A'o. 82, pp. 77J-77.5; «&.s. in Zenthh Agr. Clicm., 39 {1910), No. 2, pp. 109-1 Iff). —The yields of straw and grain per hectare and the protein content of the grain of IS varieties of wheat during the period 1904-1909, inclusive, are reported. Similar data are pre- sented in tabular form for 9 varieties of oats and 11 of barley during the period 1902-1909, inclusive. Irrigation of grain, W. W. McLaughlin {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 399, pp. 23, figs. 7). — This discusses the relative merit of the various methods of applying water to grain crops, explains flooding from field ditches, between borders, and in checks, and gives directions for furrow or corrugation irrigation. Other topics dealt with are the proper time of irrigation, the quantity of water required, the relation of irrigation to the rate of seeding, and the value of irri- gated grain land. The cost of growing grain per acre is estimated at $21.35, and the gross returns of a crop of 40 bu. per acre at $30.40. Dry-land grains for western North and South Dakota, C. Salmon {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indiix. Circ. 59, pp. 2-'f, fig. i).— This paper reports results obtained by the Office of Grain Investigations of this Department at Belle- fourche and Highmore. S. Dak., and Dickinson, N. Dak., in cooperation with the North Dakota and South Dakota stations. The soil and climate at each station are discussed. Winter wheat was tried at each station but proved a decided success only at Bellefourche. The 7 best varieties averaged 23.4 bu. per acre, while 7 varieties of Durum wheat on similar ground yielded 23.2 bu. per acre. The best Durum wheat yielded 18 to 40 per cent more than the best common spring wheat, but this difference was increased to 75 to 100 per cent in seasons of unusually low rainfall. The difference in yield is more than enough to offset the difference in price. Progress reports are given of tests of rate of seeding, time of seeding, and the milling and baking qualities of a number of wheats. Other results indicate that extensive areas in the northern Great Plains will produce winter wheat profitably, that the only sure way of securing a crop of winter wheat is to grow it on summer fallow land, and that early varieties of oats will usually produce the greatest yields. Two-rowed barley uniformly produced the highest yields and hull-less barley the lowest yields of this grain. The results obtained at the 8 substations may be summarized by the following table : Yields of leading rarieties of grains tested. G. I. No. 1440 302.T 1516 1493 1440 1493 1517 459 165 134 24 24 203 Kind of grain. Wheat, durum. . . Wheat, common. Wheat, durum. .. ....do ....do ....do Wheat, common. Oats do do do do Barley, two-row . do do No. of strains tested. Period of test. 19(18-9 1908-9 1903-1909 1903-1909 1907-1909 1907-1909 1907-1909 1908-9 1908-9 1903-1909 1903-1909 1907-1909 1908-9 1903-1909 1907-1909 Substation. Bellefourche . do Highmore do Dickinson do do Bellefourche , .do.. heading variety. Kubanka Powers Fife Kubanka Wild Goose Kubanka Wild Goose Ghirka Spring.. Kherson Sixty-Day Highmore ' Swedish Select . .do. Dickinson Bellefourche Highmore Dickinson Kherson . Early Mountain. Hanna do do Average yield per acre. Ihishels. 23.2 17.9 22.4 22.3 29.6 29.6 2.i.0 3tl. 4 36. 3 41.3 41.5 69.2 26.4 28.2 40.1 336 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Contributions on the breeding of peas and field beans, G. Fbolich {Filh- ling's Landtv. Ztg., 58 (1909), No. 20, pp. 7J3-726).—The methods followed are briefly described and the work discussed with special reference to the number of stems and number of pods per plant. The results of variety tests are also stated. The bean plants having 2 or 3 stems excelled the one-stemmed plnnts in plant weight, seed weight, seed number, and number of pods, but the number of seeds per pod was approximately equal. The one-stemmed plants had the greatest height. No correlation was observed between branching tendency and the ability to produce a large yield. Correlation between the weight and percentage protein content of barley- kernels, E. Sperling {lUus. Lanclw. Ztg., 30 (1910), No. 19, pp. 115, 176). — The average kernel weight and percentage protein content of a large number of barley samples are presented in tabular form. No regularity of correlation between tbe two characters could be observed by the author. The separation of seed barley by the specific gravity method, H. B. Deer (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 62, pp. 6, fig. 1). — The specific grav- ity method of separating seed barley consists in immersing the seed in water, stirring it thoroughly, skimming off and rejecting that which floats, and care- fully drying the selected seed. It may be combined with the treatment for smut. A brief bibliograpby and review of the literature of the subject is given. A more profitable corn-planting method, C. P. Hartley ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. JjOO, pp. l.'i, figs. 5). — This bulletin compares tbe advantages of drilling and ordinai-y checking of corn with tbose of "kernel-spaced checking" or checking in which the hill is one of 4 stalks, each placed at 1 of the corners of a 5-inch or larger square. In tests of tbis method conducted at Round Hill and McLean, Ya., and at Piketon, Ohio, on different soils and with different types of corn, gains of of, 5, and 4 per cent, respectively, over tbe yield secured by the ordinary metbod were obtained. The autbor suggests tbe manufacture of check rowers with 2 shoes for each corn row and a separate dropping tube for each kernel of a hill, and adjustable in point of number of kernels dropped and the spacing between the kernels of a hill. It is pointed out that the increased yield due to such kernel spacing should be clear gain, as a properly constructed check rower should drop the seed in separate places as rapidly and cheaply as the present check rower does its work. No difficulty was encountered in cultivating corn planted in this manner in rows 3^ ft. apart. Three-horse 2-row cultivators could have been used to as good advantage as in the usual method of checking, even though tbe kernels had been spaced 6 or 8 in. apart. At McLean, Va., and Piketon, Ohio, it was noted that kernel-spaced rows were less subject to damage by winds than those checked in tbe ordinary manner. Variety work with cotton and notes on selection, R. J. H. DeLoach (Bui. Univ. Ga., No. 115, pp. 8, figs. 3). — In a test of 27 varieties. Cook Impi'oved and Cleveland Big Boll produced 557.6 and 518.4 lbs. per acre of lint cotton respectively. Classifications of varieties are given on the basis of number of bolls to produce 1 lb. of lint, earliness, number of seed per pound, and lint percentage, together with notes on selection. Suggestions on cotton cultivation and fertilization, R. J. H. DeLoach and A. M. SouLE (Bill. Univ. Ga., No. 118, pp. 8). — This bulletin gives directions for cotton production in Georgia. A score card suggests points to be observed In selecting plants for seed. Distribution of cotton seed in 1910, D. N. Shoemaker (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Doe. 535, pp. 13, figs. //). — Two methods of seed selection are discussed and the qualities to be sought in cotton improvement and methods FIELD CROPS. 337 of plantin": small amounts of seeds are stated. The history, principal charac- ters, and more important facts relating to 2 select strains of the Triumph variety; the Columbia, a long-stapled upland variety; the Dillon, a wilt-resist- ant variety; the Sistrunk, a select strain ; and the Trook cotton are given. [Fiber tests], H. G. Havik (Jaarh. Dcpt. Landb. Nederhind. Indie, 1908, pp. 319-333, pis. 2). — These pages state the results of tests of the breaking strength of fibers of numerous varieties of cotton, sisal hemp, and Manila hemp. Chem- ical analyses are also given. On the value of the male hop, E. S. Salmon and A. Amos (Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, 1908, No. 11, pp. 36',-391, pis. 11, figs. 8; County Councils Kent and Surrey, Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye [Leaflet, 1908], pp. 26, pis. 11, figs. 8; Jour. Inst. Breiv., U, (1908), No. 4, pp. 309-331, pis. 12, figs. S).— The investiga- tions of the authors show that only when a certain number of the bracteoles bear seeds will the hops " grow out " properly, and therefore, it is desirable that the flower at the base of each bracteole be pollenized. Burrs enclosed through- out in paper bags in no case produced seeds, but burrs from which the bag was removed for a moment and pollen dust applied with a paint brush pro- duced full-seeded well-grown hops. The number of seeded bracteoles on the hops studied varied from 3 to 16, the number of seedless bracteoles from 10 to 32, and the total number from 14 to 30, while the length per hop varied from f to 14 in. The hojis having the greatest number of seeds were the longe.'^t. except in one instance. One-seventh acre of seeded white bine hops produced 88* bu. as compared with 42J bu. of seedless hops produced on an equal area in the same garden. The seeded hops were valued at 84 to 95s. per bushel and the seedless at 54 to 70s. The added value due to fertilization was about £24 10s. per acre. As the official opinion on the Continent seems to be that the i)resence of the male hop is injurious, it is suggested that these observations may not apply with equal force to white, green, and red bine varieties. Seeded hops bearing an average of 9.5 seeds per hop contained 15 per cent of resin and produced S| cwt. per acre, or 147 lbs. of resin, while seedless hops averaging 0.5 of 1 seed per hop contained 17.2 per cent of resins and pro- duced, under similar circumstances, 4f cwt. per acre, or 92 lbs. of resin. Sixty-Day and Kherson oats, C. W. Warburton (TJ. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Hid. 39o, pp. 21, figs. 5). — This discusses the need for early oats, states the history of Kherson and Sixty-Day oats, describes them, and discusses their char- acters and adaptability to different sections of the country. The results ob- tained by the state experiment stations are presented as compiled from bulletins, reports, and unpublished correspondence. The Sixty-Day and Kherson varieties represent the most satisfactory type of eai-ly oats. They are desirable because of their heavy yield, low proportion of hull, and resistance to lodging, and their chief defects are the small size and yellow color of the berry. They have given the best results in the corn belt and on the dry farming region but larger, later varieties yield more heavily under irrigation and in the Northern States. The present status of investigations of varieties of sugar beets, T. Remy and E. Zimmermann (BI. Znckrrriihenhnu. 11 (1910). Nos. 3, pp. Jfl-^'^; -'/, PP- 51-10; 5, pp. 77-cS5).— The author presents in tabular form the results of the investigations of numerous experimenters, the yield of beets and of sugar per hectare, and tho jiercentage of sugar jiroduced by each variety. The sig'nificance of number of embryos and size of beet seed-balls, P. Schubaut iCenthl. Zuckerindus., 18 (1909), No. 13, pp. 362-361 ehart i).— The author separated 1 kg. of beet seed into the portions that would pass through a sieve with meshes of li mm., 2 nun., 24 mm., and so on to 5 mm. Of those 338 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. which passed through the li mm. meshes, none contained more than one embryo and the germination percentage after 6 days was 91. Tables show the percent- age of seed balls removed at each successive sifting, the number of seeds in each portion, their germination percentage, and the number of embryos contained by each. Work on the Mackay Central Sugar Experiment Station, L. C. McCready {Ann. Rpt Bm: Sugar E.rpt. Sias. [Queensland], 1908-9. pp. 10-63).— This i-eport gives the results of the final examination of the fifth rattoon crop of a considerable number of New Guinea varieties of sugar cane and a list of the varieties introduced by the Queensland Department of Agriculture, with a brief statement of the disposition made of each. On irrigated plats, a plant crop and the first 3 rattoon crops produced 11.15 tons more cane per acre each year when fertilized than when left unmanured. On unirrigated plats the difference in yield between those manured and those not manured was 11.2 tons of cane per acre. Subsoiled and cultivated plats produced cane which in July showed a marlvcdly greater density of juice (Brix), greater sucrose and purity percentages, and a slightly lower amount of glucose in juice, but in August these differences were less marked except in case of the glucose percentage. In September the cane on the subsoiled and cultivated plats stood lower in percentage of fiber in cane and higher in purity of juice. Sets placed continuously in rows 5 ft. apart produced 2.8 tons of cane per acre more than did plants placed G in. apart in the row, 15.4 tons more than those planted 12 in. apart in the row, 35.6 tons more than those planted 18 in. apart in the row. 23.!) tons more than those planted 24 in. apart in the row, and 492 tons more than those planted 36 in. apart in the row, but required 20 cwt., 28 cwt., 34 cwt., 36 cwt., and 40 cwt. more seed iier acre, respectively. Rows 4 ft. apart produced 37.8 tons of cane more than did rows 5 ft. apart, at an expendi- ture of 8 cwt. more seed per acre. They had a still greater advantage over rows 6 and 7 ft. apart. A summary is given of the caues distributed to different districts and notes made on surghums, sisal hemp, cotton, fruit trees, grasses, and green manures. Trifolium resupinatum, M. Bushuev (Turkest. Selsk. Khoz., 1909, No. 1, pp. t~-20; (ih.s. ill Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. iRuss. Jour. Expt. Landiv.), 10 (1900), No. 5, p. 126). — Experiments with T. resupinattim on the experiment field of the Hunger Steppe have shown that this fodder plant is not inferior to old alfalfa and that it matures earlier. It gives two harvests during the summer. Studies in Indian tobaccos, A. and G. L. C. Howard (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Her., S (1910), No. 1, pp. 58, pis. 25).— This publication describes Nicotiana rustiea, states the principal characteristics of 6 varieties, and de- scribes and illustrates 19 different types with which plant breeding work has been cc-nducted for the purpose of studying the inheritance of characters. The Florida velvet bean and related plants, C. V. Piper and S. M. Tracy (U. N. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 119. pi>. 26, pis. 1). — The nomenclature of Sfizolobiuni decringianum is discussed, the general botanical characters of the genus Stizoiobium stated, and botanical descriptions of. and economic notes concerning, 9 species of this genus given. Improvement of the wheat crop in California, H. F. Blanchard (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bill. 118, pp. 31, figs. iO).— This is a report of the experiments and observations of a number of years, conducted in part in cooperation with the California Experiment Station. In many sections of California the soil is depleted in humus and nitrate, foul with weeds, and fails to produce profitable crops. Recommendations resulting from the work here reported favor smaller farms personally supervised, im- proved methods including deel)er plowing, eradication of weeds, and the use of FIELD CROPS. 339 Canadian field peas and Abrnzzes rye as green manure crops, and the intro- duction of improved wheat varieties. Land that produced 26 bii. of wheat after summer fallow produced 15.66 bn. the following year, while other wheat yields in the same experiment were as follows: After fallow 28 bu., after horse beans .35.33 bu., after Canadian field peas 33.66 bu., after rye and vetch 50.66 bu., after rye 51.33 bu. These preced- ing crops, except the wheat crop, were turned under as green manure. The vetch was a very poor stand. An improved method of cultivation including double-disking of stubble, 3 plowings, .5, 8, and 4 in. deep respectively, 3 har- rowings, and the purchase of rye seed for a green manure crop increased the cost of cultivation by $4.60, but resulted in an increase of net profit of approxi- mately $10.40. Results already obtained led to the recommendation of this method of reduc- ing weeds in wheat : Double disk at once after harvest. After the first rains have germinated the weed seed plow 4 or 5 in. deep and harrow, not later than December 15. Between March 1 and 15, plow 8 to 12 in. deep, harrow, and keep the land well cultivated through the summer whether it lies fallow or not. Plow 4 or 5 in. deep in November, sow the wheat about 2 in. deep, and double harrow just before the grain comes up. Harrow as soon as the ground is dry enough in the spring. Use a rapid, erect, early wheat. In a test of 33 varieties, Bolo Blanco and Yantagbay produced yields of 58.39 and 57.28 bu. per acre respectively and were good in resistance to shattering. Chul (G. I. No. 2227) and Fretes (G. I. No. 1596) have proved superior to the White Australian and Club varieties in milling qualities and wet gluten con- tent, having 55 and 40 per cent of wet gluten respectively as compared with from 10 to .38 per cent found in Australian samples. A brief history and description of each is given. Fretes required about the same quantity of water to produce a loaf of bread as the Australian wheat but produced loaves slightly smaller and heavier. The Chul variety is especially adapted to late .seeding because of its vigorous growth and early ripening ability. It may be sown as late as February 25 but Fretes should be in the ground by December 15. It was found that long growing and fruiting periods produced grains lower in protein content than short growing and fruiting periods. [Spraying tests and seed investigations], S. B. McCready (Ann, Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 35 {1909), pp. //2-//8, fig. 1). — Spraying ex- periments indicate that mustard in standing cereal crops may most effectively be destroyed by the application of 100 lbs. of iron sulphate in -50 gal. of water during bright sunny weather just before the plants bloom. A heavy rain within 24 hours after spraying lessens the herbicidal activity of the solution. Whiten- ing put into the solution renders the sprayed strips visible. Field bindweed, sow thistles, Canada thistles, and the i)lantains were not destroyed by the solu- tion. Attempts to kill bindweed by applying 9 or 20 lbs. of iron sulphate crys- tals to patches 4 by 6 ft. resulted in only slight damage to the leaves in case of the lighter application, and 3 weeks later both plats appeared as green as ever. Tar paper weighed down with earth and stones at the sides failed to smother out this weed. A large number of alfalfa and clover seed samples were examined to deter- mine their purity, germination capacity, and general quality of the seed. From each of 10 samples of alfalfa seed selected at random from those sub- mitted for test, 100 seed lots of bright, plump seeds, of discolored, plump seeds, and of shrunken seeds showed germination tests of 82..5, .55.3, and 29 i)er cent, respectively. From 10 other but similar lots, sowed in shallow pots, the numbers of healthy, vigorous plants secured were 712. .">69, and 263 per 1,000 seeds, re- 54345°— No. 4—10 4 340 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. spectively. In a similar test of red clover seed, tlie briglit plump seeds and dull plump seeds showed germination percentages of 90.9 and 85.1 per cent, respec- tively. Purity tests are also reported for alsike, clover, and timothy seeds. [Weeds in Ontario in 1908—9], S. B. McCready {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and E.rpt. Farm, 35 (1909), j)/). Sl-JfO, figs. 2). — A list is given of the most troublesome weeds in Ontario as indicated by the correspondence of 1908-9. Weeds recently introduced are roquette (Eruca saliva), Barnaby thistle (Cen- taurea solstitialis) , bur grass, sandbur or hedgehog grass, forked catchfly (Silene dichotoma), gumweed or gum plant (Grindelia sqiiarrosa), German knotgrass, and buffalo bur. Corn cockle (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 17 {1910), No. 1, pp. 38-45, fig. 1).— These pages review fully English, (ierman, and French literature on corn cockle with special reference to the descriptions of the plant and its fruit, the harm done by the plant as a weed and through its poisonous seed, and means of preventing it and of identifying it in foodstuffs. A practical method of killing' witch grass, A. J, Eaton and H. A. Edson {Vermont tSta. Bui. I.'f9, pp. 419-4-'^. pis. 12, figs. 8). — Experiments indicate that witch grass may be eradicated from corn fields by ridging the rows just before the corn sprouts, cultivating 3 days later with an implement that will draw the soil from the sides of the ridges, harrowing or weeding the same day, cultivat- ing twice a week or 10 days later, weeding the same day and leveling the ridges, and hand hoeing in mid-July. Thorough, shallow cultivation must be given every week or 10 days at least from planting until the crop becomes too large. On stony loam this treatment increased the corn yield 2i tons at a cost of $2.40 per ton ; on river bottom sandy loam. If tons at a cost of $5.50 per ton for the increase ; on clay loam. 4J tons with an increased cost of $1.10 per ton ; while on sand, an increase of f ton cost $7.30 per ton. On the treated areas the ears were larger and better filled and the ears and stover averaged 0.31 and 0.11 per cent higher respectively in iirotein content. HORTICULTURE. The role of anesthetics and other agents in plant forcing, W. Stuaet {Vermont Sta. Bill. 150, pp. 451-480, pis. 2, figs. 6). — A detailed discussion ot the author's experiments in the use of anesthetics in plant forcing, summarized accounts of which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 544). The work here discussed is based on studies begun in the fall of 1906 for the determination of the desiccating infiuence of anesthetics upon ])lants, to com- pare the relative value of anesthetics and other agents in plant forcing, and to determine the optimum dosage and period of treatment for various classes of plants. The plants included a large number of commercial flowering shrubs and bulbs. The anesthetic and nonanesthetic substances tested included ether, chloroform, ethyl iodid, ethyl bromid, ethyl chlorid, methyl chlorid, methyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, tetra - chlorid of carbon, and acetone. The mechanical effects of vacuum and of frost were also studied. The results secured in forcing lilacs, astilbe and lily-of-the-valley are rather fully discussed, and a table is given showing the treatments recommended for these plants at different seasons. In general it has been found that the amount of anesthetic or other toxic sub- stances to be used A'aries with the season of the year in which the plant is treated, the period of exposure, the temperature of the enclosed air, and the class of plants used. In the early and after rest periods, the dosage used should be less than during the early portion of the middle rest period. The best temperature at which to treat the plants is in the neighborhood of 60° F.. although it niay vary between 55 and 65° without materially influencing the HORTICULTUKE. 341 results. If hifrlier temperatures i)revail, the dosage, or the period of treatment, or both, should be reduced accordingly. They should be increased where lower temperatures occur. The work as a w'hole is summarized as follows: 'Anesthetics, when properly applied to plants in a state of complete rest, impart a decided growth impulse. " Toxic substances such as alcohol, acetone, and other similar agents, while not causing insensibility unless employed in large amounts, act much the same as do anesthetics and cause a more or less decided growth acceleration. The application of frost and vacuum result in some instances in accelerated growth, while in others negative results are obtained. " Ether and chloroform seem to afford the most satisfactory results with lilacs; while ethyl iodid and ethyl broniid yield a better outcome with astilbe and with lily-of-the-valley than do such other materials as have been used. " Lilacs are most effectively treated prior to December 1. After this date the growth jicceleration is less marked. Apparently the lily passes from the middle rest to the after rest period during the latter part of November. "Astilbe treatments made after January 1 w'ere much less effective in accele- rating growth than those made prior to this date. The time of passage to the after rest period is assumed to be in the latter part of December. " The effect of anesthetics and other substances upon bulbous plants was not sufficiently definite to warrant deduction. " The desiccating effect of ether and chloroform upon bulbs was more marked than that secured with methyl alcohol and acetone." Frequent reference Is made to the results of other investigators and a partial bibliography on the use of anesthetics in plant forcing is appended. Smudge pots for the prevention of frosts, Wichita, Kans., R. II. Sullivan (Mo. Weather Her., 38 ( 19 JO). No. J. i>i>. -',12. .',13. figx. 2).—K brief account is here given oi tests of smudge pots in two apple orchards near Wichita, Kans., during the spring of 1910. In one case 79 pots and in another 50 pots were used per acre. " The figures show that with from 70 to 80 pots to the acre a fruit crop can be saved w'hen the temperature falls to 25°, or even to 22°, if the work is done thoroughly and systematically." Observations showed that the most damaging temperatures occurred after the wind had died down. The author is of the opinion that " artificial preventive methods can be used effectively despite the oft-repeated arguments that it is too windy in Kansas." [Keeping tests of onions], J. W. Crow {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 35 (lOOi)), yp. l.'fS, l'i9). — A number of varieties of onions were stored for a period of 206 days, beginning October 3, 1908. The majority of the varieties kept in nearly sound condition, the exceptions being the Early Rose, Red Tripoli, Giant Brown Rocca. and Gibraltar, of which only 12, 14, 22, and 63 per cent resiteetively were good. The fertilization of apple orchards, J. P. Stewart (Pennsylvania 8ta. Bui. 100, pp. 3-28, pis. 6). — This bulletin contains the results for the third season of the orchard experiments started by the station in 1907 (E. S. R., 21. p. 237), reviews the experiments as a whole, and offers practical suggestions relative to orchard management in Pennsylvania. In the orchards where the fertilizer experiments are being conducted alone, nitrogenous manures continue to show beneficial effecls on yield and growth with the usual harmful infiuence on color. Raw i)hosphate and lime are still l)roving unsatisfactory, except as to color for the i)hosphate and as to growth for the lime. As a general thing the plats making the best yield have also made the best growth. 342 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The results thus far indicate that differences in season and therefore dif- ferences in the moisture supply must be taken into consideration in determin- ing the value of different fertilizer treatments. Practically none of the treat- ments have materially improved the color of the fruit, while a number of them have distinctly decreased it. The author concludes that the kind of pruning and the degree of maturity obtained before i)icking are the chief means at the disposal of the orchardist for affecting the amount of color in fruit. As compared with the unfertilized plats, the fertilized plats gave net gains in the third year of from $124.75 to $267.5-5 per acre, thus indicating for these experiments that plant food was a limiting factor. In the soil management experiments, the sod mulch system has proved most satisfactory in the young orchards as to yield and size of fruit, second to sod as to color, and slightly behind clean tillage as to growth. The mulch system has surpassed the cover crop method in every way. In the mature orchard, how- ever, tillage with a cover crop for 3 years has been superior to sod mulch in yield and growth, although the mulched fruit excels in color by more than 30 per cent and in average size of apples by about 6 per cent. The last fact appears to be connected with the smaller crop on the mulched trees. Fertilized plats were also included in the soil management experiments. The applications of plant food appear to reduce strongly or even nullify the differences due to cultural methods. In some cases there was a consecutive increase in jti-oductiveness following the addition of plant food. The data thus far secured indicate that with equal values of manure and a proper commer- cial fertilizer, the manure gives the best results on sod or mulched areas, and the commercial fertilizer gives the best results when used in connection with tillage. From the work as a whole, it appears that manures used in both young and old orchards reduce the color and increase the size of the fruit and tree growth. In the old orchard, manure shows some advantage over commercial fertilizers in tree growth and in size of api)les with effects revei'sed in the young orchards. The author sul)niits summarized data furnished by W. P. Brooks of the Massachusetts Station, showing the ti'eatment and total yields per acre from fertilizer experiments with apples, conducted by that station from 1889 to 1910. In every case the treated plats have proven superior to the untreated. The manure plat which alone received nitrogen in quantity is superior in yield and growth but ranks only just above the check plat in quality. This work also indicates that it is best to use the riotash in the sulphate form. Orchard fertilization, J. P. Stewart {Proc. State Hort. Assoc. Perm., 51 (1910). PI). Il)'i-I21, figs. 2). — The subject matter of this paper is essentially similai- to that of the bulletin above noted. Thinning of table grapes, F, T. Bioletti {Pacific Rural Press, 79 (1910). No. 2^, pp. 461, .1,63. figs. 3). — The author describes in detail the method em- ployed in thinning table grapes in the California vineyards and enumerates the good results secured from this practice, especially with the Tokay grape, the thinning of which variety results in short in a general improvement of appear- ance, quality and transportability without in most cases increasing the net cost of production and leaving the improvemeirt in quality as clear gain. Fertilizer experiments with grapes, K. Windisch {Mitt. Dent. Landw. GeseU., 25 {1910), No. 19, pp. 27 8-2 SI). —The results are given of fertilizer ex- periments conducted during 1909 in a number of vineyards in Wiirtemberg. Activities of the Macomer royal nursery of American grapes for the period 1897 to 1909, C-. Liuzzi {Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, c Coiik [Rome], 9 {1910), S. -i). — According to the author, the bacterial dis- ease of cotton {Bacterium malvacearum) has proved one of the most destructive diseases of Egyptian cotton in Nyasaland, some estates reporting losses amount- ing to as much as 60 per cent. Tlie disease was first observed in 1909 on rattoon cotton and later was found in a number of localities. Egyptian and Sea Island cottons seem to be partic- ularly subject to the disease, but certain varieties of American Upland cotton have developed a high degree of resistance. Nyasaland Upland cotton and a hybrid cotton resulting fronl a cross between American and Egyptian varieties have shown marked resistance. The location in which cotton is grown seems to have an effect upon the pres- ence of the disease, and it is advised that Egyptian cotton should not be grown on lowlands adjoining rivers. It is recommended that all cotton plants be uprooted and burned immediately after picking and that the practice of rattoon- ing, especially on river plantations, be avoided. Seed from diseased plantations should be soaked for an hour in a solution of corrosive sublimate or formalin. Studies on the parasitic fungi of rice in Japan, J. Miyake (Bot. Mag. [Tokyo], 23 {1909), Nos. 266, pp- 85-101; 267, pp. 127-154; abs. in Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AU., 26 {1910), No. 16-17, pp. 1,76, .//77).— This gives a list of fungi parasitic on rice in Japan, of which the following are described as new : Melanonniia ylumaruni, MycosphccrcUa {Spltwrella) shiraiana, M. {S.) hondai, Pharcidia oryza\ Pluvospliwria oryzw n. g. and n. sp., Leptosphwria iwamotoi, Ophiobolus oryzw, Pleospora oryzw, Gnomonia oryzw, Phyllosticta japoniea, P. iniurai, Chwtophoma glumarum, Coniothyriuni japonicum, C. hrcvisporum, V. anomale, Sphwropsis japonicum, Sphwronema oryzw, Diplodia oryzw, Dfp- lodicUa oryzw, Hcndcrsonia oryzw, Septoria longispora, S. curvula, Phwosep- toria oryzw, Dinemasporium oryzw, Cladosporium oryzw, Cercospora oryzw, Epicoccitm Iiyolojic>i, and Epldochiuin oryzw. The black scab of the potato, J. Ritzema Bos {Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, 16 {1910), No. 1-2, irp. .59-67, ) .—After calling attention to the gradual dissem- ination of this disease {Chrysophlyctis endobiotica) throughout European coun- tries, especially in England, and the great damage to the potato industry wherever it has obtained a foothold, the author warns the potato growers of the Netherlands to guard against its introduction by avoiding the use of for- eign seed potatoes. Any suspicious cases should be examined by a comi)etent inspector and if diseased with the black scab the entire lot should be used as stock food. The prevention and control of the potato wart disease, H. Josting {Dciit. Landto. Prcsse, 36 {1909), No. 88, p. 91,1, fig. 1). — For the control of this disease the author recommends the use of healthy seed potatoes, crop rotation, collect- ing and burning badly diseased tubers, and the feeding of slightly infected jiotatoes to stock after the tv-bers have been cooked. Some of the more important contributions in 1909 on the diseases of sugar beets and potatoes, A. Stift {Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.]. 2. Abt., 26 {1910), No. 18-19, pi>. 520-.')U0). — A critical review is given of some of the more impor- tant contributions that appeared in 1909 relating to the insect pests and fungus diseases of sugar beets and potatoes. The literature reviewed is almost all from German sources. Diseases of sugar beets, O. Fallada {Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerindus. u. Landw., 39 {1910), No. 1, pp. 42-1,8, figs. 2).— Brief notes are given on the dis- eases observed on sugar beets in Austria-Hungary during 1909. Among those 348 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. noted are the root disease due to Phoma betw, heart or dry rot, beet scab, bac- teriosis. root rot due to Rhizoctonia violacea. root tumor, several of the abnor- mal root developments, the occurence of dodder (Ciiscuta eufopea) on beets, and the leaf diseases, such as those caused by Cercospora heticola, Clastero- sporiinn putrefaciens, and the albinism of beet leaves. The diseases of the sugar beet during 1909, K. Stormeb {Bl. Zuckerriiben- hati, n {1910}, No. 5, pp. S8-93). — This is a general discussion of the sugar beet industry in connection with its insect and fungus enemies. The insects noted as injurious during the year were the cutworm {Agrotis sp.), Ipaf louse, and carrion beetles {SiJpha atrata and S. opaca). Of the fungus pests, false mildew (Peronospora schachtii) and root disease {Pythium dcbaryaiium) did considerable damage. The experiments conducted indicate that the deficiency of lime and phosphoric acid in the soil was a favorable condition for the development of the latter, and mixtures of lime and kainit are recommended as a remedy. For the control of heart or dry rot of beets, well-drained soil to which has been added gypsum to neutralize the alkaline condition of the soil and leave it physiologically acid, is recommended. For the beet wilt due to the beet nematode ( Hctcrodcra schacJitii), which was also present, crop rotation and soil disinfection with carbolineum are recom- mended. Poor physical condition of the soil, especially if deficient in lime, seems to favor this disease. The cause and control of beet diseases in Posen and West Prussia, R. SCHANDER {Dent. Z uckcrittdii.s., 3'f {IHOil), Xo. 6. pp. 121-12Ji; ah^. in VentbL Bakt. [c/c], 2. Abt., 26 {1910), No. 8-9, pp. 309-311).— It is stated that root disease and heart or dry rot are the two main enemies to sugar beet culture. Phoma betw is given as the usual cause of the first disease, and it is most prevalent on seedlings. Experiments in seed disinfection for this disease were not successful, and the author claims that the drying and crusting over of the soil during the germination and early growth of the seedlings weakens them and contributes to the disease. The kind of fertilizer, especially the form of nitrogen used, was found to influence the development of the disease. Lime nitrogen had the least effect, while calcium nitrate was the most effective, with Chili saltpeter next. Liquid manure was also found to give good results against the disease. The heart or dry rot is claimed to be due to physiological causes, these attack- ing the beets at the time of greatest growth. It always appears after a period of great heat and dryuess. The character of the soil and kind of culture and fertilizers used are given as factors in producing this disease. The root diseases of beets, W. Btjsse and P. Ulrich {Mitt. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstic, 1909, A'o. 8, pp. 21-2.'i). — A review is given of the work done by the authors on the root diseases of beets during 190G-1908 (E. S. R., 19, p. 347; 20, p. 546), with reference to their causes and control by seed treatments, fertilizers, and resistant varieties. The probable influence that the physical properties of the soil may have on the occurrence of these diseases is noted. Root tumors on sugar beets, J. Reinelt {Bl. Zuckerriibenbau, 16 {1909), No. 21, pp. 328-330; abs. in Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 26 {1910), No. 16-17, p. -^179). — This is a continuation (E. S. R.. 21, p. 446) of the discussion as to the cause of root tumors on sugar beets, in which the author concludes that no con- tagious source can be assigned for this trouble and that the impulse for tumor formation does not come from the environment but from the beet itself. The heart or dry rot of beets, W. Busse and P, Ulrich {Mitt. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Forstw., 1909, No. 8, pp. 2.'f, 25). — This is a brief summary of experiments conducted with different varieties of sugar and common beets in legard tc their resistance to this rot. Saltpeter and ammonium salts were DISEASES OF PLANTS. 349 tested as to their effects on this disease, the auimonium salts showing no ap- preciable advantage over the saltpeter. The physical condition of the soil as a probal»le factor in the cause of the disease was also studied. Premature seed formation in beets, M. Gonnermann (Bl. Zuckerriihenbau, 16 {1909}, ^'os. 2L />/*. .lil-327; 22, pi). .3'/i-J'/,S; aU. in Ceiithl. Bali, [etc.'], 2. Abt., 26 (1910), No. 16-17, pp. 7J,8, 7J,9).—The author claims that the premature formation of the flower stalks of the sugar beets during the first year of growth is an acquired habit produced in the development of the sugar beet from the common beet, aided b.v temperature, weather conditions, and the early planting of the seed. Beet seed from premature one-year stalks when planted late rai-ely developed the premature seed stalks, but produced a large yield in weight and sugar content. The premature seed formation of the sugar beet, H. Briem (Ztschr. Zuckcr- indus. Bohmcn, S.>, (1909), No. S, pp. 169-171; ahs. in Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2 AM., 26 (1910), No. 16-17, p. 'i79). — The author discusses the supposed causes of the premature seed stallv formation of the sugar beet during the first year of its growth. It is stated that this premature growth usually appears after a long, dry summer, followed by warm, wet weather about the middle of September. This starts the plant cells into renewed activity, and a consequent seed stalk formation occurs. The stinking smut of wheat and its control (Landw. Ztsclir. Rheinprovinz, 10 (1909), No. JfO. pp. 585, 586). — This is a popular discussion of this smut, together with a description of the various well-known methods used for its control. The bacterial soft rots of certain vegetables, H. A. Harding, W. J. Morse. and L. R. Jones (Vermont Sta. Bui. / JT, pp. 243-360, figs. JO).— This reports cooperative work with the New York State Station, and has been noted as Technical Bulletin 11 of that station (E. S. R., 22, p. 640). The wilt disease of melons, E. Pantanelli (Italia Agr., 45 (1909), pp. 221-224; A&.S-. in CentbL Bait, [etc.], 2. AM., 26 (1910), No. 8-9, p. 292).— Attention is called to the increasing prevalence and severity of this disease, which has been known for a number qf years in Italy under different names, and which threatens serious injury to various cucurbit crops, especially cucum- bers. The cause is supitosed to be Fiisariiim nireiim. A ba'cterial soft rot of muskmelon, caused by Bacillus melonis n. sp., N. J. Giddings (Vermont tp. 27V;-J0.'/).— Lists of hynien- optera and iliptora are presented. The relation of temperature to the growth of insects, E. D. Sanderson {Tslcw Hampshire 8ta. 8ci. Contrib. ,). pp. 1 1 3-1. 'fU, charts 21; Jour. Econ. hut., 3 (19 JO), No. 2, PI). 1 13-11)0, charts 21). — In this paper the author reviews the literature relating to the effect of temperature on the development of insects and reports the results of exi)eriments in whicli either the egg or pupa or both, of several species, were studied. He again calls attention to the fact pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 252) that the point above which temperatures are effective varies with tlie species and is not constant at 43° F. Thus Toxop- tera and Lysiphlebus may develop at 1.65° C, while Margaropus and others will not develop under 5 to 10° C. In studying the relation of temperature to insect growth, different stages of several insects were reared at fairly constant temperatures. Ordinary bac- teriological incubators were used for temperatures of 80 and 90° F. An uniced refrigerator maintained a fairly constant temperature of about 65° in winter and 70° in summer. A constant temperature apparatus in which the cold from an ice chamber was balanced by the heat from a gas jet and con- trolled by an electric thermostat gave close to 60° and an ordinary refrigerator was iced to maintain approximately 50°. The results of the investigirtion, together with data relating to a number of additional species reported by various workers, are summarized in the form of charts. The following table (>f the si)ecies studied by the author has been compiled from the charts pre- sented : Arcntf/c period of development of insects at constant tcniperatarcs. Species. Stage. Temperature (Centigrade). 10° 12° 16° 18 5° 20° 21° 26° 27° 28° 32° Pupa ... Egg ...do Days. Dead. (a) la) (a) (a) Days. Dead. (a) {") 55 51 Days 30 25 Days. Days. 22.5 Days. Days. Days. 13 15 Days. Days. 10 Euproctis chrysorrhwa 21 ""9 (a) 9 i4.5 13 16 ...do .... 7 6 Do Pupa ... ^^ 34 ...... 5.5 4 3 " Failed to hatch. A list of 26 titles referred to is appended. Superparasitism : An important factor in the natural control of insects, W. F. FiSKE (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 1, pp. 88-97, fig. i).— Superpara- sitism, a new term introduced by the author, results when any individual host ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 359 is attacked by two or more species of primary parasites or by one species more than ouce. " It differs materially from secondary parasitism, or hyperpara- sitism as it is variously called, although both are, strictly speaking, double parasitism of an individual. In superparasitism the parent femalr^s are both attracted to the primary host primarily for its own sake. In hyperparasitism one of them is attracted to the primary host secondarily and Incidentally, and for the sake of the primary parasite which it harbors." The author considers superparasitism the equal of hyperparasitism in its effect upon the natural control of parasitic insects and thinks it should be given equal attention. Proceedings of the twenty-second annual meeting of the American Asso- ciation of Economic Entomologists {Jour. Econ. Ent., S (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-6.'/, pis. 5, fig. 1). — The business i)roceedings of the association, reported in part 1 (pp. 1-11), include a list of the common names of 52 insects, that were adoitted. The address of the president, W. E. Britton, was entitled The Official Ento- mologist and the Farmer (pp. 12-20). E. P. Felt discussed Observations on the House-fly (pp. 24-26). An expei'iment conducted led to the conclusion that the house or typhoid fly does not breed freely in darkness. Through the use of cement underpinning, it is comparatively easy to construct dark cellars where manure and other fly breeding material can be kept without producing swarms of flies. These measures, while particularly adapted to the farm, will also prove of service in villages and cities. Controlling the F>lack Fly in the White Mountains was the subject of a discussion, by E. D. Sanderson (pp. 27-29), who concludes that the destruction of these flies in mountain resort regions is as feasible as the control of mosquitoes in low countries such as the vicinity of New York and New Jersey, Under the subject of New Sprays for the Codling Moth, C. P. Gillette (pp. 29-35) discussed experiments made with sulphid of arsenic (AS- Ss), lime, black leaf extract, and sulphate of nicotine. In the attempt to find some in- secticide that would be effective and less injurious to the trees in Colorado than are the arsenicals now in use, experiments were conducted at Delta which indicate that sulphid of arsenic may be as efficient as arsenate of lead. " Good lump lime, 50 lbs. to 100 gals, of water, seemed to give no protection at all, as the percentage of perfect fruit on these trees averaged 58.9, exactly as in case of the check trees. Black leaf extract was used in the proportion of 1 gal. diluted to 50 gals, with water. The trees sprayed with this mixture gave fruit that was 77 per cent free from worm injuries, or about IS per cent more perfect fruit than in the check block. Sulphate of nicotine was used in the proportion of 1 part in 750 parts of water and seemed to give slight protection, as the trees si)rayed with this mixture bore fruit that was 73 per cent free from all worm injuries, an improvement of practically 14 per cent over the fruit of unsprayed trees. Even this application indicates a protection of almost exactly 38 per cent (if the fruit that would have been wormy if untreated, for the check trees had but 41.1 per cent of their fruit injured by worms." Arsenical Poisoning of Fruit Trees was briefly considered by W. P. Headdeu (pp. 32-35), and Present Conditions of the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moth Work in Massachusetts, by F. W. Kane, (pp. 30-38). Some Insecticide Methods used in (Combating the Gipsy Moth were described by A. F. Burgess (pp. 38^2). W. E. Hinds and W. P. Turner presented a paper on Carbon Disulphid Fumi- gation for the Rice Weevil in Corn (pp. 47-5G). This pest is thought to be at the present time the most injurious species of insect occurring in Alabama. Numerous germination tests show that weevil injury is in all probability re- sponsible to a considerable extent for irregular stand and lack of uniformly 360 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. normal growth in the cornfiekls of the badly infested area. While a con- siderable injury is inflicted by grain moths, both before and after the corn is harvested, the principal injury after harvesting is attributable to various species of Coleoptera, among which six have been particiilarly abundant. It was found that any treatment which insured the destruction of all emerged adults of the rice weevil was very likely also to destroy the un- emerged stages, with the possible exception of the egg. The percentage of moisture content in seeds is important as affecting their degree of resistance to the carbon disulphid and it appears that the temperature prevailing at the time treatment is made has much to do with the effectiveness of a given dosage. The imporant results obtained from the experiments are summarized as follows: " Grain infesting insects may be destroyed with cai'bon disulphid, cheaply and effectively, by even an application of 5 lbs. per 1,000 cu. ft. in exceptionally tight compartments, while the temiierature is above 70° F. It requires but a few hours to kill the weevils if a strength of gas equal to one-quarter of a saturated atmosphere can be maintained, and provided the temperature is high enough to insure a considerable degree of vital activity on the part of the insects. Fumigation work with temperatures ranging below 60° ap[)ears to be largely ineffective and inadvisable. It is estimated that at most the expense of treatment will average less than a cent per bushel." In discussing Notes on Spraying Experiments for the Oyster Shell Scale in Montana, R. A. Cooley reported (pp. .57-64) tests made of various insecticides aiiplied at 3 different periods of develojiment namely (1) Before hatching and before the buds had openetl ; (2) early in the hatching i)eriod, and (.S) late in the hatching period. He concludes that the eggs are unaffected by the appli- cation of lime-sulphur solutions previous to the opening of the buds. " On trees so sprayed the j'oung were killed very soon after hatching. The inter- vention of rain storms before the hatching of the eggs may more or less affect the value of the treatment. It is indicated -that emulsions of linsecnl oil and cotton-seed oil may be useful for the treatment of this Insect while in the egg stage and during the hatching period." Proceedings of the eighth annual meeting of horticultural inspectors (Jour. I'Jcoii. Ent., S (l!)10), No. 1, pi). Go-S't). — In opening the eighth meeting at Boston, 1910, F. L. Washburn discussed (pp. 69-71) the work of the^ associa- tion. Brown-tail Moth on Imported Nursery Stock was the subject of a paper by G. G. Atwood, of New York (pp. 71-76), in which the inspection work as carried on in that State was discussed. Large numbers of winter nests of brown-tail moths were found during the spring of 1909 in importations of nursery stock from France. Out of S(i0 shipments with a total of 4.566 packages of various sorts insiiected, 707 boxes and 2 bales were burned, and 7,000 nests destroyed. An infestation of nursery stock on a large private estate in Westchester County, brought about through shii)ment of Crataegus late in the fall of 190S from an eastern State, was stamped out. European Conditions as Affecting Imported Nursery Stock were described by L. O. Howard (pp. 76, 77). He announced that a governmental inspection service would be established in France under the directictn of Dr. Paul Marchal, which will enable the issuing of such certificates as will guarantee freedom from insect pests. A paper (m Increasing the Demand for Orchard Insiicction was presented by N. E. Shaw, of Ohio (pp. 77-80), and Notes on the State Nursery Laws of Okla- homa and Their Effect, by C. E. Sanborn (pp. S2-S4). Ninth report of the state entomologist, 1909, W. E. Britton (Connecticut State /S7«, liitt. W09-10, j)t. -J, pp. VI+323-31Jf, pis. 16, figs. .'>).— The insiiectiou ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY, 361 of nurseries ami of iiiiiiortcd nursery stock is first briefly reported upon. Dur- ing the year 224 boxes and packages imported from France were inspected. One lot of 13 boxes was found to be infested with 't2 winter nests of the brown- tail moth, a few on pear and quince, but mostly on apple and dwarf apple stock. A bill providing for the inspection of apiaries to suppress contagious diseases of bees, which was passed in 1900, is briefly discussed, as is the municipal spraying of elm trees in Connecticut during 1909, and the work against the gipsy moth. During the winter of 190S-9 but 6 egg masses of the gipsy moth were destroyed at Stonington and but 98 caterpillars during the summer of 1909. In December. 1909, a colony of gipsy moths was discovered at Wallingford, of which up to March 1, 1910, 7,500 egg clusters had been destroyed. Summarized accounts of the rosy apple aphis {Aphis sorbi), bud moth, leopard moth, and peach borer, including references to the literature, are presented. During 1909 the rosy apple aphis was a source of considerable injury to apple trees. Its eggs hatch about the middle of April just as the green leaves begin to show at the ends of the buds. In 1909 they were abundant through blossom- ing time and wei'e thick on the young fruit. During the latter pai't of June or about July 1 they disappeared entirely from the trees and did not return again until October. On November 12, 1909, the aphids were laying eggs, though but few could l)e found. Efforts were made during the summer to discover its intermediate host plant, but without success. Technical descriptions of its several stages, prepared by A. I. Bourne, accompany the account. Mcgorismus flctcheri was its most important parasite in Connecticut. During the past two or three seasons the bud moth seriously Injured apple trees in certain portions of the State, particularly at Stonington. Observations made following the use of arsenate of lead (1 lb. to 10 gal. of water) at that place for the gipsy moth indicate that this poison will also control the bud moth. Considerable evidence of serious damage by the leoi)ard moth to shade trees, particularly elms, came to the author's attention. Next to the San Jose scale, the peach borer is thought to be the most serious insect enemy of the peach in Connecticut. Brief mention is made of mosquito bi'eeding areas examined at the request of health officei's. B. H. Walden reports upon the fumigation of several buildings with hydro- cyanic-acid gas. Under the heading of miscellaneous insect notes, mention is made of the tobacco bud worm (ClilorUlra vircscais) which was found feeding upon experi- mental tobacco plants growing on the station grounds; of cankerworms which were the source of much damage locally to orchard and shade trees throughout the State; of the greenhouse leaf tyer {Phlyctwnla fcrrwjalis) which injured gi-eenhouse cinerarias and daisies at New Haven by devouring the leaves; of the strawberry crown girdler {Otiorhynchus ovaiiis) which destroyed young hemlock trees in a New Haven nursery; of white grubs in grass lands; of white ants {Ternics flavipes) which injured a dwelling house in South Nor- walk; and of the green rose chafer [Euphoria [Cctonia] aurata) which was found in the j)acking from nursery stock imported from Europe. Injurious insects and remedies, C. J. S. Bethune {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and E.rpt. Farm, 35 (IVOD). pp. 27-3.'i). — During the year aphids attacked nearly every cultivated plant and many fruit and shade trees. The European elm scale was very abundant in the northern part of the city of Toronto and the cottony maple-scale also appeared in certain sections of that city. Other insects the occurrence of which is noted are the boll or corn ear worm and the carrot rust fly {Psila rosa'). Experiments were conducted by T. D. Jarvis in which Vanco brand arsenate of lead. 2 lbs. to 40 gal. of water, was applied at a pressure of 200 lbs. in a 6-aci-e orchard of Greenings and a 10-acre orchai'd of Baldwins. The first 862 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. application commenced on June 4, at a time when tlie young fruit was just forming and the inner calyx cup easily reached. The Bordeaux nozzle was used in the application. A second application was made in the 6-acre orchard about June 25, a Friend nozzle being used. The G-acre orchard produced fruit about 99 per cent free from worms, the 10-acre orchard fruit about 70 per cent free and 2 acres unsprayed about 20 per cent free. Experiments conducted show that either 3 lbs. arsenate of lead to 40 gal. of water or * lb. of Paris green to a like quantity of water is sufficiently strong to kill the larvte of the potato beetle and that any larger quantity used is only wasted. Good results were obtained in the eradication of croton bugs (Eclo- hia fiennaic(i), which infested certain parts of the college residence, from the use of a commercial product containing a considerable amount of phosphorus. The home-boiled lime-sulphur wash gave good results against the pear-leaf blister mite on apples. Spraying experiments for the codling moth were conducted by L. Caesar in an orchard of 25 acres at Stoney Creek. The first spraying was begun June 5, at which date nearly all the blossoms were off the Astrachan trees and other early varieties and most of them were ready to fall from the later varieties. For this spray arsenate of lead alone, 2 lbs. to 40 gal. of water, was applied at a pressure of 140 lbs. About 3 weeks after the first application was com- menced a second was made, consisting of self-boiled sulphur, made up of 10 lbs. lime and 10 lbs. sulphur, boiling water being used to slack the lime and the mixture then being diluted with 40 gal. of water, 2 lbs. of arsenate of lead added, and applied with a Friend nozzle at a pressure of IGO lbs. In the lower half of the (jrchard 9G per cent of the picked apples were free from worms, and 88 per cent in the upper half. Observations indicate that home-boiled lime-sulphur wash (20-15-40) ap- plied to the trees shortly before the leaf buds burst is the most satisfactory treatment for the oyster shell scale. Experiments with caustic soda (Gillett's lye) show that in order to be of value against the scale it has to be very strong. Thirteen cans, which contained approximately 10 lbs. of caustic soda, to 40 gal. of water, was found to be necessary to give fairly good results, [Report of the entomologist of Mozambique], C. W. Howard (Mozamhiqiir Dc'pt. Ayr. Bill. 1, iq). lo-i.i). — This is a preliminary report of observations made of the various insect problems in I'ortuguese East Africa. Among the enemies of citrus fruits mentioned are the orange-tree butteifly caterpillar {Papilio dcmoleiis), California red scale {Clirysomphalus aurantii), Florida red scale (C. aonidum), purple scale, soft scale, orange mealy-bug, citrus psylla [I'syJhi sp.) citrus ai)his (HipJionopIioru cHrifolii), cottony cushicm scale, and orange codling moth ( Eiiarmoiiiu hntnichopd). The greedy scale occurs on apples, pears, and grapes, and a species of thrips damages- man- goes, roses, and several ornamental shrubs. About Mngude, the stock borer (Sesamia fiisca) has been found attacking maize. The South African cotton stainer ( Dpsdcrcus sp.) is reported to be very common in the Province. The bagrada bug (Bagrada hilaris), a pest of cruciferus crops, is present in many places. The red winged locust (Cyrtocanthacris septcmfasciata) is the migra- tory species occurring in Mozambique. Observations on ticks and mosquitoes and a list of the more important fungus discjiscs are also included in the rei)ort. Some new species of Mallophaga from Michigan, M. A. Carriker. Jr., and C. A. Shui.i. (/•;*;/. Xcirx. i/ iHUO). No. 2. pp. 'jI-'u, pL 1). — ColpiiccphaJum spinuh>!aration of North American species of Heliodines. A new tortricid of economic importance in the Hawaiian Islands, A. Busck {Proc. Ent. *Soc. Wash., 11 (1909), No. .',, pp. 201, 202).— The species here described,. Ay/ior^x'ft cniigratcUa, is quite a pest in the Hawaiian Islands. The larvpe are leaf-rollers on many kinds of plants, shrubs, and fruit-trees, often being so numerous as to defoliate the trees and sometimes attack the fruit as well. The species has long been known to the author from Mexico, who thinks it was introduced into Hawaii from that country within com[)ara- tively recent years. Notes on Chambers' species of Tineina, Annette F. Braun {Ent. News, 20 {1909), No. 10, pp. ii2S-Ii3Ju figs. //).— Notes on the host plants and habits of a number of species are included in this account. Description of a new species of Coriscium, C. R. Ely {Ent. Neivs, 21 {1910), No. 2, pp. 51, 58). — A tineid, Coriscium scrotinella, bred from larvae from the tips of leaves of Prunus scrotina in August, 1909, at East River, Conn,, is described as new. 364 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Papers on cereal and forage insects — The sorghum midge, W. H. Dean (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 80, pt. J/, pp. 30-58, pis. 2, figs. i2).— The sorghum midge {Contarinia [Diplosis] sorghicola) is said to be the most de- structive of the insect and other pests which injure sorghum seed. The first report of injury by this pest, made by D. W. Coquillett in 1895, was based upon sweet sorghum material received from Dillburg, and Montgomery, Ala. ►Since 1898 when the species was described by Coquillett as new to science, several accounts of its injury have been published. Investigations were com- menced by the author on July 25, 1908, at Baton Rouge, La., and continued during 1909 at San Antonio, Tex. He reports that in addition to the many varieties of sweet sorghum, this pest infests broom corn, kafir corn, Johnson grass, and milo maize and that specimens have been reared from the conunon foxtail grass (Sctaria glauca) and Sicgliiigia scslcrioidcs. Technical descriptions of the several stages of the midge are followed by a discussion of its life history and habits. The place of deposition of the egg varies, being dependent upon the stage of seed development. Upon hatching, the larvfe immediately make their way to the ovary and are invariably found lying directly against it. A faint discolorntion of the ovary takes place at the point of contact with the larva shortly after the latter has taken its normal position. The pupa is formed in exactly the same position as has been occupied by the larva during its growth and develoiiment. There are no well-detined broods or generations, the midge being found from early spring until late fall in any stage from egg to adult. At Haton Ilouge, with an average daily mean temperature of 79° F. and an average daily mean humidity of 74.3, the life cycle from oviposition to emergence of adults was found to be 2.32 days, while at San Antonio with an average daily meiin temiterature of 84.7° and a humidity of 07.5, 14 days were required for I heir development. ''In the latitude of San Antonio, Tex., generally speaking, the egg stage will cover from 2 to 4 days, the larval stage from 9 to 11 days, and the pupal stage from 3 to 5 days, depend- ing upon the temperature and humidity. . . . Females were found upon dis- section to contain from a dozen to ujnvard of a hundred eggs." At San Antonio in 1909 the first midges were observed on May 14, at which time they were actively ovipositing in Johnson grass. " At this date the neighboring sorghum had not headed, and it was not until June 19 that the first brood emerged from the sorghum, which puts the date of this first infestation at approximately June 5." The cocooned larva is reported to be the true hibernating form but normal pupje will stand considerable cold and later upon being exposed to sufficiently high temperature will emerge. In certain localities the midge is highly parasitized by Aprnstocetus diplosidis and Tetrastich us sp., but these species do not become sufficiently numerous to check the midge materially until late in the summer when the second and third crops of sorghum are heading. These crops are found to mature upward of 90 per cent of sound seed, while the earlier crops are a total failure. During the latter part of the summer these iiarasites often outnumber the emerging midges 5 to 0. The Argentine ant (Iridouiyrmcr humilis) is the most important of the predaceous enemies. A dolichopodid fly (Psilopodinus flaviccijs) was ob- served to prey upon the adults and a humming bird is also thought to do so. The destruction of Johnson grass is said to be one of the most vital factors in midge control. If this grass is allowed to remain over winter in and about sorghum fields, it carries the midge until spring, and being the first to head and bloom, gives the midge a good start, so that by the time the sorghum is headed there is a large brood of midges from the grass ready to infest it. Sorghum stalks if allowed to stand in the harvested fields will continue to send out until late in the winter branching heads which furnish breeding possibilities and ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 365 later hiberatlnjjc material. When the crop is harvested all loose beads should be collected and burned and the stubble burned over. As the early crop of seed is practically destroyed by the midge and the second crop matures a very large percentage of sound seed, it is thought possible that the practice of destroying the tirst crop of seed and retaining the last crop will yield better results and at the same time eliminate a large percentage of midges. When a small crop of seed is desired for planting i)urposes it will be found practical to protect the seed heads from the midge by bagging before the heads have broken through the protecting sheath. Two new Cecidomyiidae, E. P. Felt (Etit. News, 21 {1910), No. 1, pp. 10-12). — Lasioptcra tripsaci, reared at Piano, Tex., from larvae occurring be- tween the leaf blades of gama or sesame grass (Tripsacum dactyloides) , and Cecidomijia opiinliw reared from Opuntia hanburyana received from the New York Bontanical (lardens, are described as new to science. The carnivorous larvae of two species of mosquito, E. Gendre (Bid. t^oc. Path. Exot., 2 (1909), No. 3. pp. 147-150; abs. in Bill. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 12, p. 544)- — The larvre of Culex tigripes and of an undetermined species of Megarhinus are reported to feed exclusively on the larvae of other mosquitoes. Four or five Stegomyia larvie are consumed daily by C. tigripes and seven to ten larvje by the Megarhinus species. Merniis larvae, parasitic in the larvae of Stegomyia fasciata, E. Gendre (Tiiil. tior. Path. Exot., 2 (1909), No. 2, pp. 106-108; abs. in Bill. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 12, p. 544) • — In two localities at Labe, French Guiana, nematodes (Merniis) were found in nearly all of the larvfe of iS. faseiata. Three new Trypetidae from the Pacific Islands, D. W. Coquillett (Ent. News, 21 (1910). No. 1, pp. 12, h^). — Three species of Dacus from Polynesia, two bred from guavas and one from oranges, are described as new to science. Viviparity in Phorocera serriventris and other flies, W. Wesche (Jour. Quekett Micros. Club, 1909, pp. 451-458, pi. 1 ; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Sac. [London], 1910, No. 2, p. 165). — The author finds that by means of a microscope it is possible to detect the viviparous condition of fiies, if the specimens are properly cleaned and prepared, as the hard chitinous jaws of the larv.-e are not dissolved by potash and are seen through the cleared plates. In addition to this tachinid (P. serriventris) several other species have been found to be vivifiarous, namely Oliviera lateralis, Plagia trepida, PJiora rupeornis, Myiobia frnestrata, Hiphona genieulata, and Blepharidea vulgaris. Amara avida as a strawberry pest, J. B. Smith (Jour. Eeon. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 1, pp. 97-101, pi. 1, Jig. I). — Because of cultural conditions which brought about the removal of its normal insect food, this carabid beetle attacked the berries and was the source of considerable injury to the strawberry crop in Cumberland County, New .Jersey. Additions to the list of Kansas coleoptera for 1908, W. Knaus (Trans. Kans. Acad. Sei., 22 (190H-9). pp. 351, 3o2).— Thirty-eight additional forms are added to list of species found in Kansas. Bees, E. F. Phillips (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 397, pp. 4-'/. fiff-'^- 21).— This brief summarized account aims to furnish such information as is needed by persons engaged in keeping bees and supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 59, previ- ously noted (E. S. R., 9, p. 770). The anatomy of the honey bee, R. E. Snodgrass (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 18, teeh. ser., pp. 162, figs. 57). — This detailed study of the anatomy includes a discussion of the physiology of the honey bee. It is richly illustrated by original drawings and a bibliograithy of the more important literature is appended. 366 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Animal parasites as the cause of disease in the honey bee, E. Zander {Leipzig. Biciicn Ztg., 24 (1909), Nos. JO, pit. Ufl-lol, figs. 2; 11, pp. 16J,-166).— The author has found that malignant dysentery, a disease of bees which occurs in Europe, is produced by a protozoan parasite closely related to ISIosema homhycis, the cause of pebrine in silkworms. This parasite, described as A'. apis and first discovered by the author in 1907 in the intestines of bees suffer- ing from dysentery, is said to be responsible for an annual loss in Europe of many thousand swarms. Unlike IS!, homhycis, which develops in all parts of the body of the silkworm, this species thrives only in the chyle stomach of the honey bee. When the resting stage of the spore enters the chyle stomach of a healthy bee, the mem- brane splits open and a minute ovoid parasite emerges, which immediately bores into the intestinal walls and rapidly increases, new spores being produced in a period of 4 days. The spores cause a marked discoloration of the intestines, the reddish and translucent color of healthy bees becoming dull and milky-white. The intestinal cells infested gradually die off and are excreted, thus giving rise to the possibility of infection if healthy bees come in contact with the excreta. As combs contaminated by excreta from infected bees are the main causes of the spread of the disease, it is recommended that the infected swarms be transferred to clean hives and started on artificial combs. Bee mortality in the Stawell district (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria, 8 {1910), No. 1, pp. 5S-().'i, figs. 2). — In this paper C. A. E. Price reports upon an examina- tion of bees for bacterial disease (pp. 58-61), during the course of which cells which appeared to be Ncsoma apis were found in the chyle stomach of sickly bees. In but a single instance was the parasite discovered in bees supposed to be normal. K. Beuhue discusses (pp. 62-65) the disease due to N. apis as noted above, which is thought to be the cause of the loss in Victoria. " Experiments carried out with the object of infecting healthy bees by feeding them with honey which had been mixed with the intestinal contents of affected bees, were completely successful ; nearly all the bees so inoculated were found dead after two to five days, while a few succumbed in less than 24 hours after inoculation. In all of the bees which died after inoculation the specific organism was found to be present in large numbers. In many instances the major portion of the intestinal contents of these dead bees resembled a pure culture of the organism." Bee mortality, R. Beuhne {■joiir. Dept. Agr. Victoria, S {1910), No. 3, pp. l-'i9-l.jl). — Further reports of the mortality of bees in apiaries along the eastern base of the Grampian mountains show that out of a tot;il of 1,783 colonies of bees kept, 996 succumbed. The investigations as to the cause or causes of these enormous losses, which appear to occur at intervals of some years, have not proceeded far enough as yet to definitely connect them with either Nosona apis or Bacillus pcstiformis apis. Illustrations of the life history of a sawfly (Hylotoma pectoralis) inju- rious to willows, E. A. ScHWARZ {Proc. Ent. 8oc. Wash., 11 {1909), No. 3, pp. 106-1119, pis. 3). — The species here considered is stated to have defoliated willows {Salix nigra) along the Potomac River from Washington to Seneca, Md., a distance of about 22 miles. A certain i)ercentage was destroyed, hnt all willows growing on more elevated ground were left intact. Two species of pai'asites, an undescribed egg parasite and Tetrastich us hylotoma'. were observed. Hymenoptera for the New Jersey list of insects and other Hymenoptera, H. L. ViERECK {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11 {1909), No. ',, pp. 208-211).— Se\eva\ species are here described as new, including Apanteles harti, which was reared FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 367 from Pi/raiista iicliiinbidli.s at Wasliintiton, I). ('.. and llctvroftirUus hriirhi, from Spcnnoiiliaf/ii.s rohUiUr at Forbing, La. New parasitic Hymenoptera, J. C. Crawford (Proc. Ent. Hoc. Wash., 11 (1909), No. J/, pp. 203-207). — GhjptocoJastcs hruchivorns, a parasite of Bntchus prosopis, at Victoria, Tex.; G. tcxdnus, bred from mesquite from San Diego, Tex., where it is probably parasitic on B. prosopis; Physoihorax russeUi, bred from the fruit of Fir us aurea at Cutler, Fla. ; Elasmus setosiscutellatiis, bred from the heads of sorghum at Dallas, Tex. ; Telenomus coloradensis, from the eggs of NotolopJius oshiri at Colorado Springs. Colo.; and two species of Chalcis are described as new. Habits of parasitic Hymenoptera, C. H. Withington (Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 22 (1908-9), pp. S1J,-S22, pis. 2).— Notes on the life history and habits of Lysiphlchus cerasapJiis and Ephcilrus rosw n. sp., are given. It was found that one fertilized female L. cerasaphis at a mean daily temperature of 75.4° F. and under a mean daily moisture of 72.5, successfully parasitized from 39 to 105 SiphonopJwra rosw with an average of 70.8. The length of time required for the parasite to pass from egg to adult was 16 days, with 15 to 17 days as extremes. It was also found that of the 354 parasites which emerged from this experiment, 70 per cent, or 248, were females. . . . " It was found that one fertilized female of E. rosw successfully parasitized under a mean daily temperature of 77.7°, and a mean daily moisture of 73.3, from 19 to 38 8. rosw, with 53.2 as an average. The length of time required for the parasite to pass from egg to adult was 21 days, with 20 to 22 days as extremes. Of the 266 parasites which emerged, 52.2 per cent, or 139, were females." Several other species of aphids were exposed but .S. rosa' was the only one th:it either of the two parasites would attack. Value of sodium cyanid for fumigation purposes, R. S. Wogltjm (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 1, pp. 85-88). — It is stated that, unknown to the con- sumer, sodium cyanid has been used to a limited extent in California in fumi- gation work for a number of years, it being styled "American" cyanid to dis- tinguish it from " German " or potassium cyanid. Consumers have considered both brands to be potassium cyanid, the popular distinction being that one was made in America and the other imported from Germany. Following analyses by C. C. McDonnell of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department, the author conducted fumigation experiments in the field. He finds that in addition to a high percentage of cyanogen, it is equally important that a cyanid be practically free from sodium chlorid, and that a cyanid con- taining in excess of 1 per cent of sodium chlorid should be condemned. In field work, as well as in the laboratory, high grade sodium cyanid produced exactly as satisfactory results as high grade potassium cyanid. Insecticides and fung'icides, H. L. Fulmer (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Evpt. Farm, 3.'> {1909), pp. 70-81). — A brief summarized account of the work with lime-sulphur washes previously noted (E. S. K.. 23, p. 60) is followed by reports of analyses of sami)les of Paris green, white arsenic, lead arsenate, sodium arsenate, copper sulphate, and Bordeaux paste. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. The glycogen content of beef flesh, II, P. F. Trowbridge and C. K. Francis (Jour. Indus, and Enyin. Chem., 2 (1910), No. 5, pp. 215, 216).— The authors have continued their study of the glycogen content of beef flesh (E. S. R., 22, p. 760). 368 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The conclusions which were reached follow : "The glycogen content of beef muscle and beef liver varies from 0.1 to 0.7 and 0.2 to 3.8 per cent, respectively. " Starvation or extreme debility does not cause entire removal of glycogen from the muscle or liver. " The glycogen of beef liver and muscle slowly decreases, but does not en- tirely disappear, when kept at a temperature of 6.5° C. for over two weeks. Glycogen may be present even when liver has become unfit for food. "Horseflesh is subject to an enzyjiiatic hydrolysis of the glycogen similar to that of beef. The glycogen decreases slowly when the sample is exposed to temperatures of about 20-25°. *' The glycogen content can not be said to offer an absolute or even approxi- mate basis for distinguishing beef from horseflesh." The occurrence of a characteristic color in salt herring, C. Griebel (Ztschr. Untersiicli. ^ahr. u. (JcnussiutJ., 19 {1910), No. 8, pp. },24-!,26. pi. 1, fig. 1).— From an experimental study of the subject the author concludes that the col- ored area sometimes observed in salt herring is derived from pigment in the eyes of marine animals which the herring has eaten. This material becomes dissolved through the agency of trimethylamin and similar bases of weak alkaline reaction and imparts a reddish brown color to the stomach contents and adjacent areas. The subject is of interest in connection with the examination of food products for the presence of added coloring matter. rood inspection decision {U. S. Dept. Agr., Food. Insp. Decision 121, p. 1). — This decision has to do with the floating of shellfish. " Particular attention should be paid by the growers and handlers of oysters to the character of the water in which the oysters are brought to maturity or floated. Where such waters are polluted it will invariably follow that the oysters will also partake of this pollution and subsequent washing of the oys- ters, or even floating in water which is not polluted, is likely not to cleanse them of this pollution."' [Wheat fl.our and bread investigations], R. Harcourt {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 35 {1909), pp. 66-76). — Analyses and a large number of baking te.sts are summarizei^l with a number of kinds and grades of winter and spring wheat grown in lOOS. As regards the nutritive value of bread from winter and spring wheat flours, comparative tests showed that a uniform (juantity (12 oz.) of various spring wheat flours produced an equal weight of bread of very similar composition, while the Ontario winter wheat flour gave less bread and with from 10 to 13 gm. less protein, 1 gm. less fat, and from 6 to 11 gm. more carbohydrates. However, when the energy value was considered there was practically no differ- ence in the two sorts of bread, and so, according to the author, " we must con- elude that when bread is taken in the usual way as part of a mixed diet, bread from the soft wheat flour is nearly, or approximately, equal in nutritive value to that ol)tained from the hard spring wheats." Experiments on the effect of aging upon bread making quality are also re- ported, in continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 21, p. 357), and it was again noticed that the percentage of wet gluten in the flour was in nearly every case lower in the aged flour than in the newer flour, as were also the figures for water absorption. On the other hand, the volume of the loaf and the quality of the bread were much superior to that from the newer flour. The problem of blending hard and soft wheats is briefly considered and state- ments made regarding the work which is being undertaken regarding the in- FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 369 fluence of the stage of maturity at wblch wheat is cut on the baking quality of the flour, and the influence on wheat and flour of chemicals used in fumigating mills. The materials used in the fumigation work were hydrocyanic acid obtained from potassium cyanid and sulphuric acid, carbon disulphid, and sul- phur funics. "The investigation is not completed, but the indications are that the hydrocyanic acid does little or no harm to flour, while sulphur fumes totally destroyed it for baking purposes. Carbon disulphid spoiled the flour for iuunediate use, but on exposure for some months it regained its original quality." The water content of wheat and rye flour, O. Rammstedt (Chem. Zty., 3^ {Id 10), No. SO, pp. 337-339).— A summary and discussion of data with refer- ence to the quality of modern milling products and the proportion of water prest>nt and its estimation. The nutritive value of famine bread and its digestibility, S. J. Dobro- SKLONSKY (Vycstnlk Obslich. Hig., Hudeb. i Prakt. Med., .'i3 (1B07), Nov., pp. 1717-1741; Dec, pp. 1839-190.'/; abs. in Ztschr. Vntersiwh. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 19 (1910), No. 9, pp. 493, Ji9.'i). — Acorn bread and bread containing a large amount of weed seeds and similar materials were included in the experimental study reported. The author concludes that such foods have little nutritive value and may prove injurious. Process of rendering bran digestible {German Patent 953,9.'i6, April 5, 1910; Oper. Miller, 1.5 {1910), No. 5, p. 3'i9). — A process patented in Germany by D. Finkler is described, which is designed to increase the digestibility of bran. It is claimed that this is accomplislied by comminuting the bran of cereals in the presence of a solution of sodium chlorid, or of sodium chlorid and lime, until the cell walls of the bran are broken. Canned soup, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 20.'i, pp. 15). — An examination was made of 150 samples of canned soup, purchased in Canada, with special reference to the condition and quality of the goods. In 7 samples the can was distinctly corroded, while in 124 cases it was in good condition. As regards soundness, 137 samples were found to be good, while 11 samples were slightly unsound. " In none, liowever, had decomposition proceeded far enough to be regarded as spoiled, or made dangerous in use." " Corrosion of the can proceeds in the first place from imperfect tinning, but is naturally intensified by the acidity of the contents. In most cases the con- tents are faintly acid, but generally in so slight a degree as to make quanti- tative expression of the acidity ditticult and unnecessary. In 8 samples, the acidity was sutticieutly marked to permit of exact determination, and was found to represent percentages of acetic acid (weight in volume) varying from 0.046 to 0.225. Marked corrosion was noted in only one of these 8 samples (0.072 acid) and slight corrosion in another (0.127). It is evident, however, that as cor- rosion due to acidity proceeds, the acid is neutralized, and a fairly high acidity in the fresh soup may be compatible with strict neutrality in the same sample, after long keeping. In this case, iron goes into solution (with possible traces of tin or lead). The discoloration complained of is usually due to solution of iron, which, however, can have no poisonous effects. Lead was not found in any sample; but traces of tin were noted in 4 samples. The amount was too small to have any physiological significance." In view of a lack of standards none of the samples examined could be con- sidered as being technically adulterated. "Buddy sap," H. A. Edson {Vermont Sta. Bui. 151, pp. .',S,3 -5 10). —This work, dealing with the influence of micro-organisms on the (piality of maple sirup, has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 04). 370 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Concerning' the composition of coffee, III, K. Gorter ( Liehig's Ann. Chem., 372 (1910), AV>. 2. pi). 237-21/6). — The au.tlior reports a number of investigations, continuing worlv previously noted (E. S. R., 20. p. 262). From the data reported he concludes that citric acid is present in Liberia coffee beans, as is also trigonellin, and that the latter substance is identical with the koffearin of Paladino. He considers that the lactic acid fermentation ob- served in the fermentation of coffee is of the greatest practical importance, owing to the fact that the lactic acid formed causes the slimy material in the fruits to swell up and change its chai-acter so that it may be readily washed away. The composition of coffee, K, Gorter (Bui. Dept. Agr. Indes Neerland., 1910, AV>. S3, pp. 25).— This work has been noted above and from a previous source ( E. S. R.. 20. ].. 202). Manufacture of chocolate, J. Fritsch (Fabrication dii Chocolat. Paris, 1910, pp. VIII+3->i9, pt. 1. figs. 68). — The production, treatment, and chemical and physical character of cocoa beans, the classification of cocoas, the manu- facture of chocolate and chocolate goods, and related matters are considered in this e.xtended handbook on cocoa and chocolate. A preliminary note on a new aspect of the effects of boric acid as a food preservative, J. Bernstein (Brit. Med. Jour., 1910, yo. 2.572. pp. 928, 029). — From studies of the inhibiting effect of boric acid on different kinds of micro- organisms the following conclusions were drawn, which the author regards as tentative : " Boric acid to the extent of 0.3 per cent (20 grains to the pound) prevents objective decomposition, such as is detectable by smell. If objective putrefac- tion has commenced, it inhibits further changes of this kind, possibly leading to diminution in the smell. It has a marked selective activity on the various organisms, inhibiting the growth of yeasts and organisms of the proteus group, and i)ossibly other harmless saprophytes, though not the organisms of the coli group. Hence it seems obvious that with the aid of boric acid stale meat can be used for the making of sausages, and even meat that has already started decomposing. If, then, to such meats Gaertner's bacillus has obtained access, it will have had several days at least in which to grow, and, what is important, unhindered by the prolific saprophytes." The author states that further experiments are in progress. Important points in wrapping'-paper desig'ned for use in connection with foodstuffs, H. KtiiiL (Pharm. ZcntruJhaUc. 50 (1909). A'o. 52, pp. 1019-1100; obs. in Chem. Ztg., 3.'/ (1910), No. 25, Repcrt., p. 101). — The author concludes that no paper is satisfactory for this purpose unless it is well calendered with glue or gelatin. Whether or not this is the case may be ascertained by putting a drop of iron chlorid solution on one surface of the paper, allowing it to remain for a short time, and then absorbing the surplus liquid with filter paper. On placing a drop of tannic acid solution at the same point on the other surface of the paper, a black spot will be noticeable if it is poorly calendered. Poorly calendered paper readily absorbs moisture and forms an excellent medium for the growth of micro-organisms. Report of hearings on H. R. 16925, to regulate the storage of food prod- ucts in the District of Columbia (Washington : U. S. House Representatives Committee on District of Columbia, 1910, pts. I~l.'i. pp. 1-279). — These docu- ments, which are printed without revision for the use of the House Committee on the District of Columbia, contain data gathered by the subcommittee on investigation of^food storage and prices with special reference to the storage of food products in the District of Columbia. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 371 The statements included were made by the Secretary of Agriculture, by H. W. Wiley, A. M. Read, A. D. Melvin, M. C. Hargrove, J. C. Walker, and others. Notices of judgment (U. S. Dcpt. Af/r., Notices of Judgment 2U2, 2i)S, p. I each; 29',-2'J6. pp. 2 each; 297, 299, p. 1 each; 300, pp. 10; 301, pp. //; 302, pp. 2; 303, pp. ■',; 30',, 305, p. 1 each; 306, pp. 2; 309-311, 313. 3W, 317, p. 1 each; 318, pp. 2; 319-321, 323, p. 1 each). — These notices of judgment have to do with the adults-ration of ice and desiccated egg; the misbranding and adulteratioti of powdered colocynth, essence of wiutergreen, eggs, soft drinks containing cocaine, i)epiier, vanilla flavor, vinegar, lemon extract, buckwheat flour, cider vinegar, and vanilla extract; and the misbranding of drugs, sirup, metabolized cod liver oil compound, fish, a soft drink containing cocaine, vinegar, raisins, hair tonic, and canned peas; and the alleged misbranding and adulteration of calcium acid phosphate. [Pure food topics], E. F. Ladd and Emily E. May {Xorth Dakota Sta. Spec. Bids. 20, pp. 115-130; 23, pp. 163-178) .—These bulletins discuss a number of general topics connected with pure food and drug work and report data regarding the analysis of miscellaneous food materials, beverages, potable waters, drugs, insecticides, paint, formaldehyde, a lawn fertilizer and weed destroyer, and lignite coal. Food and drug' inspection, W. C. Hanson (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., JfO [1908], pp. 557-576). — The author summarizes data regarding the character and extent of the ins[)ection work which has been carried on in Massachusetts since 1882. Report of the analyst, H. C. Lythgoe (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 1,0 (.1908). pp. 577-6L'f). — Statistics are included of the examination under the state law of milk and milk products and of a large number of samples of food products of different sorts, proprietary foods, and drugs. Diet and metabolism, M. Labbe (Regimes Alimentaires. Paris, 1910, pp. 597. figs. 1,1; rev. in Brit. Med. Jour., 1910, No. 257.',, pp. 1055, iO.56').— Tkis vol- ume, which constitutes one of the series entitled Bibliotheque de Therapeutique, discusses general questions of food and nutrition, diet in public institutions, and related matters, and contains special sections on diet and dietetic systems in the treatment of disease. Though the writer's general attitude is favorable to vegetarianism, he is of the opinion that a mixed diet is better tolerated. The review in the journal cited contains a critical discussion of the theories advocated. Studies on water drinking. II, The metabolic influence of copious water drinking with meals, C. C. Fowlek and P. B. Hawk (Jour. Expt. Med., 12 (1910), No. 3, pp. 388-.', 10). — Continuing an investigation previously reported (Fj. S. K., 17, p. 683) o liters of water were taken with meals for a period of 5 days by a man 22 years of age who was in a condition of nitrogen equilibrium through the ingestion of a uniform diet. According to the authors, an increase in body weight of 2 lbs. was noted as well as an increased excretion of urinary nitrogen, the excess nitrogen being chiefly in the form of urea, ammonia, and creatin. A decreased excretion of creatinin and the coincident appearance of creatin in the urine were also noted. " The decreased creatinin output is believed to indicate that the copious water drinking has stimulated i)rotein catabolism. The appearance of creatin is considered evidence that the water has caused a partial muscular disintegration resulting in the release of creatin, but not profound enough to yield the total nitrogen content of the muscle. The output of creatin is therefore, out of all itroportion to the increase in the excretion of total nitrogen." 54345°— No. 4—10 6 372 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Au increased output of ammonia, which the authors interpreted as indicating an increased output of gastric juice, was observed, as well as a decreased ex- cretion of feces and of fecal nitrogen, " the decrease in the excretion of fecal nitrogen being of sufficient magnitude to secure a lowered excretion of both the bacterial and the nonbacterial nitrogen." Furthermore, the authors observed a decrease in the quantity of bacteria ex- creted daily and an increase in the percentage of total nitrogen appearing as bacterial nitrogen, a lower creatinin coetficient, and a more economical utiliza- tion of the protein constituents of the diet. "The general conclusion to be reached as the result of this experiment is to the effect that the drinking of a large amount of water with meals was attended by many desirable and by no undesirable features." The utilization of animal food by men absolute vegetarians for many years, G. Yukawa {Arch. VcrdauiiiKj-^krank.. 15 {1909). Xo. 6. />/>. 7JfO-758: abs. in Zentbl. (Jcsam. PhysioJ. u. Path. 8tofficech.scls, ii. so:, 5 (1910), No. 5, p. 205). — In the experiments reported, continuing previous work (E. S. R., 22, p. 665), tw'o Japanese bonzes (Buddhist monks), with au average weight of 59.55 kg. and aged 21 and 32 years, respectively, who had been absolute vege- tarians practically all of their lives, were given a diet containing a large propor- tion of beef, eggs, and milk, together with rice, salted radish, and soy sauce. The food sui)plied per day on an average 100.!) gm. protein, 28.4 gm. fat, and 317.2 gm. carbohydrates, the energy value being 1.981 calories. The subjects had light muscular work. The coetticients of digestibility were protein 50.39, fat 54.39, and carbohydrates 88.66 per cent. One subject lost 1.7 gm. nitrogen and the other 2,7 gm. nitrogen during the 10 days of the experimental jjeriod. With the sudden change of diet a desire for fruit was noted as well as a loss of appetite, a feeling of lassitude, a tendency toward »con.stipation, and a diminished amount of feces. Owing to these factors the quantity of food eaten was insufficient and there was a conse- quent loss in body weight. The nutrients, and particularly the protein, were not well assimilated. According to the author, the results are what might have been expected with such a sudden change of diet. The subjects preferred their ordinary fare, and it is pointed out that the attitude toward food is important and affects gastric digestion. Having been so long accustomed to a vegetarian diet, the stomach was not in condition to secrete gastric juice with an abundance of hydrochloric acid such as is needed with animal foods. In general, the author believes that the fact that the digestive organs had been so long used to another sort of diet is to be regarded as the reason for the poor digestion and absorption of the ra- tion containing animal food. If the change of diet had been made slowly, he believes that the food would have been more thoroughly digested. He therefore recommends that decided changes of diet be made slowly. Studies of the influence of various dietary conditions on physiological resistance. I, The influence of different proportions of protein in the food on resistance to the toxicity of ricin and on recuperation from hemorrhage, N. B. Foster {Jour. Biol. Chem., 7 (1910), A'o. 5, pp. J7TMi£»).— Dogs on high and low proteid rations were used in the experiments reported and their resist- ance to ricin poisoning was studied as well as the rate of recovery from hemorrhage. * " The impression made on the observer by these studies was that within relatively wide limits the total amount of food, as well as its total content of protein, were less important factors in determining the animal's resistance in these particular experiments than the peculiar cellular processes which, for FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 373 lack of M better and more definite term, may be called iudividual idiosyncrasy." ("»\vin,ii to the severity of the symptoms produced ricin was not satisfactory for snch experimental studies. Protein requirements of man, D. J. R. Carracido (Vet. Espai'i., 53 (1909), Aon. IS7'i, iJi). ',S2-',S.',; 1S75, iip. 500~o02; 1877, pp. 532-53J,) .—From the data summarized and discussed the author recommends 110 gm. protein per man per day. Protein cleavage in the digestive tract in man, Alice Stauber (Biochem. Ztschr., 25 (1910), A'o. 2-3, pp. 187-203). — Accoi'ding to the author's results, the urea excretion determined at hourly intervals after taking food does not give a constant curve with normal individuals. In cases where there was a previous flushing out of urea the maximum urea excretion was observed in the fourth or tifth hour after taking a normal diet containing nitrogen. When nitrogen was fed in the form of products of deep-seated protein cleavage the maximum excretion was noted in one to two hours. The author also reports data obtained under pathological conditions. The synthesis of fat in the animal body, J. B. Leathes (Enjcb. PhysisoL, S (1909). pp. 356-370). — A digest of data and discussion of the formation of fat in the animal body. See also previous articles by the author (E. S. R., 20, p. net)). The mother substance of glycogen, E. Pfluger and P. Junkersdorf (Arch. PJnj.siol. ll'fliujvv^. 131 (1910), No. 5-6, pp. 201-301).— From the large amount of experimental data recorded and discussed the authors conclude that there is a strong probability that the glycogen formed on au abundant proteid diet is derived from protein itself and not from fat. [Note on glycogen formation], E. Pfluger (Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiycr], 131 (1910), \o. 5-6, pp. 302-305). — The data presented supplement the paper noted above. Note on overnutrition and mineral metabolism, E. Biernacki (Zciifbl. Gcsam. Physio}, u. Path. Stofficcchscls, ii. scr., 5 (1910), No. 6, p. 2-^0). — Tht author gives a number of corrections of the figures published in his article previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 370). Some colloid-chemical aspects of digestion, with ultramicroscopic observa- tions, J. Alexander (Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc, 32 (1910), No. 5, pp. 680-687). — From a digest of data obtained by other investigators, his own observations with the ultramicroscope of the action of diastase upon potato starch grains and the action of pepsin upon coagulated egg albumen, and other information, the author discusses the principle of colloidal protection in digestion, and particularly the effect of gelatin or some similar substance on the digestion of protein. According to his summary, " bald chemical analysis can not express the digestibility and availability of a food any more than it can express or explain the action of the digestive juices, or in fact any other physiological process. In all these processes can be traced the influence of the colloidal substances everywhere present in the body, whose effects are quite out of proportion to their small mass. Striking examples are the enzyms which catalyze and direct chemical and physical changes, and the protective colloids which oppose crystallization, precipitation and coagulation, emulsify fats, and facilitate diffusion and absorption. As soon as we approach the chemistry of living organism, we are confronted with problems of colloid chemistry, and there is no doubt but that a correct understanding and application of its principles will throw much light upon many other obscure problems in biology, physiol- ogy and medicine." 374 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The relation of ptyalin concentration to tlie diet and to the rate of secre- tion of the saliva, A. J. Carlson and A. L. Crittenden (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 26 (1910), No. 1, pp. 169-177, fig. i).— Experimental data obtained with both man and animals are reported and discusserl. Quotations from the authors' summary follow : '• Ju man weak acetic acid in the mouth ajipears uniformly a more efficieut stiumlus to secretion by the parotid than mechanical stimuli, such as dry saud, crackers, flour, or cotton. . . . Withiii limits the stronger the acid tbe greater the i*ate of secretion. This difference between efficiency of mechanical and acid stimuli is probably only one of intensity of stimulus. . . . " We have made a number of determinations of the relation of concentration of the human parotid saliva to the rate of the secretion of the saliva, and find that it is the same as in the lower mammals, namely, within limits the concen- tration of the saliva increases with the rate of the secretion. . . . '* In man, in the case of individuals who respond readily with varying secretion rates to stimuli of varying strengths, the saliva that is secreted the fastest exhibits the greatest digestive power. . . . " Qualitatively different stimuli in the mouth, such as acid, salt, sweet, bitter, mechanical, agreeable, disagreeable, yield .no constant difference in the ptyalin concentration of the parotid .saliva, unless they yield a constant and marked difference in the rate of secretion, as is the case, for example, with sand and acids. In man it is practically inii)ossible, however, to secure uniform secretion x'ates in the case of the qualitatively different stimuli. Our results are therefore not conclusive on this point. But it is obvious that any investi- gation of the relation of ptyalin concentration or of tbe concentration of other substances in the saliva to different stimuli in the mouth or to different physiological states of the reflex centers must recognize the secretion rate factor." The influence of heat on the tryptic digestion of egg albumen, J. Talarico (Voiniti. R(iiil. ,s'oc. Biol. [I'aris]. US (1910), So. I.i, i>i). (KiJ-OG't). — The digesti- bility of raw and cooked egg albumen by trypsin was studied, the results being expressed on the basis of the amount of amido acid tV'i'med in a given time. When raw egg white was compared with egg white cooked for varying times the cooked material was found to be more digestible than the raw. The digesti- bility increased at first with the length of time the cooking was continued and then again decreased, the maximum being observed when the cooking was con- tinued for 50 minutes. When the cooking period was 10 hours the digestibility was about the same as for 10 minutes. As regards the digestibility of egg white raw and egg white cooked for 15 minutes at different temperatures, the amount of amido acid products was the same for raw egg white and for that cooked at 60° and at 70° C. Above this temperature an increase in digestibility was noted, the maximum amount being found at a temperature of 140°, the highest experimental temperature recorded. The effect of excluding pancreatic juice from the intestine, J. H. Pratt, P. D. Lamson, and H. K. Marks (Trans. Assoc. Amcr. Physicians, 2Jf (1909), pp. 266-281). — From an experimental study of the question, in which dogs wei'e used as subjects, the following general deductions were drawn : " In every instance in which the pancreatic secretion was excluded from the intestine there was marked diminution in the absorption of nitrogen and fat. The lack of absorption was not due to the absence of a fat-splitting enzym, for the proportion of split fat in the feces was normal. The disturbance in metabo- lism did not develop gradually, but was noted as soon as the animal recovered from the oiJeration. It persisted as long as the animals were under observation, which in one case was 5 mouths and in another 4 months. The animals lost ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 375 weislit. Those that were free from postoperalive coiiipHcations bad a ravenous appetite. The operation did not produce fjlycosuria. Additional evidence that the loss of fat and nitrogen in the feces was caused by lack of the external pancreatic secretion is shown by the increase in absorption when pancreatic ferments were siven by the mouth. The failure of other investigators to obtain a diminished absorption of fat and nitrogen after ligating the pancreatic ducts was evidently due to the fact that pancreatic juice continued to enter the intestine." The paper is followed by a discussion. The amount of ammonia, phosphoric acid, acid bodies, and amino acids in urine, L. de Jager {Zcnthl. Gcsam. Physiol, u. Path. Stofftax'hsels, n. ser., 5 (I'JIO), No. 7, pp. 241-255, dgms. 6). — Data are summarized and experiments reported. As regards the effect of diet on urine, it was noted that when the mid-day meals consisted chiefly of fish or pancakes there was an increase in acidity, and that the acid content was very low when foods containing much alkaline salts were eaten — ^for instance, potatoes and green vegetables. Such effects, it is i)ointed out, are often more noticeable on the following days than on the experimental day. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Explanatory remarks concerning the normal rate of growth of an indi- vidual and its biochemical significance, T. B. RonioRTsoN (Biol. CenthL, 30 (I'JlO), No. 9, pp. oH)-S2f)). — The author discusses the objections raised by Pearl (E. S. R., 21, p. 469), Enriques, and others, concerning the theoretical curves for expressing the normal rate of growth. "This objection of Pearl's would be a perfectly valid one provided (1) that there were no systematic errors in the experimental determinations, (2) that there were no distui'bing factors such as deposition of fat, senile decay, etc., and (3) that the constants of the theoretical curve were computed from the experimental determinations by the method of least squares," conditions not fulfilled in the present case. An additional explanation is given as follows: "The experiments of Peter and of Loeb upon the temperature coefficient of growth have shown that the velocity of growth is determined by the velocity of chemical reactions. Now the growth of an organism, as the results of a very large number of investigators have shown, undergoes, in the first part of a growth cycle, positive acceleration and, later, negative acceleration with time. . . . Only two groups of chemical i-eactions are known which display positive acceleration — the one group consists of the autoeatalysed reactions and the other of certain catenary reactions. But the curve expressing the extent of transformation with time, in a catenary reaction, is almost invariably markedly asymmetric about its iwint of inflexion, whereas that expressing the extent of transformation with time in an autocatalytic reaction is symmetrical about its point of inflection. Simple inspection of the numerous published curves of growth is sufficient to assure us that the curve of growth, in any given growth circle, is almost invariably notably symmetrical about its point of inflection' We can not, I think, avoid the conclusion, from these con- siderations alone, that the growth of living tissues and organisms is the ex- ]»ression of an autoeatalysed chemical reaction." Growth and its analytical representation, P. Enriques {Biol. CcntbL, 29 (WOO), No. II, pp. 331-352). — Other formulas besides those of Robertson (see above) are suggested as applicable to represent the growth of organisms. 376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Experimental embryolog-y, J. W. Jenkinson {Oxford, J 909, pp. TIII+S'il, figs. 167). — This volume attempts to sketch the progress of researches on cell division, growth, tlift'erentiatiou, and the external conditions that influence the development of the organism. The data submitted on cell division is taken chiefly from experiments of invertebrates and that on growth from measure- ments and weights of mammals. A summary of experimental investigations up to the present time indicates that the internal factors governing development are the initial structure of the germ and the mutual relations of its parts, and that normal development is necessarily conditioned by the physical and chemical environment. " Development then proceeds from the comparatively simple organization given in the structure of the fertilized ovum by the creation of ever-increasing complexity by the action and reaction of the parts on one another. Each ontogenetic effect produced becomes in tui'n the cause of further effects, the possibility of fresh specific action, for it becomes the seat of a new specific stimulus and response, and so on until the complexity of the ' ultimate oi-gans ' of the adult is achieved. " In order, however, that differentiation may be normal it is clear that these stimuli and these responses must be accurately coordinated : the right stimulus nnist be ready at the right time and at the right place for the right organ to respond to." The author points out that the development of every organ must be examined in detail by experimental methods. Although in general the views of Driesch concerning the development are endorsed, the author repudiates the doctrine of neovitalism, which postulates an immaterial entity to guide the merely me- chanical forces toward the realization of the "end" to be attained in every organic ])rocess. A bibliograi)hy is ap])ended to each chapter. Text-book of embryology, F. R. Bailey and A. M. Miller {Xcw York, 1909, pp. XIV— G72, figs. 515). — This is an extensive summary of investigations of cell and cell division, formation of the sexual elements, and development of the fetus and fetal membranes. Although written primarily for students of medicine, the development of the growing organism is treated from the com- parative standpoint for those who are interested in the embryology of mammals. Directions are given for the study of amphibian, chick, and mammalian embryos. A bibliography is ajipended to each chapter. Heredity, W. E. Castle {Pop. 8ci. Mo., 77 {1910), No. 5, pp. /,17-.',28, figs. 13; Sci. Amcr. Sup., 69 {1910), Xo. 1797, pp. 369, 376, 377. figs. 7.^).— Experi- ments of the author in breeding guinea pigs are used to illustrate the funda- mental principles of (1) singleness of the germ in contrast to the duality of the individual; (2) blending inheritance; (.3) Mendel's law of discontinuous inherit- ance. The view is advanced that notwithstanding the seemingly radical differ- ences between blending and discontinuous inheritance, they may prove to have a common basis and that future experiments may show blending inheritance to be a form of Mendelian inheritance, in which many independent factors are concerned. Some modern views concerning' heredity and variation, R. H. Firth {Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 13 {1909): No. 6, pp. 633-61,6, figs. 3).— This is an address before the Aldershot Military Medical Society, November, 1!»00. and ]»resents in a popular form the principal facts known concerning heredity. The advantages of obtaining accurate data on the inheritance of congenital defects and abnormality are pointed out. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. ^ 377 [The biological factor in heredity], W. Bevan-Lewis {Jour. Mental Sci., ■',.') (l!)0!i). \(>. ^.U. i>i>. ■y.il'-CiO, flgK. 5). — A resume of studies on Meudelian inheritiUiee is j;iveu, in which apparent exceptions are shown to depend upon fallacies of interiiretations. The desirability of studying the congenital defects and tendencies to disease in the light of Mendel's law is pointed out. Data already reported show that cerebral hernia in Polish fowl, the waltzing habit of mice, albinism in several species of animals, and probably alkaptonuria in human beings are recessive characters. Cellular osmosis and heredity, A. B. Macallum (Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. ,3. scr., 2 (t!)0,^). Sec. IV, pp. I.li5-163). — The theories of osmosis and its bearing on heredity are discussed. According to the view of the author, there is a membrane al»out the nucleus of the cell, which is so constituted as to exclude organic salts, fats, free carbo- hydrates, and probably free jirotein. The chromatin of the histologists is an iron-holding nucleoprotein, which can permeate the nuclear membrane because of its solubility in the substance of the membrane. The nuclear membrane therefore makes the transmission of ancestral characters from generation to generation possible. "A germ plasma, in the sense implied by Weismann, may exist but on the view here advanced its continuity is one of type rather than of identical mole- cules, for the nuclear membranes of the germ cells sort out or select from all the iron-holding nucleoproteins from the various portions of the body that reach such germ cells those of a certain definite fixed composition and any other nucleoproteins that may be present are excluded from the nuclei of the ova and sjiermatid cells. Such selected or sorted out iron-holding nucleoproteins may in a manner represent the gemmules of Darwin's theory. Such compounds transmit the inherited parental characters and, to continue the transmission in the offspring of such characters, provide for the maintenance of the same type of nuclear memlirane in the germ cells of the offspring." Thus, without a nucleus there could be no fixity of type or characters. This discussion shows the importance of having a clear view of what osmosis fundamentally means from the physiological side. The problems of inheritance from the standpoint of the mechanics of de- velopment, E. (ioDLKWsKi, ,7r. (Vortrdge ii. Aiif.mfzc Entwickl. Meeh. Onjan. J'lmi, Xo. !), pp. 301, flgs. 67; ahs. in Nature [London], 83 (1910), No. 211!,, pp. 213, 21. 'i). — In part 1, Mendel's law of inheritance of acquired characters, nonsexual reproduction, and allied problems of inheritance are discussed. In I)art 2, the mechanism by which characters of one generation are carried over to the next are treated in detail. The author thinks that the relations between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and not the nucleus itself, form the basis of heredity. A bibliogra]»hy of over 400 references on the subject is appended. The interpretation of the term " pure bred " by breeders' associations in Germany and other countries, A. Lydtin and A. Hermes {Arh. Dent. Landie. (Icxell.. IDO!), No. I')l. jtp. IHl). — A discussion and exposition of what is meant by the term "pure bred" by breeders' associations in all countries v.'hich pub- lish pedigree registers. Considerable historical data are included concerning the formation of these associations and the manner in which pedigrees have been record ( liHO). Xo. .',, pp. 2N.9-3/.?).— Feodiuii cxperinuMits with sliocp aro roportpcl in which tlie nitioiis consisted of h:iy. ;ilfalfii. maize. i)o(:itocs, copra cake, and sugar. The pains were less when tlie initritive ratio was 1 : i:;.(J than when a nar- rower ration was fed. The conclusions reached were that economic fatteninii; could take jilace when the nutritive ratio varied from 1:4 to 1:10. and that within these limits it is the amount of food dif^ested i-ather than the nutritive ratio that determines the rate of gain. Experiments with swine, G. E. Day (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr..CoL and E.rpt. Farm. S-l { llioii), pp. l-'i1-lJ,o). — Several experiments are reported In which the by-products of the dairy were used in rations for swine. The grain ration con- sisted of a mixture of ground barley and wheat middlings. In three tests water and grain produced an average daily gain per head of 0.909 lb., 1.21 lbs., and 1.01 lbs., respectively. In three tests with pasteurized whey and grain the gains were 1.14 lbs., 1.51 lbs., and 1.88 lbs. per head per day, and with ordinary whey and grain 1.23 lbs., l.()2 lbs., and 1.4.S lbs. In another experiment, which included two tests, the average daily gains per head were respectively as follows: Water and grain, 0.900 lb. and 1.21 lbs.; separated whey and grain, 1.12 lbs. and 1.39 lbs.; and ordinary whey and grain 1.23 lbs. and 1.G7 lbs. These e.\i)eriments indicate that pasteurized and unjjasteurized whey have about equal feeding value. The experiments of the past 2 years indicate that ordinary whey has from 25 to .30 per cent higher feeding value than separated whey. In a further trial the average gains per head per day were as follows: On water and meal 1.21 lbs., ordinary whey and meal 1.02 lbs., skim milk and meal 1.52 lbs., buttermilk and meal 1.03 lbs. The buttermilk used was superior to the skim milk in feeding value, as it containetl 0.4 per cent of fat and the skiiu milk only 0.05 per cent. Experiments in pig- feeding, T. I. Mairs and S. W. Doty {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 9'}, rer., pp. 3-16, flf/s. 5). — This is a revised edition of work previously noted (B. S. R., 22. p. 475). [Horse breeding], F. M. Ware (Boston Ercniuf/ Transcript, 1910, Feb. 26, pt. 3, p. 3; Mar. .7. pt. 3, p. 3; Mar. 12, pt. 3. p. 2; Mar. 19, pt. 1, p. H ; Mar. 26. pt. 1, p. 9; Apr. 9, pt. 1, p. 5). — A series of articles which discuss the present condition of hoi'se breeding in the United States, together with suggestions for its improvement. The author thinks that more farmers in the East should undertake the breed- ing of draft horses, while on the other hand the breeding of trotters and thoroiighbreds should be left to specialists. In breeding hunters too unich .-itten- tion has been paid to nonessentials. The thoroughbred has not been appre- ciated as a general utility horse. The author gives an account of his experience in purchasing thoroughbred fillies and fitting them for sale, together with advice to those who wish to undertake that line of work. Studies in horse breeding, G. L. Carlson (Norfolk', Xchr., 1910. pp. 255, fifjs. 61). — A treatise on horse and nmle breeding, in which a large i)art of the material is drawn from the author's experience. Considerable si)ace is given to the subjects of sterility, abortion, development of the fetus, and diseases of breeding stock. The theory of the four stallions, W. P. Williams (Jour. lid. Af/r. \Loiidon]. 16 (1910), Xo. 12, pp. 992-991, pis. 3).— Attention is called to the scarcity of horses needed by the English army for artillery and transport purposes, and illustrations given of 4 tyi)es of stallions which should be used for l)reeding. These are intermediate between a thoroughbred and the heavy draft breeds 380 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. aud are designated as follows: Light-weight thoroughbred, strong thorough- bred, weight-carrying hunter, and artillery wheeler. The last named is the hardest type to obtain, but It is suggested that the Yoi'lishire coach horse, the old Devonshire pack-horse, the Irish draft horso, and the thorouglibred might be used as foundation stock. [Report of] the professor of poultry husbandry, W. R. Graham (Ann. Ri)t. Ontario Agr. Col. and ExiJt. Farm, 35 (IDO'J), pp. ]57-162).—The difference in the percentage of egg production in favor of the cold or fresh air house during 5 years for the months of December, January, February, and March, beginning December. 1904, was found to be for 1905, 76 per cent ; 1906, 8 per cent ; 1907, ll.S per cent: 1908. 15.6 per cent; and 1909, 12.4 per cent. The egg production of eaiiy and late hatched pullets was compared. Be- tween November 1 and July 1, April hatched pullets averaged 77 eggs each and June hatchefl pullets, 48 each. The cost of feeding 25 pullets and 2 males for 1 year, beginning November 1, was $29.64. The number of eggs laid was f>.053, valued at .$62.34. Five hens, rated at 50 cts. each, died dui-ing the iteriod, making the i»rofit $30.20. Each bird consumed 19.64 cts. w^orth of animal food and 5.").5 lbs. of grain valued at 94.12 cts. With chicks hatched early in May and kept in a pasture, 345 consumed 4.304 lbs. of grain. The cockerels were removed when they weighed about 3^ lbs. each, and the breeding stock was taken from the pasture October 22. With other chicks reared in au orchard, 773 consumed 8.649 lbs. of grain. These were hatched and taken out at different times. These figures indicate that a 4-lb. cockerel can be raised on from 13 to 14 lbs. of grain worth about 21 cts. Other data showed that it cost from 5 to 7 cts. to hatch the chicks. Egg records for the year 1908—9 {Dept. Af/r. and Tech. Instr. Inhtiid Jour., 10 (1910), \o. 3, pp. 501-518). — The general average for all Hocks recorded was little more than 109 eggs per bird per year. One flock of Barred Plymouth Rocks laid an average of 187 eggs per bird i)er annum, but this was the only flock giving more than 180 eggs. White Leghorns gave a general average of 128.5 eggs per bird, with the average of the best flock of the breed 176.S, aud of the lowest flock 85. The Plymouth Rocks had the comparatively poor gen- eral average of 93.3. The only pen of Houdaus for which complete retui'ns were made showed the high average of 153.9 eggs per bird. Farm poultry (Quart. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 29 (1910). Xo. 113, pp. 137-2->,9, pis. 7, figs. 5). — This consists of numerous articles by various authors on the rearing, managing, and marketing of farm poultry. The information is taken from experiment station bulletins, farm itapers. and other sources. Most of the exi)erimental data have been previously rei»orted. Incubation and brooding', M. A. Jull {Prov. Brit. Cotumhia Drpt. Agr., Poultry Dipt. Bui. 27, pp. ^5, pi. 1, figs. 28). — The principal topics discussed in this bulletin are the structure of the egg. development and growth of the chick, the production of eggs suitable for hatching, natural and artificial incubation, and the brooding, feeding, and housing of chicks. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. The dairy herd, O. E. Day (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and E.rpt. Farm, 35 (1909), pp. 13J,-lJil).— The record of the dairy herd for the past year is given and feeding experiments are I'eported. Oats were compared with a mixture of oats and barley as a grain ration for dairy cows. In one trial the average yield of milk per head per day on the oat ration was 28.19 lbs. of milk, containing 4.02 per cent of fat. On the oat and barley ration the yield was 28.09 lbs. of milk, containing 3.94 per ceut of fat. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 381 On reppjitin.u: the experiment the corresi ion dine valnes were 25.7!) Ihs. of milk, containing 4.01 per cent of fat, ami 2t;.(»!) lbs. of milli, containing 4.07 per cent of fat. As a rule the mixture of oats and barle.y was i-elished better than a ration of clear oats. In anotlier exi)eriment oats gave slightly better results than bran as a grain ration. A mixture of bran and oil meal proved nearly 8 per cent higher in value for millv production, but the high cost of the meal scarcely prtid for the increased yield of milk. Molac feed gave better results than bran as far as quantity of milk was concerned, but the percentage of fat was reduced. Bran gave better results tlian sugar-beet meal and was as a rule more palatable. Molac daii'y food and Tillson's dairy food were found to be of about equal value for milk production. Cooperative dairy work, L. H. Goddard and M. O. Bugby (Ohio Sta. Circ. y.O, pp. 8). — An account of the work of the station in assisting dairymen to keep individual records of their cows. There is a summary of the records of the 6 herds that have been in cooperation with the station for more than a year. The average amount of milk fat produced per cow per year was 235.4 lbs., which is better than the average production of the herds tliroughout the State. The best of these herds made an actual profit of $4(i.72, and the poorest herd an actual loss of $1.22 per cow per year. Clean and sanitary milk, W. K. Brainekd {rirginid t days during May. " In this stable about no jier cent of the bacteria were eliminated when straw bedding was well moistened. A reduction of about 25 per cent was secured when a closed pail was used in milking as compared with an open pail. About 23 per cent of the bacteria were eliminated when the Hanks of well-cleaned cows were moistened." About 14 per cent of the bacteria were removed by discarding the tirst streams of milk. A test of the relative 382 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. value of straw and sawdust as bedding showed that on an average more than twice as many bacteria were present when the straw was used. It is believed that the arrangement of the stable was conducive to the low counts obtained, and as it was inexpensive a brief description as to its cost is given. The bulletin also contains a discussion of city milk inspection in Virginia and suggestions for improving the milk supply of cities. Notices of judgment (U. S. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judginrnt 291, pp. 2; 307, 308, 312, p. 1 each). — These relate to the adulteration of milk and cream and tlie adulteration and misbranding of Neufcliatel cheese. [Report of] the professor of dairy husbandry, H. H. Dean {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 35 {1909), pp. 96-12.'i). — Corrosive sublimate, bichromate of potash, and formalin were tested as preservatives for composite cream testing. A mixture of 1 part cori'osive sublimate and 3 parts potassium bichromate gave the best all-round results. The formalin preserved the samples in good condition, but ditiiculties arose in testing the samples. Composite cream samples kept in cold storage at a temperature of about 40° F. were in the best condition. Those kept in a warm place were inclined to mold and gave results that were too low. There did not appear to be any advantage in testing oftener than once a month. Aliquot or proportionate cream sampling gave results similar to those ol)tained by taking a uniform quantity from each delivery. Tests were made on the effects of adding 10 per cent stai-ter to raw and pasteurized cream. " The buttermilk from the pasteurized lots contained a higher i)ercentage of fat than did the raw cream lots. These results agree with those obtained in other experiments, indicrtting a much greater loss of fat in the buttermilk where sour cream is pasteurized. There was not so mucli difference in the quality of the butter when fresh, l)nt the raw cream having 10 per cent culture and the pasteurized lots held their flavor better when scored at the end of 2 or 3 months. The addition of a pure culture (starter) to raw cream as ordinarily delivered to creameries will no doubt improve the fl.Mvor of the butter, and in these experiments the results were practically tlae same as from pasteurization, with the advantage of less fat lost in tlie butter- milk. However, we do not think that the use of a culture, or starter, in cream will altogether take the place of pasteurization, but may be recommended where pasteurization is not practicable." A study of 56 churnings showed that the loss of fat in the buttermilk in- creased with the increase of acidity in the cream at the time of pasteurization. The pasteurization temperature did not appear to affect the percentage of loss. "There was not much difference in the quality of the butter from the various lots when fresh, what difference tliere was being in favor of jiasteurization at 180° F. The keeping quality of the butter was improved by pasteurization of the cream at from 140 to 180° F., there being very little improvement by heating the cream to 120° F. Wliere iiasteurization is followed, we recommend having the cream as sweet as possible and adopting a temperatux-e of 180 to 185° F." After deducting the loss of fat and the extra expense of pasteurizing, it was found that it paid to pasteurize sour cream when the butter sold for i ct. per pound more than the unpasteurized. Several machines for printing butter were tried. The number of i)0und prints made from a churning were about the same, wliether printed by hand or by machine, there being a slight difference in favor of the hand printing. Under the conditions at the college creamery there was no gain iu time by using the machine, although the machine made i)riuts of more uniform and neater appearance. Under average conditions the machine printer might be DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 383 an advantage where a large print trade is carried on and where the cokt stora.ne is located convenient to the churning room. The percentages of fat and casein in milk of different breeds were slightly highei" than those obtained in the previous year. The average percentage of casein by breeds was Jersey 2.67, Ayrshire 2.6, and Holsteiu 2.35, and that of fat was Jersey 4.91, Ayrshire 3.95, and Holstein 3.55. A high fat content and a high casein content were often associated, though this did not always occur. In studies made of the factors which influence the percentage of casein in cheese making, a slight increase in the percentage of casein had quite a marked effect on the yield of cheese. "Up to the present time we have not been able to get milk containing a higher percentage of caseiu without also containing an increased percentage of fat. Hence, we are unable to ascertain the effects of increased casein alone in normal milks." An average increase of 0.15 per cent casein and 0.17 per cent fat in the milk gave an average increased yield of 3-.58 lbs. of cheese per 1,000 lbs. milk. There apiieared to be very little difference in the quality of the cheese as indicated by the relative scoring. The greatest yield of cheese per pound of fat in the milk was in the month of June, 2.74 lbs., and the lowest in April and Octoljer, 2.45 lbs. "Theoretically, fat and caseiu in the milk should govern the yield of cheese; practically, this is not always the case, as shown ... in the month of June, where milk With com- paratively low percentages of fat and casein produced a comiiaratively high yield of cheese, both relatively to fat and casein and absolutely per 1.000 lbs. milk.'" The effect of acidity at dipping showed a slightly increased yield of cheese and a little better quality of cheese by dipping the unstirred or slightly stirred curds with an average of 0.172 per cent acid, as compared with dipping at an average of 0.192 iier cent. The results of 2 years' tests gave an increased yield of cheese of over i lb. per 1,000 lbs. milk by not stirring the curds after or at the time of dii)ping, and this with no deterioration in the quality of the cheese. The average water content of samples of cheese made at the college cheesery were for the curd at dipping .50.836 per cent, green cheese 35.526 per cent, and cheese one month old 35.005 per cent. The water content of cheeses made at 6 Ontario factories was very even, averaging for the curd at dipping 41.445 per cent and for green cheese 33.898 per cent. In making cheese from overripe milk there was an average yield of 90.5 lbs. riiie cheese i)er 1,000 lbs. milk, while the yield from the normal lots was 91.5 lbs. per 1,000 lbs. milk. The yield of cheese per pound of fat and casein in the milk was 1.516 lbs. fi-om the overripe lots, and 1.57 lbs. from the normal. As in previous woi'k, the yield of cheese was slightly greater with the coarse than with the fine curd knife. Several trials were made in making whey butter. The average result for the l»ast 2 years were about 2i lbs. of butter per 1,000 lbs. of whey. The lot made from unpasteurized whey cream was the poorest in quality and deteriorated in flavor more rapidly than the pasteurized. Factors controlling the moisture content of cheese curds, J. L. Sam mis, S. K. Suzi:ki and F. W. Laaiis {Wiscoii.sin Sfa. Research Huh 7, p/*. 12, figs. 27; U. H. Dfpi. Afjr., Bur. Aiiiiii. liuJiis. Bid. 122, iip. 61, figs. 27). — In this coopera- tive study, cheese was made under well defined conditions and the moisture determined at intervals in order to obtain information concerning practical methods of controlling moisture content. The methods of making experi- mental cheese and of determining the moisture content are described in detail. To determine the effect of heat 4 curds were set at 86° F. and 3 were heated after cutting so that in 35 minutes they stood at 92, 98, and 104°, They con- 384 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tained 73.6, 63.7, 62, and 57.9 per cent, respectively, of moisture 2* hours after cutting, showing that the higher temperatures facilitated the separation of whey. Curds of sweet milk set at 86, 92, 98, and 104°, and heated so that 35 minutes after cutting they stood at 104°, differed in moisture content at first but were alike after one hour. Wlien ripe milk was used, from li to 2i hours were required to reach the same results. With milk of lower aciditj' the initial rate of removal of moisture was less than in the preceding experiments. Heating the vat to 104° and 110° soon after cutting showed that at both temperatures early and rapid heating caused more rapid separation of whey during part of the first hour, but after the first hour the separation of moisture was slower than when the M'dinary method of heating was used. There was a greater loss of fat in the whey and a smaller yield of cheese from each of the more rajiidly heated vats instead of a larger yield. With milk of a lower acidity the results showeamb on Our Personal Responsibility to the Profession (pp. 389-392) ; J. Spencer on Pyjiemic Arthritis (pp. 393-399), previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 486) ; A. T. Kinsley on The Significance of Pathology to the Practitioner (pp. 400-404) G. R. White on Shifting Lameness (pp. 405-413); B. Rogers (pp. 414-417) on Tuberculosis— Tagging Association Test (E. S. R., 22. p. 390), and S. J. .7. Harger on The Clinic (pp. 418^20). Report of the veterinarian health board for 1908, P. Hansen (Aarsber. Yet. SumUiedsr., 190S, pp. XVIIl + 186+136). — Extracts of opinions, rendered by the board, on veterinary jn'oblems arising during the year are given in I'art 1 of the report, and statistical tables of contagious diseases, laws, rulings, etc.. in Part 2. Report of the chief of the veterinary section, P. Conacher (Mozambique Dcjit. Agr. Bui. 1, pi). 25-30). — The occurrence of animal diseases in Portuguese East Africa is briefly noted. Colonial veterinary science, A. Theiler (Vet. Jour.. 66 (1910), Vo. 419, pp. 2!>~)~303). — This is an address delivered before the Royal Veterinary College, Dublin, October, 1909, in which the present status of veterinary medicine in South Africa is reviewed. Contributions to experimental pathology and chemotherapy, P. Ehrlich (B(Uriily passed as fit for human food. The patholog'ical anatomy of bacillary pyelo-nephritis of cattle, M. RiTZENTH.^LtK iJoitr. Med. Vet. et Zooteeh., 61 (I'JIO), Jan. pp. 3-l.'i; Feb. pp. 65-84; J<»ir. Compar. Path, and Ther., 23 (1910), No. 1, pp. 55-50).— Previous investigators of this comparatively frequent affection of cattle, the history of which is of recent date, have paid particular attention to the various clinical symptoms or to the causal agents and micro-organisms, very few having directed their attention to the histology of the lesions. In this paper, following a brief review, the author presents an account of the alterations met with in 88 cases, in 28 of which a thorough microscopic examination was made. " Numerous experiments have been made with the object of discovering the method of infection, but none has so far had absolutely positive results. It is generally admitted, however, and it Is also my own o[tinion, that the bacilli reach the bladder by way of the urethra, nniltiiily there, and by degrees reach the kidneys by jiassing nii the ureters." Schiitz's vaccination for hemoglobinuria on bovines (Veroffentl. Jahres- Vet. Ber. Tierdrzte Preuss., 8 (1907 [pub. 1909]), pi. 2, pp. 20, 21; abs. in Berlin. TierUrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 7, p. lo'i). — A report on the value of vaccination for preventing hemoglobinuria amongst bovines. Vaccinating 390 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. encb spi'iug confers permanent hnniunity. while vaccinating only once protects at the most for only one year. [A new treatment of virulent forms of mastitis], J. Schmidt (Maanedskr. Dyrlager 21 {IDOiJ), \o. 18, pp. J,92, 4i)3; ab.s. in \ Ct. lire. .12 {1910), No. 112J,, pp. 1/89, J/OO). — A new treatment for severe forms of inflammation of the udder, successfnlly nsed by the author, is that of infusing a mixture of equal parts of alcohol and glycerin into the affected quarter. As a rule 250 gm. (approximately 8 oz.) is injected at once. If it appears possible that the affected quarter may again become functional for milk produc- tion, the author dilutes the above mixture with one-third of normal saline solu- tion, in order not to irritate the mammary epithelium too much. The affected quarter is not milked out during the 3 days following the infusion. If two or more quarters are affected, the treatment is practiced upon only one quarter. The author finds that this treatment is at-companied by a substantial improve- ment in the animal 3 or 4 days after its application. It is stated that usually the animal's life is preserved, though it is not always possible to restore milk production to the affected quarter. Cattle in the West Indies, D. W. May {Porto Rico Hort. News, 3 {1910), No. .'/, pp. 59. 60). — The fact that cattle ticks are not so plentiful in Porto Rico as in the Southern States tjie author considers due in large part to a blackbird v.hich follows the cattle about, picking off" the ticks. This bird has been observed grasping the tail with both feet and feeding ui)on the ticks infesting the hind quarters of the animal; it is said that it will also stand on the ground beneath the animal and jump up to pick off the ticks. While the ticks will attach to the zebu cattle, they are seldom found in numbers on animals with zebu blood. "Doubtless tick fever exists in Porto Rico, but of the 50 head of cattle ))rought from the States and which were at the station, only 3 had been inoculated. No losses occurred from tick fever although the cattle were infested from the start with ticks. Either the disease is in a much milder form than in the Southern States ov else there is some virtue in the Malojillo grass which forms the main feed." Serum treatment of infectious calf pneumonia {Vcroffcntl. Jahres-Vet. Ber. Ticriirzfc Prciif^s., 8 (1907 [pub. 1909]), pt. 2, pp. 1',. 15; ahs. in Berlin. Tierurzth Wchnsclir., 26 {1910), No. 7, p. 151/). — The serum treatment furnishes good results only when it is begun early, the best time being directly after birth. Anthrax in the pig, Eggebrecht {Ztschr. Fleisch u. MUchhyg., 20 {1910), No. ,}. pp. 121 ; nhx. in Ann. Med. Vet.. 59 {1910). No. 3, p. 18'i; Vet. Rec., 22 <1910), No. 1133, p. 632). — A case which was brought to the abattoir with symptoms of exhaustion and great weakness is reported. The only abnormalities found were pleurisy, sero-fibrinous peritonitis, and the condition of the blood, which was black and not coagulated. Tokishige of Tokio reports cases of porcine anthrax to occur in Japan that are only manifested by such sj'mptoms as weakness, loss of ai)petite. etc. Experiments with variola of swine, J. Poenaru (Bal. Soc. Cent. Med. Vet.. 87 {1910), No. 6, pp. l.'i'i-Uil, flg. I). — Swine pox was found to be transmitted at times with the blood from cadavers and from diseased pigs to healthy ones, also through the inoculation by scarification of material from pustules. Dodd's spirochetes did not appear in the blood nor in new vesicles, but were later found i)i ulcers as accessory organisms. The treatment of surra in horses by means of arsenic and its derivatives, J. D. E. Holmes {Parmitotogij, 3 {1910), No. 1, pp. 73-107).— This article has l)ecn noted fi'oni another source (E. S. R., 22. p. nsO). A comparative study of intestinal steptococci from the horse, the cow and man, C. E. A. Winslow and G. T. Palmer {-Jonr. In feet. Discaseft, 7 {1910), VETERIXARY MEDICINE. 391 AC 1, pp. 1-16, fig.'i. /// alts, in Science, n. so:, 31 {1910), No. 797, pp. 551, 552). — "The commonest streptococci in human feces are nni(i liehra'tini is present. Theiler has shown that the disease can not be produced in cattle and sheep through injections of horse sickness blood, that only in exceptional cases can the goat be infected, and that the injection of blood into goats does not confer any immunity against heartwater. The work of Theiler, who conducted experiments and came to the conclusion that it is possible to transfer horse sickness to dogs and transmit the virulence from dog to dog. is reviewed and experiments carried on by the author with the object of obtaining further evidence as to the susceptibility of the dog to horse sickness are reported. It is pointed out that the results obtained by Theiler were brought about by the intravenous injection of undiluted and unfiltered horse sickness blood injected directly into the veins. On the basis of experiments per- sonally conducted in which the filtrate obtained from diluted blood passed through a IJerkefeld filter was subcutaneously injected, the author concludes that "in view of the resistance which the dog offers to experimental infection with the horse sickness virus, it is improbable that animals of that species are ever infected in natural circumstances, or that in horse sickness districts the canine species can constitute a 'reservoir' for the infection of horses through the medium of au insect. Further investigations are necessary to show what 392 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. becomes of the virus of horse sickness during the healthy months of the year, but it may be observed that one is not obliged to conclude that it is perpetuated in the bodies of animals other than the horse. It may be carried over from one generation of invertebrate host to the next." Four cases of diabetes in the dog, A. Lanfranchi {Abs. in Vet. Jour., 65 (1909), Xo. Jill, ]). .^88). — In the cases reported the author attributes a great etiologicMl influence to intensive alimentation and lack of exercise. Alterations of the liver seem to play the chief role. Enzootic ulcerous keratitis in dogs, Cadeac (Jour. MM. Vet. et Zootech., 61 {1910), Jan., pp. 15, 16; ahs. in Vet. Rec, 22 {1910), Xo. 1136, p. 678).— The author describes an enzootic ulcerative keratitis in dogs which rages in low and marshy localities. It affects hunting dogs nearly exclusively, those which hunt in marshes being particularly subject to it. If treated immediately by an anti- septic (bichlorid of mercury 1 in 2,000) the ulceration may retrogress and the animal recover, but this termination is rare. Despite the negative results of microscopical examination, the author thinks it probable that the ocular infec- tions are sequels of a relatively benign attack of i»iroplasmosis. The Filaria immitis in Transcaucasian dogs, Gogel (.Ib.s-. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1910), A"o. 1133, pp. 631, 632).— In 1908, the author found Filaria immitis extensively disseminated among the dogs of Transcaucasia. Of those at his disposal for examination, he found that 6G.7 per cent were hosts of this parasite. Spirochetosis in fowls in Queensland, S. Dodd {Jour. Compar. Path, and Thcr.. 23 (1910), yo. 1, pp. 1-17). — This is a detailed account of investigations of a disease of poultry occurring in the vicinity of Rockliampfon, which as pre- viously noted (E. S. It., 22, p. 783) was found to be spirochetosis. The disease is said to have occurred in that locality for several years, the average death rate among infected birds varying from 60 to 00 per cent. " Eleven birls were artificially inoculated with blood of fowls suffering from spirocheto'sis, and 9 were exposed to natural tick infection. Of the former, the whole reacted to a greater or lesser degree of severity. Of these, 5, or 45.45 per cent, died from the acute form of spirochetosis, while two, or IS.IS per cent, died from the chronic form, making a total mortality of G3.6.3 per cent. Four, or 36.3G per cent, of the 11 fowls recovered more or less completely, although in the case of two, owing to their being stolen, their history could not be fol- lowed up. Of the 0 fowls exposed to natural tick infection. 5, or 55.5 per cent, became infected and spirochetes were demonstrated in their blood. Three, or S3.3 per cent, at no time showed the presence of spirochetes on microscopical examination of their blood, but subsequently died after showing .symptoms of the chronic form of the disease, making a total of S deaths, or SS.S per cent." The author considers it probable that a single infected tick is sufhcient to infect a fowl. In one instance a fowl, infected by ticks which had fasted for 7 months and 6 days, died with symi)toms of chronic spirochetosis, although the casual organisms could not be demonstrated microscopically. It was found that one-fifteenth of a grain of soamin dissolved in 1 cc. of sterile water injected intramuscularly usually modified and shortened the attack of spirochetosis, recovery being rapid and complete, and but one case of the chronic tyjie supervening. The development of Spirochseta gallinarum, S. von Prowazek {21cm. Inst. Osicahio Cruz; 1 {1909), Xo. 2, pp. 79, 80, figs. 7 ; abs. in Vet. Rec., 22 {1910), 2fo. lVi3, p. 788). — From studies conducted in Brazil, the author concludes that Argas minialus is a true intermediary host of .S'. gallinarnm. From October, 1908 to January, 1909 smears taken from infected ticks and stained l>y Liiffler's process were examined almost daily. It was found that '• spirochetes first appeared in the opaque, leucocyte containing fluid from the body cavity of the tick about 3 days after infection, and in the salivary glands EURAL ENGINEERING. 393 about 14 days after infoctiou. The spirochetes pass through developuiental stages in the fluid of the body cavity, where the author succeeded iu following their reproduction by multiple longitudinal divisions. The resultant forms are very tine and slender; and resting stages are also observed. Longitudinal division also occurs in the salivary glands. No spirochetes could be found iu the ova." Guinea-worm in domesticated animals, R. T. Leiper {Jour. Trap. Med. and Hiiy. [London], 13 {I'JIO), Ao. 5, pp. 6'J, 66). — A mature guinea -worm is re- ported to have been found in a leopard in Northwest Rhodesia, although dra- coutiasis had not previously been observed in Africa south of the equator. The occurrence of this parasite in the lower animals is reviewed, and it is shown that there is little doubt but that the guinea-worm is able to infest and attain maturity in the dog and horse, if not in all domesticated animals. The classification of the piroplasms, with a description of two new species, C. Franca (Arch. R. Inst. Bact. Cuniara I'cstana, 3 (1910), ^o. 1, pp. 11-18, pi. 1; (lbs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 23, pp. 1029, 1030).— The author considers the piroplasms to constitute a family, Piroplasmidae, with 5 genera, namely: Piroplasma containing /'. horis, ( = /'. higeinlnunr), P. oris, P. canis, P. pitheci, P. muris, and P. avicularig; Theileria, including T. annulata, T. parvu, T. ntutan.s. and T. dama; NicoUia, including X. quadrigemina ; Nuttallia, n. g., including A^ equi and A^. hcrpestcdis; and Smitliia, n. g., including S. microti, n. sp., a parasite found in the blood of a field mouse (Microtus in- ecrtua) from the vicinity of Lisbon. A bibliography of 24 titles is appended. The biolog'ical detection of echinococcus disease, J. Putzu (Centbl. Bald, {etc.}, 1. Aht., Oriy., 5Ji (1910), No. 1, pp. 77-S.J). — In 5 out of S cases diagnosed clinically as echinococcus disease, the Bordet-Gengou complement binding re- action was positive in 4 instances and negative in 1, while with the seropre- cipitin test 3 were negative and 2 positive. In the 3 other cases, which on autopsy showed no evidence of the disease, the complement binding reaction was absent in all instances, while the seroprecipitin reaction was twice positive and once negative. In this work it was found that the best antigen was hydatid fluid from shee[). The bionomics of helminths, W. Nicoll (Brit. Med. Jour., 1910, No. 2582, pp. 1. 529- 1 53'/). — A i>aper read before the Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation experiments and investigations in western Oregon, A. P. Stover (U. .S. Dcpt. Ayr., Office E.vpt. Stas. BuL 226, pp. 68, figs. 13). — The physical characteristics of the Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue River valleys are de- scribed, the streams and stream flow, toiwgraphy, soils, and climate of each are discussed, and experimental investigations conducted at several points in the Willamette Valley are reported, in which the irrigation and cultural meth- ods employed are described, directions given for the preparation of land for irrigation, and the climatic conditions during the period of the investigation stated in full. In experiments conducted in cooperation with the Oregon Experiment Sta- tion at Corvallis, the effects of water were noticeable at once in the increased vigor of the plants, although, as at other points, it was difficult to ascertain at exactly what date irrigation should take place as the atmosphere is never excessively dry and the dew is sutficiently heavy to prevent the crops from wilting or changing color. In average years, however, regular applications should be made throughout the dry period beginning not later than July 1 with- out reference to showers. Approximately 1 ft. of water should be applied in 394 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 2 or 3 irrigations for most crops. The yields of potatoes at Corvallis, given In the subjoined table, were cut sliort by frost. In a comparative test, near Hillsboro, of Utah alfalfa and an Arabian vari- ety secured from the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, the latter made a much stronger start during the first season. After being clipped twice, it went into the winter season with a growth of 8 in., while the Utah alfalfa required the whole season to grow high enough to be clipi^ed. An unusually severe winter completely Ivilled the Arabian alfalfa and injured the Utah variety to some extent. The general failures of alfalfa in the Willamette Valley are attributed to lack of moisture, absence of nitrifying bacteria, and favorable soils and treatment. A crop of clover was secured the first year after sowing, an event that had not previously occurred in the community to the IvHowIedge of any of the local farmers. A crop was also secured the third year, altliough without irrigation, the land usually becomes so foul with gra.ss and weeds as to prevent this. Cooperative exi)eriments near Albany gave results from a soil in poor physical and chemical condition resulting from inadequate drainage and long continued shallow cultivation. At a cost of approximately $20 per acre GO acres were tile drained. On land of this character, irrigation seems unlikely to be bene- ficial to clover unless the crop is in sufficiently good growing condition to resist the baking that is likely to result. All cultivated crops were irrigated July 30, 1908, with approximately 6 in. of water. The author discusses the feasibility of irrigation in western Oregon and the part that it will i)lay in the development of the region. The yields secured with and without irrigation at the various points are stated in the following table: SioniiKiri/ of results from irrigation experiments in Willamette Tallej/, 1907-1909. Crop. Corn Corvallis.. Potatoes do . Corn (\o . Potatoes do . Beets do. .do. .do. Clover Corn (thick planted. Corn(tliinplanted) Potatoes Sweet corn Clover Corn Kale Beets Clover .do. .do. -do. do HilLsboro.. do do do Corn do . Potatoes ' do . Corn Albany Pumpkins do. Potatoes ' do . Beans do . Pumpkins do . Potatoes Squash.. Hops . . . Onions. -do. .do. Corvallis... Philomath. Date'of irrigation. June 29-Julv 29, 1907. August 1, 1908 do do July 23, 1908.. July 22, 1909 .. do July 23,1909 July 22, 1909 July 24,1909 August 9, 1908 do do July 14-Sept. 1, 1908. August 2, 1909.... July31-Augustl6, 1909. July 30,1908 do do June 17, 1909 Julv 18- August 4, 1909. June 19-August C, 1909. June 23-August 7, 1909. August 1,1908 .... June 20-July 26, 1907. Amount of irriga- tion. W («) C) C) C) i") 0. 65 It . , ...do... . 54 f t . .65 ft . . 69 f t . .67 ft . ...do... ...do. 1ft .. Yield per acre. Unirrigated. 5,647 lbs. 2, 604 lbs ... . 7, 280 lbs.... 3,626 lbs.... 2, 725 lbs.... 5.07 tons 11,125 lbs... 11,000 lbs... 150 bu I 7,000 lbs... \10,9361bs... 3. .'0 tons... {5!::::::1- 6 in. 6 in . 6 in. Irrigated. f 7,0001bs .. 1 9, 666 lbs .. I 6, 760 lbs .. ^67,500 lbs.. 9,640 lbs.. 5,041 lbs.. 4,309 lbs.. 6.46 tons... 14, 153 lbs. . 11, 895 lbs.. 215 bu 13, 750 lbs.. 10,726 lbs.. 1,333 lbs. _. 8,000 lbs... 30 tons 12 tons 7. 03 tons . . . 12, 600 lbs. 244 bu . . . . 17,000 lbs. 37,. 500 lbs. 68 Iju 6 in \ 625 lbs. 6 in 1 10 tons. 6 in.. 42 in . 750 lbs ]0,.5^7 lbs. 159 bu 1,500 lbs. 25, 700 lbs. Increa.se after irri- gation. Per crnt. 24.0 71.0 160.0 180.0 32.4 39.0 58.1 27.4 26.0 8.0 43.0 96.0 2.0 70.0 100 o Not stated. 6 Two irrigations. RURAL ECONOMICS. 395 The use of windmills in irrigation in the semiarid west, P. E. Fuller (U. S. Dept. Agi\, Farmers'' Bui. 3D.'i, pp. .J//, pgs. 13). — This publication, which was prepared for the purpose of assisting settlers lli developing and utilizing wind power for irrigation on the Great Plains, deals with sources of water supply, the sinking of wells, the construction and operation of windmills aud pumps, the storage and use of the water on different crops, and gives data regarding the use of windmills in western Kansas and Nebraska, eastern Colorado, aud near Stockton, California. It is stated that "windmills are used quite extensively for this purpose already, and there is a wide field for extending their use. The data given for plants on the Great Plains show, however, that the windmill is not a cheap source of power, and that it will not, as is so often claimed, run without attention. A windmill should be looked after as carefully as any other piece of machinery, and if this is done It will provide power for the irrigation of considerable areas at an expense which will be justified by the crops grown." [Drainage investigations], W. H. Day {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 35 {IDO'J), pp. 55-59). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 5S9). Building poultry houses, J. E. Rice and C. A. Rogers (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 2'i.'f, pp. Sl-12.i, flgs. 35). — Part 1 of this bulletin discusses the prin- ciples essential for locating and constructing economical, convenient, comfort- able, and sanitary poultry houses. Part 2 is devoted to the application of these principles. Plans, details of construction, and estimates of cost of ma- terials are given for 2 shed-roof houses and one continuous house. The estimated cost of 1 house with 2 pens each 12 by 12 ft., large enough to accommodate 72 fowls in all, is $1.61 per fowl. The cost of the other with pens 16 by 16 ft. and accommodating 128 fowls is $1.46 per fowl. The con- tinuous house, which is 20 ft. wide and 110 ft. long, is divided into 5 pens, each 20 ft. square, aud one feed room 10 by 20 ft. Exclusive of the feed room the <'OSt of the continuous house is 94 cts. per fowl, or $1.03 per fowl including the cost of the feed room. In all cases 4 sq. ft. is allowed per fowl. RURAL ECONOMICS. The factors of agricultural wealth production in Uruguay, A. Backhaus and J. Macciiiavkllo (Rcr. Inst. Agroii. Montcridco, 1909, Nos. 5, pp. 9-^55; 6, pp. 71-117). — This is a detailed account, with statistics, of land areas, charac- ter of soils, size of holdings, land values, number of owners, interest rates, exports and imports, rainfall, temperature, agricultural labor, farm machinery, rural dwellings, labor conditions, agricultural wages, and other features bear- ing on the economic life of the rural population of Uruguay. Natural conditions are said to be highly favorable for great wealth produc- tion, but the lack and poor quality of agricultural laborers are the chief obstacles to economic progress. "S'arious suggestions are made for improving present conditions, including better systems of primary education, the estab- lishment of agricultural schools, the use of more agricultural machinery, the erection of more comfortable dwellings for farm laborers, the encouragement of land owning among laborers, the regular payment of wages, and the encour- agement of all forms of agricultural coo|>eration, but the cutting up of large holdings and the establishment of colonizntion schemes :ire particularly em- phasized as the best menus for improving the conditions. A general discussion of agriculture in the Belgian loess region, especially in the Haspengouw, C. K. van Daalen ( Vernlug. en Meded. Dir. Landh., Dcpt. Landb., Mjc. en Handel, 1910, No. 1, pp. 69-10 1, map 1). — General observations 396 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. are given on the soil and agriculture of the region calletl Haspengouw, in the east central part of Belgium, the agricultural jKipulation, tillage, and cattle raising. The agricultural value of Manchuria, M. Roselli (Agr. Colon. [Italy], 4 {1910). .Vo. 2. ii/i. i>S-121, p(j. 1). — This article describes the extent, population, climate, river and railroad systems, and agricultural products of Manchuria, and discusses the commerce of the country and its future development. While immigration of foreign farmers into Manchuria is regarded as of doubtful promise on account of land tenure and other conditions, it is believed that capable farm managers and experts could so direct Chinese labor and capital in this vast and fertile territory as to make it one of the richest agricultural Avealth-producing regions in the world. The centers of agricultural production in Ohio, L. H. Goddard (Oliio Sta. Circ. 100, pp. 15. figa. l)). — This circular shows by means of shaded maps the portions of Ohio most prominent in supplying each of the principal farm products. The purpose in presenting the data is to faciliate the planning of trips of inspection and investigation for farmers who wish to study methods used in the pi'oduction of particular crops. Alfalfa is grown chiefly in the southwestern jiortion of the State, potatoes in the northeastern portion, clover seed in the west half of the State, wool in the east central portion, apples in the northeastern quarter, oats in the northern half. corn, milch cows, and butter are quite uniformly abundant throughout the State. Ensilage corn and cheese are most largely produced in the northeastern corner of the State and tobacco in Darke, Preble, Mont- gomery, and Miami counties. Wheat is a considerable crop except in the south- ern tier of counties and in the 2 eastern tiers, while maple sirup is produced most largely in Geanga and Portage counties. Farm life conditions in the South, E. C. Br.\n.sox {Athens, Ga., 1910, pp. 15).— X disLUssion of the growth of farm tenancy and the establishment of large land holdings by industrial corporations in the South, and a plea that the small farmer be urged to become the owner of land while it is still cheap. Origin and condition of the agricultural laborer in Livonia, A. Agthe {Ztschr. Gcsom. Staatsiciss., 1909, Erganzungsh. 29, pp. XII +158). —This volume gives a history of the agrarian labor problem in Livonia and neigh- boring parts of North Russia, with a discussion of the origin and present status of the farm laboi'er. An extensive bibliograjihy is included. The establishment of laborers on the land in North Germany, F. Mendel- son and A. Blume {Art). Drut. Laintic. Gcsclt.. 1909, Xo. I'i9, pp. XVIII+8J,7, figs. 31). — A digest of data relating to the means that have been employed in the different provinces of North Germany during recent years for encourag- ing farm laborers to remain on the land. Means of counteracting contract-breaking by agricultural laborers, W. AsMis {lUus. Landw. Ztg., 30 {1910), Xo. 21, pp. 196, i97).— Attention is called in this article to the recent efforts made in different parts of Germany to diminish, by legal enactments and regulations, contract-breaking on the part of agricultural laborers and domestics. Notwithstanding these measui'es, the cases have become so numerous, not only on large farms but also and to an even greater extent on small farms, that the author regards it as one of the most important problems with which German agriculture is confronted at the present time. The means that have been employed for preventing the breaking of contracts and improving agricultural laI>or conditions are then discussed with reference to (1) the right of inflicting punishment, (2) civil rights, and (3) police regu- lations. The author's conclusions under each point of view are summarized as RURAL ECONOMICS. 397 follows: (1) To hold fast to the present regulated penalties until some more efficacious means are suggested and to refrain from enlarging or making more severe the present criminal forms of punishment for contract-breaking; (2) to attempt to realize the present right of damages by so regulating the bondman's obligations and the amount of back wages that the burden shall rest on the new employer of the contract-breaking laborer; (3) a general introduction of workmen's record books, together with a prohibition of employing or assisting laborers without a thorough examination into the earlier work relations as shown by this book. Agricultural contracts and the condition of the peasants in Upper Milan {Bui. Ayr. [MUun], 4't (IVIO), Xo. 11, p. I). — This is a summarized account of the salient features of a book by A. Serpieri, professor of rural economy in the agricultural school of Milan, dealing with the economic and social conditions of farm laborers in that province. The investigations were made by the professor in person, assisted by some of his students, on 114 proi)rietary holdings and 206 colonies during the years 1904-lfM»(i, inclusive. The inquiries related not only to the labor and rent agreements as practiced, but also to the intellectual and moral condition of the peasants, their mutual aid and assurance societies, cooperative organizations, and their standard of living. The remedies suggested for improving conditions are many and take into consideration the long-standing and various customs which prevail in different parts of the province. The investigations are re- garded as the most thorough yet made on the economic and social life of the peasant classes in Italy. Small holdings in Surrey, G. H. Grellieb (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London]. 17 (t!UO). \o. 1. pp. 9-lJ). — This article discusses the small holdings in Surrey, which consist largely of dairy, market-gardening, and mixed farms ranging from 5 to 50 acres in extent, with illustrations of successful cases and of the organi- zation and operation of the Small Holdings Association at Newdigate, which purchased a non-profitable farm of 367 acres and divided it up into small hold- ings ranging from 1 to 30 acres. "The geueral results of the undertaking seem to be (1) that some thirty or forty proiirietors have taken the place of one farmer, who could not work the land at a profit; (2) that the new owners are. on the whole, healthy, and fairly prosperous; (3) that the shareholders may expect to receive back their capital intact, and have a surplus to spend on the estate in road-making or other improvements." State aid to agriculture in Switzerland (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 10 umO). Xo. .3. pp. 'iHH-oOiJ) . — The phases of government aid briefly discussed are agricultural instruction, experiment stations, live stock breeding, soil im])rovement, protection against agricultural risks, encouragement of agricultural societies and associations, agricultural exhibits, and the organiza- tion of statistics. Beports on the work of the International Agricultural Institute, E. Faina and L. Dop (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London]. 17 (1910), Xo. 1, Sup., pp. .i7).--The report by Count Faina, president of the institute, read at the general assembly in December, 1909, summarizes the results obtained during the year in the organization and work of the different divisions of the institute. The report by L. Dop has been noted from another source (E. S. li., 22, p. 396). Cooperation, E. \'. Wii.cox t Ifairaii Forester and Agr.. 7 (1910), Xo. ,7, pp. 82-97). — This article calls attention to the growing demand for home-grown agricultural produce in Hawaii and to the advantages to farmers of coopera- tion in producing and marketing sweet potatoes, limes, eggs, beans, pineapples. 398 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rice, citrus fruits, coffee, cotton, bananas, rubber, tobacco, beef, mutton, and poultry. Annual report on the working of cooperative credit societies in the Bom- bay Presidency (including Sind), for the year July 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909, C. S. Campbell et al. (Ann, Rpt. Work. Coop. Credit Soc. Bombay Pres., 1908-9, pj). 51-\-3, map 1). — The agricultural cooperative societies numbered 120 with 7,046 members on June 30, 1909, as compared with 99 and 5,150, re- spectively, for the preceding year. The inundations and the local mutual agricultural credit banks, J. Cur]& (Rev. Hort. [Pan.s], « (1910), Xo. 6, pp. i-'/O-ii.^).— This article presents a brief history of government aid to agricultural credit in France. It gives directions for organizing local mutual credit banks, and emphasizes the impor- tance of the latter in carrying out the terms of the law of 1910, which provided for the extension of credit on long-time loans to victims of the inundations in France, who desired to rebuild or repair their homes and continue the cultivation of their small holdings. The terms under which loans could be secured and the method of repayment prescribed are summarized. Concerning the profitableness of agriculture, A. Arxstadt (IUus. Landic, Zt{/.. 30 (1910). \o. 3(>. pp. S'l'i. 3'iG). — This article discusses the question of the profitableness of agriculture in Germany in relation to the high cost of liv- ing. Statistics from 1875 to 1907 derived from reliable sources are presented to show that the gross returns to farmers are no larger now than fomerly and that, consequently, the high cost of living is not the i-esult of high prices secured by farmers for their crops. Advance in farm products, R. Smoot (Cong. Rec, ^5 (1910), No. 138, pp. 777J-7/77). — Statistics vn the average prices of staple farm produce in 1896 and 1910, and on the purchasing power of such products as measured in terms of other products, are presented and discussed with a view of showing the imjiroved economic condition of American farmers at the present time. Crop Reporter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Stafis. Crop Reporter, 12 (1910), No. 6, pp. Jfl~ii8, fig. 1). — Notes and statistics are given on the condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries and on the farm values and range of prices of agricultural products in the United States. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Ninth annual general report of the Department of Agriculture and Tech- nical Instruction for Ireland (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr., Ireland, Ann. Gen. Rpt., 9 I190S-9). p. T7-i-47.)). — A report on the department's administraiion, funds, and work during 190S-9. including agricultural and technical instruction, and following in general the lines reported in previous years (E. S. R.. 21, p. 593). There was an increase in the number of itinerant instructors in agriculture, horticulture, bee keeping, poultry keeping, butter making, rural domestic economy, and other subjects, and an increased attendance at the winter agri- cultural classes, the schools of rural domestic economy, and the summer courses for teacliors lielil in July and August at various institutions. Agriculture for high schools, (i. F. Warren (Proc. Ann: Conf. Agr. ScL, Amherst, Mass., 2 (1909), pp. 32-.'i3). — The author pi-esents an argument to show the economic value of agricultural study, based on an investigation at Cor- nell University of the increased earning power of trained as compared with untrained farmers on farms of the same invested capital. He holds tbat the place for the untrained worker is in the city. factory under supervision rather than in undertaking the management of farms. The importance of trained AGRICULTURAL EDUCATIOX. 399 teachers of a.sriculture and of distinct courses rather than Incidental teaching of the subject is strongly emphasized. He favors such courses in the imblic high schools and suggests a working plan for high schools having courses of three and four years. Elementary agriculture as a subject of study in the grades, W. R. Hart (Proc. Ann, Conf. Agr. ScL, Amherst, Mass., 2 (1909), pi). lJ,-23).—T\ie author bases the educational value of elementary school agriculture on the demand which it necessarily creates for knowledge of facts and principles from the special sciences, mathematics, and other subjects of study. These advantages and othei's in agricultural study he sums up as consisting of " its concreteness, its imnied lateness, its appeal to motives both present and remote, its power to vitalize facts from other sciences by giving them utility and application, its large use in its initial stages of qualitative elements as oi)posed to quantitative, its universality as a source of material and motive for the application of the formal studies of reading, writing, language, arithmetic, and geography, and its unexampled appeal to the self-hood of the individual to become an independent, self-sustaining, self-reliant unit in the social cosmos, and its esthetic and moral uplift to the soul working in the midst of universal and beneficent laws." Relationship of the physical sciences to agriculture. S. R. Haskell {Proc. Ann. Conf. Agr. ScL. Amiicrst. Mass.. 2 (1909), pp. -'/-'/--J9). — This article is a discussion of the indebtedness of agricultural science and practice to chemistry under the leadership of Liebig and to the laws of physics as demonstrated in King's experiments. Biological sciences in their relation to agricultural science, E. D. Sander- son {Proc. Ann. Conf. Agr. ScL, Amherst, Mass., 2 {1909), pp. 50-58).— Xn explaiiation of the dependence of successful agriculture on entomology, bac- teriology, physiology, and zoology, with some suggestions on the teaching of these subjects so as to give the agricultural student a " biological attitude " toward his study. Nature study and agriculture in rural schools, M. A. Bigelow {Proc. Ann. Conf. Agr. ScL. Amherst, Mass., 2 {1909), pp. 5-13). — The writer sees no con- flict between nature study and school agriculture, but doubts the advisability of substituting the latter for the former in the seventh and eighth grades, on the ground (1) that the scientific principles common to both studies are of more worth than specialized information at that age, and (2) that esthetic appre- ciation of country life is i)referable to commercialized interest. He suggests the term agricultural nature study as indicating the best conception of what should be taught. Some connections between school studies and the home and industrial activities, Hannah P. Waterman {Proc. Ann. Conf. Agr. ScL, Amherst, Mass., 2 {1909), pp. 2'f-31). — A description of the introduction and development of elementary agricultural and industrial work and its results in the Briggsville Training Department of the State Normal School at North Adams. Mass. Some of these results are summarized as (1) a growing respect for school and per- sonal i)roperty. (2) a greater economy in the use ol materials. (3) increased ingenuity in the use of tools. (4) increased appreciation of the value of learning by experience, (5) a greater respect for the work of parents and better ability to criticise their own work. (6) increased self-respect and charity for the opinions of others. (7) more rapid advancement in the regular work of the school, and (8) a better understanding of and sympathy with school work on the part of the community. NOTES. California University and Station. — .J. I. Thompson, a 1910 graduate of the Iowa College, has been appointed instructor in animal industry with head- quarters at Davis, succeeding F. D. Hawk, who has been transferred to Berkeley. J. S. Rose, assistant in the cereal laboratory, has resigned to accept a coninier- cial position in Cuba. Connecticut State Station. — The reconstructed laboratory building was for- mally eriments on the care of milk for cheese making, Barr 480 Experiments with paraffining of cheese, Hofman-Bang, Holm, and Lunde 481 Concerning kolozsvar cheese, Juszberenyi and J rk 481 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Immunit}', protective vaccination, and serum-therapy, Dieudonne 481 Vaccine infection of rabbits by intracutaneous injection, Novotny and Schick. 481 The use of vaccines in septic and inflammatory conditions, Cushing 482 Transjiortation of cowpox vaccine to the African interior colonies, Voigt 482 The inheritance of vaccine immunity, Siipfle 482 CoHbacillosis, Van Es 482 When is a case of rabies in the abortive form? Babes 482 Negri and Lentz's bodies and the changes in rabies, d'Amato and Faggella... 482 Fibro-sarcoma and Sarcosporidiosis, Sabrazes, Marchal, and Muratet 482 Skin disease suiipusedly contracted from ray cancer in the horse, Crepet 483 Experimental reproduction of oriental sore in the dog, Nicolle and Manceaux. 483 New contribution to the study of Triipanosoma corigofeni>e, Laveran 483 Trypanocidal and spirocheticidal action of pyocyanase, Ohkubo 483 The action of ultraviolet rays on trypanosomes, Bordier and Horand 483 The transformation of atoxyl into trypanotoxyl, Levaditi and Mcintosh 483 Third annual report of the state veterinarian of Alabama, 1909, Cary 484 The veterinary bacteriological laboratories of the Transvaal 484 Report of the Imperial Bacterioloeical Laboratory, Muktesar, 1908-9, Holmes. 484 Report of the government veterinary surgeon for 1908, Sturgess 484 A disease which simulates malignant catarrhal fever of bovines, Lichtenheld. 484 [Eradication of cattle ticks] 484 Amakebe: A disease of calves in Uganda, Bruce et al 485 The etiology of epizootic while scours in calves, Krauststrunk 485 Veterinary notes. — Diseases of sheep, Cave 485 A disease of sheep in Tasmania, (lilruth 485 Passage of Microcncrv!^ luelitevsis from the mother to the fetus in ewes, Conor. . 485 A protozoan parasite in nuicous membrane of abomasum of a sheep, Gilruth. . 485 Investigations in regard to kidney cysts in the hog, Briicklmayer 486 Contributions to the etiology of swine plague, Frosch and Broil 486 Krafft's vaccine against swine plague, Poppe 486 Hereditary unsoundness in horses, Cameron 486 Refraction anomalies and etiology of myopia in the horse, Czerwonsky 486 Equine trypanosomiasis in the Canal Zone, Darling 486 Investigations of dourine in eastern Prussia, Frohner 487 A physico-chemical investigation of equine piroplasmosis, Frei 487 Acase of hydropiiobia in a Senegal dog, Teppaz 487 The dog's medical dictionary, Sewell 487 Further observations witii von Behring's and Tauruman's vaccination, Eber.. 487 On the occurrence of a form of fowl-septicemia in Calcutta, Chatterjee 487 About passive immunity in fowl cholera, Schobl 487 Simple poultry remedies, Sanborn et al 488 The Tfenioid cestodes of North American birds, Ransom 488 A study of intrablobular parasites of lizards, Aragao and Neiva 488 Anatomy of Watt^omiu^ (n. g. ) iralftoni, Stiles and Goldberger 488 The biochemical treatment of domestic animals, Meinert 488 A treatise on veterinary therapeutics, Kaufmann 488 Pocketbook of veterinary medical practice, von Rosenberg 488 Diseases, ticks, and their eradication, Theiler . - - 488 VTTI CONTENTS. Page. Dipping and tick-destroying agents, Watkins-Pitchford 488 The circular dipping tank, Van der Mervve 488 The bacteriological examination of disinfectants. Partridge 488 RURAL ENGINEERIN(;. Progress reports of experiments in dust prevention and road preservation • 489 Experiments in clearing logged-off land with a stump burner, Lawrence 490 The reclamation of Minnesota's waste lands, Ralph 490 On electro-culture, Kindell 490 The constructi(jn of concrete fence posts 490 [A model rural school house] 490 RURAL ECONOMICS. Aids to prosperous farming, Long 491 Farm publicity and selling. Marquis 491 The need of farmers' associations and what they should do, Palma 491 Farmers must organize. Worst 491 Cooi>erative organization in agriculture, Douglas 491 Danish cooperative methods being tried in Ontario 491 Cooperative agricultural societies in the United Kingdom 491 Scottish Agricultural Organization Society 492 Assistance to farmers, Hime 492 Cooperative credit 492 The Agricultural Bank of Egypt 492 The economic condition of farm laborers in the Netherlands, Dreesman 492 [Wages of agricultural laborers in Hungary] , Howard 492 Accidents at agricultural labor, Bassi 493 The farmer's profits and the speculation in land, Lanier 493 The cost of production of the most important field crops, Howard 493 Crop Reporter 493 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agriculture in Belgium from 1885 to 1910 493 A chapter from the early history of the college, Walters 493 Cosmopolitan high schools r. separate occupation schools, Reynolds 493 Agriculture in the public schools. Groves _ 494 The place of forestry in general education. Smith 494 A suggested course in household administration, Stewart 494 Nature study and gardening for rural schools. Carver 494 Small gardens for small gardeners, Flint 494 Exercises in agriculture for Maine rural schools, McClintock and Waid 494 Field zoology, Crary 494 Progress in agricultural education extension, Hamilton 495 Suggestions to purchasers of agricultural books. Smith 495 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Florida Station, 1909 495 Nineteenth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1909 495 Twenty-eighth report of control station at Warsaw for 1908, Zelinski 495 Monthlv Bulletin of the Department Library, May, 1910 495 Experiment Station Work, LVII 495 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Alabama Tuskegee Station: Page. Bui. 18, June, 1910 494 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bui. 6;^, Apr., 1910 475 Florida Station: An. Rpt. 1909 420,431, 441, 446, 447, 451, 462, 475, 478, 495 Illinois Station: Bui. 145, Apr., 1910 423 Indiana Station: Bui. 141, Apr., 1910 474 Iowa Station : Bui. 1 15, June, 1910 439 Bui. 1 16, June, 1910 447 Bui. Ill, popular ed.. Mar., 1910 459 Kentucky Station: Bui. 147, Mar. 15, 1910 466 Massachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 257-258, May-June, 1910 419 Michigan Station: Bui. 260, Mar. , 1910 439 Mississippi Station: Bui. 128, Apr., 1910 428 Bui. 137, Apr., 1910 475 Bui. 138, May, 1910 475 Missouri Station: Bui. 87, May, 1910 436 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 230, Apr. 21, 1910 475 New York Cornell Station: Circ. 7,"^ May, 1910 426 New York State Station: Bui. 323, May, 1910 449, 450 North Carolina Station: Bui. 206, Mar., 1910 453,466 Oregon Station: Bui. 107, Jan., 1910 427,466 Bui. 108, Apr., 1910 466 Circ. 7, 1910 454 Porto Rico Station: Circ. 12, Apr.. 1910 422 South Carolina Station: Bui. 150, June, 1910 466 Bui. 151, June, 1910 428 South Dakota Station : Bui. 120, Apr., 1910 436 Tennessee Station: Bui. 88, Apr., 1910 441 Texas Station : Bui. 126, Nov., 1909 423 Washington Station: Bui. 90, 1909 444 Bul.91,1910 467 Bui. 92, 1910 441 Bui. 93, 1910 490 Stations in the United States — Continued. Washington Station — Continued. Page. Bui. 95,1910 436 Bui. 96, 1910 478 Bui. 97, 1910 452 Nineteenth An. Rpt. 1909 495 Wisconsin Station: Circ. Inform. 16, June, 1910.. 435 U. S. Depart)nent of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 401 441 Farmers' Bui. 403 490 Farmers' Bui. 404 440 Farmers' Bui. 405 495 Farmers' Bui. 406 421 Food lusp. Decisions 122-123 468 Notice of Judgment 195, sup 468 Notices of Judgment324-382. 468, 475, 479 Bureau' of Animal Industry: Circ. 161.... 480 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 113 (rev.) (lO cents) 430 Circ. 58 411 Circ. 59 -■ 411 Circ. 60 412 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 85, pt. 5 ( 10 cents) 463 Bui. 86 (30 cents) 461 Circ. 123 465 Forest Service: Bui. 79 (15 cents) ^.-. 444 Bui. 81 (25 cents) 443 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 171 (25 cents) 445 Circ. 60 435 Circ. 61 434 Bureau of Soils: Bui. 67 (10 cents) 427 Bui. 69 (10 cents) 436 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 12, Nos. 7-8, July-Aug., 1910 493 Weather Bureau: Bui. Mount Weather Observ., vols. 2, pt. 6; 3, pt. 1 (25 cents per part, $1 per vol- ume) 419 Monthly Weather Review, vol. 38. Nos. 4-5, Apr. -May, 1910 (20 cents per number, $2.50 per year) 419, 443, 490 Office of Experiment Stations: Circ. 98 495 Office of Public Roads: Circ. 92 489 Library: Monthly Bui., May, 1910(20 cents per year) 495 'Not to be confused with Circ. 7, May, 1909, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 306). EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIIT. October, 1910. No. 5. Three years ago a brief account was given in these pages" of the life and work of Dr. Charles Anthony Goessmann, for nearly forty years professor of chemistry at the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege, the first director and chemist of the Massachusetts Station, and one of the foremost pioneers in agricultural investigation in tliis country. This review was prepared on the occasion of his retirement from active service at the age of eighty years. It is now a sad duty to record his death, which occurred September 1, at his liome in Am- herst, Mass., in his eighty-fourth year. Thus closed a life of remark- able activity, full of honor to himself and of service to the cause of agricultural experimentation. Although a German by birth and retaining a strong affection for his mother country, Doctor Goessmann was an American in spirit and had given to this country the best years of his life, dating back to 1857. The product of his activity is not measured in monetary terms, for the value of a movement which looks to the development of an industry on a more intelligent and secure basis is beyond such measure. It is found rather in a changed public attitude which ap- propriates thousands for experimentation where hundreds were hesi- tatingly given before, in an unconscious change of practice the real origin of which is rarel}' known, and in the lives and activities of a band of students who received from him their first encouragement and inspiration, their standards and conception of values, and an outlook which has in large measure furnished the basis of their suc- cess. He taught the will to know, and by his teaching and the ex- ample of his work he opened up a field which was virgin and full of unseen possibilities. His ow^n high ideals of thoroughness and accuracy and the spirit of investigation were impressed upon those who came under his teaching. Doctor Goessmann Avas a man of rare personal charm and lovable character. In class room or laboratory, in the meetings of the college faculty or on the lecture platform, he was always the same gentle, patient, and considerate personality, charitable and tolerant to all men and broad and sympathetic in his views. His kindly personal « E. S. R.. 18, pp. 1101-1104. 401 402 EXPERIMENT STATIOIT EECORD. interest in his students in promoting their studies ai.J ais solicitude for their success will remain Avith them a grateful n.imory. Modest and without ostentation in all that he did, he was content to let his work justify itself by its merits. He sought no other reward: and his devotion to his study prevented his turning aside into commercial channels which would have yielded him far greater pecuniary return. Thoroughness and a determination to get at the truth, untrammeled by bias or other considerations, were the guiding principles that char- acterized his work. He was slow to arrive at conclusions or to gen- eralize broadly, a trait which marked him as conservative in judgment and lent stability and confidence to his deductions. At the last commencement of the college which he had served with such distinction an excellent portrait of him was presented to the institution by the alumni, the occasion bringing together a large delegation of his former students and admirers. His health at that time prevented his being present to receive the tokens of affection and appreciation showered upon him. His work and his influence were fittingly set forth by various speakers, and these were correlated with the period to which they belong to show the courage and self-reliance and prophetic zeal called for in the beginnings of agricultural experi- mentation in this country. The fundamental and pioneer character of his service led to the suggestion as a fitting inscription for his monument the simple words, " Goessmann, Foundation Builder." The fourth session of the Graduate School of Agriculture was held at the Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, Jul}^ 4-29. The enrollment was larger than at any previous session, and the interest manifested by the students has never been surpassed. The general plan of organization was the same as heretofore. The Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta- tions, through its standing committee on graduate study, was in general charge of the school. Man}^ of the colleges represented in the association contributed to its support. The Iowa State College, through its president and trustees, generously became responsible for its maintenance. The division of agriculture of this institution, through Dean Curtiss and other members of the faculty, made the local arrangements for the session and otherwise contributed in many ways to its success. The lectures and seminars were for the most part held in the spacious and well-equipped Agricultural Hall ; and other buildings, libraries, live stock, and other equipment of the college were placed at the disposal of the school. Dr. A. C. True, Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, served as dean, as at the pre- vious sessions, and Prof. W. H. Pew, of the Iowa State College, acted as registrar. EDITORIAL. 403 The total enrollment of students at the close of the session was 205, three of whom were members of the negro race and three were women. Twelve other women were registered in the Graduate School of Home Economics, which was held at the college July ()-20, and was conducted in close affiliation with the Graduate School of Agri- culture. In 1908 the number of students was 144 men and 19 women. This year the students came from ?)9 States and the District of Colum- bia, in addition to three students from Canada, and one each from Scotland, Cuba, Denmark, Russia, and the Transvaal. The public opening exercises of the school were held on the even- ing of July G in the college auditorium and were attended by 700 persons from the college community, the town of Ames* and other parts of Iowa, as well as by the members of the graduate school. An address of welcome was made by Dean C. F. Curtiss on behalf of the Iowa State College. President W. O. Thompson, of Ohio State University, chairman of the executive committee of the Asso- ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, responded on behalf of the association, giving an interesting account of the inception of the school and urging the importance of main- taining it on a high plane. Dr. H. P. Armsby, of Pennsylvania State College, chairman of the committee on graduate study, discussed the need and importance of systematic graduate study as a part of the preparation of teachers and investigators in agriculture, and pointed out that the true mis- sion of this national graduate school of agriculture was to stimulate our college and station workers to seek a broader and deeper training and to lead the way for the establishment of regular graduate courses in agriculture in our best agricultural colleges. He also urged that these colleges should lay great stress on the preparation of teachers and investigators, since they must be the chief source from which these Avorkers on behalf of agricultural progress would come. Dean True, of the graduate school, gave a brief history of the enter- prise, and stated that among the more specific aims of the school are the following: "(1) To stimulate more thorough study in the several branches of agricultural science. "'(2) To promote more systematic attention to problems of agricul- tural education. "(3) To emphasize the vital importance to agricultural progress of the honest and rigid ascertainment of facts and the discovery of underlj'ing principles. "(4) To aid the establishment on a sound basis of the profession of agricultural science and teaching and tile formulation of a satis- factory code of ethics for this profession, 404 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "(5) To bring students and teachers of agricultural science in the several States and in different countries into closer touch and sym- pathy. "(6) To bring workers in the so-called fields of pure and applied science into closer and more helpful relations. "(7) To promote the more efficient and economical use of public and j)rivate funds devoted to agricultural education and research, by holding up the fundamental importance of thorough training and the right spirit in the teacher and investigator and denouncing the substitution of political and personal motives in the management and work of our agricultural institutions, for the love of truth and devo- tion to public interests." He also pointed out the great expansion of agricultural education and research in this country and the consequent increase in the open- ings for well-trained men in our agricultural institutions. " But most significant is the broadening of the field of activity of agricultural experts and the realization by our agricultural leaders and institutions that a truly progressive and permanently prosj^erous agriculture can only be reached through the quickening of the social and moral impulses of country people, as well as their intellectual fac- ulties, and through the general improvement of the conditions of country life. '' The new development does not in any degree minimize the impor- tance of the Avork of the agricultural specialist who is delving into the problems of agricultural production. On the other hand, it should stimulate him to higher and more thorough endeavor in his investi- gating and teaching when he realizes how the results of his work may affect the happiness and success of multitudes of men and women who live in the open country and deal in practical ways with the problems which it is the business of the agricultural scientist to solve. The growing interest in the human problems of agriculture should put new life into the effort to solve its scientific problems." The courses of study offered by the school covered eight main lines: Plant physiology and pathology, agronomy, horticulture, animal hus- bandry, poultry, dairying, rural engineering, and rural economics. The courses in the last two subjects were given for the first time. The hours were so arranged that all interested in plants could attend the course in plant physiology and a similar arrangement w^as made for the course in animal husbandry. Seminars as Avell as lectures were provided, and the programme made it possible for the student to follow several lines of work. As heretofore, special attention was given to methods of investigating and teaching. The faculty numbered 57, in addition to 17 speakers at special con- ferences. It included 12 officers of the United States Department of EDITORIAL, 405 Agriculture, IG members of the faculty of the Iowa State College, and 33 professors and experts from 17 other agricultural colleges and experiment stations. In addition, lecture courses and seminars were oifered by Dr. D. T, Macdougal. of the Carnegie Institution, of Wash- ington; Prof. J. 8. Pray, professor of landscape architecture of Harvard University ; Dr. W. E. Castle, professor of zoology of Har- vard University ; and Dr. C. AV. Gay, professor of animal husbandry of the University of Pennsylvania. The international relations of the school were brought out by the very interesting and valuable lectures given by Dr. E. von Tschermak, professor of plant breeding in the Royal Imperial College of Agriculture of Vienna, Austria; Dr. J. C. Ewart, professor of natural history of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland; and Prof. G. E. Day, professor of animal hus- bandry of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada. The more general interest of the session naturally centered in the courses in plant physiology and pathology and animal hnsbanclry. In the former, principles of plant breeding were discussed by Doctor AVebber, of Cornell University ; Doctor von Tschermak ; Doctor Mac- dougal ; and Doctor Stone, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, with special reference to their own investigations in various branches of this subject. Dean Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, treated of plant eggs and sperms, embryology, and the relations of the sun and water to the growth of plants. Different problems in plant pathology were presented by Mr. Haven Metcalf, of the Bureau of Plant Industry ; Doctor Stevens, of the North Carolina Agricultural College; and Doctor Pammel, of the Iowa State College. Consid- erable attention was given to methods of investigation and teaching. In the course in animal husbandry Doctor Castle gave most in- structive and inspiring lectures on the principles of heredity appli- cable to animal breeding, which were illustrated by his own researches with rodents. Doctor Ewart treated in a very clear and forceful manner a number of breeding problems to the solution of which his own investigations have notably contributed, such as transmission of acquired characters, telegony, saturation, maternal impressions, in- fluence of environment, intercrossing, inbreeding, and prepotency. President AVaters, of the Kansas State Agricultural College, discussed the factors affecting type, form, and quality of carcass, with special reference to investigations conducted under his supervision at the Missouri Experiment Station. Professor Eckles, of the University of Missouri, summarized the results of his investigations in feeding and breeding dairy cows. Doctor Armsby, of the Pennsylvania State College, gave an account of his recent investigations with the respira- tion calorimeter on the maintenance requirements of farm animals, in continuation of work presented at former sessions of the school. Mr. E. AA'. Morse, of this Office, gave two lectures embodying special 406 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, studies he has made on the history of cattle. Types and breeds of different classes of animals were treated by several lecturers with numerous lantern-slide illustrations. A large variety of living animals, mainly belonging to the Iowa State College, were also exhibited and discussed in the seminars given in connection with this course. In this Avay beef cattle were discussed by Dean Curtiss and Professor Dinsmore, of the Iowa College : horses by Professor Kennedy, of the Iowa College, and Doctor Gay, of the University of Pennsylvania ; sheep by Dean Skinner, of Purdue I'ni- versity, and Professor Wentworth, of the Iowa College, and swine by Professor Day, of the Ontario Agricultural College. In these and other courses given at this session of the school there was an unusually thorough treatment of scientific and practical matters. Much of the work w^as of the best type of university grade, and in general it was truly appropriate to a graduate school. A course in rural engineering was given for the first time in the history of the school. Courses of lectures on irrigation were given by Doctor P'ortier, of this Office ; on drainage by Mr. Elliott, of this Office ; on water supply, drainage, and ventilation of farm buildings by Professor King, formerly of the University of Wisconsin; on power and machinery for farms by Professor Davidson, of the Iowa College, and on the Iowa silo by Mr. King, of the Iowa College. Methods of teaching agricultural engineering were also discussed. One of the most important enterprises of this session of the gradu- ate school was the course in rural economics and sociology. The broadening of public interest in the more general problems of country life is leading the agricultural colleges to more active efforts to establish adequate courses of instruction in farm management and rural economics and sociology and to institute definite investigations along these lines. In their present formative stage these matters are of interest to all connected with our agricultural colleges and experi- ment stations. It was therefore thought best to undertake at this session of the school a general discussion of the field of teaching and investigation in these lines. The result proved the wisdom of estab- lishing such a course. It was largely attended, and great interest was evoked by the lecturers. Doctor Taylor, of the University of Wisconsin, opened the course with a discussion of the scope of agricultural economics and the methods used in studying this subject. Afterwards he presented the economic status of the American farmer and the issue betAveen the farmer and the middleman. Doctor TTibbard, of the Iowa College, followed with a quite definite treatment of agricultural cooperation and illustrated various phases of the present cooperative movement by reference to the Grange and to cooperative credit companies, grain elevators, and associations of EDITORIAL. 407 fruit groAvers and cotton and meat producers. President Butterfield, of the Massachusetts Agricuhural College, outlined the field of rural sociology, shoAved the place of this subject in college courses and how- such courses may be developed, and urged the importance of country- life investigations and a campaign for rural progress. Professor Spillman, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, told of the development of inA'estigations in farm management in this Department and in the colleges and stations, and pointed out the scope of farm management as a subject of investigation and instruction. The rapid progress being made in the outlining of the scope of the general subjects included in this course was definitely brought out through the lectures and discussions. Since the hearers at this course represented institutions in many States it is believed such a presenta- tion of these subjects at the graduate school will do much to aid the more definite establishment of work in these lines in colleges in vari- ous piMcts of the country. This belief is strengthened by the fact that those interested in farm-management investigations and teaching formed an association to be known as the American Farm Manage- ment Association, wdth W. J. Spillm.an, president; D. H. Otis, vice- president, and G. F. Warren, secretary-treasurer. Another new and highly successful feature of this session was a series of conferences on extension work. This work is rapidly devel- oping in our agricultural colleges, but there is as j^et little consensus of opinion regarding its field of operation and methods of organiza- tion and procedure. It was therefore thought best to have a broad survey of the field from different points of view. By such a presenta- tion of the present status of the movement, together Avith some discus- sion of many unsettled problems, it w^as hoped to pave the Avay for a more definite and rational consideration of the subject in the agricul- tural colleges generally. The discussion Avas opened by the presentation of the scope and organization of uniA-ersity extension w-ork in general by Doctor Reber, director of the extension Avork of the UniA-ersity of AVisconsin. Presi- dent Sparks, of the Pennsylvania State College, formerly in charge of extension Avork in the University of Chicago, continued the discus- sion of this theme and in particular brought out and ansAvered some of the objections to extension AA'ork as undertaken by the universities. At the second conference Professor Hamilton, of this Office, outlined the present status of extension AA'ork in agriculture in the United States and European countries as regards financial support, organiza- tion, and methods and kind of work. The sphere of agricultural extension w^ork Avas the theme of the third conference. The discussion under this head was led by Presi- dent Soule, of the College of Agriculture of the UniA-ersity of 59393°=-No. 5—10 2 408 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Georgia, and Dean Price, of the College of Agriculture of Ohio State University. It was thus made apparent that the extension work of the agricultural colleges falls under two general heads: (1) The giv- ing of information to adult farmers and their families which can be immediately applied to practice on their farms and in their honie^-. and (2) a campaign for the improvement of rural schools, including information and training of teachers in elementary and secondary schools along agricultural lines. The fourth conference was devoted to some of the problems of agri- cultural extension work, as presented by President Butterfield and Professor Miller, superintendent of extension work in the Kansas College. Finally, attention was given at the fifth conference to (1) organization. b,y Dean Burnett, of the College of Agriculture of the University of Nebraska; (2) equipment and methods, by Professor Christie, superintendent of agricultural extension work at Purdue University; and (3) the qualifications of extension teachers, by Dean Hunt, of the Pennsylvania State College. Meanwhile, under the direction of Professor Holden, superintendent of agricultural extension work of the Iowa State College, several meetings of extension workers and others had taken place in which the methods of equipment used by that college were quite fully dis- played and discussed. The large amounts of charts, apparatus, and illustrative material assembled by the Iowa College for this work was a revelation to many. Afterwards a round table of extension workers helped to bring together some of the valuable results of the conferences. A meeting of extension directors and workers was also held for the discussion of administrative questions. This was by far the largest and most important assemblage of per- sons directly connected with the extension work of our agricultural colleges. The vital relation of the proper development of this branch of agricultural education to the general success of the colleges was clearly brought out. There was also a much more definite realization of the tremendous extent and importance of the extension movement in its relations to the permanent success of American agriculture and the Avelfare of our rural people. It is believed that all who attended these meetings will return to their Avork with a deeper sense of their responsibility for the use of their best endeavors to promote this cause. It is very gratifying to know that a number of our agri- cultural colleges are already making strong and serious efforts to organize and maintain extension work in a substantial way. The progress recently made in this direction is very encouraging. Secondary education in agriculture occupied a new and important place in this session of the graduate school. There was a relatively large attendance of men engaged in agricultural instruction in the special agricultural schools, public high schools, and normal schools EDITORIAL. 409 in different parts of the country. One formal conference on sec- ondary agricultural education was held at which Professor Warren, of Cornell University, discussed where and how to teach agriculture. Mr. D. J. Crosby, of this Office, gave a review of the present status of agriculture in secondary schools, and Professor Davis, of Miami University, Ohio, discussed the training of teachers of agriculture. A number of more informal conferences were also held at which the work in secondary education in agriculture in different States was described and questions relating to organization, courses of study, equipment, and methods of teaching were earnestly discussed. Interesting conferences were held on agricultural journalism and the relation of agricultural education to the business of farming. At the former the qualifications necessary for success in agricultural journalism were discussed by Mr. Henry Wallace, and college courses in this subject were described by Professor Marquis, of the University of Wisconsin, and Professor Gregory, of Iowa State College. At the latter Dr. William Hill, of the University of Chicago, called attention to the difficulties encountered by the agricultural colleges in devising systems of farm accounting and in training farm managers, and described two enterprises inaugurated under his direction to overcome some of these difficulties. Doctor Ewart spoke very briefly of the work of schools and boards of agriculture in Scotland and Ire- land, and Mr. Crosby gave an illustrated address on the practical features of high-school instruction in agriculture. A general excursion was given to Odebolt, Iowa, where the party was met by farmers and other citizens with about 30 automobiles, and thus were enabled, to visit a number of large estates w^ithin a range of 40 miles where different forms of management of large cropping areas were illustrated. A general view of Iowa agriculture was also ob- tained en route under most favorable conditions, and the generous hospitality of the people of this region was amply demonstrated. The members of the school interested in agronomy also visited a fine farm largely devoted to the growing of seed grains near Marshall- town. Iowa. Smaller parties of botanists and others made excursions to various points in the vicinity of Ames. The International Asso- ciation of Poultry Instructors and Investigators held a meeting be- ginning July ?>0. The steady rise of interest in the graduate school since its first ses- sion and the growing attendance are sure indications that it is filling a useful place in our scheme of agricultural education. The attend- ance and interest might be considerably increased if all our agricul- tural colleges and secondary schools would regularly arrange for the attendance of at least a portion of their faculties at each session. It is believed that none of these institutions can afford to neglect to make such provision. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Handbook of biochemical methods, edited by E. Abderhalden {Handhuch der Biocfiemischen Arbeitsmethoden. Berlin and Vienna, 1910, vols. 1, pp. XI+698+Xin-XXVII, figs. .585; 2, pp. XXVIII+1101, figs. 55).— This is a description of the more important methods employed in biochemistry. Volume 1 deals principally with general laboratory technics, physico-chemical methods, and general chemical methods. Volume 2 confines itself to special methods, among which are the following : Determination of alcohols, aldehydes, and acids, carbohydrates, fats, the high molecule alcohols, phosphatids, proteins, both animal and vegetable, the products of hydrolysis, etc. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 22, p. 9). Recent work in biological chemistry, C. L. Alsberg (Jour. Amer. Clicm. Soc, 32 (1910), No. 5, pp. 70Jf-722). — A review of the more important work dur- ing the last few years. General chemistry of the enzyms, H. Euler (Ergeb. Physiol., 9 {1910), pp. 2^1-333). — A discussion of the chemical dynamics of enzym reactions. Intracellular enzyms, H. M. Vernon (Ergeb. Physiol., 9 (1910), pp. 13S- 2JfO). — A discussion of the various endoenzyms and methods for their extraction. Investigations in regard to the amylase of raw and malted cereals, T. Chrzaszcz and S. Fierozek (Ztschr. ISpiritusindits., 32 (1909), Nos. Jf5, p. 520; 46, pp. 535, 536, 539; ^7, p. 5U; 48, pp. 556, 557; 49, pp. 569, 571; 50, pp. 578, 579; 33 (1910), Wos. 7, pp. 66, 67; 8, p. 81; 9, pp. 98, 99; 12, pp. 132, 133, 136; 13, pp. 145, 146, fig. 1; Wchnschr. Brau., 27 (1910), Nos. 7, pp. 69-73; 8, pp. 89- 91; 9, pp. 98, 99; 10, p. 120; 11, pp. 126-129; 12, pp. 134-136; 13, pp. 151-153; 15, p. 175; 16, pp. 186-188; 17, pp. 199, 200, fig. i).— The results of these studies show that the oi)timum starch liquefying temperature of the amylase in both raw and malted cereals lies between 60 and 65° C. This was also found to be the case with the amylase contained in potatoes, horseradish, beets, and human saliva. Saccharification and starch liquefication were found to go hand in hand, and at the higher temperatures it was impossible to separate the sac- charifying power from the liquefying power. The optimum temperature for saccharification was found to be between 50 and 55°, and at temperatures of 65° upward its action was found to depreciate. The greater saccharification was found to take place during the first hour and at the lower limits of temperature. It was evident that no ground exists for the belief that the raw cereal enzym acts more intensively at a lower temperatui-e than that of malted cereals. The raw cereal extracts differed among themselves in their range of activity, wheat and rye being more active than barley, and the weakest action being observed with oats and millet. From this work it is concluded that the distinguishing terms for the dias- tases, " translocation " and " secretion," evidently do not hold good. 410 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 411 The starch liquefying capacity of the malt extracts was greater than that of the raw cereals, in all probability because the amylase exists in the raw cereals in the proenzym state. Part 2 confines itself chiefly to a study of methods for determining the starch liquefying capacity, and the results indicate that Liutner and Sollied's method is the best for the puri)ose. The effect of alcohol on invertase, C. S. HudsoK and H. S. Paine ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 58, pp. 8, figs. 2). — In these investigations, " O'Sul- livan and Thompson's observation that alcohol reduces the activity of invertase is confirmed, and the relation between alcoholic strength and inactivation is shown to be graphically a rounded curve. Alcohol is found to destroy inver- tase, and the relation between alcoholic strength and rate of destruction is very peculiar, as it shows a high maximum at about 50 per cent alcohol. The destruction follows the course of unimolecular reactions; it is not noticeable below 20 per cent alcohol at 30° C, is almost instantaneous at 50 per cent, and decreases to nearly zero at SO per cent. If the alcohol contains cane sugar, the destruction is much slower; thus, 6 per cent cane sugar reduces the rate of destruction in 50 per cent alcohol from 0.850 to 0.009, or to about 1 per cent of its original value. A mathematical theory of the progress of the inversion of cane sugar by invertase in alcoholic solutions of sufficient strength to slowly destroy the enzym has been woi-ked out and its conclusions found to agree with the results of the experiments. In this way it has been possible to measure the activity of invertase in 50 and TO per cent alcohol, where the destruction plays an important role. Invertase can be precipitated by alcohol without much destruction, provided the strength of alcohol in the final solution is high, approximately 90 per cent. By this method of precipitation, working at room temperature, a solid preparation was obtained which had 78 per cent of the activity of the original solution. If cane sugar is present, invertase can be pre- cipitated with no important destruction by even 70 per cent alcohol ; this method of iirecipitation gave a recovery of 94 and 96 per cent of the original activity." The destruction of the enzym invertase by acids, alkalis, and hot water, C. S. Hudson and H. S. Paine {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 59, pp. 5, figs. 2). — Measurements were made according to the method previously de- scribed (E. S. R.. 23, p. 110) to determine the rate of destruction of invertase by hot water, alkalis, and acids, and at different temperatures. From the results it is seen that as the temperature is raised the rate of de- struction by acids and alkalis increases until finally at or about the temperature of (>0° C. distilled water itself slowly destroys invertase, and at 65° destruction by water is quite rapid. It is thus evident that the destruction of invertase Ity hot water is due to the same cause as its destruction by acids and alkalis. As far as is known this is the first evidence offered to explain the cause of the well known destruction of enzyms by hot water. It explains why dry enzym preparations can be heated without destruction to temperatures over 100°, in case no water is present, since the hydrolysis does not then take place. In studying the influence of temperature in increasing the rates of destruction, and comparing the rates of destruction in the same medium at different tem- peratures, the coefficient which shows how many fold the rate increases for 10° in temperature is found to be (.n the average 3.1. This agrees with the general observation that this factor for most chemical reactions varies between 2 and 4. The hydrolytic destruction of invertase by acids, alkalis, and hot water thus falls in with the common types of chemical reactions. The results on the work of the protective action of fructose against the destruction of invertase indicate " that the enzym forms a combination with 412 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. the sugar which is more resistant to the destructive action of acids, allialis, hot water, and alcohol than is invertase itself." A theory of the influence of acids and alkalis on the activity of invertase, C, S. Hudson {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. C'hein. Circ. 60. pp. 3, fig. 1). — Invertase acts best in a weak acid solution, the enzymotic power decreasing with the increase in acidity. In an akaline media it is inactive. A simple explanation of this fact, according to the author, is " that acids and alkalis combine with invertase by the principles of the law of mass-action and prevent it from inverting cane sugar." This hypothesis is tested mathematically and com- parisons are given between the results actually found and those calculated. The influence of nutrients on diastase formation, K. Saito {^Vcllnschr. Brau., 21 (1910). -To. 16, pp. 181-183). — The results of experiments with AspcrgiUus oryzce and inorganic and organic nitrogenous bodies show that these bodies are contributing factors to the formation of diastase. On the behavior of cellobiose with some enzyms, E. Fischer and G. Zemplen {Liehig's Ann. Chem., 312 {1910), No. 2, pp. 25Jf-256; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 3Jf (1910), No. 5It, Repert., p. 205). — The authors show on the basis of new researches that no hydrolysis of cellobiose which could be detected with phenylhydrazin took place when subjecting this carbohydrate, according to the old method, to the action of aqueous extracts of AxpcrgUlus nigcr. By chang- ing the method of cultivating the .4. nigcr and lengthening the time of expo- sure, a strong cleiivnge of the disaeeharid was brought about. A new theory of alcoholic fermentation, li. Kusserow (Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.'\, 2. Alt., 26 (1910), No. 6-7, pp. 181,-181; ahs. in Zcnthl. Biochcm. u. Biophys., 10 (1910), No. 1, p. 21). — Yeast by virtue of its requirement for oxygen splits a part of the sugar molecule into a diatomic alcohol which is not stable and which is transformed into ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxid, and nascent hydrogen. The nascent hydrogen in turn reduces other molecules of sugar to the diatomic alcohol, and this process is repeated successively. On the proteid substances of barley. II, Transformation of the proteid matters during malting and malt storing, H. Schjerning (CompL Rend. Lab. Carlsberg. 8 (1910), Na. 2, pp. 169-395, figs. 2). — This is a continuation of the work with barley, previously noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 165). During the germinating process it is shown that " the insoluble proteid mat- ters existing in the barley grain are partially converted, through one or sev- eral intermediate stages, into a water-soluble proteid which shows the same reaction as Albumin II. This proteid is further converted, in whole or in part, into another, which has the same reaction as Albumin I, and which is finally split, entirely or partially, by the proteolytic enzyms, thus giving rise to peptic (denuclein, proteoses and peptones) and tryptic decomposition products (am- monia, amin-amid compounds). Hordein is first partially converted into bynin (insoluble in water), which by further action is converted, as a whole or par- tially, into a water-soluble albumin, which has the same reaction as Albumin II. This albumin is transfoi-med in the manner described above. Edestin is convertetl, in whole or in part, into dynedestin (Albumin II), which is, wholly or partially, further converted as mentioned above. The edestin salts are, in general, transformed entirely into leucosin. Leucosin — whether preexisting in the barley or arising from the edestin salts — seems to be very resistant toward the action of proteolytic enzyms. As a rule, it is not affected by these, at any rate not to any appreciable extent. The albumin (Y- or leucosin?) formed, whose reaction is the same as that of Albumin I, is. on the contrary, very readily acted upon by proteolytic enzyms. ■' The proteid conversion taking place in germinating barley is brought about by three processes, namely, the albumin dissolution process, proteolysis, and the AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 413 albumin transformatiou process. When the proteid couversiou has been normal and completed, we shall always find the albumin dissolution process to be equal to the proteolysis, while the total amount of edestin salts preexisting in the barley has at the same time been transformed into leucosin. The malt does not contain Albumin II at all. The proteid conversion takes place by the self- same rules, whether the barley malted be six-rowed or two-rowed. ... " [In regard to the] germination temperature, the optimum temperature of a normal and finished proteid conversion may be described as an optimum zone extending from about 13 to about 17° C. If the germination is effected at a temperature Iietweeu 17 and 20°, the quantitative aspect of proteid conversion is impaired, while the qualitative aspect is not affected. If germination be effected at a temperature above 20°, the result will be abnormal and incompleted proteid conversion. Among all the transformation processes, that of albumin dissolution is the one which is the most sensitive to the action of tempera- ture. The optimum of acid-formation lies at about 16°. The velocity of de\elopment of the acrospire increases with the temperature of germination. A falling off in the germination temperature extending beyond the minimum limit of the optimum temijerature zone (about 13°) tends to weaken the root- growth to a marked degree. . . . " [In reference to] time, the largest amount of decomposition and trans- formation is accomplished during the first four days of germination, both as regards carbohydrates and proteid matters. The velocity of reaction is affected by temperature. Over-germination causes some of the forces operating in nor- mal germination to suspend their activity entirely or partially (peptic action, root-growth, and physiological oxidation process), while others even commence operating in an opposite direction, that is. become reciprocal (transformation of carbohydrates and albumins [transformation of Albumin II into Albumin I]): only two transformations continue in the same manner and the same direction as they did when the germination was normal (tryptic action and acid formation). " [For the] conditions of moisture, abnormal conditions of moisture during germination tend to impair the transformation of carbohydrates, the root growth, the oxidation process and the albumin transformation process. The oxidation process is weakened more by too dry a germination than is the root growth, whereas both procesi-es are equally impaired when the germination is conducted under excess of moisture. A particularly dry germination appears to impair the proteolysis also ([but] only the peptic, not the tryptic action). "Barley contains both peroxidases and real catalases. The amount (or action) of peroxidases inci'eases in the process of germination, but decreases in kiln-drying. The amount of catalases, on the other hand, does not increase while the barley is germinating; but it declines during the kiln-drying process. Peroxidases occur in the periphery of the barley-corn and in the germ, but not in the endospei'm. In the rootlet pex'oxidases occur in large quantities, while the leaflet is altogether free from these enzyms. " [During the] storage of malt no noticeable loss by oxidation takes place. Both the acidity and the amount of soluble mineral constituents increase in the course of storage. From this fact it may be inferred that the quantity of soluble phosphates (primary) becomes greater during storage. The yield In extract increases somewhat with the time of storage. Peptic action increases a little during storage. During a moist period of storage Albumin I shows a tendency to be transformed into Albumin II : the reverse process takes place in a dry storing period." The ratio of m.ethyl pentosans to pentosans in certain seeds, G. Borgh- ESANi (Jour. Landic, 58 {1910), No. 1, pp. 77-79). — The average ratios of 414 EXPEBIiTEXT STATION EECORD. methvl pentosans to pentosans in certain varieties of corn and soy beans, as determined according to the method of Tolleus and Ellett. were for soy beans 6.18 and for com 5.4. In regard to castor seeds (ricinus) in peanut flour residues, F. Schmidt (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem.. 16 {1910). Xo. 6, pp. 101-123).— A polemical article in reference to the toxicity of ricinus in fteanut refuse flour for farm stock. Contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of fruits for the year 1909. A. Olig, E. Bbitst, and H. Sttmpf (Ztschr. Untersuch.yahr. u. Genussmtl., 19 \ 1910). So. 10. pp. 558—569). — The authors draw attention to the fact that Baier and Neumann ( E. S. R.. 19. p. 210). in proposing the ratios of sugar-free extract to matter insoluble in water and of insoluble matter to alkalinity for determining the nature of the fruit employed in the manufacture of marmalades, neglected to make a previous examination of the fruits themselves for purposes of comparison. The authors have, therefore, examined strawberries, currants, raspberries, gooseberries, cherries, prunes, plums (various varieties), peaches, apricots, apples, and pears. The stems of the berry fruits, the stones of the stone fruits, and the skins and seed casings of the pomaceous fruits were removed, and after the preliminary cleaning process the fruits were passeltib]e matter and alkalinity. All berries, with the exception of the strawberry, had higher Neumann-Baier ratios than either the stone or jtomaceous .seed fruits, the stone fruits in addition being higher in ash. phosphoric acid, and alkalinity of water soluble matter. Stone fruits differ from pomaceous seed fruits in that they have a higher ash. alkalinity, and Neumann-Baier ratio. Very little difference exists between peaches, prunes, and plums, while one variety of plum (Reineclaude) and apricots differ from the other stone fruits in that they have a higher sugar-free extract and ash content and a higher alkalinity. Chemical organization of a typical fruit, A. E. Vixsox (Jour. Biol. Chem.. 7 (1910), yo. 6. pp. XL, XLI). — It is shown that unrii>e dates of the invert sugar type retained their high cane sugar content as long as the fruit remaine : some new phenols — pratol. CisH^OitOH) .O.CH3 (253° C). pratensol, CirHsOiiOHb (210' C.) : a new glucosid— trifolin (which on hydrolysis yields a yellow coloring matter — trifolitin. and rham- nose) : isotrifolin: and a glucosid of quercetiu. The portion of the alcoholic extract insoluble in water consisted chiefly of resin-like bodies and contained myricyl alcohol, heptacosane. hentriacontane. sitosterol, trifolianol, and a mixture of fatty acids which were chiefly palmitic, stearic, and linolic. with small amounts of Itnolenic. oleic, and isolinolenic acids. The importance of chem^ical soil investigation in relation to agrogeological work and soil charting, A. vox 'Sigmoxd (Compt. Rend. Conf. Intcrnat. Agrogeol. [Budape.s:t]. 1 {1909), pp. 225-2.'iS. figs. S: Separate, pp. 19. figs. S).— The author draws attention to the imixirtance of utilizing the results of chem- ical analysis for agrogeological research and for the charting of soils. Just as much stress should be laid on the chemical results as is done in i^etrographic research. The chemical analysis of the soil is further a measure for the activi- ties of the soil-forming factors therein. Particular reference is made to the alkaline soils Bekes-Csaba (.szik) and Cservenak (good wheat soil). The recommendations for the determinations to be made are as follows: (1) Total water-soluble salts by the electrical conductivity method: (2) the total alkaline carbonate: (3) the total water-soluble alkaline carbonate: (4> titra- tion of the chlorids by the ordinary methods: and <5> by difference the amount of sulphates. Methods of field investigations of soils (szik) containing soda, A. vox 'SiGMOXD {Compt. Rend. Conf. Internot. Agrogeol. [Budapest], 1 {1909) pp. 247-256. figs. S; Separate, pp. 10. figs. S). — Attention is called to the use of the electrical conductivity apparatus for measuring the salt content in soils and the apparatus for extracting the salts, as employed by the Bureau of Soils of this Department (E. S. R.. 9. p. 535). See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 13. p. 229). The author proposes the following classifications for the total salt content of soils : First class, includes those which contain no more than 0.1 per cent : sec- ond class, those between 0.1 and 0.25 per cent: third class, those from 0.25 to 0.5 per cent : and fourth class, all soils over 0.5 per cent. Soil containing more than 0.5 per cent of salts is considered infertile. 416 EXPEETMENT STATION EECORD. For the actual soda content the limits set are as follows: First class, not more than 0.05 per cent ; second class, 0.05 to 0.1 per cent ; third class, 0.1 to 0.2 per cent ; and fourth class, 0.2 per cent and over. The modern understandings of ■weathering in the light of colloid chemistry, F. CoRNu (Vonipt. Rend. Coiif. Intcinat. Af/m[/eol. [BudaiKst]. 1 {t!)U9), i)i>. 123-130). — The heterogeneous processes involved in weathering are briefly ex- plained in the light of colloid chemistry. The unification of chemical soil analysis, E. W. Hilgard (Compt. Rend. Conf. Internal. A(jro[/eoI. [Bndaije.st], 1 {1909). pp. 30.3-311). — A discussion of, and a plea for, the unification of soil analysis. Methods of chemical soil analysis, K. Emszt {Compt. Rend. Conf. Internat. Agrogeol. [Budapest], 1 (1909), pp. 219-223).^A description of the official methods of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Methods of soil analysis of the Royal Prussian Geological " Landesanstalt," F. ScHUCHT {Compt. Rend. Conf. Internet. A(/ro(ieol. \Bitdapest\, I (1909). pp. 189-192). — A description of methods. Accuracy in taking and preparing mixed fertilizer samples, F. B. Porter {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cliem., 2 {1910), No. J,, pp. 1'/S-J.13, figs. 2).— The author shows that much inaccuracy exists in the present methods of sampling and preparing fertilizers for analysis, and that this ultimately results in dis- crepancies which are much greater than those usually obtained in the laboratory under noniial conditions. [Determination of ammonia by aeration], P. A. Korer {Jour. Amer. CJiem. Soc., 32 {1910). No. 5, pp. 689-691). — It is stated that no ground exists for the assertion of Grindley and Gill (E. S.R., 22, p. 303). that where relatively large amounts of phosphorus and magnesium are present there is a retention of am- monia. The error lies in the fact that too little allvali is used in liberating the ammonia. The identification of fat from domestic animals used as food, poultry, and game, by means of examination by physical methods, G. Kramer {Feststel- lung der Untersuefiungsnterkmale der Fette der Heldaehtiiere. des Wildes und Gefliigels durch rergleieJiendc pliysikaJische Untersuchungen. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Gicssen, 1909. pp. 76; rev. in Zenthl. (lesrnn. Physiol, ii. I'dtli. Stoffweeh- sels, n. ser., .'/ {1909), No. 23, p. 890).— As a result of his studies with the re- fractometer. the author concludes that by the usual physical methods it is pos- sible to determine definitely the origin of a given fat. About making an absolute extract estimation in barley, R. Seibriger (Wehnsehr. Brau.. 27 {1910). No. 27, pp. 321-323. fig. 7).— The author describes a modified method of absolute extract estimation, utilizing an apparatus termed the •' barley disintegrator." Twenty -five gm. of the ground barley (fiour) is doughed in with 100 oc. of water and 40 cc. of malt infusion (1 part malt -|- 4 parts water) and allowed to stand in the disintegrator until the next morning, when the mixture is broiight to a temperature of 110° C. and allowed to remain at this temperature for 1 hour. The flame is then turned off, the temperature allowed to fall to 100°, and the blow-off valve carefully opened. The top of the apparatus is unscrewed, the beaker taken out and cooled to 55°, and to this is added 60 cc. of the malt diastase solution. The substance is then brought into the mashing apparatus, the temperature raised in 10 minutes to 60°. allowed to remain at this temperature for J of an hour (agitating during this time), heated to 70°. allowed to stand at rest at this teni])erature for 15 minutes, and then stirred for i hour until the saccharification is complete. After cooling, the contents are made up to 225 gm. with distilled water and the specific gravity of the filtrate taken with the pycnometer. An example for calculating the results is given. AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 417 Detection of sulphured barley and malt, J. Brand (Abs. in Chem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 61, p. SJfO). — The author utilizes the usual distillation method with phosphoric acid and collects the distillate in xoo-iioi'iiiftl iodiu solution. One hundred giu. of sulphured malt required 1.2 to 3 cc. of the iodiu solution, while unsulphured malts required only 0.,3 to 0.4 cc. Determination of phosphoric acid in cereals, P. Carles (Proc. Verb. Soc. 8cl. Plnjs. et Nut. Bordeaux, tDOS-9, pp. 2, 3). — The method proposed is as follows : Take equal amounts of the cereal and potassium nitrate, and one-tenth the amount of sodium bicarbonate, and add in fractions in a platinum dish at a red heat. When the deflagration has ceased, allow to cool, and extract with water, dry the filter, and incinerate the residue. After dissolving the residue in dilute nitric acid, unite the two filtrates, fill up to a definite volume, and determine the phosphoric acid in aliquot portions. A rapid method of determining crude fiber, J. M. Pickel {Jour, Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 {1910), No. 6, pp. 2S0, 281, fig. 1).—A modified method of digest- ing, filtering, and washing crude fiber. The washing and filtering is done by an upward suction through a wide-mouthed thistle tube which has at its extremity a piece of fine mesh linen (32 by 32 threads per square centimeter). Illustra- tions of the various stages of the process are shown. The results obtained with the method are considered good. The determination of crude fiber, G. M. Macnider {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 {1910). No. 6, pp. 2S1, 2S2). — A modification of the above process. A new quantitative method for cellulose, R. Dmochowski and B. Tollens {Jour. Landw., 58 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-20). — This is a combination of the Hen- neberg crude fiber method and the nitric acid method Jipplied to the estimation of cellulose. Cellulose digestion in domestic animals, W. Grimmer and A. Scheunert {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 7, pp. 152, 153).— In an article previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 474) attention was drawn by one of the above authors to the fact that the work reported by Lohrisch fE. S. R., 21. p. 265) was based on an error due to defective methods of cellulose determination. This article presents the results of an investigation of tlie method employed by Lohrisch and shows that the cellulose is attacked to quite a degree by the potassium hydroxid and hydrogen peroxid employed. Apparatus for the estimation of cellulose, A. Gregoire and E. Carpiaux {Bui. Soc. Chim. Belg., 2Jf {1910), No. 5, pp. 217-221, fig. i).— A description of an apparatus for washing and filtering off the residual cellulose in cellulose esti- mation for feeds, etc. Spanish paprika, A. Lowenstein and W. P. Dunne {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 {1910), No. .'/, pi). 139-1J,2). — Analytical data are reported and dis- cussed with reference to judging the quality of paprika. Studies of the reactions due to the colloidal state of curdled milk, F. Bordas and Toui'LAiN {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 {1910), No. 6, pp. S'fl- 5//3).— Curdled milk heated to 110° C. is not capable of decomposing hydrogen peroxid, nor does it give a blue coloration with paraphenylenediamin, but if the casein is brought to a finely divided state the catalytic action returns. This is not due to peroxidase hut to a colloidal state of the casein. The detection of palm fat in butter and lard and lard in butter, E. Ewers {Milchic. ZenthL, 6 {1910). No. -',, pp. 15.'i-11 1 ; Ztschr. Offentl. Chem.. 16 {1910), Nos. 7, pp. 131-1J,1; 8. pp. lJfl-152).—ThQ author investigated the phys- ical and chemical methods for this purpose, and concludes that from the dis- tillate-magnesium number and the petroleum-ether-magnesium number it is possible to detect 10 per cent of palm fat in butter. The saponification num- ber can be determined at the same time. In lard it is possible to detect at 418 EXPEEiMENT STATION RECORD. least 5 per cent of palm fat with certainty with the petroleum-magnesium figure. Precipitating the soaps by barium instead of magnesium salts gives analogous results, but the process is more complicated. Determining the middle molecular weights of the fatty acids split off from the barium soaps and the nonvolatile soluble fatty acids according to Juckenack will not detect as little as 15 per cent of lard in butter. Determining the solution temperature will not detect 15 per cent of palm fat in butter or lard, or 15 per cent of lard in butter fat. Detection of cocoa oil in butter and lard, Fendler {Ztsclir. Offentl. Chem., 16 {1910), No. 8, tip- 152-166, figs. 2).— Two methods are described for the detection of cocoa fat in butter and lard. One is based on the fact that the ethyl esters of the fatty acids obtained from cocoa fat have a boiling point different from those contained in either butter or lard. The other is based upon the solubility of these fatty acids in a 60 per cent (volume) alcohol, and in which fats or oils the fatty acids of which contain more than 16 atoms of carbon are only slightly soluble. A new method for estimating tartaric acid, A. Kling (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. 10, pp. 61G-61S).— To 25 cc. of a solution contain- ing 3 to 4 gm. per liter of right-handed rotary tartaric acid add 100 cc. of water, 25 cc. of dilute sodium potassium tartrate solution (16 gm. per liter left-handed rotation), and 20 cc. of calcium acetate solution (30 gm. per liter). Collect the precipitate obtained on a filter, wash, and redissolve in 20 cc. of hydrochloric acid solution (40 gm. per liter). Make up the solution to 150 cc, add 40 cc. of sodium acetate (10 per cent) and calcium acetate (1 per cent), and bring the mixture to the boiling point. Cool, collect the racemate on a filter, wash with water, redissolve in sulphuric acid solution (10:100), bring to the boiling point, and titrate with potassium permanganate (about 16 gm. per liter) . The permanganate titer is determined with pure potassium bitartrate. Maize products, and maize starch and its products, W. P. Kaufmann (Jour. Soc. Client. IndKs., 29 (1910). No. 9 pp. 527-o.il). — A general description of the processes utilized for seiiarating and producing the various maize products. [Cold storage of asparagus for canning purposes] (Pure Products, 6 ( 1910), No. 6, pp. 312, 313). — Canners often find it necessary to store asparagus for future canning, and tests were conducted to determine how long asparagus will keep fresh at a temperature of 4' C. From the results it is concluded that no apiireciablc change takes jilace after storing for a period of 4 weeks. The preparation and storage of tomato and apple pulps, F. F. Hasbrouck (Pure Products, 6 (1910), No. 7, pp. 37S-3S1). — A popular discussion. Table mustard, A. Hasterlik (Der Tafelsenf. Vienna and Leipsic, 1910, pp. VII I +165, j)ls. 3, figs. 56). — This is a technical work on the utilization of the mustard plant, with particular reference to the fabrication of table mustard. The manufacture of starch, alcohol, and sugar, S. Aston (Agr. Gaz. [Tas- mania], 18 (1910), No. 5, pp. 99-102). — In this article a detailed statement is given in regard to the cost of manufacture of starch and alcohol from potatoes and of the manufacture of beet sugar, with an estimated cost of the machinery therefor in different parts of the world but with particular reference to Tasmania. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Handbook of climatology, J. Hann (Handbuch der Klimatologie. Stuttgart, 1910, vol. ..^ pt. /, 3. cd., pp. XII+Ji26. figs. 7; rev. in Bot. Ztg., 2. .4.bt.. 67 (1909), No. 23-2.'t, pp. 325-326; Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 791, pp. 305, 306; Nature [London], 83 (1910), No. 2120, p. .^JT).— This is the first part of the METEOROLOGY WATER. 419 second volume of the tbird revised and enlarged edition of the Handbook of Climatology (E. S. R., 20, p. 1013) and deals with climate of the Tropics. The introductory chapter discusses the general character of tropical climate. A special section deals with physiological action on the human organism, par- ticularly that of the white man, noting advances in tropical medicine. There is taken up in succession the climate of West Africa and the Congo, East Africa and the Sudan, the monsoonal area of Asia and North Australia, the Pacific islands, and tropical America. Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. Mount Weather Observ,, 2 {1910), pt. 6, pp. 347-J,10, figs. 8, charts 6; 3 {1910), pt. 1, pp. 1-68, pis. 2, figs. 3, charts 6). — These numbers contain the following articles: Vol. 2, pt. 6. — The Upper Atmosphere, by J. H. Jeans; The Changes of the Wind with Altitude (illus. ), by A. J. Henry; Note on the Interpretation of Laine's Rainbow Observations, by W. J. Humphreys; and Upper Air Data for October, November, and December, 1909 (illus.), by W. R. Blair. Vol. 3, pt. 1. — Some Effects of Heavy Pressure on Arc Spectra (illus.), by W. J. Humphreys ; and Free Air Data for January, February, and March, 1910 (illus), by W. R. Blair. Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., 38 {1910), Nos. 4, pp. 507-668, figs. 10, charts 3J, ; .5, pp. 669-828, figs. 6, charts 3Jf).— In addition to the usual climatological summaries, weather forecasts and warnings for April and May, 1910, river and flood observations, lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology, a condensed cli- matological summary, and climatological tables and charts, these numbers eon- tain the following special papers: No. 4- — The Work of the Water Resources Branch of the United States Geological Survey in the Ohio River Valley, by A. H. Horton ; Ice Conditions on the Great Lakes During the Winter of 1909-10, by N. B. Conger ; The Flood of July 10-20, 1909, in the lower Missouri Valley (illus.), by J. W. Smith; Cooperative Investigations of Water Supply and Its Relations to the Develop- ment of Central Oregon, by J. C. Stevens; Irrigation in the Willamette Valley, by J. H. Lewis; The Idagon Irrigation Project (illus), by B. L. Wells; and A Method for Reducing a Short-record Temperature Mean to the 33-year Normal, by F. H. Bigelow. No. 5. — Low Waters in the Rivers of Southern ]Mississippi during the Spring of 1910, by F. Montgomery ; Stream Flovi^ of the Ocmulgee and Oconee Rivers in Georgia, by W. A. Mitchell ; The Reclamation of Minnesota's Waste Lands, by G. A. Ralph (see p. 490) ; Relation of Deforestation to Precipitation and Run-off in Wisconsin (illus.), by W. C. Devereaux (see p. 443) ; The Work of the Weather Bureau and Its Relation to Engineering, by J. W. Smith ; The Pathfinder Dam and Reservoir, Wyoming, with Reference to the Catchment Area and Its Water Supply (illus.), by L. V. Branch; Protection of Fruits from Frost, etc.; Experi- mental Determination of the Relation of Forests to Stream Flow, by F. H. Brandenburg (see p. 443) ; Complete Proving of the Roosevelt Dam, by L. N. Jesunofsky; Spiders and Anticyclonic Winds, by F. A. Carpenter; Hydrographic Data of the Sacramento River (illus.), by W. B. Clapp; and The Idaho Irriga- tion Project, by E. L. Wells. Relation of the farmer to the Weather Bureau. L. A. Merrill {Mo. Weathpr Rev., 38 (1910), No. 1. pp. 119, 120). — The value of meteorological observations for the arid farmer, fruit grower, and irrigation farmer is briefly discussed, and the establishment of more stations than are now in existence is urged. Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostrander and C. M. Damon {Massachusetts Sta. Met. Buls. 257, 258, pp. 4 eacft).— Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass.. on pres- 420 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. sure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunsliine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during May and June, 1910. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Evaporinieter records (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1909. pp. XI-XIII). — Weekly obser- vations with 4 evaporimeters placed respectivelj- in an open field, pine woods, on hauiniock soil, and near the water level in a limestone sink are reported. The period of observation extended from July 20, 1908. to June 28. 1909. The level of the subsoil water of Cairo, A. Lucas (Surveu Xotes [E(/ijp1]. 1 {1901), No. 6, pp. 19Ji-199; Cairo Sci. Jour.. 2 (1908). Xo. 2Ji, pp. 311-313; 3 (1909), Xo. 28, pp. Jf-6; 4 (1910), Xo. 43, pp. 0.5-98).— In studies similar to those by Ferrar on the level of the subsoil water in the Delta (E. S. R., 22, p. 616). data wei'e obtained which led to the conclusion that there has also been a general rise in the minimum level of the subsoil water of Caii'o. especially during the last 10 years. This was particularly marked in 1900. Amount and composition of drainage waters, B. C. Burt and J. W. Leather (Rpt. Caicnpore [India] Agr. i). — This paper, read before the National Lime Manufac- turers' Association at Pittsburg. Pa., January 27, 1910, briefly explains the physiological, biological, chemical, and physical effects of lime on soil and crop. It is shown that lime is widely needed on New York soils, and that it gives best results when used in connection with thorough drainage and methods of culture which maintain an adequate supply of humus in the soil. The forms of combination and relative availability of different lime com- pounds are described and it is stated that the matter of selection of the com- pound used " resolves itself into the question of the form in which the largest amount of lime in the finest state of division can be gotten on the soil.'" Con- sidering composition and fineness, the author concludes that " 50 lbs. of lump lime is equivalent to 00 lbs. hydrated lime, 100 lbs. air-slaked lime, [or] 2.50 lbs. ground limestone or n^arl." On the influence of the fineness of lime on its action as an amendment of peat soils low in lime, H. von Feilitzen (Svenska Mossknlturfbr. Tidskr., 2/f (1910), No. 2, pp. 95-98, fig. 1). — Slaked lime and powdered limestone of dift'er- "■ This circular must not be confused with the circular, also numbered by the station Circular 7, entitled An Apparatus for Measuring Acidity in Cheese Making and Butter Making, by C. A. Publow, issued in May, 1909, and pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 732). SOILS FERTILIZERS. 42 V ent degrees of fineness were applied to small plats of peat low in lime, with lieavy potasli and pliospboric acid fertilization, for barlej-. The slaked lime in all cases produced larger yields of kernel and straw than the powdered lime- stone. The yields secured in either case increased with the fineness of the lime fertilizer applied, with the exception that the next to the finest slaked lime (0.2 to 0.5 mm.) producd somewhat better results than the finest size (below 0.2 mm.). On the composition and fertilizing value of peat ash, H. von Feilitzen {Svcnska MoaskuUuiior. Tidshr., 24 {1910), JS'o. 2, pp. 101-110, fiys. 3; abs. in Ztschr. Moorkultur u. Torfvcrwert., 8 {1910), No. 3, pp. 158, i59).— Analyses of 9 different samples of peat ash are given. The lime content varied from 5.79 to 21.04 per cent (average for 8 samples, 13.26 per cent), the potash con- tent from 0.52 to 2.21 per cent (average 1.16 per cent), and the total phosphoric acid from 1.73 to 2.7 per cent (average 2.3 per cent). Only a portion of the potash was soluble in acids and the water-soluble portion was very small. There was no water-soluble phosphoric acid, but about four-fifths of the phos- phoric-acid content soluble in 24 per cent hydrochloric acid was citrate-soluble. Field experiments with peat ash as a fertilizer for a well-decomposed peat soil, high in lime and nitrogen, were conducted during the seasons 1907 to 1909 on plats of 0.36 square meter area, with lupines and other legumes, the peat ash being applied at the rate of 2,000, 4,000, and 6,000 kg. per hectare (about 1,780, 3,560, and 5,340 lbs. per acre, respectively). Comparisons were made with similar quantities of citrate-soluble phosphoric acid in peat ash and in superphosphates, and of soluble potash in peat ash and 37 per cent potash salt. The results showed that the citrate-soluble phosphoric acid in the peat ash produced an increase in yield of from 50 to 60 per cent of that with the water- and citrate-soluble phosphoric acids in superphosphates, and that the acid-soluble potash in the peat ash had a value of from 30 to .50 per cent of that produced by 37 per cent potash salt. Comparison of the fertilizing value of peat litter, straw, and wood shav- ings used for bedding, H. von Feilitzen {Svenska Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 24 {1010), No. 2, pp. 111-1 IS, figs. 5). — The results of the experiments conducted by the author showed that the peat litter produced decidedly better yields in the case of both potatoes and soiling crops than did either straw or shavings litter. Fertilizers on soils used for oats, hay, and miscellaneous crops, M. Whit- ney {U. /S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. HoUs Bui. 67, pp. 73). — This bulletin is based upon a compilation from reports and bulletins of the experiment stations of 1,483 tests of fertilizers on oats, 1.263 tests on hay, and 3,589 tests on miscellaneous farm and truck crops. The results indicate in the case of oats and hiiy as in the case of other crops reported upon in this series of bulletins (E. S. R., 22, p. 23; 23, pp. 138, 139, 239) that a combination of fertilizer ingredients is more efiicient than single substances and that the smaller applications of single fertilizers, manure, and commercial fertilizers were as efficient in increasing the yield as the larger applications. Commercial fertilizers, C E. Bradley {Oregon 8ta. Bui. 107, pp. 3-11). — This bulletin summarizes the main provisions of the fertilizer law of Oregon, discusses the composition and valuation of fertilizers, gives statistics of fer- tilizer consumption in the State, and reports analyses of samples of potash salts, nitrate of soda, bone meal, taidruary, a soil moisture content of 25 per cent being uniformly maintained in each vessel throughout the entire time. The soil infected with the stable manure bacteria showed a greater quantity of fixed nitrogen and a smaller amount of cellulose present at the end of the experiments than any of the other infected soils. The average amount of cellu- lose consumed per vessel in each series during the experiment was as follows : For earth infection 1.2 gm., compost 3.85 gm., stable manure 10.35 gm., and sewer slime 1.85 gm. ; while the average amount of nitrogen present in each series in milligrams per 100 gm. of dried soil was for earth infection 90.73, compost 92.0.5, stable manure 117.27, and sewer slime 87.15. The soil infected with stable manure bacteria also gave a greater percentage of fixed nitrogen than a like amount of soil to which 14.5 gm. of dextrose had been added. It is claimed as a result of these experiments that the beneficial effects obtained by the addition of a small quantity of stable manure to any soil is due to the introduction by this means into the soil of the proper kind of cellulose-fermenting 430 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. bacteria which malie available as a source of carbohydrate energy for nitrogen- fixing: bacteria the cellulose material present in the soil. Denitrification and nitrogen fixation in cultivated soil, F. S. Marr {Mitt, Landiv. Inst. Breslau, 5 (1910), Xo. 5, pp. 639-656). — This is a report of a series of experiments in denitrification and nitrogen fixation in cultivated soils to which organic matter was added in the form of straw, straw and potassium nitrate, 2 and S per cent sugar solution, and 2 and 8 per cent sugar and potas- sium nitrate. In one series the contents of the vessels were thoi'oughly aerated throughout the experiments ; in the other series no aeration was performed. The results were variable, some vessels showing a loss of nitrogen in the soil, while others showed a gain, indicating in the first instance that denitri- fication was predominant, and in the other nitrogen fixation. Biological and chemical studies on nitroso bacteria, G. E. Gage {Centhl. Bakt. ictc], 2. Aht.. il (1910). Xo. 1-3, pp. 7--'t8, di/iiis. //). — A study was made of the activities of P sen do mo nan radicicola as isolated from the soil and grown in symbiosis with Trifolium pratensc, in which the results are given of a large number of experiments on the biology and chemistry of nitroso bacteria as represented by P. radicicola. As a result of these experiments it is claimed that P. radicicola can be iso- lated from the soil, carried through inoculation experiments, and recovered in a pure state, and that the weakest strains of this organism may, jjy constantly growing on nitrogen-free media, become extremely virulent cultures capable of considerable fixation of nitrogen. Its greatest biological activities are shown when on nitrogen-free media containing maltose as a source of energy; when grown on carbohydrates containing less than ."> carbon atoms no gum is pi'oduced. In very old cultures, especially on solid media, P. radicicola develops a cell- like membranous structure, but which does not give the cellulose and starch reactions; when inoculated from such cultures into artificial culture solutions it may produce considerable nitrite and nitrate. Sugars as a source of energy accelerate the growth of tho organism and the nitrification. The article closes with an extensive bibliography of the literature on nitroso bacteria. The action of Marasmius oreades on plant growth, M. Molliard (Bid. Soc. Bot. France, .57 (1910), Xo. I, pp. 6.i-69, pi. 1, pys. 2). — A study is reported on the action of the fungus .1/. oreades on the vegetation within the ring of the advancing fungus and along its periphery, to determine the cause of the de- struction of the plants within the growing zone and the stimulating effect immediately adjacent to it. The fungus niycelium is found to reduce greatly the water content of the soil, thus weakening the growth of other plants. Through its action on the humus of the soil the fungus increases the total nitrogen to an injurious amount in the center of the advancing band of growth of the fairy ring. The increased growth made just in advance of the rings and for a short distance within them is attributed to the slight increase in ammonia over tliat occurring normally, resulting in a stimulated growth. Annual plants are found to be destroyed by advancing fairy rings, but perennials persist by means of their rhizomes, although they may be tem- porarily affected by the conditions attributed to the fungus. Injury to vegetation and animal life by smelter wastes, J. K. Haywood {V. 8. Dept. Afjr.. Bur. Chcni. Bui. 113 (rer.), pp. 63, pis. 8, map 1). — This is a revision of a previous report (E. S. R., 20, p. 28) on this subject, including a second investigation subsequently conducted at Anaconda, Mont. Practically the same conclusions are reached concerning the. extent, character, and range of damage done by these wastes as in the original report. FIELD CEOPS. 431 International catalogue of scientific literature. M — Botany {Internat. Cat. Sci, Lit., 7 {1910), pp. r///+.9S6).— This is a list of titles of botanical articles most of wliich appeared in the literature of 1907. It is somewhat surprising to find that only about 50 titles are given of American contributions to plant pathology and not a single title relating to the control of plant diseases. FIELD CROPS. Limitations in field experiments, M. A. Cakleton (Proc. 8oc. Prom. Agr. ScL, 30 (1909), pp. 55-61). — The author discusses the difficulties of securing comparable results from different plats in the same field experiment. The most common difficulty arises from variations in the soil of different plats. It is pointed out that in variety tests at the Ohio Station, in case every third^plat is a check and the soil proves progressively more productive from one portion of the field to another, the yields of some varieties are " corrected by adding or subtracting such a fraction of the difference in yields between these checks as is indicated by their position with reference to the checks." A similar method is used at the Pennsylvania Station. The Office of Grain Investigations of this Department has adopted the follow- ing method : "An average of the yield of all the checks is taken. Then for each variety there is added to or subtracted from its absolute yield the difference between the nearest check yield and average check yield — this difference being added if the yield of the nearest check is below the average check yield and subtracted if the reverse." If a given variety stands between 2 checks, both their yields must be considered as well as the average yield of all the checks. If the soil is abruptly variable, but uniform within small areas, very small plats may be preferable. If the variation extends in one direction it may be overcome by lengthening the plats in that direction. Field crops, J. M. Scott (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. XVIII-XXIV, figs. 2).— Analyses from various sources are presented in pai-allel columns for the pur- pose of comparing the composition of various Florida forage crops. Guinea grass planted April 9 and 10 by means of roots placed 2 ft. apart in rows 4 ft. apart produced a yield of oj tons of field-cured hay per acre by October 14 of the same year. Ninety days after planting, Natal grass was ready to cut for hay. Two cuttings of hay aggregating 5,250 lbs. per acre in addition to 2 crops of hand-gathered seed were secured the first season. It is estimated that under favorable soil and moisture conditions a yield of from 3 to 4 tons per acre may be expected. Among 9 varieties of corn, Rawls and Evans produced the highest yields, 19.19 and 19.01 bu. per acre, respectively. Japanese sugar cane, planted Janu- ary 18 and harvested November 19, yielded 24.5 tons per acre of green material, or 16 tons of sun-cured hay. It is thought that no other forage crop will produce so large a yield of carbohydrates in Florida. The white and common velvet beans produced 26.9 bu. and 23.3 bu. of shelled beans per acre respectively, while an acre under continuous planting produced 14.77 bu. The Lyon bean produced 32.5 bu. per acre. The stock ate these beans with greater relish than they did cotton-seed hulls. The fertilizing values of velvet bean hulls and Lyon bean hulls are estimated at $7.75 and $8.25 per ton respectively and the additional feeding value at at least half their fertilizing value. The kudzu vine (Pueraria thunhergiana) is a perennial legume with large tuberous roots native to Japan and China. After the first season the vines often make a growth of 40 to 60 ft. It may be propagated by division or by seeds, but is usually grown from cuttings or layers of the vines. Should it 432 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. prove adapted to Florida conditions, it is expected to be a good soil renovator and a valuable forage crop. Plats from which cowpeas and sorghum were harvested about the same time were plowed, harrowed, and sowed to Dwarf Essex rape. The total yields from 2 cuttings of rape grown after cowpeas was 4.4 tons, as compared with 0.96 ton after sorghum. Among 18 varieties of sweet potatoes tested for value as stock food and for commercial purposes the Red Yam, Brown Seedling, and Bunch Yam produced total yields of more than 350 bu. per acre each. Lessons from recent crop experiments, J. G. Stewart (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. .scr., 22 {1910), pp. 61-15, figs. 10). — Recent experiments at the various agricultural colleges throughout the United Kingdom with wheat, barley, oats, red clover, turnips, thousand-headed kale, and potatoes are briefly summarized. It is noted that drilling wheat usually saves a bushel of seed per acre, and that applications of salt at the rate of 5 cwt. per acre shortly before seeding had no marked effect upon the stiffness of barley straw, but markedly increased the yield of both grain and straw. The Potato oat excels the best of the newer varieties in quality or palatability of straw but not in yield of meal. Cooperative field trials, 1908—9, B. R. Larsen {Norges Landbr. Hoiskoles Akervckst. Aarshcr., 1908-9, pp. 7'/ + 15, figs. 2). — This is the twentieth annual report of trials conducted under the direction of the author at the Aas Agri- cultural College of Norway and on farms in different parts of the country. During the year 355 trials, comprising 5,988 plats, were conducted, including variety tests with cereals, root crops, hay crops, and inoculation trials with peas, lupines, and other legumes. Experiments on the influence of fall and spring pasturing on the hay crop and the comparative value of different fer- tilizers on grass land are also reported. Report of the Hedemarken County Experiment Station, 1909, W. Christie {Ber. Iledcinarkeiis Amts Forsogsstat. Yirks.. 5 {1909), pp. 55, pis. 7). — Variety tests with turnips conducted during 1906-1909, trials of farm manure and arti- ficial fertilizers as top-dressings for meadows in northern Oesterdalen, 1908 to 1909, and investigations of the starch content of Norwegian potatoes, 1909, and of old Norwegian oat varieties in 1908-9 (noted on page 438) are reported. Beport of the substation of the Swedish Seed Association at Lulea, A. Ulander {Svcrigcs Utsddesfdr. Tidskr., 20 {1910), No. 1, pp. 83-53, pis. 6).— Trials with pure-bred strains of grasses and legumes and also of barley and oats are reported. Annual report of the agricultural stations in Eastern Bengal and Assam for the year ending June 30, 1909 {Ann. Rpt. Agr. Stas. East. Bengal and Assam, 1909, pp. 136, maps .'/). — At the Dacca station a test of 11 varieties of winter rice proved a failure because of dry weather, but the local varieties stood the drought better than imported varieties. Manurial experiments with this crop indicated that bone meal applied alone is more profitable than when soluble nitrogenous fertilizer was added. Sann was a failure as a green manure because it died out soon after germination. Dhaincha grew better but was only about a foot high when plowed under. Other materials tested were saltpeter, sulphate of ammonia, calcium nitrate, cotton cake, and fish manure singly and in various combinations. As only one year's data are available, definite con- clusions are withheld. At the Burirhat station 9 different classes of tobacco of numerous varieties were tested and the results, given in tabular form, include the source of seed, area planted, time of transplanting, date and method of harvesting, the fer- tilizers applied, and the character of the rotation in which the crop was grown. Cochin, calicut, and Jamaica ginger were tested together with the local varieties, but all were attacked by Pythium gracile. FIELD CROPS. 433 At the Rajslialii station the Dacca Ganderi sugar cane produced the greatest profit, but the local Kbagri variety proved resistant to disease, drought, and attacks of animals. It is a thin hard cane. The yield of cane, percentages of juice, sucrose, and invert sugar, and the glucose ratio and value of the raw sugar, cost of production, and profit are given for each of the varieties tested. Applications of 24 maunds of castor cake (1 maund = 82 lbs.) and of 6 niaunds superiihosphate and 2 maunds of saltpeter, in addition to 300 maunds of cow manure per acre, apparently produced greater yields of raw sugar than did the manure alone, but the increased yield was insufflcient to pay for the additional fertilizer. The application of 30 lbs. of nitrogen and 5* maunds of castor cake was followed bj' a greater yield of jute fiber {ConcJiorus olitorius) than the use of the same amount of nitrogen in 107 maunds of cow manure. The application of 300 maunds of jute refuse was followed by an increased yield in the pea crop of 12 maunds, IS seers (1 seer = 2 lbs.) per acre. "Jute refuse is likely to prove a valuable manure on light soils which contain very little organic matter." A local variety excelled in yield the Mozaffarnagar in 1907-8, but was inferior in 1908-9. Plats green-manureil with cowpeas and bare-fallowed plats produced practically equal results. A variety test with potatoes is reported, Malancha capitata x^roduced 8 maunds, 17 seers of fiber per acre. At the Jorhat station the Striped Mauritius produced among 7 varieties the highe.st yield of sugar during a 3 years' test ending in 1909. Tables present the results of these tests and of another with the 4 Barbados varieties. All the varieties were attacked by borer and red-hot, but the former was more prevalent. The variety Mag was least affected and Majhara and Samsara were most affected by the borer. Mauritius and Paunda were most affected by red-hot and Kheri the least. At the Shillong station the Local Red and New Jersey Jerusalem artichokes produced the highest yield of 237 and 202 maunds per acre respectively, with 130 and 6 maunds of tops respectively. Tests of 3 varieties of silkworms were carried on to ascertain how far the variety of mulberry fed to the worms affects the output and quality of cocoons and the quantity of leaf required to produce a ^iven weight of cocoons. At the Upper Shillong station in a test of 7 varieties of potatoes the Khasi ■yainital produced the highest average yield of 111 maunds, 30 seers per acre, while in a test of 5 other varieties Up-to-date produced the highest yield, 259 maunds. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture to prevent diseases of potatoes " pays heavily." An application of 10 maunds per acre of oil cake with 150 maunds of cow manure proved more profitable than cow manure and 20 maunds of oil cake. Whole potatoes and cut sets produced practically equal yields, while tubers sprouted in boxes before planting gave a lower yield than those not sprouted. " The inference is that the sprouts were knocked off or injured when the tulters were being planted." Report of the experimental field of Upper Dnieper Agricultural Society for 1908, A. KoL {Abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Laiidiv.), JO (l'.)09). No. 6, pp. S97-899) .—These pages report fertilizer and variety tests with corn, sorghum, millet, beans, vetches, rye, and wheat. From the Zapolsk Experiment Station, N. Dyakonov (Als. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Rus.s. Jour. E.rpt. Landw.), 10 (1909), No. 6, pp. 875-877).— Experiments with clover and on meadows are reported. The improvement of cereals— Patrick Shirreff's work, W. G. Smith (Trans. Highland and Agr. Hoc. Scot., 5. scr., 22 (1910), pp. 90-106).— N brief biography of Patrick Shirreff is followed by a survey of agriculture in the Lothians before bis time and of the improvement of cereals before -ind during his lifetime. 434 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Recent work on the impi'ovement of cereals is sketched, " using the work of Patrick Shirreff as a background from which to estimate progress." Frequent references to the literature of the subject are given. Dry-land grains in the Great Basin, F. D. Farrell (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 61, pp. 39, pis. 2). — Conditions at the Nephi (Utah) sub- station are briefly summarized and the methods of conducting the experiments explained. Part of the yields reported are taken from Bulletin 100 of the Utah Station previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 328). A part of the work was in cooperation with the Utah Station. During a G-year test the winter and spring wheat varieties averaged 20.26 and 13.22 bu. per acre respectively. Of 60 varieties of winter wheat tested, Turkey wheat (G. I. No. 2998) has protluced the highest yields, averaging 27.7 bu. for the period 1904-1909. The average yield of durum wheats during 6 years was 10.06 bu. per acre, and that in 1908-9, 8.84 bu., while common varieties during the same 2 years averaged 13.3 bu. per acre. Among the common varieties tested, New Zealand Spring and Mexican No. 1 yielded 18.23 and 16.8 bu. per acre respectively. The Boswell Winter oats, a variety of local origin, proved very strong in tillering power, so that what appears to be a very poor stand until the middle of June, later appears as a crop of surprising abundance. During 1904-1909 the Black American oats averaged 28.51 bu. per acre. During 1908-9, Sixty-Day (Highmore) and Swedish Select averaged 31.27 and 28.82 bu. per acre respec- tively, while in 1909, Kherson yielded 19.19 bu. per acre. The Kherson and Sixty-Day varieties ripen 10 to 15 days earlier than Swedish Select, 10 days earlier than Black American, and 15 days earlier than Giant Yellow. The California and California Prolific barleys are botanically identical and !)ractically equal in yield, producing 22.14 and 22 bu. per acre respectively dur- ing 1904-1909. Hull-less barley averaged 13.58 bu. per acre during 1907-1909. Utah Winter barley (G. I. No. 592), obtained from a crop of about 50 bu. per acre on an adjoining farm in 1908, yielded 25.9 bu. at the substation in 1909. It grew 25 to 30 in. in height and ripened 10 days earlier than the spring barleys. During 1908-9, Black Winter emmer proved extremely hardy and drought- resistant and averaged 42.49 bu. per acre. Spring and fall plowing for this region are compared, depth of plowing and subsoiling discussed, and the care of fallow soil, eradication of weeds, and other dry-land topics treated. A plat cultivated throughout the summer and one left uncultivated from the time of plowing in the fall of 1908 until just before planted in October, 1909, were on May 21 approximately equal in water content, but subsequently lost from the upper 6 ft, of soil during the season 7 and 23 per cent respectively of their moisture content. The losses from the upper 2 ft. were 10 and 37 per cent respectively. Among sowings of wheat made at 15-day intervals from August 15 to Novem- ber 1 during 1905-1909, inclusive, the sowings on October 1 and 15 produced the highest average yields of 22 and 22.68 bu. per acre respectively, while the pro- portion of straw to grain was lowest in case of the sowings made on October 15 and Novem'ier 1. A spring wheat soil harrowed the last of April and cultivated early in June with a special weeder contained 17.04 per cent of moisture to a depth of 6 ft. on June 26 and 15.31 per cent on August 12. An uncultivated plat contained 15.97 and 11.73 per cent respectively on the same dates. As a result of other experiments conducted it is thought that plowing 7 to 10 in. deep will prove profitable. It is recommended that winter wheat be planted from September 20 to October 20, that winter and spring barley be sown at the rate of 5 pks. per acre, wheat FIELD CROPS. 435 from 35 to 45 lbs. per acre, winter oats 6 pks. per acre, and spring oats from 4 to 5 pks. per acre, varying inversely with the dryness of the locality. About 3 in. is the most desirable depth of planting wheat if the seed bed is well prepared. If wheat is the only crop grown, alternate fallowing should be practiced, but potatoes or possibly corn may probably be substituted for fallow. Sand lucern, Turkestan, and Utah alfalfa are being tested. From 62.5 to 3C0 lbs. of brome grass seed per acre have been obtained. Minnesota Amber and Red Amber sorghums in 1909 yielded 2,490 and 2,840 lbs. of dry matter per acre respectively, but Canada field peas have not yet produced a profitable yield and corn is not a dependable crop. In 1908, 12 varieties of potatoes averaged 100.4 bu. per acre. White Peerless and Irish Cobbler proved most desirable and yielded 98 and 112 bu. per acre respectively in 1909, during which year the average value of the varieties tested was about $22 per acre. Planting 5 in. deep in hills 2 ft. apart with rows 3 ft. apart proved most desirable. The average cost per acre of wheat production on dry lands as reported by 4 farmers was $5.59 per acre, the average yield reported 26.65 bu. Sugg-estions to settlers on the sandy soils of the Columbia River Valley, B. Hunter and S. O. Jayne (V. S. Dcpt. Agv.. Bur. Plant Indium. Circ. GO, pp. 23, figs. 2). — This circular describes the region lying between Dalles, Oreg.. and Priest Rapids. Wash., discusses its climatic and irrigation problems, and gives directions for clearing the land and raising alfalfa, fruits, truck crops, and i)0ultry. Experiments with windbreaks, N. Esbjerg (Ber. Ribe Amis Landbofor. Havchr. og Husinands., 1909, pp. 3-21). — Experiments were conducted during the season of 1909 with artificial windbreaks made of screens 160 to 200 ft. long by 4 ft. in height and with others from 7 to 8 ft. in height. They were placed toward the west and north, or on the north and south only, in the middle of the plats. To avoid shading the crops the screens were placed about 6 ft. from the outside plats. Every test showed a positive benefit, although variations presumably due to a lack of uniformity of the soil on different plats occurred. Severe storms made the conditions favorable for the conduct of the experiments in the earlier part of the growing season. Trials with winter rye showed increases in the yield of grain varying from 16.2 to 31.4 per cent and of straw varying from 0.4 to 22.7 per cent, as an apparent result of the protection offered by the wind- breaks. The root yields of ruta-bagas were increased from 6.6 to 17.1 per cent in the various trials and the top yields from 4.5 to 63.6 per cent. Mangels showed increased yields of 3.5 per cent in tops and 18.1 per cent in roots. Three trials with clovers and grasses showed gains of from 4.4 to 22.8 per cent in yield. The author outlines experiments for the further study of natural wind-breaks of spruce, willow, elder, and other woods, and discusses numerous questions relating to wind-breaks. The culture and storage of root crops, E. J. Delwiche {Wisconsin 8ta. Circ. Inform. 16. pp. I'l, figs. //). — This bulletin discusses the advantages of root crops and gives directions for planting, thinning, cultivating, harvesting, and storing them. Other topics treated are cost of production and special methods for heavy clay soils. Plants with edible tubers, H. Jumelle {Les Plantes a Tubercules Alimcn- taires. Paris. 1910, pp. XIII+372+XII, figs. 35).— This work discusses the various methods by which tubers are formed and states the different classifica- tions of root crops proposed on the basis of the character of the starch grains present. The general botanical and economic characters of each group of plants producing edible tubers are stated, and the cultural requirements and 436 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. food value of each of the various cultivated species given with the chemical composition of the tubers of many. Harvesting' (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 28, pp. 80, figs. 39). — This bulletin contains information on a large number of topics connected with the harvesting, storing, and milling of grains and on hay making. A scale of points for wheat and oat hay is suggested. Grass plats at the experiment station during the last 15 years, S. Rhodin (K. Landthr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., .'i9 (1910), No. 2, pp. 113-W,).— The results of plat trials with Bromus incnnis, Festuca antndinacea, F. hete- rophylla. Arena clatior, A. flavesccns. and Poa serotitw were tested at the Swedish experiment station near Stockholm, conducted with a view to deter- mining their value for pasture or hay on soils of different character, are reported and discussed. Abaca (Manila hemp), H. T. Edwards and M. M. Saleeby (Philippine Bur. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 12, rev., pp. 39, pis. 11). — This is a revised and enlarged edition of this publication (E. S. R.. 16, p. 86S). Alfalfa, C. Willis and J. V. Bopp (South Dakota Sta. Bui. 120, pp. 661- 682). — This bulletin gives full directions for obtaining and handling a stand of alfalfa in South Dakota and for harvesting. A brief report is given of each of a numl)er of varieties tested and the history of the seeds stated. Alfalfa, J. M. Westgate (South Bend, Ind., 1910, pp. 1,8, figs. 12). ^A brief history of alfalfa and description of the plant are given. Various methods of seeding, cultivating, harvesting, storing, and feeding are suggested and allied topics discussed. Chou Moellier or marrow cabbage, W. H. Lawrence (Washington Sta. Bui. 95, pp. 5-15, fig. 1). — This bulletin gives a brief history of Chou Moeliier or marrow cabbage whicli was recently introduced from (Guernsey, and gives direc- tions for its propagation and cultivation in Washington. It is a hybrid showing many forms intermediate between marrow cabbage and thousand-headed kale. The leaves grow from 24 to 36 in. in length by 14 in. or less in width. As the lower leaves matured they were pulled and fed to chickens or dairy cows. The plant proved about equal to kohl-rabi in frost-resisting characteristics. "From the nature of the plant it is very evident that it is rich in protein and will compare very favorably with thousand-headed kale." Cooperative variety tests of corn. Variety tests of corn at Columbia, M. F. MiLLiiR and H. D. Hughes (Missouri Sta. Bui. 87, pp. 97-158, figs. ;2).— This bulletin gives a brief history and description of each of a number of varieties of corn used in cooperative tests, and reports the yield of different varieties as tested by the cooperators during each year of the period 1905-1909. For purposes of the test the State was divided into 6 districts, as follows: Section I, northwest corner; Section II, southwest corner; Section III, the Ozark region; Section IV, the southeast Missouri lowlands; Section V, the east central river counties, and Section VI, northeast Missouri. The following table shows the most important results: Average yields of leading varieties, 1905-1909, by districts. Variety. I. II. III. IV. a V. VI. Entire State. Bushels. 47.3 45.9 46.1 47.7 Bushels. 36.5 38.1 32.7 33.8 Bushels. 41.2 38.7 39.8 35.4 35.6 37.6 Bushels. 62.7 66.2 59.7 61.7 61.2 Bushels. 57.7 55.9 57.6 57.5 53.2 62.0 Bushels. 45.8 42.1 44.1 41.4 41.1 39.2 Bushels. 44.9 St Cliarles Wtiite 4;i7 42.5 Reid Yellow Dent 42.5 41.1 53.0 35,9 43.4 " Average for 1906, " Average for 1907-1909. FIELD CROPS. 437 An expression of first, second, and third choice by the cooperators indicated that Boone County White was much the most popular. Commercial White and Reid Yellow Dent being second and third in favor. Plantings of 2, 3, 4, and 5 stalks per hill at Columbia produced yields of 46?, 55f, Mr, and 55 bu. per acre respectively. The percentage of barren stalks increased with the number of stalks per hill. Tables show the character- istics of the varieties gi'own at Columbia in 1908, the height of stalk and ear, general vigor, brace root development, droop of ear, weight of corn and stover per acre, number of pounds of corn from 1 lb. of stover, and the average weight of ears. Another table gives the shelling percentages for 190S-9 which range from 77.4 to 89.1, Golden Eagle standing highest. St. Charles White and Johnson County White averaged 58.12 and 50.58 bu. per acre respectively at Columbia in 1908-9. How to grow 100 bushels of corn per acre on worn soil, W. C. Smith (Delphi, hid., 1910, pp. Ill, pis. J,, figs. /2).— This book suggests methods for restoring worn-out soils. It is written with special reference to vetch, alfalfa, corn, and sweet corn. Experiments in cotton growing, A. Borzi (Bol. R. Orto Bot. Palermo, 8 (1909), No. //, pp. 111-188). — The results of cultui-al tests of a number of vari- eties of cotton are given. Crosses of Abassy, Biancaville, Caravonica, Mitafifi, and Noubary cottons are reported. A study of oat yields, T. F. Hunt (Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 30 (1909), pp. llS-12.'i). — The average yields of oats in Pennsylvania for 5-year periods for the 25 years ended with 1906 were 28.2, 24.6, 27.4, 20.9, and 32.1 bu. per acre respectively. The estimated yields for the United States closely paralleled these variations, showing that estimated yields during the last 5-year period were greater than for any of the previous periods. Variety tests have been conducted at the Pe'iusylvania Station for 19 years and the a\'erage yield of all varieties was also greater the last 5 years than for any former period. The increase is relatively greater than in the case of wheat varieties, but less than in case of potatoes. It is uncertain to what extent the introduction of improved varieties is responsible for this increase. Studies of the fertilizer experiments at the same station show that during the 25 years ended with 1906 the decrease in yield of oats is much greater than that of corn, wheat, or hay, the yield being about two-thirds of what might be expected from the results with the other crops. The experiments were con- ducted on plats receiving no treatment, plats receiving 48 lbs. of phosphoric acid and 100 lbs. of potash per aci*e, and plats receiving the same fertilizers and 24 lbs. of nitrogen in addition. Considering the total value of the 4 crops raised on these same plats in a given year as 100, it is found that on the un- treated plats oats fell from 21.9 during the first period to 17.6 during the last period; on the plats treated with phosphoric acid and potash from 21.631 to 15.6; and on the third series of plats from 20.6 to 14.1. The composition of oats and its variations, J. Hendrick (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 22 (1910), pp. 16-21). — These pages present many chemical analyses comparing newly introduced and new pedigree varieties of oats with the old Scotch varieties. The principal points of comparison are the proportion of husk to kernel, the composition of the kernel or the oatmeal yielded by the grain, and the composition of the straw. In 1901, grain of the old varieties contained 0.14 per cent more of water, 2.37 per cent more of dry kernel, 1.78 per cent more of oil, and 0.47 per cent more of albuminoids. Of 22 varieties, Sandy and lieii oats were the thinnest hulled, while Storm King was the thickest, as indi- cated by tests during the 2 successive 2-year periods, 1901-1904. During these 438 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 4 years, the oil content of different samples ranged from 4.6 to 10.78 per cent and the albuminoids from 11.81 to 20.38 per cent. Nearly all the old varieties of a particular locality were richer in oil than any of the new ones grown there. Both albuminoid and oil content varied according to season, variety, and other circumstances. Storm King almost invariably proved richer in albuminoids than any other new variety, and usually excelled the old varieties except Sandy. The author concludes that the grain of the old Scotch varieties is generally richer in oil than that of the new varieties, that Potato and Sandy oats are specially rich in oil, that among the new varieties New Zealand and Wide Awake are notably good in this particular, and that Newmarket, Tartar King, and Storm King are poor in oil. The old varieties are usually higher in albu- minoids than the new but exceptions to this rule are more frequent. During the dull, cool seasons, the percentage of oil was usually high while fine dry seasons produced grains higher in albuminoids. This rule also had exceptions. The straw of the new varieties was of as good composition as that of the old varieties. The albuminoid content was a little higher and crude tiber content a little lower. Some information concerning' old Norwegian oat varieties, W. Christie {Tidsskr. Norske Landbr., 16 {1909), No. 9, pp. 420-^25).— These pages give a preliminary report of the results of a test of 19 oat varieties grown at the Hedemarken Experiment Station during 1908. The seed used had been grown on farms in different parts of Norway from 15 to 20 years or more, in one case since 1788. Two types were represented, the Eastern Norway and Trondhjem type and the Western and Northern type, belonging respectively to classes 2 and 1 of Atterberg's system." The main characteristics of the different varie- ties are briefly discussed in this paper. The potato, E. D. Butler (Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 27, pp. 16, figs. 7). — This publication contains information on the preparation of soil for potatoes, seed selection, varieties, and the potato moth (Lita solanella), and gives directions for fertilizing, planting, cultivating, and harvesting the crop, as well as preparing it for market. Studies and observations concerning' rye culture, rye improvement, and cooperative variety tests in Denmark and Germany, E. W. Ljung (Mcddel. K. Landthr. 8fyr. [Sivcdcii], 1909, No. 2 {l.'i2), pp. 35, dgms. 2).— The author gives an account of studies and observations made (during the summer of 1908) while on a visit to Denmark and Germany. Seedling canes on the northside, P. W. Murray (Bui. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, n. ser., 1 {1910), No. 3, pp. 189-191, pis. 3). — At the Vale Royal estate, varieties D 116 and B 208 produced yields of 48.4 and 29 tons per acre respectively, or 150 and 50 per cent, respectively, greater than that produced by White Trans- parent. At the Hampden estate, D 625 and B 208 gave yields of 37.9 and 31.1 tons per acre, respectively, but owing to a difference in purity percentage the latter excelled the former by 1,390 lbs. of sucrose per acre. At the Long Pond estate. Seedling B 147 is the only one of many varieties sent in by boat that has survived drought and other adverse conditions. The tops from these im- ported roots were planted on f acre, " which was cut, giving a tonnage of 45.4 at 12 months, the highest tonnage recorded on the estate, even with the use of artificial manures, being 35 tons per acre." The author is of the opinion that even better canes for the northside may be found among the Jamaican seedlings, which are mainly produced from the seed of White Transparent crossed with the Barbados and Demerara seedlings. oLandw. Vers. Stat., 39 (1891), pp. 171-204. tlORTICUI.TUttE. 439 Cultural methods for wheat- growing in dry districts, G. L. Sutton {Dept. Agr. .Y. ,S. H'm/cv. Fanners' linl. 32, pp: 35, figs. 29). — This is a manual of infor- mation as to wheat production under dry farming conditions. Prizes for improved wheats (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 13 (1910), No. 9, pp. 730-735). — The author states the principal regulations goveruiug prizes for new wheats or improved strains of existing varieties specially adapted to (1) south of Adelaide, (2) the Lower North, and (3) the Upper North. The milling results of each of the wheats entered in competition are given, together with tables presenting the purity of seed yield, strength of straw, and other points of interest. In two of these districts the Federation variety made the highest average yield and highest total score of points, but the judges decided that none of the wheats justified tlie payment of prize money. Results of seed investigations for 1908-9, L. H. Pammel and Charlotte M. King (Iowa Sta. Bui. 115, pp. 156-177, fig. 1). — This bulletin gives summaries of the results of purity and germination tests made in 1908-9 of the seed of clovers, alfalfa, and timothy. The germination tests were made between blotters, in sand indoors, and in the field. Seeds grown in 1906 were tested indoors in sand in April, 1907, and in the field in July, 1909. The respective results by the 2 methods were for red clover 87.5 and 20.2, mnmmoth clover 84.3 and 14.3, alsike clover 82.6 and 33.3, alfalfa 80 and 33.3, and white clover 76.6 and 5.3 per cent. Seed grown in 1907 was tested in the field May 1, 1908, and July 5, 1909, with these respec- tive results: Red clover 56 and 5.7, blue grass 23 and 12, timothy 49 and 17, mammoth clover 85 and 67, alsike clover 56.5 and 59, and alfalfa 55 and 59 per cent. A table shows the weight of seeds of different kinds and the number of seeds required to weigh 1 gm., to constitute 1 per cent of a 5 gm. sample, and to constitute 1 per cent of a 4 gm. sample. A simple method for the home analysis of seeds without the use of scales is described. Notes on the delayed vitality of weed seeds are followed by a bibliography. Seeds of Michigan weeds, W. J. Beal (Michigan Sta. B^d. 260, pp. 101-182, figs. 215). — This bulletin discusses weeds, their introduction and means of ex- termination, and gives descriptions and accurate illustrations of the seeds of a large number of weeds. HORTICULTURE. Horticulture and pomology in the vicinity of Hamburg (Dent. Lancko. Presse, 37 (1910), No. 40, p. 510). — ^A descriptive account of the flower, fruit, and vegetable industries in the vicinity of Hamburg. Experiments with garden crops grown from domestic and foreign seed, 1909, G. LiND (K. Landtbr. Akad. Ilandl. och Tidslcr., -Y-) (1910), No. 3, pp. 161-213, figs. 2Jf). — Results of these tests indicate that in many cases seedsmen do not sell varieties true to name and the culture of pure strains of domestic seed adapted to Swedish conditions is recommended, the supervision and pro- duction of this seed to be in the hands of experienced and reliable grf)wers. Instructions on the preparation of horticultural products for shipment to foreign countries (Min. Int. et Agr. [Brussels], Off. Rural, Avis aux Cult., 2. ser., 1910, No. opular discussion of cherry culture, taking up location of the orchard, soils, planting, propagation and stocks, top working, cultivation, prun- ing, harvesting and marketing, and gummosis. and also containing descriptions and notes on varieties of Duke, ^lorello. Heart, and Bigarreau cherries grown in the station orchard. Many variations as to shape, quality, productivity, and general behavior of these varieties were noted as compared with the same varie- ties in similar reports from eastern stations. Insuring the peach crop, C. A. Keffer (Tennessee Sta. Bui. 88, pp. 25-33, figs. 3). — This bulletin deals largely with the results of spraying in the station's experimental poach orchard during 1908 and 1909. Some results are also given of thinning and protection from frost, together with a brief summary of Bulle- tin 174 of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 150). In the spraying experiments Bordeaux mixture of various strengths, self- boiled lime-sulphur solution, and arsenate of lead were used. Tests of various strengths of Bordeaux mixture indicate that a dilute mixture containing from i to 1 lb. of copper sulphate is almost as effective in preventing peach rot as a 442 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. stronger mixture and does not injure the foliage appreciably. Bordeaux mix- ture was of no value as a remedy for peach scab, whereas self-boiled lime- sulphur proved an almost complete preventive of this disease. Self-boiled lime- sulphur was also more effective as a remedy for peach rot. When 2 lbs. per barrel of arsenate of lead was added to the spraying mixture, the fruit on the sprayed trees was noticeably less wormy than on the unsprayed trees. The results of the spraying experiments as a whole indicate that it is profitable to spray. With the 3 varieties most affected by rot, all unsprayed trees produced no marketable fruit whereas there was an average yield of $1.87 per tree from the sprayed trees. The cost of spraying is estimated at 10 cts. per tree for each application, or 30 cts. for the season. The experiments in thinning have thus far shown the operation to be profit- able in producing marketable fruit which, as indicated by check trees, would otherwise have been unsalable. Coal and wood fires were tried in the orchard as a means of protection from frost with the result that the temperature was raised from 4 to 6° and the crop saved. The development and aims of grape grafting, K. Kroemeb {Jahresber. Ver. Angew. Bot., 7 {1909), pp. 1-22). — A review of our knowledge relative to the grafting of grapes, including an extensive bibliography on the subject. Notes on some cacaos at the Dominica Botanic Station, J. Jones ( West Indian BiiL, 10 (1910), No. 4, pp. 337-3Ji3, pis. 2). — Descriptive notes are given of the alligator cacao (Theobroma pentngona) , and the tiger cacao (T. bicolor), together with a brief note on the monkey cacao (T. august if olia). Cultural expei-iments with the alligator cacao show that it is quite unsuitable for the conditions existing in Dominica owing to its delicate character and its tendency to become affected with canker of the stem. The committee on researches and experiments, A. Fredholm et al. {Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago. 10 {1910), No. 6, pp. 183-208) .—This is the re- port of the committee on subjects selected for cooperative investigation and relating for the most part to various phases of the cacao industry. The experi- ments are described and the form of record to be used in each case is shown. Pruning coffee, A. P. do Amaral (Bol. Inst. Agron. [Sao Paulo], 1909, No. 12, pp. Jf20-/i34, figs. -'/). — Practical suggestions are given for pruning and disbud- ding coffee. The inheritance of peloria and flower color in foxgloves (Dig'italis pur- purea), F. Keeble, Miss C. Pellew and W. N. Jones (New Phytol., 9 {1910), No. 1-2, pp. 68-77, figs. 2; abs. in Gard. Chron., 3. so:, 1,7 (1910), No. 1226, p. 417), — From these experiments, which were conducted at the Botanic Labora- tory, University College, Reading, the following conclusions were reached : " Peloria in foxgloves is a Mendelian recessive to normal. Peloric flowers and also the nonpeloric flowers of peloric plants carry the recessive character. The allelomorphs responsible for color are as follows: Mm, M being magenta color factor, dominant to m ; Dd, D being a darkening factor dominant to d and converting magenta to purple; and Ww, W being a dominant white factor in the presence of which the expression of color due to M is inhibited so that the flowers are white. All flowers appear to be spotted. In the presence of the color factor M, spots are red ; in the absence of M they are yellow-brown. The presence of the dominant white factor W does not inhibit the expression of the color factor M in regard to the spots (at least when present as a heterozy- gote=Ww). The suggestion that dominant white acts differentially on ground color, inhibiting it generally but not in spot-areas, may prove of service in explaining the origin of bars, spots and stripes in plants and animals and also the behavior of certain eversporting varieties." PORfiSTHY. 443 On the synonymy of roses {Jour. Hoc. Nat. Hort. France, 4. $er., 11 {1910), June, pp. 382-396). — A discussion before tlie luteniational Congress of Rose Growers, held at Paris iu 1910, relative to the syuonyuiy of roses. It includes a list of a large number of roses, showing both the original name and synonym, including the dates of introduction and the introducer when known. Our garden flowers, Harriet L. Keeler {New York, 1910, pp. XXI+550, figs. 276). — The purpose of this work is to acquaint the flower lover with all the annual and perennial flowering herbs, commonly found in a hardy garden, relative to their native land, their life history, and their structural afliliations. The flowers are described under families and species. The text is fully illus- trated and a list of the genera and species discussed precedes the descriptions. Hardy plants for cottage gardens, Helen R. Albee {New York, 1910, pp. VI+30D, pis. 39. fiys. 2). — An account of the author's failures and successes In garden making, including cultural details and suggestions on garden design, together with classified descriptive lists and cultural notes on white, blue, yel- low, pink, and red perennial flowers and flowering shrubs, arranged both as to color and month of blooniing. The ideal garden, H. H. Thomas {London and New York, 1910, pp. XII-{- 216, pis. 112). — A popular work on floriculture and the general development of home gardens. It discusses the making of various forms of gardens and plants suitable therefor. It also contains a working calendar for 6 months of the year with a list of hardy perennials for the flower border. The landscape beautiful, F. A. Waugh {New York, 1910, pp. X+336, pis. 49). — This popular work, consisting of a collection of 17 essays, is presented as a study of the utility of the natural landscape and its relation to human life and happiness, with the application of these principles in landscape gar- dening and in art in general. FORESTRY. Experimental determination of the relation of forests to stream flow, F. H. Brandenburg {Mo. Weather Rev., 38 {1910). No. 5, p. 770). — This is a brief statement regarding experiments undertaken near Wagon Wheel Gap, in ]Min- eral County, Colorado, by the Weather Bureau in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey and the Forest Service, " to determine as accurately as possible the difference in behavior of two streams, one flowing from a water- shed which is covered with forest growth, and the other fi'om a watershed which has been denuded of its forest cover." The streams on which the measurements are to be made are small tributaries of the Rio Grande. Relation of deforestation to precipitation and run-ofE in Wisconsin, W. C. Devereattx {Mo. WeatJier Rev.. 38 {1910), No. 5, pp. 720^23. figs. 2).— This article is based mainly upon observations made in the Wisconsin River Valley above Portage and the Wolf River Valley above New London, two large and important valleys which are fairly well covered by long and reliable records. The discussion is summarized as follows : " Deforestation began about 70 years ago in northern Wisconsin, has been continuous since that time, and at the present time about one-half of the land is denuded. " Deforestation has had no appreciable effect on the precii)ltatlon. "Deforestation proper has not changed the stream flow. l)ut farm drainage and the improvement of the small streams may have increased the rate of run-off slightly." The forests of Alaska, R. S. Kellogg {U. 8. Dept, Agr., Forest Serv. Bui. 81, pp. 24, pis. 9, fig. l).—\ report on the forests of Alaska based upon personal observations made by the author in the summer of 1900, and other sources of 444 EXtEMMENT STATION EECORD. information. It discusses ptiysical features, climate, forest types along the coast and in the interior, their utilization, and the future of Alaskan forests. " Obviously all the forests of Alaska, whether on the coast or in the interior, should be protected and made of the utmost permanent use. The coast forests, which include most of the saw timber of the Territory, and by far the heaviest stands, are nearly all protected by National Forests. They have not been damaged by fire, and are but slightly reduced by cutting. They are over- mature. Carefully planned cutting should take place as soon as possible. Every effort should be made to have them utilized for lumber, and especially for pulp. They should be so managed as to increase the stand of spruce and decrease that of hemlock. In the interior forests, situated entirely upon public lands, unregulated cutting and devastating fires are going on. Their protec- tion can not begin too soon. While the products of the coast forests need a foreign market, the interior forests with the best of treatment are not likely to supply more than a part of the home demand. If protected they will continue to furnish logs for cabins, low-grade lumber, and fuel indefinitely." Forest, shade and ornamental trees in Washing'ton, W. S. Thornber ( Wash- ington Sta. Bui. 90, pp. 55, figs. 8). — This is a bulletin of information relative to the kinds of trees suitable for ornament, shelter, and forest purposes in Washington, including suggestions on the planting and care of trees. Part 1 discusses in detail the propagation of forest an/j.-//6'.9-'/.97).— Substantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 260). Farm management for controlling' field crop insects, A. F. Conradi {8outh Carolina ^Sta. Bui. 150, pi). 3-S). — A brief discussion of the application of farm practice, especially crop rotation, to the control of insect pests of field crops. Common insecticides and fungicides with directions for the treatment of farm pests, H. Garman {Kentucky ,St).— The author Illustrates by diagrams several ways in which the skeleton of the domesticated horse has deteriorated from the wild horse. These defects, such as the upright scapula, wedge type of limbs, and lengthening of the spine, humerus, and femur, are thought to be accompanied by a loss of vitality, strength, and nervous energy. Attention is called to the value of knowing whether or not these defects are inherited in Mendelian fashion. The gait of the American trotter and pacer, R. Jordan, Jr. {New York, 1910, pp. X+32.'i, pis. 12, fiys. 212). — A report of investigations of the principles concerned in the proper balancing of the horse in motion. The attitude and motion of the legs was studied in connection with the tracks made by the hoofs on the ground. Measurements were made of the length of stride and of the lateral deviations and angle of the shoe from the median line. Where the gait was not square it was found that in the forelegs the greater total variation in length of stride occurred in the stronger leg, whereas in the hind legs the greater total variation occurred in the weaker leg. A right or wrong manner of standing was maintained when in action. From the studies of faulty gaits practical conclusions were drawn concerning their remedy by shaping the hoof, by changing the style of shoe, and by methods of training. Present status of the horse breeding industry in Pennsylvania, 1908 (Pvnn. Live Stoek Sanit. Bd. Cire. 16, pp. l-'i2). — This contains the stallion law enacted in 1907, a directory of owners of pure-bi"ed stallions, and other matters of interest to horse breeders. Horse breeding {Dept. Landb. Nijv. en Handel, Verslay. en Meded. Dir. Landb. [Netherlands], 1909, No. 6, pp. 102). — This is a report containing sta- tistical data on pure-bred stock, the manner of recording pedigrees in the stud- book, and methods of bi-eeding, feeding, and managing horses in the different Dutch districts. The army horse, C. Guerrero {Amcr. Breeders May., 1 {1910), No. 1, pp. 30-3S). — An account of the stud farm of Trakehnen, Germany, and the methods practiced there of breeding horses for the German army, together with remarks on the improvement of horses in other countries. Studbook of the Belgian horse, Leyder {Stud-book des Chcvaax he Trait Bclyes. Brussels, 1909, vol. 17, pt. 1, pp. XXIV-\-l/i67, pi. i).— Besides the pedi- grees recorded there is some introductory matter concei'ning the improvement of the Belgian horse during the past 30 years. The average measurements of the stallions which were made by the author in 1880 were as follows: Height 1.65 meters, circumference of chest 2.2G meters, depth of chest 0.757 meter, and cir- cumference of cannon 0.25 meter. The average of the measurements made in 1900 were height 1.67 meters, circumference of chest 2.45 meters, depth of chest 0.79 meter, and circumference of cannon 0.2(57 meter. The poultry manual, T. W. Sturges {London, 1909, pp. XVIII+597, pis. 3-i, fiys. 17). — A practical poultry book, by a breeder of many years' experience, on feeding, incubation, housing, and management of poultry, and preparing poultry for exhibition. Descriptions of American, European, and Asiatic breeds of fowls. Bantams, ducks, geese, and turkeys are given. A glossary of technical terms is ajiiK'nded. Poultry breeding, M. PuKVis {Chienyo, 1910, pp. 323, pi. 1, fiys. 7//3).— A practical poultry book upon breeds, breeding, and management of fowls, ducks, geese, and turkeys. The arrangement of topics is in alphabetical order. The data obtained are largely from the experience of the author and from experi- ment station literature. 478 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Turkeys, ducks, and geese, H. A. Nourse et al. (St. Paul, Minn., 1909, pp. 128, figs. 39). — A treatise on breeds, breeding, batching, rearing, fattening, and selling turkeys, ducks, and geese. Hatching' and rearing' of turkeys by artificial methods, H. L. Blanchard {WashiiKjton Sta. Bui. 96, pp. 3-8). — This bulletin contains an account of an experiment in raising turkeys, includiug incubation, brooding, feeding, and preparation for market. Experience in raising' Virginia deer, C. H. Roseberry {Amer. Breeders Mag., 1 {1910), iVo. 1, pp. 50-52). — An account of the author's experience covering a period of 19 years in raising Virginia white-tailed deer. Legislation affecting the raising of deer and elk for profit, D. E. Lantz {Amer. Breeders Mag., 1 (1910), Xo. 1, pp. .'i2-'j7). — A review of the legislation in the various States which recognize private rights in domesticated big game. The larva and spat of the Canadian oyster, J. Stafford {Amer. Nat., 1^3 {1909), No. 505, pp. 31-'i7, pi. 1; U {1910), No. 522, pp. 31,3-366, pi. /).— The author reports studies of the embryo of the oyster and directs attention to the results obtained on problems relating to oyster culture. Larval oysters in all stages from the freshly fertilized egg to full-grown larvse were found suspended in the water of Richmond Bay, Prince Edward Island, in July and August. Stages hitherto unobserved were taken in a plankton net. The free-swimming period was found to last about 1 month. Normal fixation took place when the larval shell was about 0.38 mm, long. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Journal of the British Dairy Farmers' Association {Jour. Brit. Dairy Farmers' Assoe., 24 {1910), pp. 233, figs. 6). — This contains articles by various authors on the use of milk records, the Cheshire cheese industry, contagious abortion in cows, the milking trials of 1909, and other matters of interest to dairymen. Feeding experiment with cows, J. M. Scott {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. A'TV-A'l///).— Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 78). Feeding oil to milking cows, J. Mackintosh and W. Goodwin {Jour. South- cast. Agr. Col. Wye, 1908, No. 17, pp. 218-228). — The addition of peanut and coconut oils to the rations of milking cows produced no appreciable difference in yield of milk or percentage of fat. From 2 to 4 oz. of peanut oil per day per head improved the flavor of winter butter, but larger quantities made the cream difficult to churn and the butter was soft in textui'e. Coconut oil also made cream diflicult to churn but had a hardening effect on the butter, which was of good flavor, texture, and appearance. Note on the composition of milk yielded by cows fed on pasture manured with phosphates and potash, J. Golding and S. G. Paine {Analyst, 35 {1910), No. Ifll, pp. 246, 247). — The application of superphosphate and sulphate of potash on pastures did not increase the perceiitage of phosphoric acid or potash in the milk. The composition of milk, H. D. Richmond {Analyst, 35 {1910), No. 411, pp. 231-237). — Analyses of 18,519 samples of milk received from farms are re- ported. The average results were as follows: Morning milk, specific gravity 1.0323, fat 3.53 per cent, and solids-not-fat 8.93 per cent ; evening milk, specific gravity 1.032, fat 3.94 per cent, and solids-not-fat 8.92 per cent. The lowest percentage of fat occurred in May and June, the highest in October and November. A sample of asses' milk gave the following ■ results : Specific gravity 1.034, fat 0.9 per cent, solids-not-fat 8.82 per cent, milk sugar G.49 per cent, protein DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 479 1.68 per cent, ash 0.45 per cent, acid 4.(i°, aldehyde fij^ure 10.0°, and jirotein factor for the aldehyde figure 0.154. The milk supply of cities, A. Clevisch (Die Versorgung dcr Stadte mit Milch. Hanover, IDOO, pp. riII+96, pis. //). — This consists mainly of statistical information regarding the millv supply of the cities in Germany. A bibliography is appended. Notices of judgment (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 331, 332, 335, 336, 338, 3Jil, 3JjJ,, 3J,7, 351, 310, p. 1 eac/i ) .—These relate to the adulteration of milli and cream, misbranding of butter and of Roquefort cheese, and the adul- teration and misbranding of Neufchatel cream cheese. The objections to goat milk, J. Crepin {Hyg. Viande et Lait, 4 (1910), No. 6, pp. 305-333). — This is an answer to those who object to the use of goat's milk. Analyses are given of the milk of goats in different countries. The preparation of soured milk (Dairy, 22 (1910), No. 258, p. 155, fig. 1). — A brief description of a patented apparatus called the " lactigenerator," which is used for preparing Bulgarian sour milk. It consists of a milk vessel sur- rounded by a water jacket, heated by 2 alternative gas jets, one for sterilizing the milk and a smaller one for maintaining a constant temperatui'e during the process of incubation. The sterilizing, cooling, incubating, and final cooling are all done in the same vessel and without handling the milk during the entire process except to remove the cover in order to remove the scum formed during the sterilizing and to add the ferment. Concerning the yield and sale of cream, H. Schkott-Fiechtl (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 25 (1910), Nos. 5, pp. 67, 68; 6, pp. 81, 82; 7, pp. 98-100; 8, pp. 109, 110; 11, p. 167, 168; 13, pp. 195. 196; 1.',, pp. 207-209; 15, pp. 220, 221; 21, pp. 313-315; 22, pp. 3Jt0, 341). — This series of articles contains statistical data on the production and sale of milk, cream, and butter in Germany. The advantages of different styles of separators and the factors which influence the separation of cream and related matters are also discussed. In comparing the relative advantages of selling milk and cream the author lays considerable emphasis on the economy of utilizing skim milk on the farm where it is produced. The danger of spreading tuberculosis when the mixed skim milk is sent from the creamery to the fai-m is pointed out. Although the author thinks that as a general proposition it is more economical to sell milk rather than cream, this is a question which each patron must decide for himself as local conditions may materially affect the situation. Dairy cattle and the butter test: Twenty years' experience, E. Mathews ET AL. (Jour. Roy. Agr. 8oc. England, 70 (1909), pp. 36-60, figs. i3).— This con- tains an account of improvements made in recent years as to the manner of conducting butter tests at English dairy shows. There is also a discussion of the factors that influence the churnability of creams. Tables are given showing the percentages of different sizes of fat globules in milk of various grades of cows, and of the percentages of the total fat content in the different sized globules. Results of butter inspection in the Baltic and northwest region of Russia from November, 1909, to February, 1910, IIappicii (Ahs. in j\nicliw. Zentbl., 6 (1910), No. 5, pp. 236-239).— An-dlyticul data of butter are rei)orted. The range of constants was as follows : Water 9.1 to 16.2 per cent, melting point 30.5 to 35.5°, acidity O.S to 4.2 per cent, Reichert-Meissl number 21.4 to 30.7, Kottstorfer number 219.1 to 235.8, specific gravity 0.8635 to 0.S665, and Krismer number 52 to 65.5. On the presence of fungi in butter, H. KtJHL (Centbl. Balct. [etc.'\, 2. AU., 27 (1910), No. Jt-9, pp. 167-169).— The author describes a species of Dematium which was found with a blue mold In rancid butter. 480 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Whey butter, C. F. Doane {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 161, pp. -7). — This is a report of aii experiment by the Dairy Division of this Depart- ment in maliing whey butter in a Wisconsin cheese factory. The yield of butter for different mouths varied within comparatively wide limits. For June it was 2i lbs. per 1,000 lbs. of millf, while for October it was '6i lbs. The daily variation was even greater, varying from 2 to 5 lbs. of butter per 1,000 lbs. of milk. To secure the maximum yield it was necessary to save the drippings from the milled curds. In one instance 58 lbs. of whey, which tested 11 per cent fat, dripped from the milled curd of a 5,000-lb. vat of milk. In making whey butter it was found to be the best practice to run the whey directly from the vats to a thoroughly sanitary tank and separate with as little delay as possible. A pump is necessary for elevating the whey from the tank to the separator. It is believed that from 20 to 30 per cent of starter improves the flavor. The butter made from whey is better than a large part of the butter commonly sold to retail trade, but the dripinngs from the milled curd give the butter a characteristic flavor somewhat difficult to describe, which brings down the theoretical score although it does not seem to injure the butter for table use. AVhey butter is apparently a little softer than the regular creamery butter, but a number of tests showed that this was not due to excessive moisture. The but- ter sold to the local trade brought a little less than the best creamery butter, while the portion shipped to Chicago sold for 2 to 3 cts. under the regular price for creamery butter. It is thought that for factories having a maximum daily run of 10,000 lbs. or more the making of whey butter would be a profitable undertaking for both the factory and the farmer. The cheese factory in which the Dairy Division has been interested paid to the farmers about $1,000 for their share of the butter in one year, and this sum was a clear gain to the farmers. In addition to this, it is pointed out that the patrons of the cheese factory can buy the butter at a lower price than creamery butter shipped in and retailed from local stores. Further experiments on the care of milk for cheese making, G. H. Barr (Ann. Rpts. Dairymen's Assocs. Ontario, 1009, pp. .'i2-50). — Instead of using milk from 2 herds, as in the former experiments (E. S. R., 21, p. 781), the ob.iect was to study the eft'ect of aerating and cooling by having the patrons do the work themselves mider ordinary farm conditions. The patrons were divided into 2 groups and given different directions as to the care of the evening's milk. The milk cooled by setting the milk cans in water gave a lower temperature when delivered at the factory than when the milk pails were set in water or •when shotgun cans were used. When the temperature of the air did not go below 65° during the night the milk in the vat was overripe when not cooled, but when cooled the milk arrived in sweet condition when the temperature did not go below 71°. When the average temperature of the evening's milk was over 69°, and the mixed milk over 75°, the milk in the vats was overripe. It is recommended that the evening milk be cooled to 65°. If the morning's milk must be mixed with it, it should be cooled to 60°, but if possible it is better to deliver the night and morning milk in separate cans during warm weather. The temperature of the nights had very little effect on the condition of the curd tests and curds when the milk was cooled, but a decided effect when the milk was not cooled. The curd tests showed that there was a decided advantage in cooling without aerating. The milk which was stirred without cooling gave better flavored curds and less gas than that aerated, but it was in an overripe condition in the hot weather when delivered at the factory and caused fast working curds, so that such treatment is not reconnnended in warm weather. The greatest loss from overripe milk was 5 lbs, of cheese in 3,869 lbs. of milk. The loss in making up gassy milk varied considerably, One day there was a VETERINARY MEDICINE. 481 loss of 10.S8 lbs. of cheese in a vat of 3.511 lbs. of milk. On another day there was very little loss. The greatest loss from milk both gassy and overrii)e was 8.9 lbs. of cheese in a vat of 4,469 lbs. of milk. The average loss from gassy and overripe milk was gx-eater than the average loss from either gassy or over- ripe milk alone. The loss of fat in whey was as follows: From milk cooled without aeration 0.2 per cent, cooled and dipped 0.22 per cent, stirred without cooling 0.22 per cent, dipped without cooling 0.24 per cent, in a sweet, clean-flavored condition 0.1!t4 i)er cent, in gassy condition 0.210 per cent, in overripe condition 0.25 per cent, and in overripe and gas.^y condition 0.2To per cent. Experiments with paraffining of cheese, N. O. Hofman-Bang, E. Holm, and H. P. LUNDE {Ber. K. Vft. (xj Lnndhohojskoles Lab. LancUJkonom. Forsiig [Copenhagen], 69 (1910), pp. 53; X. Y. Prodnee Rev. and Anier. Cream., 39 (1910), Xo. 11, pp. .',2.'/, 43o). — Experiments witli 2 to 3 weeks old Danish cheese (Cheddar type) were conducted at four Danish combined creameries and cheese factories during the season of 1908. The paraffining was done at a temperature of 200 to 220° C, and increased the weight of the cheese 0.4 per cent. The average figures for the shrinkage in weight obtained were, for paraffined cheese during periods of 30, 60, and 90 days, 0.3. 1.7, and 3.2 per cent, respect- ively, and for the control cheese for the same periods, 2.9, 5.1, and 7.5 per cent. Each time a lot of cheese was weighed, a cheese was scored by tw^o or three judges. The results of the scoring show that the quality of the cheese was not affected by the paraffining, either as regards its shape, color, texture, odor or taste. The trials lead to the conclusion that the practice of paraffining is to be recom- mended for the common types of Danish cheese. The work of curing the cheese is decreased by paraffining, especially in the case of dry curing rooms, and the expenses incident to the method are small in comparison with the advantages obtained. The paraffined cheese must be handled more carefully than common cheese, hence the method is especially advantageous in the case of small forms of cheese. Concerning' kolozsvar cheese, Jaszberenyi and Jrk (Mezdgazdasdgi Szemle, 27 (1909), pp. J,97-500; ahs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genmsmih, 19 (1910), No. 11, p. 673). — The authors report chemical investigations and give the details of manufacture of this cheese, which is made from the milk of the buffalo. It required 920 liters of milk to make 71 cheeses that weighed collectively 95.15 kg. before ripening and 85.05 kg. after ripening. The interior ripening was found to be similar to that which takes place in Trappist cheese. Chem- ical analysis gave the following results: Water 40.69, fat 28.12, protein 29.04, ash 2.35, salt 0.61, lactic acid 0.84, and soluble nitrogen 4.24 per cent, and index of refraction at 40° C, 39.6. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Immunity, protective vaccination, and serum-therapy, A. DieudonnIi; (Im- munifdt. Hehnlzunpfnng and Serumthrrapie. Leipsie, 1909, 6. ed., rev., pp. VII+2^'iO, figs. .5).— This, the sixth edition of this work, considers (1) natural resistance (inborn immunity), (2) acquired immunity, (3) vaccination (artifi- cial immunization), and (4) blood serum-therapy. The appendix considers tlie more im]H)rt:int immunity reactions and has a good tcchnica! vocaludary. Vaccine infection of rabbits by intracutaneous injection of cowpox virus, J. NovoTNY and B. Schick (Ztschr. InunimUdtsf. u. E.ipt. Thrr., I, Orig., 5 (1910), No. 6, pp. 688-6^//).— Injecting white rabbits with cowpox lymph intra- 482 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cutaneously led to positive results, but seemed to possess no advantages over the usual method of vaccination. The use of vaccines in septic and inflammatory conditions, E. W. Gushing {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 54 {1910), No. 24, p. 1992). — "Vaccines, or killed cultures, act by increasing the resistance of the patient. The opsonic index practically is not of much use in acute conditions. Autogenous vaccines are preferable to stock vaccines, except in certain cases of staphylococcus infection. The best results are obtained in the following order : Infection from colon bacillus, pneumococcus, staphylococcus. The results are not satisfactory with streptococcus in rapid virulent infections. In chronic infections and in cases of little virulence streptococcus vaccines give satisfactory results, especially in moderate puerperal cases. Vaccines are not successful in acute gonorrheal infections, but are of much service in gonorrheal arthritis. Vaccines are use- ful in the following conditions : Puerperal infections, abortions, infections of bladder and kidneys, appendicitis, abdominal operations, post-operative pneu- monia, and abdominal fistula." Transportation of active cowpox vaccine to the African interior colonies, L. VoiGT {C'cntbl. Bakt. [efc], 1. Alt., Grig., 53 {1910), Ao. 3, pp. 365-368, pis. 2; abs. in Berlin. TicrdrzU. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), Vo. 20, p. ///()).— Owing to the fact that vaccine virus is difficult to transport without deteriorating, the author demonstrated that it was possible to vaccinate dromedaries without producing any inconvenience or illness on the part of the animal and showed the possibility of obtaining fully developed pustules in 7 days which contained a very potent and efficient virus. The inheritance of vaccine immunity, K. Supfle {Ccntbl. Bukt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Grig., 54 (1910), Xo. 1, pp. 38-.', 'i ; abs. in Berlin. Ticrarztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 20, p. 410). — Rabbits and glycerinated vaccines were used in these tests to determine whether vaccine immunity was transmissible from mother to offspring. It was found that in most instances no detectable immunity was present, although in a few cases there seemed to be some partial immunity. Colibacillosis, L. Van Es {Amer. Vet. Rev., 37 {1910), No. 2, pp. 200-206).— A summarized account of this trouble. In what instances are we justified in assuming that a case of rabies is in the abortive form? V. Babes {Ztschr. Hgg. u. Infektionskrank., 65 {1910), No. 3, pp. 401-422). — A comparison of reported cases by various authors and a discussion of them. Negri and Lentz's bodies and chang^es in the nerve centers in rabies, L. d'Amato and V. Faggella {Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektionskrank., 65 {1910), No. 3, pp. 353-368, jils. 2). — The authors were not able to verify Babes's views (E. S. R., 19, p. 382) in regard to the relation of the black granulations found in the nerve centers to the Negri bodies. These peculiar granulations were seldom found in brain areas where the rabic virus was most concentrated, which is against the hypothesis that these bodies represent the innermost granules of the rabies parasite. The authors were also able to observe experi- mentally that some of the Negri bodies never contained these bodies. Negri bodies which were transplanted on the brain cortex of rabbits were found to become necrotic and then disappear while the rabic virus, on the other hand, was capable of exciting some toxic action on the areas vaccinated. This is contrary to a theory of the parasitic nature of the disease. Lentz's bodies are to be considered, according to the authors, involution bodies of the cell. Fibro-sarcoma and Sarcosporidiosis, .7. Sabrazes, Marchal and L. Muratet {Rev. Gen. MM. Vet., 15 {1910), Nos. 112, pp. 111-191, figs. 12; 113, pp. 241- 258; abs. in Vet. Rec., 22 {1910), No. II41, p.' 155).— The authors report the case of a 4-year old English thoroughbred horse in which the dependent part of VETERINARY MEDICINE. 483 the chest assumed a monstrous development, due to the appearance of hard mamillated tumors, ranging from the size of a pigeon's egg to that of an ostrich's egg. Similar tumor-like masses, causing a deformity which was espe- cially striking in an animal of pure breed, existed in the cannon region of three of the limbs, the right fore limb only being exempt. They refer to the chronic irritation theory of the genesis of neoplasms and suggest that the chronic irrita- tion induced by the sarcosporidia may in this case have been the cause of the sarcomatosis. A bibliography is appended. Skin disease (streptococcusblisters) in man supposedly contracted from a case of ray cancer in the horse, Crepet {Abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910). Xo. 26. It. 515). — A description of a case of a blacksmith who was in- fected from the hoof of a horse suffering from ray cancer (vegetative iododer- matitis). The constitutional symptoms in the man simulated those observed in the horse very closely. Experimental reproduction of oriental sore in the dog, C. Nicolle and L. Manceaux (Compt. Rcud. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. H, pp. 889- 891). — While it is generally admitted that the transmission of oriental sore takes place through the intermediation of some biting insect, the author thinks that the two factors, man and insect, do not sufficiently explain the etiology of the disease, which in northern Africa always appears at the same time of the year, largely during September and October. In searching for other animals susceptible to the virus, the dog, cat, donkey, horse, sheep, goat, rat, and monkey were inoculated, the dog and monkey proving to be susceptible. In the dog the clinical symptoms are the same as in man and the microscopical findings are similar. The fact that the dog is susceptible is thought to add weight to the theory of a canine origin. New contribution to the study of Trypanosoma congolense, A. Laveran (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, :2-'/ (1910), No. 2, pp. 81-95). — The author discusses experi- ments relating to the pathogenic effects of T. congolense on various mammals and distinguishing it from T. (liniorplioii and other species. Trypanocidal and spirocheticidal action of pyocyanase, S. Ohkubo (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 13, pp. 655, 656; ahs. in Sleepinrj mck- ness Bur. [London] Bui. 18, p. 208). — The author has previously shown that the lipoid substances of pyocyanase possess bactericidal and hemolytic prop- erties. He now finds that a 1 : 500 solution of Lingner's dialyzed pyocyanase immobolizes Nagana trypanosomes and spirochetes (Spirochwta gaUlnarimn) in 30 minutes. Further experiments showed that an alcohol-ether extract of pyocy- anase emulsified with saline solution killed the trypanosomes in a dilution of 1:1,000 and spirochetes in 1:500; the remainder of the extract had no try- panocidal or spirocheticidal action. His attempts to immunize rats and mice failed because of the great sensitiveness of the experimental animals to. pyocy- anase. The action of ultraviolet rays on trypanosomes, H. Bordier and R. Horand (Compt. Rend. Aead. Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910). No. 10, pp. 63ff, 635).— During the course of investigations, studies were made of the action of ultraviolet rays on Trypanosoma lewisii. This trypanosome was killed in 15 seconds when exposed to the ultraviolet rays emanating from Kroniayer's quartz mercury vapor lamp, but was unaffected by a ])rol()nged exposure to the X-rays. The manner of transformation of atoxyl into trypanotoxyl, C. Levaditi and J. MclNTOSH (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), Nos. 10, pp. hU- Jfl,6; 12, pp. 569-571; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London], Buls. 16, p. 128; 11, p. 166). — The authors have found that the cells of a tissue which has not undergone any previous trituration can transform atoxyl into tryimnotoxyl. On 484 EXPERIMENT STATIOiST RECORD. this they disagree with Yamanouchi, who has reported the change to be effected by red blood cells. They conclude that the substance which thus transforms atoxyl is a cell derivative of certain tissues, particularly the skin, that it is soluble in water, thermostable, attenuated spontaneously and requires an optimum temperature (37 to 55° C) for action. The third annual report of the state veterinarian of Alabama, 1909, C. A. Gary (Ann. Rpt. State Vet. Ala., 1909, pp. 30). — This report includes accounts of tick eradication, the occurrence of tuberculosis, glanders, hog cholera, etc. The veterinary bacteriolog'ical laboratories of the Transvaal {Pretoria, 1909, pp. IG'f, pis. -'/2, figs. 7). — This publication was issued in commemoration of the opening of the new laboratories at Onderstepoort, Pretoria, in October, 1908, and includes a history of the laboratories and a description of the buildings. The greater part of the volume is devoted to papers by members of the veter- inary bacteriological division, as follows : Immunity in Tropical and Sub- tropical Diseases, by A. Theiler (pp. 21-51) ; The Diagnosis of Bacillary Piro- plasmosis of Bovines in the Transvaal, by J. Walker (pp. 55-64) ; Htemolysis in Practical A'eterinary Science, by W. Frei (pp. 67-110) ; The Anatomy of Stilesia centripuiictata (the commonest intestinal custode of sheep in the Transvaal), by L. H. Gough (pp. 113-131) ; and Notes on the Pathological Anatomy of Pleuro-pnouuionia (Contagiosa bovum). by K. F. Jleyer (pp. 135-104). Report of the research work of the Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory, Muktesar, 1908-9, J. D. E. Holmes (Indian Civ. Vet. Dept. Mem., No. 1, pp. 102, pis. 15, charts est in India, and the nature of the immunity following a simultaneous inoculation of serum and virulent blood whore no clinical symptoms of rinderpest are produced. In part 5, a peculiar form of streptotrichosis among cattle is described, as previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 1082). A flagellate form of Piroplasma bovis is described in part 6, and a note on a giant ix)lynuclear cell is given in part 7. Report of the government veterinary surgeon for 1908, G. W. Sturgess (Rpt. Gort. Vet. Surf/. [Ccifloit]. 1908, pp. 8). — This report includes an account of the occurrence of infectious diseases of cattle, particularly rinderpest. Observations in regard to a disease occurring in German East Africa which simulates the malignant catarrhal fever of bovines in Germany, LicHTENHELD iZisclir. I nfekl ioiiskronk. u. Jlyfl. Ilaustiere, 7 (1910). No. 3-4, pp. 290-301; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 2(). p. ol',; Vet. Rec, 23 (1910), No. Il.'i8, pp. 11, 18). — A detailed description of the clinical and pathological findings with cases of a disease which resembles the malignant catarrhal fever of bovines of Germany is presented. • [Eradication of cattle ticks] (S. C. Live Stock Assoc. Rpts., 1907-8, pp. 11-112, 21J/-231). — These reports include 3 papers relating to ticks presented at the meeting of the association held in February. 1907, namely, Tick Eradica- tion, by Tait Butler, Government Aid in Tick Eradication, by W. 1*. Ellenberger, VETERINARY MEDICINE. 485 and Methods of Eradicating Cattle Ticks, by L. A, Klein ; and 2 papers presented at the meeting in February, 190S, one by A. J. Payne on Cattle Tick p:radica- tion, and the other by M. R. Powers on Tick Eradication Work in South Carolina. Amakebe: A disease of calves in Uganda, D. Bruce et al. (Proe. Roy. Soc. [Londo),], Scr. B, 82 {1910), No. B 555, pp. 256-272, pi. 1, figs. i5).— Since the disease of calves called amakebe is East Coast fever, very many of the cattle in T'ganda are almost immiuie to this disease. Owing to its nature, however, whereby animals recovered from the disease are no longer infective, some calves may escape attack and so remain susceptible. This occurs with the calves of the Sesse Islands, which when transferred as grown-up cattle to the mainland mostly die of East Coast fever. The carriers of East Coast fever— Rhipicephalus appendiculatiis (or brown tick). R. evertsi (or red-legged tick), and R. .nmus — are all common in Uganda. Contribution to the etiolog-y of epizootic white scours in calves, T. Kraust- STRiNK (Ztsclir. Iiifch-tioiisknntk. u. }Ji/. 381-385; Amcr. Vet. Rev., 31 (1910), No. 3, pp. 375- 379). — Under the name of Trypunosoina hippicum, the author describes a patho- genic trypanosome which was first found in the blood of mules received at Ancon, Canal Zone, from the United States in April, 1909. The disease corresponds clinically with the swamp fever or infectious anemia, which occurs among horses in some sections of the United States. " The trypanosome appears and disappears with irregularity, appearing in numbers VETERINARY MEDICINE. 487 of from one to n fllni to 6 or 10 to a field for a day or two, then disappearing for 6 or 7 days to reappear again during a febrile paroxysm." The disease is differentiated from surra, mal de caderas, and dourine by morphology, animal reactions and symptomatology. It is thought possible that the infection may be the same as that said to occur in the interior of Colombia, known as der- rengadera. The author has failed to find trypanosonies in the blood of several native horses examined, but these were found in all the affected animals. He exi)resses the thought that the infectious anemia which occurs in this country may be a trypanosomal disease in which tryi)anosomes are very sparse in the peripheral blood, as in dourine. but in which they may luxuriate in a tropical climate. Investigations of dourine in eastern Prussia, E. Frohner (Monatsh. Prakt. Ticrhcilk., 20 {1909), Nos. 9-10, pp. 3So-J,lJ,, fi[)s. 5; 11-12, pp. J,Sl--'i9.3 ; ahs. in Rev. Gin. Mid. V6t., 15 (1910), No. 11 J,, pp. 338-340).— Studies of 4 cases of chronic dourine in horses received from Rastenburg, Prussia, are reported ui)on. Examinations of the blood and tissues resulted in the finding of trypanosonies in the blood of l>ut one of the horses. A physico-chemical investigation of equine piroplasmosis, W. Frei {Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 7 {1910), No. 1-2, pp. 105-1. W, pis. 3).— A contribution from the Transvaal Bacteriological Institute at Pretoria. A case of hydrophobia in a Senegal dog, L. Teppaz (Bui. Soc. Path. Ejrot., S {1910), No. 6, p. 351). — The author reports what is thought to be the first case of this affection to occur in Senegal. The dog's medical dictionary, A. J. Sewell {London, 1907, 2. cd., rev., pp. 250, i)ls. 11, p(js. 21). — An encyclopedia of the diseases, their diagnosis and treatment, and the i>hysical (leveloimiont of the dog. Further observations with von Behring's protective vaccination and Tau- ruman vaccination, A. Eber {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Orig., 52 {1909), No. 3, pp. 389-J,06; ahs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Ref., 1,6 {1910), No. 13- 14, pp. Ji35, -'i36). — The author reports results with bovovaccine in practice. He is still of the opinion (E. S. R., 19, pp. 784. 1083) that a positive tuberculiu reaction three-quarters of a year after the last vaccination has the same signifi- cance as the same results from a herd which is tuberculous. On the other hand, a negative finding with the tuberculin test at this time is no absolute proof that the herd is not tubercular. Witli 14 bovines immunized according to von Behring the results were controlled by autopsy, and it was found that 10 were free from tuberculosis, while 4 wei'e more or less tuberculous. From this he con- cludes that von Behring's method in itself is no certain i)rotection against latent infection by the tubercle bacillus. The results with Tauruman vaccination, while not conclusive, indicate that this vaccine also does not confer a lasting immunity in bovines. On the occurrence of a form of fowl-septicemia in Calcutta, G. C. Chat- TEKJKE {Centbl. Bakt. [rtc.]. 1. Abt., Orig.. 5', (1910). No. 1. pp. 1-1,, fig. 1).— "The micro-organism, which was separated from fowls dying of an epizootic disease occurring among the animals in the Medical College Laboratory, is found to have characters like that found in fowl septicemia observed in Europe and belongs to the Pasteurella group of micro-organisms. It differs from the Bacillus oiiscpticKs in certain minor points which suggest that it is a local variety of the organism. A vaccine was prei)ared from the organism which was found to protect healthy fowls from catching the infection." About passive immunity in fowl cholera, O. Schobi. (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Orig.. 51 [I9i)9). No. 3, pp. 2S5-2S9). — In order to establish whether or not by vaccinating with serum-i)acteria active inuuunity is obtained, the author vaccinated mice and from the results concludes that mite thus treated 59393°— No. r,— 10 7 488 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. show an increased resistance toward a second infection. The resistance ob- tained with immune sera lasts, however, only for a period of 2 weelvs and cor- responds in this respect to the antitoxic sera. An active immunity was not ob- tained, and it is assumed that this is due to the sti-ong action exerted by the immune serum upon the bacteria, mailing it impossible for the bacteria to mul- tiply, even locally. The author concludes that simultaneous vaccination is only efficient when the bacteria used for infection can provoke a stimulation upon the organism. Simple poultry remedies, N. W. Sanborn et al. (Si. Paul, Minn., 1909, pp. 79). — This book gives brief descriptions of the principal diseases of poultry and methods by which they may be cured or prevented. The Taenioid cestodes of North American birds, B. H. Ransom ( U. S. Nat. Mils. Bid. 69, pp. llfl, figs. -^2). — Five species representing the genera Davainea, Rhabdometra, and Diorchis are described as new to science. A synopsis of the superfamily Teenioidea, which includes a key to genera and a list of all the species which have been reported as parasites of birds occurring in North America, follows. Nearly 40 genera and about 140 species are thus dealt with. A host list and an extensive bibliography are included in the work. A contribution to the study of intrablobular parasites of lizards, H. de B. Aragao and A. Neiva {Mem. Inst. Oswahlo Cruz, 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. Ji't-50, pi. 1). — Two species of Plasmodium, P. diploglossi, found in the blood of Diplo- glossus fasciatus, caught in Xerem, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, and /'. tropi- duri, discovered in blood smears of Tropidurus torquatus from the State of Minas Geraes, are described as new. A study of the anatomy of Watsonius (n. g.) watsoni of man and of nine- teen allied species of mammalian trematode worms of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea, C. W. Stiles and J. Goldberger {Puh. Health and Mar. Hasp. Scrv. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 60, pp. 26'i, figs^. 205). — Three species of Fischcederlus n. g., one each of Wellmanius n. g., and Cotylophoron n. g., and 9 of Paramphistomum are described as new to science. The 2 additional genera Watsonius and Pfenderius are erected. The biochemical treatment of domestic animals, F. Meinert (Toledo, Ohio, 1908, pp. XI+130). — Translated from the second German edition and provided with a glossary. A treatise on veterinary therapeutics, M. Kaufmann {Trait6 de Th6ra- peutique Veterinaire. Paris, 1910, -'i. ed., pp. XVIII+Sll). — A fourth edition of this work. Pocketbook of veterinary medical practice, A. von Rosenberg {Philadelphia, 1909, pp. 126).— \ small guide. Diseases, ticks, and their eradication, A. Theiler {Transvaal Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 63, pp. 15). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 786). Dipping and tick-destroying agents, H. Watkins-Pitchford {Natal Dept. Agr. Bui. 17, pp. 2'j, pis. 2, figs. 2). — A reprint of an account previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. ()S7). The circular dipping tank, without center pillar, and its advantages over other tanks, W. J. Van der Merwe {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 36 {1910), No. //, pp. Jfl8, 1/19, fig. 1). — A diagram, the dimensions, and particulars are fur- nished for a circular dipping tank without a pillar, which the author as a result of experience with all kinds of dipping tanks recommends as the most suitable and economical. The bacteriological examination of disinfectants, W. Partridge {London, 1907, pp. 66. figs. If). — This work discusses the ideal disinfectant, the fallacy of chemical methods, the carbolic acid coefficient, the principal factors to be recog- EUEAL ENGINEERING. 489 nized in the Rideal-Walker method, apiiaratus and materials, the method of con- ducting the Rideal-Wallver test, the choice of a test organism, the introduction of organic matter, further methods of bacteriological examination, the report of the disinfectant standardization committee, and the llideal-Walker coefficient. RURAL ENGINEERING. Progress reports of experiments in dust prevention and road preservation {U. »S'. Dvpt. Agr., Office Pub. Roads Circ. 92, pp. 32). — Experiments conducted during the summer of 1909 are reported, together with supplementary observa- tions on experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 185. From five trials at Washington, D. C. of waste sulphite liquors on a macadam driveway, it is concluded that " crude waste sulplaite liquor in single applica- tions has but little value for road treatment, but that the concentrated material may be classed as a temporary or semipermanent dust preventive and road binder. It is possible, however, that, if crude liquor were applied daily as in ordinary water sprinkling, its use would prove economical in localities where it is produced, and that the base would concentrate in the road and eventually become a valuable binder." In seven tests at Youngstown, Ohio, to determine the best method of utilizing slag for road construction, the cost per square yard ranged from 43.34 cts. to 51.96 cts. with slag screenings, and was 50.21 cts. with open-hearth slag screen- ings, 4S.1S cts. with slag screenings and lime, G1.31 cts. with slag screenings and sulphite liquor, and 68.45 cts. with refined coke-oven tar. Aside from a tendency in one trial with slag screenings and macadam to calk up or become crumbly under traffic, all these materials produced well-bonded roadbeds. A series of 14 experiments was made at Ithaca, N. Y., in cooperation with Cornell University, for the purpose of ascertaining the relative value of dif- ferent road binders under various conditions. The materials used were tar, oil, artificial asphalt preparations, brick, cement, and slag, and in experiments with the bitumens an attempt was made to try out all materials by both penetration and mixing methods. The total cost per square yard in each case was as fol- lows: Penetration method, refined coal tar 45.92 cts., refined semiasphaltic oils 49.32 and 52.30 cts., semisolid refined semiasphaltic oil 43.32 cts., refined water- gas tar 46.95 cts., and refined water-gas tar -(sing) 62.87 cts.; mixing method, refined coal tar 56.02 cts., and artificial oil asphalt 58.62 and 60.89 cts.; and for concrete, 74.77 cts. with cement concrete, 85.72 cts. with bitumen-coated cement concrete, and 48.41 cts. with ;ish cement concrete. All of the sections were in excellent condition when last inspected. Supr)lementary observations made July 22, 1909, of the experiments started at Newton, Mass., about 11 months earlier, showed that the sections where a flush coat of bitumen had received 0.71 gal. per square yard of asphaltic prep- aration were in first-class condition, whereas those receiving only 0.54 gal. per square yard had required considerable i)atching or the surface was in rather poor condition. A section bound with residual oil was just beginning to pick up under traffic and the oil showed a lack of adhesiveness. Two sections on which refined water-gas tar had been used were in excellent condition, and one which had received a molasses-oil-lime combination had just started to pick up under traffic at a rather sharp curve. From the observations made February 19. 1910, of the earth-iisphalt road at Independence, Kans., it is concluded that " the asphalt mixed with the earth ren- ders it fairly impervious to water ; that it acts sufficiently well as a binder to prevent the washing of ruts on grades; that an asphalt having a melting point higher than that used should be emi)loyed if a satisfactory road is to be had in 490 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED, the summer; that such an asphalt can not be si)read upon and mixed with earth satisfactorily unless the earth is previously heated; that such a road is prac- tically dustless save for dirt that may be carried upon it; and that, to prevent its beinj: muddy just after a rain, 2 to 3 in. of from f-in. to 2-in. stone should be worked into the top." Inspection of the four experiments made in Kansas with sand-clay construc- tion showed that after 1 year's use these roads were in satisfactory condition. Brief notes are also given on the condition of the sections laid at Wayland, Mass., in 1907, with crude tar, tar preparations, and oil emulsions; on that in 1907 at Bowling Green, Ky., with Kentucky rock asphalt ; and that in 1905 with tars and oils at Jackson, Tenn. A preliminary report on some experiments in clearing logged-ofE land with a stump burner. A promising method for destroying stumps and logs, W. H. Lawrence (Washington Sta. Bui. '.K3, pp. 3-20, figs. 3). — This bulletin states the results of experiments in burning stumps and logs with a stump burner. The burner consists of a Ij-horsepower gasoline engine with 13-in. fly wheel speeded to 650 revolutions per minute, and a circular fan provided with a patent wind distributor with 5 lines of l^-in. hose attached. The machine was set to burn several stumps at a time. Fires were started in 2-in. auger holes and kept burning by means of air currents from the machine. Rotten, water-soaked, and fungus-infested logs, stumps, and roots were suc- cessfully burned. The cost of burning green fir stumps 5 ft. in diameter 5 ft. above the ground averaged about $2.73 each. ]Most of the roots were burned to sufficient depth to permit plowing. Old fir stumps 9 ft. high and 2 to 2J ft. in diameter were burned at an average cost of $1.56 each, while other fir stumps of the same height, 3^ ft. in diameter, sound but water-soaked, were burned as low as soil conditions would permit at an average cost of $1.70 per stump. The average cost of burning fir stumps 10 ft. in height and 5 ft. 2i in. in diameter 3 ft. from the base was $2.80 per stump. The reclamation of Minnesota's waste lands, G. A. Ralph (Mo. \Veather Rev., 38 (I'JIO), No. 5, pp. 118-720). — This article discusses the need, present status, and future outlook of drainage in the State as carried on by the State Drainage Commission. On electro-culture, A. Rindell (K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., Ji9 (1910), Ao. //, pp. 305-321, figs. 2). — ^A discussion of the studies of Lemstrom and later investigators with regard to the influence of electricity on crop pro- duction. The construction of concrete fence posts ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 403, pp. 31, figs. 9). — This article discusses the comparative advantages of con- crete ani wooden fence posts, materials for making concrete, molds for line posts, reenforcement of the posts, mixing the concrete, molding and curing the posts, building fences, and utilizing concrete posts for other purposes. Dia- grams of gang molds are given for constructing both square and triangular posts. The cost of a 7-ft. triangular post is estimated at 29 cts., and of a straight square post of the same length at 32.25 cts. A warning is given against the purchase of post molds, or of local rights to sell or use such molds, from irresponsible parties. [A model rural schoolhouse] (Bui. First Dist. Normal Sehonl, Mo., 9 (1909), No. 1, pp. 9-1-5, fig. I, dgms. 3). — This bulletin presents and discusses three dia- grams and a perspective view of a model building for rural schools, including a pressure water supply, sanitary toilets, furnace heat, manual training shop, agricultural laboratory, and sleeping room for the janitor. The estimted cost of the building is $1,600. Specifications for its construction are furnished free to Missouri school boards. RURAL ECONOMICS. 491 RURAL ECONOMICS. Aids to prosperous farming, J. Long (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. *er., 22 {1910). pi). lol-uri). — This paper discusses the general conditions of farm management in Great Britain and makes suggestions for its improvement with a view to increasing the profits of the farm. Among the suggestions the following are the most important : To keep the land free from weeds and destructive parasites, the use of suitable manures, selected seed, and leguminous crops, improved cultivation of the soil, the pro- tection of the solid and liquid manure of the farm and its conveyance to the land as soon as possible, the use of lime, drainage of lands, the improvement of all classes of live stock, increasing the number of live stock kept on farms, the production of greater quantities of butter and cheese, more attention to poultry keeping and breeding for egg and meat production, and the extermination of live-stock diseases. Farm publicity and selling, J. C. Marquis {Northwest Hort., 23 {1910), No. 7, pp. 171, 172). — This article discusses various forms of advertising and the advantages of each method to the farmer or stock raiser for the profitable dis- posal of his products. The need of farmers' associations and what they should do for the devel- opment of agriculture, R. Palma {Philippine Agr. Rev. [Englisii Ed.], 3 {1910), No. 4, pp. 211-217). — This pai)er discusses the benefits to agriculture in the Philippines which might be expected from the organization of cooperative societies, such as in the maintenance and improvement of soil fertility, the intro- duction of new crops and better culture of those already grown, the cultivation of several crops in one field, the formation of mutual credit societies, the stimulation and improvement of the condition of farm laborers, and the or- ganization of agricultural exhibitions. Farmers must organize, J. H. Worst (iV. Dak. Farmer, 11 {1910), Nos. 11, pp. 2,3, 2't; 12, pp. 5-7). — This is an address before the Farmers' Union at St. Louis, May 2-7, 1910, setting forth the advantages of cooperation in securing profitable returns to the farmer for his labor, and encouraging farmers to study the economic side of agriculture for the purpose of devising means for the most effective cooperation among themselves. The formation of a national cooperative organization is recommended. Cooperative organization in agriculture, C. Douglas {Trans. Highland and Agr. ^oc. 8cot., 5. ser., 22 {1910), pp. /-/«).— This article discusses the economic advantages which have been secured by the cooperative purchase of farm sup- plies and in the marketing of such products as eggs, fruits, dairy products, bacon, live stock, etc.; the financial benefits to farmers of mutual credit so- cieties; the development of agricultural organization in Denmark, Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, and the United Kingdom; the relation of cooperation to the prosperity of small farmers; and the general effects of cooperation in improving the quality of farm products and stimulating rural life through its educational and social features. Danish cooperative methods being tried in Ontario {Nor'-West Farmer, 29 {1910), No. 13, p. 865). — This is an account of the rules and regulations of or- ganizations formed in Peterboro County, Ontario, for the cooperative marketing of egf.s and other poultry itroducts. An outline is given of the Danish method of marketing eggs, the economic and financial advantages of the system, and the organization of the Peterboro circles on the Danish plan. Cooperative agricultural societies in the United Kingdom {Jour. Bd. Agr. ILondoH]. 17 {1910), No. 2, pp. i//0-/ '/-J). —Returns of the productive, distribu- 492 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. the, and cattle iusurauce societies for 1908, in comparison with similar data for the 10 preceding years, are reported and discnssed. Scottisli Agricultural Organization Society {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 17 {1910), No. 2, 1)1). ISS-l-iO)- — The returns show a total of 39 affiliated societies in 1909, a gain of 16 over the preceding year. The milk and poultry societies were especially prosperous, and the members of district societies were sub- stantially benefited in the price and quality of seeds, manures, feeding stuffs, implements, and other requisites purchased, and in the sale of produce. Assistance to farmers, H. A. Hime {Natal Agr. Jour., IJf {1910), No. 5, pp. 595-599). — The text of the law which provides for loans to farmers in Natal for erecting fences and dipping tanks on their farms is reported and discussed. Loans for dipping tanks are limited to flOO and for fencing to the supply of the material only. The loans are repayable, together with interest thereon at 5 per cent per annum, by 13 equal yearly installments not including the first year after the loan is made, except that any borrower may pay off all his liability with interest to date of payment at any time he may Ayish to do so. Cooperative credit {Indian Agr., 35 {1910), No. 6, pp. 176, i7?).— This article discusses the rapid development of agricultural cooperative credit in India, the returns showing a membership of 184,000 in 1908-9 as compared with 90,000 in 1906-7, and nearly a fourfold increase in capital and expenditures. The future success of the movement in India is regarded as depending upon the successful solution of the problems of finance and supervision. The value of cooperation in solving the former is believed to be firmly established, while the most satisfactory solution of the latter is believed to consist in the further extension of the cooperative principle " by the organization of societies as they increase in number into local unions and the federation at a later stage of these local unions into central unions, the ideal to aim at being that the unions should not only finance their own societies but also supervise them and encourage the further growth of the movement in definite areas." The Agricultural Bank of Egypt [Indian Agr., 35 {1910), No. 6, pp. 165, 106). — This article discusses the present status of agricultural credit in Egj-pt and its bearing on the situation with which the Agricultural Bank of Egypt is confronted. The outstanding loans of the bank to Egyptian farmers amount to about $40,000,000 distributed among .238.000 debtors, "and the proportion of arrears to the amount of annuity which fell due to be collected during the year rose from 3.1 per cent in 1906 to 17.7 per cent in 1909." The inability of the debtors to meet their obligations is attributed in part to the loans having been expended for unproductive purposes. The experience of the Egyptian bank is regarded as an argument in favor of establishing cooperative credit associations which teach the borrower to be thrifty and self-reliant, and it is now proposed to form in Egyptian villages cooperative organizations with which the bank can deal directly. Concerning the economic condition of farm laborers in the Netherlands, E. Dreesman {Cultura, 22 {1910), Nos. 257, pp. 17-20; 258, pp. 64-74; 259, pp. 131-135; 260, pp. 174-lSO; 261. pp. 249-261; 262, pp. 294-300; 263, pp. 352-361).— A detailed study of the physical, economic, and social conditions affecting the life of farm laborers in the Netherlands. [Wages of agricultural laborers in Hungary], E. Howard {Diplo. and Cons. Rpt. [London] Ann. tier., 1910, No. 4429, pp. 20, i2).— The rates of wages paid to men, women, and children engaged in agriculture in Hungary during 1908, as compared with similar data for 1901, together with statistics of the number and classes of the agricultural population, are presented and discussed. The custom of providing laborers with food is gradually passing away, and the figures pre- sented show that wages have been increased accordingly. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 493 Accidents at agricultural labor, S. Bassi (Gli Iitfortuni sul Lavoro Agricolo. Milan, l'J()9, iJi). X\'+.'/lJ). — This volume discusses the general problem of insuring farm laborers and others engaged in agricultural inirsuits against accidents, and gives a history of legislation regarding workmen's insurance in France, Austria, Germany, England, and Belgium, which includes the legislation in these countries regarding the insurance and indemnification of all classes of farm labor. The book also discusses the problem in its relation to conditions in Italy, with an account of the legislative and other means that have been put in operation for the solution of the problem. The farmer's profits and the speculation in land, R. S. Lanier (Amer. Rev. of Reticles, J/l (1010), Xo. 2-'i5, pj). 1.13-730). — This article calls attention to the relation of the recent high prices received by farmers for staple farm products to land speculation by farmers and others. Emphasis is laid on the economic danger which springs from the rise in land values which high prices and speculation have brought about in the Middle West and Canada. The cost of production of the most important field crops, W. H. Howard (Die Prodiiktioiiskostcn uHscrcr wichtigstcn Fcldfriichtc. Berlin, 1908, pp. S//). — Data on the cost of production in Germany of wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, and sugar beets, as ascertained from 140 farms, covering periods ranging from three to five years, are tabulated and discussed in this volume. Crop Reporter {V. S. Dept. Agr., Btir. Statis. Crop Reporter, 12 {1910), Nos. 7, pp. .yj~56. fig. 1 ; 8, pp. 57-64, figs. 2). — Statistics on the condition and acreage of crops in the United States and foreign countries, the farm values and range of prices of agricultural products, and monthly receipts of eggs and poultry in the chief markets of the United States are presented and discussed in each of these numbers. Number 8 also contains estimates of the land values and size of fields devoted to wheat and corn in the United States. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agriculture in Belg'ium from 1885 to 1910 (L' Agriculture Beige de 1885 d 1910. Louvain, 1910, pp. XI +197, pis. 7/8).— This is a collection of mono- graphs published on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the organi- zation of the service of " agronomes " in Belgium. It contains an account of the organization of this service, the duties and qualifications of " agronomes," graduates of agricultural colleges engaged in extension work for the State, and the results obtained in the various provinces by their scientific and sys- tematically organized work, as shown by increased yields in field and garden crops and fruits, the more extensive use of fertilizei's and agricultural ma- chinery, improvement of horses and live stock, in dairy methods, ix)ultry culture, etc. The agencies employed to bring about these results, such as the teaching of agriculture in the i)rimary schools, agricultural and special courses for adults, courses for farmers' wives, traveling agricultural domestic science and dairy schools, lectures, written and oral consultati(ms, experiment and demonstration fields and gardens, farmers' institutes, women's institutes, agri- cultural libraries, associations, exi)ositions, etc., are described. A chapter from the early history of the college, J. D. Walters (Industrial' ist, 36 (19W), A'o. 29, pp. 451-^56). — This is an article on the early history of the Kansas State Agricultural College, prefaced by a brief account of the begin- nings of agricultural education in Massachusetts, Michigan, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Cosmopolitan high schools v. separate occupation schools, J. H. Reynolds (-S'o. Atlantic Quart.. 9 (1910), No. 3, pp. 27.J-^7.'^).— This article is mainly an argument in favor of the incorporation of agricultural and other industrial 494 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. courses with the work of the ordinary public high school. It is based on the following premises: (1) This is feasible; (2) it meets the demands of the age; and (3) it is democratic. The author believes that the principle of educa- tional segi'egation if carried to a wide development in the interest of all classes of industrial workers would become insupportable at public expense. He con- cludes that " if separate [agricultural] schools are to be provided, with the light before us no State would be justified in establishing more than three or four for experimental purposes." Agriculture in the public schools, H. D. Groves {Rpt. W. Va. Bd. Agr., 1910, Ao. 18, pp. 771-77 J/). — The purpose of this article is to show the importance of agriculture as a public school study. The author holds that as the schools can teach only a limited portion of the experience of the race, that portion which is of most worth mast be selected for formal instruction. He believes that agriculture is highly educative, interesting, inspiring, and intensely prac- tical, and that teachers may successfully begin the teaching of it without knowing '■ everything about agriculture," and later acquii'e the best prepara- tion jiossible. The place of forestry in general education, H. A. Smith (Forestry Quart., S {1910), No 2, pp. 191-195). — A paper read at the conference of Forest Schools, Washington, D. C, December 30 and 31, 1909. After noting the increasirg extent to which the subject of forestry is gain- ing educational recognition " from the nature-study work of the primary schools to the elective courses of the student approaching his degree," the author proceeds to develop an argument in favor of the cultural value of for- estry, basing this upon the advancing educational conception of what consti- tutes real culture, including the element of moral and civic obligation. A suggested course in household administration, Gwendolyn Stewart (Jour. Home Econ., 2 (1910), Ao. 2, pp. 226-232). — This article presents a sug- gested four-year course in household administration, and reports the results of eorresi)ondence in regard to home economics courses at Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Radcliffe, Vassar, and Wellesley colleges, the Woman's College of Baltimore, and in the home economics departments of the universities of Cali- fornia and Missouri. Nature study and gardening for rural schools, G. W. Carver (Alabama TusJccgcc Sia. Bui. 18, pp. 3-23, figs. 11). — This bulletin introduces a novel feature in children's garden work in the form of a partnership contract between the two or three responsible for care of each plat, thus developing the social and business abilities of the workers. Other features not always found in such work which are described are seed testing, simple bookkeeping, insect remedies, homemade fertilizers, a monthly plaiating calendar, tree planting, lawn making, and window boxes. Small gardens for small gardeners, Lillian C. Flint (Chicago, 1910, pp. 118, figs. 50). — This gives a series of chapters on plants adapted to children's garden work, with particular emphasis on the wild flowering plants that can be success- fully introduced into the home or school garden. Exercises in elementary agriculture for Maine rural schools, J. E. McClin- TOCK and E. D. Waid {Augusta, Me.: State Ed. Dept., 1910, pp. i5).— This publication contains 21 exercises for school work, chiefly on elementary soil physics and seed germination. The equipment needed is indicated for each exercise, and references to publications bearing on the topic studied are given. Field zoology, Lottie E. Crary (Philadelphia. 1910. pp. XII+36Ji, figs. 117). — This volume, one of a series to be published, deals with insects and birds of the field. It is designed as a text-book for high schools, and should prove serviceable as a guide to teachers and classes in secondary agricultural MISCELLANEOUS. 495 schools, as some attention is given to tlie economic as well as the scientific aspects of the sul)jects treated. Progress in agricultural education extension, J, Hamilton {U. 8. Dept. Apr., Office Exi)t. Stas. Virc. 98, pp. 12). — This circular discusses briefly the growth of sentiment in favor of a more definite organization of agricultural extension work to its culmination in the establishment of the Section on Exten- sion Work of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Stations. Typical forms of extension organization in Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio are described and a list is given of the 26 States in which definite exten- sion departments have already been organized. The most pressing need in agri- cultural extension education is said to be " the systematizing of its methods " and the development of definite courses of instruction in movable schools, public rural schools, and normal schools. Suggestions to purchasers of agricultural books, Anna M. Smith ( Univ. Minn.. Dept. Agr, Ext. Bui. 2, pp. 16). — This bulletin is one of the Minnesota Farmers' Library series and contains a list of books on general agricultural economics, special farm topics, and books for general reading, with prices and the addresses of publishers. There is also a selected list of the fi"ee publica- tions of this Department on botany, farm crops, dairying, drainage, entomologj% farm buildings and machinery, fertilizers, feeds and feeding, food and cooking, forestry, horticulture, irrigation, live stock, plant diseases, poultry, soils, vet- erinary, weeds, zoology, and miscellaneous topics. Titles of similar publica- tions issued by the Minnesota Station are also included, with the addresses of the Members of Congress from Minnesota and of the directors of experiment stations in 13 other States. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Florida Station, 1909 {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. XC + XIV, figs. JjO). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, a list of the publications of the year, a general review of the work of the station during the year, departmental re- ports, and a list of the periodicals received by the station. Most of the experi- mental work reported is abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Nineteenth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1909 (Washington Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 15). — This contains the organization list, a report of the work and publications of the station during the year, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909. Twenty-eighth annual report of the control station at the Museum of Trades and Agriculture at Warsaw for 1908, Z. A. Zelinski (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Riiss. Jour. Expt. Landw.). 10 ( 1909), No. J,, pp. .',89-501).— A report is given of the work and experiments of the station during lOOS. Monthly Bulletin of the Department Library, May, 1910 ( [/. S. Dept. Agr., Library Mo. Buh, 1 {1910), No. 5, pp. 105-138).— Thin contains data for May, 1910, as to the accessions to the Library of this Department and the additions to the list of periodicals currently received. Experiment Station Work, LVII {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. .',05, pp. 32, figs. 13). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: A perfect stand of corn, protection of seed corn from burrowing animals, clover-seed pro- duction in the Northwest, supplementary home-grown feeds for hogs in the South, fleshing horses for market, fertility and hatching of eggs, marketing of eggs, and cement silos. NOTES Arizona Station. — Recent appointments include Alexander McOmie, a graduate of the Utah College, as assistant agriculturist, and Charles H. Clark, botanist of the North Dakota substation at Dickinson, as assistant plant breeder. The former will give special attention to dry farming problems and the latter to alfalfa investigations. Dr. A. E. Vinson has been granted G months' leave of absence and is at present in Berlin continuing his studies on the action of enzyms in ripening fruits. Arkansas University. — C. Christopher has been appointed instructor in animal husbandry. Delaware College and Station. — A terra cotta hollow block silo of the Iowa type, 40 by 16 ft., and reenforced with one-quarter inch wire cable, is being erected on the college farm. Herman D. Eggers, jr., assistant chemist in the station, has resigned to accept a commercial position in St. Louis, Mo. Florida University and Station.— The equipment and apparatus of the station have been installed in the new station building. This building is to be devoted almost entirely to station work, with two rooms for tlie extension department. Fifteen school children's clubs have been organized by the extension depart- ment in Alachua County, and several in various other counties. The depart- ment is also actively cooperating in a state fair to be held at Pensacola, No- vember 7-12, and in the various county fairs. R. N. Wilson, assistant in extension work, resigned September 1 to become associate professor of chemistry in Trinity College, and has been succeeded by A. P. Spencer, director of agriculture in the Fifth Congressional Agricultural High School. Elk Creek, Ya. Georgia College and Station. — A. G. G. Richardson has resigned the professor- ship of veterinary medicine in the college, and has been succeeded by Dr. W. M. Burson, of the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department. In the station H. P. Lykes, a graduate of Clemson College, has been appointed animal hus- bandman, vice P. N. Flint, whose resignation has been previously noted. Illinois Station. — H. P. Rusk, assistant in animal husbandry in the Indiana Station, has accepted an associateship in beef cattle husbandry. Thomas Bregger has been appointed assistant in plant breeding. Iowa College and Station. — E. W. Stanton, professor of mathematics and political economy, has been designated as acting president. Percy E. Brown, assistant chemist of the New Jersey Stations and a graduate student in Rutgers College, has been appointed assistant professor in charge of soil bacteriology. The associate professorship of animal husbandry made vacant by the resigna- tion, previously noted, of Wayne Dinsmore, has been filled by the appointment of Clare N. Arnett, instructor in animal husbandry in Purdue University. F. W. Allen has been appointed instructor in horticulture. In the station Dr. Arthur W. Dox, of the Connecticut Storrs Station, has been appointed chemist, and John M. Evvard. formerly of the Missouri Uni- versity and Station, experimentalist in animal husbandry. The equipment in the new agricultural building has been fully completed. The total cost of building, furniture, and equipment is about $375,000. Very complete and extensive equipment has been provided for the instruction and experimental work in soils, soil bactei'iology, farm crops, animal husbandry, 496 NOTES. 497 horticulture and forestry, and agricultural chemistry in this building, besides quarters for the agricultural extension department and an assembly room with a seating capacity of one thousand. Kansas College and Station. — R. K. Nabours, of the dei)artment of zoology. University of Chicago, has been appointed instructor in zoology and assistant zoologist, vice T. H. Scheffer, whose resignation has been previously noted. Harry Evans has resigned as assistant entomologist to accept a position at the Ohio Station. Maine University. — Dr. Robert J. Aley, state superintendent of public instruc- tion in Indiana, has accepted the presidency of the university and will take office December 1. Leon S. Merrill, dairy instructor in the state department of agriculture, has been appointed head of the extension department. Massachusetts College and Station. — Following the retii'ement of Prof. C. H. Fernald, as previously noted, Dr. H. T. Fernald has been appointed acting director of the graduate school. F. F. Moon, of the New York State Depart- ment of Forestry, has been appointed associate professor of forestry, and Alvah J. Norman, of the Maryland College and station, has been appointed instructor in pomology, his duties including both instruction and extension work. The entering class numbers about 160, an increase of 25 per cent. Carl D. Kennedy, assistant chemist in the department of plant and animal chemistry in the station, resigned September 1, and has been succeeded by Clement L. Perkins. Minnesota University. — A conference on agricultural education was held at the university July 29-30, in which representatives from the university, the college of agriculture, the agricultural high schools at Crookston and Morris, the Putnam schools, the state normal schools, and the state department of edu- cation took part. There were also addresses by Dean C. F. Curtiss, of the Iowa College, Dean J. H. Shepperd. of the North Dakota College, and D. J. Crosby, of this Office. The object of the meeting was to formulate a plan for the futiu-e development of agricultural instruction in the State. As a means toward this end resolutions were adopted favoring the gradual extension of state aid to public high schools. graded schools, and consolidated schools for departments of agricultural instruc- tion; appropriations for state aid to encourage the consolidation of small rural schools; increased funds for state teachers' training schools; liberal mainte- nance and equipment funds for institutions established for the general training of teachers ; a limited number of agricultural schools like those at St. Anthony Park, Crookston, and Morris, with strong faculties and adequate equipment for advanced practical agricultural training; training in industrial arts in graded and high schools, supplemented by continuation schools; and a state appropria- tion to be used as premiums for a state industrial contest for boys and girls. North Carolina College and Station. — J. G. Hall resigned as instructor in vegetable pathology in the college and assistant in plant diseases in the sta- tion September 1, to become associate professor of botany and forestry in Clemson College, and will be succeeded by Guy West Wilson, of Upi^er Iowa University. Other appointments include Joseph Daggett Cecil, V. M. D. (Uni- versity of Pennsylvania) as animal pathologist to the station, beginning Sep- tember 1, and J. C. McNutt, assistant animal husbandman of the New Hamp- shire College and Station, as dairy husbandman in the college and station, beginning September 1. Ohio State University and Station. — The following assistants have recently been appointed in the luiiversity : George A. Livingston, of the department of agronomy of the Iowa C^)llege, in farm crops; George F. E. Story, Ohio State J:98 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. University, 1910, in animal husbandry; E. F. Rineliart, Oliio State University, 1910, in dairying; G. A. Briclier, University of Illinois, 1910, in agricultural education ; and H. E. Eswine and C. D. Steiner in agricultural extension. In tlie station J. S. Houser, assistant entomologist, has been granted a year's leave of absence for postgraduate study at Cornell University ; Walter O. Glover has been appointed assistant botanist, and George R. Eastwood assist- ant in animal husbandry. E. S. Guthrie, H. C. George, L. T. Bowser, W. F. Pate, H. J. Christoffer, and C. B. Evans are no longer connected with the station. Oregon College and Station. — Recent appointments include E. G. Peterson as professor of bacteriology and bacteriologist; G. R. Sampson, of this Department, as instructor in animal husbandry ; H. F. Wilson as assistant for research in entomology; Dr. H. H. Severin, of the University of Wisconsin, as assistant for research in botany; F. E. Rowland as instructor in chemistry; and F. R. Brown and R. W. Rees as instructors in horticulture. A. L. Peck, assistant professor of landscape gardening, has resigned to engage in commercial work. Porto Rico Sugar Producers' Station. — D. L. Van Dine, of the Bureau of Ento- mology of this Department, has been appointed entomologist, with headquar- ters at San Juan. Rhode Island Station. — The new poultry hospital for use in connection with the study of poultry diseases is nearly completed. This hospital, with its modern equipment, is believed to be the first of its kind to be ei-ected for this special purpose in this country and probably in the world. A. L. Whiting, assistant agronomist, has accepted a fellowship in agronomy at the University of Illinois. Utah Station. — Leon D. Batchelor, instructor in horticulture in Cornell Uni- versity, has been appointed horticulturist, and has entered upon his duties. Virginia Station. — Dr. E. A. Back, of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, has accepted an appointment as statiou entomologist and ento- mologist to the state crop pest commission, and will enter upon his duties about November 1. Washington College and Station. — A farming demonstration boat was oper- ated on Puget Sound, August 10-25. The boat was chiefly equipped to demon- strate improved forage crops and better methods of dairying and fruit produc- tion. There was an average attendance of 155 at each of the 24 stops. Better farming special trains with special demonstrations of methods of dry farm tillage, fruit growing, and diversified farming in eastern Washington were operated over railway lines in eastern Washington early in July. Of the total attendance of 9.000 at the 41 stops, at least 75 per cent were adult farmers, showing that the interest in this kind of extension work in the territory which was traversed is chiefly among the actual farming people. W. H. Hein has resigned as assistant horticulturist of the station and has been succeeded by E. C. Langlois, a graduate of the Iowa College. A. B. Nystrom, assistant in dairy husbandry at the Kansas College, has been ap- pointed instructor in dairying in the college, and entered upon his duties September 15. West Virginia University and Station.— E. D. Sanderson has accepted the position of dean of the college of agriculture and entered upon his duties Sep- tember 1. In the station Charles M. Gifford, assistant in plant pathology in the Vermont TTulverslty and Station, has been appointed assistant in bacteriology. Wyoming University and Station.— The college of agriculture has just obtained from Nova Scotia a herd of 20 registered dairy cattle, including Jerseys, Cana- dian Holsteins, and Ayrshires. The station is making preparations to take, up investigations on the life history of the sheep tick. The sheep breeding experiment which has been car- NOTES. 499 ried on in cooperation with the Bureau nt Animal Industry of this Department has been discontinued. A project has been outlined and work is in progress upon the effect of alkali on cement and structural material. An interesting discovery is that sodium sulphate, for a period of one month at least, gives cement greater strength. Ontario Agricultural College. — At the recent commencement of McMaster University, Toronto. President G. C. Creelman was the recii)ient of the honorary degree of doctor of laws. John Buchanan, associate professor of field hus- bandry, has resigned to accept the position of i)ark commissioner in Calgary, Alberta. Necrology. — Samuel B. Green, in charge of the horticultural and forestry work of the Minnesota University and Station since 1SS8, died suddenly July 11, from a stroke of apoplexy while directing work in forestry at the Lake Itasca Forest School. Professor Green was born in Chelsea, Mass., September ir», 1S59. and was graduated in 1879 from the Massachusetts Agricultural College, where he was employed for a short time as superintendent of the horticultural department. After several years in commercial work he went to Minnesota, where during his long service he organized and developed with great enthusiasm and mitiring energy the extensive horticultural and forestry work of the university and station. Since 1907, when the state legislature made an appropriation for fruit breeding experiments, he had built up outside the city of Minneapolis the largest station for fruit breeding in existence — a product of his own plans and activity. In recent years he had also given much attention to the work in forestry, and upon the recent reorganization of the forestry courses into a distinct college he had been selected as dean. He served as president of the State Horticultural Society in 1907, and had been associate editor of Farm and Fireside since 1SS8. Among his publications were a large number of bulletins and reports from the station and the following books, some of which received eight and nine editions: Amateur Fruit Growing (1894), Vegetable Growing (1896), Forestry in Minnesota, Principles of American Forestry, and Popular Fruit Growing (1909). Another of the organizers of instruction and experimental work in horticul- ture passed away September 9. at Howell, Mich., where Welton M. Munson died at the age of 44 years. Professor Munson was a native of Michigan, and was graduated from the Michigan Agricultural College in 1SS8. In 1892 he received the master's degree from the same institution, and in 1901 the Ph. D. degree from Cornell University. He began his work in horticulture at Cornell Uni- versity in 1889, serving as assistant in horticulture till 1891, when he assumed charge of the newly established department of horticulture in the Maine College and Station. In 1907 he accepted the position of professor of horticulture and horticulturist in the West Virginia ITniversity and Station. For some time he had been handicapped by failing health and formally resigned in Jmie, 1910. He was the author of a considerable number of bulletins of the Maine and West Virginia stations, contributing especially in late years to problems in orcharding. John A. Craig, one of the pioneers in animal husbandry instruction and for- merly director of the Texas and Gklahoma stations, died August 9, at the age of about 46 years. Professor Craig was of Canadian birth and training, studying at the Ontario Agricultural College and the University of Toronto, and begin- ning his work as the editor of the Canadian Live Stock Journal. In 1890 he was chosen to head the first college department in this country to l>e devoted entirely to animal husbandry, just established at the Ihiiversity of Wisconsin, and he occupied this position for 7 years, when he accepted an appointment as 500 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. professor of auimal husbandry and animal husbandman m the Iowa College and Station, On account of ill health, from which he suffered throughout his life, he was obliged in 1901 to seek a warmer climate and took up ranch life in Texas. The following year he accepted the directorship of the Texas Station, also serving in the college as lecturer in animal husbandry. In 1906 he again retired to his ranch near San Antonio, but in 1909 became director of the Oklahoma Station and retained this position until his final retirement in May, 1910. In one of the many appreciative tributes that have appeared since his death. Breeder's Gazette speaks of Professor Craig as the " father of the technical art of live stock judging in America." In connection with his work in Wisconsin and Iowa he gave particular attention to the development of the score card system, and while at the latter institution offered what is believed to have been the first farmers' stock judging contest. He was widely known as a judge of live stock, and his experience gained in scores of show rings was in great demand. His text-book, Judging Live Stock, published in 1901. has received several editions and remains one of the standard American works on the subject. Albert E. Leach, chief of the food inspection laboratory of this Department at Denver, Colo., died August 22 in that city at the age of 46 years. Mr. Leach was a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and had served from 1892 to 1907 with the Massachusetts State Board of Health, resigning as chief analyst to enter the service of this Department. Throughout his career he gave much attention to devising improved methods of analysis and served several times as associate referee for the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists in saccharin products and dairy products. He was a pioneer in making color tests of milk, and did original work on vinegars and glucose deter- minations in sirups. His well-known manual. Food Inspection and Analysis, was published in 1904, with a revised and enlarged edition in 1909. National Association of Stallion Reg'istration Boards. — At a meeting held at the L^nion Stock Yards, Chicago, August IT, at which delegates were i)resent from seven States, a national association of stallion registration boards was organized, with the following officers : President, A. S. Alexander, of Wisconsin ; vice-presidents, H. R. Smith, of Nebraska, W. H. Wilson, of South Dakota, and T. M. Smith, of Illinois; seci-etary-treasurer. R. J. Kinzer, of Kansas; and addi- tional member of the executive board, W. B. Richards, of North Dakota. Sev- eral committees were also appointed to report at the next meeting, to be held in Chicago December 2, in connection with the International Live Stock Exposition. It is announced that the work of the association will include efforts to secure uniform legislation in the different States, the improvement and proper super- vision of studbook registration and the suppression of fraudulent and super- fluous studbooks, the advocacy of the general use of improved breeding stock, and the general l)etterment of horse lireeding throughout the country. Prospective Meetings of Agricultural Workers in Washington. — Announcement is made of the prospective meetings in Washington of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists from November 10-12, the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science November 15, the American Association of Farmers' Insti- tute Workers from November 14-16. and the Association of American Agricul- tural Colleges and Experiment Stations from November 16-lS. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry, and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology< -^y" -g' l^j^^ ' IT'- 1J n fJ- I- SCHULTE. Field Cropsjj q r^^^in. Horticulture and Forestry— E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. HookER. XX , • nf A- ■ /W. A. Hooker. \etennaryMedicine|L. w. Fetzer. Rural Engineering Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIII, NO. 6. Editorial notes: P*^®- The agricultural library 501 Encouragement of research within the agricultural faculty 504 Recent work in agricultural science 508 Notes 597 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — ^AGROTECHNY. Proceedings of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1909, ed. by Wiley . 508 The rate of solution of casein, Robertson 510 On the refractive indexes of solutions of certain proteins, Robertson 510 The distribution of nitrogenous bodies in woman's milk, Frehn 511 The champignon, an indol-producing plant, Lowy 511 Ascertaining the physical and chemical constants of goose fat, Mayer 511 Acid-soluble phosphorus compounds of some feeds. Hart and Tottingham 511 The spontaneous heating of hay, Boekhout and De Vries 511 The analysis of silicate and carbonate rocks, Hillebrand 511 Plasticity and coherence of clays and loams, Atterberg 511 Examination of peat litter, Wid^n 512 A new method for estimating the oxygen content of water, Maucha 512 In regard to the water content of rye and wheaten flours, Rammstedt 512 Isolation of the creatinin from meat and other extracts, Micko 512 Phosphorus in flesh, Trowbridge and Stanley ; 512 Technique of detecting intracellular ferments, Abderhalden and Pringsheim . . 512 Biological differentiation of the proteids in foods and blood stains, Mezger 513 Biological differentiation of milk proteids, Bauer 513 I II CONTENTS. Page. Detection of calcium sucrate, etc., in milk and cream, Rothenfusser 513 Catalase test for detecting pathological milk, Gabathuler 513 Methods used for milk and dairy products, Barthel, trans, by Goodwin 513 The determination of sucrose in cane molasses, Deerr 513 Judging quality of sugar beets by their content of injurious nitrogen, Friedl 514 Colorimetric method for estimating injurious nitrogen in sugar beets, Friedl. . . 514 Methods and standards in bomb calorimetry. Fries 514 Report of Swedish Moor Culture Association, von Feilitzen 515 Vinegar and its making - - - 515 The manufacture of vinegar from fermented sugar-beet juice 515 The electrolytic oxidation of ethyl alcohol to acetic acid, Askenasy et al 515 METEOROLOGY — WATER. The mechanics of the earth's atmosphere, Abbe 515 Some relations of meteorology with agriculture, Mellish 516 The classification of climates on a physiogeographical basis, Penck 516 Is the air of mountains colder than that of the air at like altitudes? Hann 516 The action of kainit and carnallite in preventing frost, Grohmann 516 The fight against hail, Guillon - 516 Meteorology, Edmiston 516 Meteorological investigations in Surinam and Curasao, 1909 517 Rainfall over South Africa, Innes 517 The relative value of irrigating waters, Stabler 517 The interference of wells, Clapp 517 Improvement of water for dairies, Giinther 518 Ultraviolet rays and the sterilization of water, Oourmont 518 Does water sterilized by ultraviolet rays contain peroxid? Courmout et al 518 The chemistry and bacteriology of sewage purification, Sommerville 518 Sludge disposal, Easdale - 518 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soil fertility as affected by long use of fertilizers. Brown and Maclntire 518 Relations between soil fertility and the phosphoric acid, Pouget and Chouchak . . 519 The absorption of phosphoric acid in soils by plants, Pouget and Chouchak 519 The conservation of the fertility of the soil. Hall 519 The conservation and utilization of our natural resources, Pratt 520 A preliminary study of chemical denudation, Clarke 520 [Second annual repoit of Florida State Geological Survey, 1909] 520 Bibliography of North Carolina geology and geography, Laney and Wood 520 Soils of New South Wales, I, Jensen 521 The alluvial soils of Gua, Marchetti 521 The sand dunes of the Libyan Desert, Beadnell 521 The meaning and value of the chemical analysis of soils. Watt 521 Composition of grass land, including a study of soil variations, Frear and White. . 521 The phenomena of flocculation and deflocculation , Free 521 Report on soil temperature in connection with plats differently treated. Brown . . 522 Influence of moisture upon yields of hay in 1908 and 1909, Brown and Maclntire. 522 Effects of adding salts to the soil on the amount of nonavailable water, Bovie. . 522 Carbon dioxid content of soils during different stages of growth, Barakov 523 Nitrates in the soil, Headden 523 The "acid soil" bugaboo, Bonsteel - 523 A new viewpoint concerning the fertility of the soil, Sjollema 523 The fertilizing influence of sunlight, Fletcher and Russell 523 The American fertilizer handbook, 1910 523 Average composition of farm and commercial fertilizers, Hoffmann 524 Commercial fertilizers and their use in North Carolina, Williams 524 Home mixed fertilizers 524 Penetration of fertilizers in the soil 524 Effects of long use of sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate on the soil. Brown . 525 The production of sulphate of ammonia in the year 1909, Atwater 525 Effects of the new nitrogenous manures on potatoes and hay, Greig 525 Present tendency of electrochemical industry with respect to calcium nitrate. . 525 Air nitrate fertilizers, Mason 5-5 Fixation of the nitrogen of the air by the Schonherr ])rocess, Pierron 525 On the formation of calcium cyanamid, Foerster and Jacoby 525 CONTENTS. Ill Page. A new nitrogenous fertilizer, aluminum nitrogen 525 Phonolite meal, a new potash fertilizer, Krische 525 [Utilization of milk waste as a fertilizer]. Miller 525 Analyses of domestic manures, McDowell 525 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Scovell and Curtis 526 [Inspection of commercial fertilizers] 526 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. An experimental study of the rest period in plants, Howard 526 Influence of ultraviolet light on the germination of seed, Raybaud 526 Osmotic pressures and determining freezing points, Dixon and Atkins 526 The formation of albuminoid substances in plants, Vasilev 527 The effect of certain hydrolyzable salts on plants, Gregoire 527 Role of oxygen in formation and destruction of red pigments in plants, Combes. . 528 Physiological studies of Cuscuta, Gertz 528 The growth of certain molds in oil, Coupin 528 Endotrophic mycorrhiza in certain fruit trees, Boulet 528 Hyphal fungi in Elxagnus angustifolia and Alnus glutinosa, Zach 528 Structure of tomato skins, Groth 528 [Some miscellaneous economic plants of Palestine], Aaronsohn 529 FIELD CROPS. Pastures in New York 529 The hay crop. Brooks 530 Relative value of corn, oats, wheat, and hay in a four-course rotation. Hunt. . 531 Forage plants for western Washington, Lawrence and Blanchard 531 Results of cooperative experiments in agriculture, Zavitz and Gamble 531 [The Woburn field experiments], Voelcker 532 Rotations, McConnell 533 [Variety tests with peanuts and fodder crops]. Brooks 533 [Agricultural and botanical explorations in Palestine], Aaronsohn 533 Cotton field and orchard of the experiment field in 1907, Bushuyev 534 [Variety and manurial tests and experimental sowings]. Potts et al 534 [Ensilage, hay, barley, oats, and wheat], Perkins and Colebatch 535 Alfalfa as a crop in Massachusetts, Brooks 535 The production of alfalfa, Oses 535 Corn production in the upper peninsula of Michigan, Geismar 535 Increasing protein and fat in corn. Smith 535 Cotton production, 1909 535 Notes on publications relating to cotton, 1909, Balls 535 Variety tests of oats, 1906-1908, Noll 536 Variety test of potatoes, 1906-1908, Noll 536 On two varieties of sann {Crotalaria juncea) , Howard 536 Soy beans the basis of Manchurian commerce, Hoagland. 536 Growing sugar beet seed in South Dakota, Shepard 536 Variation and correlation in timothy, Clark 536 The tvpes of Nicotiana tabacum, Howard 537 Wheat 537 Cultural methods for wheat in dry countries 537 The cultivation of "stronger" wheats for export from the Punjab, Renouf 537 HORTICULTURE. [Fruits and plants to use as stocks recommended for introduction], Aaronsohn. 537 Orchard management, Hedrick 538 Homemade orchard heater, Mendenhall 538 Fruit production of the British Empire, McCall 538 Apple orchard survey of Niagara County, Cummings 538 Dwarf apples, Hedrick 539 A report on some trial shipments of cold storage apples, Ruddick 540 The precooling plants of the Pacific P'ruit Express Company 540 The date gardens of the Jerid, Kearney 540 Fig culture in North ( 'arolina, Reimer 540 Report of the enological station of Haro for 1909, De Zuniga 540 On the abortion of the flowers of CoJJea arabica, Fauch6re 540 IV CONTENTS. rage. Classification of the peony, Batchelor 541 The development of sweet peas 541 Mendel's law of heredity and its application to horticulture, Hurst 541 FORESTRY. The relation of the experiment station to forestry, Thorne 541 Protection of forests from fire, Graves 541 Windbreaks and hedges, Waldron 541 [Forestry section] 541 The lumber history of Texas for 1909, Dionne 541 The new forestry law, Scott 542 The forest of Dean revisited, Schlich 542 Forests in Finland: Development of timber and allied industries, Cooke 542 Report of the forestry branch for 1909, Hay and Maiden 542 Forest administration in Eastern Bengal and Assam for the year 1908-9, Hill. . 542 Report of forest circles in Bombay Presidency for 1908-9, Millett et al 542 Progress report of forest administration in Coorg for 1908-9, McCarthy 542 Pine in Prussia, Bavaria, Alsace-Lorraine, Hesse, and Anhalt, Martin 542 Some important species of trees of the Malay Archipelago, Carthaus 542 The woods of the Ivory Coast and their industrial utilization, Courtet 542 The ivory nut of Abyssinia, Planchon 542 Wattle growing for bark, Taylor 543 Some factors which influence the yield of resin from Pinus longifolia, Smythies. 543 Chestnut wood under destructive distillation and the products, Borghesani C43 The prospects of the match industry in the Indian Empire, Troup £43 A lecture on the Para rubber tree ( Ilevea brasiliensis), Gallagher 543 Propagation of guayule by seeds, Kirkwood 543 On the preparation of German East African plantation rubber, Zimmermann.. 544 The preparation of rubber and its future in the Ivory Coast, Chevalier 544 Lumber saved by using odd lengths 544 DISEASES OF PLANTS. A brief handbook of the diseases of cultivated plants in Ohio, Selby 544 A calendar for plant protection, Hiltner 544 Mycological notes. Mayor 545 Researches on the life history of ]>arasitic fungi, Bancroft 545 A new European species of Peronospora, Wilson 545 FtLsarium nivale and its connection with Nectria graminicola, Ihssen 545 New observations on ergot. Stager 546 Fungi as a cause of the lodging of cereal crops, Dombrovski 546 The combating of the stinking smut of wheat, Jordi 546 A bacterial disease of alfalfa, Sackett 546 Stem blight, a new bacterial disease of alfalfa, Sackett 546 Recent investigations on the heart rot of beets, Griffon and Maublanc 546 The root rot of cassava, De Kruijff 547 Diseases of cotton, Maublanc , 547 Tests of spray mixtures for Alternaria blight of ginseng, Whetzel and Rankin. . 547 The onion eel worm, Laidlaw and Price 547 Certain diseases of Maine potatoes and their relation to the seed trade, Morse 548 Corky scab of the potato, Evans 548 Experiments with three tobacco diseases, Jensen 548 Root diseases caused by Armillaria mellea near Puget Sound, Lawrence 548 The bitter rot (Gloeosporium) of apples, Laubert 548 A canker of apple trees caused by the brown rot fungus, Salmon 548 The occurrence of New York apple canker in England, Salmon 549 Leaf blight of the pear and quince, Doidge 549 The Panama disease, Essed 549 The relation of black rot of cacao.pods to the canker of cacao trees, Rorer 549 The root disease of the coconut palm, Petch 549 A new disease of citrus fruits, Evans - - 550 Influence of the soil on the development of the roncet of the grape, Pantanelli . 550 Two diseases of gooseberries. Brooks and Bartlett 550 The appearance of the American gooseberry mildew in Belgium, Marchal 551 A note on the appearance of two epidemic mildews, Namyslowski 551 The mildew of oaks, Griffon and Maublanc 552 CONTENTS. V Page. A fungus disease of the lebbek tree, Balls 552 Notes on the disease of Pterocarpus in Penang, Fox 552 Relation between Coleosporium and Peridermium pini-densifiorse, Orishimo... 552 Leaf disease in Hevea, Van Hall-de Jonge 552 Dieback of Hevea brasiliensis, Petch 552 A bark disease of Hevea, tea, etc., Petch 553 The more important fungus diseases of deciduous trees, Koek 553 Ai-senical poisoning of fruit trees, Headden 553 Injury to foliage by Bordeaux mixture, Salmon 554 Lime-sulphur mixtures and their influence on copper sprays, Tetzner 554 Effect of alkaline polysulphids on spraying apparatus, Hugounenq 554 A horse-back sprayer for fruit growers, Honings 554 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Officials concerned with the protection of birds and game, 1910, Palmer 554 Regulations for the protection of game in Alaska 555 Game and fish laws of the State of Louisiana 555 The mammals of Colorado, Warren 555 Breeding minks in Louisiana for their fur. — A profitable industry, Elfer 555 The extermination of rats in rice fields, Gallagher 555 Birds of California in relation to the fruit industry, II, Beal 555 Bird guide, Reed 555 The birds of Guiana, Penard 555 Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology. Stiles and Hassall 555 The insect book, Westell 555 A handbook of practical parasitology, Braun and Liihe, trans, by Forster 555 Experiments on the generation of insects, Redi 555 First annual report of the Arizona Horticultural Commission 555 [Circulars of the Arizona Horticultural Commission] 556 Insects [in Nova Scotia], Smith 556 Cooperative laboratory for the study of sugar cane insects. Van Dine 556 Apple tree insects of Maine, Patch and Johannsen 556 Grasshoppers and their control, Geismar 556 Third report of committee of South African Central Locust Bureau, Lounsbury . 556 An othopterological reconnoissance of California and Nevada, Rehn and Hebard. 557 Thysanoptera of southern California, II, Crawford 557 Thysanoptera of Mexico and the South, II, Crawford 557 Notes on two West African Hemiptera injurious to cocoa. Dudgeon 557 The curly-top of beets, Shaw 557 A new gall making psyllid on hackberry, Cockerell 558 Contributions to a knowledge of the corn root-aphis, Vickery 558 A list of the genera described as new in the family Aphididse, Wilson 559 Notes on the two papers on Aphididae by Rafinesque, Wilson 559 The natural enemies of the citrus mealy bug, I, Essig 559 Mealy bug and fumigation, Baker et al 559 The white fly. Hood 559 The purple and red scales. Chapman et al 559 On scale insects (Coccidse), etc., from the Uganda Protectorate, Newstead 559 Life history of Trypanosoma leivisi in the rat louse, Breinl and Hindle 559 On the etiology of tabardillo or Mexican typhus, Anderson and Goldbcrgor 559 The etiology of tabardillo, Mexican typhus fever, Ricketts and Wilder 559 The larva of Eumseus atala, Healy 560 The resistance of gipsy moth eggs to cold and other conditions, Reiff 560 Notes on Hemileuca lucina, Reiff 560 On the pathology of jaundice of the silkworm, Sasaki 560 On the parasites of two species of West African wild silkworms, Dudgeon 560 The macrolepidoptera of the Bermudas, Jones 560 Further study of the ( "atocalaj, Rowley and Berry 560 New species of Tineina from California, Braun 560 The lite history of Cricula trifenestra, Stebbins, jr 561 The larva and food plant of Glyptocera consobrinella, Dyar 561 Two new species of La^tilia, Dyar 561 Schizomyia ipomoem, Felt 561 [Notes on mosquitoes], Darling 561 Notes on the mosquitoes of Arkansas, Thibault, jr 561 The prevalence of mosquitoes in Cairo and its environs, Willcocks 561 VI CONTENTS. The genus Tachydromia, Melander 561 The effect of mosquito larvae upon drinking water, Boyce and Lewis 561 A new genus and two new species of African fruit flies, Austen 562 Glossina palpalis. — A resume 562 Observations on the life history of Glossina palpalis at Entebbe, Uganda, Degen. 562 Studies of the diptera with internal entomophagous larvte, I, Pantel 562 A revision of the species of Agathomyia of the eastern United States, Johnson. . 562 A new species of ("ordylobia, Austen 562 Some new facts on the bionomics of the California rodent fleas, Mitzmain 562 General observations on the bionomics of the rodent and human fleas, Mitzmain. 563 A note on squirrel fleas as plague carriers, McCoy .' 563 Fleas as plague carriers between rats and ground squirrels, McCoy 563 Plague infection in a brush rat {Neotoma fuscipes) , McCoj^ 563 Susceptibility of the prairie dog, wood rat, and rock squirrel, McCoy and Smith. 563 A parasitic and a predatory enemy of the flea, Mitzmain 563 The introduction of Scohitus midtistriatus into Massachusetts, Chapman 564 A catalogue of the genera of Staphylinidip, Eichelbaum 564 A new enemy of the coffee tree, Marchal 564 A new coffee pest in Java, Van der Weele 564 A new coffee pest, Hagedorn 564 Annotated list of Asiatic beetles in Indian Museum, Annandale and Horn... 564 Two new aphelinine parasites of scale insects, Howard 564 Insect galls of Springfield, Massachusetts, and vicinity, Stebbins 564 Catalogue of neartic spiders, Banks 564 The Oribatoidea of Illinois, Ewing 565 New American mites. Banks 565 The straw itch {Dermatitis schamhergi) , Goldberger 565 Small artificial ant nests of novel patterns, ^\Tieeler 565 A hopperdozer for rough ground, Morse 565 New machine electrocutes tobacco bugs 565 Fumigation studies, I, Pierce 565 Concentrated lime-sulphur, its properties, preparation and use, Stewart 566 Spray and practice outline for fruit growers, Eustace and Pettit 566 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Cotton-seed meal as human food, Fraps 566 Flour: Nitrite-reacting nitrogen in, McGill 567 Concerning tea, DuPasquier 567 Pepper, McGill 567 Food inspection decision 567 Official inspections 567 Notices of judgment 567 Administration of the food and drugs act, Heiser 568 Hearings relative to foods held in cold storage 568 [Food and living conditions of Central Asian tribes], von Schultz 568 Diet and nutrition of the Filipino people, Heiser 568 Lessons in the proper feeding of the family, Gibbs 568 Pellagra, Brown and Low 568 Nuclein synthesis in the animal body, McCollum 569 Experimental variation of intestinal flora by changes in diet, Herter 569 The resorption of cellulose in the intestine, Moeller 570 Gas resorbed in the intestine, Kato 570 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The laws of heredity, Reid 570 The influence of the male parent in heredity, Loisel 571 The inheritance of color conformation and sex, Miiller 571 The Carnegie Institution's work with poultry 571 The vitellin membrane in egg of birds, Lecaillon 571 Mitochondrial elements of germ cells and chondriosomes of cells, Duesberg. . . . 571 The physiology of stock breeding, Marshall 571 Feeding color: An aid in studying physiological development, Rogers 571 Nutritive value of blood proteins, Imabuchi 572 Comparative study of protein cleavage in the stomach, Scheunert et al 572 [Analyses of feeding stuffs], Hendrick .■ 572 Feeding stuff inspection 572 CONTENTS. VII Page. Commercial feedino; stuffs, Carson and Fraps 572 Notices of judgment 572 Food inspection decision 572 The cost of winter grazing in East Norfolk, Bird 573 Feeding experiments, 1909-10, Faville 573 Protein requirements of growing cattle under one year of age, i''lint 573 Methods of steer feeding, Mairs and Doty 574 Cattle feeding experiments in Britain, Ingle 575 Mexican bulls fed on English walnuts, Shanklin 575 The house-feeding of sheep, Mackay 575 The pasturage system for handling range sheep, Jardine 575 The Lonk [breed of sheep], Peel 576 Wool growing and the tariff, Wright 576 Experiments in feeding raw potatoes and potato products to swine, Haselhoff . . 577 Hog raising in North Carolina, Cmtis 577 Swine husbandry and bacon curing, Douglas 577 Decorticated peanut cake for feeding horses, Lucas 577 Feeding sugar to horses to increase working capacity, Barthel 577 Demonstration of mechanism of extension and inflection in horse, Zwaenepoel. . 577 The schooling of horses, Swire 577 A report on the horse-breeding industry in Minnesota 578 Government certification of stallions, Cameron 578 The horse supply of Russia and their remount system 578 Egg-laying competition, 1909-10, Laurie 578 Artificial incubation, Bradshaw 578 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Alfalfa hay v. timothy hay and bran for dairy cows. Eraser and Hayden 578 Test of soiling crops for dairy cows, season of 1907, Mairs 579 Green crops for summer soiling, Lindsey 580 Relative economy of concentrated and bulky rations, Van Norman and Gbodling . 580 Notices of judgment 580 On the nature of the cellular elements present in milk, II, Hewlett et al 580 Clean milk and commercial starters as factors in butter making, Sackett 581 Lactic cultures for dauy purposes 581 Report of permanent butter-scoring exhibitions at Hango, 1908, Andelin et al. 581 Report of agent of Finnish Dairy Association in Great Britain, von Becker 582 Cheese v. butter. Parry et al 582 Studies in sheep dairying. Burr and Berberich 582 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Recent work in tropical veterinary hygiene, Knuth 582 Researches on poisonous and other plants, Aston 582 Experiments with barium chlorid, Frink and Tillou 582 The danger of strewing kainit in the bedding of domestic animals, Brandes 582 The behavior of the leucocytes in infection and immunity, I-IV, Andrews . . . 583 Modification of the relative leucocyte content by hemoptysis, Oddo and Monier. 583 Studies on endolysins, Pettersson 583 The significance of alexins for precipitating microbes and blood cells, Streng. . 583 The relation of bacterial precipitins to agglutinins, Gaehtgens 584 Are methylene blue and hematoxylin antigens? Takemura 584 The passive transference of immunity against rabbit sarcoma, von Dungern. . . 584 A disease simulating paresis of pregnancy, Laufer 584 Obstetrical aid to smaller domestic animals, Koppitz 584 Diagnosis of blackleg, Foth 584 Anticharbon serum therapy, Boidin 584 The agglutination test in glanders, Nevermann 584 The nature of the parasite of epizootic lymphangitis, Bridr6 and Nfegre 584 Criticism of the methods of testing meningococcus serum, Baecher and Uachla. 585 Rabies — hydrophobia, Goss 585 Tetanus, Eastman and Chase - 585 Interim report of the animal trypanosomiases of southern Rhodesia, Bevan. . . 585 Endoglobular stages of (rypanosomes, Carini 585 Glosdna palpalis and Trypanosoma cazalhoui, Bouffard 585 Elephant surra. — Trypanosomiasis in the elephant, Evans 585 A new trypanosomiasis of man, Chagas 585 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Bovine tuberculosis, Bidart 586 The action of tuberculosis on the heart, Pottenger 586 About placental tuberculosis, Schlimpert 586 Tuberculosis 586 The value of tuberculin as a diagnostic medium, Bierotte 586 Tuberculin hypersensitiveness, Joseph 586 Action of some molds and bacteria on tuberculin, Vaudremer 587 Von Behring's protective vaccination of bovines against tuberculosis, Nowak. . 587 Complement binding and agglutination reaction for foretelling abortion, Holth . 587 Contributions to thepathology and treatment of milk fever, Bredo 587 Epidemic chronic catarrhal mastitis, Wall 588 Infectious lymphangitis in cattle, Raymond 588 Gastro-enteritis-coccidiosis of cattle, Montgomery 588 Worm nests in cattle due to Filaria gihsoni n. sp., Cleland and Johnston 588 Lip-and-leg ulceration (Necrobacillosis) of sheep, Northrupp 588 Gangrenous mammitis of sheep, Gilruth 588 Mortality among hoggets and lambs due to parasitic disease, Reakes 588 Hog cholera and the serum method of treatment, Barnett 588 Contagious pneumonia in pigs associated with a hemameba, Gilruth 589 The clinical diagnosis and treatment of schlerostomiasis, Bochberg 589 The distribution of Piroplasma canis in infected dogs, Goldschmid 589 A further note on the drug treatment of canine piroplasmosis, Jowett 589 A study of the control of Hxviatopinus macrocephalus and H. piliferus, Jakob . 589 An investigation of the pathology of grouse disease, Cobbett and Graham-Smith . 590 Disease of canaries, Gilruth 590 Gnathostomum spinigerum in a domestic cat, Mitter. . .■ 590 Notes on some parasites in Burma, Evans and Rennie 590 RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation in Colorado, Beach and Preston 590 Materials used in cement and concrete posts, Bainer and Bonebright 590 The Iowa silo, Davidson and King 590 The improved New York colony-house brooding system. Rice and Rogers. ... 591 The efficiency of hand separators, Brainerd and Mallory 592 The lighting of farmhouses, Osmond 592 RURAL ECONOMICS. Land and labour: Lessons from Belgium, Rowntree 593 Land and labor in Belgium 593 The rural economy of certain parts of Italy, Racah 593 ■Agricultural awakening of Egypt and Sudanunder English influence, Strakosch. 594 Law of 1909 relating to the establishment of small farm holdings in Denmark. . 594 List of farms for sale or rent in New York State, Riddell 594 The cooperative plan of securing farms and how it applies to the South, Willey . 594 The development of agricultural credit organizations in France, von Hennet. . 594 A systematic exposition of agricultural insurance legislation, Rudloff 594 Associations for the manufacture of products, Ferroni 594 Cost of production of Lancaster County filler tobaccos, Frear and Hibshman. . 595 Minor items of farm equipment, Ellis 595 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Forestry in the agricultural colleges and experiment stations. Green 595 School teachers and the farmer's business 595 Agricultural training, Braik 596 Illustrative exhibits at state and county fairs, Goddard and Lloyd 596 Exercises at the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Maine Station 596 Information concerning the College of Agriculture, Babcock - - 596 Announcement of farmers' short courses for 1910 at the University Farm, Davis. 596 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1909 596 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. California Station: rage. Circ. 52 "596 Circ. 53, June, 1910 596 Colorado Station: Bui. 156, Mar., 1910 581 Bui. 157, May, 1910 553 Bui. 158, Apr., 1910 546 Bui. 159, Apr., 1910 546 Bui. 160, May, 1910 523 Bui. 161, May, 1910 590 Georjjia Station: Bui. 90, July, 1910 573 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Div. Agr. and Chem. Bui. 81. July, 1910 513 Illinois Station: Bui. 146, June, 1910 578 Iowa Station: Bui. 117, June, 1910 590 Kansas Station: Circ. 9, July 9, 1910 585 Circ. 10, July 21, 1910 542 Kentucky Station: Bui. 146, Dec. 31, 1909 526 Maine Station: Off. Insps. 22, May, 1910 567 Off. Insps. 23, June, 1910 572 Doc. 375 548 Doc. 377 524 Doc. 383 556 Doc. 385 596 Massachusetts Station: Bui. 133, Feb., 1910 580 Bui. 134, May, 1910 530 Circ. 18, Oct., 1908 535 Circ. 19, Nov., 1908 559 Michigan Station: Spec. Bui. 51, Mar., 1910 566 Spec. Bui. 52, Apr., 1910 535 Spec. Bui. 53, June, 1910 556 Circ. 7, June, 1910 581 Circ. 8, June, 1910 586 Circ. 9, June, 1910 515 Missouri Station: Research Bui. 1, Apr., 1910. . . 526 Bui. 85, Sup 526 New Jersey: •Bui. 228, Feb. 3, 1910 528 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 262, Jan., 1909 538 Bui. 277, May, 1910 591 Bui. 278, May, 1910 541 Bui. 279, July, 1910 536 Bui. 280, July, 1910 529 New York State Station: Circ. 11, Nov. 10, 1909 538 Circ. 12, Dec. 21, 1909 539 Stations in the United States — Continued. North Carolina Station: Page. Bui. 207, Apr., 1910 577 Bui. 208, June, 1910 540 North Dakota Station: Bui. 88, June, 1910 541 Ohio Station: Bui. 214, Mar., 1910 544 Circ. 98, Feb. 1, 1910 595 Circ. 101, May 12, 1910 596 Pennsylvania Station: An. Rpt. 1909 .... 514, 516, 518, 521, 522, 524, 525, 531, 536, 566, 574,579,580,592,595,596 South Carolina Station: Bui. 152, June, 1910 588 South Dakota Station: Bui. 121, May, 1910 536 Texas Station: Bui. 127, Mar., 1910 572 Bui. 128, Mar., 1910 566 Virginia Station: Bui. 186, Mar., 1910 592 Washington Station: Bui. 2, spec. Ber., 1910 531 Bui. 3, spec, ser., 1910 548 Wisconsin Station: Research Bui. 8, May, 1910. . . 569 Research Bui. 9, May, 1910. . . 511 Wyoming Station: Bul.'^SS, May, 1910 573 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Notices of Judgment 383-472 567, 572 580 Food Insp. Decisions 124-125... 567^572 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 39, pts. 28-31 555 Bui. 124 (5 cents) 514 Bureau of Biological Survey: Bui. 34 (40 cents) 555 Circ. 74 554 Circ. 75 555 Bureau of Chemistry : Bui. 132 (25 cents) 508 Bureau of Entomology : Bui. 85, pt. 6 (5 cents) 558 Forest Service: Bui. 82 (15 cents) 541 Circ. 178 575 Circ. 180 544 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 180 (15 cents) 529, 533, 537 Bui. 181 (15 cents) 557 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 218 (15 cents) 590 IX EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIII. November, 1910. No. 6. A recent gathering of considerable interest to workers in agricul- tural science was the agricultural libraries' round table, held in con- junction with the annual conference of the American Library Asso- ciation the past summer at Mackinac Island, Mich. Represented at this meeting were various agricultural college and experiment station libraries, the libraries of this Department and this Office, state libraries and other extension agencies engaged in farmers' library work, and others interested in the collection and circulation of agri- cultural literature. The programme included both papers and conferences, and while some of the subjects dealt with the more technical details of library management, others discussed the broader phases of the relation of these libraries to other agricultural agencies. Among the topics to be considered were the means of popularizing agricultural literature, the place of agricultural literature in the general reference library, the instruction of students in the use of agricultural and other scien- tific literature, the selection and preservation of agricultural periodi- cals, bibliographical and other aids to agricultural literature, and similar questions of wide interest and significance. The meeting is believed to have been the first attempt to assemble as such the scattered but rapidly increasing number of workers in the comparatively new field of agricultural library science. As was to be expected, it served to reveal some of the problems common to those in attendance and the advantages to be secured by their discussion. At the close of the conference, in response to a general desire for future meetings, steps were taken looking toward the permanent organization of an agricultural library section of the American Library Association. Should these efforts be attended with success another helpful auxiliary to agricultural science, therefore, gives promise of being added to the long list of specialized associations which have come into being within the last few years. The inauguration of this undertaking and the interest which is being nmnifested in its development renders even more than usually pertinent a discussion of the experiment station library and of the 501 502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ways in which its efficiency may be increased. Already there are indi- cations of an increasing realization by the stations as a whole of the importance of their library as a factor in their work, but in too many cases it may even yet be questioned if the library has received its full measure of sympathetic attention. Upon the usefulness of a library well equipped and properly cared for to the work of an institution which has for its fundamental pur- pose research, there would seemingly be as little need to dwell as on the necessity of supplying to the investigator his apparatus or the other equipment for his work. In many of the stations this is now realized and great liberality is shown in the purchase of the scientific and technical books and journals required, and in providing for their care by suitably trained assistants. Others, however, have hesitated at expenditures which seem to yield chiefly an indirect return, or have perhaps overestimated the difficulties in the development of the library. The gradual building up of such a library as the station ordinarily requires need not involve heavy cash outlay, especially for the class of literature with which the station worker has especially to deal. There is now a great accumulation of public documents to be obtained by libraries without charge, such as the publications of this Depart- ment and of the state experiment stations, these two sources alone now numbering fully twelve thousand publications. Current files of the leading agricultural papers of the United States and publications of agricultural, horticultural, dairy, and kindred societies may often be acquired by exchange or by gift, as may also many publications of departments of agriculture and of agricultural schools and societies in foreign countries. Once the necessary reference books have been obtained the cash outlay may be therefore largely applied for scientific periodicals, review journals, and special works made necessary for specific investi- gations. Even these may often be curtailed. One very effective way is by interlibrary lending, a practice which is growing more and more common in this country and which gives opportunity of consulting works which are needed for only a short time or are too expensive to justify outright purchase. Among others, the Library of Congress has a liberal system of loans to responsible libraries at a distance, and the Library of this Department is frequently able to loan certain classes of publications under reasonable restrictions. There are also possibilities in the cooperative purchase of books and in the exchange of duplicate collections. The mere accumulation of publications, however, by no means con- stitutes a library. Without systematic arrangement and careful classification and cataloguing the collection can be little but a cum- berer of the ground, and without constant oversight and attention EDITOEIAL. 503 even the best ordered library must speedily degenerate into chaos. The station library in particular, irrespective of such administrative details as its organization as a part of the college library, its mainte- nance as a separate entity, or its partition into departmental collec- tions, needs careful supervision because of its peculiar nature. Merely from the business standpoint, now that the stations are ex- pending, as in recent years, an average of about five hundred dollars annually for books, periodicals and binding, it is easy to see that in even a few years the library comes to represent a considerable invest- ment, justifying the careful preservation of its peculiarly perishable material and its housing with greater regard to the hazard from fire and other losses than it commonly receives. With a large and ever-increasing library of this sort in constant use, there must be regular and systematic attention. The conditions render desirable the employment of a librarian, trained if possible. The usefulness of the library will often depend very largely upon this one factor. Even in the acquisition of the material the services of some one who can make it his special business is well nigh indis- pensable. It is doubtful if there is yet a full realization of the im- portance of securing and preserving complete files of the publications which constitute the bulk of the station library. In the case of public documents the impression is still widespread that such documents if lost can be easily replaced, and in consequence too often their acquisi- tion is neglected, or once obtained they are not properly cared for. This is evident from the conditions frequentl}^ found and from the many requests for back numbers which come to this Department. As a matter of fact it is well known to all who have had occasion to attempt such work that the replacing of these documents is not only difficult but in many cases well nigh impossible. Editions are small and soon exhausted ; and such documents are not as easily acquired through book dealers as most other kinds of publications. Thus in spite of very great efforts by this Office and others to secure an absolutely complete set of the publications of the experiment stations in this country, it is improbable that any such set exists or can ever be brought together. A similar condition exists with refer- ence to the publications of this Department. In both cases there are sets substantially complete, but those in the possession of many col- leges and stations are quite far from it. Of necessity in dealing with publications issued at irregular intervals and oftentimes in unnum- bered series and even undated, there must be constant watchfulness and persistence to obtain material and preserve it. The current lists of publications of the stations and this Department now make it feasible to follow this matter systematically. When the library has installed at its head an assiduous collector and an efficient caretaker there has been a long step forward, but the 504 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. returns will be even greater if the librarian can be more than these. It is as true as it is unfortunate that many an investigator has had relatively little training in the use of books outside his specialty, and even less in the handling of the scattered and fugitive material which he must take account of. Much can be done by the trained librarian to assist him through the introduction of improved classifi- cation and catalogue systems, and by helpful suggestions in looking up literature such as come from an intimate knowledge of the pub- lications themselves. In many cases the librarian could be of much eventual assistance by the giving of instruction on the use of the library to the undergraduate students of to-day who will become the investigators of to-morrow. The station investigations may be even more facilitated if the librarian can assist in bibliographical work, such as the looking up of references, the making of excerpts, the preparation of indexes, and similar matters. This work calls for a higher grade of service than any of the foregoing, demanding as it does not only training in library methods but considerable scientific knowledge as well. In the past but little such service has been available, but the holding of the Mackinac Island round table is in itself an indication that there is now a considerable number of people w^ell trained for the work. It is reasonable to suppose that with an increased demand an addi- tional supply would be forthcoming. As the resources of the stations increase a more specialized organi- zation is inevitable. More and more is it becoming manifest that the main asset in their work is the working time of the investigator, and that efficiency is to be sought by conserving his efforts and reliev- ing him so far as possible of duties which can be done as well if not better by others. The maintenance of a well-organized library, with a trained bibliographical aid at its head, should be to him a material assistance and to the station as a whole a positive factor for progress. The idea of the college as a center of investigation and of advanced thought, as well as of routine teaching, has gained a firm foothold. We have ceased to think of the college or university as being entirel}^ to and within itself. The modern conception is that of an institution which, in addition to giving instruction to its matriculate stvideiits, carries on investigation as a basis for the foundation of teaching knowledge, and reaches out to the people through various lines of extension activity. This conception has found ready acceptance in the case of the agri- cultural college, whose function is rapidly differentiating under the three heads of instruction, investigation, and extension. While each of these must be organized definitely for its specific effort, there is a possible danger in a too narrow restriction of the field in its effect upon the individual worker. The investigation branch is now repre- EDITORIAL. 505 sented by the experiment station, and already the feeling seems to prevail in man}- colleges that investigation will practically be con- fined to the station. Leastwise the investigation at the agricultural colleges appears to be limited more and more to those men who are connected with the experiment station. It is a noticeable fact that comparatively few meml^ers of the col- lege faculties who are free from station affiliations are giving much individual attention to research. The encouragement of research as one function of the Avhole faculty, and the expectation that some at- tention will be given in that direction, seem to find but little expres- sion at many of our colleges, and the routine of the college j^ear is allowed to absorb the whole time and attention. Apart from the productivity of the college in a broader sense, the effect of this upon the teaching force is especially important. AVhether or not some form of research is entered upon, it is quite certain that the teacher should have some definite activity outside the routine of his college duties, in order to maintain his vigor and freshness for his teaching; and because this is voluntary it is no less essential that it should not be overlooked. The beneficial effect upon the teacher of conducting some form of research is generally conceded. Such effort is encouraged in the larger educational institutions, and in a measure determines a man's standing within the institution and among the coworkers in his specialty. Research or other productive activity is expected of him as a scholar or a man of science. The effect of such activity in the case of the agricultural instructor would seem to be especially vitalizing and inspiring. The large amount of investigation now being conducted gives him a point of contact, and the wide range and countless number of subjects which the field presents give great choice for selection. Any man who con- siders intimately the status of the theory of agriculture in relation to the art must be impressed with the abundant opportunity for pro- ductive study, and suggestions will thrust themselves upon him. We have only made a bare beginning in getting at the fundamental reason for the theory that is taught. This is based to very large degree on purely empirical data and the results of experience. The thoughtful teacher will have constantly presented to his mind the question as to the real explanation and meaning of the things he teaches. If wc seek the explanation of this paucity of investigation we arc confronted first with the unusually heavy teaching duties required in the agricultural colleges, as compared with those in many of the insti- tutions. Probably in no class of institutions of similar grade have the teaching duties been more absorbing, and as the agricultural courses have increased in popularity the size of the teaching force has not always kept pace. There is, however, a greater liberality in the 506 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. provision of assistants, and considerable progress has been made in making the teaching schedule conform to a reasonable standard of time, especially in the case of heads of departments. The colleges connected with universities have usually profited by the scale recog- nized in other departments of the institution, and those which have not might well continue to urge for the agricultural faculty the same standards for class room duties as other departments. There should be the same opportunity for study and investigation open to the agricultural faculty as to that of other colleges, and no- where will it prove more helpful. Here as elsewhere the instructor who is ambitious for the success of his work will be active in the efforts for increasing his efficiency. This will often take the form of studies of methods of teaching, the preparation of text-books or man- uals, and the devising of materials for illustration, a field presenting great opportunity for advancing agricultural instruction. It is to the men of these institutions that we naturally look for active study of teaching methods and the improvement of agricultural instruction ; but apparently these matters have received less systematic attention than they deserve. Then there is a touch with the progress of science to be maintained through scientific societies, and the teacher can not afford to go empty-handed to these meetings or to seem to have no part in this forward movement. His own name suffers eventually as does that of the institution, for there is an implied lack of life and vigor in a col- lege or a department which has no part in the acquiring of knowledge. It is fair to expect productive ability of some form in the agricultural college instructor as well as in the teaching force of other educational institutions, and the agricultural teacher can hardly be content to let his life work be measured wholly by the record of the class room. There is no more reason why all investigation and research in agri- culture at the agricultural colleges should be confined to the experi- ment station force than there is why all the teaching should be restricted to the college faculty. The station men are preferably assigned mainly to the station work, but the advantage to them of some opportunity to come into contact with the teaching of the class room and the lecture platform is quite generally recognized and provided. The advantage to the teacher of following out some lines of investigation in his field is perhaps equally recognized theoret- ically, but it has not been expressed in practice nearly as generally. The obstacles to it are not believed to be insurmountable, as a rule, if the real spirit for it is present. In some notable cases the earlier teachers in the agricultural col- leges were quite active in research and carried on studies wliich had great influence in paving the way for agricultural experiment sta- tions in this country. This was done under far less stimulating and favorable conditions than prevail at the present time. But since the EDITORIAL. 507 instruction work of the college and the experimental work of the station have been more sharply differentiated, there has been a nar- rowing- of the functions of the teacher and the danger that he would allow himself to be segi'egated from the acquisition of knowledge. The effect of this upon the men themseh^es is of far more importance than the loss to science; and coupled with this is the influence upon the development of advanced instruction at the agricultural college. The latter is of vital importance in the preparation of suitable workers for the experiment stntions and other expert service. Nothing can be more sterilizing to a teacher than a restriction of his activity to the routine of teaching, a habit which may easily be fallen into and one to be guarded against in the early stages of a teaching career. It is not easy to use profitably odds and ends of time, and this often leads to deferring the beginning of investigation to a more convenient time. But despite the manifold duties which go with a college professorship the vacation periods leave considerable time free for study, in addition to the unoccupied hours during term time; and there are many opportunities afforded by the laboratories, apparatus, greenhouses, farms, libraries, and other facilities usually at hand. The freedom from pressure for results or the more popular forms of experimentation often felt by the station worker is also a favorable condition. There is a great deal of research which at certain stages needs regular attention, rather than large amounts of time, and the more time-consuming operations can often be deferred until there is greater freedom from interruption. One of the prime requisites is a research habit and a definite planning for some work of that nature. The raising of the standards of the agricultural colleges and the provision of graduate courses will almost necessarily call for greater activity in original study within the college dej^artments proper. The student must be given something of the spirit of investigation and introduced to its methods. He will naturally come to look for this to the men who are themselves active in investigation, and will learn from them to appreciate the bearing and the importance of such work. Such advanced students will also give added opportunity for following some line of investigation. It would seem that the time has come when the college generally should give more attention to this feature, and take it into account in its relations with the faculty. It is due to the men it enlists in its service, and will contribute breadth and strength to the Avork of the whole institution. It need involve little money or readjustment; it calls rather for encouragement and recognition as a desirable part of the life of the teacher, — for a favorable atmosphere and an attitude of expectation. 60863°— No. 6—10 2 RECENT WORK INAGRICUETURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at Denver, Colo., August 26-28, 1909, edited by H. AY. Wilf.y (C7. 8. Depi. Agr., Bur. Chcm. Bui. 132, pp. 127, figs. 7).— This is the usual detailed report of the proceedings, extracts from which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 614). Papers were also i)reseuted as follows : Determination of ammonia hi/ the official magnesium oxid method, T. C. Trescot (p. 20.) — The author believes that the results obtained by distilling with magnesium oxid should not be reported as free ammonia, but should be expressed as ammonia obtained by distillation with magnesium oxid. Inter prclation of soil analyses with respect to pliosphoric acid, G. S. Fraps (pp. 33, 34). — The author states that the phosphates of lime and the normal ferrous or ferric and aluminum salts are easily soluble in fifth-normal nitric acid, while the basic salts of iron and aluminum are only sparingly so. From this, however, it must not be concluded that all soils which contain the same amount of phosphates of lime react in the same manner toward phosphoric fertilizers and particularly to plants. _ " Reducing it to its lov.-est terms, the analysis of a soil with fifth-normal nitric acid amounts to this: Knowing the quantity of phosphoric acid exti'acted by the solvent, and the absorptive power of the soil for phosphoric acid, esti- mate how much phosphate of lime is present in the soil. Then, knowing the amount of acid consumed, consider to what extent this phosphate is distributed W'ithin the mass of the dissolved material and to what extent it is exposed to the roots of the plants. Having estimated the amount of exposed phosphate of lime, we have next to inquire how much of it is necessary to make a soil fertile. What conditions .iffect the rate and the quantity of phosphoric acid which these phosphates give up? Then the probable value of the basic ferric and aluminum phosphates present must be considered, and whether or not organic phosphates are in the soil. Having considered all these questions, we will be in a positioa' to interpret the analysis of a soil with fifth-normal nitric acid." Methods for the determination of the nitrifying and ammonifying poicern of soils, F. L. Stevens and W. A. Withers (pp. 84-38). — The nitrifying indexes; set up by the authors are as follows: Nitrification inoculating power (N. I. P.> has to do with the factor of the live organisms present and does not take into consideration the fitness or nonfitness of a soil for their activity. It also does; not consider species of bacteria but takes them as a whole. Nitrifying capacity (N. C.) regards the fitness of a soil outside of the sphere of micro-oi'ganisms.. in other words, the capacity to support nitrification if the proper micro- organisms are present. Nitrifying efficiency (,N. E.) considers the function of the soil as a whole to produce nitrates as an end product. Ammrioificatiam 508 AGEICULTURAL. CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 509 energies are also classified in a siiuilar niaiiner, A. K. icpreseiitiiij; the amiuoui- fication efficiency, A. I. P. the ammonifying inoculating power, and A. C. the ammonifying capacity. Methods for determining these indexes are appended. They consist chiefly in judging the action of the micro-organisms of the soil upon ammonium sulphate, and determining the end products, nitrates, nitrites, and anunonia in the media, taking into consideration the nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia originally present in the soil. A rapid method for the determination of total potassium in soils, O. M. Shedd (pp. 38-42). — Further tests with a method previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 209) are presented. Some investigations coneerning the keeping qualities of sugar sirups, fruit sirups, and crushed fruits, H. E. Barnard (pp. 66-71). — This study has particu- lar reference to the keeping quality of soda fountain crushed fruits and fruit sirups. The tests were so carried on as to simulate as nearly as possible the conditions as they exist in soda-water establishments. " The results briefly summarized indicate, first, that concentrated crushed fruit and fruit sirups may be kei)t without loss for from 1 to 3 months after opening, when held at a temperature below 50° F. ; second, that fountain sirups made with 14-lb. sugar sirup will keep from 2 to 4 weeks without the slightest evidence of fermentation; third, that crushed fruit concentrates diluted with sugar sirup of 14 lbs. to the gallon will keep when exposed at room temperatux-e from 3 to 10 days, and when such goods are placed in the refrigerator of the fountain during the night for a period of 8 hours the time during which they keep in good condition is nearly doubled; fourth, the keeping quality of crushed fruits and fruit sirups is influenced materially by the concentration of the sugar solutions used as diluents." Distinction of vanilla extract and its imitations, A. L. Winton and C. I. Lott (pp. 109-112). — The authors draw attention to the fact that utilizing sub- acetate of lead for estimating the lead number with dealcoholized solutions car- ries down some of the vanillin and thus makes it impossible to determine vanillin, coumarin, and the lead number in one weighed portion. When normal lead acetate is substituted for the basic salt much of this error is eliminated, and when used according to the process given by the authors permits the determination of vanillin in the filtrate. Determination of starch in cocoa products, W. L. Dubois (i^p. 1.S6-138). — The author recommends a rapid shaking out method instead of the tedious and sometimes inaccurate provisional method of the association for estimating the fat in cocoa and chocolate powders. An accurate method for hydrolyzing starch in unsweetened cocoa and choco- late products, with which it is not necessary to remove the fat before going on with the determination, is also given as follows: "Two gm. of the .sample are transferred to a .500 cc. Erlenmeyer flask, 20 cc. of water added, and then 12 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid, the latter cautiously and with slow rota- tion of the flask. The mixture is heated over a low flame [for approximately li minutes] with constant rotation until the color changes from brown to reddish black. Thirty cc. of water are then added, the mixture is heated to boiling, and boiled for 15 seconds. A little cold water is pouretl in, the flask quickly cooled, and the acid nearly neutralized with a saturated solution of caustic potash. The solution is then again cooled and transferred to a 2.50 cc. flask, completing to volume with cold water. Fifty cc. of the filtrate are used for the determination of copper-reducing substance as dextrose." 510 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Other papers read were Varnishes on Chocolate and Confectionery, by B. H. Smith (pp. 58-60) ; Suggested Modification of the Winton Lead Number, by S. H. Ross (p. 58), previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 709) ; Phosphorus in Flesh, by P. F. Trowbridge and Louise M. Stanley (pp. 158-160) noted else- where (p. 512) from another source; Constants for Creatiuin Determinations, by W. B. Smith and I, M. Myers (pp. 160-164) ; Occurrence of Methyl Pentosan in Cattle Foods, by F. W, Morse (pp. 173-175) ; Dry Lead Defecation in Raw Sugar Analysis, by W. D. Home (pp. 184-186) ; and Comparison of Methods for Sucrose in Sugarhouse Control, by H. P. Agee (pp. 186, 187). The rate of solution ot casein, T. B. Robertson (Jour. Pliys. Chem., H (1910), No. 5, pp. 377-392, figs. 2). — " If casein be stirred at an approximately constant rate in solutions of the hydroxids of the allialis or of the alkaline earths, the amount dissolved is connected with the time which has elapsed since tlie casein was introduced into the solvent by the equation .r=Kt"', where X is the number of grams of casein dissolved, t is the time, and K and Hi are constants which depend upon the concentration and kind of hydroxid-solution employed as solvent, and upon the total mass of casein in the mixture. "The rapidity of solution is, within the limits of the accuracy of the deter- minations, unaffected by temperature, for temperatures ranging between room temperature and 30°. Equally concentrated solutions of the hydroxids of potassium, sodium, lithium, and ammonium dissolve casein at approximately the same rate. Solutions of the hydroxids of the alkaline earths dissolve casein much more lowly. Sr(OH)j dissolving it most rapidly, Ca(0H)2 more slowly, and Ba(0H)2 more slowly still. The amount of casein dissolved by a solu- tion of KOH in a given period of time is directly proportional to the concen- tration of the KOH. " The rapidity with which casein is dissolved by a given solution of a hydroxid of an alkali increases with the mass of casein present in the mixture. At first the increase in the velocity of solution with increasing mass of casein is rather large, but as the mass of casein is still further increased, the increase in the rapidity of solution is less. "Having regard to the smallness of the temperature coefficient of this phe- nomenon, to the dependence of the rate of solution upon the total mass of casein present, and to the identity of the form of the equation x=Kt"'^ with that which expresses the relation between the amount of a liquid absorbed by a column of sand or a strip of filter paper and the time, it is suggested that the factor which determines the rate of solution of casein in solutions of the hy- droxids of the alkalis and of the alkaline earths may possibly be the velocity with which the casein particles are penetrated and wetted by the solvent." See also previous notes (E. S. R., 10, p. 776: 20, p. 705). On the refractive indexes of solutions of certain proteins, T. B. Robertson (Jour. Biol. Chem., 7 (1910), No. 5, pp. 359-36.',).— " The refractive indexes of solutions of ovomucoid in distilled water are connected with their concentra- tions by the formula : n—ni—aXc, where n is the refractive index of the solu- tion, »i is the refractive index of the solvent, in this instance distilled water (1.3333 at 18°), c is the percentage concentration of the protein in the solution, and a is a constant which is numerically equal to the change in the refractive index of the solvent which is brought about by dissolving 1 gm. in 100 cc. The same law has previously been shown to hold good for solutions of casein in various solvents. " The value of o. in the above formula, for ovomucoid is 0.00160. I-'or ovo- vitellin the value of a is 0.00130. For casein the value of a has previously been shown to be 0.00152." (See E. S. R., 22, p. 113.) AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 511 The distribution of nitrogenous bodies in woman's milk, A. Fkehn {Ztschr. I'hi/siol. Chcin., 65 (1910), No. '3, pp. 266-2S0) .—Com\mr\ns the results obtained witli those of other iuvestisators, it is concluded that in deteruiiniiifi the nitro- gen distribution in woman's milk much depends on the method employed. Witli Eugel's method and 27 samples of woman's milk the casein content was between 30 and 53.6 per cent of the total proteids present. For 100 gm. of the milk the limits were between 0.4 and 0.7 per cent of casein. In 10 further samples the casein content fluctuated between 0.72 and 1.26 gm. for 100 cc. of milk, and this represented from 48.7 to 65.9 per cent of the total nitrogen content. The total soluble proteid content was between 38 and 51.3 per cent. Additional esti- mations made were residual nitrogen, that is, filtrate from casein-free filtrate treated with phospho-molybdic acid. Variations can also talie place in an individual milk where the same method is employed, and which is probably due to the variant physiological condition of the nurse. The champignon, an indol-producing plant, M. Lowv {Chcm. Z!g., 3If (1910), A'o. 39, p. S'/O). — This is a continuation of tiie work previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 709), and shows that the coloration produced in an aqueous extract of the champignons with sulphuric acid is due to indicau. Ascertaining the physical and chemical constants of goose fat, ,1. L. Mayer (Druggists Circ, J'/ (1910), ^'o. 3, p. 106). — A description of the chemical and physical constants of goose fat, comparisons being made with the figures given in various handbooks on the analyses of fats. The nature of the acid-soluble phosphorus compounds of some important feeding materials, E. B. Hart and \V. E. Tottingham (Wisconsin Sta. Research Bui. !>. pi>. 95-106). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 60S). The spontaneous heating of hay, F. W. J. Boekhout and J. J. <). de Vrifs (Versing. Landbouivk. Onderzock. Rijkslandbouwprocfstat. [Netherlands], 1910, No. 7, pp. 26-Ji8, fig. 1). — A portion of this work has already been noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 70). The authors further find that the acidlike gases which are emitted during the process are due in part to the formation of formic acid. Analyses of such hays show that a diminution in the pentosan and nitrogen- free extractive substances takes place during the process. Iron supiiosedly acts as a catalyzer. The analysis of silicate and carbonate rocks, W. F. Hillebrand (U. 8. Geol. Survey Bui. 4^2, pp. 239, figs. 27). — A revision of Bulletin 305. previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 209), the more important changes and additions being as follows : "The preparation of the sample has been much modified in the endeavor to meet the need for one that shall not have taken up water from the air or have suffered oxidation with respect to ferrous iron or sulphid during grinding. The effect of fine grinding on the composition of the sami)le has necessitated changes in carrying out certain determinations, notably that for ferrous iron. The chapters on water have been rearrangetl, and that devoted to general considerations is now introduced by a section on the role of hydrogen in min- erals. . . . That on sulphur has been supplemented by a section on the errors involved in the determination of sulphur as barium sulphate and their avoid- ance or correction. Many other minor additions and alterations have been made." Plasticity and coherence of clays and loams, A. Atterberg (Cliein. Ztg., 31f (1910). \os. J,2. pp. 369-311, figs. S; >,3, pp. 319, ,380).— The author has estab- lished 6 limits for the plasticity and coherence of clays and loams. In order to 512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, determine the characteristics of a clay it is only necessary to estimate the upper and lower limits of plasticity and tbe cohesive limit. For loams it is necessary to determine the flowing limit. Attention is directed to the relation of the above factors to the soil and soil analysis. Examination of peat litter, J. Widen {Svciisk Kcm. Ticlskr., 22 (19 JO), Nos. 1, pp. 11-16; 2, pp. 24-3J,; ahs. in Cliem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. J,l, Rrpert., p. 177). — A discussion of the methods of sampling, the treatment of the samples (drying and reducing), and the determination of the absorption capacity (Fleischer's or old Bremen method, the von Feilitzen method, and the new method employed by the Bremen Moor Station). A new method for estimating the oxygen content of water, R. Mauciiv (Kiserlet. KozJcm., 13 {1910), No. 2, pp. 2.',.'i-2oO. fig. i).— The apparatus " Tenax," which is employed by the German Fishery Society, was investigated and found of value only where an approximation of the oxygen content is wanted. The author recommends, however, where such results are desired the employment of von Hofer's modification of Winkler's method, as this is much more simple. In regard to the water content of rye and wheaten flours, O. Rammstfdt {CltCDi. Zig., 3.'t (1910). No. 39. pp. 337-339).— A criticism of Arragon's article (E. S. R., 22, p. TON). Isolation of the creatinin from meat and other extracts, K. Micko {Ztscltr. Untersiich. Nahr. u. (Icnussmtl., 19 {1910), No. S. pp. .'i2G-.'i3'i). — The method consists essentially in precipitating the creatinin with picric acid as creatinin picrate and converting the latter into a chlorid salt, which is sufficiently pure for elementary analysis. Phosphorus in flesh. Differentiation of organic and inorganic phosphorus, P. F. Trowbridgb' and Louise M. Stanley {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Ghem., 2 {1910), No. 5, pp. 212-215; ahs. in Analyst, 35 {1910), No. Jfl2, p. 311).— A con- tinuation of previous work (E. S. R., 22, p. 9). The results indicate that Emmett and Grindley's modification (E. S. R., 17, p. 8S7) of the Hart-Andrew method for inorganic phosphorus (E. S. R., 15, p. 496) gives low results. This is due to the process employed in separating the coagulable proteins by evaporating the aqueous extracts, this splitting off from 90 to 99 per cent of the organic phosphorus compounds. In its stead the authors recommend Siegfried and Singewald's method (E. S. R., 17, p. 635), which con- sists " in making the aqueous extract slightly alkaline with ammonia, precipi- tating the inorganic phosphorus with barium chlorid, filtering, concentrating the filtrate, aiid in it determining the organic phosi)horus by Kjeldahl digestion, precipitation as phosphomolybdate, and weighing as magnesium pyrophosphate. " The proportion of soluble organic in the total soluble phosphorus in meat varies considerably in different animals and in different parts from the same animal. The lowest recorded (26 per cent) had reference to an emaciated steer, the highest (91 per cent) to a fat show steer. During cooking, a pi"o- gressive splitting up of the organic phosphorus compounds takes place, and in well-cooked meats practically the whole of the phosphorus is present in inor- ganic combination." Contribution to the technique of detecting intracellular ferments, E. Abder- HALDEN and H, Pringsheim {Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 65 {1910), No. 2, pp. 180- 184). — Attention is drawn to the fact that some enzym pi-ess juices obtained by Buchner's method (E. S. R., 9, p. 923) do not show the presence of all the enzyms which were originally present in the fresh animal or plant tissue. It is therefore necessary to examine both the press juice and the press cake for the presence of enzyms. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECIINY. 613 Biolog'ical differentiation of the proteids in foods and blood stains, O. Mez- OER (Chcin. Ztij.. 3.', (JillU), Nos. J/O, pp. 3^/6, 3.'i7 ; ///, pp. 363, 30',; Ji-i, I>p. 371- 373). — This is a detailed description of the technique employed in the detection of tiie different aniuiai and vegetable proteids in foods and blood stains. Biological differentiation of milk proteids, J. Bauer {Jicrlin. Klin. Wchii.'<(Iii:, .'/7 (J'JIO). No. IS, pp. S.i()-SS2) .—It is possible by means of the com- plement binding reaction to differentiate casein from the other proteids in milk. It is also possible to recognize the casein from animals of more or less i-elated species. Detection of calcium sucrate, etc., in milk and cream, S. Rothenfusser (ZtsrJtr. Untcrsuch. Xuhr. u. acnii-ssmH., 19 {U)10), No. 9, pp. 4G')-',75, figs. 2).— This is a continuation of the work previously noted (E, S. R., 22, p. 10), and deals chietly with a modification of the iirocedure with a view of obtaining greater sensitiveness. The author makes a distinction between free and fixed saccharose. The former has tlie property of so veiling the watering of milk that it can not be detected by the ordinary analytical methods. Catalase test for detecting pathological milk, A. (iABATHULER (Milch Ztg., 39 (19 W). Xos. 17, pp. 193-196; 18, pp. 205-20S) .—From the results of the examination of numerous pathological milks it is found that such milks are very rich in catalase and that this catalase originates chiefly from the leuco- cytes, which are present in large amounts. It is shown that with an increase in the age of milk an increase in the catalytic activity takes place. Colostral milks are also high in catalase. Methods used in the examination of milk and dairy products, C. Rarthel, trans, by W. Goodwin (London, 1910. pp. XI +260, figst. 65). — This is believed to be the first book in English which contains a description of the methods employed in the examination of dairy products in various parts of Europe. The determination of sucrose in cane molasses, N. Deerr (Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Sta., Div. Agr. and Clinn. Bui. 31, pp. 12). — The author states, as the principles under which the determination of sucrose in a cane molasses should be niad<', the following: " The use of a quantity of basic lead acetate such that the maximum decolora- tion is obtained, and at the same time much of the levulose (the chief disturbing influence) is eliminated in the precipitate; the elimination, following Tervooreu [whose method is to dissolve 35.816 gm. molasses in 250 cc. water with the addition of 40 cc. basic lead acetate, then to add to 100 cc. of the filtrate 1 cc. of .30 per cent acetic acid and 2 cc. of alumina cream, make up to 110 cc, filter and jiolarize. when the reading multiplied by 2 gives a direct readingl, of the specific effect of the basic lead salts on the rotation of levulose by acidification of the solution; the use of dilute solutions (normal to sixth-normal) for the obtaining of the polariscopic reading, so as to eliminate any appreciable error due to tlie volume of the lead precipitate; the use of long tubes, GO cm. if possible, so as to eliminate errors due to a small reading; a very slight modifica- tion of the Herzfeld procedure of inversion in which 50 cc. of solution are inverted with 2.75 cc. of hydrochloric acid of specific gravity 1.18, or use of the original Clcrget procedure, combined with the selection of the appropriate constants; the use of zinc dust as a decolorant of the inverted solution; the obtaining of the direct and invertetl readings at the same tenq)eratures and in the same concentration ; the selection of the approi)riate C^lerget constant for the conditions of the analysis. "Referred to half normal weight the quantities of material required, etc., to fulfill these conditions, would read: Place 9.881 gm. molasses in a 200 cc. flask ; add enough basic acetate of lead to obtain tlie maximum decoloration (generally about 25 cc. of specific gravity 1.2G) ; make up to the mark; and 514 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. filter. Transfer 50 cc. of the filtrate to a 50 to 55 cc. flask ; add 1 cc. of a saturated solution of aluminum suli)bate ; make up to 55 cc. ; filter and polarize in the 60 cm. tube. The observed reading multiplied by 2 is the direct read- ing=D. Transfer a second portion of 50 cc. to a 50 to 55 cc. flask ; add 2.75 cc. of hydrochloric acid of speciflc gravity 1.18 ; invert, following the Herzfeld routine, or add 5 cc. of acid and invert, follovring the original Clerget pro- cedure; add a small quantity, about 0.1 gm. of zinc dust; make up to the mark ; filter and polarize in a 60 cm. tube. The observed reading multiplied by 2 is the inverted reading=I. " Calculate the percentage of cane sugar from the expression — Sugar per- centage— ;^; — —where t is the temperature at which the analysis is performed, and X is the appropriate constant." Judg'ing' the quality of sugar beets by their content of injurious nitrogen, G. Friedl iOsterr. Vngar, Ztschr. Zuckerindus. u. Landw., 39 {1910), No. 2, pp. 235-239, figs. 2). — The author finds that by estimating the injurious nitrogen in sugar beets a good index can be obtained as to the purity of the juice after saturation. A definite relation evidently exists between this nitrogen and Krause's coeflicient of purity. A colorimetric method for estimating the injurious nitrogen in sugar beets, G. Friedl (Osterr, Vngar. Ztsclir. Zuckerindus. u. Landw., 39 (1910), No. 2, pp. 2JfO-246). — The author proposes to determine the injurious nitrogen in sugar beets by precipitating the proteids with Barnstein's modification of Stutzer's reagent, and comparing the depth of color of the filtrate with a standard Fehling's solution containing some Schweinfurtli green. Methods and standards in bomb calorimetry, J. A. Fries ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bui. 12.'t, pp. 32; Pennsijlvania t^ta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 321-3.',3)-^ In the cooperative investigations reported, the undertaking was. independently of all previous determinations of the heat of combustion of any organic sub- stances, to determine anew the heat of combustion of benzoic acid, using the improved form of bomb calorimeter previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 209). The water value of the bomb calorimeter was determined by the computation of component parts, by the electrical method, and by a third method which was tried because the author did not consider the results obtained by the other methods satisfactory. The principle of the third method consists " in burning equal charges of a substance in the bomb first, under exactly the same conditions as when a heat determination is made and, secondly, after having, without changing any of the external conditions, such as level of water, etc., reduced the water equiva- lent of the system. The same amount of oxygen is used in each case. From the difference in rise of temperature and the difference in water equivalent it is possible to determine very accurately the water value of the calorimeter. " By this method it is possible, first, to use a substance of unknown or only approximately known heat of combustion and an oxygen supply of unknown purity to determine the water equivalent of the apparatus and then by means of this new water equivalent and the same determinations to work out accu- rately the heat of combustion of the substance used, and also to determine the correction for impurities in the oxygen, if any such were present." The determinations of benzoic acid are reported in full and the use of the bomb calorimeter under different conditions is discussed. " From his experience with various substances and because of the value obtained for benzoic acid as described in this paper, the author in conclusion desires to urge all persons using the bomb calorimeter for scientific work where results are to be published, for the sake of uniformity and comparability of METEOROLOGY — WATER. 515 results, to adopt benzoic acid as tlie one single standard against which to standardize the bomb, and to accept 6,322 calories iier gram as its heat of combustion. This is the value accredited to Stohhmann, and this value ought to remain the standard until it has been definitely proven to be erroneous and a new value in some way officially recognized and accepted." Report of the chemical laboratory of the Swedish Moor Culture Associa- tion, 1909, II. voN Feilitzen (Svoiskn Mosskiiltiirfor. Tidskr., 2-'f (ID 10), No. 2, Sui)., vp. lo-i).'i). — Results of examinations of 1,181 samples of soils, marl and lime, fertilizers, and other agricultural products are summarized in the report. Vinegar and its making {Michigan Sta. Girc. 9, pp. 65, 66). — A short de- scription of the process of manufacture, bacteriology, and legal requirements for vinegar. The manufacture of vinegar from fermented sugar-beet juice {Deut. EssigiHdKS.. IJ, {1910), Xos. 15. pp. Ill, 112; l(i, pp. 117-119; 17, pp. 12',, 125).— The results of tests to determine the feasibility of producing vinegar electro- lytically from sugar beets are here reported. The electrolytic oxidation of ethyl alcohol to acetic acid, P. Askenasy, R. Leiser and X. Grunstein {Ztschi: Elcktrochem., 15 {1909), No. 21, pp. 8-'/6- 860, figs. 6; Deut. Essigindus., U {1910), Nos. 9, pp. 65-67, figs. 4; 10, pp. 73-75, fig. 1; 11, pp. 81-83; 12, pp. 89, 90; 13, pp. 97-99).— From the results it is con- cluded that there exists a probability of producing this acid by electrolysis on a commercial scale. METEOROLOGY— WATER. The mechanics of the earth's atmosphere, C. Abbe {Smithsn. Misc. Collect., 51, No. 1869, pp. IV +617, pi. 1, figs. 122).— This is the third collection of trans- lations of articles bearing upon this subject and includes the following : Con- cerning the Cause of the General Trade Winds, by G. Hadley ; On the Motion of Projec'tiles in the Air, Taking into Consideration the Rotation of the Earth, by S. D. Poisson; On the Rotary Action of Storms, by C. Tracy; The Influence of the Diurnal Rotation of the Earth on Constrained Horizontal Motions, Either Uniform or ^'ariable, by N. Braschmann and A. Erman ; On the Steady Motions or the Average Condition of the Earth's Atmosphere, and The Limit of the Atmosphere of the Earth, by A. Kerber; On the Paths of Particles Moving Freely on the Rotating Surface of the Earth and Their Significance in Meteorol- ogy, by A. Sprung; The Theory of the Formation of Precipitation on Mountain Slopes, by S. Pockels; Researches Relative to the Influence of the Diurnal Ro- tation of the Earth on Atmospheric Disturbances, by M. Gorodensky ; The Re- lation P>etweeu Wind Velocity at One Thousand Meters Altitude and the Sur- face Pressure Distribution, by E. Gold ; Studies on the Movements of the Atmos- phere, by C. M. Guldberg and H. Mohn ; On the Thermodynamics of the Atmos- phere, Theoretical Considerations Relative to the Results of the Scientific Bal- loon Ascensions of the German Association at Berlin for the Promotion of Aero- nautics, On the Reduction of the Humidity Data Obtained in Balloon Ascen- sions. On the Changes of Temperature in Ascending and Descending Currents of Air, On the Theory of Cyclones, On the Representation of the Distribution of Atmospheric I'ressure by Surfaces of Equal I'ressure and by Isobars, The Inter- change of Heat at the Surface of the Earth and in the Atmosi)here, and On Climatological Averages for Complete Small Circles of Latitude, by W. von Bezold ; Adiabatic Changes of Condition of Moist Air and Their Determination by Numerical and Graphical Methods, by O. Neuhoff; The Relation Between '•Potential Temperature" and "Entropy," by L. A. Bauer; The Mechanical Equivalent of Any Given Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure and the Main- 516 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. tenanee of a Given Difference in Pressure, and On the Energy of Storms, by M. Margules; and The Theory of the Movement of the Air in Stationary Anti- cyclones with Concentric Circular Isobars, by F. Pockels. Some relations of meteorology with agriculture, H. Mellish {Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Sac. [London], 36 (1910), No. loJ/, pp. 77-.0.2 ) .— This article discusses the amount of heat required for the maturing of crops, the relation between wheat yield and the rainfall of the previous autumn, the character of season most favorable to different crops, the topography of fruit lands with special reference to frost, frost protection, i)liysical properties of soils with reference to temperature and absorption of water, phenological observations, relation of forests to rainfall and temperature, and the use of weather forecasts and reports by farmers. The thoroughness and efficiency of the United States weather service are commended. The classification of climates on a physiogeographical basis, A. Penck {^itzbrr. K. Pn>usi<. Akad. ir/.s-.s., 1910. XII. pp. 2S.'>-2'i(;) .—In this article the author classifies land climates on the basis of the fate of the precipitation on the land as nival, humid, and arid. These 3 principal classes are further divided on the same basis into 8 climatic provinces as follows: Completely and seminival, polar, subnival, completely and semihumid. and completely and semi- arid. Is the air of mountains colder than that of the air at like altitudes? J. Hann (Met. Ztschr.. 21 (1910). Nos. /, pp. 30. 31 ; 5. pp. 215-211; abs. in Beihl. Ann. Phys., S'l (1910), Xo. 12. p. 619). — Observations bearing upon this subject are briefly summarized. The action of kainit and carnallite in preventing frost, E. Grohmann (Ftililing's Landw. Ztg., 59 (1910), No. 10, pp. 3-'fl-3J,Ji). — Observations on pots of sand indicated that applications of from 2.5 to 7.5 centner of carnallite and kainit per hectare (111.53 to 334.59 lbs. per acre) refluced the formation of frost to a considerable extent. When, however, the salts were used at rates of from 10 to 15 centner per hectare (446.12 to 669.18 lbs. per acre) crusts were formed in the surface soil and the formation of frost was not reduced. The effect of the potash salts in reducing frost is attributed to their indirect action in concentrating the moisture in the upper layers of the soil and thus retarding the penetration of the frost. When, however, the salts are applied in such large amounts that soil crusts are formed, frost penetration is not retarded. The fight against hail, J. M. Guillon (Rev. Vit., 33 (1910), Nos. 858, p-p- 561-568; 859, pp. 589-596. fig. 1; 860. pp. 611-623, fig. 1 ; 861, pp. 6.',5-652. figs. 2).— This article reviews the history of the development of methods of hail protection, as well as the experience of various communities in Europe in employing ex- plosives for the purpose. The author is of the opinion, as a result of his obser- vations, that the results obtained warrant a continuation of further tests of the use of explosives under carefully controlled conditions. Meteorology, H. D. Edmiston ( Penn.<<)ilrason (Apr.-Sept.). 03.1. 94.0 (July 12). 21.0 (Apr. 3). 41.0 (Apr. 9). 21.87. 61. 4.5. 24. Apr. 21. Sept. 16. Meteorological investig'ations in Surinam, and Curasao, 1909 {Metcorn- logificlic W(t(tniruiiin/(ii, gcdaan op (Ic Mctcorologlftchc Stations in de Kotonirn Surinunie en, Curarao in lict .Janr 1!)!)!). Anixtcrdnni-: (lovf. \J910], pi). ](>).-- Daily and monthly summaries of observations on pressure, temperature, pre- cipitation, humidity, and wind for the year 1909 are reported. Rainfall over South. Africa, R. T. A. Innes {Transvaal Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bill. lOJf, pp. 3, map 1). — A map showing approximately the distribution of the rainfall is given and briefly described. The relative value of irrigating waters, H. Stabler (Engin. Neics, Gff (1910), No. 2, pp. 57, 58). — The suitability of waters for irrigation with i)ar- ticular reference to alkali content is discussed and an index of irrigating value based upon alkali cnefiicient is given. "The alkali coetiicient is a purely arbitrary quantity . . . and may be defined as the depth of water which, on evaporation, would yield sufficient alkali to render a 4-ft. depth of soil injurious to the most sensitive crops." It is based upon the highest concentration of alkali harmless to various forms of vegeta- tion, data for which are given in a table in the article. While the injurious results from the use of a water for irrigation depend largely on drainage condi- tions and soil texture, a water with an alkali coefficient greater than IS is con- sidered good, one from IS to 6 fair, 5.9 to 1.2 poor, and less than 1.2 bad. The waters of various important streams in the United States are classified on the basis of their alkali coefficients as shown in the following table: Classification of streams of the United States for irrigation purposes. Rio Grande at El Paso, Tex Colorado River at Yuma, Ariz Salt River at Roosevelt, Ariz Gila River at San Carlos, .\riz Salt Fork of Red River near Mangum, Okla. . . Turkey Creek near Olnstee, Okla Pecos River near Carlsbad, N. Mex North Fork of Red River near Headrick, Okla Elm Fork of Red River near Mangum, Okla. . 0 I Fair. 0 ; Do. Do. Do. Do. Poor. Do. Do. Bad. The interference of wells, F. G, Clapp (Engin. Ncivs, 62 (1909), No. 19, pp. J,83-J,S5, figs. 4; abs. in Wasser u. Abwasser, 2 (1910), No. 13, p. 566).— This article treats of the conditions under which deep wells affect other wells in the vicinity. Special attention is given to wells iu sand and gravel, limestone and 518 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. slate, and also to tbe pollution of water-bearing strata by oil-well waste and sewage. Improvement of water for dairies, H. K. Gunther (Molk. Ztg. [Hihieslieim], 24 {1910), No. 34, pp. 623, 624).— This is a discussion of the methods for im- proving waters for dairy purposes, through removal of iron, softening, etc. Ultraviolet rays, their bactericidal power and application in the steriliza- tion of liquids, especially water, J. Courmont (Rev. Hyg. et Pol. Sanit., 32 {1910), No. 6, pp. 578-596). — This deals briefly in order with the ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum, the sources and bactericidal properties of ultraviolet rays, and sterilization of gases and liquids by ultraviolet rays, and reports a series of investigations on the application of the ultraviolet rays in the sterilization of water and liquids containing colloid substances. The industrial applications of this process of sterilization are pointed out. The author maintains, on the basis of investigations made in collaboration with T. Nogier, that the method of sterilization by means of the mercury vapor lamp proposed by the latter is absolutely efficient in clear water. It causes no notable chemical changes or heating, is economical, and is practicable for small scale operations. The most effective and economical results are obtained by immersing the lamp in the water. Does water sterilized by ultraviolet rays contain peroxid of hydrogen? Sterilizing power of peroxid of hydrogen, J. Courmont, T. Xooier, and RocHAix (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. 22, pp. 1^53, 1^54).— The authors found no trace of hydrogen peroxid in water sterilized by means of ultraviolet rays. Hydrogen peroxid was found to exert very feeble steriliz- ing power as compared with the ultraviolet rays. The chemistry and bacteriology of sewage purifi^cation, D. Sommeeville (Abs. in Contract Jour., 1909, No. 1589, p. 1050; Surveyor", 36 {1909), No. 930, p. 568; Sanit. Rec, U {1909), pp. 452, -',86; Wasser ti. Aiwasser, 2 {1910), No. 10, pp. 435, 436). — This paper deals with a few fundamental principles of sewage purification. Sludge disposal, W. C. Easdale {Contract Jour., 1909, No. 1595, p. 1400; «?>.«. in Wasser u. Abimsser, 2 {1910), No. 13, pp. 561, 562). — The methods of disposal discussed in this article include conversion into marketable manui-e, disposal at sea, sludge pressing, shallow burial in the ground, lagooning or air drying, application of wet sludge to the land, burning, and mixing with house refuse for manurial purposes. The conversion into manure is considered an expensive process, the demand for such material not being sufficient to consume the out- put. Spreading the wet sludge on the land is likely to create a nuisance. Mix- tures of sludge and house refuse dry fairly rapidly and produce a good manure which is easily bandied and suitable for sale. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. An investigation of the causes of variation in soil fertility as affected by long continued use of different fertilizers, B. E. Brown and W. H. MacIntire {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 27-83, pis. 9). — This article reports a continu- ation of investigations begun in 1907 (E. S. R., 21, p. 217), on the soils from plats which have been used for 28 years in a 4-year rotation experiment with corn, oats, wheat, and hay. The crops grown in 1908 were mixed clover and timothy. The experimental studies were the same as in 1907. As in the previous year, there was considerable variation in water-soluble nitrogen, the high yielding plats showing the greatest amount of this con- stituent. The water-soluble i)otash varied very slightly, but it was observed that the largest amounts of this constituent were obtained during the SOILS FERTILIZERS. 519 period of greatest growth. The water-soluble calcium showed variations similar to those observed in potash. Humus was highest in the most pro- ductive plats. Those plats which showed the lowest percentage of moisture contained the largest amount of nitrogen associated with humus. The total nitrogen varied with the productive capacity of the plats. The condi- tions for nitrate production were most favorable under corn. In com- parative tests of extract soils growing corn, oats, wheat, clover, and timothy, it was found that untreated exti'acts from corn soil gave the best results. The results with the extracts were in general in accord with the productive power of the plats as determined in the field tests. " The plats in other crops did not furnish extracts as favorable to the development of the wheat plant indicator as the tier in corn, nor were the results in accord with field practice. After treating these extracts with purifying substances like carbon black, the actual development was improved and the average results of many experiments then indicate a correlation with field results. " It would seem, then, that the gi'owing crop exerts an influence upon the soil solution in situ ; an influence transmitted to the extracts prepared in the labora- tory from fresh soil samples, but removable to a certain extent by treatments with absorbents, such as carbon black or ferric hydrate." Contribution to the study of the relations between the fertility of the soil and the phosphoric acid soluble in water, I. Pouget and D. Chough ak (Rev. Gen. Chim., 13 (1910), Nos. 10, pp. 157-178, figs. 9; 11, pp. 198-201; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 3^ (1910), No. 78, Repcrt., p. 3/3).— The relation of water-soluble phosphoric acid, determined by the authors' colorimetic method (E. S. R., 21, p. 105), to productiveness as determined in pot experiments with wheat was studied with 17 soils. It was found, as Schloesing has shown, that the rate of solution of the phos- phoric acid of the soil in water decreases more or less rapidly with successive extraction until it becomes practically constant. The authors therefore con- clude that the phosphoric acid is present in two different forms, the first probably phospho-huniates, very soluble in water, the second, probably the min- eral phosphates, much less soluble. The first has a marked effect in the early stages of growth, but in poor soils the rate of solubility of the second determines the final yield, since, according to the authors, the yield is dependent upon the concentration of phosphoric acid in the soil solution. This they maintain is by no means constant for all soils. The absorption of phosphoric acid in soils by plants, I. Pouget and I). Chouchak (Rev. Gen. Chim., 13 (1910), No. 12, pp. 219-222; abs. in Chem. Ztg., S.'t (1910), No. 78, Repert., p. 3i3).— This is an account of the investigations noted above. The conservation of the fertility of the soil, A. D. Hall (Jour. Bd. Agi. [London^, 17 (1910), No. 2, pp. 11 J,- 123). —This paper deals especially with changes in the nitrogen content of soils, "because though phosphoric acid, potash, and lime are important factors in plant nutrition, those elements are not susceptible to the gains and losses from external operations like cultivation, by which the stock of nitrogen is so greatly affected." The factors which give rise to gain or loss of nitrogen in the soil are discussed on the basis of observations on various plats at the Kothamsted Station. The general conclusion reached is " that with every system of farming a cer- tain position of equilibrium will be reached (viewed over a term of years long enough to smooth out seasonal effects) when the natural recuperative agencies and the additions of fertilizing material in the manure are i)alancey the removals in crops and stock and the inevitable waste. The higher the Ifvel of production, the greater will be the waste, and, iu cousequeuce, the additions of 520 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fertilizer must be doubly increased to maintain the balance. How high a level of production can be protitably maintained is determined by the prices that rule for the crops, but there will always come a limit when the production can be no longer increased by additions of fertilizer except at a loss; at such a stage it is only the introduction of improved varieties or some variation in the methods of cultivation inducing a better utilization of the fertilizer which will still profit- ably increase the production per acre." The conservation and utilization of our natural resources, J. H. Pratt (Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc, 26 (J910), No. 1, pp. 1-25, pis. 12).— Thm article describes the physiographic divisions of North Carolina and deals particularly with the conservation and utilization of soils, forests, waterpowers, mineral products, swamp lands, and fish industries. Methods of protecting soils from erosion are described. A preliminary study of chemical denudation, F. W. Clarke (Stuithsn. Misc. Collect., 56, No. 1935, pp. 19). — This article deals with the measurement of soil denudation by means of the dissolved solids carried into the sea by rivers. Denudation varies widely in different regions and watershetls. but an attempt is made to estimate the mean denudation for different continents. The crude estimates are as follows : Denudation values for each continent. Continent. Area. Denuda- tion per square mile. Total denuda- tion. North America Square miles. 6,000,000 4,000.000 .3.000.000 7,003.000 8.030.000 Tons. 79 50 100 84 44 Tons. 474,000,000 South America 200, 000, 000 Europe 300.000,000 Asia 588,000,000 Africa 352, 000, 000 Totals and means 28,000,000 68.4 1,914,000,000 From the figures reviewed it is estimated that 175,O40,(tO0 metric tons of sodium are annually discharged into the sea. From this figure and the sodium content of the ocean it is calculated that the probable age of the ocean is S0,T26.0W years. [Second annual report of Florida State Geological Survey, 1909] {Fla. Geol. Survey Ann. Rpt., 2 (1909), pp. 299, pis. 19, figs. 5, map i).— This con- tains an Administrative Report, by E. H. Sellards; A Preliminary Report on the Geology of Florida, by G. C. Matson and F. G. Clapp ; Topography and Geology of Southern Florida, by S. Sanford; Mineral Industries, by E. H. Sellards ; and The Fullers Earth Deposits of Gadsden County, with Notes on Similar Deposits found Elsewhere in the State, by E. H. Sellards and H. (iunter. The work reported was done in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey and had special reference to the stratigraphy of the region. Among the subjects of special agricultural interest which are dealt with are topography and drainage, soils, and phosphate deposits. Bibliography of North Carolina geology, mineralogy and geography, with a list of maps, F. B. Laney and Katharine H. Wood (N. C. Geol. and Econ. Surrey Bui. 18, pp. 428). — It is stated that this " bibliography relating to North Carolina geology, mineralogy, geography, and allied subjects, as paleontology, meteorology, petrology, etc.. has been made just as complete as possible, al- though there are undoubtedly certain references lieft out that should be included. Over 200 periodicals have been examined, and in most cases complete files of SOILS FERTILIZERS. 521 those have been available. . . . The l>uilt'tiu is divided into two parts. i)art one containing: the bibliojj:rai)hy, and part two containing a list of nmps relating to North Carolina." A detailed and carefully prepared index makes it easy to find what has been pnblished on the various subjects covered by the bibliography. A considerable •number of references will be found in this index on such subjects of special agricultural interest as drainage, meteorology, and climatology, soils, limestone, marl, and phosphates. Soils of New South Wales, I, H. I. Jensen (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Walct, 21 {1910), No. 2, pp. 95-llJf, map 1). — This article deals with the soils of the South Coast and discusses the judging of the agricultural value of land by natural forest growth, underlying rock formation, and chemical analysis combined with field observations. The last method is considered most reliable. The author con- siders the thickness and size of forests no guide to the agricultural value of land, but thinks forest growth has a decided influence on rainfall and floods. The chemical composition and general character of type soils of the region are given. These include alluvial, sandstone, granite, diorite, basalt, phyllite, schist, and slate soils. The alluvial soils are well supplied with plant food, the sandstone soils are very poor, the soils from acid granites are poor, and those from basic granites good, the diorite and basalt soils are good, and the soils derived from the metamorphic rocks, phyllite, schist, and slate are usually po(n'. The alluvial soils of Gua, G. E, Marchetti (Gior. Geol. Prat., 8 (1910), Xo. 3, pp. 10o-113). — The results of ])hysical and chemical analyses of 12 samples of soils from this region are reported and the data are discussed with reference to the origin of the soil. The sand dunes of the Libyan Desert, H. J. L. Beadnell (Geogr. Jour., 35 (1910), No. .'i. pp. ■319-395, pis. -'/, figs. 3). — This article gives "a preliminary account of the geographical and economical aspects of the great sand accumula- tions of the Libyan Desert, especially in relation to the geological and meteoro- logical conditions which exist in this region." It discus.ses the character, extent, and methods of formation and movement of these dunes. The meaning and value of the chemical analysis of soils, R. D. Watt {Transvaal Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 16, pp. 7). — This bulletin gives the aver- age composition of 100 typical Transvaal soils and explains the significance of results obtained by chemical analysis. Composition of grass land, including a study of soil variations, AV. Freak and J. AV. White ( Peitnsi/lrania Sta. Rpt. J909. pp. 215-2.'i3). — This is an ac- count of chemical studies of soil from plats which have been used for a number of years in a series of fertilizer experiments. For comparative purposes, studies, were begun with samples of soil from roadways adjoining the plats. Full dis- cussion of the results is reserved until further investigations have been made, but the general conclusion is drawn " that close computations of the income and outgo of plant food, as determined by soil analysis, as well as by that of ferti- lizer, rainfall, crop, and drainage waters, requires nuich more detailed studies of local variations in soil composition than investigators have heretofore been making. "From this series of comparisons upon the soils of the parallel grass roads, no general relation appears between the position of the resiiective roadways upon the hillside and their chemical composition." The phenomena of flocculation and deflocculation, E. E. Free (Jour. Fnink- lin Inst., 169 (1910). No. 6, pp. ^21~.',SH, figs. 5; 170 (1910). No. /, pp. -',6-57, figs. 2).— This article summarizes present knowledge of flocculation phenomena 622 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, as they affect suspension and as they are affected by various external condi- tions, sucli as tlie presence or absence of soluble salts, acids, alkalis, and organic colloids. The knowledge of this phase of the subject is summarized as follows: " The phenomena of flocculation occur in ' disperse ' systems consisting of fine particles distributed through a medium, and classifiable according to size of particle and to the physical state of the particle and the medium. " They are characteristic of these states of matter and not of any particular substance or substances. " Flocculation and deflocculation are but relative terms. The more exact concept is that of degree of flocculation. " This degree of flocculation is influenced by many factors, of which the main are added substances of the following three classes : (1) Most acids and neutral salts which increase the degree of flocculation; (2) the stronger alkalis, which decrease the degree of flocculation ; (3) most organic (liquid-particle) colloids, which prevent increase in the degree of flocculation. "The action of salts, acids, and alkalis is probably at least two-fold: (1) On the mutual Interpeneti'ation (solubility) of particle and medium; (2) on the electric charges on the surface of the particle. " The stabilizing action of organic colloids is due to the formation of thin films of the colloid substance about the suspended particles." Various applications of flocculation phenomena are noted and flocculation of soils is treated in an appendix based largely upon Bulletin .50 of the Bureau of Soils (E. S. R., 19, p. 818). In this it is shown that flocculation phenomena in soils are very different from those occurring in suspension, the controlling factor in the former being the surface tensions at the gas-liquid surfaces of the soil particles. A report on soil temperature in connection with plats differently treated, B. E. Brown (Prniisi/lrcnrKi Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 92-103). — This is an account of the continuation of experiments described in an earlier report (E. S. R., 21, p. 219). In addition to the detailed temperature records data are given for moisture, nitric nitrogen, and water-soluble potassium and calcium. The influence of rnoisture upon yields of hay in 1908 and 1909, B. E. Bkown and W. H. MacIntire {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 10^-106, pis. 2). — Observations of soil moisture and yields are reported in tables and dia- grams. The results indicate that the moisture conditions in 1908 affected the yields in 1909. The effects of adding salts to the soil on the amount of nonavailable water, AV. T. BoviE {Bui. Torrcij Bot. Club, 37 {1910), No. 6, pp. 273-292, figs. ^).— This paper reports investigations to determine the effec-t upon the amount of non- available water of adding varying amounts of sodium chlorid or the salts of the full nutrient solution to the soil. It was found " that the amount of nonavailable water is not influenced by adding to pure quartz [0.1 to 0.8 per cent] of either sodium chlorid or the salts of a full nutrient solution. " Practically all plants of economic value are land plants, and hence, for both their water and food supply, are dependent on water fllms. Therefore, it is important that we understand the conditions of equilibrium between the plant and this form of water. " It is apparent that the isotonic values determined for substances dissolved in free water do not necessarily hold for film water. We can not thoroughly understand the acquisition of water and food by land plants, or the results from fertilizer experiments until some of these values are known. Further, the con- ditions of equilibrium iu film water must be determined for both toxic and SOILS FERTILIZERS. 523 'balanced' solutions, before we have reacbetl a logical stopping place for these lines of research."' The need of further carefully controlled experiments on this subject is pointed out and some of the conditions under which such experiments should be made are explaineil. A bibliography of 19 references to the literature of the subject is given. The carbon dioxid content of soils during different stages of growth of plants, P. Barakov (Zhur. Opiiitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 (1910), No. 3, pp: 321~3-',3, figs. //).— Examinations of the air of different soils in lysimeters planted to various crops showed that the carbon dioxid content of the air was insignificant at the beginning of vegetation, increasing rapidly and reaching its maximum at the blooming period, then declining rapidly and reach- ing its minimum at the period of ripening. The more fertile the soil and the greater the plant growth the larger was the carbon dioxid content. The carbon dioxid was derived mainly from the respiration of the plant roots, and this varied with difierent plants at different stages of growth. With lupines the maximum was reached at the blooming stage, with oats about two weeks before blooming. With barley respiration was less active than with oats, and it was still less active with winter cereals, especially wheat. Root and tuber plants slowly reacheil their maximum and slowly declined. With potatoes the maxi- mum of carbon dioxid excretion was reached after blooming, with sugar beets at the period of maximum growth. Variation in the carbon dioxid of the soil was affected to some extent by the sinking of the moisture of the air into the soil and by the decomposition of the organic matter supplied by green manuring with lupines and vetches, but the latter is ordinarily much less important than the carbon dioxid excreted by plant roots. Nitrates in the soil, W. P. Headden {Colorado Sta. Bui. 160, pp. 8). — This is a brief account of investigations which were more fully reported in an earlier bulletin of the station (E. S. R.. 23, p. 221). The "acid soil" bugaboo, J. A. Bonsteei. (Gnrd. Mag. [N. Y.], 12 (HUO), No. 1, p. 23). — This article maintains that the litmus paper test for acidity of soils is not reliable except in the hands of an expert, and may indicate a harm- ful degree of soil acidity in many cases where such condition does not actually exist. A new viewpoint concerning the fertility of the soil, B. Sjollema {Cultura, 22 {1910), No. 259, pp. 108-121). — This is a discussion of the recent additions to the theory of soil fertility, and is based more especially on the work of Russell and Hutchinson (E. S. R., 22, p. 121). The fertilizing influence of sunlight, F. Fletcher and E. J. Russell {Nature [Londoni, 83 {1910), No. 2121, pp. 488, .^89).— Further discussion of this subject (E. S. R., 23, p. 123), is given, bearing especially upon the effect of toluene in rendering toxic substances in soils insoluble and the relation of fertility and bacterial activity. The American fertilizer handbook, 1910 (Philadelphia, 1910, pp. 2.}6'. flfff^- 33). — This contains in addition to the usual directories of fertilizer manufac- turers, cotton-seed oil mills, and allied fertilizer trades, special articles on the National Fertilizer Association, a statistical abstract of the fertilizer industry of the United States, the Peruvian guano deposits, the New York fertilizer ma- terials market, and the Chicago ammoniate market, sulphuric acid tables, notes on cyanamid as a fertilizer annnoniate. the manufacture of sulphate of ammonia, official methods for the analysis of fertilizers and soils, and the potash industry. 00803°— No. 0—10 3 524 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. Average composition of the more important farm and commercial fer- tilizers, M. Hoffmann (Arb. Dent. Landw. (icsclL, 1910, No. 160, 2. ed., colored chart). — This is a second edition of a colored chart 90 by 115 cm. (35 by 45 in.) showing graphically the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, and lime content of the more important farm and green manures and commercial fertilizing ma- terials, as well as the amounts of these constituents removed from the soil in various crops. Commercial fertilizers and their use in North Carolina, C. B. Williams (N. C. Student Farmer, 1 (1909), Nos. 9, pp. 166-169; 10, pp. 186-d89; 2 (1909), Nos. 1, pp. Jf-l ; 2, pp. 2^-21). — This is a general discussion of the nature and use of fertilizers, particularly as applied to North Carolina conditions. ♦ Home mixed fertilizers (Maine Sta. Doc. 377, pp. 20). — This article clearly and concisely states the practical advantages of home mixing, describes methods of mixing, and gives formulas for various crops. Penetration of fertilizers in the soil (Encfrais, 25 (1910), No. 26, pp. 720, 721). — This is a review of an article by A. Demolon which lays particular stress upon the importance of applying even soluble fertilizers in a finely divided condition and using methods of culture which will keep the soil sup- plied with sufficient moisture to diffuse the fertilizers in the soil. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 21, p. 720). Concerning' some effects of long-continued use of sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate on the soil, B. E. PJrown (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 8^-92). — From a study of samples of soil from plats which have been used for 28 years in experiments with a 4-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat, and hay, the following conclusions are drawn : " Plats receiving sulphate of ammonia required more lime than plats receiving nitrate of soda. "The plat receiving the larger application of sulphate of ammonia showed a higher lime requirement than the other plats. " The plat receiving the larger application of nitrate of soda required the least amount of lime. " In three cases the lime requirement decreased with depth of sampling. The depth of sampling was : 0-3 in., 3-6 in., and 6-12 ia. " The depressing effect of the larger application of sulphate of ammonia on the yields of crops, especially corn and hay, is quite marked at the present time. While this treatment no doubt has brought about soil conditions as a result of which sorrel has infested the plat, it is probably true also that this plant, when turned under, tends directly to make for more untoward soil conditions. On certain portions of the plat receiving 72 lbs. nitrogen in sulphate of ammonia, the sorrel flourishes to better advantage. It is here that corn does so poorly. In these spots a brown crust forms on the surface, which is markedly acid and very bitter to the taste. A qualitative examination of the crust contained a large amount of water-soluble sulphate; at least a large amount of barium sul- phate was thrown down upon addition of barium chlorid. The aqueous solu- tion turned blue litmus paper red. On other parts of the same plat this crust does not occur as far as our observation has shown, and the corn plants were much better. As a matter of fact where the most sorrel prevailed and where the crust also occurred, the plants died. The ' poor ' spot required twice as much calcium oxid as the good portion of the plat." All of the plats receiving ammonium sulphate except one contained more matter insoluble in hydrochloric acid of 1.115 specific gravity than those not so treated. There were more marked variations in the content of lime than of SOILS FERTILIZERS. 525 the other coustituents. There were very slight variations in total nitrogen and humus. The production of sulphate of ammonia in the year 1909, C. G. Atwater (Amer. Pert., 33 {1910), No. J, pp. 16-20).— The world's production of sulphate of ammonia in 1909 is given as 963,490 metric tons. Of this amount England produced 353.590 tons, Germany 322,700 tons, and the United States 90,000 tons. The total consumption in the United States is given as 149,192 short tons at an average price of .$.')G.04. The imports amounted to 40,192 short tons. Report on the effects of the new nitrogenous manures on potatoes and hay, R. B. Greig (Aberdeen and No. of Scot. Col. Agr. Leaflet 9, pp. 7). — In field experiments with calcium cyanamid and calcium nitrate as compared with am- monium sulphate and sodium nitrate both the calcium nitrate and the cyanamid were effective sources of nitrogen for potatoes, the nitrate being slightly better than the cyanamid. The calcium nitrate was not quite as elTecive as sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate on hay. Calcium cyanamid appeared to be entirely uusuited for top-dressing hay. Present state and tendency of the electrochemical industry with respect to calcium nitrate (Bui. Mciifi. Off. Rcnseig. Agr. [Paris], 9 (1910), No. 5, pp. 505-521 ) . — This is a report to the ministry of agriculture of France on the various processes which have been proposed for the manufacture of calcium nitrate and the extent to which these processes have been used in practice. Estimates of cost of i)roduction by different processes and in different factories are also given. Air nitrate fertilizers, F. H. Mason (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], n. ser., 1 (1910), No. //, pp. 56-58). — A brief account is given of the development of the jirocess of manufacture of nitrates by the electrical oxidation of the air. Fixation of the nitrogen of the air by the Schcnherr process, P. Pierron {Rev. Electrochim. et Elcctrometal., 4 {1910), No. 5, pp. 90-9.'/ ) .—This article discusses the i)rinciples upon which this method rests and describes the method and its practical application. On the formation of calcium cyanamid, F. Foekster and H. Jacobv {Rev. Electrochim. et Electromcta]., !, (IDtO), No. 5, pp. 95-100).— This article re- ports the results of further investigations (E. S. R., 22, p. 225) on the following points involved in the manufacture of cyanamid : The action of calcium fluorid, self heating of the mass in the formation of cyanamid, and the cyanid content of cyanamid. A new nitrogenous fertilizer, aluminum nitrogen {Zt.sclir. Landic. Kammer liraiinschiceif/, 19 (1910). No. 12, p. /.3r).— This article describes briefly Serpek's process of utilizing aluminum carbid in the manufacture of aluminum nitrogen. The process is said to be simple and cheap as regards raw materials and th'j product may be used directly as a fertilizer. Phonolite meal, a new potash fertilizer, P. Kfjische (Clicin. ZUj., .{'i (1910), No. .'///, p. J87).— Experiments by v.irious investigators are briefly reviewed. The general conclusion is that phonolite meal is not comparable with potash salts as a potash fertilizer. [Utilization of milk waste as a fertilizer], II. P.. Mii.i.ek (I)aili/ Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. -S'.], n. ser., 1 (1910), No. 12, p. 156).— A process of preparing a fertilizer by mixing milk waste with phosi)hate and fermenting with yeast is described. The i)rodnct i)repariKl by this process is reported to contain water 27 per cent, total phosphates 52.7S i)er cent, ph()S|)hates soluble in 2 per cent citric acid 28.35 per cent, nitrogen 1.05 per cent. Analyses of domestic manures, .M. S. ilcDovvEi.r. (Pennsi/lrania Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 198-201) .—Analyses of samples of pigeon manure, sheep manure, and 526 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORI>. spent mushroom manure are reported and briefly discussed. The air-dried pigeon manure weighed 40 lbs. per bushel and contained nitrogen 6.17 per cent, potash 1.51 per cent, and phosphoric acid 1.7 per cent. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. A. Scovell and H. E. Curtis (Ken- tucky Sta. Bui. l.'iG, pp. 301-.'iOD). — This bulletin reports the results of inspection of 515 brands of commercial fertilizers registered for sale in Kentucky during 1909. [Inspection of commercial fertilizers] (Missouri /S7ffl. Bid. 85, Sup., folio). — Determinations of potash in 30 samples of fertilizers omitted from the original report (E. S. R., 23, p. 26) are here supplied. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. An experimental study of the rest period in plants, W. L. Howard (Mis- souri Sta. Research Bui. 1, pp. 5-105). — In studying the hardiness of the peach, it was found that this characteristic was intimately associated with the rest period. In order, therefore, to arrive at a better understanding of this aspect of hardiness, a study of the nature and principles of the rest period of plants in general was undertaken. In this paper an initial report is made on the treatment for forcing into growth of about 500 species and varieties of dormant (winter-rest) woody plants, including maples, chestnuts, alders, beeches, hickories, hackberries, dogwoods, hawthorns, elms, oaks, lindens, and fruit trees. It was found that external conditions determine both the time of occurrence and the degree of intensity of the rest period. If unfavorable conditions, such as cold or drought, occur at regular intervals, the plant readily adapts itself to these new demands, and resting becomes a habit which may continue to be repeated automatically for a longer or shorter period, and may become strongly fixed and apparently transmissible. The results are given of a large number of experiments on shortening the dormant period, in which the following methods were tested: (1) B^ffects of warmth alone: (2) treatment with ether only; (3) freezing, etherizing, and the use of dark chamber; (4) etherizing, drying, freezing, and dark chamber, singly or in combination; and (5) miscellaneous and special tests, such as the use of chloroform, desiccating with alcohol, with salt solutions, and wath sulphuric acid, etc. A careful study of the results of these experiments seems to indicate that while these various agencies may quicken the growth, they probably exert no specific action. A bibliography is appended. Influence of ultraviolet lig'ht on the germination of seed, L. Raybaud (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [I'aris], 68 (I'.HO), No. 15. pp. 772-777/).— Previous investigators (E. S. R., 22, p. 436) have shown that ultraviolet light exerts an injurious influence on green plants, and the author reports a study of the effect of this light on the germination of plants, particularly of cress. The ultraviolet radiations, which were found to destroy the growing plants, favored germination, the young plants not being injured for some little time, possibly because of the absorptive power of their thin tissues. The death of the plant followed shortly after the formation of chlorophyll, and this was most active as the ultraviolet rays approached the violet portion of the spec- trum. The central axis of the plants exposed to the light of a mercury vapor lamp showed an abnormal position, which it is believed was due to the forma- tion of long rectangular cells in the injured part of the plants. Osmotic pressures in plants; and a thermo-electric method of determining' freezing points, H. H, Dixon and W. R. G. Atkins (Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n. ser., 12 (1910), No. 25, pp. 215-311, fig. 1, dgm. 1).—A study was made of the AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 527 leaves, roots, aud fruits of about 2 dozou si)ecies of plants to deteriuiue the osmotic pressures from the freezing points of the saps. Most of the experi- ments were carried on with the common lilac (Syringa rulf/aris). It was found that osmotic pressures vary with species aud individuals, but that leaves of the same individual under similar conditions have the same osmotic pressure. Under varying conditions, as in the case of the lilac, tlio pressure in the leaves was found to vary from 24.,^)S to ll.GS atmospheres. The variation in pressure was not limited by the height of the leaves above the ground, nor by the resistance of the conducting tracts supplying the leaves. In each case the osmotic pressure was much greater than the tension of the water supply could have been. The variations in the osmotic pressure observed are believed to have been due principally to fluctuations in the carbohydrate contents of the ceils. A similar, but smaller, rise in pressure was observed in i)lucked leaves stored in the dark, the changes in this case being probably due to the hydrolysis of sac- charose and starch. In starved leaves or in roots kept in the dark no such rise was observed. Shielding the leaves from light was found to reduce greatly the osmotic pressure in leaves still attached to the plant, and mature leaves, other things being equal, showed a higher osmotic pressure than developing ones. In all the roots examined the osmotic pressure was comparatively low, only from 4 to G atmospheres. The greatest depression of freezing point recorded was with the sap of the lilac, which corresponded to an osmotic jjressure of 26.S7 atmospheres. The smallest depression was in the sap of Cham(erops humilis, which amounted to only 3.79 atmospheres. The high figures given for the lilac are not believed to be the maximum osmotic pressure for this plant. It was found that assimilation and evapora- tion could raise the osmotic pressure of leaves before wilting. In summer, when the leaf cells are loaded with greater quantities of sugars, the wilting concentration will be higher, and in this case it seems probable that pressures of from 30 to 40 atmospheres may be found in the lilac. The forination of albuminoid substances in plants, N. I. Vasilev (Trudui Mendclyersk. Syczda Obshch. 1 Prikl. Khim., 1 {1907), pp. Ji02~40.',; ubs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. E.rpt. Landic), 10 (1909), No. 5, pp. 703, 704). — Among the more important facts established by the author were the following : An increase in albuminoid nitrogen takes place at the expense of asparagin in pods of lupines when separated from the plant, whether they are kept in darkness or in the light. There was an evident transfer of albuminoid sub- stances from the ixhIs to the seed, and it seems probable that some of the amido acids are converted into asparagin, which in turn is used in the formation of albuminoid materials. In general the other organic bases were found to have a role similar to that of the amido acids. The seeds showed such an increase in the total albuminoid material that in addition to the proportion obtained from the pods there must have been a utilization of the crystalline nitrogenous compounds in the seeds. A constant decrease in asparagin and amido acids was found to take place with the increase in ail)uniinoids. The effect of certain hydrolyzable salts on plants, A. (Jregoire (Bill. ^oc. CJiim. Bcly., 2-'i {1910), No. ',, pp. 200-209, pj. 7).— In order to determine the effect of readily hydrolyzable salts on plant growth the author conducted a series of water cultures with rye. testing the comparative effect of a liumate of silica and calcium, precipitated calcium carbonate, sodium zeolite, and cal- cium zeolite. These salts were chosen as they commonly occur in soils. 528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. As a result of the application of these salts, growth was retarded by the humate compound and by the calcium carbonate, while the other two minerals stimulated both root and aerial development. They also caused a marked increase in the ash content of the plants, the increase being largely composed of silica. The experiment is believed to show that hydrolyzable salts have a special influence on plants aside from their value as mineral nutrients. The action of the different salts will be favorable or retarding according to the compounds used. The role of oxygen in the formation and destruction of red pigments in plants, R. Combes {Compt. Rend. Acad. ,Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. U), pp. 1186-1189). — A study was made of a number of species of plants the green leaves of which become reddened late in the season and of those the leaves of which are red in the early stages, afterwards losing this color, and normally becoming green. There was found to be a loss of oxygen in connection with the disa{)pearance of anthocyaniu. As a result of the studies it is claimed that when anthocyanic pigments are formed oxygen is retained by the organs during the process of their reddening, and that at this time there is an increased activity of oxidation in these organs. When the pigments are disappearing the organs containing them suffer a loss of oxygen. Physiological studies of Cuscuta, O. Gertz (Bot. Noiiser, 1910, Nos. 2, pp. 65-80; 3, pp. ill-lSH). — The main purpose of the investigation was to study the conditions of the formation of haustoria. The effect of radium emanations on the twining motion and on the formation of haustoria was also stn(lle lbs. of timothy, and 4 lbs. of meadow foxtail resulted in the failure of meadow foxtail and meadow fescue to become im- portant in the herbage. Timothy and redtop soon predominated after a sowing 530 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. of S lbs. each of red top and Kentucky blue grass, and 6 lbs. each of timothy, orchard grass, meadow fescue, and meadow foxtail, but meadow foxtail had become prominent by 1907 and Kentucky blue grass now prevails. On other plats on which a mixture of from 10 to 13 kinds of seed were sown, Kentucky blue grass became prominent. Orchard grass did little good, although meadow foxtail and white clover became important. Little perceptible difference in growth of grass followed the applications of different fertilizer mixtures, but the plats receiving nitrate of soda with or without lime were more closely grazed than those that received manure. III. The Roberts pasture, I. P. Roberts (pp. 385-391).— In 1877, this field produced oats and in 1878 a crop .of wheat in which 2 qt. of timothy per acre were sown. In the spring of 1879, 2 qt. of timothy and 4 qt. of clover (1 part alsike and 2 parts medium red clover) per acre were sown broadcast. The subsequent progress of the field is briefly reviewed and the author suggests that in addition to the seed sown 5 lbs. each of orchard grass, Kentucky blue grass, and redtop might have been profitably sown. This pastui-e, after it was well established, carried 3 times as many cattle per acre as the average New York pasture because the clovers were retained, early pasturing or overstocking was not permitted, and mowing early in June prevented the ripening of the grass from checking its tillering. IV. The cost of pasture land in different States, G. F. Warren (pp. 391-397). — The author presents the results of investigations of pasture values throughout the country. The average results for each section are stated in the following table : Cost of pasture land. Section. North Atlantic States Corn belt Middle West, outside main corn belt "Blue grass region " Southern States Arid regions Western moist and irrigated land Months used. Actually used. 5.5 6.6 5.9 8.6 8.3 9.0 7.3 Equiva- lent to full feed. 4.1 6.0 4.8 6.9 7.3 9.0 6.9 Cost of land suf- ficient to pasture one cow one month. $18 27 21 31 6 10 13 The hay crop, W. P. Brooks {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. J 3^, pp. 68, figs 3; reprint from Mass. [Bd.] Ayr. Bui. 3, pp. 5-6S, figs. 3; Agr. of Mass. 1904, pp. 351-376; 1905, pp. 360-382; 1906, pp. y/2/-//36).— This consists of 3 papers. I. The hay crop in Massachusetts (pp. 5-24). — This paper outlines the status of the hay crop in Massachusetts, reviews the work of the station on this sub- ject, and makes recommendations, in the light of experimental data, as to pasture management. II. The management of mowings (pp. 25^7). — Some important grasses and clovers are described, mixtures for sowing recommended, and suggestions made for fertilizing meadows, keeping down weeds, and the care of mowings. III. Clovers: Their value, characteristics of varieties and methods of produc- tion (pp. 48-68). — A discussion of the value of clovers to the farm is followed by a description of a number of varieties and directions for clover production and curing in Massachusetts. FIELD CROPS. 531 The relative value of corn, oats, wheat, and hay in a four-course rotation during 25 years, T. F. IIfnt {PeiDisijliania ,S7«. h'ltl. 1!)09, />yj. 21-26, pi. I). — Tl,e data contained in this article have already been reported from somewhat different standpoints (H S, R., 21, p. 220). A corn-oat-wheat-hay rotation was grown under 24 different fertilizer treat- ments. The total average weight of corn per acre during the 2.") years was 6.062 lbs. valued at $29.67; of oats 2.999 lbs. at $14.49; of wheat 3,291 lbs. at $18.47; and of hay 3,609 lbs. at $18.05. The grain yields were about 50 bu. of corn, .38 bu. of oats, and 20 bu. of wheat per acre, with a little less than 2 tons of hay per acre. The average annual return from this rotation was $20.17, while the estimated average annual return from a corn-corn-oat-wheat-hay rotation would have been $20.45. or from a corn-coru-oat-wheat-hay-hay rotation $21.71. The untreated plats yielded crops valued at $15.76 per acre, those treated only with mineral fertilizers $21.13. and those treated with yard manure $22.25. Forage plants for western Washington, W. H. Lawrence and H. L. Blanch- ARD (Washington Sta. Bui. 2, spec, ser., pp. 5-^5). — This bulletin discusses forage crops and gives directions for the production in western Washington of root crops, cabbage, thousand-headed kale, legumes, grains, grasses, and pota- toes. A table of quantities per acre to sow of different kinds of seed is given. Results of cooperative experiments in agriculture, C. A. Zavitz and \V. P. Gamble (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union, 31 (1909), pp. 13-^3). — These pages report the results of experiments in which 4,856 men cooperated. The principal results of these cooperative tests are stated in the following table : Highest average yields secured in tests of varieties of field crops. Kind of crop. Number of tests. Variety. Percentage by which variety second in yield was lower in value. Yield per acre. Oats Six-rowed barley Two-rowed barley Hull-less barley . ". Spring wheat Buckwheat Spelt Emmer Winter wheat Winter rye Field peas Field beans Corn for grain Mixtures Mangels Sugar beets Swedes Fall turnips Carrots Fodder corn Sorghum Gra.ss peas and vetches.. Rape, kale, and cabbage Late potatoes Medium potatoes Early potatoes 133 30 3 15 12 3 73 96 220 Siberian O. A. C. No. 21 Hanna Guv Mayle Wild Goose Rye (Common emmer \Red spelt Imperial Amber Mammoth New Canadian Beauty . Marrowfat Genesee Vailev /Daubeney oats JMandseheuri barley , Ferry Yellow Leviathan Renhie Tankard Cream , Steel-Briggs Good Luck Red 'I'op While (Hobe Steel-IJriggs Improved Short White. Henderson Eureka Early ,\ in her sugar cane Hairy vetches Sutton Earliest Drumhead cabbage. . Empire State Burpee Extra Early. Extra Early Eureka. Bushels. 41.60 34.45 33.88 26.24 22.23 21.12 45.38 29.76 24.11 28.07 21.29 29.36 45.86 Pounds. 1,518 Tom. 3L51 24. 95 25.00 29. 45 21.90 18.19 6.23 8.30 16.76 Bushels. 177. 73 193.60 181. 46 In fertilizer tests with winter wheat, swedes and potatoes, fields fertilized with cow manure produced higher yields than those fertilized with any 532 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. mineral, while a complete fertilizer stood second in size of crop secured and first in tests with oats, corn, and mangels in which manure was not used. The results of these crops were obtained in from 15 to 74 tests covering periods of from 3 to 8 years. Oil swamp soils an application of 500 lbs. superphosphate, ICO lbs. muriate of potash, and from 150 to 160 lbs. nitrate of soda resulted in higher yields of corn, potatoes, oats, rape, millet, and mangels than with any other fertilizer or manure tested. [The Woburn field experiments], J. A. Voelcker {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. Etuj- laiid, 69 (1908), vp. 331-351). — The worli of 1908 was a continuation without change in general plan of that previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 229). Manure taken from the feeding boxes March 19, and kept covered with earth, had lost 47 per cent of its weight by October 16. During the thirty- second season of the continuous wheat growing tests, unmanured wheat produced 12J bu. per acre, or 2 bu. above the average of the last 10 years. The highest yields, 285 bu. per acre, followed applications of minerals and 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre. An application of the same minerals and 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda was followed by a yield of 26.2 bu. With farmyard manure there was produced 24.3 bu., but with 4 cwt. rape dust only 16.6 bu. Results on other plats indicated that the presence of phosphates is more essen- tial than that of potash. When sulphate of ammonia was used alone there was no crop. With 5 cwt. of lime i)er acre the yield was 3 bu. A plat to which 2 tons of lime had been applied in 1897 produced 22.9 bu. per acre in 1908, while a renewal of this application in 1905 resulted in a yield of 18.7 bu. in 1908. " Heavy dressings of sulphate of ammonia when continuously applied will run land out where lime is deficient." The manure applied to barley on the same field decreased 39 per cent in weight between March 19, 1907, and February 20, 1908. The need of lime was more emphasized on the barley plats than with wheat. There was practically no crop on the plat treated with 5 cwt. of lime and with sulphate of ammonia, while an application of 2 tons per acre in 1907 appeared to be worked out, as the plat was overgrown with spurry. The unmanured plats produced 6 bu. iier acre as compared with an average of 121 bu. for the past 10 years. The highest yield, 24.4 bu. per acre, was produced with farmyard manure. With minerals and nitrate of soda there was produced 22 bu. per .acre, and with 1 and 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda alone 14.4 and 18.1 bu. per acre, respectively. The influence of potash as compared with phosphates was less marked than in the previous year. Rape dust proved much inferior to farmyard manure. The sulphate of ammonia jilats produced very poor crops or entire failures. In a series of rotation experiments, the fertilizing value of decorticated cot- ton cake and maize meal fed to sheep was tested. A rotation of wheat follow- ing mustard showed little difference in the manurial value of these 2 feeds. In rotation of barley after swedes fed ofl:" on the land, the decorticated cotton cake plat produced approximately 1* times as much grain as the maize meal plat and twice as much as the plats on which the swedes were fed off without cake or corn. In a third rotation mustard after barley produced a somewhat better crop on the decorticated cotton cake plat, and the same was true of a rotation of swedes after wheat. Plats to which lime had been given last in 1904 surpassed those to which mineral fertilizers were applied. Wheat produced the highest yield, 1,498 lbs. of grain per acre, after mustard plowed in with lime; the second highest yield, 1,383 lbs. of grain, after rape plowed in with lime; and the poorest yield after vetch plowed in with mineral manures. The use of nitro lime or calcium cyanamid and % cwt. of sulphate of ammonia supplying the same amount of nitrogen resulted in yields of 34.9 and 22.77 bu. FIELD CROPS. 533 of barley per acre, respectively. The differonce Is attributed in part to the fact that the calcium cyanamid contains considerable lime and the soil is deficient in this substance. On using 2 tons of lump lime and 10 cwt. of ground lime per acre there were yields of 41.03 and 30.47 bu. of barley per acre respectively, as comparetl with 24.06 bu. on an untreated plat. Land which was treated with sulphate of ammonia and nitro lime had a thick growtli of the weetl rolygonum avlcularc, of which the limed plats were almost free. Canadian seed, Provence seed, and American seed produced yields of 9 tons 8J cwt., 6 tons 13 cwt., and 6 tons 4 cwt. of green alfalfa per acre, resijectively. Seed in- oculation did not produce a gain in a single instance with alfalfa, but showed a slight advantage in the case of Mammoth White clover, and a marked increase in yield with Dutch White clover. When a standard application of 12 tons of farmyard manure, .'I cwt. of sujx'r- phosphate. and 1 cwt. of sulphate of potash per acre was supplemented by dif- ferent mixtures, the application of 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia apparently increased the yield of potatoes by 1 ton 12 cwt., while nitrate of soda and nitro lime supplying the same nitrogen apparently improved the yield by 1 ton 2 cwt. and 8 cwt. 2 quarters respectively, and 3 and 6 cwt. of magnesia apparently increased the crop by 13 cwt. and 1 ton 5 cwt. respectively. Invicta proved the most productive variety of swedes tested. The use of 70 lbs. of nitrate of soda produced lower yields than the standard dressing alone, or that of standard dressing with 6 cwt. per acre of a basic turnip manure containing lime. The latter also, however, produced lower yields than the standard dressing alone. Yellow Globe mangel was the highest yielding variety tested. Top-dressings in all cases resulted in a marked increase in yield, 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda apparently excelling 1 cwt. of nitro lime. Common salt proved advantageous up to 6 cwt. per acre with little to choose between 2 and 4 cwt. The highest yield of hay, 2 tons li cwt., followed an application of 12 tons of farmyard manure per acre, while applications of (1) 10 cwt. basic slag and 1 cwt. sulphate of potash, and (2) 10 cwt. basic slag and 1 cwt. nitrate of potash resulted in almost equally good yields. The lowest yields in the experiment followed an application of 2 tons of lime per acre. Rotations, P. McConnell (Jour. Roy. Agr. 8oc. England, 69 (1908). pp. 17-32 ) . — Rotations are discussed with special reference to the cleaning of land, economy of plant food, insect and fungus pests, soil texture, climate, arrange- ment of fields, distribution and supply of labor, variety of crops, and live stock. A summary of rotations as returned by correspondents includes courses of 3, 4, 5, 6, and more years. [Variety tests with peanuts and fodder crops], A. J. Brooks (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indicfi, Rptft. Hot. Sta. Dominica, 1908-9, pp. 32-35). — Among 4 varie- ties of peanuts the Spanish and Carolina Running varieties yielded 1,940 and 1,137 lbs. per acre, respectively. Bascom corn and teosinte produced 12.7 and 12 tons of fodder per acre, respectively, and proved suitable for poor sandy soil in a dry situation. Guinea grass and Rural Branching Doura produced 11.6 and 7..5 tons of fodder per acre, respectively. [Agricultural and botanical explorations in Palestine], A. Aaronsoiin (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 180, pp. 20-33, 3()^')2, pis. 8, figs. 2).— The carob tree yields a greater quantity of food matter i)er acre on arid soil than the best alfalfa, the pods containing 40 per cent or more of sugar and from 7 to 8 per cent of protein. It appears that berseem (Trifolium alcd'andriniun) originated in Palestine, since it grows wild there as do T. carmeli, T. panor- mitanum, and T. supinum. Atriplex palestina, .4. halimus, and A. leucoclnda are well adapted to alkaline soils. A. Icucoclada grows from 3 to 6 ft. high and is relished by sheep and camels. The stems and the leaves of the Palestine 534 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. cliick-pea are corrosive because covered with crystals of oxalates and other hygroscopic salts which are thought to render the plant drought resistant by condensing atmospheric humidity. Sesame grows on sandy clay soils where the rainfall is 16 in. or less, but requires thorough preparation of the soil. Its lack of uniformity in ripening necessitates several harvestings by hand. The author discusses the historical interest of wild wheat, the discovery of wild emmer, the importance of the brittle rachis of the primitive cereals,ujaud gives -an account of his rediscovery of wild emmer {Triticum dicoccuin dieoc- coides) in Palestine and Syria. This prototype of true wheat was found in a number of forms varying from 2 ft. high at Eosh Pinar to 40 in. at Rasheyya. It is indigenous to the regions of ^Nlount Hermon, but rarely appears on culti- vated soils. It is always found in company with wild barley. Cotton field and orchard of the experinient field in the Hunger Steppe in 1907, M. BiTSHUYEV (Abs. in ZJiur. Opuiln. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Latulir.), 10 {1909), No. 6, pp. 900, 901).— The field and garden crops most profitably cultivated in the Hunger Steppe are alfalfa (fertilized with manure and super- phosphate), cotton, beets, corn, sunflower, tobacco, winter barley, tomatoes, and cucumbers. The more profitable orchard and forest trees in the same region are jilum, apricot, peach, American ash, poplar, white acacia, and mulberry. [Variety and manurial tests and experimental sowings of field crops], H. W. Potts et al. {Rpt. Dept. Agr. X. S. Wales, 1909, pp. 57-61, G.'t-66, 77-80, 90, 91 ) . — A progress report of experimental sowings of a large number of field crops at different farms is given. At the Hawkesbury Agricultural College. Zealand and White Essex common wheats produced 2 tons 11 cwt. and 2 tons 7 cwt. of hay per acre, respectively, while among the macaroni wheats Velvet Don and Sarragolla produced 2 tons 10 cwt. and 2 tons 8 cwt. of liay per acre, respectively. Among 11 varieties of oats Amarilla, Algerian, and White Tartarian produced yields of from 3 to 3^ tons of hay per acre. In a fertilizer experiment with swedes, 150 lbs. of blood apparently surpassed 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda or 95 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia as a supplement to 200 lbs. of superphosiihate and 100 lbs. of sulphate of potash, while with mangels the application of 2 cwt. of superphosphate per acre was followed by a much larger yield than when the same amount of superphosphate was used with kainit or nitrate of soda or both. Equal yields of corn followed the application of (1) 84 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia and (2) a mixture of 140 lbs. of superphosphate, 84 lbs. of sulphate of potash, and 84 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia. At the Wagga Experiment Farm, Algerian oats produced the maximum yields of 56 bu. and 33 lbs. per aci'e. Limed and unlimed land produced substantially the same yields without manure and with every application of fertilizer, except one of 2 cwt. of superphosphate, in which case the yield on the limed land was apparently increased 50 per cent. At the Glen Innes Experiment Farm. Bobs and Minnesota B. Stem wheats produced the highest yields, 40 and 38 bu. per acre, respectively, while in a field trial, Jonathan produced 30 bu. per acre. In a variety test of oats, the maximum yield of hay was produced by White Tartarian. Among potatoes. Factor produced the maximum yield of 6 tons 13^ cwt. At the Moree Irrigation Farm, Skinless barley cut for green feed and allowed to head out again yielded 174 bu. per acre, while Algerian oats sown at the rate of li bu. per acre on land irrigated twice and limed at the rate of 200 lbs. per acre produced 2 tons Hi cwt. of hay. Alfalfa, sown at the rate of 12 lbs. per acre through a drill from which the tubes had been removed from the hose, promises satisfactory results. An even distribution of the seed was secured FIELD CROPS. 535 by tying the tubes at equal distances to laths following the seeder with a barrow. [Results of experiments with ensilage hay, barley, oats, and wheat], A. J. Perkins and W. J. Colebatch (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. So. Aiist., IS {IMO), Nos. S, pp. 652-662; D, pp. 736-7 J,5).— A sowing of a mixture of 60 lbs. of' Calcutta oats, 100 lbs. of King Early wheat, 4 lbs. of alfalfa, and 8 lbs. of vetch per acre yielded 9 tons 14 cwt. of green stuff per acre. Recent averages in yield of ensilage from mixed sowings of wheat, oats, and vetch have ranged from 5 to 12 tons per acre. Recently-chaffed and unweighted ensilage in a pit 13 ft. by IS ft. 10 in. by 14 ft. deep averaged a little over 31^ lbs. per cubic foot. A mix- ture of oats and w^heat bound in sheaves lost in drying 71.61 per cent of their original growth during 1909. The average of the losses during 4 successive seasons was 69.7 per cent, so that 10 tons of green stuff was reduced to a little over 3 tons of hay. In a mannrial test with wheat. 3 times as great a yield was securetl after the application of a mixture of 195 lbs. of superphosphate, 100 cwt. of nitrate of soda, and 1 cwt. of muriate of potash as was secured from the application of the superphosphate alone. The substitution of 1 cwt. of sulphate of potash for the muriate in the same mixture was followed by an increased yield of 2 bu. 15 lbs. In a field test, among 26 varieties of wheat averaging 25 bu. 15 lbs. per acre. Federation (selection 1) produced the highest yield, 33 bu. 20 lbs. per acre. On variety plats Mahmoudi durum wheat produced the highest yield, 36 jbu. 13 lbs. per acre, while the pedigreed college wheats. King Red (selection 4), Late Gluyas (selection 4), and Bearded Gluyas (selection 4), yielded .33 bu. 41 lbs., 33 bu. 8 lbs., and 30 bu. 35 lbs. per acre, respectively. Alfalfa as a crop in Massachusetts, W. P. Brooks (Massarlnisrtts Sta. Circ. 18, pp. Jf, fig. 1). — This circular'gives directions for the production of alfalfa in Massachusetts and states the composition of alfalfa, alsike clover, and medium red clover hays. The production of alfalfa, R. G. Oses (Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Bol. 19, pp. 65, figs. 7).— This bulletin contains general information of interest to the grower of alfalfa in Cuba. The various species and varieties are discussed, as well as preparation of the soil, seed selection, inoculation, fertilization, cultiva- tion, harvesting, and storing. Information is given on irrigation and on the insect and other pests of alfalfa. Corn production in the upper peninsula of Michigan, L. M. (tEisiiar (Mich- igan Sta. Spec. Bui. 52, pp. 5-8). — This publication gives directions for the pro- duction of corn in the upper peninsula of Michigan and discusses some varieties adapted to that region. Increasing protein and fat in corn, Ii.*H. Smith (Amer. Breeders Mag., 1 (1910), A"o. i, pp. 15-21). — The investigations reported in this article have been previously noted from other sources (E. S. R., 20, p. 531; 21, p. 134). Cotton production, 1909 (Bur. of the Cenmi.t [U. S.] Bui. 107, pp. 6.J, i1gm.-i. 3, maps 12). — This bulletin reports the yearly production of cotton of the United States for the i)eriod 190.5-1909 by States and counties, and of the world during 1907-1909, inclusive, by countries. The supply and distribution of cotton in the United States for specified varieties in 1909-10 are stated and general Information given with reference to the investigations of the Govern- ment with relation to cotton. Notes on publications relating to cotton, January. 1909. to January, 1910, W. L. Balls {Cairo Sci. Jour., .', { lUlO), So. 'I'h I>l>- //'/-/-'-')•— These i.ages con- tain reviews of some of the more notable publications on cotton published in French and English during 1909. 536 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Variety test of oats, 1906-1908, C. F. Noll {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 106-112). — During the years 1906, 1907, and 1908, the Japan variety yielded 35.3, 65.3. and 56.7 bu. per acre, respectively, but in 1907 was exceeded by Sixty-Day and Silver Mine with yields of 6S.7 and 65.9 bu. per acre, respectively. It also stood first in average yields for the period 1905 to 1908 with 51.7 bu. per acre. During an 18-year period it averaged 50.68 bu., during 13 years 52.19, during 11 years 52.37, and during 10 years 52.57, but for the 10-year period was exceeded by White Maine with an average of 56.31 bu. per acre. During a 9-year period Silver Mine stood first with 53.6 bu., during an 8-year period Czar of Russia with 54.88 bu., and during a 2-year period Sixty-Day with 59.22 bu. The seed of a number of varieties treated with formalin showed no traces of smut, but untreated seed of the Irish Victor yielded 16 per cent of smutted heads, Japan 11 per cent. New Danish White 8 per cent, Long White Tartar 7 per cent, Czar of Russia 20 per cent. Fourth of July 16 per cent, and Big Four 18 per cent. Variety test of potatoes, 1906-1908, C. F. Noll {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 113-12.'f). — This article is largely a reprint of Bulletin 98 previously noted (E. S. R.. 23, p. 139). Studies in Indian fiber plants. I, On two varieties of sann (Crotalaria juncea), A. and G. L. C. Howard {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 8 {1910), No. 3, pp. 177-189, pis. 3). — The botanical and cultural characters of a local variety of sann-hemp are compared with those of the Jubbulpore variety. Yields and chemical analyses are given and the results of tests of sann as a green manure for the tobacco crop are reported. References are given to the literature of the subject. Soy beans the basis of Manchurian commerce, R. Hoagland {Minn. Farm Rev., 15 {1910), No. 6, pp. 121-123, 138, 139).— This article discusses the com- mercial importance of the soy bean in Manchuria, outlines its limits of growth in that country, and reports chemical analyses of jNIanchurian soy beans and soy-bean cake. Growing' sugar beet seed in South Dakota, J. H. Shepard {South Dakota Sta. Bui. 121, pp. 685-698, figs. 2).— This is a continuation of Bulletin 117, pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 535) and presents the results in 1909. The ground occupied was subsoiled to a depth of 24 in. The minimum sugar content required of beets for their retention in the experiment was lowered to 14 per cent for this season, as had favorable weather permitted a content of 18 per cent would have been reached in a few days longer. The great fluctuation from the original type is disappearing. A table presents the number of mother beets of each station number, the number analyzed in 1909, their average sugar content, weight in grams, lowest sugar content, and highest sugar content. The 55 singles saved for 1909 include the very best beets grown in each variety. Variation and correlation in timothy, C. F. Clark {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 279, pp. 30l-/.>>•. 6). — This is a iiopular jjcnide for jtrospective planters. Part 1 discusses in detail the formation of the plantation. i)art 2 deals with tlu' exploitation of the hark and timber, and part .'i with regeneration. Conc-ludinj? remarks discuss piotection from tire and injurious insects. Some factors which influence the yield of resin from Pinus longifolia, E. A. Smythies {Indian Forester, 36 {1910), No. 5. pv- 27H-2S3, fiyK. .5).— The discussion of these factors is based upon the systematic tapping of chir piui! (P. longifolia) which has been carried on in the Naini Tal division of the Indian forest service for the last 15 years. The author finds that the yield of resin is strongly affected by the seasons, hot weather giving a maximum. The yield also depends on the year of tap- ping, the third year usually giving the best results. The number and quality of the laborers employed, together with the health of the tree, are also factors. The yield decreases as the limits of distribution of the species are approached. The behavior of chestnut wood under destructive distillation and the resulting' products, G. Borghesani (Cliem. Zig., 3.) .{1910), No. 69, pp. 600, 610). — Destructive distillation of chestnut wood as conducted by the author is reported, together with a table showing the percentage of coal and distillation products obtained from the trunk. Itranches, and root. The results indicate that by u.sing the destructive distillation process there Is a greater increase in the coal residue of the trunk than of the branches, but that the reverse is true of the products of distillation. The roots hold an inter- mediate position in both respects. As far as this process is concerned chestnut wood appears to rank between beech and oak in value. When the rapidity of distillation is increased, the greater amount of noncondensable gas secured is offset by the increased cost of the coal and likewise of the distillation ])roducts. The prospects of the match industry in the Indian Empire, with particulars of proposed match-factory sites and "w^oods suitable for match manufacture, R. S. Troup {Indian Forest Mem., Econ. Products Ser., 2 {1910), No. 1. pp. III + 92-\-LXXX, figs, l), map 1). — A general discussion. A lecture on the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), W. J. Gallagher {Dept. .Agr. Fed. Malay States Bui. 10, pp. 21, figs. 10). — This lecture contains information relative to the physiology and anatomy of the I*ara rubber tree, together with a discussion of various tapping methods, systems, and tools, and notes on planting distances, thinning out, topping, pruning, resting, and the function of latex. Propagation of guayule by seeds, J. E. Kirkwood {Atuer. lirr. Trop. Agr., 1 {J910), Nos. 2, pp. 34-.'i3, figs. 2; 3-!,, pp. 77-8/, ) .—Results are given of ex- periments conducted by the author under the direction of the Continental Mexi- can Rubber Company mainly for the purpose of determining the feasibility of I)ropagating the guayule rubber shrub {PaHhenium argeiitatum). The records of germination were kei)t from day to day. The first of the seedlings ajipeared in 10 days from the date of the plantings, whicli were 10 in number, and the germination continued up to (>() days. In all, some 1(;2 seeds, or about 2.9 per cent of the seed sown, germinated. This appears to l)e the only case on record of an attempt to germinate seeds of the plants of the genus Tartheuium. The results obtained in the germination of guayule seeds were as a whole favorable as to the time required. Although most of the seeds responded quickly a considerable number continued dormant, sometimes for weeks, then 544 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. suddenly germinated. No evidence was secured as to the cause of this delayed germination. The germination showed no marl^ed response to variations of temperature within the vital limits, but saturation with water appears to be essential for the best results. The germination of the seed and the growth of the seedling proceed most rapidly when in direct contact with air. Light exerts no appreciable influence. The seeds gei'minate and grow most rapidly in soils with relatively little water-soluble salts. On the preparation of German East African plantation rubber. A. Zimmer- MANN {Pflanzcr, (i (1910), \o. 8. oik 113-1 IS). — Owing to the low prices re- ceived for the average plantation rublK'r of German East Africa, exi>erimenis are being carried on to work out better methods of coagulating tlie latex and preparing the rubber. Some results are here given of an experiment conducted to produce rubber with a permanent clear color. Thus far Purnb, muriatic acid, nitric acid, and oxalic acid used in coagulating the rubber have all given some- what favorable results in preventing the formation of coloring matter after the rubber has dried. The exjieriments are to be continued. On the preparation of rubber (Funtumia elastica), and on its future in the Ivory Coast, A. Ciii-v.m.ikr (.l.'/r. I'rnt. I'.iiis CIkiuiIs. ]0 (I'JIO). .Yo. ,SJ, pp. 189-201). — This is a report of a survey of the rubber industry in the various regions of the Ivory Coast, including the details of exploitation, native methods employed in coagulating the rubber, suggestions for improvement thereon, and a discussion relative to the future of rubber in the Ivory Coast. Lumber saved by using^ odd lengths (17. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 180, pp. 5). — In 1909 a number of the leading lumber manufacturers of the Pacific coast put into effect resolutions previously adopt«'d by the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association relative to the manufacture of odd lengths of flooring, ceiling, drop and bevel siding, finish, partition, and molding. This circular embraces the results of an investigation to determine the effect this step might have in saving waste in lumber manufacture. Under conditions prevailing upon the Pacific Coast, it is estimated that the making of odd lengths will increase the output of the different classes of prod- ucts by 2.07 per cent. An inquiry in the j-ellow pine region, covering both short and long leaf yellow pine lumber, suggests that a similar saving can be effected in the South. Tabular data are given showing the waste due to even-length manufacture, possible saving by trimming to odd lengths, j)ercentage of boards possible to manufacture to odd lengths, and i)ercentage of odd lengths used in various building oi^erations. DISEASES OF PLANTS. A brief handbook of the diseases of cultivated plants in Ohio, A. D. Selby (Ohio Sta. Bui 211,. pp. 301 -.',.56 -{-V II, figs. 105).— The first section of this bul- letin, which is a revision of Bulletin 121 (E. S. R., 13. p. 155), is devoted to a general discussion of plant diseases, parasitic fungi, symbiosis, cultural methods, enzymatic diseases, soil-infesting parasites, soil and seed treatment, wound infection, and remedies for plant diseases, including formulas and methods of application of the standard fungicides. The second section treats of the diseases of Ohio plants arranged alpha- betically according to hosts. An extended bibliograiihy is appended. A calendar for plant protection. L. IIiltner (Pflanzcnschutz nach Monaten geordnet. Stuttgart, 1909. pp. riI+J,33, figs. 138).— This is a guide to the monthly precautions to be taken to protect economic plants against fungus, DISEASES OF PLANTS. 545 insect, and other injuries and depredations. The principal causes of injury are described at some length. In an appendix the following topics are treated: The causes of injury to cultivated plants, fungicides, insecticides, treatment of fungi and insects by combined applications, spraying apparatus, carbon bisul- phid as an in.secticide, methods for combating wild mustard by spraying with iron sulphate, seed treatment for combating grain smuts, American gooseberry mildew, field mice, and inoculation of leguminous plants with root-tubercle cultures. Mycological notes, E. Mayor (BhL Soc. Neuchdtcl. Sci. Nat., 36 (1909). pp. 30-36; abs. in Bot. VentbL, 111 {1909), No. 16, p. J,07).—Of the fungi noted the following are of special interest: Ochropsora sorbi on Pyrus communis; an jecidium on Sedum rcftexum near plants of Eceleria cristata and Valesiaca which were infested with Puccinia longissima; an secidium on Crepia biennis near plants of Carex muricata infested with a Puccinia ; and aecidia on Cirsium rivulare near plants of Carex goodenoughii infested with Puccinia. Attention is called to the outbreak of Oidium. quercinum on Quercus sessiliflora, Q, pedun- ciilata, and Q. pubescens. An oidium was also found on Fagus sylvatica. In this connection the author notes the finding in 1899 of an oak oidium associated with the i)erithecia of a Microsphjera. Researches on the life history of parasitic fungi, C. K. Bancroft (Ann. Bot. [Londmi], 2-'t (1910), No. 9 J,, pp. 339-372, pi. 1).—A study has been made of Cladosporium herbarum and a disease caused by Hormodendron to determine the possible relationship existing between these two fungi. After describing the disease due to Hormodendron and presenting evidence regarding its parasitic nature, the author gives an account of the relationship between the two fungi. He believes that the life cycle is composed of two conidial forms, Hormodendron and Cladosporium. The Hormodendron form is a summer parasitic form, which in the summer produces a disease on the green leaves of a number of species of plants. When the leaves die it passes into the Cladosporium stage. The Cladosporium is a late form and exists as a saprophyte on dead leaves that have been previously attacked by Hormodendron. It gives rise to Hormo- dendron if the temperature is moderately high, but at lower temperatures it reproduces itself. In the winter Cladosporium exists in the form of micros- clerotia, and on the return of spring these germinate, producing conidia of Cladosporium. The Cladosporium conidia, after germinating, give rise to conidia of Hormodendron, which serve to continue the disease during the summer. A list is given of various species of fungi which are regarded as synonymous with C. herbarum. A new European species of Peronospora, G. W. Wilson (Ann. MyeoJ., 8 (1910), No. 2. pp. 185-187). — After a brief discussion of the species of Peronos- pora found on leguminous hosts, the author describes P. ononidis n. sp. on the leaves of Ononis rcpcns and O. spinosa from Germany. Fusarium nivale, the cause of white mold and its connection with Nectria graminicola, G. Ihssen (Centbl. Bakt. [etCi, 2. Abt., 27 (1910), No. 1-3, pp. 1,8-66, pi. 1, figs. 8). — ^The author claims to have proved the identity of F. nivale and N. graminicola by breeding and infection experiments in which (1) Fusarium diseased oat plants were placed under bell jars and the resulting fructification proved to be the perithecia of .Y. graminicola, (2) healthy plants were infected with either the Fusarium mycelium or conidia and the resulting perithecia identifiefl, and (3) A', graminicola perithecia were grown from pure cultures of Fusarium mycelia. 546 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. New observations on ergot, R. Stager {CentbL Bakt. [etc.l, 2. Abt., 27 (1910), No. 1-3, pp. 67-73). — After discussing the taxonomic position of a Clavi- ceps on Poa annua, the author gives the following new hosts of the genus Claviceps: Melica ciliata, Deschampsia flcxuosa, Scsleria (irgentea, Festuca nubigcna. Ataxia horsfieldii, CalamagrostiM jarauica, and Spartina stricta. The role that insects play in the dissemination of ergot is also discussed. Fungi as a cause of the lodging of cereal crops, N. Dombrovski (Kho- ■zyaistvo, 1909, pp. 334, 335; abs. in Zliur. Opiiitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 10, 1909, No. 4. P- 558). — The author shows that the fungus Ophio- bolus graminis is an important cause of the falling or lodging of cereal crops, and as it attacks the plants most frequently when these are growing in wet places the draining of such soils is recommended as a measure for combating the fungus. The combating of the stinking smut of wheat, E. Jordi (Jahresber. Landw. SchuJe Riitti, 1908-9, pp. 89, 90; abs. in CcntbJ. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt.. 26 (1910), No. 16-17, p. ^98). — In a series of experiments on the control of stinlj- ing smut of wheat by seed treatment several immersions of the seed in Bor- deaux mixture gave the best results, but this process was found to be too tedious. Next in efficiency came the soaking of the seed for 16 hours in a 0.5 per cent solution of copper sulphate, and third, soaking for 4 hours in a 0.1 per cent formaldehyde solution. Both gave good results, but in each instance the germinating power of the seed was injured. A bacterial disease of alfalfa, W. G. Sackett (Colorado Sta. Bui. 158, pp. 3-32, pis. 3). — The history, distribution, gross characteristics (B. S. R., 22, p. 46), cause, methods of infection, technical descriptions, including the morpho- logical, cultural, physical, and biochemical features of the casual organism (Pscudomonas medicaginis n. sp. ), and methods of control are given. The disease is found in 5 counties in Colorado, but is especially destructive throughout the Gypsum Valley in Eagle County, and is also reported from Utah, New Mexico, Nebraska, and Kansas. The unusual fact that only the first cutting was badly diseased made a satis- factory explanation of the method of infection more difficult, but after a care- ful investigation of alfalfa fields most subject to the disease the conclusion was reached that freezes and frosts which cause the epidermis on the stems to split open over the first 6 internodes, thereby exposing the succulent moist tissues to infection from germ laden dust blown into these cracks, was the main cause of infection. The later cuttings, not having been subject to such weather con- ditions, escaped serious infection. For controlling the blight, the introduction of resistant varieties, especially those which can withstand late spring freezes, is recommended. The clipping of the frosted alfalfa as soon as it is reasonably certain that all danger from frost is past,* thus affording an opportunity for an early growth of a new cutting, is also advised. Stem blight, a new bacterial disease of alfalfa, W. G. Sackett (Colorado Sta. Bui. 159, pp. 8-15, i)l. 1). — An abbreviated discussion of the preceding bulletin. Recent investigations on the heart rot of beets, E. Griffon and A. Mau- BLANc (Bill. Trimest. 8oc. Mycol. France, 26 (1910), No. 1, pp. 126-131, pi. 1, fig. 1). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., 21, p. 642) the authors described the disease commonly known as the heart rot of beets. Attention is called to the presence of Alternaria and Cladosporium with Phoma iabiflca in connection with the disease, and the authors have made a study of the different fungi to determine whether they might not be phases in the life history of the same DISEASES OF PLANTS. 547 organism, particularly studying tbo possible relationship of the Cladosporium and the Phouia. As a result of their investigations, the authors found that P. tabifica in their cultures never produced any eonidial forms and that the Cladosporium occur- ring on the young leaves did not result in a Phonia form. This is held to indi- cate that the two fungi are quite distinct, and it contiruis the ob.. 105-1 11, pi. 1; So, pp. 295~30.'f). — An account is given of some of the more important diseases of the cotton plant, among those described being cotton wilt, root rot, damping off, Phoma and Fusarium diseases, angular leaf spot, and boll rot. The data are largely drawn from publications of this Department and of some of the experiment stations in this country. Tests of spray mixtures for Alternaria blight of ginseng, H. H. Wiietzel and W. H. Rankin (Spec. Crops, n. scr., 9 {1910), No. 93, pp. 327-329. figs. /,).— Attention is called to the frequent complaint of a failure of Bordeaux mixture to protect ginseng against the Alternaria blight, and an investigation has been conducted to determine the effect of different fungicides on the germination of the spores of the fungus causing the disease. In these experiments about 20 different fungicide mixtures, together with Paris green, sulphur arsenate, and other insecticides were tested. In comparing the germination results it appears that the fungicides most effective against the Alternaria were full and half strength Bordeaux mixture, Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, Paris green and milk of lime, Paris green alone, milk of lime, suli)hur arsenate,, and possibly a lime-suli)hur mixture applied as a summer spray. The Paris green and milk of lime, alone and in combination, seem to be promising unless for some reason they should prove injurious to the ginseng plant. The effectiveness of the Bordeaux mixture was so complete that the addition of Paris green had no evident advantage. In conclusion the authors recommend the use of Bordeaux mixture, to which Paris green may be added, and advise against the use of new mixtures which have not been fully tested. The onion eel worm, W. Laidlaw and C. A. Price {Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria, 8 {1910), No. 3, pp. 103-111. figs. .>).— I)escri|)tions are given of exi)eriments for the eradication of the eel worm {Tylenchus dcva^tatrid), which has proved very 548 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. destructive to onions in parts of Australia. The experiments consisted of the application of various chemicals to the soil, but while some of them destroyed the living nematodes, they were not efficient in liilling the eggs. The treatments were both laborious and expensive and can not be recommended on a large scale. Where the onions were started from seed in small beds of sterilized soil and transplanted the plants were not attacked by nematodes unless the bulbs were injured in the process of transplanting. Certain diseases of Maine potatoes and their relation to the seed trade, W, J, Morse (Maine Sta. Doc. 375, pp. 12). — On account of the large and rapidly growing demand for Maine seed potatoes for use in the Southern States, the author calls attention to the principal characteristics for the determination from the seed tubers of four important potato diseases (late blight, scab, black- leg, and the Fusarium dry rot of the tuber) which seem to be distributed by infected seed tubers, and suggests precautions and remedies for disinfecting the tubers and preventing the dissemination of these diseases. It is claimed that diseases capable of being carried by the tubers are no more common in Maine than in other States of similar climatic conditions, and that none is of such a nature but that its transference by this means can be pre- vented by discarding all unsound or diseased tubers and disinfecting the re- mainder before planting. Corky scab of the potato, I. B. P, Evans (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 8 (1910), No. 31, pp. Ji(!2, Ji63, pi. 1). — A description is given of the corky scab of the potato, due to Sporigospora scabies, with suggestions for the prevention of the disease. Experiments with three tobacco diseases, H. Jensen (Jaarb. Dept. Landb. Nederland. Indie, 1908, pp. 100-101, pi. 2).— The inoculation of healthy tobacco roots with a solution of the gum or slime from a plant attacked by gummosis produced this disease in the roots thus inoculated, but if the plants were sound and in a vigorous growing condition the disease rarely spread beyond the original area of infection or to adjacent healthy plants. It is claimed that the best means of control is by keeping the tobacco plants in a vigorous growing condi- tion, as sound, healthy plants were found to be very resistant to this disease. As a result of experiments conducted with Phytophthora it is stated that the spores of this fungus can live for two years in the soil and are capable of infecting tobacco grown on such land during that time. By cultures and micro- scopic examination the black or leaf spot disease of tobacco was shown to be caused by Cercospora nieotianff. Root diseases caused by Armillaria mellea in the Puget Sound country, W. H. Lawrence (Washington Sta. Bui. 3, spec, ser., 1910, pp. 3-16, figs. 5). — A popular discussion is given of this fungus, its nature, the injuries caused by it, the distribution and means of identifying the disease, and the methods of combating it. The bitter rot (Gloeosporium) of apples, R. Laubert (Dent. Obstbau Zig., 1910, No. l.'f, pp. 175-179, figs. 2). — A general discussion is given of the charac- teristics, cause, and methods of control of this disease and of its gradual dis- semination throughout Germany. A canker of apple trees caused by the brown rot fungus, E. S. Salmon (Gard. Chron., S. ser., 1,7 (1910), No. 1221, p. 327, figs. 3).— Attention is called to the development on the branches of apple trees of cankers caused by the brown rot fungus (Sclerotinia fructigena). These cankers may be formed either by the mycelium in a mummified apple, which in drying has become glued to the branch, growing from the diseased apple into the branch, or the mycelium may directly invade the wood from the base of a dead fruit spur which has been killed by the fungus. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 549 The rhief clanger from these brown rot cankers on the wood consists in the possibility of infection the followinj; spring and summer from the numerous tufts of conidia which iJroject from the cankered areas. The occurrence of New York apple canker in England, E. S. Salmon (Ganl. Citron., 3. ser., J,7 (ID JO), A'o. 1^17, pp. 258, 2.7.9, fig. /).— Attention is called to the occurrence of this disease on the branches of a pear tree. The microscopic and macroscopic characters of the fungus {Sphwropsis maiorum) are figured and described and suggestions given for its control. Leaf blight of the pear and quince, Ethel M. Doidge {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 8 {1910). .Vo. 31, pp. J,0o, .'{66, pL 1).—X descrlptuMi is given of the leaf blight {Enlomo.sporiiiDi maculatutn) which attacks the pear and quince, together with suggestions for its control. The Panama disease, E. Essed {Ann. Bot. [London], H {1910), No. 9Ji, pp. 488, 489, figs. 3). — A preliminary report is given of a fungus disease of the variety of bananas known as Gros Michel. This disease has been noticed in a number of localities in Central America and northern South America, where it has seriously threatened the banana industry. As a result of a preliminary examination, the author concludes that the disease is due to one of the Ustilagineje, probably in company with a member of the Chytridious order. The final results of his investigations on this disease are promised in the near future. The relation of black rot of cacao pods to the canker of cacao trees, J. B. ROKEK {Bill. Dept. Agr. Trinidad, V {1910), A'o. 6'i, p. 38). — Inoculation experi- ments with Phytophfhora omnirora have shown that this organism causes the black rot of the pods as well as the canker of the trees. A bulletin describing both diseases in detail, together with the organism causing them, is in process of preparation. The root disease of the coconut palm, T. Fetch {Circs, and Agr. Jour. Roy. Bot. Card. Ceijlon, J, {1910), No. 2 J,, pp. 323-336) .—Attev a discussion of the root disease of the coconut of various countries, a general description of the symptoms of this disease as it appears in Ceylon and the results of studies as to its cause are given. The most general symptoms of the root disease of coconuts are as follows: (1) The outer leaves wither and drop, usually remaining for a long time sus- pendefl vertically around the stem; (2) the tree becomes barren owing to the suppression of the flowering branches; (.3) the new leaves are successively smaller, so that the crown becomes a mere handful of erect yellowish leaves; and (4) finally these small leaves wither and the bud decays. A twenty-five year old tree in the earlier stages of the disease was dug up and a cross section was cut from the butt. This when examined after 24 hours was found to have developed white tufts of hyjjhie from each vascular bundle toward the perii)hery of the stem. The section was ?>G cm. in diameter, and the affected vascular bundles occui)ied an outer zone from 4 to G cm. in width. Both surfaces of the section were similarly affected. On cutting the sections vertically the vessels of the vascular bundles were found to be filled with white hyphje from one end to the other. The outer vascular bundl(>s. but not the inner, were completely filled with the mycelium of this fungus. Pieces of this section when placed in glass dishes in the laboratoi'y and kept moist for 4 months produced the well known sporophores of Fomcs lucidus. The results of these experiments seem to indicate that the true cause of the coconut root disease in Ceylon is the fungus /•'. lucidus, the mycelium of which permeates the outer tissues of the butt end of the tree, especially the vessels of the vascular bundles, gradually filling them and thus shutting off the water 550 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, supply, and at tbe same time cutting off the roots from tlieir food so that they ultimately die. As to treatment, dead or badly diseased trees should be dug up and the butt of the stem, together with 2 or 3 ft. of the part above the ground, should be burned. A new disease of citrus fruits, I. B. P. Evans (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 8 {1910), No. 31, pp. -'iSS-.'iG'), pi. 1). — A disease of Natal lemons was noticed in 1909 in which the fruit was light in weight and brownish colored. Accompany- ing the discoloration was a softening and general translucency of the rind, which at the same time became distinctly sticky. At first it was thought that the disease was due to one of the mold fungi, but subsequent observations showed that this could not be true, for instead of becoming soft and moldy the fruit dried up and the brcfwn discoloration became black. Lemons affected by the disease simply dried out, retaining their original shape and form. A study was made of the cause of the trouble and the organism isolated. This proved to be an uudescribed species, to which the name Diplodia natalensis n, sp. is given. All varieties of citrus fruits appear to be readily attacked by this fungus, and in addition apples, apricots, and peaches were destroyed by it if spores were introduced by puncturing the skin. Observations indicate that the infection of the fruit occurs most commonly at the time of picking, when the fungus gains entrance through injuries. The influence of the soil on the development of the roncet of the grape, E. Pantanei.li (Atti. R. Accail. Lined, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 19 (.1910), I, No. 7, pp. 395-1,01). — After a careful chemical examination of soils from various localities the conclusion is reached that the roncet has no rela- tionship to the presence or absence of any specific element in the soil, but rather that the physical characters of the soil, such as warmth, porosity, loose- )iess, drainage, etc., play an important role. Three groups of factors seem to have an appreciable influence on the appearance of roncet in plants which came originally from healthy layers and scions: (1) The history of the soil both before and after planting, that is, whether it was previously in grapes or other fruit or in grass, etc.; (2) specific properties of the grapes such as depth and extent of the root system, the relation of the rapidity of the growth of the upper parts as compared to the root development, and the specific sensibility to exhaustion of the soil; and (3) position and physical properties of the soil. Of these three groups of factors the third has a distributive and predisposi- tional action, the second influences only the time and intensity of the attack, while the first group constitutes the main causal factors, of which experience shows that the most important is sensibility to exhaustion of the soil. Two diseases of gooseberries, F. T. Brooks and A. W. Bartlett (Ann. MycoL, 8 (1910), No. 2, pp. 167-185, pi. 1; abs. in Gard. Chron., 3. ser., !,7 (1910), No. 1226, p. 7/28).— Attention is called to the death of large numbers of gooseberry bushes in Cambridgeshire in which the first indication of trouble is a wilting of the foliage of one or more branches. The attacked branches then die and finally the entire bush. It is claimed that death is due to two dis- tinct fungi, Botrytls eincrea and Cytosporina ribis. In the disease caused by B. eincrea the external characters of the disease are a wilting and subsequent browning of the leaves on a single branch, usually during the spring and early summer, while bursting through the bark at the base of the attacked branches are innumerable tufts or conidiophores of B. cinerea which arise from large black sclerotia located just outside the cylin- der of wood tissue. These dead branches easily break off at the point of union with the main stem. When the branch dies others become affected so that finally DISEASES OF PLANTS. 551 in a year or two the entire bush is destroyed. When a branch bearing Botrytis couidiupLores is cut transversely a characteristic discoloration of the wood is seen in which the entire wood cylinder with the exception of a narrow peripheral zone of light color is stained a dark gray. Longitudinal sections of the diseasevl branch show well marked hyphse of Botrytis, ramifying abundantly in pith, wood, and bast, especially in the vessels and medullary rays. The presence of this fungus in considerable quantities in the vessels checks tlie transpiration current and thus causes the sudden wilting of the foliage, while its presence in the pith mftkes its progress either upward or downward easy and rapid. Sclerotia of Bi^cincrca were developed from the diseased wood. The young mycelium of R^cincrai when introduced into a slit in a healthy branch produced the cliarac- teristic wilting of the foliage, and later the conidiophores of the fungus apiK^ared on the inoculated branches. It is claimed that the fungus probably enters through wounds caused by aphids on the tips of the shoots and travels down- ward; also that injuries due to spring frosts may permit the entrance of the fungus. In the disease presumably caused by C. ribis the external symptoms are very similar to those of the Botrytis disease, but the wilting usually occurs in the spring just as the young leaves are unfolding, and bushes killed during the winter by this disease have a thin growth of white mycelium on the bark at the base of the dead bush or branch. An old scar or unhealed wound was always found near the base of dead branches or bushes. A cross section of the stem at this point showed a brown discoloration of the wood, except a sector shaped area where its normal light color was unchanged. At the junction be- tween the healthy and diseased wood is a narrow, dark line. The bark also is discolored over a larger area of the stem than the infected wood. The discolored wood extends slightly above and below the wound, and usually both the roots and the upper parts of tlie stems in recently killed bushes are apparently healthy. Microscopic sections of the discolored wood show that it is permeated in all directions by fine branching fungus hyphae, noticeably accompanied by a quantity of yellowish brown substance, wound gum, which partially fills up the vessels and occurs plentifully in the wood parenchyma and medullary rays. These hyphse secrete an enzym capable of dissolving lignin, as they were able to bore through lignin tissues, producing a lai'ge amount of delignification. This fungus is a wound parasite, and probably its spread from plant to i)lant is by means of conidia. Since the fungus can live as a saprophyte in dead wood, all gooseberry bushes killed by this disease should be dug up and burned. The appearance of the American gooseberry mildew in Belgium, E. Marchal {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 20 (1910), No. J,, pp. 234, 235).— Attention is called to a local outbreak of this disease (SplKvrothrca mors uvw) on plants which were recently imported from a nursery in Holland. The means taken for its immediate and complete eradication are given, and consi.st of spraying with a 0.35 per cent solution of lime sulphur and the cutting and burning of badly diseased branches and canes. In August and September two more applications of this same mixture were given, and in October after the leaves had fallen they were again sprayed with a 0.6 per cent solution of the lime-sulphur mixture. A note on the appearance of two epidemic mildews, B. Namyslowski (Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 20 (1910), No. J,, pp. 236-238) .—The author discusses the appearance of the American gooseberry mildew (Spwrothcca mors uva-) in various portions of Russia, and claims that as far as Krakau is concerned the fungus was not introduced on imported berries but is found oidy on local stwk. The taxonomic position of the oak mildew prevalent in various European countries is discussed. 552 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. The mildew of oaks, E. Griffon and A. Mai^blanc (BuL Trimest. 8oc. Mycol. France, 26 {1910), No. 1, pp. 132-137, fig. 1).—A study has been made of the mildew of the oak, in which the authors have sought to determine the rela- tionship of the fungus to other species. As a result of their investigations they have decided that the disease is due to a conidial phase of an unidentified species, and they have given to it the name O'idium alphitoides n. sp. A fung-us disease of the lebbek tree, W. L. Balls {Cairo Sci. Jour., 4 {1910), No. Jfl, p. -^2). — The author states that the avenues of lebbek trees in Cairo are suffering through scale insects aiid other troubles, and that an exami- nation of trees blown down in the spring of 1908 showed that the roots were in many cases damaged by rot, leaving only 1 or 2 sound ones. The rot appeared to have begun at the basal stump and spread into the roots, and the trees exam- ined seemed to have been planted as cuttings, the cut end being left open to attacks of disease-producing organisms. The fungus was unrecognized by the author, but is believed to have been the primary cause of the trouble. AVhile no remedy is known when the trees are once attacked, it is advised that when planting these trees the cut ends be covered with tar and grafting wax before placing them in the ground. Notes on the disease of Pterocarpus in Penang, W. Fox {Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. MaUnj States, 9 {1910), No. .'/, pp. 136, 13)). — A brief account is given of the occurrence and spread of a disease of P. indicus in the Malay Peninsula due to Polystictus occidentaUs, which has already been noted (E. S. R., 2.3, p. 354). On the genetic relation between Coleosporiuni on Aster scaber and Peri- dermium pini-densiflorse, Y. Okishimo (Bot. Mag. [Tokyo], 2Jf {1910), No. 276, pp. 1-5). — As a result of inoculation experiments the author is led to believe that the two forms of fungi, P. pini-densiflonp occurring on Pinus densiflora and C sonclii on .4. seaber, have been proved to be genetically related, and that the fungus should in the future be known as C. pini-asteris. Leaf disease in Hevea, Mevr. A. E. van Hall-de Jonge {Dept. Landb. Surinanie Bill. 2.'i, pp. 6. pis. 2). — In 1908 Hevea plants in the nursery of the botanic gardens of Surinam were observed to be attacked by a leaf disease. The leaves showed spots which spread over them in concentric circles. Only the young leaves appeared to be attacked. The cause of the disease is a fungus living on the under side of the leaves, the identity of which is not definitely known. While the disease appears very infectious and spreads rapidly, it is believed to be due to accidental circumstances, especially to too close planting. Die back of Hevea brasiliensis, T. Petch (Circs, and Agr. Jour. Roy. Bot. Gnid. Ceylon. J, {1910), No. 23, pp. 307-321).— It is stated that die back is caused by two different fungi. One, Glwosporium alborubrum, a true parasite, origi- nates the disease by attacking the leading green shoot in the middle of its length, producing dark brown discolorations which extend upward and down- ward until the entire shoot becomes diseased and finally dies. The other, Botryodiplodia elastiea^, a wound parasite, enters the tree through the dead top shoot after it has been killed by the Gloeosporium fungus and causes the chief damage in die back by growing downward in the woody stem and gradually killing it to the ground. The promi)t cutting out of the diseased shoots and a thorough tarring of the wounds are usually efficient remedies for this disease. The fungus {B. elastieop) is known to occur in other countries on cacao (stems, roots, and pods), sugar cane, Albizzia moluccana (roots), papaw (stems), mango (fruits), and Castilloa (stems), while in Ceylon it grows (1) on H. brasiliensis, killing back the main stem, causing the death of stumps, or living DISEASES OF PLANTS. 553 as a saprophyte on dead Hevea stems; (2) on caeao, causing a dry canker on the larger branches or killing back the twigs, or on diseased cacao pods which have been attacked by Pliytophthora ; (3) on Castilloa, in previously formed wounds on the stem; (4) on dead pa paw stems as a saprophyte; (5) on wounds on the stems of old dadaps and on decaying dadap logs; (6) as a saprophyte on stems of Ficus elastica ; (7) on pruned stems of A. inoluccana, which it enters through the cut surface and kills down to the base; (8) on tea, which it enters through the roots and gradually kills; and (9) on roots of coconuts killed by the root disease fungus (Fomes lucidus). An extensive defoliation of the older Hevea trees in low country districts is also noted, and is attributed to an abnormal rainfall. A bark disease of Hevea, tea, etc., T. Fetch (Cii-cs. and Agr. Jour. Roy. Bot. Gnrd. Ceylou. J, (1909), No. 21, pp. 189-196).— A detailed description is given of the gross characteristics, damage, and probable source of infection of the bark disease (Corticium javaniciim) of Hevea, tea. and other crops in Ceylon. On Hevea brasiliensis the disease usually originates at a fork of the tree, and appears as a superficial pink incrustation on the bark which gradually spreads until the whole circumference of the tree and the bases of the adjacent branches are covered. Meanwhile, the hyphte from the older parts of the superficial area penetrate into the bark and gradually kill it. This dead bark splits and finally peels away from the wood. The spread of the fungus is governed largely by the moisture conditions, while the amount of damage done before the disease is noticed depends upon the size of the trees. Young two-year-old stems are quickly encircled and ringed, while the older trees are not so readily damaged. On six-year-old Hevea in the wetter rubber districts the fungus grows con- tinuouslj^ and kills off the bark uniformly, while the side branches at the point of attack are ringed and killed and the bark on the main stem peels off in large patches. The disease usually appears toward the close of the southwest mon- soon rains, and is conveyed from tree to tree by wind-blown spores which are produced in large numbers on the surface of the pink incrustations. One and two-year-old trees when attacked should be cut back below the point of infec- tion. In older trees the diseased area may be cut out and the wounds tarred. On tea the growth of the pink fungus on the smaller twigs is the first sign of the disease. From these it spreads down to the thicker branches, which soon lose their leaves and die back either over the whole bush or on only one side. In many cases the fungus grows along only one side of a branch, usually the un- der side. In such cases the bark is killed only where the fungus grows, and the subsequent ingrowth of living bark produces a canker in which the dead bark is not shed, but remains ragged and fibrous on the younger twigs, or smooth and blackened internally on the larger branches. The more important fungus diseases of deciduous trees, G. Kock (Sep. from Landes Arntsbl. Erzherzogt. Ostcrr. iinter drr Enns, 1909, No. Jf-5, pp. 36, fiyti^ 6). — Descriptions are given and methods suggested for the control of some of the more important diseases of maple, locust, birch, beech, alder, ash, linden, poplar, sycamore, plane tree, horse chestnut, elm. and willow. Arsenical poisoning of fruit trees, W. P. Headden ( Colorado Sta. Bui. 151, pp. 3-56, figs. 8).— Further investigations on the arsenical poisoning of fruit trees by the use of insecticides containing certain forms of arsenic ( K. S. R., 20, p. 452) are reported. Three forms of this trouble are recognized, viz, corrosive arsenical, systematic arsenical, and arsenic-lime poisoning. The trouble is said to be very general throughout the vState, and occurs in all kinds of soils, which fact is thought to eliminate the question of seepage and, to a large extent, that of alkalis. The conclusions reached are practically the same as heretofore reported. 554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Injury to foliage by Bordeaux mixture, E. S. Salmon (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 11 (1910), A'o. 2, i>l>- 103-113). — The author discusses the injuries often caused by the use of Bordeaux mixture on the foliage and fruit of apples, peaches, and other fruits, and suggests the probable causes of these injuries and precautions that may prove effective in reducing the damage. The injuries from the use of Bordeaux mixture on apple leaves may take one of three fornii? : (1) Brown spots which soon fall out, giving the leaf a "shot- hole" appearance, or, if on the edges, a jagged appearance; (2) a scorching of the edges or tips of the leaves; or (3) a yellowing or browning of the entire leaf, which subsequently falls. On the fruit the injury may take the form of russeting, or splotches may appear on the young apples, or, in severe cases, the apples may crack. The russeting of the fruit was found to be most frequent where the spraying was done 10 to 14 days after the fruit was set. Some varieties of apples seem to be more susceptible to Bordeaux mixture injury than others, while the higher the pressure of the spray stream the greater the injury. The following precau- tions are suggested: (1) Use a nozzle which throws a fine misty spray, and quit spraying before the trees begin to drip; (2) give varieties of apples that are susceptible to Bordeaux mixture injuries a very slight spraying with Bordeaux mixture 3:3:50 or substitute a lime-sulphur spray; (3) spray im- mediately after the blossoms fall, and again if necessary when the apples are about three fourths grown; and (4) use freshly prepared Bordeaux mixture made from the best lump quicklime. Lime-sulphur mixtures and their influence on copper sprays, Tetznef (Dcut. Ohsthnu Zff>., 1!>10, A'o. 1 ',, pp. 17!>, /8(9).— This is a brief discussion of the value of lime-sulphur sprays, both as insecticides and fungicides, and of their probable use in place of Bordeaux mixture in certain cases where the latter is known to injure the foliage of the sprayed plants. Effect of alkaline polysulphids on spraying apparatus, L. Hugounenq (Prog. Agr. ei Vit. (Ed. VEst-Crntre), 31 (1910), No. 21, pp. 629, 630),— Atten- tion is called to the frequent complaints that the use of alkaline polysulphids as fungicides is followed by injury to the spraying apparatus. Various methods have been suggested, such as tinning the interior of all spi-aying apparatus, but the author states that thoroughly rinsing the spray pump with clear water after use is all that is necessary for its protection. A horseback sprayer for fruit growers, J. Honings (Dcut. Ohsthau Ztg., 1910, No. Ill, pp. 173-175, figs. 2). — A description is given of a spraying outfit suitable for closely planted fruit trees, berries, or other crops where a wagon can not readily be used, and which is designed to be carried on the back of a horse while the spray is being applied. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Directory of ofiicials and organizations concerned with the protection of birds and game, 1910, T. S. I'almer (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Bud. tiurvcy Circ. IJf, pp. 16). — This, the eleventh annual directory of oflacials and organizations concerned with the pi'otection of birds and game in the United States and Canada, has been arranged on the same plan as the directories issued each year since 1900, and has been revised to July 15, 1910. The addresses are grouped under 4 headings: State officials, national organizations, state organiza- tions, and Audubon societies. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — -ENTOMOLOGY. 555 Regulations for the protection of game in Alaska ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Surrc!/ Circ. 75, pp. 2). — The 4 ros;ul:ations here promulgated relate to the killing and sale of deer and the killing of walrus. Game and fish laws of the State of Louisiana (New Orleans, 1909, pp. Jf8). — The laws relating to game and fish have been brought together and indexed. The mammals of Colorado, E. R. Warren (New York and London, 1910, pp. XXXIV+300, pi. 1, Jigs. 81, maps 3). — An account of the several species found within the State, together with a record of their habits and distribution. Breeding minks in Louisiana for their fur. — A profitable industry, W- A. Elfer {Xeic Orleans, 1909, pp. 6''/, pis. /.'/). — A small guide. The extermination of rats in rice fields, W. J. Gallagher (Dept. Agr. Fed. Malay States Bui. 5, pp. 9). — Carbon bisulphid is said to be the cheapest and most effective remedy for rats in rice fields. Birds of California in relation to the fruit industry, II, F. E. L. Beal (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Surrey Bui. 3^, pp. 96, pis. 6). — In this part, which completes the investigations made of the economic status of birds in California (E. S. R., 19, p. 552), the author deals with the California quail, horned lark, and members of the woodpecker, flycatcher, jay, blackbird, and sparrow families. As in the first part, stress is laid upon the nature of the food of each species for the entire year. The studies show that most of the species are beneficial and that without their aid the difficulty and expense of raising fruit would be greatly increased ; still a few species under certain circumstances are harmful and need to be held in check. Bird guide, C. A. Reed (.Vcw York, 1909, pts. 1, pp. 25-'i, pis. 2, figs. 2'fO; 2, pp. 229, pi. 1, figs. 195). — Part 1 of this pocket guide is devoted to water birds, game birds, aud birds of prey east of the Rocky Mountains; part 2, to the laud birds east of the Rockies, from parrots to bluebirds. The birds of Guiana, F. P. and A. P. Penard (De Vogels Van Guyana. Paramaribo [1908], pp. XLIII+.587, figs. i6.5).— This work is devoted to the birds of Surinam, Cayenne, and Demerara. Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, C W. Stiles aud A. Hassall (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anini. Indus. Bui. 39. pts. 28, pp. 2169-2250; 29, pp. 2251-2326; 30, pp. 2327-2386; 31, pp. 2 J87-2/, /,,?). —These parts list the names of authors Sim to von Stenitzer, Stenroos to Szymanski, T to Thon, aud Thooris to Utz, respectively. The insect book, W. P. Westell {Xew York [1908], pp. XII+120, pis. 19).— A brochure treating the subject in a popular way. A handbook of practical parasitology, M. Braun and M. LiJHE, trans, by Linda Forstf.r (London, 1910, pp. riII+208, figs. 100).— A translation of the work previously noted (E. S. R.. 2*5, p. 163). Experiments on the generation of insects, F. Redi (Chicago, 1909, pp. 160, pis. 30, figs. 12; rev. in Nature [London], 83 (1910), No. 2112, pp. 215, 216).— This is a translation of the Itnlian edition of IGSS of a work that did much to refute the old doctrine of spontaneous generation. First annual report of the Arizona Horticultural Commission (Aris. Ilort. Com. Ann. Rpt.. 1 ( 1909), pp. 11). — The text of the law relating to inspection of imported nursery stock, etc., is given in this report. The commission is em- powered (1) to inspect orchards, nurseries, and nursery stock for insect pests, and to require their eradication when found; and (2) to insjtect incoming ship- ments of nursery stock and quarantine against dangerous sources of supply. 60863°— No. 6—10 5 • 556 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. [Circulars of the Arizona Horticultural Commission] (Ariz. Hort. Com. Circs. 1, pp. 4; 2, p. 1; 3, p. 1; 4, pp. 2; 5, pp. 2; 6, p. 1; 7, p. 1; S, p. 1; 9, p. 1 ; 10, p. 1; 11, pp. 2; 12, pp. 2; 13, pp. 2; 1^, pp. 3). — These circulars bear the fol- lowing titles: No. 1, Extracts from Horticultural Inspection Law; Nos. 2-13, articles by A. W. Morrill on Arizona Citrus Pests and the Importance of the Horticultural Law, Influence of Climatic Conditions upon Insects, Citrus Pests in Florida and California, The Control of Citrus Pests, Mites or So-called Spiders Affecting Citrus, Mealy Bugs Affecting Citrus, The Long and the Purple Scales in Florida and California, Is Arizona Immune to Purple Scale, California Red and Yellow Scales, The Black Scale, Some Citrus Scale Pests of Minor Importance, and The White Fly Enemies of Citrus ; and No. 14, Regu- lations Concerning the Importation of Nursery Stocks and Other Plants into Arizona. Insects [in Nova Scotia], H. W. Smith (Ann. Rpt. Sec. Agr. Nova Scotia, 1909, pt. 1, pp. 26-34) • — The occurrence of injurious insects in Nova Scotia in 1909 is briefly noted. Cooperative laboratory for the study of sugar cane insects, D. L. Van Dine (La. Planter, 4i (1910), No. 20, pp. 420-422) .—Following a brief historical review, the investigations now being conducted by the Bureau of Entomology of this Department in cooperation with the Louisiana stations are considered and the more important sugar cane pests, namely, the sugar cane borer, sugar cane beetle, sugar cane mealy bug (Psenducoccus calceolarioe) , and the Argen- tine ant discussed. It is believed that systematic inspection and the treatment of infested cuttings will remove the danger of introducing dangerous cane insects from one locality to another or from abroad. Experiments are now being made to determine the effect of various treatments on the germination of seed cane, particularly as relating to the mealy-bug. There is thought to be a direct relation between insect injury and the prevalence of fungus diseases of sugar cane. Apple tree insects of Maine, Edith M. Patch and O. A. Johannsen (Maine Sta. Doc. 383, pp. 68, pU. 4, figs. 35). — Brief accounts are given of the more important insects attacking the apple in Maine and of the remedial measures applicable. Grasshoppers and their control, L. M. Geismar (Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. 53, pp. 5-7). — Considerable damage to grass and oats by grasshoppers was reported during the seasons of 1908 and 1909 in those portions of the Upper Peninsula where soils of a sandy nature predominate. Fall plowing sandy soils wherever it is possible offers an excellent remedy by burying the egg pods, thus preventing them from hatching, by breaking open some, so that moisture can get in, and by leaving still others near the surface where birds or shrews can get them. The Criddle mixture which is made of horse droppings, salt, and Paris green has been tested and found to be the cheapest method for the wholesale destruction of grasshoppers. Results of tests made iu 1909 indicate that practically all damage to crops can be avoided by applying this mixture early in June while the grasshoppers are still quite small. Third annual report of the committee of control of the South African Central Locust Bureau, C. P. Lounsbury (Ann. Rpt. Com. Control So. African Cent. Locust Bur., 3 (1909), pp. 68).— The conditions relative to migratory locusts iu South Africa which existed during the locust season of 190S-9 are discussed. Locust bix'ds. the most important of the checks on South African migratory locusts, were particularly abund;int, the leading species being the so- called large (storks) and small (pratincoles) locusts birds, none of which breed in South Africa. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 557 Reports of the several administrations were presented for Cape Colony by C. P. Lounsbury, Natal by A. Kelly, Transvaal by F. Thomsen, Orange River Colony by C. P. Van Der Merwe, southern Rhodesia by W. Honey, Basutoland by C. E. Boyes, Bechuanaland Protectorate by U. Williams, R. J. Davys, and B. May, Swaziland by W. Steward, Mozambique by C. W. Howard, and for German Southwest Africa. The proceedings of the third annual meeting of the com- mittee of control, held at Cape Town in May, 1909, are also given. An orthopterolog'ical reconnoissance of the southwestern United States. Part III: California and Nevada, J. A. G. Rehn and M. Hebard ( nror. Acad. Nat. Set. Phila., 61 {1909), pt. 3, pp. //0M83).— This is the final part of the series, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 555). Of the 110 species treated 6 species and 2 subspecies are new. Thysanoptera of southern California, II, D. L. Crawford (Pomona Jour. Ent., 2 (1910), No. 1, pp. lJt9-152, fig. 1). — Notes are given on Euthripfi miiiutm, PhyUofhrips fasciculata. and Anaphothrips longlpennis. The last-named of these, taken from olive foliage infested with the black scale and also upon pine foliage, at Claremont, Cal., is described as new., Thysanoptera of Mexico and the South, II, D. L. Crawford (Pomona Jour. Ent., 2 (1910), No. 1, pp. 153-170, figs. 8). — In this paper, continuing previous work (E. S. R., 23, p. 255), additional new species from the South, including Mexico, Central and South America, and Cuba, are described and figured. One species and variety of Euthrips, 2 species and a variety of Liothrips, and one species each of Dictyothrips, Thrips, Phlceothrips, Anthothrips, and Idolothrips are described as new. Notes on two West African Hemiptera injurious to cocoa, G. C. Dudgeon (Bui. Ent. Research, 1 (1910), No. 1, pp. 59-61, pi. 1). — Notes on injury by the cocoa Helopeltis from the Gold Coast and by the cocoa bark sapper (SahlbcrgeUa theohroma) are presented. The curly-top of beets, H. B. Shaw ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 181, pp. 46, i)ls. 9, figs. 9). — This is a progress report of investigations conducted to determine the cause and remedial measures for curly-top of sugar beets, which occurs in the intermountain region of the West, pai'ticularly in Colorado and Utah, as previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1151 ; 20, p. 954). From cage experiments conducted in which leafhoppers (Eutettix tenella), thrips, and red spiders were used, it is concluded that the beet leafhopper is the primary cause of the trouble. It is said that no outbreaks are known to have occurred outside the native habitat of this insect, namely, the Southwestern States, and generally in the vicinity of what is known as the " sagebrush country." In the experiments the first unmistakable signs of curly-top were noted within 1.3 days after the introduction of leafhoppers. " One leafhopper is capable of initiating the disturbances in a young beet, and the effect of numerous hoppers on seedlings may be so severe as to kill them in a few days, before the visible symptoms have had time to develop. The younger the beet the more sensitive is it to leafhopper work. The nymphs of E. tenella produce the symptoms of curly-top much more rapidly than do the adult insects." " While there is still some doubt as to the original host plants of E. tenella, it is rather probable that the i)rincipal ones are greasewood (Sareobatus sp.), sea blite (Dondra sp. ), Atriplev sp., and Russian thistle. Tlie writer has found the insect on Sarcobatus sp. and Atriplex sp." "No other insect and no other si)ecies of leafhopper is known to induce the disease herein described." 558 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " Two distinct types of curl are manifested in this disease — the inward and the outward, or retracted. . . . The disease can not be due to loss of plant juices extracted by leafhoppers, but rather to the introduction by those insects of an active agent. Few or no beets that develop curly-top symptoms ever recover. Beets may fail to show symptoms of curly-top to the end of the season if attacked by leafhoppers after they have attained consider- able size and vigor. Yet the trouble is initiated and transmitted to the root, only to develop with full virulence in the first shoots the following spring if they be planted out for seed production. ... It is useless to malie selections for seed from fields badly affected with curly-top. The inward typ«> of curl is generally produced on young beets. The retracted type appears on seed beets and on sugar beets that had attained considerable size and vigor before the symptoms developed. Until recently curly-top symptoms had been noted on no other plants than beets, but the writer noted the symptoms on cabbage in 1909." " It is considered advisable to plant as early as practicable after danger of late frosts is over, even to take some risks of late frost, in order to get the beet" well established and vigorous before leafhoppers are likely to be numerous." A bibliography is appended. A new gall-making' psyllid on hackberry, T. D. A. Cockerell {Eiit. News, 21 {1910), Xo. -J, pp. ISO, ISl). — PuchiipaijUa rohweri, which forms galls on the underside of leaves of Ccltis reticulata at Boulder, Colo., is described as new. Papers on cereal and forage insects. Contributions to a knowledge of the corn root-aphis, R. A. Vickery {U. >S'. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. So, pt. 6, pp. Oil -118, pi. 1, figs. 6). — ^The results of recent studies of the corn root-aphis, particularly in the Southern States, are presented in this paper. Experiments show that if the apterous females of Aphis maidirradicis are transferred to the roots of corn or cotton fi*om several of their wild food plants, or if they are transferred from corn to cotton, they will produce young and establish colonies. In order to determine the preference of this louse for cultivated food plants, seeds of a number of species were plauted near infested corn rows, trusting to the ants to transfer the aphids from one plant to another. When examined on June 5, muskmelon and watermelon plants and sweet corn were found to be quite generally infested, while turnips, cowpeas, beans, and radish had but few lice uix)n them. The ants found in attendance wei-e Lasius niger americaims, Phcidolc dentata comutata, and P. vinclandica. The cultivated food plants of this aphis are discussed at some length. The species has been particularly injurious to corn in Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois and has done serious injury to this crop in eastern Penn- sylvania, New Jersey, the Virginias, and the Cax'olinas. Its seasonal history in other parts of the country does not appear to vary materially from that in Illinois as described by Davis (E. S. R.. 20, p. 1051). Injury by a form of this species to cotton, asters, and other cultivated food plants is also briefly discussed. Preventive measures include crop rotation, maintenance of soil fertility, early plowing, followed by frequent cultivations, and the use of repellents. The paper concludes with a discussion of the Erigeron root-aphis {A. middle- ioni), which has usually been identified with .4. maidl-radicis. "So far as is now known A. middlefoni infests normally plants of the genera Aster and Erigeron, usually in very large colonies at the crown of the plant just below the surface of the ground or on the large roots. The only cultivated plants it has been known to attack are Cosmos Inpinnatus and the China or German asters {Callistephns horfensis), and possibly also dahlias and French artichoke {Oynara scolymus)." Its food plants, attendant ants and experi- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 559 nients conducted to determine its adaptability t«; otlicr UhhI iiiaiits are dis- cussed. The experiments indicate that under natural conditions in the field this aphis will not change from the Erigeron to corn. A list of the genera described as new from 1758 to 1909 in the family Aphididie, H. F. Wilson (Ent. Notes, 21 {U)1Q), Xo. J,, pp. j ',7-156).— Om^ hundred and eighty-two genera are listed. Notes on the two papers on Aphididae by Rafinesque, H. F. Wilson {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 12 {1910), No. 1, pp. 27-30).— During the summer of 1909 an attempt was made to locate some of Rafinesqne's sjiecies by collecting speci- mens from the plants named by Rafinesque and comparing them with his de- scriptions. In this way the identity of several species was determined. The natural enemies of the citrus mealy bug, I, E. O. Essig {Poinoixi Jour. Ent., 2 (1910), No. 1, pp. l.',S-l.'i6, figs. 3).— The brown lace-wing {Symplirr- obius angustus) is considered in this paper. Mealy bug and fumigation, C. F. Baker et al. {Clarcmont Pomol. Club Bui. Is pp. 23, figs. .',). — The citrus mealy bug is here discussed by a number of authors. The white fly, C. E. Hood (Massachuftetts Sta. Circ. 19, pp. 2). — A brief account of the greenhouse white fly and the remedial measures applicable. The purple and red scales, C. C. Chapman et al. {Cinremont Pomol. Club Bui. 2, pp. l-'i, figs. 7). — Brief accounts of these scales by several authors. On scale insects (Coccidse), etc., from the Uganda Protectorate, R. Newstead {BuJ. Ent. Research. 1 (1910). No. 1, pp. 63-69, figs. 2).— Six species are noted, of which ^tictococcus climorphus from German East Africa and from cacao pods in Uganda- is described as new to science. Ceroplastes ceriferus, which attacks coffee, cacao, agave, canna, croton, hibiscus, and other crops, is said to occur in suflBciently large quantities to be of economic importance. Observations on the life history of Trypanosoma lewisi in the rat louse (Haematopinus spinulosus), A. Breinl and E. Hindle (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 3 (1910), No. 5. pp. 553-56-'f, pis. 2). — A report of experiments which have extended over a period of more than a year concerning the mode of transmission of Trypanosoma leicisi by means of the rat louse (H. spinulosus) . On the etiology of tabardillo or Mexican typhus. — An experimental inves- tigation, J. F. Anderson and J. Goldrerger(./oh/\ Med. Research, 22 ( 1910), No. 3, pp. Ji69-.'i81). — Body lice (Pediculus vestimenti) kept during the day at a temperature of from 24 to 27° C. lived but a comparatively short time, while in those kept at a temperature of 14 to 20° the mortality was relatively slight. " This influence of temperature on the longevity of the louse seems to us strik- ingly significant : it explains the rarity if not absolute nonexistence of this insect in the tropical coastal strip of Mexico, where tabardillo never occurs except as isolated imported cases; it makes understandable the singular limita- tion of the disease to the temperate climate of the central plateau ; and it is in harmony with the seasonal prevalence and geographic distribution of the disease." Further investigations regarding the etiology of tabardillo, Mexican typhus fever, II. T. Kicketts and K. -M. Wildi r (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc.. .55 (1910), No. ),, pp. 309-311). — This paper reports results obtainetl since one pre- viously noted was prepared (E. S. R., 2.3, p. 57). The progeny of body lice that had been reared to maturity on infecteer cent before and after the u.se of the dried blood. During the feeding period there was a loss of body nitrogen. The amount of creatinin secreted daily fell to about half the normal quantity. Comparative study of protein cleavage in the stomach, A. Schehnebt et .\l. In Festschrift Otto Wallach. Gottingen, 1909, pp. .58-'i-€30 ; Deut. Tieriirztl. Wchnschr., 11 (1909), Xos. 26, pp. 361-363; 21, pp. 393-396; 30, pp. 431-.'f39; ahs. in Jour. Chem. .Soc. [London], 98 (1910), No. 510, II, p. .322).— The cor- relations between digestion and anatomical variation of the different animals, ranging from the small stomach of a carnivorous animal to the compound stomach of a ruminant, are discussed. The pig takes a mid-position between the pure cami^■orons and the herbivorous animal. In the 2-chambered stomach of the hamster, one compartment is not antiseptic, and bacterial cleavage of proteins occurs. Other characteristic differences in reference to the rate of protein cleavage and other data are noted. [Analyses of feeding stuffs], J. Hexdkick (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser.. 22 (1910). pp. 122-12.5). — Analyses are reported of linseed cake, compound cake, cotton-seed meal, India rubber nut cake, linseed chaff, and rice husks. Feeding stuff inspection (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 23, pp. 51-12). — This reports analyses of feeding stuffs, which include cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten feed, red dog flour, wheat by-products, distillers' grains, molasses feeds, com bran, and mixed feeds. Commercial feeding stuffs, J. "W. Cabsox and G. S. Fraps (Texas Sta. Bui. 121, pp. 5-10'i). — This contains the text of the amended Texas feeding stuffs law, and the second report on the operation of the law. Analyses are reported of cotton-seed meal and cake, wheat, com and rice by-products, mixed feeds, milo maize chops, Kafir corn chops, milo maize meal, Kafir com meal, alfalfa meal, dried brewers' grains, meat products, blood meal, tankage, bean meal, and ground oats. Examples of rations for different kinds of live stock are also given by J. C. Bums. Notices of judgment (U. S. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 385, 391. 400. 1,0',, J,06, J,09, p. 1 each; .',32. .',.35. pp. 2 each; .',52, .',63, >,6.',, />. 1 each; 468. pp. 3). — These relate to the adulteration of oats, the misbranding of gluten feed and proprietary stock feeds, and the adulteration and misbranding of oats and proprietary stock feeds. Food inspection decision (U. S. Dept. Agr., Pood Insp. Decision 124, PP- 2).— This decision relates to the labeling of stock feeds and defines the terms nitro- gen-free extract, carbohydrates, and sugar and starch. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 573 The cost of winter grazing in East Norfolk. :m. C. H. Bird {Jour. Roy. Agr. Sac. England, 10 (1909), pp. S2-9S).— This information was obtained by sending out letters of inquiry to feeders of East Norfolk, England, who buy store bullocks in the fall, turn them out to pasture for a time, .-ind then put them in the feed lot with turnips and concentrates as the main part of the ration. The average figures received from 40 graziers were as follows : The number of weeks spent in fattening was 21^, net gain in value per animal 10s. 6d., amount of roots given per day 1.33 lbs., weight of chaff per day G lbs., other feeds 7f lbs., total cost per day, including Gd. per week for labor, Hid. Some of the conclusions reached were that local graziers are not making so Inrge a profit as they hitherto had thought; that the longer the animal is kept after 16 weeks the more uncertain the profit ; and that the heaviest feeders do not always make the gi'eatest gains. Feeding- experiments, 1909-10, A. D. Favili.e {Wyoming Sta. Bui. 85, pp. 3-12, figs. 2). — In a lamb feeding test the average daily gains per head made in 91 days by 4 lots of lambs, of 41 head each, were as follows: On corn and alfalfa 0.35 lb., barley and alfalfa 0.28 lb., enimer and alfalfa 0.29 lb., and corn and native hay 0.25 lb. The result with barley was low, as 4 of the lambs did not thrive, but through no fault of the grain. The lot fwl emmer ate consider- abh' more than those fed alfalfa or corn. It required 225 lbs., or 28 per cent, less alfalfa, and Go lbs., or 21 per cent less grain per 100 lbs. of grain when corn replaced barley in the ration. The average shrinkage of lambs on arriv- ing at the Denver market was 8.3 lbs. per head. It is stated that better results would have been obtained with native hay had linseed or cotton-seed cake been used as a part of the grain ration, but the object of the experiment was to approach as closely as possible the average AVybming feeding condition. Corn and barley were compared as concentrates in rations for G yearling Hereford heifers during a period of 77 days. The average daily gain per head on corn was 1.73 lbs., and on barley 1.79 lbs. The gains in both cases were satisfactory. The lot fed barley ate slightly more native hay, which was used for roughage. Analyses of the feeds used are reported. Protein requirements of growing cattle under one year of age, P. X. Flint {Georgia Sta. Bui. 90, pp. 87-105, figs. 12, chart 1). — This bulletin reports the results of experiments with 19 steers and 4 heifers to determine the protein requirements of calves, principally of the dairy type. In a preliminary period of 30 days each animal was fed as prescribed by the Wolff-Lehmaini feeding standards. The experiment consisted of 2 jieriods of 8S days each. " It was the original purpose to feed lot 2 as preseribetl by the feeding standards, and lots 1 and 3 25 per cent less and 25 per cent more pro- tein, respectively, than prescribed by those standards, the carbohydrate and fat content of the rations in each case being the same as prescribed by the feeding standards. In calculating the results, however, it was found that none of the animals consumed as much of the digestible fnod nutrients as was intended." The ration consisted of corn meal, linseed meal, alfalfa hay, and oat straw, in amounts based on the live weight, using the fetnling standards jis a guide. "At the beginning of the second period 4 iiniuials from lot 1, 3 from lot 2, and 4 from lot 3 were taken out of their respective lots and fed upon a different basis. With the exception of one ... a report is not herein made of the tests with these animals." 574 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. During the first period " lot 1 consumed au average of 0.48 lb. of digestible protein daily, lot 2, 0.60 lb., and lot 3, 0.80 lb. Lot 1 made an average gain per animal in 88 days of 69.4 lbs., lot 2 72.4 lbs., and lot 3 98.4 lbs. . . . There was not much difference in the average energy content of the rations of the three lots. . . . When calculated per 1,000 lbs. live weight . . . the rations of lots 2 and 3 each contained practically 15.7 therms of energy value, and that of lot 1, 14.40 therms of energy value." During the second period the average ration of lot 1 contained per 1,000 lbs. live weight [only] 0.10 therms more energy value than the average ration of lot 2. In respect to digestible protein, on the other hand, the average ration of lot 2 contained per 1,000 lbs. weight 0.77 lb. more than the average ration of lot 1. . . . " The average gain per animal of lot 3 was 111.4 lbs., while the gains of lots 2 and 1 were 96.4 lbs. and 68.9 lbs., respectively. While during both periods the average gain of lot 1 was smaller than that of lots 2 and 3, and the gain of lot 2 smaller than that of lot 3, this could have been due in a large measure at least to individuality. There was but 1 animal in lot 2 and 5 in lot 3 during the first period which made greater gains than any in lot 1. Likewise, there were but 2 animals in lot 3 during the first period that made greater gains than in lot 2. " During each period the average rations of lot 3 conformed more nearly to the feeding standards in respect to digestible protein than either of the other lots. This lot also made the greatest gains. However, since the digestible carbohydrates and fats were lower than prescribed by the feeding standards not only in case of lot 3, but in case of the other two lots as well, it would be erroneous to conclude from the data presented that the Wolff-Lehmaun feed- ing standards do not prescribe too great an amount of protein, because had more carbohydrates been consumed it is probable that as great gains would have been made on less digestible protein. Also judging by the variations in gains by individuals of the different lots it would be necessary, before true comparisons could be made, to feed a large number of animals in order to eliminate the factor of individuality. These results bring out the fact that no single feeding standard can be devised which will prescribe an amount of digestible food nutrients to meet the exact requirements of all animals." " A determination of nitrogen balance with two animals of each lot indicated that those of lot 3 did not retain any more protein than those from the other lots." Methods of steer feeding, T. I. Mairs and S. W. Doty (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1909, jip. J.'iU-15S, cliart 1). — This test was designed to compare a limited with a full grain ration by substituting silage for a portion of the ear corn, and is a continuation of a test previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 866). From November 4 to February 24 the ration for 2 lots of 12 steers each consisted of broken ear corn, cotton-seed meal, silage, and hay or corn stover. The steers in lot 1 received a daily ration of 2 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, 7.5 lbs. of silage, and all the ear corn they would eat with relish, and made an average daily gain of 1.65 lbs. per head at a cost of 16.4 cts. per pound. Lot 2 received 2A lbs. of cotton-seed meal, 15 lbs. of silage, and two-thirds as much ear corn by weight as lot 1, and made an average daily gain of 1.83 lbs. per head at a cost of 11.8 cts. per pound. During the first part of the test lot 1 made better gains than lot 2, which apparently indicates that more care is required in starting steers on a heavy silage ration. Lot 1 consumed 10.5 lbs., and lot 2. 13.6 lbs. of dry matter per pound of gain. The feeds were rated as fallows: Hay $10, corn stover $5, silage $3, cotton-seed meal $29 per ton, and corn 65 cts, per bushel. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 575 Cattle feeding experiments in Britain. IT. Tnci.k iTnnis. llifiJiIrnxl mxl .\IO), />/). UiS-ll'l, pun. .\). — A (liseussion of datii pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 370). On an averajre from 0.8 to 1 lb. digestible proteids per 1,000 lbs. live weight a day was sufficient for the needs of a fattening bullock. Larger amounts in- volved unnecessary expense, ('►ther conclusions reiiched were the following : "The more carbohydrates, fiber, and fat an animal CiUi be induced to eat up to a maximum of 15 or 16 lbs. (when expressed in terms of starch) iier 1,000 lbs. live weight, the more rapid will be the process of fattening and a daily increase of about l.S lbs. per 1,000 lbs. live weight may then be reasonably expected." " The deductions as to the most successful quantities of the various food- stuffs to be used in compounding rations for fattening cattle are not so sharply and clearly marked as those drawn from the consideration of sheep feeding trials." Mexican bulls fed on English walnuts, A. Shanklin (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], n. scr., 1 (1910), No. 3, p. 45).— It is reported that Mexico imports from Spain large quantities of English walnuts, which are used for feeding fighting bulls. The house-feeding of sheep, W. Mackay (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 22 (1910), pp. 27-39, figs. 4).— During a period of 2 months 20 sheep made an average gain of 9.3 lbs. each when kept in the open, as compared with a corresponding gain of 14.2 lbs. each when a similar lot was provided with shelter. Descriptions are given of a sheep-feeding shed. The pasturage system for handling range sheep, J. T. Jardine ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Forest Ser v. Cire. ITS, pp. I/O, pis. If). — A report of investigations during 1909 in continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 775) to determine the efficiency of the pasturage system of handling sheep with a view to the best utilization of grazing land. The cost of maintaining S miles of fence for the first year was $20; for the second year, $5. Although proof against coyotes the fence did not always keep out bears or badgers. The results obtained with experimental bands of ewes and lambs at liberty within the inclosure were favorable, as in the previous year. The pasture loss was 4 head out of a band of 2,040, less than one-fifth of 1 per cent, while the loss of bands of 2,000 heads on the outside varied from 20 to 60, or from 1 to 3 per cent. At the market prices October 1, 1909, this loss was equivalent to $16 for the pasture band, compared with $200 for each outside band of the same number. There were several factors which caused the difference in loss. On the outside range small bunches occasionally are cut off from the main band. Some of the sheep are killed by predatory animals before the loss is known. Outside bands lose a few sheep during the day by coyotes and bears in the timber and on the bed ground at night. Other los.ses are due to piliug up tim- ber snags and bruises. In 1908, and again in 1909, every band which grazed on the outside range ad.1oining the pastures sustained a loss from poisonous plants varying from 5 to 40 head. The average gains in weight made by the lambs in pasture was 76 lbs. per head, while outside bands averaged from .55 to 67 lbs. per head. It was thought that the wool growth was heavier and cleaner than under customary methods of herding, but sufficient time has not elapsal to secure definite results. The comparison of the broadcast and corral systems of lambing on the open range with the pasture system showed that as good results were stH.Hired under the pasture system as under the other two sys-fems, at a cost not exceeding 16 per cent of the cost of handling under the corral system and perhaps 33 per cent of the average cost of handling under the broadcast system. It is believed that 576 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. iuclosures in one form or another can possibly be constructed in connection with most lambing camps. It is concluded that range grazed under the pasturage system will carry from 25 to 50 per cent more sheep than when grazed under the herding system. This conclusion varies slightly from the previous report, and is due not to the test for carrying capacity but to the belief that an excellent herder can, to a consider- able extent, allow his sheep freedom and Ijeep them quiet, thereby increasing the carrying capacity of his range. " It is probable that one energetic man, who understands the nature of the difficulties that may arise, can properly care for 4 iuclosures similar to the ex- perimental coyote-proof pasture [of 2,560 acres], inspecting 2 each day. In case of emergency, the 4 iuclosures could be looked after in 1 day. Under such an arrangement 1 man would care for from 8,000 to 10,000 head of sheep. The Lonk [breed of sheep], W. R. Peel {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 10 (1909), pp. 111-118, figs. 2). — This is an account of an old but little known breed of sheep peculiar to the hills along the boundary between Yorkshire and Lanca- shire, England. In some respects the breed resembles the Black-face Scotch, but the wool is liner and shorter. The mutton is said to be of superior quality and the fertility of the breeding stock is considerably above the average of most other breeds. Wool growing and the tariff, C. W. Wright (Boston and Neio York, 1910, pp. XIII +362, charts 4). — This book is not a narrative history of the woolen business, but a study of the broad movements in order to determine the extent to which changes in the tariff molded the fate of the sheep industry and to sup- ply a knowledge of other forces which are at work determining its course. The author finds that the generally frontier character of wool growing in this country and the general revolution of the industry to have been the main factors. Concerning the tariff, the author says: "In short, the most that can be said for the tariff is that, by raising the price of wool above that in the world's mar- ket, it has somewhat increased the number of sheep in the country, chiefly since the war and during the time after the rise of the industry in the Far West where the basis was independent of general farming. But though the tariff has meant a greater number of sheep than would otherwise be kept, our study points to the conclusion that the increase thus brought about is but a relatively small proportion of the total. The assertion, frequently met, that the very existence of the sheep industry of the country depends on the duties finds no substanti- ation in the facts of history. "As for the future, there seems at least a chance that the tariff may play a more prominent part than heretofore. Present tendencies point to a decline in sheep raising as an independent industry mainly for wool. Mutton will in- creasingly become of first importance, and wool secondary. In the East, where sheep promise to be incidental to general farming, and wool subordinate to mutton, the basis of the industry will be such that the tariff on wool can be of but comparatively slight moment. In the West, which offers far larger possi- bilities and a more independent basis, the competition of the foreign grower is likely to become more serious, and there, in the main seat of the industry, pro- tection can do much more for the wool grower. Still, in that section also, just so far as mutton becomes the main object in place of wool, to that extent the weight of this foreign rivalry will be lessened, the security of the industry strengthened, and the influence of the tariff diminished." " Wool is the economist's classic example of a by-product. . . . The grower has to consider the price of the other products of the sheep in order to determine the price at which he can sell his wool or whether he can keep sheep ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 577 at all. In many cases, however, the raising of sheep is itsejf a by-product of general farming. Here there at once arises before us a most intricate mass of interdependent factors, all of which should be taken into account by the farmer iu determining the size of his flock." Experiments in feeding' raw pptatoes and potato products to swine, E. Haselhoff {FUhling's Landiv. Ztg., 59 (1910), No. 10, pp. 329-3. 'il).— Figs weighing about 54 kg. each were fed a basal ration of skim milk, ground maize, wheat bran, and sesame cake for 84 days. The lot receiving a supplementary ration of raw potatoes made an average daily gain of 0.G5G kg. per head, at a cost of 0.7725 marks per kilogram (about 8.4 cents per pound). The corresponding gain on a supplementary ration of dried potato chips was 0.6GS8 kg., at a cost of 0.8895 marks per kilogram. On a supplementary ration of raw potatoes and potato chips, which had been treated with diastase so that a portion of the starch had been changed to sugar, the gain was 0.703 kg. per head a day. at a cost of 0.7890 marks per kilogram. On a repetition of the experiment, the corresponding values on raw potatoes were 0.508 kg. at a cost of 0.9124 marks per kilogram ; on dried potato chips, 0.541 kg. at a cost of 0.9549 marks ; and on potato and sugar flakes, 0.583 kg. at a cost of 0.8935 marks. Hog raising in North Carolina, R. S. Curtis (North Carolina Sta. Bui. 207, pp. 133-18^, figs. 12). — This bulletin on the breeding, feeding, and management of swine was prepared in response to numerous inquiries regarding the possi- bilities for swine raising in North Carolina. The natural advantages of the State for swine growing are discussed. It is pointed out that the hog is nat- urally a grazing animal, and that consequently for successful swine production forage crops should be grown. The date and rate of sowing, and approximate period of grazing, for the various forage crops are presented in tabular form. Several types of hog houses are illustrated and described. The common ail- ments of swine are discussed from the standpoint of prevention rather than cure. Swine husbandry and bacon curing, L. M. Douglas (Trans. Highland and Agr. 8oc. Scot., 5. ser., 22 (1910), pp. 107-117).— A statistical article in which it is shown that there is a shortage of pigs for bacon-curing purposes throughout the world. Attention is called to the opportunities for pig breeding and bacon curing in the United Kingdom. Decorticated peanut cake for feeding horses, J. E. Lucas (Rev. Gen. Agron., n. ser., 5 (1910), No. 5, pp. 225-229) .—When the bran and alfalfa in a ration for horses were replaced by peanut cake, straw, and a small quantity of molasses, the cost of the ration was reduced about 10 per cent, yet it gave fairly good results. Feeding sugar to horses to increase working capacity, Bartiiel (Ztschr. Veterindrk., 22 (1910), Nos. 5, pp. 210-226; 6, pp. 265-278).— The author reviews the experimental work which has been done on this topic and contributes his own experience. Although more expensive than many other feeding stuffs, he considers sugar a valuable food for increasing the working capacity. The lit- erature on the subject is appended. Experimental demonstration of the mechanism of extension and inflection in the horse, Zwaenepoel (Ann. M6d. V6t., 59 (1910), No. 6, pp. 322-331,, figs. 6). — A description of a mechanical contrivance designed to illustrate the dy- namics of locomotion in quadrupeds is given. The schooling of horses, J. Swire (Live Stock Jour. [London], 72 (1910), No. 1891, pp. 7, 8).— A comparison of the English and French methods of train- ing cavalry horses in riding-school work, in the steeplechase, iu long-distance rides, and in jumping competitions. 578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A report on the horse-breeding- industry in Minnesota (Minn. Stallion Regis. Bd. Bill. 2, pp. 1.^8, figs. 13). — This bulletin contains data on the horse- breeding industry in Minnesota, the text of the state stallion laws, a list of officers having charge of stallion registration laws in various States, a directory of licensed stallions owned in the State, and the following articles: How to Feed and Manage Stallions and Mares to Insure Strong, Vigorous Colts at Birth, by M. T. Grattan ; Government Supervision in Horse Breeding, by J. S. Montgomery ; Shoeing the Horse and Care of Feet, by A. Elliot ; and The Con- tinental Breeds of Draft Horses, by J. S. Montgomery. Government certification of stallions, S. S. Cameron (Jour. Dept. Agr. Vic- toria, 8 (1910), No. 4, PP' 233-272). — This is the third annual report on the veterinary examination of stallions for the government certificate of soundness and approval, with a resume of tbe results during the 3 years since the estab- lishment of a system of government control of stallions standing for public s?ervice. The horse supply of Russia and their remount system (Jour. U. S. Cavalry Assoc, 21 (1910), No. 19, pp. ^1-51). — This article contains brief descriptions of the breeds and types of Russian horses and an account of methods of pur- chasing and training remounts for the cavalry. Egg-laying competition, 1909-10, D. F. Laurie (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. So. Aust., 13 (1910), No. 10, pp. 83S-S50. figs. 2).— A report of the annual egg-laying com- petition ended March 31, 1910, at the Roseworthy Agricultural College. The number of pens which entered the competition was 113. The winning birds were a pen of 6 White Leghorns, which laid 1,531 eggs during the year. The average figures for all competing birds are as follows : The number of eggs laid per hen 13G.03, cost of feeding per hen 5s. 6.19d., profit per hen over cost of feeding Ss. 4.2d. Artificial incubation, G. Bradshaw (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales Farmers' Bui. 22, pp. Jf3, figs. 30). — This contains directions for running incubators and a brief history of artificial incubation. DAIRY FAHMING— DAIRYING. Alfalfa hay v. timothy hay, and alfalfa hay v. bran for dairy cows, W. J. Fraser and C. C. Hayden (Illinois Sta. Bui. 11,6, pp. 131-lU, charts 4).— This bulletin reports two demonstrations, planned to show the value of alfalfa hay in rations for dairy cows. In the first, alfalfa was compared with timothy hay in the ordinary ration. The basal ration of 16 cows, divided into 2 lots, for 25 weeks was shredded corn stover and a grain mixture of corn meal and wheat bran 2i : 1. During a preliminary feeding period the cows also received alsike clover and timothy hay. In the main feeding period the reversal method of feeding was followed." The last 4 weeks all cows were fed alfalfa and were pastured for a short time on green rye. The total amount of milk produced by both lots for the 6 weeks during which tbey were fed alfalfa was 18,496 lbs., and for the 6 weeks fed timothy 15,704 lbs. "As soon as the hay was changed on lot 1, December 17, from mixed alsike clover and timothy to timothy, there was a sudden drop in the milk flow of about 25 lbs. per cow in 3 weeks, and this flow remained down to a little below the 190-lb. line until the close of the first period, when the hay was changed from timothy to alfalfa. As soon as this change was made there was a rapid rise, during the next 3 weeks, or up to the close of the alfalfa period. When the cows were turned on green rye, April 22, this flow was still maintained, on rye and alfalfa, for the next 4 weeks. . . . DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 579 " When .the hay was chanjiocl on lot 2, Docenibor 17, from mixed clover and timothy to alfalfa, there was a slight increase in the milk tlow, which continued during the alfalfa period. When the hay was changed from alfalfa to timothy, there was a rapid decrease during the next 3 weelis of 32 lbs. of milk per cow, and during the I'emaining 6 weeks of the timothy hay period the average flow continued to drop until there was a further decrease of 19 lbs. . . . When the hay was changed from timothy to alfalfa, April 22, and the cows turned onto green rye, it is interesting to note how rapidly the milk production in- creased to the same point as at the beginning of the preliminary period, 25 weeks previously, notwithstanding the fact that the grain had been reduced from 12 to 8 lbs. . . . " Taking the average for the two lots, we find that they produced 17.7 per cent more milk while fed alfalfa hay than while fed timothy. This great dif- ference in favor of alfalfa over timothy was not only true of the lots, but of each individual cow in the lots, which adds greatly to the evidence in favor of alfalfa hay." The second demonstration consisted of a comparison of alfalfa hay and bran with 6 cows for 19 weeks, on a basal ration of corn silage, clover hay, and corn meal in proportions of 5 : 1 : 1. Each cow consumed nearly 8 lbs. of choice alfalfa hay or of bran daily. During the alfalfa period the cows gave 9,753.7 lbs. of milk and 395.95 lbs. of butter fat, as contrasted with 9,514.5 lbs. of milk and 400.73 lbs. of butter fat during the bran period. With the alfalfa ration the cows " consumed 20 lbs. less corn meal, 114 lbs. less silage, 32 lbs. less clover hay, and 15 lbs. less alfalfa hay than bran, because 1 cow was off feed. This difference in the amount of feed is small and amounts to little more than 1 day's ration for the lot, and could not account for more than 75 lbs. of milk. On the same feed basis, therefore, the cows produced 314 lbs. more milk and 3.5 lbs. less butter fat while on the ration containing the alfalfa hay. This shows alfalfa equal to or a little better than bran for milk production, under the con- ditions which are the same as those existing on most dairy farms." Test of soiling' crops for dairy cows, season of 1907, T. I. Maiks (Pennsyl- vania Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 127-l.'i6, pi. 1, charts //). — This report on soiling crops is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 373). The crops tested during 1907 were rye, wheat, alfalfa, clover, timothy, oats, oats and field corn, and Canada peas. Tables are given showing the yields of green forage, air-dry matter, and protein, the amount fed per cow daily, and the daily yield of milk and butter fat per cow. The average yields per acre of air-dry matter from 1902 to 1907, of those crops which were grown 3 or more years in this test, were as follows: Rye 3,800 lbs., alfalfa G,287 lbs., timothy and clover 3,305 lbs., oats and peas 2,850 lbs., corn 4,009 lbs., cowpeas 3,351 lbs., cowpeas and sorghum 4,512 lbs., and soy beans 2,871 lbs. The cowpeas and cow- peas and sorghum were in each case grown after rye or wheat, and sometimes after Canada peas and oats, so that in computing the amounts produced on 1 acre in a year these crops should be considered. There was but little difference in the varieties of sorghum grown with the cowpeas. The so-called saccharine varieties probably produced a larger percentage of leaves, whereas the Kafir corn produced a stockier plant and supported the cowpeas a little better, which is one of the purposes in growing sorghum. There was a wide variation in the number of pounds of green forage eaten per cow. In the case of oats in 1907 the cows ate 107.4 lbs. of green forage per day, containing 20.7 lbs. of air-dry substance. They ate only 48.6 lbs. of a second cutting of alfalfa, which contained 14.3 lbs, of air-dry substance. The smallest amount of air-dry substance eaten was as rye, namely, 11.9 lbs. They 580 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, consumed the most crude protein in the first cutting of alfalfa, and the least in timothy and clover. The decrease in milk production was greater with some crops than with others. The only instance where the average daily production for a period exceeded that of the preceding one was when the first cutting of alfalfa fol- lowed wheat, and the most rapid decrease was when timothy and clover fol- lowed oats. The amount of milk solids produced per day seemed to vary more closely with the amount of milk produced than with the percentage of butter fat. According to the author, the amount of dry matter eaten had less relation to milk production than did the amount of green forage. There appeared to be no relation between the protein supply in the feed and milk production. A gain in live weight during this season was in every instance accompanied by a decrease in the percentage of butter fat, and a falling off in live weight in every case but one was accompanied by a gain in the percentage of butter fat. " Taking a summary of the 3 years, when the cows gained in live weight their milk fell off in richness or vice versa 153 times out of 219, or almost exactly 70 per -cent of the cases. Whether this is merely a coincidence or there really is a relation, the data are not sufficient to wan. ait a definite statement. It is striking and might warrant further investigation. If the variation in live weight was a result of the deposition or utilization of body fat it would indicate that when a cow is fattening she does not produce as rich milk as when she is using fat already stored in the body." Green crops for summer soiling, J. B. Lindsey (Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 133, pp. 3-20). — This bulletin, supplanting Bulletin 72 previously noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 176), contains a description of the green fodders and fodder combinations best suited for summer soiling in Massachusetts. It also discusses the method of planting and time of cutting, and how they may be fed to the best advantage. Details are given for mixing fertilizers for forage crops, and tables show the composition of these crops and their digestibility. Relative production and economy of concentrated and bulky rations, H. E. Van Nokman and C. L. Goodling {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 165-171). — A report of progress on an experiment with dairy cows, in which the object was to compare the efliciency of two rations containing practically the same digesti- ble nutrients and taken from the same feeds, but so varied in proportions as to take a large amount of the nutrients from the grain in one case and from the roughage in another. Individual records of the cows are given, but it is statedesia. He seems to have shown that transmission by flies other than Glossiita morsitans must be rare in southern Rhodesia. Treatment was tried in a few cases with satisfactory results. Endoglobular stages of trypanosomes, A Carini (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 24 (1910), No. 2, pp. 143-151, pi. 1; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London] Bui. 16, pp. 143, 144). — Investigations conducted with the common frog of Bx-azil (Leptodactylus ocellatus) lead the author to believe he has obtained proof of the correctness of Schaudinn's opinion that there is a genetic relation between flagellates and endoglobular hematozoa. The author concludes that it seems absolutely certain that several trypanosomes of the blood of L. ocellatus can pass a phase of their life in the interior of the red corpuscles. Glossina palpalis and Trypanosoma cazalboui, G. Bouffard (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 24 (1910), No. 4, pp. 276-295; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London] Bui. 18, pp. 201-205).— Calxes bitten by G. palpalis but protected from Stomoxys bites became infected with T. cazalboui. The flies were found to remain infec- tive for 2i months, or for the maximum period during which they lived. The author concludes that the direct carrier of T. cazalboui is certainly Stomoxys. It may cause epizootics hundreds of kilometers from tsetse regions, but it will never succeed in keeping up an enzootic. Enzootics will always be found in the neighborhood of G. palpalis. the role of which as direct carrier is, he thinks, negligible. Elephant surra. — Trypanosomiasis in the elephant, G. II. Evans (Jour. Trap. Vet. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 2. pp. 233-239, pi. l).—ln this preliminary note the author states that the trypanosome found in cases of elephant surra can not be distinguished from T. cvansi by ordinary microscopic examination. A new trypanosomiasis of man. C. Ghaoas (Mem. Inst. Osiraldo Cruz, 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 159-218, pis. 5. figs. 10; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [Lon- don] Bui. 16, pp. 117-126, fig. 7).— The author erects the genus Schiztrypanum for the species previously described as Trypanosoma cruzi (E. S. R.. 22. p. 4SG). The results of a study of the biology, etc., of this parasite, which is easily cultivated on the Xovy-MacNeal medium, are presented in detail. It is trans- mitter! by a reduviid bug of the genus Conorhinus. probably C. megistus, which has been found in the north of the State of Miuas Geraes to live in human 586 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. habitations, coming out from its hiding place when the lights are extinguished find attacking the inmates, biting its human victims chiefly on the face. Nu- merous flagellates were found in its hind gut, and 20 or 30 days after having bitten a small monkey {Callithrix penicillata) numerous trypanosomes were found in the monkey's blood. The author has succeeded in transmitting the parasite to guinea pigs, rab- bits, dogs, and other monkeys, for all of which animals it is pathogenic, the least so in adult dogs. Callithrix and the guinea pig were found to be the most susceptible. In searching to discover the usual host in the region from which the infected bugs had come, the parasite was found in the inmates of the houses and also in a cat. The clinical history is given of two cases, children of 2 and S years, in which the parasite was found. The symptoms correspond in many respects with those of African sleeping sickness, although somnolence seems to be lacking. Bovine tuberculosis, R. Bidart (La Tuberculosis Bovina. Buenos Aires: Govt, 1909, pp. XV+166, pis. 32; English ed., pp. 200, pis. 32; rev. in Rev. Gen. Med. Vet., 15 {1910), No. 178, pp. 583, 58^).— This is a report presented to the secretary of agriculture by the inspector general of veterinary police of the cattle board. Tuberculosis in Argentina has gradually developed in proportion to the density of animal population. The danger of its presence may be considered of little or no importance in the breeding districts for the reason that the popu- lation of bovines is rarely above from 10 to 20 head per square kilometer (from 1 to 2 per 25 acres). The action of tuberculosis on the heart, F. M. Pottenger (Arch. Int. Med., Jf (1909), pp. 306-322; ahs. in Zfschr. Tubcrkulose, 16 (1910), No. 1, p. 79).— In advanced stages of tuberculosis the blood pressure is low. The facts con- tributing to this are action of the toxins on vasodilation, weakness of the heart muscle, and general emaciation. Conditions which compensate for this are hypertrophy of the heart muscle and thickening of the arterial walls. The thick- ening is possibly the result of the action of the toxins and is chiefly present in the older cases. Myocarditis is common in advanced tuberculosis, and often responds to proper treatment. The heart sounds in advanced tuberculosis are hard to inter- pret, because pathological processes occur in and around the valves, such as infiltration, cavities, emphysema, and shrinking. In many cases the heart lies in an nbuormal position and must do its work under unfavorable conditions. In estimating the size of the heart we must take into consideration that a dis- jilacement to the right and backward usually exists, with the result that the findings obtained at the usual intercostal space give no correct indication as to the size of the heart. About placental tuberculosis, Schlimpert (Arch. Gyniikoh, 90 (1910), No. /. pp. 121-132; ahs. in Ztschr. Tubcrkulose, 16 (1910), No. 1, p. 80).— The results of a microscopical examination of 11 placentae from tubercular mothers are given. In 9 out of 10 cases positive histological findings were obtained, and in one case the tubercle bacilli were isolated in a smear. Tuberculosis (Michigan Sta. Circ. 8, pp. 59-63). — A brief account of tubercu- losis in which the importance of its early detection and eradication from Michi- gan herds is emphasized. The value of tuberculin as a diagnostic medium, E. Bierotte (Umschau, IJ/ (1910), No. 2-'i, pp. .'i63. ■'i6-'i). — An article in which the various causes of error in diagnosing tuberculosis with tuberculin are considered. Tuberculin hypersensitiveness, K. .Toseph (Ztschr. Iniinunifdtsf. u. Hxpt. Thcr., I, Grig., Jf (1910), No. o, pp. 57 J-J8J).— Tests were made with guinea VETERINARY MEDICINE. 587 piffs ;ind tnberculiii injoetod iiilraentaiieoiisly and subcutaiieously in order to elicit whether a specific " sensibilin " conld be detected. The results show that healthy guinea pigs when injected subcutan«>ously with tuberculin react quickly with a rapid rise in teuii»erature. The autlior states that such a rise in tem- perature, however, must not be taken as an indication of true tuberculin hyper- sensitiveness. Guinea pigs which were re-treated with blood serum from tuber- culous animals did not in any instance respond specifically to intracutaneous injections of tuberculin. Action of some molds and bacteria on tuberculin, A'AroREMEU {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 2J, {1910), No. 3, pp. 189-196; ahs. in Zcntbl. Biochem. n. Biophys., 10 {1910), .\o. 5-6, p. 210). — Tests were made to determine the influence of Asper- gillus fumigatus, A. niger, PeniciUium glaucum, BaciUus megatherium, B. coU, B. typhi, B. enteritidis Giirtner and B. pyocyancus during growth in a media of dilute tuberculin solution upon the toxicity of the tuberculin. Of the mold fungi P. glaucum was found to have a markedly destructive action upon the tuberculin. B. pyocyancus was found to be equally active, while the remainder had no influence at all. From this it can be seen that it is the proteolytic organisms which are antag- onistic toward tuberculin, while those organisms which attack only peptones leave it intact. Tuberculin thus seems to be a toxalbumin of the bacterial protoplasm of the tubercle bacillus. Von Behring^'s protective vaccination of bovines against tuberculosis, its theoretical foundation and its practical utility, J. Xowak {Ztsclir. Infektion- skrank. u. Hyg. Haustierc, 6 {1909), Nos. 5, pp. 31S-3',1 ; 6, pp. .'(09-J,Jio).—The results of vaccinating 202 cahes (at 4 barns containing from 50 to SO head of full grown cattle each, and which reacied more or less to tuberculin) with von Behring's Bovovaccin are given. The author concludes that at present no prac- tical value can be attributed to vaccination, particularly as regards preventing the spread of tuberculosis among bovines, but on the other hand it seems to have no detrimental effect on the health of the vaccinated animal. The theory of the method is considered correct. Utilizing' the complement binding and the agglutination reaction for foretelling abortion in cows. H. Holtii (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 25 {1909), No. 37, pp. 686, 687). — The author utilized for this purpose the abortion bacillus (originally described by Bang and Stribolt), which was isolated from uterine exudates in cases of abortion (horse serum from a healthy horse inac- tivated at 62° C. for 1 hour). Bouillon cultures of the bacterium were injected intravenously into a small horse in increasing do.ses until 100 ec. was given. Agglutination tests carried out with the resulting serums against various strains of the abortion bacillus showed them to be definitely positive in dilutions up to 1:10.000. The serum was finally tested against the serum of cows in 10 barns where abortion was prevalent. Thirty-eight serum tests (dilutions 1:100) were positive, giving definite reactions. The complement binding re- action was positive in 7 instances with the blood serum of the animals. Contributions to the pathology and treatment of milk fever, Bredo (Ahs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr.. 26 {1910), No. 21. pp. .'i30, .',.3/ ).— Calving or milk fever, according to the author, is a " hyposeroamia." that is, it is a genei-ai, acute, progressive anemia, with a diminution of the l)lood serum which is de- ])endent upon the dehydration of the blood, and which finally results in physio- logical congestion of the mammary gland when milk secretion begins. The name " milk fever " is not well selected, as in many instances no fever is present. For the preventive treatment the author recommends giving the animal as much water as it desires directly after parturition and not to milk before 24 60863°— No. 0—10 7 588 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. hours after the birth. In the event that the animal will not take water, thirst shonld be stimulated with either salt, bicarbonate of soda, or similar substances. If the disease has already set in, the classical treatment, that is, inflation of the udder with air, should be given together with intrauterine and intrarectal lavages and subcutaneous injections. Epidemic chronic catarrhal mastitis, L. Wall {Abs. in Berlin, TieriirzU. Wclinsehr., 26 {1910), 'So. 22, pp. Jf.'/'i, 4^i-^)- — A report of cases in which 6 cows out of a herd of 60 were affected for a period of one month with mastitis is given. On the average only one quarter was affected. The quarters were swollen and hard, but not painful. The treatment consisted of repeated injections of boracic acid solution and anointment with iodin ointment. After one of the animals was slaughtered the epidemic ceased, although sporadic cases occurred here and there. On examining the milk and on autopsy of the udder both were found to contain Grips bacilli. Infectious lymphangitis in cattle, F. IIaymond (Jour. Trop. Vet. 8ci., 5 (1910), No. 2, pp. 213-232. pis. 5, figs. S).— This is a report of investigations made during the coui-se of an outbreak of infectious lymphangitis in some 80 out of 300 heavy draft bullocks received in Calcutta, chiefly from the Punjab. Gastro-enteritis coccidiosis of cattle, R. E. Montgomery (Vet. Neics, 7 (1910), No. 33J,, pp. 292-296. fig. 1; Vet. Rec, 22 (1910), No. 111,5, pp. 825-828).— An outbreak of gastro-enteritis due to Eimeria stieda' is reported to have occurred in Meru, British East Africa, in September, 1909. Worm nests in cattle due to Filaria gibsoni n. sp., J. B. Cleland and T. H. Johnston (Ayr. Gaz. N. S. Wale.'^. 21 (1910), No. 2, pp. 173, i7'^).— The para- sitic worms which form nodules in the briskets of Australian cattle are de- scribed as representing a new species, /•'. gibsoni. These nodules aue of very frequent occurrence in Queensland and West Australian cattle and are some- times found in animals in New South Wales. Lip-and-leg ulceration (Necrobacillosis) of sheep, L. E. Northrupp (Anier. Vet. Rev., 37 (1910), No. 2, pp. 207-210). — A paper presented at the annual meeting of the North Dakota Veterinary Association, in January, 1910. Gangrenous mammitis of sheep, J. A. Gilruth (New Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 17 (1909), pp. 292-297). — An account of a mild outbreak associated with a micrococcus that is extremely virulent in the pure state. Mortality among hoggets and lambs due to parasitic disease, C. J. Reakes (Neic Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 17 (1909), pp. 305, 306).— An unusual mor- tality which occurred in Canterbury and Sou(h JNlarlborough among hoggets and lambs, due to the common lung worm of sheep (Sfrongyliis filaria) and the stomach worms (S. cervieornis and iS. eontortiis), is reported upon. Hog cholera and the serum, method of treatment, E. Barnett (South Caro- lina Sta. Bui. 152, pp. 3-1 J/). — The author reports tests made with 4 hogs rang- ing in weight from 91 to 106 lbs. All 4 were inoculated February 15, 1909, with 2 cc. of virulent blood. Two, which were injected with 10 cc. and 20 cc, re- spectively, of hyperimmune serum, were protected against hog cholera, while the hog injected with 5 cc. of serum and the one used as a check succumbed to the disease. The author concludes that even the small dose of 5 cc. of serum increased the resistance to hog cholera. So far as could be seen the 10 cc. dose afforded as efficient protection as the 20 cc. dose. On March IS the hog which had been injected with 20 cc. of serum was in- oculated with 10 cc. of the original virulent virus in order to test the duration of the immunity. The animal responded only by a rise in temperature for 2 days with accelerated breathing, apparently regaining normal condition again VETERINARY MEDICINE. 589 on the following day. Six and one-half months later the same animal was in- oculated with 5 cc. of virulent blood collected from an acute case of hog cholera and there was no noticeable effect. The author concludes that not only did the animal still possess immunity 6 or 7 months after inoculation but also that this imnumity was efficient against the attacks of the virus from a totally different outbreak. lie further con- cludes that the "serum kept for 12 months at oi-dinary temperature was still capable of protecting hogs weighing around 90 lbs. in doses of 20 cc. against a fatal dose of virulent blood, though in this case it would probably have been better to have increased the dose in view of the fact that the animal was slightly sick for 2 days." Several field tests are reported, the evidence gained from which points con- clusively to the efficiency of the serum in protecting hogs from hog cholera if used before the animals become actually diseased. Contagious pneumonia In pigs (swine plague) associated with the presence of a hemameba in the red corpuscles and blood plasma, J. A. Giliutii ( \cw Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 11 (I'MU), pp. 30 1 -30. ',).— The author reports upon au outbreak in which 42 pigs, from 3 to 4 months old, out of a lot of 100 had succumbed at the time of the investigation. A contribution to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of schlerostomiasis, BocHBERG {Ztschr. Veterinurk., 21 (1909), No. 6, pp. 271-275; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 {1910), No. 1124, P- 48^)-— An outbreak of disease due to Schlcrostomum tetracanthiim is reported in which 38 foals were affected. After G had died the remaining 32 were treated with atoxyl and all recovered. "The atoxyl was employed in part subcutaneously and in part intravenously, in doses rising from 0.2 to 0.5 gm. (3 to 7i grains), and in individual cases up to 1.5 gm. (23 grains). The formula for the injection was 1 part each of atoxyl and pure sodium chlorid to 100 parts of distilled water." The distribution of Piroplasma canis in infected dogs, including those treated with arsenic preparations, E, Goldschmid (Zisclu: I nun anil at nf. u. Expt. Ther.. /, Grig., 5 {1910), .A"o. 6, pp. 6()3-6S8, pi. i).— This is a report of in- vestigations of patho-anatomical changes in dogs infected with the Russian virus of P. canis, some of which had been treated with arsenic preparations. A further note on the drug treatment of biliary fever or malignant jaun- dice of the dog (canine piroplasmosis), W. Jowett {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 36 {1910), No. J, pp. SJ/l-o'/O). — Since the account pi-eviously noted was reported (E. S. R., 22, p. 582), the author has treated 25 cases with trypanblau, all but- 2 being cured. The experiments show that the blood of dogs which recover from the disease in virtue of the trypanblau treatment still remains in- fective for susceptible canines, but that such recovered animals are immune against further infection, at least for a period of 6 months after recovery. The author finds that this dye is without curative effect on the disease of goats, sheep, and cattle, known as heartwater. A study of the control of Haematopinus macrocephalus and H. piliferus, H. Jakob {Miinchcn Tierarztl. Wcltnsclir., 53 {1909), -Yo.s-. 11, pp. 193-199; 12, pp. 213-220; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1910), No. lU/G, p. S38).— The author reports experiments that were made with two species of lice, namely, //. macrocephalus of the horse and //. piliferus of the dog, in order to determine the effect of water, air, and certain drugs used antiparasiticallj'. A submergence in water of from 20 to 28 hours was found to be necessary to kill them. When exi)osed to the sun's rays at a temperature exceeding 4'.]° C. they were killed in two or three minutes. A watery solution of from 1 to 2 per cent of liquor cresoli saponatus in the form of i)aths over the whole of the body was found to be sufficient to kill the parasites in 15 minutes. 590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. An investigation of the pathology of grouse disease, L. Corbett ami G. S. Graham-Smith (Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge], 10 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-36, pis. 5). — While the causes of death of grouse are various a great majority of birds either picked up dead on the moor or caught by keepers when weak and unable to fly were found to be more or less in the same condition. They were wasted badly, infested with Trichostrongylus pergracilis and often also with Davainea urogalU or Hymenolcpis microps, or with both. Disease of canaries, J. A. Gilruth (Neiv Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 17 (1900), pp. 298-300). — A peculiar disease affecting certain aviaries in the city of Christchurch is reported upon. Gnathostomum spinigerum in a domestic cat, S. N. Mitter (Jour. Trap. Vet. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 2, pp. 28-^, 285, pi. 1). — This parasite, previously found in the stomach of several wild animals of the cat tribe, is reported to have been found in the domestic cat for the first time. Notes on some parasites in Burma, G. H. Evans and T, Rennie (Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 2, pp. 2.'i0-256, figs. 22). — Notes on several common para- sites of elephants are given. RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation in Colorado, C. W. Beach and P. J. Preston (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 218, pp. -'/8, pi. 1). — This bulletin, which is another of the series of reports on irrigation in the arid States and Territories, contains a large amount of information of practical value to the farmer or prospective settler of Colorado. A general description is given of the State, its transporta- tion facilities, its principal industries, climate, and soil. Tables show the amount of water escaping from the various streams of Colorado each year from the South Platte River at 4 stations, the storage capacities of reservoirs, return seepage, and the areas irrigated on the South Platte River, and the percentage of run-off and rainfall at different stations. Other topics discussed are the development of water power, the rise and progress of irrigation, Cai'ey Act and reclamation service projects, irrigation districts, the beet-sugar industry, and dry fai-ming and irrigation. Estimates of the cost of growing cereals, beets, potatoes, peas, alfalfa and fruit under irrigation in the State are included. Materials used in constructing cement and concrete fence posts, H. M. Bainer and 11. B. Bonebright (Colorado Sta. Bui. 161, pp. 3-20, figs. 2). — An abbreviated edition of Bulletin 148 previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 191). The Iowa silo, J. B. Davidson and M. L. King (loiva Sta. Bui. Ill, pp. 196- 266, figs. 50). — This bulletin contains plans and details of construction of sev- eral silos made of hollow clay building blocks, as previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 687). It is claimed that nearly all of the essential merits of a good silo are pos- sessed by this type which is known as the Iowa silo. The walls are strong, rigid, smooth, durable, firepi'oof, impervious to moisture, and resistant to frost. The construction is simple yet convenient and can be made with either indi- vidual or continuous doors. Five different sizes of rectangular blocks have been used. Steel wire, hard black No. 3 (i in. in diameter), has been found to be the most desirable reinforcement, and the working strength has been raised to 30,000 lbs. per square inch. The most convenient and advantageous place for the reinforcement is in the mortar joints, where as its thickness is less than that of the joint it does not interfere with the laying of the blocks and it is thoroughly jirotected from rust. The experimental silo was washed on the inside with cement and has been entirely satisfactory, indicating that plastering on the inside oi" outside is not EUEAL ENGINEERING. 591 necessary, although two of the silos described have been plastered. The dura- bility of this silo will depend directly upon the quality of the blocks. Soft blocks which have not been properly burned should be guarded against. Curved blocks are considered greatly sui)erior, the only si)oiled silage found near the walls of one silo being a slight amount, not exceeding from 0.01 to 0.00 of 1 per cent of the total, found in the recesses of the w:ill, which was quite rough due to the use of long, IG-in. straight blocks. The cost of the 13 silos described ranged from $215 to $403. Though the original cost may be more than the stave and other varieties of wooden silos, when properly constructed the block silo is practically free from any expense for repairs. Full details are given for making the foundation, laying the blocks, reinforcing the walls, and constructing the doors and roof. The principles of brooding. The improved New York State gasoline- heated colony-house brooding system, J. E. Kice and C. A. Rogers (\rio York Cornell Sta. Bui. 277, pp. 183-217, figs. 27).— This bulletin presents a method of brooding which it is believed eliminates at least three-fourths of the labor re- quired to brood chickens in small outdoor kerosene-heated brooders, and has been thoroughly tried for the past 10 years. This method is recommended to a poultryman who is rearing annually 200 or more pullets for laying and breeding, and who desires to brood them during the natural season only and uuder conditions conducive for the production of vigorous stock. The pi'inciples of brooding are discussed, and the details are given for con- structing a gasoline heater, a summer house for cockerels, and both shed-roof and A types of colony brooder houses costing from $20.50 up, and containing 64 sq. ft. of floor si)ace, or 0.32 sq. ft. of floor space and 1.3 cu. ft. of space per head when 200 chicks are kept. Two large windows in front give about 1 sq. ft. of glass to every 10 sq. ft. of floor area. The houses can be used the year round and are convenient for doing the work. By the use of a connecting collar 2 or more houses can be brought together and used for the winter quarters of a flock of 35 or more fowls. For convenience and economy in handling, pro- yision may be made for moving the houses. By standing on sills 1 ft. high the house furnishes desirable shade, and also adds to the size of the yard area. The cost of fuel for supplying heat to a given number of chickens is about the same for both the gasoline and kerosene systems. There is less danger from Are with gasoline than there is with kerosene, when the system is properly understood. The gasoline-heated colony-brooder house fitted with heater, pip- ing, and all attachments complete, including labor, and ready for rearing chickens, cost in Ithaca, N. Y., $36.60 for 200 chickens, or 1S.3 cts. per chicken, while the average price for outdoor brooders is about 24 cts. per chicken. The brooding system here described provides for 3 different areas of tempera- ture within the house, namely, a high temperature under the heater drum, an ordinary living-room temperature between the drum area and the outside edge of the hover, and a coop house tenqjerature outside the hover where the chickens have an abundance of room to exercise in the cool air. In favorable weather a fourth area is provided out-of-doors by a cloth fence enclosure, where the chickens can get to the ground early in a sunny, sheltered spot. " Either top or bottom heat taken alone does not seem to furnish the best con- ditions for successful artificial brooding. The system here described furnishes heat mainly from above by radiation, slightly by air warmed before entering the hover, and in a small degree from the floor by contact. . . . The chief field of usefulness for the gasoline-heated colony-house brooding system is in the rearing of chickens in nunil)ers all the year round in latitudes south of New York State, and all the year except during the coldest winter months in New York State and points farther north. For the rearing of winter broilers some 592 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of the individually-Iieated or pipe-system boooders in large, continuous brooder- houses are more satisfactoiy because of the saving of labor and economy of fuel." The efficiency of hand separators, W. K. Brainerd and W. L. Mallory {Vir- ginia 8ta. Bui. JS6, pp. 3-11), figs. JO). — This bulletin contains a discussion of the different methods of separating milk and reports a trial of hand separators. The authors estimate that the loss to the farmers of Virginia by the use of the shallow-pan system of separation is at least $2,000,000 per annum, or more than enough to furnish, each dairy farm with an efficient separator. Of the 8 makes of separators tested the height of the receiving can varied from 39 to 50J in. The average time required to wash the machines ranged from 5 minutes 20 seconds to 7 minutes 14 seconds, but the variation of time .was greater with the 4 different men who washed the machines than with the different makes. The power required to run the separators as determined with the cradle dynamometer without water ranged from 0.038 to 0.104 horsepower; with water, from 0.055 to 0.131 horsepower. The value of the disks was esti- mated bj' determining the centrifugal force factor by dividing the square of the velocity by the radius of the bowl, and ranged from 3.899 to 8,927. The capacity per hour varied from 450 to 650 lbs. The time the milk remained in the bowl varied from 4.3 seconds to 21.5 seconds. The separating force factor, obtained by multiplying the centrifugal force by the time, varied from 236 to 1,335. The increased capacity of each machine due to disks or internal devices, as measured by the Sharpies, used as a standard of a machine without disks or internal de- vices, ranged from — 136 to +537 per cent, but it is stated that these figures ai'e indicative rather than positive, as the margin of efficiency and the actual amount of milk in the bowls, when running, were not accurately determined. It is thought that the close skimming qualities of each of the machines tested were sufficient for practical purposes if the dairyman will ol)serve the rules laid down by the manufacturers for the use of the machine. The lighting' of farmhouses, I. T. Osmond {Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 306-321, pis. 3). — Photometric tests with kerosene, gasoline, denatured alco- hol, and acetylene lamps are reported and discussed. The number of candle power hours yielded per gallon by the various illumi- nants was as follows: " Kerosene, using flat wick Ih in. wide, 700.13; kerosene, using Argand (central draft) burner IJ in. diameter, 481.27; kerosene, using Argand burner | in. diameter, and mantle, 1,405.42; gasoline, using pressure (average) of 16 in. of fluid, 1.885.21 ; alcohol (denatured), 872; acetylene, using i-ft. gas burner, per pound of carbide, 138.79. . . . "All kerosene lights without mantle are of very poor quality, very unlike day- light, hard on the eyes, and hence likely to produce pain and nervous irritation and injury to health. "Acetylene, gasoline, and alcohol (the first one a naked flame and the last two using mantles) give light of a very much better quality than kerosene, a light which in the proportions of the colors in its composition is very much more like daylight. A light of good quality can be obtained, also, from kerosene, by using a mantle. . . . " By reason of the very excellent quality of acetylene light, and taking account of the eye injuries and pain and the effects on general health that may result from the use of ordinary kerosene light, the former may be truly much more economical than the latter, notwithstanding the greater cost per candle power of acetylene. This is true, also, of alcohol light (even at present prices), by reason of its very good quality." Directions for constructing and using a simple photometer for home measure- ments of lights are given. EURAL ECONOMICS. 593 RURAL ECONOMICS. Land and labour: Lessons from Belgium, H. S. Rowntrek {London: l',)tO, pp. XX+6S3, plx. 25, figs. 5, maps 5; rcr. in Jour. Roy. Statist Soc, 73 {1910), No. 7, pp. 7St-785; Rev. Econ. Internat., 7 {lUlO), III, A'o. /, pp. 195, 196). — This volume contains the results of four years' investigations into the main aspects of the social and economic life of Belgium made with a view of con- tributing to the solution of the problem of poverty in Great Britahi by throwing some light on its relation to the system of land tenure. Information is given on Belgium and her people, the land tenure system, the number of landowners and the size of their holdings, the mortgage debts of peasant iiroprietors. wiiges, hours, and conditions of work in industrial pursuits, agriculture and agricul- tural conditions, transport facilities, system of taxation, education, and the standard of living and housing of the worlving classes. Section 3 of the volume is devoted entirely to agriculture in Belgium, in which the relative advantages of large farms and small holdings, and of proprietorship and tenancy, are discussed. A special inquiry was made into the price and rent of land throughout the country, with a view to determining the share of the profits of successful husbandry which falls to the owner of the soil. Besides general farming, market-gardening is dealt with, and the extent to which Belgium provides the food necessary for her own people is shown. The advan- tages derived from technical education, cooperation, and the provision of cheap credit among agriculturists, and those arising from communal ownership of land and afforestation, are considered, together with the bearing of these and other factors upon the rural exodus. In conclusion a sunmiary is given of the whole investigation, and the direc- tions in which closer acquaintance with Belgium may serve to guide those in Great Britain who are seeking to improve the lot of the workers are outlined. Land and labor in Belgium {Field [London], 115 {Id 10). No. 2995, p. S93).— This is a discussion of agricultural labor conditions in Belgium as compared with trade workers and other laborers. The facts are derived from Rowntree's Land and Labor, noted above, the article serving in a measure as a review of the book. Studies and researches by a foreigner concerning the rural economy of certain parts of Italy according to the standards of social science, V. Racah {Atti R. Accdd. Econ. Ayr. (ieorg. Fircnzc, 5. scr.. 7 {1910), No. 1, pft. l'i~J,7).— This is a critical examination of two works by Paul Roux, a French writer, entitled, respectively. The Rural Population of Tuscany, and The Roman Lati- fundium (hirge estate). The latter work is divided into two parts, discussing (1) the agrarian problem in the Roman district, and (2) the solution of the agrarian problem. The first work is brietly discussed, the three types of rural economic life in Tuscany being pointed out and measured according to the latest standards of social scieTice. Tlie chief characteristic of this province is the subordination of the rural population to the owners of the land who dwell in the cities, who direct the labor of tenant farmers, and who supply the rural w:ige-earn<'rs with the means of subsistence by giving them temiuirary employment on farms or related industries. It is the large estates surrounding Rome, however, which are regarded as the bane of Italian agriculture. These are either uncultivated or only slightly so and fall to give employment to laborers or to produce the wealth the land is capable of producing. The means that have betMi i.ut in operation for changing the economic and social conditions of tliis region by the government are r(>porters and teachers generally are indifferent or ojtposed to the teaching of agriculture in the ele- mentary public schools, but that such teaching is feasible in the higher grades. 596 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The indifference or prejudice of the farmer can be overcome by the teacher who is genuinely fond of farm life and has the tactful knowledge to give the farmer valuable information, on agricultural facts. Such a teacher can also stimulate the interest of children in farm life. In arithmetic " she can say apples instead of oranges. She can talk about acres, rods, bushels, gallons of milk, pounds of butter. She can stimulate their curiosity as to the habits of animals, birds, bugs, insects, weeds, and flowers. But to do this she must be interested in them herself." Agricultural training', G. D. Braik (Waugnnui Ed. Bd. Leaflet IS, pp. Jf). — This leaflet outlines a 2-year secondary course in agriculture and dairying intro- duced into the district high schools of Wanganui, New Zealand. The subjects of study include physics, chemistry, physical geography, botany, plant life and growth, entomology, work in the garden, manures and manuring, drainage, ani- mal life, dairying, and economics. As a third-year course pupils may be re- quired to conduct experiments under the supervision of the teacher. This course has been outlined with a view to the development of the nature study, practical geography, agriculture, dairying and weather studies of the primai-y school ; the development of scientific method by the processes of observation, exiieriment and inference; the making of each year's course complete in itself; the preparation of the pupil for the Junior Civil Service, or the matriculation examination by the end of the second year; and the general development of the pupil. Illustrative exhibits at state and county fairs, I^. H. Goddard and W. A. Lloyd {Ohio Stit. Circ. 101, pp. 21, fig^. 21). — Brief statements concerning the first agricultural fair in America and the first in Ohio are followed by an ac- count of the work of the Ohio Station in connection with county fairs, in- cluding an illustrated description of its recent exhibits. There are also items concerning an exhibit of the Ohio College of Agriculture, the exhibits of sta- tions in other States, and statistics of attendance at fairs. The Ohio Station exhibited at G fairs in 1905. 9 in ]90(>, 7 in 1907, S in 190,S, and 20 in 1909. Exercises at the twenty-fifth, anniversary of the establishment of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station (Maine Sta. Doc. 385, pp. 38).-— This gives an account of the proceedings at this meeting, which was held at the University of Maine, March 9, 1910, together with a brief historical sketch of the station. The principal address was delivered by Dr. W. H. Jordan on Conditions which Limit Agricultural Efficiency. Information for students concerning the College of Agriculture of the University of California, E. B. Babcock (Calif ornia Sta. Circ. 52, pp. S). — This is an announcement of the courses of instruction and other information of interest to prospective students of the college. Announcement of tanners' short courses for 1910 at the University Farm, Davis, California (California Sia. Circ. 53, pp. 21, Jiga. 10). MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1909 (Pennsylrania Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 371, pis. 31, figs. 16). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, a report of the director on the work and publications of the station during the year, and departmental reports, of which that of the meteorologist is abstracted on page 510 of this issue. The report also contains several special articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue, reprints of Bulletins 93 and 95, and a reprint, with some changes, of Bulletin 100. 0 T E S . Colorado College. — C. H. Hinman. of the extension division of tbe Kansas Col- lege, has been appointed director of farmers' institntes and extension work. Idaho University. — A large building convenient to the university campus has been leased for the use of the new department of farm machinery. This building is being equipped with about $15,000 worth of farm machinery, including trac- tion engines, motors, farm automobiles, and similar appliances. Work in farm architecture will also form a part of the course. This is stated to be the first farm engineering course to l»e offered in the Northwest. Illinois University and Station. — There is an increase of over one hundred students in the college of agriculture, crowding laboratories and lecture rooms to the utmost. K. C. Obrecht, associate in horse husbandry, has resigned to engage in farming, and has been succeeded by J. L. Edmunds, instructor in animal husbandry in the University of Minnesota. P. A. Hoffman has been appointed assistant in animal nutrition in the station. Purdue University and Station. — H. E. Allen, associate professor of animal husbandry and assistant animal husbandman in the Virginia College and Station. has been appointed instructor in animal husbandry, vice C. N. Arnett, whose res- ignation has been previously noted, and has entered upon his duties. M. W. Kichards has been appointed assistant horticulturist and 1\ L. Roberts assistant in dairying. Iowa College. — W. H. Cooper, of the University of Wisconsin, has been ap- pointed assistant professor of dairying, vice G. T. Guthrie, who has resigned to engage in commercial work. Kansas College and Station. — C. J. Dillon, for several years connected with the Kansas Citii Star, has been appointetl editor of the college publications, and will also give courses in agricultural and industrial journalism. George S. Hine, principal of the Marinette County (Wis.) School of Agriculture and Domestic Economy, has accepted an appointment with the animal husbandry department of the extension work. In the station Dr. Otto Mauer has been appointed assist- ant in egg investigations in connection with bacteriological studies of the spoil- age of eggs. Kentucky University and Station. — The enrollment of agricultural students on October 10 was OS, which is an increase of more than 50 per cent over the corresponding enrolhnent last year. IMans are being made f(U- a 10 weeks' short course, beginning January 1. iOll. In connection with this course the State Corn Growers' Association will hold its first annual show, January 3-(!. T. K. Biyant, assistant in animal husbandry at the station, has l)een made assistant to Dean Scovell, and placed in charge of extension work. A judging team is to be entered in the students' judging contest at the International Live Stock Exposition for the first time. Maine University. — M. E. Sherwin, assistant professor of agronomy, has resigned to accept the associate professorship of soils in the Xortli Carolina College. Massachusetts Station.— Arthur I. Kourne, of the nure.iu of Entomology <.f this Department, has been appointed assistant entomologist, vice J. N. Summers. 597 598 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Minnesota University and Station. — E. K. Slater has resigned as assistant professor of dairying. K. A. Kirlvpatrick, instructor in horticulture at the Washington College, has been appointed horticulturist in the extension depart- ment. Mississippi College and Station. — Archibald Smith has accepted the position of assistant in animal husbandry in the extension division at Clemsou College, and has been succeeded by Richmond L. Shields, now assistant in agricultural extension at the Ohio State University. Missouri University and Station. — Recent appointments include Matthew Steel, Ph. D., as assistant professor of dairy husbandi'y in the university and assistant dairy husbandman in the station, and E. J. Maxwell, a 1910 graduate of Purdue University, as assistant in dairy husbandry. C. A. Willson, instructor in animal husbandry, has accepted the position of professor of animal hus- bandry and animal husbandman in the Tennessee University and Station. R. J. Carr, assistant in animal husbandry, and F. S. Putney, assistant to the dean and director, have resigned, the former to accept an appointment in the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department, and the latter to become professor of animal husbandry in the Rhode Island College. They are succeeded respectively by Howard Hackedorn and L. H. Allen, both 1910 graduates of the college of agriculture. Nebraska University. — Charles B. Lee has recently been added to the staff as Instructor in animal imsbaiidry. New Hampshire College and Station.— T. G. Bunting has resigned as assistant in vegetable gardening to accept a position as assistant to the Dominion horti- culturist, with headquarters at Ottawa, Ontario. New Jersey College Station. — Recent appointments include H. C. INIcLean as assistant chemist in the department of soils, and Miss Mary Robinson, a grad- uate of the University of Vermont, as laboratory assistant. New Mexico College.— Miss Margaret H. Haggart has resigned as professor of household economics to accept an instructorship in dietetics in the hospital department of Johns Iloiikius University. Cornell University and Station. — C. A. Publow has resigned as assistant pro- fessor of dairy industry, and will engage in commercial work in dairying in Canada. Charles F. Clark, instructor in plant breeding investigations in the university and agronomist in the stiation, has accepted a position in connection with the beet-sugar investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. North Dakota College. — An increase of about 25 per cent in the registration is reported. Ceres Hall, the new $100,000 domestic science building and girls' dormitory, is now being occupied. It is a three-story brick structure, with 165 feet frontage, and is very completely equipped for work in home economics. Its completion provides considerable additional space for the work in agricultural engineering. Ohio University and Station. — The enrollment of the university is the largest in its history. The greatest increase has been in the college of agriculture where over three hundred new students have been admitted, bringing the total registration in the college to over six hundred. Henry W. Vaughan has been promoted from instructor to assistant professor of animal husbandry. C. H. Goetz, of the Washington College, has been appointed instructor in forestry. In the statin. Miss M. Helen Keith has been appointed assistant in nutrition, Paul A. Davis assistant botanist, and Ernest F. Zimmerman butter maker. Oklahoma College and Station. — N. O. Booth has been appointed professor of horl {culture in the college and horticulturist and botanist in the station, and has entered upon his duties. Other appointments include R. O. Baird as NOTES. 599 assistant in agricultural chemistry, A. H. Wright as assistant in agronomy, and D. C. Mooring as assistant in horticulture and botany. Rhode Island Station. — J. Frank Morgan has resigned as assistant chemist to pursue further studies in chemistry at the ITniversity of Michigan. W. F. Kirkpatrick, field assistant in biology, has resigned to assume charge of the poultry department at the Mississippi College and Station, vice J. P. Kerr. Utah Station. — Another demonstration farm has been established near Cedar Fort Station in Cedar Valley. Texas College. — Claude N. Evans has been given charge of the corre.spondence courses in agriculture. J. L. Thomas, instructor in dairying, has resigned to accept a position as field agent in the Southwest for the Dairy Division of this Department. Virginia Truck Station. — L. E. Johnson, of Roanoke, has succeeded J. C. Car- riugton as a member of the governing board. F. A. Johnston, of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, has been assigned to work with this station, vice E. G. Smyth, who has been transferred to other work in the Bureau. L. L. Corbett has been appointed assistant in truck crops. A spray laboratory and tool house and a cottage residence have recently been added to the station buildings. West Virginia University. — Thomas Edward Hodges, formerly professor of physics, has been elected president to succeed D. B. Purinton upon his retire- ment next year. Wisconsin University and Station. — The college of agriculture this year cen- tralized its exhibits at the state fair into a single building where 7,000 feet of wall space and an equal amount of floor space were available. It was estimated that 40.000 people viewed the exhibit during the week. A nearly doubled attendance over last year is reported for the various demon- stration meetings arranged at the several county and state farms. L. F. Graber, a 1910 graduate of the college of agriculture, has been appointed assist- ant in agronomy with special reference to the extension work. F. B. Hadley, of the Ohio State University, has been appointed assistant professor of veterinary science and in charge of veterinary science work in the station. Wyoming Station. — The contract for the building of a new barn for the agron- omy fai-m has been completed. A killing frost occurred August 24. and as a result most of the grains from the station will not be fit for seed. The frost killed potatoes, alfalfa and sweet clover, and in fact, all succulent crops. Office of Experiment Stations. — F. W. Howe, who has been engaged in the educational work of this Office during the past 20 months, has resigned to accept a position with the New York State Department of Education as state supervisor of agricultural education. His headquarters will be at Albany, and he will have charge of the introduction of agriculture into the public high schools of the State under the new law appropriating state aid to the amount of $500 for the first teacher of agriculture employed by any high school in the State, and $200 for each subsequent teacher of this subject in the sjinie school. The provisions of this law extend also to the introduction of home economics and manual training into the high schools. Enlargement of Facilities at Rothamsted. — A society has been organized under the presidency of the Duke of Devonshire for the purpose of raising .$2r>,000 for the purchase of about 2(K) acres of land ad.ioining the present experimental fields at Kothanistetl and erecting buildings for feeding experiments with cro])s to i)e grown there. It is aunouncefl that about $7,000 has already been snliscrilxHl. Consolidation of Institutions for Agricultural and Veterinary Instruction in Argentina.— A consular report from South America announces the incorporation 600 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of the National Agronomic and Veterinary Institute of Argentina with the Uni- versity of Buenos Aires at La Plata. Pi*evious to this time there has been an agronomic and veterinary faculty in the university, and the consolidation with the institute, which was established in 1904, with the consequent strengthening of the teaching staff, is expected to produce a very complete course of instruc- tion. The total attendance in the university now reaches 4,364. divided between the faculties of law and social science, i^hilosophy and letters, medicine, and the physical and natural sciences. Forestry Instruction in the Philippines. — The regents have sanctioned a pro- posal by the Philippine Bureau of Forestry to inaugurate a course in forestry at the college of agriculture. The course is so arranged that boys who have completed the seventh grade can enter and graduate in 4 years. The first two years' worlv will be identical with that of the agricultural students, including courses in English, mathematics, botany, zoology, and entomology, and the last 2 years will cover technical work in forest surveying, physiography, and other auxiliary branches. Prcbiblj'^ half of the work will be practical field training, while during the spri-ig vacations the whole class will go into camp in some forest where exten- sive lumbering is in progress. The director of forestry and the director of civil service have agreed that all Filipinos completing the course may be appointed as rangers without examination. No tuition will be charged, and the Bureau of Forestry will appoint 20 students this year who will receive about $20 monthly in addition to quarters and transportation. Miscellaneous. — Rcvista Industrial y Agricola de Tucuman is being published as a monthly by the agricultural experiment station at Tucuman, Argentina, of which R. E. Blouin and Fritz Zerban, formerly of the Louisiana Sugar Station, are resi^ectively director and subdirector. The publication is to be devoted to the furthering of the agricultural interests of the Province of Tucuman, especially the sugar industry, and will serve as a medium for the publication of results obtained by the station. The initial number contains the rules governing the station, an account by the director of its function and work, and brief articles on various phases of sugar production. A recent number of the Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, announces that L. Lewton-Brain, formerly mycologist and lecturer in agriculture to the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies and afterwards assistant director in the division of physiology and pathology in the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station, has succeeded W. J. Gal- lagher, resigned, as Director of Agriculture in the Federated Malay States. J. B. Carruthers, assistant director of agriculture in Trinidad, died July 17. Mr. Carruthers was in his forty-first year and was most widely known for his studies on cacao and rubber diseases, which were carried on in Ceylon and the Federated Malay States. J. H. Grisdsjle, of the Canadian Central Experimental Farm, has been ap- pointed Dominion agriculturist, with supervision of operations at all branch stations and at the Central Farm in both animal husbandry and field crops. The Missouri VaUey Veterinary Bulletin, formerly published at Topeka, Kans., is now being issued in Chicago under the title of the American Journal of Veterinary Medicine. The second annual meeting of the American Society of Animal Nutrition is to be held in Chicago, November 29, in connection with the International Live Stock Exposition. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny— L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology j^J/ g" ^^^' ^^' ^' 17- IJ n fJ- I- SCHULTE. Field Crops |j Q j^^^^j^ Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Lang worthy. Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairying Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — -W. A. Hooker. -.r . . AT J- • /W. A. Hooker. \etermary MedicineJL. ;v. Fetzer. Rural Engineering — ■ — ■ Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF \'OL. XXIIl, NO. 7. Editorial notes: Page. The agricultural side of irrigation 601 International congress on human nutrition 605 William Henry Brewer, deceased 607 Recent work in agricultural science 609 Notes 696 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. Small encyclopedic dictionary of agricultural chemistry, Passon 609 Electrolytic reduction of nitric acid, Patten 609 The electrolytic reduction of nitric acid, II, III, Patten and McCaughey 609 The complexity of the humus extract of soils, Shorey 610 The availability of soil phosphates, Kelley - 610 Method of determining cellulose-decomposing power of soil, Christensen 610 The formation of gluconic acid by the olive-tubercle organism, Alsberg 611 New method for extracting a phosphatid from plants, Contardi 611 The chemistry of barley spelts, Geys - 611 About the nonnitrogenous extracts in feeding stuffs, Scurti 611 On the heat coagulation of proteins. Chick and Martin 612 Monoamine acids from proteins hydrolyzed with acids, Osborne and Jones 613 Utilizing anaphylaxis for differentiating proteids, Uhlenhiith and llaendel 613 Concerning our method of nitrogen estimation, Mitscherlich 613 A source of error in estimating ammonia, Barral 6|3 The gravimetric determination of the phosphates, Maude - - - 613 Determination of sulphur and l)arium in the jiresence of alkali salts, Phelps. . 613 Some improved methods of dairy chemislry analysis 613 Moisture determination in cheese with the Soxhlet oven, von Sobbe 614 I 11 CONTENTS. Page. Determination of casein in cheese, Trillat and Sauton 614 A new method for estimating albuminoids in milk, Trillat and Sauton 614 Biological differentiation of milk and milk proteids, Kollmeyer 614 A new sal method for estimating fat in milk, Wendler 614 Butter moisture tests, Ross 614 AntipjTin for estimating the iodin number of fats and essential oils, Borde 615 Examination of candelilla wax, Hare and Bjerregaard 615 Nitrogen estimation in feeding stuffs by utilizing different amounts, Engels. . 615 Examination of phosphatic feed lime, Kellner 615 The determination of nitrogen in the feces, Phelps 615 Testing parchment paper for packing butter, Burr and Wolff 616 Fehling's solution, Herstein 616 Report of agricultural-chemical and seed control station at Graz, 1909, Hotter. . 616 Report of agricultural-chemical experiment station at Schardiug, 1909, Hanusch. 616 Report of the chemical control station at Trondhjem for 1909, Solberg 616 Report of agricultural-chemical experiment station at Vienna, 1909, Dafert. . 616 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Meteorology, Kleinschmidt 616 Records of the seasons and phenomena observed in the British Isles, Baker . . 617 The meteorological service of Canada, Stupart 617 Monthly Weather Review 617 Climatic records for 1909 617 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, OstranderandHallowell. . 617 Evaporation from free water surfaces. Smith 617 Water: Its origin and use, Coles-Finch 617 Chemical and biological survey of the waters of Illinois, Baitow et al 617 Some features of Iowa ground waters, II, Hendrixson 618 Salton sea water, Vinson and Ross 618 Water supply in relation to small holdings, Clayton 618 Pond fertilizing, Kuhnert 618 The question of pond fertilizing, Rade 618 Pond fertilizing, Schulze 618 Pond fertilizing, Wieben '. . . 618 Purification of water, Beaudry 619 The practical sterilization of potable waters by calcium hypochlorite. Thresh. . 619 The sterilization of water by chlorin and ozone, Woodhead 619 The available processes for the purification of sewage, Pelletier 619 Purification of Leicester sewage, Mawbey 619 The agricultural use and value of sewage, Voelcker G19 SOILS — FERTLLIZERS. Relation of physical properties of soils to mechanical analysis, Frankau 620 On shrinkage of mud ("gyttja") and peat on drying, Haglund 620 The nature and importance of soil maps, Eberhart 620 Soils of Nova Scotia, Cumming 620 Agrologic study of the soils of Brittany, Fourton and Gandon 620 The pakihi soils of Westland, Aston 621 The formation and decomposition of humus in cultivated soils, Heinze 621 The biological absorption of methan, Giglioli and Masoni 621 Experiments on ammonia and nitrate formation in soils, Lipman and Brown. . 621 The decomposition of cyanamids through the action of fungi, Kappen 622 Excessive fixation of nitrogen in some alkaline soils of Colorado, Headden 622 Experiments with nitric acid on alkaline soils, Symmonds 622 Injurious substances in the soil, Guthrie 623 Sterilization of soils, Laidlaw and Price 623 The action of pyrogallol on unproductive soil, Wheeler, Hartwell, and Pember. . 623 Lime and legume inoculation, Kellerman and Robinson 623 Inoculation with nitrobacterine, nitragin, and soil for lupines, von Feilitzen. . 624 Ratio of phosphate, nitrate, and potassium on growth, Schreinerand Skinner. . . 624 Farmyard manure, Cumming - 624 Losses of nitrogen by using peat, straw, or shavings for bedding, von Feilitzen. . 624 Investigations on the disinfection of manure by careful packing, Bohtz 625 The conservation of kraal manure, Mundy 625 CONTENTS. in I'ago. Cooperation of micro-organisms in decomposition of green manures, Heinze. 625 The utilization of peat as a source of nitrogen for plant fooil, llaskins 625 Nitrate deposits of southern California, Graeff 626 A new nitrogenous fertilizer derived from the air, Maiziferes. 626 The fertilizer value of phonolite meal on peat soils, von Feilitzen 626 On vivianite as a fertilizer, Haglund 626 Diatomaceous calcium phosphates in Senegal, Cayeux 626 The use and abuse of lime in agriculture, Andrews 626 The fertilizer action of salt in combination with ammonium sulphate, Schulze. . 626 The function of manganese as a fertilizer, Beruardini 626 Field experiments with fertilizers, De Jong 626 Field trials of Swedish Moor Culture Society, 1909, Bauman and von Feilitzen. . 626 Analyses of fertilizers, Kilgore et al 627 The manufacture of fertilizers in Cairo, Parodi 627 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. [Work in plant physiology], McCallum 627 The action of continued galvanic currents on germination, Micheels 627 The germination of seeds of parasitic plants, Keinricher 62S The action of potassium salts on the formation of saccharose in seeds, DePlato. . 628 On the circulation of water in plants, Leclerc du Sablon 628 The effect of some toxic solutions on mitosis, Stockberger 628 The effects of poisons on the respiration of plants, Palladin 629 The short roots of Sempervivum and the resulting mycorrhiza, Zach 629 Constancy of physiological characters in classification of bacteria, Harding 629 Studies in pyrophilous fungi, II, Seaver and Clark 629 Mycological studies on flax and hemp retting, Varga and Cs6kas 630 A study of some changes occurring in prunes, Stoyko witch and Brocq-Rousseu . . 630 Monascus purpureus in silage, Buchanan 630 On the chemistry of the higher fungi. III, Fungus diastases, Zellncr 631 FIELD CROPS. David Dickson's and James M. Smith's Farming, edited by Hunnicutt 631 Dry farming in West Texas 631 [Results of field crops' experiments at the Alaska Stations], Georgeson et al 631 [The Woburn field experiments], Voelcker 632 Report of cooperative fertilizer and variety tests, 1909, Larsen 633 [Experiments with drought-resistant forage plants], Thornber 633 [Experiments with sugar beets and cotton]. Clothier 634 Report on oat and barley experiments, 1909, Greig 634 Meadows and pastures. Hunt 634 Cooperative experiments — grasses 634 Canada bluegrass: Its culture and uses, Oakley 634 Suggestions on corn breeding, Vanatter 634 Pedigree seed corn, Beaven 635 The judging of seed maize, Burtt-Davy 635 July and August work in selecting seed corn, Graham 635 Tenth annual report of the Indiana Corn Growers' Association 635 ( 'otton growing in German colonies, Schanz 635 The culture of the cowpea, Kilgore et al 635 [Analyses of some Helianthi] 636 The manioc, Lisboa 636 Ten years' experience with the Swedish Select oat, Carloton 636 Manurial experiment with oats: Humansdorp district, Johuscn 637 Potato experiments and studies at University Farm in 1909, Kohior 637 Progress of the beet-sugar industry in the United States in 1909 637 Sugar cane in Porto Rico, May 638 Report on turnip manuring experiments, 1909, Greig 638 Wheat in India; its production, varieties, and improvement, Howard 638 Svalof Poodle wheat, Nilsson-Ehle 638 Manuring v/heat in the Humansdorp district 638 How to grow more and better wheat 639 Four noxious weeds, Burtt-Davy 639 IV • CONTENTS. HORTICULTURE. Page. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], Georgeson et al 639 Horticulture, Coit 639 French gardening, Smith 640 Production of vegetable seeds: Sweet corn, garden peas, and beans, Tracy, Sr. . 640 Orchard soils of the county of Cumberland, Jensen 640 The influence of various fertilizers on fruit trees, Miiller and Schneider 640 Better methods in eastern orcharding, Sears 640 Native and tropical fruits, Van Hermann 640 Olive culture, d'Utra 640 The olive tree. Cram 640 Grape investigations in the Vinifera regions of the United States, Husmann 640 Artificial date ripening, Vinson and Ross 641 Heeleaka Station investigations during 1905, 1906, and 1907, Hutchinson 641 The Heeleaka Experimental Station report on investigations during 1908, Hope. 642 Influence of drying on the quality of tea. Welter. 642 Sweet peas, Wright 642 Pansies, violas and violets, Cuthbertson 642 The book of the rose, Foster-Melliar 642 FORESTRY. Engelmann spruce in the Rocky Mountains, Hodson and Foster 643 A study of the fundamentals of spruce growing, Schiffel 643 Experiments on the use of red beech wood for railroad ties, Schwappach 643 Beech railroad ties, Schneidt 643 The bamboo forests of the Ganges Division, U. P., Rebsch 644 The forests and forest flora of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, Sim 644 On the useful timber trees of German southwest Africa, Pogge 644 A new resin cup, Woolsey, jr 644 The anatomy of compressed woods, Jaccard 644 Abstract of report on the present status of timber tests, Hatt 644 Consumption of firewood in the United States, Pierson 645 DISEASES OF PLANTS. The diseases of cultivated plants and their treatment, Faes • 645 Symptoms of diseases in plants, Heald 645 Bacteria in their relation to plant pathology, Potter 645 Influence of parasitic fungi on the development of the host plant, Dittrich 645 A new method of combating the enemies of plants, Broslavski 646 [Work in plant pathology], McCallum 646 Report of the institute for plant protection in Hohenheim for 1909, Kirchner.. 646 Notes on insect and fungus pests 646 The genus Hendersonia, Voges 646 On the significance of teleutospore formation on the Uredineae, Morgenthaler. . 646 Publications on the biology of the Uredineae for the year 1909, Fischer 646 Experiments on grain smuts, Appel and Riehm 646 PlasmodiopJwra brassicx parasitic on melons, celery, and sorrel, Marchand 647 Club root of cabbage and allied plants, Lawrence 647 Clover sickness and phosphorite, Kossovich 647 The smut of maize and its treatment, McAlpine 647 Studies on potato fusaria, Appel and Wollenweber 647 Notes on the life history of Phytophthora infestans, McAlpine 647 The leaf roll disease of the potato in moor lands, Bersch 648 Our present knowledge of the leaf roll disease of the potato, Kock 648 The cause of the heart or dry rot of the sugar beet, Ruhland and Albrecht. . . . 648 Experiments on the control of the heart rot of the beet, Ruhland and Albrecht. . 648 Some sugar cane diseases, Edgerton 648 The root diseases of the sugar cane in Barbados 648 Notes on the mosaic disease of tobacco, Perreau 649 Rust and smut resistance in wheat, oats, and maize, McAlpine 649 The leaf cast diseases of currants and their successful control, Rosenthal 650 Cauliflower disease of strawberries - 650 The diseases of the grape and means of combating them, Nazari 650 Field studies of the crown gall of the grape, Hedgcock 650 CONTENTS. V Acidity of the sap in relation to resistance to parasites, Averna-Sacc^ 650 Experiments with various sprays in combating downy mildew, Brcetsnheider. G5L Experiments on the apple with some new fungicides, Waite 651 The bitter pit of the apple, McAlpine '// (552 The bleeding stem disease of the coconut, Fetch .'.'.."..'.... 652 Relationship of certain coniferous diseases to the source of seed.Fromlaling. . . . 652 Leaf shedding in conifers due to Botrytis cinerea 653 The fight against the pine tree rot fungus, Moller 653 Infection experiments with Plasmodiophora brassicx, Appel and Werth 653 Summer felled wood, Schorstein (553 Some new parasitic fungi of ornamental plants, Trinchieri 653 A geranium disease due to eelworms, Chapais 653 The. biology of the anther smut of Lychnis ( Melandrium) album, Werth .... 654 A frequent disease of pelargonium cuttings, Peters 654 Some common diseases of the rose, Laubert 654 The control of the rose mildew, Schmidt 654 A new tulip disease, Wortmann 654 Concerning a fungus parasitic on Zinnia violacea, Trinchieri 654 The brown fungus of the citrus whitefiy, Fawcett 655 Some notes on nematodes. Carpenter 655 A lime-sulphur wash for use on foliage, Salmon 655 The summer use of concentrated lime sulphur, \\Tietzel 655 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Report of the Bombay Bacteriological Laboratory for the year 1908, Liston 656 Rat destruction in the Punjab 656 Mice and the transmission of certain infectious diseases, Barabaschi 657 The kea : A New Zealand problem, Marriner 657 The feeding habits of the rook, Corvus frugilegus, Collinge 657 Proceedings of the American Association of Economic Entomologists 657 Proceedings of the eighth annual meeting of horticultural inspectors 658 The entomological section, Gunn and Thomsen 658 Entomological notes, Burt 658 Report of the entomologist, Froggatt 659 The scarabee of the sweet potato, Ballon 059 Insects which attack vine buds, Wesley G59 Trees attacked by Termes gestroi, Ridley 659 A new microsporidian parasite of Termes lucifugus, Perez 660 On the feeding habits of the common earwig, Forficula auricularia, Collinge 6G0 On two new genera of Thysanoptera from Venezuela, Bagnall 660 The cotton stainer bug, Lounsbury 660 The phylloxera board, Lowcay 660 [Gossyparia spuria on Viscum album], Fulmek 660 The sugar cane mealy bug (Pseudococcus calceolarias), Garrett 660 The San Jose scale and its control, Quaintance 661 On some coccid pests of economic importance, Green 662 On 2 new species of African coccidte, Newstead 662 A louse from Orycteropus afer, and a new variety of Amblyomma, Neumann. . . 662 The development of Trypanosoma lewisi in Hsematopimus spinulosus, Baldrey. 662 The plume moths of Ceylon, Fletcher '. 662 Field work against the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth, Rogers and Burgess. 662 Some experiments on the edibility of certain lepidopterous larvaj, Eltringham. 663 Mosquitoes, Balfoiu" • • - 663 Distomid parasites on Anopheles maculipennis, Allessandrini 663 The Simulium columbaczense of Roumania, Leon 664 A monograph of the African Tabanidse of the genus Talmnus, Surcouf 664 Some further remarks on the systematic affinities of the Phoridse, Brues 664 A preliminary list of the flics of Wisconsin, Graenicher 664 Three new blood-sucking flies from Paraguay, Schrottky 664 The biology and history of the t.setse flics, Roubaud 664 The structure, development, and bionomics of the house fly, III, Hewitt 664 The Berkeley hou.se-fly campaign, Ilerms 664 The house fly at the bar of indictment.— Guilty or not guilty? 660 A contribution to the study of the Pupipara, Massonat 665 Myiasis of the urinary tract, Chevrel 665 VI CONTENTS. Page. The common Capricorn a destroyer of telegraph poles, Henry 665 Boll weevil in Mississippi, 1909, Harned 665 Curculionid;^ from various parts of Australia, Lea 665 Combating Rhynchites betuleti by means of insecticides, Maisonneuve et al 666 Diseases of bees, Maiden 666 Colonies of ants infested with Laboulbeniaformicarum, Wheeler 666 Chalcidoid parasites of the typhoid fly and its allies, Girault and Sanders 666 Notes and descriptions of North American parasitic Hymenoptera, VIII, Brues. 666 A preliniinary list of the proctotrypoid Hymenoptera of Washington, Brues. . . 666 A new species of Telenomus parasitic on the eggs of tussock moths, Brues 666 Undescribed Ichneumonidae and Braconidse from Lepidoptera, Cameron 666 Panama ticks, Darling 666 Speleorchestes, a new genus of saltatorial Trombidiidse, Tragardh 666 Epidemic of silver maple leaf-mite, Burrill 667 The role of arthropods in the transmission of infectious diseases, Manteufel 667 Development of a piroplasm and trypanosome in artificial media. Martini 667 The development of Hsemoproteus orizivone n. sp., Anschiitz 667 FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. The bleaching of flour and the effect of nitrites, Hale 667 The digestibility of unbleac-hed and of bleached flom-, Willard and Utt 668 The heat of flour, Kelly 668 Deterioration of Indian corn and its character, Gosio 668 Statistics of the Swiss honey industry, Spiihler and Bertschinger 668 The value of fruit as food for man, Rubner 668 Edible wild plants of Nova Scotia, Prest 668 Food analyses, Juritz 668 [Analyses of miscellaneous food products], Bailey and Jackson 668 The Italian law relating to animal foods, Cesari 668 Nutrition and foodstuffs, Bischoff 668 Food and feeding 668 [Food of upper Yukon natives], Schmitter 669 Notes on the ration of Cuban workmen, Ferrer ". 669 Manual for army bakers, Sharpe et al 669 Diet in training 669 The action of sodium benzoate and benzoic acid on the human organism, Uerter. 669 The influence of oxygen inhalations on muscular work, Hill and Flack 669 Select list of references on the cost of living and prices, Meyer 670 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Comparative physiology of domesticated animals, Ellenberger and Scheunert.. 670 A theory of Mendelian phenomena, Spillman 670 The new views about reversion, Davenport 670 Germinal analj'sis through hybridization, Shull 671 Cell division a bipolar phenomenon of an electro-colloidal character, Gallardo. 671 The plumage of crosses between guinea fowls, Guyer 671 A new zebra hybrid, Riley 671 On the recognition of the individual by hemolytic methods, Todd and AVhite. 671 Judging pedigrees, Marshall 672 Grain farming or live stock? Davenport 672 Feeding-off experiments, Angus 672 Dried yeast as a feeding stuff, Kellner 672 Rough rice as feed for horses and mules, Dalrymple 672 Inspection of feeding stuffs 672 [('attle in Alaska], Georgeson and Snodgrass 673 Indian cattle in the United States, Borden 673 Sheep breeding, Villson 673 United States army horses and mules 673 Draft horse judging, Alexander 674 Draft animals in the Philippine Islands 674 Poultry notes. Pearl and Surface 674 Inheritance of hatching quality of eggs in poultry, Pearl 675 Poultry: Northwest Experiment Farm at Crookston, Minn., Brown 675 CONTENTS. VII Page. The present state of poultry culture in Russia, Gontsharoff G75 How to kill and bleed market poultry, Pennington and Betts 676 Tricks of the poultry trade. Hicks. . .'. 676 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Officials, organizations, and institutions connected with dairy interests, 1910. . 676 Milk fat as affected by a ration containing beet leaves, Siegfeld 676 A beet-leaf ration and the composition of milk fat, Fritzsche 677 [A nonsuction milking machine], Monrad 677 A milk preser\ang machine 677 Scarlet fever in London and Surrey due to infected milk, llamer and Jones 677, Milk-borne scarlet fever 677* Bibby's book on milk 677 Some creamery problems and tests, Davis 677 Creamery butter, Larsen, Lund, and Miller 678 Butter shrinkage, Culbertson et al 679 Butter and oleomargarine, McKay 679 Production of volatile fatty acids and esters in Cheddar cheese, Suzuki et al. . . 679 [The cheese industry in Corsica] 680 Some analyses of ghee, Bolton and Revis 680 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Handbook of serumtherapy, edited by Wolff-Eisner 681 Serobiological behavior of sexual cells, Dunbar 681 Serologic studies with aid of optical method, Abderhalden and Pincussohn.. 681 Serologic investigation with variola vera, Dahm 681 Subcutaneous reaction of rabbits to horse serum, Knox, Moss, and Brown 681 Anaphylaxis, with special reference to antibodies, Anderson and Frost 682 The excretion of antitoxin and precipitinogen by the mammary gland, Sohma. . 682 The composition and some characteristics of the leucocytes, Mancini 682 On bactericidal substances extracted from normal leucocytes, Zinsser 682 Influence of the calcium ions on chemotaxis. Hamburger 682 Agglutination tests with normal bovine serum. Spilt 683 A change in the flagella during agglutination, Kiihnemann 683 A clinical method for estimating the antitryptic index. Eve 683 On the value of serums and vaccines in the treatment of disease, Raw 683 The utility of the antilytic power of horse serum, Eve 683 Bacterial nucleoproteids, Lustig and Galeotti 683 [ Precipitin reaction for feces], Wilenko 683 Nephrolithiasis and examination of nephroliths of domestic animals, Bourmer. . 683 The extractive bactericidal substances of some bacteria. Pane 683 The use of the precipitation layer test for diagnosing glanders, Miessner 684 About tetanotoxin and tetanoantitoxin, von Fedorow and Ikonnikow 684 General susceptibility in typhoid and colon infection, Floyd and Barker 684 The significance of the bacteria of the paratyphoid bacillus group, Hiibener 684 Tuberculosis of animals, Buckley 684 Conversion of the human type of tubercle bacillus into the bovine type, Eber. . 685 Congenital tuberculosis in bovines, Bergman. 685 The tonsils of the bovine and their relation to tuberculosis, Devrient 686 A case of tuberculosis in the ass, Cesari CS6 The granular form of tubercle bacilli taking Much's stain, Wchrli and Knoll 686 Diagnosis of tuberculosis by the conjunctival and cutaneous reaction, llaag 686 Diagnostic and prognostic value of opsonic investigations, Fornet and Krencker. 686 The reaction with bovotuberkulol and tuberculin brut, Opalka and During. . . G86 Tuberculin diagnosis with simultaneous metabolism experiments, Saathoff 686 B^raneck's tuberculin and its methtjd of ai)i)lication, Beraneck 687 Diagnostic value of tuberculin for hens and turkeys, Klimnier and Saalbeck 687 Further investigations in regard to immunity against tuberculosis, Ronier 687 Are tubercular animals immune towards their own tubercle bacilli? Joest 687 Experimental investigations about tuberculosis immunity, Romer 687 Remarks in regard to Romer's work on tuberculosis immunity, Joest 687 Antituberculous vaccination in the ox, Arloing 687 Immunization of bovines against tuberculosis, Weber, Fitze, and lorn 688 Value of lymphatic tissue extracts in experimental tuberculosis, Livierato 688 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Feeding mice with healthy meat, Schellhorn 688 In regard to swine plague and hog cholera, Martens 688 Vaccination against hog cholera, Hutyra and Wetzl 689 Etiology of cerebro-spinal meningitis in the horse, Christian! 689 Chronic hypertrophic gastritis in the horse, Esclauze 689 Immunization against African horse sickness, Leipziger 689 Immunization against African horse sickness, Leipziger 690 A new cat plague, Gaertner 690 A new cat plague, Skrzynski 690 [A new cat plague], Gaertner. 690 Occurrence of acute anterior poliomyelitis in chickens, Wilke 690 Role of leucocytes in animals infected by chicken cholera bacterium, Sulima. . 690 Contributions to our knowledge of leukemia, Skiba 690 RURAL ENGINEERING. Poultry-house construction and its influence on the domestic fowl, Opperman. . 691 Practical poultry buildings, Blanchard 691 Poultry houses, Lane and Chapman 692 Report on service condition of paints, Dewar 692 Practical results of underdrainage, Day 692 RURAL ECONOMICS. New views on agricultural economics, Borghesani .■ 692 The farmer and his relation to the economics of the nation, Watson 692 Plantation and frontier, 1649-1863, Phillips 692 Agricultural organization in Illinois, 1870-1880, Buck 693 The progress of agriculture in France during the past half century, Martin 693 The English agrarian problem in the light of the last election, von Mackay 693 The small holdings controversy: Tenancy vs. ownership, AVilkins 693 Agricultural conditions in southern New York, Burritt 693 Farmers at work, Georgeson 693 Renting plan that is bettering 280 acres, Bill 693 The agricultural labor problem, Vogt 694 Obligatory mutual insurance against losses of live stock in Egypt, Plot Bey 694 The principal English markets, Lefebvre 694 Inventory of the statistics of agricultural products and farm animals, Clark 694 The cost of producing Minnesota farm products, 1902-1907, Parker and Cooper. . 695 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The problem of vocational education, Snedden _. . . . _. 695 Approved course in agriculture for high schools and academies in Maine, Hurd . . 695 Elementary horticulture for California schools. Palmer 695 Fanners' institutes and university extension in agriculture, Clarke 695 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Alaska Agricultural Experiment Stations, 1909 695 Twentieth Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1909 695 Monthly Bulletin of the Department Library, June and July, 1910 695 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States — Cont'd. Washington Station: Pape. South Dakota Station: Bui. 122, June, 1910 678 Bui. 4, spec, ser., 1910 091 Bui. 5, spec, ser., 1910 647 Wisconsin Station: Research Bui. 10, May, 1910. . 613 Research Bui. 11, June, 1910. . 679 Circ. Inform. 17, July, 1910... 674 U. S. Department of Agriculture . Stations in the United States. Alaska Stations: Page. An. Rpt. 1909 617, 631, 639, 673, 693, 695 Arizona Station: Twentieth An. Rpt. 1909.. 618,627, 633, 634, 639, 641, 646, 673, 695 California Station: Circ. 54, Aug., 1910 677 Circ. 55, Aug., 1910 695 Indiana Station: Circ. 23, July, 1910 639 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 120, July, 1910 648 Bui. 121, July, 1910 660 Bui. 122, July, 1910 672 Maine Stations: Bui. 179, May, 1910 674 Maryland Station: Bui. 145, June, 1910 684 Bui. 146, July, 1910 691 Massachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 259-260, July-Aug., 1910 ' 617 Minnesota Station: Bui. 117, Apr., 1910 695 Bui. 118, Apr., 1910 637 Bui. 119, May, 1909 675 Mississippi Station: Bui. 139, Mar., 1910 665 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 281, Aug., 1910 614 New York State Station: Bui. 324, July, 1910 672 Tech. Bui. 13, June, 1910 629 North Dakota Station: Paint Bui. 4, Apr., 1910 692 Pennsylvania Station: Bui. 101, July, 1910 634 Porto Rico Station: Bui. 9 (Spanish Ed.), Apr., 1910 638 I Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., to whom all remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Rcrnnl is §1 \)or volunu', and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publications are given above. The publications of the state experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. Farmers' Bui. 402 Rpt. 92 (10 cents) 634 637 Bureau of Animal Industry: Circ. 162 676 Bureau of Chemistry : Circ. 61 676 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 87 (35 cents) 66? Circ. 124 661 Forest Service: Circ. 170 643 Circ. 181 645 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 172 (25 cents). 640 Bui. 182 (10 cents) 636 Bui. 183 (10 cents) 650 Bui. 184 (10 cents) 640 Circ. 58 651 Circ. 64 693 A\'eather Bureau: Monthly Weather Rev., 38, No. 6, June, 1910 cents per number, $2.50 vear) vol. (20 per 617 Library: Monthly Buls., vol. 1, ] 6-7, June-July, 1910 cents a year) Sfos. (20 695 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIII. December, 1910. No 7. While there are no statistics available regarding the vast sums of mone}^ which have been expended during the past ten j^ears in the con- struction and improvement of irrigation works b}' private enterprise, it is estimated that this amount would reach $300,000,000, To this should be added the expenditures of the Reclamation Service, which in eight years have aggregated nearly $60,000,000. This phenomenal activity in the organization and construction of irrigation enterprises has provided immense areas of land with water supplies, present and prospective, and has brought forward a new phase in the settlement of the arid country. In a measure the prob- lem is shifting from the purel}^ engineering side to the agricultural side. At present the question of land reclamation is not so much the construction of new works for additional water supplies as the wise use of the land and water already available. This agricultural side of irrigation was strongly emphasized by Dr. Samuel Fortier, of this Office, in a paper before the last irrigation congress at Pueblo. This paper served to contrast the view of reclamation by irrigation as an engineering problem solely with that of an agricultural enterprise the success of which involves the highest and best use of the land and water by the farmers under the system. Notwithstanding the large number of people who have recently set- tled in the West, there is still a very large area unsettled. It is esti- mated by the field agents of this Office that there are at present about six million acres under ditch, but unirrigated for lack of settlers. The magnitude of the task involved in bringing this land under agri- culture may be realized from the fact that in fifty years only about double this acreage has been reclaimed. The vast expenditure of money for irrigation works has created no end of new issues which must be successfully met and overcome before adecpiate returns can be obtained on the money invested. There has been a failure to estimate at their true value the uiany factors which enter into the reclamation of arid lands. The coniinou conception is that when the water supply is once furnished the prob- lem is solved. To the majority there has seemed to be little call for the exercise of high professional skill beyond the planning and build- ing of an efficient plant. Doctor Fortier expressed the view, from his 601 602 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. long experience, that " the agricultural side of irrigation transcends all others in importance and demands the chief consideration on the part of the people of the West." The one-sidedness of engineers in regard to this matter has led to a careful study of one half of the problem and the ignoring of the other half. As one result of this, large sums have been expended in providing water for land of an inferior quality. Where there is such an abundance of good land it seems a grave mistake to waste the scanty water supply on poor soil. These matters need consideration at the very first stages. Xo one who views irrigation from the agri- cultural standpoint will doubt that the character of the soil on which the water is to be used, the crops which can be grown, the presence or absence of alkali, the formation of hardpan near the surface, and the tendency to become water-logged and to require drainage, are questions whose consideration is as essential to the success of an irrigation enterprise as is the character of the structures used to pro- vide a water supply. The tendency to ignore tlie agricultural side of irrigation has like- wise resulted in the locating and buikling of canals on ground that was too porous to retain water, and in- planning and building sys- tems without adequate provision for either maintenance and opera- tion or water distribution and delivery. The duty of water has also been arbitrarily fixed by men who knew little of the water require- ments of crops or the needs of the men who are to use the water. Enterprise after enterprise is being undertaken under the Carey Act, in some of which the cost of water will reach as high as $70 per acre, and yet the only questions which are thoroughl}'^ considered are the sale of bonds and the engineering features. Whether the farmers who are induced to settle under these projects can afford to pay so much for a water right seems to be too trivial a matter to be consid- ered. In some cases the credulous conservative farmer is beginning to lose faith in engineer's estimates regardless of any j)ossible extenu- ating circumstances. He is first led to believe the price of water will be only $20 an acre, then it is raised to $30, and subsequently to $10, or even higher. Again, the providing of an irrigation supply often stops short in its application to agriculture at a very vital point. The usual custom in the past has been to convey water to the highest point of each section of land, or to its main subdivisions, and leave to men unfa- miliar with irrigation the task of planning and building distribu- taries for the farms. The fact is too often overlooked that each farm unit under a canal sj^stem forms an important part of the whole, and that all the revenues of the system must come from the irrigated farms. Men are slow to recognize that it requires as much experience and ability to establish a proper system of irrigation on a forty-acre farm as to build a portion of a main canal. The only EDITORIAL. 603 safe course to pursue, if success is to l)e assured, is to plan and construct the irrigation system of each indivi'.hial farm with the same care and skill that are exercised in the larger features of the plant. In every atteni])t to convert desert land into fruitful fields there is a transition period which tries men's souls to the utmost. This transition from sage brush to profitable croi)S calls for the exercise of skill and patience and self-denial to Avhich the settlement of the prairie lands of the Mississippi Valley is not comparable. The most profitable crops on an irrigated farm require time to mature. The land for vine3"ards and orchards must be thoi-oiighly pi-epared before the plants are set in the ground, and a period of varying length nuist intervene before any returns can be expected. Staple crops like alfalfa often fail to give a heavy yield on new land the first season. The new settler with limited means is forced to confine his efforts at first to the seeding of small patches of grain and the planting of vegetables, and to work into more profitable crops by degrees. In this transition })eriod, which marks the passing of the desert plants and desert conditions and the introduction of profitable crops under irrigation, the new^ settler is especially in need of help; and the measure of success which a new irrigated district attains will dejiend in no small degree upon the assistance which is given the new farmers during the first three years of their fight with the desert. Attention has frequently been called to the waste of water in irrigation in the West. Too nnich water is used, and there is an inclination to rely too much on irrigation and too little on cultiva- tion. After all, the man is the most important factor in irrigation as in other farming. There is great need throughout the irrigated districts not only for more farmers but for better farmers. The difference between a heavy and a light yield can in very many instances be traced to the man who growls the crop. As a whole, the distinguishing feature of the good farm in the irrigated districts is usually the good farmer, which often transcends dill'erences in the quality of the soil. It usually happens that the careless farmer who applies from three to four acre-feet of water per acre receives much less from the soil in the way of crops than the more careful farmer who uses less than half this amount. Some twenty years ago it was feared that the water supplies of the West would pass eventually into the hands of rich corporations wdio would oppress the water users l)y levying heavy tribute. There are now^ few such corporations in existence; the companies organ- ized for the purpose of selling water rights and collecting water rentals have sold out as a rule to the farmers who own the land under the system. There is still no end of monopoly in irrigated waters, but the monopolists do not happen to be wealthy capitalists. They are the farmers who have received more than their legitinuite 604 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. -- share of water. All over the arid region individuals, associations, and corporations composed of farmers have received from the courts two, three, and even four times more water than their crops require under economical use. Until such evils are remedied this region can ncA'cr hope to jiossess that extent of irrigated land which its available water would furnish if equitably apportioned. Sometimes the blame rests with the state legislatures in placing the maximum amount of water which a farmer is entitled to use at so high a figure that waste is almost certain to result. In certain warm parts of the arid region, where evaporation losses are heavy, the continuous flow of 1 cubic foot per second, when economically used, serves from 250 to 400 acres. In some of the colder parts of the arid region, with less evaporation, the same quantity of water serves only 70 acres. These things emphasize the need of more attention to the methods employed in the distribution, delivery, and application of water, and until this is done it is evident that water will not be economically used in irrigation. So long as we continue to magnify the impor- tance of building costly structures and belittle the more important work of raising valuable crops, just so long will careless, slipshod methods prevail. In the past decade millions of dollars have been expended in securing water, but the assertion is ventured that for every $500 so expended less than $1 has been used in assisting the farmers to make a Avise use of the water provided. A candid con- sideration of the present stage of progress leaves no other conclusion than tluit the material prosperity of the western country is depend- ent on the better development of the agricultural side of irrigation. It was the purpose of the organizers of the Brussels Exposition of 1910 to make it more than a demonstration of the industrial and com- mercial activity of the nations participating. With a view to giving it a permanent intellectual value, a series of congresses and confer- ences Avas provided for as one of the main groups of the exposition, which Avere held from April to October. There were some sixty-nine of these congresses and a number of conferences, Avhich had to do Avith a wide A'ariety of subjects. Among the congresses of special interest to students of agriculture may be mentioned the international congresses of horticulture, botany, tropical agronomy, entomology, popular education, agricultural as- sociations and rural demograph3^ apiculture, and alimentary hygiene and the rational nutrition of man, as well as conferences Avhich had to do Avith municipal sanitation and domestic architecture. The Brussels congress of alimentary hygiene and the rational nutrition of man was the second international congress to be held, and like the first is due to the initiatiA^e of the French Societe Scientifique d'Hygiene Alimentaire. It may be mentioned in passing that this EDITORIAL. 605 society was formed to further the study of nutrition problems. in France, because it was recognized that the extended work which had been carried on in the United States, Germany, Enghuid, and other countries had yielded results of very great value. Among the or- ganizers were Dr. H. Ricard, senator from the Cote-d*Or; M. Ber- tlielot, the permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences; Prof. Armand Gautier, Dr. L. Grandeau, Dr. Henri de Rothschild, M. Kaufmann, professor at the National Veterinary School at Alfort; H. Yallee, and others, the list as a Avhole including the names of men eminent in nutrition, chemistry, agriculture, hygiene, veterinary medi- cine, analysis and inspection work, and other topics pertaining to the general subject of hygienic and rational nutrition. The society received the recognition of the French Government and established a journal, the Revue de la Societe Seientifique cVIIy- giene AUmentaire, which records the proceedings of the society and prints original articles and abstracts and reviews of current literature. It is interesting to recall that the first article in the first issue of this jonrnal dealt with the scope and extent of the nutrition investigations of this Office, and that in his introduction Doctor Gran- deau, the author, made special mention of the society's indebtedness to Prof. W. O. Atwater, who took an active interest in its organiza- tion. Recognizing the desirability of international conference and co- operation, the societ}^ organized the first international congress, which was held in Paris in 190G. In the attendance, the interest manifested in its work, the high grade of papers presented, and the importance of its deliberations, the congress was a marked success. When the second international congress was being arranged for. the society selected Brussels as the place of meeting, and fornndated plans for a gathering on the same general lines as the l*aris congress. The foreign countries invited to participate in the Brussels con- gress were asked to form organization counnittees, and Dr. II. W. Wiley, chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, acted as chairman of the American committee. Dr. C. F. Langworthy, wlio was chairman of the American subcommittee of section 1, biological physics and energetics, also supervised the collection of American papers on nutrition and other branches of home economics, and was in alteud- ance at the congress. The Brussels congress was divided into seven sections, namely: (1) biological physics and energetics; (2) physiology and physiological chemistry — rational nutrition and dietetics; (3) hygiene of nutri- tion, bacteriology, and parasitology — food poisoning: (4) food mate- rials— their composition, analysis, and adulteration, with subsections on general food materials and on dairy products; (5) potable waters; 606 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. (6) legislation, inspection, suppression of fraud, statistics of food adulteration; and (7) teaching of rational nutrition and hygiene — methods of popular instruction in the subject, cooperative work, administration of food work, food charity work, and food in relation to sociological questions. The congress was called under the patronage of the King of Bel- gium and the Belgian Government, and numbered among its officials many men of prominence. Its sessions, as of other congresses at the Brussels Exposition, were held in the Palais des Fetes. The attend- ance Avas large, particularly the representation from various Euro- pean comitries. The principal activities of the congress centered in the section meetings and the general conferences, both of which were of great interest. The plan was followed of printing and distributing the papers in advance, with a view to economizing time, as an author could then simply summarize his paper and present his results for discussion. The plan adopted permitted the greatest possible amount of discussion and interchange of information in a given time. In many cases recommendations were adopted regarding future work having to do with the subjects presented. Much interest was manifested in the energetics of nutrition, and the papers in section 1. which had to do with this subject, were par- ticularly numerous. The interest in questions of In^giene was shown by the able papers in section 3, which included such topics as the danger of exposing foods for sale without due protection from dust and dirt, physical methods for preserving food, including steriliza- tion and refrigeration, food poisoning of different types, chemical and bacteriological requirements for potable waters, and the preven- tion of tuberculous infection through milk. Other papers which had to do with milk and dairy products formed a part of the list pre- sented in section 4. The list of papers in section 7, likewise a long one, treated of such subjects as the feeding of infants, the food of laboring men, diet in different climates, arni}^ diet, and diet in rural regions. The educa- tional side of the work Avas also stronglv emphasized in this section with papers on the teaching of nutrition in schools, the methods fol- lowed in Holland in popularizing work in rational nutrition and hygiene, and the methods of teaching home economics followed in a number of American colleges. In view of the interest and activity in human nutrition in this country, as evidenced by the work and the teachings of the Federal Department, the experiment stations, and the agricultural colleges, it seemed desirable that the American work along these lines should be adequately represented at the Brussels congress, and an effort was accordingly made to collect papers and other illustrative material. EDITORIAL. 607 The response from the teachers, investigators, and others concerned was quite general, althoiiiili the time was short. Some thirty papers were received from the hmd-grant institutions, other colleges, normal schools, etc.. in the United States, which give domestic science courses. These papers treated of such subjects as descriptive accounts of courses in home economics at the University of AVisconsin. University of Minnesota. Teachers College, and University of Illinois; the respiration calorimeter of this Office and the work undertaken with it; the respiration calorimeter used in cooperative experiments at the Institute of Animal Nutrition, Pennsylvania State College; the American Home Economics Association and its work; a brief ac- count of the nutrition work of this Office ; and a summary of nutri- tion literature Avhich has "appeared in the United States since the previous congress. In presenting the American work to the conference, Doctor Lang- worthy briefly outlined its scope, the agencies engaged in it. and dis- cussed certain features of the findings and the general result of the movement. Prof. Paul de Vuyst, inspector of agriculture in Bel- gium, also spoke of the character and extent of this movement in the United States and paid attention particularly to the work in nutrition in the agricultural colleges and this Department. Such successful conferences serve to bring out the common interest in investigation, irrespective of the locality where it is ]nade, and demonstrate the large human element involved in a si)ecial line of research and its application, which has become world-wide. The bet- ter understanding of the work and methods employed in different countries, and the zeal and inspiration gathered from personal con- tact with the leading workers are an important product of such meetings. The death of Prof. William Henry Brewer, which occurred at his home in New Haven, Conn., November 2, removes an interesting- figure, Avhose name is associated with the history of the earliest imder- takings in agricultural instruction. Professor Brewer Avas a native of New York State, where he was born September 14, 1828. After attending the Ithaca Academy for three winters he entered Yale Universit}''. A scientific department had recently been established there, with John P. Norton as professor of agriculture and Benjamin Silliman, jr., as professor of chemistr}'- as applied to the arts; and an agricultural chemical laboratory' was opened Avith the college year in 1847. This new department formed the beginning of the Sheffield Scientific School. Professor Brewer entered the institution in 1848, intending to spend the winter '' learn- ing to analyze soils and manures," but was induced by Professor Norton to remain for tAvo years, taking the regular course then being established. G3100°— No. 7—10 2 608 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Ill the Aviiiter of 1850-51 five gentlemen from Buffalo took steps toward the establishment of an agTicultiiral school, the Oakwood Agricultural Institute, at Lancaster, a small village near Buffalo. The school was founded on 200 shares of stock subscribed by these men, who hoped after it had been brought into successful operation to turn it over to the State as a nucleus for a state agri- cultural college — an institution Avhich man}^ were then advocating. Professor Brewer Avas empkwed to take charge of the agricultural department of this new agricultural school, and just before the school opened was placed in charge of it as principal. The school opened early in April, 1851, using the buildings on the farm of Judge Theodotus Burrell, who was the originator and chief promoter of the scheme. About a dozen boys, 14 to IT j^ears of age, attended until the school closed in the late fall. Professor Brewer spent the winter in giving public lectures for the school on elementary and agricultural chemistry. A disastrous fire in Buffalo that winter so financially crippled the three main supporters of the school that it never opened its doors again. In 1852 Professor Brewer became connected with Ovid College, an institution in central New York, which had been placed in charge of Rev. Amos Brown with the understanding that he was to introduce instruction in agricultural science, and that the trustees were to provide by subscription the salary of one teacher who was to give instruction in the school in chemistry, agricultural chemistry, and botany, and was to deliver lectures on these and kindred subjects to which the subscribers and their families were to be admitted free of charge. Professor Brewer fulfilled this mission from 1852 to 1858, with the exception of two years spent in Europe ; and after teaching chemistry and geology in a number of institutions he went to the Sheffield Scientific School in 1864 as professor of agriculture. This chair he occupied until 1003. when he retired as professor emeritus. Professor Brewer's career was an unusually active and varied one. Aside from his teaching he held many public positions. He was con- nected with the geological survey of California, the topographical survey of Connecticut, and the scientific survey of the Philippine Islands in 1903, and he had charge of the department of cereal production in the Tenth Census. He was a prolific writer on a quite wide range of subjects centering in agriculture, especially historical surveys, the breeding of animals, and the geology of soils. For many years after the organization of the Connecticut State Experiment Station he served as its secretary and treasurer. He was active in connection with the state board of agriculture, and from 1892 to 1909 was president of the Connecticut board of health. He was an active and honored member of many learned societies, at whose meetings he had until recently been a con- spicuous figure. RECHXT WORK I\ ACRICULTl'RAL SCIHXCL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Small encyclopedic dictionary of agricultural chemistry, M. Passon (Kleines Handivortcrbuch dcr AgrikuJturvhemic. Lciimic, 1910, pp. IT+Jfl5, figs. 305 ) . — According to the preface this vohime is to serve the purpose of ready reference, particularly in experiment stations where a large library is lacking. Notable features in the work are the descriptions of the various chemical meth- ods, and data relating to animal physiology and nutrition and the various feed- ing stuffs. Electrolytic reduction of nitric acid, H. E. Patten {Trans. Amer. Elecirochem, Soc, 12 (1907), pp. \323-398, figs. 9). — According to earlier investigations, in re- ducing nitric acid with a platinum cathode hydroxylamin is obtained along with nitrogen gas and ammonia. Xo nitrate is produced. Tlie effect of the cathode material on the yield of ammonia has been investigated, but little attention hitherto paid to cathode polarization. The author, in the laboratory of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, studied the conditions accompanying the various yields of ammonia and of hydroxylamin. The initial electrode single potentials were noted, and measurements repeated throughout the electrolysis. The effect on the yield of different conditions was determined, such as the con- centration ; the use of a copper cathode with a porous diaphragm and lead anode in dilute sulphuric acid ; current density : temperature ; the presence of copper sulphate: and tlie use of different cathode materials. The reducibility of hy- droxylamin at the copper cathode and the reduction of nitratd with a copper cathode and platinum anode were determined. The author concludes from his experiments that an increase iu the concentra- tion of the acid increases the yield of ammonia and decreases the hydroxylamin, using a copper cathode in dilute sulphuric acid. An increase of current density decreases the ammonia yield with a copper cathode, but increases it with a platinum cathode. The effect of temperature on the yield of ammonia and hydroxylamin is slight. The ammonia yield is increased by the continued depo- sition of copper at the cathode, whether smooth or spongy, or amalgamated. A low cathode discharge accompanies a high yield of ammonia, as does also a low- current density. Nitrogen, either free or as oxids. is given off at both the cop- per cathode and platinum anode. The reduction of nitric acid to ammonia at a copper cathode probably involves the formation of hydroxylamin as an inter- mediate stage. The electrolysis of sodium nitrate at the copper cathode in a sulphuric acid solution reduces all the nitrogen to a form which is not oxidized by potassium pei'mjuigaiiate. The electrolytic reduction of nitric acid, II, III, II. E. Patten mhu W. J. McCaughey {Trans. Anicr. Elect rnchcni. Soc, 15 {1909), pp. 535-557, figs. 5; 17 {1910), pp. 377-390, figs. .}). — In a second i)aper continuing the above work, the action of oxygen liberated at a plntinum .•mode upon annnonium sulphate in a sulphuric acid solution was studied, and also the reduction of potassium ni- 609 610 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. trate in a siiJpburic acid solution in the presence of copper sulphate at a copiier cathode. Very comprehensive analytical data were obtained for the solution and for the gases at the anode and cathode at a number of intervals during electrolysis. The authors conclude that ammonium sulphate in a sulphuric acid solution is oxidized at a platinum anode, nitrogen gas being liberated; that hydroxyla- min is found as an intermediate step to ammonia in the electrolysis of nitrate in sulphuric acid with copper sulphate; that nitrogen is liberated at the cathode and at the platinum anode; and that nitrogen undergoing either oxidation or reduction probably goes through the several intermediate stages, if not all, which exist between the initial and final state of oxidation. They have defined the electrical, chemical, and physical conditions under which these changes take place. In the third paper, the authors study particularly the reduction of hy- droxylamin in a sulphuric acid solution at a copper cathode with copper sul- phate present, and the oxidation of hydroxylamin at a platinum anode. The conditions of the experiments and single ix»tential discharge measurements are given. It was found that hydroxylamin may be reduced to ammonia ; that nitrogen is liberated at both the anode and cathode, at the anode at a fairly constant rate, ammonia being left in solution, and at the cathode rapidly at first and in such quantity as to suggest the formation of hydrazin as an intermediate step and its subsequent oxidation to hydroxylamin, then giving free nitrogen and as electrolysis proceeds the yield of free nitrogen decreasing. The same high initial evolution of nitrogen is met in the electrolysis of nitrate under the same conditions, and suggests that here, too, the hydroxylamin formed may be reduced to a lower stage of oxidation, such as liydrazin. The complexity of the humus extract of soils, E. C. Shorey {Abs. in Science, n. scr., 31 {1910), 'So. 807, p. 960). — "A summary of the work of the Division of Fertility Investigations of the Bureau of Soils on soil organic matter. The author announced the isolation by him of 23 organic compounds from soils. Seventeen of these have been identified and 8 types of compounds are repre- sented." The availability of soil phosphates, W. P. Kelley (Jour. Indus, and EngUi. Clicm., .2 (1910), A'o. 6, pp. 277-2S0). — From Hawaiian soils the author was able to show that the neutralization coefficient obtained with fifth-normal nitric and hydrochloric acid bore a direct relation to the availability of the soil phosphates. He further investigated Hawaiian air-dry soils containing large amounts of iron and alumina in combination with large amounts of phosphates (in which combination they would not be readily available for plant growth), with particular regard to the solubility of the phosphates in fifth-normal hydrochloric acid and 1 per cent sodium hydrate. The results show that the fifth-normal hydrochloric acid is of value in determining the phosphate deficiencies in soils of very different types, but that the strength of acid generally employed is not sufficient for highly ferruginous soils. A method of determining' the cellulose-decomposing power of the soil, H. R. Christensen {Tidsskr. Landbr. Plantcavl, 17 (1910), Xo. 2, pp. 356-359).— The sample to be examined, corresponding to 50 gm. of dried soil, is placed in a 300 cc. Erlenmeyer flask so that it loosely covers about three-fourths of the bottom. Distilled water is now carefully added with a pipette until the soil is nearly saturated. Two small pieces of ash-free filter paper, 30 mm. long and 5 mm. wide, are next placed in the fiask and pressed down with a glass rod so as to touch the soil. According to the author's experience with about 50 dif- ferent soil samples, after a period varying from a few days to several weeks AGRTCULTFRAL CirEMISTRY ACROTKCIl XV. 611 the decomposition of the filter paper will coninience and will ju' (•onipleied in 0 to 93 days. The rate of decomposition is scored accordiiij,' to a scale ranyini,' from zero to 4. This method is recommended in preference to that of licniy (E. S. R, 15, p. 859) for the rpiantitative deternunation of the bacterial activity in soils. The formation of gluconic acid by the olive-tubercle organism and the function of oxidation in some micro-org'anisms, C. L. Alshkrg (Prac. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 6 (1909), No. 3, p. S3: Rrpriuf. p. /).— "The olive-tubercle organism [Bacterium savastonoi), recently described by E. F. Smith (E. S. K.. 20. p. 249), when grown in the presence of glucose and an excess of calcium carbonate converts the greater part of the glucose into calcium gluconate. The amount of energy liberated thereby is exceedingly great in comparison to the weight of the organisms. This is to be explained by the fact that the energy requirements of micro-organisms are very much greater than those of higlier forms, partly because of the disproportion between the body surface and the body A-olume of micro-organisms, and partly because micro-organisms exist in a medium which is an excellent conductor of heat." New method for extracting' a phosphatid from plants, A. Contardi (.1/// /?. Accad. Lined. Bend. CI. Xr-/. Fix.. Mat. e Xat., 5. so:, IS (,1909), I, Xo. 2. pp. 64-67; ais. in Clieni. Ahs., .', (1910), Xo. 12, p. 1619).— In this work finely powdered rice hulls were treated with 2 parts of a 0.2 to 0.3 per cent hydro- chloric acid solution, and the liquid then pressed out, heated at a point lower than the boiling point, and neutralized with magnesium oxid. The precipitate thus formed, which is voluminous, is treated with hydrochloric acid on the water bath (a certain amount of the precipitate remains undissolved). The phosphatid (phytin) is deposited slowly in a crystalline form from the filtrate. The yield from 200 kg. of raw material was 10 kg. The chemistry of barley spelts. K. Geys (Ztsclir. CiCi^am. Brainr., 33 (1910). No. 28, pp. 3Jf7-3'i9). — The ether extract of barley spelts yielded a crude fat which had a dark green color and a melting point lying between 45 and 47° C. This with the aid of hot alcohol was separated into a wax and a fat. The wax after repeated crystallization was found to have the following constants : Melt- ing point 68° C, specific gravity 0.977 at 15° C, acid number 21, ester number 5S, and saponification number 79. The fat, which was soluble in cold alcohol, liad a melting point of from 18 to 19° C, specific gravity from 0.92(5 to 0.928. ioc'in number 65, and saponification numV>er 192. Tannic acid could not be isolated from the alcoholic extracts, but in both the alcoholic and ethereal extracts phosphorus could be detected. From a watery hydrochloric acid solution a phosphorous compound could Uo isolated, which the author regards as identical with phytin. Analysis and hydrolysis seemed to prove this, and it is assumed from the work that without a doubt this organic phosphorous compound is hydrolyzed by enzynis in an aqueous solution. About the nonnitrogenous extracts in feeding stuffs, F. Sct-rti (Sla:-. Siki: Agr. Ital., .'i3 (1910), Xo. 1. pp. .5-32). — The author investigated the nitrogen- free extract substances which constitute 40.38 jhm- cent of sweet clover ( tlnl!/- sarum eoronarium) in order to determine their feeding value. The impor- tance of these substances for feeding is i)ointed out. and the author divides (hem into 3 groups: (1) Consisting partly of monosaccharids having 5 to 6 atoms of carbon and partly of disaccharids; (2) the anhydrids of sugars formed by the condensation of the various nmnosaccharids but not im-luding glucose; and (3) those bodies which are of an acid nature and which are i)robabIy derived from the carbohydrates. One hundred parts of dry substance on 612 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. analysis yielded glucose, levnlose, and arabinose 7.42 per cent, saccharose 2.93 per cent, galactan, araban, etc., soluble in 0.06 per cent NaOH, 3.73 per cent, free organic acids 0.67 per cent, compounds of an acid nature, as salts, 8.43 per cent, and galactan, araban, etc., insoluble in alkali but bydrolizable by dilute sulphuric acid (by difference), 23.2 per cent. On the heat coag'ulation of proteins, Harriet Chick and C. J. Martin {Jour. Physiol., J,0 (1910), No. 5, pp. ^-.^30, figs. 7).— "The process of 'heat coagulation ' has been studied with solutions of crystallized hemoglobin and crystallized egg albumin. The complete solubility of both protelds after ex- posure to dry heat at high tempei-atures (110 to 130° C. ) indicates that 'heat coagulation ' of protein solutions is not a pure temperature effect, but a reaction lietween water and protein. In the case of solutions of hemoglobin the rate of coagulation at any moment is proportional to the concentration of residual hemoglobin, i. e., it is a reaction of the first order. Coagulation of solutions of egg albumin crystals is also an orderly time process, but the rate decreases more i-apidly as coagulation proceeds than can be accounted for by the decrease In concentration of uncoagulated protein. The explanation of this increased com- plexity is attributed to want of homogeneity in the composition of egg albumin crystals, and to the changing conditions due to the absorption of free acid by the coagulum as formed. " The conclusion of Osborne that egg albumin crystals as prepared by Hop- kin's method consist of salts of protein with the acids used in their preparation is confirmed. In the case of 1 per cent solutions of egg albumin, twice recrystal- lized from ammonium sulphate solution, the combined acid was equal to 0.0004 etpiivalents per gram of protein and the proportion of acid free was 0.7 per cent of the total (0.0000251 N). On addition of alkali to the original solution most was employed in decomposition of the acid protein salts, and diminution of the free acid was Aery gradual. . . . " The effect of acid upon coagulation rare is considerable. The addition to a solution of egg albumin crystals of 4 cc. tenth-normal alkali per gram protein (i. e., the amount necessary to neutralize) reduced the reaction rate to one- sixtieth. The influence of acid in accelerating the coagulation rate of a neutral solution of egg albumin is at first relatively small : with each successive addition of acid its influence becomes disproportionately greater. The mean coagulation rate of egg albumin is not directly jiroportional to the hydrogen ion concentra- tion. The velocity of the reaction increases at first more slowly and subse- quently more quickly than the hydrogen ion content. It is possible, however, that hydrogen ion concentration may be a factor in determining reaction rate. As, however, most of the acid added combines to form salts, it may be that the whole or part of its effect upon reaction rate is due to such salts reacting with water more rapidly than protein itself and the more acid salts more rapidly than the less acid salts. The free acid in a solution of egg albumin crystals dimin- ishes and even disappears as coagulation proceeds. The quantity of free acid fixed by the coagulation of a definite quantity of protein is at first nearly jn'oportional to the concentration of free acid; as this concentration increases, the amount fixed falls more and more short of proportionality. The curve suggests that the phenomenon is one of absorption by the coagulated particles, as protein already coagulated and washed absorbs free acid from solutions in which it is suspended. " Coagulation of both proteins is influenced by temperature in accordance with the law of Arrheuius or some similar logarithmic law. The temperature coeflicient is exceedingly high, viz. 1.91 per degi'ee centigrade for egg albumin and 1.3 per degree for hemoglobin." AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECIIN Y. G13 Determining' the quantity of monoamino acids yielded by proteins when hydrolyzed with acids, T. B. Osborne and D. R. Joxks (Aiiui: Jour. Phi/sioL, 26 (1910), Xo. 2, pp. 212-228).— The results of modifications of the usual meth- ods of aualyzius proteins are reported. The object of the modifications was to obtain a more nearly quantitative method of determining the monoamino acids, or a larger proportion of the still unknown substances among the products of hydrolysis. Zeiu was the proteid used in the study. Investig-ations in reg'ard to the practicability of utilizing anaphylaxis for differentiating various proteids, Uhleniiutii and Haendel (Zt.^chr. Immunitlitsf. u. Expf. Thci:, I. Orifj., /, (1910), No. 6, pp. 761-816).— The ana- phylaxis reaction whether passive or active is not applicable to the differentia- tion of related blood types. The reaction, however, may be of value to sub- stantiate the findings of the precipitation tests with certain proteins or in instances where (for technical reasons or where denaturized protein is in ques- tion) it is inconvenient to apply the complement binding reaction or the pre- cipitation test. Concerning our method of nitrogen estimation, E. A. Mitscherlich (Laiulw. Vers. Stat, 72 {1910), Xo. 5-6, pp. .J.59-/,6^).— A reply to Zeller's criticism (E. S. R., 22, p. 609). A source of error in estimating' ammonia, E. Barral (BuI. Soc. Chun. France, J,, ser.. 7 (1910), Xo. 1, pp. 8, 9; abs. in Jour. Clicm. Soc. [London], 98 (1910), No. 568, II, p. 755).— When using Schloessing's method in the determina- tion of nitrogen as ammonia it was found that new block-tin condensers absorbed much ammonia, and accurate results were obtained only after they had been in use for a certain length of time. Tests with granulated tin showed only a A-ery slight absorption of ammonia, and from this the author concluded that the error was probably due to the presence of grease or tin oxids in the new tubes. The gravimetric determination of the phosphates, A. H. iLvrnn (Chcm. Xeics, 101 (1910), Xo. 2635. p. 2-il; abs. in Chcm. Ztg., 3', (1910), Xo. 69, Repert., p. 275).— Woy's method (E. S. R., 14, p. 1042; 15, p. 122) is recom- • mended instead of the magnesium-pyrophosphate method on account of its rapidity of execution and more accurate results. The precipitate obtained by double precipitation with ammonium niolybdate in the presence of ammonium nitrate and in a nitric acid solution is collected in a Gooch crucible, placed in a nickel crucible containing some asbestos, and heated at a I'ed heat for 20 min- utes. The weight of the blue-black mass obtained, multiplied by 0.0o94G7 (log 2.59623), equals the weight of i)hosphoric acid (P^jO^). The exact determination of sulphur and of barium in the presence of alkali salts, I. K, Phelps (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), Xo. 807, p. 960).— " By precipitating with Bad- in a hot, neutral solution the contamination of BaSOi with foreign negative ions may be almost completely avoided and the precipitate contaminated with such positive ions as K, Na or NIL converted into pure BaSO. by treatment with ILSOi. evaporation, and extract ion of the alkali sul- plate with water. In determining sulphur this alkali sulphate is converted into BaS04 by addition of the water extract to the mother li(iuor of the first pre- cipitate. This second precipitate of BaSO, is added to the first and the process repeated. In determining Ba the water extracts are rejected." Some improved methods of dairy chemistry analysis (Wiscnn.iin Stn. Re- search Bill. 10, pp. 107-125). — This contains three papers, previously noted from other sources, as follows: (1) A volumetric method for the estimation of casein in cow's milk, by E. B. Hart (E. S. R., 21, p. 61.3) : (2) The quantitative estima- tion of lactic acid in Cheddar cheese, by S. K. Suzuki and E. B. Hart (I-l S. R., 22, p. 414) ; and (3) The relation of different acids to the precipitation of casein 614 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and to the solubility of cheese curds iu salt solutions, by J. L. Sammis and E. B. Hart (E. S. R., 21, p. 177). Moisture determination in cheese with the Soxhlet oven, O. von Sobbe {Milch Ztg., 39 (1910), No. 23, pp. 268, 269).— The sand method is less accurate and less rapid than, and not so easy to manipulate as, the method which em- ploys a covered dish alone for estimating the water in cheese. See a previous note (E. S. R., 22, p. 414). Determination of casein in cheese, Trillat and Sauton {Rev. Soc. Set. Ilyg. Aliment., 5 {1908), No. 5, pp. 794-797; abs. in Chem. Abs., 4 {1910), No. 11, p. 1506). — Macerate 2 gm. of cheese iu 10 cc. of hot water and gradually add 50 cc. of water containing 1 to 2 drops of ammonia. Boil for 5 minutes, add 0.5 cc. of formaldehyde, boil again for 3 minutes, and allow to rest for 5 minutes. Then precipitate the casein with 5 drops of pure acetic acid, allow the precipitate to settle, collect on a weighed filter paper, extract with acetone, dry at from 75 to 80° C, and weigh. In the original article results of analyses of cheeses are given, the increase in the secondary caseins and the decrease in the primary caseins during the aging process being shown. A new method for estimating albuminoids in milk, Trillat and Sauton {Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg. Aliment., 5 (1908), No. 5. pp. 798-803; abs. in Chem. Abs., Jf {1910), No. 11, p. 1506). — The same as the above method for cheese, with the exception that 5 cc. of milk are diluted to 25 cc, then boiled and 5 drops of formaldehyde added, and the precipitation made with 5 cc. of a 1 per cent solu- tion of pure acetic acid. Biological differentiation of milk and nailk proteids, F. Kollmeyer {Ztschr. Biol., o'l (1910), No. 2-3, pp. 6-'f-90). — These tests were conducted with the milk of the buffalo, cow, ass, and woman. From the results it appears that a close relation exists between the precipitin and complement binding reaction in the differentiation of milk proteids of the various animal species. Casein, albumin, and globulin have a very definite action on the hemolytic system, producing a deviation of the complement. Certain proteids of milk are biologically identical with those contained in the blood of the same animal species. Colostra 1 milks contain proteids of hematoge- nous origin and to a greater extent than ordinary milk. With the aid of a lacto- serum boiled milk can be detected with the complement binding reaction, but on the other hand, an antiserum can be prepared from boiled milk which yields a complement reaction with both raw and boiled milk. A new sal method for estimating fat in milk, <). Wendlek (Milch Ztg., 39 (1910), No. 20, pp. 230-232, figs. J,). — This is a new fat estimating method in which a neutral substance is substituted for the sulphuric acid or alkali. The apparatus employed in this method is shown. Butter moisture tests, H. E. Ross (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 281, pp. 401-.'il3). — The author found that when preparing the sample for moisture estimation it is better to stir the sanutle while cooling, instead of shaking it as recommended by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. After describing the chemical gravimetric method (E. S. R., 19 p. 506), the Gray method ( E. S. R., IS, p. 710), the Irish method (E. S. R., 20, p. 209). and the Farrington method (E. S. R., 19, p. 708), results of comparative tests be- tween these methods and one designated as the Cornell method are reported and discussed. The Gray method showed the greatest diversity from the gravi- metric method, 0.515 per cent, and the Cornell method showed the least, 0.075 per cent. The Irish and Farrington tests were about alike, varying respectively 0.258 and 0.268 per cent from the gravimetric method. The Cornell test is made as follows: After preparing the sample and balancing it in a dry aluminum cup it is placed on the asbestos board of a stand which AGETCITLTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 615 has been heated for 3 miuutes previously witli nii alcohol lamp. The butter fat is heated and during the process the aluniinuni pan is shaken at intervals in order to break up tlie layer of casein on tlie surface of tlie butter. The appear- ance of a slight pungent odor is used as a guide for terminating the heating. A recession of the foam also takes place at this point. The butter is then cooled (covering it during this period with a piece of paper) and placed on a specially devised moisture balance, which is described. The scale on the balance gives its readings in percentages and fractions thereof. The test is considered very easy to operate and the apparatus is reasonably cheaii and duraiile. The scale can be used for work in the Babcock test. Antipyrin for estimating' the iodin number of fats and essential oils, F. BoRDE (Bid. Sci. Phitrmacoh. 16 (1909). No. 11, pp. 6.5.'/-6'.56; abs. in Ztfichr. Rirch u. Grschmackst., 2 (1910). No. 8. pp. 92. .93).— In each of two 100 cc. bottles (which may be stoppered) place 15 to 20 cc. of the essential oil and add 10 cc. of pure alcohol and 10 cc. of freshly prepared iodin solution (.5 gm. in 100 cc. 90 per cent alcohol), the titer of which has been obtained against an antipyrin solution which contains exactly 1.88 gm. of pure antipyrin in 100 cc. of 50 per cent alcohol. To each flask then add 10 cc. of a 6 per cent alcoholic solution of corrosive sublimate (80 per cent alcohol), shake, and allow to stand for 4 hours in a dark place. After this interval titrate liack with antipyrin solution any unused iodin which may be present. One cc. of antipyrin solu- tion is equivalent to 0.02.54 gm. of iodin. Examination of candelilla wax, R. F. Hare and A. P. B.iERREOAVRn [Jnitr. Indus, and Engin. Chem.. 2 (1910), No. 5. pp. 203-205). — The results of an ex- amination of a sample of candelilla wax, a wax which coats the Mexican cande- lilla plant (Euphorbia antisyphilitica), prepared and purified by the authors and comi)ared with carnauba. bee, and Chinese in.sec-t wax, are reported. Nitrog-en estimation in feeding- stuffs by utilizing' different amounts, O. Engels (Land IV. Veis. Stat., 72 (1910), No. .j-ll. pp. 'i07-.'i 12). —Vi^iu^ vari- ous amounts of substance for the nitrogen determination does not always yield the same results. Parallel determinations with 1, 2.5, and 5 gm.. resjiectively. with rape, sesame, palm and coconut cakes, peanut gleanings, linseed, linseed cake meal, brewers' grains, malt sprouts, etc., were made and it is seen from the results that the best results were obtained when from 2.5 to 5 gm. of mate- rial was used for the analysis and the lea.st satisfactory when 1 gm. was used. Examination of phosphatic feed lime, (). Kellnek (Landir. Fo-.s'. Stat.. 72 (19 JO), No. 5-0. pp. 357-365). — Cooperative tests amongst the German experi- ment stations show that the short method, previously described (E. S. R., 22. p. 211), while yielding lower results than Petermann's method is more accurate. The determination of nitrog-en in the feces, I. K. Phelps (.l&.s. //; Scicnrr. 11. nei:, 31 (1910), No. 807, p. 960).— "The difficulties of loss of nitrogen by standing, of obtaining a uniform sample of the heterogeneous material, and of separating the hair from the fecal matter when dogs are the subject of s^tudy are overcome by preservation of the feces under alcohol, filtration. deliys. 16. eJnuis 33). — This number contains the usual climatological sum- maries, weather forecasts and warnings for June, 1910, river and flood obser- vations, lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology, a condensed climatological summary, and cli- matological tables and charts. There are also special papers on The Water- 1 lower Resources of Colorado, with Special Reference to Stream Flow, by W. I'.. Freeman; Snowfall at Summit, Cal. (illus.), by A. G. McAdie; Avalanches in the Cascades and Northern Rocky Mountains during Winter of 1909-10 (illus.). by E. A. Reals ; The Catchment of Snowfall by Means of Large Snow Bins and Towers (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow ; and The Temperature Conditions of Boston, Mass. (illus.), by A. H. Palmer. Climatic records for 1909 {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1909, pp. 72-S2).— Tabular sum- maries are given of the reports of the volunteer weather observers of the Weather Bureau on temperature, precii)itation, and general weather comli- tions in Alaska during the year. Meteorolog'ical observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostrander and R. N. IIali.owei.i, {Massadinsctts ,s7«. Met. Buls. 259, 260, pp. '/ each). — Sunnnaries of observations at Andierst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during July and August, 1910. The data are brietly dis- cussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Evaporation from free water surfaces, A. G. Smith {Proc. loirn Acad. .svi'.. 16 {1909), pp. IS.j-lSS). — Observations made with pans floated upon the water in a river and embedded in the soil on the ])ank of the river at Iowa City showed a uniforndy higher rate of evaporation from tlie river jian than from the land pan, the ratio being about 100 to 90. Water: Its origin and use, W. Cor.KS-FiNru {Xcw rork. 1909, pp. XXI + ',S3, pis. 108). — This is not a scientific treatise, but a i)opular discussion of the sub- ject. The subjects treated in tlie diflerent chapters are heat. atmosi>here. clouds, i-ain, water, forms of water, snow, ice, glaciers, springs, rivers, waterfalls, lakes, ocean and sea, mountains and volcanoes, chalk, denudation, how to obtain water, use. abuse, and waste of water, and lessons from nature. Chemical and biological survey of the waters of Illinois, 10. Baktow et al. {Univ. in. Bui, 7 {1909), No, 2, pp. 20.',, Jiys. 5).— This is the report of the Illi- 618 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, nois State Water Survey for the year ended December 31, lOOS. and includes a brief account of tlie work during that year, with a summary by years of analyses made since the survey was established. It also contains articles on the determination of nitrates by reduction with aluminum, incrustation in the discharge pipe at the filtration plant at Quincy, 111., current methods of sanitary water analysis, farm water supplies, hardness of Illinois municipal water supplies, interpretation of results of water analyses, and municipal water supplies of the State. The results of examinations of a number of farm water supplies indicate that water from shallow dug wells is very apt to be of poor quality, and it is stateil that wherever " it is possible to obtain a satisfactory water by means of driven or bored wells, such wells are much to be preferred to the dug wells." Where it is necessary to depend upon dug wells for the supply it is suggested " that the earth be excavated for 4 ft. outside of the regular casing, that a coating of water-proofed Portland cement be placed over this casing, and that the bottom of this excavation, which should be at least 4 ft. deep, be covered with several inches of water-proofed Portland cement, having a raised portion at the outer edge. This will serve to divert the surface water away from the well, and it may be led to a distance through a tile drain. The whole arrangement will pre- vent surface water that has not passed through at least 4 ft. of earth gaining access to the water-bearing strata. Bacteria that would otherwise gain access to the well will be filtered out. Some features of Iowa ground waters, II, W. S. Hendrixson (Proc. loira Acad. ScL, 16 {1909), pp. i3J-i.'/2).— The fact is emphasized in this article that Iowa waters are as a rule hard. A method of softening based upon the use of milk-of-lime and sodium carbonate, which has been found to be effective in most cases, is described, as well as simple forms of apparatus needed in the softening process. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20. p. 712). Salton sea water, A. E. Vinson and W. H. Ross {Arizona Hta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 5S9, 590). — An analj'sis made in 1909 is compared with similar analyses made in 1907 and 1908 (E. S. R., 21, p. 17). The variations in composition shown by these analyses indicate that there was a precipitation of calcium carbonate and sulphate during 1909 and that there was a marked increase in the quantity of iron and aluminum. Water supply in relation to small holding's, C. H. J. Clayton (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 17 {1910), Xo. .J, pp. 2S9-297). — The sources of supply considered in this article are permanent ponds, artificial ponds, pools, streams, wells, and rain waters. Estimates are given of the cost of supplying water for small holdings under different conditions. Pond fertilizing, Kuhnert (Fischerei Zfg., 12 {1909), No. .'/'/, pp. 701-70'); ahs. in Wasscr ii. Abicasser, 2 {1910), No 10, p. J/SS). — A plan of fertilizer experi- ments is given and the conducting of such experiments in connection with feed- ing experiments is suggested as the proper means of determining the best method of procedure. The question of pond fertilizing, Rade {Fificherei Ztg., 12 {1909). A'o. ,'//. p. 000; abs. in Wasscr u. Abicasscr, 2 {1910), No. 10, p. Jf38).— The author holds that it is unprofitable to depend entirely upon feeding to increase the product of fish, and recommends fertilizing of ponds. Pond fertilizing, T. Schulze {Fischerei Ztg., 12 (1909), No. 36, pp. ■')66. 567; abs. in. Masscr u. Abtrasser, 2 {1910), No. 10, pp. //37, //3S).— In this article the author takes the position that it is more economical to buy food for the fish than to attempt to grow it by fertilizing the ponds. Pond fertilizing, J. D. Wieben {Fischerei' Zig., 12 {1909), No. 38. p. 60S; abs. in Wasscr a. Abicusser, 2 {1910), No. 10, p. 438), — This article discusses METEOROLOGY WATER. 619 Schulze's views, referred to abo\e, aiul sui^scsts ways in whicli pond fertilizing may be made profitable. Purification of water. J. A. Beaiduy (,1;;//. A'/./. Ilil. llcdllU I'ror. Quchc,; Jo (.'909), pp. 57-71, figs. 6). — Tliis paper deals witli preliminary filtration, use of submerged sand filters, percolating sand filters, and coagulent filters, ozoniza- tiou, and sterilization by byi)ocblorites. It is stated that the use of calcium hypoclilorite for tlie purification of water was first used on a large scale at Jersey City, N. J., iu 1908. The treatment was very successful in freeing tlie water from organic matter which is destroyed by oxygen and also from harmful forms of bacteria. One lb. of calcium hypo- chlorite to 200,000 gal. of water, or a little more than 1 gr. to 26 gal. of water, is sufficient to produce the desired effect. The cost of such treatment is about 15 cts. per million gallons of water. Notes on the practical sterilization of potable waters by means of calcium hypochlorite, J. C. Thresh (Pub. IfeaUli [London], 23 (1910), \o. 10. pp. 350, 351). — This article describes the successful use of calcium hypochlorite iu sterilizing the water supply of Nashville, Tenn., Minneapolis, Minn., Montreal, Canada, Harrisburg, Pa., Quincy, 111., Hartford, Conn., and Johannesberg, South Africa. It is stated that the cost of this method of treatment " is so infinitesimal and the results so certain that no other process is likely to prove anything like so economical, and it is scarcely possible for results to be more satisfactory." The sterilization of water by chlorin and ozone, G. S. Woodhead (Siirvcijor, 38 (1910), Nos. 966, pp. IU,, 115; 967, pp. 165, 166; Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 31 (1910), No. S, pp. 281-297).— The methods described in this article are treat- ment with small quantities of bleaching powder, ozonization by the Siemens- Halske process, and sterilization by means of ultraviolet rays. The available processes for the purification of sewage, E. Pelletier {Ann. Rpt. B(l. Health Prov. Quebec, 15 (1909), pp. 10-30, figs. 22).— The processes described include broad irrigation, filtration, precipitation, and biological puri- fication. A successful sewage farm at St. Laui'eut College, near Montreal, is described. The experience at this farm shows that broad irrigation can be successfully practiced in the winter climate of this region. The author inti- mates, however, that the efficiency of broad irrigation may be increased by combining it wath some preliminary treatment which frees the sewage from inulissolved solid matters which clog the beds. The apparatus used in the various processes in quite fully described and illustrated. Purification of Leicester sewage by sedimentation tanks, single contact beds, and broad irrigation on clay land, E. G. Mawbev (Jniir. Ron. l^anit. Inst., 31 (1910), No. 6, pp. 177-193, figs. 6).— It is stated that the system of treatment of sewage at Leicester consists of clarification by sedimentation tanks and single contact beds and final purification by broad irrigation on heavy clay land. Broad irrigation is practiced upon 1,234 acres, of which 230 acres are in cultivation, 274 acres in rye grass, and 730 acres in old pasture. The surface soil varies from about 6 to 12 in. in depth underlaid by from 2* to 3^ ft. of yellow clay resting on hard bowlder clay. Efficient itiirification was secured by dividing the area into separate fields having independent systems of drainage and receiving separate treatment. About 1,00(» head of cattle are aiuiually fed on the land, which also sui)plies a considerable amount of additional forage. The agricultural use and value of sewage, .1. A. Voelckek (Sun-ei/or, 38 (1910), No. .%■'/. pp. 50, 51; Muniripal lour, and Engin.. 29 (1910), No. 5, pp. 150, ioi).— This article points out that the agricultural utilization of sewage 620 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. is reiKlered difficult by the water-carriage system of sewage disposal in geueral use. The use of large quantities of dilute sewage on laud tends to make the soil cold and to retard nitritication. A further difficulty is the tendency of the fatty and soapy matters in the sewage to clog the soil. These difficulties have led to the adoption of processes of removing the suspended and precipitable matter in the form of sludge. The author is of the opinion that the fertilizing value of this sludge has been exaggerated, and that " the manurial value of sewage as it is now generally met with, and whether it be in the form of crude sewage, of sewage deprived of its solid matters, or of sewage sludge, is but very small." The nitrogen in sewage sludge is considered as " not nearly so available as in artificial manures, and richness in nitrogen is not a test of the comparative value of sludges." On the whole, the author is of the opinion that the agricultural results with sewage are of secondary importance as compared with the need for speedy and effective sewage disposal. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Investigations on the relation of the physical properties of soils to one another and to mechanical analysis, A. Frankau {Untcrsiiclnnujen iibcr (lie Bczichungrn dcr pliysikaliscJini Bo(Jeneigciis;cJi(iftcn zueinandrr mxl ziir meclianischcn BodenanaJyse. Diss. K. Tech. Hochschule Miinchcn, 190D, pi). Ji6; rev. in Zentbl. Agr. Cttem., 39 {1910), No. 6, pp. 359, 360).— This is a review of a dissertation dealing with investigations on water capacity, permeability, cohesion, hygroscopicity. heat generated on moistening, and other phj-sical properties, as well as mechanical soil analysis, in their interrelations on quartz sand, calcareous sand, humus sand, loam sand, marl, loam, and clay.. The author concludes that, in general, there was a definite relation between the physical properties of the sands and sandy soils, the loam and the clay, and the mechanical analysis as made by the Kiihn and Schone methods. Tliere was, however, no such relation in the case of the humus sand and the marls because both humus and lime have a specific influence uiK)n the physical properties of soils. The reviewer questions whether the conclusions drawn by the author are borne out by the data which he reports. On shrinkage of mud i" gyttja ") and peat on drying, E. Haglund (Svcnska Mosskiiltiirfor. Tidski:. 21, {1910), No. 1, pp. i-6').— A method for determining the percentage shrinkage on air-drying of soils rich in organic matter is described, and the results obtained with 22 different soil samples are given. The nature and importance of soil maps, C. Eberhart (Naturw. Ztschr. Potest u. Landw., 8 { 1910), No. 4-5, pp. 193-211). — This article discusses the kind of data which should be included in soil maps and their preparation and use. Soils of Nova Scotia, M. Cumming {Ann. Rpt. Sec. Agr. Nova Scotia, 1909, pt. 2, pp. 3-10, map 1). — It is stated that no thorough survey of the soils of Nova Scotia has been made, but that arrangements had been completed for such a survey to begin in the summer of 1910. This article deals with general obser- vations, describing the geological formations from which the soils are derived and the principal classes of soils which occur. Agrologic study of the soils of Brittany, L. Fourton and F. Gandon {Etude Agrologique des Sols de Bretagne. Rennes, 1909, pp. 23; rev. in Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 70 {1910). No. 11, pp. 16 J,- 1 67). —The soils of Brittany are of very diverse origin, but as a rule are poor in lime and phosi)horic acid. The 68 analyses reported show that while certain of the soils derivetl from gneiss, SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 621 granite, niiea-scbists, and feklspjithic rocks aro well supplied with potash, some of those derived from grauulite and schists are insutHciently supplied with this constituent. The soils are as a rule benefited by potash fertilizers, and the systematic use of such fertilizers is considered an essential factor in agricul- tural progress in the region. The pakihi soils of Westland, B. C. Aston (Jour. New Zeal. Dci,t. Agr., 1 (WW), No. 1, pp. 22-27, fif/x. 3). — These soils, which occur in large areas in Westland, New Zealand, consist as a rule of retentive and compact surface soils overlying sand and a bowlder or cement bottom. Iron hardpan is frequently present. The soils are wet and acid and covered with swamp plants. Analyses of several samples of the soils indicate that they are very deficient in available phosphoric acid and potash, as well as in lime and magnesia. The total nitrogen, however, is high. Pot experiments with the soils indicated that they were especially in need of lime. Drainage and liming with the use of phos- phatie and potash fertilizers is therefore recommended as the best means of improving these soils. The formation and decomposition of humus in cultivated soils, B. Heinze {Laiidw. Mitt. Prov. Sachscn. u. Nachbaistaat. Halle, 1009, pp. I.'f5-l.'i6; ahs. in CentU. Bakt. [cfc], 2. AM., 26 {1910), No. 25, pp. 682, 683).— It is stated that when the necessary organic matter is present in the soil, fungi, bacteria, algse, lichens, and mosses all cooperate in changing it into humus. The formation of the humus is more or less independent of the air, as certain anaerobic bacteria decompose organic matter, causing a kiss of hydrogen and oxygen and a concentration of carbon and thu.> producing the dark brown color characteristic of humus. Certain hyphal fungi, as CUtdothrlv odorifcra, Strepto- thrix chromogena, and Trichoderma aid in the decomposition of the organic matter, even when the soil has an acid reaction. After the humus is formed, other b'acteria, such as Azotobacter, commence to decompose it. The addition of stable manure aids materially, as it seems to contain, or act as a carrier for, many of the humus-fermenting bacteria, the humus acting as a source of carbon to the bacteria, especially the nitrifying species. The biolog'ical absorption of methan and the distribution of methan organ- isms, I. GiGLioLi and G. Masoni {^taz. »S'/k/-. Agr. ItaL, J,2 {1909), No. 9, pp. 589-608; abs. in Rev. G6n. CMm., 13 {1910), No. 3, p. 18; Chem. ZentU., 1910, I, No. Jf, p. 294). — In experiments on the absorption of methan in the presence of oxygen by the methan bacteria of Kaserer and of Sohngen. light was found to exercise no special influence, but a high temperature was found to be favor- able, the optimum being about 30° C, although many of the bacteria were active at other temperatures. These micro-organisms are less numerous in the upper layers of the soil than in the deeper j)ortions. They were also found in the bed of streams, in sewer deposits, and in stable manure. By the absorption and partial transformation of the methan into fixed organic material, these micro-organisms are constantly adding to the fertility of the soil. Experiments on ammonia and nitrate formation in soils, J, G. Lipman and P. E. Brown {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 26 {1910), No. 20-2>,, pp. 590-632).— The authors give the results of ii large number of exiieriments on ammonifica- tion and nitrification in soils and culture solutions under various coiKlitions and with different animal fertilizers, including a number »if facts bearing a nior" general relation to these processes. Experiments were undertaken and data as to methods used and results ob- tained are given on the following points: The bacteriological relations as affected by the addition of dextrose uud sodium citrate to the soil ; ammonifica- 622 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tion of nitrogenous niatei'ial in fertile soil and sand, including ammonia produc- tion in the soil from different amounts of peptone, from dried blood, and from A'arying amounts of peptone, dried blood, and cotton-seed meal in varying quan- tities of soil both with and without a constant bacterial content ; ammonia pro- duction fi-om peptone and dried blood in constant quantities of soil with a vary- ing bacterial content ; the chemical and bacteriological factors in the ammoui- flcation and nitrification of nitrogenous materials in the soil ; the effects of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, such as dextrose, starch, and filter paper, on ammonia formation In soils and culture solutions ; ammonia formation by BaclUus mycoides as affected by the presence of dextrose; comparative tests on the ammonification and nitrification of nitrogenous materials; nitrate forma- tion as affected by soil volume; and the effect of additions of nitrates on the accumulation of nitrates in the soil. It seems that the carbon-nitrogen ratio is of moment in the rate of ammoni- fication of nitrogenous materials, and that the modification of this ratio by soluble carbohydrates or by other soluble carbon compounds may lead to changes in the numbers and species of the micro-organisms in the soil or culture solu- tions and a consequent depressed or intensified ammonification depending on the character of the nitrogenous fertilizers. The relative availability of nitrogenous materials as shown by nitrate forma- tion depends to a considerable extent on their distribution, or the ratio of the soil volume to that of the substance to be nitrified ; that is to say, a nitrogenous fertilizer that is evenly distributed in the soil and scattered through a large amount of it will undergo ammonification and nitrification more rapidly and more uniformly than a similar material not properly distributed. Periodicity in the accumulation of nitrates in the soil may be due to the temporary prominence of species especially capable of transforming large amounts of nitrate into protein nitrogen, as well as to a more rapid increase of various decay organisms and their intense utilization of nitrates for the building of their bodies. The decomposition of cyanamids through the action of fungi, H. Kappen {Centbl. Bdkt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 26 {1910), 'No. 20-2J,, pp. 633-6JiS).—ln a series of experiments with fungi to determine their ability to decompose cyanamid, five fungi were found to possess this power, a Cladosporium, PeniciUium brevi- caule, a green PeniciUium, a rose-colored fungus, and Sfysdnus stemonitis. Of these, the Cladosporium and the green PeniciUium were able to thrive in a i per cent solution of the cyanamid and to decompose it, while the other three were unable to grow in a solution of cyanamid greater than 1 per cent. From the nature of the decomposition products it is claimed that the enzym of the cyanamid decomposition is not identical with urease, and also that fccto-enzyms play no part in the decomposition. The experiments also indicated that the growth of micro-organisms in a lime nitrogen solution is impossible as long as the lime content is sufficiently high. The role that fungi play in the decomposition of lime nitrogen in cultivated soils can not be definitely settled until the ability of soil bacteria to decompose cyanamids is further tested. Excessive fixation of nitrogen in some alkaline soils of Colorado, W. P. Headden {Proc. .S'oe. Prom. Agr. Sci., 30 {1909), pp. 62-69). — This is a brief account of investigations which have already been noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 221). Experiments with nitric acid on alkaline soils, R. S. Symmonds {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 3, pp. 257-266, figs. 11).— The experiments here reported conclude a series of field tests in the Coonamble District of New South Wales, in which nitric acid at the rate of OOi) lbs. per acre was mixed with artesian well water and sprinkled on the soil with a view to correcting its alku- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 623 line condition. The results show that the yields were greatly increased by this treatment and indicate that the method is sound in principle. The author suggests the feasibility of applying Schouherr's process for the electrical pro- duction of nitric acid (E. S. R., 22, p. 127) for 'supplying the nitric acid required, the hydraulic power of the artesian flow being used to generate the electrical energy necessary and the nitric acid being mixed with the artesian water as it flows on the land. "There should be no great technical difficulty in applying this method of producing nitric acid to our alkaline artesian waters, which are in an ideal condition to absorb the gases. The waters contain the necessary carbonate of soda free of cost ; the water is hot, which would assist the chemical change, and the costly process of concentration is quite unnecessary, as the nitrate could flow out with the water on the land." Injurious substances in the soil, F. B. Guthrie (Agi\ Gas. N. S. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 5, pp. 434-Ul). — Among the causes of infertility discussed in this article are sourness, presence of protoxid of iron and pyrites, alkalinity, excess of salt, manganese, magnesia, and toxic substances secreted by plants, excessive concentration of soil-water, calcium chlorid, alum, deficiency of essential ele- ments of plant food, and presence of organisms which destroy nitrogen-forming bacteria. Sterilization of soils, W. Laidlaw and C. A. Price {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 8 {1910), No. 6, pp. 365-368, figs. 2).— The work of other investigators on this subject is briefly reviewed, and theories as to the cause of increased productive- ness following sterilization are discussed. An effective plant for the steriliza- tion of soil for the purpose of securing a pure seed bed is described. Concerning the action of pyrog'allol on unproductive soil, H. J. Wheeler, B. L. Hartwell, and F. R. Pember {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Set., 30 {1909), pp. IfS-SJf). — In the field and pot experiments upon an infertile Rhode Island soil here reported, it was found that the pyrogallol as used in experiments by Whitney and Cameron (E. S. R., 16, p. 650), produced little or no effect. " Lime, as in previous experiments on soil in this and other sections of the State, was found to be a splendid soil ameliorant, yet neither lime nor pyro- gallol, nor even the two combined, was capable of rendering the economical production of barley possible unless supplemented by chemical fertilizers con- taining one or more of the usual so-called essential elements. " Pyrogallol and sumac leaves, both immediately and subsequently, failed to accomplish the results produced by a mixture of nitrate of soda, muriate of potash, acid phosphate and lime. " These results and those secured in earlier experiments with similar soil at the Rhode Island Station throw additional doubt upon the wisdom of reasoning from the growth of seedling plants in solutions or from those grown by the paraffined wire-basket method, as to what will take place in a given soil under usual cultural conditions, and show that where possible all specula- tions and theories should be subjected to the actual test of the field." Lime and legume inoculation, K. F. Kellerman and T. R. Robinson {Science, n. ser., 32 {IVIO), No. 813, pp. 159, 160).— In experiments in which magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate were applied in quantities varying from 0.25 to 2 per cent to a sandy loam soil containing a rather high percentage of magnesia it was found that the addition of magnesium carbonate in amounts exceeding 0.25 per cent was positively inhibitive to nitrifying action, while the calcium carbonate was favorable up to 2 per cent. These results indicate that the lime-magnesia ratio " apparently exerts an effect upon nitrifying bacteria analogous to its effect upon some of the higher plants," 03100°— No. 7—10 3 624 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Inoculation experiments with nitrobacterine, nitragin, and lupine soil for blue lupines on undecomposed white moorland, H. von Feilitzen (Svenska Alosskulturfor. Tidskr., 24 {1910), No. 3, pp. 263-271, figs. 5).— The addition of bacteria through inoculation has been found necessary for a normal develop- ment of legumes on the newly-broken white moor soils at Flahult. Soils from a field where legumes have been grown have always proved effective whether the same or a quite different leguminous crop had been grown thereon. Nitragin proved less certain and less effective for inoculation of white moor soils than inoculated soil, and the cultures of nitrobacterine experimented with proved worthless for this purpose. Ratio of phosphate, nitrate, and potassium on absorption and growth, O. ScHREiNEB and J. J. Skinner (Bot. Gaz., 50 (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-30, figs. 9). — "In this study the growth relationships and concentration differences were observed between solution cultures in which the phosphate, nitrate, and potash varied from single constituents to mixtures of two and three in all possible ratios in 10 per cent stages. " The better growth occurred when all these nutrient elements were present, and was best in those mixtures which contained between 10 and 30 per cent phosphate, between 30 and 60 per cent nitrate, and between 30 and 60 per cent potash. The growth in the solutions containing all three constituents was much greater than in solutions containing two constituents, the solutions containing the single constituent giving the least growth, " The coucentration differences noticed in the solutions were also very strik- ing, the greater reduction in concentration occurring where the greatest growth occurred. " The change in the ratios of the solutions and the ratios of the materials that were removed from the solutions showed that where the greatest growth occurred, as above outlined, the solutions suffered the least change in ratio, although the greatest change in concentration occurred. " The more the ratios in these solutions differed from the ratios in which the greatest growth occurred, the more were the solutions altered in the course of the experiment, the tendency in all cases seeming to be for the plant to remove from any and all of these solutions the material in the ratio which normally existed where greatest growth occurred. This did not actually occur in all cases, owing to the unbalanced condition of some of the solutions. " The results show that the higher the amount of any one constituent present in the solution, the more does the culture growing in that solution take up of this constituent, although it does not seem able to use this additional amount economically. " In the very early periods the ratio of i)hosphate absorption is low and the potash absorption high, although in final growth the greater response is obtained with nitrate, indicating relatively low phosphate requirement and high potash i-equirement of the seedling plant." Farmyard manure, M. Cumming (Ann. Rpt. Sec. Agr. Nova Scotia, 1909, pt. 2, pp. 53-72). — This article deals with the composition, value, and use of manure. Particular attention is given to methods of handling the manure to prevent losses. Losses of nitrogen from farm manure by using peat, straw, or pine shav- ings for bedding, H. von Feilitzen (Srrnska Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 2} (1910), No. 1, pp. lO-3'i). — In experiments with 10 milch cows fed rations of hay, straw, roots, and concentrates, the litter applied per head daily duriug the diffei'ent periods was peat 5.11, straw 3.26. and shavings 13.665 kg. (11.24. 7.17, and 30.00 lbs.), respectively. The average amounts of mauiu-e produced (exclusive of litter) were, for period 1, 30.3 kg. (S6.4('> lbs.), and for periods SOILS FERTILIZERS, 625 2 and 3. 30.7 kg. (87.34 lbs.). Choniical analyses showed a loss of nitrojj;on of 7.1, 19.8, and 11.1 per cent for the resi)ective periods, as the difference between the nitrogen in the feed and litter and that in the milk, manure, and (calcu- lated) increase in body weight during the different periods. The amounts of total and soluble nitrogen in the manure per head daily were as follows: Peat litter, 222.5 and 95.5 gm., respectively, straw litter 190.3 and 77.5 gm., and shavings 204 and 77.3 gm. The manure produced on the different i>eriods was carefully stored for about 3i months during the winter and the losses in volume and weight determined as 5.3, 19.9, and 2.6 per cent in volume, and 3.9. 19.1, and 11.2 per cent, for peat, straw, and shavings litter in weight, respectively. The corresponding losses of nitrogen during storage were determined as total nitrogen, 7.4, 20, and 7.5 per cent, and ammoniacal nitrogen, 4.7, 51.3. and 20.6 per cent, respectively. By the application of peat litter in the dairy barn there was a saving at the rate of about 19i kg. (42.9 lbs.) of soluble nitrogen per head yearly, more than in the case of straw litter, and 124 kg. (27.5 lbs.) more than in the case of shavings litter. Fertilizer experiments with the three kinds of manure were inaugurated and will be reported later. Complete data relative to the chemical analyses of the feeds, litter, milk, and manure, and the temperature readings in the manure piles are given. Investigations on the disinfection of manure by careful packing', H. Bohtz (Arl). K. Gsndhtsamt., 33 (1910), No. 2, pp. 313-362; abs. in Chem. ZcntU., 1910, I, No. 10, p. 858). — It is shown that by careful construction of the manure heap a sutficieutly high temperature may be obtained to destroy almost all animal disease oi'ganisms. A few of the more resistant forms are not killed, but their activity is greatly reduced. The precautions necessary are thorough moistening, careful mixing of the manure and litter in the proportion of about 2 : 3, protection from weathering by covering with materials which are poor conductors of heat, and moderately loose packing. The addition of 10 per cent of milk of lime or of suiier phosphate and kainit did not interfere with the height or dui'ation of the temperature. The conservation of kraal manure, H. G. Mundy (Rliodcsian Agr. Jour., 7 (1910), No. 5, pp. 1376-1379). — The importance of conserving this manure is discussed and methods of constructing kraals and handling the manure to bring this about are described. The cooperation of micro-org'anisms in the decomposition of green manures, B. Heinze (Landiv. Mitt. Prov. Saehscn. u. Nachharstaat. Halle, 1909, pp. 169, 170; ahs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 26 (1910), No. 25, pp. 685, W-Stf).— Ex- periments on the decomposition of green manures indicate that the addition to the soil of small quantities of bai-nyard manure to be plowed under with the green crops will hasten decomposition by furnishing fermenting organisms which immediately act on the green material. At the same time, if small amounts of potash and phosphoric acid are used, they will cpiifken the ferment- ing and rotting i)rocessos and furnish available food for Azotobacter. The utilization of peat as a source of nitrogen for plant food. II. 1). II.vs- KiNS (Jour. Amer. Peat Soe., 3 (1910), No. 2, pp. J,l-'i6, fig. i).— Pot exi)ori- ments wnth millet are reported showing that in a comparison of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, calcium cyanamid, blood, cotton-seed meal, and peat, the latter showed the lowest rate of availability of nitrogen. The availal)ility of the nitrogen of the peat was apparently increased by treating the material with acid. The use of peat as a drier and filler in fertilizers is referred to. but a que.^tion is raised as t<^ whether this can be legally done under the fertilizer laws of various States. 626 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Nitrate deposits of southern California, F. W. Graeff (Engin. and Min. Jour., 90 {1910), No. 4, p. 113). — The nitrate-bearing clay hills in Chemehuvis Valley, about 32 miles south of Needles in southern California, are described, and analyses of several samples of the clays showing a content of sodium nitrate varying from 7.2 to 22.6 per cent are reported. The similarity of these deposits to those of Chile is pointed out. The southern California deposits are easier to worli than those of Chile and contain in addition to sodium nitrate other nitrates which promise to be of commercial importance. A new nitrogenous fertilizer derived from the air, Maizieres {Engrais, 25 (1910), No. 28, pp. 768-770). — The process of Haber, utilizing the catalytic action of titanium oxid on a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen for the produc- tion of ammonia, is described and its commercial possibilities discussed. The fertilizer value of phonolite meal on peat soils, H. von Feilitzen (Svenska Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 2^ (1910), A'o. 3, pp. 297-300 ) .—This material (so-called potassium silicate) proved of some value as a potash fertilizer on peat soils, but was greatly inferior to 37 per cent potash salts in its fertilizer effects. On vivianite as a fertilizer, E. Haglund (SvciiS'ka Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 2-'t (1910), No. 3, pp. 273-279). — Analyses of 10 samples of vivianite are given and its value as a phosphatic fertilizer discussed. Diatomaceous calcium phosphates in Senegal, L. Cayeux (Co^mpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. 1, pp. 108-110; abs. in Rev. Set. [Paris], .^8 (1910), II, No. 3, pp. 93, 9Jt). — Phosphate deposits similar to those of Gafsa in Tunis are described. The use and abuse of lime in agriculture, W. W. Andrews (Ann. Rpt. Sec. Agr. Nora Scolia. 1909. pt. 2. pp. 111-117, pi. 1). — The impoi'tance of using an abundance of humus-forming material in connection with lime is especially emphasized in this article. The fertilizer action of salt in combination with ammonium sulphate, B. ScHULZE (Mitt. Dent. Londw. GrscU., 25 (1910), No. SO, pp. J,52-Ji58; o&s. in Mark Lane Express, lOJf (1910), No. J/IH, P- HI)- — From a series of field experiments with potatoes, mangolds, wheat, oats, and beets, the conclusion is drawn that the inferiority of ammonium sulphate as compared with sodium nitrate is due in large measure, if not entirely, to the effect of the sodium in the nitrate. The author recommends, therefore, that ammonium sulphate should always be used in combination with an amount of salt sufficient to supply sodium equal to that in an equivalent application of sodium nitrate. A mixture of equal i)arts of salt and ammonium sulphate is recommended. Salt, however, may be omitted when potash salts containing a considerable amount of common salt are used. The effect of the ;imnionium sulphate was greatly increased by the addition of salt, even on heavy soils. The function of manganese as a fertilizer, 1.. Bkrnardini (Staz. Sper. Agr. ItaL. .'i3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 2 17-2 J,0) .—The litersiture of investigations on this subject is briefly reviewed. Field experiments with fertilizers, A. ^^^ K. de Jong (Tcysmannia, 21 (1910), 4-5, pp. 29^-302).— Comparative tests on sorghum of potassium chlorid, superphosphate, Thomas slag, ammonium sulphate, and bone meal, singly and combined, are reported. The soil was uneven in character and the lesults obtained were variable. One fact which was brought out quite clearly was the high efficiency of ammonium suljihate in a very wet season. Cooperative field trials of the Swedish Moor Culture Society, 1909, A. Bauman and H. von Feilitzen (Srcnska Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 2-'f (1910), No. 3, pp. 280-296), — Seventy-four different trials were conducted, covering experi- AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 627 nients with the sandinji, clayiiifr, and liming of moor soils, fertilizer trials with phosphoric acid aud potash fertilizers for meadows, and variety tests of rye, barley, oats, soiling crops, and roots. Analyses of fertilizers, B. W. Kilgore et al. (BuL A'. C. Dept. Agi\, 31 (1910), Xo. //, pp. 5-29). — This bulletin records in the usual form the results of fertilizer -inspection in North Carolina during the fall of 1009 and spring of 1910. The analyses reported " show fertilizers to be about as heretofore, and to be, generally, what was claimed for them." The manufacture of fertilizers in Cairo, H. D. Parodi (Egi/ptc Contem- poraine, 1910, No. 3, pp. 42^-^31, pi. /) .—Establishments utilizing sewage and garbage in the manufacture of fertilizers are described, and the growth and profitableness of this business are pointed out. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. [Work in plant physiology], W. B, McCallum (Arizona Sita. Rpf. 1909. pp. 58-'f-586). — The work reporteratures was found to bring about chemical changes in respect to the extracts obtaine,9-51, 65-72, pis. 3).— This consists of notes on the condition of the varieties of fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals being tested at the Sitka Station, and of vegetables at the Rampart and Fair- banks Stations. Letters are also included from a number of settlers in different parts of Alaska, reporting the results obtained with various seeds distributed for trial. The winter season of 1908-9 was unusually severe and all of the growth made by the fruit trees in 1908 was more or less winterkilled. At the Sitka Station where most of the fruit investigations are being conducted, results of the experiments with fruit trees have thus far not been very encouraging. Although a number of varieties of apples have been grown to the blooming period they have failed to set fruit. It would appear that if apples are ever to succeed in Alaska they must be developed from hybrids between the native Alaska crab- apples (Pyrus rivularis) and other varieties containing crab blood. These latter varieties are proving hardier and more promising than varieties with no crab in them. Such bush fruits as currants, gooseberries, and raspberries are prov- ing fairly successful in the coast region and efforts are being made to produce hardier varieties for the interior. Blackberries and dewberries can not be successfully grown in any part of Alaska. The hybridization of strawberries (E. S. R., 19, p. 35) has been continued with considerable success. After discarding a number of crosses between cul- tivated varieties and the wild strawberry of Alaska (Fragaria chiloensis) crosses were finally made of the native variety as the pollen-bearing parent with an unnamed cultivated sort obtained from Hollis, Alaska. This variety, which has been named the Hollis, proved hardier at the Sitka Station than other varieties tried. Among more than 2,000 plants obtained from the resulting seed, 1,288 were found that would bloom. These hybrid seedlings, which are being further tested, are much more vigorous than either of the parents. Many of the plants produced fruit as large as or larger than that of the mother variety and in addition they nearly all inherited the very desirable qualities of fine flavor, high aroma, and firmness of berry which characterizes the wild plant. Illustrations are given of a number of the hybrid types secured. Horticulture, ,T. E. Coit (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1909. pp. .5G.5-.569).—\ summary of horticultural investigations conducted during the year, including the ollve- oil work which has been previously re|)orted (E. S. R.. 22. i». 7:^'>), cultural and variety tests with dates, orchard work, a test of ornamental plants for screens, and inspection of nursery stock. 63100°— No. 7—10 i 640 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. French gardening, T. Smith (London, 1909, pp. XXIX+12S, pis. 22, figs. 6, dgm. 1). — In this book the principles, equipment, and cultural operations em- ployed in the intensive vegetable culture known as French gardening are con- sidered in great detail, including specific directions for growing various crops, marketing, estimates for establishing and maintaining a French garden, a monthly work calendar, garden plans, etc. The production of vegetable seeds: Sweet corn and garden peas and beans, W. W. Tracy, Sr. {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 184, PP- 39, figs. 3).— This paper is based upon the author's personal experience in the production of vegetable seeds. General consideration is given to present conditions and practices in vegetable seed growing, together with the details of growing sweet corn, garden peas and beans for seed in quantity and as stock seed. Orchard soils of the county of Cumberland, H. I. Jensen (Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 6, pp. If61-J,63). — Analyses of samples of sandstone, shale, and basalt soils collected in the best orange orchards of this county are reported. The composition of these soils, which have been heavily manured for a num- ber of years, is compared with virgin soils of the same origin. This shows that cultivation and manuring have completely altered both the mechanical and the chemical condition of the sandstone and shale soils. " Originally very different, they have, by working and fertilizing, been brought to the condition of good basalt soils, and original differences in chemical and mechanical composition have been almost eliminated. It is clear from this fact that the ideal virgin soil for citrus fruit is a loose and friable basalt soil, such as would be produced by decomposition of feldspar basalt, in which a sandy or porous texture is maintained by the resistance to weathering of soda feldspar crystals." The influence of various fertilizers on fruit trees, H. Mxjller and O. Schneider (Landw. Jahrh. Schweiz, 24 (1910), No. 4, PP- 226-23//).— Tabular results for the period from 1906 to 1909, inclusive, are given relative to orchard fertilizer experiments conducted at the Wadenswil station. The results as a whole indicate that an insuflicient quantity of nitrogen diminishes the yield considerably, and may cause a slight chlorosis condition. No definite results were noted as to the use of phosphoric acid. Deficiency of either potash or lime tends to diminish the yield considerably. Better methods in eastern orcharding, F. C. Sears (Ann. Rpt. N. J. Bd. Agr., 37 (1909), pp. 105-121). — A paper with the discussion following, in which the writer presents the main facts of the orchard situation both East and West, and offers some specific suggestions for raising the standard of the orchard industry in the East. Native and tropical fruits, H. A. Van Hermann (Ann. Rpt. Cuban Nat, Hort. Soc, 4 (1910), pp. iSS-i^S).— Popular descriptions are given of a number of native and tropical fruits adapted for culture in Cuba. Olive culture, G. d'Utea (Bol. Agr. [8do Paulo], 11. ser., 1910, No. 5, pp. 345-380, figs. 8).— This is a monograph on the olive, treating of its history, geo- graphic distribution and botany, details of propagation and culture, varieties, harvesting, oil pressing, and diseases and other enemies of the olive. The olive tree, P. H. Cram (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], n. ser., 1 (1910), No. 44, pp. 589-591). — A consular repdrt discussing the varieties of olive trees planted, their characteristics, and the manner of planting, irrigating, pruning, and fertilizing in sputheini France. Grape investigations in the Vinifera regions of the United States with reference to resistant stocks, direct producers, and Viniferas, G. C. Husmann (V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bar. Plant Indus. Bui. 172, pi). 86, pis. 8, figs. 30. map 1).— This bulletin is a preliminary report upon the investigations started by the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1902. HORTICULTURE. 641 A summary is given of the condition of tlie Californiii vlticultiiral industry at tlie time when the investigations were l)egun, inchullng a general discussion of the factors involved in the attempts to reconstruct phylloxera-infested vine- yards. The scope and purpose of the investigations are discussed in detail. They include a comprehensive test of resistant varieties of vines to determine their adaptability to the different vineyard soils and climatic conditions, studies of the congeniality of the Vinifera varieties to the different resistant stock varie- ties, and the behavior of fruiting varieties to determine which are best adapted to different localities. All classes of grapes are also being considered with ref- erence to their resistance to destructive insects and diseases. Descriptions are given of the 11 experimental vineyards, including soil analyses and climatic records. Fourteen species which have proved sutficiently resistant to merit further testing are described and data are given showing the year of planting in each vineyard of resistant and direct producing varieties, as well as the relative rate of growth of each as noted in the autumn of 1908. Similar data are given for Vinifera varieties grafted on resistant stocks, and for varieties growing on their own roots. The resistant stocks are also grouped according to soil adaptability as indicated by their use in foreign countries. The experimental vineyards now contain 277 resistant stock varieties and 415 Vinifera varieties of which 271.are grafted on various resistant stocks. The resistant qualities of the varieties are being tested by means of phylloxera inoculation. Detailed records are being kept of the starting, blossoming, yield, and defoliation of all the varieties, the relative rooting qualities of the stocks, specific methods of pruning, training, grafting, etc., and the congeniality of the stocks to the Vinifei-a varieties. It has already been determined that under like conditions of growth, the sweetness and acidity of the fruit as well as its time of ripening are materially influenced by the congeniality of the graft and stock. Similar ratings of the growth of a variety grafted on various stocks are found to be accompanied by fairly definite percentages of sugar and acid. Progress is reported in the making of varietal descriptions, and the work is being widened in its scope by the distribution of vines and cuttings to collaborators in different parts of the Vinifera region. In the concluding notes the adaptability of different species to different methods of propagation is indicated. Thus far it appears that hybrids between Rijiaria and Rupestris varieties will pi'ove to be among the stocks best suited for California conditions, the best of them com- bining in themselves the better qualities of both parents. Artificial date ripening, A. E. Vinson and W. H. Ross (Arizona Sia. Rpt. 1909, pp. 590-593). — A summarized account of work previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 703). The Heeleaka Experimental Station investigations during the seasons of 1905, 1906, and 1907, C. M. Hutchinson (Iiidian Tea Assoc. \PamphUt] 1, J90H, PI). .31, pis. 5). — This report embraces the results of manuring, pruning, plucking, and cultural experiments secured during the 3 years of the station's existence, as previously reported (K. S. R., 10. p. 048). The 3 years' results in manurial experiments have led to the following gen- eral conclusions : On such light soils as that of the station, oil cake is the most economical manure tried as a means of renovating old tea. A complete fer- tilizer such as a combination of superphosphate, sulphate of potash, and nitrate of soda can undoubtedly be utilized successfully for the same purpose, although at a higher cost. A complete fertilizer jjroduccs a better effect than any of its component elements used alone. The oil cake gave better n-sults when ai)plied in small annual doses than in larger amounts at longer intervals. The increased yields of leaf pnxluct'd l»y the use of green niiiruires are very small when compared with the general manurial treatments, but they are 642 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. decisive enough to show the value of such treatment as a means of improving the soil texture and fixing nitrogen. Of two plants previously recommended as green manure crops Dhaincha (Sesbania cannabina), and nati-kalai (Phase- olus mungo) the former plant is said to grow vigorously in many soils in which the latter makes a very poor crop. At the station the plat on which arahar has been grown for 3 consecutive seasons has shown the most im- provement. The pruning experiments were designed largely to obtain information as to the best methods of light pruning old tea. Cleaning out the bushes, both at the sides and center, including the removal of all weak laterals, appears to^ be the best means of keeping up the yield of the bushes and of rendering them less liable to such diseases as red rust and thread blight. The Heeleaka Experimental Station report on investigations during 1908, G. D. Hope {Indian Tea Assoc. [Pamphlet] -'/, 1909, pp. 22, pis. 8). — A progress report for the year 190S on the experiments above noted. At the beginuing of 1908 the manurial plats on which mustard oil cake, castor-bean meal, and cattle manure had been used for 3 years were left unfer- tilized to study the residual effects of these manures. The mustard oil cake showed the best results and the cattle manure the poorest, although the gen- eral tendency for all the plats is toward improvement as indicated by the returns from the check plat. The residual effects of the commercial fertilizers do not appear to be so lasting. Influence of drying on the quality of tea, H. L. Welter (Bui. Dept. Agi\ ImJes Xeerland., J910, Xo. 37, pp. 2-'/). — The author conducted some initial ex- periments to determine the influence of the water content in manufactured tea on its quality. The general conclusion reached is that a water content either too high or too low affects the quality unfavorably. At the completion of the drying process tea should contain at least from 3.5 to 4 per cent of water and pref- erably from 6 to 7 per cent, allowing for a subsequent reabsorption of water from the air of from 1 to 1.5 per cent. The firing process should be conductetl as rapidly as possible and the product cooled down immediately. Tea should not contain more than 9 per cent of water after being fired and cooled down. The importance of carrying on similar investigations on a more extended scale is pointed out. Sweet peas, H. J. Wright [London, [1910], pp. 116, pis. 8). — A popular work on sweet pea culture, discussing also the history and classification of sweet peas, making new varieties, growing sweet peas for various purposes, and enemies and diseases. A list is given of 50 standard varieties, together with a brief bibliography of sweet peas, and a chapter by T. Stevenson on the culture of these flowers for exhibition purposes. Pansies, violas and violets, W. Cuthbertson {London [1910], pp. XI+116, pis. 8, figs. 5). — A popular work, the successive chapters of which discuss the history and development of the pansy, the history of violas, propagation from seed and cuttings, cultivation of choice flowers for exhibition and other pur- poses, and varieties. The work concludes with a calendar of operations. The book of the rose, A. Foster-Melliar {London, 1910, J,, ed., pp. XXXV I + 856, pis. .75, figs. 6). — The present edition of this work, which first appeared in 1894, has been brought up to date. The successive chapters deal with history and classification, situation and soil, planning and planting, manures, pruning, stocks, propagation, pests, I'oses under glass, exhibiting, manners and customs, selections, and calendar of operations. FORESTRY. 643 FORESTRY. Engelmann spruce in the Rocky Mountains, with special reference to growth, volume, and reproduction, E. II. IIodson and J. II. Fostek {U. S. Dept. Agt\, Forest Scrv. Virc. 170, pp. 23).— The data presented were collected from the National Forests of Colorado and Utah. The following phases are discussed in detail : Economic importance, distribution and local occurrence, silvical characteristics, reproduction, and management. Tables are given show- ing the diameter, height, and volume growth of trees of various ages, as well as the progress of reproduction in different typos of locality. It is concluded that P^ngelmann spruce type is distinctly a protection forest. At least two-thirds of the stand should be reserved for protection purposes and heavy cuttings avoided at all times. In mixtures such as Engelmann spruce with Alpine fir, or with lodgepole pine, fellings should be made in favor of the spruce. In mixtures of Engelmann spruce with Douglas fir, however, the fir should be favored because of its greater economic value. On northern exposures and flats with abundant surface-soil moisture oi' with the mineral soil exposed, the spruce reproduction appears to be satisfactory, whereas on dry south exposures Alpine flr commonly forms over ;jO per cent of the new growth and not iufretpiently over DO per cent. This suggests that the lack of spruce reproduction may be due to seed bed conditions and not to light conditions. A study of the fundamentals of spi'uce growing, A. Sciiiffel {CciUbl. Gesam. Forstw., 36 {1910), No. 7, pp. 291-309, figs. 2).— Experiments extending over a number of years are reported in detail, in which it v\'as sought to deter- mine the effect of various densities of forest canopy on the best development of spruce trees. The work thus far indicates that spruce trees should not be planted too thickly. About 2,500 trees per hectare (or 1,000 trees per acre), evenly spaced, would appear to be the maximum number for the best development of saw logs. The diameter accretion is intimately connected with crown development. Dur- ing the period of greatest wood accretion the length of the crown should not be less than half of the stem length. Any deterioration in the crown length is in- dicated by a diminution of diameter growth. Thinnings which are not thorough enough to open up the forest canopy to some extent will not serve to prevent deterioration of crown and stem growth. Experiments on the use of red beech wood for railroad ties, A. Scnw.\r- PACH (Ztschr. Font u. Jagdw., //3 {1910), No. 7, pp. ^27-^32). — The experiments reported cover a period of several years. The conclusions thus far reached are that healthy white heart beech wood impregnated with creosote tar oil will prove an excellent material for railroad ties, lasting under ordinary conditions for from 20 to 25 years. Sound retl heart beech wood may be used if the red heart does not consist of more than 25 per cent of a cpuirter sawed log, and does not extend into the upper (n- outer layers of the tie. Unsatisfactory experiments with beech ties are attributed largely to careless handling and seasoning before the ties are given the preservative treatment. Beech railroad ties, I). SciiNEurr (O.s/r/v, Vrtlj>ivhr. Forntir.. ii..scr.,2S ( 1910), No. 3, pp. 1')7-I83, figs. II).— \ general review of the experience gained in France, Germany, and Austria relntivo to the Impregnation of hocch wood with wood preservatives. The author is of thr «i|)inion that the successful results thus far obtained shouhl be snilii-icnt to overcome the former iire.jndice against beech ties which under projier (leatnieut have proved to be both durable and cheap. 644 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) forests of the Ganges Division, TJ. P., B. A. Rebsch (Indian Forester, 36 (J 910). No. J,, pp. 202-221, pi. i).— The chief object of the present article is to draw attention and invite discussion on the management and workhig of bamboo forests In a locality where the demand is great and the working consequently intense. The past history of these forests is reviewed, and the gradual evolution of the present method of working and changes in system of management are discussed. The forests and forest flora of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope, T. R. Sim (Aherdeen, 1907, pp. 361, pis. 160, map 1). — The purpose of the present work is to bring together the available information relative to the forest flora of Cape Colony. Part 1 treats of the forests themselves relative to their area, value, and economic composition, factors affecting forest growth and distribution of siiecies, economic value of Cape timbers, protection and exploitation, artificial afforesting, history of Cape forestry, and species reserved under the forest act. Part 2 contains a synoptical index to indigenous ligneous genera, an artificial key to the genera, and systematic descrii)tions of species. Part 3 is made up of botanical drawings of the species. On the useful timber trees of German southwest Africa, C. Pouge (Ztschr. Forst II. Jagdir., Ji2 {1910), No. 7, pp. Ii00-Jj26, t)ls. 5). — Descriptions are given of a large number of timber trees growing in the central and southern portions of southwest Africa. The subject matter is based upon the available literature, together with the author's personal observations. A new resin cup, T. S. Woolsey, Jr. (Indian Forester, 36 (1910), No. 8, pp. Jf50-Jt52, pi. 1). — ^A new resin cup is briefly described and pictured. The cup, which appears to be of some considerable size, is made of glass and tightly covered with a metal cap which is also fastened snugly over the holes in the tree. Two holes from f to 1 in. in diameter are bored into the sap wood of the tree at a tangent with the heart wood. The holes start from the same point and extend in deiith about 5 in. according to the diameter of the tree. The grade of gum produced is superior to that secured in unprotected cups, since there is no evaporation and no dirt of any kind can get into the sap. The anatomy of compressed woods, P. Jaccard (Separate from Mitt. Schxoeiz. Centralanst. Fofstl. Versuchsw., 10 (1910), No. 1, pp. 53-lOt, pis. 6, figs. 33). — This study, which was conducted in the laboratory of the Swiss polytechnic school, consists chiefly of an investigation into the anatomical causes of rupture in wood. Samples of wood of a number of coniferous and hardwood species were sub- mitted to mechanical compression and studied relative to the direction of the lines of rupture caused by the compression, the relation between the distribu- tion of the medullary rays and the direction of the lines of rupture, and the anatomical character of the zone of ruptui-e. • For the sake of comparing mechanical compression with natural pressure, the structures of naturally plicated spruce wood, axillary wood, and of callous formed wood were also studied. The experiments are described in detail, and the studies illustrated by numerous plates. Abstract of report on the present status of timber tests in the Forest Service, United States Department of Ag'riculture, W. K. Hatt (Cong. Internat. Assoc. Testing Materials [Proc], 5 (1909), Pt. I, Sect. XVII, pp. 10).-— This paper as pi-eseuted before the Fifth Congress of the International Asso- ciation for Testing Materials, Copenlingen. 1000, consists of the conclusions derived from the various studies conducted by the Forest Service of this De- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 645 partment relative to the streniitli of wood niul wliicli li:ive been noted from time to time. Consumption of firewood in the United States, A. II. Pikuson (U. »s'. Drpt. Agr., Forest Scrr. Circ. ISI. iip. 7, }ii7-3.it9) . — In response to a letter of inquiry concerning the prevalence and hosts of the root disease of sugar cane {Marasmiux sacchari). it is stated that the disease is very prevalent- in Barbados and is increasing in extent and DISEASES OF PLANTS. 649 virulence. A disease believetl to be clue to .1/. sdcchari lias also been found on Guinea corn, imphee, and sweet potatoes. This disease is not so prevalent on su^ar cane on land on which cotton has bee.i srown previously, although in some instances the cane on such land has been severly attacked, this beinj; due. it is thought, to the use of infected farm- yard compost. In fields which have been allowed to lie fallow the disease exists in an inverse ratio to the len.uth of the fallow period, the shorter the period the gi'eater the amount of disease being present. Notes on the mosaic disease of tobacco, Perreau (Bui. Soc. Bot. France, 56 (1909), Xo. 1, pp. 53-55). — Attention is called to the appearance of this disease in a field of tobacco growing on land which for 30 years had had no tobacco on it. The disease was probably introduced either by means of the seed or by the debris of leaves, capsules, etc., intermingled with the seed. By the use of seed from disease-resistant plants grown on laud free from infected leaves, stems, etc., plants were produced which were practically free from the disease, thus confirming the previous statement (E. S. R., IG, p. 677) that by the proper selection of resistant varieties of tobacco this disease can be controlled. Rust and smut resistance in wheat and smut experiments with oats and maize, D. McAlpine (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, S (1910). Ao. 5, pp. 2S.'f-289). — In experiments on rust resistance in wheat, 21 varieties of wheat were used and other species or subspecies of Triticum, viz, einkorn (T. monococcum), emmer (T. sativum dicoccmn), spelt (T. sativum spelta), and Polish wheat (T. polomcum). Of the 21 varieties tested only 1 was absolutely rust free, viz, Rieti, a French bearded variety, and 5 practically free, viz. Red Egypt, Thew, Cedar, Warren, and Selection No. 4 of TripolaXTardent Blue. Of 5 varieties of wheat sent from Utah, all w-ere rusted. Two Swedish wheats immune to yellow rust ( Puccinia glumarum) in their native soil were also rusted. In tests on the resistance, of different varieties of wheat to smut (TiUctia la-vis and T. tritici), 2 varieties were found to l)e highly smut resistant, viz, Ohio and Genoa. The relative efficiency of several fungicides on bunt was also tested. Fun- gusine, a trade compound, showed 81 per cent of the grain germinated and 19.2 per cent smutted; copper sulphate, 73 per cent germinated and 2.2 per cent smutted ; formalin, 68 per cent germinated and 8.2 per cent smutted ; 2 per cent solution of phenol, 71 per cent germinated and 16.3 per cent smutted; and the check plat. 85 per cent germinated and 88 per cent smutted. The relative effects of copper sulphate and formalin on germination, infec- tion, and yield were also tested. Experiments with flag smut designed to test the relative virulence of the dis- ease when smutty seed was sown in clean ground and when clean seed was sown in ground containing diseased straw from previous crops were made, and the effects of different treatments on the seed both before and after Infection were also tried. Smutty seed in clean ground gave 83 per cent of infection and clean seed in infected ground r)2 per cent. Seed dusted with si)ores aTul afterwards treated with coiiper sulphate solution gave no smut, likewise seed first treated with copper suljthate and then dusted with spores. Grain treated with copper sulphate and diseased straw added showed an infection of 2!) |)er cent, and when treated with corrosive sublimate and planted with diseascnl straw an infection of 44 per cent was found. Copper sulphate i.s. therefore, only en\'ctive against snmtty seed in a clean soil. Neither copper sulphate nor corrosive sublimate will prevent smutting in soil alreadv contaminated by diseased straw. 650 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The leaf cast diseases of currants and their successful control, H. Rosen- TiiAT, (Dent. OhHthau Ztff., 1910, No. U,, pp. 172, 173, fig. i).— It is claimed that the two fungi GloEosporium curratmn and G. riMs, which often cause the com- plete defoliation of currant bushes, can be successfully controlled by a i per cent soda Bordeaux mixture applied about 8 days after blossoming, with a second application when the berries are gathered. Cauliflower disease of strawberries (Jour. Bd. Agr. [I^ondon], 17 (1910), No. 3, p. 21Ji, fig. 1). — In this disease, due to the attacks of a nematode {ApTie- lenchus fragarke). the flower buds and flower stems are stunted and form short, fleshy, irregular masses resembling pieces of cauliflower. The buds in tbe axils of the leaves become hard and scaly and do not grow out into stolons. The nematodes are present in the diseased flower buds and the swollen portions of the plant. Diseased plants should be removed and burned. Sulphate of potash has proved effective in checking the disease when applied at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre. The diseases of the grape and means of combating them, V. Xazari ( Sta::;. Hpcr. Agr. ItaL, //2 (1909), Xo. 9, pp. 609-S06). — In this paper are described the insect and fungus enemies of the grape as they have appeared each succes- sive year from 1S9S to 1907, inclusive, together with the means used for their control. An extended bibliography on the disease of the grape for each year is appended. Field studies of the crown gall of the grape, G. G. Hedgcock ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 183, pp. .'lO, pis. //). — The results are reported of several years' investigations of the crown gall of the gi'ape in the western part of the United States, and esi^ecially of the susceptibility and immunity to the disease of the most important varieties of grajjes. The author also discusses the distribution and importance of crown gnll, its two forms (root and cane galls), its development, effects, cause, cure, and prevention, and gives an exten- sive bibliography of the subject. In the experiments on the susceptibility and resistance of various species and varieties of grapes to this disease it was found that two factors enter into the problem. One of these is the susceptibility of the species or varieties to frosts and similar injuries in the locality where they are grown; for example, the Concord, Catawba, Delaware, and other American varieties are perfectly hardy and usually free from the disease, when varieties of Vitis vinifcra are seriously injured by freezing and frosts and become badly diseased. The second is the variation in the chemical constituents of the sap, the sap of the most resistant vines being especially acid to the taste. Vines of V. cordifolia and F,. llnsecomU are susceptible, while varieties of V. rupestris and V. vulpina are quite resistant, for example, Rupestris St. George and Rupestris Martin. Of European varieties, the Mission of California, Muscat of Alexandria, Flame Tokay, Rose of Peru, and Malaga are very susceptible, but may be grown in infected areas on resist- ant stocks. The cause of the disease seems to be Bacterium tiimrfacicns, which produces similar galls on a variety of plants. The crown gall is a communicable disease, and usually attacks the vine through wounds from frost, itrunlng. Insects, etc. Its prevention is mainly a matter of growing resistant varieties or grafting non- resistant scions on resistant stocks. All diseased vines, should be dug up and burned as soon as discovered. In the arid regions, planting deeply, so that not more than one bud will remain above ground is recommended as a protection from freezing and the burning sun. Fungicides gave negative results. The acidity of the sap of plants in relation to their resistance to the attacks of parasites, R. Averna-Sacca (.4"". A'. .s'^/~. VJiiiii. Agr, Spvr. Roma, DISEASES OF PLANTS. 651 2. ser., 3 (1009). pp. 283-307; t^iuz: l^prr. Ales were used, viz, Ben Davis. Yellow Newton, and York Inii)erial. and they were divided into 11 plats, as follows: (1) Control, nnsprayed ; (2) standard Bordeaux mixture (3:3:50); (3) iron Bordeaux mixture (Bordeaux mixture, 3 : 3 : 50 plus 2 lbs. of iron sulphate) ; (4) standard Bordeaux mixture plus gyp- sum (3:3: .50 plus 3 lbs. of gypsum) ; (5) standard Bordeaux mixture (3 : X : 50, X equaling the lime added until the neutral point was reached as shown by the litmus test); (6) self-boiled linu'-sulphur mixture (10:10:50); (7) "copper suli)hid mixture No. 1" (self-boiled lime sulphur 10:10:50, plus 2 lbs. of cop- per suli)hate) ; (8) " copper sulphid mixtiu-e No. 2 " ( Bordeaux mixture 3:3: 50, plus 1 gal. of commercial lime-sulphur solution) ; (9) "iron sulphid mixture" (self-boiled lime sulphur 10:10:50. i)lus 3 11)S. of iron sulphate: (10) arsenate of lead (used alone), 2 lbs. to 50 gal. : .ind ( 11 ) control, nnsprayed. To each of these fungicides 2 lbs. of arsenate of lead in the form of i)aste was added to every .50 gal. of spray mixture The sprays were applied with an ordinary hand liarrel pump first on .May 11 and 12, shortly after the petals had fallen iind while the calyxes were si ill open. The secon/*. 3/--'/-'/).— In a ])aper presented at the ninth annual meeting of the New York State Fruit Growers' Association the author summarizes the results of work done by various investigators on the use of lime-sulphur mixtures with special refer- ence to their value as summer sprays. The following points were discussed: (1) The kind of lime-sulphur mixtures (Scott's self-boiletl. Cordley's home-boiled, or commercial c(Micentrated solu- tions) which can be used as sununer sprays; (2) the dilutions of the concen- trated solutions which may be uset. Boiithay Bad. Lab. lOOS. vp. l.'j). — It is stated that the Plague Research Commission has been able to show that the differences in the sea- sonal prevalence of plague in such places as Poona and Belgaum as compared with Bombay and the Punjab can be explained by the differences in the several places of the seasonal prevalence of rat fleas, the number of rat fleas present in any particular place being a dominating factor which makes that place par- ticularly liable to plague at any time. Experiments with Clayton gas as a dis- infectant failed to yield satisfactory results under the conditions generally met with in India. This was mainly because the structure of the average Indian house is such that it freely allowed the escape of the gas from innumerable apertures, especially in the roof which could in no practical way be closed. Experiments were made with a small type of Leybold's apparatus, especially designed for the destruction of rats in houses. With this machine air is passed over burning coal or coke, preferably the latter, generating carbon monoxid. The gas is then passed through a scrubber and, in the hand machine used in the experiments, is driven to the room to be disinfected along a 14 in. pipe by means of a rotating fan. The gas proved to be very effective in killing rats at low levels in the rooms and even penetrated into burrows which passed in a downward direction beneath the ground level killing the rats contained in the burrows. It failed, however, to kill rats suspended a few feet above the ground. The rats had to be exposed for several hours to the gas before they were killed. Apparently they were not aware from which direction the poisonous gas came, because they did not attempt to escape from the room when liberated in it as they did when Clayton gas was used. Despite the effect on rats, rat fleas escaped unharmed. It was shown that fleas could be exposed for 1* hours without harm in a sample of the gas which contained 6.6 per cent carbon monoxid, while a small rat was killed in 10 minutes. Of 110,512 rats examined during the year 13,489 were found infected with plague. Experiments made with insecticides, rat traps, etc., are briefly noted. Rat destruction in the Punjab (Jour. Trap. Med. and Hyg. [London], L3 {1910), No. 2, pp. 26, 27).— This article includes a quotation from the Sanitary Report of the Punjab for 1908, by S. B. Smith, which relates to the progress of rat destruction in the province. '• Rat destruction by trapping is now systematically carried out in over 100 municipal towns and in 6.20 endemic centers, or places which, in the past, have been dangerous diffusion centers of plague. . . . Rat poisoning has been limited to those places infected late in the spring, to prevent or delay recrudes- cence, and to healthy villages near an infected one, to render them immune, while the epidemic is going on, The results appear to be favorable, and plague ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 657 has not spread in the usual v.-ay. The actual nuaiber of rats known to have been destroyed was 4,116,334, and large numbers were destroyed by poisoning which were not recorded. Rat destruction has been taken up with much energy in ^be native state of Patialla. where 259.141 rats were destroyed; this is re- ported to have been attended with markedly favorable results."' Mice and the transmission of certain infectious diseases, I*. Barabaschi {Gaz. Osped. e Clin. [Milan], 30 (1909), Xo. hS^. pp. I.',n-l.'tl9; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med Assoc, o't {WW), No. 2, p. 777).— The author reports that he has found the pneumococcus, the anthrax bacillus, streptococci, and stai)hyloc<)cci, alone or associated, in the intestines of various mice caught in private houses, showing that mice are liable to transmit various infections l>eside the jilague. The mice with the pneumococcus were caught in houses where there had recently been pneumonia. The excreta of the mice, drying and scattering in dust, may transmit infection even without more direct contact. The greatest danger from this source is incurred by persons working in granaries, etc., where mice abound and their dejecta are scattered over the substances handled. The kea: A New Zealand problem. G. R. Marriner (London, 1909, pp. 151; rev. in Nature [London], 82 (1909), No. 2091,. pp. 186, iS7).— The author has collected the evidence available and personally investigated the habits of this remarkable parrot. He finds that the bird kills sheep as has been previously reported. It is thought that the large sums of money paid for kea heads must have done a good deal to keep the birds in check, though their haunts in the mountain regions of the South Island are often so inaccessible that it is doubtful if they are ever exterminated. The natural food of this parrot consists of fruits, roots, honey, worms, insects, and grub.s. The author believes the inordinate curiosity of the kea to be respon- sible for its predilection for fresh meat, that it first began by experimenting with sheep skins and dead carcasses, and later on took up killing sheep. The feeding habits of the rook, Corvus frugilegus, W. E. Collinge (Jour. Econ. Biol., .5 (1910), No. 2. pp. '/.9-b7/). — "The results of this investigation, em- bracing a consideration of the stomach contents of 830 rooks, shot throughout the years 1908-9 throughout England and Wales, show that 67.5 per cent of the food of the rook consists of grain. If to this we add that of roots and fruits, the percentage is raised to 71 per cent. The animal food content was only 29 per cent, of which quite one-third must be reckoned against the rook. There is ample evidence to show that with the present large number of rooks, a grain diet is preferred. So far as the evidence of this inquiry shows, the rook is not a particularly beneficial bird to the agriculturist, although its usefulness might be considerably increased were it fewer in numbers." Proceedings of the twenty-second annual meeting of the American Asso- ciation of Economic Entomologists (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 2, pp. 113-222, pis. 11, figs. 26). — A continuation of the proceedings previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 359). The paper presented by E. D. Sanderson on The Relation of Temperature to and Growth of Insects (pp. 11.3-139) has been previously noted (E. S. R.. 23, p. 358). E. C. Cotton describes and ligures a Constant Low Temperature Ai)pa- ratus for Biological Investigations (pp. 140-145). Carbon dioxid is the active agent used in refrigeration. The apparatus described was constructed at a cost of about $1,500, the daily cost of oiieration being about 75 cts. E. F. Hitchings dis- cussed (pp. 146-148) The I'nprecedented Appearance of the Saddled-Prominent (Iletcrocampa guttirittn) (E. S. R.. 2L p. 7.59). Notes on the Corn Ear-worm (pp. 149-157), an account of which has been previously noted (E. S. R.. 22. p. 7.54), were presented by T. .1. Ileadlee. I'. J. Tarrott (pp. 157-161) presented a paper on The Cherry Ermine Moth ( Hyponomeuta padeUa), which was intro- 658 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. duced into New York State in June, 1909, on foreign nursery stock. It is said that tliis is tlie first time tbat the pest, wliicli in certain European countries is a very destructive enemy oi' fruit trees, has been introduced into tlie United States. Present knowledge indicates tbat it has not established itself in the State. Fur- ther Observations on Empoasca mali; Notes on Papaiiwina nitcla and P. cata-, phracta (E. S. R., 21, p. 56) were presented by F. L. Washburn (pp. 162-168), and a paper on Work on the Apple Maggot by W. C. O'Kane (pp. 169-172). In a paper on Spraying for the Codling Moth (pp. 172-176), E. P. Felt reported experiments made to test the efficiency of a coarse driving spray as compared with a fine mist spray. He concludes that the results obtained seem, so far as the Hudson River is concerned, to justify the belief that one thorough spraying with a Vermorel nozzle within a week or 10 days after the blossoms fall will result in protecting a very large percentage of the fruit from codling moth injury. Notes on the Ten-Lined Potato Beetle in Montana were presented by R. A. Cooley (pp. 178, 179). The author has found that there is but one brood of the Colorado potato beetle in the Gallatin Valley. Under Insect Notes from Illinois for 1909 (pp. 180-186) J. J. Davis reported upon the occurrence of insects of the truck farm and vegetable garden, and insects injurious to flowering plants, shade trees, and ornamental shrubs. Several papers read by title are presented in the report, namely. The Season's Work on Arsenical Poisoning of Fruit Trees, by E. D. Ball, E. G. Titus, and J. E. Gi'eaves (pp. 187-197) ; Notes on the " Cigarette Beetle," by P. H. Hertzog (pp. 198-202) ; Studies of the Development of Etipchmis aUynii and Stictonotus isosomatus, by E. O. G. Kelly (pp. 202-204) ; Collembola as Injuri- ous Insects (pp. 204, 205), by W. E. Collinge (E. S. R., 22, p. 251) ; Some Notes upon the Life History and Habits of the Sorghum Midge {Contarinia [Di ptosis'] sorghicoUt) (pp. 205-207), by W. H. Dean (E. S, R., 2.3, p. 364) ; Some Insecti- cide Tests for the Destruction of Aphidid;i3 and Their Eggs, by C. P. Gillette (pp. 207-210) ; Insect Notes from New Hampshire for 1909, by E. D. Sanderson (pp. 210-212) ; Insects Notably Injurious in Louisiana During 1908 and 1909, by A. H. Rosenfeld (pp. 212-217) ; and Notes on Calo.soiiia frigklum, a Native Beneficial Insect, by A. F. Burgess (pp. 217-222). Proceedings of the eighth annual meeting of horticultural inspectors {Jour. Ecun. Ent., 3 {1910), No. 2, pp. 223-250). — This is a continuation of the report previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 360). Three papers were presented, namely. What Should be the Form of our Certificates V by F. Sherman; Some Obscure Diseases of Peach, by J. B. S. Norton; and Local Inspection. Public Sprayers and the Osage Orange Hedge, by T. B. Symons. A general discussion followed. The entomological section, D. Gunn and F. Thomsen {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 8 {1909), No. 29, pp. 77-94, pis. o). — The injury caused by the granary weevil, rice weevil, and Angoumois grain moth, and remedial measures therefor are considered. An account is then given of the potato tuber moth {Gelechia oper- culella) which is an important pest in the Transvaal. Tests made in continua- tion of investigations previously noted ( E. S. R., 22. p. 357), to determine the value of chemicals and other substances in preventing the injury to wood by termites are reported. The woolly aphis, cottony cushion scale, peach-tree aphis, cockchafers, fruit fly, and the red and green colored grasshopper {Ochro- phcbus carinata) are also considered. Entomological notes, B. C. Burt {Rpt. Caicnpore [India], Agr. Sta., 1909, pp. Jfl-45). — Among the species the occurrence of which is noted are the cotton leaf-roller {Si/lcpta deroguta), cabbage aphis, spotted boll-worms {Earias fabia and E insulana), red boll-worm {(Iclcchia gossginelhi), Clavigalla horrcns, Exelastic atoniosa, black or potato cutworm {Agrotis iipsilon), a criclvet ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 659 (anjollodcs mcla liner phal lift), tho larva of a tonobrionid hootio whic-li iiijuri's wlieat and flaxseed, the Knuii borer (Chloridva obsolcUi) and the sugar cane moth borer {ChUo nimiilv.r). The sugar cane grasshopper {Hieroglj/phus furcifer) ai)pears to be one- brooded. " The eggs are laid in the ground in November about 2 in. below the surface. Soon after the first rainfall at the end of June or early in July, the young hoppers hatch out and begin to feed on young suger cane or millets, preferring the more succulent millets in this stage. Later on they confine their attack to sugar cane, probably on account of the protection which the crop (usually 4 ft. high at this time) affords from predaceous birds. The nymph molts about 5 times and matures by the middle of September. The mature insect begins to lay eggs in November in the field in which they are feeding, afterwards dying." Plowing in July and August, although late, did a certain amount of good in checking the pest, the eggs exposed being quite mature and hatching out in 15 minutes after exposure. Report of the entomologist, W. W. Frog(jatt (Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. X. >S. Wales, 1909, PI). 32-3-)).— The work for the year ended June 30, 1909, is briefly reported. Among the insect pests mentioned as having been of particular importance are fruit flies, the tomato fly {Lonchcca spJcndkla), the flea beetle {Aisipoda tnacleayi) which damaged young apples by eating the outer surface, the bean fly, the larger plain locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) , the pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora oUvieri) which attacked nectarine foliage and fruit and cherries, as well as garden vegetables, and a species of thrips that injured wheat. An insi^ection for the fowl tick of 428 domestic fowls consigned to Victoria, South Australia, and West Australia is reported. The scarabee of the sweet potato, H. A. Ballou ( IFr.s/ Indian liiil.. 10 (1909), No. 2, pp. 180-196, figs. 10). — Cryptonjnchus batatfr, which attacks the roots and the base of the vines whei-e they are thickened and woody in struc- ture, is reported to be the source of considerable injury to the sweet potato in Barbados, as much as one-third of the crop being lost on certain estates. Laboratory and field experiments and remedial measures are reported. As yet only general recommendations can be made. The rotation of crops in such a way that sugar cane is always grown between the croi)s of potatoes is strongly recommended. The sweet potato moth ( I'volopane cingiilatd) seems to prefer the sweet potato, and a severe attack often results in the complete loss of the foliage over entire fields, only the bare stripped vines being left. That severe attacks over large areas occur only at intervals of several years appears to be due in a large measure to natural enemies, particularly a tachinid (Stunnia diiitincta). Men- tion is made of several other pests of sweet potatoes, including the red si)ider (Tetmnj/chiis tclariiis) and thrips. Insects which attack vine buds, W. Wkslkv (Agr. Ha.:: V. N. Wales. 20 (1909), No. 9, p. HO.i). — Oitliorrhinn.s glindrirostris is re|)orted to attack buds of the grapevine both before and after they have burst. As the season advances the insects increase in numbers, eating the bark from young wood and destroy- ing the young grapes. The apple and vine root borer (Lrptops iiopci), a similar weevil, attacked the vine and apple buds in the Maitland district and was checked chiefly by band ] licking. Trees attacked by Termes gestroi, H. \. Kidi.ky (Agr. Hal. SI rails and I'cd. Malay Statfs. ,S (1909), No. 12, pp. 'j(!.1 56/,).— A list is given of the trees in Johore attacked by this species of white aut. 660 exi>erimekt station Record. A new microsporidian parasite of Termes lucifugus, C. Perez (ProcVerb. Soc. Sci. Phijs. et ^at. Bordeaux, 190S-9, pp. 17-19).— The name Duboscqia Jegeri is proposed for a parasite of T. lucifugus, whicli represents a new genus and species. On the feeding habits of the common earwig, Forficula auricularia, W. E. CoLLiNGE {Jour. Econ. Biol., 5 {1910), No. 2, p. 68).— The blossoms and bark of the honeysuclile {Lonicera peridymenum) are reported to have been greatly damaged by the common earwig. On 2 new genera of Thysanoptera from Venezuela, R. S. Bagnall {Jour. Linn. Hoc. [Lo/((?o»], Zool.. SO {1909). No. 200, pp. 329-335, pi. i).— The new genera and species are Anactinothrips meincrtl and Actinothrips longicornis. The cotton stainer bug, C. P. Lounsbury {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 35 (1909), No. 5, pp. 613-616). — A general account of these bugs. The species Dysdcrcus .supersUtiosus appears to be a formidable pest of the incipient cotton industry of the Transkei and the extreme southeastern districts of Cape Colony. The phylloxera board, H. Lowcay {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 13 {1900), No. 5, pp. .'i3G-'i3H). — In this extract from the report of the phylloxera board of South Australia, it is stated that the vineyards of the State are still free from the invasion of grape phylloxera. In 1908, 7,500 acres of vines and in 190^, 6,950 acres were inspected. [Gossyparia spuria on Viscum album], L. Filmek {Centhl. Bakt. \eic.]. 2. Abt., 25 {1910), No. l-'t, pp. 106-108, figs. 3). — The author reports the finding of the European elm scale on the mistletoe {V. album) growing in the vicinity of Diirnstein, Austria. The sugar cane mealy bug (Pseudococcus calceolariae), J. B. Garrett {Louisiana Stas. Bui. 121. pp. 3-19, figs. 7).— This insect is commonly known to Louisiana sugar planters as the pou a pouche. Information received from some of the oldest cane planters in southern Louisiana indicates that it was imported on seed cane about 25 years ago and became established on some of the planta- tions near the mouth of the Mississippi River. From that point, it worked its way to districts around New Orleans, making its appearance at the Sugar Sta- tion in 1S91. Inspections made in the fall of 1907 proved Jefferson, Plaquemines, and Orleans parishes to be infested, while neighboring parishes were apparently uninfested. In this country the species has also been rei)orted from Florida and California. The author has observed this mealy bug on Johnson grass, Sorghum halepcusc, and the saccharine sorghums, as well as on sugar cane; and Calceolaria, Danthonia, Phormium tcnax, and Cordyline australis have been also recorded as food plants of the species. Observations of the life history of the pest made at Audubon Park during the season of 1907-8 are reported. " The females while quite young are fer- tilized by the small winged males and normally begin to deposit eggs when about three-fourths grown. If detached from the host plant and prevented from reattaching, they will spin or exude the cottony mass and deposit eggs when not more than half mature. . . . Fnder normal conditions it was observed that a female would begin to exude the white secretion and oviposit in about 21 days from time of hatching; however, when detached from the host plant oviposi- tion would begin 7 to 10 days earlier. ... It was found that from 100 to 400 eggs were deposited in a single mass under normal conditions. . . . The eggs hatch in from 4 to 7 days in warm weather, depending on the temperature and humidity. ... In the early spring before the young canes have begun to joint, the young mealy bugs, which hatch at that time, crawl up and attach themselves in the leaf axils and get subsistence from the leaves. . . . The mealy bugs pre- fer the stalk to the leaves and will leave the leaf axils and go to the nodes as ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 661 soon as the jointing of the cane talves place. Wlieu once attaclied at the node on the stallc, the insect, if undisturbed, seems inclined to remain there through- out its life. The males hatch in the same cottony mass with the females and resemble the latter quite closely at first, but after about ft days from time of hatching they also collect by themselves under some leaf sheath, or other place of hiding, and begin to spin a long, narrow, white cocoon. In this cocoon they remain until fully matured, emerging in about 14 days in possession of two clear, delicate wings and a pair of long, white, anal spines. When mature the males begin to fly in search of females and can be seen literally swarming around heavily infested stalks of cane. The broods follow one after the other through- out the summer and until cold weather in the fall or winter." In 1910, due to the cold and lack of food during January, February, and part of March development ceased in all the mealy bugs that were exposed, but when cane was removed from the windrows, it was found that the mealy bugs thereon had continued development due to the protection afforded. It is said that the mealy bugs and their eggs are much more liable to survive the winter when the cane is placed in windrows than when it is planted. Some of the mealy bugs make their appearance above ground quite early in the summer, but the greater part do not api^ear until jointing of the cane begins. The Argentine ant {Iridomyrmex Inunilis) attends the mealy bug and gives it protection. This is an important factor, particularly in spring, in increasing the numbers of the pest. The greatest danger of disseminating the sugar cane mealy bug is through the transportation of infested cane from plantation to plantation, or from one part of the State to another. In order to prevent the pest from being carried to fields which are now uninfested, it is important that planters do not secure seed cane from infested plantations or from an infested field on their own iilanta- tions. The greatest damage is done to the germinating eyes or buds of plant cane in the spring. In late summer and fall, when the infestation becomes heavy, large quantities of juice, which at that time contains a comparatively high percentage of sucrose, is sucked out ; this means a loss of sugar and re- tardation of plant growth. The lady beetle, Cryptolwmus montrouzieri, an important enemy of this pest in Australia and Hawaii, was introduced from the latter island in March, 11)08, and became an effective enemy of the mealy bug, but was apparently killed by the low winter temperature. The author observed that while the Argentine ant would always drive the adult beetle away from the mealy bug, it would rarely ever attack the lady beetle larvse. A native lady beetle iSvi/innun intrusus) destroys the mealy bug but is not sutticiently prolific to be a factor in controlling the pest. A fungus disease due to Asixn/ilhis sp. is said to l)e the most Important enemy. The author concludes that in order to prevent further spread of the mealy bug, it is imi)ortant that an effective treatment for infested seed cane intended for distribution l)e devised. P^xperiments at the station have shown that in heavily infested fields fall i)lanting, if the ground is not too dry and labor plen- tiful enough to prepare the soil properly, give better results and better stands than spring planting. It is recommended that all .Tohnson grass along ditch banks and roads be thoroughly burned during the dry spell in the fall, as this will destroy the mealy bugs that congregate among the l)ases of the plants near the surface of the ground. The San Jose scale and its control, A. L. Quaintanck (f. X. I>t. .1 i. 10).— X brief summarized account of the San Jose scale, its natural enemies, and methods of combating it. An extended ac- count of this inscK't has been previously noted (E. S. li., 18, p. 053). 662 EXPEEIMEKT STATION RECORD. Oil some cdccid pests of economic importance, E. E. Green {Jour. Econ. Biol., 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-8, pis. 2). — Five species are discussed in tliis paper, namely Aspidiotus oceanica, which is stated to be the source of enormous injury to coconut palms in the Caroline Islands; Asterolecanium piistulCDts sci/chcl- larum n. var., which occurs on Hevea brasiUeiisis in the Seychelle Islands, but is somewhat checked by a fungus parasite: Eriococcus paradoxuK ; Ccrococcus indicKS n. sp., a pest of some importance in the forests of the Siwaliks, India ; and Lecanium itnbricans, which attacks Ficus glomcraia, F. iiifcctorid, and the red cedar {Cedrela toona) in the district of Balur, India. The last-named species covers the miderside of the branches and forms a dense silvery-white mass which rapidly kills the branches attacked and finally the whole tree. The scale is accompanied by a sooty fungus which grows in great quantities on the plants below and this rapidly kills out coffee. On 2 new species of African coccidae, R. Newstead {Jour. Econ. Biol., 5 {1910), No. 1, pp. 18-22, figs. 2). — Hcmilecanium rcciirvatum from hollow branches of Plectronia laurentii, and Siictococcus formicariits from hollow branches of Barteria fistulosa, near Stanleyville, Upper Congo, are described as new. The latter species is said to be attended by an ant, Sii)ia f^pininodn. A louse from Orycteropus afer, and a new variety of Amblyomma, E. G. Neumann iJalirb. Nassau. Ver. Naturlc, t>'2 {1909), pp. 2-6, pi. 1). — A new louse collected in German West Africa from 0. afcr is described as Hwmato- pimis notophallHs; a tick collected from a rhinoceros in British East Africa as Amblyomma hcbrwum magnum n. var. Experiments and observations on the development of Trypanosoma lewisi in the rat louse Haematopinus spinulosus, V. S. II. Baldkey {An-h. I'rolistcnk.. 15 {1909), No. 3, pp. 326-332, figs. 2; Jour. Trap. Tct. Hci., 5 {1910), No. 1, pp. 101-105, figs. 2). — The author concludes that a cycle of T. lewisi occurs in the rat louse (//. spinHlosiis) which takes from 8 to 10 days. The incubation period in the rat is from 3 to 5 days, at the termination of which time mature trypanosomes may be recognized in the blood. The plume moths of Ceylon, T. B. Fletcher {8polia Zcyhinica, 6 {1909), No. 21. pp. 1-39. pis. 6). — Part 1 of this work, which appears in this number, is devoted to the PterophoridiTp. A synoptic table of the genera and tables for the separation of the species of PteropboridiTe occurring in Ceylon are included. Eight forms are described as new to science. " Of the 37 species enumerated, 12 or 32 per cent are at present only known from Ceylon, 17 or 46 per cent are wide-ranging forms which occur in at least 2 other localities, 4 or 11 per cent have only been found hitherto in the Khasi Hills, Assam, and Java, India, the South Indian Hills, and Australia each pi'oduces one species which is only known otherwise from Ceylon." Keport of the field work against the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth, D. M. Rogers and A. F. Burgess ( f7. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 87, pp. 78, pis. 12, figs. 22, map 1). — In this bulletin the authors present a comprehensive account of the methods followed and the work accomplished, exclusive of the efforts made to import and acclimatize the European and Japanese parasites, in combating the gipsy and brown-tail moths. The first part of the report takes up briefly the history, life history, habits, and similar data regarding these pests, and the progress of the state work in Massachusetts from 1890 to 1900. Then follows an account of the work which was again taken up by the States of Massachusetts and Maine in 1905, by Rhode Island and Connecticut in 1906, and by New Hampshire and this De- partment in 1907. At the time the work on the gipsy moth was abandoned by the State of Massachusetts in 1900, over $1,000,000 had been spent in an attempt to exterminate the pest. Since the work was resumed in 1905, nearly ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 663 $4,000,000 has been expended l)y the different States in New England, by private property o\vners, and by this Department. Several sources of distribution of the ])est have recently come to lij,'ht. lu March, 1909, wood used in repairing railway track, near Scarboro I'.each, Maine, which had come from infested territory in Massachusetts was found to be badly infested with giiisy moth egg clusters. This has resulted in the intro- duction of a system of inspection of forest products shipped from infested territory. During the winter of 1909 webs containing hibernating caterpillars of the brown-tail moth were discovered in seedling nursery stoclc imported from France as previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 360). "At the close of the season brown-tail moths had been found in shipments of stoclc received in 15 States, and a single egg cluster of the gipsy moth in a shipment received in Ohio." The greater part of the exiK?rimental work is stated to have been along the line of developing more efficient spraying methods. The use of the tower on power sprayers has resulted in a great saving in the cost of treatment. Tests made in 1909 with large spraying machines to determine the most effective pressures and the best size of nozzle outlets indicate that on an average the |-inch nozzle now used will carry the spray 20 ft. farther than a A-inch nozzle and that it is necessary to maintain a pressure of over 200 lbs. in order to secure satisfactory results. Because of the expense involved in applying and tending burlap, it is not now considered as satisfactory a method of destroying the caterpillars a.s the more recent system of banding the trees with tanglefoot. In spraying arsenate of lead, 10 lbs. to 100 gal. of water is used, but after the caterpillars are half grown it is often desirable to increase this amount to 12 or 15 lbs. to the same amount of water. The powder sprayers, equipment used, etc., and methods of application, are described. It is stated that a machine and crew of men can usually cover about 12 acres of woodland per day, the entire cost of treatment averaging about .$10 per acre. The cost of the methods employed, the value of natural enemies in controlling the 2 pests, the intro- duction of parasites and natural enemies of the 2 pests, the value of the work of suppression to the farmer and fi'uit-grower, suggestions to the owners of private property in the infestetl districts, and similar points are also briefly considered. A list of the moi'e important American publications on the gipsy and brown- tall moths is appended. An account of some experiments on the edibility of certain lepidopterous larvae, 11. Eltrixgham (Trans. Ent. Soc. London. I'JOD, pt. .}, pp. -'/77-.J7S).— A report of experiments conducted to determine the preference of lizards for certain insects. Mosquitoes: With reference to immigration and horse sickness, and notes on the destruction of their larvae by fish in the Sudan, A. liALFOUR ( Cnim Sci. Jour., 3 (1909), No. 37, pp. 2//i-2//5).— Because of the blocking of the cur- rent of the White Nile and the overflow of the Blue Nile, great numbers of mosquitoes were brought to Khartoum on steamers. The majority proved to be Stcyomyia aiJopits, but CuJc-c fatifjans was conunon and I'lirctophonis ros- talis also a visitor. As horse sickne.ss, or blue tongue, was i)revalent up the Blue Nile, it is sug- gested that the intrcMluction of the mosquitoes may have had something to do with the outbreak of the disease in Khartoum. The introduction of 2 species of fish which feed on mosquito larvje is stated to be under way. A contribution to the study of distomid parasites of Anopheles maculi- pennis, G. Allessandrim (Malaria, 1 (1909), .Yo. 2, pp. 133-1.37; ahH. hi liuL Inst. Pasteur, 7 {1909), No. 12, p. 5////).— The author has found the larva of a distome (apparently that of Lecithodendriuin ascidia, a i)arasit(' of the bat) 664 Experiment:' station record. in A. maculipennis. This is stated to be the larva previously observed by Martirano and Schoo, while the distomes found in mosquitoes by Ruge and Linstow belong to Distoma glohiporum, a parasite of fish. The Siniulium columbaczense of Roumania, N. Leon (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.l, 1. Aht., Orig., 51 {1909),-^'o. 6, pp. 650-668, figs. 11).— A somewhat detailed account of 8. columbaczense, which appears in swarms in certain sections of Roumania, particularly near the Danube, and attack buffaloes, oxen, cows, etc., as well as man, and in some instances even causes death. A monograph of the African Tabanidae of the genus Tabanus, J. M. R. SuRCOirF (Paris, 1909, vol. 1, pp. 260, pis. .3, figs. 26, maps 22; rev. in Bill. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 23, p. 1013). — In addition to the general classification of the species occurring in Africa exclusive of the Mediterranean basin, they are arranged by geographical regions. A biltliography is given. Some further remarks on the systematic affinities of the Phoridse, with descriptions of two new North American species, C. T. Brues (Bui. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, n. ser., 7 (1909), No. 3-J,, pp. 103-110, fig. 1) .—Apliiochwta smithii bred from an agaric mushroom, collected at Stelton, N. J., and Puli- cipliora sijlvatica from Orcas Island, Wash., are described as new. A preliminary list of the flies of Wisconsin belonging to the families Bombyliidas, Syrphidae and Conopidae, S. Graenicher (Bui. ^^■is. Nat. Hist. Soc, n. ser., 8 (1910), No. 1, pp. .1?-'/)). — In this annotated list one syrphid, Helophilus hruesi, is described as new. Three new blood-sucking' flies from. Paraguay, C. Schrottky (Ztsehr. Wiss. Inselctenbiol., 5 (1909), No. 2, pp. 61-63).— Three species from Paraguay, namely, Simulium inexorabile, S. paranense, and >Sf. paraguayeuse are described as new to science. The biology and history of the tsetse flies, E. Roun.vrn (Rer. Gen. Hei., 20 (1909), No. 22, pp. 916-923, figs. 8).— Figures of the stages, etc., of Olossina palpalis and a map showing its dispersion accompany the account. The structure, development, and bionomics of the house fly (Musca domestica), III, C. G. Hewitt (Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. [London], n. ser., 54 (1909), No. 215, pp. 3.'f7-41'h P'- i)- — This is the concluding paper of the series p- 193-203).— TXu^ is an annotated list of the Cur- culionidjc from different parts of east and south Australia that were found unnamed in the Natural History Museum of Hamburg. Nine species are de- cribed as new to science. 666 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. Combating the " cigarier " (Rhynchites betuleti) by means of insecticides, P. Maisonneuve, L. Moreau, and E. Vinet {Rev. Vit., 32 {1909), Nos. 8 J 2, i>p. 39-42; 813, pp. 60-65; SlJf, pp. 88-90).— This weevil, known as the cigar roller, has occurred in vineyards in Anjou, France, for many years, but has not until recently caused sufficient injury to warrant combative measures other than collection. In experiments conducted with insecticides here reported, arsenate of lead gave the best results, followed by iron arsenate with nearly as good results. Diseases of bees, W. Malden (Jour. Econ. BioL, 5 (1910), No. 2, pp. 41--i8). — A brief review of the present status of our knowledge of bee diseases. Colonies of ants (Lasius neoniger) infested with. Laboulbenia formicarum, W. M. Wheeler (Psijche, 11 {WW). No. 3. pp. 8J-S6*).— The author calls atten- tion to the fact that 2 species of Laboulbeniaceje are known to be parasites of ants. One of the two, Riclcia wasmanni, is found on Myrmica Icvinodis at Linz on the Rhine; the other, Laboulhciiia formicarum. occurs on Lasius niger americanus and Formica siibpoUta neoyagatcs at Cambridge. Mass. In April, 1910. the last-named parasite was found by the author on L. niger nconigcr along the seacoast at Ellisville, Mass. The infested colonies seemed to be decidedly less prosperous than those uninfested. The observations made at Ellisville indicate that the parasitic fungus can luxuriate only on the members of ant colonies which have become enfeebled or depauperate through nesting in soil which is too moist, saline, or foul, or of an abnormally high temperature when exposed to the sun. The chalcidoid parasites of the common house or typhoid fly (Musca domestica) and its allies, A. A. Girault and G. E. Sanders {Psyche, 11 {1910), No. 3, pp. 108-111, fig. /).— In this second paper (E. S. R., 23. 161) the author reconstructs the genus Fachycrepoideus of the family Pteromalidte. Specimens reared from dipterous larvae are described as P. dubius, and this species is designated as the type of the genus. Notes and descriptions of North American parasitic Hymenoptera, VIII, C. T. Brues (Bui. Wis. Nat. Hist. 8oc.. n. .srr.. 8 {1910), No. 1, pp. Ji5-52).— One genus (Aneuron) and 4 species are described as new. A preliminary list of the proctotrypoid Hymenoptera of Washing'ton, with descriptions of new species, C. T. Brues {Bui. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, n. scr.. 1 {1909), No. 3-'/. pp. 111-122). — Seventeen species, including descriptions of 7 that are new to science, are noted. A key is given to the North American species of the genus liygocerus. A new species of Telenomus parasitic on the eg'gs of tussock moths, C. T. Brues {Psyctiv. 11 U91U). No. 3. pp. 106. 101). — Telenomus flskei reared from the eggs of Hcmcrocampa leucostigma. in Cambridge. Mass., and Brooklyn, N. Y., and from the eggs of Notolophus on spruce from Machias. INIe., is de- scribed as new. On some undescribed Ichneumonidae and Braconidae, reared by T. B. Fletcher from Ceylonese Lepidoptera (Pterophoridae), P. Cameron {Spolia Zci/hniicn, 6 {1909), No. 21, pp. 40-Jf3). — One ichneumon {Hymcnobosmina trichoptilus) and 5 braconids of the genus Apanteles are described as new to science. Panama ticks, S. T. Darling {Jour. Econ. Ent.. 3 {1910), No. 2, p. 222).— The occurrence of Amblyonima dissimile and A. varium is noted. The last- named species, which attaches to Bufo marinus, is said to be the intermediary host of Filaria sp. and also of a Hemogregarine. Speleorchestes, a new genus of saltatorial Trombidiidae, which lives in termites' and ants' nests, I. Tragardh {.irk. Zoo!., 6 {1909), No. 2, pp. 14, {iys. l.'i). — Two species, 8. termitophilus which occurs in termites" nests in FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 667 Znlulanrl, and .'^. fonnicdiuni fmiiul in the nest of Foniiicit nif(t in Sweden, are described as belonging to the new genus Speleorchestes. Epidemic of silver maple leaf-mite, A. C. Uukkill (BhI. Wis. \(it. flixt. Soc. n. scr., 7 (1909), Xo. 3-.'i, pp. 123-129).— PhyUocoptrs [Eriopliycs] quadripcH is said to have been imnsnally abundant and injurious to the silver maple at Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin. A bibliography is included. The present status of our knowledge of the role of arthropods in the trans- mission of infectious diseases of vertebrates, P. Manteufel (Zool. Zenthl., 16 (1909), Xo. 2-3, pp. J, 1-81; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), Xo. 19, p. 811). — This general review of the subject is accompanied by a bibliography of the more important literature. The development of a piroplasm and trypanosome of CF.ttle in artificial culture media, E. Martini (Zfschr. Hyg. u. Infcktionskrank., 64 (1909), No. S, pp. 385-391, pis. !{, figs. 2). — This account has been substantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 784). A bibliography of 23 titles is appended. The development of Hasmoproteus orizivorae n. sp., G. ANScniJTz (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Grig., 51 (1909), Xo. 6, pp. 651,-659, pis. 2).— This new species was taken from the ricebird or padda (Spcrmcstcs orizivora) . FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. The bleaching' of flour and the effect of nitrites on certain medicinal sub- stances, W. Hale (Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 68, pp. Jf-i). — The natural and artificial bleaching of flour, the changes which take place in the flour, the effects produced by different amounts of nitric oxid gas under laboratory conditions, and similar matters are considered, and the results of an experimental study reported in which artificial digestion experi- ments and digestion experiments with small animals were made. Sodium nitrite and its action on other drugs was also studied with small animals, the amount used being greatly in excess of that found in bleached flour. The author believes the results are nevertheless suggestive. The results of the experiments were summarized as follows: " The gluten of unbleached flour of the same grist is more easily digested by an artificial gastric juice than that of flours bleached with varying amounts of nitrogen peroxid. " Sodium nitrite, when added to an artificial gastric juice in a strength of 1 part to 5,(XX) to 200,000 (40 to only 1 part of nitrogen per 1,000,000), lessens its proteolytic action from a marked to a just determinable degree. "Alcoholic extracts made from slightly to markedly overbleached (over- treated) flour are toxic for white mice and rats when given subcutaneously. Alcoholic extracts of unbleached flour prepared in the same way are not toxic. "Alcoholic extracts of slightly ta markedly overbleached (overtreated) flour are devoid of any marked toxic action on rabbits when given per stomach. Those from overtreated flour caused a somewhat more marked diminution in weight in one series, a negligible decrease in another. " Sodium nitrite, even in very dilute acid solution (up to 1 part to 20,000,000 or 1 part to 100,000,000 of nitrogen as nitrite) causes definite color and chemical changes in a large number of common medicinal substances. " Sodium nitrite in dilute acid solution (up to 1 part to 20,000 or 1 part to 100,000 of nitrogen as nitrite) markedly increases the toxic action of a number of medicinal substances. In certain eases no effect is produced and in others the toxicity is lessened. "The application of these results to the possible harmful effects of the arti- ficial bleaching of flour suggests that a deleterious action does result because 668 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of the lessened digestibility of the gluten of such flour, and possibly also because of the presence of definitely toxic substances, although these, it must be admitted, are present, even in overtreated flour, in only minute amounts. ■ " Independently of these factors, also, the bleaching process may produce harmful results on account of the presence in flour bleached by such processes of small amounts of the nitrites. This action is exerted in two ways — by a decrease in the rate of protein digestion and by changing other medicinal sub- stances which may be taken at the same time into markedly toxic agents, or by decreasing their normal action, or possibly through the chemical change, altering entirely their therapeutic effects. " That the nitrites may enter the stomach from other sources does not alter the fact that they act thus deleteriously, and that their ingestion should be decreased as much as possible and, when other drugs are given, as absolutely as possible." The digestibility of unbleached and of bleached flour, J, T. Willard and C. A. A. Utt (Bui. Kans. Bd. Health, 6 {1910), Xo. 6, pp. U8^15Jt).—\ sum- mary of two series of experiments and detailed report of a third are given, the last including digestion by pepsin, by pancreatin, by a commercial diastase, and by saliva, 94 tests in all, made in duplicate. " In no case has a comparison of the results shown any appreciable difference between bleached flour and the corresponding unbleached sample. In view of the uniformity of these results the conclusion seems unavoidable that flour bleached to the extent that our samples were is not altered in respect to rate of digestion." The heat of flour, J. T. Kelly {Austral. Baker, IJf {1910), No. 3, p. 25).— Experiments with flour indicate that it has high latent heat. Deterioration of Indian corn and its character, B. Gosio {Ann. Agr. [Italyl, 1909, Xo. 261. pp. 38. pis. 2.J). — This is an experimental study of the deteriora- tion of corn meal, particularly by mold, and its possible relation to pellagra. Statistics of the Swiss honey industry, H. Spuhler and A. Bertschingee {Schiceiz. Bicnen Ztg., n. ser., 33 {1910), No. 7, pp. 309-323).— Statistical data are summarized. The value of fruit as food for man, M. Rubner {Deut. ObstMv Ztg., 1910, No. 16-19, pp. 2't0-247). — The nutritive value of fruit, its importance from an economic standpoint, and related questions are considered in this summary of data on fruit and its use in the diet. Edible wild plants of Nova Scotia, W. H. Brest {Proc. and Trans. Nova Seotian Inst. 8ci., 11 {190^-5), No. 3, pp. 381-Jtl6). — This is a popular descrip- tion of plants which have little commercial value, but which may be used for food in case of necessity. Food analyses, C. F. Juritz {Rpt. Senior Anal., Cape Good Hope, 1909, pp. ]3Jf-l.'/6). — This reports analyses of milk, cream, butter, milk powder, and mis- cellaneous foods and beverages. [Analyses of miscellaneous food products], E. H. S. Bailey and H. L. J.^CKSON {Bui. Z<:ans. Bd. Health, 6 {1910), No. 5, pp. 1 1 6-1 2 Jf).— This contains analyses of samples of baking powders, milk, and other food products. The Italian law relating to animal foods, E. C^sari {Hijg. Viande et Lait, Jf {1910), No. 7, pp. 365-37.5). — This is a discussion of the Italian law, and it is noted that the chief merit of the law is that it applies to all foods. Nutrition and foodstuffs, H. Bischoff {Erndhrung und Nahrungsmittel. Leipsic, 1910, pp. 120, figs. Jf). — A brief and popular discussion of theories of nutrition, characteristics of the principal foodstuffs, and similar topics. Food and feeding {Brit. Med. Jour., 1910, Nos. 2563, pp. 388-390; 2564, PP- /f53, 45-^ ) . — This is a brief exposition of some of the recent theories of human FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 669 nutrition. Tlie uo-brealvfast plan, the fastinir cniv. tlie tliorousii <-lu'\vin^' plan, vegetarianism, and low protein diet are discussed. [Food of upper Yukon natives]. F. ScuxirrrKK { SDiitlisn. Mi.sc. CoUcct.. .',6, Xo. //. pjt. 6. 7). — The diet of these natives consists of fish. game, and berries, supplemented by vegetables bought at local stores. I'ntil recently they lived exclusively on animal food, but now demand vegetable food. The Mackenzie River natives, on the contrary, live almost entirely on meat. The author states that they are robust and healthy. Notes on the ration of Cuban workmen, H. Ferrkr (An. Acad. Cicn. Un- hana, 47 (1910), May, pp. 1,1-08, pi. 1. pg.s. 3).— All parts of the island are con- sidered in the author's study of dietary conditions in Cuba. In general he con- cludes that the average ration is improperly proportioned and poorly selected, and makes recommendations for securing a more economical diet. According to the data which he simmiarizes regarding Cuban conditions, a typical man without work consumes a diet supplying 67.68 gm. protein and 1,708 calories of energy. The diet of a physician 32 years old, weighing 58 kg., sup- plied 88.50 gm. protein and 1,949 calories; the ration of a Cuban at moderate work 93.15 gm. protein and 2,326 calories ; and the ration of a Cuban at severe work, 111.17 gm. protein and 2,778 calories. In the study of siiecial diets he states that the ration of Cuban soldiers in time of peace supplies 147.9 gm. protein and 3.999 calories, and the ration of prisoners 76.2 gm. protein and 1.7S1 calories. The possible relation between the high cost of living in cities and the high death rate from tuberculosis is discussed, as well as other topics which have to do with the general subject. Manual for army bakers, H. G. Sharpe et al. (War Dcpt. \U. .S'.], Off. Cam. Goii. Doc. 358, pp. 89, figs. 14) • — This contains an outline of the chemistry of bread making, and describes the equipment and processes used in army post bakeries and also field baking and field bakery equipment. Diet in training (J/ecZ. Rcc. [X. T.], 7,S (1910). Xo. o, p. 19',).— X discussion of diet in training in which the author quotes from a paper read by H. I. Gillett before the Oxford Medical Society, June, 1910, to the effect that the majority of Oxford rowing men consume on an average 169 gm. protein daily. The possi- bilities of harmful results from the consumption of an excess of protein are considered. " The point is how to discover what constitutes an excess of protein and to find out whether a hard and fast rule can be laid down with resi)ect to the diet of athletes. Judging from experiments and tests which have be(>n made up to the present time, it may be stated with emphasis that no arbitrary rule can be deduced from these and it seems likely that the diet of athletes must be regu- lated according to the idio.syncrasies of individuals under the direction of medical men or skilled trainers." The action of sodium benzoate and benzoic acid on the human organism, C. A. Hekter (\X(ir ) or/.l. 1910. pp. IS). — In this publication the author replies to criticisms which have been made of the report of the Referee Board appointed to study the action of sodium benzoate, and gives rea.sons for his belief that the conclusions of this board are reliable and trustworthy. The influence of oxygen inhalations on muscular work, L. Hill and M. Flack (Jour. Physiol., 40 (1910), Xo. 5, pp. 347-372, figs. 2, dgms. 5).— A series of experiments on 12 subjects led to the following conclusions among others: "The inhalation of oxygen lessens the discomfort of forced breathing. It enables young men with a great power of pulmonary ventilation to go on with forced breathing for as long as 19 minutes, and to wash the 'COj out of the body till the alveolar tfcngion sinks to as low as 1.47 per cent. . . . 670 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. '■ TLe ventilation power is nuicli greater in tlie younj;- student tlian in the middle-aged. . . . '■ Oxygen inlialation enables the athlete to excel by making him able to stand a higher tension of CO^. After deep breathing of oxygen and filling his lungs with the gas he can run 200 to 300 yds. without breathing, and this gives him a mechanical advantage. The beneficial effect is due partly to the oxygen in the body, and chiefly to that in the lungs. " The effect of oxygen inhalation is almost entirely spent by the first period of exertion which follows the inhalation." Select list of references on the cost of living and prices, H. H. B. Meyer (Washington: Library of Congress, 1910, pp. V-\-107). — This is a list of the literature of the subject contained in the Library of Congress, relating princi- pally to conditions in the United States, although all important foreign countries are represented. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Text-book of comparative physiology of domesticated animals, W. Ellen- BERtiER and A. Scheunert (Lehrhuch iter vergleichendeu Physiologie dcr Haus- siiugcticrc. Berlin. HUG, pp. X-\-S()'.). figs. .'/7J). — This text-boot has special value for teachers and investigators in animal husbandry through its resumes of recent work. Among the more important chapters are the follcnving: The Chemical Constituents of the Animal Body, by A. Scheunert ; Ferments and Their Effect in General, by W. Grimmer; The Blood, by H. Zangger and O. Zietzschmann ; Circulation of tlie P.1o(h1, by A. Lohmann; Respiration, by TV. Gmelin; Urine and its Secretion, by C. Porcher; Secretions of the Skin, by "W. Kolmer; Milk and its Secretion, by H. Rievel ; Special Secretions, by W. Hausmann ; Functions of the Liver, by E. Abderhalden ; Digestion, by W. Ellen- berger and A. Scheunert ; Assimilation and Resorption, by W. Gmelin ; Metab- olism, by O. Krnmmacher; Animal Heat, by J. Tereg; General Physiology of JIuscles and Nerves, by A. Durig; Electrophysiology, by A. von Tschermak; Special Physiology of the Nerves, by H. Dexler ; Locomotion, by O. Zeitzschmanu ; Sense Organs, by W. Ellenberger; Vision, by A. von Pflugk; and Reproduction, by W. Ellenberger. The treatise also furnishes a foundation for work in applied zoology. Experi- mental methods are described and there are numerous references to the literature on comparative physiologj-. A theory of Mendelian phenomena, W. J. Spillman {Amer. Breeders" Mag., J (1910), No. 2, pp. 113-125). — The epigenetic theory of the development here outlined is stated to be consistent with JNIendelian phenomena and is a restate- ment of the author's views, which have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 172). The new views about reversion, C. B. Davenport (Proe. Amer. Plril. Soc., Ji9 (1910), \o. 196, pp. 291-296). — Atavism is defined as the possession in an offspring of a graudpareutal trait not evident in the parent, while reversion is the reappearance of a trait of some more remote ancestor. The new explana- tion of reversion is based on the principle that unit characters are inherited from the germ plasm and not from the parent as a whole. " In the great majority of cases atavism is a simple reappearance in one- fourth of the offspring of the absence of a character due to the simplex nature of the character in both parents. "Reversion in the strict sense has a more complicated oxplanation. If de- pends in general on the cii'cumstance that many apparently simple organs or color patterns or colors are really complex and require the cooperation of two or more elementary characteristics called factors. For generations a particular ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 671 character may not appear hut when two parents together produce the required factors the conibinatiou may be an apparently new. comi)ound character: which we tind elsewhere only in remote ancestry." Germinal analysis through hybridization, C H. Shttll {Proc. Amrr. rhil. kioc, 'i<> < imO), yo. lUr>. i>iK 2Sl-'.>V/. IDOV, PI). 2-'f-2S; 62-65, pi. 1). — An account of the work in progress in cattle breeding at Kodiak Station. " The summer conditions have been favoraijle to the herd. . . . The young stock has grown well, and all were sleek, lusty, and fat at the close of the season of pasture. The (ialloways have proved them- selves to be first-class rustlers. They can stand the climate well, they pay no attention to storms, their heavy coat of long hair protects them against cold, and there is no doubt whatever but that the tialloway is the breetl for Alaska. . It is believed that by selecting the heifers which prove to be good milkers and breeding them for the milking quality and occasionally augmenting the number of milkers with purchases from outside, it will be possible in a few years to develop the milking quality, which has been systematically repressed in the breed for many years past, until a dairy strain will be secured without having sacrificed all of the qualities which go to make good beef cattle as well." The daily ration of hay when fed alone was about 25 lbs. per head, and when hay and silage were fed together the daily ration was 10 lbs. of hay and 20 lbs. of silage, until about March 1 when the hay was cut off and silage was fed alone, the ration being increased to 45 lbs. of silage. All of this time the cattle ran on the beach, where they could get more or less kelp that was thrown up by the tide. Some cattle died of impaction of the thix'd stomach as the result of eating half-rotten grass found on the beach. It is recommended that Iceland sheep and the yak be introduced and an attempt made to ci'oss the yak with the Galloway cattle. Indian cattle in the United States, A. P. Borden {Amcr. Breeders .!/«;/.. / (1910), A"o. 2, PI). 91-9.'i, flgs. 3). — An account of a herd of 51 head of zebus im- ported from India to Texas in 1906. They were bred to Hereford and grade stock. The first crop of calves, at the time the article was written, was from 14 to 20 months old and had been kept in tick-infested pastures and with ticky cattle. " This first crop of calves, about 300 in number, has grown upon the range as all our cattle and they are fully 50 per cent heavier than our ordinary range calves. They are as heavy as the calves a year older out of the same mothers, but sired by pure-bred Hereford bulls. The cross-bred animals are smooth, with very strong constitution, are good rustlers, of rapid growth, and are animals that have courage enough to look you in the face when you go about them. . . . It may be claimed for these cattle that they have the power of immunity from Texas fever. They stand a tropical and subtropical climate l)etter than the other breeds of cattle. They have the power of transmitting the tick- resistant quality through several generations." Sheep breeding, F. W. Wilson (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 570-572).— An outline is given of the sheep breeding work at the station in mating native ewes with the Tunis, Oxford, Shroitshire. and Rambouillet brecnls. The Tunis-native ewes are said to be uniform in type, the cross is not troubled to any extent i>y the botfly, and possesses other desiral)le characteristics. United States army horses and mules (Breeder's (Uiz., 5S (1910), No. 11. pp. ^I'/o, Wh fios- .^).— An account of the types of cavalry horses and mules desired in the United States army. During the last 2 years a successful attempt has been made to buy .3 and 4-year-old horses and mules unbroken and to break them while at the special remount stations. This reduces the first cost of stock and increases the average length of life by accustoming the animals to the army rations, while by breaking them at once to army ways they are more efficient and reliable. " The 674 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. colts last year cost about $15 less per head than the mature horses, and it is estimated that they will last from 2 to 4 years louger." Draft horse judg'ing, A. S. Alexander (Wisconsin Sta. Circ Inform. 11, pp. 26, figs. 26). — General directions for examining draft horses are given in this circular. A scale of points is presented, and instructions for scoring are de- scribed in detail. The difference between good and bad points is illustrated. The more common defects and vices are briefly noted. Draft animals in the Philippine Islands (Philippine Ayr. Rvr. [English Ed.^, 3 (1910), No. 6, pp. 527-iJM).— Attention is called to the decrease of draft animals in the Islands. Suggestions are offered for increasing the supply to meet the demand necessary for the development of agriculture. Poultry notes, R. Pearl and F. M. Surface (Maine Sta. Bui. 170, pp. 65-124, Ills. 5, figs. 5). — This bulletin contains studies with hybrid poultry, a brief report of the progress of the work of the station in 1909, and also abstracts of technical papers published by the authors, which have been previously noted from other sources. Details are given of the methods of feeding practiced at the station. The dry mash fed to pullets is less rich than that formerly fed, this change having been made so as not to force egg production in the fall. From September to December, inclusive, 300 Barred Plymouth Rock pullets laid 4,774 eggs. Mangolds as a green food in winter have been gi\en up and sprouted oats used instead. These ai'e sprouted in a ix)ultry house containing a hot water system and are fed when from 4 to 6 in. in height. Directions are given for keeping the poultry free from lice and for making a cresol disinfectant solution. The following points regarding the hybrids of the first generation from recip- rocally crossing Barred Plymouth Ifocks and Cornish Indian Games are noted : " The barred color pattern is found to be inherited in a sex -limited fashion, equivalent to a phenomenon of segregation in the Fi generation. " The percentage fertility of eggs is found to be much higher when the cross is made in one direction (B. P. R. 5 X C. I. G. 9 ) than in the reciprocal. " The hatching quality of the fertile eggs is not found to be greatly different in the cross and its reciprocal. In both cases, however, the hybrid matings gave a much higher average percentage of fertile eggs hatched than did the pure matings. " Study of the sex ratios indicate that proportionally more males were pro- duced among the hybrid chicks than among those fi-om pure matings. The difference in the sex ratios cannot, however, be regarded as significant in com- parison with their probable errors. " The mortality rec-ords show that the percentage mortality of hybrid chicks from Cornish mothers was about the same as that of pure Cornish chicks. Similarly the percentage mortality of hybrid chicks from Barred Rock mothers was about the same as that of pure Barred Rock chicks. The percentage mor- tality of all chicks whether hybrid or pure from Cornish mothers was some- what greater than that of all chicks of corresponding matings from Barred Rock mothers. '• The hybrid pullets fall into two distinct classes in regard to winter egg liroduction according to the direction of the cross. Hybrid pullets from Game mothers are relatively good layers, whereas hybrid pullets from Barred Rock mothers are relatively poor layers. A Mendelian discussion of this result is given. " Shank and beak color are shown to be inherited in a sex-limited fashion as is the barred color pattern. " The down color of the chicks is different in the F, hybrids from what It is in either of the pure breeds crossed. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 675 "Dominance of pen comb over sinj;le is found to l)e far from perfect. Tlie hybrids show a perfectly t,'radeil series of comb tyi)es rantjint,' from tlie perfect single to the perfect pea condition. " In shape of body the hybrid males are essentially like the pure Cornish Indian Game males. The hybrid females are intermediate in shape of body between the females of the two pure breeds crossed." Inheritance of hatching quality of eggs in poultry, R. Pearl {Aiiicr. Breeders Mag., 1 (1910), No. 2, pp. 12V-133).—A report of the committee on breeding ijoultry of the American Breeders Association, in which the hatching quality of eggs and the method of selection according to breeding capacity are briefly discussetl on the basis of data previously note<^l (E. S. K., 21, {). T7;> ; 22, p. 571). Poultry: Northwest Experiment Farm at Crookston, Minn., C. E. Brown (Minnesota Sta. Bui. Hi), pp. 141-175, figs. i9).— This bulletin treats in a pop- ular manner of poultry houses and other appliances, breeds of poultry, feeding and management, killing and dressing poultry for market, and conmion parasites of poultry. Several experiments are also briefly reported, including a test of an advertised system for selecting hens with high egg production. A lot of 50 Leghorn pullets fed on a dry mash from December 12 to February 12 laid an average of 18.2 eggs per day at an average cost of 7.3 cts. per dozen. During the same period a similar lot on a wet mash ration laid an average of 19.6 eggs per day, at a cost of 6.7 cts. per dozen. With lots of 100 hens each, Leghorns gave a total profit for four months of $39.10 and Plymouth Rocks of $52.04. On a ration of corn, oats, shorts, and skim milk 12 Plymouth Rock cockerels in 3 weeks' time made an average gain per bird of 2 lbs., at a cost of 4.35 cts. i)er pound. On a similar ration a lot of 12 Leghorn cockerels made an average gain of LIS l))s. ])er ])ird. at a cost of 4.9 cts. per pound. The present state of poultry culture in Russia, B. P. Gontsharoff (Farm Poultry, 21 (1910), Nos. 1, pp. 1, 2; 2, pp. 37, 38; 5, pp. l-'i',, 1J,6, figs. .)).— The fowl most common in Russia is a small scrub that averages per year only about 60 to 70 eggs per hen, though it is hardy and matures very quickly. Among the best distinctive breeds mentioned are the Orloff and Pavloff fowls and the Arsamas.s, Holmogor, Toola. and Sebastopol geese. The Orloff is a game type, though not used for that purpose. It is a heavy breed with a long, deep breast bone; the comb is small, and the color of the skin and legs is deep yellow. There are speckled, red, pile, and white varieties. The Pavloff is a small, fancy breed, gold or silver spangled, with a large crest and feathered legs. The meat qualities are indifferent. Recent investigations have proved that the Holmogor goose is a better breed than the Embdeu. The Toola game geese were formerly used in the pit, and like all fighting varieties have a well developed breast bone, giving plenty of meat. They are esteemed as a cross with the Toulouse, which gives an im- proved quality of tiesh. There are no s]iecial Russian breeds of ducks, the com- mon variety being little better than a wild Mallard. Their merit consists in being hardy and they find most of their own food themselves. The meat is dark in color and when fatted furnishes an abundance of outside fat. Turkeys are numerous in some localities and guinea fowls are bred in large numbers in southern Russia. The Caucasian and Turkestan varieties of pheasjints are hardy in northern Russia and do not require special care. They are much superior to the Bohemian and the domesticated varieties of western Europe. Many foreign bree weeks. 10.^).7 cc. at 3 months, and then decreased at the end of 5i months to 84.2 cc. When we consider the individual acids, it will be seen that each had its own particular curve. "Acetic and proi)ionic acids reached a maximum at 3 months and then decreased, while butyric and caproic acids continually increased during the experimental i)eriod covered. Formic acid was only detect^nl in the whole milk cheese at the 5* months stage. Valerianic acid was never obtained." " The fact that butyric acid was found in but small amounts during the period of direct lactose fermentation in the cheese, and caproic acid not at all, makes it probable that lactose was not the mother substance of these two 680 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. acids, aud furthei", tbat the orgauisnis of the B. lactis acidi type were not responsible for the production of these two higher acids found in the curing cheese mass." '• The principal source of acetic and propionic acids was probably lactates. Traces may have had their origin in protein decomposition, or further fer- mentation of glycerin. " The principal source of butyric and caproic acids was fats aud proteins." The authors do not claim, however, that proteolysis was an important source of the volatile fatty acids. " Succinic acid was isolated from curing Cheddar cheese and identified from its silver salts." The tirst steam distillate neutralized, redistilled, and desig- nated as " flavor solution " contained alcohols and esters. " The ' flavor solution ' from the mild whole-milk cheese contained esters made up largely of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid, while from the more pungent skim-milk cheese the esters were largely compounds of ethyl alcohol and caproic and butyric acids. The alcohol prol>ably had its origin in the lactose fermentation and appears to be an important factor in flavor production." " It is important for clearness that we distinguish between taste and the aroma, the latter cognizant only through the sense of smell, and by which the quality of cheese is much more largely judged. In how far these esters char- acterize the taste and typify it for diftereut varieties of cheese is, of course, impossible at present to state. In this connection, it is more than probable that the nitrogenous end-products also play an important part." [The cheese industry in Corsica] (DaiJij Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 13 (1910), No. 55, I). 718). — The British consul at Corsica reports that sheep breeding is considered one of the most remunerative branches of agriculture, owing to the fact that the firms engaged in making Roquefort cheese have during the last 10 years established themselves in the island aud now possess 45 cheese dairies in various parts. They remain in the country 6 months every year, paying for the milk at the rate of 25 centimes per liter (about 4.6 cts. per quart). The price of sheep during this period has risen from about $1.50 to about .$3 per head. The cheese when made is sent to Roquefort to mature. After the Roquefort people leave the island in spring the farmers make the Corsican cheese, which finds a ready market owing to the fact that up to this period, since all the milk has gone to the Roquefort firms no Corsican cheese has been made, the market is not overstocked. Some analyses of ghee, E. P. Bolton and C. Revis {Analyst, 35 {1910), ISlo. 1/13, pp. 3J/3-3Ji6) .—The Bombay adulteration of ghee act defines ghee as a substance made exclusively from butter fat from which the water is evaporated by heat and containing no admixture of any substance not derived from the milk of the cow, bufl'alo, goat, or sheep. The milk, which in most cases is obtained from the buft'alo, is boiled innne- diately after milking for from 1 to 3 hours in earthen pots. When cooled it is inoculated with sour milk and when curdled is churnetl with a split bamboo. After an hour's churning hot water is added and the churning continued until the butter forms. The butter is skimmed off and kept until it becomes some- what rancid, when it is heated in an earthen ix)t and boiled until practically all the water present is evaporated. It is then allowed to clarify and the clear fat run while warm into jars. It is used by natives for every conceivable culi- nary purpose and is also consumed alone as a food material. As sold in the open market ghee is often undercooked in order to minimize the loss in weight during boiling. The loss generally amounts to, 25 per cent of the original mass. One pt. of buffalo milk produces on the average 3 oz. of ghee, while cow's milk only gives about half this quantity. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 681 " Ghee, as clarified milk fat, must be carefully distiiigiiislied from so-called Indian butter, which contains the other usual milk constituents, and accord- ingly keeps badly. . . . The nomenclature of this subject, as stated above, has been confused on account of the application of the term ' ghee butter ' to the vegetable fat obtained from the seeds of the Bassia hutyraccaJ" Both animal and vegetable fats are used to adulterate ghee. The vegetable substances used in this connection include coconut, ground-nut, cotton-seed, safilower, poppy-seed, sesame, and niger-seed oils. Mahua, salvadora (kharkan fat), and castor oil are also sometimes used but are considered injurious. Physical and chemical constants of several sami)les of ghee are given. VETERINAEY MEDICINE. Handbook of serumtherapy, edited by A. Wolff- Eisner (Handhuch der Sentnitli('r(ii)ic. Munich, 1910, pp. VIII+4O8, pi. 1, charts .9).— This work, which is the forerunner of a series to be iniblished. is divided into a gener.il and a special part. The general part considers antitoxic and bactericidal sera, active immuniza- tion, and hypersusceptibility. Among the subjects treated in the special part are the serumtherapy of diphtheria, tetanus, snake venom, dysentery, typhoid, and protozoan diseases, autoserumtherapy, stai)hylococcic. antistreptococcic, antimeningococcic, anthrax, cholera, Deutschmann, and hay fever serums, eclampsia, vaccine therapy, principles of modern antiferment serum treatment, principles of chemotherapliy, serum treatment of malignant tumors, thera- peutics, the significance of Wassermann's reaction, and the specific treatment of tuberculosis. Serobiological behavior of sexual cells, W. P. Dunbar {Ztschr. Iminuni- tdtsf. u. E.rpt. Titer., I, OrUj., .) (1910), No. 6, pp. 740-760).— Male and female sexual cells in the same type of plant or animal behave serobiologically among themselves like nonrelated types. The same holds good in regard to the other tissue of the same animal or plant. Serologic studies with the aid of the optical method, E. Abderiialden and L. PiNcussoHN (Ztsclir. Plnjsiol. Client., 66 {1910). Xo. 1-2, pp. 8S-105, charts 87). — The authors believe from the results obtained that possibly each micro- organism has a typical breaking down in-ocess for synthetically prepared polypeptids of known constitution. Tests were conducted with the serum of glandered animals and extracts of the glanders bacillus, diphtheria toxin and antitoxin, antistreptococcic serum, pyocyanase, ricin, cobra venom, and yeast press juice. Serologic investigation with variola vera, Dahm (Ccitthl. Bakf. [etc.], 1. Abt., Ori(j., 51 {1909), No. 2, pp. 136-138). — Serum from cases of variola vera produced a complete inhibition of hemolysis. The antigens used were animal lymph and spleen and liver extracts. Subcutaneous reaction of rabbits to horse serum, J, 11. M. Knox, W. L. Moss and G. L. Brown {Jour. Expt. Med., 12 {1910), No. J,, pp. 562-57.',).— "Anaphyhixis or allergj^ of rabbits against horse serum can be proved by sub- cutaneous test. . . . Undiluted horse serum was used for most of the experi- ments. The amount injected varied from 0.01 cc. to 1 cc. The reaction seemed as definite after 0.01 cc. as after a larger quantity. " The si>ecific reaction ap])ears in from 12 to 24 hours after the test is made and reaches its maxinuun in from 24 to 3(5 hours. It consists of a local swelling extending from 0.5 to 2 cm. from the point of inoculation. The skin involved in the raised area is usually red and hotter than the surrounding skin. Macro- 682 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. scopically and microscopically the reacting area has the appearance of a local acute iuflauimatiou. "The altered reactivity (allergy) or hypersusceptibility (anaphylaxis) sets in usually in from 10 to 15 days after the first injection of horse serum, and lasts at least 3 months. Individual I'abbits show marked variation from the average time of the development of anaphylaxis. The appearance of precipituis against horse serum in the blood of rabbits appears nearly synchronously with the allergic condition. After large injections of serum the allergic rabbits still react subcutaneously. A suppression of allergy which would correspond to the so-called antianaphylaxis could not be proved. Also in regard to the offspring of injected rabbits the subcutaneous test was not positive. The young of these rabbits did not develop a more active allergy than the young of normal rabbits. Neither the injection of considerable quantities of horse serum nor the develop- ment of a marked local reaction in the skin after intradermal inoculations of horse serum in a sensitized rabbit is accompanied or followed by greater varia- tions in the number or types of leucocytes in the circulating blood than is found in control animals." Studies upon anaphylaxis, -with, special reference to the antibodies con- cerned, J. F. Anderson and W. H. Frost (I'ub. Health ami 2Iar. Jlosp. Scrr. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bid. 6//, j)]). 56). — This work deals chiefly with a study of the anaphylactic antibody (termed allergin by the authors) for the purpose of studying some of the principles concerned in anaphylaxis. Particular attention has been given to the quantitative relations which exist between allergin and its specific antigen, and further to the relation of allergin to the conditions of hypersusceptibility, antianaphylaxis, and iiinnnnity. The excretion of antitoxin and precipitinogen by the mammary gland with, passively immunized mothers, Sohma {Monatsschr. Getmrtsh. u. Gijiui- koL, 30 (100!)), ijp. 47o-J,S8; ahs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 20 {1910), No. 11, p. 596).— Tetanus antitoxin produced from horses was injected and from the results it is noted that antitoxin passes over in the milk in very perceptible amounts. It can easily be detected for 11 days but after 23 days the milk is free from antitoxin. It was also possible to detect horse protein for a certain length of time serobiologically. The serum of the young which were nourished by the passively immunized mothers, in contradistinction from actively immunized mothers, contains no antitoxin and horse protein, or only traces. The composition and some characteristics of the leucocytes, S. Manctni (Biochem. Ztschr., 26 (1910), No. 1-2, pp. i.}0-J'4S).— The results of analysis of horse leucocytes are given, with a method for obtaining them in a clean state. Also considered are the enzyms of the leucocytes and the behavior of these towards saponin and tetanus toxin. On bactericidal substances extracted from normal leucocytes, II. Zinsser (Jour. Med. Research, 22 (1910), ISio. 3, pp. 397-^33). — The bodies extracted by freezing in salt solution and ordinary aqueous solution for noi-mal rabbit leucocytes had a distinct bactericidal action for the Staphylococcus pyogenes and Bacillus typhosus. These bodies were thermostable at 56° C. but thermol- abile at 75° and above. Reactivation by adding fresh leucocyte extract to extracts heated to 80° is not possible. On comparing the bactericidal power of these extracts with normal serum it is seen that quantitatively the latter far exceeds the former. Immunization did not increase the power of the leucocyte substance when B. ti/phosus was employed. Biology of the phagocytes: Influence of the calcium ions on chemotaxis, H. J. Hamburger (Biochem. Ztschr., 26 (1910), No. 1-2. pi>. 6'6'-.S//).— Calcium enhances chemotaxis considerably; this it does both in \itro and in vivo. VETERINAEY MEDICINE. 683 Agglutination tests with normal bovine serum, W. Spat (CciithJ. Bakf. [etc], 1 Abt., Oik/., 5-', (1910), No. .',, pij. 3 (U-3 66) .—Adding normal bovine seriun to a bacterial enmlsiou produces a floccnleut precipitate. According to the author, this phenomena can be regarded only as agglutination and can not be considered a part of conglutination. Attention is thus drawn to the com- plexity of the agglutination process. A change in the flagella during agglutination, G. KtJHNEMANN {CenthJ. Bakt. [e/c], 1. Abt., Orig., o// {W10). Ao. .'/, pp. 335-360, pi. i).— The test shows that specific imnmne and normal serums in strong dilutions are capable of exerting an inhibitory inlluence on the flagella (tricolytic). This phenomenon usually goes hand in hand with the agglutination process, but this is not neces- sarily so. A clinical method for estimating the a.ntitryptic index, F. C. Eve {Brit. Med. Jour., 1910, Xo. 2382, pp. 13JfO-13.'i2, figs. -'/). — A description of a method for estimating the antitryptic index of blood, and devised for the purpose of con- trolling the size and frequency of the doses of vaccines. A case of pyelonephritis (with relapse) treated with tuberculin and coli vaccine is described for the pur- pose of illustration. On the value of serums and vaccines in the treatment of disease, N. Raw (Brit. Med. Jour., 1910, No. 2382, pp. 1338, 1339).— The results of the author's experience with antistreptococcic, antitetanic, antidiphtheretic, Marragliano's, and antipneumonic serums, tuberculin, and vaccines. The utility of the antilytic power of horse serum, P. C. Eve (Lancet [Lon- don], 1910, I, No. 26, pp. 1133, 113'i). — A description of 3 cases of ulcer which were successfully treated by the local application of normal horse serum. Bacterial nucleoproteids, A. Lustig and G. Galeotti (SpcriincntaU:, 63 (1909), pp. 777-812; ahs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Bioplnjs., 10 (1910), No. 7, p. 29-'/). — These are divided into (1) those which are characteristic of the various or- gans, (2) those with characteristics of the bacterial nucleoproteids in common, and (3) the nucleoproteids which are specific for certain bacteria. The bio- logical actions of the first two categories are (a) coagulation, (b) the stimula- tion of the leucocytes, and other elements of the lymphatic system, (c) inhibi- tory action on the motile cells, (d) destructive and proteolytic action on the cells of the parenchymatous organs, and (e) pyogenic action. The specific properties of the individual proteids studied were from the plague bacillus, cholera vibrio, Bacterium mclitensis and B. pijocyaneus. The nucleo- jtruteids can be used to advantage as vaccines, particularly where a far-reach- ing active immunity is desired, as in cholera, plague, and anthrax. [Precipitin reaction for feces], M. Wilenko (Ztschr. I nimunitdtsf. u. Expt. Titer., I, Orig., 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 218-223; ah.s. in Hgg. Runilschau, 20 (1910), No. 11, p. 617). — The author was able to prepare a specific precipitating serum for feces and from feces from different parts of the intestinal tract. The reac- tion is attributed to a si)ecific protein substance which is evidently discharged into the lumen of the gut from the blood. Nephrolithiasis and examination of nephroliths of some domestic animals, F. J. BouKMEK (Bcitrdgc zur Ncphrolitliinsis: und I'nter.sucli ung ran Ncplim- lithen einiger Haustiere. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1908, pp. 35, pis. 6). — A dis- cussion of the etiology, ])atholog5\ symptoms, and therapy of nephrolithiasis in domestic animals, and the results of the chemical analysis of nephroliths from boviiies, horses, and pigs. The extractive bactericidal substances of some bacteria which are antag- onistic to the anthrax bacillus, N. I'.vnk (CenUJ. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Aht., Orig., o-'i (1910), No. 3, pp. JJ7-'/67). — The bacteria considered were BacUlus pyocya- 684 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, neus, Puenmococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, B. typhosus, and chicken cholera. The typhoid and chidden cholera bacteria extracts had no bactericidal action. The author concludes as the result of his work with alcoholic and other extracts that the belief that lipoid substances are actively bactericidal is thus strengthened. The use of the precipitation layer test for diagnosing glanders, Miessner {CentbL Bald, [e/c], 1. Altt., Orig., 51 (IDOO), No. 2, pp. iS,5-iS9).— By placing a layer of glanders bacilli extract or one of Foth malleinum siccuiu (1:10) upon a serum from a glandered horse, a precipitation ring will be obtained which is specific. About tetanotoxin and tetanoantitoxin, S. P. von Fedorow and P. C. Ikon- NiKOW (Cciithl. Bald. Vctc.^, 1. Aht., Orig., 5', {1910), No. J,, pp. 352-355).— Tetanus toxin and tetanus antitoxin, prepared in a dry, pulverulent form, re- tained its specific characteristics for a period over 15 years. The minimum lethal dose of the toxin for white mice was 0.0005 gm., which is considered a high degree of virulence. The protective action of the antitoxin was also high in the powdered pi-eparation. The author was able to show in vitro that the tetanus toxin could be destroyed by contact with the antitoxin, and that an animal can be protected against tetanus by injecting small doses of tetanus antitoxin if before the injection the toxin is mixed with the antitoxin. General susceptibility in typhoid and colon infection as shown by the ophthalmic test, C. Floyd and W. W. Barker {Pubs. Mass. Gen. Hosp. Boston, 2 {1909), No. 2, pp. 77/0-77/8). — The results ai-e given of 93 clinical cases, 91 of which gave a positive reaction for typhoid fever. Nearly all responded to Widal's test. In 24 control cases of subjects suffering from a variety of diseases other than typhoid the test was positive in 4 instances, these being tuberculosis cases. The eye test in the majority of cases appeared before the Widal reaction or before the blood culture test. Hamburger's test solution Avas usetl instead of Chantemesse's, as the latter was found inert. Good results were also obtained with the colon test solution prepared in the same manner. The significance of the bacteria of the paratyphoid bacillus group in regard to the causation of human and animal diseases, Hubener {Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., J,7 {1910), No. 2J,, pp. 1099-1101 ).— The author on the basis of his clinical findings shows that a marked difference exists in the mode of action of the typhoid and paratyphoid bacillus and results in a difference in the symptoms. He calls attention to the significance of the saprophytic nature of the latter bacillus, with particular reference to the diseases of the domestic animals and man. Tuberculosis of animals, S. S. Buckley {MaryUind tSta. Bui. I'lO, pp. 267 -31 'i, figs. 2). — In this bulletin the author discusses the many phases of the tuber- culosis problem, reviewing the present status of our knowledge of the disease, and the methods of combating it. Tests made to determine the effect of vaccination upon young calves and the extent of immunity conferred have been sunnnarized as follows : " These tests demonstrated that young calves vaccinated early in life had sufficient imnuniity conferred to enable them to resist a degree of infection sufficiently severe as to cause pronounced infection in untreated calves, when this exposui-e was incurred during the first yeiir of life. The second test demonstrated that after 2 years the vaccinated animals failed to offer greater resistance to infection than was possessed by an untreated animal. The series of vaccinations showed the harm- lessness of the treatment as far as the animals themselves are concerned, since no bad results were had in a total of 148 vaccination or 74 completed immuniza- tions." The author considers immunization to be a justifiable procedure but VETERINARY MEDICINE. 685 thinks that it should, for the present at least, be nnder the censorship of a projier state board in order that late vaccination, early breeding, and associa- tion with cows in milk, be not permitted. It is pointed ont that in selecti^•e breeding with an increased capacity in pro- duction as the principal object, the chest development has been a secondary con- sideration. Since this practice has tended to develop a more delicate type of cattle and to lessen the chest capacity, the aim in breeding must now be directed toward its correction. A system of stabling with the features of exercise, fresh air, and changing temperatures, which will tend to overcome this evil is advocated. With the benefits obtained in human tuberculosis patients from the open air treatment in mind, a stable on this plan was erected at the iNIaryland Station several years ago which is here described and illustrated. This stable is of solid concrete construction with slate roof, the stabling portion being 36 by 5S ft. with an annex room 10 by 30 ft., outside measurements, for milking. The walls of the stabling portion of the building are of 12 in. solid concrete, but only 44 ft. in height. On top of the outside wall are set 8 by 8 in. oak posts, properly placed for the support of the plates carrying the roof; the ordinary roof construction is used for closing in the top. This allows an open space 3 ft. 6 in. high around the entire building, with the exception of that occupied by the milking room. There is a double row of racks built across the stable which divides the room into 2 compartments, 23 by 34 ft. and 33 by 34 ft. respectively. The capacity of this stable is about 25 head of milch cows. The management of these differs from that of cows in closed stables. The cows are not tied, and are free to move about in the entire enclosure. Racks are kept supplied with the coarse feed, ensilage, roots, and similar feeds, to be consumed at will, and drinking water is accessible at all times. The author finds that the milk records of cows kept in this stable during the winter months of 1909-10 show a decided increase in yield and that a reduc- tion is not necessarily brought about by exposure to low temperatures, when these exposures are natural and constant. The appointment of a state animal tuberculosis board is advocated. The conversion of the human type of tubercle bacillus into the bovine type, A. Eber {BcrVm. TicrarzU. Wchnsclir., 26 {WW), No. 13, pp. 317-323).— On the basis of the results obtained with 3 out of 7 strains of human tubercle bacilli taken at random, it is evident that by passing the human type of tubercle bacilli through bovines a possibility exists of converting it into a type which has all the morphological and cultural characteristics of the bovine tyi»e and which, in addition, is highly virulent. The best point of dilection is found to be the abdominal cavity. In order to prevent the localizing of the organism in the abdominal cavity the author rubbed up the cultures with a tubercular spleen obtained from a guinea pig and bouillon. Congenital tuberculosis in bovines, A, M. Bergman (Ccnthl. Bald, [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 52 {1909), No. 2, pp. 193-200, figs. 2; abs. in Ccnthl. Balct. [etc.], 1. AM., Rcf., Ji6 {1910), No. 13-L',, pp. 393. .9.0/,).— During the years 1904 to 1908 the author observed 108 cases of tuberculosis, 4 of which were in the fetus and the remainder in animals which were at the most 3 days old. In all of the fetal cases caseated areas were found in the portal lymphatic glands, and in one instance in the liver, mediastinal, bronchial, and left cervical glands. In another case the spleen, the internal abdominal wall, and several glands of the tibia had caseated foci. In all the cases of new-born calves the porta! lymphatic glands were tuber- culous, while in one-half of the instances the mediastinal glands, and in one- third the bronchial glands, were infected. In a few cases the lungs and liver 686 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. were tuberculous. Congenital tuberculosis was found in 0.42 per cent, and from this tbe author concludes that congenital tuberculosis is relatively rare among bovines but occurs frequently enough to be given consideration in com- bating bovine tuberculosis. The tonsils of the bovine and their relation to the production of tubercu- losis, M. Devbient (Die TonsiUen dcs Rindes und Hire Bezichung zur Entstc- hiing der Tuherkulosc. Inaiig. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1908, pp. 36, pis. 7). — The work deals chiefly with the part played by the tonsils as avenues for infection, particularly for tuberculosis. The results of anatomical, histopathological, and bacteriological studies show that primary tuberculosis from tonsillar infection is a rare occurrence, the tonsils being as a rule infected secondarily and from the bronchial secretions. A case of tuberculosis in the ass, E. Cesari (Hijg. Viande et Lait, Jf (1910), No. 6', pp. 33J-338, figs. 2). — A complete statement of the pathological findings on autopsy in the case of tuberculosis in the ass. Tuberculosis in the ass is of rare occurrence. The granular form of tubercle bacilli taking Much's stain, Wehri.i and Knoll [Bcitr. Klinik Tubcrkulosc, t.'i {1909). No. 2; abs. in VentbJ. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Rcf., 1,6 (1910), No. 13-1. i. p. 3.97).— The authors were able to obtain material which took both the Much and Ziehl stain, but there were a few bac- teria which could only be identified with Ziehl's stain. In 50 per cent of the cases the bacilli only took Gram-Much's, and from this finding the authors con- clude that the older methods alone will not suffice for the detection of tubercle bacilli. The diagnosis of tuberculosis in animals by the conjunctival and cuta- neous reaction, F. Haag (Untersuehungcn iibcr die Feststellnng der Tubcrku- losc nach conjunctivuler und ciitancr Einvcrleibung von Tiibcrkulin^ Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern. 1908, pp. -'/7). — As a result of testing numerous sheep and bovines with the cutaneous test and utilizing various strengths of old tuber- culin, the author concludes that the test, owing to its unreliability, is of no practical value for animals. The ophthalmic test in a number of instances gave positive results in sound animals. Precautions must therefore be taken in pro- nouncing an animal tubercular on the basis of this test. Neither the cutaneous nor cun.iunctival test gave a rise in body temperature. The diagnostic and prognostic value of opsonic investigations with tuber- culosis, FoRNET and Krencker (Arch. Klin. Med., 91 (1909), No. 3-4; obs. in Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], Abt., Ref.. .',6 (1910), No. 13-1.',, pp. },15, //i6).— The au- thors investigated 35 definite clinical cases of tuberculosis, 17 of which were suspected of being tubercular and 48 of which exhibited no evidence of tubercu- losis. From the findings it is concluded that the opsonic index estimation is of great A'alue in diagnosis but of no value in regard to prognosis. Ophthalmo reaction with bovotuberkulol and tuberculin brut, L. Opalka and A. During (Ztschr. Infcktionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 6 (1909), No. 3-J,, pp. 270-281). — A description of the new method of utilizing tuberculin (bovo- tuberkulol D. I. 50 per cent solution and tuberculin brut) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, the results therefrom seeming to furnish concordant results. Each reaction having a purulent secretion after a period of from 10 to IS hours after the injection is considered positive. The intensity of the reaction stands in no relation to the age or degree of the diseased condition. The reaction is purely a local one. Tuberculin diagnosis with simultaneous metabolism experiments, Saat- HOFF (Miinchcn. Med. Wchnsehr., r)6 (1909),, No. J,0, pp. 20.',l-20Ji7; abs. in Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Ref., .',6 (1910). No. 13-1},, pp. J,ll-J,]3).—T\ie au- thor describes a simplified von Pircpiet test. It is shown that most subjects VETERINARY MEDICINE. 687 treated with tubeivuliu take on weight, this being clue to an increase in the water content of the btKly and, further, to changes in the metabolism of the mineral matter. Very positive von Pirquet reactions and rapid weight reaction forecast a favorable prognosis. Bernaeck's tuberculin and its method of application, E. BfiBANECK {Edinb. Med. Jour., u. ser., 3 (1909), No. 6, pp. 522-533; abs. in CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM.. Rcf.. J,6 (1910), No. 13-JJ,. p. y/27).— This tuberculin contains an exo- and an endo-toxin, and when injected acts similar to a vaccine. The tuberculin is generally injected subcutaneously, but when possible, as for instance in surgical cases, should be injected directly into the tubercular foci. The diagnostic value of tuberculin for tuberculous hens and turkeys, Klimmer and Saalbeck (Ztschr. Ticnned., U, (1910), No. 3, pp. 222-239).— As the result of 114 thermal tuberculin tests, 270 ophthalmic reactions, and 282 cutaneous reactions with various tuberculin preparations (tuberculinum hominis. bovis and a\'is, bovotuberkulol, ttiberculinum siccum humanum and bovinum) with tuberculous and nontubercular hens and turkeys infected with human and bovine tubercle bacilli, the author concludes that the tuberculin preparations mentioned can not be employed for diagnosticating tuberculosis in domestic fowls. Further investigations in regard to immunity against tuberculosis, ■with a contribution to phthisisogenesis, Romeb (Bcitr. Klinik Tubcrkulose, 13 (1909), No. 1, pp. 1-63; abs. in Ztschr. Tuberkulo.se, 16 (1910), No. 1, pp. 77, 78). — The treatment of guinea pigs with dead and living virulent tubercle bacilli gave no immunity. With chronic tubercular guinea pigs, however, im- munity against a second massive infection was practically produced, but the stimulation of this second infection predisposed to cavity formation in the lung. The same results were also obtained with sheep and bovines. Are tubercular animals immune toward their own tubercle bacilli? E. JoEST (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hug. Haustiere, 6 (1909), No. 3-Ji, pp. 256- 26-'i). — A criticism of Romer's conclusions (see above) from the findings ob- tained in the pig and bovine. The author concludes that the tissues of a tuber- cular animal do not possess any increased immunity toward " tubercular meta- static auto-infection (haunatogenous and lymphagenous varieties)." Experimental investigations about tuberculosis immunity, P. H. Romeb (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. ii. Him. Haustiere, 6 (1909), No. 6, pp. 393-'f05).—A polemical article (see above), giving the results of four experiments with sheep, two of which were reinfected with markedly virulent tubercle bacilli after a period of about 8 mouths. The other two animals were sound and from a flock free from tuberculosis and were given an initial dose of the tubercle bacilli. The results on autopsy showed that a certain degree of immunity against a second infection is possessed by the reinoculated animals. Remarks in regard to Romer's experimental work in reference to tuber- culosis immunity, E. .Joest (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere. 6 (1909), No. 0. pp. .'i06--'i0S). — 'The author liolds that Romer in his work (see above) has furnish(>d proof in regard to an additional infection l)ut none for a " metastatic auto-infection." Antituberculous vaccination in the ox, S. Abloing (Vet. Jour., 66 (1910), No. J/20, pp. SI 5-325). — These vaccination tests were made with 60 bovines at least 4 months old and not over a year, and with attenuated human and bovine tubercle bacilli which were capable of being transmitted through successive cultures, had good viability, and did not produce tuberculosis in the animal when doses of from * to 1 cc. were given. The injections were made intra- venously, subcutaneously, and per the digestive tract. 63100°— No. 7—10 7 688 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. The autopsies with the above animals brought out the fact that no lung lesions were produced in the animals inoculated originally subcutaneously by inoculating intravenously thereafter, but a tuberculous infiltration could be noted in the mediastinal glands or bronchial glands, or in both. Varied results in regard to local subcutaneous foci in the subscapular gland were obtained. The author draws attention to the fact that such an artificial immunity is only relative and not absolute. Of the animals treated with bovine tubercle bacilli 50 per cent gave complete success (macroscopically no lesions), 25 per cent relative success (those which showed circumscribed lesions being caseocal- careous either in one or few glands), and 25 per cent failure (extensive tubercu- losis, which was sometimes fatal). The controls in this group gave of com- pletely infec'ted animals 63.6 per cent, partly infected 27.2 per cent, and no infection 9.2 per cent. With animals immunized with human tubercle bacilli 42.1 per cent were completely successful, 42.1 per cent relatively successful, and 15.8 per cent failures. The controls gave com])lete infection in 12.5 per cent of the cases and partial infection in 87.5 per cent. Immunization of bovines ag-ainst tuberculosis, A. Weber, Fitze, and Iorn (Tuberh-ulose Arb. K. GsiuUitsamt., 1910, Ao. 10, ijp. 157-199; abs. in Molk. Ztg. [HUdesheim], 2J, {1910), Xo. 35, p. 6^9).— The results of tests extending over a period of 3 years with bovovaccination showed it to be without danger to the animal vaccinated, but the results obtained were not considered remarkable. In a barn freed from tuberculosis, according to Bang's method, tuberculosis spread as quiclvly among the vaccinated animals as amongst the unvaccinated ones. Tauruman vaccination, according to Koch and Schlitz, apparently yielded good results in view of the fact that the calves from a herd which previously showed 95 per cent of tubercular animals with tuberculin was found on autopsy 2 or 3 years after vaccination to be free from tuberculosis. Attention is called to the possible danger of utilizing human tubercle bacilli for vaccination purposes. The value of lymphatic tissue extracts in regard to the evolution of experimental tuberculosis, S. Livierato {Vcntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Orig., ftJf {1910), A'o. .//, pp. 332-337). — This work with normal, scrofulous and tuber- cular lymphatic glands shows that animals treated with tubercular and scrofu- lous lymphatic gland extracts lived up to a period of 4 months after infection, while those treated with normal lymphatic gland extracts always died within 60 days, but lived 20 days longer than the control animals. The best results were thus obtained with tuberculous gland extracts. The lesions in the animals treated with normal lyuii)hatic gland extract were pronouncedly tubercular, while those treated with the scrofulous and tuberculous gland extracts were only sparingly so. Feeding mice with healthy meat, A. Schellhorn {Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM.. Orifi.. 5', (1910), A'o. J. pp. ii28-J,50). — The author fed mice with healthy germ-free meat, with the result that 50 per cent of the animals died in from 3 to 5 days. With mice fed on meat containing streptococci, 10 per cent suc- cumbed only after 5 days, and 10 per cent of those fed on an 8-week old para- typhoid culture died after 26 days. One hundred per cent of the animals fed on the fresh paratyphoid bouillon culture died within 4 to 5 days. The results thus show that not much reliance can be placeS Oats .; 345 OOi Hay 258.02 Hogs 283 54 Total 6,085.07 3,692.23 1 2,392 84: From the tenant's share must be deducted the sum of $750 paid for hired labor, giving a net income to the tenant for the year of $2,942.23. The gross farm returus show an average return of $21.73 per acre for the entire farm, Including several acres of land about the house and barns and along the roadsides that grew no crop and every foot and corner that failed wholly or In part for any reason. The farm is devoted to live stock, cereals, and hay production, and the system of farm management under tenant occupancy and its benefits in increasing crop yields and maintaining soil fertility are described in detail. The agricultural labor problem, Vogt {Wiirttcmb. Wchnbl. Laiidic, 1910, No. 2Ji, pp. 393-396). — The author traces the development of the agricultural labor problem in Germany since 1857, and shows that, notwithstanding the in- crease of wages in all branches of field labor and farm domestic service which makes the pay of farm hands better than that of industrial workers and of other means emi)loyed to increase the number of laborers, there is great diffi- culty in securing competent farm help at the present time. The author believes that one of the best means of encouraging the young to remain on the land is to train them in self-reliance and to take an interest iu their work. His own experience along these lines and its results are presented. Plan of obligatory mutual insurance against losses of live stock in Egypt, J. IJ. PiOT Bey (Egijpte Conteinporaine, 1910, 7\o. 3, pp. 369-37o). — On account of serious losses of live stock as a result of poisoning and contagious diseases,, mutual compulsory insurance against loss is urged by the author, to be organ- ized and directed by the government throughout Egypt. Such insurance it is believed would add greatly to the mox'al and material progress of the Egyptian small holder and to the economic welfare of the country as a whole. The text of a proposed law for the organization, operation, and supervision of such in- surance societies is included. The principal English markets, P. Lefebvre (Min. Int. et Agr. [Brussels], Off. Rural, Avis aux Cult., 2. ser., 1910, Xo. .'/, pp. 75, pis. 8). — This is a descrip- tion of the organization and selling methods of the London, Liverpool, Man- chester, and Hull markets, with a list of the chief kinds of agricultural prod- ucts sold thereon. The bulletin is issued for the purpose of indicating to Belgian farmers the trade openings which England offers for the products of their farms. Inventory of the statistics of agricultural products and farm animals^ C. C. Clark ilnternat. Inst. Agr. [Italy], Bui. Agr. Statis., 1 (1910). No. 5, pp. 35-Jil). — Estimates of areas sown and condition of winter and spring cerea! crops of 1909-10 in the chief cereal-producing countries of the world are reported. MISCELLANEOUS. 695 The cost of producing Minnesota farm products, 1902-1907, E. C. Tarker and T. P. Cooper (Minnesota 8ta. Bui. Ill, m). 60, pis. 2. fig. 1). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R.. 21. p. ISS). AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The problem of vocational education, D. Snedden (Boston, New York, Chi- caffo, JO JO, pp. VII +86). — The author discusses the general relations of prac- tical training to liberal education, the main types of vocational instruction, the pedagogical considerations involvetl, and the conditions of successful industrial teaching in the public schools. A special chapter is given to the problems of agricultural education. Approved course in agriculture for hig'h schools and academies in Maine, W. D. HuRD (Waterville, Me., 1000, pp. 66). — This course is designed to be used in schools where a teacher trained in agriculture is employed to give the- instruction. The outlines, exercises, and bibliographies on soils, plant life, fer- tilizers, farm animals, dairying, poultry, fruit growing, vegetable gardening, economic insects, farm mechanics, and farm management are therefore de- signed primarily for the use of the teacher rather than the pupil, but with the expectation that only such matter will be selected for cla.ss use as is adapted to local conditions and interests. Elementary horticulture for California schools, C. F. Palmer (Los Angeles Normal Sehool Bui. [1010], pp. 76, figs. 13). — The principal topics treated by the author are the school garden, lath-house (for shading certain plants), seed- sowing in boxes, transplanting, plant propagation, potting and repotting, house- plants, window boxes, planting and care of bulbs, lawn-making, and orna- mental gardening. A section is devoted to information as to where seeds can be obtained of plants adapted to California conditions, and references are made to available publications of this Department. Farmers' institutes and university extension in agriculture, W. T. Clarke (California Sta. Clrc. 55, pp. -'/). — An outline is given of the various activities of the division of university extension in agriculture, with statistics of the work- done in 1909-10. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Alaska Agricultural Experiment Stations, 1909 (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1000, pp. 82, pis. iO).— This contains a report of the chief lines of work carried on during the fiscal year ended June 30. 1900. including an account of the closing of the Copper Center Station, Meteorological data, and accounts of the extensive tests with field and garden crops and of the live stock opera- tions, are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twentieth Annual Report of Arizona Station. 1909 (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1000, pp. o57-507, pi. J). — This contains the organization list, an administrative report by the director on the work and publications of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended .June 30. 1900. departmental reports, the experimental features of which are abstracted elsewhere in this issue, notes on trees for growing at higher altitudes, analyses of 2 samples of milk, suggestions regarding individual pumping i)lants, and records of frost temperature at 3 points near Tucson. Ariz. Monthly Bulletin of the Department Library, June and July, 1910 (f/. S. Dept. Agr., Library Mo. Bui., J (1010), Nos. 6, pp. l.',l-167 ; 7, pp. 171-lOS).— These numbers contain data for Jmw and July. 1910, respectively, as to the accessions to the Library of this Department and the additions to the list of periodicals currently received. NOTES Colorado College. — Henry E. Dvoracbek. T'niversity of Minnesota. 1910, has been appointed instructor in animal liusbandry. and B. G. D. Bishop, secretary of the State Dairymen's Association, has been appointed professor of dairjiug. Connecticut State Station. — The station has made an exhibition illustrative of its work at five of the agricultural fairs in the State, using for the purpose a 40 by 60 foot tent. Members of the staff were in attendance to explain the exhibit to those desiring to examine it carefully. The exhibit was visited by several thousand people, several counts showing between four and five hundred persons in the course of an hour. Many of these were only curiosity hunters, but there were a considerable number who were anxious to see the exhibit, to learn what the station is doing, and to discuss practical matters with those in attendance. Although the enterpx-ise required time equivalent to live weeks of institute work on the part of the station staff and caused interruption of the regular work, the numerous expressions of approval led to the belief that the exhibition was very effective and ought to be made a yearly feature of the work. Georgia College. — Hon. George Gilmore, of Warthen, has been appointed to the board of trustees to succeed L. H. O. Martin. T. A. Early, who has been in charge of school-extension work in cooperation with this Department, has been transferred to Tennessee and has been succeeded by J. Philander Campbell. Indiana Station. — Recent appointments include David O. Thompson, formerly principal of the Winnebago County School of Agriculture and Domestic Economy (Wis.), as extension worker in animal husbandry; F. G. King, of the Kansas College, associate in animal husbandry, vice H. P. Rusk, whose resignation has been previously noted ; and Clayton R. Orton, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, as ass^istant botanist. Iowa College. — A breakfast-bacon special train was recently sent out. one car being devoted to home economics work, especially the cooking of pork and the formation of branch home economics associations. Another special car was assigned to children. Henry Ness, assistant in zoology, has resigned to accept a position with the agricultural school at Jonesboro. Ark. Kansas College. — The rural education department is sending out circular letters and circulars to encourage the organization of companies of Rural Life Boy Scouts. The plan is to form local companies wherever six or more boys be- tween the ages of 12 and 20 years desire to become members. These companies are to be in close touch with the agricultural college council, and there are also to be county councils and a chairman, to be appointed by the agricultural college. Monthly meetings are to be provided for, with a regular order of business, and rural life camps of instruction for each company. The program of the instruction camps will include games and athletic contests, contests in judging farm crops and stock, naming birds, wild animals, fish, flowers, trees, shrubs, etc., talks on rural-life subjects, and other features. The scouts are divided into three classes, according to their knowledge of birds, wild animals, fish, flowers, trees, and other natural objects, the amount 696 NOTES. 697 ■of work they do in the way of cultivating crops and caring for live stock, and the amount of money they have on deposit in their own bank accounts. Thus, scouts of the first class are supposed to know by sight and call 50 common birds of Kansas, by sight and track all wild animals of Kansas, by sight all the common game tish of Kansas. 2.5 wild flowers, all common trees and shrubs of Kansas, and 25 common weeds; they are to plant and cultivate not less than 2 acres of farm crops, to own and care for some pure-bred domestic animal valued at not less than $25, to maintain a bank account of not less than $25, and to read at least two books on rural life. Francis B. Milliken has been appointed assistant entomologist in the station, vice Harry Evans, whose resignation has been previously noted. Kentucky University. — Breeder's Gazette announces that arrangements have been completed for the cooperative use by the college of a large estate within 5 miles of Lexington as a source of illustrative material for study and inves- tigations. In return for this use by students and instructors, the owners of the estate will receive expert advice and the benefits of the increased returns. It is expected that in this way it will be possible to study dairy and live-stock metliods under practical conditions, and to test results of plant-breeding studies and similar work. Maine University. — The entering class in the college of agriculture numbers over SO. constituting 40 per cent of the total eni'ollment of freshmen in the uni- versity. The extension department is now offering eleven correspondence courses. Massachusetts College. — The extension department has begun the publication of a monthly leaflet, entitled Facts for Farmers. The September issue, which is the first in the series, contains directions for selecting corn for exhibition and includes score cards for flint and dent corn, with explanations. The depart- ment has also been making extensive exhibits of the college and station work at various fairs in the State, and in some cases has been supplementing these with lectures and demonstrations. Minnesota University and Station. — The attendance at the college of agricul- ture has increased over last year from 285 to 405. The chief gain has been in tlie home economics course. A two-year teachers' course in home economics, which is being given for the first time, is also proving popular. Recent promotions to the grade of assistant professor include W. H. Hands- chin in animal husbandry, A. G. Kuggles in entomology, G. P. Grout in dairy husbandry, and LeRoy Cady in horticulture. W. H. Tomhave has returned from work in Manchuria, and is now connected with the live-stock section of the extension department. C. E. Snyder, assistant editor of the Xatioitnl 8tockman and Farmer, has been ai»pointed instructor in animal husbandry and assistant animal husliaudman in the station. Montana Station. — R. F. Miller has been appointed assistant in animal industry In connection with the wool investigations. New Hampshire College and Station. — O. L. Eckman has been appointed assist- ant profe.ssor of animal husbandry and assistant animal husbandman, vice J. C. McNutt. whose resignation has been previously noted. Cornell University. — Wilford M. Wilson, director of the Weather Bureau oflice in Ithaca, has been appointed honorary professor of meteorology in the college of agriculture. New York State Station. — Leaves of absence for advanced study have been granted M. J. Prucha, associate bacteriologist : James T. Cusick, assistant chem- ist; and Richard Wellington, assistant horticulturist. Anton R. Rose, assistant chemist, and Maxwell J. Dorsey, assistant horticulturist, have resigned to accept 698 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. positions in Columbia University and Cornell University, respectively, with; opportunities for postgraduate study and research. Ohio University and Station. — Agricultural extension schools, continuing one week each, will be held in 80 out of the 88 counties during the present year.. J. H. Gourley, assistant horticulturist at the station, has been appointed assist- ant professor of horticulture and Harry E. Evans assistant professor of animal husbandry. Both will devote their time to agricultural extension work. Oklahoma College and Station. — The enrollment in the college of agriculture is now 735. A live stock and dairy demonstration train was recently sent out over the Sante Fe and Frisco lines, carrying 1 car of live stock, 1 car of machinery, 1 car of general exhibits, and 1 flat car for demonstration and exhibition pur- poses. A 5-car wheat-improvement special train has also been operated over the Rock Island system. A school of agriculture for boys, held at the state fair during the week of October 3, was attended by 150 boys. In view of the success of the work the state board of agriculture has authorized the college officials to plan for holding 6 of these schools in different parts of the State during the coming year, to which both boys and girls are to be admitted. A. C. Hartenbower has been appointed assistant professor of agronomy in the college and assistant agronomist in the station. Oregon College and Station. — Recent appointments include George F. Sykes, an assistant in the biological laboratory of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sci- ences at Cold Spring Harbor. Uong Island, as instructor in zoology ; William E. Lawrence, of the Oklahoma College, as instructor in botany ; V. I. Saffro, of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, as assistant in entomology ; and C. C^ Lamb, as foreman of the station poultry plant. South Carolina Station. — J. E. Toomer, of the Alabama Station, has been ap- pointed assistant chemist, and has entered upon his duties. Tennessee Station. — F. H. Denniss, dairyman, is no longer connected with the station, Wisconsin University and Station. — The entering class in the four-year and two-year courses of the college of agriculture shows an increase of about 60' per cent, and in the department of home economics the total increase is about 100 per cent. Six foreign countries are represented in the enrollment in the college of agriculture. The $30,000 dairy laboratory has been completed and is being used for the winter dairy course, which opened November 2. A new sheep barn, silo, and manure storage shed have also been erected, a potting house and four green- houses are nearing completion, and ground has been broken for the foundations of a horticultural building. An allotment of $60,000 is available for the new horticultural equipment. Orman R. Butler. Ph. D. (Cornell, 1910), has been appointed instructor iii horticulture and assistant horticulturist. Doctor Butler has specialized in plant physiology and will devote his entire time to research work. Roy T. Harris has been appointed assistant in dairy tests, vice Llewelyn R. Davies, who has accepted the professorship of agriculture in the Marinette County (Wis.) School of Agriculture and Domestic Science. E. R. Jones has been granted leave of absence during the second semester to study soil physics and drainage in this country and abroad. The degree of doctor of science was recently con- ferred by the university on Dr. F. H. King, formerly ]irofessor of agricultural physics. Wyoming Station. — A grain barn has been completed and fitted up where seed grains will be kept and displays of grains in various years will be made. NOTES. 699 Association of Agricultural Experiment Stations in Austria. — A preliminary meeting of representatives of the agricultural experiment stations in Austria, -called by Dr. F. W. Dafert with the consent of the Royal Imperial Ministry of Agriculture, was held at the Royal Imperial Agricultural-Chemical Experiment Station, Vienna, September 12. It was resolved to organize an Association of Agi'icultural Experiment Stations in Austria, and a committee on organization was appointed, consisting of Dr. F. W. Dafert, F. Strohmer, Doctor Kornauth, Doctor Bersch, Director Prior, and Ritter von Weinzierl, of Vienna, and Director J. Vanha. of Briinn. The Zeitschrift fi'ir das hindirirtuchaffliche Vcrsuchswesen in Oesterreich was designated as the official publication of the association. Farmer's National Congress. — The thirtieth annual session of this organization was held at Lincoln. Nebr., October 6-11. The extended program included addresses of welcome by Governor Shallenberger and by Chaucellor Avery, of the University of Nebraska. Among the papers of special interest were Manufacture and Use of Mechan- ical Alcohol, by Dr. H. W. Wiley, of this Department; Domestic Science, by Miss Gertrude Rowan, of the University of Nebraska ; Deterioration of Soils Under Cropping and Method of Conservation, by Dean E, A, Burnett, of the University of Nebraska : The Relation of Conservation to Rural Life, by Prof. ■George E. Condra, president of the State Conservation Commissioners of the United States; Dairying in the I'nited States, by A. L. Haecker, of the Uni- versity of Nebraska ; Extension Work and Cooperation of Agricultural Colleges, iby Dean Woods, of the University of Minnesota ; and Conservation of Health by Dairy Inspection and Pure Food Regulations, by Dr. George M. Whitaker, •of the Dairy Division of this Department. President Edwin E. Sparks, of the Pennsylvania State College, in an address ■entitled Carrying the Message to the People, argued for the teaching of agri- •culture in the public schools and for making the public schools in the country very intensively agricultural. Prof. C. W. Boucher, of Marion Normal College, Indiana, speaking on the Education of the Farmers' Boys and Girls, brought out the desirability of a broader education for the farmers' sons and daughters with ii view to widening their horizon and giving them a more comprehensive view •of life and its responsibilltes. The officers of the previous year were reelected. Fifth Dry Farming Congress. — Over 1,2(X> delegates, representing 250.000,000 acres of arid lands in this country, 400.000,000 acres in Canada, and a total of •about 5,000.000.000 acres throughout the world, assembled for the Fifth Dry Farming Congress at Spokane, Wash., October 3-0. A large number of addresses and papers were presented, the consensus of •opinion being that dry farming was passing from the experimental stage and ibecoming an important phase of agricultural development. President J. H. Worst, of the North Dakota College and Station, was chosen president of the ■congress, and Pi'of. Alfred Atkinson, of the Montana College and Station, Dean E. II. Webster, of the Kansas College and Station, and State Connnissioner of Agriculture E. R. Kone, of Texas, vice-presidents. John T. Burns was reelected •executive secretary-treasurer, with headquarters at Colorado Springs, Colo., Tvhich was selected as the place of meeting in 1911. Fifth International Dairy Congress. — This organization will next meet at Stock- holm from June 28 to July 1. 1911. It will be organized in two sections, one devoting it.self to questions regarding the production of the milk and the other to those concerning the treatment and utilization of milk. Numerous excur- sions to near-by dairy farms and other points of interest will form a feature ©f the conference. 700 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. International Scientific Congress at Buenos Aires. — The International Scientifie Congress, held at Buenos Aires, from July 11 to 25, under the auspices and direct management of the Argentine Scientific Society, was well attended and considered very successful. Agricultural science received much attention, constituting one of the 11 sections of the congress. A large number of papers were presented in this section, among them one by Juan A. Devoto on his investigations of the micro- organisms of milk, one by Doctor Wolffhiigel on the zooparasites of the domestic animals of Argentina, and one on the degeneration of the malbek, by Sefior Suarez. Two sessions were also devoted in the engineering section to irriga- tion questions, especially the laws and systems in Argentina and their better- ment. Resolutions were adopted advocating the formation of agrarian societies patterned after those in France, the greater use of agricultural machinery and additional instruction in the subject, the development of the sugar-beet and cotton-growing industries, and the adoption of uniform' regulations in all American countries as to the importation and exportation of animals. Poultry Demonstration Train in Wales. — A poultry demonstration train, fitted up with improved poultry appliances and other illustrative material, was recently sent out for eight days in Wales. Lectures and demonstrations were given along the route, the advantages of cooperation in marketing receiving particular emphasis. The train is believed to have been the first of the sort in Great Britain, but it is reported that it was very favorably received and that the plan will be given an extended trial in other sections. National Agricultural Boards in Mexico. — A recent law provides for the estab- lishment of national agricultural boards, the object of which is to develop agri- culture, and especially stock raising, forestry, and related industries. They will encourage the holding of agricultural expositions and will keep in touch with domestic and foreign boards of the same class. One feature of their work will be the publication of reports for the information and instruction of agriculturists, the awarding of prizes for treatises on agriculture, the establishment of agri- cultural schools, and the creating of scholarships to aid in the study of agriculture. National College of Agriculture at Pretoria. — According to a note in ?s(tture, the Transvaal (iovernment is considering the establishment of a national college of agricultui'e at Pretoria, with an initial endowment of $500,000. An area com- prising 3,681 acres, and including a large plantation and both arable and pasture land, has been offerwl by the town council as a site. Agricultural Instruction in the University of Toulouse. — An agricultural institute has been annexed to the faculty of sciences of the University of Toulouse. The course of study extends through two years, leads to the diploma of agriculture, and includes theoretical and practical instruction in the following subjects : General agriculture, agricultural botany, agricultui-al chemistry, agri- cultural engineering, rural economy, geology, agricultural zoology, and animal breeding. In addition there is a series of weekly lectures on horticulture, silviculture, viticulture and enology, rural architecture, agricultural hydraulics, agricultural hygiene, meteorology, apiculture, etc. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. li. Beal. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology j^- JJ' Lqn^^' ^^' ^' T?- ij /^ /J- I- Schulte. FieldCropsjj Q j^^^,^^^ Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Ilunian Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker. Veterinary Medicine | J •^^; f^^^^^' Rural Engineering . Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIII, NO. 8. Page. Recent work in agricultural science 701 Notes 800 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. On the composition of lime-sulphur spray, Tartar and Bradley 701 Reaction of lime-sulphur am' alkali waters on arsenates, Bradley and Tartar. . 701 The pho;;phates c r calcium, Car.ieron and Boll 701 Proportion of phosphorus to amide and otlier nonproteids in secdti, PfjTozzani. . 702 Composition of casein of cow's am', woman's milk, Abderhaldor. and Langstein. 702 Protein as a protective agent of the cnzyms, Rocontlialcr. 702 Further studies of the partial hydrolysis of proteids, Abderhaluen and Funk . . 702 About lupeose and stachyose, Schulze 702 Some peculiarities of the" proteolytic activity of papain, Meiidol and Blood 702 The study of cnzyms by means of the synthetical polypeptfclr, Koelker 703 A contribution to the study of oxydases, Gortucr 704 Hemicelluloses in the seed coats of the pea and bean, Schulze and Pfcnninger. 704 Ptomaines from rotted soy beans, Yoshimura 704 The fats, Leathes 704 The estimation of nitrogen as ammonia, (Jregoire 705 Estimation of the nitrate nitrogen as ammonia, Frabot 705 A simple method for separating nitrous from nitric acid, Fischer and Steinbach . 705 Influence of chlorin on determination of nitric nitrogen, Stewart and Greaves. . 705 Laboratory methods for organic nitrogen availability, Jones 705 The errors in determining nitrogen in the soil, Mitscherlich and Merres 705 Soil humus as determined by different methods, Lea\'itt 705 I II CONTENTS. Page. Use of phenols in the analysis of alkaline earths, Lindet 705 The detection of inferior ammoniates in commercial fertilizers, Street 706 In regard to magnesium ammonium phosphate, Bube 706 Analysis of sulphur for agriculturak purposes, Bruno 706 Determining sulphuric acid by the benzidin method, von Knorre 706 Determining BaS04 in presence of interfering substances, Van't Kruijs 707 Volumetric method for barium salts, Selvatici 707 [Extraction of plant food constituents]. Bell 707 Analysis of proteins, Etard and Vila 707 About the quantitative determination of peptids, Ilenriques and Cijaldbiik. . . . 707 Detection of peptolytic ferments in animal and vegetable tissues, Abdcrhalden. 703 A method for quantitative estimation of hydrocyanic acid in tissues. Waller. . . 708 Determination of small amounts of hydrocyanic acid, Berl and Delpy 708 The determination of chlorophyll in jjlants, ^lalarski and Marchlewski 708 About starch estimation methods, Schubert 708 The occurrence of raffinose in raw sugar and its determination, Strohmer 709 Bagasse analysis: Determination of sugar and moisture, Norris 709 Estimation of salicylic acid in jams, jellies, and comfits, von Fellenberg 709 Schardinger's reaction with cow's milk, Romer and Sames 709 A simplified method for examining butter and oleomargarine, Glimm 710 [The chemistry and uses of the prickly pear, candelilla wax, and canteloup] . . 710 Utilizing tomato residues, Perciabosco and Semeraro Vll Home-made vinegar, Fallot 711 Salting and curing cucumber pickles, Hasbrouck 711 Prepared mustard, Hasbrouck 711 The influence of mushy pears upon the fermentation of the juice, Miiller 711 Pear tannin and its decomposition during the preparation of perry, Huber 711 The manufacture of light natural wines in the Cape Colony, Ilahn 711 Souring the mash, Lange 711 Operation of small rye distilleries, Ellrodt 711 Denatured alcohol from cantaloups, ^Mitchell 711 The amount of spirits that may be extracted from a ton of raisins, Perkins 711 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Weather forecasting by simple methods. Granger 712 Variations in distribution of atmospheric pressure in North America, Arctowski . 712 Weather summary, Waldron and Grace 712 Fifth annual report of the meteorological committee 7 12 The climate of Switzerland, Maurer, Billwiller, and Hess 712 Climate and meteorology of Australia 712 Hail protection, TroUer 713 Hail protection in Beaujolais, Violle 713 The water supply of Indiana, Barnard and Brewster 713 The combined action of nitrous gas and oxygen on water, Foerster and Koch 713 Sterilization of water by means of quartz lamps, von Recklinghausen 713 Hypochlorite sterilization of water 714 Killing germs by light, Loucheux 714 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Introduction to the study of the soil solution, Cameron 714 Influence of water solutions of common salt on permeability of soils. Den Berger. 714 Studies in the rotations, Waldron and Grace 715 The free humus acids of upland moors, Baumann and Gully 715 The covering of soil particles, Dumont 715 The causes of the formation of hardpan (ortstein), Mayer 715 Role of mica in cultivated soil, Bieler-Chatelan 715 The composition of Ethiopian soils, Mazzaron 716 On irrigated leucite soils, De Angelis d'Ossat 716 Spinach troubles at Norfolk and improvement of trucking soils, Harter 716 The negative influence of soils upon the nitrogen content of wheat, Shaw 7IG IVIaintenance of soil fertility: Plans and summary tables 717 The fertility of the soil. Hall 717 Infection experiments with nitragin, Westmann 717 A report on inoculation experiments, Brux 717 CONTENTS. in Page. Cooperation of micro-organisms in utilizing insoluble phosphates, De Grazia 717 On the part bacteria play in fertilizing operations, Ehrenberg 717 Field tests with plant foods, materials and results, Huston 717 Green manuring 717 Poultry manures, their treatment and use, Brooks 717 Urine-earth as a manure, Clouston 718 Recent investigations on lime nitrogen, Stutzer, Reis, and Soil 718 Chemical and physiological experiments with cyanamid and derivatives, Reis. 718 The agricultural utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, Zeisel 719 The availability of nitrogen in peat, peat moss, and elephant dung, Annett 719 Potassium silicate (ground phonolite) as a potash fertilizer, Wein 719 A new fertilizer — Palmaer phosphate, Grandeau 719 The Palmaer method of preparing phosphatic fertilizers, Ebbinghaus 719 Palmaer phosphate, the latest commercial fertilizer, Fingerling 719 Fertilizer experiments on moor soils with Palmaer phosphate, von Feilitzen. . . 719 The use of lime in Massachusetts agriculture, Brooks 720 The occurrence of manganese in soil, and its effect on grass, Guthrie and Cohen . 720 Fertilizers, 1910, McGill 720 Fertilizers . 720 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Handbook of agricultural bacteriology, Lohnis 720 Chilean fungi, Spegazzini. 721 Latent vitality of the spores of the Mucorineee and Ascomycetes, Becquerel 721 The inhibition of nitrification by organic matter, Stevens, Withers, et al 721 Some factors in fixation of nitrogen by Azotobacter, Hoffmann and Hammer. 721 On the influence of humus material in urea decomposition, Christensen. 722 Effect of previous heating of the soil on growth and germination, Fletcher 722 The effects of injuring the cotyledons on the growth of the seedlings, Jacobi 723 On the metabolic changes due to geotropic stimulation, Grafe and Linsbauer. . 723 On the excretion of roots, Brocq-Rousseu and Gain 723 Influence of light on the development of fruits and seeds. Lubimenko 723 Determination of optimum intensity of light for plants. Combes 723 The connection between leaf form and light requirement, Wiesner 724 Changes produced in direct sunlight when it enters the foliage, Wiesner 724 Perception of light by plants, Blaauw 724 The relation of hairy and cutinized coverings to transpiration, Wiegand 724 Leaf color and chloroplastid formation in evergreen woody plants, Vouk 724 The direct absorption of nitrites by plants, Perciabosco and RosSo 724 Absorption of nitrogenous organic substances by the roots of phanerogams, Grafe . 725 The formation of glucosids by plants, Ciamician and Ravenna 725 A study of hydrocyanic acid in Sambucus, Ravenna and Tonegutti 725 Liberation of oxygen and CO2 during disappearance of anthocyanin. Combes. . 725 Experiments on transformation of starchy and fatty contents of trees, Weber 725 The behavior of plants toward lithium salts, Ravenna and Zamorani 726 Poisonous action of alkaloidal solutions on soils and plants, Otto and Kooper. . 726 The effects of factory smoke on pine forests, von Rusnov 726 The grasses of Alaska, Lamson-Scribner and Merrill 727 Philippine Leguminosfe, with keys to genera and species, Merrill 727 North American Trifoliums, McDermott 727 On the wild types of cultivated potatoes, Berthault 727 On the interaction between scion and stock, Meyer and Schmidt 727 The underground organs of a few weeds, Pammel and Fogel 727 Green hemiparasites, Heinricher 727 FIELD CROPS. [Experiments with alfalfa, corn, grains, and potatoes], Waldron and Grace 727 Annual report of the Bankipore Agricultural Station for the year I90S-9, Smith. 728 Annual report of the Burdwan Agricultural Station for the year 1908-9, Smith. . 728 Annual report of the Cuttack Agricultural Station for the year 1908-0, Smith. . . 729 Annual report of the Dumraon Agricuhural Station for the year 1908-9, Smith. . 729 Results of experiments: Experimental farm, Potchcfstroom, Holm 729 Experiments with clovers, vetches, bean.-!, sulla, sainfoin, lupines, and kale. . . . 730 [Problems of crop production], Juhlin-Dannfelt 730 IV CONTENTS. Page. The rotation of crops for irrigated lands, Burtt-Davy 730 Variety tests in 1909 730 Influence of chemical fertilizers on the composition of cereals, Raynaud et al. . 730 The quality of German oats and rye harvested in 1909 730 Seeding mowings, Brooks 730 Curing alfalfa hay by steam 731 Fall sowing of barley in 1908-9, Litwinow 731 Report on barley tests in Franconia, 1907-1909, Hiltner and Lang 731 Some analyses of Russian brewing barley for protein content, Bening 731 Variety tests of forage corn in different provinces, Stebler and Volkart 731 Testing seed corn by the cloth roll method, Mc Arthur 731 Potato culture in Holland 731 Fertilizers for potatoes. Brooks 731 Negress potato, Andouard 731 Rye growing in Minnesota, Boss. 731 Fertilizer tests of sugar beets in 1909, B61a 732 Variety tests of sugar beets in 1909, Bela 732 The beet sugar industry, Maxwell 732 The yield of wheat in the United States and Russia, 1891 to 1900, Arctowski 732 Common weeds of the farm and garden. Long and Percival 732 Charlock and white radish, Schultz 732 Quack grass eradication, Crane 732 Spraying to kill weeds — some useful methods, Selby 733 HORTICULTURE. [Report of the horticulturist] 733 Real facts about the problem of fall planting v. spring planting 733 Uniformity of varietal character in garden vegetables, Tracy 733 Celery growing, storing and marketing, Howard 733 History of fruit growing in Alabama, Berckmans 733 [Report on horticulture] 733 Autumn meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society 733 Getting the most in an orchard, Martin 734 Establishing the apple orchard, Erwin and Bliss 734 The second season with the peach orchard, Blake 734 Shield-budding the mango. Wester 734 Self-sterility of Scuppernong and other Muscadine grapes, Reimer and Detjen . . 734 The preservation of fresh pineapples for shipment from West Africa, Bernegau . 735 Have we enough New England blackberries? Bicknell 736 [Notes on ornamentals and fruits], Waldron and Grace 736 Phenological notes: Blooming dates for Iowa plants, 1909, King et al 736 Narcissus cultivation ., 736 Ornamental shrubs of the United States (hardy, cultivated), Apgar 736 Garden planning, Rogers 736 Sixth annual report of the Rhode Island Metropolitan Park Commission 736 FORESTRY. The American woods, XI, Hough 736 The trees of Great Britain and Ireland, Elwes and Henry 737 The forest fertilizer experiments at Tharand, Vater 737 Forests and reservoirs in their relation to stream flow, Chittenden 737 Forest fires in North Carolina during 1909, Holmes 737 [Report on forestry] 737 Forestry in the Highlands of Scotland, Dallimore 737 Reports on the forest administration in Burma for the year 1907-8, Lace et al. . . 737 Report on forest administration of Central Provinces, 1908-9, Gradon et al 737 Progress report on forest administration in the Punjab for 1908-9, Fisher 738 Report of the chief forest officer, Purves 738 The new Forest Products Laboratory, Start 738 The work of the Government in forest products. Graves 738 [Rubber investigations in Nyasaland], McCall 738 Experimental tapping of Para rubber trees in the Botanic Gardens, 1909, Ridley . 738 Notes on the cultivation of Para rubber and the yield, Ridley 738 Notes on the experiments of coagulating and curing rubber, Ridley . 739 CONTENTS. V Page. Bleeding Hevea rubber trees by the Northway system, Fetch 739 Literature and important happenings in forestry, 1909, Weber 739 DISEASES OP PLANTS. Annual report on plant diseases, Hollrung 740 Notes on fungus diseases of plants, Pammel and King 740 Annual report of the mycologist, Rorer 740 Mycological notes, von Hohnel 740 Parasitic plants observed in Torino and vicinity during 1909, Voglino 740 Mycological review for 1908, with notes on fungus diseases of alfalfa, Briosi . . . 740 Plant-like Actinomycetes, Peklo 741 A serious disease of plants in Para, Baker 741 Nematode control by trap plants, Postelt 741 On the ergot of wild and cultivated grasses, Bamas 741 Dissemination and appearance of the root fungus of alfalfa in Franconia, Laurer. 741 On the formation of bacterial zoogkra on the roots of barley, Zikes 741 Experiments in breeding smut-resistant varieties of barley, Broili 741 Experiments with fungicides for stinking smut, Sutton and Downing 742 The effect of formalin on the vitality of seed grain, Stewart and Stephens 742 The club root of cabbage and nematodes, Grignan 742 Root rots of ginseng, Rankin 742 The control of onion smut. Stone 743 Disease resistance of potatoes, Stuart 743 Investigations on the leaf-roll disease of the potato, Bohutinsky-Kriezvci 743 On the history of the leaf curl or ring disease of the potato, Hugues 743 On the potato disease caused by Chrysophlyctis endobiotica, Zimmermann 744 A bacterial disease of the fibrovascular bundles of the potato, Spieckermann. . 744 Experiments on the control of potato scab, Bernhard 744 Carbolic acid and black scab disease, Kitley 744 Experiments with potato diseases, 1909-10, Seymour 744 Testing potato varieties for late blight, Mc Alpine 744 Trials with Bordeaux mixtures as a preventive of late blight, Ravn 744 Experiments with Bordeaux mixture in combating potato blight, Mortensen. . . 744 Experiments on the control of sugar beet diseases, Schander 745 Results from spraying experiments, 1909, in Pike County, Foglesong 745 Treatment for prevention of anthracnose, Lownsdale 745 Brown rot and plum curculio on peaches, Scott and Quaintance 745 Methods used in fighting the peach yellows, Hutchins 746 The mildew of the grape, Bottini 746 An efficient spray against the grape mildew, Vermorel and Dan tony 746 The Oidium and a modified lime-sulphur spray, Thiebaut 746 The roncet of the American grape in Sicily, Pantanelli 747 Spring and summer remedies against parasites of the grape, Vivarelli 747 The banana disease and other ememies of the plant in Costa Rica, Levy 747 A banana disease due to nematodes, Korff 748 Cacao canker 748 Pod rot, canker, and chupon wilt of cacao caused by Phytophthora sp., Rorer. . 748 A new coffee disease (Phthora vastatrix), D'Herelle 749 Infection and germination of the uredospores of Hemileia vastatrix, von Faber. . 749 The outbreak of blister blight on tea, 1908-9, McRae 749 Report on a disease in tea seed nurseries, Hope 750 The diseases of Hevea brasiliensis, Patouillard 750 Another Para rubber fungus, Ridley 750 On the nonoccurrence of rust uredo-sori on the needles of conifers, von Tubeuf . 750 Two new fir-inhabiting fungi, Bubak 751 West Hungarian pines in West Prussia succumbing to leaf-cast fungi, Herrmann. 751 A disease of the alder, Jones 751 Trochila popvlorum, Edgerton 751 Some parasitic Polyporacese, Learn 751 On fungi destructive to wood, Rumbold 751 The carnation rust, Fondard 751 Gladiolus bulb rots, Wallace 751 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. A text-book of field zoology, Crary 752 A diary of the travels of a naturalist in Darien and Ecuador, Festa 752 VI CONTENTS. Page. Family distribution and faunal areas, Banks 752 The common mole, Scheffer 752 Rat virus in Jamaica, Ashby 753 Notes from the bacteriological laboratory, Ashby 753 Does the microbe of measles come from the mouse? King 753 The evidence of plague infection among ground squirrels, McCoy 754 Campaign against bubonic plague in ground squirrels in California, Rucker. . . 754 Instinct and intelligence of birds, Herrick 754 Nests and eggs of birds found breeding in Australia and Tasmania, North 754 Notes on the birds of Argentina, Herbert and Venturi 754 Food of the bob white, Nice. 754 Observations on the food habits of the blue jay {Cyanocitta cristata), Dyche 754 Apparatus for determination of optimums of temperature and moisture, Headlee. 754 Guide to insects in the British ^luseum, Harmer et al 755 Report of official entomologist, Headlee 755 Fifth annual report of the entomologist of the State of Maine, Hitchings 755 Some insect invasions and the fight against them. Smith 755 Report of committee on entomology, Gossard 755 Annual report for 1909 of the zoologist, Warburton 755 Insect pests in 1909 755 Entomological notes, Froggatt 755 Report of the entomologist, 1908-9, Anderson 755 Two well-known pests in the Transvaal, Gunn 755 Some insects injurious to stored grain, Gunn 755 [Insect enemies of the almond tree], Mayet 755 Concerning some insects collected and bred from dead and d3-ing elm. Tucker. 756 On some insect pests of the Himalayan oaks, Stebbing 756 Some insects injurious to forests 756 Catalogue of the Odonata of North America, Muttkowski 756 Dermaptera, Burr 756 A new kind of apterous earwig, apparently parasitic on a bat, Jordan 756 A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera, Kirby 756 Locusts in Australia and other countries, Froggatt 756 Locust destruction in South Africa, Howard 756 The anatomy and life history of Pyrops candelaria, Kershaw and Kirkaldy. . . . 756 Notes on three species of Jassidse, Webster 757 A revision of the American species of Platymetopius, Van Duzee 757 Investigations of Toxoptera graminum and its parasites, Webster 757 The life cvcle of Ilormaphis hamamelidis, Morgan and Shull 757 Gall aphids of the elm. Patch.. 757 Four rare aphid genera from Maine, Patch 757 Observations on a gall aphid {Aphis atriplicis), Ilayhurst 758 [Recent publications on Chermes], Niisslin 758 Webber's brown fungus of citrus white fly {Mjerila ivehheri n. sp.), Fawcett. . . 758 The scale insects of citrus trees, Howard 758 Scale insects affecting coffee estates, Anstead 758 Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsense in the British Museum, Hampson 758 British Lepidoptera, their variation and geographical distribution, Tutt 758 The development of the egg of the univoltin silk moth, Vaney and Conte 759 On the jaundice parasite of the Bombyx mori, Marzocchi 759 The Demerara silkworm 759 The butterflies and larger moths affecting forestry in Britain, Adkin 759 Description of some new South American Arctiadse, with notes, Rothschild. . . 759 The resistance of gipsy moth eggs to the digestive fluids of birds, Reiff 759 Biologic and economic notes on the yellow-bear caterpillar, ]\Iarsh 759 The pine procession moth in the forests of Galicia, Garcia- Varela 760 The plum webwormj Rabate and Bernes 760 The insecticide treatment for the fruit-tree webworms, Capus and Fej'taud. . . 760 On the nut-feeding habits of the codling moth, Foster 760 The codling moth 761 The codling moth in the Transvaal, Hardenberg 761 The cochylis, Maisonneuve, Moreau, and Vinet 761 [Combating the cochylis], Maisonneuve, Moreau, and Vinet 761 Characteristics and habits of the bud moth, Melander 761 Variation in duration of similar periods of embryonic development, Girault — 761 A case of possible parasitism in the Lepidoptera, Pettit 761 CONTENTS. VII Pago. Central American microlepidoptera introduced into ITawaiiiin Islands, Busck. 761 New species of North American microlepidoptera, Ely 761 Protozoan parasites of the larva of a Ptychoptera, Legcr and Duboscq 762 A monograph of the Culcidic or mosquitoes, Theobald 762 A contribution to the knowledge of the Diptera, Neiva 762 West Indian Cecidomyiidae, Felt 762 The ^lycetophilid* of North America, Part II, Johannsen 762 The native tabanid fauna [of Brazil], Lutz and Neiva 762 The mosquitoes of the Amazon region, Newstead and Thomas 762 A contribution to the knowledge of the Brazilian species of Simulium, Lutz. . 762 Robber-flies of the genus Asilus, Iline 762 Notes on the pupation and hibernation of tachinid parasites, Thompson 762 [A dipterous parasite of an earthworm], Keilin 763 Trypetid galls and Eurosta elsa n. sp., Daecke 763 Some notes on the distribution of Glossina palpaUs, Neave 763 The rat fleas attack man, Gauthier and Raybaud 763 The plague bacillus in fleas during hibernation, Gauthier and Raybaud 763 Species of fleas found on rats at Marseille, Gauthier and Raybaud 763 Fleas collected from squirrels from California, McCoy and Mitzmain 763 The life history of Callidium violaceum, Shoebotham 763 Additions to the list of Kansas Coleoptera for 1907, Knaus 764 The food of Calligrapha big.sbyana, a chrysomelid beetle, Hegner 764 The genus Latheticus, Chittenden 764 Notes on Oncideres texana in Georgia: Oviposition, Girault 764 Revision of the Prionides, Lameere 764 The mango jeopardized, Marlatt 764 Notes on Rhynchites bicolor, Dickerson 764 Hymenoptera. — Family Chalcididae, Schmiedeknecht 764 Catalogue of British Hymenoptera of the family Chalcididae, Morley 764 Bees and fruit fertilization, Beuhne 765 On the habit with certain Chalcidoidea of feeding at puncture holes, Howard. . 765 Two new parasitic Hymenoptera, Crawford 765 A parasite of the asparagus beetle, Fernald 765 [The toxic effect of the food of the host upon its parasites], Morgan 765 Chalcidoid parasites of Musca domestica and its allies, Girault and Sanders 765 Observations of early stages of two aphidiine parasites of aphids, Timberlake. . 765 Habits of Lysiphlehus sp. , Withington 765 On the hymenopterous parasites of Rhynchota, Morley 765 The animal kingdoni. — Cynipidse, von Dalla Torre and Kieffer 765 How to keep bees for profit, Lyon 765 Observations on the large larch sawfly, with suggestions for treatment, Annand . . 765 The insect fauna of grouse moors, Grimshaw 766 Practical measures for the prevention of ticks in Jamaica, Cousins 766 The fowl tick, Howard and Bourlay 766 A list of the ticks of South Africa with descriptions and keys, Howard 766 [Injury by the grapevine mite], Burnat and Jaccard 766 A contribution to our knowledge of insecticides, McClintock et al 766 Analyses of samples of arsenate of lead, Scott 766 The use of potassium cyanid as a subterranean insecticide, Mamelle 767 The effects of fumigation with hydrocyanic gas on the human system, Yolhers. . 767 Tobacco as an insecticide, Gourley 767 The insecticide act of 1910 767 Nursery inspection in Massachusetts, Fernald 767 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION . German food book 767 Foodstuffs, III, Dunstan 767 Influence of environment on milling and baking qualities of wheat, Howard et al . 768 Bread from whole grain, Neumann 768 Commercial diabetic foods, Magnus-Levy 768 Composition of eggs with special reference to biological problems, Diamare 768 Concerning molasses produced at Sao Paulo, Arthaud-Berthet et al 768 The occurrence of Mnnascus barl:eri in bottled pic'kles, Lewis 768 Sulphur dioxid in sulphured food products. Van der Waerden 768 Beef, iron, and wine, McGill 768 Notices of judgment 768 VIII CONTENTS. . Page. Missouri Home Makers' Conference, edited by Selvidge 769 The feeding of school children, Kaup 769 Feeding the school children, Van Ruypen 769 Experiments on the hydrolysis of proteins by pancreatic juice, Mathieu 769 The influence of cooking upon the tryptic digestion of meat, Talarico 769 Experiments on the purin content of foods, Bessau 769 Influence of fish on phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium metabolism, Slowzow. 770 Calcium metabolism, with special reference to exophthalmic goitre, Towles. .. 770 Estimation of acid content of saliva and influence of different foods, Holz 770 Apparatus for determining gaseous exchange, Lichatschow and Godsikowsky. . 770 Handbook of physiological methods. — Blood, I, edited by Tigerstedt 770 International catalogue of scientific literature. Q — Physiology 770 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Analyses of some grasses and fodder plants grown in New South Wales, Ramsay. 771 Prickly pear and the spineless cactus for stock food, Burtt-Davy 771 Cotton-seed meal, Lindsey 771 Notices of judgment 771 Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs sold in Maryland, McDonnell et al 771 Commercial feeding stuffs of Pennsylvania in 1909, Kellogg 771 Abstracts of feeding experiments. — Analyses of feeding stuffs, Hartwell 771 Feeding experiments with distillery slop, Heinzelmann, Volk, and Paechtner. . 772 Feeding experiments with distillery slop, Ellrodt 772 Concerning the value of soy-bean cake as a feeding stuff, Honcamp 772 [Mineral constituents in rations for cattle], Escobar 772 Sugar for fattening cattle, Dechambre and Ginieis 772 Finishing steers, 1907-1909, Skinner and Cochel 772 Sheep feeding experiments in Britain, Ingle 773 Digestibility of dried potatoes and fat-free soy-bean meal, Kellner and Neumann . 774 Does lecithin influence growth? Goldfarb 774 Changes in size and form of the visceral organs of ruminants, Auernheimer. ... 774 The origin and qualifications of the Ferrandaise breed of cattle, Gillin 775 The selection of Garonnais cattle, Rabate 775 The cattle trade of western Canada, Rutherford 775 Some facts about caracul sheep, edited by Young 775 Russian sheep raising, Grout 775 Raising wool breeds of sheep in the highlands of the Senegal-Niger, Vuillet 775 The growing and preparation of wool for the South African market, McCall 775 Textile fibers of animal origin, Zolla 775 Is it desirable to spay young sows intended for fattening? Hartmann 775 Measurement of the thoracic cavity of horses, and the significance, von Liitzow. 775 The measurement of the thoracic cavity of horses, etc., Miiller 776 Structure and functions of horse's back and relation to saddle, Schwarzkopf. . . 776 The cavalry saddle, Graham 776 Training the polo pony. Griffin 776 Improving the breed of new forest ponies, Lucas 776 My quest of the Arab horse, Davenport ,- 776 The regeneration of the Morgan horse, Rommel 776 The Oldenburg coach horse, Schtissler 776 Schwarznecker's horse breeding, revised by von Nathustius - 776 Horse secrets, Alexander 776 Examination as to soundness and certification of stallions, Symons 776 Egg-laying competitions. New South Wales, Thompson 777 The encyclopedia of poultry, edited by Brown 777 The poultry industry 777 Live stock insurance 7/7 Fertility and sterility, Curot 777 Sterility, Morse 777 Histology of the ovary during pregnancy, Fellner 777 Determination of sex, Thesing 777 Inheritance as a patent factor in the cycle of organic events, Teichmann 777 A biochemical conception of dominance, Moore 778 Spiegler's "white melanin " as related to dominant or recessive white, Gortner. 778 On the inheritance of the barred color pattern in poultry. Pearl and Surface. . 778 The germinal disc in naturally incubated eggs of Pnsser domesticus, Patten 778 CONTENTS. IX DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Page. Standards for evaporated milk, and condensed milk and skim milk, Hunziker. 778 On commercial condensed milk, Dold and Stewart 780 {A cryoscopic method for making powdered milk] 780 New forms of milk products, Van Slyke 780 Milk and dairy products, Sommerfeld 780 Report of milk records for the season 1908, Speir 780 The mechanism of lactation, Langlois 780 New investigations on the chemical composition of cow's milk, von Ponicki. . . 780 Investigations on the deviation of the fat content of cow's milk, Indermuhle. . 780 Report of the di\asion of creameries and dairies, McGuire 781 Tuberculosis in market milk of Chicago, Tonney 781 American methods for control and improvement of milk supply, Eastwood 781 The Manchester milk supply from a public health point of view, Delej)ine 781 Notes on sterilization of milk by means of ultraviolet light, Romer and Sames. . 781 Notices of judgment 781 The analysis of market milk, Hiti 781 An act to provide for the protection of dairymen. — The Babcock test 781 The technical control in dairying. Papa 782 Cream for butter-making and details in the process, Graham 782 Composition of butter made from small fat globules, Marcas and Huyge 782 Dairy salts, Briinnich 782 The microbic flora of salt as a cause of butter and cheese defects, Rapin 782 Pure cultures in the preparation of rennet in Emmental cheese factories, Wenger . 782 Cheese making for small holders 782 Cheshire : Its cheese makers, Driver 782 Annual report of the experiment station for cheese making in Lodi, Besaiia. . . . 782 Report on the activities of the dairy institute at Proskau, Klein 783 The work in dairying during the second half of the year 1909, Raudnitz 783 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association 783 Report of the New York State Veterinary College for the year 1908-9 783 Annual reports of proceedings under disease of animals acts, etc., for 1909 783 Report for 1909 of the principal of the Royal Veterinary College, MrFadyean. . 784 Veterinary conditions in Saxony. -General index, 1856-1905, Roder 784 Annual report of the veterinary department for 1908-9, Stordy 784 Examination of blood of horses, bovines, mules, pigs, dogs, and sheep, Wetzl.. 784 Agglutination and conglutination, Streng 785 Observations on vegetable hemagglutinins, Mendel 785 Faculty of body for producing polyvalent precipitating sera, Strzyzowski 785 Serum-therapy and its applications, Leclainche 785 Influence of bacterial endotoxins on phagocytosis. Dudgeon et al 785 A guide to parasitology, Guiart 785 Parasitology, Todd. 786 A fight against the invertebrate propagators of infectious diseases 786 A review of the recent advances in our knowledge of tropical diseases, Todd. . 786 Notes on trypanosomes of the Dimorphon group, Bevan and i\IacGregor 786 The occurrence of trypanosomes in cattle in Germany, Knuth and Rauchbaar. 786 A case of sleeping sickness studied by precise methods, Ross and Thomson 786 Second series of experiments on treatment of surra in camels, Leese 786 On the tran.-^mission of African Coast fever to healthy animals, Meyer 786 Theileria jparva, parasite of East Coast fever in cattle, Nuttall and Fanthan 786 Argas reflexus and its parasitism of man, Benoit-Bazille 786 Piroplasina canis and Trypanosoma brucci upon drug treatment, Nuttall 786 The endoparasites of Australian stock and native fauna, Sweet 787 Coccidiosis of cattle and horses, Reichel 787 Malta fever, Delmer 787 Experimental studies on rabies, Marie 787 Combating tuberculosis by the state, Ostertag 787 A contribution to the study of bovine renal tuberculosis, Biichli 787 The occurrence of latent tubercle bacilli in the lymjjhatic glands, Joest 787 The value of the proteolytic reaction, Vass 788 About tuberculosis serum and tuberculoeia eerovaccine, Ruppel 788 X CONTENTS. Page. Pyemic arthritis and the use of nuclein solution in its treatment, Jefferson 788 The action of gastrotoxin and the heaUng of gastrotoxic ulcers, Bolton 788 Vaccination against white scours, calf pneumonia, and swine plague, Schmitt. 788 The rectal temperature of healthy cattle and the time of birth, Weber 788 Examination of the rectum of bovines, Gebauer 789 Torsio uteri with premature pains, Topfer 789 The ' ' toeing out " of the fore legs of cattle, Kiippeli 789 Anaphylactic phenomenon during vaccination, Alexandrescu and Ciuca 789 Contagious abortion, Gray 789 Theory and therapy of milk fever so-called, Dalrymple 789 Experiences with vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease, Terni 789 Scab and its eradication, Gray 789 The eradication of the cattle tick {Margaropus annulatus), Salmon 790 Cattle dipping tanks 790 Report on the disease known as "bluetongue" in sheep, Watkins-Pitchford . . 790 Braxy or bradsot in sheep, Milbradt 790 The bacterial flora of the intestines of the lamb, Andrejew 790 Experimental transmissibility of variola of young pigs, Pamaro 790 The veterinary control of swine plague and hog cholera, Ostertag 790 Spirochfetse in lesions affecting the pig, Gilruth 790 A new hog parasite 790 Accidents in horses during immunization against meningitis, Briot and Dopter. 790 The Strauss reaction for the diagnosis of glanders. Arms 790 The sero-diagnosis of glanders, Pfeiler 791 South African horse sickness and the methods of combating it, Reinecke 791 The virus of horse sickness with respect to natural infection, Reinecke 791 Notes on a fever in horses simulating horse sickness, Theiler 791 Boca rajada, Haase 791 A microfilaria in the blood of a horse at Khartoum, Balfour 791 Epulis carcinomatosa in the dog, Alexander 791 The histological changes with nephritis in the dog, Davis 791 A case of canine toxoplasmosis observed in Turin, Mello 791 The presence of spirochetes in hemorrhagic gastro-enteritis in the dog, Lucet. . 792 A new piroplasm found in the hounds and jackal, Patton 792 Cutaneous filariasis in a dog, Mitter 792 Filaria mcdinensis in the dog, Gaiger 792 Contributions to our knowledge of fowl diseases, Riither 792 Bird pest is not a contagious disease, Marchoux 792 Fowl cholera (Pasteurellosis), Raymond 792 The relation of fowl diphtheria to fowl pox, Uhlenhuth and Manteufel 792 Contributions to immunity against the so-called fowl pox, Manteufel 792 Ocular douve of the fowl, Mathis and Leger 793 Temperature of chickens and turkeys, Klimmer and Saalbeck 793 Poisoning of poultry by common salt, Suffran 793 Etiology of the disease resulting from feeding birds on rice, Fujitani 793 The transmission of disease organisms by fowl eggs, Poppe 793 RURAL ECONOMICS. Farm labor in California 794 The establishment of laborers on the land, Skalweit et al 794 The economic limits of intensive culture in agriculture, Skalweit 795 The outlook for Vermont farming, Brigham 795 A New York farm bureau 795 Cooperation among farmers, Tousley 795 Why agricultural cooperation often fails 795 Report of Irish Agricultural Organization Society, Ltd., Finlay and Anderson. 795 Agricultural associations in France, Mason 795 Farmer leagues in Germany, Thackara 795 Notes on the marketing of vegetables and fruits in Holland 796 [Agricultural credit in the provinces of Marches and Umbria] 796 Native societies for providing grain and credit in French West Africa 796 The mutual insurance of live stock 796 How can a live-stock insurance society be established and managed? Weilandt 796 Crop Reporter -. 796 CONTENTS. XI AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Page. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference for Education in the South 796 Public school agriculture, how taught and how connected with farming, Crosby . 797 Agricultural education: Its relation to the whole industry. Kitchen 798 Agriculture in the schools, Brigham 798 How agriculture may be taught in the public schools, Howe 798 The course of nature study in the elementary school, Holtz 798 Agriculture for young folks, Wilson 798 MISCELLANEOUS. Sixteenth Annual Report of Montana Station, 1909 799 Twentieth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1909 799 Second Annual Report of the Dickinson Subexperiment Station, 1909 799 Annual review of agronomy, ZoUa 799 Report of the Danish plant culture committee, Larsen 799 The Swedish Moor Culture Society and its activities, von Feilitzen 799 Report of Central Experimental Agricultural Institute for 1909, Rhodin et til. 799 Report of the agricultural department of Finland, 1908 799 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Page. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Div. Agr. and Chem. Bui. 32, 1910 709 Indiana Station: Bui. 142, May, 1910 772 Bui. 143, May, 1910 778 Kan.sas Station: Bui. 168, Aug. 1, 1910 752 Maine Station: Bui. 180, June, 1910 762 Bui. 181, Mav, 1910 757 Bui. 182, Juiie, 1910 757 Massachusetts Station: Circ. 20, J>b., 1909 720 Circ. 21, Feb., 1909 743 Circ. 22, Apr., 1909 717 Circ. 23, July, 1909 765 Circ. 24, Sept., 1909 7S1 Circ. 25, Oct., 1909 771 Circ. 26., Feb., 1910 731 Circ. 27, July, 1908 730 Minnesota Station: Bui. 120, July, 1910 731 Montana Station: Sixteenth An. Rpt. 1909 799 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 231, July 22, 1910 734 New Mexico Station: TwentiethAn. Rpt. 1909. 710, 733, 799 Page. North Carolina Station: Bui. 209, Sept., 1910 734 North Dakota Station: Second An. Rpt. Dickinson Substa. 1909. 712,715,727,736,799 Ohio Station: Circ. 102, May 20, 1910 733 Circ. 103, June 12, 1910 733 Circ. 104, Aug. 15, 1910 717 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 140, Apr., 1910 771 Utah Station: Bui. 108, Apr., 1910 742 Virginia Truck Station: Bui. 4, Aug. 31, 1910 716 Wisconsin Station: Research Bui. 12, June, 1910. . 721 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Notices of Judgment 473-569. 768, 771, 781 Bureau of Animal Industry: Circ. 163 776 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 58 [pt. 6] (5 cents) 756 Bui. 80, pt. 5 (Scents) 760 Bui. 82, pt. 5 (5 cents) 759 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 12, No. 9, Sept., 1910 796 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The price of Erpfriinent Station Record is $1 per volume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical pul^lications are given above. The publications of the state experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. xu EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIII. Abstract Number. No. 8. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. On the composition of lime-sulphur spray, H. V. Tartar and C E. Bradley {Jour. Indus, and Engin. CJiem., 2 {1910), No. 6, pp. 211-211). — From the re- sults of the work the authors conclude that " simple and accurate methods for the determination of the composition of the polysulphids and the amount of calcium hydroxid have been perfected. Free dissolved calcium hydroxid is not a constituent of the lime-sulphur solution, its alkalinity being due to the liydrolysis of the polysulphid. The polysulphids in the solution are probably a mixture of the tetrasulphid and pentasulpbid of calcium. [The] tests show the absence of appreciable quantities of hydrosulpbid. Should any be preseut, it is that which might be formed by the hydrolysis of the polysulphid. There seems to be a more stable polysulphid of calcium which the results indicate to be CaS2. A considerable amount of the sulphur in the solution is very feebly combiuod and for practical spraying purposes may be considered as sulphur in physical solution. It is not necessary for the spray to oxidize in order that free sulphur may be deposited from the same. Prolonged boiling when approxi- mately one part of lime to two parts of sulphur are used causes an increase in the amount of polysuliiliids and a decrease of thiosulphate. Carbon dioxid reacts with the lime-sulphur solution, liberating hydrogen sulphid. [The] laboratory experiments indicate that the carbon dioxid of the air exercises some influence in the decomposition of the spray upon the tree." Further studies of the reactions of lime-sulphur solution and alkali waters on lead arsenates, C. E. Bradley and II. Y. Tartar {.Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 {1910), No. 1, pp. 32S, 329).— -'It appears from . . . the results that both forms of the lead arsenate are more soluble In saline waters than in pure waters. Alkaline carbonate waters especially exert a solvent action on these arsenates and the reaction is much more pronounced in the case of the acid arsenate. This is perhaps due to the fact that lead carbonate is extremely in- soluble and that a base with which arsenic forms a soluble salt is present. It is evident that waters containing considerable quantities of alkali carbonates should be avoided in mixing lead arsenate for spraying purposes, as their tend- ency is to render the arsenic soluble. Tests for lead in the alkaline solutions failed to show its presence therein." The phosphates of calcium, F. K. Cameron and .T. M. Bell {Jour. Amer. Cheni. Soc, .i.i (1910), No. 7, pp. 869-813). — The increasing importance of the phosphates of calcium in the fertilizer industry led the authors to study their 701 702 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD, behavior in water and in solutions. They conclude that " the presonce of potassium chlorid in solutions containing calcium oxid and phosphoric anhy- drid increases slightly the lime content of solutions in equilibrium with dicalcium phosphate and monocalcium phosphate. " By the ' tell-tale ' method the composition of the solid phases was found to be CaHP04.2H20 and CaH4(PO.)2.H20 with a region between, which was not explored, where the composition of the solid was probably CanP04. " This result is in accord with Bassett's last determination of the ti'ansition interval of CaHP04.2H20 <=± CaHP04+2H20, but is not in accord with his direct determination of the comiiositions of the solid phases." The proportion of org"anic phosphorus to amids and other nonproteid bodies in seeds, A. Parrozzani (Staz. Sper. Agr. Itah, 42 (1909), No. 10-11, pp. 890- 001; ahs. in Zentbl. Biochcm. ti. Biopliys., 10 {1910). No. 2-3. p. 78).— The amount of amid nitrogen and the other nonproteid nitrogenous substances pres- ent is proportional to the amount of organic phosphorus in the seed. The work was done with maize seeds which were fully matured and from plants which were variously fertilized. Comparative investig'ation in regard to the composition of the casein of cow's and woman's milk, E. Abderhalden and L. Langstein {Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 66 (1910), No. 1-2, pp. 8-12). — Wjth reference to whether the casein from woman's milk yields on hydrolysis the same amount and ratio of amino acids as the casein of cow's milk, the authors found identical results in regard to tyrosin and glutaminic acid and that no glycocol could be found in either of the caseins. The remaining amino acids also agreed fairly well for both caseins. The findings, however, are not considered conclusive as regards the identity of the caseins. Protein as a protective agent of the enzyms, L. Rosenthaler (Biochem. Ztschr., 26 (1910), No. 1-2, pp. 9-13). — The results with 5- and a- emulsin, diastase, and invertin show that protein exerts a protective action for tliese enzyms against alkali and acids. The author, therefore, calls attention to the analogy which may exist in the biochemical processes in the animal and vegetable world. Further studies of the partial hydrolysis of proteids, E. Abderhalden and C. P'UNK (Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 6-', (1910). No. 5-6, pp. .'/.36-.'/ '/ 6' ) .— The ex- perimental data reported and discussed have to do with the problem of deter- mining the structural formula of proteids with particular reference to the utilization of the /3-naphthalinsulpho derivatives of the polypeptids for this purpose. About lupeose and stachyose, E. Schulze (Ber. Dent. Cheni. Gesell., 43 (1910), No. 12, pp. 2230-223-'i). — The author shows that lupeose prepared from the seed of lupines after treatment with nitric acid yielded saccharic acid in addition to the other oxidation products. He was also able to produce a potassium salt which had the characteristics of potassium saccharate. Accord- ing to this, lupeose yields the same products as stachyose (E. S. R., 23, p. 110), and as it yields about the same amount of mucic acid as does stachyose, it is probably also a tetrasaccharid. T,upeose could not be brought to crystallize. Some peculiarities of the proteolytic activity of papain, L. B. Mendel and Alice F. Blood (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 8 (1910), No. 3, pp. 177-213).— The experi- ments led to the following conclusions: " The digestion of Witte's peptone by papain in the presence of the common antiseptics, jadged by the tryptophan test, is very slow; in the presence of SON, hydrolysis is rapid. The striking difference between HCN and other investigated antiseptics is due to an acceleration of proteolysis by HCN. The accelerating effect is not limited to the hydrolysis of 'peptone,' but is also AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY^ — AGROTECHNY, 703 shown in the digestion of raw and coaguhited egg white, fibi-in, edestin, and excelsin, whether one take as the gage of digestion the appearance of tryptophan, leucin and tyrosin, the conversion into products not precipitated by hot trichlo- racetic acid or the rate of sohition of insoluble protein. HON also accelerates the clotting of milk and the liquefaction of gelatin. The bearing of this ou the evidence for the existence of more than one proteolytic enzym in papain is discussed. " Of various substances tried, hydrogen sulphid was the only one which pro- duced an acceleration of digestion by papain comparable to that effected by PICN. "The activity of HCN can not be attributed (a) to a peculiarly favorable concentration of hydrogen ions; (b) to the destruction of an inhibiting substance in the papain; (c) to the destruction of an inhibiting substance in the sub- stratum; (d) to a permanent denaturation of the substratum; or (e) to the activation of a papain zymogen. Pending further investigation, nothing remains but to compare the behavior of HCN with that of the so-called co-enzyms. " The rapid digestion of egg-white which papain effects when mixtures of the enzym and protein are heated to boiling has been confirmed ; and it has been shown that typical plant proteins — excelsin and edestin — are digested with simi- lar rapidity at 80°. Under tlie especially favorable conditions established by the presence of HCN, digestion at 80° proceeds to the amino-acid stage. " In regard to the marked deterioration which papain is said to undergo when ir stands with uncoagulated egg-white, it appears that this can not be considered a constant characteristic of the enzym in question, inasmuch as it was found that in the 6 samples of papain which were studied the spontaneous deteriora- tion of the enzym on standing in solution in every case more than accounted for the loss of activity when it stood with the protein. Egg white, if anything, protects papain from deterioration. " The fresh latex of the iiawpaw resembles the dried material in its behavior toward antiseptics and temperature, and in the phenomena of deterioration. "Extracts of Ascaris which are strongly antiseptic and antitryptic exert no inhibition over papain pi'oteolysis. The behavior of papain toward Ascaris antieiizyms, the acceleration phenomena induced by HCN, and the peculiar tem- perature relations, place papain in a different category from pepsin, trypsin, and animal erepsin. Data already recorded or available from other plants in respect to the HCN acceleration and other features place papain in contrast with other vegetable enzyms. The facts reported do not exclude the possibility of the sinndtaneous presence of more than one enzym in the pawpaw latex." The study of enzyms by means of the synthetical polypeptids, A. H. KoELKER {Jour. Biol. Cheni., 8 (1910), No. 2, pp. lJi5-115). — "For the study of the proteolytic enzyms, racemic alanyl-glycin can be applied with great ac- curacy, using the optical method. Solutions of d-alanyl-d-alaniu and of racemic alanyl-glycin remain unchanged when they are allowed to stand at 15 to 20° for a period of 13 months, if toluol has been used as preservative. This proves that within the time mentioned neither water nor bacteria have any influence in hydrolyzing the dlpeptids. Buchner's grinding and pressing method yields the most active enzym. The precipitation with alcohol can not be used to advantage in the purification of the active principle. The active principle which hydrolyses alanyl-glycin has the property of dialyzing through parch- ment. The solution of the enzym which has been freed from most of the solids by dialysis can be evaporated to dryness and redissolved without being im- paired in its activity. The ferment is still i)resent after 1.3 days" digestion at 37°. Heating the solution of the enzym to a tenii)erature of 7.'")° for (5 minutes destroys the active principle completely. Sodium chlorid has no inlluence ujum the rate of hydrolysis. It has, however, the property of preserving the enzym 704 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. if digested at 37° foi- 21 liours. Calcium cblorid has tlie property of sliglitly increasing the rate of hydrolysis in a 0.1 per cent solution, while it inhibits luarlvedly in a 1 per cent solution." A contribution to the study of oxydases, R. A. Gortneb (Jour, Chem. Soc. ILondon], 07 (1910), No. oGS, pp. 110-120). — A new variety of tyrosinase is described which " is distinguished from the known tyrosinases by its insolubil- ity in water, its loss of vitality in glycerol solutions and on drying, and by its inability to oxidize resorcinol, orcinol. etc. "A chroniogen has been found in the larva of Tcncbro molitor, giviuu; with t.vrosinase color reactions identical with those given by tyrosin. " Tyrosinase has been found in the myriopods Scalapacnjptops scrpinosa and Ji4Uus canadensis u. sp., and also in the larva of Cuciijiis clavipcs. " It has been observed that extracts of almost all animal tissues possess the power of oxidizing solutions of quinol. and that this power is considerably diminished by prolongej. 7, pp. 3!J3-.'il9). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 707). Volumetric method for barium salts, E. Selvatici (Bui. Assoc. Chini. Sucr. et DisliU.. 27 (I'JIO), \o. 9, pp. Sdi-Sli'i ; ah-s. in Chetn. Ahs., J, (1910), No. 12, p. l.')9l). — This is :i modiflcatiou of Gurelli and llavenna's method and is as follows: Fifiy cc. of a boiling solution of the sample to be examined is placed in a 50 cc. flask, cooled, filled up to the mark, and the suspended matter allowed to sub- side. Twenty cc. of the solution is then taken in a 100 cc. fliisk, a few drops of acetic acid added, and GO cc. of bichromate solution (4.6G gm. of pure potassium bichromate dissolved in w^ater and made up to the 1,000 cc. mark) run in, the flask filled up to the mark, shaken, and the contents filtered. To 50 cc. of the nitrate is added 10 cc. of the potassium iodid solution (KI in HCl), and the iodin set free with thiosuli)hate solution (23.567 gm. sodium thiosulphate dis- solved in water and filled up to the 1,000 cc. mark), estimated, using starch paste as the indicator. As the bichromate and thiosulphate solutions balance, the difference between them represents the amount of potassium bichromate solution combined with the Ba(OH)2+SH20. [Extraction of plant food constituents], J. M. Bell (Jour. Amcr. Chcra. Soc, 32 (1910). Xo. 7, pp. 879-SSJi).—A discussion of the work of ^^litscherlich and others (E. S. R., 23, p. 302), with particular reference to the extraction of plant food constituents from the phosphates of calcium and a loam soil, and the usual equation expressing the rate of solution, namely, (ly/dt=k(A — y), in which it is claimed that Mitscherlich misinterpreted the meaning of A. The author recalculated Mitscherlich's figures and concludes that " notwithstanding the conditions militating. against the use of the ordinary equation for rate of solution, viz, the variable extent of surface and the fact that the phenomenon observed is not one of solution only but also of hydrolysis, this equation de- scribes the data at least as well as the empirical equation proposed by Mitscher- lich, Kunze, Celichowski, and Merres. The usual equation for rate of solution also describes verj- well the extraction of lime from a loam soil by carbonated water." Analysis of proteins, A. Etard and A. Vila (Compt. Rend. Acad. l:^ci. [Paris], loO (1910), Xo. 25, pp. 1109-1111; ahs. in Analyst, 35 (1910), Xo. J,13, p. 366).— On the basis of the use of pure methyl alcohol for separating and drying tli(> mixture of amino acids formed by hydrolysis, and the use of barium hydrate in a solution of methyl alcohol as a precipitant of the substances formed ," the authors now describe a number of reactions by which these products can be further separated into groups. By adding sulphuric acid and methyl alcohol to the filtrate obtained from the barium precipitate certain basic substances are separated which can be removetl by filtration. This filtrate is then treated with a solution of hydro- ferrocyanic acid (prepared by treating i)otassium ferrocyanid with an equal quantity of hydrochloric acid and precii»itating th(* hydroferrocyanic acid with ether) in methyl alcohol, when another group of basic substances is jirecipi- tated. The amino acids remaining in the final filtrate are obtained by con- centration and crystallization. About the quantitative determination of peptids, V. HENRiQtJES and J. K. Gjaldbak (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 61 (1910). Xo. 1, pp. 8-27).— From the re- sults it appears that with the Sorensen formalin titration method (E. S. R., 19, p. 808) it is possible to determine whether a protein which has been treated a Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. I Paris], 147 (1908), p. 1323. 708 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. with acids or ferments has undergone complete cleavage or not. If the hydroly- sis is not complete the amount of bound peptids can be estimated. Detection of peptolytic ferments in animal and vegetable tissues, E. Abderhalden (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 66 {1910), No. 3, pp. i37-i39).— The author has previously drawn attention to the possible errors obtained with Buchner's method (E. S. R., 23, p. 512) in the search for ferments. Two meth- ods are described for the detection of peptolytic ferments, one being based on the formation of tyrosin from silk peptone, and the other on the reaction obtained for tryptophan where a polypeptid containing tryptophan is used, respectively, glycyl-1-tryptophan. A new method for the quantitative estimation of hydrocyanic acid in vegetable and animal tissues, A. D. Waller (Proc. Roy. iSoc. [London], 8cr. B, 82 (1910), No. B 559, pp. 574-581, figs. 5). — The test is a colorimetric one and is based on the fact that a red color is produced when sodium picrate (picric acid and sodium carbonate) and hydrocyanic acid are brought together. The color standards which are prepared with known amounts of sodium picrate and hydrocyanic acid are very stable and not appreciably affected by sunlight and boiling. The results of experiments as to the time relation of the electrical and chemi- cal changfs taking place in anesthetized laurel leaves and the quantitative esti- mation of hydrocyanic acid in the blood and tissues of animals and man after death by hydrocyanic poisoning are given. Quantitative colorimetric determination of small amounts of hydrocyanic acid, E. Berl and M. Delpy (Ber. Dent. Chem. Gesell., 43 {1910), No. 8, pp. 1J,30, 1J,31; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 13, p. S/.3).— The method can be employed for quantities running from 4 to 0.04 mg. in 1 cc. of liquid, and within a limit of error of 5 per cent. The solution to be examined is rendered slightly alkaline by a potassium hydroxid solution (1:1). An oxidized solution of ferrous sulphate (1:30) is added in the proportion of 2 molecules of ferrous sulphate to each mole- cule of hydrocj-anic acid. The solution is allowed to stand at ordinary tem- perature for 10 minutes, with frequent shaking, boiled for from 2 to 15 minutes according to the amount of hydrocyanic acid, allowed to cool, and rendered acid with 10 per cent hydrochloric acid. If at the expiration of 5 hours the liquid is not colored, it should be made up to a bulk of 100 cc, shaken and compared with a standard solution of hydrocyanic acid made up in the same manner as the above. If, on the other hand, the liquid is colored it is carefully poured off from the Prussian blue precipitate and distilled water added to take its place. The determination of chlorophyll in plants, H. Malarski and L. March- LEWSKi (Biochem. Ztschr., 24 (1910), No. 3-5, pp. 319-322; abs. in Zeatbl. Physiol, 24 (1910), No. 9, p. 403). — The method consists of preparing a stand- ard solution of chlorophyllan from the kind of plant to be examined and de- termining its extinction coefficient in a chloroform solution. The chlorophyll of the plant to be examined is then extracted and the extinction coefficient deter- mined and compai'ed with the standard solution. About starch estimation methods, F. Schubert (Osterr. Vngar. Ztschr. Zuckcrindus. u. Landw., 39 (1910), No. 3, pp. 411-422).— The author has modi- fled Lintner's method (E. S. R., 20, p. lOOS) in so far that a measured amount of water and acid is brought into the receptacle containing a weighed amount of the starchy material filtered directly without washing out the measuring flask or lining up to the graduation mark, and polarized at once. The phospho- molybdic acid used for clarifying is contained in the water used for doughiug AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 709 the starchy material. The method is useful in determining the starch content of cereals and similar materials in culture experiments. The occurrence of raffinose in raw sugar and its determination, F. Stkoh- MKR {O-stcrr. Uityar. Zt^clir. Ztichciindus. u. Landic, 39 {1910), No. J,, pp. 6J,9- 6UG; Ztschr. Ver. Dent. Znckcrindus., 1910, No. CmG, II, pp. 9/ /-.9J/).— After dis- cussing the discovery and preparation of raftinose and the evolution of the methods for determining it, the author draws attention to the fact that ratfinose is not usually present in the sugar beet and is only formed temporarily under conditions which have not yet been determined. Neither is it produced during the manufacture of raw sugar, being present only in the by-products. There are no external characteristics which will enable one to detect a sugar con- taining raffinose. Herzfeld's inversion method'' yields accurate results with a pure mixture of .saccharose and raffinose but only approximate figures with raw beet sugar. The plus polarization observed in the method in most instances is derived from optically active nonsugars, chiefly torrefaction products, and not from raffinose. Bagasse analysis: Determination of sugar and moisture, R. S. Xorris {Ilaicaiiiiii Sugar Fhtnicrs' Sta., Die. Agr. and Chcm. Bui. 32, pp. 3.'i. figs. 2). — As the analysis of bagasse is an important factor iu judging the percentage yield of sugar from the cane, the author investigated the methods of analysis. It is shown that the method of sampling is the most important feature of the analysis. The bagasse loses much moisture in the process of chopping, and this must be taken into consideration when weighing oft' the samples. A fine division of the bagasse samples is absolutely necessary. The author suggests, on the basis of his results, methods for moisture and sugar determination and sampling. " In determining the polarization of bagasse by digestion in water, the diges- tion should be continued for an hour to insure a homogeneous diffusion of the solution through the bagasse. No other dextro-rotatory substance than sugar is extracted or produced from bagasse from Hawaiian cane by boiling with water. . . . Two cc. of a 5 per cent solution of sodium carbonate to 50 gm. of bagasse was found to be the most convenient reagent to use iu the water for digestion. In digesting bagasse in water the solution should be mixed occasion- ally to insure a homogeneous diffusion. No water should be added to the solu- tion after digestion. The same results are obtained by water digestion for 1 hour and by extraction with alcohol or water for 1^ to 2 hours. . . . Bagasse sjimples dry very much more quickly when spread out in a thin layer than in thick masses. A 3-in. layer of bagasse can not be depended upon to have lost all its moisture in 7 hours at 100 to 105° C. Bagasse can be dried safely at 125° in .3 hours." A Ijibliography is ap])ended. The quantitative estimation of salicylic acid in jams, jellies, and comfits, T. VON Fellenbkrg (ZtscJn: Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. GcnussmtJ., 20 (1910), No. 2, pp. 63-10). — Tests were conducte*! with cherry, currant, bilberry, quince, plum, apple, apricot, strawberry, and blackberry products and with a method which is a combination of the Harry and Mununery method (E. S. R.. 10, p. 1052), and Ihe Freyer method (E. S. R., 8, p. 460) for the titration of salicylic acid which is based on the formation of tribromphenol when bromin is added to salicylic acid. The limit of error with the method is about 0.01 gm. salicylic acid per kilogram of comfit. Schardinger's reaction with cow's milk, V. II. Romer and T. Sames (Ztscltr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. n. Gcnussmih, 20 (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-10). — This work has par- "Ztschr. Ver. Riibenz. Indus., 38 (188S), pp. OUO, 742, 11!)7: 40 (1890), p. 107. 710 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. ticular reference to tbe Schartlinger fornialdeliyde-uiethylene blue reaction of freshly drawn milk. Attention is called to tlie ease with which this reaction can be imitated with boiled milk and milk which does not give the reaction by adding a little ferrous sulphate. Fresh milk when exposed to the ultraviolet light for 1 hour did not lose its capacity for decolorizing formaldehyde-methylene blue, but lost its faculty for producing the oxydase reaction. Dialyzing tests also showed a difference between the oxydase and the reductase test. Milk from the same ani- mal on successive days gave reactions of various intensities, which the authors believe to be due to the fact that these milks were drawn at a later time than the regular milking hour. The first stream of the milk with a fat content of 0.7 per cent gave no reductase but an oxydase reaction. The average millk of the same batch (fat 3.2 per cent) gave a positive reductase and oxydase reac- tion, while the strippings, with a fat content of S.S per cent, gave both reactions very intensely. The authors are not willing to say that the absence of the formaldehyde- methylene blue reaction in the initial milk was due to the low fat content. See also previous observations on the Schardinger reaction by Schern (E. S. R., 21, p. G14). A simplified method for examining butter and oleomargarine, E. Glimm iZtschr. Untcrsuclt. Xahr. u. GenussmtL, J9 (1910), No. 11, pi). 6U-651, fig. 1).— Three methods of operating are described. The apparatus used for all of the tests consists of a bell-shaped funnel having a bulb blown in the upper portion of the outflow tube and an Erlenmeyer flask of 150 cc. capacity. The filter employed is oF asbestos, while the bulb of the fuimel is filled with glass wool till it reaches the base of the asbestos filter layer above. The apparatus, funnel, filter, and Erlenmeyer flask, are weighed before proceed- ing with the determination proper. In one of the methods about 5 gm. of the fat, which has been previously rubbed up until it has the consistency of an ointment, is brought upon the filter and dried at from 95° to 9S° C. for .2 hours in the vacuum oven. The weight lost is considered water. The fat remaining on the filter is dissolved and washed into the Erlenmeyer flask with carbon tetrachlorid. (I'his process can be accelerated by placing the apparatus on the water bath.) The washing is continued until a drop from the filter evaporated on a watch glass leaves no residue; the funnel and the filter are then dried at 95° to constant weight and weighed, the difference in weight from the original dry fat representing the actual fat present. This can be verified by drying and weighing the residue in the Erlenmeyer flask. The funnel containing the material not fat is placed on a tared 100 cc. measur- ing flask and by washing with warm water and suction the lactose and salt are dissolved out. The salt is then determined in the usual manner, the casein re- maining on the filter is weighed, and the difterence between the two weights rep- resents the milk sugar. The method compares well with the von Bengen method (E. S. R., 20, p. 1109). Numerous analyses are appended. [Reports on the chemistry and uses of the prickly pear, candelilla wax, and cantaloups], (Ncip Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 18-21).— The chemical de- partment reports the progress made in the production of alcohol from tunas (E. S. R., 22, p. 13), and of studies of candelilla wax and canteloups (E. S. R., 23. pp. G15, 711). Attempts to make .ielly from the tuna resulted in producing a palatable sirup, but the tuna did not jell. A chemical study of the tuna (Opuntia Icavis) showed the following results: "On August 17 [the pears] were found to contain only 6.S7 per cent sugar. Analyses made every few days showed the percentage of sugar to gradually in- crease, until a month later it amounted to 11.92 per cent. The percentage of AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY, 711 acid, on the contr.-ii'.v. ,t,n-adnall.v decreased from 0.2.S per cent on August IT to 0.04 per cent on September 17. These facts should prove of some value to those who non^ use these fruits for making ijreserves, or who may use them for making alcoliol or for other purposes." Utilizing tomato residues, F. Perciabosco and F. Semeraro (Sta.;;. Sper. Agr. Ital, J,S (1910), No. 3, pih 260-272; abs. in Chem. ZentbL, 1910, II, No. 3, pp. 169, 170). — The authors found that an oil can be profitably extracted with carbon disulphid from tomato residues. It is of a yellow color and well adapted for soap manufacture. The dregs therefrom are high in digestible nitrogenous sub- stances and can therefore be utilized as a stock feed or as a fertilizer. Homemade vinegar, B. Fallot (Sci. Amer. Sup., 70 (1910), No. 1S08, p. 135, fig. 1). — The author describes a simple process for vinegar production. Salting and curing cucumber pickles, F. F. Hasbrouck (Pure Products, 6 (1910), No. 0, pp. 509-31 '/). — Attention is called to the inaccuracies which exist iu various " saltometer " scales. In view of these the author recommends uti- lizing a Beaume hydrometer for the purpose. Directions for salting down are given, and measures to prevent a too rapid and abnormal fermentation of the cucumbers are suggested. Prepared mustard, F. F. Hasbrouck (Pure Products, 6 (1910), No. 8, pp. Ji-'i6- .'i'i9). — A description of the details involved in the manufacture of prepared mustard. The influence of mushy pears upon the fermentation of the juice, H. MtJLLER (Landw. JaiirJj. Scliicciz, 24 (1910), No. //, pp. 268-273).— The results show that a change in the kind of organized ferments takes place when pears are allowed to become soft, and that this is unfavorable to the subsequent fer- mentation of the juice. During the softening process certain bodies are formed in the pear which produce a slower and incomplete fermentation and which, in conjunction with the loss in acid and tannin which takes place, allows the bac- teria to gain the upper hand, causing the formation of bodies such as niannit, lactic acid, acetic acid, and esters and reducing the quality of the resulting perry. Pear tannin, and its decomposition during the preparation of perry, P. HUBER (Landw. Jalirh. Schwciz, 2-', (1910), No. ',. pp. 29 ',-298) .—The author draws attention to the importance of preventing the decomposition of the tannin by long storage, particularly where soft, overripe, and cut fruit is used. Tur- bidity in otherwise normal perrys is due to the presence of either an excess or to a too small amount of tannin in the pear. Various recommendations are made for preventing and remedying the turbidity. The manufacture of light natural wines in the Cape Colony, 1*. D. Haiin (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 37 (1910). No. 1. pi>. 5.3-62). — A discussion in regard to the correct scientific principles involved in making wine at this place. Souring the mash, H. Lange (Pure Products, 6 (1910), No. 10, pp. 591- 599). — A description of the methods for souring the mash for the purpose of insuring a miiform and normal fermentation process in yeast making and alcohol niitiiufacttire. Operation of small rye distilleries, C. Ellrodt ( I'urc Products, 6 (1910), No. 9, pp. 528-533). — This article treats bi-ietiy of a method of jn-oducing alcohol from rye. and describes the chemical and biological (.•ontrol of the process. Denatured alcohol from cantaloups, S. R. Mitchell (Cal. Cult., 35 (1910), No. 8, p. 178). — The author points out that it would not pay to grow cantaloiqis for producing denaturized alcohol. The amount of spirits that may be extracted from a ton of raisins, A. J. Perkins (Dcpt. Af/r. So. Aust. Bui. 30, pp- ^'^- — Previously uot«'(l fnun another source (E. S. K.. 22, p. 41G). 712 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Weather forecasting by simple methods, F. S. Granger {Nottingham, 1909, pp. XII+121; rev. in Nature [London], 82 {1910), No. 2098, p. 307).— The author states that the purpose of this book " is to answer the question, ' When will it rain? ' in a simple and intelligible manner." It summarizes " the results of the observations of more thau 50 years, made with the one object in view of finding out the pui'pose of each type of cloud and atmospheric change." No use is made of records of instruments, but simply of visual observations on clouds, thunderstorms, diurnal breezes, haze and colors of the sky, and similar phenomena. Variations in the distribution of atmospheric pressure in North America, H. Arctowski {Bui. Aincr. Geogr. Soe., .'i2 {1910), No. ^, pp. 270-282, figs. 6). — In continuation of previous studies on temperature (E. S. R., 22, p. 313), the author analyzes the annual departures from the general means of pressui'e for the period 1876 to 1900 at Jacobshavn, Berufjord, Stykkisholm. Tromso, Aale- sund, Brussels, Pouta-Delgada, Lisbon, Madrid, Aberdeen, Valencia, Duluth, Denver, Galveston, Montreal, Toronto, Washington, Nashville, and Mobile. The results " suggest the existence of waves whose propagation is so slow as to take 2 or 3 years to cross the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast." A certain correlation in pressure between North America and Iceland is traced and a periodicity corresponding with the frequency of sun spots is indicated. In general tbe studies on variations in pressure confirm the principal results of the .studies iu temperature indicating that '" there exists a dynamical climatology and [that] the study of tbe dynamics of climates is perfectly possible." Weather summary, L. R. Waldron and O. Grace {North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Dickinson Suhsta., 1909, pp. 66, 67). — Tabular summaries of observations on precipitation, temperature, and early and late frosts, 1906 to 1909, are given. The mean annual temperature of 1909 was 40.2° F. as compared with the four- year average of 40.3° ; the precipitation was 21.26 iu. as compared with the four- year average of 15.11 in. ; the average number of days between frosts for the four seasons was 103. Fifth annual report of the meteorolog-ical committee (Ann. Rpt. Met. Com. [Gt. Brit.], 5 {1910), pp. i.'/7', pis. 10, figs. .:?).— This consists as usual of adminis- trative reports regarding organization and operations (during the year ended March 31, 1910) in marine meteorology, forecasts and storm warnings, climatology, publications, investigation of the upper air, and miscellaneous subjects, with appendixes as follows: Financial statement, supply of information to the pubHc, lists of observers who sent in "excellent" meteorological logs duriug the year and of logs and documents received from ships, distribution of instruments, re- port on inspection of meteorological stations, and lists of persons and institu- tions from whom publications and meteorological data have been received and to whom publications are sent. The climate of Switzerland, J. Maurer, R. Billwiller and C. Hess {Das Klima dcr Schweiz. Frauenfeld, 1909, vol. 1, pp. VIII+302, pis. 5, figs. 9).— This book is based upon a 37-year period (1S64-1900) of observations by the Central Meteorological Institute, as well as upon series of earlier observations at other places in Switzerland. A brief history is given of Swiss meteorology, and data on pressure, temperature, precipitation, and sunshine are summarized and discusseti for Switzerland as a whole, and on temperature, humidity, cloudiness, sunshine, precipitation, and wind for different sections of the country. An appendix con- tains a special chapter on storms and hail. Climate and meteorology of Australia {Off. Yearbook Aust., 3 {1901-1909), pp. 79-109. dgnis. S, itiaps 2). — This is a summary of available data on this sub- METEOROLOGY — WATER. 713 ject compiled by II. A. Hunt, commouwealtli meteorologist of Australia. The article also gives the history of Australian meteorology, describes the organiza- tion and publications of the meteorological service of the commonwealth, and discusses the influences which afl'ect Australian climate. Hail protection, A. Trollkr {Nature [Paris], 37 {1909), No. 1890, pj). 115, 176, fig. 1). — This article briefly describes experiments which have been under- taken by Negrier and by de Beauchamp (E. S. R., 22, p. 118), with a view to warding off hail storms by means of high towers carrying conductors which draw off the atmospheric electricity. Hail protection in Beaujolais, J. Violle {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 {1910), No. 18, pp. 1087-1090; Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 70 {1910), No. 6, pp. J,70-'t7'6; aJ)s. in Rev. ScL [Paris], J,8 {1910), I, No. 20, p. 635).— Statistics are presented indicating a much smaller loss from hall in the Province of Beaujolais during the 6 years 1901 to 1906, in which cannonading was practiced as a protective measure, than during the preceding 10 years, when no attempts at protection were made. The negative results obtained in the government trials at Castel-Franco, near Venice, are referred to, but the author maintains that the conditions there were such that the results do not have general application. The water supply of Indiana, H. E. Barnard and J. H. Brewster (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Ind., 27 {1908), pp. 3-'io-373, dgins. 2).— This article reports and dis- cusses the results of analyses of 918 samples of water from different parts of Indiana. Of the 288 samples of deep well waters examined, 220 were of good quality, 47 were so polluted as to be classed as bad, and 21 were of doubtful quality. Of the 419 samples of shallow well water examined, 166 were of good quality, 209 imqualifiedly bad, and 44 of doubtful quality. Of the stream supplies examined, 25 were good, 7 bad, and 1 doubtful. Of the 30 pond or lake supplies examined, 24 were of good quality, 5 were bad, and 7 of doubtful quality. Of the 47 spring waters analyzed, 37 were of good quality, 1 was grossly polluted, and 7 were doubtful. Of the 27 samples of cistern water 14 were of good quality and 13 were polluted. Of the 190 analyses of water from public supplies. 111 were from deep wells, S from shallow wells, 33 from streams, 31 from ponds or lakes, and 7 from springs. " Of the deep well supplies, 104 were of good quality, 2 were bad, and 5 were doubtful. The deep well waters used as public supplies are for the most part of excellent quality from a sanitary standpoint. ... Of the 33 river supplies, 22 were of good quality, 7 were bad, and 1 was doubtful. . . . "Of the private supplies, 177 were deep welTs, 411 shallow wells. 5 ponds. 40 springs, and 27 cisterns. One hundred and sixteen of the deep well waters were of good quality, 45 were bad, and 10 doubtful. But 159 of the 411 shallow well waters were potable, 209 were unequivocally bad, and 43 were of doubtful quality. The shallow well is never a satisfactory source of water supply, and except in rare instances, when it is located far distant from any possible source of ix>llution, should never be used until a thorough analysis has shown it to be uncontnminated by human filth. The continued use of shallow wells by city and town dwellers is a reproach upon our intelligence." The combined action of nitrous gas and oxyg'en on water, Foerster and Kocii (Moiiit. aS'c(., .'/. ser., 2', (1910), /, .Yo. 821, i>i>. 30(;-333. figs. 5).— This is a detailed technical study of this subject. Sterilization of water by means of quartz lamps, M. von Recklinghausen {Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 31 (1910). No. 5. pp. 172-175. fig. /).— The development of this process is explained, and an apparatus capable of effectively sterilizing 3,500 cu. ft. of water per hour is described. 714 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hypochlorite sterilization of water (Surveyor, 31 (J 910), No. 960, pp. 819- 821). — The successful use of this method of sterilizatiou at Nashville, Tenn., Minneapolis, Minn., Montreal and Toronto, Can., Harrisburg, Pa., Quincy, 111., Hartford, Conn., and Jersey City, N. J., is described. See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 23, p. 619). Killing' germs by light, G. Loucheux {Sci. Amer. 8iip., 10 {1910), No. 1809. pp. 151. 138, figs. 9). — Brief descrii)tions are given of various processes which have been proposed for the utilization of ultraviolet rays' in the sterilization of liquids, particularly water. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Introduction to the study of the soil solution, F. K. Cameron (Jour. Phj/s. CIkiii., l.'i (I'.UO), No. 5, pp. J.9J--JJ/). — This is a continuation of an article on this subject to which attention has already been called (E. S. R., 23, p. 223), in which the subject is treated under the following heads : Soil management or control, soil analysis and the historical methods of soil investigation, the plant food theory of fertilizers, the dynamic nature of soil phenomena, the film water, the mineral constituents of the soil solution, absorption by soils, relation of plant growth to concentration, balance between supply and removal of mineral plant nutrients, organic constituents of the soil solution, fertilizers, and alkali. The author is of the opinion that " the evidence at hand indicates that the various processes taking place in the soil as a whole continually tend to form and maintain a normal concentration of mineral constituents in the soil solu- tion. . . . The soil is a system continually subject to outside forces and influ- ences, and ... is of necessity a dynamic system. It is doubtful in the extreme if any soil in place is ever in a state of final stable equilibrium. It would be natural, therefore, to expect and to find that even if the solution in the soil were directly dependent on the solubility of the soil minerals alone and were continually tending toward a definite normal concentration, actually this con- centration would seldom if ever be realized. ^lost important in this connection is the fact that the concentration of the soil solution is always dependent in some degree upon the concentration of the soluble constituents in the solid phases in other than definite chemical combinations." The conditions which bring about excessive accumulation of soluble salts (alkali) and the principles underlyii.ig the removal of alkali by irrigation and drainage are quite fully discussed. " The rate at which alkali can "be leached from a soil is dependent in a large mensure upon the absorptive properties of the soil, and to some extent upon the nature of the salts composing the alkali. The leaching is more rapid from sandy than from clay soils, and white alkali is leached more readily than is black. In general, however, the same laws hold here as in any leaching of a solute from an absorbent, and it has been shown that even in the case of black alkali, the rate of removal under a constant leaching follows the law dx/dt= K (A — X). In practice, the water does not percolate through the soil under a constant ' head,' but the flow is intermittent, so that the value of the above formula is mainly academic. On the other hand, if the drainage between flood- ings is thorough, this procedure should be more eflicient than any other for causing a I'apid removal of the alkali salts, if. as is generally the case, a limited quantity of water is available." On the influence of water solutions of common salt on the permeability of soils, L. G. Den Berger (BmI. D('pi. Agr. Indes Necrland., 1910, No. S.'i. pp. 20, fig. 1, charts 2). — In the investigations here repoi'tetl the effect of salt solu- tions of varying strength on the permeability of soils was tested under difl'ereut SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 715 ronditions. The results sbowetl thiit the marked effect of such solutions on the liermeability is due to the puddling of the soil and the consequent destruction of the crumbly structure, the breaking down of zeolitic materials, and changes in the volume of the soil colloids. Studies in the rotations, L. R. Waldron and O. Grace (North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Dickinson Siibsta., 1909, pp. 39-59. figs, -i).— The results of a mechanical analysis of the soil and of determinations of soil moisture under different methods of cropping in the rotation experiments carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of riant Industry of this Department are reported and discussed. Data are also given for the precipitation and evaporation during the growing seasons from 1907 to 1909. The latter show that as a general rule the evapora- tion varies inversely as the precipitation. With the precipitation during the growing season. May to September, 11.95 in. in 1907, 10.63 in. in 1908, and 17.17 in. in 1909 the corresponding evaporation was 24.-53, 27.48, and 23.83 in. Yields of corn, wheat, oats, and barley on the moisture conservation plats are reportetl, but the results are not considered conclusive. The free humus acids of upland moors, A. Baumann and E. Gully (Mitt. K. Baijr. Moorkultuninst., 1910, Xo. .',, pp. 31-156, figs. 8). — This is an account of a detailed investigation urdertaken to determine whether the so-called free "humus acids" and "sphagnum acids" are identical, the relation of colloids to the acid reactions of sphagnum and peat moss, and the absorptive properties of these substances in relation to acid conditions. The investigations showed that there are no free humus acids in peat moss, but that the acid reactions observed are due to the absorbent power of the col- loids of the cell covering of the hyalinesphaguum cells. The general conclusion is drawn that there are no free humus acids in upland soils, but that the absorb- ent properties of the sphagnum bring about conditions which indicate the pres- ence of acids. The author maintains that it is not possible to determine directly acid or basic conditions by means of indicators in either insoluble substances like sphag- num and peat moss or in pseudosolutions, but only in homogeneous solutions. The covering of soil particles, J. Dumont iCoinpt. Raid. Acad. Sci. [Paris'], l.',9 {1909), No. 23. pp. 1087-10S9; abs. in Chcm. ZcntbL, 1910, I. No. 6, p. .',69).— The author studieil these coverings or crusts by treating a soil, poor in lime, with oxalic acid and ammonia. It was found that like quantities of sand con- tained more of the crust in proportion to the fineness of the particles, and that the crust consisted of the same materials, namely, fine sand, silt, and colloid substances, as are separated by ordinary methods. Compr.ring the physical composition of these crusts with that of the soil from which tlu\v were formed. It was found that the ci'usts contained ten times as much humus and five times as much clay as the soil as a whole. The quantitative composition of the crust appeared to depend absolutely upon that of the soil. The causes of the formation of hardpan (ortstein), A. Mayer (Fiililing's handle. Ztg., 50 (1910), No. 9, pp. 315-320).— In this article the author shows how hardpan is formed in the lower layers of the soil by the accumulation of humus and basic constituents removed from the upper layers of the soil. These constituents are dissolved l)y the rain water which becomes saturated with the humus acids. The exhausted sands of the upper layers of the soil constitute the so-callehosphate prepared by the process referred to above is briefly dis- cussed. On the basis of experiments by Soderbaum it is stated that this phos- phate is fully as effective as superphosphate and more effective than Thomas slag. It is further stated that the price is such that it can be profitably employed by farmers. Fertilizer experiments on moor soils with Palmaer phosphate, II. von Feilitzen (Jour. Landto., 58 (1910), No. 1, pp. 33-Ji3, pis. 5; Deut. Lomhc. Presse, 37 (1910), Nos. J,2, p. 1,60, figs. 2; J/S, pp. J,75, J,76, figs. 2; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1910, II, No. 6, p. liO.',; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 98 (1910), No. 572, II, p. 538). — In pot experiments with potatoes, cabbage, and lupines, aud fields 720 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. experiments with oats, beans, and vetches, the Palmaer phosphate proved equal to superphosphate and Thomas slag. The use of lime in Massachusetts agriculture, W. P. Brooks {Massachu- setts Sta. Cii'c. 20, pp. 6). — This circular discusses briefly and in a popular way how to determine what soils need liming, the kind of liiue to use. the relation of lime to crops, methods of supplying lime, quantity of lime needed, mixing the lime with the soil, and possible effects of liming. Note on the occurrence of manganese in soil, and its effect on grass, F. B. Guthrie and L. Cohen (Agr. Gas. N, S. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 3, irp. 219-222; al)s. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London}, 98 (1910), No 571, II, p. -iH)- — Examinations of the soil of bare patches which appeared in laud which had been seeded to grass for 5 years showed the presence of 0.254 per cent of manganese oxid (Mn203), while samples from other parts of the area showed no manganese. No other differences in the samples were observed. The injury was apparently greatest in winter when the plants were less vigorous. Failures of barley and wheat from the same cause were also observed. The author is of the opinion that the manganese in the soil is rendered toxic by oxidation. ^Fertilizers, 1910, A. McGill (La 6. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 213, pp. 29). — The results of inspection of IGl samples of fertilizers are reported in this bulletin, with the text of the fertilizer law of Canada enacted in 1909 and com- ments upon the quality of the fertilizers offered for sale in Canada. Fertilizers (Off. Yrarhook Aust.. 3 (1001-1909). pp. 4 U,-.', 17 ) .—This article contains a brief statement of the main provisions of the various fertilizer laws of the different States of the Commonwealth of Australia and statistics of imports, exports, production, and use of fertilizers in the Commonwealth. The figures show a rapid growth in the demand for fertilizers in recent years. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Handbook of agricultural bacteriolog'y, F. Lohnis (Handbuch der Land- tvirtschaftUcJicn Baktcriologic. Berlin, 1910, pp. XII+907). — This is an elab- orate treatise on the general principles and known facts of modern agricultural bacteriology. The subject is discussed under 5 general heads as follows: (1) The occurrence and activity of micro-organisms in foodstuffs (pp. 6-97), in which the various changes produced by these organisms in foodstuffs are noted, such as the action of bacteria in the preparation, heating, and firing of hay ; their action in silage ; the fermentation of stai'chy, sugary, albuminous, and fatty foodstuffs ; their work in digestion; and the influence of foods on the intestinal flora, etc. (2) The •occurrence and activity of micro-organisms in the retting of flax and hemp, and in the curing of tobacco (pp. 98-114). (3) The occurrence and activity of bac- teria in milk, butter, and cheese (pp. 115-425). (4) The occurrence and activ- ity of bacteria in stable manure (pp. 426-509), including discussions on nitrifi- cation, denitrification, ammonification, and the handling of stable manures in the stalls, in heaps, and in the field. (5) The activity of the micro-organisms of the soil (pp. 510-790), including carbon dioxid, methan, and hydrogen forma- tion; the humification of organic matter; the rotting of humus earths; the various conditions of ammonia formation from vegetable debris, stable manure, calcium cyanamid, and from other cyanogen compounds; nitrification; ammo- nia, amid, and nitrate assimilation; the liberation of free nitrogen by ammo- nia oxidation and by denitrification; the fixation of free nitrogen by symbiotic and free living micro-organisms; the part that bacteria play in the decomposi- tion of mineral substances, «inch as phosphates, alkaline carbonates, silicates, iroH, and sulphur coajjjpunds; and the action of bacteria on the physical con- dition of the soil, etc. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 721 The author has added much to the value of the text by including on each page footnote annotations and title references to the more important and recent works on the subject under discussion, while a brief statement of the technique and methods to be used in performing cultural experiments under the different groups is appendetl to each section, accompanied by footnote title references to the more important and extended articles on technique. The book closes with an index of some 2,600 authors, representing in the ag- gregate 7,000 titles on subjects relating to agricultural bacteriology, including the results of investigations published during the year 1909 on this subject. Chilean fungi, C Spegazzini (Rev. Facult. Agron. y Vet. La Plata, 2. ser., 6 (1910), [)i). 3-205, figs. 133). — ^A taxonomic discussion is given of 326 species of Chilean fungi, in which 8 new genei-a and about 222 new species are described. Experiments on the latent vitality of the spores of the Mucorineae and the Ascomycetes, P. Becquerel {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. 22, pi>. l.'i37-lJ,39). — The spores of Macor mucedo, Miicor raccmosus, Rhizopus niger, Sierigmatocystis nigra, and Aspergillus glaucus were slowly dried in small sterilized glass tubes in the presence of baryta anhydrid for 2 weeks at a temperature of 35° C. and then by means of a mercury vacuum pump, a vacuum of less than 0.001 mm. was obtained and the tubes sealed air tight by means of a flame. After remaining in this condition for about 12 months, the tubes were subjected for 3 weeks to the temperature of liquid air ( — 180°), and then without appreciable warming subjected for 77 hours to the temperature of liquid hydrogen ( — 253°). About 13 months later, or 25 months from the begin- ning of the experiments, the tubes were opened with all necessary precautions against outside contamination and the spores sown in liquid sterilized nutritive media. In about 10 hours the spores of the Mucorineje germinated and began to pro- duce sporangia. Two days later the spores of Sterigmatocystis and Aspergillus had also germinated and formed mycelia bearing numerous conidiophores. Studies in soil bacteriolog'y, IV. — The inhibition of nitrification by organic matter, compared in soils and in solutions, F. L. Stevens, AV. A. Withers, ET AL. (Ccnthh Bait, [etc.], 2. Aht., 27 (1910), No. J,-9, pp. 169-186).— A further study (E. S. R.. 22, p. 427) on nitrification is reported in which the inhibiting action of organic matter in solutions and in soils is compared. The authors claim as a result of their experiments that the inhibiting influ- ence of organic matter (peptone or cotton-seed meal) is much greater in solutions such as Omeliansky's than it is in soil water, and that nitrification can pro- ceed vigorously in the soil in the presence of large quantities of such organic matter as peptone, cotton-seed meal, or cow manure. In the light of these facts the direct application of Winogradsky's conclusions (E. S. K., 11, p. 711) to the field must be abandonetl, and with them any practices based on his conclusions, and the activity of these soil bacteria must, in th^' future, be studied more largely under their natural environments. It is claimed that organic matter even to a large amount, as considered agriculturally, is not necessarily inimical to the functioning of nitrifying organisms in the field. Some factors concerned in the fixation of nitrogen by Azotobacter, C. Hoff- mann and B. W. Hammer (Wisconsin Stn. Research Bui. 12, pp. 155-112, figs. 2; Cenihl. Bal.t. [etc.], 2. Aht., 28 (1910), No. 1,-5, pp. 127-139).— A report is made on iiivesfigafioiis coucerning the source of energy open to nitrogen-fixing organisms, the various conditions that favor or retard their action, the elements other than carbon that are necessary, and the form in which they are most easily utilized by the bacteria. 65483°— No. S— 10 3 722 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. As a result of these investigations it appears tliat different soils vary widely in their power to fix atmospheric nitrogen, this ranging from 0.15 to 14.47 mg. of nitrogen per gram of mannit consumed. Mannit and lactose proved to be the best sugars for maximum fixation in impure cultures. In pure cultures mannit and dextrin yielded the best results, while sucrose gave a high degree of fixation with a pure culture, but only slight fixation in impure cultures. The efiiclency of the Azotobacter as measured by the amount of nitrogen fixed per gram of carbohydrate consumed is much increased in the presence of small amounts of carbohydrates. Di-calcium and tri-calcium phosphate (in impure cultures, at least) gave better results as regards fixation than the mono-salt. In determining the coefficient of nitrogen fixation of any soil, it is important to consider the period of incuba- tion, as losses in nitrogen will occur if the period is too long, and the deter- mination of the nitrogen content of such cultures will not represent the actual amount fixed. The incubation period for impure cultures was found to range from 14 to 28 days. The amount of calcium carbonate needed is very small, and appeared to be present in the soil tested in sufiicient quantities for the needs of the Azotobacter. The protein and phosphorus content of the Azotobacter cells is apparently influenced by the age of the cultures, ranging for the protein from 8.31 to 19.13 per cent, and for the phosphorus from 2.51 to 2.97 per cent P^Os. For abundant development in pure cultures in liquid media, and to secure an ample supply for chemical analysis of the dry Azotobacter cells, the new methods previously described (E. S. R.. 22, p. 724) were used. On the influence of humus material in urea decomposition, 11. R. Christen- SEN (CcntW. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 27 (1910), No. 13-16, pp. 336-362, figs. 2).— As the result of a large number of experiments, the author claims that the presence of humus or humic acid exerts a very favorable influence on the decomposition of urea. This disintegration of the urea results in the formation of ammonia, and is brought about by a new species of bactei-ia (UroMciUus heijcriuckii n. sp.), which is able to utilize the humus as a source of carbon. A technical description of the new bacterium is appended. Effect of previous heating of the soil on the growth of plants and the germination of seeds, F. Fletcher (Cairo Sci. Jour., 4 (1910), No. Ji3. pp. 81-86, ph i).— Previous investigators (E. S. R., 19, p. 1120; 22, p. 121) have claimed that the increased growth in partially sterilized soils was due to the multiplication of ammonia-producing bacteria, but the author states that as their plants were not grown in soils that had been completely sterilized there would appear to be some doubt as to the correctness of their conclusions. To test this he heated soil to 95° and 170° C, the temperatures being main- tained for two hours, after which the water content of all the samples was made equal, and maize, previously germinated, planted in the soils. A decided increase in growth was noted for the partially and completely sterilized soils over the check plants, in length of plumule, general vigor of plant, and average green weight. The author claims that it is more probable that the effect of sterilization is due to the destruction by heat of toxic substances excreted by plants than to an increased number of bacteria and an increased amount of ammonia. The effect of heating soil on germination was investigated, a previous investi- gator having pointed out the retarding effect of heated soil (E. S. R., 20, p. 737). In these experiments the author subjected soil to a temperature of 185° under pressure, after which lupine, Alexandria clover, and sesame seeds were placed in AGRICULTURAL BOTANY, 723 the soil for seriiiination. The results sliowed that with the heated soil there was a decided retardation of geriuination. This is attrihutetl to the fact that the heating of the soil had delayed germination by a (h'creased rate of inihibi- tion. which in tnrn was due to the increased osmotic activity of the soil solution caused by the organic matter of the soil being renden^l soluble in the process of heating. On the effects of injuring the cotyledons on the growth of the seedlings, Helene Jacoiu {Flora, 101 {Id 10), Ao. 2, 27!)-28<), figs. ^).— The results are given of experiments on Phaseolufi multiflorus, Cucurhita pepo, Picea excelsa, and Piinis .si/lrmtris. in which portions of the cotyledons were removed and the subsequent growth of the plants in fluid and pot cultures in both light and dark- ness was observed. It was found that a reduction of the reserve food of the cotyledons produced an acceleration of the growth of the seedlings in the earlier stages of their development. The acceleration, however, varied according to the individual plants and the different growth conditions. On the metabolic changes due to geotropic stimulation, V. Grafe and K. LiNSBAUEB {Sltzbcr. K. Akad. Wlss. [Vienna], Math. Xatuiw. A7., 118 {1900), I, Xn. 7, pp. 907-916). — As the result of experiments with the root tips of Lupiniis alhiif; and Ticia faba, the authors could not ascertain any constant difference in the reducing substance between the stimulated and the nonstinmlated roots. The absolute (piantity of reducing substances from the root tip was at a mini- mum and much below the values fonnn soiMllings AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 725 of I'ice ami maize were grown iu a sterilized luitrieut medium eontaiiiiiig dilute sodium nitrite tlieir roots were able to absorb without further oxidation por- tions of the nitrite present with no injurious effects on the seedlings. Investigations on the absorption of nitrogenous organic substances by the roots of phanerogams in a carbon dioxid free atmosphere, Y. Gkafe {Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. IVicnna], Math. Naturw. KL, 118 (1909), I, No. 7, pp. 1135- 1153). — The results are given of experiments on the utilization of nitrogenous organic matter by Phaseolus I'ldgaris when grown in an atmosphere free of carbon dioxid. In these experiments 5 amids, namely, tyrosin, glycocoll, alaniu, oxamid, and leucin, were used, both combined into one mixture and singly, as the source of the nitrogenous matter. It was found that the presence of the amids iu no wise compensated for the lack of carbon dioxid. On the contrary, the seedlings died as soon as their reserve food in the cotyledon had been used. Further, the amids produced a poisonous action on the seedlings which showed itself mainly on the root system. The formation of glucosids by plants, G. Ciamician and C. Ravenna (Atti R. Accad. Lincci, RcikL CI. ^V/. Fis., Mat. c Nat., 5. scr., 18 {1909), II, No. 12, pp. 59.'f-596; ahs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], 98 (1910), No. 569, II, pp. 23^, 235). — The authors report that not only the maize plant but also a mass of triturated maize is able to decompose salicin and also to transform aromatic substances such as saligenin, catechol, and possibly quinol and mandelonitrile into glucosids. A study of hydrocyanic acid in Sambucus, C. Ravenna and M. Tonegutti (Staz. Spo: Agr. Itah, li (1909), No. 10-11, pp. 855-879).— An investigation was made of the hydrocyanic acid in the leaves of 8. nigra. It was found that the leaves contained an emulsin capable of decomposing sambunigrin. The enzym is not soluble in water, and all the hydrocyanic acid occurring in the plant is in the form of glucosids, which appear to be more abundant than previously reported (E. S. R., IS, p. 126). The greater propor- tion of the glucosid is found iu the petioles of the leaves. The authors hold that their experiments do not support the theory that the glucosid is formed directly from carbohydrates and nitrates in the leaves, as is the case with sorghum, and they do not believe that the glucosid serves as a reserve material so far as the leaves themselves are concerned. The simultaneous liberation of oxygen and carbon dioxid during the dis- appearance of anthocyanin in plants, R. Combes (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [raris], 150 (1910), No. 23, pp. 1532-153Jf).—ln a previous publication (E. S. R., 23, p. 528) the author has given an account of the I'ole of oxygen in the forma- tion and destruction of anthocyanic pigments in plants. In continuing his experiments studies were made of the gaseous exchanges taking place in red leaves of Ailanthus glaiidnlosn taken just as they were losing their red color. Such leaves in the light were found to give off both carbon dioxid and oxygen in appreciable quantities when compared with normal leaves under similar c(mditions. This has led the author to conclude that red leaves during this particular jieriod of develoimient suffer a consi(leral)le loss of carbon and oxygen, the lat- ter both in the form of carbon dioxid and as free oxygen. Similar phenomena are said to occur in many fleshy plants. Experiments on the transformation of the starchy and fatty contents of plants, especially of trees, F. Weber (Sitzbc?: K. Akad. Wiss. [Vienna], Math. Natunr. A'/., 118 U'J09), I, No. 7, pp. 967-1031). — As a result of the author's investigations it is chiimed that the processes of fat formation and of starch solution are periodic, but that the former is not, as heretofore supposed, lim- 726 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECORD, ited to tlae fall of the year. The process of starch formation can occur iu the branches of fat-storing trees (as Tilia) throughout the entire year, low tempera- tures acting only as a check on its progress. Fatty trees of the A. Fischer type contain much fat even in the summer and the fat-forming process, at least with Tilia, continues throughout the summer. Only an indirect connection exists between starch solution and fat formation. The contention that fat in com- parison with starch represents a more stable form of reserve material and that the fat of trees acts as a protection against cold can not be generally accepted. The behavior of plants toward lithium salts, C. Ravenna and M. Zamorani (Atti R. Accud. Lincei, Rend. CI. Set. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. set:, 18 (1909), II, No. J2, pp. 626-630; a&s. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 98 {1910), No. 569, II. p. 235). — The presence of lithium in the ash of tobacco led the authors to inves- tigate the frequent claim that the salts of lithium are poisonous to plants. Tobacco plants were grown in water cultures, one lot receiving a complete nutrient solution, another the same solution to which lithium sulphate was added, and a third a solution in which lithium was substituted for the potas- sium of the culture medium. The plants grew for about 3 months, when they were cut, weighed, dried, and analyzed, 3 plants from each lot being taken. The green weight of the check lot was 178 gm., while for the second series, which received the lithium sulphate, the weight was 81.5 gm., and for the third series, where the lithium was substituted for the potassium, the weight was 55 gm. The dry weights for the same lots were 23.G, 15.7, and 7 gm. The ash in proportion to the dry weight increased from the first to the third series. In comparing the amount of lithium iu the ash with the lithium present in normal plants, there was found to be a very great increase in the ash of the plants grown in the culture media. The effect of lithium on potatoes was tested by placing different proportions of lithium sulphate in cavities in the tubers, it being found that for the Solana- cese lithium did not have a marked injurious effect. For beans and oats grown in sand cultures the lithium salt was decidedly poisonous, but the authors think that perhaps the injury was due to the large quantity of lithium added to the solutions. The possibility of substituting lithium salts for potassium iu the nutrition of plants is to be studied further. On the poisonous action of alkaloidal solutions on soils and plants, R. Otto and W. D. Kooper (Landu: Jahrh., 39 {1910), No. 3, pi>. 397-.',07, dgni. 1). — The authors claim as a result of their experiments that both humus and sandy soils will absorb nicotine, but that no true chemical union occurs, and that the alkaloid still retains its chemical properties. After absorption a part of the nicotine is decomijosed, while another por- tion is volatilized ; warmth and dampness hasten these processes, while dry- ness checks them. It was found that a 3 per cent solution of nicotine increased the alkaloidal contents of Nicotiana tabacum, exerting a very favorable influ- ence on its growth and also on the growth of Solanum tuberosum. Other nitrogenous compounds (sodium nitrate) likewise produced an increase in the alkaloidal content, while the addition of alkaloids exerted no appreciable influence on the compounds of other elements. The effects of factory smoke on pine forests, P. von Ru§nov {Centbl. Gesam. Forsiio., 36 {1910), No. 6, pp. 257-268).— Attention is called to the serious damage to coniferous forests that occurs from factory smoke containing sul phur dioxid and sulphur trioxid, which often kills outright the trees over large areas. The injurious effects of smoke from two cellulose and paper factories, one mineral-oil refinery, and a large factory that burned coal containing sulphur, each situated in separate regions, are noted, and the character and extent of the FIELD CROPS. 727 injuries, tlio aw aiul kind of trees affected, and the results of microscopic examinations and cliemical analyses of the injured trees are given. The grasses of Alaska, F. Lamson-Scribner and E. D. Merrill (U. S. Nat. Mus., Contrih. Xat. Herbarium, 13, pt. 3, pp. J,l-92-\-lX, pis. 2).— This is a systematic treatment, including a key to the tribes and genera, and description of all of the species of grasses which have been properly credited to Alaska. A bibliography of the literature on the grasses of Alaska is appended. An enumeration of Philippine Leguminosae, with keys to the genera and species, E. D. Merrill (Philippine Jour. Sci., C. Bot., 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. i)-'t).-~ This is a taxonomic discussion of 90 genera and 2S5 species of Legumiuosne, in whirh 1 genus and 12 species are describetl as new. North American Trifoliums, Laura F. INIcDermott (San Francisco, 1910, pp. 325, figs. 136). — This key to the genus Trifolium of North America includes " all species native, or introduced and spontaneous, north of the Mexican boundary." On the wild types of cultivated potatoes, P. Bebthault (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 70 (1910), No. 5, pp. 396-404, pis. 6).— This is a discussion of the various types of wild potatoes, especially of Solatium commersonii and S. niaglia, as the probable ancestors of the commonly cultivated Irish potato. On the interaction between scion and stock, A. Meyer and E. Schmidt (Flora, 100 (1910), No. 3, pp. 317-,i97; abs. in Bot. Gaz., 50 (1910), No. 1, p. 73). — Following an extended discussion of similar investigations by other au- thors, the I'esults are given of experiments on the formation, movements, and storage of alkaloids, and of the mutual influence between scion and stock, in heteroplastic grafts. Nicotiana tabacum was used as scion on N. afflnis and Solaniim tuberosum as stocks, and Datura stramonium as scion on S. lyeopersicum and S. tuberosum. It was found that a slow movement of the alkaloid took place from scion to stock, apparently through the parenchyma rather than through the sieve tubes, and that the stock of N. afflnis, which is normally poor in nicotine, accumulated many times its normal amount of alkaolid, while the scion JV. tabacum, nor- mally rich in nicotine, became relatively poor in it. With iS. tuberosum as stock for N. tabacum, the periderm cells of the former become the main storage tissues of the nicotine, being most abundant in the tissue of the stock just below the graft, and decreasing in amount as the cells became more distant, until in the tuber none at all, or only a trace, appears. The underground organs of a few weeds, L. H. Pammel and Estelle D. FoGEL (Proe. Iowa Acad. Sci., 16 (1909), pp. 31-40, pis. 2, figs. 16).— A morpho- logical study is reported of the underground parts of some weeds, viz Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), horse nettle (Solanum carol inense), milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), morning glory (Convolvulus sepium), bindweed (C arven- sis), and quack grass (Agropyron repens), with especial reference to their use as organs of propagation. Green hemiparasites, E. Heinriciier (Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. [Pringsheim], //7 (1910), No. 5, pp. 539-588, pis. 2, figs. 2). — In continuation of investigations on the i)arasitic and hemiparasitic Khinauthacea; (E. S. R., 14, p. 841), the author gives an account of investigations on respiration and assimilation in Alectorolo- phus and Melampyrum. FIELD CROPS. [Experiments with alfalfa, corn, small grains, and potatoes], L. R. WalukOxM and O. Grace (North Dakota Sta., lipt. Dickinson Substu., 1909, pp. 7-88; 59-64; 65, 66).— Among 68 strains of alfalfa tested, nearly two-thirds had (he stand reduced over SO per cent by winterkilling, while 94 per cent winter- 728 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. killed over 40 per cent. The 4 strains that winterkilled less than 40 per cent were Grimm (North Dakota), Grimm (Minnesota), Turkestan (South Dakota), and Mongolian. The yields reported during 1907-8 ranged from 912 to 4,098 lbs. per acre at the first cutting and from 32S to 1,164 lbs. at the second. After an oat, corn, wheat rotation followed by 3 years of alfalfa, the oat yield was 75.3 bu. per acre or 7.6 bu. above the average yield after winter rye and poor stands of sweet clover and red clover. The oat yield after corn was 74.2 bu. per acre. Medicago falcata and M. ruthenica proved unpalatable, and also proved inferior to common alfalfa because of low yield, prostrate habit of growth, shattering seed habit, and poor recovery after cutting. Timothy, slender wheat grass, and brome grass averaged 2,470, 2,950, and 2,520 lbs. of hay per acre during 1908-9. Among oat varieties the highest hay 3'ield of 3,720 lbs. per acre was secured from Beseler No. 1. Among millets, German millet 25092 yielded 6,920 lbs. per acre. Tangier peas, emmer, and field peas yielded 2,816, 2,240, and 1,780 lbs. of hay per acre respectively, while a mixture of oats and barley yielded 2,730 lbs. Among 8 durum wheats in 1909, Kubanka No. 8 and Nicaragua yielded 42.5 and 37.9 bu. per acre respectively as compared with 33.4 bu. from Rystiug Fife and 30.9 from No. 299 Blue Stem. During 1900-1909, Durum, Fife, and Blue Stem varieties averaged 27.3, 24.4, and 22.3 bu. per acre respectively. In 1909, Early Mountain, Banner, Mctory, Golden Rain, and American Beauty oats yielded from 86.1 to 88.5 bu. per acre in a test of 26 varieties. Of 11 varieties of barley, Hannchen, Swan Neck, and Hanna yielded 48.7, 46.8 and 46 bu. per acre respectively. During 1907- 1909, wheat, oats, barley, and emmer averaged 1,871 2,321, 2,011, and 1,893 lbs. of grain per acre respectively. Plats seeded with 3, 5. or 9 pks. of durum wheat during 1907-1909 and common wheat during 1909 produced the highest yields from the heaviest sowing except in 1907 when the lighter sowings pro- duced yields almost twice as high. In a test of 22 varieties of potatoes Early Bird and Irish Cobbler yielded 334.5 and 331.2 bu. per acre respectively. Prize Winner ruta-baga. Yellow Globe mangel, and ^fastodon carrot were the leading varieties, yielding 786, 644, and 435 bu. of roots per acre respectively. In continuous cropping during 1908-9, oats yielded approximately 46 and 52 bu. per acre respectively after fall and spring plowing, 54, 64, 64 and 68 bu per acre respectively after small grains, green manure, summer fallow, and corn. For wheat the corresponding yields after similar preparation were about 21, 26, 26, 33, 35, and 36 bu. After fall and spring plowing corn yielded approxi- mately 52 and 58 bu. per acre respectively, while after small grains, manure, and summer fallow the yields were approximately 49, 63, and 45 bu. per acre respecti\ely. The plats cropped with small grains, green manured with legumi- nous and nonleguminous crops, and fallowed in 1907 yielded in 1909 about 48, 52, 49, and 42 bu. respectively. An individual plant selection of Kubanka wdieat yielded 4A bu. per acre more than its nearest competitor. Annual report of the Bankipore Agricultural Station for the year 1908-9, F. Smith (Ann. Rpt. Bankipore Agr. Sta. [Indin], 1908-9, pp. U, pis. 2).— A brief history of the station and outline of the plan of its work are followed by meteorological data, and an analysis of the station soil and subsoil and of silage from Bankipore. A progress report is given of experimental sowings of a number of field crops and yields are in some instances reported. Flax from Bengal proved longer and coarser than a standard sample of Belgian flax used for comparison. Annual report of the Burdwan Agricultural Station for the year 1908-9, F. Smith {Ann. Rpt. Burdwan Agr. Sta. [India], 1908-9, pp. 23, pis. 2).— A FIELD CROPS. 729 l)rief history and outline of the plan of work of the station are followefl by nieteorolosit-al data and analyses of the soil and subsoil. The highest yield of jute fiber in 190S followed an application of cow dung and superphosphate, while tor the period ltM»4-li)0.S the highest yields followed applications of cow dung and castor cake separately. Jute cut when the fruits were entirely ripened invariably produced higher yields of fiber than when cut at any earlier stage. Pour years' results show that higher yields of fiber follow a thinning of the crop to 4 in. in the row than thinning to 6, S, or 10 in. Jute and potatoes in rotation gave good yields. Annual report of the Cuttack Agricultural Station for the year 1908-9, r. Smith (Ann. Rpt. Cuttack Agr. Sta. [Inilia], 1908-9, pp. 3S + VII, pis. 2).— During 1905-190S. higher yields of rice followed the application of a mixture of cow manure, superphosiihate, and saltpeter than were secured with any other mixture of fertilizers applied, although the highest single yield was secured on a plat greeu-manuered with dhaincha. The addition of sulphate of magnesia to the fertilizer mixtures applied to rice appeared to produce a 25 per cent increase in the grain yield. The Benaphuli and Badshabhog varieties of rice produced the maximum yields of approximately 374 maunds (about 3,000 lbs.) each of grain per acre. Transplanting 1 seedling per hole produced higher yields of grain than did 2, 4, or 8 seedlings per hole. Jute and winter rice or ])otatoes were successfully grown in rotation during the same year. The highest yield of jute was secured from an ajiiilication of a mixture of cow dung, superphosphate, kainit, and suliihate of ammonia. The application of different artificial and natural manures produced no apparent difference in color, strength, length, fineness, absence of roots, or value of the jute crop. Equal yields of potatoes followed applications of castor cake, and of a mixture M cow dung, sulphate of ammonia, superphosphate, and kainit. while the Patna variety i)roduced the highest .fields. Khari sugar cane produced a higher yield than the Mungo variety while the local variety failed entirely. Annual report of the Duniraon Agricultural Station for the year 1908-9, F. Smith (Ann. Rpt. Duniraon Agr. Sta. [India], 1908-9, pp. 22, pis. 5). — Meteorological data for the year and an analysis of the station soil are given. The highest profits from sugar cane followed applications of cow dung either with or without castor cake. In 1907, the highest yield of raw sugar was se- cured from the Khari sugar cane which surpassed all others in hardness. The trench and Poena methods of cultivating cane gave the highest returns. Cow dung and saltpeter produced higher yields of corn than night soil or the manure alone. The hybrid bansi (Hosaugabad) variety produced the highest yield. Farm-pitted majiure. a mixture of the solid and liquid substance, produced 1^ times as great a yield of grain and straw as did the same weight of manure left exposed to sun and rain. Results of experiments: Experimental farm, Potchefstroom, A. Holm (Transvaal Dept. Agr., Farmers" Bui. 107, pp. 16, pis. 6; Transraal Agr. Jour., 8 (1910), No. 31, pp. 369-38',, pis. 6').— The rainfall at the station is given by months for the period lOOG-1909. In a test of 2S varieties of corn. Eureka stood first with an average 3-year yield of 5.158 lbs. i)er acre. Analyses showed that dent was slightly lower than flint corn in moisture, ash, protein, and ether extract, but higher in crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract, while the average of 154 American samples was higher than that of 10 Potchefstroom samples in moisture content, i)rotein, ether extract, and crude fiber, but lower in ash and nitrogen-free extract. During 4 years the results secured by planting 4 varieties of corn at different distances were highest when the rows were 2 ft. apart and IS lbs. of seed per acre was 730 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, planted. A table shows the number of grains per i)oun(l for various varieties, and the number of pounds of each variety required to plant an acre at different distances. When planted 12 in. apart in the row, Hickory King produced its maximum amount of silage in rows 1 ft. 6 in. apart. North American at 2 ft. apart, and ISatal White Horsetooth at 3 ft. apart. On brown loam the greatest net profit, £2 10 d. per acre, followed an application of superphosphate, while the net loss following the application of nitrate of soda was 18s. lOd. Cooperative experiments with, clovers, vetches, beans, suUa, sainfoin, lupines, and kale (A(/r. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 31 {1910), No. 1, pp. 81-95).— These pages report briefly tests of kale and a number of legumes on many farms at different points. [Problems of crop production], H. Juhlin-Dannfelt (K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. oeh Tid.skr., J,9 {1910), No. 3, pp. 228-245). — These pages discuss modern views as to problems of crop production. The fields of soil bacteriology, soils and fertilizers are reviewed with many references to the literature of the sub- ject. The rotation of crops for irrigated lands, J. Burtt-Davy (Transvaal Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 118. pp. 8). — Rotations used in England and the United States are given, together with suggestions for the management of rotations in South Africa. Variety tests in 1909 {Jahbr. Deut. Landw. GeselL, 25 {1910), No. 1, pp. 31--'il). — Variety tests of wheat, oats, rye, field peas, beets, and sugar beets in different parts of (Jermany are reported. The influence of chemical fertilizers on the composition of cereals. Ray- naud, Brunerie, and G. Paturel {Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 {1910), No. 26, pp. 777-780). — These tests were made on wheat, oats, and corn. Each series contained 4 plats — No. 1, the check plat. No. 2. fertilized with 30 kg. of manure, No. 3, fertilized with 500 kg. superphosphate in addition to the ma- nure, and No. 4, fertilized with the same materials mixed with 200 kg. of potassium chlorid. The following table shows the composition of the crops harvestetl : Yields and nitrogen and phosphoric acid content of loheat, oats, and corn variously fertilized. Altkirsch wheat. Early Black Mesdag oats. Yellow Auxonne corn. Plat No. Weight on a 2-meter square. Protein. Phos- phoric acid. Weight on a 2-meter square. Protein. Phos- phoric acid. Weight on a 2-meter square. Protein. Phos- phoric acid. 1 Gms. 393 450 680 792 Per ct. 10.50 10.75 10.00 10.43 Per ct. 0.92 .99 .98 1.00 Gms. 122 186 306 248 Per ct. 8.81 8.50 8.75 8.56 Per ct. 0.82 .78 .87 .78 Gms. 163 293 248 352 Per ct. 10.5 10.0 10.9 13.0 Per ct. 0.70 2 .75 3 .84 4 .95 The quality of German oats and rye harvested in 1909 (Ztschr. Gesam. GcircidcU'., 2 {1910), No. 5, p. 125). — A table presents the variation in average moisture percentage, weight per hectoliter, and percentage of weed seed, foreign material, and other grains present in the oats and barley marketed in different parts of Germany. Seeding- mowing's, W. P. Brooks {Massachvsetts 8ta. Circ. 27, pp. 8, figs. 3). — A revision of Circular 16, previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 327). FIELD CROPS. . 731 Curing alfalfa hay by steam (Milling inul drain Ncio.s, JO {11)10), No. 13, p. 19). — This article, quoted from the Kansas (.'Ity Post of August 26, states that 11. C. Shuey, a student of industrial chemistry at the University of Kan- sas, has perfected a metliod whereby a ton of alfalfa can be kiln-cured in about au hour. It then analyzes from 30 to 18 per cent protein and 1 per cent water and when mixed with water exhibits "the same qualities of taste and digesti- bility as when gathered uij behind the sickle." Fall sowing of barley in 1908-9, N. Litwinow {Trudui Byuro Prill. Hot., 3 {1910), Ao. 2, PI). ll-.'iO). — This article states the results of fall sowing of barley with special reference to the snow covering, freezing and thawing, and temperature changes. A table gives a full statement of tbe meteorological con- ditions prevailing during the period of the experiment. Report on barley tests in Franconia, 1907-1909, L. Hiltner and F. Lang {Prakt. Bl. Pflaiizciibaii u. .Schutz. n. ser., ,S {nnO),No. 6, pp. 67-76 ) .—These pages report the results of tests of G varieties of barley on a number of different farms located at various points. Tables show the yields obtained, weight per hectoliter, milling qualities, and weight per thousand kernels. Some analyses of Russian brewing" barley for protein content, K. V. Ben- ING {Zhur. Opiritn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. E.rpt. Laiidw.), It {1910), No. 3, pp. 355-362). — Considering barleys containing more than 11 per cent protein un- suitable for brewing purposes, the author found that 40.3 per cent of the samples from Bessarabia and 43 per cent of those of Nijni Novgorod and Wjatka were fit for brewing but only 0.1 per cent of those from the south central districts. Variety tests of forage corn in different provinces, F. G. Stebler and A. VOLKAKT {Landw. Jahrh. Schweis, 24 {1910), No. 3, pp. 155-171, figs. J/).— The results of variety tests of American, Hungarian, African, Servian, and other varieties of corn at different points in Switzerland are reported. Testing seed corn by the cloth roll method, W. McArthur {Iowa Agr., 10 {1910), No. 6, pp. 226-228, figs. 2). — The method outlined consists in soaking strips of closely woven muslin 8 in. wide by 4 ft. long, spreading tbem on a board or table, arranging 6 kernels from each of 40 ears to be tested in rows on the surface of the cloth and rolling the cloth without disarranging the order of the kernels. They are then kept moist by sawdust or otherwise until ger- mination is complete. Potato culture in Holland {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel, Verslag. en Mcded. Dir. Landb. [Netherlands], 1910, No. 3, pp. XXX+183, pis. 7, map i).— Tbis re- port is a manual of information with regard to the potato industry in Holland. The three parts take up tbe production of late varieties, production of early varieties, and the potato meal industry, in each of the provinces. Fertilizers for potatoes, W. P. Brooks {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 26, pp. //).— A revision of Circular 14, previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1138). Negress potato, A. and P. Andouard {Bui. Sta. Agron. Loire-Inf., 1908-9, pp. 62, 63). — Other names which the authors give for this potato are Madagascar potato and Cettewayo potato. It is characterized by its low starch content and extreme richness in minerals and proteid material. The small tubers, which are especially notable in these respects, contain 2.(>0 per cent proteid material, 0.03 per cent lime. 1.01 per cent potassium. 0.23 per cent phosphoric acid and 0.31 per cent of other mineral matter, while the water and starch contents are 70.24 and 2.26 per cent, respectively. Rye growing in Minnesota, A. Boss {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 120, pp. 3-8, fjgg^ 2), — This bulletin jtresents statistical data on rye culture, gives directions for the production of rye, and reports the results of variety tests. Among 8 varieties tested during the jieriod lOOO-IOlO, Swedish and Dean produced the highest averages of 38.48 and 37.92 bu. per acre, respectively. 732 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Fertilizer tests of sugar beets in 1909, J. Bela (KiscrJct. Kozlem., IS (1910), No. 1, pp. 10-'t-116). — At the Magyarovar Plant Growing Experiment Station two series of experiments were conducted on plats of 1,600 square klafters (57,600 square feet) each. In the first series, yields from unfertilized plats were compared with those following applications of 300 kg. of superphos- phate per plat, while in the second series, applications of 200 kg. of superphos- phate with and without SO kg. of Chile saltjieter were tested. The application of 300 kg. sui^erpliosphate proved profitable in 44.5 per cent of the tests but showed no constant relation to the sugar content. On 17 out of 37 farms, applications of 200 kg. of superphosphate proved profitable but no profit in any case followed the addition of SO kg. of Chile saltpeter to the appli- cation. Variety tests of sugar beets in 1909, J. Bela (Kis&rlct. Kozlem., 13 {WW), No. 2, pp. 127-178). — This article gives a fuil report of the results obtained from each of a large number of varieties of sugar beets tested in 1909. The beet sugar industry, W. Maxwell {Dcpt. Agr. Victoria Bui. 28, pp. 39, figs. 19). — The status of the beet sugar industry in the Maftra district is out- lined and recommendations made for its improvement. Cultural, manufactur- ing, and economic processes in California are reviewed and a preliminary report on some Maffra experiments are given. Studies on climate and crops. — II, The yield of wheat in the United States and in Russia during the years 1891 to 1900, H. Arctowski (BuI. Amer. Gcogi: 8oc., .'i2 [1910), No. 7, pp. .'i81-'i9,j, figs. 11). — The autlior reviews briefly the yield of wheat in the United States and Russia during 1S91-1900, noting the variations in yield in each country. He concludes that if variations in har- vests during a given year are such that low yields in one country are balanced by excellent ones in another " that the centers of compensation are not always to be observed in the same region," and " that to meet the nee\frica, to Hamburg, Germany, with the result that the fruit arrived in a fair condition of preservation. The author is of the opinion that the packing of pineapi)les in peat dust may enable shippers to forward fruit on vessels which are not specially provided with cold storage facilities. 736 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Have we enough New England blackberries? E. I'. Bicknell (Bui. Torre]) Bot. Club, 37 (1910), No. 8, pj). 3'J3-.'i0.i) . — A taxouomic study of the New Eng- land blackberries. The author is of the opinion that many of tbe so-called species are merely hybrids, and lists are given for tbe purpose of showing their probable hybrid nature. [Notes on ornamentals and fruits], L. R. Waldron and O. Grace [North Dakoid Hta.. lipt. Dickinson .S»/>.s^r/.. 1909, pp. G.'i, 65). — A brief statement of the condition of trees, shrubs, and fruits growing on the substation grounds. Some of the sand cherries bred by Hansen (E. S. II.. 20, p. 239) produced good fruit in 1909 and are considered worthy of general cultivation in North Dakota. Phenological notes: Blooming dates for Iowa plants, 1909, Charlotte M. King et al. (Trans. loica Hort. Soc, U (1909), pp. 239-2 'i 8) .—Records for 1909 are given by a number of observers from different parts of the State, show- iug the dates of the first blooming of trees, shrubs, and flowering plants. Narcissus cultivation (Bd. Apr. and Fisheries [London], Leaflet 224, PP- 10; Bill. Mens. Off. Rrnseig. Agr. f Paris]. .9 (1910), No. 7, pp. 773-7'SJ ) .— This leaflet is intended as an elementary guide to narcissus culture. It treats in de- tail of the growth of bulbs for sale as bulbs and of their culture for blooms. Ornamental shrubs of the United States (hardy, cultivated), A. C. Apgae (.Yew? York and Chicago, 1910, pp. 352, figs. 67/.5). — This is a popular guide to the identification of the hardy, cultivated ornamental shrubs of the United States. To meet the needs of the general public i)ractically all plants have been given common names. Introductory remarks deal with the various methods of pi'opa- gating plants. Part 1 consists of a study of tlie leaves, flowers, and fruit prepar- atory to using the keys to the genera given in part 2. In part 3 the various shrubs are figured and described, the plants being arranged by families. Garden planning, W. S. Rogers (London and Leipsic, 1910, pp. 328, figs. 150). — A practical work on garden design in which the successive chapters dis- cuss the factors in detail, the garden picture, the rectilinear principle, the ele- ments of the garden plan, beds and borders, walks and drives, grass, how to plan a garden, sloping gardens, the rock garden, the rose garden, water in the garden, tlie vegetable garden, glass, fences and hedges, tile and other edgings, garden accessories, garden plans, planting, further considerations in garden making, and the garden and the flower. The appendixes contain planting tables of various kinds, information relative to manures and composts, garden geometry, tools, and appliances. Sixth annual report of the Rhode Island Metropolitan Park Commission of Providence plantations (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Meiropol. Park Comrs. [R. /.]. 6 (1910), pp. I'i3. pis. a, figs. 36. maps 9). — This report is similar in nature to those of previous years (E. S. R.. 22, p. 449). It contains an account of the work to date in develoi)ing a park system for the metropolitan district of Rhode Island, including descriptions and maps of areas recently acquired, together with further suggestions and estimates for the development of a complete park system. FORESTRY. The American woods, exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text, XI, R. B. Hough (LowviUe, N. Y., 1910, pp. ¥111+54, wood sections 75). — Part 11 like the previous parts, tbe first one of which appeared in 18SS, consists of 25 sets of wood sections representing 2r» species. In so far as it has been possible to prepare them the specimens for each species include a iransverso, radial, and tangential section. The specimens are accompanied by a systematic description of each species of the woods represented, including its botany, physic.nl properties and tbe uses of the wood. FORESTRY. 737 Part 10 of this series, issued in 1904, contained a fieneral index to parts 1 to 10 inclusive. The trees of Great Britain and Ireland, H. J. Elwes and A. Henry (Edin- hunjh, unO, vol. J, pi). VIlI + lOOJ-1333, />/«. 7«).— Tliis is tlie fiftli 2-part volume of this extensive treatise on the trees either native to or cultivated in Great Britain and Ireland (E. S. R., 20, p. 1133). In part 1 the varieties and species of Pinus, Cupressus, and Quercus are considered relative to their botany, distribution and cultivation, as well as the history and econouiic value of the more important forms. A key is given for each genera and also descriptions of specimen trees growing in Great Britain. Part 2 consists of illustrations and botanical drawings of the trees discussed in part 1. The forest fertilizer experiments at Tharand, Vater {llitt. Deut. Landw. CieselL, 25 (liiJO), .Vo.v. J.l, pp. 513-516; 36. pp. 530-532).— This consists of a summarized account of the fertilizer experiments in a number of forests which have been conducted cooperatively for a number of j^ears by the soil physics division of the. Saxony Experiment Station and the German Agricultural Soci- ety. The results as a whole indicate thus far that the cost of the fertilizers has far exceeded the increased returns. Foi-ests and reservoirs in their relation to stream flow, with particular reference to navigable rivers, H. M. Chittenden (Trans. Amer. Sac. Civ. Eiigin., 62 {1909), pp. 2.'f5-5.'f6, pis. 11, figs. 17). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R.. 20, p. 945). Forest fires in North Carolina during' 1909, J. S. Holmes (N. C. Geol. and Econ. /S'»rrey Bui. 10, pp. 52, pis. 9). — This paper embodies the results of an investigation regarding the number of forest fires, the amount of damage result- ing from them, their causes, and possibilities of fire prevention. Tabular data showing the forest fires in the mountain region, Piedmont region, and Coastal Plain region of North Carolina are given and analyzed. The causes, prevention, and extinguishing of forest fires are also discussed. According to reports from 84 counties of the State over 400.000 acres, or 5 per cent of the estimated total area of forest land in North Carolina, were burned over in 1909 with an estimated total loss of $1 to $1.30 per acre. [Report on forestry] {County Northumb., Ed. Com., Bui. l.'i, pp. 66-68). — The silvicultural plats established at the Agricultural Experiment Station of Northumberland County, England, are briefly described. Forestry in the Highlands of Scotland, AV. Dallimore (Roy. Bot. Card. Kciv, Bui. iUisr. Inform., 1910, No. 7, pp. 239-2-'t8) .—A brief account of afforesta- tion work being conducted on several estates in Scotland. Reports on the forest administration in Burma for the year 1907-8, J. H. l.ACE ET AL. {Rpfs. Forest Admin. Burma. HIOl-S, pp. 193). — This consists of the annual reports of the conservators of state forests in the Pegu, Tenasserim, Northern, and Southern Circles of Burma for the year 1907-S. It discusses alterations in forest areas, the making of working plans, forest surveys, and other routine work, forest protection, silvicultural oi)erations, exploitation, financial results, and administration. The imi)ortant data are tabulated in a series of appendixes. A review of the reports by the chief conservator of for- ests in Burma is included. Report on the forest administration of the Central Provinces for the year 1908—9, A. F. (jRAi)ON, A. V. Monho, and V. Traeiokd ( liitt. I'orcst Admin. Vent. I'ror. [India], 1908-9, pp. 9+ /.9+i.9+/8+A'C).— Reports similar to the above are given by the respective conservators of the state forests in the Northern, Southern, and Berar Circles of the Central Provinces for the year 1908-9. 65483°— No. 8—10 4 738 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED. Progress report on forest administration in the Punjab for 1908-9, C. P. Fisher {Rpt. Forest Admin. Punjab, 1908-9, pp. 20+CIII, map 1). — Data simi- lar to the above are given relative to the administration of the state forests in the Pniijab for 190S-9. Report of the chief forest officer, J. M. Pueves (Ann. Rpt. Agr. and For- estry Dept. [Nyasniand], 1910, pp. 20-22). — A brief report on the work of the Nyasaland Forestry Division for the year ended March 31, 1910, with an ap- pendix showing the royalties collected on timber and firewood. The new Forest Products Laboratory, E. A. Start (Amer. Forestry, 16 (1910), No. 7, pp. 387-Ji03, figs. 13). — A detailed description is given of the new forest products laboratory of the Forest Service of this Department, located at Madison. Wis. (E. S. R.. 23, p. 199). The work of the Government in forest products, H. S. Graves (Amrr. For- estry, 16 (1910), No. 7, pp. Jf0,)--'i08, fig. 1). — An address on this subject deliv- ered at the opening of the forest products laboratory, Madison, Wis., June 4, 1910. [Rubber investig'ations in Nyasaland], J. S. J. McCall (Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Forestry Dept. [Nyasaland], 1910, pp. S, 9). — Results are given of experi- mental tappings of 4-year-old Ceara rubber trees. The trees were planted 15 by 9 ft. and 12 by 9 ft. From 170 trees having a girth under 12 in. at 3 ft. from the base was obtained 42 oz. of dry rubber, or approximately i oz. each, while 273 trees with a girth over 12 in. gave a total yield of 356 oz.. or approximately IJ oz. per tree. The tapping operations con- tinued for 22 days and the rubber was collected at an estimated cost of 8 cts. per pound, exclusive of European supervision. From the above experiment and other experiments conducted in the same region the conclusion is reached that 3 oz. of dry rubber \)er tree will be a good average yield for trees over 4 years old. lu some experiments conducted in Zomba the vertical and pricking tapping systems cost 25 cts, and 31 cts. per pound, respectively, for dry rubber collected. The flow of latex from cultivated Ceara trees was quite superior to that from uncultivated Ceara trees. Experimental tapping of Para rubber trees in the Botanic Gardens, Singa- pore, for the year 1909, H. N. Ridley (Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, 9 (1910), No. 7, pp. 237-255). — This consists of a tabulated summary showing the progress made in the various tapping experiments during 1909. The trials of different methods of tapping indicate that the single herring- bone method is the most satsfactory, with basal excisions second. Tapping on alternate days showed an advantage of nearly 4 i)er cent over tapping daily. It was foinid that there is not only a variation in the quantity of latex obtained at the different seasons and in different years but also a variation in the com- position of the latex itself from day to day. During 21 tappings almost daily from the same group of trees, the volume of latex varied from 114 to 338 fluid ounces, while the weight of a sheet of rubber prepared daily from 30 fluid ounces of the latex varied from 6 to 8i oz. (avoirdupois). Where other conditions are normal, the variation in rainfall is believed to be the important factor, bringing about variations in the composition of the latex. The results of one year's tapping show that the quantity of latex required to produce 1 oz. of dry rubber, including some added water to retard i-apid coagu- lation, varies from 23 fluid ounces in April and May to 8J fluid ounces In February and March. These 2 latter months, however, represented the principal resting season between 1908 and 1909. Notes on the cultivation of Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and the yield of rubber, H. N. Ridlkv {Agr. Bid. Straitx and Fed. Malay States, 9 FOEESTRY. 739 (1910), Xo. 7. })iK 256-276').— Notes are siven on some cnltiinil experiments of I'ara rubber trees In the Singapore Botanic Gardens, consisting of data on the yields of rubber from large and small trees, togetlier with tables showing the increment of growtli during a 6-year period of a large number of trees as influencetl by wide planting and by close planting. The difference in the quantity of latex between young and old trees of nearly tlie same aggregate girth is uot very large, although variable. The ratio of rubber to the volume of latex between young and old trees is considerably higher in old trees. The necessity of wide planting as the most important factor in the annual increment of growth of rubber trees is pointed out. The increment of growth of Para trees is variable according to situation, soil, and humidity, and the ratio of increment also varies according to the age of the tree. In general it is stated that the average increment should not be less than 2 in. per year between the third and thirtietli years. Notes on the experiments of coagulating and curing rubber, H. N. Ridley (Afff. Bill, iitiuits and Fed. Malay States, 9 {1910), No. 7, pp. 277-28// ) .—Several experiments were made at the Singapore Botanic Gardens in curing latex by smolving as is done in Brazil, the aim being to test whether the coagulated iatex from plantation trees would be improved or deteriorated by such process. Samples of smoked rubber were submitted to the Imperial Institute and to commercial works for a])praisement. The general results indicate that tlie rubber prepared by smoking is only a little below fine, hard cured Para, and the author is of the oi)inion that the Iveeping qualities of the plantation rubbers in the crude state will be improved by creosoting or smoking. The difference in the physical texture and appearance of rubber from young or old trees coagulated with such reagents as acetic acid is scarcely perceptible, whereas under tlie smolving process the superior strength and elasticity of the resulting rubber from old trees is manifest. Bleeding Hevea rubber trees by the Northway system, M. T. Petch (Jour. Af/r. Trop.. 10 {1910), Xo. 109, pp. 193-196, pgs. /,) .—The^orthwny system of tapping trees, wliich consists of the use of a pricker instead of a Ivuife, is described in detail and the objections of a physiological and practical nature accompanying the use of the pricker are discussed. The general conclusion Is reached that the incision metliod of tapping, as with the pricker, has after wide experimenting proved inferior to the excision method of tapping, as with different forms of tapping knives. Not only were the returns inferior wliere the pricker was used but the cost of harvesting was inci-eased and more damage done to the trees. Moreover, the pricker is only adapted for use on young trees, the quantity of latex from which is too small to justify their tai)ping. Annual report on the literature and important happenings in the realm of scientific forestry, forest zoology, agricultural chemistry, meteorology, and forest botany for the year 1909, II. ^YEBEB {AUg. Foist u. Jagd '/Ay., 1910, Hill)., pp. 102). — As in previous years (E. S. R., 21, p. 445), this supple- ment contains abstracts of tlie important literature on the various phases of for- estry, together with notes on important occurrences in the forest world for the year 1909. The topics included are silviculture, utilization, management, valu- ation and statics, tlie theory of forest mensur.ition and yields, administration, history, jiolicy, statistics, news of forest unions and hunting clubs, zoology, botany, and soil physics. 740 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Annual report on plant diseases, M. Hollrung {Jahrcshrr. Pflanzenkrank., 11 (1908), 1)1). VlI+362).— This report, published in 1910, is a review of the literature which appeared in 1908 i"elatiug to plant diseases and insect pests, and methods for their control. Of the 1,37.3 titles noted, over 600 are abstracted at some length. The gen- eral arrangement and treatment of the topics are similar to those in previous reports (E. S. R., 21, p. 640). Notes on fungus diseases of plants, L. H. Pammel and Charlotte M. King (Proc. loiva Acud. Sci., 16 (1900), piJ. Jfl-91, charts 39). — The authors discuss the nature of disease, factors of environment in plant disease, fungi as the cause of disease, soil moisture and fungus diseases, weather and fungus diseases, some epidemics of fungus diseases (mildews, rusts, downy mildew, etc.), im- munity to disease, and biologic si)ecies. The article closes with tables showing the comparative distribution of the common fungus diseases in Iowa from 1870 to 1908, inclusive, the comparative distribution over the United States of the common fungus diseases from 1900 to 1907, inclusive, charts showing the annual precipitation and mean surface temperatures from 1900 to 1907 throughout the United States, and the areas a fleeted by potato rot, powdery mildew of the cherry, ash rust and apple rust in 1884, wheat and grain rust in 1904. and potato rot in 1903 and 190f). Annual report of the mycologist, J. B. Rorer (Bd. Agr. Trinidad, Ann. Rpt. Mycol., 1910, PI). 8). — A general report is made on the diseases of cacao, sugar cane, coconut palm, bananas, and other crops. Diseases of cacao were found to be responsible for the greatest losses, and were given special attention. Pre- liminary studies of tree canker and pod rot are reported, and a more detailed account of this work is abstracted on page 748 of this issue. Mycological notes, F. von Hohnel {Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. [Vienna], Math, \atiiriv. Kl., 118 (1909), I, .Yo. 6, pp. 813-90.',, figs. 3).— In a taxonomic discussion of many parasitic genera and species, some of which are described as new, the author gives the characteristics of rUiiUachoni sorylti n. sp. on Sorghum vulgare from Java, and Micropcrella qucrcus n. g. and sp. and Juponia qucrcus n. g. and sp. on the leaves of Qtterciis glaiica from Japan. Parasitic plants observed in Torino and vicinity during 1909, P. A'oglino (Ann. It. Accad. Agr. Torino, 52 (1909), pp. 277-300). — A list is given of about 60 species of bacteria and fungi parasitic on forest, orchard, field, garden, and wild plants, together with the characteristics of several of the more important, including Sclerotinia oci/mi n. sp.. Botnjtis parasitica colchici, B. cincrca dianthi, Ccnangiinn, populncnni or the ascogenous form of DotJiichiza populca, and the jirobable reference (»f the oak Oidium to O'idiiini rcntricosmn. Of the parasites listed there are 3 species of bacteria, (> of Phycomycetes, 17 of Asconiycetes, 6 of Basidiomyeetes, and 27 of imperfect fungi. Mycological review for the year 1908 with notes on the fungus diseases of alfalfa, G. Briosi (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, c Com. [Rome], 9 (1910), Scr. C, No. 2, pp. Jt-l-'i; ahs. in Riv. Patol. Veg., J, (1910), Xo. 9-10, pp. 130, 131).— Fre- ceding a general statement of the number of fungi examined and identifietl at the botanical station at Pavia. is a discussion of diseases of alfalfa in which the following are noted: Powdery mildew (Peronospora trifoliorum). rust (Uromyccs striatus)^ smut (TiUetia glomcrulata), downy mildew (Erysiphc polggoni), leaf spot (Plcosphwrulina hriosiana and Pscudopcziza mcdicaginis), canker (Sclcrotinia trifoliorum, Mitruta sclerotiorum. Typhula trifolii, and Tibrissca sclerotiorum) , anthracnose (CoUetatrichum trifolii), bacteriosis, leaf diseases (Phyllosticta mcdicaginis, Ascochyta mcdicaginis, Scptoria medicaginis. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 741 Qloposporiuni i)iorinu»i, Mdisonin tiu tl'iciurtnix, Onilaria medicaginifi. and Altcr- naria tenuis), root canker (Rliizoctoiiia rioUiccd), club root i Uroithhictis alfal- fa'). Onibauchc nihcia^. and Cnscnta. Plant-like Actinomycetes, J. Peklo {CcutbL Bald, [etc.], 2. Abt., 27 (1910), A"o. 17-21. pp. .'i.')l--J7iK Jiyx. 11)3). — The author gives an extended discussion of the taxonomic position of the organisms inhabiting the root tubercles of Alnus (/lufinosa and Mipica gale, in which their morphological characteristics and general nature are compared with those micro-organisms found in other tubercles (root tubercles of legumes, tuberculosis tubercles, etc.). The conclusion is drawn that these tubercle bacteria belong to the genus Actinomyces. A serious disease of plants in Para, C. F. Baker (Amer. Rev. Trop. Agr., 1 {1910). yo. S-'i. pp. 99-101). — Attention is called to a very serious and widely disseminated disease dne to nematodes ( Heterodera ) , which makes impossible the cultivation of tomatoes, cabbage, radishes, turnips, tobacco, cotton, etc.. on old lands about Para. Crop rotation with uoususceptible plants, clean culture, and the removal and burning after each harvest of all remaining roots, are suggested. Nematode control by trap plants, A. Postelt {Wiener Lamhc. Ztg., 60 {1910). Xo. 9. pp. 79, 80). — In experiments on the control of nematodes infest- ing sugar-beet lands, several crops of rape and turnips were used as trap plants, resulting in a marked decrease in nematode injuries on land thus treatetl. On the erg-ot of wild and cultivated grasses, B. Baknas {Math. u. Naturw. Bcr. Uityani, 24 {1906) [pub. 1909], p. 377; ub.s. in Rir. Patol. Veg., 4 {1910), No. 9-10, p. 132). — The sclerotia of ergot {Claviceps purpurea) is reported on Horcleum nudum, Lolium tcmulentum, Triticum caninum. Agropijrum barbu- latum, and Aira flexuosa, which with those heretofore reported make 35 hosts known for this fungus. It is claimed that the infection of cultivated grasses does not occur usually from ascospores. but more probably from conidia found in the so-called honeydew. as the inoculation of T. repens, Daetylis glonierata, and Bromus inrrmis was successful with these spores from cultivatwl plants. On the dissemination and appearance of the root fungus of alfalfa (Rhi- zoctonia violacea) in Franconia, G. Laurer {IUus. Laiidic. Ztg., 30 {1910), No. J/S, pp. 439-441, figs. 5). — A general discussion is given of the characteristics and prevalence of this disease, together with the results obtained from experi- ments in combating it in which carbon bisulphid, creosol, liquid manure, quick- lime, and copper sulphate were used. The liquid manure, creosol, and quicklime proved of value in controlling the disease. On the formation of bacterial zoogloea on the roots of barley, II. Zikes {Ztftrhr. (lesain. Brauw., 33 {1910). \o. 29, pp. 3.57-360) .—Atteutiou is calletl to the formation on the roots of barley in bretnling ex|)eriments of a yellow, or more rarely, a red zooglcea mass, consisting, for the yellow, of 3 species of bac- teria, viz. Bacterium fiuore-sccns liquefaciens, B. herbicola aureum, and li. rubrum, and for the red, of B. herbicola rubrum. It was found that these zoogloea on the roots check the growth of the barley seedlings. Smut infection experiments with reference to breeding smut-resistant varieties of barley, J. Broili {Natunr. Ztschr. For.^t u. Laudir., .S' {1910), No. 7, pp. 33.')-34.'i, figs. 7). — The author gives the result of infection experiments with covered l)arley smut {Ustilago hordei teeta) and loose barley smut {Usii- lago hordei nuda) on various varieties of barley. The conclusion is drawn that for the loose barley smut the breeding of resistant varieties will be comparatively easy, but that for the covere. tW-ll.}; ai'^.s'. in VcntbL Bakt. {ctc.^, 2. Abt., i? {1910). No. 10-12, pp. 307, 308). — A report is made on experiments carried (III during tlie summer of 1909 in tlie division of plant diseases of the Kaiser Wilbelm Institute at Bromberg for the control of sugar-beet diseases. Experiments on soalving and hulling the seed for root diseases showed that bulled seed produced a better and quicker germination, a more thrifty growth, and a smaller percentage of diseased plants than the unhulled seed. The liulling had no influence, however, on tlie heart or dry rot. Experiments with common salt ( NaCl) also gave no beneficial results in controlling tbe lieart or dry rot. The results of different kinds of nitrogenous fertilizers on tbe outbreaks of these diseases were tested. It was found tbat lime nitrogen and ammonium sul- phate gave the smallest number of diseased plants, wbile sodium nitrate and calcium nitrate gave tbe greatest number. Results from spraying experiments, 1909, in Pike County, L. E. Fogle- soNG {Trans. 111. Hart. -S'oc, n. scr., Jf3 {1009), pp. 365-371). — The spraying ex- periments conducted were to test the relative efficiency of various commercial and homemade formulas in controlling insects and fungus diseases, especially tbe scab, curculio, and codling moth. The sprays tested were arsenate of lead, Paris green, Bordeaux mixture, and commercial and self-boiled lime sulphur. The arsenate of lead sprays gave better results, either alone or when used in combination with a fungicide, than I'aris green. The self-boiled lime sulphur showed practically no fungicidal or insecticidal value, while Bordeaux mixture gave good results against the scab wben from two to three applications were made. Treatment for prevention of anthracnose, M. O. Lownsdale {Better Fruit, 5 {1910), No. 1, pp. ////-.'/()).— Following a general discussion of the germination and infection periods of anthracnose, or apple canker, and the value of spraying as a preventive of this disease, tbe author gives his views on the methods of treating the old apple orchards of the Willamette Valley, in which be recom- mends the removal in January or February of a very thin shaving of bark over the diseased area, leaving only the rotting tissues of the bark intact so that new fiber will grow from underneath. .Spraying with 1 gal. of lime sulphur to 16 or IS gal. of water in September proved remarkably successful in jireventing new infection during the succeeding year. Brown rot and plum curculio on peaches, W. M. Scott and A. L. Qxtaint- ANCE {Better Fruit, 5 {1910). No. 1, pp. 19-22, figs. 13).— This is a popular dis- cussion of these two very serious pests of the peach, in which the results of spraying with self-boiled lime-sulphur mixtures are given. For the Elberta. Bell, and other varieties of iieaches of about the same ripen- ing period the following is recommended : The first application should be made about the time the calyces are sbedding, spraying with arsenate of lead at the rate of 2 lbs. to 50 gal. of self-boiled lime-suli)bur mixture: or, the lime sulphur may often be omitted during a dry spring, in wbich case to each 50 gal. of water, milk-of-lime made from slaking from 2 to 3 lbs. of good stone lime should be added to prevent any caustic action of tlie arsenate of lead. A second appli- cation should be made 2 or 3 weeks later, or about 1 month after tlie petals fall, spraying with an 8: S: 50 self-boiled lime-sulpbur mixture and 2 lbs, of arsenate of lead. A third application should be made about 1 month before the fruit ripens, spraying with an S: S: 50 self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture. 746 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Methods used in fighting the peach yellows, E. Hutchins (Better Fruit, 5 {1910), A^o. 1, pp. 64, 6'.5).— The i-esults are given of a systematic weekly up- rooting, cutting, and burning during three years of all trees showing evidence of yellows, at the end of which time the disease was practically eradicated, and the remainder of the trees were sound and vigorous. The mildew of the grape, L. Bottini (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Gentre), 81 (1910). Ao. 26, pp. 180-1 S3). — In a studj' of the internal causes that produce a difference of resistance in cei'tain varieties of grapes to the attacks of Peronofepora, it was found that the leaves of a susceptible variety, when im- mersed for 1 hour in the juice from a highly resistant variety and then inocu- lated with the spores of Peronospora, were more resistant to the fungus than untreated leaves. From this the author concludes that the juice or sap of the highly resistant varieties is the cause of their greater immunity to the attacks of the fungus. An eflB.cient spray against the grape mildew, V. Vermorel and E. Dantony {Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Ccittrc), 31 (1910), No. 30, pp. 101, 102; abs. in Rev. Vit., 34 (1910), No. 866, p. 71). — It is claimed that a spray comjwsed of 100 liters of water, 20 gm. of nitrate of silver, and 300 gm. of white soap has pro\ed very valuable iu combating this fungus, being much superior to the cop- per spi'ays used for comparison at the same time and with the same number of applications. To prepare the spray, first dissolve the 20 gm. of nitrate of silver in 1 liter of water and the 300 gm. of white soap (in powdered form) iu a few liters of hot water, then pour the soap solution into 100 liters of water, and lastly, add the silver nitrate solution and stir. The Oidium and a modified lime-sulphur spray, V. Thi^baut (Rev. Vit., 33 (1910), No. 862, pp. 691, 692).— The author states that since 1900 he has used with complete success a modified lime-sulphur spray on his vineyard of some 30.000 plants containing more than (JOO varieties, some of which are very susceptible to the Oidium. and that since 11K)6 two treatments per season have eomi)letely protected the foliage against this fungus. On some of the most sus- ceptible varieties of grapes, however, the fruit has been attacked, to prevent which a supplementary treatment of the inflorescence with lime sulphur alone at the time of flowering has been used. To prepare the spray, slake one part by weight of good quicklime to a paste, and while still hot add two parts by weight of sublimed sulphur, stirring thor- oughly and rapidly with a wooden paddle until the mixture is sufficiently cool to bear one's hand in it. Then add water little by little, stirring energetically, until a semilicjuid, homogeneous, citron-colored paste is produced, which thickens when cold, and. if covered up and stored in a cool place, will keep for a long time. Now dissolve in water an amount of copper sulphate equal to the weight of the sulphur used in the lime-sulphur paste, and add the lime-sulphur paste to the sulphate solution, stirring vigorously until the resulting mixture is neutralized, as shown bj'^ phenolp'hthalein paper. If properly done, the result will be a very homogeneous mixture, which will not deposit sediment either in the containing vessel or on the sprayer. The first application should be made with a 1 per cent solution of the lime- sulphur-siilphate mixture when the young shoots are from G to S in. long. Dur- ing the flowei'ing period the inflorescence alone should receive the lime-sulphur mixture. Immediate! j after the flowering period there should be used a 1^ per cent solution of the lime-sulphui"-sulphate mixture, and about the ripening i)eriod another application of the same strength. DISEASES OF PLANTS, 747 The roncet of the American grape in Sicily, E. Pantanelli {Bol. Min. Agr., Inilus. e Com. [Rome], 9 (1!)10). Ser. V. No. 2, pp. 20-21; abs. in Riv. Patol. Vcff., J, (1910), No. 9-10, pp. lf,9, 150).— In a summary of the results of three years" study of this disease (E. S. K., 23, i)p. 4S, 550). the author discusses the distinetiou between roncet aud other diseases which are often associiited with it. the typical characteristics of the disease, its cause, aud remedies. The conclusion is reached that roucet is neither parasitic nor infective, but is a symptom of progressive degeneracy produced by an insufficiency of tlie ab- sorbent root system, associated with certain unfavorable physical properties of the soil to which the grape is especially sensitive in the ;Mediterranean climate. Spring and summer remedies against parasites of the grape, L. Vivarei.li (RiiLsia [Conegliuno], J,, scr., 16 {1919). Nos. 11, pp. 2-',9-2oS; 12, pp. 277-282; hi. pp. 296-300). — The author gives about 40 formulas nnd methods of applica- tion for the various liquid aud dry fungicides (in powder form) used in com- bating six common diseases of the grape. The banana disease and other enemies of the plant in Costa Rica, H. Q. Levy (Jour. Jamaica Agr. .s'oc, / '/ (1910). No. 7. pp. 2Ji1-247). — A rather elab- orate description is given of the adverse conditions from which the banana fields of Costa Rica are suffering, especially in regard to the so-called banana disease, its ravages, field characteristics, and the various methods used in at- tempting to control it. The adverse conditions, according to the author, are as follows: (1) Ex- hausted fields, (2) lack of proper drainage, (3) roasted suckers, caused by planting bananas in old river channels which have a few inches of rich soil topping beds of sand, pebbles, aud bowlders, (4) grubs, (5) gophers, (6) bushy fields which are not kept free from grass, weeds, etc., and (7) the banana disease. It is stated that in the vicinity of Bocas del Toro thousands of acres of bananas have been destroyed by the banana disease, and that in spite of all the remedies tried, none have proved of practical value in stam])ing out or pre- veutiug it. The disease, which is presumed to be of bacterial origin, attacks plants in all stages of their growth, on new ground, on ground where diseased plants once stood, and in either dry or wet localities. Young plants when first attacked split from the bulb upward for 1 to 2 feet, exposing the lower layer of the sucker. Sometimes the split extends to the heart, so that finally the heart, leaf, and branch turn black and rot. With older lilants. a fringe of yellow appears on the lower leaves, and in a few days the leaves turn yellow, followed shortly by a brown color. Finally all the leaves hang quite limply down the side of the sucker, aud the whole tree rots to the ground, giving off a very offensive odor. At all stages of growth, if the head or "yam" of an infected sucker be split open the heart will be found quite rotten and composed of a putrid yellow mass, while 1 inch from the outer surface a bright red streak Hanked by a briglit yellow one will be found, which follows all the passages into and through the roots to their extremities. In sick bunches the tips of the fingers present a I>inched-in appearance. When closely confined, as in a railway car. they will rii»en in 24 hours aud when lifted will shed every finger. The disease 2 years ago was contined to the Baltimore division in Costa Rica. At the rate it was then spreading, in 10 years' time there will not be a liealthy banana tree in Costa Rica. The following remedies were tried, none of which were wholly successful : (1) Cutting down all diseased plauts level with the ground, thus exi)osiiig the entire root to the action of the sun; (2) taking out the entire stool, allowing the hole to remain open for some time l)efore replanting, and cutting into small 748 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pieces all heads, stems, and leaves, and burning by means of crude petroleum ; (3) liming or watering the hole before replanting, and dipping the new piece to be planted in a weak solution of copper sulphate; (4) burning the entire section and replanting away from the old stools; (5) importing suckers from uoninfected farms and other banana countries; (6) isolating diseasetl sections with trenches 2 ft. wide and 2i ft. deep, filling with dry trash, and bux-ning; and (7) spading, forking, clean weeding, and trenching. The disease does not attack other crops, such as cassava, cowpeas, corn, cacao, and rublxM", even when grown on land badly infected with the disease. A banana disease due to nematodes, G. Korff {Prakt. BI. Pflnnzcnhau u. Srhutz, n. scr., 8 {1910). ISio. 6', pp. 61-67. figs. S). — A description is given of a banana disease, usually of greenhouse plants, caused by the nematode Hcterodera radicicola, accompanied by the usual directions for controlling this disease. Cacao canker (Agi: Xeics [Barhados], 9 {1910), No. 2U, pp. 222, 228).— A general discussion as to the causes of this disease is given, in which the claim made by J. B. Rorer in a recent article (E. S. R., 23. p. 549, and below) that cacao canker of the branches and pods is the same disease and is due to l'Ji!/tit])litli()r(i omniront is especially noted. Observations on the black rot of pods and the tree canker of the Alligator cacao indicate that in Dominica as in Trinidad the canker disease is due to P. omni- rora. It is claimed that some varieties of cacao are highly susceptible to this disease, while others are practically immune. In addition to the usual remedies for controlling this disease, spraying with Bordeaux mixture is recommendetl. Pod rot, canker, and chupon wilt of cacao caused by Phytophthora sp., J. B. RoRias {Bill. Dcpt. Agr. Tiiniihul. <) (1910). Ao. 6'J. pp. 79-10.i).—ln this report on tree canker and i)Od rot of cacao, the author gives the history of the diseases in various countries where cacao is grown, the conclusions reached as to their cause by previous investigators, and a summary of the facts concerning these diseases as brought out by a study of the literature on the subject. The characteristics of pod rot, canker, and chupon or sprout wilt, sources of infec- tion, losses caused by these diseases, other fungi associated with them, cultural studies, life history of cacao Phytophthora, inoculation experiments with it, pre- ventive measures, and recommendations as to its control are also considered. As a result of a study of the literature on the subject, and his own invc^stlga- tions of the diseases, the author maintains that the jiod rot and tree canker of cacao are probably identical in all parts of the world where cacao is grown, that they are primarily due to the fungus Phiftophiliora sp., and that the various species of Nectria, Calonectria. etc.. are not the cause of this disease, but only secondary invading saprophytes. It is stated that probably the cankers on the trees came from the fungus in the pods working its way back into the cushion and from there into the bark, and thence by strands of mycelium spreading to other areas in the inner bark of the tree. The pod rot may originate in two ways, either by spore infection on the surface of the pod, which is the usual method, or by strands of mycelium from a canker penetrating through the stem of the pod into the pod itself. A wilt disease of the chupons is also ascribed to the same fungus. Infection occurs mainly during the rainy season from diseased pods, and the disease is kept going month after month, as pods are always on the trees. In inoculation experiments with pure cultures of the various fungi found associated with canker and pod rot, only the. Phytophthora was successful in producing infec-tion on healthy pods with all tlie characteristics of the disease. Another fungus (Diplodia cacaoicola) was found capable of attacking healthy DISEASES OF PLANTS. 749 tissues of cacao throngli wounds. i)rocluciug a disease, but this was not the common canker or pod rot. Spraying has proved the most practical and successful method for combating both pod rot and canker, but further work will have to be done before the best mixtures, times for application, machinery, etc., can be positively known. For the present, it is advocated that the trees be sprayed at least four times a year, the applications being made when the trees are well covered with young fruit, but not when in full bloom. A bibliography of cacao diseases is appended. A new coffee disease (Phthora vastatrix), F, H. D'Heeelle (An. Soc. Rural Argentina, 44 (1910), No. 68, pp. 40-45, figs. I4). — In a further discussion (E. S. R., 22. p. 151) of this very destructive coffee disease, the characteristics of the fungus, its method of dissemination, and suggestions as to its control are given. The first symptom of the disease is the appearance on the trunk near the ground of cracks in the bark, beneath which the exposed wood shows black throughout. This diseased condition extends beneath the bark to a height of 3 or 4 ft. above the ground, while the upper part of the trunk and the limbs are fi'ee from the disease. The fungus usually invades the roots by spore infection. The death of the tree is caused by the hyphie plugging the conducting tissues and by the destruc- tion of the cambium. The total duration of the disease is from 24 to 2G months, and always ter- minates in the death of the tree. The fruiting stroma of the fungus bearing perithecia is found beneath the bark on the blackened wood. The fungus is said to have 4 kinds of spores, viz, ascospores, conidia, pycnospores, and stylospores. The disease also attacks 2 species of luga (Cuxil and Paterno) used as shade trees for the coffee. The remedies proposed for the disease are heavy liming of the soil, the use of nonacid fertilizers, so pruning the coft'ee i)lants as to obtain a better circula- tion of air and more sunshine on the ground, and the planting of trees for wind- breaks and to catch the spores. In making new plantations it is advised that the rows be run east and west, that the coffee plants be set farther apart, and that, if shade trees are usetl, species of trees be planted which are not suscepti- ble to the di.sease. On the infection and germination of the uredospores of Hemileia vastatrix, F. C. voN Faber {Ber. Dent. Bot. GescU., 28 {1910), No. 5, pp. 138-141).— The results are given of experiments on the germination and infection of the uredo- spores of H. vn.siatrix under different light and moisture conditions. It was found that the spores germinated on both sides of the leaves, but that infection occurred only on the undersurface through the stomata if moisture was present. If \Aater remained long on the leaves the germ tubes did not form appressoria, but branched and failed to enter the stomata. The .spores germinated in the dark as well as in the light, l)ut the germination was favored by a short exposure to strong light. The outbreak of blister blight on tea in the Darjeeling District in 1908-9, W. McRae (Agr. Jour. India, r, (1910), No. 2, pp. 12H-IS1. pis. 4. fig. 1).—X\\ account is given of the first appearance, dissemination, and characteristics of blister blight {E.rohnHidium rr.rans) in this district. In this disease the first indication of a blister is a small, pale green, yellow, pink, or deep red circular sjtot which enlarges to a diameter of from 1 to 4 in., forming a depression on the upper side of the leaf and a bulge on the lower surface. The upper concave circular area Is smooth, shiny, and paler than the 760 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. rest of the leaf, while the convex unclei--siirface is ji dull, powdery gray, changing to pure white when mature. The disease spreads from the leaves to the leaf stalks and to the young green stems, where the spots elongate and increase in size until the stem is girdled, thus causing the upper part to wilt and die. The disease spreads rapidly, especially in regions of frequent rainfall, and is very injurious to heavily pruned bushes, often defoliating the entire plant. Three methods of control have been tried, viz, picking off diseased material, pruning, and spraying with fungicides. Picking was fairly etiicient during the early attacks of the fungus, but under weather conditions suitable for the spread of the disease was not successful in controlling it. Spraying with Bordeaux mix- ture at certain stations proved very effective both in checking the ravages of the disease and in preventing fresh outbreaks, but in regions of heavy rainfall the fungicide did' not remain long enough on the leaves to prevent incipient blisters from maturing. In seed beds, new extensions, and heavy pruning, however, where the area is small, the labor and expense of repeated spraying would be well repaid by saving the plants. During cold weather the main remedy should consist of pruning out all infected growth and the destruction of the diseased prunings by burning or by burying them under at least li ft. of earth. Report on a disease in tea seed nurseries, G. D. Hope {Indian Tea Assoc. [PainjiIiUt] .'), ]l- i).— A brief account is given of 756 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Aphis amygdali, Pieris cratcegi, Papilio podalmus, Zygcena infausta, Noctua ccerideocephala, Ceiamhyx miles, aud Caphnodis tenebrionis. Concerning some insects collected and bred from, dead and dying elm, E. S. Tucker (Trans. Kans. Acad. ScL, 21 (1901), pt. 1, pp. 158-162).— A report of observations made at Lawrence. Kaus. On some insect pests of the Himalayan oaks (Quercus dilatata and Q. in- cana), E. P. Stebbing (Indian Forest Rec, 2 (1909), No. 1, pp. 28, pis. 8). — In part 1 the buprestid beetle of the oaks (Amorphosoma? sp. ), iu part 2 the lougi- coru (Cerambycidse) beetles of the oaks, iu part 3 the scolytid (Scolytidse) and platypid (Platypidie) bark aud wood beetles, aud in part 4 the scale insect of the oak (Kermes himalayensis), are taken up. Some insects injurious to forests (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 58, pp. VII +103-1 IJf). — These pages contain the contents aud index of the bulletin. Catalogue of the Odonata of North America, R. A. Muttkowski (Milwaukee, 1910, vol. 1, pp. 207). — The author catalogues 494 forms (not including 27 fossil species) which are said to constitute 18.77 per ceut of the total number of kuowu Odonata (2,631). The present location of types so far as could be ascertained, actual places of collection of the species, their zonal distribution, etc., are recorded. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. — Dermaptera, M. BUKE (London and Berlin, 1910, pp. XVII+217, pis. 10, figs. 16; rev. in Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 799, pp. 627, 628).— The author describes 133 recognized species of earwigs as occurring in British India. The types of most of these were examiued and nearly all of the species are figured. He gives an outliue classification of the species, and an account of their structural character- istics, development, habits, food, maternal care of young, aud geographical dis- tribution. They are known to be carnivorous and are probably omnivorous. The literature relating to the subject is listed. Description of a new kind of apterous earwig, apparently parasitic on a bat, K. Jordan (Novitates Zool., 16 (1909), No. 2, pp. 313-326, pis. J).— This insect (Arixenia esau, n. gen. and n. sp.) was taken in the sack formed by the mem- brane of the wings of CheiromeJes torqiiatiis, the naked bat of the Sunda Islands. A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera, W. F. Kirby (London, 1904, ^'ol. 1, pp. X+501+25; 1906, vol. 2, pp. riII+562+25; 1910, vol. 3, pp. VII + 674+ 28). — The last of the 3 volumes, which has just appeared, completes the author's general catalogue of the order Orthoptera. Volume 1 takes up the Forfliculidse, Hemimeridne. Blattidae, Mantidee, aud Phasmidae; volume 2, the Achetidse and Pliasgonuridse; and volume 3. the Locustidae or Acridiidse. Locusts in Australia and other countries, W. W. Froggatt (Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, Farmers' Bill. 29, pp. 40, flffs. 12). — A summarized account of locusts and their control in Australia, Hungary, United States, Canada, South America, Cyprus, India, South Africa. Algeria, Mesopotamia, and Tunis, fol- lowed by a somewhat extended discussion of the parasites of locusts. A list of the papers and reports consulted is appended. Locust destruction in South Africa, C. W. Howard (.Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 260-272, pi. 1, figs. 2). — A desci'iptiou of the work as now carried on in South Africa. A memoir on the anatomy and life history of the homopterous insect Pyrops candelaria or candle fly, J. C. W. Kershaw and G. AV. Kikkaldy (Zool. Jahrb., Abt. System. Geogr. u. Biol. Tierc, 29 (1910), No. 2, pp. 105-124, pis. 3). — The authors state that the so-called candle fly (P. candelaria) is en- tirely without light-giving powers. The adults feed almost entirely on lougan (Ncphcliiim longana) and the mango tree (Mangifera indica), chiefly on the former. Both nymphs and ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 757 adults prefer to suck the thick bark ot the trunk and larger boughs, but the nymphs will feed on various plants. From .50 to 100 eggs, usually about SO, are contained in each oiitheca, deposited on the trunk or one of the larger boughs of a longan tree or mango. "The eggs hatch in about 26 days, the first molt occurs iu about 24 days from hatching, the next three molts at intervals of about 15 days, and the final molt in about 40 days, the entire nymphal period being about 109 days, and from laying of egg to adult insect about 135 days." A mite is said to live in the wax which collects over the spiracles and in the wax pockets. The larvre of a moth {Eijipyrops anomnla) are parasitic on the adult Pyrops, 2 or 3 larvae often being found on one candle fly. The eggs are said to be pax-asitized. probably by chalcidids. Notes on three species of Jassidae, R. L. Websxeb (Ent. News, 21 {1910), No. 6, pp. 26-5-26S). — Biological notes upon Empoasca obtusa, E. inali, and Typhlocyha rosw are presented. A revision of the American species of Platymetopius, E. P. Van Duzee (Ann. Ent. Soe. Awcr., 3 (1910). No. 3, pp. 21.'i-231). — Twenty-six species of this jassid genus are described, of which 4 are new to science. Investigations of Toxoptera graminum and its parasites, F. M. Webster {Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 2 (1909), No. 2, pp. 61-81, figs. i3).— Substantially noted as Circular 93 of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department (E, S. R., 19, p. 4.52). The life cycle of Hormaphis hamamelidis, T. H. Morgan and A. F. Shull (Ann. Ent. 8oc. Amer., 2 {1910). No. 2, pp. lU-146). — The authors' observations show that the birch is not a uecessaiy link in the life cycle of this aphid. Gall aphids of the elm, Edith M. Patch {Maine Sta. Bill. 181, pp. 193-2^0, pis. 13). — In this work the author has correlated the previously existing records relating to the gall aphids of the elm so that they are presented as a unit. " The original descriptions of all the species have been quoted verbatim, as these are for the most part no longer available and a reference to them is necessary. Some entirely new data, for the most part slight, I have been able to add to each of the old species considered." Seven species are thus treated, namely, Colopha ulmicola, Tetraneura graminis colopitoklca. T. uhnisaccnU n. sp.. T. ulmi, Pemphigus ulmifusus, Sehisoneura amerieana, and 8. rilciii. The information furnished includes an account of the fate of the migrants of .S'. amerieana and the relation of this species to rilei/i, the complete life cycle of T. graminis eoloplioidea and of C. ulmieola. the relation of C. nlmieola and T. graminis eoloplioidea. whether distinct species or dimorphic forms of the same, the fate of the migrants of P. ulmifusus, and T. ulmisaeeuli and their alternate hosts, and the relation of the American species to the cor- responding EuropeaTi species. A bibliography arranged chronologically is given for each species. Four rare aphid genera from Maine, Edith M. Patch {Maine Sta. Bui. 182, pp. 2'il-2.'i8. Ills. G). — Descriptions are given of 3 European species collected by the author at Oronto, Me., viz, Sipha glyeeria; collected from rush (Juneus sp.), Mindarus ahietinus from leaves of white i)ine. balsam fir and si)ruce. and Sym- dobius oblongus found to be gregarious ujion the branches of birch (lirtula papyifera) . M. ahietinus is said to develop in curled ti|is of Abies balsamea and Picea canadensis. It migrates from infested P. canadensis twigs about mid- .Tune. immediately after acquiring wings. A descrii>tion is also given of Mastopoda iitrridix, ;i species recordeil in ISSO from Minnesota, which has been collected by the author near Orono from the brake fern. 758 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Observations on a gall aphid (Aphis atriplicis), P. Hayhurst (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.. 2 {1909), No. 2, pp. 88-99, pi. 1). — Biological observations with de- scriptions of the stages observed. This aphid colonizes the upper surface of the leaves of Chenopodium album and Atriplcx jxitula. Several species of parasites were reared. A bibliography is appended to the account. [Recent publications on Chermes], O. Ntjsslin (Zool. ZentbL, 16 (,1909), No. 21-22, pp. 649-673).— A critical review of the literature. Webber's brown fungus of the citrus white fly (.ffigerita webberi n. sp.), H. S. Fawcett (Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 806, pp. 912, 9/3).— This fungus, a parasite of the citrus white fly, previously described by Webber (E. S. R., 9, p. 658) under the name of brown fungus, is designated by the author as /Egerita icebberi. The scale insects of citrus trees, C. W. Howard (Transvaal Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 15, pp. 20, figs. 7). — The red scale (Chrysomphalus aurantii) is stated to be the most destructive coccid that affects citrus fruits in the Trans- vaal. The Florida red scale is found in the Transvaal mostly in the low veld along the eastern borders. In the dryer parts it is often found upon palms in greenhouses and in Natal seems to prefer the coastal belt. The purple scale, often associated with the Florida red scale, is confined to the same warm humid areas in South Africa. Glover's scale is not very common, being found in the Transvaal only at Warmbaths. The circular white scale (Aspidiotus hederce) l^as only once been reported as a pest of citrus trees in the Transvaal, but in Natal it frequently attacks rough lemons. The soft scale is said to be a serious pest of citrus trees in the Transvaal, although highly parasitized by a small chalcidid. The black scale has been reported but once and the cottony cushion scale is not considered a serious pest. Scale insects affecting coffee estates, R. D. Anstead (Planters' Chron., 5 (1910), Nos. 19, pp. 222-221,; 20, pp. 23J,-236; 21, pp. 247-249).— The coccids mentioned as usually found attacking coffee and its shade trees in southern India are the so-called green bug (Lecanium viride), brown bug (L. hemi- splnrricitm), red cedar scale (L. imbricans), silver oak scale (L. formicarii), black bug (L. nigrum), green mealy scale ( Pulvinaria psidii), and Dactilopius citri. The natural enemies of and i-emedial measures for these pests are briefly considered. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum, G. F. Hampson (London, 1909, vol. 8, pp. XIV+58S+2S, pis. 14, figs. 162; 1910, vol. 9, pp. XV-{-552+28, pis. 11, figs. 247). — The Acronyctinae are continued in these volumes. A key to the genera, which appeared in volume 7 (E. S. R., 21, p. 760), is reprinted with some additions and corrections in both of the present volumes. In volume 8, 720 species are listed with descriptions and in volume 9, 676. Many of the species are illustrated in color. A natural history of the British Lepidoptera, their world-wide variation, and geographical distribution, J. W. Tutt (London and Berlin, 1905, vol. 8, pp. III+479, pis. 20; 1907-8, vol. 9, pp. X+494, pls. 28; 1908-9, vol. 10, pp. VII 1+4 10, pis. 53). — These volumes, devoted to British butterflies, are a con- tinuation of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 1144) of which volumes 6 and 7 are still unpublished. In volume 8 the first part is devoted to general observations and the second part to 10 species of butterflies. In volume 9 the estivation, hibernation, and gregarious and family habits of butterfly larvfe are considered, followed by accounts of 7 species. Part 1 of volume 10 takes up the family habits of butter- fly larvse following which 5 species are discussed. The species considered are traced through their extreme range of variation and geographical distribution and their life history worked out in detail. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 759 Researches on the development of the egg of the univoltin silk moth, C. Vaney and A. Contk (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [raris], 150 {1910), No. 9, pp. 553-555; abs. iti Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [Lotidon], 1910, No. 3, p. 305). — The authors distinguish 3 periods in the development of the " univoltin " egg : (1) The period of the formation of the germinative " bandelette " and the vitellin elements (about 5 days) ; (2) the period of latent life without appre- ciable embryonic changes (9 months) ; and (3) the period of embryonic con- struction, in the course of which (about 10 days) a caterpillar is formed. On the jaundice parasite of Bombyx mori (Mycrosporidium polyedricum), V. Marzocchi {Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 52 {1909), pp. 83-96; Arch. Par., 12 (1909), No. 3, pp. Ji56-J,66, fig. 1; ahs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 {1909), No. 15, pp. G-'i'i. 6-'i5). — A contribution on .1/. polyedricum from the laboratory of para- sitology at the University of Torino. The Demerara silkworm (Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit. Guiana, 3 {1909), No. 2, pp. 63-67). — Wild cocoons of the Demerara silkworm {Attacus hesperus) at George- town are occasionally badly parasitized. In Guiana, the old witch bird {Croto- phaga major) is said sometimes to raid a tree covered with a brood of silk- worms and to clear them all off in the space of a few hours. The butterflies and larger moths affecting forestry in Britain, B. W. Adkin (Quart. Jour. Forestry, J/ (1910), No. 1, pp. 9-30). — A brief general account of these enemies of forests. Description of some new South American Arctiadae, with notes, W. Roths- child (Noritutes ZooL, 16 (1909), No. 2, pp. 26S-299) .^One hundred and twenty-nine forms are described as new to science. Some experiments on the resistance of gipsy moth eggs to the digestive fluids of birds, W. Reiff (Psyche, 17 (1910), No. 4, pp. 161-164) .—From experi-' ments conducted in which foreign birds were used, it was found that gipsy moth eggs can withstand the action of the digestive fluids of birds belonging to at least 2 families, Turdidai and Bubonidie, without suffering any, or only slight, injury. The author is also inclined to think that birds of the family Fringillidai may also occasionally distribute gipsy moth eggs in spite of the negative results obtained in his experiments. Some insects injurious to truck crops. — Biologic and economic notes on the yellow-bear caterpillar, H. O. Marsh ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 82, pt. 5, pp. 59-66, fig. i).— This is a report of observations made of Diacrisia (Hpilosorna) virginica in Colorado which were commenced in July, 1909. During the late summer and fall of that year there was a serious outbreak of this pest in the upper Arkansas Valley of the State. "The larvae, or cater- pillars, of the first generation developed normally on weeds along the fences and irrigation ditches and caused little damage to cultivated crops, but the larvae of the second generation, which began to develop about the middle of August, were so numerous that the weeds were not sufficient to support them and they spread to sugar beets and other crops. The sugar beets, because of the extensive acreage and the large supply of food which their tender foliage offered, were more severely damaged than any other crop. The larviB wei-e variously estimated to have infested fiom l."t.()(j() to 2(),(KK) acres of sugar beets in the upper portion of the Arkansas \'alley. Definite records from this vast acreage show that fnlly 1,(K)0 acres were badly defoliated." Estimates based on comparative analy.ses made by the chemists at the various sugar factories indicated that there was u loss in sugar content of from 1 to 3 i)er cent over the badly defoliated area. Biologic notes based largely on observations made at Rocky Ford, Colo., are lu-esented. It is stated that by September G the infestation had become general and that there was probably not a field of beets in the Rocky Ford district in which larvue were not present at lea.st in small numbers. 760 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A list is given of some 45 food plants that were found to be injured, and details of spraying experiments with arsenicals are reported. Arsenate of lead was entirely ineffective against the larvae on sugar beets and celery, even when applied at an excessive strength by hand or machine sprayers. " Paris green, when applied very thoroughly by hand to celery, gave perfect results when used at excessive strengths, but when applied to sugar beets with a machine sprayer (the only practical method with such a crop) it, too, proved ineffective. . . . Judging from the results of these experiments, the arsenicals can not be depended on to control the larvae on sugar beets. It is evident that clean cultural methods offer the best chance of keeping this species under control." It is thought that much benefit will be gained by keeping the ditch banks and spaces along the fences free from weeds. The burning of weeds, grass, etc., under which the pupae find protectinu is an excellent method of combating the pest. The pine procession moth in the forests of Galicia, A. G-\rci.\-Varela (BoL R. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., 9 {1909), No. 4, pp. 192-19.',; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Sac. [London], 1909, No. 6, p. 716). — The author describes the ravages of Cnethocampa pityocampa among the pines (Pinus pinaster) in Galicia, and discusses the best means of dealing with them. The importance of ichneumonid, braconid, and chalcidid parasites and other natural enemies is emphasized. The plum web worm, E. Rabat6 and J. Bernes (Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst- Centre), 30 {1909), Nos. 36, pp. 291-300, pi. 1, figs. 10; 31, pp. 321-333; 38, pp. 352-362; 39, pp. 389-393) .—An account is given of the life history and remedial measures for Hyponomeuta padella, which appears periodically and is a source of considerable injury hi a numl)er of departments in southern France. The insecticide treatment for the fruit-tree webworms, Jr Capus and J. Feytaud {Rev. Vit., 32 {1909), Nos. 820, pp. 258-261; 822, pp. 313-319).— Direc- tions for combating Hyponomeuta cognatella, H. malineUa, and H. padella are given. Papers on deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. — On the nut-feeding' habits of the codling moth, S. W. Foster (U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. But. Bui. 80, pt. 5. pp. 61-10, pis. 2). — The author rei)orts that in October, 1909, 50 per cent of the English walnuts growing upon a tree near a pear-packing shed at Concord, Cal., were found to be infested by the codling moth. " Larvae in all stages from a few days old to full grown were found. Egg- shells also were found on the outside of the hull of the nuts and on the leaves, indicating that the eggs had been placed by the moth on fruit and foliage promiscuously, as is customary in the case of apple and pear." Some of the larvae thrive for a time on the fleshy hull before entering the kernel, but in all cases observed they left the hull and entered the kernel before reaching maturity. The majority of the larvae go at once into the nut, and in any case they enter through the fibrous tissue connecting the halves of the shell at the base or the stem end. They may bore into the lobes of the kernel or feed on its surface. Some eat over a large portion next to the shell, some follow along the central area, while others may spend all the time near the entrance, eating away a larger portion of the kernel at this place. In any case the entire kernel is rendered rancid and unsuited for human consumption. " Extended search throughout the central part of Contra Costa County, Cal., showed the infestation to be general, but light, except where trees were near packing sheds, drying grounds, or adjacent to a badly infested pear orchard. Many trees wei'e found in such localities showing from 5 to 25 per cent of the nuts infe.sted." Moths were reared from the Mayette, Concord, Franquette, and Parisienne varieties. So far all observations indicate that only the later broods of larvae attack the walnuts. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 761 It is thought that a thorough spraying in August with arsenate of lead will greatly reduce the infestation. The packing shed and drying ground should be removed some distance from the walnut grove. The codling' moth (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 35 {1909), No. 5, pp. .585- 593, fig. 1). — This pest is said to occur in most of the districts of Cape Colony and to have spread north into or otherwise become established in Bechuana- land, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony. The codling moth in the Transvaal, C. B. Hardenbeeg (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 8 (1910), No. 32, pp. 635-6^0, pis. 2).— It is stated that this pest appears to have gained a foothold in the Transvaal and that wormy apples and pears, and in certain cases quinces, are becoming a common sight in the markets and fruit stores. The cochylis, P. Maisonneuve, L. Moreatj, and E. Vinet (Rev. Vit., 32 (1909), Nos. 820, pp. 253-258, figs. 2; 821, pp. 291-29-',. figs. 2; 833, pp. 623-630, figs. 2). — A contribution to the life history of Cochylis ambiguella. [Combating the cochylis], P. Maisonneuve, L. Moreau, and E. Vinet (Rev. Vit., 31 (1909), Nos. 795, pp. 261-264; 796, pp. 298-301; 797, pp. 325-331; 798, pp. 356-360; 799, pp. 385-389; 800, pp. 416-1,21; Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst- Centre), 30 (1909), Nos. 10, pp. 30-',-309; 11, pp. 327-330).— A report of experi- ments with insecticides conducted during 1008. Characteristics and habits of the bud moth, A. L. JIelander (Better Fruit, 4 (1910), No. 10, pp. 31, .32).— The bud moth is thought to have first been intro- duced into the Northwest in 1893, as it was discovered that year at Genessee, Idaho, on nursery stock from New York. Shortly after, it was discovered in a number of districts in western Washington, and recently it has invaded many of the apple-growing districts in the eastern part of the State. "Although the bud moth did not gain a foothold at Genessee, it has become acclimated west of the Cascades. There is scarcely an orchard, apple, plum, cherry or peach, that does not show signs of its work, so rapidly has it spread. The insect also occurs in British Columbia, western Oregon, and presumably even in California. Eastward it has not spread so rapidly. It is not consid- ered a pest in Idaho, and Colorado fruit growers do not have to contend with it. However, in the northeastern States and in Canada it is a troublesome pest, having been introduced there from Europe many years ago." Notes on variation in duration of similar periods of embryonic develop- ment: Its bearing on the theory of effective temperatures, A. A. Girault (Bui. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, n. ser., 8 (1910), No. 1. pp. 11-20. figs. 8).— Observa- tion of the embryonic development of the peach-borer are reported. A case of possible parasitism in the Lepidoptera, R. H. Pettit (Rpt. Mich Acad. Sci., 10 (1908), p. 161). — The author presents evidence which indicates that Tinea pellionella is parasitic on the tomato-worm (Phlegethontiits sctta). Mention is made of one other instance of true parasitism in the Lepidoptera, that of Euclemensia hassettella, which works inside one of the oak coccids of the genus Chermes. New Central American microlepidoptera introduced into the Hawaiian Islands, A. Busck ( Pror. Ent. 8oc. Wash., 12 (1910). No. 3, pp. 132-135).— Crocidoscma lantana and Crcmnstohomhiicia lantanrlla. which feed on Lantana, and Cyane terpsirhorella, which evidently breeds more or less as a scavenger, in sugar cane, pinea[ti)l('S, and bananas, arc dcscrilKMl as now. New species of North American microlepidoptera, C. R. Ely (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 12 (1910), No. 2, pp. 67-73, fig. /).— Two of the species here de- scribed as new, viz, Pcronia hypcrirana and .igonoptcrys hypcrella, were bred on Hypericum proUftcum at Great Fulls, Va. 762 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. Protozoan parasites of the intestine of the larva of a Ptychoptera and their action on the host, L. Leger and O. Duboscq (Acad. Roy. Belg., Bui. CI. Sci., 1909, No. 8, pp. 885-902, pis. 4). — The author here considers the occurrence and effect upon the larvae of a tipulid of a gregarine (Pileocephalus striatus n. sp.), a microsporidia (Gurleya francottei n. sp.), a flagellate (Crithidia campamilata) , and a spirochete. A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes, F. V. Theobald (London: British Mtis. Nat. Hist., 1907, vol. 4, pp. XIX +639, pis. 16, figs. 291 ; 1910, vol. 5, pp. XIV+6Jt6, pis. 6, figs. 261). — In volume 4, 160 species described since the first 3 volumes of the monograph were issued (E, S. R., 15, p. 597) are included, and 73 are described for the first time. In volume 5 nearly a complete list, with synonyms, references to the previous volumes, and some other new references are given ; old and new localities up to 1910 are also included. Twenty-one genera have been created, of which 13 are given for the first time. No less than 392 species have been described or old descriptions found since volume 4 went to press; of these the author is responsible for 106. SO of which are first described in this work. A contribution to the knowledge of the Diptera, A. Neiva (Mem. Inst. Os- waldo Cruz, 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. 69-77, pi. 1). — Observations on the occur- rence, distribution, etc., of Brazilian mosquitoes belonging to the subfamily Anophelinse. West Indian Cecidomyiidae, E. P. Felt (Ent. News, 21 (1910), No. 6, pp. 268-270). — Cecidotiii/id tnnnilint, reared from cassava, and Camptoneuromyia meridionalis, reared from fiower buds of Ipomcea, are described as new. The Mycetophilidae of North America, Part II, O. A. Johannsen (Maine Sta. Bui. ISO, pp. 125-192, 2>'s- -^)« — In this, the second part of the work (E. S. R., 23, p. 159) the author considers the Sciophilinse, 12 genera being recognized. Tables are given for the separation of the genera and species. A large number of foi-ms (29 species and 1 variety) are described as new. Comparatively little is known of their habits. " Winnertz records rearing Neoempheria, Empalia. and Mycomya from decaying beech wood, the last also from the fungi Doidalea quercina, and Folyporus; Sciophilse (Lasiosoma) were obtained from the fungi Hydnum rcpandum, Boletus scaber, and Dcedalea quercina." A contribution to the knowledge of the native tabanid fauna [of Brazil], A. I.UTZ and A. Xeiva (Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. 28-32).— The authors list 35 species from the State of Espirito Santo, 39 from Xerem in the State of Rio Janerio, several additional species that occur in the last- named State, and others fi"om the State of Minas Geraes. The mosquitoes of the Amazon region, R. Newstead and H. W. Thomas (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., .', (1910), No. 1, pp. 1^1-1^9, pi. 1).—In addition to the more common mosquitoes in the Amazon region a few are noted that ai'e new or noteworthy. A contribution to the knowledge of the Brazilian species of Simulium, A. LuTz (Mem. Inst. Osicaldo Cruz, 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 124-lJt6).— In this revision of the black flies or buffalo gnats, 10 species and 1 variety are recognized, of which 5 species and 1 variety are described as new to science. Robber-flies of the genus Asilus, J. S. Hine (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 2 (1909), No. 2, pp. 136-170, pis. 2). — Forty-seven species are recognized as belonging to this genus, of which 19 are described as new. A key to the species is included. Notes on the pupation and hibernation of tachinid parasites, W. R. Thomp- son (Jour. Eeon. Ent., -3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 283-295). — This discussion is based upon observations made at the Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory, ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 763 [A dipterous parasite of an earthworm], D. Keilin {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [I'ari.s]. Cu {W09), No. 26, pi). 21)1-203 ; ubs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1909, No. 6, p. 716). — The occurreuce of the hirvjc of PoUcnia rudis, a comiiion fly, in the body cavitj' of an earthworm {AUolobopJiora chlorotica) is here discussed. Trypetid galls and Eurosta elsa n. sp., E. Daecke (Ent. News, 21 (1910), No. S, pp. '3Jfl-3Ji3, pi. 1). — A new trypetid which forms galls on the roots of Solidago juncca, at Richmond Hill, Long Island, is described as Eurosta elsa. The occurrence of a gall formed by E. comma on the root of S. rugosa at Lucaston, N. J., is also noted. Some notes on the distribution of Glossina palpalis, S. A. Neave {Jour. Econ. Biol., J, {1909), No. If, pp. 109-113, map 1). — This account is accompanied by a sketch map of northern Rhodesia and the adjoining country, which shows the known limits of the distribution of G. palpalis. The rat fleas (Ceratophyllus fasciatus and Ctenopsylla musculi) attack man, J. C. Gauthier and A. Raydaud (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 19, pp. OJfl, 942). — ^A continuation of the studies previously noted (E. S. B.., 23. p. 261). Prolonged conservation of the plague bacillus in fleas (Ceratophyllus fasciatus) during hibernation, J. C. Gauthier and A. Raybaud (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 19, pp. 942-9.^//).— The plague bacillus from rats was found to remain virulent in C. fasciatus for at least 45 days after imbibition when the fleas were kept at a temperature of from 0 to 5° C. Species of fleas found on rats at Marseille, J. C. Gauthier and A. Ray- baud (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 4, pp. 196-199) .—An ac- count is given of the frequence by months from August, 1908, to December, 1909, of the species collected from Mus rattus, M. alexandrinus, and M. decumanus. Of 2,2TG fleas collected from M. rattus and M. alexandrinus on vessels, 2,110 were Pulex cheopis, 152 were Ceratophyllus fasciatus, 12 were Ctenopsylla musculi, and 2 were Ctenocephalus serraticeps. Of 2,424 fleas collected from M. decumanus on the wharves 1,250 were C. fasciatus, 800 were P. cheopis, 247 were C. musculi, and 127 were C. serraticeps. Of 4,377 fleas taken from M. decumanus in the city, 2,210 were P. cheopis, 1,538 were C. fasciatus, 347 were C musculi, and 282 were C. serraticeps. Pulex irritans was not met with in the collection from these rodents. Monthly collections of P. cheopis from 1906 to 1909, here reported in tabular form, show this flea to be most numerous during August, September, and October. These are stated to be the months of the year in which the plague has been most prevalent where it has occurred in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Fleas collected from squirrels from various parts of California, G. W. McCoY' and M. B. Mitzmain (Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. S., Pub. Health Rpts., 25 (1910), No. 22, pp. 737, 738).— The author reports the collection of Argopsylla gallinacea from the California ground squirrel for the first time. The species was found on several squirrels in great numbers, always on the head, especially in the region of the mouth and eyes. Ctenopsyllus musculi, the blind flea of the mouse and rat, was found upon the ground squirrel for the first time in natui-e. Ceratophyllus acutus, a species capable of transferring the plague from one squirrel to another, is stated to predominate on squirrels from every county. The life history of Callidium violaceum, J. W. Siioehotham (Jour. Econ. Biol., .', (1909), No. //, pp. n '1-123, figs. 12). — This ceriinibycid i.s said to bore in wooden fences in the neighborhood of Berkhamsfed and to be Ihe source of considerable damage. 764 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " Nothing can be done iu the way of remedial measures unless the damage is detected before the iarvse make their way into the wood to pupate. If this can be done, the barlv should be stripped off the posts, when the larvae will be dislodged, and exposed to the weather, and for the birds to devour them. Where badly attacked, the fencing should be pulled down and burned during the winter, to destroy the pupae. As a means of prevention, timber used for fencing should be creosoted or painted with tar, to prevent egg laying, it being found that when so treated it is not attacked. As mentioned by Kirby, timber used for fencing or for wood buildings should have the bark stripped off, as this will prevent egg laying and subsequent attack." Additions to the list of Kansas Coleoptera for 1907, W. Knaus {Trans. Kans. Acad. ScL, 21 (1907), pt. 1, pp. 150, 151). — A list is given of 71 species and varieties of beetles new to the Kansas list. The food of Calligrapha bigsbyana, a chrysomelid beetle, R. W. Hegneb {Psyche, 17 (1910), ^o. 4, p. 160).—SaUx longifolia is said to be the only plant upon which this beetle occurs in nature. The genus Latheticus, F. H. Chittenden {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 12 (1910), No. 3, pp. 135-137, fig. 1). — A small tenebrionid beetle (Latheticus oryzw), prob- ably of oriental origin, is reported to have recently been introduced into the United States, being thus far found in Texas where it appears to be established and in Michigan where a similar establishment seems probable. It is thought that in the course of time this beetle will become quite a pest. Notes on Oncideres texana in Georgia: Oviposition, A. A. Gibault (Ent. Netcs, 21 (1910), No. 5, pp. 226-228) .—This beetle was observed to girdle the limbs of 3-year-old pecan trees at Myrtle, Ga. Revision of the prionides, A. Lameeee (Mem. Soc. Ent. BeJg., 1909, No. 17, pp. 1-70). — A continuation of the author's revision in which the genera Deran- cistrus, Poecilosoma, Calogomus, Pyrodes, and Sobarus are taken up. The mango jeopardized, C. L. Mablatt (Fla. Fruit and Produce News, 2 (1910), No, J/O, p. 2). — Attention is called to the fact that the most serious insect pest of the mango in oriental countries, the mango weevil (Cryptorhynchus mangifera), is likely to be introduced into this country with mango seed. It is considered desirable that all imported seed be inspected by competent authori- ties. " While the mango weevil destroys primarily the seed of this fruit, it is also believed by growers that it hastens the maturity of infested fruit and causes a greater percentage of them to fall." Notes on Rhynchites bicolor, E. L. Dickeeson (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 316, 317). — This weevil is said to occur each year so abundantly on a Rosa rugosa hedge at New Brunswick, N. J., that there is scarcely a seed cap- sule which does not show one or more of its punctures. Hymenoptera. — Family Chalcididae, O. Schmiedeknecht (P. Wytstnan's Genera Inscctorum. Brussels, 1909, No. 97, pp. 550, pis. 9; rev. in Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 12 (1910), No. 2, pp. 92-95; Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. 817, pp. 273- 276). — This monograph of the family Chalcididae treats of the species included by Ashmead under the superfamily Chalcidoidea. In addition to the generic characteristics, a list is given under each of the described species and synonyms, with the references thereto and their geographical distribution. An index to the genera and species accompanies the work. The reviews are by J. C. Crawford and A. A. Girault, respectively. Catalogue of British Hymenoptera of the family Chalcididae, C. Morley (London, 1910, pp. 7.'/+2S). — The author lists 148 genera and 1,424 species in this catalogue. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 765 Bees and fruit fertilization, R. Beuhne (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria, 7 (1909), Ao. 11, itp. 693-1)06, fig. 1). — The importanco of the houey bee iu the fertiliza- tion of fruit is emphasized in this account. On the habit with certain Chalcidoidea of feeding at puncture holes made by the ovipositor, L. O. Howard (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 257- 260). — The chalcidoid species noted are Tetrastichus asparagi, Aphelinus myti- laspidis, and .1. fusripcnnifi. Two new parasitic Hymen optera, J. C. Crawford (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 12 (1910), yo. 3, pp. l-'io, l'i6). — Two chalcidids, Coclopisthia diacvisia; reared from Diacrisia virginica at Rocky Ford, Colo., and MerisuS mordeUistenw reared from MordcIIixtciia ustulatd in Ohio and Indiana, are described as new. A parasite of the asparagus beetle, H. T. Febnald (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 28, pp. 2). — The author records observations relating to the parasitism of eggs of the asparagus beetle by a chalcidid as previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 557). [The toxic effect of the food of the host upon its parasites], A. C. Morgan (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 12 (1910), No. 2, p. 7^).— The author thinks the lack of parasitism of the tobacco hornworms (Phlegethontius spp. ) by Apanteles, when feeding upon tobacco, to be due to the toxic effect of the nicotine con- tained in the tobacco. The chalcidoid parasites of the common house or typhoid fly (Musca do- mestica) and its allies, A. A. Girault and G. E. Sanders (Psyche, 11 (1910), No. Jf, pp. 1^5-160, figs. //). — In this third paper on the subject (E. S. R., 23, p. 666) the authors describe a new North American genus and species of the family Pteromalidse. namely, Muscidifiirax raptor. In addition to the house fly this parasite was reared by the authors from the puparia and, rarely, from the larvte of the screw-worm fly and Phormia regina. Biological notes are included. Observations of the early stages of two aphidiine parasites of aphids, P. H. Timberlake (Psyche, 17 (1910). No. 4, pp. 125-130, figs. 2). — Praon sintu- lans and Aphidius rosw ( ?) are the species noted. Habits of Lysiphlebus sp., C. H. Withington (Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 21 (1907), pt. 1, pp. 138-11(0). — The braconid here considered, which apparently represents a new species, was found to be an important parasite, at Manhattan, Kans., of Apliis uiaidis. It was found that at a mean daily teuiperature of 62.6° F. the parasite passed from egg to adult in an average of 16.8 days, with 13 and 23 days as extremes. A single female successfully parasitized from 1 to 147 individuals, with an average of 34. Fertilized females were applied to 8 species of plant lice, but of these only A. cucumeris, ISiphocoryne avcnw, and Toxoptera graminum were parasitized. In case of the green bug under a daily mean temperature of 60° the parasite passed from egg to adult in an average of 17.5 days. On the hymenopterous parasites of Rhynchota, C. Morley (Zoologist, Jf. scr., 13 (1909), Nos. 150, pp. 213-225; 152, pp. 309-31.',; 153, pp. 3 ',0-3. ',7 ; 155, pp. J,27-Ji37). — An annotated list of more than 140 species of IIemii)tera attacketl by hymenopterous parasites, with references to the literattn-e. The animal kingdom. — Cynipidae, K. W. von Dalla Torre and J. J. Kief- FER (Das Tierreich. Berlin, 1910, No. 2.',, pp. XXXV+S9t, figs. .',22).— Thla syn- opsis of the hymenopterous gall making family Cynipid:e includes a bibliog- raphy of the literature referred to, a systematic index of the family, and a plant index in addition to the general index. How to keep bees for profit, D. E. Lyon (New York, 1910, pp. \ II +329, pis. 16, figs. 18).— \ guide to bee keeping. Observations on the large larch sawfly (Nematus erichsoni) with sug- gestions for remedial and preventive treatment in infested larch woods, 766 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. J. F. Annand {Quart. Jour. Forestry, 5 {WW), No. 3, pp. 203-221, pi. 1, figs. 3). — The main object of this paper is said to be that of bringing to the notice of landowners and others interested some suggestions for dealing with the infested woods which it is thought will admit of practical application. The insect fauna of grouse moors, P. H. Grimshaw {Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., WIO, No. 15, pp. Ilt9-162). — An annotated list of species collected in English grouse moors. Practical measures for the prevention of ticks in Jamaica, H. H. Cousins {Bia. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, n. ser., 1 {1910), No. 3, pp. 198-204, pi. 1). — This is a discussion of the methods applicable in the destruction of ticks in Jamaica. A combination of paranaph, which is a soluble kerosene emulsion, and an arsenical preparation, is recommended as a spray. Paranaph, which was first prepared by the author, is made as follows: "To 56 lbs. soft soap add 2 gal. of water. Simmer over a fire with constant stirring until all lumps have disappeared, and perfectly uniform melt has been obtained. Add 6 lbs. of crude naphthalene. Stir until dissolved. Remove the fire and add 2 imperial gallons of ordinary kerosene oil. Stir until uniform. The finished product is semisolid and dissolves readily in cold water so as to give a milky emulsion." It is said to be an eflicient tick wash when used alone in the pro- portion of 1 qt. to 4 qts. of water, and that when combined with an arsenical and applied in the state of proper mixture in an efficient manner, this wash will kill every tick on the animal treated. The formula recommended is : Paranaph 1 pt. or 20 oz.. Cooper's dip 1 oz., water 3 qts. The fowl tick, C. W. Howard and R. Bouklay {Transvaal Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 61, pp. 8, pis. 2). — Popular accounts are given of Argas persicus. A list of the ticks of South. Africa with descriptions and keys, C. W. How- ard {Transvaal Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 30. pp. 96, pis. iO).— Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 857). [Injury by the grapevine mite], J. Burnat and P. Jaccard {Rev. Yit., 31 {1909), Nos. 195, pp. 251-261; 196, pp. 289-292, figs. ,>).— An account of injuries to the vine by Phylloeoptes vitis. A contribution to our knowledge of insecticides, C. T. McClintock et al. (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 10 {190S), pp. 191-206, chart i).— The results of the investigation on contact insecticides here reported have been summarized as follows : •'The insecticldal, germicidal, and toxic values (for higher animals) have little or no correlation. It is possible to determine the relative strength or value of insecticides by immersing test insects in definite strengths of the insecti- cide, and noting the time required to produce death. The common bedbug {Cimcx Icctularius) appears to be the most satisfactory test insect. As yet the mode of action, the way in which the contact insecticides cause the death of the insects, has not been determined. Apparently the fewer the number of spiracles, the smaller their size, and the better they are guarded by hairs or valves, the more resistant is the insect to the contact insecticides. Chemical standardization of this class of insecticides is. with our present knowledge, im- possible. With 2 substances, having essentially the same chemical composition, the insecticldal values may vary enormously. Even the same substance, pre- pared with what are apparently unimportant chemical variations, gives widely different insecticldal values." Analyses of samples of arsenate of lead, P. R. Scott {Jour. Dept. Agr. Vic- toria, 1 {1909), No. 12, pp. 153-156). — Analyses of 15 samples of arsenate of lead obtained from various sources by the gQvernmeut analyst and chemist for agriculture are reported. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 767 All the samples were found to bo true to name and little or no soluble arseuite was present. It was found that the moisture content in the different samples varied considerably and that in almost all cases the high moisture content was accompanied by a low arsenic acid iicrcentage. The use of potassium cyanid as a subterranean insecticide, T. Mamixle (.Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. 1, pp. 50-52).— The author states that potassium cyanid, when injected into the ground in an aqueous solu- tion, is decomposed by the acidity of the soil, thus setting free hydrocyanic- acid gas. He recommends that from 6 to 15 injections to the square meter be made, according to the permeability of the soil, each of from 8 to 10 cc. of a solution of potassium cyanid at a strength of 200 gm. per liter of water, or from about I5 to 2 gm. of the salt for each injection and from 15 to 20 gm. per square meter. Injections should be made to a depth of from 10 to 20 cm. The use in this way has advantages over carbon disulphid, as growing plants do not suffer from the treatment even when very strong doses are used. Gera- niums attacked by termites and plants in pots of 1 liter capacity are not affected by 10 cc. of a 20 per cent solution of potassium cyanid, although injured by 1 gm. doses of carbon disulphid. The effects of fumigation with hydrocyanic g'as on the human system, AV. W. YoTHERS (Jour. Eeon.Ent., 3 UDlO), Xo. 3, pp. 311-319). — The experience of workers on the white fly investigations in Florida shows that only rarely does hydrocyanic-acid gas, as used in fumigation, cause sickness. Tobacco as an insecticide, J. H. Gourley (Ohio State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rpt., 1,2 (1909), pp. 3S--'il).— An address delivered before the Ohio State Horticultural Society at Columbus, in January, 1909. The insecticide act of 1910 (Jour. Econ. Ent.. 3 (1910). No. 3, pp. 275- 282). — A draft is given of the fedei-al insecticide and fungicide law, previously noted (E. S. R.. 22, p. 699). Nursery inspection in Massachusetts, H. T. Fernald (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 272-275). — An account of this work as conducted in Massa- chusetts. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. German food book ( Dcufschcs Nahrungsniittelhuch. Heidelberg, 1909, 2. ed., pp. F//+//08). — It is stated that this work, vX'hich is published by the German Association of Food Manufacturers and Dealers, has been quite generally re- vised, and that much new material has been added. The examination and valuation of foods, condiments, and commercial products, and the German laws and regulations which have to do with this industry are the subjects of which the volume treats. Foodstuffs, III, W. R. DUNSTAN (Colon. Rpls.. Misc. \<;t. lirit.]. No. 71, pp. 200-267). — Statistical and other data are reported regarding a large number of food materials. Special mention may be made of determinations of the ash of oats of different origin, studies of the composition of starch i»repared from the breadfruit tree, banana flour, honey, a sweet fibrous core of the Australian grass tree, samples of Canadian cider, coconut " water," yebb or yeheb nuts (Cordeauria cdulis) from Somaliland, tea, coffee, and cocoa. According to the author, considerable interest attaches to the yeheb nuts " on account of their high nutritive value as a food. It is desirable that the cultiva- tion of this plant should be tried in other countries, especially where a foodstuff is needed which can be grown in arid places, as appears to be the case with this plant in Somaliland. . . . "In preparing the nuts for use as a food, it is desirable that they should lie soaked in just such a quantity of water as they can absorb, since if more be 768 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. used there is dauger of loss of the sugars, which would diffuse into the excess of water." The report also contains information on the preparation and use of dried potatoes. The influence of the environment on the milling and baking qualities of wheat in India. I, The experiments of 1907-8 and 1908-9, A. Howard, H. M. Leake and G. L. G. Howard {Mem. Dcpt. Agr. India, Bot. Set:, 3 {1910), No. It, pp. 191-220, map. 1). — ^A number of varieties of Indian-grown wheats were included in these milling and baking tests. The work is being continued. " Strong free-milling wheats can certainly be grown in some tracts of India, others at the present time are producing weak soft whites of poor milling quali- ties. It is obviously important to discover how far the profitable cultivation of high-quality wheats can be extended and whether in the tracts now growing soft grain, strong wheats can be made to retain their strength and high milling qualities." A rejiort by A. E. Humphries on a study of 9 samples of Indian MuzaCfarna- gar white wheat obtained in 1909 is included. Bread from whole grain, M. V. Neumann {Ztschr. Gcsam. Getreidew., 2 {1910), Nos. .'i, pp. 15-81; 5, pp. 99-107, fis. 2).— In this digest of data the author discusses the question of the general use of bread made from whole grain. His conclusion is that this is still an unsolved problem. He believes that flour as made in modern mills is the most satisfactory breadstuff. Commercial diabetic foods, A. M.\gnus-Levy {Berlin. EUn. Wchnschr., ^7 {1910), Xo. 6, pp. 233-238; Ztschr. Ge.mm. Getreidew., 2 {1910), No. J,, pp. 81-88). — The author reports a considerable number of analyses of diabetic flour, diabetic bread, and similar goods. Composition of eggs with special reference to biological problems, V. Dia- mare {Siama, 1909, pp. l.'t; rev. in Chem. Zentbl., 1910, I, No. 19, p. 1732). — According to the author, the greater part of the sugar in egg white and egg yolk occurs in uncompounded form. Egg white contains an amylolytic ferment which can be extracted with glycerin. Concerning molasses produced at Sao Paulo, J. Arthaud-Berthet, R. Bol- LiGER and P. CoRR^A DE Mello {Bol. Inst. Agron. [Sao Paulo], 1909, Nos. 11, pp. 347-351; 12, pp. Jf05-.'fl7). — Analyses are reported and discussed. The occurrence of Monascus barkeri in bottled pickles, C. E. Lewis {Mijco- 'ogia, 2 {1910), No. .'/, p. 17 Jf). — The author identified this fungus, described from eastern Asia, in pickles made in the United States. " The spores of Monascus retain their viability for long periods of time, even when dry, so its occurrence in bottled pickles in this country is probably explained by assuming that the fungus was carried by some of the spices which were used." Sulphur dioxid in sulphured food products, H. Van Der Waerden {Pharm. WcekbL, Jf7 {1910), No. 2-'f, pp. 6)9-660, fig. 7).— The author reports determina- tions of sulphur dioxid in a number of sulphured foods, chiefly fruits, and describes his method. Beef, iron, and wine, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 207, pp. 9). — The results of the examination of 76 samples are i-eported. Notices of judgment {JJ. S. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 473, pp. 4; //T-), 475, p. 1 each; 476. pp. 2; 478, p. 1; 480, pp. 2; 481, p. 1; 482, pp. 2; 483, 486, p. 1 each; 487-491, pp. 2 each; 492, p. 1; 493, pp. 2; 494, 4^5, p. 1 each; 496, PI). 3; 497. pp. 7; 498. pp. 6; 499, p. 1; 500, pp. 7; 501, p. 1 ; 504, pp. 2; 505, p. 1; 506, 507, pp. 2 each; 508, pp. 5; 509, 511. pp. 2 each; 516, p. 1; 518-520, pp. 2 each; 529, p. 1; 530-532, pp. 2 each; 534, p. 1; 535, 536, pp. 2 each; 537, p. 1; FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 769 539, pp. 2; o.'il, p. I ; o-'i2, pp. 2; 5Ji3, pp. .'/; 5//.), pp. 5; 5.'f5, 5//7, p. 1 each; r)J,8, pp. 2; 5 ',9, p. 1; 550, pp. 9; 551-55-',, p. 1 each; 555, pp. 3; 559-561, 563, 56-',, p. 1 each; 565, pp. 2; 567, p. 1; 568, 569, pp. 2 each). — These notices of judg- ment have to do with the misbranding of salad oil, tomato catsup, jam, bit- ters, macax'oni, canned blueberries, sardines, spaghetti, drug products, a plas- ter pad, compound jam, lemon extract, codfish strips, canned corn, blacli pepper, canned tomatoes, vanilla extract, molasses, canned peas, coffee, pre- serves, jelly, vinegar, and olive oil; the adulteration of oysters, eggs and egg products, olive oil, flour (bleaching), evaporated apples, cloves, currants and raisins, lemon extract, confectionery, olives, and coffee ; and the adulteration and misbranding of vanilla extract, lemon extract, buckwheat flour, lemon oil, preserves, evaporated apples, peach extract, coffee, olive oil, turpentine, spirits of camphor, and canned tomatoes. Missouri Home Makers' Conference, edited by Ivy H. Selvidge {Mis!iouri Bd. Ayr. Mo. BiiL, S (1910), No. 2, pp. 75, figs. 10, dgms. 3).— The proceedings are given and the papers presented at the third annual meeting of the Missouri Home JNIakers' Conference at Columbia, December, 1909. Among other papers may be mentioned Planning and Furnishing the Farm Home, by Ivy H. Sel- vidge; Running Water in the Country Home, by M. F. Miller; Laundry Equip- ment, by Ilena Bailey ; The Cooking of Vegetables, by Nelle Nesbitt ; Planning ]Meals, by Edna D. Day ; and The Relation of the Rural School to the Rural Home, by Mrs. H. C. Harvey. The feeding of school children, J. Kaup (Die Erndhrungsverhdltnisse der Volksschidl-iiidcr. Berlin, 1909, pp. 170; rev. in Hyg. Rundschau, 20 (1910), No. 12, pp. 666, 667; 80s. Praxis, 19 (1910), No. 30, p. 8i//).— This publication summarizes the material collected by the Central Association for the Improve- ment of Social Conditions, particularly with reference to conditions in Ger- many. Dietary standards are suggested. Feeding the school children, Jeanette van Ruypen (Cooking Cluh Mag., 12 (1910), No. 6, pp. 63, 6-'t). — Information is summarized regarding the efforts which have been made in a number of cities to supply meals to needy school children, and the importance of such work is discussed. Experiments on the hydrolysis of proteins by pancreatic juice, H. Mathieu (Co)npt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 20, pp. 958-960).— Gelatin and casein were used in the tests and showed differences in their resistance to di- gestive clianges and the products of digestion thus yielded. The addition of bicarbonate of soda seemed to stimulate the action of the pancreatic juice on gelatin. The influence of cooking upon the tryptic digestion of meat, J. Talarico (Compt. Rend. Kor. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 19. pp. 932, 933).— A brief sum- mary of the author's artificial digestion experiments is given. According to his conclusions, long-continued cooking of meat at 100° C di- minishes the digestibility considerably. This diminution is noticeable in 1 minute with beef and fish flesh but not observed until after 3 or 4 minutes' cooli- ing in the case of veal. The diminished digestibility disappears when the tem- perature of cooking is increased, beef and fish flesh cooked at 110° having the same digestibility as raw, while in the case of veal a higher temperature (140") Is required for this effect to be noticeable. Experiments on the purin content of foods, G. Bessau (Untersuchungen ilber den Gehalt der Nahrungsmittel an Purinkorpern. Inaug. Diss.. Univ. Breslau. 1909, pp. 22; rev. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophijx.. 10 (1910), No. 8, pp. 373, 37//). — The purin content of a large number of different materials was determined. 65483°— No. 8—10 6 770 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Eggs and caviar were shown to be piirin-free while vegetables in general con- tained small quantities of such bases. Certain sorts show considerable quanti- ties of purin, among which may be mentioned legumes, spinach, kohl-rabi, and some of the edible fungi. Fruits and nuts are purin-free, according to the author, as are also grains and breads with the exception of pumpernickel. The influence of fish, diet upon phosphorus, calcium, and mag'nesiuin metabolism, B. Slowzow (YerhatuU. Gesell. Russ. Arzte St. Petersb., 16 (1909), p. 220; (lbs. in Zcnfhl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 10 (1910), No. 8. pp. 37.5, 376).— Ex- periments with 6 persons showed that the substitiition of fish for meat in the diet had practically no effect upon the resorption of phosphorus. On the other hand, the resorption of calcium oxid was diminished 5 per cent and that of mag- nesium oxid increased 8 per cent. Calcium metabolism, with special reference to exophthalmic goitre, Caro- line B. TowLES (Separate from Amer. Jour. Med. Set.. 1J,0 (1910). pp. 100-113).— In this study of the metabolism of calcium under pathological conditions, control experiments were made with a woman patient .11 years of age who showed no physical abnormality but was in the hospital on account of hysteria. A simple mixed diet was used to which calcium lactate was added. The general conclusion was reached that " calcium given in the form of the lactate enters into the general metabolism or allows the calcium already present in the body to be utilized without loss. Given by the mouth there is no toxic effect from the administration of 20 gm. of calcium lactate over a period of 15 days." Conclusions which have to do with the pathological condition under considera- tion are also drawn. Quantitative estimation of the acid content of saliva and the influence of different foods upon this factor, R. Holz (Quaiiiitatire Bestiiiniiiiiif/rti iiber den SduregehaU dcs Speieheln und den Einftmii verscJiiedener Xalirungsinrittel auf denselben. Inang. Diss., Univ. Wiirzburff. 1910. pp. 28; rev. in Zentbl. Biochem. ii. Biophys., 10 (1910), No. 8, p. 380). — Studies of the reaction of saliva under different conditions, which included the effects of dental caries are re- ported. Apparatus for determining' the gaseous exchange in animals, A. Lichats- CHOW and K. Godsikowsky (Verhandl. (IrscU. Ruies are rei)orted of Paspaliim dilaiatum, P. virgatum, Phalaris commutata, Rhodes grass, sheep's burnet, Italian rye grass, perennial rye grass, rib grass, Texas blue grass, guinea grass, Panicum prolotum, Schedononift hookcnanus, cocksfoot, Danthonia penlciUata, wheat hay, skinless barley straw, Zealand wheat straw, white millet, yellow millet, teosinte, dry land rice (paddy), sorghum, black line Kafir corn, and ball clover. When compared with American, German, and Queensland grasses the fat in the New South Wales grasses was slightly lower than in the American and German, but greater than In the Queensland, grasses. The nitrogen-free extract approximated that of the American and was slightly more than in the German or Queensland grasses. The amount of nitrogen was greatest in the Queensland grasses, and there was a larger percentage of the nitrogen existing as proteids in the New South Wales grasses, and a lower percentage of the nitrogen as non- proteids, than in the case of the American or Queensland grasses. Crude fiber in the New South Wales grasses was higher than in the American or Queensland. The ash of the Queensland grasses was very nearly double that of any others. Taken as a whole, the nutritive value of the New South Wales grasses was slightly inferior to that of the American. Prickly pear and the spineless cactus for stock food, J. Burtt-Davy (Transvaal Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bill. 90, pp. 15, figs. .'/). — A bulletin of general information on the edible cacti and their value for feeding stock. Different methods for removing the spines are described. Cotton-seed meal, J. B. Lindsey (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 25, pp. 7, figs. 3). — A revision of Circular 1 previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 771), which dis- cusses the method of manufacture, composition, agricultural uses, and methods of sampling of cotton-seed meal, its deterioration in quality during recent years, and data as to rebates. Notices of judgment (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Xoticcs of Judgment .'/77, p. 1; 533, pp. 2; 5-'i0, p. 1). — These notices of judgment relate to the misbranding of corn chop and the adulteration and misbranding of stock feed. Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs sold in Maryland, H. B. McDon- nell ET AL. (}fd. Agr. Col. Quart., 1910, No. ^8, pp. 7). — Analyses are reported of linseed and cotton-seed meals, gluten feed, beef scrap, meat meal, distillers' grains, cotton-seed hulls, wheat middlings, wheat bran, beet pulp, and buckwheat shorts. Commercial feeding stuffs of Pennsylvania in 1909, .7. W. Kellogg (Penti. Dept. Agr. Bill. 196, pp. 185). — Analyses are reported of cotton-seed, corn, lin- seed, corn-cob, and alfalfa meals; gluten, molasses, hominy and mixed feeds; peanut-oil cake; beef scrap; meat meal; oats; low-grade tiour; brewers' grains; beet pulp; malt sprouts; rye and corn distillers' grains; and byproducts of wheat, rye. oats, buckwheat, and corn. The text and interpretation of the state feeding stuffs law are also included. Abstracts of feeding experiments.— Analyses of feeding stuffs, B. L. Hart- well (Rhode Island Hta. Bill. l.',0, pp. /r?.7-/.?-,n.— Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 21, p. 668), this bulletin contains abstracts of feeding experiments conducted at different stations and also rei)orts analyses of cotton-seed, linseed, corn and alfalfa meals, gluten and hominy feeds, Iteef scraps, meat and bone meal, malt sprouts, brewers' grains, provender, n^l dog flour, dried molasses beet pulp, by-products of wheat, and mixed and proprietary feeds. 772 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Feeding experiments with distillery slop, G. Heinzelmann, W. Volk, and J. Paechtner {Ztschr. Spiritusindus., 33 {1010), Nos. 30, pp. 35o-3.j7, 360; 31, pp. 369, 372, 375; 32, pp. 379, 380, figs. 2).— Four oxen of the Pinzgaur breed, 7 to 8 years old and weighing about 710 Ijg. per head, were fed for 131 days on a ration in which thiclv distillery slop furnished about one-fourth of the digesti- ble nutrients. Two of the 4 made an average daily gain of 1.73 kg. per head and dressed 55.98 per cent of the live weight. The other two. in addition to the feed given above, received for 99 days a daily ration of from 5()0 to 1,000 cc. of alcohol per head, and made an average daily gain of 1.81 kg. i^er head and dressed 58.15 per cent of the live weight. The weight of the heart and liver of all 4 animals was somewhat higher than normal. Feeding experiments with distillery slop, G. Ellrodt {Ztschr. Spiritus- indus., 33 {1910), No. 37, pp. J,J,J,. Jt'/.j ; ubs. in Dent. Lundw. Pressc, 37 {1910), No. 76, pp. 826, 827). — On a ration of thin distillery slop, dried beet chips, homco, peanut cake, poppy cake, rice meal, straw, and chaff, costing 124 pfen- nigs (31 cts. ) per head per day. 2 lots of 7 steers made average daily gains per head of 2.58 and 2.8 lbs., respectively. On a similar ration, except that the thin slop was replaced by a thick slop, 7 steers in 23 days made an average daily gain of 2.42 lbs. per head at a cost of 97.6 pfennigs per day. On a ration of thick slop, dried beet chips, chaff, and chopped straw, costing 71.4 pfennigs per head per day, 7 steers in 21 days made an average daily gain of 2.51 lbs. per head. Concerning the value of soy-bean cake as a feeding stuff, Honcamp {Deut. Laiulw. Pressc, 37 {1910). Aos. 70, p. 737; 71, pp. 769, 770). — A discussion of data obtained by different investigators who have conducted feeding tests with soy beans, that have been previously noted from other sources. [Mineral constituents in rations for cattle], R. Escobar {Estac. Agr. Ewpt. Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Bol. 26, pp. 30). — A discussion as to the value of ash constituents in animal metabolism, including the opinions of cattlemen, in answer to circular letters sent out, concerning the use of salt and saltiieter. Sugar for fattening cattle, Dechambre and Ginieis {Assoc. Frang. Avanc. Set., Coiiipt. Rend., 37 {1908), pp. 10.'f7-1051). — An experiment is reported in which denatured sugar was found to be equal in value to linseed meal in rations for oxen. Finishing steers, 1907-1909, J. H. Skinner and W. A. Cochel {Indiana Sta. Bui. I.'i2, pp. ■'i'i3-'i7-'i)- — This bulletin reports experiments with different methods of finishing yearlings and 2-year-old steers. The calves used in these experiments were those used in the age experiment tests, previously noted (E. S. R., 20. p. 969; 22, p. 269). One lot of calves was kept on grass and the other in the dry lot. The full feed of grain was continued for 3 months in both lots. The average daily gains per head during the period of 90 days for 3 different seasons were as follows : In 1907, 1.65 lbs. at a cost of 11.34 cts. per pound in the dry lot, and 1.24 lbs. at a cost of 11.17 cts. in pasture; in 1908, 1.71 lbs. at a cost of 12.7 cts. per pound in the dry lot, and 1.53 lbs. at a cost of 12.85 cts. in pasture; in 1909, 1.69 lbs. at a cost of 13.24 cts. in the dry lot, and 1.49 lbs. at a cost of 14.66 cts. in pasture. The feeds were rated as follows: Shelled corn 50 cts. per bushel in 1907 and 65 cts. per bushel in 1908 and 1909, cotton- seed meal $28, hay $10, corn silage $2.50 per ton, and pasture 75 cts. per head per month. These gains in finishing were much more expensive than those made during the first 6 months of feeding, previously noted, and were even greater than those secured with yearlings and 2-year-olds during that time, showing that the ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 773 condition of the cattle has a much greater influence tlian their age over the cost of gain. "Calves given a full feed of grain from November to May will make more rapid and cheaper gains, attain a higher finish, sell at a higher price, and return a greater profit if continued in dry lot than if turned on pasture for finishing. B'ull fed calves when turned on grass shrink in weight the first 10 days and require from 2 to 3 weeks to regain their original weight. Steers in dry lot consume a greater amount of concentrates than similar cattle on pasture." In another experiment in finishing steers, a lot on shelled corn, cotton-seed meal, clover hay, and silage made an average daily gain per head of 2.83 lbs. for the first 4 months and 2.06 lbs. for the last 2 months. The corresponding figures for a lot on shelled corn, clover hay, and silage were 1.97 lbs. and 1.56 lbs., with another lot on shelled corn, clover hay. shretlded stover, and oat straw the gain was 1.75 lbs. per day per steer during the 4 months' period, but when shredded stover and oat straw were replaced by cotton-seed meal and silage in the last 2 months the average daily gain per head was 3.06 lbs., showing that the results of the first ^months of feeding were due to the character of the ration rather than to the individuality of the cattle. At the close of a winter feeding experiment 3 lots on different rations were fed for 1 month a ration of shelled corn, cotton-seed meal, and clover hay. The change in rations apparently increased the rate of gain 0.7 lb. per head daily, in the lot which had previously received shelled corn, clover hay, and silage; 0.78 lb. in the lot fed shelled corn and clover hay ; and 0.74 lb. in the lot pre- viously fed shelled corn and timothy hay. The cost of gains per pound was decreased in the first lot 0.5 ct., in the second lot 0.9 ct., and in the third lot 0.65 ct. Two other similar trials also showed that nitrogenous concentrates during the final month in finishing steers of good quality produced an additional profit. The methods of feeding, rate and cost of gains, and other data concerning the short-fed cattle at the International Show of 1908 are also given. Sheep feeding experiments in Britain, H. Ingle {Trnnn. Highhtnd and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. scr., 22 {1910), pp. /78-2.T7, figs. 7). — A sunnnary is given of over 190 feeding trials made from 1844 to 1909. The following table gives a com- parison of the results according to breed : Comparative gaiins of British breeds of sheep in feeding trials. lH.).'i-1909. Breed. Border Loicpsterx Blackface LeicestorX South Down Oxford X Hampshire Down.. Oxford Down Leicester Hampshire Down Cotswold Sussex South Down "Half-bred" "Three parts bred" Welsh Mountain .\verage Number of lots. 143 Numl)or of sheep. 243 80 183 60 50 2")1 112 40 128 90«i 128 110 2,291 Average weekly increase per head Lbs. 2 18 2.17 2.58 2.75 2.09 2.88 2.41 2.03 2.01 2.13 1.91 0.79 2.20 Average digestible matter con- sunuMl per pound of increase. Lbs. 5.62 6.34 6.44 6.55 a72 6.75 6.92 7.02 7.03 7.17 7.84 14.81 7.24 On the average, sheei) kei)t under cover increased 0.3 lb. per head per week more than those fed in the open. Sheep fed rations in which linseed meal 774 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. to the extent of 3 lbs. or more per week gave an average increase considerably higher than the rest of the lots, and each ponnd of increase was on the average obtained at the expense of less digestible matter. The percentage of carcass to live weight was also higher with the sheep fed on linseed cake. Cotton-seed cake appeared on the whole to give about average results, whether decorticated or undecorticated. From some of the later trials there was considerable varia- bility in the results obtained with Indian cotton cakes. Oats on the whole were unsuccessful as a feed for fattening sheep, but in some cases fair increases were obtained. Barley gave better results than oats, though when used in large quantities it had an injurious effect on health. Whole grain was found by some observers to be relished better than barley meal. Wheat was used in but 3 lots, and in each case the results were satisfactory, the increase in live weight be- ing much above that of the average. The results with maize were rather unsatis- factory. Malt appeared to have little or no advantage over barley. The aver- age gain of animals fed dried grains was distinctly above that of the others. Clover hay produced a high average increase accompanied by a low consump- tion of total digestible matter. ]\Ieadow hay proved satisfactory when fed in small quantities in connection with concentrated food and roots. About 95 to 100 lbs. of roots per 100 lbs. of live weight per week gave the best results. Mangolds apparently proved to be better than svi^edes, and stored swedes better than frosted ones. Gorse, when properly prepared, was found to be capable of replacing a portion of the roots to advantage. If certain abnormal tests are thrown out the following figures represent the average results : Weekly increase in live weight per head 2.14 lbs., weekly consumption of albuminoids per 100 lbs. live weight 1.22 lbs., weekly consump- tion of starch, etc., 11.5 lbs., albuminoid ratio of the rations 1 : 9.43, consumption of total digestible matter per pound increase G.96 lbs., consumption of digestible albuminoids per pound increase 0.67 lb., consumption of digestible starch per pound increase 6.24 lbs. It would appear that the maximum increase, about 2.5 lbs. per week, required from 1.1 to 1.2 lbs. digestible albuminoids, and 12 to 13 lbs. nonalbuminoids expressed as starch per 100 lbs. live weight per week. " It appears to the writer that it is pi-obable that much larger quantities of albuminoids, in the form of linseed cake or cotton-seed cake, are often consumed in fattening than are really necessary or economical." On the digestibility of dried potatoes and fat-free soy-bean meal in feed- ing experiments with swine, (). Kkm.nkr and R. Nf:itmann iljuuhv. Vers. Stat., 73 (1910), No. 1-3, pp. 235-2JiO).— In digestion experiments with swine 2 kinds of potatoes were used, one dried and pressed in the fall, the other in the spring after the tubers had sprouted. The average digestibility of the former was organic matter 95.5 per cent, protein 26.7 i)er cent, nitrogen-free extract 97.9 per cent, and fiber S5.3 per cent. The average digestibility of the potatoes dried and pressed after the tubers had sprouted was organic matter 90.4 per cent, nitrogen-free extract 90.9 per cent, and fiber 72.7 per cent. The average digestion coefficients of fat-free soy-beau meal were com]mted to be as follows: Organic matter 90.5 per cent, protein 94 per cent, nitrogen-free extract 92.4 per cent, and fiber 60.5 i)er cent. Does lecithin influence growth? A. J. Goldfarb (Arch. Entwicld. Mech. Organ., 29 (J 910), xVo. 2, pp. 2-55-27 J,). — Lecithin was extracted from hens' eggs and from sheep's brains by the Roaf and Edie method. When administered by subcutaneous injections or by way of the stomach into tadpoles, sea-urchins, cats, and guinea pigs there was no clear evidence that it acted as a stinuilant. Changes in size and form of the visceral organs of ruminants from birth to maturity, O. Auernheimer (Ztschr. Fleisch li. Milchyg., 20 [1910), No. 12, pp. 393-396). — Details are given of the gradual changes which took place in the ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 775 Stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, Iciduey. ovary, and iiterns of growing slieep and cattle. The origin and qualifications of the Ferrandaise breed of cattle, P. GiixiN (Asf^oc. FraiiQ. Avanc. Scl., Coiiipt. Rend., S7 (/.'WN). pp. 105.'t-105d). — A descrip- tion of the characteristics of this breed, formerly linown as Ferrando-foreziens and officially recognized as a distinct breed in 1902. Recent endeavors to improve the breed are briefly noted. The selection of Garonnais cattle, E. Rabat6 {Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst- Ccntre), 31 (1910). Xo. 3S, pp. 3(11-36^. figs. 2).— A detailed description of the best types of this breed. The cattle trade of western Canada, J. C. Ruthebfoed (Canada Dept. Agr., Branch Live Stock Comr., Spec. Rpt., 1909, Aug., pp. 23). — A special report on the history of the Canadian range, the present method of wintering calves, feed- ing and finishing mature cattle, and the outlook for the dressed meat trade. Some facts about caracul sheep, edited by C. C. Young (Holliday, Tex. [1909]. pp. 20, figs. 16). — A collection of articles from various sources on the history and characteristics of this breed. Russian sheep raising, J. H. Grout (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [TJ. S.], 13 (1910), No. 80, p. 68). — This is a brief report on the decrease in wool pro- duction in European Russia as a result of the passing into peasants' hands of vast estates where large herds of sheep were wont to graze. This change has been brought about by the increased rate of land rent and the ability of the poorer classes to borrow money from the peasants' bank. The recent wool clip is reported to be fair in quality but dirty, so that the percentage of washed wool will be much reduced. Notes on raising' wool breeds of sheep in the highlands of the Senegal- Niger region, Yuillet (Agr. Prat. Pays Chaiuls, 10 (1910), No. S-'i, pp. 202- 213). — An account of the wool industry in this region, witli suggestions con- cerning its better development. The growing and preparation of wool for the South African market, J. J. McCall (.V«^;/ Agr. Jour., 15 (1910), No. 2, pp. 179-186).— A popular article on raising lambs, shearing sheep, and sorting and packing fleece. Textile fibers of animal origin, D. Zolla (Les Fibres Textiles d'Origine AnimaJe. Paris, 1910, pp. I N-\-362-\-XII, charts 18). — This is one of a series of popular treatises, and considers the history and present status of silk culture and wool growing, more particularly of France and the French colonies. Though the work is largely statistical, some practical matters relating to the rearing of silkworms and the n)anagoment of sheep are included. Is it desirable to spay young sows intended for fattening? Haktmann (Mitt. Vrr. Dent. Schircinrziiclitcr, 16 (1909), Nos. 22, pp. 311-322; 23, pp. 333- 331). — In this experiment 4 sows were spayed when (> weeks of age, at which time their total weight was 44 kg. For 7 months this lot made smaller gains than an CHjual number of unspayed sows with a total initial weight of 49 kg., but at the end of the eighth month both lots weighetl the same amount. Three months later, at the time of slaughtering, the spayed sows weighed 9 lbs. more than the unspayed and dressed 79.3 per cent live weight, as compared with 78.65 per cent for the unspa.ved animals. The .measurement of the thoracic cavity of horses, and the correct sig- nificance of the heart weight, lung weight, and thoracic cavity volume, K. L. voN LuTzow (Laiidic. .Jalirb.. 39 (1910), No. 3. pp. ',29-'i.i6. figs. 2).— In answer to Miiller (E. S. R.. 22, p. 776) more details are given concerning the method of measuring the thoracic cavity, and there is a further discussion of the relative importance of the thoracic organs. 776 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The measurement of the thoracic cavity of horses, etc., M. Mullek (Landw. Jalirb.. 39 {1910). No. 3, pp. -'/37, .'/3S). — A controversial note on the above article. The structure and functions of the horse's back and their relation to the form and use of the military saddle, O. Sciiwakzkopf (Jour. U. S. Cavalry Assoc, 21 (1910), No. 80, pp. 237-276, figs. 11).— A study of the anatomy of the horse in relation to the different types of military saddles, which are illus- trated and described. The bad features of each type are pointed out, and sug- gestions offered for their improvement. " Whatever alterations may be made in our army saddle, they will naturally be along an attempt to combine the best features of the McClellan saddle, the Whitman saddle, and the stock saddle." The cavalry saddle, A. M. Graham (Jour. U. 8. Cavalry Assoc, 21 (1910), No. 80. pp. 288-29.5. figs. .5). — A description of a new saddle made for the author in order to avoid the defects of the regulation saddle, which are described in detail. Training the polo pony, G. E. Griffin (Jour. U. 8. Cavalry Assoc, 21 (1910), No. 80, pp. 277-287). — A popular article on the selection and training of polo ponies. Improving the breed of new forest ponies, liORD Lucas (Welsh Stud Book, 8 (1909), pp. XIl-XXII). — A discussion of the different types of Welsh ponies, with suggestions for their improvement by using more care in selecting the breeding stock. My quest of the Arab horse, H. Davenport (New York, 1909, pp. XVIII + 276, pi. 1, figs. 50). — This book, which is an account of a journey undertaken to obtain pure bred Arab mares and stallions of the Anezeh tribe of Bedouins, con- tains much information about the Arab horse in its native country. The regeneration of the Morgan horse, G. M. Rommel (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Aiiiiii. Indus. Circ 163, pp. l.'i, figs. 2).— This circular, which is based on an address before the Connecticut Valley Breeders' Association, January, 1910, outlines briefly the history of the Morgan horse, and gives an account of the best methods of reviving the breed. " The improved type of the Morgan horse must be based on standard market requirements for horses known in our show rings by the somewhat misleading term of ' heavy-harness horses.' ... At this time it would appear .safest to advise the selection of horses of Morgan breeding which show the closest con- formity to the type, and to rely on selection to increase the size. . . . The safest standard for a breeder to adopt is to confine his operations as far as possible to Morgan blood lines, rigidly eliminating every animal which is not of Morgan type, or which is unsound, or shows the slightest tendency to pace." The Oldenburg' coach horse, J. Schussler (Das Oldenhurger elegante, schwere Rtitschpferd. Hanover, 1910, pp. 95, pis. 6, figs. 56. ehart 1, map 1).— The history, characteristics, and prevsent status of this breed are discussed. Schwarznecker's horse breeding, revised by S. von Nathustius (Schtvarz- necker's Pferdesucht. Berlin, 1910. 5. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XII+621, pis. 37, fjgg^ 88).— A revised and enlarged edition of this standard work on breeds, breeding, and management of horses. There is a short zoological and historical introduction. Nearly half of the work is devoted to types aijd breeds existing in different countries. The remainder is concerned with the topics of conforma- tion, breeding, feeding, management, and construction of stables. Horse secrets, A. S. Alexander (Philadelphia. 1909, />/>. 6.'/).— These secrets relate to the buying and selling of horses, methods of feeding, and curing vices. Examination as to soundness and certification of stallions, S. T. D. Symons (Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 7, pp. 553-561, pis. 3).— This is AN1MAI> PRODUCTION. 777 the first report of govenmienlal control in the improvement of breeding horses in New South Wales. Up to March 31, 1910, 22.6 per cent of the stallions imported were refused certificates, 82.12 per cent because of unsoundness, and 4.4 per cent were below standard. The results of the exaniinalions have also shown that the majority of sires in New South Wales are grades. Egg-laying competitions at Hawkesbury Agricultural College and Ex- periment Farm, Richmond, New South Wales, D. S. Thompson {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 7, pp. 620-639, figs. 32).— The average results of the eighth annual test show an advance over results of previous years. The first- year hens returned a profit of 15s. over the cost of feed. The second-year hens gave a profit of 9s. 8d., and the ducks 7s. The average number of eggs per hen was 181, an increase of 40 per cent over the first test. The average number of eggs laid by the ducks was 156.5. The best pen was of the Brown Leghorn breed, which laid an average of 208.1 eggs per hen. The encyclopedia of poultry, edited by .J. T. Brown (London [1910], pp. ■126. pis. lO.j, figs. 207). — The aim of the editor of the encyclopedia, as stated, is to provide a reliable book of ready reference, upon each phase of the subject, for those who are interested in the poultry industry. The poultry industry (Bui [Maine] Dept. Agr., 9 (1910), No. 3, pp. 71-98, figs. 13). — This bulletin is devoted principally to a discussion of marketing poul- try products by W. A. Brown. Among the topics treated are quality in eggs, causes of loss between producer and consumer, methods of marketing eggs in Maine, selection of birds for fattening, some of the advantages of crate fatten- ing over pen fattening, feeds and feeding, killing, and methods of marketing I)oultry. Live stock insurance (NafaJ .igr. .Jour.. 15 (1910), No. 2, pp. I.'i9-153). — This contains general advice on organizing live stock mutual insurance clubs. Fertility and sterility, E. C'urot ( Feeondation et Sterllife. Paris, 1908. pp. VII-\-287). — The topics treated in this book are the anatomy of the genital organs of domesticated animals, the ovule and ovulation, spermatogenesis, fer- tilization, gestation, pathology of genital organs, diagnosis and treatment of sterility, effect of food and climate on fecundity, and artificial fertilization. The work is written for practical breeders in order to show them the extreme sensi- tiveness of the organs of generation to their environment, and to suggest possible remedies in cases of the failure of either the male or female to breed. Sterility, M. Morse (Amer. Nat., .'I'l (1910), No. 526. pp. 62J,-633).—A review of investigations on the causes of sterility in hybrids of both plants and animals. The author believes that, as far as may be judged from studies upon the germ cells which have thus far been made, the conclusion may be drawn that what- ever may be the nature of the sterility there is an " incompatibility "' existing between the chromosomes of individuals of different species or varieties. Histology of the ovary during pregnancy, O. O. Fellner (Arch. Mikros. Anat. u. EnHvicklungsgeschichle, 73 (1909). pp. 288-305).— The author found that the ovary was more or less active, which is contrary to the prevailing opinion. The follicules ripened slowly and but few obtaineP. 48, pis- 3). — A descrii)tion of methods and apparatus employed by inspectors of milk and milk i)rodufts. An act to provide for the protection of dairymen. — The Babcock test (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 2.',, pp. 8, figs. 2). — This circular contains the text of the Massachusetts law of 1901. as amended in 1907 and 1909, which provides for the inspection of the apparatus used in testing milk and milk products. Directions are given by P. H. Smith for making the Babcock test, these being a revision of an article previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 1003). 782 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The technical control in dairying, R. Pape {Transvaal Dept. Agr., Agr. Sci. Bill. 3, pp. 8). — The author presents formulas for estimating the yields of but- ter, cheese, and albumin, and other values commonly calculated by the butter and cheese maker. The use of a technical book for recording data on milk and its products is advocated. How creara for butter-making purposes should be treated at farm, and factory, and details in the process of butter making, E. Graham {Queens- land Agr. Jour., 25 {1910), ISlo. 2, pp. -JS-J-'/). — A paper read before the state school teachers at the Queensland Agricultural College, June, 1910, which sum- marizes the best methods for handling cream and making butter under Aus- tralian conditions. Composition of butter made from small fat globules, L. Marcas and C. HuYGE {Rev. Gen. Lait, 8 {1910), No. IJ,, pp. 322-325).— Butter made from small fat globules required a longer time for churning, yielded a smaller amount of butter, and increased faster in acidity when stored at 13° C. than butter made from large globules. The composition of the butter made from small globules was water 14.2, fat 83.49, and matter insoluble in ether 2.31 per cent, and that of butter made from entire cream, water 18.8, fat 85.38, and matter insoluble in ether 0.82 per cent. There was no appreciable difference between the two butters in melting point, point of solidification, index of refraction (at 25°), or in the Crismer, Reichert-Meissl, Kottstoerfer, Hehner, and iodin values. Dairy salts, J. C. BRiJNNiCH {Queensland Agr. Jour., 25 {1910), No. 1, pp. 30, 31, pi. 1). — Analyses are reported of various brands of salts used in butter factories. Some samples contained undesirable amounts of impurities such as sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, and magnesium chlorid, which would probably influence the flavor and aroma of the butter. Only one sample showed uni- formly even crystals of sodium chlorid. The microbic flora of salt as a cause of butter and cheese defects, Rapin {Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 20 {1910), No. 37, pp. 1,33, .}-34 ) .—Numerous examinations were made of brine, crude salt, and refined salt. In all cases large numbers of bacteria and molds were present. It is argued that many troubles in butter and cheese factories are probably due to the organisms present in the salt. On the significance and effect of pure cultures in the preparation of rennet in Emmental cheese factories, G. Wenger {Molk. Ztg. IHildesheim], 21f {1910), Nos. 59, pp. 1111-1113; 60, pp. 1135, JiS6).— This contains a discussion of the desirability of using pure cultui'es in the manufacture of Emmental cheese. Answers in rei)ly to a circular letter sent to practical cheese makers were on the whole favorable to the use of such cultures, as the fermentation was under better control though some defects could not be prevented. Cheese making for small holders {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [Londoni, Leaflet 231, pp. 8). — Directions are given for making 2 varieties of small pressed cheeses which are to be ripened and 2 soft varieties which are to be sold fresh, all of which are suitable for those who have only a limited quantity of milk at their disposal. Cheshire: Its cheese makers, E. Driver {Bradford, England, 1909, pp. XIX-\- 373, pis. 90). — This book contains a history of Cheshire County and its industries, with special reference to cheese making. The methods of making the cheese are described. Appendixes contain matter relating to the industry. Annual report of the experiment station for cheese making in Lodi, C. Besana {Ann. R. Staz. Sper. Caseif. Lodi, 1909, PP- 160). — This contains a gen- eral account of the work of the station, with reports of investigations which have been previously noted from other sources. VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 783 Report on the activities of the dairy institute at Proskau, Klein {Ber. Milchio. Inst. Proskau, 1909-10, pp. 21). — Analyses of milk, trials of separators, and related matters are contained in this report. The work in dairying during- the second half of the year 1909, R. W. Raud- NiTz (Sepamie from Monutsschr. Kindcrltcilk.. 9 {1910), No. 2, pp. J/). — This is a bibliography and review of investigations of milk and milk products. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Proceeding's of the American Veterinary Medical Association {Proc. Amcr. Vet. Med. Assoe.. .'t6 {1909), pp. .',13, pis. 9, figs. 5).— An account of the forty- sixth annual convention. Following the president's address are the reports of officers and committees. Under the report of the committee on diseases papers are presented by V. A. Moore on the Diagnosis of Rabies, its Spread, and Methods of Control in New York State (pp. 83-92) ; by J. R. Mohler on The Nature, Cause, and Prevalence of Rabies (pp. 92-109) ; by C. H. Higgins on Rabies in Canada (pp. 109-112) ; by L. E. Day on Infectious Diseases from a Veterinary Inspector's Point of View (pp. 114-117) ; and by A. T. Kinsley on Equine Infectious Anemia (pp. 118-126) (E. S. R., 21, p. 790). The papers presented were as follows: Texas Fever and its Eradication, by N. Kaumanns (pp. 182-192) ; Milk — the Producer, the Consumer, and the Veterina- rian, by M. H. Reynolds (pp. 193-217) ; Relation of Milk to the Public Health, by W. A. Evans (pp. 218-225) ; The Relation of the Agriculturist and Dairyman to Milk Hygiene, by W. D. Hoard (pp. 226-237) ; Score Card in Dairy Regula- tion, by G. H. Glover (pp. 245-250) ; Bovine Tuberculosis Investigations, by C. M. Haring, W. A. Sawyer, and D. N. Morgan (pp. 252-260) : What the Agricul- turist and Veterinarian Means to the Prosperity and Health of this Nation, by W. G. Hollingsworth (pp. 203-273) ; Autogenic Vaccination as an Adjunct to the Operative Treatment of Quitters, Fistulte, and Infected Wounds, by R. A. Archibald (pp. 274-277) ; My Experience with Bier's Obstructive Hyperemia Treatment, by H. Jensen (pp. 283-289) ; Exuberant Granulation, by B. F. Kaupp (pp. 290-293) ; Nervous Influence in the Cause and Cure of Disease, by E. A. A. Grange (pp. 294-300) ; Alkalometry, its Relation to Veterinary Medicine, by H. F. Palmer (pp. 301-306) ; A Fatal Anemic Disease among Horses, by W. B. Mack (pp. 307-321), previously noted from other sources (E. S. R., 22, p. 87) ; Internal Secretions, by F. Torrance (pp. 331-336) ; Trypanosomes and Diseases Caused by Them, by M. Herzog (pp. 337-345) ; Ti'eatment of Piroplasmosis, by S. Had- wen (pp. 346-351) ; and Subcartilaginous Abscess of the Foot, by G. H. Berns (pp. 352-356). Report of the New York State Veterinary College for the year 1908-9 {Rpt. N. Y. 8tate Vet. Vol., 1908-9, pp. 100, pis. 4)-— In addition to a detailed account of the work of the year several papers by members of the teaching staff are presented, all but one of which, The Identification of Animals by Branding (pp. 78-88), by P. A. Fish, have been previously noted from other sources. Annual reports of proceedings under the disease of animals acts, the markets and fairs (weighing of cattle) acts, etc., for the year 1909 {Jid. Agr. and Fisheries {London^, [Vet. Dcpt.] Ann. Rpts. Proc. 1909, pp. US, pis. 6). — The chief veterinary officer, S. Stockman, first reports upon the occurrence of diseases during the year, among them hog cholera, glanders, anthrax, and sheep scab. In an account of the diseases investigated attention is called to the very contagious nature of contagious granular vaginitis in cows and of the sterility following. " It seems not improbable that many continental veterinarians have been led into error regarding the relation of contagious vaginitis to epizootic 784 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. abortion, because both diseases are so exceedingly prevalent that they very fre- quently coexist." A paper on swine fever or hog cholera, presented by the chief veterinary officer at the International Veterinary Congress at The Hague in September, 1909, is appended. A report by A. W. Anstruther. assistant secretary of the animals division, gives a somewhat more detailed account of the occurrence of diseases of ani- mals during the year. Colored maps which show the distribution of cases of hog cholera and sheep scab for the years 1907, 1908, and 1909 are included. There was no recurrence of foot-and-mouth disease during 1909. The number of outbreaks of hog cholera fell from 2,067 in 1908 to 1,650 in 1909, of sheep scab from 849 to 685. and of glanders and farcy from 789 to 533. In anthrax alone was there an increase in the number of outbreaks reported, the figures for 1909 being 1.317 as against 1,105 in 1908. A list of the orders issued by the board and statistical tables are appended. Annual report for 1909 of the principal of the Royal Veterinary College, J. McFadyean (Jour. Roy. Agr. 8oc. England, 10 (1909), pp. 327-339, fig. 1).— The occurrence of anthrax, glanders, hog cholera, malignant aphtha of sheep, sterility in cows, and the methods of dealing thei-ewith are reported upon. Report upon veterinary conditions in Saxony. — A general index of the reports 1856-1905, O. Roder (Bcr. Veterindric. Konigr. Sachsen, 1909, pp. V+83). — This is an index to the reports issued during a period of 50 years. Annual report of the veterinary department for 1908-9, R. J. Stordy (Dcpt. Agr. Brit. East Africa Ann. Rpi., 1908-9, pp. 30-62, pis. i-'/).— This re- port discusses the occurrence of cattle diseases and, briefly, those of the horse, sheep, pig, ostrich, and dog. A summary of microscopical examinations for the year is included. Clinical examination of the blood of horses, bovines, mules, pigs, dogs, and sheep, J. Wetzl (Ztschr. Tiermed., II, (1910), No. 1, pp. l-J,! ; abs. in. Zentbl. BiocUcni. ii. Biophys., 10 (1910), ^'o. 8, pp. 889, 390). — The investigations reported are summarized in the following table : Erythrocyte, hemoglobin and iron content of the blood of various domestic animals. Kind of animal Erythrocytes per cubic centimeter. Hemo- globin. Iron. Horses, normal Horse, alveolar emphysema Horses, paralytic hemoglobinemia Horses, chronic pyapmia Horses, equine pneumonia Horses, dourine Horse, peritonitis Horse, pernicious anemia Mules, normal Cattle, normal Dogs, normal Sheep, normal Hogs, normal 0,160,000- 8, 5, ,000-11, ,000- 4, ,000-11, ,000- 7, 10, 2, 5, 7, ,000- 8, ,000- 9, 6,500, 3,266, 4,388, 4,448, 4,816, 8,008, 692,000 987,000 000,000 448,000 490,000 732,000 648,000 500,000 348,000 000,000 124,000 272,000 000, 000 Per cent. 62-80 35-57 65 55-60 47-63 Per cent. 0.0346-0.0512 0.0416 0. 0286-0. 0602 0. 0356-0. 0364 0.0358-0.0416 The results further show that the intake of large amounts of water had no influence upon the composition of the blood. On the other hand the withholding of water for from 1 to 2 days produces a thickening of the blood and a diminu- tion in its volume, particularly where the animal is made to sweat. After giv- ing large quantities of water the equilibrium is again restored. A bibliography is appended. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 785 Agglutination and conglutination, O. Stkeng (Centhl. Tiakl. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 52 (1009), No. 4, pp. 523-531). — This is a polemical article in which the author does not agree with Bail iu regard to the identity of agglutinins and con- glutinins, but points out the difference which exists between agglutination and conglutination, viz, that conglutinlns are not bound by native bacteria. For pre- cipitation by conglutinlns the i)resence and binding of the complement is neces- sary, whereas for the action of the agglutinins the binding of alexins and bac- teriolysis is a retarding factor; in other words, agglutinins combine specifically, while conglutinlns do not. With the aid of conglutination bacteria can be dif- ferentiated from one another, which is not possible with agglutination. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 2.3, p. 583). Observations on vegetable hemagglutinins, L. B. Mendel {Arch. Fisiol., 7 (1910), p. 168; (lbs. in ZcntN. Physiol., 2// {1910), No. 4, p. i.'/5).— Several vegetable hemagglutinins were detected. Hemagglutination and lipolysis, as well as toxicity and hemagglutination, were found to be independent of one another. Hemolysis can also come about independent of hemagglutinins. About the faculty of the animal body for producing polyvalent precipi- tating sera, C. Strzyzowski {Ztschr. Physiol. Clicin., 66 {1010), No. 1-2, pp. 1-7). — The author sought to determine whether the rabbit organism, after 2 or more different pi'oteids have been injected at the same time, is capable of yielding a polyvalent serum ; whether the precipitins produced are equally potent; whether on the whole they are both as potent as when only one pro- teid is employed ; and finally, whether a polyvalent precipitating serum has any practical value. From the results it is Concluded that by the injection of equal amounts of human and bovine serum a bivalent heterogeneous serum can be produced. A trivalent serum may also be produced, but the valencies among these sera are unequal. The author gives this class of sera a forensic value. Serum-therapy and its applications, E. Leclainche {Rev. G6n. Med. V6t., J 5 {1910), No. 176, pp. 433-44^)- — A discussion of the general principles, preven- tive serum-therapy, serovaccinatiou, aiid curative sera. Influence of bacterial endotoxins on phagocytosis, L. S. Dudgeon, P. N. Panton, and H. A. F. Wilson {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Scr. B, 82 {1910), No. B, 557, pp. 406-411; ahs. in Chem. Neivs, 101 {1910), No. 2638, p. 280).— Ex- tracts were prepared from most of the common pathogenic organisms by grind- ing them up in the presence of sterile sand or glass, and adding a definite amount of sterile salt solution. This was then centrifugalized at high speed, and the final supernatant layer employed as the endotoxin. As to the action of the endotoxic substance on the leucocytes, the experiments, although limited, failed to indicate that there was any direct action, as in no instance was there any appreciable variance from the control experiments. As to the action of the endotoxic substance on the serum, the following con- clusions were drawn: "(1) That the endotoxic substance was capable of exert- ing a specific action on the serum in a large proporti(m of cases; (2) that the endotoxic substance was unaffected by heat; (3) that dilution of the endotoxic substance correspondingly diminished its toxic effect upon the serum, but in a few instances, when diluted, it appeared to play the part of ' stimulin,' so that the degree of phagocytosis was far greater than in the control experiments." A guide to parasitology, ,T. (Jutart {Precis de Parasitolgic. Paris, 1910, pp. XI+628, figs. 549; rev. in Parasitology, 2 {1909), No. 4, pp. 435, 436).— In part 1 of this work a general discussion is presented. Part 2 is devoted to the vege- table parasites, part 3 to the animal parasites, and part 4 to pseudo-parasites and parasites of cadavers. 65483°— No. 8—10 7 786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Parasitology, J. I>. Todd {Reprirvt from Montreal Med. Joitr., 38 ( 1909), Oct., Pt). 11). — A bi'ief account of the parasitic diseases and tlie agents implicated in their transmission. A fight against the invertebrate propagators of infectious diseases {Bill. Off. Intrniat. Hijii. I'lib. [Por/.s]. 1 iUHH)), ^o. 7, pp. .5'/ .3-566' ) .— A review of the present status of the role of invertebrates in disease transmission, their natural enemies, and the methods of combating them. A review of the recent advances in our knowledge of tropical diseases, J. I.. ToDu {Bill. Johns Hoiikins Hosp., 21 {1910). No. 232, pp. 212-21S) .—This is a paper read before the Johns Hopkins Medical Society in February, 1910. Notes on trypanosomes of the Dimorphon group, L. E. W. Bevan and M. E. ^MacGrkgor {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 7 {1910), No. 5, pp. 1373-1373, figs. 2; Vet. Jour., 66 {1910). No. J,21, pp. 386-390, figs. 2).— Observations of trypanosomes obtained at Broken Hill, Northwestern Rhodesia, from a cow dying of typical tryitnnosoniiasis are briefly reported. The occurrence of trypanosomes in cattle in Germany, P. Knuth and G. Rauchbaar {Berlin. TierarzU. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 31, pp. 609, 610).— Examinations of 19 bovines from various parts of Germany showed the presence of trypanosomes in the blood of 10. A case of sleeping sickness studied by precise enumerative methods; regu- lar periodical increase of the parasites disclosed, R. Ross and D. Thomson {Jour. Trop. Med. and Hijg. [London^, 13 {1910), No. 12, pp. 181. 182, chart 1 ; abs. in Chem. Neics, 102 {1910), No. 26JiO, p. 10). — "The enumerative methods re- ferred to consist of modes of detecting blood parasites when very scanty, and of counting them accurately. The methods have been applied to a case of sleeping sickness in the clinic of Professor Ross in Liverpool for 73 days con- tinuously, and have shown that the numbers of Trypanosoma gambiense in this pa'tient's blood undergo remarkable periodical variations about every 7 to S days. The authors state that, so far as they can ascertain, though the numbers of trypanosomes had been known previously to vary from time to time, the I'egu- lar periodicity revealed in their case appears to have been overlooked, possibly owing to insufiicient methods of counting. The authors report that numerous parallel researches are being conducted, and give a chart." Second series of experiments on treatment of surra in camels, A. S. Lkkse {Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 5 {1910), No. 3, q)p. 397 -J, lO).—."^ continuation of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 22. p. 785). On the transmission of African Coast fever to healthy animals through intraperitoneal inoculation with the spleen and portions of the spleen of sick animals, K. F. Meyer {Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 6 {1909), No. 5, pp. 37.'i-379, pi. 1. fig. J). — Previously noted from another soui-ce (E. S. R., 22, p. 186). Theileria parva, the parasite of East Coast fever in cattle, G. H. F. Nuttall and H. B. Fantham {Parasitology. 3 ( J910). No. 2, pp. 118-129, pi. 1, figs. .2).— A I'eport of observations on stained preparations. Argas reflexus and its parasitism of man, H. Benoit-Bazille {Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 22 {1909), No. 3-Jf, pp. 261-280, pis. 3). — A summarized account of the occurrence and habits of .1. reflexus and of its attacks upon man. A list of some 35 references is appended. The degenerative appearances observed in Piroplasma canis and in Trypa- nosoma brucei following upon drug treatment, G. H. F. Nuttall (Parasitol- ogy, 3 (1910), No. 2, pp. 202-209, figs. 2). — The author considers these degenera- tive changes of importance in that they may help to distinguish normal from abnormal parasites in untreated animals. VKTKRIXAHY MKDUINK. 787 The endoparasites of Australian stock and native fauna, Georgina Sweet (Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 11. ser., 2t (1909), .Vo. 2, pp. -',5-',-527, pi. i).— The invpstifiation of which this article forms the first record, "aims at making 11 systematic and tiiorough inquiry into the nature of the internal parasites infestin.i; Australian animals, both native and domesticated, and then into the life history and conditions of increase and spread of these injurious forms." Part 1 consists largely of a list of the parasites previously recorded, their host or hosts, habitat, the recorder or recorders, and the reference or references. I'art 2 is devoted to an account of new and unrecorded species. A nematode (TriodontopUoriis intermedius) taken from the stomach of a horse is described as new. Coccidiosis of cattle and horses. J. Reich el (Amer. Vet. Rev., 31 (1910), No. 1, pp. Jf7-J/9). — In 1908 the author's attention was called to a cow on a farm in Montgomery County. Pa., which was suffering wtih all the symptoms of chronic bacterial dysentery. The cow died within a short time and the clinical diagnosis of chronic bacterial dysentery was not confirmed at autopsy or in subsequent exanunations in the laboratory of specimens. Examinations of rectal scrapings from the cattle and later of feces taken from the rectum of all the cattle, horses and goat on the farm, some 63 in number, showed the presence of bodies, in smears stained as for acid-fast bacilli, which varied from rounded to oval in shape, taking on the red stain. They appeared most abundant in cattle, although several of the horses showed them in large numbers in the feces. "Unstained the bodies are seen rounded and oval in shape, 2.5 to 5 microns in size, of a definite outline, many having a double walled appearance. Inner structure can be seen, which is well brought out in those stained with iron- hemotoxylin. The shape, outline, inner structure and presence of the bodies in the epithelial cells is conclusive proof that they are coccids. They are smaller than the coccids (2.5 b.y 5 microns) that are known to infest cattle in foreign countries. It is believed that this coccidium is pathogenic for cattle and capable of producing a form of chronic dysenter.v. Although the coccids were found in the feces of the goat and horses on the infected farms, no symp- toms have been observed in either goat or horses." Malta fever, A. Delmer (Rec. Med. Vet., 87 (1910), No. 15, pp. 531-5.',1).— A general accoimt in which recent investigations are reviewed. Experimental studies on rabies, A. Marie (L'Etude Expcrimentale de la Rage. Paris, 1909, pp. XII+371 + XII, pi. 1, figs, ii).— This is a brief treatise on the most important experimental work with rabies up to 1909. It includes both the pathology and therapeutics. Combating tuberculosis by the state, R. Ostertag (Ztschr. Jnfcktionskrank. II. Hyg. Haiistiere, 7 (1910), No. 1-2, pp. 1-19). — The author draws attention to the necessit.v of state control of the spread of tuberculosis, and lays particular .stress upon the various forms of tuberculosis to be considex'ed when exercising this control. A contribution to the study of bovine renal tuberculosis, K. BiJCHLi (TijdHchr. Veeartsenijlc, 37 (1910), No. 8, pp. 255-259; abs. in Vet. Rec., 23 (1910), No. 1155, p. 127). — The investigations conducted led the author to con- clude that many tuberculous cattle have renal foci to such a degree that bacilli are excrete into guinea iiigs. Critical remarks in regard to the occurrence of latent tubercle bacilli in the lymphatic glands, E. Joest (Ztselir. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustierc, 7 (1910), No. 1-2, pp. 131-1 'iO).—'i/,\tein tulrercle l)acilli do not occur in the lymphatic glands of bovines and hogs affected with geueralized tuberculosis. 788 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The value of the proteolytic reaction, J. Vass {Orvosi Hetilap, 1908, No. 24, pp. 403, 404; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), Mo. 28, pp. 567, 568). — The proteolytic reaction for differentiating tuberculous from nontuber- culous pus, while not applicable in every case, will undoubtedly determine whether or not the process is recent or chronic. The red color with Millon's reagent and positive proteolysis of the nutrient media with nontubei'culous pus and the negative results with tuberculous pus are obtained sufficiently often to warrant the use of the test. About tuberculosis serum and tuberculosis serovaccine, W. G. Ruppel (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 25, pp. J,95, J,96).—A resume of the standards for the various tubercle bacilli products utilized in diagnosing and immunizing. Pyemic arthritis and the use of nuclein solution in its treatment, J. H. Jefferson (Amcr. Vet. Rev., 31 (1910), No. 3, pp. 365-368). — The case here re- ported made a good recovery following the use of nuclein. A study of the mode of action of gastrotoxin and the healing' of gastro- toxic ulcers, C. Bolton (Jour. Path, and Bad., IJ, (1910), No. .',, pp. 418-^31, pi. 1). — The author has previously demonstrated that on immunizing a rabbit with gastric cells from a guinea pig or ratibit. the serum from this immunized animal, when injected into a guinea pig's peritoneum, produced a generalized toxemia with a necrosis of the mucosa of the stomach. This work deals with the way that the necrotic changes are produced and the changes which subsequently occur in the ulcers under normal and patbologicnl conditions. Tests in regard to the so-called mother vaccination substances against calf mortality (white scours and calf pneumonia) and against white scours and swine plague, F. M. Schmitt (Ztsclu: Iiifcktionskrank. u. Hijff. Haustiere, 7 (1910), No. 1-2, pp. 71-96). — Tests to ascertain the value of the substances employed for vaccinating pregnant mothers for the purpose of conferring im- munity on the offspring are reported. The results obtained with the white scour bacillus extract and 91 bovines, with 60 hogs and the vaccine against swine plague, and a number of control animals which were injected with a 0.5 per cent aqueous solution of carbolic acid were negative. The author also draws attention to the fact that many of the vaccines put on the market by manufacturers of biological products are insufficiently tested both in the laboratory and in practice. Observations of the rectal temperature of healthy cattle and a contribu- tion to the question of predetermination of the time of birth with the cow, E. Webee (Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 18 (1910), Nos. 10, pp. lJi3-lI,6; 11, pp. 157-162; 12, pp. 173-177; ahs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1910), No. 1139, p. 726).— The results of extensive observations reported have been summarized as follows : The bovine rectal temperature rises after eating, the average rise being 0.4.5° F. The essential factor in determining the degree of elevation in individuals is the muscular activity involved in eatiug. Draughts of cold water do not influence the rectal temperature in cattle; neither does milking. Brisk movement for a quai'ter of an hour causes a rise in temperature averaging 0.9°. The rectal temperature of the cow rises during pregnancy, at first slightly, but very markedly during the last month of the period. The average rise dur- ing pregnancy, taking the evening temperature as a basis, is 1.6°. This high temperature begins to fall, suddenly, markedly, and continuously, from 52 to 15 hours (28 hours ou an average) before calving. During the hours and days fol- lowing parturition, the temperature under normal circumstances shows a slight undulatory movement, due to the absorption of katabolic products. VETERINARY MEDICINE. ' 789 During the final period of advanced pregnancy in the cow, tlio frequency of tlie heart is greatly accelerated. The daily fluctuation of the temperature in the cow is less in animals fresh in milk than in those advanced In pregnancy. The former show a ma.ximum range of temperature of 1.6° with an average of not quite 1° ; in the latter, the maxinuim is just over 2°, and the average 1.4°. The average temperature of nonpregnant cows is from 100.4° to 103.1°, but in cows advanced in pregnancy, temperatures of from 103.1° to 104.9°, in the absence of symptoms of illness, are physiological. Healthy cattle under 6 months old may, in rare cases, show temperatures as high as 104°. In estimating the significance of the bovine temperature it is, therefore, necessary to pay due regard to the time and circum- stances of its observation. A bibliography of 42 titles is appended. Examination of the rectum of bovines, H. Gebauer (Die Rektale Unter- fiiirhiDig beim Rinde. Iiiaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1908, pp. 128, pis. 2). — The author divides his work into an anatomical and a technical part. The anatom- ical portion considers the general anatomy of the abdominal cavity and its con- tents and points out the variations from the normal. The technical part treats of the methods of examination, the various factors to be considered when making the examination, the indications for conducting the rectal examination, and finally, the results of the palpatory examination of the various organs through the rectum. Torsio uteri with premature pains, A. Topfer [Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910). Ao. 28, p. 563). — A description of an obstetrical case with an East Friesian cow, in which unmistakable signs (lasting about S hours) indicated an early accouchement. . A manual examination showed a three-quarter turn of the uterus on its long axis and from right to left. After turning back 21 times the torsion was fully eliminated. A normal delivery took place 10 days there- after. The " toeing out " of the fore legs of cattle, J. Kappeli (Jahresher. Landw. Schule Riitti, 1908-9, pp. 99-103, pi. 1). — Several cases are cited in which toeing out was inherited. ♦ Observations of cattle when feeding showed that the defect was aggravated when the cattle grazed on steep hillsides or stood in stables with slanting floors. It is stated that it can be prevented to some extent by keeping the hoofs properly trimmed, and by so constructing tlie stall that the bottom of the manger is somewhat higher than the floor in order that the feed can be comfortably reached without spreading the fore legs. Anaphylactic phenomenon observed in animals during vaccination with anticharbon sera, D. Alexandrescu and A. Ciuca (Compt. Rend. Soe. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 13, pp. 68.3-687 ; ahs. in Zcntbl. Biochcrn. n. Biophy.^., 10 (1910), No. 8, p. 1/07). — Dui-ing the immunization of cows against anthrax anaphylaxis was observed, mostly light in degree and seldom lethal. Contagious abortion, C. E. Gray (Transvaal Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 77, ;)/). 7). — A popular account. Theory and therapy of milk fever so-called, W. H. Dalrymple (.imcr. Vet. Rev., 37 (1910). No. 3, pp. 3-'i9-3.'}.'>) . — A discussion of the present status of our knowledge of this atTection. Experiences with vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease, C. Terni (Bill. Agr. [Milan], J,.', (1910), No. IT,, pp. 3, //).— The results of 1,744 vaccina- tion experiments with milch c<»ws, bulls, young steers, heifers, and oxon are reported, mostly with milch cows and at 30 dinVrent establishments. Scab and its eradication, C. E. Gray (Transvaal Dept. Agr.. Farmers- Bill. 76, pp. 7, pi. 1).—X popular account. 790 EXPERIMENT STATK^N RECORD. The eradication of the cattle tick (Margaropus annulatus), D. E. Salmon (Amer. Vet. Rev., 36 {1910). No. 6, pp. 679-682, fig. 1).—The author describes a method of freeing pastures of ticks through a combination of rotation and dipping. Three enclosures are made use of in this system. Cattle dipping tanks (Agi\ Jour. Cape Good Hope, 31 (1910), No. 1, pp. 33-31, pi. 1, figs. 6). — Dipping tanks are described and plans given for their construction. Report on the disease known as '^ bluetongue " in sheep, H. Watkins- PiTCHFORD (Natal Dept. Agr. Bill. 13, pp. 23, pis. 2, charts 8). — A general ac- couut, in which the results af inoculation experiments are included. Braxy or bradsot in sheep, Milbradt (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 28, pp. 562, 563).— Out of a herd of 500 sheep 10 died from bradsot or braxy. The pathological findings on autopsy wei*e practically negative. The bacterial flora of the intestines of the lamb, with particular reference to the bacteria of the hog cholera group, P. Andrejew (Arh. K. flsiidhtsaiuf.. 33 (1910), No. 2, pp. 363-316). — Tlie author examined the intestinal contents of 300 animals and found, when working according to the Drigalski method, that in 51 instances blue colonies were obtained. Of the 51 strains 12 had the cultural and biological characteristics of the hog cholera bacillus group, while the remaining 39 were transitional types lying between the Bacillus coli and paratyphoid bacillus. Experimental transmissibility of variola of young pigs, I. Pcenaro (Arliiva Vet., 1 (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-9, pi. 1; ahs. in Vet. Rec., 23 (1910), No. 1151, p. 156). — The author's conclusions are as follows: " The variola of young pigs is transmissible. The blood and the pus of the vesicles are virulent. The virus does not grow upon ordinary culture media. The spirochetiie found in the ulcers have no relation with the disease, but merely represent an accidental infection." The veterinary control of swine plague and hog cholera, R. Ostertag (Ztschr. Infeldionskrank. u. Hyg. Hanstiere, 1 (1910), No. 3-4, pp. 195- 213). — A critical discussion as to the individuality of hog cholera and swine plague, and the methods for combating the same. Spirochaetae in lesions affecting the pig, J. A. Gilruth (Vet. Jour., 66 (1910), No. J/23, pp. 528-532). — An account of the occurrence of spirochetes in lesions of somewhat diverse character as observed in Victorian pigs. A new hog parasite (, South. Planter, 11 (1910), No. 9, pp. 920-922, fly. i).— The larvae of a bot fly which had cut its way from the side of the neck into the larynx and there fixed itself securely in such position as to close com- pletely the windpipe and thus cause the death of the hog has been found by B. H. Ransom of this Department to belong to an apparently undescribed species of CEstrus. The species is reported to occur in Virginia and West Virginia. Pathogenesis of the accidents observed in horses during immunization against meningitis, Briot and Dopter (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 69 (1910), No. 21/, pp. 10-13).— The accidents are provoked by the toxic principle contained normally in the serum of the horse. The Strauss reaction for the diagnosis of glanders, B. L. Arms (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 55 (1910), No. 1, pp. 591-593). — " In the diagnosis of glan- ders by the Strauss method it is better to use more than one guinea pig. Before inoculating it is well to make a microscopic examination as a guide to dosage. A culture from the swab often aids in the early diagnosis. Pigs should be kept under observation for a month, and if a lesion of any kind is present, autopsy should be performed and cultures made." VEl'ERINAKY MEDICINE. 791 The sero-diag-nosis of glanders. W. Pfeilkr (Zfyichr. iHfcktion.slruiik. k. Hyg. Haii>iticie, 7 (WJO), Xos. J-.J, p/j. 328-3.')3; ->-6, pp. .',65-',82).— This is a cri:k'iU discussion of the evolution of the processes for the serum diai^nosis of glauders and the methods utilized for this purpose at the present day. A contribution to the knowledge of South African horse sickness and the methods of combating it, G. Reinecke (Bcitrdge zur Kenntnis uml Bekiimp- fung der iiikkifrikanischen Pferdesterhe. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 88, pi. 1, figs. 2). — This summarized account of horse sickness includes the details of investigations.couducted by the author in Southwest Africa. A bibliography of 54 titles is appended. A contribution to the knowledge of the experimental behavior of the virus of horse sickness with respect to the natural mode of infection, ItEiNECKE iZtschr. Veteriitark., 22 {1910), No. 2. pp. 76-80).— An experimental horse injected subcutaneously with 2 cc. of an extract from ticks, collected in the infected district of German Southwest Africa (diluted with equal amounts of physiological salt solution), succumbed to the disease 13 days later. Notes on a fever in horses simulating horse sickness, A. Theiler {Tra)is- vaal Agr. Jour.. 8 (1910), Ao. 32, pp. 58/-J86).— A further account of what has been referred to as "ephemeral fever." Boca rajada, G. Haase (ficrlin. Ticrarztl. Wchnsclir., 26 (1910), Xo. 28. pp. 562, 563. figs. 3). — This is an equine disease occurring on the I'acitic Coast of South America, chietly among horses about 1 year old. The disease manifests itself by an inflammation of the nmcous membranes of the mouth, accompanied by small blisters which contain a yellowish-white, clear aqueous fluid. These blisters are chiefly situated on the posterior cartilage of the tongue. At times they enlarge, become confluent, and burst, and then leave painful, reddened spots unprotected by epithelium. The excoriated areas on the tongue often enlarge and have a tendency to extend to the angles of the lips (and often exiioses the entire cheek teeth), and eventually lead to a pro- gressive splitting of the ]ii)S. The constitutional effects are marked. The ani- mals become emaciated, and not seldom is the disease fatal, particularly where the fauces and larynx become involved. The author was never able to detect an extension to the nose, eyes, or rectum. The disease, according to the author, occurs only whei'e zacaton (Pank-um jiimcntGnim) grows. The infective agent in the blisters could not be determined. The Alsol treatment is discussed. A microfilaria in the blood of a horse at Khartoum, A. Balfour (Jour. Trop. Med. and Hijg. \ London]. 13 (1910), No. 7. pp. 97. 98, fig. /).— This is thought to be the second case in which Filaria sanguinis c(/ui afriemii has been observed. Epulis carcinomatosa in the dog, E.Alexander (Berlin. Tieriirztl. Wehnsehr., 66 (1910), No. 28, pp. 563, 56 't). — Epulids, which are new formations in the gums, are rarel.v observed by veterinarians. The author rejiorts his clinical and histopathological findings with a case in a dog. The histological changes with nephritis in the dog, V. Davis (Die Ilistolo- gisehen ]'enind(riingrn Ixi der Xcphrili.s il(>< tliindcs. Ininig. Diss., IJnir. Bern, 1908, pp. 31). — The results are given of macroscopic and microscopic examina- tions of the kidneys of 41 dogs. Six f)f these were normal kidneys. (> from cases of acute interstitial nephritis, .'i of acute parenchymatous nephritis, 1 of acute hemorrhagic nephritis, 22 of chronic indurative nephritis, 2 of edema, and 1 of renal congestion. A case of canine toxoplasmosis observed in Turin, U. Mello (Bui. Soc. Path. IJxol.. 3 (1910). Xo. 6. pp. .i.')9-363). — The occurrence of a new pathogenic species of Toxoplasma to wliich has been given the name T. canis is discussed. 792 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. On the presence of spirochetes in a case of hemorrhagic gastro-enteritis in the dog, Lucet {Bui. Soc. Cent. Med. Vet., 87 (1910), No. 16, pp. 376-379, figs. 2). — Photographs taken of the spirochetes concerned accompany the account. Preliminary report on a new piroplasm (Piroplasma gibsoni n. sp.) found in the blood of the hounds of the Madras Hunt and subsequently discov- ered in the blood of the jackal (Canis aureus), W. S. Patton (Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 3 (1910), No. Jf, pp. 274-280, fiys. 2). — "This piroplasm differs markedly in structure from Piroplasma canis; it is much smaller and is chiefly seen as a delicate ring of blue staining protoplasm ; the pairs of large pyriform bodies so characteristic of P. canis have never been seen." The method by which P. gibsoni is transmitted in nature has not yet been discovered. The author also reports the discovery of two other species of Piroplasma, one in the blood of the Indian mongoose and the other in the blood of the spotted deer. Cutaneous filariasis in a dog, S. N. Mitter (Jour. Trop. Yet. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 3, pp. Jfll-J/lS, pis. 2). — An attempt made to convey the disease, by inocula- tion, to a healthy dog failed. Filaria medinensis in the dog, S. II. Gaiger (Jour. Trop. Yet. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 3, pp. ^81-483). — Five cases in which this parasite was found in the dog in India are reported. Contributions to our knowledge of fowl diseases, Ruther ( Ticrdrztl. Rund- schau, 16 (1910), No. 5, pp. 41, 42; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 25, pp. 499, 500). — The results of pathological and autopsical find- ings with cases of jaundice, spirillosis, coli infection, and leukemia are reported. Bird pest is not a contagious disease, E. Marchoux (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 8, pp. 346, 347).— The author on the basis of his experiments states that this malady is not contagious, but is probably trans- mitted by an intermetliary host and perhaps caused by a septicemic invisible virus. Fowl cholera (Pasteurellosis), F. Raymond (Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 3, pp. 371-396, j)ls. 8, charts 14). — "The object of this pai)er is to demon- strate that fowl cholera exists in Bengal; to reproduce in a series of pictures the normal course of the disease in poultry and rabbits so that anyone can recognize it; and to tender some practical advice in regard to prevention and management of outbreaks in this Province." New investigations in regard to the relation of fowl diphtheria to fowl pox, Uhlenhuth and Manteufel (Arh. K. Gsndhtsamt., 33 (1910). No. 2, pp. 288- 304, figs. 3). — A descriptive article, with the results of clinical and experimental observations wliich show that fowl pox and fowl diphtheria are caused by the same virus and that it is not due to a mixed infection. Typical pox lesions could not be produced on the outer skin by intravenous injection of pox or diph- theria lymph. The authors further state that for the present dove or pigeon pox and fowl pox must be considered identical. Contributions to immunity against the so-called fowl pox, Manteufel {Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 33 (1910), No. 2, pp. 305-312; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. ^Vchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 25, p. 499). — The virus used in this work was ob- tained by scraping off the softened epitheliomje, or from the characteristic membrane on the mucous membranes, and maceration of these with physiolog- ical salt solution. Chickens infected intravenously or subcutaneously with, these viruses showed an immunity which lasted from 1^ to 2 years. A hypoim- mune serum was also produced by extending the injections over a much longer period than is usually done, but this had no therapeutic effect when employed in repeated doses of 5 cc. and also no jirotective action. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 793 Ocular douve of the fowl, C. Math is and M. Lixjer (BuJ. (^oc. Path. Exot., 3 (1910). \o. .',. PI). 2.'i5-2ol). — A treniatodo found in Tonkin in the conjunctival cul-de-sac of 6 per cent of 422 fowls examined is described as I'll iJojih thai mu.s graUL Body temperature of healthy and tubercular chickens and turkeys, Klim- MER and Saalbeck {Ztschr. Ticrmed., J.', (1910), No. 2, pp. JJ,7-158; ahs. in Berlin. TicrarzU. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 25, p. ^99).— The temperatures of 15 healthy chickens were taken 1.246 times in one week, and fluctuated between 40 and 42.5° C. Temperatures from 40 to 40.8° and from 42.3 to 42.5° were only seldom recorded, being chiefly within the limits of 40.9 and 42.2°, and giving an average of from 41.5 to 42°. The highest daily temperature was in the afternoon from 12 to 2 o'clock and the lowest at midnight. Race, se.x, and the taking of food had no influence on the body temperature. With 21 tuberculous chickens (1,724 measurements) the results obtained were identical with those from the normal chickens. With 2 turkeys (164 measurements) the temperature fluctuated within 39.5 and 41.5°, but the majority fell between 40.5 and 41.4°. The temperature cycle was the same in the turkeys as in the chickens. Poisoning of poultry by common salt, F. Suffban (Rev. G6n. MM. V6i., 13 [190'.)). \o. 7.56, pp. 698-705; abs. in Jour. Com par. Path, and Ther., 23 {1910}. No. 1, pp. ll-llf). — A case is repoi'ted in which fowls were poisoned by being fed a mash made of potatoes, to which salt had been added. Milk and other liquids prescribed after 13 had succumbed resulted in the recovery of the 2 remaining. Chemical analysis showed that in the 80 to 100 gm. of food con- tained in the crops, each fowl had taken from 10 to 14 gm. of salt. In order to determine the minimum toxic dose of common salt, a series of experiments was made with fowls from which it is concluded that a dose of 4 gm. per kilogram of body weight is sufficient to produce death. The fact that one fowl resisted such a dose is thought to have been due to a certain degree of toleration established by previous repeated injection of smaller doses. Contributions to the etiology of the disease resulting from feeding birds on rice, I. Fujitani (Arch. Internat. Pharmacod. et Ther., 20 (1910). No. 3-lf, pp. 288-309). — In view of the surmise of Schaumann " that the cause of beri- l)eri in man is due to the fact that the food eaten contains too little or no nuclein phosphorus, the tests reported in this paper were conducted for the [turpose of ascertaining the nature of the phosi)horus compound, and to deter- mine with chickens, pigeons, and sparrows the nature of the protective agent I)resent in the silver skin of rice. The birds fed only with shelled rice were found to die with the attending symptoms of motor paralysis. When fed with partly shelled rice, that is, rice having the silver skin, these symptoms did not manifest themselves. Chemical analysis showed that the shelled rice contains less phosphorus than the linlf- shelleil rice, and that this phosphorus exists in the silver skin chiefly in the form of phytin. The greater amount of phosphorus in the half-shelled rice has evidently some relation to this compound. The phytin of the bran is not able, as the test showed, to prolong the life of the animals fed on peeled rice. The protective agent is thermolabile at 100°C, but its nature could not be determined. About the transmission of disease organisms by fowl eggs, with a con- tribution to the bacteriology of the normal egg, K. 1'opi'e (Arb. K. (Jandht- samt.. 3.'t (1910), No. 2, pp. 186-221).— From this work it appears that the normal hen's egg contains bacteria under ordinary conditions, and further, that I he pollution can take place in either the developing or the comiiletetl egg. Un- «Arch. Schiflfs u. Tropen Hyg., 12 (1908). No. 5, p. 37. 794 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, ieitilized fresh laid eggs were more ofteu germ free than fertilized eggs, which is explained by the fact that the bacteria pass into the white or yolli during development and by way of the fallopian tube and cloaca during the process of fertilization. When 54 per cent of the eggs, some of which were fresh and others which were infected afterwards, were examined, staphylococci were found in from 60 to TO per cent of the cases. Streptococci and bacilli were also found, but in no instance were the organisms pathogenic. With reference to the spreading of disease by the egg shells coming in contact with feces, blood, and other dejecta of animals, the author shows that with fowl cholera and erysipelas the virus soon loses its virulency, while on the other hand the paratyphoid bacillus migrates through the shell ;ind into the eng and also exists on shells polluted with feces for a long time. RURAL ECONOMICS. Farm labor in California {Pacific Rural Press, 79 (1910), No. 2}. pp. J/GS. .'i69). — This is an outline of a report by State Labor Commissioner J. S. Mac- kenzie of an investigation, provided for by a special act of the legislature, which has been in progress for more than a yeai*. The inquiry dealt with the number of farms employing labor, the different races of laborers and the lines of agriculture in which they were engaged, the wages paid by white and Japanese farmers, statistics of the Japanese popula- tion as a whole, the standard of living of farm laborers, the methods of em- ploying labor, the efficiency of the various races of farm laborers, the status of white laborers, and the need of introducing efficient foreign farm labor to meet existing conditions in California. The investigations covered visits to 4.102 farms, on which it was found that the average duration of employment was less than two months in the year, that 6S.O per cent of the whites and 61.6 per cent of the Japanese were employed le.ss than three mouths, and that only 16.0 per cent of the whites and 10.7 per cent of the Japanese v^-ere employed permanently. The average wage paid by white farmers to white help was $1.38 per day with board, and $1.80 per day without board, and to the Japanese $1.49 and $1.54, respectively. Japanese farmers, however, paid to Japanese laborers an average of $1.57 iier day with board and $1.65 per day without board, showing that the Jai»anese were better paid by their own countrymen than by the white farmer. Notwithstanding these facts, the consensus of opinion in all parts of the State was that the white man of good character is i)referable to any of the alien races, but that there is not a suffi- cient number of white laborers to perform the farm labor of the State. To meet agricultural labor conditions in California, therefore, it is the conviction of the gi-owers of fruits, truck, and other ci'ops that a sufficiency of farm labor must continue to be drawn from sources outside the United States. The establishment of laborers on the land in England, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, and Belg'ium, B. Skalweit et al. (Arcli. Dent. Latidw. Rats, 3'f {1910), pp. 592-616). — This is a series of addresses delivered at the thirty- eighth general meeting of the Cerman Agricultural Council held at Berlin, February 15-18, 1910. The papers deal generally with agrarian conditions in the countries men- tioned, with particular reference to recent government interest in the solution of the problems relating to rural depopulation and repopulation. Recent legis- lation having for its object the settlement of laborers on the land through government aid is reviewed, and the economic and social results of the move- ment are pointed out. The general conclusion of the speakers was that the most iiractical solution of the agricultural labor problem from the economic RUEAL ECONOMICS. 795 l)oint of view is for the State to assist tlie fann laborer to bfcoiue the owner of a small holding, since the sense of ownership is one of the strongest ties for retaining the rural population on the land. The papers are followed by a discussion. The economic limits of intensive culture in agriculture, B. Skalweit (Die OkoiiODiiscJien (Irenzen (lev I)itcnsiricrini(j dcr Laiidirirticlnift. Berlin, 1909, pp. 76). — The results of investigations as made by the author from an examina- tion of the accounts as kept on 35 excellently managed farms in middle and north Germany are reported. The outlook for Vermont farming, E. S. Brigham (Ann. Rpt. Comr. Affr. 17., 1 {1909), pp. 155-163). — The author reviews agricultural conditions in Ver- mont and believes that the outlook for the future is hopeful if there can be a better organization of the farms resulting in more economic production of goods, more cooi)eration and united effort on the part of farmers in the purchase of supplies and sale of products, better roads as means of communication, and a broader education in the schools and in the technique of agriculture. A New York farm bureau (Breeder's Gaz., 58 (1910), No. 2, p. 59). — Notes are given on the organization and lines of work planned by a farm bureau organ- ized and conducted by the Binghamton Chamber of Commerce for locating farm laborers and encouraging agriculture In southern New York. Cooperation among farmers, E. M. Tousley (1910, pp. 16). — The ethical prin- ciples involved in cooiieratiou are discussed in this address, delivered before the thirty-seventh annual meeting of the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture at Trenton, January 19-21, 1910. Why agricultural cooperation often fails {^VaUaces'' Farmer, 35 (1910), No. 31, p. 10.'i3). — The causes of failure mentioned in this article are the unwilling- ness of cooperators to employ men of business ability and pay the market price for it, to follow the leaders of their own choosing and cooperate with them irre- spective of personal likes or dislikes, and to forego present and temporary advantage for the sake of future and more permanent advantage. Report of the Irish Agricultural Organization Society, Limited, T. A. FiNLAY and R. A. Anderson (Rpt. Irish Agr. Organ. Soc, 1909, pp. 113). — De- tailed statistical data and discussions of the work of the affiliated cooperative organizations for the year ended June 30, 1909, ai"e given. The number of societies on that date was 893, as compared with 941 in the preceding year (E. S. R., 20, p. 1196), but this apparent decrease is due to the fact that 83 societies were dropped from the register because they did not furnish evidence of activity to the general society. The organization now includes 358 cream- eries, 172 agricultural societies, 270 credit, 25 poultry, 12 flax. 36 home indus- tries, 3 beekeepers, and 13 miscellaneous societies, and 4 federations. Agricultural associations in France, D. B. Mason (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], n. ser.. 1 (1910), No. 16, pp. 201-203).— yidtes are given on the or- ganization and work of the two principal cooperative unions of agricultural societies in France, with a discussion of the influence these soceties have ex- erted under the stimulus of government aid to promote the prosperity of agri- culture in France. Farmer leagues in Germany, A. W. Thackara (Weekly Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. -S'.], 1 (1910), No. 18, pp. 817-822; Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1910, No. 357, pt. 2, pp. 51-56). — This article describes the organization, work, and economic results of the two leading agricultural cooi)erative unions of farm- ers' societies in Germany, namely, the Imperial Union of Agricultural Societies and the General Union of Agricultural Societies. Th(> data reported and dis- cussed im-lnde the number of attiliattMl societies, membership, assets and lia- bilities, loans, deiwsits of members, cost of administration, value of purchases. 796 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, reserve funds, etc. It is said that the significance of these agricultural cooper- ative unions in Germany " lies in their successful advocation of honest business dealing, in their insistence on cash payments and on economy in operating ex- penses, in their struggle against usury and deception, in the business and moral training which they give to the lower and middle classes, and in the happy combination of progressive principles and brotherly feeling which they stimu- late." Notes on the marketing' of vegetables and fruits in Holland, particularly in Westland, [and] on the truck-gardening association of Tourlaville (Min. Int. et Agr. [Brussels], Off. Rural. Avis aux Cult., 2. ser., 1910, No. 5, vp. Jt5, pis. 9). — Methods of marketing fruits and vegetables, transportation facilities and freight rates to England, and the organization and work of the Tourlaville truck-gardening association are described in this bulletin. [Agricultural credit in the provinces of Marches and Umbria] (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, c Com. [Rome], 9 {1910), Ser. A, No. 1, pp. 13-22). — The regula- tions for carrying out the law of January 2. 1910 (E. S. R., 22. p. 795), pro- moting the development of agricultural credit in Marches and Umbria, are reported. Native societies for providing- grain and credit in French West Africa (Quinz. Colon., 14 (1910), No. 13, pp. 469, Jp'O). — An account of the means em- ployed for encouraging the development of native mutual credit societies. The purposes of such societies are to provide for seed grains at the proper times of planting, to purchase necessary implements, to aid members in sickness and cases of accident, and to guard against the efCocts of droughts, floods, diseases, and other natural risks. The mutual insurance of live stock (Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit. Guiana, 3 {1910), No. J/, pp. 192-194). — A discussion of the princii)les and methods under which mutual live stock insurance societies are org.Muized and conducted. How can a live-stock insurance society be established and managed? C. Weilanut {Arch. Dcut. Landw. Rats, 34 {1910), pp. 719-S02, figs. .'/).— This paper discusses the economic significance of live-stock insurance, forms of or- ganization, different kinds of insurance, propositions and preparations for the establishment of societies, pi-emiunis, reserve funds, by-laws and regulations, registering the stock, bookkeeping, annual reports and accountings, and other data relating to the organization and work of such societies. Crop Reporter {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 12 {1910), No. 9, pp. 65-72). — Statistics on the condition and acreage of crops in the United States and foreign countries, the farm values and range of prices of agricultural products, and monthly receipts of eggs and poultry in the leading markets of the United States are presented and discussed. AGRICULTITRAI. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference for Education in the South {Proc. CoHj. Ed. South, 13 {1910), pp. 352).— At the Thirteenth Conference on Educjitlon in the South, held in Little Rock, Ark., Ai)rll G-8, 1910. the papers presented included the following: The adjustment of the rural school to the conditions of rural life as ob- served in the rural schools of Page County, Iowa, J. Y. Joyner (pp. 69-76). — The author of this paper emphasizes the following points: (1) Real rural schools are not city schools in the country, (2) children taught through school agriculture are educated toward the farm instead of away from it, (3) such teaching can be done by teachers who have had no special agricultural ti'aining. (4) its success depends upon adequate, trained, experienced s\ipervision with power for leader- RURAL ECONOMICS. 797 ship and inspiration, (5) patrons cooperate in such work with cordial interest, and (6) the work of the schools is stimulated by corn-jjrowing and other prize contests, determined and awarded in annual township and county exhibits. Education for efficiency in rural communities, A. M. Soule (pp. 101-129). — This paper is an exhaustive discussion of the i)roblems involved in the improve- ment of rural education. Agriculturcin the elementary school, F. L. Stevens (pp. 219-224). — The author of this paper lays emphasis on the following general propositions: (1) The ordinary elementary teacher can teach as large a percentage of the teachable facts of agriculture as she can of the facts of history, geography, or English, (2) a text-book should be used as the basis, supplemented with available illustrative material, (3) teachers of the subject should receive special instruc- tion in summer schools and institutes, (4) the teaching of agriculture should be required by school authorities, and (5) an itinerant supervisor should be em- ployed to assist the eft'orts of the local teacher. Agriculinre in puWie high schools, J. J. Doster (pp. 225-233). — The author discusses the reasons for general rural indifference to school improvement and calls attention to the need of text-books in physics, biology, chemistry, mathe- matics, be>okkeeping, and history that are adapted to rural conditions and inter- ests and illustrate the importance of agriculture in the industrial development of the race. He suggests that country boys and girls should be encouraged to carry on a productive business in truck or fruit growing or in stock or poultry raising while studying in the rural high school. The school " should be the social center of the neighborhood," and "evening classes for the benefit of the women of the neighborhood in cooking, dress cutting and dress making, in train- ing to care for the sick, and in the prevention of disease, might be formed." What the college of agriculture can do to promote the teaching of agricul- ture in the rural schools, C. A. Keffer (pp. 233-242). — This address was pre- sented under the following heads: (1) The place of the college of agriculture in the school system of the State, (2) college extension work in agriculture, and (3) the development among the voters of a sentiment favorable to tlie teaching of agriculture. The author holds that the state agricultural college should be regarded as an integral part of the public school system, and that it should take a leading position in promoting agriculture in the lower schools. Agriculture in normal schools, D. B. Johnson (pp. 242-250). — After a general review of the rapid progress of secondary agricultural education developments in this country, the author of this paper describes particularly the instruction and practice work of Winthrop Normal and Industrial College, Rockhill, S. C, in agriculture and domestic science. Papers were also given on What One Southern Agricultural High School Has Done, by C. A. Cobb; Community Improvement Through the School-Home, by H. T. Bailey; and Education for Economic Etheiency, by J. C. Branner. Public school agriculture, how taug'ht and how connected with the busi- ness of farming, D. .J. Chosby (Minn. Consrrv. and Agr. Development Cong., 1910, pp. 120-126).— This address, after dealing briefly with the general agen- cies for education and reseiirch as related to the conservation of natural re- sources, proceeds to describe more fully the agencies for secondary education in agriculture, the rapid introduction of such courses in the public schools, and the establishment of special vocational schools of agriculture and domestic science. The functions of these special schools are designated as follows: (1) To stimulate the more general introduction of agricultural teaching into the common schools, (2) to aid in the preparation of teachers, (3) to serve as voca- tional connecting links between the public schools and the agricultural colleges, (4) to serve as finishing schools iu agriculture for those who can not attend 798 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. c-ollege, (5) to relieve the agricultural colleges of secondary and preparatory- work, (6) to serve farming communities more directly than the colleges iti various forms of extension work, and (7) by their limitation and number to I'rovide for specialization to some extent along different lines of agricultural work adequately illustrated by a more complete equipment than can be provided in the ordinary high school. Agricultural education: Its relation to the whole industry, J. M. W. Kitchen (Country Gent., 15 {1910}, No. SOW, pp. 929, 930).— This article is written from the standpoint of one of the trustees if Gilmanton Academy, Gil- mantou, N. H., which is cited as the first institution in New England " to adopt the idea of secondary agricultural education as a local and national need of the present and the future." The author holds that the decline of prosperity on New England farms and the present " disproportion of consumers to food producers " is due to two causes, "(1) poor judgment in forming and carrying out national plans and policies, and (2) educational mismanagement." He believes that few farmers will rally to the call for more extensive production raised by railroad presidents and city consumers, without as.surance of greater profits, "as a mere matter of patriotic altruism." The problem of right rural education must be solved by centralized schools suppoi'ted largely by outside aid. "As a rule this financial aid should be given by the National Government, and the more this fact is realized, the sooner will matters be in trend for a development of the future prosperity of the country." Agriculture in the schools, A. A. Brigham {Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Agr., If2 (I'JO'J). pii. 73-85). — An address empliasizing and illustrating the feasibility of agricultural teaching in the public schools as a means of stimulating interest in other school studies. The value of special agricultural schools for those too old or backward for the regular schools is particularly pointed out. How agriculture may be taught in the public schools, F. W. Howe {Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Agr., J,2 {1909). pp. SC-fl.:?).— This address contains many illustra- tions of successful methods of developing an interest in agriculture in the public schools. The teacher is advised to put herself in the attitude of a co-learner with her pupils, and a practical program for such work is suggested. The author believes that agricultural teaching has great value for urban as well as rural schools, and that "the pedagogical, practical, social, and cultural reasons for teaching agriculture as the basic industry of mankind exist alike in fill the conmion schools." The course of nature study in the elementary school, F. L. Holtz {Nature- Study Rev., 6 {1910), No. 7. pp. 189-192).— In answer to the criticism often made that nature study is usually fragmentary and unorganized, the author of this paper sets forth the following principles as a guide to the construction of courses: (1) The ethical aim should not be ignored, (2) the course should give isractical information adapted to tlie child's present interests and contacts as well as the future, (3) it should train to careful observation and logical think- ing, (4) it should be adapted to the child's psychological stage of development, (5) it should go "from the familiar to the less known types" of ob.iects, (6) it .should follow the line of least resistance as to community interests and avail- ability of illustrative material, (7) it should follow the order of the seasons in order to preserve the true setting and significance of objects studied, and there- fore (8) it will always lack complete coherence from the standpoint of any one science, but there should be a reason for every element at the point where it is iiilrctduced, so that the course as a whole may " hang together logically." Agriculture for young folks, A. D. and E. W. Wilson {St. Paul, 1910. pp. S'lO, figs. 125). — This school text on agriculture gives special attention to corn, MISCELLANEOUS. 799 potatoes, hay, seed selection, farm management, live stock, farm-home sanitation, country roads, and rural cooperation. Each chapter is followed by questions find arithmetical problems on the subjects treated. MISCELLANEOUS. Sixteenth Annual Report of Montana Station. 1909 (Montana Sta. Rpi. 1901), pp. 63-S3). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, a report of the director on the work and publications of the station, and a meteorological summary of temperature, pre- cipitation, wind direction, sunshine, and frost conditions at Bozeman, Mont.. during the year. Twentieth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1909 (Neio Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 5-Jfl, fig. i).— This contains the organization list, a report of the director on the work, publications, and exchanges of the station, departmental reports on the various lines of station work conducted during the year, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909. Portions of the reports of the chemist and horticulturist are abstracted on pages 710 and 733, respectively, of this issue. Second Annual Report of the Dickinson Subexperiment Station, 1909 [North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Diclcinson Siibsta., 1909, pp. 5-69, figs. 10, charts 7). — This contains the organization list of the North Dakota Station and an account of the work of the Dickinson substation for 1909. The experimental work recorded is abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Annual review of agronomy, D. Zolla (Rev. Gen. Set., 21 (1910), No. 18, pp. 779-792). — This article summarizes recent researches on the action of potash salts oji the growth of oats and other forage crops, the topping of cereals, the culture of cereals under dry land conditions, the influence of fertilizers on the composition of cereals, and the fight against hail and methods of defense, with an account of the work of the station of vegetable pathology at Paris. Report of the Danish plant culture committee, H. C. Larsen (Ber. Stat. Planteavl. [Denmark], 1909-10, pp. 151). — The various activities of the com- mittee during the year are described and a discussion given as to methods of experimentation and work in progress and in contemplation at the 8 Danish plant culture stations for the year 1909, with the budget of the stations for the year. The Swedish Moor Culture Society and its activities, H. von Feilitzen (Svenska Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 2ff (1910), No. 3, Sup., pp. 169-2J,0, figs. .',5).— This report contains a historical sketch of the society and its oi'ganization and equipment, with a description of its buildings and experimental grounds. Report of the Central Experimental Agricultural Institute for 1909, S. Rhodin et al. (K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 49 (1910), No. 3, pp. 251-278). — Brief .statements of the work of the various departments of the institute during the year are given, with a list of its publications. Report of the agricultural department of Finland, 1908 (T.iindfhr. Styr. Meddel. [Finland], 1910, No. 70, pp. VI +203+3). —This report presents the usual brief statements of the various activities of the department during the year. NOTES. Arizona University. — President K. C. Babcock has accepted an appointment to tlie newly established position of specialist in higher education in the United States Bureau of Education, and has entered upon his duties. Arlcansas University and Station. — V. A. Hooper and Dr. AV. M. Bruce have re- signed the chairs of dairy husbandry and agricultural chemistry, respectively, to engage in private business at Clarendon, Ark. The attendance of students upon classes in the college of agriculture has in- creased about 13 per cent over last year. The state fair, at Hot Springs, which is largely under the control of the college and station, met with greater success this year than at any other time in its history. The various secondary agricul- tural schools, with the exception of that at Magnolia, have opened with an average attendance of 100 students. These schools articulate with the college of agri- culture, its dean being an advisory member of their governing boards. Kansas College and Station. — R. J. Kinzer has resigned as animal husbandman to accept the secretaryship of the American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Associa- tion, and will enter upon his new duties January 1, 1911. J. B. Fitch (Purdue, 1910) has been appointed assistant in dairying. J. B. Parker, assistant in ento- mology, has resigned to accept the chair of biology in the Catholic University of America, at Washington, D. C. Cornell University and Station. — According to a recent announcement in Cor- neU Coittitri/nKiii. a department of forestry has been authorized. The pomology work has been separated from the department of horticulture and organized as a distinct department in charge of C. S. Wilson, as professor of pomology. Other promotions include C. H. Tuck to the professorship of extension teach- ing, A. R. Mann, from secretary to a professorship, with the title of secretary and professor of agricultural editing, and E. S. Savage, from instructor to assist- ant professor of animal husbandry. L. B. Judson has withdrawn from teaching to give his entire time to investi- gation work. A. C. Beal has been appointed assistant in floriculture, Paul Work instructor and investigator in olericulture, vice L. D. Batchelor, whose resigna- tion has been previously noted, and Mrs. Helen B. Young instructor in home economics. Assistants have also been appointed as follows: R. J. Gilmore, biology; G. R. Hill, jr., plant physiology; H. W. Anderson and C. T. Gregory, plant pathology; Sara M. Bailey, home economics; L. M. Hurd, poultry hus- bandry ; and W. W. Fisk, dairy industry. G. E. Burnap, of the department of rural art, has resigned to accept an appointment in connection with the park system of Washington, D. C. Oklahoma Station. — James A. Wilson, superintendent of the Murray State School of Agriculture at Tishomingo, Okla., has been appointed director. Porto Rico Station. — The insular government has ceded to the station 200 acres of land on a mountain side above the city of Mayaguez for carrying on some work in reforesting. This is being planted to cabinet woods and fruits, especially the mango. W. C. Taylor, assistant chemist, has resigned to enter commercial work. American Association of Economic Entomologists. — The twenty-third annual meeting of this association will be held at Minneapolis, Minn., December 28 and 29, in connection with the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. A joint session with the Entomological Society of America is planned for December 28. 800 . ■ O INDEX OF NAMES. Aaronsohn, A., 529, 533, 537. Abbe, C, 515. Abderhalden, E., 171, 410, 512, 670, 681, 702, 70S. Achard, 188. Adami, J. G., 100. Adkin, B. W., 759. Aeby, 225. Agee, H. P., 510. Agthe, A., 396. Agulhon, H., 226, 230. Ainslie, C. N., 463. Ainslie, G. G., 54, 400. Aitken, J., 123. Albee, H. R., 443. Albert, R., 11. Albertonl, P., 69. Albrecht, K., 648. Alexander, A. S., 177, 500, 674, 776. Alexander, E., 791. Alexander, J., 12, 271, 373. Alexandrescu, D., 789. Aley, R. J., 497. Allard, J., 244. Allardice, E. R. B., 44. Allen, F. W., 496. Allen, H. E., 597. Allen, J. A., 356. Allen, L. H., 598. Allen, W. J., 143. AUessandrini, G., 663. Allison, H. O., 297. Allyn, L. B., 82. Almeida, J. V. d', 50. Alsberg, C. L., 228, 410, 611. Althausen, L., 226. Alway, F. J., 318. Amaral, A. P., do, 442. Ambuhl, G., 270. Amos, A., 337. Andelin, A., 581. Anderson, (Mrs.) A., 65. Anderson, D. W., 297. Anderson, H. W., 800. Anderson, J. F., 100, 559, 682. Anderson, R. A., 795. Anderson, T. J., 755. Andouard, A., 731. Andouard, P., 731. Andrg, G., 229. Andree, H. J., 312. Andrejew, P., 790. Andrews, F., 191. Andrews, F. W., 583. Andrews, W. W., 626. Andrllk, K., 307. Angelis d'Ossat, G. de, 19, 716. Angus, W., 166, 331, 672. Annand, J. F., 766. Annandale, N., 564. Aimett, H. E., 316, 719. Anschiitz, G., 667. Anstead, R. D., 758. Anstruther, A. W., 784. Antoni, N., 286. Apgar, A. C, 736. Appel, O., 46, 98, 148, 247, 448, 646, 647, 653. Aragao, H. de B., 488. Archibald, R. A., 387, 783. Arctowski, H., 712, 732. Arloing, S., 687. Arms, B. L., 790. Armsby, H. P., 403. Armstrong, E. F., 305. Arnd, T., 11. Arnett, C. N., 496, 597. Arnim-Schlagenthin, 471. Arnold, J. A., 196. Arnold, W., 304. Arnould, A., 244. Arnstadt, A., 398. Arpin, M., 63. Arthaud-Berthet, J., 768. Arthur, J. C, 147. Artmann, P., 303. Arzberger, E. G., 99. Ashby, S. F., 753. Askenasy, P., 515. Askwith, G. R., 109. Asmis, W., 396. Aston, B. C, 23, 25, 26, 232, 5S2, 621. Aston, S., 418. Atkins, W. R. G., 526. Atkinson, A., 331, 699. Atterberg, A., 315, 511. Atwater, C. G., 525. Atwater, H. W., 62. Atwater, W. O., 605. Atwood, G. G., 360. Atwood, H., 76. AuchS, A., 166. Auemheimer, O., 774. Aulray, 220. Austen, E. E., 200, 562. Austin, C. F., 43. Auzinger, A., 12, 307. Averitt, S. D., 16. Avema-Sacci, R., 650. Avery, S., 099. Ayers, S. H., 81. Ayres, T. W., 150. Azzarello, E., 113. Babcock, E. B., 596. Babcock, K. C, 800. Babcock, S. M., 180. Babes, V., 482. Babo, A. von, 242. Bach, A., 210. Back, E. A., 257, 498. Backe, A., 306. Backhaus, A., 395. Badermann, 324. Baecher, S., 585. Baehr, J., 179. Baessler, 322. Bagnall, R. S., 660. Baier, E., 167, 414. Bail, O., 388.' Bailey, E. H. S., 668. Bailey, F. R., 376. Bailey, H. T., 797. BaUey, I., 769. Bailey, L. H., 41. Bailey, S. M., 800. Bailey, W. D., 298. Bailhache, G., 350. Bain, S. M., 448. Bainer, II. M., 297, 590. Baii-d, R. O., 598. Baker, B. N., 140, 315. Baker, C. F., 559, 741. Baker, J. F., 400. Baker, M. N., 82. Baker, T. H., 617. Bakke, A. L., 346, 447. Baldrey, F. S. II., 662. Baldwm, E. R., 388, 389. Baldwin, S. P., 440. Balfour, A., 663, 791. Ball, C. R., 140. Ball, E. D., 658. Ballantyne, W. \V., 279. Ballou, II. A., 346, 659. Balls, W. L., 535, 552. Bancroft, C. K., 149, 346, 354, 545. Bang, N. O. II., 280, 481. Banks, N., 265, 463, 467, 564, 565, 752. Barabaschi, P., 657. Baragiola, \V. I., 111. Barakov, P., 523. Barber, F. II., 16. Barill6, A., 13. Barker, II. S.,98. Barker, AV.W., 684. 801 802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Barnard, H. E., 509, 713. Barnas, B., 741. Bamett, E., 588. BamhiU, O. H., 193. Barr, G. H., 480. Barra],E.,613. Barre, H. W., 346. Barrows, H. K., 119, 313. Barrus, M. F., 447. Barthel, 577. Barthel, C, 513. Bartlett, A. W.,550. Bartmann, H., 128. Bartow, E., 617. Bascom, E. L., 195. Bashford, E. F., 388. Bassenge, R., 289. Bassi, S., 493. Bastin, E.S., 225. Batchelor, L. D., 498, 541, 800. Bau, A., 560. Bauer, J., 114, 613. Bauer. L. A., 515. Baumann, A., 626, 715. Bazille, n. B.,7S6. Beach, C. W., 590. Beadnell, n. J. L., 521. Beal, A. C, 800. Beal, F. E. L., 555. Beal, W. n., 196. Beal, W. J., 98, 439. Beals, E. A., 312, 617. Beattie, R. K., 61. Beattie, W. R., 191. Beaucaire, 293. Beauchamp, de, 713. Beaudry, J. A., 619. Beaurieux, N., 40. Beauverie, J., 45. Beaven, E. S., 635. Beavers, J. C, 319. Becci, G., 292. Becker, A. von, 582. Becker, G. G.,97. Becker, M. W. G., 288. Beckwith, T. D., 451. Becquerel, P., 721. Bedford (Duke of), 50. Beebe, S. P., 100. Behrens, H., 7. Beijerinck, M. \V., 30. Beissner, L., 343. B61a, J., 732. ^ Bell, J. M., 701, 707. BeUair, G., 144. Bfeard, 188. Beneden, E. van, 300. Benedict, F. G., 217, 470, 471. Bengen, F., 217. Bening, K. V., 731. Benoit-Bazille, H., 786. Bfiraneck, E., 687. Berberich, F. M., 582. Berclonans, P. J., 733. Berger, E. W., 462. Berger, L. G. den, 714. Bergman, A. M., 685. Berl, E., 708. Berlese, A., 55, 58. Bernardini, L., 128, 626. Bernegau, D., 735. Bernegau, L.,468. Bernes, J., 760. Bernhard, 744. Berns, G. H., 783. Bernstein, J., 370. Bernthsen, A., 23. Berry, L., 560. Bersch, W., 648, 699. Bert, S. de, 193. Berthault, P., 727. Bertlielot, M., 605. Berthet, J. A., 768. Bertrand, G., 8, 306. Bertschinger, A., 668. Beruosak, C. de, 279. Besana, C, 782. Bessau, G., 306, 769. Bessey, C. E.,405. Bessey, E. A., 98. Bethune, C. J. S., 351, 361. Betts, n. M. P., 676. Beuhne, R., 366, 765. Bevan, L. E. W., 585, 786. Bevan-Lewis, W., 377. Beveridge, W. W. O., 267, 268, 269, 271. Bey, J. B. P., 694. Beythien, A., 113, 191. Bezold, AV. von, 515. Bickcl, M. v., 178. Bicknell, E. P., 736. Bidart, R., 586. Bieler-Chatelan, 121, 324, 715. Biernacki, E., 373. Bierotte, E., 586. Bigelow, F. H., 15, 219, 312, 419, 617. Bigelow, M. A., 399. Biggar, H., 298. Bilinski, N. T., 334. Bill, A. J., 693. BiUwiUer, R., 712. Binnie, W. J. E., 17. Bioletti, F. T., 342. Bird, A. C, 300. Bird, M. C. H., 573. Birk, C. v., 240. BiscliofE, n., 668. Bishop, B. G. D., 696. Bizzell, J. A., 316. Bjerregaard, A. P., 615. Bjorlykke, K. O., 315, 422. Blaauw, A. H., 724. Blagrove, F., 476. Blair, A. W., 213, 441. Blair, AV. R., 311, 387, 419. Blaizot, L., 188. Blake, M. A., 734. Blanchard, H. F., 338. Blanchard, H. L., 478, 531, 691. Blanck, E., 121. Blaringhem, L., 133. Blin, H., 153. Blinn, P. K., 234. Bliss, G. R., 734. Blodgett, F. M., 99. Blood, A. F., 702. Blouin, R. E., 600. Bliune, A., 396. Blumer, J. C, 245. Bochberg, 90, 589. Boeidiout, F. W. J., 511. Boemer, E. G., 35. Bogert, M. T., 221. Bohr, C, 770. Bohtz, H., 625. Bohutinsky-Krizevci, G., 743. Boidin, L., 584. Bolduan, C, 387. Bollenbach, H., 113. BoUiger, R., 768. Bolster, R. H., 119, 313, 420. Bolton, C, 788. Bolton, E. R., 680. Boltz, G. G., 99. Bonebright, H. B., 190, 590. Bonis, 217. Bonsteel, J. A., 523. Booth, N. O., 598. Bopp, J. v., 436. Bordas, F., 112, 309, 417. Borde, F., 615. Borden, A. P., 673. Borders, J. M., 97. Bordet, 85. Bordier, H., 483. Borges, I., 179. Borghesani, G., 413, 543, 692. Borzi, A., 437. Bos, J. R., 347, 353. Boss, A., 731. Bottini, L., 746. Bottomley, W. B., 122, Boucher, C. W., 699. Bouflard, G., 585. Boulet, v., 528. Bourlay, R., 766. Bourmer, F. J., 683. Bourne, A. I., 361, 597. Bourneville, 10. Bourquelot, E., 211. Bovell, J. R., 334. Bovie, W. T., 522. Bowser, L. T., 498. Boyce, R., 561. Boyes, C. E., 557. Boynton, W. H., 87, 299. Brachinger, 291. Brackett, G. B., 144. Bradfield, W., 44. Bradley, C. E., 295, 315, 427, 466, 701. Bradshaw, G., 578. Braik, G. D., 590. Brain, L. L., 600. Brainerd, E., 133. Brsiinerd, W. K., 381, 592. Braisted, W. C, 271. Branch, L. V., 419. Brand, J., 417. INDEX OF NAMES. 803 Brandenburg, F. H., 419, 443. Brandes, O., 582. Brandis, R., 303. Branrer, J. C, 797. Branson, E. C.» 396. Brasehmann, N., 515. Braun, A. F., 363, 560. Braun, H., 280. Braun, K., 116. Braun, M., 163, 555. Breckenridge, J. E., 112, 113. Bredig, G., 8. Bredo, 587. Breed, R. S., 80. Breeze, W. E., 166. BreinI, A., 559. Bretschneider, A., 651. Brett, J., 291. Brewer, I. W., 191. Brewer, W. H., 607. Brewster, C. E., 253. Brewster, J. H., 713. Brichet, J., 243. Bricker, G. A., 498. Bridre, 188. Bridre, J., 584. Bridwell, J. C, 298. Briem, H., 349. Brigham, A. A., 798. Brigham, E. S., 795. Briosi, G., 740. Briot, 790. Brioux, C, 115. Bristol, H. S., 44. Britton, W. E., 359, 360. Brockman, R. E. D., 200. Brocq-Rousseu, D., 630, 723. Brodie, F. J., 312. Broekema, L., 476. Broili, J., 741. Broil, R., 486. Broil, R. E. E., 289. Bromme, K., 324. Brooks, A. J., 533. Brooks, F. E., 160, 261. Brooks, F. T., 550. Brooks, I. S., 143. Brooks, S. C, 297. Brooks, W. P., 530, 535, 717, 720. 730, 7.31. Broslavski, P., 646. Brounov, P. I., 14, 117. Brown, A., 608. Bro\vn, A. J., 29. Brown, B. E., 518, 522, 524. Brown, C. E., 675. Brown, Edward, 178. Brown, F. R., 498. Brown, G. L., 298, 681. BrowTi, J. T., 777. Bro\vn, P. E., 496, 621. Brown, R. D., 568. Brown, R. T., 191. Brown, W. A., 777. Brown, W. n., 327. Brownlee, G., 181. Bruce, D., 485. 86058°— VOL 23—11 Bruce, W. M., 800. Briieklmayer, F., 480. Braes, C. T., 664, 066. Brallov, L. P., 228. Brunerie, 730. Briinnich, J. C., 782. Bruno, A., 706. Brast, E., 414. Brax, K., 717. Bryant, T. R., 597. Bubik, F., 250, 751. Bube, K., 700. Buchanan, J., 499. Buchanan, R. E., 630. Buchholz, Y., 113. Biichli, K., 787. Buchner, G., 310. Buchwald, J., 40. Buck, S. J., 693. Buckham, M. H., 93, 204. Buckley, S. S., 684. Bufla, P., 54. Buflault, P., 146. Buffum, B. C., 227. Bugby, M. O., 381. Buhlig, W. H., 66. Bullowa, J. G. M., 12. Bunting, T. G., 598. Burgeff, n., 133. Burgess, A. F., 359, 658, 662. Burgess, J. L., 38. Burian, R., 112. Burke, A. K., 98. Burke, H. E., 161. Biirker, K., 770. Burkett, C. W., 17. Burlison, W. L., 138, 298. Burnap, G. E., 800. Bumat, J., 766. Burnett, E. A., 408, 699. Burnett, S. H., 386. Bums, J. C, 572. Bums, J. T., 699. Bums, W., 33. Burr, A., 582, 616. Burr, M., 756. Burr, W. W., 222. Burrell, T., 608. Burrill, A. C., 667. Burritt, M. C., 693. Burson, W. M., 496. Burt, B. C., 420, 658. Burtt-Davy, J., 635, 639, 730, 771. Busck, A., 303, 701. Biisgen, M., 245. Bushuev, M., 338, 534. Busse, W., 348. Butler, E. D., 438. Butler, E. J., 246, 448. Butler, O. R., 698. Butler, T., 484. Buttenberg, P., 182. Butteriield, K. L., 297, 407. Butters, F. K., 131. Buyssens, A., 142, 145. Buysson, R. du, 264. 2 Cadeac, C, 392. Cadoret, A., 237. Cady, LeR., 697. Caesar, L., 61, 362. Cain, J. C, 210. Caine, J. T., Ill, 177. Calmette, A., 388. Calvin, H. W., 94. Cambon, V., 24. Cameron, F. K., 223, 623, 701,714. Cameron, P., 666. Cameron, S. S., 486, 578. Campbell, C. S., 398. Campbell, J. P., 696. Cappel, A., 213. Capus, J., 760. Carini, A., 585. Carles, P., 417. Carleton, M. A., 141, 431, 636. Carlson, A. J., 182, 374. Carlson, G. L., 379. Carlyle, \V. L., 276, 277. Cannody, P., 315, 325, 330, 377. Carpenter, F. A., 419. Carpenter, G. H., 53, 655. Carpenter, L. G., 97. Carpenter, T. M., 470. Carpiaux, E., 417. Carr, R. J., 598. Carracido, D. J. R., 373. Carre, H., 391. Carrel, A., 171. Carrier, L., 240. Carriker, M. A., jr., 362. Carrington, J. C, 599. Carrathers, J. B., 45, 455, 600. Carson, J. W., 572. Carter, E. E., 44. Carthaus, E., 542. Cartwright, W., 291. Carver, G. W., 494. Gary, A., 343. Gary, C. A., 484. Castella, F. de, 310. Castle, E. J., 142. Castle, W. E., 274, 376, 405, 472. Cathcart, C. S., 475. Cauthen, E. F., 39. Cavazza, L. E., 302. Cave, R. A., 75. Cave, T. W., 485. Cavendish, R., 299. Cayeux, L., 626. Cecil, J. D., 497. Ceni, C, 472. Cercelet, M., 27. Cemovodeanu, P., 131. C&ari, E., 668, 686. Chagas, C., 585. Chandler, E. F., 313. Chapais, J. C, 653. Chapeaurouge, A. de, 174. Chapman, C. C, 559. Chapman, C. S., 44. Chapman, J. W., 564. Chapman, N. C, 692. Chappaz, G., 242. 804 EXPEEIMEXT STATIOX EECOBD. Charles. T. L., 195. Chase. G. K., 585. Chatelan, B., 121, 324, 715. ChaTterjee. G. C, 4ST. Charterton, H. J., 247. Chatrrin, A. C, 167. Cher-alier, X., 544. Cherrel. R., 665. Cheyney. E. G., 94. Chidk, k., 612. ChilcoTt, E. C, 191. Chitxenden, T. H., 764. Chirtenden, H. M., 737. Cholnotv, E. Ton, 314. Chonchafc, D., 519. Chiistensen, F., 311. Christensen, H. E-, 610, 722. ChrisDensen, K. C, 93. Christiam, A., 6S9. ChrisTie, G. L, 94, 95, 40S. Christie, W., 432, 43S. ChristoSer, H. J., 29S, 49S. Christopher, C, 496. Chrzaszcz. T., 410. Chuard, E., 453. Chyosa, H., 387. Ciamician., G., 725. Cinca, X., 7S9. Clapp, E. N., 44. Clapp, r. G., 517, 520. Clapp, W. B., 419, 420. Clark, C. C, 694. Clark, C. J.. 536, 598. Clark, C. H., 496. Clark, E. D., 629. Clark, G. H., 332. Clark, H. W., 313. Clark, E. W., 176. Clark, W. B., 146, 315. Clarke, E. W., 224, 530. Clarke, W. T., 695. d^too, C. H. J., 618. Cadand. J. B., 5S8. Clements, T. E., 131, 444. Clevisch, A., 479. Cline, M., 44. Close, C. P., 242. Clothier, R. W., 634. Clouston, D.. 718, Cohb, C. A., 797. Coehel, W. A., 772. C^ckaj-ne, A. H., 148. Coekefair, E. A., 19&. Cockerell^ T. D. A., 463, J58. Cohen, L., 720. CohiU, E. P., 242. Coit, J. E., 639. Cole, D. W., 312. Colebatch, W. J., 177, 535. Coles-Finch. W., 617. Colin, H., 253, 326. Collin, E., 73, 216. CriHnge, W. E., 657, 65S, 660. Osffins, S. H., 310. OaffiDE, W. D., 421. Combes, E., 528, 723, 725. Conacher, P., 387. Condra, G. E., 699. Congdon; L. A., 298. Conger, X. B., 419. Conor, A., 4^, Coniadi, A. F., 466. Canseil,18S. Contardi, A., 611. Conte, A., 759. Cook, IL T., 227, 255, 330, 453. Cook, O. F., 31. Cooke, C. J., 542. Cooler. F. S., 331. Cooler, E. A., 360, 363, 658. Cooper, T. P., 695. Cooper, "W. H., 597. Copthome, H. X., 116. Coqnillett. D. "W., 364, 365. Corbett, L., 590. Corbett, L. L., 599. Card, E., 422. CordleT, A. B., 466. ComaTba, G., 13. Comelins, P., 224. Comu, F., 416. Cornwall, J. W., S4. Correa de Mello, P., 768. Cotton, E. C, 657. CottTEll, H. M., 231, 292. Conpin, H., 52S, Conret, J. G,, 334. Connnont, J., 518. Conrtet, H., 225, 542. Cousins, H. H., 766. Cox, H. E,, 145, Cox, U. T., 733. Craig, J., 539. Craig, J. A., «9. Craig, J. L, 311. C*aig, B. A., 185. Cr^gie, P. G., 299, Cram, P. H., 640. Cramer, P. J. S., 243, 540. Crane, P. B., 732. Cranefield, F., 466. Crarr, L, E., ^4, 752. (Salens, J., 199. Craiirford, A. C, 8. Crawford, D. L., 255, 557. Crawford, J. C, 162, 367, 764, 765. Crawley, J. T., 99. Creehnan, G. C, 499. (>epet, 483. Crepia, J., 479. Crittenden, A. L., 374. Croeheron, B. H., 294. Crocker, W., 229. Croshy, D. J., 409, 497, 797. Crow, J. W., 341. Crowther, C, 321. Csiki, E., 465. Csokas, J., 630. Cnlbertson, F. W., 679. Cirmmtng, iL, 620, 624. Cummings, iL B., 538. Cunningham, J. T., 173, Cnr6, J., 398. Cnrot, E., 777. Cmtis, H. E., 536. Cnrds, M. E., 275. Cnrtis, E. S., 577. Cmtis, C. F., 403, •^7. Cnshing, E. W., Is2. Cushman, A. S., 190. Cnsick, J. T., 697. Crrthbertson, TV., 642. Czapek. F., 429. Crerwonsky, D., 486. Baak n, C, K. van, 395. Daehnowski, A., 122, 428. DaeckE, E., 763. Dafert, F. W., 616, 699. Dahm, 681. Daingerfield, L. H., 15. DaQ, M., 240. DaHa Torre, K. W. von, 765. DaDimore, W., 737. D' Almeida, J. V., 50. Dahymple, W. H., 672, 789. Dam, W. ran, 212, 305. D'Amato, L., 482. Dammann, H., 24, 232, 235. Damon, C. M., 119, 419. Dana, S. T., 44. Dandeno, J. B., 132, 252. Dannfelt, H. J., 34, 730. Dantony, E., 746. Darbishiie, F. V., 19. Darling, S. T., 4S6, 561, 666. Darwin, F., 227. Danphin, J., 541. Davenport, C. B., 75, 670. Davenport, E., 672. Davenport, H., 776. Davidson, J. B., 406, 590. Davidson, J. O., 199. Davies, J., 299. Daviffi, L. R., 698. Davies, U- P., 469. Davis, B, M., 295, 409. Davis, C. A., 25. Davis, J. J., 448, 558, 658. Davis, L. M., 677. Davis, P. A., 598. Davis, v., 791. Davoto, J. A., 247. Davy, J. B., 635, 639, 730, 771. Davys, E. J., 557. Day, E. D., 64, 769. Day, G. E., 379, 380, 405. Day, L. E., 783. Day, P. C, 196. Day, W. H., 312, 395, 692. Dean. G. A., 363. Dean, H. H., 382. Dean, W, H,, 364, 658. De Angelis d'Ossat, G., 19, 716. De Beauchamp, 713, De Bert, S., 193, De Beroosak, C, 279. De Castella, F., 310. Dechambre. 772. De Chapeattrouge, A., 174, Deerr, N., 513, INDEX OF NAMES. 805 De Flacourt, E. M., 237. Degen, E., 562. Degen, K., 187. De Grazia, S., 20, 321, 322, 323, 717. De Jager, L., 375. De Jong, A. W. K., 29, 626. De Kruijfi, E., 547. Delage, Y., 172. De Launay, L., 225. Deleano, X. T., 9. Delepine, A. S., 81, 184, 781. Delluc, G., 114. Delmer, A., 787. • De Loach, G. B., 240. De Loach, R. J. H., 336. Delpy, M., 708. Delwiche, E. J., 435. De MeUo, P. C, 768. Demolon, A., 524. Demoussy, E., 131. Demuth, G. S., 310. Den Berger, L. G., 714. Denniss, F. H., 698. De Pergola, D., 27. De Plato, G., 628. De Recklinghausen, M., 313. Der Heide, C. von, 12. Der ilerwe, C. P. van, 463, 557. Der Merwe, W. J. van, 488. De Rothschild, H., 605. Derr, H. B., 336. De Ru£z, J., 328. De Ruijter de WUdt, J. C, 321, 323. Desoubry, 290. Detjen, L. R., 734. Devereaux, W. C, 419, 443. De Vihnorin, P., 238, 300. Devonshire (Duke of), 299, 599. Devoto, J. A., 700. Devrient, M., ^6. De Vries, H., 227. De Vries, J. J. O., 511. De Vuyst, P., 607. Dewar, J., 692. Dewey, J., 201. Dewey, L. H., 236. De Wildt, J. C. de R., 321, 323. Dewitz, J., 53. Dexler, H., 670. De Zuniga, V. C. M., 540. D'HereUe, F. H., 749. Diacon, F., 216. Diamare, V., 768. Dickens, A., 243. Dickerson, E. L., 764. Dickson, J. R., 44. Dieterlen, 1S3. Dietrich, M., 304. Dietrich, W., 74. Dieudonnd, A., 481. Dillingham, F., 146. Dillon, C. J., 597. Dinsmore, S. C, 21, 71. Dinsmore, AV., 40<), 496. Dionne, J. C, 541. Dittmar, H. J. A., 145. Dittrich, 645. Dixon, H. n., 526. Dmochowski, R., 415, 417. Do -Vmaral, A. P., 442. Doane, C. F., 38-5, 480. Doane, D. H., 198. Dobrosklonsky, S. J., 369. Dodd, S., 86, 392. Dodson, W. R., 236. Doflein, F., 357. Doidge, E. M., 549. Dold, H.,7S0. DoUey, D. H., 198. Dombrovski, N., 546. Donau, J., 112. Dop, L., 397. Dopter, 790. Dorsey, M. J., 697. D'Ossat, G. de A., 19, 716. Doster, J. J., 797. Doten, S. B., 52. Doty, S. W., 379, 574. Douglas, C, 491. Douglas, L. M., 577. Dowlicg, R. X., 239. Downing, R. G., 742. Dos, A. W., 496. Drake-Brockman, R. E., 200. Dreesman, E., 492. Driver, E., 782. Drost, A. W.,455. Dryden, J., 295. Dubois, W. L., 63, 509. Duboscq, O., 762. Du Buysson, R. 2&1. Dudgeon, G. C, 200, 557, 560. Dudgeon, L. S., 785. Dudley, W. H., 153. Duerst, J. XJ., 174. Duesberg, J., 571. Duggar, B. M., 46. Duggar, J. F., 35, 39. Dujardin, J., 218. Dumitrescu, G., 310. Dumont, J., 23, 715. Dunbar, W. P., 681. Duncan, L. N., 95. Dungem, von, 584. Dunham, E. K.,305. Dunlop, W. R., 14. Dunne, W. P., 114, 417. Dunstan, W., 300. Dunstan, W. R., 767. Dupas, L., .391. Du Pasquier, P. A., 567. Durand, E. J., 198. Durig, .\., 670. During, A., 6S6. Du Sablon, L., 628. D'Utra, G., 640. Duzee, E. P. van, 757. Dvorachek, H. E., 696. Dj'akonov, N., 433. Dyar, H. G., 363, 463, 561. Dyche, L. L., 754. Dyer, B., 123. Dyer, W. T., 227. Dymond, T. S., 29,3. Dyson, O. E., 386. Eardley-Wilmot, S., 299. Early, T. A., 696. Easdale, W. C., 518. Eassie, F., 477. Eastman, D. K., 585. Eastwood, A., 781. Eastwood, G. R., 498. Eaton, A. J., 340. Eaton, F. M., 420. Ebbinghaus, 719. Eber, A., 487, 685. Eberhart, C, 620. Eckle^, C. n., 179, 282, 405. Eckman, O. L., 697. Eddy, E. B., 143. Edgerton, C. W., 200,450,648,751. Edmiston, H. D., 516. Edmunds, J. L., 597. Edson, H. A., &i, 340, 369. Edwards, H. T., 4-36. Edwards, S. F., 318. ESront, J., 128. Eggebrecht, 390. Eggers, H. D., jr., 496. Egorov., M., 133. Ehle, H. X., 46. Ehle, X. X., 638. Ehrenberg, P., 129, 717. Ehrlieh, P., 387. Eichelbaum, F., 564. Eichlofl, 217. Eisenberg, P., 116. Eiseakolbe, P., 175. Eisenschiml, O., 116. Eisner, A. W., 681. Ekelund, J., 282. Elfer, W. A., 555. EUenberger, W., 670. EUenberger, W. P., 387> 484. EUett, W. B., 325. EUiot, A., 578. Elliott, C. G., 406. Elliott, W. J., 386. Ellis, L. W., 595. Ellrodt, G., 711, 772. Eltringham, H., 663. Elwes, H. J., 737. Ely, C. R., 363, 761. Emich, F., 7, 111. Emmes, L. E., 470. Emszt, K.,416. Engels, O., 615. Ennis, M. A., 299. Enochs, I. C, 198. Enriques, P., 375. Ermakov, V. P., 329. Erman, A., 515. Erwin, A. T., 734. Esbjerg, N., 435. Escherich, K., 53. Esclauze, 689. Escobar, R., 445, 772. Escot, M. E. P., 113, 213. Essary, S. U., 448. 806 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Essed, E., S49. Essig, E. O., 257, 259, 5S9. Esten, W. M., 80, 175. Eswine, H. E., 498. iltard, A., 707. Euler, H., 410. Eustace, H. J., 566. Evans, C. B., 498. Evans, C. N., 599. Evans, G. H., 585, 590. Evans, H., 497, 697. Evans, H. E.,698. Evans, H. J., 98. Evans, I. B. P., 548, 550. Evans, W. A., 783. Eve, F. C, 683. Evvard, J. M., 496. Ewart, A. J., 26, 131. Ewart, J. C.,405. Ewers, E.,417. Ewert, R.,346. Ewing, H. E., 465, 565. Ezendam, J. A., 115. Faber, F. C. von, 152, 251, 749. Fabre, J., 379. Faes, H., 145, 251, 645. Faggella, V., 482. Fahrion, W., 305. Faichnle, N.,260. Faina, E., 397. Fairchlld, F. R., 43. Falck, R.,354. Talk, E., 210. FaUada, O.,307,347. Fallot, B., 711. Fantham, H. B., 90, 155, 786. Farcy, J., 145. Farmer, J. B., 299. Farnsworth, W. W., 734. Fan, B. H.,541. Farrell, F. D., 434. Farrington, A. M., 65. Farrington, E. H., 180. Fascetti, G.,378. Fauchfere, A., 540. Faust, E. S.,64. FaviUe, A. D.,573. Fawcett, H. S., 44i, 655, 758. Fawcus, H. B., 268. Fedorow, S. P. von, 684. Feige, A., 16. Feilitzen, H. von, 24, 132, 175, 220, 426, 427, 515, 624, 626, 719, 799. Fellenberg, T. von, 709. Fellner, O. O., 777. Fellows, G. E., 98. Felt, E. P., 359, 365, 561, 658, 762. Fendler, G., 306, 308, 418. Fermi, C, 131. Femald, C. H., 198, 497. FemaJd, H. T., 198, 497, 765, 767. Femow, B. E., 43. Ferraris, T., 50. Ferreira, A. A., 179. Ferrer, H., 669. Ferris, E. B.,40, 42. Ferroni, F. M., 194, 594. Festa, E., 752. Feytaud, J.,760. Fiechtl, H. S., 479. Field, E. C, 47, 449. Filaudeau, G., 83, 114. Finch, W. C.,617. Fingerling, G., 719. Finkler, D., 369. Finlay, T. A., 795. Fippin, E. O., 426. Firth, R. H., 376. Fischer, E., 412, 646. Fischer, F., 151. Fischer, H., 231. Fischer, J., 170. Fischer, W. M., 705. Fish, P. A., 783. Fisher, C. P., 738. Fisher, R. W., 143. Fisher, W. R., 45. Fisk, W. W., 800. Fiske, W. F., 358, 463. Fitch, J. B.,S0O. Fitze, 688. Flack, M., 669. Flacourt, E. M. de, 237. Fletcher, F., 222, 318, 523, 722. Fletcher, S. W., 128. Fletcher, T. B., 662, 666. Fleutiaux, 264. Flint, L.C., 494. Flint, P. N., 97, 496, 573. Floyd, B. F.,447. Floyd, C, 684. Foerster, F.,525, 713. Fogel, E. D., 727. Foght, H. W.,294. Foglesong, L. E.,745. FoUansliee, R.,420. Fondard, L., 751. Foord, J. A., 198. Forbes, A. C.,244. Forbes, E. B., 303. Forlies, S. A., 457, 458. Foresti, G., 7. Formad, R. J., 83. Fernet, 686. Forster, 166. Forster, L., 555. Fortier, S., 189, 406, 440, 601. Foster, J. H., 344, 643. Foster, N. B., 372. Foster, S. W.,760. Foster-Melliar, A., 642. Foth, 584. Fotticchla, N.,378. Foulerton, A. G. R., 183. Fourton, L., 620. Fowler, C.C, 371. Fowler, C. E. P., 170, 268. Fox, W., 552. Frabot, C, 705. Frailong, R.,302. Franca, C, 393. Francis, C. K., 297, 367, Francke, G., 10. Frank, F., 71. Frank, L., 308. Frank, O., 171. Frankau, A., 620. Franzen, H., 11. Fraps, G. S., 315, 423, 508, 566, 572. Eraser, W. J., 79, 190, 282, 578. Frazer, R., jr., 192. Frear,W., 521,595. Frederick, H. J., 177. Fredholm, A., 442. Free, E. E., 521. Freeman, W. B., 313, 420, 617. Freer, G. W., 185. Frehn, A., 511. Frei, W., 484, 487. French, W. L., 98. Fricke, 245. Friedl, G.,514. Fries, J. A., 514. Frink, W. E.,582. Fritsch, J., 370. Fritzsche, M., 677. Froggatt, W. W., 160, 659, 755, 756. Frohner, E., 487. Frolich, G., 336. Frombling, D., 245, 652. Fromme, W., 160. Frosch, P., 486. Frost, J., 91. Frost, W. H., 682. Fruwirth, C., 240. Fujitani, I., 793. Fullaway, D. T.,253. Fuller, P. E., 395. Fulmek, L.,660. Fulmer, H. L., 60, 367. Fulton, H. R., 448. Funk, C, 702. Gabathuler, A., 513. Gadow, n., 153. Gaehtgens, W.,584. Gaertner, A., 690. Gage, G. E., 98, 430. Gage, S. DeM.,313. Gage, S.n., 273. Gage, S. P., 273. Gagneux, 188. Gaiger, S. H., 792. Gain, E., 723. Gaines, R. H., 318, 422. Gainey, P. L., 199. Galeotti, G., 683. Gallagher, W. J., 543, 555, 600. Gallandat-Huet, R. H. J., 183. Gallardo, A., 071. Galloway, B. T., 191. Gamble, W. P., 120, 121, 311, 531. Gandara, G., 151. Gandon, F., 620. Ganghofer, A., 214. Gannett, H., 119. Garcia-Varela, A., 760. Gardner, F. D., 62. Garman, H., 466. Garrett, J. B.,fe60. INDEX OF NAMES. 807 Gassner, G., 240. Gates, B. N., 297. Gauer, W. K., 118. Gaut, R. C, 233. Gauthier, J. C, 160, 261, 763. Gautler, A., 212, 605. Gay, C. M., 439. Gay, C. W., 405. Gay, F. P., 100. Gayer, K., 45. Gebauer, H., 789. Gebien, H., 465. Gedroitz, K. K., 112, 221. Geismar, L. M., 535, 556. Gendre, E., 365. George, H. C, 498. Georgeson, C. C, 631, 639, 673, 693. Gerber, C, 30. Gerlach, M., 224. Gertz, O., 528. Gestro, R., 465. Geys, K., 611. Gibbs, W. D., 200. Gibbs, W. S., 568. Giddings, N. J., 46, 349. Giesen, R., 111. Giflord, C. M., 498. Giglioli, I., 315, 621. GiU, F. W., 416. GUI, H. D., 387. GlUett, H. I., 609. GiUette, C. P., 97, 359, 658. Gillin, P., 775. Gilmore, G., 696. Gilmore, R. J., 800. Gilruth, J. A., 185, 485, 588, 589, 590, 790. Gimel, 125. Gini^is, 772. Girault, A. A., 56, 161, 666, 761, 764, 765. Gjaldbak, J. K., 707. Glenn, J. A., 198. Glenn, P. A., 460. Glimm, E., 710. Glinka, K., 316. Glover, G. H., 783. Glover, W. O., 498. Gmelin, W., 670. Goddard, L. II., 381, 396, 596. Godfrey, E. H., 194. Goding, F. \V., 279. Godlewski, E., jr., 377. Godsikowsky, K., 770. Goebel, K., 227. Goessmann, C. A., 401. Goethe, R., 144, 241. Goetz, C. II., 598. Gogel, 392. Gold, E., 311, 515. Goldbeck, P., 177. Ooldberger, J., 488, 559, 505. Goldfarb, A. J., 774. Golding, J., 478. Goldschmld, E., 589. Goldsmith, M., 172. Goldsmith, P. V., 26. Gonnermann, M., 115, 349. GontsharoflF, B. P., 675. Goodllng, C. L., 580. Goodwin, W., 478, 513. Gordon, J., 198. Gordon, J. H., 189. Gore, H. C, 217. Gorodensky, M., 515. Gorter, K., 370. Gortner, R. A., 704, 778. Gosio, B., 668. Goske, A., 12. Goss, L. W., 585. Gossard, H. A., 733, 755. Gough, L. H., 484. Goujon, 111. Gould, H. P., 42. Gom-aud, F. X., 65. Gourley, J. H., 698, 767. Gowdey, C. C, 53. Graber, L. F., 599. Grace, O., 712, 715, 727, 736. Gradenvi^itz, A., 188. Gradon, A. F., 737. Graefl, F. W., 626. Graenicher, S., 664. Grafe, E., 214. Grafe, V., 723, 725. Graftiau, J., 235. Graham, A. M., 776. Graham, E., 782. Graham, J. J. T., 198. Graliam, W. A., 635. Graham, W. M., 200. Graham, W. R., 380. Graham-Smith, G. S., 590. Granato, L., 43, 237. Grandeau, L., 127, 605, 719. Grange, E. A. A., 783. Granger, F. S., 712. Grattan, M. T., 578. Graves, n. S., 44, 199, 541, 738. Gray, C. E., 789. Gray, D. T., 74. Grazia, S. de, 20, 321, 322, 323, 717. Greaves, J. E., 658, 705. Greeley, W. B., 44. Green, E. E., 163, 662. Green, J. M., 199. Green, L. C., 16. Green, S. B., 198, 499, 595. Green, W. J., 44. Greene, E. L., 227. Greene, M. L., 295. Greenlee, A. D., 214. Grggoire, A., 417, 527, 705. Gregory, C. T., 800. Gregory, C. V., 409. Grelg, R. B., 525, 034, 638. Greisenegger, I. K., 24. Grellier, G. H., 397. Grenside, F. C, 387. Greshofl, M., 29. Greve, G., 11. Griebel, C, 211, 368. Griffin, G.E., 387, 776. Griffiths, D., 136. Griffon, E., 153, 546, 552. Grignan, G. T., 742. Grimaldl, C, 144. Grimmer, W., 210, 217, 285, 417, 670. Grimshaw, P. H., 766. Grindley, II. S., 416. Grisdale, J. H., 138, 600. Grohmann, E., 312, 516. Gross, E., 236. Grosser, P., 271. Grotenfelt, G., 40. Groth, B. H. A., 528. Grout, G. P., 697. Grout, J. H., 775. Groves, H. D., 494. Gruenberg, B.C., 228. Griinstein, N., 515. Griiter, F., 289. Gudeman, E., 12, 73. Gu^guen, F., 49. Guerrero, C, 477. Guerro, C, 100. Guiart, J., 785. Guillin, R., 13. Guillon, J. M., 516. Guldberg, C. M., 515. Gull, W., 314. Gully, E., 715. Gunn, D., 658, 755. Gunter, H., 520. Giinther, H. K., 518. Gupta, B. S., 45. Gussow, H. T., 449. Guthrie, E.S., 99,498. Guthrie, F. B., 623, 720. Guthrie, G. T., 597. Guyer, M. F., 671. Haack, 445. Haag, F., 686. Haase, G., 791. Haber, F., 323. Haehla, J., 585. Hackedorn, H., 598. Hackett, A. E., 312. Hadley, F. B., 599. Hadley, G., 515. Iladwen, S., 783. Ilaeeker, A. L., 699. Haendel, 613. Hagedorn, M., 564. Haggart, M. U., 598. Ilaglund, E., 620, 626. Hahn, P. D., 711. Haldano, W., 299. Hale, W., 667. Hall, A. D., 127, 232, 299, 320, 619, 717. Hall, B., 94. Hall, F. U., 79, 450. Hall, J. G., 452, 497. Hall, M. C.,87. Hall, M. R., 313. Hall-de Jonge, (Mevr.) A. E. van, 552. Halla, A., 10. 808 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hallowell, R. N., 617. Hals, S., 113. Hamburger, H. J., 682. Hamer, W. H., 677. Hamilton, J., 196, 407, 495. Hammer, B. W., 721. Hammond, J. W., 99. Hampson, G. F., 758. Hand, W. F., 26, 73, 326, 428. Handrik (Mrs.), 275. Handschin, W. H., 697. Hann, J., 418, 516. Hansen, N. E., 100, 736. Hansen, P., 387. Hanson, W. C, 371. Hansteen, B., 28, 328, 422. Hanusch, F., 616. Happich, 479. Harcourt, R., 270, 368, 378, 386. Hardenberg, C. B., 761. Harding, H. A., 349, 451, 629. Hare, R. F., 615, 710. Harger, S. J. J., 387. Hargrove, M. C, 371. Haring, C. M., 783. Harmer, S. F., 765. Hamed, R. W., 665. Harper, J. N., 139. Harriman, (Mrs.) E. H., 299. Harris, R. T., 79, 698. Harrison, E., 275. Harrison, F. C, 249. Hart, E. B., 511, 613, 614, 679. Hart, G. H., 89. Hart, W. R., 399. Hartenbower, A. C, 698. Barter, L. L., 451, 716. Hartert, E., 754. Hartley, C, 355. Hartley, C. P., 138, 336. Hartmann, 775. Hartwell, B. L., 623, 771. Harvey, E. N., 472. Harvey, (Mrs.) H. C, 769. Hasbrouck, F. F., 418, 711. Haselhofl, E., 213, 577. Haskell, S. B., 399. Haskins, H. D., 26, 625. Hassall, A., 357, 555. Hasselbring, H., 227, 228. Hasterlik, A., 114, 418. Hastings, E. G., 679. Hasund, S., 296. Hatt, W. K., 644. Hauman-Merck, L., 247. Hausknecht, V. B., 298. Hausmann, W., 670. Havik, H. G., 337. Hawk, F. D., 400. Hawk, P. B., 371. Hawley, L. F., 44. Hay, R. D., 542. Hayden, C. C, 578. Hayhurst, P., 758. Hays, W. M., 100, 471. Haywood, J. K., 103, 430. Hazewinkel, J. J., 311. Headden, W. P., 221, 359, 523, 553, 622. Headlee, T. J., 657, 754, 755. Heald, F. D., 645. Healey, D. J., 98. Healy, J. L., 560. Hebard, M., 557. Hubert, A., 210. Hecke, L., 46. Heckel, E., 31. Hedgcock, G. G., 456, 650. Hedrick, U. P., 538, 539. Hegner, R. W., 764. Hegyi, D., 148. Heide, C. von der, 12. HeLmburger, L., 20. Hein, W. H., 498. Heinricher, E., 628, 727. Heinze, B., 621, 625. Heinzehnann, G., 772. Heiser, V. G., 568. Hektoen, L., 100, 182. Helbronner, A., 313. Helme, N., 15. Hempel, H., 113. Henderson, G. S., 33. Hendrick, J., 325, 437, 572. Hendrix, W. J., 297. Hendrixson, W. S., 618. Henle, J., 106. Henneberg, W., 270. Hennet, L. F. von, 594. Henri, V., 131, 313. Henriques, V., 217, 707. Henry, A., 737. Henry, A. J., 311, 419. Henry, M. E., 665. Henshaw, F. F., 119, 420. Henshaw, H. W., 298. Hepburn, J. S., 215. Herelle, F. H. d', 749. Herman, S. A. van, 640. Hermans, 74. Hermes, A., 377. Herms, W. B., 664. Herriek, F. H., 754. Hcrrick, G. W., 363. Herrington, 245. Herrmann, C. F. von, 117, 311. Herrmann, E., 751. Hersey, H. B., 15. Hersteiu, B., 616. Herter, C. A., 70, 569, 009. Hertwig, O.-, 471. Hertzog, P. H., 658. Herzog, M., 783. Hess, C, 712. Hesse, 13. Hesse, R., 473. Hessen, V., 11. Heudebert, C. A., 167. Hewitt, C. G., 664. Hewlett, R. T., 580. Heyking, J., 120. Hibbard, B. H., 406. Hibshman, E. K., 595. Hicks, R. v., 676. Higglns, B. B., 199. Higgins, C. H., 783. Higgins, H., 171. Higgins, H. L., 169, 217. Higgins, J. E., 240. Higgins, M. M., 94. Hildebrandsson, H. H., 14. Hilgard, E. W., 416. Hill, G. R., jr., 800. Hm, J. J., 224. Hill, L., 669. Hill, M., 542. Hill, W., 409. HUlebrand, W. F., 511. Hillmann, P., 35. Hills, J. L., 200. HUtner, L., 24, 544, 731. Hilzhiimer, M., 274. Hime, H. A., 492. Hindle, E., 559. Hinds, W. E., 55, 359.' Hine, G. S., 597. Hine, J. S., 762. Hinman, C. H., 597. Hirsch, E., 146, 315. Hitchings, E. F., 343,458,657,755. Hite, B. H., 129. Hiti, F., 781. Hitler, 16. Hitier, H., 91. Hoagland, R., 61, 536. Hoard, W. D., 199, 783. Hobhouse, H., 299. Hodges, T. E., 599. Hodson, E. R., 344, 643. Hof, A. C, 11. Hoffman, P. A., 597. Hoffmann, C, 721. Hoflmaim, D., 329. Hoffmann, L., 13. Hoffmann, M., 524. Hofman-Bang, N. O., 280, 481. Hofmeister, O., 308. Hohnel, F. von, 740. Holdefleiss, P., 38. Holden, P. G., 408. Holderer, M., 8, 306. Hole, R. S., 345. Hollander, H., 216. HoUiger, M., 214. Hollingsworth, W. G., 783. Hollrung, M., 740. Holm, A., 729. Holm, E., 481. Holmes, J. D. E., 390, 484. Holmes, J. S., 344, 737. Holmes, S. J., 172. Holsti, O., 69. Holth, H., 587. Holtsmark, G., 296. Holtz, 166. Holtz, F. L., 798. Holz, R., 770. Homans, J. M., 44. Honcamp, 772. Honey, W., 557. Honings, J., 554. INDEX OF NAMES. 809 Hood, C. E., 559. Hooper, C. H., 144. Hooper, D., 467. Hooper, V. A., 800. Hope, G. D., 642, 750. Hopkins, A. D., 44, 466. Hopkins, C. O., 17, 120, 224, 231. Hopper, H. A., 283. Hopwood, F., 299. Horand, R., 483. Horn, F. B. van, 128. Horn, W., 564. Home, W. D., 510. Home, W. T., 254, 260. Horton, A. H., 312, 313, 419. Horusitzky, H., 314. Hotter, E., 616. Hough, R. B., 736. Houghton, C. O., 158. Houllier, 16. Houser, J. S., 260, 498. Howard, A., 123, 270, 338, 536, 537, 638, 768. Howard, C. W., 362, 557, 756, 758, 766. Howard, E., 492. Howard, G. L. C, 123, 270, 338, 536, 537, 638, 768. Howard, H. M., 733. Howard, L. O., 56, 360, 463, 564, 765. Howard, W. H., 493. Howard, W. L., 526. Howe, F. W., 599, 798. Howe, R. B., 59, 97. Howlett, F. M., 53, 357. Hubbard, W. W., 194. Hiibener, 684. Huber, 142. Huber, P., 711. Hudig, J., 96. Hudson, C. S., 110, 411, 412. Huet, R. H. J. G., 183. Hughes, D. A., 386, 387. Hugher, H. D., 436. Hugounenq, L., 554. Hugues, C, 743. Hugues, E., 414. Humphrey, G. C, 80. Humphreys, W. J., 311, 419. Humphries, A. E., 768. Hunnicutt, G. F., 631. Hunt, C. L., 165. Hunt, H. A., 713. Hunt, T. F., 408, 437, 531, 634. Hunter, B., 435. Hunter, S. J., 459, 460. Hunziker, O. F., 80, 778. Hurd, L. M., 800. Hurd, W. D., 695. Hurst, C. C, 541. Husmann, G. C, 640. Huston, H. A., 717. Hutcheson, T. B., 240. Hutchins, E., 746. Hutchinson, C. M., 641. Hutchinson, H. B., 122, 123. Hutchinson, W. L., 20. Hutchison, C. B., 20, 21, 35. Hutyra, F., 288, 689. Huyge, C, 782. Ihne, E., 237, 241. Ihssen, G., 545. Ikonnikow, P. C, 684. Iliesco, G. M., 188. Imabuchi, T., 572. Indermiihle. K., 780. Ingle, H., 575, 773. Innes, R. T. A., 517. lorn, 688. lorns, M. J., 144. Irvine, W. H., 298. Israilsky, W., 328. Ivanov, N. N., 230. Ivanov, P. M., 140. Ivanovskil, V., 140. Jaccard, P., 644, 766. Jackson, C. F., 461. Jackson, H. L., 668. Jackson, H. S., 99, 454. Jacobi, H., 723. Jacobitz, 170. Jacobs, W. S., 97. Jacobson, C. A., 305. Jacoby, F. S., 197. Jacoby, H., 525. Jager, H., 343. Jager, L. de, 375. Jakob, F., 12. Jakob, H., 589. James, D. L., 98. Jammes, L., 188. Janka, G., 246. Janson, A., 13. Jaquet, A., 470. Jardine, J. T., 575. Jardine, W. M., 197. Jarvis, C. D., 242. Jarvis, T. D., 361. Jaszberenyi, 481. Jayne, S. O., 435. Jeans, J. H., 419. Jeflerson, J. H., 788. Jefremov, J., 81. Jeaklnson, J. W., 376. Jensen, C. A., 122. Jensen, C. N., 99. Jensen, H., 548, 783. Jensen, H. I., 223, 521, 640. Jensen, O., 180. Jesunofsky, L. N., 419. Jewell, C. H., 386. Joest, E., 187, 687, 787. Johannsen, O. A., 159, 254, 556, 762. Johnsen, K. M., 637. Johnson, A. G., 147. Johnson, C. W., 562. Johnson, D. B., 797. Johnson, E. C, 450, 451. Johnson, J. E., 92. Johnson, L. E., 599. Johnston, F. A., 699. Johnston, J. R., 456. Johnston, T. H., 47, 588. Jones, C. H., 9, 705. Jones, D. B., 613. Jones, C. R., 299. Jones, D. H., 49, 352. Jones, E. R., 698. Jones, F. M., 560. Jones, J., 442. Jones, L. R., 349, 448. Jones, T. H., 677. Jones, W. E., 260. Jones, W. J., jr., 474. Jones, W. N., 442. Jones, W. S., 751. Jong, A. W. K. de, 29, 626. Jordan, H. E., 174. Jordan, K., 756. Jordan, R., jr., 477. Jordan, W. H., 400, 596. Jordi, E., 546. Joseph, K., 586. Josting, H., 347. Jowett, W., 90, 589. Joyner, J. Y., 796. Jrk, 481. Judson, L. B., 800. Juel, O., 46, 354. Juhlin-Dannfelt, H., 730. Jull, M. A., 380. Jumelle, H., 246, 435. Junkersdorf, P., 373. Juritz, C. F., 668. Kabrhel, G., 473. Kalantar, A. A., 81. Kiippeli, J., 789. Kappen, H., 622. Karademov, A., 135. Kassner, C, 311. Kato, K., 570. Kaufmann, M., 488, 605. Kaulmann, W. P., 418. Kaumanns, N., 144, 386, 783. Kaup, J., 769. Kaupp, B. F., 783. Kaurin, J., 296. Kaj-scr, H., 170. Keable, B. B., 343. Kearney, T. H., 540. Kebler, L. F., 167. Keeble, F., 173, 442. Keeler, H. L., 443. Kefler, C. A., 441, 797. Kellin, D., 763. Keith, M. H., 598. Keitt, T. E., 428. Kellerman, K. F., 121, 318, 623. Kelley, W. P., 223, 233, 610. Kellner, O., 225. 474, 615, 672, 774. KeUogg, J. W., 771. Kellogg, R. S., 44, 443. Kelly, A., 557. Kelly, E. O. G., 658. Kelly, J. T., 668. Kendall, A. I., 70. Kendall, J. C, 199. 810 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Kennedy, C. D., 497. Kennedy, P. B., 71. Kennedy, W. J., 277, 278, 406. Kenoyer, L. A., 229. Kent, F. L., 295. Keogh, A., 272. Kerber, A., 515. Kern, 288. Kern, F. D., 354. Kerr, J. P., 599. Kershaw, J. C. W., 756. Kert6sz, C, 464. Kesava Pal, M., 84. Kieffer, J. J., 765. Kildee, H. H., 277, 278. Kilgore, B. W., 326, 627, 635. Kimball, H. H., 311. Klmpflin, G., 330. King, A. F. A., 753. King, C. I., 406. King, C. M., 346, 439, 447, 736, 740. King, F. G., 096. King, F. H., 698. King, M. L., 400, 590. King, W. E., 197. Kinsley, A. T., 387, 783. Klnzer, R. J., 500, 800. Kirby, A. H., 220. Kirby, W. F., 750. Kirchner, O., 50, 646. Kirk, T. W., 147, 148. Kirkaldy, G. W., 756. Kirkham, W. B., 472. Kirkpatrick, K. A., 598. Klrkpatrick, W. F., 599. Kirkwood, J. E., 543. Kitchen, J. M. W., 798. Kitley, F., 744. Klebs, G., 227. Klein, 783. Klein, J., 476. Klein, L. A., 485. Klein, W., 287. Kleinsehmidt, E., 616. Klinuner, 687, 793. Kling, A., 418. Kltag, M., 474. Knapp, S. A., 196. Kjiaus, W., 365, 764. Knight, H. G., 99. Knight, J. B., 33. Knight, L. I., 229. Knischewski, O., 63. Knoll, 686. Knorre, G. von, 706. Knox, J. H. M., 681. Knuth, P., 582, 786. Kober, P. A., 416. Kobert, R., 116. Koch, 713. Koch, A., 122, 123, 429. Koch, R., 106. Kock, G., 47, 50, 553, 648. Koelker, A. H., 703. Koenig, W., 182. Koenigsberger, J., 316. Kohl, F. G., 306. Kohler, A. R., 637. Kol, A., 433. Kolesnikov, I. D., 136. Kollmeyer, F., 614. Kolmer, W., 670. Kone, E. R., 255, 009. Konig, 289. Konig, J., 110. Koning, C. J., 179. Kooper, W. D., 726. Kopecky, J., 315. Koppitz, W., 584. Korfl, G., 248, 748. Kornauth, 699. Kossovich, P., 226, 647. Kossowicz, A., Ill, 310. Kosut^ny, T., 61. Kovar, J., 7. Krainskii, A., 19. Kramer, G., 416. Krauss, F. G., 233. Krauststrunk, T., 485. Kjeitz, W., 148. Krencker, 686. Krische, P., 420, 525. Krizevci, G. B., 743. Kroemer, K., 442. Krogh, A., 471. Kronaeher, 81. Kriiger, W., 248. Kruijff, E. de, 547. Kruijs, M. J. van't, 707. Krummacher, O., 670. Kuhl, 12. Kiihl, H., 115, 370, 479. Kiihnemann, G., 683. Kulinert, 23, 618. Kulisch, P., 217. Kunst, F. B., 129. Kusserow, R., 412. Kuster, 166. Kuwana, S. I., 54. Laabs, F. W., 383. Labbg, M., 371. Laborde, J., 428. Lace, J. H., 737. Lachmann, S., 110. Ladd, E. F., 1C8, 371. Lafont, A., 153. Lagers, G. H. G., 356. Laidlaw, W., 547, 623. Lake, E. R., 298. Lamb, C. C., 698. Lamb, C. G., 387. Lamb, W. A., 313, 420. Lameere, A., 764. Lamson, P. D., 374. Lamson-Scribner, F., 727. Landry, D. V., 15. Lane, C. B., 80. Lane, D. J., 692. Laney, F. B., 520. Lanfranchl, A., 392. Lang, A., 174. Lang, F., 731. Lange, A. E., 307. Lange, H., 711. Lange, W., 166. Langlois, E. C, 498. Langlois, J. P., 780. Langstein, L., 702. Langworthy, C. F., 71, 165, 605. Lanier, R. S., 493. Lantz, D. E., 153, 356, 478. Larsen, B. R., 432. Larsen, C, 078. Larsen, H. C, 799. Larsen, O. H., 633. La Rue, E. C, 420. Laskowski, P. E., 170. Laub, M., 288. Laubert, R., 548, 654. Laufer, S., 584. Launay, L. de, 225 Laur, E., 293. Laurer, G., 174, 741. Laurie, D. F., 100, 578. Lavenir, P., 216. Laveran, A., 155, 483. Lawrence, W. E., 99, 698. Lawrence, W. H., 436, 452, 490, 531, 548, 647. Laxa, O., 182. Lea, A. M., 52, 665. Leach, A. E., 500. Leake, II. M., 768. Learn, C. D., 751. Leather, J. W., 331, 420. Leathes, J. B., 373, 704. Leavitt, C, 43. Leavitt, S., 705. Lebedefif, A. J., 30. L6caillon, A., 571. Leclamche, E., 785. Leclerc du Sablon, 628. Lee, C. B., 598. Lee, C. H., 15. Leese, A. S., 786. Lefebvre, P., 694. Lefroy, II. M., 53, 357. Lgger, L., 702. Leger, M., 793. Lehman, W. F., 15. Lehmann, F., 10. Lehnig, H., 65. Leier, F., 316. Leighty, C. E., 35. Leiper, R. T., 393. Leipziger, E., 689, 690. Leiser, R., 515. Lemmermann, O., 18. Lemoine, G. H., 62. Lemoine, P., 225. Leon, N., 664. Leplae, E., 314. Lermond, N. W., 458. Leroide, H., 243. Levaditl, C, 483. LgveillS, A., 465. Levene, P. A., 171. Levy, A. M., 172, 768. Levy, H. Q., 747. Levy, M., 113. INDEX OF NAMES. 811 Lewis, C. E., 250, 352, 454, 768. Lewis, C. I., 295. Lewis, F. C, 561. Lewis, J. H., 419. Lewis, W. n.,377. Lewton-Brain, L., 600. Leyder, 477. Lichatschow, A., 770. Lichtenheld, 484. Lind, G., 439. Lindet, L., 705. Lindsey, J. B., 73, 580, 771. Linhart, G., 248. Linsbauer, K., 723. Linstow, von, 159. Lipman, J. G., 302, 621. Lisboa, E.,636. Listen, W. G., 656. Little, E.E., 242. Litwinow, N., 731. Liuzzi, C, 342. Livierato, S.,688. Livingston, G. A., 497. Ljung, E. W., 438. Lloyd, F. E., 130, 247. Lloyd, J. W., 42, 143. Lloyd, W. A., 596. Lobeck, 0.,115. Loeb, L., 100. Loew, O., 422. Loewenthal, 186. Lohmann, A., 670. Lohnis, F., 720. Lohnis, F. B.,325. Lohr, T., 428. Lohirisch, H., 417. Loisel, G., 571. Long, H.C., 732. Long, J., 491. Loomis, H., 298. Lorenz, N. von, 246. Lott,C. I., 509. Loucheux, G., 714. Lounsbury, C. P., 556, 557, 660. Lovering, P. A., 470. Lovink, H. J., 287. Low,R. C.,568. Lowcay, H.,660. LoweU,P.,245. Lowenstein, A., 114, 417. Lownsdale, M. O., 745. Lowy, M., 511. Lubanski, F.,140. Lubimenko, W.,27, 723. Lucas (Lord), 776. Lucas, A., 420. Lucas, A. H. S., 153. Lucas, J. E., 577. Lucet, 792. Ludwig, F., 147. Lugner, I., 220. Liihe, M., 163, 555. Lunipp, H., 303. Lund, R., 307. Lund, T.H., 678. Lundberg, E. O., 169. Lunde, H. P., 481. Lustlg, A., 683. Liistner, G., 53. Lutman,B. F., 345, 448. Lutz, A., 762. Liitzow, K. L. von, 775. Lydtin, A.,377. Lykes, H. P., 496. Lyman, R. P., 400. Lyon, D. E., 765. Lyon, T. L., 138, 316. Lyons, H. G., 312. Lytel, J. L.,15. Lythgoe, H. C., 12, 371. McAdie, A. G., 617. Macallum, A. B., 377. McAlpine, D., 47, 48, 647, 649, 652, 744. McArthur, W.,731. McAtee, W. L., 154. McCall, J., 538. McCall, J. J.,775. McCaU, J. S. J., 347, 738. McCallum, W. B., 97, 627, 646. McCarthy, C. D.,542. McCaughey, W. J., 609. MacchiaveUo, J., 395. McClintock, C. T.,766. McCILntock, J. E., 494. McCoUum, E. V., 569. McConneU, P., 533. McCoy, G. W., 563, 754, 763. McCracken, I. , 260. McCready, L. C.,338. McCready, S. B., 339, 340, 351. McCrudden, F. H., 9. McDermott, L. F., 727. Macdonald, M. B.,137. McDonneU, C. C, 163, 367. McDonneU, H. B., 129, 771. MacDougal, D. T., 130, 405. MacdougaU, R. S., 299, 458. McDoweU, M. S.,525. M'Fadyean, L, 391, 784. McGill, A., 167, 270, 369, 466, 567, 720, 768. MacGregor, M. E., 786. McGuire, A. J., 134, 143, 178, 190. McGuire, G. W., 781. Mach, E., 242. McRhcnny, G. A., 198. Maclntire, W. H., 518, 522. Mcintosh, J., 483. Mack, W. B.,48, 83, 783. Mackay, F. von, 693. McKay, G. L., 679. Mackay, W., 575. McKeene, (Mrs.) n. A., 65. McKenney, R. E. B.,455. Mackenzie, J. S., 794. Mackintosh, J., 478. Mackintosh, R. S., 400. McKnight, n. L.,199. Maclaren, A., 297. McLaughlin, W. W., 335. McLean, C. C, 387. McLean, H. C, 698. McLean, J. A., 378. McLennan, J., 331. McMeans, A., 142. MacMillan, H. F.,243. MacmiUan, II. R., 45. McNatt, n. E., 298. Macnider, G. M., 417. McNutt, J. C, 497, 697. McOmie, A., 496. Macpherson, W. G.,271. McRae, W.,246, 749. McWethy, L. B., 137, 139. Madaus, H. H., 185. Magnus, P., 50. Magnus- Levy, A., 172, 768. Magrader, G. L., 81. Mai, C, 309. Maiden, J. H., 45, 542. MaiUard, L. C, 171. Main, T. F., 33, 459. Mairs, T. I., 194, 379, 574, 579. Maisonneuve, P., 666, 761. Maiziferes, 626. Major, H. F., 43, 199. Makin, C. W., 166. Makrinoll, S., 179. Malarski, n., 708. Maiden, W., 666. MaUory, W. L., 592. Malzew, A., 40. MameUe, T., 767. Manaresi, A., 151. Manceaux, L., 483. Mancini, S., 682. Mandelbaum, M., 9. Mandoul, H., 154. Mangin, L., 151. Mankovski, K. G., 222. Mankovski, K. T., 125. Mann, A. R.,800. Mann, H. H., 129. Manns, T. F., 99, 447. Mansell, R. E., 35. Mansholt, U. J., 96. Manteufel, 792. Manteufel, P., 667. Maquenne, L., 131. Marcas, L., 782. Marchal, 482. Marchal, E., 551. Marchal, P., 360, 504. Marchand, E. F. L., 647. Marchetti, G. E., 521. Marchlewski, L., 708. Marchoux, E.,792. Margaillan, L., 10. Margolin, L., 44. Margules, M., 516. Marie, A., 787. Marks, H. K., 374. Marlatt, C. L., 55, 764. Marquis, J. C, 409, 49L Marr, F. S., 430. Marre, E., 151. Marriner, G. R., 657. Marryat, C. E.,428. Marsais, P., 251. 812 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Marsh, H. 0.,759. Marshall, F. H. A., 571. Marshall, F. R.,672. Marshall, G. A. K., 200. Martens, 6S8. Martens, P., 188. Martin, 542. Martin, A., 188. Martin, C. J., 612. Martin, G., 200, 693. Martin, H. M., 734. Martin, L. H. O., 696. Martm, W. F.,420. Martini, E., 667. Marx, F., 116. Marzinowsky, E. J., 155. Marzocchi, V., 759. Mason, D. B., 795. Mason, F. H., 525. Mason, W. P., 11. Masoni, G., 621. Massart, J., 318. Massee, G., 750. Massol, L., 388. Massonat, E., 665. Masulli, 0.,326. Matenaers, F. F.,93. Mathews, E., 479. Mathieu, H., 769. Mathis, C, 793. Matson, G. C, 119, 520. Matthew, G. F., 324. Matthews, C. W., 197. Mattirolo, O., 440. Maublanc, A., 153, 546, 552. Maublanc, C.,547. Maucha, R., 512. Maude, A. H., 613. Mauer, O., 597. Maurecours, 25. Maurer, J., 712. Mawbey, E. G., 619. Maxwell, E. J., 598. Maxwell, W., 732. May, B., 557. May, D. W., 99, 237, 390, 638. May, E. E., 168, 371. Mayer, A., 715. Mayer, F. J., 386. Mayer, J. L., 511. Mayet, V., 755. Maynard,L. H. P., 80. Mayo, N. S., 386. Mayor, E., 545. Mazzaron, A., 716. Mead, D. W., 312. Mehlhose, R., 90. Mehrtens, G., 214. Meinert, F., 488. Meisenheimer, J., 472. Melander, A. L., 61, 561, 761. Melckebeke, E. van, 225. Melindonas, T. N., 239. Mell, C. D., 445. MeUiar, A. F., 642. Mellish, H., 516. MeUo, P. C. de, 768. MeUo, U., 791. Melvin, A. D., 84, 85, 86, 90, 371, 387. Mendel, L. B., 702, 785. Mendelson, F., 396. Mendenhall, J.,538. Mendenhall, W. C, 420. Merck, L. H.,247. Merres, E.,705. Merriam, C. H., 298. Merrill, A. W., 200. Merrill, E. D., 727. Merrill, L. A., 15, 419. Merrill, L. S., 497. Merwe, C. P. van der, 463, 557. Merwe, W. J. van der, 488. Mestrezat, W., 311. Metcalf, H., 405, 456. Metzger, A., 183. Metzger, C, 147. Meyer, A., 727. Meyer, G. M., 171. Meyer, H. H. B., 670. Meyer, J., 309. Meyer, K. F., 484, 786. Mezger, C, 16. Mezger, O., 513. Michael, L. G., 278, 283, 285. Michaelis, L., 770. Micheels, H., 327, 627. Michels, J., 298. Micklitz, T.,445. Micko, K., 216, 512. Middleton, T. H., 299. Miessner, 84, 684. Milbradt, 790. Milks, H. J., 386. Miller, A. M., 376. Miller, H. B.,525. Miller, J. H.,408. Miller, L. F., 678. Miller, M. F., 20, 21, 35, 318, 436, 769. Miller, R. F.,697. Miller, T. S., sr., 39. Millett, G. P., 542. MiUiken, F. B., 697. Mills, G. F., 198. Milward, J. G.,61. Mindling, G. W., 15. Miner, P. I., 274. Minkmann, 30. Mirusyev, N., 136. Mlservich, A. N., 135. Mitchell, A. D., 9. Mitchell, A. J., 15. Mitchell, S. R., 711. Mitchell, W. A., 419. Mitscherlich, E. A., 302, 613, 705. Mitter, S. N., 590, 792. Mitzmain, M. B., 562, 563, 763. Miyake, J.,347. Moeller, F., 570. Mohler, J. R., 81, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 185, 386, 783. Mohn, H., 515. Mohs, K., 62. Molisch, H., 40. Moller, A., 354, 663. Molliard, M., 47, 429, 430. Molz, 53. Monahan, A. C, 100. Monier, 583. Monrad, J. H., 82, 180, 677. Monro, A. V., 737. Montemartini, L., 355. Montgomery, F., 419. Montgomery, J. S , 578. Montgomery, L. M., 199. Montgomery, R. E., 588. Moon, F. ¥., 344, 497. Moore, A. R., 778. Moore, B.,8, 219. Moore, J. G.,59. Moore, V. A., 182, 386, 783. Moore, W. L.,218. Moore, W. M., 146. Moorhouse, L. A., 138. Mooring, D. C, 599. Moreau, L., 666, 761. Morel, J. F., 298. Morgan, A. C., 465, 765. Morgan, D. N., 783. Morgan, J. F., 599. Morgan, J. O., 138. Morgan, L. A., 297. Morgan, T. H., 757. Morgenthaler, 0., 646. Morley, C, 764, 765. Morman, J. B., 177. Morrill. A. W., 461, 556. Morse, A. P., 565. Morse, E. W.,405. Morse, F. W., 142, 510. Morse, G. B., 178. Morse, M., 777. Morse, W. J., 248, 349, 451, 548. Morstatt, II., 252. Mortensen, M. L., 744. Morton, G. E., 276, 277. Moses, A., 286. Moss, W. L., 681. Moussu, G., 185. Miiller, E. J.,13. Miiller, II.,640, 711. Muller, J.,350. Muller, M., 183, 571, 775, 776. Mumford, II. W., 78, 100. Mundy, II. G., 175, 625. Munson, W. M.,499. Munteanu-Murgocl, G., 315. Miintz, A., 18. Muratet, L., 482. Murgocl, G. M., 315. Murray, J. A., 319. Murray, P. W., 438. Muth, F., 123. MuttkowskI, R. A., 756. Myers, C. II., 97. Myers, I. M., 510. Mygdal, T. M., 295. Nabours, R. K., 497. Namyslowskl, B., 55L INDEX OF NAMES. 813 Napier, .T. M., 400. Nash, C. W., 38. Nathustius, S. von, 776. Nazari, V., 650. Neave, S. A., 763. Neger, F. W., 49, 345. Negre, L., 584. N6grler, 713. Neiva, A., 488, 762. Nesbitt, N., 769. Ness, H., 696. Nestrelajew, A., 211. Neubauer, E., 305. Neubauer, H., 24. Neuberg, C, 110, 213. Neuhofl, 0., 515. Nevunann, L. G., 662. Neumann, M. P., 62, 63, 270, 768. Neumann, P., 414. Neumann, R., 774. Nevermann, 186, 584. Newlon, E. L., 198. Ne'ivman, C. C, 142. Newman, J. E., 326. Newstead, R., 200, 559, 662, 762. Newton, J. v., 387. Nice, M. M. , 754. Nichols, C. B., 98. Nichols, H. J., 66. Nicolas, E., 309. NicoU, W., 393. NicoUe, C, 483. Niklewski, B., 124. NUes, G. M., 64. Niles, W. B., 89. Nilsson-Ehle, EE., 46. Nilsson-Ehle, N., 638. Nixon, R. L., 297. Noelli, A., 147. Noflfray, E., 350. Nogier, T., 518. NoU, C. F., 139, 536. Norman, A. J., 252, 497. Norris, R. S., 709. North, A. J., 754. Northrupp, L. E., 588. Norton, J. B. S., 252, 658. Norton, J. P., 607. Norton, R. P., 98. Norton, W. C., 199. Nourse, H. A., 478. Novotny, J., 288, 481. Nowak, J., 587. Nowotny, R., 311. Nubar, B. P., 92. Niisslin, O., 758. Nuttall, G. n. F., 155, 786. Nystrom, A. B., 498. Oakley, R. A., 634. Obrecht, R. C, 597. Ochoterena, I., 200. Oddo, 583. Oedegaard, N., 296. Oestlund, O. W., 52. Oettingen, B. von, 74. O'Gara, P. J., 441. Ohkubo, S., 483. Okada, T., 15. O'Kane, W. C, 658. Okr&z, I., 186. Olbrich, S., 243. Oldys, H., 154, 178, 253, Olig, A.,414. Olinger, J., 68. Olive, E. W., 345. Oliver, G. W , 100. Olivier, E., 465. Olmsted, V. II., 191. Opalka, L., 686. Opperman, C. L., 98, 400, 691. Orishimo, Y., 552. Orr, D., 388. Orton, C. R., 696. Orton, W. A., 47, 449. Osborne, T. B., 197, 613. Oses, R. G., 334, 535. Osmond, I. T.,592. Ossat, G. de A. d', 19, 716. Osterhout, W. J. V., 28, 328. Ostertag, R., 787, 790. Ostrander, J. E., 119, 419, 617. Ostwald, W., 200. Otero, C, 323. Otis, D. H., 73, 407. Ott de Vries, J. J., 511. Ottiager, L., 445. Otto, R., 726. Overbeek, A. A., 184. Paal, C.,214. Pacottet, P., 48. Paddock, V/., 440. Paechtner, J., 772. Pagliery, J. C, 334. Pai, M. K., 81. Paine, H. S., 110, 411. Paine, S. G., 478. Paladino, R., 270. Palladin, V. I., 230, 629. Pahn, B.,353. Pataia, R., 491. Palmer, A. H.,617. Pahner, C, 119. Palmer, C. F., 695. Pahner, G. T.,390. Palmer, H. F., 783. Palmer, T. S., 153, 253, 5.54. Palmer, W. J., 440. Palmer, W. S., 312. Pammel, L. II., 31, 340, 405, 43:), 447, 727, 740. Pane, N., 683. Panisset, L.,388. Pantanelli, E., 48, 349, 550, 747. Pantel,J.,5C2. Panton, P. N., 785. Pape, R.,782. Parisot, F., 148. Parker, E. C, 095. Parker, J. B., 800. Parker, W. B., 262. Parks, K. E.,80. Parodi, H. D.,627. Parrott, P. J., 657. Parrozzani, A., 702. Parry, H. W., 582. Parsons, H. G., 195. Partridge, W., 488. Passerini, N., 313, 323. Passon, M.,009. Patch, E. M., 256, 257, 556, 757. Pate, W. F., 498. Paterson, R. C.,389. Patouillard, N., 251, 750. Patten, C. J., 778. Patten, G. R., 119, 120. Patten, H. E., 223, 609. Patterson, F. W., 451, 452, 445. Patton, W. S.,792. Paturel, G., 730. Payne, A. J., 485. Peacock, R. W., 378. Peau-s, L. M., 157, 197. Peano, E., 440. Pearce, C. D.,387. Pearl, R., 375, 674, 675, 778. Peavy, G. W., 298. Peck, A. L., 498. Peck, A. S., 44, 146. Peel, W. R., 576. Peglion, v., 151. Peklo, J., 741. Pelletier, E., 619. Pellew, C., 442. Pember, F. R., 623. Penard, A. P., 555. Penard, F. P., 555. Penck, A., 516. Pennington, L. H., 130. Pennington, M. E., 214, 215, 676. Penny, C. L., 137. Perciabosco, F., 711, 724. Percival, J.,732. Pgrez, C, 660. Pergola, D. de, 27. Perkins, A. J., 535, 711. Perkins, C. L., 497. Perkins, W. R.,35,39. Pernot, E. F., 298. Perotti, rv.,317,323. Perreau, 049. Perrier, n., 240. Perrier, L. , 67. Pcrrin, G., 2.';3. Perrin, n.,245. Fetch, T., 549, 552, 553, 652, 739. Peters, J. G.,44. Peters, L., 248, 654. Petersen, P. V. F., 280. Peterson, E. G., 498. Petit, A., 41, 155. Pettersson, A., 583. Pettis, C. R., 344. Pettit, II., 123. Pettlt, J. II., 120, 301,318. Pettit, R. U., 254, 566, 761. Pew, W. II., 402. Pfannl, M.,304. Pfeiler, \V., 290,791. Pfenninger, U.,704. 814 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Pfluger, E., 7, 373. Pflugk, A. von, G70. Phelps, I. K., 613, 615. Philbrook, E. E., 458, 755. Philipp, K.,244. Philips, T. D., 199. Phillips, A. G., 98. Phillips, E. F., 365. Phillips, F. J., 130. Phillips, J. L., 149, 458. Phillips, U. B.,692. Pic, M., 264, 465. Pickel, J. M., 417. Pickering, P. S., 299. Pickering, S. U.,50. Pierce, W. D., 465. Pierce, W. il., 565. Pierozek, S.,410. Pierron, P., 525. Pierson, A. H.,645. Pincussohn, L., 681. Plot Bey, J. B.,694. Piper, C. v., 338. PitcMord, H. W., 488, 790. Planchon, L.,542. Plato, G. de, 628. Ploetz, R.,40. Plowright, C. B., 100. Pockels, r.,516. Pockels, S.,515. Poenaru, I.,390, 790. Poeteren, N. van, 353. Poetschke, P., 308. Pogge, C, 644. Poisson, S. D., 515. Pollock, J. B., 150, 247, 354, 456. Ponicki, B. von, 780. Popesu, D. M.,310. Poppe, E.,305. Poppe, K., 166, 184, 486, 793. Porcher, C.,670. Porges, O., 305. Porter, A., 90, 155, 157. Porter, E., 233. Porter, F. B.,416. Postelt, A., 741. Potebnia, A., 48, 247. Pottenger, F. M.,586. Potter, B. W., 179. Potter, H. B., 137. Potter, M.C., 645. Potts, H. W.,534. Pouget, I.,519. Poulton, E. B., 153. Pound, 0.,734. Power, F. B., 415. Powers, LeG., 192. Powers, M. R., 485. Pozzi-Escot, M. E., 113, 213. Pratt, H. C, 255. Pratt, J. H., 374, 520. Pray, J. S., 405. Prescher, J., 115. Prescott, S. C, 80. Prcst, W. IT., 668. Preston, P. J., 590. Prianishnikov, D. N., 128, 716. Pribram, B. O., 304. Price, C. A., 547, 623. Price, C. A. E., 366. Price, H. C, 291, 408. Price, H. L., 163. Priestley, J. H., 326. Principi, P., 120. Pringsheim, H., 30, 512. Prior, 699. Pritchard, E., 171. Prochnow, A., 216, 307. Proctor, F. D., 200. Prowazek, S. J. von, 155, 392. Pracha, M. J., 697. Prunet, A., 49. Publow, C. A., 598. Pulman, I. A., 117, 135. PurceU, B. L., 175. Purdy, M. A., 270. Purinton, D. B., 99, 599. Purves, J. M., 738. Purvis, M., 477. Putney, F. S., 598. Putzu, J., 393. Quaintance, A. L., 59, 156, 661, 745. Quanjer, n. M., 355, 356. Quayle, H. J., 262, 266. Quinlan, D., 288. Rabate, E., 760, 775. Racah, V., 593. Raciborski, M., 50. Rade, 618. Raebiger, 177. Raffo, M., 7. Rahe, A. H., 179. Ralph, G. A., 419, 490. Rammstedt, O., 369, 512. Ramsay, A. A., 771. Ramsay, R. A., 387. Rancken, D., 68. Rane, F. W., 359, 445, 463. Rankin, W. H., 99, 547, 742. Ransom, B. H., 88, 488, 790. Rapio, 782. Ratcliff, J. A., 138. Rauchbaar, G., 786. Raudnitz, R. W., 783. Raven, W. F., 241. Ravenna, C, 725, 726. Ravn, F. K., 744. Raw, N., 683. Rawson, H., 142. Rawson, W. W., 142. Raybaud, A., 160, 261, 703. Raybaud, L., 526. Raymond, F., 588, 792. Raynaud, 730. Read, A. M., 371. Readhimer, J. E., 120. Reakes, C. J., 588. Reber, L. E., 407. Rebsch, B. A., 644. Recklinghausen, M. von, 313, 713. Reddick, D., 15, 457. Redi, F., 555. Reed, C. A., 555. Reed, H. S., 148, 350. Reed, J. C, 73. Reed, O. E., 80. Rees, B., 26. Rees, R. W., 498. Reeves, G. I., 56. Reh, A., 305. Rehn, J. A. G., 255, 557. Reichard, A., 29. Reichard, C, 115. Reichard, I. C, 110. Reichel, J., 787. Reichert, E. T., 307. Reid, G. A., 570. Reidemeister, W., 48. Re iff, W., 260, 560, 759. Reimer, F. C, 540, 734. Reinecke, G., 791. Reinelt, J., 348. Reinsch, A., 310. Reis, F., 718. Reitmair, O., 249. Remy, T., 337. Renker, M., 10. Rennie, T., 590. Renouf, W. C, 537. Renshaw, R. R., 114. Revis, C, 217, 580, 680. Reychler, A., 311. Reynolds, J. H., 93, 493. Reynolds, M. n., 83, 186, 783. Rhodin, S., 24, 325, 436, 799. Ricard, H., 605. Rice, J. E., 395, 591. Rice, O. S., 195. Richards, M. W., ,597. Richards, W. B., 500. Richardson, A. E. V., 47, 166. Richardson, A. G. G., 496. Riche, J. A., 470. Richelet, J. E., 270. Richmond, H. D., 478. Ricketts, n. T,, 57, 559. Riddell, R. R., 594. Riddle, O., 172, 272, 273. Ridgeway, W., 274. Ridg%vay, C. S., 247. Ridgway, J. W., 74. Ridley, H. N., 659, 738, 739, 750. Riehm, E., 247, 646. Rievel, n., 670. Rijn, W. van, 112. Riley, E. H., 671. Rindell, A., 490. Rinehart, E. F., 498. Ringehnann, M., 218. Ritzema Bos, J., 347, 353. Ritzenthaler, M., 389. Ritzman, E. G,, 78. Rivas, n., 288. Ri%i6re, G., 350. Robbins, E. T., 277, 278. Robert, E., 125. Roberts, G., 98. Roberts, n. F., 238. Roberts, I. P., 530. INDEX OF NAMES. 815 Roberts, N., 305. Roberts, P. L.. 597. Roberts, T. P., 312. Robertson, T. B., 375, 510. Robertson, "SV., 90. Robinson, M., 598. Robinson, T. R., 023. Rochaix, 518. Rodenwaldt, E., 157. Roder, O., 784. Rodes, W., 98. Roeder, n., 271. Roeding, F. W., 140. Roemer, n., 213. Rogers, B., 3S7. Rogers, C. A., 395, 571, 591. Rogers, D. M., 662. Rogers, L. A., 81. Rogers, W. B., 471. Rogers, W. S., 730. Rohr, C. J., 405. Rolfs, P. H., 145. Romer, P. H., 687, 709, 781. Rommel, G. M., 78, 776. Roon, G. van, 405. Roos, L., 414. Rorer, J. B., 455, 456, 549, 740, H Rose, A. R., 097. Rose, J. S., 400. Rose, R. C, 229. Rose, R. E., 26. Roseberry, C. H., 478. Roselli, M., 396. Rosenau, M. J., 81. Rosenberg, A. von, 488. Rosenfeld, A. H., 363, 658. Rosengren, L. F., 114. Rosenthal, H., 050. Rosenthaler, L., 702. Ross, B. B., 129. Ross, H.E., 614. Ross, R., 786. Ross, S. H., 510. Ross, W. H., 618, 641. Rossi, F., 69. Rosso, v., 724. Roster, G., 14. Roth, F., 44. Roth, J., 152. Rothfia, F., 306. Rothcnbach, F., 8. Rothenfusser, S., 216, 309, 513. Rothschild, H. de, 605. Rothschild, W., 759. Roubaud, E.,604. Rouillard, 111. Rousseu, D. B., 630, 723. Roux, P., 593. Rowan, G., 699. Rowland, F. E., 498. Rowley, R. R., 560. Rowntree, B. S., 593. Rows, K. G.,388. Roy, V. L., 236. Ruau, J., 291. Rubner, M., 668. Rucker, W. C, 754, Ruddick, J. A., 242, 540. Rudlofl, H. L., 594. Ruediger, E. H., 184. Rufz, J. de, 328. Ruggeri, A., 144. Rugglcs, A. G., 697. Ruhland, W., 251, 648. Ruhrah, J., 468. Ruijter de Wildt, J. C. de, 321, .323. Rumbold, C, 751. Riimkcr, K. von, 332. Rmnsey, W. E., 259. Rupp, E., 10. Ruppel, W. G., 788. Rusk, H. P., 496, 696. Rusnov, P. von, 726. Russell, E. J., 19, 122, 123, 124, 318, 474, 523. Russell, F., 409. Russell, H. G., 194. Russell, H. L., 96. Russell, J. E., 200. Russo, A., 174, 472. Ruther, 792. Rutherford, J. C, 775. Ruypen, J. van, 769. Saalbeck, 687, 793. SaathoS, 686. Sabatini, P., 275. Sablon, L. du, 628. Sabouraud, 187. Sabrazds, J., 482. Sacca,, R. A., 650. Sackett, H. S., 44. Sackett, W. G., 247, 546, 581. Sadtler, S. S., 112. Safiro, V. I., 698. Sagnier, H., 92. Saillard, E., 235. Saito, K., 412. Saleeby, M. M., 436. Salle, 213. Sall6, 264. Salmon, C, 335. Sahnon, D. E., 790. Salmon, E. S., 247, 337, 453, 548, 549, 554, 655. Salway, A. H., 415. Samcs, T., 709, 781. Sammis, J. L., 181, 310, 3&3, 014. Sampson, G. R., 498. Sampson, H. C, 124. Sanborn, C. E., 156, 360. Sanborn, N. W., 488. Sanders, G. E., 161, 066, 705. Sanderson, E. D., 358, 359, 399, 498, 657, 658. Sandmann, D., 246. Sanford, S., 520. Sante, C, 144. Santschi, F., 565. Sarthou, J., 309. Sasaki, C, ,560. Sasscer, E. R., 156. Sasscnhagen, 114. Saunders, W. D., 168. Sauton, 614. Savage, E.S., 800. Savastano, L., 149. Sawer, E. R., 22, 31. Sawyer, W. A., 783. Saxlund, M., 244. Saylor, C. F., 637. Seal, C, 16. Scales, F. S., 156. SchafEnit, E., 152, 251. Schander, R., 152, 348, 745. Schanz, M., 635. SchefEer, T. H., 197, 497, 752. Schellack, C, 162. Schellhom, A., 688. Schepilewsky, E., 16. ScherfBus, W. H., 98. Schem, K., 710. Scheunert, A., 73, 417, 572, 670. Schick, B., 481. Schillel, A., 643. Schimmer, F., 54. Schindler, J., 11. Schittenhehn, A., 71. Schjeming, H., 412. Schlagenthin, A., 471. Schlich, W., 542. Schlimpert, 586. Schloesmg, T., 301. Schmid, G., 290. Schmid, J., 306. Schmidt, E., 727. Schmidt, F., 414. Schmidt, H., 654. Schmidt, J., 303, 390. Schmiedeknecht, O., 764. Schmitt, F. M., 788. Schmitter, F., 609. Schneider, A., 213. Schneider, C. F., 15. Schneider, O., 640. Schneidewind, 335. Schneidt, D., 643. Schnittcr, 287. Schobl, O., 487. Schoenbeck, R., 177. Schonfoldt, n. von, 465. Schonhcrr, O., 623. Schorstein, J., 653. Schoute, J. C, 2,34. Schoyen, W. M., 244. Schrciber, II., 215. Schreiner, D. E.. 197. Schreiner, O., 11,624. Schrcnk, H. von, 252. Schroeder, E. C, 81, 85. Schrocder, J., 24, 232, 235. Schrott-Fiechtl, II., 479. Schrottky, C, 604. Schryver, S. B., 29, 116. Schubart, P., 337. Schubert, F., 708. Schubert, J., 118. Schucht, F., 416. Schiiltz, A. von, 568. Schultz, G., 732. Schulzo, B., 28, 626. 816 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Schulze, E., 702, 704. Schulze, T.,618. Schiissler, J., 776. ScMtz, J., 28. Schwappach, A., 643. Schwartz, E. J.,50. Schwarz, E. A., 366. Schwarzkopf, O., 776. Scofield, C. S., 190, 191. Scott, C. A., 542. Scott, C. F., 1. Scott, J. M., 35, 78, 431, 475, 478. Scott, P. R., 766. Scott, W. M., 51, 59, 150, 352, 745. Scovell, M. A., 98, 197, 526, 597. Scrihner, F. L., 727. Scudder, H. D., 137, 143, 295. Scurti, F., 611. Sears, F. C, 640. Seaver, F. J., 629. Sebelien, J., 128. Secrest, E., 44. Seibriger, R., 416. Seilliere, G., 73. Selby, A. D.,544, 733. Sellards, E. H., 520. Sellergren, G., 39. Selvatici, E., 707. Selvidge, I. H., 769. Semadeni, K. I., 118. Semeraro, F., 711. Semper, 244. Sen Gupta, B., 45. Serpieri, A., 397. Seton, E. T., 356. Severln, H. H., 498. Severin, H. H. P., 363. Seward, A. C, 153, 227. SeweU, A. J., 487. Sexton, J. S., 198. Seymour, G., 744. Shallenberger, A. C, 699. Shanahan, J. D., 35. ShanMin, A., 575. Sharp, L. W., 327. Sharpe, H. G., 669. Sharpe, R. B., 154. Shaw, G. W., 716. Shaw, H. B., 450, 557, 638. Shaw, N. E., 54, 360. Shaw, P. J., 241. Shaw, S. B., 310. Shaw, W. N., 119. Shear, C. L., 454. Shedd, O. M., 16, 509. Sheldon, J. L., 454. Shellabarger, I. G., 190. Shepard, J. H., 536. Shepperd, J. H., 497. Shepperson, C. J. W., 134. Sherfesee, W. F., 44. Sherman, F., 658. Sherman, H., 169. Sherman, H. C, 307. Sherwin, M. E., 597. Shields, R. L., 598. Shoebotham, J. "VV., 763. Shoemaker, D. N., 336. Shoesmith, V. M., 95. Shorey, E. C, 11, 610. Shuey, R. C, 731. Shull, A. F., 757. Shull, C. A., 362. Shull, G. H., 671. Sicard, A., 264. Sidersky, D., 7. Siegfeld, M., 210, 211, 217, 676. 'Sigmond, A. von, 301, 415. Siler, J. F., 66. Silliman, B., jr., 607. Sim, T. R., 644. Sinclair, W., 282. Siniscalchi, A., 128. Sisteron, C, 177. Si\Te, A. v., 68. SjoUema, B.,321,323, 523. Skalosubow, N., 246. Skalweit, B., 794, 795. Skappel, S., 74. Skiba, 690. Skinner, J. H., 406, 772. Skinner, J. J., 624. Slcrzynski, Z., 690. Sladkov, L. A., 135. Slater, A. E., 120. Slater, E. K., 598. Slociun, R. R., 78. Slowzow, B., 770. Smith, A., 598. Smith, A. G., 617. Smith, A. M., 495. Smith, B. H., 510. Smith, C, 9. Smith, E. F., 448, 452, 454, 455, 611. Smith, F., 728, 729. Smith, F. C, 563. Smith, G., 173. Smith, G. A., 79. Smith, G. S. G., 590. Smith, H. A., 494. Smith, H. K., 44. Smith, H. R., 500. Smith, H. S., 387. Smith, H. W., 23, 556. Smith, J. B., 58, 365, 755. Smith, J. W., 419. Smith, L. H., 100, 535. Smith, P. H., 73, 781. Smith, R. I., 466. Smith, S. B., 656. Smith, T., 107, 640. Smith, T. M., 500. Smith, W. B., 510. Smith, W. C, 437. Smith, W. G., 433. Smolenski, K., 8. Smoot, R., 398. Smyth, E.G., 599. Smythies, E. A., 543. Sneddon, D., 695. Snodgrass, J. H., 245. Snodgrass, M. D., 673. Snodgrass, R. E., 365. Snow, J. H., 64. Snyder, C. E., 697. Snyder, W. P., 222. Sobbe, O. von, 614. Soderbaum, H. G., 126, 127. Sohier de Bert, 193. Sohma, 682. Solberg, E., 616. Sou, F., 718. SoUas, I. B. J., 428. Somerville, W., 299. Sommer, F., 8. Sommerfeld, P., 780. Sommerville, D., 518. Sorauer, P., 353. Sorensen, S. P. L., 217. Soule, A. M., 297, 336, 407, 797. South, F. W., 346. Sparks, E. E., 407, 699. Spiit, W., 683. Spaulding, P., 456. Spegazzini, C, 721. Speir, J ., 780. Spencer, A. P., 496. Spencer, J., 387. Sperling, E., 336. Sperling, J., 46. Spethmann, M. T., 293. Spieckermann, A., 744. Spillman, W. J., 79, 172, 193, 407, 421, 670. Sprague, E. C, 65. Sprenger, J. J., 191. Sprung, A., 515. Spuhler, U., 668. Stabler, H., 517. Stafford, J., 478. Stiiger, R., 546. Stahl, J. G.,97. Stanek, v., 307. Stanley, L. M., 510, 512. Stansel, T. B., 199. Stanton, E. W., 496. Start, E. A., 738. Stauber, A., 373. Stazi, A., 176. Stebbing, E. P., 756. Stebbins, F. A., 564. Stebbins, J. H.,ir.,561. Stebler, F. G., 239, 731. Steel, M., 598. Steffen, 353. Steglich, B., 30. Stegmann, L., 7, 8. Steinbach, N., 705. Steiner, C. D., 498. Stengel, A., 100. Stephen, J. W., 345. Stephens, J., 742. Stevens, F. L., 405, 452, 453, 508, 721, 797. Stevens, H.E., 97. Stevens, J. C, 119, 312, 419. Stevenson, T., 642. Steward, W., 557. Stewart, A., 780. Stewart, F. C.,449. Stewart, G., 494, INDEX OF NAMES. 817 Stewart, J. E., 420. Stewart, J. G., 236, 432. Stewart, J. H., 76. Stewart, J. P., 42, 266, 341, 342, 566 Stewar:, R., 423, 705, 742. Sticker. A., 210. Stiepel, C, 215. Stift, A., 347. Stiles, C. W., 357, 488, 555. Stockberger, W. W., 139, 227, 628 Stockbridge, H. E., 294. Stockman, S., 299, 783. Stoddart, C. W., 298. Stoklasa, J., 20. Stoll, R. C, 98. Stone, G. E., 405, 743. Stone, M. S., 200. Stordy, R. J., 784. Stormer, K., 346, 348, 350. Story, G. F. E., 497. Stover, A. P., 393. Stoykowitch, 630. Strakosch, S., 594. Strasbiirger, E., 227. Street, J. P., 706. Streng, O., 583, 785. Strolimer, F., 307, 699, 709. Strzyzowski, C, 785. Stuart, W., 340, 743. Stiibenrauch, A. V., 144. Stiiber, W.,308. Stvtmpf, H., 414. Stupart, R. F., 617. Sturges, T. W., 477. Sturgcss, G. W., 484. Stutzer, A., 225, 718. Suchting, H., 11. Sudow, F. J., 178. Sudworth, G. B., 44. Suffran, F., 187, 793. Suis, 187. Sulima, A., 690. Sullivan, R. U., 312, 341. Summers, J. N., 597. Sundby, J., 91. Supfle, K.,482. Surcouf, J. M. R., 260, 664. Surface, F. M., 674, 778. Suringar, J. V., 146. SutthofI, W., 110. Sutton, G. L., 439, 742. Suzuki, S. K., 383, 613, 679. Swain, G. F., 219. Swaine, J. M., 458. Sweet, G., 787. Swingle, D. B., 352. Swire, J., 577. Sykes, G. F., 698. Symmonds, R. S., 622. SjTnons, S. T. D., 776. SjTnons, T. B., 157, 658. Tabor, G., 243. Tacke, B., 11, 30. Takemura, M., 584. Talarico, J., 374, 769. Tanret, G., 415. Tartar, H. V., 701. Tatlock, R. R., 216. Taubcnliaus, J. J., 456. Taylor, H. C, 406. Taylor, L. E., 543. Taylor, W. A., 143. Taylor, W. C, 800. Taylor, W. J., 87. Teall, O., 243. Teichmann, E., 777. Tempany, U. A., 236. Ten Eyck, A. M., 37, 234. Teppaz, L., 487. Tereg, J., 670. Terni, C, 789. Terry, E. I., 344. Tetzner, 554. Thackara, A. W., 795. Thatcher, R. W., 467. Theiler, A., 183, 387, 484, 488, Theobald, F. V., 458, 762. Thesing, C, 777. Thesing, R., 777. Thibault, J. K., jr., 561. Thiebaut, V., 746. Thistleton-Dyer, W., 227. Thorn, C, 231. Thoma, E., 316. Thomann, 11., 58. Thomas, H. H., 443. Thomas, II. W., 762. Thomas, J. L., 599. Thomas, J. M., 200. Thomas, K., 68, 69. Thomas, R. H., 31. Thomassin, L., 90. Thompson, D. O., 696. Thompson, D. S., 777. Thompson, E. J., 97. Thompson, J., 139. Thompson, J. I., 400. Thompson, R. C, 97. Thompson, W. O., 40a Thompson, W. R., 762. Thomsen, F., 557, 658. Thomson, D., 786. Thomson, R. T., 216. Thornber, J. J., 633. Thomber, W. S., 42, 441, 444. Thorne, C. E.,44, 541. Thornton, R. W., 22i Thresh, J. C, 619. Tidswell, F., 47. Tigerstodt, R., 70, 770. Tillou, H. B., 582. Timberlake, P. H., 765. Timk(5, E., 314. Titcomb, J. W., 200. Titus, E. G., 658. Todd, C, 671. Todd, J. L., 786. Tollens, B., 415, 417. Tomhave, W. H., 697. Toneguttl, M., 725. Tonney, F. O., 781. Toomer, J. E., 698, Topfer, A., 789. Torrance, F., 783. Torre, K. W. von D., 765. Torrey, J. C, 179. Tottingham, W. E., 511. Touplain, F., 309, 417. Tousley, E. M., 795. To war, J. D., 99. Towles, C. B., 770. Townsend, C. O., 140. Tracy, C, 515. Tracy, J. E. W., 638. Tracy, S. M., 338. Tracy, W. W., 733. Tracy, W. W., sr., 141, 640. Trafford, F., 737. Trag&rdh, I., 666. Trapp, 84. Traube, J., 217. Treitz, P., 314, 325. Trescot, T. C., 508. Tretyakov, S. T., 33, 139, 31b. Treub, M., 330. Trillat, 614. Trincas, L., 187. Trinchieri, G., 354, 355, 653, 654. Troller, A., 713. Trommsdorll, R., 286. Trotter, A. M., 389. Troup, R. S., 345, 543. Trowbridge, P. F.,26, 367, 510,512. Trudeau, E. L., 100. True, A. C, 191, 402. True, G. H., 34. Trueman, J. M., 475. Truffaut, G., 210. Trumbuh, R. S., 318. Tryon, H., 46, 147. Tschermak, A. von, 670. Tschermak, E. von, 405. Tubeuf, K. von, 50, 750. Tuck, C. H., 800. Tucker, E. S., 358, 756. Tucker, AV. R., 475. TuUgren, A., 54. Turner, H. H., 571. Turner, J. M., 145. Turner, W. F., 359. Tuteur, R., 172. Tutt, J. W., 758. Uhlenhuth, 613, 792. Ujj, U., 315. Ulander, A., 432. Uhlch, P., 348. Upham, A. A., 294. Urbain, E., 16. Urban, J., 113. Usener, 146. Utechin, N. W., 119. Utra, G. d', 640. Utt, C. A. A., 668. Vail, T. N., 200. Valentine, C. S., 279. Vall6e, H., 605. Vallier, R., 126. Vanatter, P. O., 634. 818 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Van Beneden, E., 300. Van Daalen, C. K., 395. Van Dam, W., 212, 305. Van der Merwe, C. P., 463, 557. Van der Merwe, W. J., 488. Van der Waerden, H., 708. Van der Weele, H. W., 504. Van der Zande, K. H. M., 356. Vandevelde, A. J. J., 113. Van Dine, D. L., 498, 556. Van Duzee, E. P., 757. Van Es, L., 482. Vaney, C, 759. Vanha, J., 699. Van Hall-de Jonge, A. E., 455, 552. Van Hermann, H. A., 640. Van Hise, C. R., 199. Van Hook, J. M., 452. Van Horn, F. B., 128. Van Leenhoff, J. M., 141. Van Melckebeke, E., 225. Van Norman, H. E., 580. Van Poeteren, N., 353. Van Rijn, W., 112. Van Roon, G., 465. Van Ruypen, J., 769. Van Slyke, D. D., 303. Van Slyke, L. L., 780. Van't Kruijs, M. J., 707. Van Winkle, W., 420. Varela, A. G., 760. Varga, O., 030. Vasilev, N. I., 627. Vass, J., 788. Vater, 737. Vaudremer, 587. Vaughan, H. W., 598. Veatch, A. C, 45. Ventuxi, S., 754. Verbetski, K. L., 33. Verge, G., 42. Vermorel, V., 746. Vernon, H. M., 410. Vesterberg, A., 10. Vickery, R. A., 558. Vidal, D., 250. Viereck, H. L., 366. Vieth, P., 282. Vigor, H. D., 292. VUa, A., 707. VUlar, S., 580. Ville, J., 311. Vilmorln, P. de, 238, 300. Vincent, V., 80, 181. Viner, V. V., 224. Vines, S. H., 29. Vinet, E., 666, 761. Vinson, A. E., 414, 496, 618, 641. Vtntilesco, J., 211. Violle, J., 713. VirgUi, J. F., 213. Vitoux, 83. Vivarelli, L., 747. Vivet, E., 242. Vivien, A., 125. Vlasov, V. A., 219. Vleugel, J., 48. Voeleker, J. A., 319, 326, 532, 619, 632. Voges, E., 646. Voglino, E., 121. Voglino, P., 740. Vogt, 694. Vogtherr, 345. Voigt, L., 286, 482. Voit, E., 171. Volk, W., 772. Volkart, A., 731. Voltz, W., 72. Voorhees, E. B., 319, 323. Voorhees, J. F., 14. Vouk, v., 724. Vriens, J. G. C, 224. Vries, H. de, 227. Vries, J. J. O. de, 511. Vuaflart, L., 128. Vuillet, 775. Vuyst, P. de, 607. Waerden, H. van der, 768. Waggaman, W. H., 426. Wagner, H., 465. Wagner, J. P., 250. Waid, E. D., 494. Wainwright, T. L., 198. Waite, M. B.» 454, 051. Waite, R. H., 400. Walden, B. H., 361. Waldron, C. B., 541. Waldron, L. R., 712, 715, 727, 736. Wale, B. N., 236, 475, 476. Walker, J., 484. Walker, J. C, 371. Walker, L. L., 98. Walker, L. S., 26. Wall, L., 588. Wallace, E., 353, 454, 457, 751. Wallace, H., 409. Wallenbock, R., 146. Waller, A. D., 708. Walter, E., 218. Walters, J. D., 493. Walther, 90. Wangenheim, T. P., 118. Warburton, C, 755. Warburton, C. W., 337. Warcollier, G., 440. Ward, A. R., 100. Wardall, R. A., 62. Ware, F. C, 114. Ware, F. M., 379. Warren, E. R., 555. Warren, G. F., 398, 407, 409, 530. Washburn, F. L., 300, 658. Washburn, H. J., 82, 84. Waterman, H. P., 399. Waters, H. J., 405, 473, 474. Wates, L. A., 49. Watkins-Pitchford, H., 488, 790. Watson, E. B., 422. Watson, E. J., 692. Watson, J. A. S., 275. Watson, J. D., 17. Watt, A., 312. Watt, R. D., 521. Watts, F., 343. Waugh, F. A., 443. Wauters, J., 307. Weathers, J., 142. Weaver, B. A., 198. Weaver, L. A., 297. Webb, S., 299. Webber, H. J., 405, 655. Weber, A., 688. Weber, E., 788. Weber, F., 725. Weber, H., 739. Webster, E. H., 699. Webster, F. M., 55, 56, 57, 757. Webster, R. L., 255, 459, 757. Weele, H. W. van der, 564. Wehrli, 686. Weibull, M., 115. Weichel, A., 61. Weigert, L., 300. Well, E., 286. Weilandt, C, 796. Wem, E., 24, 719. Weinberg, W., 273. Wetaiger, E., 175. Weiazierl, R. von, 699. Weiss, H. F., 44. Welbel, B., 19. Welbom, W. C, 94. Weldon, G. P., 264. Wellington, J. W., 143. Wellington, R., 697. Wells, E. L., 419. Welter, H. L., 642. Welton, F. A., 37. Wendler, O., 614. Wenger, G., 782. Wentworth, E. N., 406. Wentworth, W. A., 400. Werth, K., 355, 653, 654. Weschfi, W., 200, 365. Wesley, W., 659. Westell, W. P., 555. Wester, P. J., 734. Westgate, J. M., 436. Westman, K. A., 282. Westmann, 717. Wetzl, J., 689, 784. Weydahl, K., 241. Weyl, T., 214. Wheeler, F., 440. Wheeler, H. J., 21, 324, 623. Wheeler, W. M., 57, 465, 565, 666. Wheldale, M., 428. Whetzel, H. H., 353, 452, 547, 655. Whipple, O. B., 440. Whitaker, G. M., 699. White, G. R., 387. ■\\Tiite, J. G., 98. W"hite, J. W., 521. White, P. J., 529. WTiite, R. G., 671. Whitehead, R. H., 275. Whitehouse, W. L., 324. Whiting, A. L., 498. INDEX OF NAMES, 819 Whitney, M., 18, 125, 126, 138, 139,191,239,427,623. Wiancko, A. T., 95. Wickson, E. J., 35. Widal, F., 182. Widto, J., 512. Wiebecke, 445. Wiebeu, J. D., 618. Wiegand, K. M., 130, 724. Wierzbicki, S., 470. Wiesner, J., 724. Wilcox, E. v., 397. Wilder, H. J., 120. Wilder, R. M., 57, 559. Wildt, J. C. de R. de, 321,323. Wilenko, M., 683. Wiley, H. W., IS, 371, 508, 605, 699. Wilke, R., 690. Wilkins, (Mrs.) R., 693. Willaxd, J. T., 668. Willcocks, F. C, 561. Wllley, D. A., 594. Williams, C. B., 524. Williams, C. G., 37. Williams, G. H. C, 200. Williams, M., 557. Williams, W. P., 379. Willlis, B., 44. Willis, C, 137, 436. Willson, C. A., 598. Wilmot, S. E., 299. Wilson, A. D., 798. Wilson, B. D., 98. Wilson, C. S., 800. Wilson, E. W., 798. Wilson, F. W., 673. Wilson, G. W., 545. Wilson, H. A. F., 785. Wilson, H. F., 498, 559. Wilson, James, 100, 165, 196, 371. Wilson, J., 476. Wilson, J. A., 800. Wilson, J. W., 176. Wilson, O. G., 241. Wilson, R. H., 197. 86058°— VOL 23—11- Wllson, R. N., 97, 496. Wilson, W. H., 500. Wilson, W. M., 697. Windisch, K., 342. Winogradofl, A., 287. Winslow, C. E. A., 390. Wintemitz, M. C, 471. Winters, R. Y., 451. Winterstein, E., 7, 8. Winton, A. L., 509. Wison, G. W., 497. Withers, W. A., 508, 721. Withington, C. H., 358, 367, 765. Withycombe, J., 295. Wittmack, L., 300. Woehler, F., 106. Woeikof, A., 67. Woglum, R. S., 367, 467. Wolfl, A., 616. Wolff-Eisner, A., 681. Wolffhugel, 700. Woll, F. W., 73, 79, 175, 326. Wollaber, A. B., 15. Wollenweber, W., 148, 647. Wood, K. H., 520. Wood, T. B., 299. Woodbury, C. G., 61. Woodhead, G. S., 619. Woodruff, G. W., 192. Woods, A. F., 191, 699. Woodward, F. A., 294. Woodward, K. W., 344. Woodward, R. S., 311. Woodworth, C. M., 298. Woodworth, C. W., 265, 460. Woolsey, T. S., jr., 644. Woolverton, L., 42. Wooster, L. C, 96. Work, P., 298, 800. Worst, J. H., 491, 699. AVortmann, F., 654. Woy, R., .346, 613. Wright, A. H., 599. Wright, C. W., 576. Wright, H. J., 41, 343, 642. Wright, J., 41. Wright, W. P., 343. Wrlghtson, J., 282. Wyman, A. P., 43. Xylander, 188. Yakhnoff, W. L., 287. Yorke, W., 182. Yoshiinoto, S., 470. Yoshlmura, K., 110, 211, 704. Yoshinaga, F., 388. Yothers, W. W., 767. Young, C. C, 775. Young, H. B., 800. Yukawa, G., 372. Zach, F., 528, 629. Zaleski, W., 29, 328. Zamorani, M., 726. Zande, K. H. M. van der, 356. Zander, E., 366. Zangger, H., 670. Zanolli, C, 288. Zavitz, C. A., 332, 531. Zedtwitz, W. von, 249. Zeisel, 718. Zelinski, Z. A., 495. Zeller, T., 613. Zellner, J., Ill, 631. Zemplen, G., 412. Zerban, F., 600. Ziegler, E. A., 43. Zietzschmann, O., 670. Zikes, H., 741. Zimmerman, E. F., 598. Zimmermann, A., 544. Zimmermann, E., 337, 744. Zinsser, H., 682. Zisterer, J., 171. Zolla, D., 775, 799. Zon, R., 43. Ziiniga, V. C. M. de, 540. Zwaenepoel, 74, 577. Zwick, F. W., 61. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Note.— The abbreviations "Ala. College," "Conn. State," "Mass.," etc., after entries refer to the pub- lications of the respective experiment stations; "Alaska," "Hawaii," and "P.R." to those of the experi- ment stations in Alaslia, Hawaii, and Porto Rico; "Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada, and "U.S.D.A." to those of this Department. Page. Abaca, culture 436 Abdominal operations, use of vaccines in 482 Ablerus clisiocampx, notes, U.S.D.A 157 Abortion — contagious, in cows 478 notes 789 in cows, reaction for foretelling 587 infectious, studies, Minn 83 use of vaccines in 482 Abscess, subcartilaginous, on foot 783 Acacia, ascent of sap in 27 Acanthocephala (Metapodius) femorata, para- sitic on cotton insects, U.S.D.A 462 Acarina, collection and preservation 465 North American, descriptions 465 of Illinois, studies 465 Acetic acid bacteria, growth as affected by vinegar 8 effect on invertase, U.S.D.A 110 peaches, U.S.D.A 164 saliva secretion 374 formation of ethyl alcohol from. . . 515 in Cheddar cheese, \^'is 679 Acetone, behavior of protein solutions with. . 214 forcing of plants by, Vt 340 Acetylene lamps for farmhouses, tests. Pa 592 Achatodes zex, notes, Me 254 Achorion sp., studies 187 Acid bodies in urine, studies 375 phosphate. {See Superphosphate.) Acidity in soils, correction, Oreg 137 W.Va 129 Acids, amino, determination in urine 217, 304 in urine, studies 375 destruction of invertase by, U.S.D.A. . 411 determination 410 effect on casein precipitation. Wis 613 coagulation of albumin 612 flocculation in soils 522 invertase, U.S.D.A 110,412 Penicillium 231 fatty, in Cheddar cheese. Wis 679 monoamine, determination 613 nonvolatile, in butter 310 organic, neutralization in seeds as af- fected by calcium 628 volatile, determination in fat 305 Acmxodera pulchcUa, notes, U.S.D.A 161 Acorn bread, nutritive value 369 Page. Acorns, insects affecting, W.Va 262 snout beetles affecting, W.Va 261 Acrobasis feltella n.sp., description 363 rubrufasciella, notes. Me 254 A crostalagmus panax, studies 743 vilmorinii, notes 49 Actinomycetes,'studies 741 Actinomycosis, differentiation 182 Actinonenta rosx, description and treatment. 654 Actinothrips longicornis n.g. and n.sp., de- scription 660 Adipose tissue in suckling young, staining. . . 273 Mcidium cornutum , biology and morphology . 354 sp., notes 545 Mgerita webberi n.sp., description 655,758 Aero logical observations, value 616 Afforestation, effect on composition of soils . . 245 in Belgium, advantages 593 CapeColony 644 Scotland 737 African Coast fever parasite, studies 155, 786 transmission 786 horse sickness, immunization 689, 690 susceptibility of dogs. 391 Agaricus campestris, detection of chromogens in 230 spp., notes 751 Agathis australis, toxicity, researches in 582 Agathomyia of eastern United States, revi- sion 562 Agave americana disease, studies 151 Agglutinins, relation to bacterial precipitins. 584 conglutinins 785 A gonopterys hyperella n.sp., description 761 Agricultural- analyses, treatise 13 and veterinary instruction in Argentina. . 599 aspect of irrigation 601 associations in France 92 bank at IJallyraggct, Ireland 291 lianks, value 291 chemical methods, treatise 213 chemistry. (See Cliomistry.) college faculty, research for 504 in the Philippines, forestry at 000 colleges- directory, U.S.D.A 196 forestry in 595 in United States and Canada 18 821 822 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Agricultural— Continued. Page, colleges — continued. influence on agricultural instruction . 797 (See also Alabama, Arizona, etc.) eonunission in Russia 92 conditions in Belgium 593 Europe 794 New York 292 U.S.D.A 693 Uruguay 395 Vermont 795 cooperation, address on 795 ad van tages to farmers 49 1 causes of failures 795 conditions of success 92 for Hawaii , advantages 397 in Egypt 92 France 693, 795 Germany 795 Ireland 795 Italy, bibliography 594 Montana 193 Ontario 491 Scotland 492 the United Kingdom 491 cooperative associations in Italy 194 course in schools 201 courses for farmers, Cal 596 high schools and academies. . . 695 credit, government aid to, in France 398 Natal 492 in Belgiima 593 Egypt 92, 492 France 291 law 92 long-term 292, 594 French West Africa 796 India 398, 492 Ireland 795 Italy 796 Portugal 145 economics. (See Rural economics.) education — bibliography 95 for Indians, U.S.D.A 293 negroes, U.S.D.A 293 women, U.S.D.A 293 in Belgium 493 various States 493 origin in North America 194 relation to conservation 93 national prosperity 798 {See also Agricultural instruction.) efficiency, limits in, Me 596 exhibits at fairs, Ohio 596 experiment stations. (See Experiment stations.) explorations in Palestine, U.S.D.A 533 exports from Uruguay 395 extension wort, Cal 695 U.S.D.A 196,495 (See also Agricultural colleges.) geology, treatise 422 high schools, relation to rural problem. . . 294 history, periods in 18 holdings in Belgium 593 Agricult ural— Continued . holdings in New Zealand 193 Uruguay 395 implements, tests 638 imports into Uruguay 395 Institute, central experimental, report. . . 799 instruction — at Aas 296 Grout farm 194 North Adams normal school 399 in elementary schools 94, 194,399,494,595,797,798 high schools 93, 294, 398, 493, 596, 797 Ireland 398 normal schools 797 rural schools 399, 494 United States, U.S.D.A 293 University of Toulouse 700 vocational schools 797 practicability 94 insurance in Europe 594 investigations at the insular stations 101 journals, new 100, 200 labor conditions in Upper Milan 397 problem in Germany 694 Livonia, bibliography.. 396 laborers- contract breaking by, in Germany. . . 396 dwellings at Trousse farm 91 employment bureau 795 establishment in North Germany 396 in California 794 Livonia, treatise 396 the Netherlands 492 insurance against accidents, treatise. . 493 migratory, registration and care of. . . 91 pensioning in France 292 scarcity of, in Germany 694 New York 292 wages of, in France 90 Hungary 492 Uruguay 395 literature in Demnark 295 machinery for crushing limestone, Va 325 free publ icat ions on 495 notes 33 tests 638 use In Uruguay 395 opportunities in Colorado, Colo 292 organization in Illinois, paper on 693 organizations in New Brunswick 194 people in Central Asia, food and living conditions 568 prices and meteorology, treatise 617 problems in Egypt and Sudan 594 Italy 593 productive centers in Ohio, Ohio 396 products- analyses 515 cost, Minn 695 culture and marketing 33 English markets 694 exports from Denmark 93, 293 factors affecting cost and prices 692 imports into Colorado, Colo 292 Denmark 93 prices in England and Scotland 293 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 823 Agricultural— Continued. Page, products— continued. prices in United States 398 profitable selling 491 purchasing power 398 statistics 18 rents, mettiods of payment in Egypt 291 researcli at Aas 29G purpose and functions 96 resources, conservation in United States. 191 school, new, in Vermont 199 schools, course in 201 small holdings — Ln Belgium 92 Denmark, law 594 Egypt 92 England 397,693 France, encouragement 92 legislation concerning 794 water supplies for 618 statistical service in various countries 194 statistics, U.S.D.A 196 estimates 694 of Switzerland 293 tendency, development in the South 396 in McLean County, Illinois 693 wages, methods of payment in Egypt 291 Agiiculture — American, work;ing methods 91 as a first-year science 201 bibliography 95, 495 colonial, international association 300 course in, for schools 195, 695 Department of. {See United States De- partment of Agriculture.) economic limits of intensive culture 795 elementary, text-book 294-798 for teachers, treatise 294 government aid to, in Canada 299 England 299 Switzerland 397 graduate school 402 in Belgium 91,395,493,593 Egyptand Sudan, treatise 594 Fairbanks, Alaska 093 France, progress 693 India, improvement 96 Manchuria 396 New York, bureau for encouraging 795 New Zealand 193 southwestern Pennsylvania, U. S. D. A. 120 the Lothiaois, Scotland 433 Uniguay 395 intensive, value of soil analysis in 314 international institute . 194, 397 new appointments in the Pliilippines 299 of Pima Indians 409 profitable, in Germany 398 Switzerland 293 relation to crop rotation and fertilizing, I II. 231 meteorology 516 milk hygiene 783 national prosperity and health. 783 physical sciences. 399 weather forecasting 14 revision of terminology 96 state officials, U. S. D. A 196 Agriculture— Continued. Paj^e. " tropical, international congress 299 use of buffaloes in 176 Ume in 626 sewage in 619 value of live stock in, Oreg 295 phosphates in 324 Agrilus spp., notes, U. S. D. A 161 Agrogeological charts, preparation and use. . . 314 conference, international, at Budapest 422 field work, features 314 research, value of chemistry in. 415 Agrogeology, papers on 422 Agronomic chart work in Bohemia 315 Agropyron repens, underground organs, studies 727 Agrotis sp.. Injurious to sugar beets 348 ypsilon. (S<;« Black cutworm.) Ailanthus glandulosa, studies 725 Air at high altitudes, temperature of 516 currents, changes of temperature in 515 effect on decomposition of manure 322 lice 589 milk fat 211 organic matter in soils 621 heated humid, forcing of plants by 41 lower layers, temperature investigations. 118 moist, adiabatic changes in 515 motion of projectiles in 515 movement in stationary anticyclones 516 {See also Atmosphere.) Akub, description, U.S.D.A 529 Alanin, absorption by plants i . . 725 Alaska Stations, report 695 Albumin as a source of nitrogen 126 coagulation as affected by acids 612 egg, coagulation by heat 312,612 color reactions 110 determination of moisture in .. 112 tryptic digestion as affected by heat 374 yields, formulas 782 Albmnlnoid substances, formation in plants. 527 Albuminoids, determination in cheese 614 Alcohol- cost of manufactiu'e in Tasmania 418 determination 410 effect on germ plasm 473 invertase, U.S.D.A 411 plants. Mo 526 yeast fermentation 63 lamps for farmhouses, tests, Pa 592 manufacture from cantaloups 711 rye 711 . tunas, N Me.K 710 souring mash for 711 Alcoholic fermentation, new theory 412 Aldehydecatalase In mammary glands 285 Aldehydes, determination 410 Alder, disease affecting 751 diseases, notes 553 downy psyllid, notes, Me 254 Alders, forcing experiments. Mo 526 Alectorolophus, respiration and assimilation, studies 727 824 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Alexins for precipitating microbes and cells. . 583 relation to leucocytes 3S8 Aleyrodes citri. (See White fly.) hoivardi, investigations, U.S.D.A.. 258 nubifera, studies, Fla 402 vaporariorum. {See White fly, greenhouse.) Alfalfa- analyses, Can 378 Wyo 573 and digestibility, Nev 71 bacterial disease, description 247 studies, Colo 546 cooperative experiments 634 Mo 35 cost of production in Colorado, U.S.D.A. 590 club root, outbreak in Bavaria 248 culture and use 436 experiments 135 U.S.D.A 189 in Columbia River Valley, U.S.D.A 435 Cuba 535 Massachusetts, Mass 535 Ohio, Ohio 396 South Dakota, S. Dak 436 western Oregon, Oreg 137 Willamette Valley, U.S.D.A.. 394 on Hunger Steppe 534 worn soils 437 under irrigation, U.S.D.A 190 curing by steam 731 diseases, notes 535, 740 Ariz 646 eflect on soil moisture, Nebr 223 for cows. Pa 579 lambs, S.Dak 170 Wyo 573 germination tests 239, 240 Can 339 Iowa 439 harvesting, S.Dak 436 hay, composition, Mass 535 for cows, 111 578 improvement by seed selection, Colo 234 inoculation experiments 320, 533 Insects aflecting 535 irrigation experiments, Nev 34 U.S.D.A 189 meal, analyses 771 Me 73 N.J •- 475 N.Y.State 672 R.I 771 Tex 572 Wis 175 products, analyses, Ind '. . 475 root fungus, studies 741 seed examination 239, 240 from different sources 533 seeding experiments 534 varieties 632 Can 334 Colo 235 N.Dak 727 S.Dak 436 Alfalfa — Continued. varieties,U.S.D.A 394,435 winterkilling, N.Dak 727 yields, Pa 579 AlflleriUa, introduction into Arizona, U.S.D.A 136 Alga, injurious to magnoUas 247 Alg£e, effect on organic matter in soils 621 Algeroba, moths aflecting, Hawaii 254 AlkaU, free, La dry plants, determination 11 hydroxid solutions, eflect on casein . . 510 salts, accumulation and removal 714 soils. (See Soils, alkali.) waters, reaction on lead arsenates 701 Alkaline earth solution, eflect on casein 510 Alkalis, destruction of invertase by 411 eflect on flocculation in soils 522 invertase, U.S.D.A 110,412 soil fertmty 623 Alkaloids, distribution in plants 29 Alkalometry, relation to veterinary medicine. 783 Allergin, studies 682 Allergy In rabbits, studies 681 AlUgator pears. (See Avocados.) Almonds, ceUasc in 306 cost of production in Spain 192 destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A. . 154 endo trophic mycorrhiza in 528 insects aflecting 755 Alnus glutinosa, hyphal fungi in 528 Alocasia macrorliiza, hydrocyanic acid in 330 A Iternaria orassicx, treatment, Fla 446 solani, notes 47 Ariz 646 spp., studies 451 tenuis, notes 741 Altitude, eflect on winds, U.S.D.A 419 Alum, eflect on soil fertiUty 623 Aluminum — and iron phosphate, residual eflects 324 chlorid, eflect on ohve oil 112 wheat 327 milk cans, description 82 nitrogen as a fertilizer 525 phosphate, solubility, Tex 423 sUicate, eflect on soU productivity 320 sulphate, use in sugar manufacture 311 Amakebe, prevalence In Uganda 485 A mara avida, injurious to strawberries 365 A mblyomma hebrxum, notes 391 magnum, n. var., de- scription 662 spp., notes 666 studies 465 American — Association of — Economic Entomologists 359, 057, 800 Farmers' Institute Workers, U.S.D.A 196 Pathologists and Bacteriologists 100 Industrial Society, documentary history. 692 Library Association, meeting 501 Society of Animal Nutrition 175 Veterinary Medical Association 386, 783 Amids, absoi-ption by plants 725 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 825 Pae;e. Amino acids, determination 707 in urine 217,304 in urine, studies 375 nitrogen, determination 303 Ammonia- determination 613, 705 U.S.D.A 508 insoils 416 effect on soil bacteria 231 forcin;; of potatoes by, Ariz 627 formation in plant tissues 429 in rain 220 urine, studies 375 production in water distillation 225 Ammoniates, detection in fertilizers 706 market in Chicago 623 Aminonification in soils 621 Ammonium — hydroxid, effect on casein 510 salts, relation to beet diseases 34S sulphate. {See Sulphate of ammonia.) Amoeba, injurious to Juncus 50 Amorbia emigratcUa n.sp., description 303 prevalence in Hawaii, Hawaii 254 Amorphophallus, forcing experiments 41 Amorpliosoma? sp., notes.. 756 Amphibians of Australia 153 Darien and Ecuador 752 Amygdalase, determination 131 Amygdalus sp-p., introduilion from Palestine, U.S.D.A 538 Amyl alcohol, forcing of plants by, Vt 340 Amylase, determination in various substances 131 of cereals, investigations 410 Anactinothrips meinertin.g. and n.sp., descrip- tion 660 Anaphe spp., parasitism 560 Anaphes gracilis, destruction of insects by, U.S.D.A 156 Anaphoidea sordidata n.sp., description 56 Anaphothrips longipcnnis n.sp., description.. 557 striata, notes. Me 254 Anaphylaxis in immunized cows 789 rabbits, studies 681 relation to immimity 100 studies 682 Anastatus bifasciatus, notes, U.S.D.A 56 parasitic on gipsy and brown-tail moths 463 Ancylis comptana. (,See Strawberry leaf- roller.) (Phoxopteris) nubeculana, notes. Me. 254 Andropogon halcpensis, notes, U.S.D.A 140 saccharoides, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 130 sorghum, water requirements in India 332 torreyanus as a forage plant, Ariz. 034 Anemia, equine, investigations, Nev 84 infectious, in equines 783 studies, U.S.D.A 84 Anesthetics, forcing of plants by, Vt 340 (See also Ether and Chloroform.) Ancuron n.g. and n.spp., descriptions COO Angora goats, notes 178 Page. Angoumois grain moth, studies 658 A nguillula hcterodera, injurious to geraniums. 653 Anilin dyes, feeding to fowls 571 Animal— body, fat synthesis in 373 nuclein synthesis in. Wis 569 breeders' associations, history 377 breeding- address on 471 experiments in Trinidad 377 with guinea pigs 370 horses 477 poultry 177 silkworms 260 relation to physiology 571 tuberculosis, Md 685 diseases — contagious, notes, U.S.D.A 78 statistics 387 enzootic, relation to flies 585 eradication in the Transvaal 488 infectious, paper on 783 nervous influence on 783 parasitic, notes 786 prevalence in East Africa 387 Great Britain 784 transmission by invertebrates 786 tropical and subtropical, immunity . . 484 paper on 786 {See also specific diseases.) experimentation, importance and value. . 182 fat, analyses 7 food, utilization by vegetarians 372 form as affected by nutrition 473,474 nutrition, American society 175 parasites, intraglobular, of lizards 488 notes 755 treatise 163 products, composition 18 proteins, detection in foods and blood stains 513 structure, treatise 473 tissues, serobiological behavior of 681 staining of fats in 116 Animals- apparatus for determining gaseous ex- change in 770 artificiaOy infected , role of leucocytes in . . 690 as affected by smelter wastes, U.S.D.A .. . 430 breeding, formation of renal calculi in 285 burrowing, protection of seed corn from, U.S.D.A 495 cancer in, researches 388 condemned, inspection 183 value for food 183 digestion experiments 007 distribution 153 domestic, bibliography 95 biochemical treatment, book . . 488 digestion of cellulose in 417 factors affecting length of preg- nancy 275 guinea worms In 393 Insects affecting 7.55 obstetrical aid for rtSA of Pima Indians 409 826 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Animals — Continued. fertility and sterility, treatise 777 for food, tuberculosis in, U.S.D.A 85 heredity in 777 identification by branding 783 Inoculated, diagnosis of rabies in 84 lactating, coloration of milk in 273 normal rate of growth in 375 northern, treatise 356 of Australia, treatise 153 Darien and Ecuador, treatise 752 parasites of 103 prehistoric, descriptions 174 production of polyvalent serums from 785 pure-bred, definition 377 saliva secretion experiments 374 sterility, investigations 777 wild, in captivity, pathological effects 387 (See also Live stock. Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Anise, effect on yeast fermentation 63 Anisoptcryx pometaria. (See Cankerworm.) Ankothrips, new species, description 255 Anopheles maculipennia, distomid parasites of 663 spp., notes 561 Anosia plexippus, parasitism, notes. Me 254 Ant, Argentine — destructive to sorghum midge, U.S.D.A 304 injurious to sugar cane 550 protection to mealy bugs. La 661 nests, artificial, descriptions 565 Antxnia gairdneri, analyses and digestibility, Nev 72 Anthomyia antiqua, notes 53 Anthonomus grandis. {See Cotton-boll weevil.) quadrigibbus. (See Apple cur- culio.) Tubi, injurious to cherries 458 scutellaris. (See Plum-gouger.) signatus. (See Strawberry wee- vil.) Anthothrips n.sp., description 557 Anthrax- bacillus as affected by bacterial sub- stances 683 in mice 657 immunization, effect on meat and milk. . 286 in ostriches, notes 90 pigs 390 notes 288 prevalence in Great Britain 783, 784 relation to animal experimentation 182 house flies 664 serum, method of action 388 Antibodies, detection 286 distribution and formation 182 formation 100, 584 methods of studying 770 A nticarsia gemmaiilis, remedies, Fla 35 Anticyclones, relation to weather 14 stationary, movement of air in. 510 Antiferments, detection 9 Antiformin, diagnostic value in tuberculosis. 389 Antigens, detection 286 Antipyrin, use in determining iodin number. 615 Page. Antirrhinum majus, inheritance of color in. . . 428 Antiseptics, volatile, effect on— soils. N.Y.Cornell 316 toxic solutions 222 Antitoxins in milk of immunized mothers. . . 682 Ants, destructive to— range caterpillars, U.S.D.A 464 snout beetles, W. Va 262 European, notes 57 injurious to plum curculio, W.Va 160 parasitic, notes 57 relation to plum aphis, Okla 156 white. (See Termites.) A panteles harti n.sp., description 366 Apanteles, new species, descriptions 666 Apemon n.sp., description, Me 159 Aphxnogaster aquia, notes, W.Va 262 Aphelenchus fragarix, remedies 650 studies 655 olesistus, injurious to chrysan- themums 53 Aphelinusspp., destruction of scale insects by,U.S.D.A 156 notes 765 Aphididse, insecticide tests 658 new genera, descriptions 559 notes 559 of Hawaii, Hawaii 253 Sweden, studies 54 Aphididx spp. , notes. Me 254 of southern California 257 Aphidius rosx ( ?), notes 765 Aphids, aphidiine parasites of 765 injurious to roses 355 notes 247 of Maine, Me 757 prevalence in Ontario, Can 361 relation to bacterial blight, Can 352 remedies, Hawaii 240 Aphiochxta smithii n.sp., description 664 Aphis amygdali, notes 756 atriplicis, studies and bibliography 758 brassicx. {See Cabbage aphis.) forbesi, notes. Wis 59 mali, investigations. Can 352 middletoni, notes, U.S.D.A 558 pomi-mali. (See Apple aphis.) setarix, studies, Okla 156 sorbi, notes. Conn. State 361 Aphis lion, parasitic on green bug 460 woolly, notes 658 Wis 59 Aphtha, malignant of sheep iii Great Britain . 784 Aphthous fever. (See Foot-and-mouth di- sease.) Apiaries, inspection. Conn. State 361 Apioninffi, catalogue 465 Apis mellifera. (See Bees.) Apoplexy, parturient. (See Milk fever.) Appendicitis, use of vaccines in 482 Apple — anthracnose, treatment 745 aphis, notes. Wis 59 rosy, life history. Conn. State 361 woolly, investigations. Can 352 notes 53 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 827 Apple — Continued. Pagp. bacterial blight, studies 49 bitter pit, investigations 652 rot, notes 548 blight, investigations, Can 352 treatment, Mont 352 canker, cause 548 investigations. Can 351 occurrence in England 549 crowTi gall, investigations 149. curculio, notes, Wis 59 studies, W. Va 100 diseases, notes, Md 242 studies 247, 350 treatment G55 Can 351 Md 252 N.C 453 Ohio 733 U.S.D.A 51 Va 352 fire blight, notes, Oreg 454 studies 247 Nev 48 foliage as affected by insecticides, U.S.D.A 52, 164 frog-eye, notes 454 industry in Ohio, Ohio 733 jelly, adulteration and misbranding, U.S. D.A 168 studies 167 leaf crumpler, notes. Wis 59 folder, notes. Wis 59 hopper, bibliography, Iowa 256 notes 658 studies, Iowa 255, 459 roller, notes, Wis 59 sewer, notes. Me 254 trumpet miner parasites, studies, Del. 158 maggot, paper on 658 marmalade, studies 167 must, acidity, determination 115 orchards, cost of managing, Md 242 establishment and care, Iowa. . 734 frostprotection, U.S.D.A .... 341,441 heating, Md 242 management. Pa 341 planting, Conn. Storrs 242 survey in Niagara County, N.Y.Cornell 538 products, detection of salicylic acid in . . . 709 pulp, preparation and storage 418 rust, notes 740 scab, germination experiments 346 studies 454 treatment 151,656 weevil, studies, W. Va 160 worm, lesser, notes. Me 254 Apples— as affected by Bordeaux mixture 554 fertlHzers, Pa 341 fungicides, U.S.D.A 651 soil nitrates, Colo 221 sugar in cooking 64 chemistry of 414 cold storage 242 shipping experiments 540 Apples— Continued. Page. culture in Canada, treatise 42 Maryland, Md..'. 242 Ohio, Ohio 396 Wyoming, U.S.D.A 189 destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A 154 dried, adulteration, U.S.D.A 168,468,568 misbranding, U.S.D.A 168,568 dwarf, culture, N.Y.State 539 endotrophic mycorrhiza in 528 evaporated, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 769 fertilizer experiments, Pa 342 greedy scale affecting 362 insects affecting, Md 242 Me 556 N.C 466 Wis 59 keeping quality as affected by tune of picking 540 manufacture of vinegar from 310 new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 143 preparation for marketing, U.S.D.A 144 scale insects affecting, U.S.D.A 156 snout beetles affecting, W.Va 160 varieties 440 Alaska 639 Md 242 for Canada 42 resistant to blight, Mont 352 yield as affected by precipitation 118 Apricot brandy, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 kernels, cellase in 306 pomace, utilization 218 products, detection of salicylic acid in 709 Apricots, canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 468 chemistry of 414 destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A. . 154 endotrophic mycorrhiza in 628 introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A 638 preparation formarl^ting, U.S.D.A. 144 Aprostocetus diplosidis, parasitic on sorghum midge, U.S.D.A 264 Aptera of India 358 Aptinothrips rufa, relation to meadow grass silvertop 58 Aqueduct of Owens Valley and Los Angeles, U.S.D.A 15 Arabinose in seed coals 704 Arachnida of Cuba 265 Arbor and bird day in ^^■ isconsin 195 Day annual for 1910 195 Arbutin, effect on plant respiration 629 Arc spectra as affected by pressure, U.S.D.A. 419 Archips argijrospila, notes, Wis 59 Archis postvittanus, remedies, Hawaii 240 Arctiadffi, South American, new forms 759 Ardca herodias, destruction of gophers by, U.S.D.A 154 Armaria interpres, parasitism 362 A rgas miniatus, host ol Spirochxta gallinarum . 392 studies 465 persicus, studies 766 reflexus, bibliography 786 parasitic on man 786 828 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Argas spp., transmission of Spirochseta galli- narum by 102 Argentine ant. (See Ant, Argentine.) Argopsylla gallinacea, occurrence on ground squirrels 7G.3 Argyresthia Ixvigatella, injurious to larches. . . 458 Arhar as a green manure 642 water requirements in India 332 Arisiida bromoides, culture experiments, U.S.D. A 136 Arixenia esau n. g. and n. sp., description. . . 756 Arizona Station, financial statement 695 notes 97, 496 report of director 695 University, notes 800 Arkansas Station, notes 97,800 University, notes 97, 496, 800 Armies, rations for, in various coimtries 271 A rmillaria mellca, studies 548 Army bread in various countries 62 clothing and equipment, tests 272 cutworm, description, Mont 303 Japanese, beriberi in 271 recruits, training 272 veterinarians, paper on 387 wonn, injurious to rice, Hawaii 233, 254 Arrak, analyses 216 method of analysis 216 Arsenic, analyses, Oreg 466 determination in copper T13 effect on horses, U.S.D. A 83 poisoning of orchard fruits by 359 Colo.. 553 use in treatment of piroplasmosis in dogs 589 surra 390 white, analyses. Can 367 A rsipoda macleayi, notes 659 Arthritis, pyemic, paper on 387 treatment 788 Arthropods, bibliography 667 role of, jp infectious diseases 067 Artichokes, analyses 233 culture 233 Jerusalem, analyses 175, 636 culture experiments. . 433 root-aphis affecting, U.S.D. A 558 wild, descriptions, U.S.D. A 529 Arums as a food for muskrats, U.S.D. A 357 Ascaris sp., notes 604 ^scftcrsonia spp., notes, U.S.D. A 258 Asclepias syriaca, underground organs 727 Ascochyta medicaginis, notes 740 Ascomycetes, development 48 germination experiments 346 latent vitality of spores cf 721 notes 740 Ash, determination in sugars and sirups 307 disease, notes 553 rust, notes 740 Ashes, analyses, Can 311 for treating irrigation water 440 Asilus spp., notes 762 Asparagin, effect on enzym action 306 Asparagus as affected by cold storage 418 beetle parasi te, notes. Mass 765 Page. Asparagus culture and marketing 440 detection of chromogens in 230 Aspen as affected by compression 130 Aspergillus — glaucus, latent vitality of spores of 721 niger, cellase in 306 oryzse, formation of diastase by 412 sp. , attacking mealy bugs. La 661 spp., effect on tuberculin 587 occurrence in silage 630 relation to depreciation in prunes. . 630 Asphalt preparations, artificial, for roads, U.S.D.A 489 rock, for roads, U.S.D.A 490 Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, destruction of scale insects by, U.S.D.A 156 A spidiotus hederx, injurious to lemons 758 Tnori n. sp., description 363 oceanica, notes 662 ostrseformis. (See Fruit-scale, Eu- ropean.) perniciosus. (Sfe San Jos6 scale.) rapai. (See Greedy scale.) Asses, crossing with zebras 671 Association of— experiment stations, in Austria 099 Official Agricultural Chemists, U.S.D.A. 508 Asterolecanium, new species, descriptions... 54 Asterolecanium pustulans scychellarum, n. var. , description 602 Asteroma codixi, notes 153 Asters, root-aphis affecting, U.S.D..\ 558 Astilbe, forcing e.xperiments, Vt 340 Astragalus mortoni, analyses, Nev 71 Atavism, definition 070 studies 274 Ataxia horsfieldii, host of Claviceps 546 Athletes, diet of 669 Atmosphere, earth's, mechanics of. 515 studies 219 U.S.D.A 311 thermodynamics of 515 upper, studies, U.S.D.A 311, 419 Atmospheric — density, changes of, in storms, U.S.D.A. . 311 evaporation, effect on plant distribution. 130 moisture, condensation by nitrous gases. 616 nitrogen, utilization 718 phenomena, relation to Halley's comet, U.S.D.A 311 pressure. (See Barometric pressure.) temperature. * (See Temperature.) Atoposomoidea ogimx n. sp., description, U.S.D.A 56 Atoxyl, transmission into trypanotoxyl 4S3 Atriplex canescens, analyses, Nev 71 confertifolia, analyses, Nev 71 sp., as a host of beet leaf-hopper, U.S.D.A 557 spp., notes, U.S.D.A 533 Attacus hespcrus, notes 759 Attida;, list of species 564 Aujeszky 's disease, studies 288 Aulacphora olivieri, notes 659 Auramine yellow, feeding to fowls 572 Avalanches in winter of 1909-10, U.S.D.A... 617 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 829 Page. Avenaspp., culture 436 experiments, U.S. D.A .. 136 Aviation, value of aerological obsen^ations in. 616 Avocados, budding experiments, Hawaii 240 Azalea pontica, parasitism 50 spp. , forcing experiments 41 Azotobacter, effect on organic matter in soils. 621 fixation of nitrogen by 19 Wis.... 721 Babcock test, directions. Mass 781 improved, Wis 180 Bacilli in eggs 794 paratyphoid, relation to diseases 684 Bacillus — amylovoTUS, studies 49, 247 araliavorus, studies 743 arenicolx n.sp., studies 90 bulgaricus, nomenclature 179 cadaveris sporogenes, studies 268 enteritidis, formation of toxin by 170 lacfis acidi, in Cheddar cheese, Wis C79 nomenclature 179 melonis n.sp., investigations, Vt 349 mycoides, ammonia formation by 622 necrophorus, notes, U.S. D.A 86 organism resembling, Nev . . 84 olex, notes 247 oleracese, notes 147 ovisepticus, studies 487 paratyphosus, formation of toxins in food . . 170 B. as a cause of pseudo- tuberculosis 183 pestiformis apis as a cause of bee disease . . 366 phytophthoriLS, studies 448 pseudo-cholerse hallinarum n.sp., descrip- tion 187 putrificus coli, characteristics 268 solanacearum, notes 47 spp., effect on tuberculin 587 in bread, studies 166 condensed milk 780 notes. Me 249 suisepticus, immunization 486 notes 289 traTisudationis malignx, notes i "5 tuberculosis. (See Tubercle bacillus.) typhosus as affected by leucocytes 682 Bacillus, Kornchen, nomenclature 179 ratin, characteristics 188 Bacon curing in United Kingdom 577 Bacteria — absorption of methan by 621 classification, N.Y.State 629 effect on organic matter in soils 621 tubercuUn 587 formation and use of nitrous oxid by 30 of toxins in food by 170 from flies, source of 664 growth as affected by vinegar 8 hydrogen-oxidizing, assimilation of car- bon dioxid by 30 in milk, soUs, water, etc. (.See Milk, Soils, Water, etc.) tapeworms, studies 90 legume, distribution of cultures, Can 318 nitrogen fixing, studies 30, 429 I'age. Bacteria— Continued . nitroso, studies and bibliography 430 notes 740 pathogenic, in condensed milk 780 relation to plant pathology 645 soil fertility 523 improductiveness in soils 122 role in fertilizing operations 717 root tubercle, tests 131 Bacterial fertilizers, value and use 126 nucleoproteids, studies 683 Bacteriological laboratories, veterinary, of the Transvaal 484 Bacteriologists, American association 100 Bacteriology, agricultural, bibliography 721 treatise 720 bibUography 95 international catalogue 231 of chicken cholera 187 milk 179 sewage 313 spoiled meat 166 relation to agriculture 399 soil, studies 31, 721, 730 Bacterium — mazun, nomenclature 179 michiganense n.sp., studies 452 mart, studies 454 savastanoi, function of gluconic acid in. . . 611 sp. , studies 743 spp. , notes 741 studies of proteins of 683 tumcfaciens, investigations, U.S. D.A 050 Bacterium rod, relation to cat plague 690 Badgers, destruction of gophers bj-, U.S. D.A. 154 Bagasse, bibliogi-aphy, Hawaii 709 methods of analysis, llav.'aii 709 utilization 145 Bagrada bug, notes 362 Bagrada hilaris, notes 362 Bakeries, cooperative, in Italy 594 for United States Army, manual. . 06a inspection in Virginia 108 Baking powder, analyses 668 misbranding, U.S. D.A 468 treatise 170 Balaninus spp., notes, W.Va 261,262 Balloon ascensions, value in meteorology 515 Balsam-root sunflo.ver, analyses and digesti- biUty, Nev 72 Balsamorhiza sagittata, analyses and digesti- bility, Nev 72 Bamboo forests, management in India 044 witches' broom, description, U.S.D.A 440 Banana blight, investigations 455 disease, studies 250, 747 diseases, notes 740 enemies, in Costa Rica 747 extract, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 508 flour, notes 767 I'anama disease, studies 549 Bananas, culture and marketing 43 nematodes affecting 748 Bantams, breeds, description.'? 178, 477 830 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Bariiun, absorption by plants 328 carbonate, effect on soil bacteria 231 chlorid, physiological effects 582 determination In the presence of alkali salts 013 salts, determination 707 sulphate, determination in presence of interfering substances 707 Bark-louse, oyster-shell. {See Oyster -shell scale.) scurfy. {See Scurfy scale.) Barley- analyses 175 Wis 175 Wyo 573 and oats, seeding experiments. Can 333 as a green manure 322 affected by lime 226 manganese 720 blights, investigations, Iowa 447 brewing, protein content 731 by-products, analyses, Ind 475 N.J 475 cellase in 306 cooperative experiments, Mo 35 cost of production in Germany 493 culture, Alaska 631 continuous 319, 320, 632 experiments 34, 136, 432, 534 U.S.D.A 189 on Hunger Steppe 534 disease, notes 346 effect on carbon dioxid content of soils . . 523 examination, in Franconia 731 extract, determination 416 fall seeding, in Russia 731 feeds, analyses, N.Y.State 672 fertilizer experiments 24, 33, 127, 232, 235, 427, 532, C32, 633 requirements 301 for heifers and lambs, Wyo 573 sheep 774 germination as affected by formaldehyde, Utah 742 ground, analyses 476 growth as affected by Canada thistles 132 electricity 326 zinc 129 irrigation experiments, Nev 34 U.S.D.A 189 lime for 632 loose smut, treatment; 46, 148 meal for pigs 476 prices in England and Scotland 293 protein content 335 transformation during malting.. . 412 proteolytic enzyms in Ill piu-e-bred strains, cultm'e 432 rate of sowing in dry farming, U.S.D.A . . 434 relation of weight to protein content 336 starch content 216 reproduction experiments, Can 333 seed coat, as affected by tannin 29 separation by specific gravity, U.S.D.A. . 336 smut infection experiments 741 treatment, Utah 742 Page. Barley— Continued . spelts, chemistry of 611 straw, skinless, analyses 771 stiffness as affected by salt 432 sulphured, detection 417 varieties 33, 232, 235, 335, 627, 634, 731 Alaska 631 Can 332,333,531 Kans 234 N.Dak 728 U.S.D.A 335,434 Wyo 137 water requirements in India 332 wild, analyses, Nev 71 yield as affected by early plowing 316 meteorology 220 underdrainage 33 zoogloea on roots 741 Barns, round dairy, construction, 111 190 Barnyard manure — analyses 625 composition, value, and use 624 decomposition 321, 717 effect on decomposition of green manures. 625 muck soils 120 strength of flax fiber 40 fertilizing value 432, 532, 632, 729, 730 N.Y.Cornell 138 Okla 138 investigations 124 methods of handling 624 nitrification In 124 preservation 624 relation to spinach diseases, Va. Truck. . . 716 residual effects 322 temperature readings in 625 Barometric pressure- distribution and maintenance 515 periodic variations in, U.S.D.A 311 relation to elevation 14 wind velocity 515 representation 515 variations in 712 Bartschia seeds, germination tests 628 Basalt soils, analyses 521, 640 Basic slag. {See Phosphatic slag.) Basidiomycetes, notes 740 Basket-willow Industry in Upper Franconia. 140 Bassia longi/oUa seeds, properties 8 Basswood, fresh, cause of greening 345 Bat guano, fertilizing value, P.R 238 Mexican free-tailed, notes 356 Beach grass for silage, Alaska 632 Bean anthracnose, bibliography. La 250 studies. La 250 diseases, notes, Mich 241 Miss 42 fly, notes -• G59 hulls, fertilizing and feeding value, Fla. 431 meal, analyses, Tex 572 seedlings as affected by deficiency of lime 329 stem rot, studies 447 weevil parasites, introduction, Hawaii. 254 Beans, absorption of barium by 329 , as a green manure 322 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 831 Page. Beans, as affected by mineral salts 328, 726 breeding experiments 336 canned, analyses, U.S.D.A 63 Chinese, extraction of oil from 13 cooperative experiments in Cape Col- ony 730 culture experiments, Miss 42 in Michigan, Mich 241 fertilizer experiments 224, 433, 720 Miss 42 horse, as a green manure, U.S.D.A. . . 339 affected by compression 130 hydrocyanic acid in 29 inoculation experiments 717 insects affecting, Mich 254 irrigation experiments, U.S. I). A 394 jack, as a cover crop, Haviraii 241 kidney, hemicelluloses in seed coats. . 704 Lyon, culture experiments, Fla 431 prices, Mich 241 production for seed, U.S.D.A 640 proteolytic enzyms in Ill respiration as affected by phosphates. 230 varieties 33G, 433 Can 332, 334, 531 Miss 42 velvet. (See Velvet beans.) Bears, destruction of sheep by, U.S.D.A 575 Bedbugs, transmission of Spirochxta galli- narum by 163 Bee diseases, prevalence in Victoria 366 honey, anatomy and bibliography, U.S.D.A 3C5 keepers' association of Colorado 467 Ontario 467 societies in Ireland 795 keeping instruction in Ireland 398 treatise 765 malignant dysentery, cause 366 Beech and oak stands, soil physics of 146 buds, expansion as affected by light. . . 27 disease, notes 553 leaf spot, prevalence in Germany 252 value for railroad ties 643 Beeches, forcing experiments. Mo 526 Beeclmuts, snout beetles affecting, W.Va 261 Beef, canned, analyses 267, 268 glycogen content 367 iron, and wine, examination 768 prices, U.S.D.A 165 scrap, analyses 175, 771 Me 73 N.Y.State 072 R.I 771 Wis 175 utilization by vegetarians 372 Bees, diseases of 666 fertilization of clover by 755 grapesby,N.C 735 Importance in fertilization of fruit 765 keeping, U.S.D.A 365 Beeswax, analyses 310 preparation for market 310 Beet amylase, investigations 410 curly-top, bibliography, U.S.D.A 558 investigations, U.S.D.A... 557,638 Page, Beet dry rot, investigations 348 heart rot, investigations 546 leaf-hopper, relation to beet curly-top U.S.D.A 557 leaves, effect on milk fat 676, 677 pulp. (See Sugar-beet pulp and Mo- lasses-beet pulp.) root diseases, investigations 348 seed-balls, relation of size to nimiber of embryos 337 seeds, disinfection 248 sugar, effect on quality of honey 167 for priming wines Ill industry in Colorado, U.S.D.A. . 590 United States, U.S. D.A 637 Victoria 732 manufacture in Tasmania 418 Beetle, bark boring, relation to bacterial blight. Can 352 carabid, injurious to strawberries 365 destructive to fleas 563 injurious to gipsy and brown-tail moths 463 Beetles, Asiatic, list 564 carrion, injurious to sugar beets 348 destructive to ehn twig girdler 457 injurious to fruits and vegetables 659 parasitic on horn fly, U.S.D.A 55 scolytid. (See Scolytid beetles.) snout, injurious to apples, W.Va 160 nuts, W.Va 261 soldier, injurious to plum curcullo, W.Va 160 Beets, cost of production in Colorado, U.S. D.A 590 culture experiments 136 on Hunger Steppe 534 determination of invert sugar in 113 fertilizer experiments 23, 24, ^6 fodder, fertilizer experiments 24 varieties 232 forage, culture 235 growth as affected by electricity 326 zinc 129 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 394 sugar. (See Sugar beets.) varieties 731 resistant to dry rot 348 Belonogaster wasps, monograph 264 Benzin, effect on toxic solutions 222 Benzoic acid, action on human organism 669 detection in wine 12 heat of combustion. Pa 514 U.S.D.A.. 514 Beriberi in the Japanese Army 271 relation to rice diet 793 Berseem, notes, U.S.D.A 533 Beverages — analyses 616, 668 N.Dak 168,371 carbonated, inspection, Me 567 Inspection in Virginia 168 nonalcoholic, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 371,568 composition 270 832 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Beverages— Continued. Page. nonalcoholic, sale and use, U.S.D.A 167 Bibliography of— African tabanidse 664 agricultural cooperation in Italy 594 labor problem In Livonia 396 agriculture 95, 495 in Egypt and Sudan 694 ApMs atriplicis 758 apple leaf-hopper, Iowa 256 A rgas reflexus 786 arthropods 667 bacteria, nitroso 430 bacteriology 231 agricultural 721 bagasse 709 bean anthracnose. La 250 bee anatomy, U.S.D.A 365 beet curly-top, U.S.D.A 558 blood and its circulation 770 of domestic animals 784 brown-tail moth, U.S.D.A 663 cacao diseases 749 cassava culture 636 cattle temperature 789 cell division 671 cereal improvement 434 Chermes 758 Chermes pinifolix, Me 256 chronic bronchitis in horses 289 Coccidge of Kansas 363 color in salted meat, U.S.D.A 61 cost of living 670 cotton 535 Cynipids 765 dairying 783 Dermaptera of British India 756 diptera larv», entomophagous 562 disease transmission by seminal vesicles . . 183 dry farming, Mont 331 embryology 376 experimental 376 flour chemistry 537 forest and orchard diseases 149 resources 43 forestry 739 fruit bacterial blight 49 gall aphlds of the ehn, Me 757 gardens and gardening 145 geology and geography In North Carolina. 520 gipsy moth, U.S.D.A 663 grape crown gaU, U.S.D.A 650 diseases 48, 650 grafting 442 grasses of Alaska 727 Hemiptera 765 heredity problems 377 horse diseases 290 sickness 791 house flies 664 industrial woods 45 inheritance in poultry 76 Insect growth, N.H 358 live stock poisoning, U.S.D.A 83 locusts 756 metalbolism and Inheritance 273 meteorology 219 Bibliography of— Page. milk and milk products 783 examination 179 publications, U.S.D.A 80 secretion 780 supply in German cities 479 mineralogy in North Carolina 520 muskmelon soft rot, Vt 350 myiasis 665 nature study 195 oriental moth 363 pathology, experimental 770 pharmacology 770 photosynthesis 330 physiological methods 770 physiology, comparative 670 Piroplasma bigeminum 667 piroplasms 393 plant bacterial diseases 645 breeding 240 diseases and insects 740 In Ohio, Ohio 644 forcing experiments. Mo 626 with anesthetics, Vt 341 physiology 528 respiration 429 potato wart, U.S.D.A 48 protozoology 357 psychology, experimental 770 Rhynchota 765 rocks and minerals 224 sann culture 536 sarcosporidiosis in horses 483 school gardens 295 seed Investigations, Iowa 439 separation, U.S.D.A 336 sheep dairying 582 silver maple leaf-mite 667 soil constituents, lU 423 fertility 19 sorghum, U.S.D.A 140 Strepsiptera 465 sugar beet and potato diseases 347 for horse feeding 577 sweet pea culture 642 Tsenioidea of North Am Brican birds 488 ticksof BrazU 465 thnothy breeding, N. Y.ComeU 636 trees 146 and shrubs 43 truflle culture 440 Trypanosoma evansi 667 Uredlneee 646 veterinary hygiene, tropical 582 water, nonavaUable, In soils 523 weed distribution In Russia 40 weeds of the fann and garden 732 wheat prices in France 40 Big-tree borer, notes, U.S.D.A 161 Bilberry products, salicylic acid in 709 Biliary fever. (See Piroplasmosis, canine.) Bindweed, destruction, Can 339 undergroimd organs, studies 727 Bhis, fly-tight, for oSal 665 B iochemical methods, treatise 410 Biochemistry of sewage 313 progressin 410 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 833 Page. Biographical sketch of— Brewer, W. H 607 Craig, J. A 499 Goessmann, C. A 401 Green, S. B 499 Koch, Robert 106 Leach, A. E 500 Munson, W. M 499 Shirreff, P 433 Van Beneden, Edward 300 Biography of botanists, early 227 Biology, relation to agriculture 399 Birch borer, bronze, notes, U.S.D. A 161 buds, expansion as affected by light. . . 27 disease, notes 553 diseases, descriptions 354 leaf Bucculatrix, notes. Me 254 Bird and arbor day in Wisconsin 195 pest, studies 792 reservations in Alaska, U.S.D. A 153 Birds as affected by rice diet 793 destruction of silkworms by 759 destructive to cattle ticks 390 locusts 556 dissemination of gipsy-moth eggs by. . . 759 eating of moth eggs by 560 fruit - eating, plants attractive to, U.S.D. A 154 game, food plants of , U.S.D. A 154 gout in, notes 90 handbook 154 humming, destructive to sorghum midge, U.S.D. A 364 instinct and intelligence in 754 North American, cestodes in 488 of Argentina 754 AustraUa and Tasmania 754 California, relation to fruit industry, U.S.D.A 555 Darien and Ecuador 752 Guiana, treatise 555 the United States, treatise 555 protection, officials and organizations, U.S.D.A 554 Biscuits, cotton-seed, analyses, Tex 566 Bison. (See Buffaloes.) Bitter brush, analyses and digestibility, Nev. 72 vetch, analyses and digestibility, Nev. 72 Bitters, misbranding, U.S.D.A.^. 769 Bitumens for roads, U.S.D.A 489 Black cutworm, notes 658 flies, control in the White Moimtains. . 359 leaf extract, insecticidal value 359 Blackberries, culture, Alaska 639 in Wyoming, U.S.D.A. 189 taxonomic studies 736 Blackberry anthracnose, studies, Wash 452 disease, notes 147 diseases, investigations 149 leaf-miner, studies, Del 158 products, salicylic acid in 709 Blackbirds, relation to fruit industry in Cali- fornia, U.S.D.A 555 vitellin membrane in eggs of 571 Blackleg, diagnosis 584 immunization 484 I'age. Bladder infections, use of vaccines in 482 Bleaching powder, purification of water by . . 619 Blcpharidca vulgaris, viviparity in 365 Blepharipa sciitcllata, parasitic on gipsy and brown-tail moths 463 Blood and bone, relation to citrus dieback, Fla 447 availability of nitrogen in 625 cells, precipitation by alexins 583 circulating, detecting tubercle bacilli in 287 clinical examination and bibliography . 784 corpuscles, in fowls, ratio 690 individuality of 671 differentiation 613 dried. (Sec Dried blood.) estimating antitryptic index 683 fertilizing value 534 formation of antibodies by 182 gases of 770 horse, erythrocytes and hemoglobin In . 289 leucocyte content after hemoptysis 583 meal, analyses 23 Tex 572 Wis 175 of glandered horses, examination 386 proteins, nutritive value 572 stains, detection of proteins in 513 treatise and bibliography 770 Blue grass- Canada, host of plitm aphis, Okla 156 cultm-e and use, U.S.D.A 634 Kentucky, for pastures, N.Y.Cornell 529 native, analyses and digestibility, Nev . . 72 seed, harvesting and cleaning, U.S.D.A. . 634 Texas, analyses 771 Blue jay, feeding habits 754 tongue, immunization 790 in horses, relation to mosquitoes 663 Blueberries, canned, misbrandiing.U.S.D. A. 568, 769 Bobwhite, feeding habits 754 Boca rajada, studies 791 Body proteins, calculation 69 Bolitophilinse of North America, Me 159 Boll weevil. {See Cotton-boll weevil.) Bollworm. {See Cotton bollworm.) Bomb calorimetry — methods and standards In, Pa 614 U.S.D.A 514 Bombay Bacteriological Laboratory, report.. 656 Bombyliidae of Wisconsin 664 Bombyx mori, breeding experiments 260 jaundice parasite of 759 Bone and blood, relation to citrus dieback, Fla 447 dissolved, analyses 325,326 residual effects 324 dust, fertilizing value 32 manures, analyses 325 meal, analyses, Can 311 Oreg 427 fertilizing value 22,24,127,432,626 notes, m 231 phosphate, analyses, Can 311 steamed, residual effects 324 Boneblack, dissolved, residual effects 324 Bones, fertilizing value 134 834 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Bones of prehistoric sheep, descriptions 476 relation to development of horns 174 Books on — African Tabanidae 664 agricultural analyses 13 chemical methods 213 laborers, accident insurance. 493 in Livonia 396 prices and meteorology 617 agriculture, elementary 294 for teachers 294 young folks 798 in Belgium 91 Egjrpt and Sudan 594 American industrial society 692 animal parasites 1G3 structure 473 animals, domestic, biochemical treat- ment 488 northern 356 of Australia 153 Darien and Ecuador 752 apple culture in Canada 42 art of eating 65 bacteriology, agricultural 720 baking 170 beekeeping 765 biochemical methods 410 birds 154 of Guiana 555 the United States 555 bovine anatomy 789 bread baking for United States Army 669 carbohydrates and glucosids 305 cereal tillering 234 Chalcididaj 764 British 764 cheese making in Cheshire County 782 chemistry, agricultural 609 chocolate manufacture 370 climate of Switzerland 712 climatology 418 of Italy 14 coffee industry 343 Coleoptera 464 conifer dry rots 354 com 95 culture on worn soils 437 cotton system in America 39 Cynipidse 765 Darwin and modem science 153 Dermaptera of British India 756 diet and metabolism 371 Diptera 464 disinfectants 4S8 education, vocational 095 embryology 376 entomology 52 evolution 172 as related to animal breeding. . 471 farming 331, 631 fats 704 fertility and sterility 777 fertilizers 523 field crops, cost of production 493 floriculture 145, 343, 443 Books on— Continued. flowers, garden 443 food analysis 306 foods 767 forest utilization 45 forests of Cape Colony 644 fruit culture in arid regions 440 game birds 178 garden planning 736 gardening 41, 243 for boys and girls 94 French 640 market 142 geology, agricultural 422 grape culture and wine making 242 greenhouses, unheated 142 Hemiptera-Heieroptera (nearctic) 463 heredity 570, 777 horse and mule breeding 379 gait 477 industry in Belgium 477 horses 74, 776 immunity 387 vaccination,and serum-therapy 481 inbreeding 174 infant feeding 171 insect generation 555 insects 555 in British Museum 755 of India 357 Ixodoidea of Brazil 465 keas 657 land and labor in Belgium 593 landscapes 443 Lepidoptera, British • 758 mammals of Colorado 555 meteorology 218 and agricultural prices 617 microscopy 155, 156 milk and dairy products 780 analysis 513 mink breeding in Louisiana 555 mosquitoes 762 nucleus in heredity and development 471 Odonata of North America 756 Orthoptera 756 pansies, violas, and violets 642 parasitology 555, 785 pathology and chemotherapy 387 physiological methods 770 physiology of domestic animals 670 pig raising. .' 74 plant culture in pots 41 diseases 645 protection 544 plants for cottage gardens 443 ornamental 243 poultry 178, 279, 477, 478, 676, 777 diseases 488 protozoology 357 quack grass 732 rabies 787 refractometry 7 root crops 435 rose cultiu'e 642 rural hygiene 191 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 835 Page- Books on— Continued. rural schools in America 294 school gardens 195, 295, 494 serum-therapy 681 sex determination 472 differences 472 shrubs, ornamental, of United States 736 silviculture 145 soil fertility and agriculture 17 soils and manures 319 sweet pea culture 642 textile fibers of animal origin 775 ticks of Brazil 465 tree diseases 149 trees, care of 43 of Great Britain 737 Ireland 737 ornamental 343 trifoliums of North America 727 vegetable culture 41 veterinary therapeutics and practice 488 water analysis 11 and its use 617 weather forecasting 712 weeds of farm and garden 732 wheat prices in France 40 woods, American 736 industrial 45 wool growing and the tariff 576 zoology 494, 752 Boophilus bovis. (See Cattle ticks.) Bordeaux mixture as a seed disinfectant 248 injurious to foliage 554 powder for 356 preparation and use. 51, 355, 651 Md.. 252 tests.m 60 toxicity investigations 252 mixtures, chemistry of 51 effect on apples, U.S.D.A 651 paste, analyses, Can 367 V. Burgundy mixtiu-e as fungicides 356 Borers, injurious to forests, U.S.D.A 161 Boric acid as a food preservative .370 effect on invertase, U.S.D.A 110 organisms 370 Boron, fertilizing value 226 role of, in plants 230 Bos spp., description 174 Botanical explorations in Palestine, U.S.D.A. 5.33 Botanists, early, biographies 227 Botany, bibliography 95, 739 free publications on 495 historical landmarks 227 international catalogue 431 research in 130 Botryodiplodia elasticx, studies 552 Botxytis drier ea. (See Grape gray rot.) spp., description, U.S.D.A 446 notes 740 vulgaris, organism resembling 655 Bottles, paper, for milk, tests 82 Bouteloua spp., culture experiments, U.S.D.A 136 Bouvierella, new genus, description 200 86058°— VOL 23—11 4 Page. Bovine anatomy, treatise 789 blood, clinical examination 784 serum, agglutination tests 683 Bovines, nephrolithiasis in 683 Box elder, culture in Wyoming, U.S.D.A.... 189 leaves, transfer of plant food in. . . 28 Boys, farm, encampment for 194 gardening for 94 industrial contests for, Ind 94 Brachytrypcs achalinus. injurious to rice 53 Bracken, value as litter 124 Bracon anthonomi, notes, W.Va 161 Bradsot m sheep, studies 790 Bran, adulteration and misbranding, U.S. D.A 73 analyses. Can 378 N.Dak 168 for cows. Can 381 m 579 method of increasing digestibility 369 (See also Wheat, Oat, Rye, etc.) Brandy, analyses 216 fruit, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 method of analysis 216 Brasska campesfris, water requirements in India 332 oleracea acephala, analyses 175 organic bases in 211 Braulida> in France and Algeria 665 Braxy, disease resembling 185 in sheep, studies 790 Bread and bread making, U.S. D.A 62 army, in various countries 62 bacteria in, studies 166 baking contests, Ind 94 for United States Army, man- ual 669 composition 270 cotton-seed, analyses, Tex 566 diabetic, analyses 768 dough as affected by malt extract 63 famine, nutritive value 369 flavor as affected by yeast 62 in, studies 166 from whole grain 768 fruit, monkey, food value 468 gluten, description 167 kneading by machinery 63 making, notes 270 nutritious, description 167 nutritive value, U.S.D.A 62 purin content 770 value of milk in 166 Breadfruit trees, starch composition 767 Breadstuffs, imports into Colorado, Colo 292 Breakfast foods. (See Cereal foods.) Breeders' associations — history 377 m the United States, U.S.D.A 78 Breeding. (See Animal breeding and Plant breeding.) Brenthidce, catalogue 465 Brewer, W. II., biographical sketch 607 Brewers' grains- analyses 771 R.I 771 836 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Brewers' grains— Continued. Page. dried, analyses, Can 378 N.J 475 N.Y.State 673 Tex 572 identity of substances in 115 Brick for roads, U.S.D.A 489 British Dairy Farmers' Association, journal. 478 Broccoli, varieties, Can 334 Bromates, relation to detection of nitrates — 213 Brome grass — analyses and digestibility, Nev 72 culture 436 experiments, U.S.D.A 189 imder dry farming, U.S.D.A 435 effect on soil moisture, Nebr 223 for pastures, N.Y. Cornell 529 yields, N.Dak 728 Bromids, relation to detection of nitrates 213 Bromin, forcing of potatoes by, Ariz 027 Bromus inermis. (See Brome grass.) marginatus, analyses and digestibil- ity, Nev 72 maximus, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 136 Bronchitis, chronic, in horses, bibliography. . 289 Brooder houses — colony, construction, N.Y.Cornell 591 description, Md 091 Wash 692 Broom corn, culture, Miss 35 insect affecting, U.S.D.A 364 Brown lace-wing, notes 257, 559 Brown-tail moth- bibliography, U.S.D.A 663 control in Massachusetts 359, 445, 463 diseasas, investigations 403 distribution, U.S.D.A 663 field work, U.S.D.A 662 growth as related to temperature, N.H... 358 heliotropism in 260 in Connecticut, Conn. State 361 Kansas, notes 755 introduction into New York 360 Ohio 54 Virginia 458 life history.U.S.D.A 602 notes, Me 254 parasites, breeding, U.S.D.A 162 investigations 463 remedies, U.S.D.A 663 Brwchus obtectus. (See Bean- weevil.) pTosopis, parasitism 367 Brunfelsius, biographical sketch 227 Brussels exposition in 1910 604 sprouts, varieties, Can 334 Bryobia pratcnsis. (See Clover mite.) Bucculatrix canadeTisisella, notes, Me 254 transversata n.sp., description 501 Buckwheat — analyses 232 as affected by lime 226 by-products, analyses 771 N.J 475 culture 232 disease, etiology 170 false, analyses, Nev 71 Buckwheat — Continued. Page. fertilizer experiments 33, 128 requirements 301 flour, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D..\ 168, 371, 769 growth as affected by Canada thistles 132 zinc 129 meal, analyses, Ind 475 products, analyses, Wis 175 screenings, analyses, N.Y.State 672 shorts, analyses 771 varieties 33 Alaska 631 Can 334, 531 Bud moth, distribution and habits 761 notes. Conn. State 361 Buds, expansion as affected by light 27 forcing experiments 41 Buffalo bur, prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 Buffaloes, domesticated, in Trinidad 378 in Italy, use in agriculture 176 Bugs, croton, remedies. Can 362 plant. Injurious to cotton, U.S.D..\... 461 Buildings, fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas, Conn.State 361 Bulbar paralysis, infectious, studies 288 Bulbs, culture 343 flowering, forcing experiments, Vt 340 forcing by warm wafer 41 gladiolus, diseases, studies 751 studies on development of 229 BuUmulus dormani, notes, Fla 462 Bullocks, infectious IjTuphangitis in 588 Bulls, English walnuts for 575 weights of different breeds 276 Buprestis spp., notes, U.S.D.A 161 Bur grass, prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 Burgundy v. Bordeaux mixture as fungicides. 356 Burweed, description and eradication 639 law concerning, in the Transvaal.. 639 Butter — acidity, factors affecting, S.Dak 678 adulteration, detection 417,418,677 analyses 115, 479, 581, 668, 676, 677, 710 as affected by storage 181 color reaction for 115 comparison 679 composition 310 deterioration, acidity test, S.Dak 678 examination, simplified method 710 exports from Denmark 293 Great Britain 582 fat. (See Fat and Milk fat.) from small fat globules, studies 782 glycerol In 80 imports into Great Britain 582 inspection. Me 05 making contests, Ind 94 in Montenegro 182 instruction in Ireland 398 notes 282 Colo 581 Minn 178 paper on 782 market in Great Britain 582 methods of analysis 115 misbranding, U.S.D.A 479 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 837 Page. Butter— Continued. nonvolatile acids in 310 packing, use of parchment paper in 616 printing machines, tests, Can 382 production and sale in Germany 479 in Ohio, Ohio 396 quality as affected by oil feeds 478 organisms in salt. . 782 scoring, acidity test in, S.Dak 679 contests, Cal 283 in Copenhagen 283 shrinkage, studies 679 testing, Reichert-Wollny standard 181 tests at English dairy shows 479 V. cheese making, profits in 582 vitality of typhoid bacilli in, U.S.D. A... 82 water content, determination 710 whey, manufacture. Can ^ 383 U.S.D.A 480 yields, formulas 782 Butterfly larvae, notes 560 Buttermilk curd, manufacture, Wis 181 for calves, Wis 74 pigs, Can 379 loss of fat in, Can 382 Button bush as a white fly food plant, Fla. . . 462 Cabbage- aphis, notes 658 club root, infection experiments with 653 investigations. Wash 647 notes 742 curly-top, notes, U.S.D.A 558 diseases of malnutrition, studies 451 treatment, Fla 446 finger-and-toe disease, treatment 250 Cabbages- culture, S.C 142 experiments 142 in North America 142 Washington, Wash 531 fertilizer experiments 719 for fattening lambs, Iowa 277 growth as affected by electricity 326 insects affecting 53 marrow, culture, in Washington, Wash.. 436 nematodes affecting 471 organic bases in 211 varieties, Can 334,531 for sauerkraut 142 Cacao, banana disease affecting 748 black rot canker, relation 549, 748 canker, investigations 455 diseases, bibliography 749 studies 49, 740, 748 treatment 354, 455 fertilizer experiments 343 fruit fly affecting 53 industry, report on 442 insects affecting 755 mulching experiments 343 varieties 442 witches' broom, studies 455 Cacti, economic value, Ariz 633 Cactiis, chemistry and uses, N.Mex 710 feeding value 771 for cows 282 I 'age. Cafe-coca compound, misbranding, U.S.D.A. 168 Caflein, origin and identiflcation 567 physiological role of, in tea 567 Cajanus indicus as a cover crop, Hawaii 241 waterrequirements in India. 332 Cakes, protein content, determination 12 Calamagrostis javanica, host of Claviceps 546 Calandraoryza. (See Rice-weevil.) Calceolaria, food plant of mealy bug. La 660 Calcium — acid phosphate, adulteration and mis- branding, U.S.D.A 371 and magnesium, separation in presence of phosphates and iron 9 arsenite, effect on apple foliage, U.S.D.A. 52 carbonate — effect on nitrification in soils 623 percolation of water in soils. 121 plant growth 527 soil bacteria 231 soils and plants 236 wheat 327 relation to pear chlorosis 350 chlorid, effect on soil fertility 623 influence on hydrolysis of enzyms 704 cyanamid, analyses 225 availability of nitrogen in 625 role of bacteria in 717 composition and fertilizing value 718 decomposition by fungi 622 determination 718 fertilizing value. . . . 126, 127, 225, 235, 321,625,633,638 P.R 238 investigations 718 manufacture 525 mixing with superphosphate . 26 notes 523 relation to sugar-beet diseases. 348 value and use 126 determination in presence of magnesium. 213 effect on plants 328 wheat seedlings 28 excretion as affected by phosphorus 69 hypochlorite, purification of water by. . 619, 714 in normal human organs 172 ions, influence on chemotaxls 682 metabolism, studies 770 nitrate — composition and fertilizing value. . . . 718 cost of production 525 effect on protein metabolism 328 fertilizing value 126, 127,225,432,625,633,638 manufacture in France 525 relation to sugar-beet diseases 348 synthetic, fertilizing value 323 value and use 126 oxld, effect on soils and plants 226 pentasulphid, determination in lime- sulphur spray 701 phosphate, solubility, Tex 423 phosphates, studies 701 relation to acid neutralization in seeds. . . 628 salts, effect on nitrogen assimilation 329 838 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, Page. Calcium — Continued . salts, penetration into living protoplasm . 28 sucrate, detection in milk and cream .... 513 sulphate. {See Gypsum.) tetrasulphid, determination in lime- sulphur spray 701 water-soluble, in soils. Pa 522 zeolite, eSect on plant growth 527 Calculi, renal, formation in breeding animals. 285 rams, Iowa 278,283 Calf disease, prevalence in Uganda 485 pneumonia, immunization 788 infectious, treatment 390 California College of Agriculture, courses at, Cal 696 Station, notes 400 University, notes 400 Calitropis gigantea as a green manure 134 Callidium violaceum, life history 763 Calligonum comosum, description, U.S.D.A. 529 Calligrapha bigsbyaria, feeding habits 764 Calliphora sp. , parasitism 162 Callisfephus hortcnsis, root-aphis affecting, U.S.D.A 558 Calocoris rapidus, injurious to cotton, U.S.D.A 462 Caloncctria spp., notes 748 Calorimeter, adiabatic, description 217 Calosoma frigidum , notes 658 sycophanta, injurious to gipsy and brown-tail moths 463 Calves, cotton-seed oil for 475 feeding and management , Wis 73 immunization against pneumonia 788 tuberculosis... 587 Md. 684 white scours... 788 protein requirements, Ga 573 raisiug. Conn. Storrs 475 wintering in western Canada 775 Camel, prehistoric, description 174 Camphor, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 65 Camping arrangements for sanitary oiBcers. . 191 Camptoneuromyia meridionalis n.sp., descrip- tion 762 Canada thistle, underground organs, studies. 727 Canaigre, notes 33 Canals, resin, structure in white fir 445 Canary disease, notes 590 Cancer, ray, transmission to man 483 researches in 388 Candelilla wax, examination 615 studies, N.Mex 710 Candy, inspection in Canada 167 Cane and maple sirup, misbranding, U.S.D.A 271 sirup, manufacture. Miss 40 sugar, determination 307 Canis aureus, new piroplasm in blood of 792 Cankerworms, notes, Conn.State 361 Wis 59 Canned goods, manufacture 270 peas and beans, analyses, U.S.D.A.. 63 Canning fruit, contests, Ind 95 Page. Cannonading, prevention of hail by 516 Cans, tin, internal discoloration, studies 269 Cantaloups. (See Muskmelons.) Caoutchouc. (Sec Rubber.) Caphnodis tcncbrionis, notes 756 Caplin, ground, analyses, Can 311 Capsidae, ncarctic, catalogue 463 Carabaos, susceptibility to cattle plague 184 Carabid beetle, injurious to strawberries 365 Carabidae larva, destructive to hop flea-bee- tles, U.S.D.A 263 Caraway, effect on yeast fermentation 63 Carbenzym, preparation 210 Carbohydrate, new, in food products 307 phosphat id, analyses 7 Carbohydrates — and glucosids, treatise 305 definition, U.S.D.A.'. 572 determination 410 digestibility 68 efiect on format ion of chromogens 230 nitrate formation in soils 622 formation in seeds as affected by potash. 628 Carbolic acid as a seed disinfectant 248 Carbon — bisulphid — as an insecticide 545 destruction of rats by 555 effect on soils 123 toxic solutions 222 chlorophyll assimilation of 330 dioxid — apparatus for determination in milk. 13 assimilation by hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria 30 determination 10, 214 effect on efficiency of fungicides 51 solubihty of fertilizers 302 lead arsenate, U.S.D.A 164 in soils during plant growth 523 liberation from leaves 725 resorption in the intestines 570 disulphid, effect on wheat and flour. Can. 369 fumigation 359 in Oregon soils 315 phosphorus-nitrogen ratio in soils, 111 423 tetrachlorid, forcing of plants by, Vt 340 potatoes by, Ariz. 627 Cardoons, analyses 440 CarnaUite, effect on frost prevention 516 Carnation fly, notes 53 leaf disease, treatment 153 rust, studies 751 Carnations, culture 343 Carnaubon, description 305 Carnegie Institution's work with poultry 571 Carob tree, feeding value, U.S.D.A 533 Carp as a food for muskrats, U.S.D.A 357 Carpocapsa pomonclla. (See Codling moth.) Carpophilus hcmiptcTUS, notes, Me 254 CarpophthOTomyia n.spp., descriptions 562 Carrion beetles, injurious to sugar beets 348 Carrot rust fly, notes. Can 361 wild, analyses and digestibility, Nev. 72 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 839 Page. Carrots, culture experiments 136 digestibility 570 fertilizer experiments 23, 127 growth as affected by electricity 326 zinc 129 varieties, Can 334,531 N.Dak 728 Casein, animal, differentiation and detection. 513 cleavage products 171 determination in cheese 614 milk, Wis 613 effect on yield of cheese. Can 383 in bread 167 cows' and human milk, composi- tion 702 milk of different breeds. Can 383 peptones containing phosphorus 304 physiological value 171 precipitation, studies. Wis 613 products, discussion 780 rate of solution in 510 Cassava, analyses and bibliography 636 banana disease affecting 748 chlorosis, notes, Fla 447 root rot, studies 547 varieties 334 Cassida spp. , notes, N.J 59 Castanea spp., immunity to black canker 49 Castilleia miniata, analyses and digestibility, Nev 72 Castor-bean meal, residual effects 642 beans as affected by compression 130 cake, fertilizing value 134, 719, 729 seeds, toxicity 414 Castors, analyses 33 Cat plague, new, studies 690 Catalase, determination in milk 217 in mammary glands 285 Catalpa dry rot, relation to hail 131 plantations in Kansas, Kans 244 Catarrh, infectious nasal, outbreak in horses. 186 Catarrhal fever, malignant, disease resembling 484 Catechol, transformation into glucosids 725 Caterpillar, range, studies, U.S.D. A 403 wattle processionary, studies 260 yellow-bear, studies, U. S.D.A. . . 759 Caterpillars injurious to algeroba, Hawaii 254 tobacco 53 lackey, injurious to fruit 459 parasitism 159 Catocalse, life history 560 Cats as affected by lecithin 774 Gnathostomum spinigerum in 590 Cattle— as affected by barium chlorid 582 Ayrshire, history 780 blood , clinical examination 784 breeding in Alaska, Alaska 673 Trinidad 378 cost of winter grazing 573 dipping tanks, description 790 disease in the Andes 288 diseases, infectious, prevalence in- British East Africa 784 Ceylon 484 European, acclimatization in the Tropics . 300 Page. Cattle — Continued. exports from Denmark 293 feeding experiments 575, 772 in Alaska, Alaska 673 feeds, methyl pentosan in, U.S.D. A 510 Ferrandaise, origin and qualifications 775 finishing for market in Scotland 378 Garonnais, selection 775 grazing, relation to vegetation, U.S.D. A. 137 immunization against pox 286 tuberculosis 389 industry in western Canada 775 insurance societies in United Kingdom . . 492 intestinal parasites, notes 485 manure, fertilizing value 134,719 residual effects 642 plague. (See Rinderpest.) poisoning with wild passion-flower 86 raising in Belgium 396 rectal temperature, studies and bibli- ography 788 susceptibility to plague 184 ticks, destruction by birds 390 eradication 387, 484, 485, 790 {See also Ticks.) toeing out of fore legs 789 value of mineral constituents in rations . . . 772 visceral organs, studies 775 weights of breeds 275 Cauliflowers, composition 415 culture in North America 142 Caviar, purin content 770 Cecidomyia manihot n.sp., description 762 opuntix n.sp., description 365 sp., notes 255 Cecidomyiidee, new species, descriptions 365 West Indian, description 762 Cecropia-moth, growth as related to tem- perature, N.H 358 Cedar borer, notes, U.S.D. A 161 Celery cola, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D. A 468 culture, storing, and marketing 733 disease resembling club root, studies . . 647 diseases, treatment, Fla 452 leaf diseases, treatment 148 Cell division, studies and bibliography 671 giant polynuclear, notes 484 structure, relation to heredity 227 Cellase, relation to cellulose cleavage 8 studies 306 Cellobiose, behavior with enzyms 412 Cells in milk, nature 580 sexual, serobiological behavior of 681 somatic, chondriosomes of, studies 671 testis, interstitial functions 275 Cellulose as affected by maltase 8 decomposition by soils 610 determination 10,417 apparatus for 417 digestibility investigations 73, 570 effect on assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen 30 hydrolysis 311 relation to cellase 8 Cement for roads, U.S.D. A 489 840 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Cenangium abietis, notes 152 populneuni, notes 740 Centaurea solstitialis, prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 Centipedes, destructive to hop flearbeetles, U.S.D.A 263 Cephalanthus occidentalis as a white-fly food plant, ria 462 CepMlothecium spp., studies 451 Cephus occidentalis, studies, U.S.D.A 56 Cerambycidae, notes 756 Cerambyx miles, notes 756 Ceratophyllus — acutus, bionomics of 562 occurrence on ground squirrels. . . 763 fasdatus, notes 160 occurrence on rats 763 transmission of diseases by . . . 261 , 763 spp., parasitism 563 transmission of plague by 563 Cercospora apii, treatment, Fla 452 beticola, notes 348 halstedii, treatment, Fla 447 nicotianx , investigations 548 oryzx n.sp., description 347 Cereal amylase, investigations 410 diseases, notes 33 studies 646 food, gluten misbranding, U.S.D.A.. 568 foods, analyses 468 improvement, bibliography 434 phosphatids, composition 8 tillering, treatise 234 Cereals- ash analyses 113 breeding experiments, Kans 234 composition as affected by fertilizers 730 cost of production in Colorado, U.S.D.A.. 590 culture 136 experiments 33, 34, 125, 135 effect on carbon dioxid content of soils. . . 523 growth as affected by fertilizers 225 meteorology 21 9 imports into Colorado, Colo 292 improvement 433 insects affecting 646 lodging, relation to fungi 546 method of judging 113 notes 799 primitive, notes, U.S.D.A 534 proteolytic enzyms in Ill purins in 306 varieties 34,125,432 Alaska 631 {See also specific kinds.) Cerebro-spinal meningitis in horses, enzootic. 187 etiology. 689 Cerococcus indicus n.sp., description 662 Ceroplastes ceriferus, notes 259, 559 Ceroplatinae of North America, Me 159 Ceroplatus n.sp., description, Me 159 Ceroputo vuccx, notes 259 Ceryle alcyon, parasitism 362 Cestode, sheep, anatomy 484 Cestodes in North American birds 488 Cetonia aurata, noces, Conn.State 361 Page. Chxtochloa glauca, host of plum aphis, Okla. . 156 Chxtocnema confinis, notes, N.J 58 Chxtophoma glumarum n.sp., description 347 Chaff scale, notes 259 Chaitophorus negundinis, parasitism 460 populicola , studies 257 Chalcididse, British, catalogue 764 monograph 764 notes 765 Chalcis, n.spp., descriptions, U.S.D.A 162 ovata, parasitic on range caterpillar, U.S.D.A 464 Chalds, new species, descriptions 367 Chalcophora spp., notes, U.S.D.A 161 Chamxrops humilis, freezing point in 527 Champagne, sulphurous acid in 114 Champignons, reaction for 511 Charbon. (See Anthrax.) Charcoal, animal, effect on soil productivity. 320 effect on enzyms 210 Charlock. (See Mustard, wild.) Cheese- Cheddar, fatty acids and esters in. Wis. . 679 Cheshire, industry in Great Britain 478 determination of moisture in 112 Edam, ripening investigations 212 Emmental, manufacture, pureculturesin. 782 European varieties, analyses 182 from sheep's milk, manufacture 279 Industry in Corsica 680 kolozsv4r, analyses and manufacture 481 making, care of milk for 480 experiments, Can 383,386 Wis 383 for smaU holders 782 in Cheshire County, treatise 782 Lodi 782 Montenegro 182 the home, Mont 386 notes 282 methods of analysis 182 misbranding, U.S.D.A 580,781 moisture content, studies, U.S.D.A 383 Wis 383 Neufchatel, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 382, 479 paraffining experiments 481 production in Ohio, Ohio 396 quality as affected by — lactic acid, U.S.D.A 385 organismsin salt 782 Roquefort, misbranding, U.S.D.A 479 V. butter making, profits in 582 yield as affected by casein. Can 383 jields, formulas 782 Cheiloneurus diaspidinarum, destruction of scale Insects by, U.S.D.A 156 Cheimatobia brumata, injurious to fruit 459 notes 53 Chemical reagents, notes 616 Chemicals, fumigating, effect on wheat and flour, Can 369 Chemistry — agricultural, dictionary 609 review of Uterature 739 analysis, dairy, Improved methods, Wis. 613 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 841 Chemistry— Continued. colloid, relation to weathering 416 ultrafiltration methods in 112 extraction apparatus, description 305 food, progress in 1909 306 honey, progress in 114 millc, progress in 1908 and 1909 210 of enzyms 4 10 fruits 414 whortleberries and cranberries 211 progress m 1909 210 relation to agriculture 399 water supplies 221 studies 31 value in agrogeologlcal research 415 Chemotherapy and pathology, treatise 387 Chermes pinifolix, bibliography, Me 256 spp., notes 458 of Maine conifers, Me 256 spruces 257 Chermes, review of literature 758 Cherncs nodosus, parasitic on house flies 664 Cherries, bark beetles affecting 755 chemistry of 414 culture in Washington, Wash 441 Wyoming, U.S. D. A 189 elm twig girdler affecting 4.57 cndo trophic mycorrhiza in 528 harvesting and marketing. Wash ... 441 insects afEecting 458 Wis 59 preparation for marketing, U.S.D.A. 144 sand, notes, N.Dak 736 scale insects afEecting, U.S.D.A 156 varieties. Wash 441 Cherry disease, studies 350 diseases, treatment 656 ermine moth, paper on 657 fly, introduction into England 459 fruit maggot, notes. Wis 59 gummosis, investigations 353 notes, Wash 441 leaf curl, studies 247 disease, studies 151 pomace, utilization 218 powdery mildew, notes 740 products, salicyUc acid in 709 sirup, misbranding, U.S.D.A 468 Chestnut bark disease, studies 456 black canker, investigations •. . 49 borer, two-lined, notes, U.S.D.A... 161 disease, notes 553 weevils, notes, W.Va 261 wood, destructive distillation 543 Chestnuts, forcing experiments, Mo 526 grafting 145 horse, insects aflecting, U.S.D.A. 156 snout beetles affecting, W.Va 261 varieties immune to black canker. 49 Chick pea wilt, investigations 246,448 peas, Palestine, character, U.S.D.A. . . 534 Chicken cholera, bacteriology of 187 meat, determination of age of 215 Chickens as affected by kainlt 582 rice diet 793 body temperature, studies 793 Page. Chickens, incubator, factors afEecting vigor, W.Va 76 principles of brooding, N.Y. Cornell. 591 (See also Fowls, Poultry, etc.) Chicks, brooding, feeding, and hatching 380 cost of raismg, Can 380 metabolism experiments 272 Children, protein metabolism in 271 school, feeding 769 Children's gardens. (See School gardens.) Chillies. {See Peppers.) Chilo simplex, notes 459, 659 ChilocoTUs bivulncrus, notes, U.S.D.A 157 Chiortaspis euonymi. (See Euonymus scale.) furfura. (Sec Scurfy scale.) quercus, notes 259 Chionaspis, new species, descriptions 54 Chlorates, relation to detection of nitrates 213 Chloridea vircscens, notes. Conn. State 361 Chlorin in normal human organs 172 influence on determination of nitric nitrogen 705 metabolism in man 172 purification of water by 619 Chloris spp. , as a forage plant, Ariz 634 Chloroform, anesthetic value with scopola- mine 188 effect on enzym action 306 plants, Mo 526 solubility of phosphates 20 toxic solutions 222 forcing of plants by, Vt 340 ClilorophyU assimilation of carbon 330 in plants, determination 708 Chloroplastids, effect on leaf color 724 Chocolate, coating, U.S.D.A 270 manufacture, treatise 370 methods of analysis 210, 307 powders, methods of analysis 216 varnishes on, U.S.D.A 510 Cholera, relation to house flies 664 vibrio, proteins, studies 683 Cholesterin, physico-chemical investigations. 305 Chondriosomes of somatic cells, studies 571 Chortoicetes termini/era, notes 659 Chou Moellier, culture in Washington, Wash. 43G Chripothamum sp. , analyses, Nev 71 Chromogens, detection in plants 230 Chrysanthemum disease, description, U.S.D.A 446 leaf spot, studies 247 Chrysanthemums, culture 343 nematode affecting S3 Chrysomphalus aurantii, injuring citrus fruits 758 parasitism 564 spp., notes 362 tencbricosus. (See Gloomy scale.) Chrtjsomyia macellaria. (^See Screw-worm.) Chrysomyxa abiclis, notes 751 spp. , characteristics 152 Chrysopldyctis endobiotka— control in the Netherlands 347 method of control 449 outbreak In Newfoundland 449 842 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. Chrysophlyctis endobiotica— Continued. Page. studies 247,744 U.S.D.A 47 Chymosin and pepsin, identity 305 Cicada, periodical, notes 458 Cicer arietinum, water requirements in India. 332 Clclndellnse, Asiatic, list 564 Cider, Canadian, notes 767 Cigar case-bearer, notes, Me 254 roller, remedies 666 Cigarette beetle, notes 658 Cimex Icctularius. {See Bedbugs.) Cinerarias, leaf tyer affecting, Conn. State 361 Cinnamlc acid, detection in wine 12 Cinnamon, effect on yeast fermentation 63 Cirsiuvi arvense, underground organs, studies. 727 Cisterns as water supplies In Indiana 713 Citellus beecheyi, destruction 754 transmission of plague by . . . 563 Citric acid, eflect on Invertase, U.S.D.A 110 Citrullus colocynllds, description, U.S.D.A. . . 529 Citrus dieback, relation to fertilizers, Fla 447 diseases, relation to fertilizers, Fla 441 treatment, Fla 446 fruit disease, new, notes 550 diseases, bibliography 149 studies 246 fruits as affected by low temperature, U.S.D.A 15 cooperative experiments, Fla. . . 441 culture in Florida 145 New South Wales 144 fumigation schedules, Cal 265 insects affecting. . . 254, 362, 556, 755, 758 U.S.D.A 258 mites and spiders affecting 550 picking and packing, I*. R 144 propagation, Hawaii 240 scale insects affecting 53 {See also Oranges, Lemons, etc.) leaf yellow spotting, notes, Fla 447 mealy bug, natural enemies 559 remedies 257 stocks, tests, Hawaii 240 white fly. {See White fly, citrus.) Cladosporium — carpophilum, treatment, U.S.D.A 150 graminum, notes 451 herbarum, life history 545 oryzas n. sp., description 347 sp., decomposition of cyanamids by 022 life history 545 relation to flax and hemp retting 630 studies 148 spp., growth as aSected by tannin 330 Cladothrix odorifera, effect on soil humus 621 Clasterosporium putrefaciens, notes 347 Claviceps, new hosts of 546 Clavicejts purpurea, studies 741 ClavigaUa Jiorrens, notes 658 Clays, analyses 626 plasticity and coherence of 511 Clayton gas, value as a disinfectant 656 Clemson College, notes 99, 400 Click-beetle larva destructive to snout beetles, W.Va 262 Climate— Page. as affected by forests 219 compensation between different regions.. 14 effect on comj)osition of wheat. Wash 467 green bug 460 insects 556 seed production, Colo 235 of Alaska, U.S.D.A 444 Australia 712 Belgium 91 Calvados, France 440 Colorado, U.S.D.A 590 Columbia River Valley, U.S.D.A 435 Egypt and Sudan 594 India, relation to tea seedling disease. . 750 Malay Archipelago 542 Manchuria 396 North Dakota Substation, U.S.D.A. . . 335 South Dakota Substations, U.S.D.A . . 335 Switzerland, treatise 712 Uruguay 395 western Oregon, U.S.D.A 393 relation to crop yield 732 plant distribution 130 soils 314 {See also Meteorology.) Climates, classification 516 Climatological averages, paper on 515 Climatology — handbook 418 of Deschutes Valley, U.S.D.A 312 Eritrea, Africa 14 Italy, treatise 14 North Carolina, bibliography 521 studies, U.S.D.A 15 {See also Meteorology.) Clissiocampa neustria, injurious to fruit 459 Clothing, Army, tests 272 Clouds, relation to weather 14 Clove industry in Zanzibar 300 oil, effect on 3'east fermentation 63 Clover — Alexandria, germination tests 722 alsike, inoculation experiments 132 purity tests. Can 340 analyses 232 and grass mixtures, tests 232 timothy, yields. Pa 579 as affected by lime 226 ball, analyses 771 bur, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 136 characteristics, N. Y.Comell 529 cooperative experiments 634, 730 Mo 35 crimson, culture, Ala.CoUege 35 germination tests, Va 240 nitrogen content, Del 137 seed examination, Va 240 culture experiments 433 in Alaska, Alaska 031 Massachusetts, Mass 530 Willamette Valley, U.S.D.A . . 394 curing in Massachusetts, Mass 530 descriptions. Mass 530 fenilization by bees 755 fertilizer experiments 233, 422 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 843 PaRP. Clover — Continued. for cows, Pa 579 germination tests 239, 240 Can 339 Iowa 439 hay, composition. Mass 535 for sheep 774 steers, Mont 176 inoculation experiments ... 132, 320, 533, G32, 717 insects affecting, Mich 254 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 394 midge, notes 646 mite, studies, Colo 264 nematodes affecting 646 red, anthracnose, studies 448 as affected by mineral salts 328 composition of flowers 415 cultiu-e experiments 432 fertilizer experiments 224 germination tests, Can 340 Va 240 inoculation experiments 30 seed examination, Va 240 root-borer, studies, U.S.D.A 55 seed examination 239, 240 production in Ohio, Ohio 396 the Northwest, U.S. D.A 495 selection for disease resistance 448 sickness, relation to phosphorite 647 value on farms. Mass 530 varieties 232 yields as affected by windbreaks 435 Cloves, adulteration, U.S.D.A 769 Cnethocampa pityocampa, studies 700 Cnidocampa flavcsccns. {See Oriental moth.) Coal, analyses 616 lignite, analyses, N.Dak 168,371 Coat color in horses, inheritance 476 Coccidse of Africa, new species 662 California, notes 259 Japan 54 Kansas, bibliography 363 Uganda Protectorate 559 paper on 662 Coccldiosis In cattle and horses 787 hares 291 CoccinellidcB of Madagascar, revision 264 CoccuS'hesperidum.. (See Scale, soft.) Cochylis ambiguella, life history 7G1 remedies 53 Cochylis, life history and remedies 761 Cockchafers, notes 658 Cockerel summer houses, N. Y. Cornell 591 Cockleburs, description and eradication 639 relation to soil toxicity 422 Cockroaches, egg production by 363 Cocksfoot, analyses 771 Coco fat, detection in lard 307 Cocoa beans, characteristics 370 insects affecting 557 manufacture, use of potassium car- bonate in 112 methods of analysis 216,307 microscopical characteristics 213 notes 767 Page. Cocoa oil, detection in butter and lard 418 powders, methods of analysis 216 shells, detection In cocoa 12 ground, analyses, Can 378 Cocoas, classification 370 Coconut bleeding stem, investigations 652 bud rot, investigations 456 diseases, notes 49, 740 studies 246 industry in Brazil 43 oil, effect on milk 478 pahns, coccid pests of 662 root disease, studies 549 water, notes 767 Coconuts, culture in Cuba 334 insects affecting 43 Cod liver oil compound, misbranding, U.S.D.A 371 Codfish strips, misbranding, U.S.D.A 769 Codling moth, control in Ohio 755 Orange Rivex Colony 463 distribution in South Africa. . 761 notes, Wis 59 nut-feeding habits, U.S.D.A. . 760 orange, notes 362 parasitism, Nev 52 remedies 658 Can 361 Conn. State 362 111 60 U.S.D.A 652,761 W.Va 259 tests 359 studies, Md 157 Coelopisthia diacrisise n.sp., description 765 Coffea arabica, abortion of flowers in 540 Coffee- adulteration, U.S.D.A 65,568,769 composition 370 culture in Tonkin 243 destruction by sooty fungus 662 disease, new, studies 152,749 industry, treatise 343 insects affecting 564,755,758 microscopical characteristics 213 misbranding, U.S.D.A 65,271,468,568,769 notes 767 pruning and disbudding 442 root rot, studies 251 Cold frames, equipment and management. . . 142 storage, effect on asparagus 418 ■ for fruits 242 plants, inspection in Virginia. . 168 warehouses, construction 242 (See also Temperature, low.) ColeophorafletcheTclla. {See Cigar case-bearer.) Coleoptera, catalogue 464 of Guadeloupe, list 264 India 358 Kansas, list 365,764 parasitism 159 Coleosporium, relation to Peridermium pini- densifloTX 552 Coll infection In fowls, studies 792 Colibacillosls, notes 482 844 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Pago. Colic in horses, treatment 186 Collards, varieties, Can 334 Colleges, agriculture in, U.S.D. A 293 domestic economy courses in 494 (See also Agricultural colleges.) Collembola as inj urious insects 058 Colletotrkhum agaves, notes 151 (ZroeasK^, notes 355 falcatum, investigations, La. . . 648 studies 450 glososporioides, notes, Fla 446 UndemutManum, studies, La. . 250 spp. , growth as aflected by tan- nin 330 studies 451 trifolii, notes 740 Colloid-chemical aspects of digestion 373 substances, effect on soil productivity 319 Colloids, milk, protective action 12, 271 organic, effect on soil floceulation. . . 522 ColocasiesB, varieties 334 Colocynth, powdered, adulteration and mis- branding, U.S.D. A 371, 508 Colon bacillus vaccines, use 482 Colony coops, description. Wash 692 Coloplia ulmkola, studies, Me 757 Color inheritance in guinea pigs 428 value in the struggle for life 153 Colorado College, notes 197, 297, 597, 696 plateau, distribution of trees on 245 State Bee Keepers' Association 467 Station, notes 97, 197, 297 Coloring matter in foods and condiments 113 Colons, certified, use, U.S.D. A 108 feeding to fowls 571 in food stufis 212 Colpocephalum n.spp., descriptions 302 Columbia River Valley, suggestions to settlers in, U.S.D. A 435 Comfits, determination of salicylic acid in 709 Compound cake, analyses 572 ConchoTus olitorius, fertilizer experiments 433 Conchuela, injurious to cotton, U.S.D. A 461 Concreta butterol, misbranding, U.S.D. A 408 Concrete fence posts, constraction, U.S.D. A. 490 Condiments, coloring matters in 113 use of lactic acid in 64 Confectioneries, inspection in Virginia 168 Confectionery, adulteration, U.S.D.A 108,769 coating, U.S.D.A 270,510 Congestion, Intestinal, in horses, etiology 391 Conglutinins, studies 785 Conifer diseases, notes 355,652 dry rots, treatise 354 leaf shedding disease, treatment 653 needle rust, studies 750 Conifers of Maine, Chermes affecting, Me 256 Coniophora cercbclla, notes 751 Coniothyrium conccntricum, notes 151 diplodiella, description 353 n.spp., descriptions 347 wernsdorffix, description and treatment 654 Connecticut State Station, notes 97, 197, 400, 696 Conopidffi of Wisconsin 664 Page. Conotrachelus nenuphar. {See Plum curcu- lio.) spp., notes, W.Va 262 Conserves, fruit, determination of sugar in. . . 307 Contagiosa bo vum, pathological anatomy in. 484 Contarinia {Diplosis) sorghicola— investigations, U.S.D.xV 364 notes 658 Contracts, future, effect on price of cotton 39 Convallaria majalis, forcing experiments 41 Convolvulus spp., undergroimd organs 727 Cooking at high altitudes 05 effect on digestibility of meat 709 free publications on 495 Copper — carbonates, notes 51 effect on olive oil 112 fungicide, new, method of action 253 fimgicides, studies 50 oxychlorid as a fungicide 453 salts, effect on micro-organisms 188 soda mixture as a seed disinfectant 248 sulphate, analyses, Can 367 Oreg 466 as a seed disinfectant 248 effect on germination of wheat. 742 mitosis 028 soil acidity 320 formaldehyde mixtures, prepa- ration and use 051 fungicidal value 47 toxicity investigations 253 sulphid, effect on apples, U.S.D.A 051 Coptocycla aurichalcea, notes, N.J 69 guttata, notes, N.J 59 Corallorhiza, mycosymbiosis in 228 Cordcauxia cdulis, food value 767 Cordials, labeling, U.S.D.A 567 Cordus, biographical sketch 227 Cordijline australis, host of mealy bug. La. . . 660 CordyloUa prsegrandis n.sp., description 562 Coreidsc, nearctic, catalogue 463 Coriander and cotton as a mixed crop 134 Coriaria sp., toxicity, researches in 582 Coriscium serotinclla n.sp., description 363 Cork, resistance tests 331 Corn, absorption of barium by 329 nitrites by 725 American, condition in Europe, U.S. D.A 35 analyses 169, 232, 235, 729 Md 38 Wyo 573 and cob meal, analyses, Ind 475 Wis 175 banana disease affecting 748 bascom, culture 533 bran, analyses, Me 572 N.Y.State 672 breeding 32 U.S.D.A 138 experiments 38, 535 plats, arrangement to prevent inbreeding 635 by-products, analyses 771 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 845 Page. Com by-products, analyses, Ind 475 N.J 475 Tex 572 canned, adulteration, U.S.D. A 568 misbranding, U.S.D. A.. 408,568,709 chop, analyses. Miss 475 Wis 175 misbranding, U.S.D.A 771 cockle, notes 340 composition as affected by fertilizers... 730 cooperative experiments. Mo 35 cost of production, Okla 138 cracked, analyses. Miss 475 culture 130, 232 Okla 138 S.Dak 137 experimeats 32, 134, 729 N.Y.ComeU 138 for forage and silage, Can 138 in Michigan, Mich 535 Ohio, Ohio 390 on Hunger Steppe 534 worn soils, treatise 437 under dry farming, U.S.D.A... 435 digestibility as affected by condimental feeds, Iowa 278 distance experiments 38 earworm, notes 657 Can 301 effect on soil nitrates, U.S.D.A 123 exhibits, rules concerning, Ind 95 fertilizer experiments. 32, 433, 534, 719, 729, 730 Can 532 N.Dak 728 N.Y.ComeU 138 Okla 138 requirements, U.S.D.A 319 flour, adulteration, U.S.D.A 568 fodder, green manures for 322 varieties. Can 531 for cows, Pa 579 heifers, Wyo 573 horses, Iowa 278 lambs, Wyo 573 sheep 774 formation of glucosids by 725 germination tests 731 Kans 37 S.Dak 137 in schools, U.S.D.A. 195 green, analyses 474 growers' association of Indiana 035 growing contests, Ind 94 growth as affected by tree roots 133 insects affecting 53, 302, 755 Mich 254 irrigation experiments 32 U.S.D.A 394 judging 1 1 , 32 machinery, notes 12 meal, analyses 771 N.Y.State 672 R.I 771 biological value of nitrogen in . . . 69 deterioration, experiments 668 effect on intestinal flora 570 Page. Com meal, misbranding, U.S.D.A 468 relation to pellagra 668 methods of analysis U planting, U.S.D.A 336 moldy, relation to pellagra 66 perfect stand, U.S.D.A 495 products, analyses 73, 175 judging 11 methods of analysis 11 separation and production... 418 proteolytic enzyms in m ratio of methyl pentosans to pentosans . 414 root-aphis investigations, U.S.D.-Y 558 rast, notes 33 score card for 95, 035 La 230 Md 38 seed, handling and exhibiting. La 230 protection from burrowing ani- mals 495, 753 selection 32, 035 silage. (See Silage.) smut, treatment 647, 649 soils, fertilizers for, U.S.D.A 138 stalk-borer, remedies, U.S.D.A 54 stalljs, use In paper making 33 studies 95 subsoiling experiments 32 testing, Md 38 treatise 95 varieties 31, 38, 39, 235, 433, 634, 729, 731 Can 334,531 Fla 431 Md 38 Mo 436 Ohio 37 S.Dak 137 for upper Michigan, Mich 635 water requirements in India 332 yield as affected by — ear characteristics, Ohio 37 early cutting 32 stalks per hill, Mo 437 various factors, Ohio 38 yields. Pa 579 Corncob meal, analyses 771 N.Y.State 672 Cornell Station, notes 598, 800 University, notes 199, 598, 697, 800 Corrosive sublimate as a cream preservative, Can 382 seed disinfectant 248 Cortical centers, effect on sexual organs 472 Corticium javanicum, studies 152, 553 vagum solani, treatment, Fla 446 studies 447 CoTvus frugilegus, feeding habits 657 Coryneum foliicolum, parasitism 454 Cosmos bipirmatus, root-aphis affecting, U.S.D.A 558 Cost of living, bibliography 670 Cotton- analyses 337 anthracnose — investigations 346 varieties susceptible to, Ala.CoIlege. . 39 846 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cotton— Continued. Page. associations, organization and worlr 39 bibliograpliy 535 blight, notes 347 boll weevil, insects resembling, Ala. College 55 prevalence, Miss 665 problem in Alabama, Ala. College 55 boll worm, notes 459, 659 Can 361 breeding experiments 437 Hawaii 233 S.C 139 bug, brown, notes, U.S.D.A 461 culture experiments. Miss 39 in Georgia 336 German colonies 635 Hawaii, Hawaii 233 Queensland 338 tropical countries 300 on Hunger Steppe 534 with other crops 134 diseases, notes 547 distance experiments 38 effect on saliva secretion 374 fertilizer experiments. Miss 39 requirements 129 U.S.D.A 319 fibers, artificial digestion 73 breaking strength tests 337 insects affecting 163,658, 755 Hawaii 254 Miss 665 U.S.D.A 461 leaf-bug, notes, U.S.D.A 462 marketing, U.S.D.A 192 economic difficulties 692 mutative reversions in, U.S.D.A 31 nematodes affecting 741 price, factors afi'ecting 39 pruning experiments, Hawaii 233 root-aphis affecting, U.S.D.A 558 score card for 336 sea Island, fertilizer experiments 236 seed cake, analyses, Tex 572 fertilizing value 432, 632 for sheep 774 distribution in 1910, U.S.D.A 336 feed, analyses. Me 73 flour, analyses, Tex 566 hulls, analyses 771 seed meal- analyses 175, 572, 771 Can 378 Ind 475 Me 73,572 Miss 428 N.J- 475 N.Y. State 672 R.I 771 Tex 572 Wis 175 availability of nitrogen in 625 discovery of toxic property 8 effect on nitrification in soils 622, 721 food valae, Tex 566 Cotton— Continued. seed meal — continued. for horses, Iowa 278 sheep, Ala.CoUege 74 steers. Miss 378 inspection in Florida 26 relation to citrus dieback, Fla 447 studies. Mass ■ 771 -seed oil for calves 475 miUs in the United States 523 selection 336 U.S.D.A 336 stainer, notes 362,660 U.S.D.A 462 statistics 535 system in America, treatise 39 time of maturing. Miss 39 varieties 33,38,334,336,437 Ala.CoUege 39 Ariz 634 Hawaii 233 Miss 39 U.S.D.A 337 wUt, investigations 246, 448 woods, culture in Wyoming, U.S.D.A. . . 189 Cottony cushion scale, notes 658 Cotylophoron n.g. and n.sp., description 488 Country homes, running water in 769 Cover crops for orchards, Hawaii 241 Cow breeders' associations, Wis 80 manure, fertilizing value 729 Can 531 testing associations in Sweden 282 Cowgram as a green manure 124 Cowpea mildew, treatment, Fla 446 Cowpeas as a cover crop, Hawaii 241 green manure 433 banana disease affecting 747 cultiu'e experiments 635 for hay 635 fertilizer requirements, U.S.D.A 319 notes 134 varieties 636 yields. Pa 579 Cowpox, Immunization 481, 482 vaccine, transportation to Africa. . . 482 Cows as affected by barimn chlorid 582 kainit 582 cactus for 282 cost and profit index, lU 79 of keeping, N.Y. State 79 crossing with zebus 378 feeding, Minn 178 experiments, Can 380 Fla 478 lU 578 Pa 580 grapes for 378 grasses for 282 handling under dry farming, Colo 231 immimization against anthrax 286 foot-and-mouth disease 789 improvement, Minn 178 Oreg 295 intestinal streptococci in, studies 390 predetermination of calving In 788 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 847 I'age. Cows, profitable v. unprofitable, HI 282 raising in Ohio, Ohio 396 reaction for foretelling abortion in 587 records. (See Dairy herd records.) sand spurry for, Alaska 632 soiling crops for. Pa 579 sterility, in Great Britain 784 test of breeds, Can 383 testing in Sweden 282 tests. Wis 79 tuberculous, relation to public health, U.S.D.A 81,85 velvet beans for, Fla 78 weights of different breeds 276 winter feeding in Rhodesia 175 Cow's udder, accidental parasitism 185 Coyotes, destruction of gophers by, U.S.D.A . . 154 sheep by, U.S.D.A 575 Crab grass as a food plant of plum aphis, Okla. 156 Crackers, effect on saliva secretion 374 Craig, J. A., biographical sketch 499 Cranberries as affected by sugar in cooking . . 64 chemistry of 211 Crane flies, notes. Me 254 fly, false, notes. Me 254 Cratxgus spp., introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A 538 Cream — adulteration, U.S.D.A 283,382,479,-580,781 analyses 668 apparatus for making examinations 13 balance, description. Wis 180 detection of calcium sucrate in 513 exports from Denmark 293 glycerol in 80 handling, S.Dak 678 paper on 782 inspection decisions, U.S.D.A 181 lipases in 80 methods of analysis 1 15 preservatives, Can 382 production and sale in Germany 479 quality as affected by oil feeds 478 raising by centrifugal force 280 ripening, preparation of starters for, Colo. 581 separators, descriptions and tests 280 hand , tests, Va 592 handUng, S.Dak 678 tests 282,783 starters for. Can 382 testing. Wis 180 variations i n fat content , Mo 282 Creameries, cooperative. In Ireland 795 Italy 594 Creamery problems, discussion, Cal 677 Creatinin, determination of constants for, U.S.D.A 510 isolation from meat 512 Cremastobombycia lantanella n.sp., description 761 Crepis intermedia, analyses and digestibility, Nev 72 Cress, germination as affected by ultraviolet rays 526 Crickets, notes 658 Cricula trifenestra, life history 561 Crimson clover. {See Clover, crimson.) Page. Crioceris asparagi. (See Asparagus beetle.) Crithidia campanulata, notes 762 gcrridis, morphology and life history 157 hxmatopinus, notes 157 mtLSCx-domesticse, parasitic on house flies 664 Crocidosema lantana n.sp., description 761 Cronanium quercuum, notes 456 ribicola, injm-ious to white pine. . 456 Crop diseases, notes 740 treatment, Ohio 733 maturity, relation to temperature 516 production, factors in 18 reporting in various countries 194 reports, U.S.D.A 93, 398, 493, 796 rotations. (See Rotation.) statistics, interpretation 191 stimulants, notes 18 yields at Rothamsted 232 Cropping, effect on soil moisture, Nebr 222 methods for dry farming, Oreg 295 Crops, assimilation of plant food by 524 culture and marketing, U.S.D.A 190 experiments 135 in orchards, U.S.D.A 440 effect on nitrification in soils U.S.D.A. 122 fertilizer formulas for, Me 524 requirements 18 for dry-land farming, Colo 231 forcing with electricity 490 growth as affected by electricity 326 improvement in Sweden 332 insects affecting 755 insurance against hail in Europe 594 irrigation, U.S.D.A 189,395 marketing, U.S.D.A 191 potash fertilizers for 426 production, problems of 730 protection against frost 516 U.S.D.A 117 relation of lime to. Mass 720 yeUow-bear caterpillar affecting, U.S.D.A 759 yield as affected by climate 732 compo s i t i o n of soils 18 tenant system 694 Crotalaria juncea, studies and bibliography . . 536 Croton bugs, remedies. Can 362 Crotophaga major, destructive to silkworms. . 759 Crucifers as green manures 322, 323 Crude fiber. (Sec Cellulose.) petroleum. (See Petroleum.) Cryphalus coffex n. sp. , description 564 Cryptoblabes alicna injurious to algeroba, Hawaii 254 Cryptolxmus montrouzieri— destruction of mealy bugs by. La 661 notes 257 Cryptorynchiis batalx in Barbados, remedies. 659 injuring sweet potatoes. 334 mangifera, notes 764 Ctenocephalus serraticepa, occurrence on rats. . 763 Ctenophora apicata, notes. Me 254 Ctenopsyllus musculi, notes 160, 763 '. Cucasa, preparation and use 651 848 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Cucumber canker, notes 6-16 mildew, treatment 47 pickles, salting and curing 711 Cucumbers, culture on Hunger Steppe 534 growth as affected by electricity. 326 pickling, use of pure cultures in. HI Cucurbita pepo, effect of injury to cotyledons. 723 Culcx spp., studies 561 tigripes, notes 365 CulicidfE. (_Sce Mosquitoes.) Cup, resin, description 644 Cupedidfe, catalogue 46-5 Cupricarbonates, notes 51 Curculionidfe, new species, descriptions 665 Curculios injurious to nuts, W.Va 262 Currant aphis, notes, Wis 59 black knot, notes 646 bud mite, notes 53 diseases, investigations 149 treatment 650 fruit fly, notes, Me 254 jelly, misbranding, U.S.D. A 568 pomace, utilization 218 products, salicylic acid in 709 rust, European, on white pine 456 saw-fly, notes 458 Wis 59 Currants, adulteration, U.S.D. A 769 analyses, Me 567 breeding experiments, Alaska 639 chemistry of 414 culture and marketing, Wash 42 in Wyoming. U.S.D. A ... . 189 insects affecting, notes, Wis 59 misbranding, U.S.D. A 468 new, descriptions, U.S.D. A 143 red spider affecting, Colo 264 scale insects affecting, U.S.D..\ 156 varieties, Wash 42 Cuscuta cuTopea, notes 348 raccmosa in alfalfa seed 240 Cuscuta, physiological studies 528 Cushion scale, cottony, notes 362 Cutaneous filariasis in a dog 792 Cutworms, climbing, remedies, Hawaii 240 injurious to sugar beets 348 sweet potatoes, N.J. . 59 tobacco 53 notes, Hawaii 254 remedies, U.S.D..\ 465 Cyamopsis psoralioides, water requirements in India 332 Cyanamid, fertilizing value 718 injurious effects, investigations. . . 718 nitrogen, natural changes in 323 Cyanamids, decomposition by fungi 622 Cyanc tcrpsichorella n.sp. , description 761 Cyanocitta cristata, feeding habits 7&4 Cyclamen disease, description, U.S.D. A 446 Cyclones, relation to weather 14 theory of 515 Cymatodera balkata, destructive to elm twig girdler 457 Cynara cardunculus , analyses 440 scolymus, root-aphis affecting, U.S.D. A 558 Page. Cj/naro spp., description, U.S.D. A 529 Cynipidee, treatise and bibliography 765 Cynips sp. , notes 255 Cynomyia cadavcrina, parasitism 162 Cyperus Totundus, toxicity, researches in 528 teget-formis, culture, Hawaii 233 Cypress borers, notes, U.S.D. A 161 Cyrtocanthacris septemfasciata, notes 362 Cysticerci, bacteria in, studies 90 Cysticercusfasciolaris, relation to hepatic sar- comata 188 tenuicollis, notes 87 Cytosporina ribis, studies 550 Dactylopius citri, injurious to coffee 758 Dactylopius, new species, descriptions 54 Dacus n.spp. , descriptions 365 Dxdalea gucrcina, notes 751 Dahlias, culture 343 root-aphis affecting, U.S.D. A 558 Daincha as a green manure 124, 432, 642 Dairies, inspection in Virginia 168 Dairy barn, round, construction, 111 190 by-products for pigs. Can 379 chemical analysis, improved methods. Wis 613 farmers' association, British, journal . . 478 farming, profitableness 79 herd records 282,780 Can 380 lU 79 N.Y.State 79 Ohio 381 Inspection in New Jersey 781 institute at Proskau, report 783 law, federal, Ind 778 in Indiana, Ind 778 Massachusetts, Mass 781 officials, organizations and institu- tion, U.S.D. A 676 products, analyses 311, 616 dissemination of diseases by, U.S.D.A 81 imports into Colorado, Colo. 292 legal standards, U.S.D.A. . . 78 marketing, U.S.D.A 192 methods of analysis 217,513 purposes, lactic cultures for, Mich 581 regulation, score card in 783 salts, analyses 782 shows in England, butter tests at 479 stock, rations for. Mass 73 work, cooperative, in Ohio, Ohio 381 Dairying, bibliography 95, 783 free publications on 495 in Minnesota, Minn 178 Montenegro 182 instruction in high schools 596 profitable, N.Y.State 79 relation to milk hygiene 783 sheep, studies and bibliography 582 Daisies, leaf tyer affecting, Conn. State 361 Dam, Pathfinder, description, U.S.D.A 419 Roosevelt, testing, U.S.D.A 419 Danais menippa, injurious to Uganda hemp . 755 Dandelions, analyses and digestibility, Nev. . 72 Danderine, misbranding, U.S.D.A 271 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 849 Page. Danish plant culture committee, report 799 Danthonia, food plant of mealy bug, La 660 Danlhonia penicillata, analyses 771 Darkness, effect on plants, Mo 526 Darwia and modern science, treatise 153 Charles, centenary 227 Darwin's work on plant movements 227 DasciUus ccrrinus, injurious to grasses 458 Date gardens of the Jerid 540 Dates, artificial ripening investigations, Ariz 641 culture experiments, Ariz 639 introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A 538 unripe, chemical organization 414 varieties, Ariz 639 Datura stramonium , grafting experiments 727 Davainea n.sp., description 4S8 urogaUi, relation to grouse disease. . 590 Deer, new piroplasm in blood of 792 protection in Alaska, U.S.D.A 555 raising 178 legislation concerning 478 Virginia, raising 478 Deflocculation in soils, studies 521 Deforestation, effect on streams 147 iu Wisconsin, U.S.D.A 419, 443 Delaware College, notes 400,496 Station, financial statement 196 notes 400,496 report of director 196 Dematium sp. in butter, description 479 Dcmatophora sp., injurious to timber 251 Dendrocalamus strictus forests, management in India 644 Dendrology, nature and history 146 Denitrification in cultivated soils 430 soils, U.S.D.A 123 and liquids 123 Department of agriculture — of Finland, report 799 (See also United States Department of Agriculture.) Dcrmaccntor rcticulatus, notes 287 Dcrmanyssus avium, notes 163 Dennaptera of British India, treatise and bibliography .' 756 Dermatitis schamhcrgi, notes 565 Dcrome's peptoniz.ed fertilizer, tests 23 Dcschampsia flexuosa, host of Claviceps 546 Desert soils, relation to moisture 314 Development Fund Act in England 693 Dew measurements in Italy 313 Dewberries, culture, .Maska 639 Dewberry double blossom , notes 453 Dextrose, cfTect on soil nitrification 621,622 Diabetes in dogs 392 Diacrisia virginica, investigations, U.S.D.A . . 759 notes. Me 254 Diadocidiina3 of North America, Me . .^ 159 Dianella intermedia, toxicity, researches in . . 582 Diaporthc parasitica, studies 456 Diarrhea, relation to house flies 664 Diaspis bromelix, remedies, Hawaii 253 pentagona hosts, list 742 Page. Diastase — effect on— flour. Can 368 formation of ammonia in plants 429 red coloring in plants. . 429 formation as aflected by nutrients 412 of wheat as affected by heat 27 Diastases in milk 309 preservation in nongerminating seeds 436 vegetable, studies 530 Diatrxa saccharalis. (See Sugar cane borer.) Dictionary, dog's medical 487 of agi'icultural chemistry 609 Dictyothrips n.sp., description 557 Dicyandiamid, determination 718 fertilizing value 126, 225, 718 from lime nitrogen 718 injurious effects, studies 718 Dicyandiamidin, determination 718 fertilizing value 126 Diet and metabolism, treatise 371 at Peoria State Hospital 66 effect on acidity of urine 375 intestinal flora 569 for athletes 669 kitchen equipment, suggestions for 470 of Belgian workingmen 169 Cuban workmen 668 poor families 169 the Filipinos 568 Yukon natives 669 protein, formation of glycogen on 373 vegetarian, relation to protein require- ments 69 (See also Food.) Dietary changes, effect on intestinal flora 70 studies in Cuba 669 with kittens and monkeys. . . 70 men 64 Dietetic preparations for milk 468 Dietetics in naval hospitals 470 Digestion — as affected by temperature 271 colloid-chemical aspects in 373 experiments, artificial 667,668 with dogs 68,372,374 monks 372 pigs, Iowa 278 sheep 73, 175 Nev 71,72 small animals 667 protein, as affected by gelatin 373 Digitalis purpurea, inheritance in 442 Dignanid, determination 718 Dimmockia secundus n.sp., description U.S.D.A 162 Dinemasporium oryzx n.sp. , description 347 Dionxa muscipula, closing response in 327 Dinrchis n.sp. , description 488 Diorite soils of New South Wales 521 Dioryctria sp. , injurious to pines 260 Diplococcus sp. , studies 454 Diplodia cacaoicola, nomenclature 346 treatment 354,748 850 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Diplodia natalensis n.sp., description 550 oryzse n.sp. , description 347 zex, toxicology 148 Diplodiella oryzx n.sp., description 347 Diplosis pirivora, remedies 53 sorghicola, investigations, U.S.D.A.. 364 notes 658 Dipping agents, tests 488 tanli, circular, advantages 488 vats, descriptions, U.S.D.A 55 Dipteria, catalogue 464 larvse, entomophagous, studies and bibliography 562 notes 762 of India 358 Kansas and Colorado 358 parasitism 159 DiptTopinotus aureoviridis , notes, U.S.D.A... 57 Discaria toumatou, toxicity, researches in 582 Diseases, dissemination by dairy products, U.S.D.A 81 infectious, transmission by fleas 261 nonbacterial, immunity in 100 of animals. {See Animal diseases.) plants. {See Plant diseases. ) transmission by house flies 664 seminal vesicles ... 183 Disinfectants, bacteriological examination, treatise 488 Disodium phosphate, effect on plant respira- tion 230 Distilleries, cooperative, in Italy 594 Distillers' grains — analyses 771 Ind 475 Me 73,572 N.Y.State 672 Wis 175 rye and com, analyses 771 Distillery slop, feeding value .' 772 DistUling industry by-product, Analyses and fertilizing value 638 Distoma globiporum, notes 664 Distoma larvae in caterpillars 159 Dodder, description and eradication 639 in alfalfe seed 240 notes 348 Dog blood, clinical examination 784 diseases, prevalence in British East Africa 784 prehistoric, description 174 Dogs, diabetes in 392 digestion experiments 68, 372, 374 distribution of Piroplasma canis in 589 enzootic ulcerous keratitis in 392 Filaria immitis in 392 guinea worms in 393 inheritance in 174, 473 medical dictionary 487 metabolism experiments 470, 572 new piroplasm in blood of. 792 nitrogen metabolism in 171 protein synthesis in 68 Senegal, rabies in 487 susceptibility to African horse sickness. 391 transmission of oriental sore in 483 Page. Dogwoods, forcing experiments. Mo 526 Dolichopodid, destructive to sorghum midge, U.S.D.A 364 Dolomite, effect on soUs and plants 226 Domestic — economy courses in colleges and universi- ties 494 science, bibliography 95 education, in North America 194 in normal schools 797 vocational schools 797 instruction at Bozeman 194 Grout farm 194 in Ireland 398 Dondea sp.,hostofbeetleaf-hopper, U.S.D.A. 557 Dothichiza populea, notes 740 Dough as affected by malt extract 63 fermentation as affected by stimu- lants 63 Doura, culture 533 Dourine, studies 487 Dove pox, notes 792 Draft animals in the Philippines, decrease.. . 674 Drainage — eflect on availability of potash in soils . . . 324 yield of crops 692 Can 395 free publications on 495 tQ Florida, studies 520 Mmnesota, U.S.D.A 490 North Carolina, bibliography 521 of marsh lands 296 west shore of Lake Michigan, U.S.D.A. 15 removal of alkali by 714 water, composition 420 Drapetis sp., notes, Iowa 256 Dried blood — analyses, Oreg 427 effect on nitrate formation in soils 622 fertilizing value 23 Fla 35 Minn 637 relation to citrus dieback, Fla 447 Drilidse, catalogue 465 Dromedaries, immunization against cowpox. 482 Drosophila busckii, notes. Me 254 Drought resistance in plants, studies 428 Drug-addiction treatments, sale and use, U.S.D.A 168 inspection, N.Dak 168,371 in Massachusetts 371 the Philippines 568 products, misbranding, U.S.D.A. 271,568,769 Drugs, analyses 371, 568 N.Dak 371 effect on lice 589 examination. Me 65 microscopical characteristics 213 misbranding, U.S.D.A 168,371,468,568 Dry farmings congress, report 34, 699 experiments In South Australia 331 Wyoming, U.S.D.A 189 in Colorado, Colo 231 U.S.D.A 590 Montana, bibliography, Mont 331 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 851 Page. Dry farming— Continued. in the Great Basin, U.S.D.A 434 west Texas 631 mash hopper, description, Md 691 niirogen problem in 318 tillage and cropping methods, Oreg 295 Drying, effect on plants, Mo 526 Dryobates pubescens, parasitism 362 Dtiboscqia hgcri n.g. and n.sp., description. . . 660 Duck, hybrid, notes 274 Indian Runner, notes 279 industry in Belgium 178 Ducks, breeds, descriptions 477 in Russia, studies 675 raising and marketing 478 wild, reservations in Alaska, U.S.D.A. 153 Dunes, sand, of the Libyan Desert 521 Dung, manure value 321 Durum wheat. (See Wheat, durum.) Dust, determination of enzyms in 131 prevention experiments, U.S.D.A 489 preparations for 191 Dyes, anilin, feeding to fowls 571 Dynamics of climate, notes 712 Dynamite, use in clearing land, Minn 190 Dysdercns sp. , notes 362 superstitiosus, notes 660 Dysentery, chronic bacterial. {See Johne's disease.) malignant, in bees, cause 360 Earias fabia spp., notes 658 Earthquakes, relation to meteorology 616 Earth's atmosphere, studies 219 elevation, relation to barometric pressure 14 rotation, studies 515 Earthworms, dipterous parasite affecting 763 Earwigs, feeding habits 660 of British India 756 parasitic, on a bat 756 East coast fever. {See African coast fever.) Eating, art of, treatise 65 Echinococci, bacteria in, studies 90 Echinococcus disease, detection 393 Echinodontium tinctorium, notes 456 Eclampsia, puerperal. {See Milk fever.) Economics, home. {See Domestic science.) relation to tuterculosis in animals 386 rural. {See Rural economics.) Ectobia germaica, remedies. Conn. State 362 Eczema, pustular, in horses 387 Education, agricultural. {See Agricultural education.) for economic efficiency 797 in Belgium 593 place of forestry in 494 vocational, treatise 695 Eelworms, injurious to geraniums 653 Egg albumin. (Sec Albumin, egg.) laying competitions in Australia 578, 777 production as affected by housing 691 in Canada, studies, Can 380 hens 275 Ireland, studies 380 products, adulteration, U.S.D.A 468, 769 Eggplants, varieties, Fla 452 86058°— VOL 23—11 5 Page. Eggs, adulteration, U.S.D.A 371,769 birds', vitellin membrane in 571 composition 768 dried, adulteration, U.S.D.A 271,371 evaporated, adulteration, U.S.D.A 168 exports from Denmark 293 fertility and hatchability, W. Va 76 hatching, U.S.D.A 495 for hatching, production 380 frozen, adulteration, U.S.D.A 568 germinal disc, studies 778 hens', catalytic activity in 471 incubation 330 inheritance of hatching qualities 675 liquid and desiccated, U.S.D.A 65 market receipts, U.S.D.A 93,796 marketing 777 U.S.D.A 495 cooperatively, in Ontario 491 misbranding, U.S.D.A 371 preservation, N.Dak 168 production in Belgium 178 profitable production 177 purin content 770 structure 330 transmission of disease organisms by... 793 utilization by vegetarians 372 Eimeria stiedx, notes 588 Eheagnus anguslifolia , hyphal fungi in 528 Elasmus setosiscutellatus n.sp., description. . . 367 Elders as windbreaks, notes 435 Electrical fever recorder, description 188 Electricity— atmospheric, studies 617 effect on plant growth 326 fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by 323 forcing of crops by 490 use in the reduction of nitric acid 609 Electrolyte solutions, effect on wheat 327 Elephant manure, fertilizing value 719 parasites, notes 590 surra, trypanosomes in 585 Eleusine coracana, water requirements in India 332 Elfingia megaloma, parasitic, studies 751 Elk raising, legislation concerning 478 Elm bark-beetle, smaller, in Massachusetts. . 564 disease, notes 553 gall aphids, studies. Me 757 twig girdler, investigations 457 Elms, dead and dying, insects from 756 forcing experiments. Mo 526 leopard moth affecting. Conn. State 361 municipal spraying. Conn. State 361 Elusine indica, host of plum aphis, Okla 156 Embryology, avian, methods of study 778 treatise and bibliography 376 Embryonic development as affected by tem- perature 761 Emmer, analyses, Wyo 573 for lambs, Wyo 573 reproduction experiments, Can 333 varieties, Alaska 631 Can 333,334,531 Kans 234 U.S.D.A 434 852 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Emmer, wild, discovery, U.S.D. A 534 yields, N. Dak 728 Empalia sp., notes, Me 762 Empoasca mali. (See Apple leaf-hopper.) spp., notes 757 Empusa muscx, parasitic on house flies 664 Enarmonia batrachopa, notes 362 prunivora. {See Apple . worm, lesser.) Endelomyia rosx. {See Rose sawfly.) Endoconidium tembladerx, relation to animal diseases 288 End61ysins, studies 583 Endomyces mali n.sp. , description. Me 352 n.sp., description 250 Endomychidse, catalogue 465 Endoparasites of Australian animals 787 Endotoxins, influence on phagocytosis 785 Engine, gasoline, for farm use 190 installation 190 Engineering, relation to Weather Bureau, U.S.D.A 419 Enological station at Ilaro, report 540 Enteric fever, transmission by flies 260 Enteritis, chronic. {See Johne's disease.) Entomobrya nivalis, injurious to hops 458 Entomological collection, Kansas University. 358 work in India 53 Entomologists, economic, association . . 359, 657, 800 official, relation to farmers . . . 359 Entomology, bibliography 95 free publications on 495 relation to agriculture 399 treatise 52 Entomosporium maculatum, studies 549 Entropy, relation to potential temperature. . 515 Environment, effect on plant forms 227 Enzym actions, reversibility 306 invertase, destruction, U.S.D.A 411 reaction as a factor in heredity 778 Enzyms as affected by charcoal 210 behavior with cellobiose 412 chemistry 410 determination in various substances 131 external factors affecting 306 hydrolysis of phosphorus by 611 intracellular, detection 512 studies 410 of fermentation vinegar 8 mammary glands, studies 285 protective action of protein for 702 proteolytic and coagulating, in gas- tric juice 306 study, use of polypeptids in 703 Epeiridse, list of species 564 Ephedrus rosx n.sp., life history and habits. . 367 Ephemeral fever in cattle, studies 185 notes 791 Epheraerida, parasitism 159 Epicoccum hyolopes n.sp., description 347 EpidocMum oryzx n.sp., description 347 Epipyrops anomala, parasitic on candle flies. . 757 Epithelioma, contagious, relation to fowl diphtheria 290 Epitrix parvula. {See Tobacco flea-beetle.) Epochra canadenm, {See Currant fruit-fly.) Page. Epulis carcinomatosa, in dogs 791 Equida>, studies 274 Equipment, army, tests 272 Equus caballus pumpellii, description 174 grevyi, crossing with asses 671 hollisi, notes 274 Erax varipes, parasitic on range caterpillar, U.S.D.A 464 Ercmxus modestus n.sp., description 565 Erepsin, occm'rence in feces 71 Ergot, dissemination by insects 546 Erigeron root-aphis, notes, U.S.D.A 558 Erinaceus europxus, new piroplasms in 287 Eriocampoidcs limacina. {See Pear-slug.) Eriococcus paradoxus, notes 662 Eriocoma cuspidata, analyses, Nev 71 Eriogonum hcermani, analyses, Nev 71 Eriopcltis festucx, notes, Me 254 Eriophyes pyri. {See Pear-leaf blister-mite.) guadripes in Wisconsin 667 ribis, notes 53 sp., notes 255 Errukam as a green manure 134 Eruca saliva, prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 Erysimum slriclum, infection experiments. . . 653 Erysiplic polygoni, notes 740 Erythoroxylon coca, culture in Cuba 334 Erythrocytes in blood of horses 289 Essential oils. {See Oils, essential.) Esters, in Cheddar cheese, Wis 679 Estigmcne acrxa. {See Salt-marsh caterpillar.) Ether, effect on plant respiration 629 plants. Mo 526 ethyl, effect on potato formation, Ariz . 627 extract of spices as affected by heating. 114 forcing of plants by, Vt 340 Ethyl alcohol, formation from acetic acid 515 relation to cheese flavor. Wis. . 680 bromid, forcing of potatoes by, Ariz. . . 627 ether, effect on potato fonnation, Ariz. 627 salts, forcing of plants by, Vt 340 Ethylene chlorid, forcing of potatoes by, Ariz. 627 gas, effect on growth of sweet peas. 229 Eucalyptus, revision 45 Eucalyplus spp., ascent of sap in 27 transpiration of water by. . . 27 Euclemensia bassettdla oq oak coccids 761 Eucolia impalicns on horn fly, U.S.D.A 55 Eudemis bolrana, remedies 53 Euderus lividus, parasitic on elm tree girdler. 457 Eulophus sp., notes, Del 158 Eumxus atala, notes 560 Eupelmus alhjnii, studies 658 Euphorbia anlisyphilitica wax, examination.. 615 pilulifcra disease, notes 153 Euphoria {Celonia) aurata, notes, Conn.State. 361 inda, notes. Me 254 Euproclis chrysorrhoea. {See Brown-tail moth.) Eurodium cicutarium in Arizona, U.S.D.A. . . 136 European elm scale, notes. Can 361 onViscum album, notes. 660 remedies, Nev 52 Eurosta elsa n.sp., description 763 spp., injurious to Solidago spp 763 Euschistus scrvus, injurious to cotton, U.S.p.A 461 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 853 Page. Eutettix tendla. (See Beet leaf-hopper.) Euthrips minutus, notes 557 n.sp., description 557 pyri. (_See Pear thirips.) tritici. {See Flower thrips.) Eufppa caulivora n.sp., description 750 Euxoa messoria, notes, N.J 59 Evaporation — as affected by precipitation, N.Dak 715 at Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.D. A 15 Provo, Utah, U.S.D. A 15 from orchard soils, U.S.D. A 440 water surfaces 617 U.S.D.A 15 in Owens Valley, U.S.D.A 15 relation to plant distribution 1.30 E vaporimeter records, Fla 420 Evergreens, factors affecting leaf color 724 Evolution, treatise 172, 471 Ewes, winter feeding, Ala.College 74 Eielastic atomosa, notes 658 Exoascus deformans, studies, N.Y.Cornell 353 Exobasidium discoideum, notes 50 vcxans, studies 749 Experiment — plats, deviations in yields 134 station at Rothamsted, enlargement 599 history and work 232 Vienna, report 616 Warsaw, report 495 forest, near Flagstaff, U.S.D.A. . . 312 library, editorial on 501 sugar, in Porto Rico 99 stations, directory, U.S.D.A 196 forestry in 595 in United States and Canada. . . 18 various countries 96 insular, investigations at 101 relation to forestry 541 (See also Alabama, Alaska, etc.) Explosives, prevention of hail by 516 in orchards against frost, U.S.D.A 144 Exposition at Brussels in 1910 604 Extension work. (See Agricultural colleges and Agricultural extension work.) Fairs, agricultural exhibits at, Ohio 596 Fallowing- experiments 34, 135, 136, 140, 334 in Wyoming, U.S.D.A 189 under dry farming 537 Families, poor, diet of 169, 568 village, standard of living 409 Famine bread, nutritive value 309 Fannia canicularis , relation to myasis 065 Farcy. (See Glanders.) Farina, gluten, misbranding, U.S.D.A 168 Farm animals. (See Live stock and Ani- mals.) boys' encampment 194 buildings, free publications on 495 bureau in Binghamton, New York 795 crop diseases, prevalence in Tasmania. 52 crops, bibliography 95 fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A. 427 free publications on 495 insects aflecting 52 Page. Farm demonstration train, papers for distri- bution on, Oreg 295 homes association in Missouri 291, 594 planning and furnishing 769 houses, conveniences in 191 U.S.D.A 191 methods of lighting. Pa 592 laborers. (See Agricultural laborers.) life in United States, treatise 092 machinery. (Sec Agricultural machin- ery.) management — at Trousse 91 in Great Britain 491 southern New York, U.S.D.A . . 693 imder tenancy, in McLean County. 694 manures, composition 524 use 18 practice, use of fertilizers in, U.S.D.A. . 319 products. (See Agricultural products.) reading, bibUography 95 school at Davis, Cal 293 tenants, amount of manuring by 125 tenure in United States 192 water supplies in Illinois 618 woodlots, notes 146, 147 Farmers — associations, need of, in the Philippines. . 491 conditions of success in cooperation 92 demonstration work, U.S.D.A 196 flsh production by 120 forest plantings by, U.S.D.A 146 in Denmark, agricultural literature for. . 295 institutes in California, Cal 695 long-term credit for, in France 292, 594 National Congress 699 profits, relation to land speculation 493 Protective Association, organization 193 relation to national economics 692 official entomologists 359 Weather Bureau, Term 14 U.S.D.A.. 15,419 short courses for, Cal 596 Union, organization and work 39 utilization of Weather Bureau warnings by, U.S.D. A 117 value of weather forecasts to 516 winter work of 91 Farming, factors of success in 18 for city men, U.S.D.A 193 In America, reorganization 291 treatise 331,631 (See also .\griculture.) Farms, abandoned, in New York, U.S.D. A.. 693 equipment, Ohio 595 for sale or rent in New York 594 ice storages on 242 planning for irrigation, U.S.D.A 190 use of firewood on, U.S.D.A 645 value of clover on. Mass 530 Farmyard manure. (Sec Barnyard manure.) Fat absorpt ion in the intestines, studies 374 analyses 115 animal, analyses 7 chemistry of, progress In 1909 305 coco, detection in lard 307 854 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Fat cream, variations in, Mo 282 crude, determination of acidity in 215 detection in butter and oleomargarine. . . 710 cocoa and chocolate 307 cream 114 millc 614 digestibility 68 formation in trees and plants 725 goose, constants of 511 in normal human organs 172 trees as a protect ion against cold 720 losses in cheese making, Can 386 melting point, determination 10 methods of analysis 115 modification of Fischer's ester method... 304 of different animals, characteristics 7 pabn, detection in butter and lard 417 saponification number, determination. . . 10 synthesis in the animal body 373 Fats, dark, determination of acid and saponi- fying numbers in 116 determination 410 of fatty acids in 116 iod in number in 615 edible, detection of volatile acids in — 305 identification 416 in animal tissues, staining 116 monograph 704 vegetable, method of analysis 215 Fauna, Australian, endoparasites of 787 family distribution and areas 752 insect, of groase moors 766 tabanid, of Brazil 762 Feces, occurrence of erepsin in 71 precipitating serum for 683 Federations in Ireland 795 Feeding experiments, notes, R.I 771 (See also Cow's, Pigs, etc.) Feeding stuffs — analyses 129,175,311,616,625,771 characteristics COS condimental, analyses, Ind 475 effect on digestibility of com, Iowa 278 decisions, U.S.D.A 475,572 free publicat ions on 495 home-grown, for pigs, U.S.D.A 495 inspection, Kans 73 Me 572 N.Y.State 672 Wis 73 and analyses, Ind 474 Mass 73 Me 73 Miss 73,475 N.J 475 "Wis 175 decisions, U.S.D.A 73,175 law, Ind 474 N.Y.State 673 Tex 572 in Pennsylvania 771 manure value, distribution 321 mixed, analyses 175 Can 378 Ind , , , 475 Page. Feeding stuffs— Continued. mixed, analyses. Me 73,572 Miss 73,475 N.Dak 168 N.J 475 R.I 771 Tex 572 Wis 175 nitrogen-free extract in 110 nonnitrogenous extracts in 611 prices, Mass 73 proprietary, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A. .. . 73,378,572,771 analyses, N.Y.State 673 R.I 771 labeling, U.S.D.A 572 misbranding, U.S.D.A 572 sacked, weight. Mass 73 soluble phosphorus Ln, Wis 511 weed seeds in. Mass 73 (See also specific kinds.) Feeds. (Sec Feeding stuffs.) Fehling's solution, notes 616 Feldspar deposits in the United States 225 fertilizing value 225 Fence posts, concrete, construction, Colo 590 U.S.D.A. 490 Fences, coyote proof, cost and use, U.S.D.A. 575 wire, selection, U.S.D.A 190 Fermentat ion , alcoholic, now theory 412 Ferments, inorganic, Schardinger's reaction. . 8 intracellular, detection 512 maltase and glucosid-splitting 111 milk, studies 309 peptolytic, detection 708 proteolytic, detection 9 in seeds Ill (See also Enzyms.) Fertilizer — experiments. (See special crops.) industry in the United States 523 law. Me 26 Oreg 427 in Alabama 129 Australia 26, 720 Canada 720 model 18 manufacturers in United States 523 requirements of soils. (See Soils.) Fertilizers — action as affected by soil moisture 121 analyses 26, 112, 129, 311, 326, 516, 616, 627 Can 311 S.C 428 U.S.D.A 125 availability of nitrogen In 302 bibliography 95 composition 524 consumption in Oregon, Oreg 427 cooperative purchase and mixing 23 detection of ammoniates in 706 effect on apples, Pa 342 composition of cereals 730, 799 soil fertility. Pa 518 soils and citrus fruits, Fla 440 for com soils, U.S.D.A 138 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 855 Page. Fertilizers— Continued . for potato soils, U.S.D.A 139 free publications on 495 handbook 523 home mixing, Me 524 Imports into New Zealand 26 Inspection— Wis 73 and analyses, Ky 526 Mass 26 Me 26 Miss 26,326 Mo 26,526 Oreg 427 W.Va 129 Wis 326 in Alabama 129 Canada 720 Florida 26 Maryland 129 New Zealand 26 North Carolina 326, 627 the United States 126 manufactvu-e and use 18 inCairo 627 market in New York 523 methods of analysis 523 mixing for forage crops, Mass 580 nature, sources, and use 319 S.C 428 nitrogenous. (See Nitrogenous fertili- zers.) penetration in soils 425 phosphatic. (See Phosphates.) plant food theory 714 potash. (See Potash.) preparation for analysis 416 relation to agriculture, 111 231 apple bitter pit 652 insects and diseases of citrus fruits, Fla 441 residual effects 32,232,633,642 N.Y.Cornell 138 solubility investigations 302 statistics, in Australia 720 studies 730 use In North Carolina 524 Victoria 26 the South, U.S.D.A 319 value and use 126 (See also specific materials.) Festuca nubigena, host of Clavlceps 546 spp., culture 436 Fever recorder, electrical, description 188 Fiber, crude. (See Cellulose.) Fiber zibethicus, habits and value, U.S.D.A.. 356 Fibers, analyses 337 breaking strength, tests 337 Flbro-sarcoma in a horse 482 Ficus aurca, parasitism 367 carica, composition 270 Field crop diseases, notes 46, 247, 740 treatment 645 Va 163 crops, cooperative experiments. Can.. . 531 cost of production, book 493 Page. Field crops, culture and yields. In India 728 In Wyoming, U.S.D.A.. 189 on Hunger Steppe 634 destruction by gophers.U.S.D.A. 154 fertilizer experiments 324 insects affecting 755 Mich 254 S.C 466 Va 163 methods of production, Minn . . . 134 notes 33, 134 water requirements In India 331 yields, Minn 134 (See also special crops.) experiments in Canada 18 various States 18 limitations in 431 methods in 133 peas. (See Peas, field.) Fields, rice, destruction of rats in 555 Fig disease, description and treatment 454 Figs, composition 270 culture in North Carolina, N.C 540 destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A 154 introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A . 538 premature dropping, studies, N.C 540 varieties, N.C 540 Filaria gibsoni n.sp. , description 588 immitis in dogs 392 medinensis in dogs 792 sanguinis equi africani, notes 791 Filter paper, effect on soil nitrification 622 Filtration plant discharge pipe, incrusta- tion 618 Fir diseases, studies 751 Douglas, yield tables 344 stumps, cost of burning, Wash 490 white, structure of resin canals in 445 Fire, fertihzing effect on soils 123 Fires, forest. (Sec Forest fires.) protection of orchards by, Tenn 442 U.S.D.A... 441 relation to vegetation, U.S.D.A 137 Firewood, consumption, U.S.D.A 645 Firs, increment investigations 146 Fish as a food for muskrats, U.S.D.A 357 biological value of nitrogen in 69 canned, misbranding, U.S.D..\ 468 diet, effect on metabolism 770 effect on acidity of urine 375 flavor of pork 177 industries, conservation and use in North Carolina 520 laws of Louisiana 555 manure, fertilizing value 432 meal, analyses 476 misbranding, U.S.D.A..'. 371 of Darien and Ecuador >. 752 offal ash, composition 26 oils, detection in vegetable oils 116 ponds, fertilizer experiments 618 production by farmers 120 Fishccderius n.g. and n.spp., descriptions 488 Fistula, abdominal , use of vaccines in 482 Fistulte, immunization 783 Flageila, studies 683 856 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Flavoring extracts — adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A. 46S effect on yeast fermentation 63 Flax, culture experiments 136 fibers, comparison, in India 728 strength and elasticity 39 green manures for 322 growth as affected by Canada thistles.. 132 quality as affected by soil 40 retting, my cological studies 630 seeding experiments. Can 332 societies in Ireland 795 varieties, Can 334 waste, composition 26 water requirements in India 332 yield as affected by soil 40 Flaxseed meal, analyses, Ind 475 tenebrionid beetle larva affecting. . 659 Fleas, factors affecting longevity of 160 on rats 763 squirrels in California 763 parasitic and predatory enemies of 663 plague, on rats and mice 160 remedies 656 rodent and human, bionomics of 503 bionomics of 562 transmission of diseases by 261,763 Flesh, white, fitness for food 389 Flies, black, control in the White Mountains. 359 of Brazil 762 blood-sucking, in Paraguay 664 candle, life history 756 destructive to snout beetles, W.Va 262 gall, injurious to roses 355 house. (See House flies.) lace- winged, destructive to orchard mites, Colo 265 of Wisconsin 664 parasitic on earthworms 763 relation to Trypanosoma cazalboui 585 robber, parasitic on range caterpillar, U.S.D.A 464 sjrphus, parasitic on green bug 460 transmitters of enteric fever 260 trypanosome diseases. . 585 viviparity in 365 Floats, residual effects 324 Flocculation in soils, studies 521 Floods as affected by forests 219, 521 control in the French Alps 219 in Missouri Valley, U.S.D.A 419 southern California, U.S.D.A 15 Willamette Valley, U.S.D.A 312 Nile, in 1908 312 relation to forests, U.S.D.A 312 Flora, forest, of Cape Colony 644 intestinal, as affected by dietary 70, 569 Floriculture, bibliography 95 treatise 145,343,443 Florida State Geological Survey, report 520 Station , financial statement 495 notes 97, 496 University, notes 97, 496 Flour, adulteration, U.S.D.A 769 analyses 169 as affected by fumigation. Can 369 nitrogen oxid, U.S.D.A 468 Page. Flour, baking quality, Can 369 tests 62,270,537 Can 308 Pa 62 U.S.D.A 335 biological value of nitrogen in 69 bleached, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 468 bleaching experiments 667 buckwheat, adulteration and mis- branding, U.S.D.A 168,769 chemistry, bibliography 537 corn, adulteration, U.S.D.A 568 cotton-seed, analyses, Tex 566 diabetic, analyses 768 digest of data on 61 digestibiUty 668 effect on saliva secretion 374 examination for nitrites 567 feeding, analyses, N.J 475 gluten content 62 misbranding, U.S.D.A 168 latent heat, experiments 668 low-grade, analyses 771 milling tests. Pa 62 mills, cooperative, in Italy 594 misbranding, U.S.D.A 468,568 phosphatids, composition 8 red dog, analyses 175 Me 572 E.I 771 rye, adulteration, U.S.D.A 468 soup, poisoning of man by 170 soy-bean, for infants 468 wheat and rye, water content 369 Flower beetle, notes. Me... 254 bulbs. (See Bulbs.) color, inheritance in Antirrhinum majus 428 industry in vicinity of Hamburg 439 thrips, notes 255 Flowers, biology 227 culture 145 in greenhouses 343 North America 142 garden, treatise 443 of Coffea arabica, abortion in 540 red clover, composition 415 packing and marketing 439 Fluorids, behavior in wood preservation 311 Fluorin from mica 716 Fly, doUchopodid, destructive to sorghum midge, U.S.D.A 364 tachinid, parasitic on wild silkworm 560 white. (See White fly.) Flycatchers, relation to fruit industry in Cali- fornia, U.S.D.A 555 Foals, new born, care. Wis 177 Fodder crop seeds, germination tests 239 Foliage as affected by Bordeaux mixture 554 leadarsenate,U.S.D.A. 163 Fames anTwsus, notes 355 lucidxis, studies 549 spp., notes 456 Food accessories, use of lactic acid in 65 analysis, treatise 306 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 857 Page. Food animals, tuberculosis in, U.S.D.A 85 chemistry, progress in 1909 306 codex of the Netherlands 113 conditions of Central Asian tribes 508 for soldiers, report on 2G6 inspection— Me 65, 567 N.Dak 168,371 decisions, U.S.D.A 65, 168, 270, 2n , 283, 368, 371, 468, 567, 572 in Massachusetts 371 the Philippines 568 Virginia 168 law in Italy 0G8 plants of birds, U.S.D.A 154 citrus white fly, U.S.D.A 4G2 scale insects, U.S.D.A 156 sorghum midge, U.S.D.A 304 preservatives. {See Preservatives.) products, analyses, N.Dak 108 examination 371 imports into Colorado, Colo.. 292 new constituent 306 prices in Great Britain 293,582 storage in District of Colum- bia 370 sulphiu- dioxid in 768 stuffs, colors In 212 (See also Diet.) Foods, adulteration, detection 306 analyses 129, 169, 568, 616, 668 N.Dak 371 animal and vegetable, comparison 69 biological value of nitrogen in 68 cereal. (See Cereal foods.) classification 65 cold storage, Senate committee hear- ings on 508 coloring matters in 113 composition 65 cotton-seed, analyses, Tex 506 detection of proteins in 513 diabetic, analyses 768 effect on acid content of saliva 770 nutrition 65 free publications on 495 misbranding, U.S.D.A 468 nitrogen-free extract in 110 nutritive lai-ios 65 of muskrats, U.S.D.A 357 Pima Indians 469 village families 469 preparation of ^Tapping paper for 370 preservation with boric acid 370 proprietarj', analyses 371, 468 purchase and preparation 568 purin content 306, 769 soiu:ce and preparation 65 studies 767 treatise 767 Foot-and-mouth disease — immunization 789 notes 288 outbreak in Holland 287 1908, U.S.D.A 84 prevalence in Great Britain 784 Page. Foot, subcartilaginous abscess on 783 Forage-crop diseases, notes 147, 247 seeds, germination tests 239 crops, analyses, Fla 431 as affected by potash salts 799 composition and digestibility, Mass 580 culture in Washington, Wash.. 531 insects affecting 147 mixing fertilizers for. Mass 580 seed examination 239 (Sec also Special crops.) plants in Arizona, U.S.D.A 136 Force screenings, analyses, N. Y.State 672 Forest — and orchard diseases, bibliography 149 botany, review of literature 739 conditions in Baden 244 Kansas, Kans 243 Prussia 244 South Carolina 146 southwest Mississippi. . . .*. . 344 Sweden 147 West Virginia 541 diseases in Italy 149 notes 147, 740 education in Alassachusetts 445 fires, fighting, U.S.D.A 541 in Canada 45 Massachusetts 445 New York 343, 344 North Carolina 737 notes 146, 147 paper on 43 protection from 737 lands, management 344 mixtures, management, U.S.D.A 643 nurseries in New York 344 plantings by farmers, U.S.D.A 146 in Kansas, Kans 244 notes 147 products laboratory at Madison, Wis 738 prices 44 Prussian, exports and imports. . 244 statistics 44 work of Government, address. . 738 reservation on the Hudson, law 344 reserve on Riding Mountain 44 reserves in New York 343 resources of Maryland 146 various countries 43 schools in New York 343 soils, physical characteristics 146 relation to moisture 314 station near Flagstaff, U.S.D.A 312 taxation in Germany 244 trees. (See Trees.) zoology, review of literature 739 Forestry- bibliography 739 cost of, in various countries 44 free publications on 495 in Baluchistan 45 Bavaria 244 Cape Colony, history 644 India 147, 245, 542, 737, 738 858 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Forestry— Continued. Page. in Kansas, Kans 243 Massachusetts 445 New South Wales 642 York 343 Norway 244, 245 Nyasaland 738 Ohio, Ohio 44 Prussia 244 Quebec 244 Scotland 737 Sweden 147 instruction in agricultural colleges 595 experiment stations 595 high schools 595 the Philippines COO law in Kansas, Kans 243, 542 Louisiana 344 operations in Dean Forest 542 place of, in education 494 relation to experiment stations 541 hunting 244 schools in Norway 244 studies, U.S.D.A 15 Forests — administration 44 as affected by grazing 344 bamboo, management in India 644 borers affecting, U.S.D.A 161 burned over, studies. Wash 444 conservation and use in North Carolina. . 520 in the United States 43,44 cost of mapping in Montana 344 effect on rainfall and floods 219, 521 water supplies 146 extension and protection in West Virginia . 541 fertilizer experiments 737 in northwest Madagascar 246 increasing productivity of 44 insects affecting 53, 147, 244, 755, 759 U.S.D.A 756 lodgepole, treatment. Wash 445 of Alaska, U.S.D.A 443 Cape Colon}-, treatise 644 Finland 542 Kamerun 245 northern Canada 356 South Carolina, descriptions 147 original, paper on 44 petrified, of Arizona, U.S.D.A 312 pine, as affected by smoke 726 planting, paper on 44 preservation 147 protection 244 from fire, U S.D.A 541 rates of growth 43 relation to floods, U.S.D.A 312 land values in New South Wales 521 rainfall and temperature 516 stream flow 737 U.S.D.A 419,443 sowing V. planting 245 taxation 44 teak, reproduction 45 tropical rain, activities of plants in 130 utilization 146 Forests— Continued. utilization, treatise 45 western, yield tables 344 Forficula auricularia, feeding habits 660 Forked catchfly , prevalence in Ontaria, Can . . 340 Formaldehyde — aualyses, N.Dak 168, 371 as a cream preservative. Can 382 seed disinfectant 248 effect on germination and yield 649 of grain, Utah 742 tannin 429 formation in plants 29, 116 fungicidal value 47, 649 gas fumigation, U.S.D.A 446 preparation and use 651 Formalin. (See Formaldehyde.) Formic acid, determination 11 Formica rufa, notes 57 Formol as a manure preservative 125 FoTst/thia. spp., forcing experiments 41 Fowl cholera, description and treatment 792 passive immunity in 487 diphtheria, relation to contagious epi- thelioma 290 diplitheria, relation to fowl pox 792 diseases, studies 792 pox, immunization 792 ticks, in Australia 659 studies 766 white comb, studies 187 Fowls, American breeds, notes 279 breeds, descriptions 477 cost of feeding, Can 380 metabolism experiments 72, 272 oviductal ligaments, studies. Me 275 physiological development in, studies. 571 poisoning by diseased wheat 147 spirochetosis in 188, 392 test of breeds for egg production 380 (See aUo Poultry.) Foxgloves, inheritance in 442 Foxtail grass, insect affecting, U.S.D.A 364 yellow, host of plum aphis, Okla 156 Fragaria chiloerisis, breeding experiments, Alaska 639 Fraxinus lanceolatus , host of white-fly, Fla. . . 462 Freezing, effect on plants, Mo 526 point in plants, determination 526 Frit fly, notes 458 Frogs, cndoglobular stage of trypanosomes in . 585 Frontierlife in United States, treatise 692 Frontina archippivora, notes. Me 254 Frost, effect on plants, Vt 340 yield of oats 118 prevention, U.S.D.A 312 studies 516 protection of crops from 14, 516 U.S.D.A 117 fruits from 440 U.S.D.A... 144,419 orchards from, Tenn... 441,442 U.S.D.A. 441 relation to cherry gimunosis 353 fruit land topography 516 grape diseases, U.S.D.A. . . 650 peach yellows 454 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 859 Page. Frost temperature, records, Ariz 695 Fructose, effect on invertase, U.S.D.A 411 in seed coats 704 Fruit canning contests, Ind 95 conserves, determination of sugar in . . . 307 culture in arid regions, treatise 440 disease, studies 350 diseases, notes 46 treatment 241 express company's precooling plants. . . 540 flies, notes 160, 562, 658, 659 fly, injurious to cacao 53 growers, horseback sprayer for 554 Industry in Alabama 733 California, relation to birds, U.S.D.A 555 Germany 241 the United States 144 vicinity of Hamburg 439 investigations in New Zealand 440 land topography, relation to frost 516 monkey-bread, food value 468 plantation, experimental, in England. . 733 pomaces, utilization 218 production in the British Empire 538 raisingin Niagara County, N.Y.Cornell. 539 scab, treatment. III 60 scale, European, notes. Wis 59 sirups, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 468 keeping qualities, U.S.D.A 509 sugar for priming wines Ill tree web worms, remedies 760 trees, arsenical poisoning 658 Fruits- acidity as affected by light 723 analyses 616 as affected by Bordeaux mixture 554 sugar in cooking 64 ash content as affected by light 723 bibliography 95 caimed, analyses. Me 567 canning in the home 310 chemistry of 414 citrus. (See Citrus fruits.) cold storage 242 cost of production in Colorado, U.S.D.A. 590 crushed, keeping qualities, U.S.D.A 509 culture experiments, N.Mex 733 in Columbia River Valley, U.S.D.A 435 Great Plains region, U.S.D.A. 42 New South Wales 143 northeastern Minnesota, Minn. 143 Wyoming, U.S.D.A 189 deciduous, insects affecting, U.S.D.A 760 development as affected l)y light 723 dropping, cause and prevention 144 economic importance 668 fertilization by bees 765 food value 668 imports into Colorado, Colo 292 Insects affecting 241, 459, 659, 755 Wis 59 Introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A ... 538 marketing, U.S.D.A 192 Page. Fruits— Continued . marketing In Holland 796 native and tropical, culture in Cuba 640 new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 143 notes, N.Dak 736 orchard — aphids affecting, Can 361 arsenical poisoning 359 blossoming period 144 culture, Ariz 639 and irrigation, Mont 143 in New Zealand 440 Queensland 338 on Hunger Steppe 534 imder irrigation, U.S.D.A.. . 190 destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A 154 endotrophic mycorrhiza in 528 fertilizer experiments 640 forcing experiments. Mo 526 insects affecting 147 poisoning by arsenic, Colo 553 root growth 144 varieties, U.S.D.A 42 packing and marketing 439, 440 precooling for shipment 439 protection from frost 440 U.S.D.A 144,419 purin content 770 small, blossoming period 144 culture m New Zealand 440 insects affecting. Wis 59 preparing for market, U.S.D.A . . . 144 varieties, U.S.D.A 42 sulphur dioxid in 768 varieties, -Alaska 639 for North Tyrol 343 Ontario 143 Fuchsius, biographical sketch 227 Fullers earth deposits in Florida 520 Fumes, smelter, effect on plants and animals, U.S.D.A 83 Fumigation — effect on wheat and flour. Can 369 of nursery stock 458 schedules, Cal 265 use of water in 565 with carbon disulphid 359 formaldehyde gas, U.S.D.A 446 hydrocyanic-acid gas 467 Conn. State . . 361 sodium cyanid 367 Fungi as a cause of plant diseases 740 Chilean, taxonoiiiic discussion 721 decomposition of cyanamids by 622 edible, purin content 770 effect on organic matter in soils 621 cntomophagous, introduction, Hawaii. 254 growth as affected by tannin 330 higher, chemistry of 631 hyphal, ui plants 528 notes 740 of middle Russia 247 parasitic, effect on plants 645 prevalence in Ossola 147 protection of plants against 228 pyrophilous, studies 629 860 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Fungi , relation to cereal lodging 546 depreciation in prunes 630 Webber's brown, parasitic on citrus wliite fly 758 Fungicide law, federal 767 new, method of action 253 Fungicides— as affected by various substances 51 chemistry of, Can 367 copper, studies 50 efiect on apples, U.S.D.A 651 germination of wheat. 47, 742 notes 545 preparation and use 466 m 61 Ky 466 Md 252 Mich 566 N.C 454 Ohio 544 Oreg 466 Wis 61 tests 47 Fungias disease of live stock 288 gnat, notes. Me 254 in butter, description 479 pests, prevalence in Tasmania 52 symbiosis in orchids 133 Fimgusine, effect on germination of wheat. . . 742 tests 649 Funtumia elastica rubber, analyses 45 preparation 544 Fusarium cuhense n.sp., investigations 455 nivale, relation to Nectria gramini- cola 545 niveum, notes 349 oxysporum, studies 449 pini, studies 354 Tubi, notes 453 sp . , efiect on anthracnose, La 250 notes, Ariz 646 spp., as a cause of leaf roll 648 growth as affected by tannin. 330 notes 47 studies 148,451,647,743 udum n.sp., description 448 studies 246 Fusel oil, detection in brandy 216 Fusicladium dendriticum. {Sec Apple scab.) effusum, studies 247 treatment, Fla 447 Galactose in seed coats 704 Gall aphids, studies and bibliography 758 flies, injurious to roses 355 insects and host plants, bibliography. . . 564 mites, notes 651 Wis 59 Galls, insect, in Massachusetts 564 of Cuba 255 Galvanic currents, effect on wheat germina- tion 627 Gamasus n.spp., descriptions 565 Game birds, treatise 178 laws of Louisiana 555 preserves in United States, U.S.D.A. . 153 protection, U.S.D.A 253 Page. Game protection in Alaska, U.S.D.A 555 ofBcials and organizations, U.S.D.A 554 Ganoderma sessile, notes 247 Garbage, analyses 25 disposal at Paris 25 manufacture of fertilizers from 627 Garden crop diseases in Queensland 147 notes ., 46,147,740 treatment 645 Va 163 W.Va 46 crops, culture in Wyoming, U.S.D.A 189 on Hunger Steppe 534 fertilizer experiments 719 insects affecting 1 47, 755 Va 163 loam, effect on muck soils 120 plaiming, treatise 736 planting tables 243 seeds, tests 439 Gardening, articles on 343 bibliography 95, 145 for boys and girls, treatise 94 rural schools, Ala.Tuskegee... 494 French, treatise 640 in Fairbanks, Alaska 693 institutions, value 94 manual 41 market, in Belgiimi 593 treatise 142 treatise 243 Gardens, bibliography 145 cottage, plants for, treatise 443 date, of the .Terid 540 destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A. . 154 floral decorations in 142 handling imdcr dry farming, Colo.. 231 insects affecting 53 school. (See School gardens.) Garget. (See Mammitis.) Gas, Clayton, value as a disinfectant 656 illuminating, effect on sweet peas 230 lime, analyses 325 Gaseous exchange in animals, apparatus for determining 770 Gases, effect on growth of sweet peas 229 nitrous, condensation of moisture by . . 616 resorption in the intestines 570 sterilization with ultra^aolet rays 518 Gasoline, forcing of potatoes by, Ariz 627 heater for brooders, N.Y.Cornell ... 591 lamps for farmhoiises, tests, Pa 592 use in preparing cactus as a feed. . . 282 Gastric juice — digestive power as affected by temperar ture 271 proteolytic and coagulating enzjmis in . . . 306 Gastro-enteritis in British East Africa 588 of dogs, spirochetes in 792 Gastrotoxin, studies 788 Geese, breeds, descriptions 477 in Russia, studies 675 raising and marketing 478 wild, reservations in Alaska, U.S.D.A. 153 Gelatin, effect on digestion of protein 373 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 861 Page. Oelechia gnssypiella, notes 658 npcrculella. (See Potato tuber worm.) Genetics, international congress 300 Geography, course in, for rural schools 195 of North Carolina, bibliography. 520 relation to human nutrition 67 Geological Survey. (See United States Geo- logical Survey.) Geology, agricultural, treatise 422 of feldspar deposits in United States 225 Florida 520 North Carolina, bibliography 520 northeastern Kentucky 119 northern Canada 356 South Africa 31 Georgia College, notes 297, 496, 696 Station, notes 496 Geraniums, eelwonns affecting 653 Genu plasm as affected by alcohol 473 OcTTts paludum, parasitism 157 Ghee, adulterants 681 analyses 680 Gid outbreak in New York 87 parasite, life history, U.S.D.A 87 Gin, adulteration and misbrandingjU.S.D. A. 168 Ginger, effect on yeast fermentation 63 snaps, cotton-seed, analyses, Tex 666 varieties 432 Ginseng blight, treatment 547 culture 241 diseases, studies 742 mildew, studies 452 Gipsy moth- bibliography, U.S.D.A 663 control in Connecticut, Conn. State 361 Maine 458, 755 Massachusetts 359, 445, 463 diseases, investigations 463 dissemination in Massachusetts 560 distribution, U.S.D.A 663 eggs, resistance to digestive fluids of birds. 759 low temperatures 560 field work, U.S.D.A 602 life history, U.S.D.A 662 notes. Me 254 parasites, breeding, U.S.D.A 162 descriptions, U.S.D.A 56 investigations 463 remedies 359 U.S.D.A 663 Girls, gardening for 94 industrial contests for, Ind 94 Gladiolus, respiration in as affected by poi- sons 629 Glanders- complement fixation methods in 84 diagnosis 18G, 290, 584, 684 Strauss reaction 790 prevalence in Alabama 484 Great Britain 783,784 New York 387 relation to animal experimentation 182 sero-diagnosis 791 Page. Olceosporium — alboruhrum, studies 552 ampelophagum, description and treat- ment 353 anthurlophilum n.sp., description 653 caulivorum, studies 448 Jagicolum, prevalence in Germany 252 morinum, notes 741 polymorphum, notes 355 sorauerianum, notes 153 sp., notes 549 spp. , growth as affected by tannin 330 treatment 650 venetum, investigations. Wash 452 Glomerella, development 48 Glomerella rufomaculatis cyclaminis n.var., de- scription, U.S.D.A 446 Gloomy scale, injurious to shade trees 458 Glossina — morsitans, transmission of trypanosome diseases by 535 palpalk, biology and history 664 distribution 763 investigations 562 relation to Trypanosoma cazal- boui 585 Glover's scale, injmious to citrus fruits 53 Gluconic acid, formation by oUve-tuberele organism 611 Glucose vinegar, detection 114 Glucosids and carbohydrates, treatise 305 formation by plants 725 Gluten breakfast food, misbranding,U.S.D. A. 568 feeds, analyses 771 Can 378 Me 73,572 N.J 475 N.Y.State 672 R.I 771 Wis 175 for horses, Iowa 278 misbranding, U.S.D.A 572 meal, analyses 468 Can 378 products, misbranding, U.S.D.A 168 Glycerids in milk fat 211 Glycerol in milk products ' 80 Glycocoll, ab.sorption by plants 725 Glycogen analysis, cause of low results in 10 content of beef, studies 367 determination as affected by time of heating u formation on protein diet 373 precipitate, peculiarities in 7 Glyptapanteles fulvipes, parasitic on gipsy and brown-tail moths 403 spp., notes, U.S.D..\ 162 Glyptocera consobrinclla, studies 561 Glyptocolastes bruchivorus n.sp., description . . 367 temnus n.sp., description 367 Gnat, fungus, notes, Me 254 Onathostomum spinigerum In cats 590 Gnats, Buffalo, of Brazil 702 Gnomonia, development 4fc Qnomonia erythrostoma, studies 151 oryzx n.sp. , description 347 862 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Goat disease in the Andes 288 prehistoric, description 174 Goats, Angora, notes 178 immunization against anthrax 286 pox 286 Maltese, characteristics, U.S.D.A 89 relation to poultry industry in Russia. 675 Goessmann, C. A., biographical sketch 401 Gold-bugs, notes, N.J 59 Golden buprestis, notes, U.S.D.A 161 Gonorrheal infections, use of vaccines in 482 Gooseberries — breeding experiments, Alaska 639 chemistry of 414 culture and marketing, Wash 42 new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 143 red spider affecting, Colo 264 scale insects affecting, U.S.D.A 156 varieties, Wash 42 Gooseberry— dieback, treatment 453 diseases, studies 550 mildew, American, in Belgium and Rus- sia 551 means of spread 353 treatment 353, 545 studies 247 treatment 655 Goose fat, constants of 511 grass, host of plum aphis, Okla 15c Gophers, pocket, destruction, U.S.D.A 154 of trees by, U.S.D.A.... 153 Gorse for sheep 774 Gossyparia spuria. (See European elm scale.) Gout in birds, notes 90 Gracilaria n.spp., descriptions 561 Graduate School of Agriculture 402 Grafting stock, effect on scion 727 Grain aphis, European, parasitism 400 spring, as affected by climate. . . 460 parasitism 459, 460 bug, injurious to cotton, U.S.D.A 461 cultm'e imder irrigation, U.S.D.A 190 diseases, notes 147 farming, relation to soil fertility 672 rotation systems for 18 handling in the United States 33 insects affecting 147, 755 loose smut, treatment 247, 346, 646 mixtures for hay 535 tests,Can 333 varieties. Can 531 moth, Angoumois, studies 658 rations for cows, Can 380 pigs, Mont 176 steers, Mont 176 Pa 574 rust, notes 740 smuts, treatment 545 Grain.", breeding 240 cost of production, U.S.D.A 335 culture in Washington, Wash 531 fertilizer experiments 633 N.Dak 728 harvesting, storing, and milling 436 Page. Grains, irrigation, U.S.D.A 335 methods and time of sowing 633 of South Africa, malting quaUties 33 purin content 770 reproduction experiments, Can 333 varieties 633 Alaska 632 wintering, studies 646 (See also Cereals and special crops.) Gram, analyses 169 borer, notes 659 water requirements in India 332 Granary weevil, studies 658 Granite soils of New South Wales, analyses. . 521 Granulation, exuberant, paper on 783 Grape anthracnose , treatment 353 black rot, studies 247 crown gall, investigations, U.S.D.A ... 650 diseases, bibliography 149, 650 descriptions 353 notes 242 relation to sap acidity 651 studies 646, 746 treatment 645, 650, 656, 747 downy mildew, treatment 251, 453, 651 gray rot, description 353, 654 formation of sclerotia by 48 studies 550 treatment 253, 653, 654 investigations in California, U.S.D.A. . 640 juice, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 leaf curl, relation to phonolite 324 hopper, notes, Me 254 Oidium, ascogenous form 151 phylloxera, notes 660 roncet as affected by soils 550 morphology and anatomy 48 studies 747 stock, effect on grapes, U.S.D.A 641 sun scald, studies 48 Grapefruit buckskin, treatment, Fla 446 leaf yellow spotting, notes, Fla 447 Grapes- American, cultm'e in Sardinia 342 failme in Italy 144 grafting experiments 144 analyses 414 as affected by graft and stock, U.S.D.A. . 641 sugar in cooking 64 assimilation of nitrogen by 329 culture in Wyoming, U.S.D.A 189 treatise 242 under irrigation, N.Mex 733 fertilizer experiments 342 for cows 378 grafting and bibliography 442 experiments 42. greedy scale affecting 362 insects aflecting 242, 646, 650, 659 introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A. . . 538 manufacture of sugar from 218 Muscadine, self-steriUty experiments, N.C 734 preparation for marketing, U.S.D.A 144 priming in summer 242 red coloration investigations 428 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 863 Page. Grapes— Continued. resistant varieties, U.S.D.A 641 Scuppemong, cross-pollination, N.C 735 yields, N.C 735 thinning experiments 342 varieties, U.S.D.A 641 resistant to crown gall, U.S.D.A 650 Grapevine mite, injuries by 766 Grass and clover mixtures, tests 232 hedgehog, prevalence in Ontario, Can . 340 Hungarian, culture experiments. Can. . 333 lands, seeding and maintenance 34 top-dressing with phonolite 24 malojillo, relation to Texas fever 390 mixtures for pastures. Mass 530 N.Y.Cornell.. 529,530 mowings, care of. Mass 530 peas, varieties. Can 531 redtop, for pastures, N.Y. Cornell 529 scale, cottony, notes, Me 254 thrips, notes. Me 254 trees, Australian, notes 767 Grasses — analyses 232, 771 as a mulch for cacao 343 affected by manganese 720 food plants of plum aphis, Okla 156 host plants for ergot 741 characteristics, N.Y.Comell 529 cooperative experiments 634 Mo 35 culture experiments, Fla 431 in Queensland 338 Washington , Wash 531 descriptions, Mass 530 fertiUzer experiments 23, 24, 432, 633, 633 Mass 730 R.I 21 U.S.D.A 427 for cows 282 permanent pastures 34 germination tests 239 insects aHecting 53, 458 U.S.D.A 464 nitrogenous fertilizers for 525 of Alaska, description and bibliography. . 727 pure-bred strains, culture 432 seed examination 239 varieties 232, 436 Alaska 632 yields as affected by windbreaks 435 (See also specific kinds.) Grasshoppers. (See Locusts.) Grayia polygaloides , analyses, Nev 71 Grazing, effect on forests 344 leases in Australasia 45 Greasewood,hostofbeetleaf-hopper,U.S.D.A. 557 Great Lakes, ice conditions on, U.S.D.A 419 Greedy scale, notes .362 Green ash as a white fly food plant, Fla 462 bug. (See Grain aphis. Spring.) manures, comparison .322 composition 524 decomposition investigations 625 fertilizing value 729 notes 338 Page. Green manures, rfile of bacteria in 717 time of plowing under 322 manuring experiments 320, 322, 323,433,536,641 U.S.D.A 339 with rice 134 on wet lands 124 studies 717 Green, S. B. , biographical sketch 499 Greenhouse leaf tyer, notes. Conn. State 361 plant diseases , notes 153 Greenhouses, construction and heating 142 unheated, treatise 142 Grindelia squarrosa, prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 Grips baciUi, relation to mammitis 688 Ground cricket, injurious to rice 53 squirrels. (See Squirrels, gi'ound.) Groundnuts. (See Peanuts.) Grouse disease, pathological investigations.. . 590 Gryllotalpa africana, injurious to rice 63 Gryollodes melanocephalus, notes 659 Guano, analyses 23 bat, fertilizmg value, P.R 238 deposits in Peru 523 fertilizhig value 232 Peruvian , solubility 302 Guar, water requirements in India 332 Guavas, insects affecting 755 U.S.D.A 268 Guayule, propagation experiments 543 rubber increase in 130 shrub, notes 445 Guignardia bidwelUi, studies 247 Guinea corn disease, notes 649 fowl hybrid , description 671 fowls, in Russia, studies 676 grass, analyses 771 culture 533 experiments, Fla 431 pigs as affected by kamit 582 lecithin 774 tuberculous milk. 781 breeding experiments 376 dwarf form , notes 428 feeding Sudan III to 273 immunization against swine plague 486 inheritance of color and super- numerary mammae in 428 pseudotuberculosis in 183 worms in domesticated animals 393 Gumweed, prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 Gundelia iournefortii, description, U.S.D.A... 529 Gurleya francntici n.sp. , description 762 Gutierrizia divaricata, analyses, Nev 71 Gymnosporangium spp. , notes 356 Gypsum, fertilizing value 23 Pa 634 Habil-forming agents, sale and use, U.S.D.A. 167 Habronema muscx, parasitic on house flies... 664 Hackberries, forcing experiments. Mo 526 Hadronotus anasx, parasitic on cotton insects, U.S.D.A 462 Hxmaphysalis proxima, studies 465 Hsematobia serrata. (See Hom-fly.) 864 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Hxmatopinus notophallus n.sp., description. . 662 spp. , remedies 589 Hxmatopinus spinulosus — development of Trypanosoma lewisi in. . . 662 parasitism 157 transmission of Trypanosoma lewisi hy... 559 Hxmonchus contortus, treatment, U.S.D.A... 88 (Strongylus) contortus, notes 88 Hzmoprolcus orizivorx n.sp. , description 667 Hail, injuries to trees by 130 insurance in Europe 594 prevention by cannonading 5J6 protection from 713, 799 studies 712 Hailstorms in Saxony 312 Hair tonic, misbranding, U.S.D.A 371 Halarachne attenuata n.sp. , description 565 Halley's comet,' relation to atmospheric phe- nomena, U.S.D.A 311 Halogen salts, relation to detection of nitrates. 213 Ham, poisoning of man by 170 Hardpan, causes 715 Hares, coccidiosis in 291 Harlequin cabbage bug, injurious to cotton, U.S.D.A 462 Harrowing, effect on yield of cereals 310 Hawaii Station, report 295 Hawthorns, forcing experiments. Mo 526 Hay, analyses 175 crops, varieties 432 for sheep ' 774 grain mixtures for 535 imports into Colorado, Colo 292 making, notes 436 native, analyses, Wyo 573 for lambs, Wyo S73 prices in England and Scotland 293 production in Massachusetts, Mass 530 shrinkage experiments 236 spontaneous combustion 511 wheat and oat, scale of points for 436 yield as affected by pasturing 432 soil moisture. Pa . . 522 (See also Alfalfa, Clover, and Timothy.) Hazelnut weevil, notes, W.Va 262 Headache cures, misbranding, U.S.D.A. 65,468,568 mixtures, sale and use, U.S.D.A. . 168 Health, public, relation to milk 783 Heart action as affected by tuberculosis 580 Heartwater, treatment with trypanblau 589 Heat, coagulation of proteins by 612 diurnal, exchange in snow 15 effect on longevity of fleas 159 milk 114 soils, N.Y. Cornell 316 tryptic digestion of egg albu- min 374 interchange, studies 515 transfer in soils 223 (See also Temperature.) Heating devices, use in orchards, U.S.D.A. . . 144 Hedgehog grass, prevalence in Ontario, Can. . 340 Hedgehogs, new piroplasms in 287 Hedges, planting, N.Dak 541 Hedysarum coronarium, nonnitrogenous ex- tracts in 611 Page. Heifers, cost of feeding, Conn.Storrs 475 feeding experiments 475 Wyo 573 Helianthus spp., analyses 636 Heliodines, North American, classification... 303 Heliophila unipuncta. (See Army worm.) Ileliothis obsoleta. (See Cotton bollworm.) Heliothrips fasciatus, notes 255 Heliotropism in brown-tail moth 260 Helminthosporium spp., investigations, Iowa 447 notes 346 studies 451 Helminths, bionomics of 393 Helophilus bruesi n.sp., description 664 Helvetia esculenta, detection of chromogens in. 230 Hemagglutinins, vegetable, studies 785 HematoxylLa, effect on formation of anti- bodies 584 Hematozoa, flagellate and endoglobular, rela- tionship 585 Hemicelluloses, occurrence in seed coats 704 Hemilecanium recurvatum n.sp., description. . 662 Hemileia vaslairix uredospores, infection and germination 749 Hemilcuca lucina, notes 560 oliiise, studies, U.S.D.A 463 Hemiptera, bibliography 765 Heteroptera, nearctic, catalogue. 463 hymenopterous parasites of 765 injurious to cocoa 557 Hemlock bark-borers, notes, U.S.D.A 161 Hemlocks, insect affecting. Conn. State 361 Hemoglobin in blood of horses 289 Hemoglobinemia, rheirmatic, studies 289 Hemoglobins, detection 770 Hemoglobinuria in bovines, immunization . . 389 Hemolysis in veterinary science 484 studies 671 Hemoptysis, effect on leucocyte content of blood 583 Hemorrhagic septicemia. (See Septicemia.) Hemp, analyses 337 Ctilture m the United States, U.S.D.A 236 diseases, studies 148 fibers, breaking strength, tests 337 insects afiecting 148 Manila, culture 436 retting, mycological studies 630 sisal, culture in Cuba 334 Queensland 338 studies and bibliography 536 sunn, as a green manure 124 Uganda, injuries by Danais menippa. 755 Hendersonia, cliaracteristics and culture 646 Hendersonia oryzse n.sp., description 347 Hen's egg, catalytic activity in 471 Hens, laying capacity 275 metabolism experiments 272 Hepatic sarcomata, relation of Cysticercus fasciolaris to 188 Hereditary unsoimdness in horses 486 Heredity — ancestral contribution in 273 and metabolism, bibliography 273 variation, address on 376 atavism in, studies 274 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 865 Page. Heredi ty— Con tinued . biochemical conception of dominance in. 778 biological factor in 377 in dogs 174, 473 fowls 75 foxgloves 442 plants, studies 130 poultry. Me 674 studies 571 influence of male parent in 571 Mendelian phenomena in 172, C70, C71 V. non-Mendelian characters. . 274 of coat color in horses 476 color, conformation, and sex 571 in animals 778 sex, exper imental stud ies 472 theories 173 vaccine immunity 482 physiology of, studies 428 problems in, studies and bibliography. . . 377 relation to cell structure 227 cellular osmosis 377 horticulture 541 significance of nucleus in 471 speed transmission in 274 studies 272, 376, C70 treatise 570, 777 Heroin, effect on leucocytes 1S8 Herons, destruction of gophers by, U.S.D.A. 154 Herpetomonas hespx n.sp., description 155 jaculum, life history 155 muscx-domesticx, parasitic on house flies 664 Herring, salt, characteristic color 368 Herrings, adulteration, U.S.D.A 168 Heterocampa guttivitta, notes 458, 657 . Me 254 Hcterodera radicicola, injiu-ious to bananas. . . 748 studies 655,742 schachtii, injurious to sugar beets.. 348 Heteroecism in plant rusts, origin 345 Heterospilus bruchi n.sp., description 367 Heterosporium echinulatum, treatment 153 variabile, investigations 350 Hevea brasiliensis. (See Rubber, Para.) Hevea leaf disease, studies 552 Hexamethylenotetramin in wine 217 Hickories, forcing experiments. Mo 526 Hickory curculio, notes, W.Va 262 Hickorynut weevil, notes, W.Va 262 Hickorynuts, snout beetles affecting, W.Va . . 261 Hicroglyphus furcifer, studies 659 Highways. (See Roads.) Hippoboscidaj in France and Algeria 665 Hippuric acid, determination in urine 217 Histiostoma tarsalis n.sp., description 565 notes 563 Hog cholera, control by serum immunization.' 387 immimization 186, 689 notes, Nev 84 paper on 784 prevalence in Alabama 484 Great Britain. . 783,784 relation to animal experimenta- tion 182 swine plague,, ,,,... 688 Page. Hog cholera serum, tests, U.S.D.A 89 studies 790 Ind 185 Mirm 83 treatment, S.C 588 U.S.D.A 90 Hoggets, disease affecting 588 Hogs. (Sec Pigs.) Holland rask, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 Hollyhock rust, morphology and life history. 456 Home economics. (See Domestic science.) industries societies in Ireland 795 yards, care and planting. 111 43 Homes, economical use of meat in, U.S.D.A.. 165 Hominy, analyses. Wis 175 feeds, analyses 771 N.Y.State 672 R.I 771 Honey, adulteration, detection 114 chemistry, progress in 114 examination 307 ferment reactions in 307 ferments, value for judging honey 12 industry in Switzerland 668 judging 12 misbranding, U.S.D.A 271,468 notes 767 quality as allected by beet sugar 167 Honey dew, Aleyrodcs nubifcra, analyses, Fla. 462 Honeysuckle as affected by earwigs 660 Hop downy mildew, description 447 flea-beetle, investigations, U.S.D.A 262 mildew, treatment 655 sage, analyses, Nev 71 statistics, U.S.D.A 196 Ilopperdozer for rough ground, description . . 565 Hops, change of sex in 227 insects affecting 458 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 394 male, value in fertilization '. . 337 yield, factors affecting, U.S.D.A 139 Hordeum nodosum, analyses, Nev 71 Hormaphis hamamclidis, life history 757 Hormodendron sp., life history 545 treatment, Fla 446 Horn, fertilizing value 23 fly, studies, U.S.D.A 55 Homed lark, relation to fruit industry in Cal- ifornia, U.S.D.A 555 Horns, relation to development of bones 174 Horse and mule breeding, treatise 379 beans as a green manure, U.S.D.A 339 affected by compression 130 blood, clinical examination 784 erythrocytes and hemoglobin in 289 breeding — Government supervision in 578 in Trinidad 378 industry in Minnesota 578 Pennsylvania 477 the Netherlands 477 United States 379 treatise 776 chestnut disease, notes 553 chestnuts, insects affecting, U.S.D.A.. 156 commissioners, financial report, Utah. 177 866 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Horse disease in the Andes 288 diseases, bibliography 290 prevalence in British East Africa 784 gait, treatise 477 industry in Belgium, treatise 477 Madagascar 177 Utah, Utah 177 meat, glycogen content 368 nettle, underground organs, studies. . . 727 poisoning by weeds, U.S.D.A 137 prehistoric, description 174 protein in milk of immunized mothers. 682 serum, cellase in 306 reaction of rabbits to 681 treatment of ulcer by 683 sickness, African- investigations and bibliography. . . 791 relation to mosquitoes 663 susceptibility of dogs to 391 Horseback sprayer for fruit growers 554 Horsegram and cotton as a mixed crop 134 Horseradish amylase, investigations 410 Horses — anemic disease in 783 Arab, quest of, book 776 as affected by arsenic, U.S.D.A 83 barium chlorid 582 breeding for the German army 477 treatise 74 breeds and types in Russia 578 defects and vices. Wis 674 destruction by smelter fumes, U.S.D.A.. 83 domestic, variations in skeleton of 477 draft, continental breeds 578 judging. Wis 674 dynamics of locomotion in 577 exports from Denmark 293 feeding experiments, Iowa 278 fibro-sarcoma and sarcosporidiosis in 482 fleshing for market, U.S.D.A 495 glandered, examination of blood in 386 guinea worms in 393 hereditarj' unsoimdness in 486 immunization against meningitis 790 improvement in various countries 477 inbreeding 174 inheritance of coat color in 476 sex in 571 intestinal streptococci in, studies 390 measurement of the thoracic cavity in. 775, 776 measuring stick, description 177 methods of training 577 Morgan, regeneration, U.S.D.A 776 nephrolithiasis in 683 Oldenburg coach, treatise 776 peanut cake for 577 poisoning by silage 630 polo, selection and training 776 pustular eczema in 387 relation of saddle to conformation of back. 776 rough rice for. La 672 score cards for, Utah 177 shoeing 578 speed transmission in 274 sugar for, npteg and bibliography . , . , 577 Page. Horses— Continued . system of measuring 177 treatise 776 unbroken, in United States army 673 United States army, studies 673 Welsh, improvement 776 Horticultural — crops, insects affecting 46 inspection in Colorado 254 law in Arizona 556 paper on 658 inspectors' certificates, paper on 658 proceedings 360,658 instruction in Ireland 398 North America 142 records, keeping, Hawaii 241 work in Nova Scotia 241 Horticulture- elementary, in California schools 695 experiment and research methods 142 free publications on 495 in North America 142 international congress at Brussels 300 relation to Mendel's law 541 Hospitals, naval, dietetics in 470 value of gardening in 94 Hot beds, equipment and management 142 Houdans, egg production by 380 House flies- anatomy and bibliography 664 chalcidoid parasites of 161, 162,666,765 control in Berkeley, California 664 studies 359 transmission of diseases by 664,665 Household administration, course in 494 Hudson forest reservation, law 344 Himiate, effect on plant growth 527 Humming birds, destructive to sorghiun midge, U.S.D.A 364 Humulus lupulus, change of sex in 227 Himius acids in upland moors, investigations. 715 effect on mrea decomposition 722 formation and decomposition in soils. 621 in soils, complexity 610 determination 705 relation to spinach diseases, Va. Truck 716 Hunting, relation to forestry 244 Hybridization- experiments with Mirabilis jalapa 428 germinal analysis through 671 (See aUo Plant breeding orwf Animal breed- ing.) Hydrobromic acid, effect on activity of in- vertase, U.S.D.A 110 Hydrocampa nymphse, parasitism 159 Hydrochloric acid — as a seed disinfectant 248 effect on activity of invertase, U.S.D.A. . 110 tannin 429 Hydro-copper salt, preparation and use 651 Hydrocyanic acid — determination 708 distribution in plants 29 effect on wheat and flour, Can 369 gas, effect on human system 767 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 867 Hydrocyaulc acid— Continued. Page. gas, fumigation 467 pf buildings, Conn. State . 361 in Sambucus nigra, studies 725 r6l3 of, in plants 330 Hydrogen— peroxid, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 65 in sterilized water 518 resorption in the intestines 570 Hydrogenase in mammary glands 285 Hydrography of Sacramento River, U.S.D.A. 419 Hydromel, preparation 218 Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.) HydroxylamJn, electrolysis 610 Hygiene, bibliography 95 tropical veterinary, studies 582 Hylastinus obscurtts. (See Clover-root borer.) Hylesinus opaculus, notes 564 Hylophilidse, catalogue 465 Hylotoma pectoralis as a cause of bee disease. . 366 rosx, description 355 Hylotrupes bajultis, notes 665 Hymenodosmina trichoptilus n.sp., description 666 Hymenolepis microps, relation to grouse dis- ease 590 Hymenoptera — of India 358 Kansas and Colorado 358 New Jersey, list 366 parasitic, life history and habits 367 new species 765 notes 367 of North America, notes 666 proctotrypoid, of Washington, list 666 Hyperaspidissp., notes, U.S.D.A 157 Hyperemia, treatment 783 Hypertrophic gastritis in horses, description. 689 Hyphantria cunea. (See Webworm, fall.) Hyphcene thcba'ica, description 542 Hypochlorites, purification of water by 619 Hypochthonius texanus n.sp. , description 565 Hypoderma spp., treatment 152 Hyponomeuta padella, studies 657, 760 spp., remedies 760 Hypopteromalus n.spp., descriptions, U.S. D..\ 162 Hysterium macros porum, relation to source of seed 652 Ice, adulteration, U.S.D.A 371 conditions on Great Lakes, U.S.D.A 419 cream, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 insi)ection. Me 567 manufactories. Inspection in Vir- ginia 168 powder, misbranding, U.S.D.A.. 568 storages on farms 242 Icerya purchasi. (See Cottony cushion-scale.) Ichneumon sp., parasitic on wild silkrworm. . . 560 Idagon irrigation project, U.S.D.A 419 Idaho irrigation project, U.S.D.A 419 University, notes 597 Idolothrips n.sp., description 557 Illinois Station, notes 97, 297, 496, 597 University, notes 97, 597 Illosporium malifoliorum, notes 454 86058°— VOL 23—11 6 Immunity — in nonbacterial diseases lOO tropical and subtropical diseases 484 leucocytes in, lectures on 583 passive, in fowl cholera 487 relation to anaphylaxis 100 transmission in rabbits 482 treatise 387 vaccination, and serum-therapy, treatise. 481 Immunization, studies 671 (See also Anthrax, Tuberculosis, etc.) Imphee disease, notes 649 Inbreeding as a cause of acute anterior jwlio- myelitis in chickens 690 treatise 174 Incubation, artificial, history and methods. . 578 Incubator houses, descriptions. Wash 692 India rubber. (See Rubber.) Indian potato, analyses and digestibility, Nev 72 Indiana Com Growers' Association 635 Station, notes 597,696 Indians, agricultural education for, U.S.D.A. 293 Pima, standard of living 469 Indigo as a green manure 124, 134 wilt, investigations 246, 448 Individuals, recognition by hemolysis 671 Industrial contests for boys and girls, Ind 94 education in high schools 493 rural schools 295 instruction at North Adams nor- mal school 399 laborers La Belgium, studies 593 Industries of Colorado, U.S.D.A 590 Infant feeding, treatise 171 foods, preparation 171 Infants, protein metabolism in 271 soy-bean flour for 468 Infection, leucocytes in, lectures on 583 Inflammatory conditions, use of vaccines in. 482 Inga spp. , coffee disease affecting 749 Inheritance. (See Heredity.) Insect common names, list 359 galls in Cuba 255 Massachusetts 564 generation, book 555 growth, bibliography, N.H 358 larvae, aquatic, list of parasitized forms 159 parasites of Ptychoptera "62 tachinid, pupation and hi- bernation 762 Insecticide law, federal 767 Insecticides — analyses, N.Dak 371 Oreg 466 chemistry of. Can 367 investigations 766 notes 545, 656 U.S.D.A 760 Wis 59 preparation and use 466 Cal 266 111 61 Ky 466 Md 252 Mich 866 Oreg 466 868 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Insecticides — Continued. preparation and use, TJ.S.D.A 157 Wis 61 tests, 111 59 for Aphldidse 658 use with lune-sulphur mixtures 656 {See also specific forms.) Insects — apparatus for study of effect of water and moisture on 754 as affected by cUmate 556 beneficial, notes 658 prevalence in Illinois 457, 458 blood-sucking, of Madagascar 260 collecting and preserving 467 dissemination of ergot by 546 from dead and dying elins 756 growth as affected by temperature 657 related to temperature, N.H... 358 in British Museum 755 Illinois, paper on 658 Louisiana, paper on 658 New Hampshire, paper on 658 Injurious— in the Transvaal 755 legislation concerning 346 notes 46, 147, 247, 254 Hawaii 253 prevalence in Illinois 457, 458 Ireland 53 Montreal region 458 Nova Scotia 556 Tasmania 52 Virginia..., 458 remedies 61, 545, 645, 740, 745 111 60 U.S.D.A 652 Va 163 review of literature 740 studies 646, 755 to alfalfa 535 ahnonds 755 apples.Md 242 Me 550 N.C 466 cacao 755 citrus fruits 362, 556, 755, 758 Fla 441 coconuts 43 coffee 755, 758 com 755 cotton 163,658, 755 Hawaii 254 Miss 665 crops 755 deciduous fruits, U.S.D.A 760 domestic animals 755 field crops 755 Mich 254 S.C 466 flowering plants 658 forests 755, 759 U.S.D.A 756 remedies 44 fruits 755 Wis 59 remedies 241 Insects— Continued . injurious — continued. to garden crops 755 grain 755 grapes 242,650,659 guavas 755 hemp 148 limes 755 man 755 mushrooms. Me 159 muskmelons. Ill 42 oaks 756 oats 755 olives 242, 640 oranges 755 orchards 755 N.Y.State 538 Ohio 733 remedies 440 ornamental shrubs 658 pears, N.C 466 plants 658 roses 642 shade trees 658 stored grain 755 sugar beets 348 cane 433, 556, 659, 755 sweet peas 642 potatoes 659, 755 N.J '. 58 timber 4C6 tobacco, remedies, U.S.D.A 465 truck crops, U.S.D.A 759 wheat 638, 659 remedies, Ind 639 list of types and cotypes 358 losses of timber from 44 of India, treatise 357 parasitic on gypsy and brown-tail moths . 463 relation to crown gall, U.S.D.A 650 meadow grass, silvertop 58 olive sooty mold 250 resembling boll weevil, Ala. College 55 scale. {See Scale insects.) superparasitism of 358 treatise 555 twisted winged, revision 465 {Sec also specific insects.) International — Agrogeological Conference at Budapest. . . 422 Association of Colonial Agriculture 300 catalogue of liacteriology 231 botany 431 Congress of Genetics 300 on human nutrition 605 congresses at Brussels 299, 604 Dairy Congress 699 Horticultural Congress at Brussels 300 Institute of Agricultiu-e 194, 397 Scientific Congress at Buenos Aires 700 Intestinal congestion in horses, etiologj- 391 flora as affected by dietary changes . 70 myiasis, relation to house flies 664 Intestines, resorption of gases in 570 Invertase — asaffectedbyacidsandalkalis,U.S.D.A. 110,412 alcohol, U.S.D.A 411 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 869 rage. Invertase— Continued . determination in various su1)stances 131 enzym, rate of destruction, U.S.D.A 411 Invertebrates of Darien and Ecuador 752 role of, in disease transmission. 786 lodids, relation to detection of nitrates 213 Iowa College, notes 98, 197, 496, 597, 696 Station, notes 496 Iridomyrmcx humilis — destructive to sorghum midge, U.S.D.A. 364 protection to mealy bugs. La 6G1 Iron and aluminum phosphate, residual effects 324 arsenate, analyses, Oreg 466 Bordeaux, effect on apples, U.S.D.A .. 651 corrosion as affected by soil bacteria . . 318 determination 113 in milk 308 effect on olive oil 112 in normal human organs 172 phosphate, solubility, Tex ' . 423 protoxid, effect on soil fertility 623 removal from water for dairies 518 sesquioxid, effect on soil bacteria 231 sulphate — as a seed disinfectant 248 destruction of weeds by 545, 732 Can 339 effect on potato formation, Ariz . . . 627 soil acidity 320 fungicidal value 47 relation to apple bitter pit 652 tests. 111 60 sulphid, effect on apples, U.S.D.A 651 Irrigation- agricultural aspect 601 effect on rubber increase in guajoile 130 experiments in Colorado, U.S.D.A 140 India 33 western Oregon, U.S.D.A. 393 Wyoming, U.S.D.A 189 free publications on 495 in Colorado, U.S.D.A 590 Egypt and Sudan 594 South Africa 32 Willamette Valley, U.S.D.A 419 methods, U.S.D.A 189 problems in America, U.S.D.A 190 Columbia River Valley, U.S.D.A 435 projects, U.S.D.A 419 relation to precipitation and stream flow, U.S.D.A 312 ' removal of alkali by 714 use of windmills in, U.S.D.A 395 water. (See Water.) Isocoma coronopifolia, notes, U.S.D.A 137 tritici, destruction by mites, U.SJJ.A. 57 Isothermal layer, relation to earth's tempera- ture, U.S.D.A 311 Italian rye grass, analyses 771 Itch, straw, notes 565 Ivory nut of Abyssinia 542 Ixodes xqualis n.sp., description 565 Ixodoidea of Brazil, treatise 465 Page. Jackals, new piroplasm in blood of. 792 Jacks, legislation concerning, U.S.D.A 75 Jadoo fiber, composition 26 Jam, compound, misbranding, U.S.D.A 769 determination of salicylic acid in 709 misbranding, U.S.D.A 769 Japonia quercus n.g. and n.sp., description. . . 740 Jassidae, notes 757 Jaundice in fowls, studies 792 malignant. (See Piroplasmosis, ca- nine.) Jays, eating of moth eggs by 560 relation to fruit industry in California, U.S.D.A 555 Jellies, determination of salicylic acid in 709 Jelly, currant, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 fish, analyses 325 misbranding, U.S.D.A 769 Johnc's disease, studies, U.S.D.A 84,85 Johnson grass, analyses 232 culture 232 food plant of mealy bug. La. . 660 insect affecting, U.S.D.A 364 Juar, water requirements in India 332 Juncus effusus, culture, Hawai i 233 Juncus root disease, notes 50 Jute, culture in Cuba 334 India 729 fertilizer experiments 433, 729 refuse, fertilizing value 433 Kafir com, black line, analyses 771 chops, analyses, Tex 572 fertilizer experiments 33 meal, analyses, Tex 572 notes 134 insect affecting, U.S.D^ 364 varieties 33 Kainit, analyses 326 effect on animals 582 frost prevention 516 percolation of water in soils . 121 temperature of manure 625 fertilizing value 234 Pa 634 Kale, analyses 175 cooperative experiments in Cape Col- ony 730 culture in Washington, Wash 531 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 394 thousand-headed, culture, Orcg 143 experiments 432 varieties, Can 334,531 Kansas College, notes 98, 197, 497, 597, 696, 800 State Agricultural College, history. . . 493 Station, notes 98,197,497,597,800 Kaolin, effect on soil productivity 320 Kawakamia cyperi, description, U.S.D.A 445 Kcas, book on 657 Kelp, ground, analyses, Can 311 Kentucky Station, financial statement 95 notes 98,197,597 report of director 95 Unlversitj', notes 98, 197, 597, 697 Keratitis, enzootic ulcerous, in dog.s 392 Kermes himalayensis, scale insect affecting 756 870 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Kerosene emulsion, preparation and use, U.S.D.A 157 use 458 lamps for farmhouses, tests, Pa. . . 592 Kidney cysts in pigs, studies 486 infections, use of vaccines in 482 Kirgis, food and living conditions of 568 Kitchen equipment, diet suggestions for 470 Kite reel, new, description, U.S.D.A 311 Weather Bureau, construction, U.S.D.A 311 Kittens, dietary studies "0 Knotgrass, German, prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 Koch, Robert, biographical sketch 106 Kodo, water requirements in India 332 Kohl-rabi, purin content 300, 770 Kola nuts, culture in French Guinea 243 Komchen bacillus, nomenclature 179 Krafft's vaccine against swine plague, tests . . 486 Kudzu vine, notes, Fla 431 Kunzia tridentata, analyses and digestibility, Nev "2 Laborers, Belgian, standard of living 169 farm. (See Agricultural laborers.) migratory, registration and care of. 91 pensioning in France 292 Laboulbenia formicarum, parasitic, on ants. . . 666 Lactarius vellereus, studies 210 Lactic-acid — bacteria, function in milk 80 determination in cheese. Wis 613 effect on quality of cheese, U.S.D.A 385 in Cheddar cheese, Wis 679 streptococcus, notes 179 Ufielmann reaction for modification 115 use in food accessories 64 Lactic cultures for dairy purposes, Mich 581 Lactigenerator, description 479 Lactose and saccharose, separation 10 Lady beetles — destruction of mealy bugs by. La 061 orchard mites by, Colo 265 plum aphis by, Okla 156 parasitic on green bug 460 Lxlaps longitarsus n.sp., description 565 Lxmopsylla cheopis, parasitism 563 Lxstadia bidwellii, description 353 Lxtilia n.spp., descriptions 561 Laine's rainbow observations, U.S.D.A 419 Lakes, evaporation from, U.S.D.A 15 Lambs, disease affecting 588 feeding experiments, Colo 277 S.Dak 176 Wyo 573 protein gain in, studies 474 raising in Alabama, Ala.CoUege 74 shrinkage in transportation, Wyo ... 573 winter feeding, Iowa 277 (See also Sheep.) Lamps for farmhouses, tests. Pa 592 quartz, sterilization of water by 713 Lampyridse, catalogue 465 Land and labor ia Belgium, treatise 593 clearing for orchards, U.S.D.A 440 in Columbia River Valley, U.S.D.A 435 Page. Landclearing of moss, Alaska 632 with dynamite, Minn 190 grant colleges. (See Agricultural col- leges.) improvement acts in England 693 logged-off, clearing, Wash 490 plaster. (See Gypsum.) prices and rent of, in Belgium 593 speculation, relation to farmer's profits. 493 statistics in United States 192 tenure ia United States 192 system in Belgiiun 593 England 693 New Zealand 193 systems, relation to poverty — 593 values in New South Wales 521 the United States 493 Uruguay 395 Landolphia rubber, analyses 45 yielding, in Madagascar. 246 Landowners in Belgium 693 Lands, forest. (See Forest lands.) grass, seeding and maintenance 34 marsh, drainage 296 pasture, cost in various States, N.Y. Cornell 530 swamp, conservation and use in North Carolina 520 timber, taxation 43 value 18 waste, reclamation in Minnesota, U.S.D..\ 419, 490 wet, green manuring on 124 Landscape gardening, bibliography 95 Landscapes, treatise 443 Larch sawfly, notes 458, 765 Me 254 western, yield tables 344 Larches, insects allecting 458 Lard, adulteration, detection 307, 417, 418 analyses, Me 567 color reaction for 115 detection in butter 417 exports from Denmark 293 melted, digestibility 68 method of analysis 307 Largus succinctus, injuring cotton, U.S.D.A . . 462 Lark, horned, relation to fruit industry in California, U.S.D.A 555 Larvae, aquatic insect, list of 159 lepidopterous, parasitism . . . 159 of Distoma in caterpillars 159 Lasioderma serricorne. (See Cigarette beetle.) Lasioptera tripsaci n.sp., description 365 Lasiosoma, spp., notes 762 Lasius aliena, notes, W. Va 262 niger americamis, notes, U.S.D.A 558 Latheticus .oryzx, introduction into United States 764 Lathrsea clandestina, studies 251 Lathy Tus coriaceus, analyses and digestibility, Nev 72 Laudanum, adulteration, U.S.D.A 568 misbranding, U.S.D.A 65, 468. 568 Laundry equipment, paper on 769 Lava rocks as affected by roots 19 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 871 Page. Lawn fertilizer and weed destroyer, analyses, N.Dak 371 Lawns, fertilizer experiments 26 Laying houses, descriptions, Wash 692 Leach, A.E., biographical sketch 500 Lead arsenate — analyses 766 Can 367 Oreg 466 U.S.D.A 163 effect on apples, U.S.D.A 651 foliage, U.S.D.A 163 inspection in Canada 466 methods of analysis, U.S.D.A 163 solubility uivestigations, U.S.D.A 164 tests, ni 59 Lead arsenates, solubility 701 eflcct on olive oil 112 nitrate, effect on peaches, U.S.D.A 164 Leaf color, factors affecting 724 coloration of plants in winter 243 form, relation to light requirement 724 louse, injurious to sugar beets 348 Leaves — autumn coloration investigations 428 diffusion of sunlight by 724 osmotic pressure in, as affected by light. . 527 persistent, increased growth in 27 post-mortem blackening, studies 131 red, loss of carbon and oxygen from 725 ricinus, phosphorus body in 8 sumac, effect on soils 623 transfer of plant food in 28 willow, analyses 378 Lebbek disease, prevalence in Cairo 552 Lecanium imhricans, notes 662 spp., injurious to coffee 758 Lecanium, new species, descriptions 54 Lecithin, effect on metaboUsm 470 sex determination 472 influence on growth 774 physico-chemical investigations 305 Lecithodendrium ascidia, organism resembling 663 Leghorns , egg production by 380 Legumes, purln content 770 Leguminos.T, Philippine, taxonomy 727 Leguminous plants — as a cover crop, Hawaii 241 green manures 322, 323 cooperative experiments In Cape Colony. . 730 culture In Washington, Wash 531 effect of light on seed development 723 for permanent pastures 34 inoculation 319, 432,545 U.S.D.A 318 experiments, Can 318 Insects affecting 254 peat ash for 427 piire-bred strains, cultm-e 432 varieties 633 Lemon- disease, new, notes 550 extract — adulteration, U.S.D.A. 108,271,371,568,709 mLsbranding, U.S.D.A . 168, 271, 371, 568, 769 oil, adulteration, U.S.D.A 769 Page. Lemon — Continued . oil, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568,769 peel, effect on yeast fermentation 63 powder, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 271 Lemons, circular white scale affecting 758 destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A. . 154 Lenticels, winter condition, studies 229 Lentils, proteolytic enzymns In ill Lentz's bodies, studies 482 Lenzites, spp., notes 751 treatise 354 Leopard, gulnear-worms in 393 moth, notes. Conn. State 361 Lepidoptera, British, natmal history 758 In the British Museum 758 notes 663 of India 353 parasitism in 761 Lepidosaphes beckii. {See Purple scale.) gloveri. (See Glover's scale.) ulmi. (See Oyster-shell scale.) Leptinotarsa decemlineata. (See Potato bee- tle, Colorado.) Leptochloa dubia, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 136 Leptodactylus ocellatiLs, endoglobular stages of trypanosomes in 585 Leptoglossus spp., injuring cotton, U.S.D.A. . 462 Leptomonas davidi n.sp., description 153 Leplops hopei, notes 659 Leptosphasria iwamotoi n.sp., description 347 Leptotxnia multiftda, analyses and digestibil- ity, Nev 72 Leptothrips aspersus, notes 255 Lettuce sclerotinlose, investigations 452 Leucania unipuiKta, injurious to rice, Hawaii. 233 Leucin, absorption by plants 725 Leucocytes — action of endotoxic substance on 785 as affected by drugs 188 bactericidal power 682 in horses, studies 682 infection and inununlty, lectures on . . 583 milk, determination 80 relation to alexins 388 r61e of, in artificially Infected animals ... 690 Leukemia in fowls, studies 690, 792 Libertella ulcerata, description and treatment. 454 Library association meeting at Mackinac Island 501 for experiment stations, editorial on. 501 Lice as affected by temperature 559 development of Trypanosoma lewisi In. . 662 remedies 589 transmission of Spirochxta obermeieri by . 163 typhus fever by 67 Lichens, effect on organic matter in soils 621 Llchtensla, new species, descriptions 54 Ligaments in fowl oviducts, studies, Me 275 Light, alpine. Intensity Investigations 131 colored, effect on plant growth 326 effect on bud expansion 27 enzym action 306 methan absorbing bacteria. . 621 mllkfat 211 872 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Light, effect on osmotic pressure in leaves . . . 52" plants 724 transfer of plant food in leaves 28 perception in plants, experiments 724 relation to green parts in plants 428 requirement, relation to leaf form 724 {See also Sunlight.) Lightning damages in Ontario, Can 312 Saxony 312 Lignite coal, analyses, N.Dak 168, 371 Ligyrus rugiceps. (See Sugar-cane beetle.) Lilac buds, expansion as affected by light — 27 LUacs, forcing experiments 41 Vt 340 freezing point in 527 osmotic pressure in, studies 527 scale insects affecting, U.S.D.A 156 Lilies, pond, as a food for muskrats, U.S.D.A. 357 Lily-of-the-valley, forcing experiments, Vt. . . 340 Lime, action as affected by degree of fineness. 420 analyses 25, 325, 326, 515 and magnesia, ratio for plants 128, 623 assimilation by crops 524 caustic, effect on percolation of water in soils 121 deficiency of, effect on plants 329 effect on apples. Pa 341 muck soils 120 peat soils 427 soil bacteria 231 productivity 320 soils and citrus fruits, Fla 440 plants 226 temperature of manure 625 toxicity of mineral salts 328 weed growth 533 fertilizing value 22,23, 32, 224, 235, 532, 533, 633, 640 Miss.... 39 for soil improvement, N.Y.Comell 420 treating irrigation water 440 Virginia farms, Va 325 fungicidal value 547 insecticidal value 359 law in Virginia, Va 325 methods of burning, Va 325 milk of, examination 706 natine, soinrces, and use, Va 325 niter. (See Calcimn nitrate.) nitrate, fertilizing value 235 nitrogen. (See Calcium cyanamid.) physiological action 325 relation to micro-organisms and humus in soil, Va. Truck 716 sugar-beet diseases 348 removal from water for dairies 518 slacking, tests of methods. 111 60 use in agricultm-e 626 Mass 720 correcting soil acidity, W.Va.. . 129 value 128 Limekilns, construction, Va 325 Limes, insects affecting 755 Page. Limestone — analyses 23, 25 Can 311 crushing machinery, Va 325 fine-ground, fertilizing value, Va 325 ground, effect on soils and citrus fruits, Fla 441 fertilizing value 23, 232, 633 notes. 111 231 value 128 value in agriculture 18 Limestones of North Carolina, bibliography . . 521 Lime-sulphur — mixtine, chemistry of 60 composition 701 concentrated, preparation and use, Pa 266,566 effect on apples, U.S.D.A 651 foliage 655 preparation and use 60, 61, 746 U.S.D.A.. 157 Wash 61 reaction on lead arsenates 701 tests. 111 60 use 458 mixtures as insecticides and fimgicides. . 554 fungicidal value, U.S.D.A 52 Va 352 summer use 655 Liming experiments 132, 226, 534, 623, 632 N.Y.Comell 138 P.R 238 R.I 21 at Rhode Island Station 324 on moor soils 627 Linden buds, expansion as affected by light. . 27 disease, notes 553 wood, fresh, cause of greening 345 Lindens, forcing experiments, Mo ^526 Linseed cake, analyses 572 detennination of impurities in. 115 chaff, analyses 572 meal, analyses 771 Can 378 Me 73,572 N.J 475 N.Y.State 672 R.I 771 Wis 175 determination of moisture in . . 112 for sheep 773 Liolhrips n.spp., descriptions 557 Lip and leg ulceration in sheep 588 Liparis dispar eggs, resistance to tempera- tures 560 Lipases in milk products 80 Lipto, manufacture 279 Liquids, denitriflcation in 123 sterilization with ultra-violet rays .. 518 Liquor cresoli saponatus, effect on lice 589 Lita solanella, notes 438, 459 Lithia water, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 Lithium hydroxid, effect on casein 510 salts, effect on plants 720 wheat 319 Litter, analyses 625 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 873 I'age. Live stock — associations in United States, U.S.D.A. . 78 Australian, endoparasites of 787 breeding in Trinidad 377 diseases, prevalence in East Africa 183 exports from United States 93 farming, value 18 free publications on 495 inbreeding 174 industry in Argentina, U.S.t). A 78 Illinois, 111 78 notes, U.S.D.A 78 insects affecting 46 insurance, economic significance 796 in Egypt 694 Europe 594 marketing, U.S.D.A 192 methods of ownership in Egypt 291 mutual insurance clubs, organization 777 discussion 796 prices in England and Scotland 293 production in New Zealand 193 the United States 93 raising in Fairbanks, Alaska 693 rations for, Tex 572 relation to soil fertility 672 remedies, composition, N.Dak 168 sanitary officers, list, U.S.D.A 78 self-feeders for, tests, Colo 277 shows, development and influence, U.S.D.A 78 transportation 3S6 value in agriculture, Oreg 295 (_See also Animals, Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Liver, beef, glycogen content 368 Living conditions of Central Asian tribes 568 Lizards, feeding habits 663 intraglobular parasites of 488 Loam, garden, effect on muck soils 120 Loams, plasticity and coherence of 511 Lochmxa suturalis, notes 458 LoculistToma bambusx n.g. and n.sp., descrip- tion, U.S.D.A 446 Locust bureau. South African, report 556 disease, notes 553 larger plain, notes 659 red-winged, notes 362 Locusts as affected by compression 130 bibliography 756 control 750 in South Africa 556 notes 658 remedies, Mich 556 Loganberi-y preserves, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 Logging, conservative 44 Logs, method of destruction, Wash 490 Lonchsea, splendida, notes 659 Loniccra periclymenum as affected by earwigs 600 Lophodcrmiuvi pinastri, relation to source of seed 052 spp., treatment 152 Lophophyton gallinx, studies 187 Lophyrus abietis, notes. Me 254 Lotus humistratus, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 136 Page. Louisiana Stations, financial statement 196 report of director 190 Lucanidse, catalogue 4G5 Lucern. {See Alfalfa.) Lucilia sp., parasitism 162 Lumber industry in Russia 245 Texas 541 manufacture, waste in, U.S.D.A 544 production in New York 344 {See also Timber and Wood.) Lumbering, economic methods 147 operations, lopping branches in . 345 wasteful methods 146 Lumpy jaw. {See Actinomycosis.) Lung disease remedies, sale and use, U.S.D.A. IPS Lupeose, studies 702 Lupine, little, analyses and digestibiUty, Nev.. 72 Lupines — as a green manure 322 blue, inoculation experiments 132 cooperative experiments in Cape Colony. 730 effect on carbon dioxid content of soils 523 fertilizer experiments 719 germination tests 722 inoculation experiments 240, 432, 624, 717 peat ash for 427 protein metabolism in, as affected by salts. 328 Lupinus — albus, metabolism experiments with 723 phosphatid of, studies 7 arizonicus, culture experiments, U.S.D.A. 136 notes, U.S.D.A 137 sellulus, analyses and digestibility, Nev. . 72 Lychnis {Melandrium) album, infection ex- periments 355, 654 Lycosidse, list of species 564 Lygajidas, nearctic, catalogue 463 Lygxus turcicus, injurious to cotton, U.S.D.A. 462 Lygocems of North America, key 666 Lygus pratensis. {See Tarnished plant bug.) Lymantria dispar, studies on sex differences. . 472 Lymphangitis, epizootic, cause 388 parasite, nature 584 infectious, in cattle 588 mycotic, studies, U.S.D.A... 84,90 Lymphatic extracts, value in experimental tuberculosis 688 glands, tubercle bacilli in 787 Macaroni, misbranding, U.S.D.A 168,769 wheat. {See Wheat, durum.) Machalranthera sp., culture experiments, U.S.D.A 136 Machinery. {See Agricultural machinery.) Macrocera n. sp., description. Me 159 Macrocerinaj of North .\merica. Me 159 Macrodactylu.i subspinosus. {See Rose chafer.) Macrolepidoptera of the Bermudas 500 Macrosiphum granaria, studies 459 spp., parasitism 460 studies 451 Magnesia and lime, ratio for plants 128,623 effect on soils 319, 320, 623 fertilizing value 633 for wheat 632 from mica 716 874 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Magnesite, effect on soils and plants 226 Magnesium— and calcium, separation in presence of phosphates and iron 9 carbonate, effect on nitrification in soils. . 623 soil bacteria 231 soils and plants 226 chlorid, effect on wheat 327 determination as magnesium ammonium phosphate 706 in phosphate precipitates. 303 effect on olive oil 112 plants 328 wheat seedlings 28 excretion as affected by phosphorus 70 in normal human organs 172 metabolism as affected by fish diet 770 relation to carbohydrate formation in seeds 628 sulphate as a seed disinfectant 248 effect on protein metabolism 328 relation to apple bitter pit 652 Magnetic disturbances, studies 617 Magnolias, alga affecting 247 Magpie moth, notes 458 Maguey diseases, studies 151 Maine Station, anniversary 596 financial statement 295 notes 98 University, notes 98, 197, 497, 597, 697 Maize. {See Com.) Malacosoma americana. (See Tent cater- pillar.) neustria eggs as affected by pas- sage through birds 560 Maladie du coit. (Sec Dourine.) Malancha capitata, yields of fiber 433 Malignant transudation, characteristics 185 Mallein, diagnostic value 84 Malt extract, effect on dough 63 for sheep 774 germ, analyses, N. Y.State 673 proteases in 29 sprouts, analyses 771 Ind 475 NJ 475 N.Y.State 673 R.I 771 Wis 175 sulphured, detection 417 Malta fever, investigations 787 nature, U.S.D.A 89 Maltase, effect on cellulose 8 Maltose, hydrolysis Ill Mammae, supernumerary, inheritance in guinea pigs 428 Mammal reservations In Alaska, U.S.D.A — 153 Mammals, large, of the United States 356 of AustraUa 153 Colorado, treatise 555 Darien and Ecuador 752 Kansas, notes 356 ovulation in 472 Mammary glands, enzyms in, studies 285 Mammitis, catarrhal, epidemic of 588 gangrenous, in sheep 588 Page. Mammitis, tuberculous, studies 184 vinilent forms, treatment 390 Man, cancer in, researches 388 chlorin metabolism in 172 city bred, fanning for, U.S.D.A 193 dietary studies 64 digestion experiments 372 heredity in 777 intestinal streptococci in, studies 390 metabolic minimum in 70 metabolism experiments 69 In, as affected by water drinking 371 mite affecting, U.S.D.A 57 new trypanosorae disease in 585 nitrogen metabolism in 171 parasites of 163, 755 poisoning by foods 170 protein cleavage in 373 requirements 373 saliva secretion experiments 374 streptococcus blisters in, description . . . 483 Manatee snails, notes, Fla 462 Mandeloni trile, transformation into glucosids . 725 Manganese— chlorid, effect on potato formation, Ariz . . 627 effect on grass 720 olive oil 112 pineapples, Hawaii 223 soil fertility 623 fertiUzing value 128,626 value and use 126 Mange. (See Cattle, Dog, Horse, and Sheep mange or scab.) Mangels— culture, A laska 631 effect on renal calculi, Iowa 278, 2a3, 284 fertilizer experiments 24, 534, 626, 633 Can 532 for fattening lambs, Iowa 277 sheep 774 insects affecting 53 varieties 533 Can 531 N.Dak 728 yields as affected by windbreaks 435 Mango weevil, notes 764 Mangoes, insects affecting, U.S.D.A 258 propagation, Hawaii 240 shield budding 734 thrips affecting 362 Manioc. (See Cassava.) Mannose in seed coats of peas 704 Manufactures, Senate committee hearings on . 568 Manure — analyses 129 barnyard. (See Barnyard manure.) disinfection investigations 625 effect on apples. Pa 342 organic matter in soils 621 soil moisture 125 fertilizing value 125, 136, 235, 334, 422, 433 Miss 39 kraal, analyses , 23 preservation 625 lawn-sand, analyses 325 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 875 Page. Manure— Continued. liquid, relation to sugar beet diseases 348 nitrogenous, for marsh soils 224 preservation 125, 532 rotted, fertilizing value, Minn 637 spent, analyses. Pa 526 temperature investigations 625 (See also Cow, Poultry, Sheep, etc.) Manures and soils, treatise 319 bone, analyses 325 efltect on soils 320 Manurial requirements of soils. (See Soils. ) Manuring by farm tenants 125 Maple — and cane sirup, misbranding, U.S.D.A . . 271 disease, notes 247, 553 scale, cottony, notes, Can 361 sirup — adulteration, U.S.D.A 271, 568 as affected by micro-organisms 64 Vt... 369 misbranding, U.S.D.A 271, 468, 568 production in Ohio, Ohio 396 Maples, forcing experiments, Mo 526 scale insects affecting, U.S.D.A 156 Mai)s of North Carolina 521 soil, nature and Importance 620 Marasmius oreades, effect on plant growth 430 plicatus, investigations, La 648 sacchari , prevalence In B arbados . . 648 Marble, effect on soils and plants 226 Mares, feeding and management 578 Margarin, analyses 115 methods of analysis 115 Margaropus annulatus, eradication 790 microplus, studies 465 Margaropus, growth as related to tempera- ture, N.H 358 Mariset gardening, bibliography 95 Marl, analyses 515 fertilizing value 633 of North Carolina, bibliography 521 Marmalades, dry, determination of sugar In . . 307 Marsh soils. (See Soils, marsh.) Marshes of northern Canada 356 Marsonia castagnei, studies 751 mcdicaginis, i^otes 741 Tosx, description 355 Maryland Station, notes 98, 400 Mascarenhasias, rubber yielding, in Mada- gascar 246 Mash, methods of souring 711 Massachusetts College, notes 197, 297, 497, 697 Station, notes 197,297,497,597 Massage, effect on protein metabolLsra 68 Mastitis. (See Mammitis. ) Mastopoda pteridis, description. Me 757 Match industry In India, prospects 543 Mbuyu, food value 468 Mead, preparation 218 Meadow fescue for pastures, N.Y.Comell 529 grass silvertop, investigations 58 hay for sheep 774 Meadows, fertilizer experiments 432, 433, 627 Pa 634 fertilizing, Mass 530 Page. Meadows, phonolite for 325 (See also Grasses.) Meals, planning 769 Mealy bug, citrus, natural enemies 559 remedies 559 bugs, disease of. La 661 dissemination. La 661 injurious to citrus fruits 556 Investigations, La 660 remedies, Hawaii 240, 253 Measles, relation to mice 753 Meat, addition to vegetable diet 69 and bone meal, analyses, R.I 771 as affected by vaccination against an- thrax 286 canned, analyses 267 bacteriological investigations. . 268 preparation and inspection 267 canning experiments 268 chicken, determination of age of 215 color as affected by saltpeter,U.S.D.A.. 61 digestibility 68 as affected by cooking 769 economical use In homes, U.S.D.A 165 exports from Denmark 293 feeding experiments with mice 688 horse, glycogen content 368 Imports into Colorado, Colo 292 industry in Scotland 378 inspection, extension, U.S.D.A 65 m United States, U.S.D.A.. 78 isolation of creatinin from 512 keeping quality as affected by nitrogen. 166 markets, inspection in Virginia 168 position of United States in. . 93 meal, analyses 771 N.Y. State 672 Wis 175 packing industry in Argentina, U.S.D.A. 78 phosphorus content 512 U.S.D.A 510 pickled, toxic properties 61 preservation 166, 270 prices, U.S.D.A 165 in E ngland and Scotland 293 various countries, U.S.D.A... 78 products, analyses, Tex 572 spoiled, bacteriology of 166 supplies, conditions affecting, U.S.D.A. 165 Mechanical agitator for phosphate analysis. . 302 colleges. (See Agricultm-al col- leges.) Medicago denliculata, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 136 spp., studies, N.Dak 728 Medical zoology, index-catalogue, U.S.D.A. 357,555 Mediterranean fever, experimental, in sheep.. 485 Megarhinus sp., notes 365 Megorismus fletcheri, parasitic on rosy apple aphis. Conn. State 361 Melacosoma amerkana, growth as related to temperature, N .11 358 Melampsora pinitorqua, characteristics 152 sp., studies? 148 Melampynim, respiration and assimilation . . 727 Melanconialcs sp., notes 247 876 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Melanconium sacchari, investigations, La 648 Melandrium album, iniection experiments. . 355, 654 Melanin, Spiegler's white, studies 778 Melanomma glumarum n.sp., description 347 Melanophila spp., notes, U.S.D.A 161 Melanops quercuum forma vitis, life history. . 454 Mdica ciliata, host of Claviceps 546 Melon wilt, notes 349 Mendelism, presence and absence hypothesis. 778 Mendel's law of heredity 172 relation to horticulture 541 Meningitis, immunization accidents 790 Meningococcus serum, methods of testing 585 Menopon hirsutum n.sp., description 362 Merisus mordellistenas n.sp., description 765 Mennis larvae, parasitic on Stegomyia fasciata larvx 365 MeruUus lacrymans, investigations 653, 751 Mesquite, spread in .Vrizona, U.S.D .A 137 Metabolic minimum in man , 70 Metabolism — and diet, treatise 371 inheritance, bibliography 273 as aflected by ash constituents 772 lecithin 470 muscular work 470 experiments 272 with dogs 572 fowls 72 plants 723 faulty, remineralization in 171 in man as affected by water drinking 371 mineral, notes 373 of chlorin In man 172 nitrogen, Iowa 284 studies 171 nuclein, studies, Wis 569 phosphorus in man 69 protein as aflected by massage 68 salts 328 incliildren 271 Metadeiia basalts, notes, W.Va 262 Mctallus ruhi, stud i as, Del 158 Metals, effect on oUve oil 112 Mclapodius fcmoraUi, parasitic on cotton in- sects, U.S.D.A 462 Mitaspkxria aloes n.sp., description 653 Meteorological — committee of Great Britain, report 712 conditions in North Pole region 616 globes, preparation 617 instruments, description 14 observation plats in Russia 117 observations — Alaska 617 Can 312 Ky 15, 95 Mass 119, 419, 617 Me 219, 295 N.Dak ". 712 Pa 516 R.I 15, 95 Tenn 14 U.S.D A 15, 312, 419, 617 atPloti 135 Page. Meteorological— Continued, observations — continued. at Poltava 219 Rothamsted 232 in Australia 15 India 728, 729 Montana 799 New Brunswick lo New Zealand 15 Russia 731 Scotland 312 Surinam and Curacao 517 Switzerland 712 the British Isles 119,312, 712 Trinidad 312 studies 616 {See also Climate, Rain.WeatherjCfc.) obser\-atory on Tenerifle 617 service of Canada 617 Meteorology and agricultural prices, treatise . 617 bibliography 219, 739 effect on composition of milk ... 81 in South Africa 31 Switzerland, history 712 of AustraUa 712 North Carolina, bibliography. 520 papers on, U.S.D.A 312 relation to agriculture 516 earthquakes 616 treatise 218 value of balloon ascensions in. . . 515 Methan, absorption by bacteria 621 Methoria, new genus, description 260 Methyl pentosans in cattle feeds, U.S.D.A .. 510 ratio to pentosans in seeds. . 413 solutions, forcing of plants by, Vt. . . 340 Methylene blue, effect on formation of anti- bodies 584 Mica, as a source of plant food 716 role of, in cultivated soils 715 Mice and rats, protein differentiation in 286 field, notes 545 relation to equine piroplasmosis . . 287 trypanosome of 155 immunization against swine plague 486 meat-feeding experiments 688 occurrence of Pulex cheopis on 160 oviilation in 472 protection of seed corn from 753 relation to measles 753 transmission of diseases by 657 white, digestion experiments 667 Michigan College, notes. 98, 198, 400 Station, notes 98,400 Microbe of bovine pleuro-pneumonia 85 Microbes as affected by ultraviolet rays 131 precipitation by alexins 583 Micro-chemistry, description 7 methods of analysis 112 Micrococcus melitensis, infection experiments. 485 notes, U.S.D.A 89 Microdiplodia anthurii n.sp., description 653 Microfilaria in blood of a horse 791 Mierolepidoptera, new species, descriptions. 363,761 Micro-organism of epizootic lymphangitis 388 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 877 Page. Micro-organisms — as affected by copper salts 188 effect on decomposition of green manures. 625 maple sirup 64 Vt 369 solubility of phosphates 20, 717 function of oxidation in Cll in soils, functions of, Va. Truck 716 nitrogen fixing, studies 429 pure culture for dairy purposes, Mich 581 relation to flax and hemp retting 630 (See also Bacteria.) MicropcTcUa quercus n.g.and n.sp., descrip- tion 740 Microscopy, handbook 155, 156 Microsphxra alni, treatment, Fla 447 cuphorblse, treatment, Fla 446 eitensa, notes 49 Microtus arvalis, trypanosome of 155 Middlings. (See Wheat, Oat, Rye, etc.) Milk acidity, relation to catalytic power 309 studies SO adulteration,U.S.D.A. 73,283,382,479,580,781 analyses 12, 478, 625, 668, 783 Ariz G95 analysis apparatus, description 614 simphfications in 310 studies 781 and dairy products analysis, treatise 513 apparatus for determining- carbon dioxid in 13 catalase content 13 as affected by^ heating 114 oil feeds 478 vaccination against anthrax 286 asses', analyses 478 bacteria in, Va 381 bacterial content as affected by method of milking 280 bacteriological examinations, U.S.D. A. . 81 bacteriology of 179 bibliography 783 biological value of nitrogen in 69 bottled, factors affecting bacteria in 179 buffaloes', manufacture of cheese from.. 481 cans, aluminum, description 82 casein, determination in butter and oleo- margarine 710 cellular elements in, nature 580 certified, cost of production 179 champagne, composition 270 chemistry, progress in 1908 and 1909 210 clean, value in butter making, Colo 5S0 colloids, protective action 12, 271 composition — as affected by fertilized pastures 478 meteorology 81 method of milking. . . 280 temperature 12 factors affecting, Ind 779 variation in 179,780 concentration, studies 779 condensed, bacterial content 780 examination 309 misbranding, U.S. D.A 73 Page. Milk, condensed , standards, Ind 787 cost of production 179 N.Y.State 79 in Sweden 282 cows' and human, composition of casein 702 curdled, fat content and specific gravity. 308 reactions for 417 detection of calcium sucrate in 513 determination of leucocytes in 80 diastases in 309 dietetic preparations from 468 dissemination of diseases by, U.S.D. A.. 81 evaporated, standards, Ind 778 examination 371 bibliography 179 exports from Denmark 293 fat as affected by beet leaves 676, 677 light and air 211 glycerids in 211 loss of, in buttermilk. Can 382 of different breeds. Can 383 variation in, studies 179, 780 (See also Fat.) fatty bodies in, studies 80 fermented, manufacture 182 ferments, studies 309 fever, pathology and treatment 587 theory and therapy 789 for cheese making, care 480 formaldehyde-methylene blue reaction. 710 from immunized mothers, studies 682 glycerol in 80 goats', analyses 479 for fattening fowls 675 house, description, U.S. D.A SO himian, distribution of nitrogenous bodies in 5II hygiene, relation to agriculture and dairying 783 in lactating animals, coloration 273 inspection decisions, U.S. D.A 181 in Virginia, Va 3S2 paper on 387 Investigations 677 law in England 677 lipases in 80 methods of analysis 217,513 testing 180,282 of Chicago, tuberculosis in 781 various animals, differentiation 614 overripe, cheese making from. Can 386 paper bottles, tests 82 on 387,783 pasteurization, U.S. D.A 81 pathological, detection 114,513 payment for, at factories ISO peroxidase reaction in 309 powder, analyses 668 discussion 780 powdered, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 271 method for making 780 preservation 171 preserving machine, description 677 production and sale in Germany 479 improved methods,U.S. D.A 80 878 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Milk products, analyses 12, 371 bibliography 783 new, discussion 780 proteins, biological differentiation 513,614 reaction 709 records, use 478 relation to public health 783 scarlet fever epidemic 677 sanitary, production, Ind 80 Va 381 secretion as affected by food. Pa 580 yohimbine 81 physiology and bibliography. 780 sediment test. Wis 180 serum, calcium chlorid, refraction 309 specific gravity 309 skimmed. (See Skim milk.) soured, preparation 479 sterilization 781 streptococci In 179 sugar, determination in butter and oleo- margarine 710 supplies, American, report on 781 city ordinances concerning 82 of New Jersey 781 supply of cities in Germany 479 Virginia, Va 382 Great Britain, improvement. 781 Manchester 781 treatise 780 tubercle bacilli in 81 utilization by vegetarians 372 value in bread making 166 vinegar, characteristics 83 vitality of typhoid bacilli in, U.S.D.A. . 82 waste as a fertilizer 525 watered, detection 12, 13 Milking apparatus, description, U.S.D.A 80 competition in Great Britain 478 experiments, machine v. hand 280 machinery, notes 178 machines, nonsuction, description.. 677 Milkweed, underground organs, studies 727 MUlet, analyses 771 and cotton as a mixed crop 134 culture experiments, Can 333 U.S.D.A 189 fertilizer experiments 33, 433 on swamp soils. Can 532 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 189 varieties 33,433 Can 332, 334 N.Dak 728 yield, factors affecting 117 MUo maize chops, analyses, Tex 572 meal, analyses, Tex 572 insect affecting, U.S.D.A 364 Miltziekte in ostriches, notes 90 Mindarus abietinus, description. Me 757 Mineral Industries in Florida 520 metabolism, notes 373 products, conservation and use in North Carolina 520 resources of United States 25 waters, analyses, Ky 16, 95 Page. Mineralogy of North Carolina, bibliography. . 520 Minerals, analyses and bibliography 224 Mink breeding in Louisiana, treatise 555 Minnesota Station, financial statement 95, 196 notes 598, 697 report of director 95, 196 University, notes 198, 497, 598, 697 Mint rust, treatment 350 Mirabilis jalapa , hybridization experiments. . 428 Mississippi College, notes 198, 598 Station, notes 198, 598 Missouri Station, notes 198, 297, 598 University, notes 198, 297, 598 Mistletoe as a host of European elm scale 660 forcing experiments 41 Mite, injurious to Viola cornuta 53 parasitic on range caterpillar, U.S.D.A. 464 predaceous, studies 57 U.S.D.A 57 tyroglsT^hid, notes 563 Mites, gall, notes 651 Wis 59 Injurious to citrus fruits 556 orchards 53 new American, descriptions 565 notes 247, 767 parasitic on horn fly, U.S.D.A 55 house flies 664 Mitosis as affected by toxic solutions 628 Mitrula sclerotiorum, notes 740 Mixed feeds, analyses 771 Mockemuts, snout beetles affecting, W. Va. . . 262 Moisture, effect on hatching of eggs, W.Va.. . 77 (See also Water.) Molac feed for cows. Can 381 Molascuit for steers 475 Molasses— adiilteration, U.S.D.A 168, 271 analyses 768 beet pulp, dried, analyses, R.I 771 (See also Sugar-beet pulp.) feeds, analyses 175, 771 Me 73,572 misbranding, U.S.D.A 168,271,769 Molds, development in oils 528 effect on tuberculin 587 occurrence In sUage 630 relation to depreciation in prunes 630 flax and hemp retting 630 Mole crickets, injurious to rice 53 sugarcane, P. R... 237 Moles, Investigations, Kans 752 MolUsia fagicola n.sp. , description 147 Molluscs of Maine, catalogue 458 Monascus barkeri in bottled pickles 768 purpureus, occurrence in silage 630 Mongooses, new piroplasm in blood of 792 rat virus tests on 753 Monilia cinerea, description , 353 sp. , relation to depreciation in prunes 630 Monkey-bread fruit, food value 468 Monkeys, dietary studies 70 immunization against pox 286 transmission of oriental sore in 483 Monks, Buddhist, digestion experiments 382 Monoamine acids, determination 613 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 879 Page. Monodontomerus serus, parasitic on gipsy and brown-tail mothis 463 Monohammtis scuteUattbS, notes, Me 254 Monomorium viinutum — mininum, parasitic on range caterpillar, U.S.D. A 464 relation to plum aphis, Okla 156 Monopotassium phosphate, effect on plant respiration 230 Montana Station, financial statement 799 notes 697 report of director 799 Moor soils. {See SoUs, moor.) Moors, grouse. Insect faima of 766 Moose reservations in Alaska, U.S.D. A 153 Morning glory, underground organs, studies. 727 Morphin, effect on leucocjrtes 188 Mosquito larva? , carnivorous forms 365 effect on drinking water 561 Mosquitoes, Brazilian, notes 762 in Connecticut, Conn. State 361 investigations 561 monograph 762 notes, Me 254 of Arkansas, list 561 Cairo and vicinity 561 Mozamlnque, notes 362 the Amazon region 762 relation to horse sickness 663 transmission of disease by 185 Moss land, clearing, Alaska 632 Mosses, effect on organic matter in soils 621 Moth eggs as affected by passage through birds 560 tortricid,prevalence in Hawaii, Hawaii. 254 Moths injurious to algeroba, Hawaii 254 parasitic, on candle flies 757 plume, of Ceylon 662 silk, egg development 759 studies on sex differences in 472 (See also Lepidoptera.) Mount Weather, new buildings, U.S.D. A ... 311 Moimtain ash disease, investigations 456 notes 247 Indian pink, analyses and digesti- bility, Nev 72 slopes, formation of rain on 515 Mountains, effect on air and temperature 118 Mowrin, properties 8 Muck soils. (See Soils, muck.) MncoT spp., latent vitality of spores of 721 occurrence in silage 630 Mud, sea, as a fertilizer 325 shrinkage on drying 620 Muhlenbergia schreberi, host of plum aphis, Okla 150 Mulberries as a food plant for birds, U.S.D..\. 154 Mulberry bacterial blight, studies 454 disease, studies 246 Mulches, effect on soil moisture 222 Mule and horse breeding, treatise 379 blood, clinical examination 784 Mules, rough rice for, La 672 unbroken, in United States Army — 673 Munson, W. M., biographical sketch 499 Page. Murgantia Mstrionica. (See Harlequin cab- bage-bug.) Muriate of potash, fertilizing value 234 Fla 35 Murwa, water requirements in India 332 Mu.ica domestica. (See House fly.) Muscidifurax raptor n.g. and n.sp., descrip- tion 765 Muscle, beef, glycogen content 368 Muscovite as a source of potash 716 Muscular work as affected by oxygen 669 effect on metabolism 470 Mushroom disease, description 452 Mushrooms, bibliography 95 insects affecting. Me 159 reaction for 511 Muskmelon disease resembling club root 647 diseases, notes, 111 42 from Palestine, description, U.S.D.A 529 soft rot, bibliography, Vt 350 investigations, Vt 349 Muskmelons, culture, 111 42 denatured alcohol from 711 insects affecting. 111 42 studies, N.Mex 710 varieties. 111 42 Muskrats, habits and value, U.S.D.A 356 preparation for food , U . S . D . A 357 Musquash, habits and value, U.S.D.A 356 Mussels as a food for muskrats, U.S.D.A 357 Mustard as affected by lime 226 mineral salts 328 fertilizer experiments 323 flnger-and-toe disease , treatment 250 growth as affected by zinc 129 manufacture 418, 711 microflora of 310 oil cake, residual effects 642 preservation 310 varieties, Can 334 wild, destruction 545 Can 339 studies 732 Mutilation, effect on plant variation 133 Mutton, canned, analyses 267 Mycetobia divergcns, notes. Me 254 Mycetoblintc of North .Vmerlca, Me 159 Mycetophilid.nc of North America, Me 159, 762 Afycoderma cercvisix, notes . . .,. 270 Mycogone pcrniciosa, description 452 Mycoidea parasitica, notes 247 Mycomya sp. , notes, Me 762 Mycorrhiza, endotrophic, in fruits 528 relation to Somper- viviiin roots 629 Mycoses, agglutination and sero-reaction in. . . 182 Mycosphxrclla — citrullina, notes 646 sentina, germination experiments 346 (Sphxrella) n.spp., descriptions 347 Mycosphacrella, development 48 Mycosymbiosis in corallorhiza 228 Mycrosporidium polyedricum, parasitic on Bombyx mori 759 880 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Msiasis, bibliography 665 intestinal , relation to house flies 664 of the urinary tract, studies 665 Myiobia fenestrata, viviparity in 365 Myophasia xnea, notes, W.Va 262 Myopia in eyes of horses, studies 486 Myrientomata, monograph 58 Myrmecophila spp., studies 64 Mytilaspis, new species, descriptions 54 Mytilaspis pomorum. {See Oyster-shell scale.) Myzus ribis. {See Cun-ant aphis.) Nacerdes melanura, injurious to woodwork. . . 458 Nagana trypanosomes, immobilization by pyocyanase 483 Narcissus, culture 736 forcing experiments 41 Nasonia brevicornis, description and biology. . 162 Natal grass, culture experiments, Fla 431 Nati-kalai as a green manure 642 National- agricultural boards in Mexico 700 Association of Stallion Registration Boards 500 College of Agriculture at Pretoria 700 Cotton Association, organization and work 39 Fertilizer Association 523 Natural resources — conservation and use in North Carolina. . . 520 in United States 191 Nature study, bibliography 195 for rural schools, Ala.Tuskegee 494 in elementary schools 798 rural schools 399 Nebraska Station, notes 98 University, notes 98,598 Necrobacillosis insheep 588 cause and treatment, U.S.D.A 86 Nectarines, preparing for market, U.S.D.A. . . 144 Nectria graminicola, relation to Fusarium ni- vale 545 spp., studies - 354, 748 Negri corpuscles, studies 84, 482 Negroes, agricultural education for, U.S.D.A. 293 normal school for, in Maryland 200 Nematodes — injurious to bananas 748 chrysanthemums 53 clover 646 plants 741 potatoes 47 strawberries, remedies 650 sugar beets 348 new species, description 787 parasitic, adaptation to host's tempera- ture 188 on house flies 664 Stegomyia fasciata larvee 365 remedies 548, 741 studies - - - 655, 742 Nematus erichsonn, notes. Me 254 studies 765 Tibesii, notes. Wis 59 spp., notes 458 Page. Neocosmospora spp., as affected by tannin 330 vasinfccta, parasitism 448 Ncoempheria sp., notes, Me 762 Ncotomafuscipes, occurrence of plague in 563 Nephritis, histology of 288 in dogs, histological changes 791 Nephrolithiasis in domestic animals 683 Nephroliths, analyses 683 Ncpticula n. spp., descriptions 560 Nests, artLflcial ant, descriptions 565 Neurasthenia, remineralization in 171 Neuroptera of India 358 l)arasitism 159 Nevada Station, financial statement 95 report of director 95 New Hampshire College,, notes 598, 697 Station, notes 199, 598, 697 Jersey College Station, notes 598 State Station, notes 298 Mexico College, notes 598 Station, financial statement 799 report of director 799 York Cornell Station, notes 98 State Station, notes 697 Nezara spp., injurious to cotton, U.S.D.A. . . 461 Nickel, effect on olive oil 112 Nicotiana— rustica, description 338 spp., grafting experiments 727 parthenogenesis in 31 iabacum as affected by alkaloidal solu- tions 726 types 537 Nicotine, effect on efficiency of fungicides 51 soils and plants 726 Nigclla damascena, new form 133 Night soil, fertiUzLng value 729 Nile floods in 1908 312 Nimble-will, host of plum aphids, Okla 156 Nitragin, inoculation experiments 717 tests 131, 132, 624 Nitrate deposits in Chile 323 southern California 626 industry in Norway 127 of lime. (Sec Calcium nitrate.) Nitrate of soda — analyses, Oreg 427 availability of nitrogen in 625 effect on peaches, U.S.D.A 164 percolation of water in soils 121 soils 320 and plants 726 wheat 327 effects of continuous use. Pa 524 electrolysis 609 fertilizing value 23, 126, 127, 128, 134, 233, 235, 525, 532, 533, 534, 632, 633, 637, 638, 639, 730 Miss 39 P.R 238 in dry climates 321 industry in Chile 323 methods of analysis 21 3 relation to citrus dieback, Pla 447 sugar-beet diseases 348 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 881 rage. Nitrate, phosphate, and potash, ratios for plant growth • 024 Nitrates — detection in presence of oxidizing sub- stances 213 determination 018 effect on water requirements of crops 331 fertilizing value 225 manufacture from the air 525 reaction for 303 soil, effect on trees, Colo 221 seasonal changes in, U.S.D.A 122 Nitric acid — effect on activity of invertase, U.S.D.A.. 110 alkali soils 622 yield of crops 023 electrolysis 009 in rain 220 manufacture from the air 323 reaction for 303 separating nitrous acid from 705 soil, solubility 301 Nitrification — in soils 19, 021 and solutions 721 as affected by lime and magnesia. 023 seasonal, U.S.D.A 122 stable manure 124 Nitrite, fertilizing value 225 Nitrites, absorption lay plants 724 effect on medicinal substances 007 in flour, examination for 567 Nitro-bacterine, tests 132, 320, 024, 032 cultures, tests 131 Nitrogen — absorption in the intestines, studies 374 aluminum, as a fertilizer 525 amino, determination 303 ammoniacal, determination in meat 214 as ammonia, determination 705 assimilation by crops 524 atmospheric fixation 30, 127, 525 by Azotobacter 19 bacteria 122 U.S.D.A 121 electricity 323 in soils 429 utilization 23, 718 availability, experiments 718 in fertilizers 302 various substances 625 available, cost 323 carbon, and phosphorus, ratio in soils. 111. 423 cyanamid, natural changes in 323 determination 213, 013 in feces 615 feeding stuffs 615 distribution in woman's milk 511 effect on keeping quality of meat 166 extraction from vinasse 128 fertilizing value 32, 224, 630, 040 N.Y.Comell 138 P.R 238 fillers, inert, detection 706 fixation, determination 705 in soils 430,622 Page. Nitrogen— Continued. fixation, in soils, Colo 221,523 investigations 122 Wis 721 r61e of bacteria in 717 free extract, definition, U.S.D.A 672 in foods and feeds 110 in foods, biological value 68 Oregon soils 315 rain and snow 220 tree nodules and rootlets 330 industry, notes 127 injurious, determination in sugar beets. . 514 metabolism, Iowa 284 as affected by lecithin 470 muscular work 470 in dogs 171 man 171 minimum requirements 08 nitrate, as ammonia, determination 706 effect on soil bacteria 231 nitric, assimilation by plants 329 determination 705 in soils, studies. Pa 522 organic, methods of detennining avail- ability 9, 705 oxid, effect on flour, U.S.D.A 408 prevention of losses from manure 024 problem in dry farming 318 relation to quality in sugar beets 514 resorption in the intestines 570 value in agriculture 18 Nitrogenous — fertilizers — comparison 126, 127, 225, 2.35,525, 532, 633, 638 P.R 238 effect on apples. Pa 341 plants 224 for tomatoes 241 new, manufacture and use 626 solubility 302 materials, ammonifioation and nitrifica- tion 622 organic substances, absorption by plants. 725 Nitrous- acid, production in water distillation 225 separation from nitric acid 705 gases, condensation of atmospheric mois- ture by 616 oxid, formation and use by bacteria 30 NiUschia ladfrons n.sp., description 362 Noctua cxTulcoccphala, notes 756 Nonagria uniformis, notes 459 Nonbacterial diseases, immunity in 100 Nonnitrogenous extracts in feeding stuffs Oil Nonprotein compounds, effect on gain in body protein 474 Nonsugaiw, effect on determination of sugar In l>eets 307 North Carolina College, notes 199,298,497 Station, notes 199,298,497 Dakota College, notes 298, 598 Station, report 799 Pole region, meteorological coadltlons. 616 882 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Nose disease remedies, sale and use, U.S.D. A. 167 Nosema apis as a cause of bee disease 366 bombycis, notes 366 Nothrus terminalis n.sp., description 565 Notolophus oslari, parasitism 367 Nuclein synthesis in the animal body, Wis. . 569 Nucleoproteids, bacterial, studies 683 Nucleus in heredity and development, book . . 471 Nurseries, forest, in New York 344 Nursery crop, destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A 154 inspection, Ariz 639 Conn.State 360 in Arizona 556 France 360 Maine 755 Massachusetts 767 New York 360 Ohio 360 Oklahoma 360 Uganda 53 Virginia 458 law, Tex 255 in Arizona 555 stock, fumigation 458 Nut, ivory, of Abyssinia 542 Nutmeg, effect on yeast fermentation 63 Nutrients, effect on formation of diastase 412 Nutrition — animal, relation to palatability of rations. Wis 569 as affected by foods 65 effect on animal form 473, 474 human, discussion 668 international congress 605 relation to geography 67 Investigations 668 in United States and Canada 71 of the Filipinos 568 {See also Digestion, Food, Metabolism, etc.) ■ Nuts, kola, culture in French G uinea 243 nutritive and economic value 64 purin content 770 snout beetles affecting, W.Va 261 varieties for North Tyrol 343 yeheb, food value 767 Nyctinomus mezicami.s, notes 350 iV2/sm«an(7Msto/M«, injuring cotton, U.S.D.A.. 462 Oak and beech stands, soil physics of 146 buds, expansion as affected by light 27 disease, notes 252 mildew, notes 50,354 outbreaks in Hungary 152 prevalence in E urope 551 studies 49, 552 treatment 50 oidium, morphology 50 notes 740 Oaks, Himalayan, insects affecting 756 Oat and rice flour, relation to pellagra 568 wheat hay, scale of points for 436 by-products, analyses 771 Ind 475 disease, mutualism in 447 Page. Oatdust, analyses. Can 378 feeds, analyses, Me 73 hulls, ground, analyses. Can 378 loose smut, treatment, Ind 147 rust, notes 33 smut, Ufe history 345 treatment 649 Can 332 Pa 636 Utah 742 Oats, adulteration, U.S.D.A 475, 572 analyses 175, 437, 771 Can 368 U.S.D.A 637 and barley, seeding experiments. Can. . 333 peas, yields. Pa 579 wheat, losses in drying 535 as affected by fertilizers 730 mineral salts 328,726,799 ash content 767 cooperative experiments. Mo 35 cost of production in Germany 493 culture 136 Alaska 631 experiments 34, 135, 136,432, 534 Can 333 for hay, Alaska 631 in Ohio, Ohio 396 digestibility 72 distance experiments, Can 332 effect on carbon dioxid content of soils . 523 examination in Germany 730 fertilizer experiments 23, 24,33,126,127,128, 322, 323, 437, 534, 626, 637, 720, 730 Can 532 N.Dak 728 U.S.D.A 427 on swamp soils, Can 532 requirements, U.S.D.A 319 for cows. Can 380 Pa 579 sheep 774 German grown, quality 40 germination as affected by formalde- hyde, Utah 742 ground, analyses, N.J 475 Tex 572 growth as affected by Canada thistles. . 132 zinc 129 insects affecting 755 Mich 254 irrigation experiments, Nev 34 U.S.D.A 189 lOierson, history, U.S.D.A 337 misbranding, U.S.D.A 475,572 nitrogenous fertilizers for 225 phototropic reaction experiments 724 prices in England and Scotland 293 protein content 335 proteolytic enzyms in Ill pure-bred strains, culture 432 rate of sowing in dry farming, U.S.D.A. 435 role of boron in 231 INDEX Oi'^ SUBJECTS. 883 I'age. Oats, Sixty-day, history, U.S.D.A 337 varieties 33, 335, 432, 438, 534, 627, 634, 730 Alaska 631 Can 332,333,531 Kans 234 N.Dak 728 Pa 536 U.S.D.A 335, 434, 636 characteristics 236 resistant to Scolecotrichum ... 46 water requirements in India 332 wild, culture experiments, U.S.D.A... 136 yield as aSected by meteorology 219 underdrainage 33 factors affecting 117 yields in Pennsylvania 437 Oberea ulmicola, Investigations 457 Ochrophebus carinata, notes 658 Ochropsora sorbi, notes 545 Ocncria dispar. {See Gipsy moth.) Ocotca sp., toxicity, researches in 582 Ocular douve in fowls 793 Odonata of North America, catalogue 756 parasitism 159 Odontites rubra, as affected by parasitism. . . 31 CEstrus ovis, notes 88 Ohio Station, notes 99, 298, 497, 598, 698 University, notes 99, 199, 497, 598, 698 O'idium alphiloidcs n.sp., description 552 quercinum, notes 545 spp., notes 353 tuckerii, description 353 notes 151 ventricosum, notes 740 O'idium, notes 651 Oilcake, analyses, N.Y. State 672 fertilizing value 641 mustard, residual effects 642 clove, effect on yeast fermentation 63 coconut. {See Coconut oil.) emulsions for roads, U.S.D.A 490 for roads, U.S.D.A 489 from Chinese beans, extraction 13 meal for horses, Iowa 278 olive. (See Olive oil.) peanut and coconut , effect on milk 478 salad. (See Salad oil.) seeds, analyses 129 Oils, analyses 129 dark, determination of acid and saponi- fying numbers in 116 determination of fatty acids in 116 essential, determination of iodin num- ber in 615 fish, detection in vegetable oils 116 miscible, preparation and use, U.S.D.A. 157 soluble, use 458 Oily substances, mixing with calcium cyan- amld 12G Oklahoma College, notes 598, 698 Station, notes 598,698,800 Oleomargarine- analyses 710 examination, stmpllfled method 710 manufacture and comparison 079 water content, determination 710 86058°— VOL 23—11 7 Page. Oleurop6ine, olive, studies 211 Olive bacterial disease, notes 247 diseases, bibliography 149 notes 145, 242 studies 640 fly, remedies 55 oil, adulteration, U.S.D.A... 168,468,568,769 as affected by metals 112 development of molds in 528 extraction 2I8 industry in Portugal 145 machinery, description 218 manufactories, cooperative, in Italy 594 manufacture, .\riz 639 methods of pressing 640 misbranding, U.S.D.A 65, 168, 468, 568, 769 oleuropfiine, studies 211 sooty, mold, treatment 250 tubercle organism, formation of glu- conic acid by 611 Olives, adulteration, U.S.D.A 759 culture 640 in Algeria 242 Portugal 145 southern France 640 insects affecting 242, 640 introduction from Palestine,U.S.D.A . 538 preservation 145 varieties 145, 242, 640 wild, as a white fly food plant, Fla 462 Oliviera lateralis, viviparity in 365 Oncidcres texana in Georgia, notes 764 Oncopeltus fasciafus , injuring cotton, U.S.D.A. 462 Onion eel worm, remedies 547 smut, treatment, Mass 743 Onions, cost of production in Spain 192 fertilizer experiments, N.Mex 733 forcing experiments 41 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 394 keeping tests, Can 341 respiration in as affected by poisons . 629 studies on development of 229 Ontario Agricultural College, notes 499 beekeepers' association 467 Oospora scabies. (See Potato scab.) Opadiafunebrana, introduction into Eng- land 459 Ophiobolus graminis, relation to cereal lodging 546 oryzx n.sp., description 347 Ophthalmia, periodic, notes 90 relation to house flies 664 Ophthalmic test, tIj agnostic value 684 Opsonins, diagnostic and prognostic value.. . 686 normal, varieties of 387 Optunia leavis, chemistry and usos, N.Me.x . . 710 lindheimerii for cows 282 spp., culture experiments, Ariz 634 economic value, .Vrlz 633 Orange buckskin, treatment, Fla 446 butterfly, notes 362 codling moth, notes 362 disease, description, U.S.D..\ 446 extract, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 568 mealy-bug, notes 362 884 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. Page. Orangeade powder, adulteration and mis- branding, U.S.D.A 271 Oranges, analyses, Fla 441 cost of production in Spain 192 destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A. . . 154 insects affecting 755 U.S.D.A 257 introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A 538 Orchard— and forest diseases, bibliography 149 brown mite, studies, Colo 264 diseases Ln Italy 149 notes 147,247,740 N.Y.State 538 prevalence in Queensland 147 Tasmania 52 studies 646 treatment 645 Md 252 Va 163 grass for pastures, N.Y.Cornell 529 germination tests, Va 240 seed examination, Va 240 heater, homemade, description 538 Inspection. {See Nursery inspection.) Orchards — apple. (See Apple orchards.) cover crops for, Hawaii 241 fertilizer experiments 42 home, in Oregon, Oreg 295 improvement in eastern United States. . . 640 in Nova Scotia 241 insects affecting 46, 52, 53, 646, 755 Ohio 733 Va 163 remedies 440 u-rigation, U.S.D.A 440 management, N.Y.State 538 Ohio 734 plantmg, U.S.D.A 440 systems for 734 protection from frost, U.S.D.A 441 spraying, Ind ». 61 Wis 61 survey in Niagara County, N.Y.Cornell. . 538 Orchids, culture 343 fungus symliiosis in 133 Oregon College, notes 99, 199, 29S, 498, 698 Station, notes 99, 298, 498, C9S Organic- bases in rotted soy beans 704 compounds in soils, complexity 310 matter, eflect on nitrifiration in soils 721 in soils, factors affecting 621 value in agriculture 18 Organisms, edect on soil fertiUty 623 growth as affected by boric acid . . 370 normal rate of growth in 375 relation to depreciation in prunes 630 soil, effect on anthracnose. La . . . 250 Organs, human, composition 172 Orgyiagonostigma, studies of sex differences in. 472 Oribatella angusta n.sp., description 565 Oribatoidea of North America 504 Oriental moth, Ufe history and bibliography. . 363 Page. Oriental sore, transmission 483 Ornamental plants. (See Plants, ornamen- tal.) shrubs. (See Shrubs, ornamen- tal.) trees. (See Trees, ornamental.) Ornithodoros marginatus n.sp., description 565 moubata, transmission of Spiro- chseta gallinarum by 162 Orobanche rubeus, notes 741 Orihocarpus purpurascens palmeri, culture, U.S.D.A 136 Orthoclase, as a source of potash 716 Orthoptera, catalogue 756 of Cuba and Isle of Pines 256 India 358 southwestern and western 557 Orthorrhinus glindrirostTis, notes 659 Osage orange disease, notes 252 relation to San Jos6 scale 658 Oscinis frit, notes 458 Osmanthus americanus, as a white fly food plant, Fla 462 Osmosis, cellular, relation to heredity 377 Osmotic pressure Ln plants, studies 526 Ostrich diseases, notes 90 prevalence in British East Africa 784 industry in Uruguay 279 Otiorhynchus ovatus, notes. Conn. State 361 Ovaries, histology during pregnancy 777 O vernutrition, notes 373 Oviduct ligaments in fowls, studies, Me 275 Ovine, tests 286 Ovis arzes spp., bones of, description 476 vignci arkal, description 174 Ovomucoid solutions, refractive indexes 510 Ovularia mcdicaginis, notes 741 Ovulation in mammals 472 Owls, destruction of gophers by, U.S.D.A 154 Ox blood, deflbrinated, nutritive value 572 prehistoric, description 174 Oxalic acid, effect on invertase, U.S.D.A 110 Oxamid, absorption by plants 725 Oxen, feeding experiments 772 Oxidase reactions, studies 210 Oxidases, plant, extracting and purifying 210 studies 228, 704 Oxidizing substances, relation to detection of nitrates 213 Oxygen, consumption by man, determina- tion 471 determination in water 512 eflect on ammonium sulphate 009 red pigments in plants 528 influence on muscular work 0G9 liberation from leaves 725 resorption in the intestines 570 role in formation of plant proteins. . . 29 Oyster embryos, studies 478 Oyster-shell— bark-louse. (See Oyster-shell scale.) scale, life history and control, U.S.D.A. . . 150 notes. Wis 59 remed ies 360 Corm.State 362 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 885 Page. Oysters, adulteration, U.S.D.A 508, 769 floating, U.S.D.A 368 Ozone, purification of water by 619 Pachycre poidcus dubius n.sp., description 666 Pachycrcpoideus, reconstruction of 660 PachyncuTon gifucnsis, notes, U.S.D.A 50 Pachypsylla rohwcri n.sp., description 558 Pacific Fruit Express Company's precooling plants 540 Packing-house products. (See Animal prod- ucts.) Paddy. (See Rice.) Paint, analyses, N.Dak 371 inspection, N.Dak 108 Paints, tests, N.Dak 692 Paleontology of North Carolina, bibliography 520 Paleoplatyura n.sp., description. Me 159 Paliurus spina-cJiTisti, introduction from Pal- estine, U.S.D.A 537 Palm fat, detection in butter and lard 417 nut meal, digestibility. .-. 175 Pancakes, effect on acidity of urine 375 Pancreatic juice — digestive power as affected by tempera- ture 271 effect on exclusion from intestines 374 hydrolysis of proteins 709 Pangium edulc, hydrocyanic acid in 29 PonJcMmjMmfn^orMTO, relation to bocarajada. 791 miliaceum, yield, factors affecting. . . 117 prolotum, analyses 771 spp., host of plum aphis, Okla 150 Pansies, violas and violets, book 642 Panus sp., notes 152 Papain, proteolytic acidity, exjreriments 702 Papaipcma spp., notes 658 Paper- bottles for milk, tests 82 filter, effect on nitrate formation in soils. .. 622 for wrapping foods, preparation 370 manufacture from cornstalks 33 parchment, use in packing butter 616 Papilio dcmolcus, notes 3f,2 podalirius, notes 7".6 Paprika, judging 417 Para rublier. (See Rubber.) Paranaph, preparat ion and use 766 Parasites. (Sec Animal parasites, Insect par- asites, etc.) Parasitologj', notes 786 treatise 555, 785 Paratyphoid bacilli, relation to diseases 684 Parchment paper, use in packing butter 616 Paresis of pregnancy, disease resembling 584 parturient. (See Milk fever.) Paris green, analysers. Can 367 Oreg 406 effect on apple foliage, U.S.D.A. . 52 tests. 111 59 Park system of Providence, Rhode Island.. 736 Parlatoria pergandei. (See Chaff scale.) Parsnips, culture experiments 136 Parthenium argentatum, notes 445 propagation experi- ments 543 rubber increase in. . . 130 I'age. Parthenogenesis, artificial, methods 472 in Nicotiana 31 Partridge, Hungarian, introduction into United States, U.S.D.A 154 Parturient apoplexy, paralysis, or paresis. (See Milk fever.) Paspalum scrobiculatum, water requirements in India 332 spp., analyses 771 Passer domesticus, incubation, studies 778 Passi flora alba, toxic properties 86 Passion flower, r61e of hydrocyanic acid in 330 wild, poisoning of cattle by . . . 80 Pasteurellosis, description and treatment 792 Pasteurization of milk, U.S.D.A 81 Pastry, recipes for 270 Pasture crops, feeding-off experiments 072 lands, cost in various States, N.Y. Cornell 530 system for sheep, U.S.D.A 575 Pastures — care and management, Mass 530 fertilized, effect on composition of milk. . 478 fertilizer experiments 26, 232 Pa 634 management. Mass 530 in Sweden 34 planting and management, N.Y.Cornell. . 529 seed mixtures for. Can 333 Pasturing, effect on yield of hay 432 Pathfinder dam and reservoir, U.S.D.A 419 Pathologists, American association 100 Pathology and chemotherapy treatise 387 experimental, bibliography 770 significance to veterinarians 387 Paulownias, assimilation of nitrogen by 329 Paussidae, catalogue 465 Pea hull meal, analyses. Me 73 meal, analyses, N. Y.State 672 seeds, formation of saccharose in 628 wilt, studies 240 Peach aphis, notes 658 borer, embryonic development 701 notes, Conn. State 361 remedies, N.J 734 brandy, misbranding, U.S.D.A 668 brown rot, treatment 745 U.S.D.A 59,150 buds, frost resistant qualities, N.Mex. . 733 culture in New Jersey, N.J 734 curculio, remedies 745 U.S.D.A 151 diseases, investigations 149 paper on 658 treatment 650 Md 252 Tenn 442 extract, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 769 foliage as affected by lead arsenate, U.S.D.A 164 leaf curl, investigations, N.Y.Comell.. 353 spread and treacMont 151 treatment, N.J 734 orchards- protection from frost, Tenn 441, 442 U.S.D.A.... 441 886 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Peach pomace, utilization 218 rot, treatment, Tenn 441 scab, treatment, U.S.D.A 150 tree gumming, studies. Can 351 yellows, investigations 150 relation to frost injury 454 treatment 746 Peaches as affected by Bordeaux mixture 554 lead salts, U.S.D.A... 164 bark beetles affecting, notes 755 chemistry of 414 culture under irrigation, N.Mex 733 elm twig girdlcr affecting 457 endotrophic mycorrhiza in 528 preparation for marketing, U.S.D.A. 144 rest periods of, studies. Mo 526 scale insects affecting, U.S.D.A 156 thinning experiments, Tenn 442 Peanut cake for horses 577 meal, analyses, N.J 475 oil cake, analyses 771 effect on milk 478 Peanuts, adulteration, U.S.D.A 168,468 as a green manure 124 cost of production in Spain 192 culture and use. Miss 40 fertilizing value 134 varieties 533 Pear bacterial blight, studies 49 blight, investigations. Can 352 remedy, analyses, Oreg 466 treatment, Mont 352 chlorosis, investigations 350 crown gall, investigations 149 diseases, treatment, N.C 453 fire blight, notes, Oreg 454 studies 247 leaf blight, studies 549 blister mite, remodies, Conn. State.. 362 orchards, protection from frost, U.S.D.A. 441 scab, treatment. Can 351 slug, notes. Wis 59 tannin, relation to quality of perry 211 thrips, notes 646 Pears, chemistry of 414 destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A 154 endotrophic mycorrhiza in 528 greedy scale affecting 362 insects affecting, N.C 466 mushy, influence on juice fermentation 211 preparation for marketing, U.S.D.A. . 144 scale insects affecting, U.S.D.A 156 varieties 440 Peas, absorption of barium by 329 and oats, yields. Pa 579 as affected by lime 226 breeding experiments 336 Canada, for cows. Pa 579 canned, analyses, U.S.D.A 63 misbranding, U.S.D.A 371,769 cost of production in Colorado, U.S.D.A. 690 development as affected by light 723 dried, analyses 169 fertilizer experiments 24, 433 field, analyses 175 as a green manure, U.S.D.A 339 Page. Peas, field, culture, U.S.D.A 435 and harvesting, Wyo 139 inoculation experiments 132 insects affecting, Mich 254 reproduction experiments. Can. . 333 varieties 730 Can 334,531 Wyo 139 French, analyses and digestibility, Nev. 71 hemicelluloses in seed coats of 704 inoculation experiments 132, 432 pigeon, as a cover crop, Hawaii 241 production for seed, U.S.D.A 640 proteolytic enzyms in Ill r61e of boron in 231 varieties 336 water requirements in India 332 yields, N.Dak 728 Peasant proprietors in Belgium, indebted- ness 593 Peasants, pensioning in France 292 Peat ash, analyses 427 fertilizing value 427 availability of nitrogen in 625 fertilizing value 71 lands or soils. (.See Soils, peat.) litter, examination 512 fertilizing value 427 mamifactm-e 296 moss, fertilizing value 719 resources of United States 25 shrinkage on drying 620 use in manure preservation 624 value as litter 124 Pecan disease, studies 247 diseases, treatment, Fla 447 Pecans, new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 143 Pectin, effect in determination of sugar 307 Pectocarya linearis, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 136 Pediculoides ventricosus, studies 57 U.S.D.A 57 Pediculus vestimenti — as affected by temperature 559 transmission of typhus fever liy 57 Pedigrees, score-card method of judging 672 Pelargonium disease, investigations 654 Pellagra, etiology 66, 148 relation to corn meal 668 rice and oat flour 568 Pemphiginae of Sweden, studies 54 Pemphigus spp. , prevalence in America 461 ulmifusus, studies. Me 757 Penicillium — brevicaule, decomposition of cyanamids by 622 glaucum, effect on tuberculin 587 relation to depreciation in prunes 630 spp. , growth as affected by tannin 330 occurrence in silage 630 Penlcillimn, culture experiments 231 Pennsylvania College, notes 400 Station, financial statement. . . 596 notes 400 report of director 596 Pentatoma spp., injuring cotton, U.S.D.A 461 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 887 Page. Pentatomidae, nearctlc, catalogue 463 Pentosans, determination in soils 11 relation to methyl pentosans in seeds 413 Peonies, classification, N. Y.Comell 541 Peony disease, description, U.S.D. A 446 Peoria State Hospital, diet at 66 Pepper — adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D. A. 371 black, adulteration, U.S.D. A 271 misbranding, U.S.D. A 271, 769 examination 567 Peppers, culture experiments, N.Mex 733 Pepsin and chymosin, identitj' 305 digestive power as affected by tem- peratm-e 271 Peptids, determination 707 Peptone, effect on nitrification in soils 622, 721 Peptones, casein, containing phosphorus 304 Perdiz perdix, introduction into United States, U.S.D. A 154 Peridermium — pini, characteristics 152 densiflorx, relation to Coleosporlum . 552 spp. , notes 456 stTobi, injurious to white pine 456 studies. . . .' 344 Perilampus iiiimicus n.sp., description, U.S. D.A 162 Perissopterus carnesi, description 564 javensi^, notes, XJ.S. D.A 56 Peronea minuta, notes. Wis 59 Peronia hypericana n.sp., description 761 Peronospora, notes 651 Peronospora ononidis n.sp. , description 545 parasitica, treatment, Fla 446 schachtii, notes 348 sparsa, studies 654 • trifoliorum, notes 740 vitkola, description 353 treatment 651 Peroxidase reaction in milk 309 soluble, in mammary glands 285 Peroxidases, purification 9 Perry as affected by condition of pears 21 1 prevention of tinrbidity in 211 Pestalozzia aloea , notes 355 dusias n.sp., description 153 Petroleum , aversion of rats to 154 emulsion, preparation and use, U.S.D. A 157 Petrologj' of North Carolina, bibliography — 520 Peziza icillkommii, relation to source of seed . . 652 Phseoseptoria oryzx n.sp. , description 347 Phxosphxria oryzx n.g. and n.sp. , description. 347 Phagocytes, biology 682 Phagocytosis, influence of endotoxins on — 785 Phalaris commutala, analyses 771 Phanerogams, absorption of amlds by 725 Pharcidia oryzx n.sp., description 347 Pharmacology, bibliography 770 Phaseolus— lunatus, hydrocyanic acid in 29 muUiflorus, effect of injury to cotyledons. 723 mungo as a green manure 642 vulgaris, absorption of amlds by 725 Page. Phaseolus — Continued. vulgaris, hemicelluloses in seed coats of . . 704 seedlings as affected by lime 329 Pheasant diseases, notes, U.S.D. A 178 Pheasants, in Russia, studies 675 raising, U.S.D. A 178 and hunting 178 Pheidole spp. , notes, U.S. D.A 558 Phenol, effect on mitosis 628 fungicidal value 649 Phenology, studies 516 Phenols, use in soil analysis 705 Philippine Board of Agriculture, notes 299 Philophthalmus gralli n.sp., description 793 Phlegethontius quinque-maculatus. {Sec To- bacco-worm.) sezta. {See Tomato-wonn.) spp., notes 765 Phleum pratense. (Sec Timothy.) Phlaothrips n.sp., description 557 Phl^otribus Uminaris, notes 755 Phlyctxnia fcrrugalis, notes. Conn. State 301 Phoma aloicola n.sp., description 653 betx as a cause of heart rot 648 notes 348 treatment 248 bohemica n.sp., description 751 mali, parasitism 454 sp., notes 147 Ariz 646 spp., growth as affected by tannin. . . 330 tabiftca, notes 546 Phomopsis aloeapercrassx, notes 355 Phonolite, fertilizing value 24.324,325,626,719 meal, fertilizing value 625 relation to plant diseases 324 Phora ruficornis, viviparity in 365 Phoridfe, studies 064 Phormia regina, parasitism 102 Phnrmium tenar, food plant of mealy bug. La. 600 Phorocera serriven'ris, viviparity in 365 Phosphate- analysis, mechanical agitator for 302 deposits in Florida 520 New Brunswick 324 Senegal 626 South Carolina 324 the United States 128 western States, U.S. D.A 426 on Pacific Ocean islands 225 fertilizing value 632 nitrate, and potash, ratios for plant growth 024 of lime. (See Calcium phosphate.) Palmaer, fertilizing value 719 preparation 719 raw, effect on apples, Pa 341 rock, dissolved. (See Superphosphate.) notes. 111 231 production 18 Phosphates- analyses 23 U.S.D.A 426 comparison 128 determination 113, 013 effect on composition of milk 478 888 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Phosphates— Continued. effect on plant respnation 230 soils, R.I 21 water requirements of crops 331 fertilizing value 234, 532 fixation in soils, Tex 423 ground, fertilizing value 638 in soils, availability 610 insoluble, fertilizing value 128 utilization 717 mineral, solubility, Tex 423 mining, in Micronesia 324 of North Carolina, bibliography 521 raw, fertilizing value 323 residual effects 135, 324 soil, solubility 301 solubility investigations 20, 717 statistics 25 value in agriculture 324 {See also Superphosphates.) Phosphatic feed lime, examination 615 fertilizers, effect on plants 225 for plums 23 slag, composition 324 fertilizing value 22, 23, 24, 32, 127, 232, 234, 323, 324, 626, 638, 639 for marsh soils 224 residual effect 324 Phosphatids, determination 410 extracting from plants 611 plant, studies 7, 8 Phosphoric acid — absorption by plants 519 as a seed disinfectant 248 assimilation by crops 524 availability as related to clover sickness. . 647 role of bacteria in 717 biochemical cycle in soils 317 determination as magnesium ammonium phosphate 706 in cereals 417 effect on decomposition of green manures . 625 invertase, U.S.D.A 110 muck soils 120 fertilizing value 224, 627, 635, 640 for tomatoes 241 in soils, interpretation, U.S.D.A 508 studies, Tex 423 urine, studies 375 relation to sugar beet diseases 348 soluble, relation to soil fertility 519 Phosphorite, relation to clover sickness 647 Phosphorus- body in ricinus leaves 8 carbon, and nitrogen, ratio in soils, 111 423 compounds, relation to beriberi 793 determination in phosphate precipitates. 303 excretion by rats, Wis 569 fertilizing value 232 N.Y.Comell 138 P.R 238 Pa 634 hydrolysis by enzyms 611 in meat 512 U.S.D.A 510 seeds, relation to nonprotein bodies. . . 702 Inorganic, determination, Ohio 303 Phosphorus— Continued. metabolism as affected by fish diet 770 lecithin 470 in man 69 organic and inorganic, differentiation 512 soluble, in feeding stuffs. Wis 511 value in agriculture 18 Photometer for home use, construction. Pa. . 592 Photosynthesis, modem theories and bibliog- raphy 330 Phoxopteris nubeculana, notes, Me 254 Phragmidia, monograph 48 new species, descriptions 48 Phragmidium subcorticium, description 355, 654 treatment 654 Phthora vastatrix, studies 749 Phthorimxa operculella. (See Potato-tuber worm.) Phycitina spp., parasitic on wild silkworm. . . 560 Phycomyces nitens, phototropic reaction 724 Phycomycetes, notes 740 Phyllachora sorghi n.sp., description 740 Phyllite soils of New South Wales, analyses. . 521 Phyllocoptes {Eriophyes) quadripes, notes 667 vitis, injuries by 766 Phyllosticta apii, treatment 148 cavarx n. sp., description 653 dracxnx, n. sp., description 153 medicaginis, notes 740 n. spp., descriptions 347 Phyllothrips fasciculata, notes 557 Phylloxera, grapes resistant to, U.S.D.A 641 in Italy, review 144 Phylloxera vastatrix. (See Grape-phylloxera.) Physcus flavivenlris, description 664 varicornis, notes, U.S.D.A 157 Physical training, bibliography 95 Physics, relation to agriculture 399 Physiography of Alaska, U.S.D.A — 444 northeastern Kentucky 119 northern Canada 356 Physiological methods, handbook and bibli- ography 770 Physiology, comparative, bibliography 670 course in, for rural schools 195 international catalogue 770 of domestic animals, text-book . . 670 plant, progress in 210 relation to agriculture 399 animal breeding 571 Physothorax russelli n. sp., description 367 Phytin, effect on precipitation of inorganic phosphorus, Ohio 303 extraction from plants 611 relation to beriberi 793 Phytophthora agaves, notes 152 cactorum, studies 452 infestans. (See Potato rot and Potato blight.) omnivora, studies 149, 549, 748 sp., investigations 548, 748 Phytophtus vitis, notes 247 Picea excelsa, effect of injury to cotyledons. . . 723 Pickles, analyses. Me 567 cucumber, salting and curing 711 Monascus barkeri in 768 Pieris cratsegi, notes 756 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 889 Page. Pig blood, clinical examination 784 diseases, prevalence in British East Africa 784 prevention, N.C 577 houses, descriptions, N.C 577 industry in various countries 279 Pigeon manure, analyses. Pa 525 pea wilt, studies 24C, 448 pox, notes 792 Pigeons as aflected by kainit 582 rice diet 793 Pigmentation in feathers, studies 273 Pigments, red, in plants as afifected by oxygen 528 Pignuts, snout beetles affecting, W.Va 262 Pigs, anthrax in 390 as affected by kainit 5S2 care and management, treatise 74 curly-coated or Baston, description 177 digestion experiments, Iowa 278 feeding 279 experiments 476 Can 379 Pa 379 fish diet for 177 for bacon, shortage of 577 home-grown feeds for, U.S.D.A 495 unmimization against hog cholera, S.C. 588 pox 286 swine plague.. 289,788 kidney cysts in, studies 486 nephrolithiasis in 683 new parasite affecting 790 potatoes for 577 pregnant, food value 65 raising in North Carolina, N.C 577 Norway 74 United Kingdom 577 rye germ for 474 skim milk for, Minn 178 tests of breeds , 177 Pileocephalus striatus n. sp., description 762 Pilocarpine, use in cases of tetanus 5S5 Pima Indians, standard of living 409 Pimelea sp., toxicity, researches in 582 Pimpla spp., parasitic on range caterpillar, U.S.D.A 464 Pine blister rust, studies 343,344 borer, notes, Me 254 U.S.D.A 161 forests, as affected by smoke 726 leaf cast, studies 751 treatment 152 Chermes, studies. Me 256 lodgepole, reproduction, Wash 444 procession mollis, studies 760 rot, treatment 653 rotations in Germany 542 rusts, characteristics 152 Scotch, disease, notes 152 seeds, drying and storing 445 vitality 245 western yellow, yield tables 344 white, European currant rust on 456 Fusarium disease, studies 354 yields of resin from 543 Pineapple industry in Porto Rico 145 rot, treatment, U.S.D.A 446 Page. Pineapples- abnormal growth 227 canned, misbranding, U.S.D..\ 568 culture and marketing 43 fertilizer e.xperiments, Fla 441 preservation for shipment 735 shipping experiments, Hawaii 240 sugar-dried, preparation, U.S.D.A 217 Pines, insects affecting 260 Pinus koraknsis seeds, proteins in 110 longifoUa, yields of resin from 543 sylvestris, effect of injury to cotyledons. 723 Piroplasma— bigeminum, studies and bibliography 667 bovis, description 484 mode of multiplication 155 canis, degenerative appearances in 786 distribution in dogs 589 equi, cultivation 155 n.spp., descriptions 792 ninense n.sp., description 287 Piroplasmosis, bacillary, diagnosis 484 canine, treatment 589 equine, investigations 487 transmission by ticks. 287 treatment 783 Piroplasms, classification and bibliography.. . 393 Pistachio trees, culture and use 243 Pistacia spp., introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A 537 Pisum arvense, analyses 175 Pitted scale, injurious to citrus fruits 53 PityoplithoTus coniperda, notes, Me 254 Plagia trepida, viviparity in 365 Plague bacilli in fleas, conservation of 763 bacillus proteins, studies 683 bubonic, control in California 754 transmission by lleas 261,563 fleas on rats and mice 160 in India, investigations 656 infection in ground squirrels, studies . . 754 relation to house flies 664 rat lleas 656 susceptibility of animals to 563 Plane tree disease, notes 553 Plant bacterial diseases, bibliography 045 breeding — address on 471 bibliography 240 experiments — notes 31 with beans 336 cereals, Kans 234 corn 38,535 cotton 437 Hawaii 233 S.C 139 fruits, Alaska 639 peas 336 timothy 450 N.Y.Cornell .... 536 tobacco 227,338 wheat 227,300,638 In Germany 35 relation to control of plant enemies. 646 bugs, injurious to cotton, U.S.D.A 461 890 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Plant bugs, remedies, TJ.S.D.A 462 diseases — free publications on 495 in Ohio, bibliography, Ohio 544 legislation concerning 346 notes 346,633,740 prevalence in Mozambique 362 New Zealand 147 Ohio, Ohio 544 Queensland 147 Reuss 147 relation to sap acidity 651 review of literature. 740 studies 31, 646, 740 symptoms 645 treatise 645 treatment 61, 545,740, 745 (See also different host plants.) enemies, new methods of controlling . . 646 food, fixation by soils 18 in soils, extraction 707 supply and removal 714 losses from plants and soils 18 solution, rate equation 707 transfer in leaves 28 forcing experiments, bibliography, Mo. 526 with anesthetics, bibliography, Vt 341 forms as affected by environment 227 Fusarium diseases, studies, Ariz 646 growth as affected by- colored Ught 326 electricity 326 frost and vacuum, Vt 340 heating of soO 722 hydrolyzable salts 527 Marasmius oreades 430 salts 31 soil moisture 130 sterilization 221 temperature 142 ultraviolet rays 27 zinc 129 growth, effect on carbon dioxid con- tent of soils 523 relation to plant food ratios. . . 624 hybrids, inheritance of structure in. . . 130 inspection. {See Nursery inspection.) laboratories for research work 130 lice of Sweden, studies 54 {See also Apple aphis, etc.) medicinal, description, U.S.D.A 529 movements, Darwin's work on 227 oxidases, extracting and purifying 210 studies 228 parasitism, origin 130 pathologj', relation to bacteria 645 weather,U.S.D.A. 15 phosphatids, studies 7, 8 physiology, bibUography 528 investigations, Ariz 627 in Cuba.... 227 progress in 210 pigments, red, as affected by oxygen. . 528 products, composition 18 protf'ction, treatise 544 I'age. Plant proteins, role of oxygen in formation of. 29 respiration as affected by phosphates. . 230 bibUography 429 rest periods, studies. Mo 526 rusts, origin of heteroecism in 345 secretions, effect on soil fertility 623 smuts, Ufe history 345 sooty molds, treatment 346 tissues, formation of ammonia in 429 serobiological behavior of. 681 Plantago fastigiata, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 138 Plantains, destruction, Can 339 Plantation life in United States, treatise 692 Plants- absorption of barium by 328 nitrites by 724 phosphoric acid by 519 activities in tropical rain forests 130 aphids affecting. Can 361 as affected by alkaloidal solutions 726 fertilizers 224, 226 longitudinal compression.. 130 mineral salts 328,726 parasitic fungi 645 smelter fumes, U.S.D.A... 83 a-scent of sap in, studies 628 assimilation of nitrogen by 329 attractive to fruit-eating birds, U.S.D..\. 154 bulbous, studies on development of 229 color in. Interpretation 428 culture in pots, treatise 41 unheated greenhouses 1 42 cyanogenetic, studies 29 desert, notes, U.S.D.A 136 studies 130 detection of chromogens in 230 determina tion of chlorophyll in 708 di.stribution, Cal 35 factors affecting 130 economic, in Palestine, U.S.D.A 529 effect of habitat on drought resistance ... 428 extraction of phosphatid from Oil flowering, culture 145 of Iowa, blooming dates 736 fodder, analyses 771 food, of citrus white fly, Fla 462 tobacco split worm 260 for cottage gardens, treatise 443 fixing sand dunes, U.S.D.A 529 windbreaks and hedges, N. Dak 541 forcing experiments 40 Vt 340 formation of albuminoid substances in. . . 527 formaldehyde in 29,116 glucosids in, 725 function of rennet in 30 geographical distribution 227 greenhouse, diseases, notes 153 herbaceous, culture 343 fall V. spring planting 733 heredity in, studies 130, 777 imports, U.S.D.A 133 insects affecting 658 introduction into Cuba 227 leaf coloration in \vlnter 243 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 891 Page. Plants— Continued. light requirements, studios 723 lime and njagnesia for 12S losses of plant food from 18 mciicinal, of Pima Indians 469 nematodes alTccting 741 nonleguminous, relation to nitrogen-fix- ing bacteria 122 ornamental, analyses 210 culture 145,343 experiments,N.Mex. 733 diseases of, notes 46,355 for screens, Ariz 039 insects affecting C4G treatise 243 varieties, Alaska C39 osmotic pressure in, studies 526 parasitic, seed germination 628 pastiue, in New York, N.Y.Cornell 529 perception of light by 724 phytochemical investigations 29 poisonous, researches in 582 precooling, descriptions 540 protection against fungi 228 relation of light to green parts in 428 respiration In , as affected by poisons 029 investigations 429 r61e of boron in 230 hydrocyanic acid in 330 root-aphis affecting, U.S.D.A 558 rosaceous,scale insects affecting, U.S.D. A. 156 sterility, investigations 777 succulent, water-balance in 130 transformation of starch and fat contents. 725 transpiration in 130 Investigations 130, 724 tropical, abnormal growth 227 utilization of soil moisture by 121 variation in 227 as affected by mutilation .... 133 wild, use as food 668 yellow-bear caterpillar affecting, U.S.D. A. 760 Plasmodiophora brassicse. (See Cabbage club root.) Plasmodium n.spp., anatomy 488 Plasmopara cubensis, treatment 47 vUicola, biology 251 Plaster, land. (See Gj-psum.) pad, misbranding, U.S.D.A 7G9 Platinum, waste, recovery 213 Platymetopius spp., descriptions 757 Platypidae, notes 756 Platyura n.spp., descriptions. Me 159 Plectridium pectinovorum, organism resem- bling 030 Pleosphzrulina briosiana, notes 740 Pleospora oryzx n.sp., description 347 Pleuro-pneumonla— bovine, morphology of microbe in 85 contagious, relation to animal experi- mentation 182 pathological anatomy In 484 P/euroiropis n.spp., descriptions, U.S.D.A. . . 162 Plowing, early, effect on j'ield of cereals 310 experiments 135, 136 Plowrlghtia agaves, notes 152 Page. PlowrighUa ribesia, notes 646 Plum aphis, southern, studies, Okla 156 curculio. Injurious to apples, W.Va 160 notes, W.Va 259 Wis 59 remedies, U.S.D.A 59 diseases, treatment, Md 252 fniit moth, introduction Into England. 459 gouger, notes, Wis 59 products, salicylic add in 709 scab, treatment, U.S.D.A 59 webworm, life history and remedies ... 7C0 Plumage color, inheritance 76 Plums, chemistry of 414 culture in Wyomhig, U.S.D.A 189 endotrophic mycorrhlza In 528 fertilizer experiments 23 Insects affecting. Wis 59 preparation for marketing, U.S.D.A . . 144 scale Insects affectmg, U.S.D.A 156 varieties, Iowa 242 Plymouth Rocks, egg production by 380 Pneumococcus In mice 657 vaccines, use 482 Pneumonia, contagious, in pigs, outbreak 589 post-operative, use of vaccines in 482 (,Seealso Pleuro-pneumonia.) Poa compressa, host of plum aphis, Okla 150 nevadensis, analyses, Nev 71 sandbergii, analyses and digestibiIIty,Nev 72 serotina, culture 436 Pod rot, studies 740 Podisus maculiventris notes, W.Va 202 spp., Injurious to cotton, U.S.D.A 402 Poisons, effect on plant respiration 629 Polarimeter observations, U.S.D.A 311 Polariscope, compensation , studies 7 Poles, telegraph. Injured by capricorns 665 Poliomyelitis, acute anterior, in chickens 690 Pollenia rudis, parasitic on earthworms 703 Polygonum aviculare as affected by lime 533 Pol5T)eptids, determination in urine 217 use In study of enzyms 703 Polyporus spp., notes 456,751 Polyslictus hiTsutus, investigations 450 notec 247 occidentalis, notes 552 spp., studies 354 versicolor, relation to hall 131 Polysulphids— alkaline, effect on spraying apparatus 554 determination in lime-sulphur spray 701 Pomegranates, introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A 538 Pomology in Calvados, France 440 Ponds as water supplies In Indiana 713 fish, fertilizer experiments 018 small, use for flsh production on farms 119 Ponies. (See Horses.) Poplar bark, use In Russia 246 disease, notes 553 Poplars as affected by soil nitrates, Colo 221 scale Insects affecting, U.S.D. .\ 150 Popples as affected by mineral salts 328 Poppy, Mexican, description and eradication. 639 Populus nigra bark, use in Russia 246 892 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Pork, flavor as affected by fish 177 prices, U.S.D.A 165 products, curing and marketing 279 sausage, inspection. Me 65 Port wine, labeling, U.S.D.A 468 Pnrthetriadispar. (5fc Gipsy moth.) Porto Rico Station, notes 298, 800 Sugar Station, notes 498 Posts, concrete fence, construction, U.S.D.A. 490 Potash— as a digestion reagent 73 assimilation by crops 524 availability as affected by drainage 324 determination 113 in soils 302 U.S.D.A 509 effect on composition of milk 478 decomposition of green manures. 625 muck soils 120 saccharose formation in seeds. . . 028 soils -' 320 fertilizers, comparison 525 effect on plants 224 fertilizing value 23, 24, 224, 232, 234,324, 532,627, 632636,040 N.YComell 138 P. R 2.38 for tomatoes 241 from mica 716 in soils, assimilability 121 industry in the United States 523 method of analysis 112, 113 nature, sources, and use 426 nitrate, and phosphate, ratios for plant growth 024 salts, analyses, Oreg 427 effect on frost prevention 516 oats and forage crops 799 method of analysis 213 (See also Potassium salts.) Potassium- bichromate as a cream preservative. Can. 382 carbonate, use in cocoa manufacture 112 chlorid, fertilizing value 23,626 cyanid as a subterranean insecticide 767 effect on plants 328 wheat seedlings 28 hydroxfd , effect on casein 510 nitrate, effect on protein metabolism 328 electrolysis 609 oxid, solubility 301 salts as seed disinfectants 248 effect on wheat 319, 327 fertilizing value in dry climates 321 notes. 111 231 silicate, fertilizing value 620, 719 sulphate, analyses. Can 311 water-soluble, in soils. Pa 522 Potato— amylase, investigations 410 beetle, Colorado, growth as related to temperature, N. H. . . 358 notes 658 beetles, remedies. Can 362 black scab, control in the Netherlands 347 studies 247 Page. Potato— Continued. blackleg, studies 448 Me 248 blight, injurious to tomatoes 48, 646 life history 647 occurrence in Queensland 46, 147 treatment 47, 656, 744 canker, outbreak in Newfoundland 449 chips, dried, for pigs 577 corky scab, studies 548 cutworm, notes 658 diseases, bibliography 347 notes 47, 148, 646 relation to seed trade, Me 548 studies 148, 249, 647, 743 treatment 433, 744 dry rot, studies 449 flakes, analyses 476 dried, for pigs 476 industry in Holland 731 leaf curl, relation to phonolite 324 roll, studies 249,648 maggot, notes. Me 254 meal for pigs 470 industry in Holland 731 moth, notes 4.38, 459 rot, notes 740 salad, poisoning of man by 170 scab as affected by soil reactions, R.I 21 notes 47 seed trade, relation to diseases. Me 548 soils, fertilizers for, U.S.D.A 139 tuber worm, notes 260, 658 wart, method of control 449 studies, U.S.D.A 47 treatment 347 Potatoes- analyses 233 as affected by lithium salts 726 storage 148 sulphur 449 biological value of nitrogen in 69 cooperative experiments. Mo 35 cost ofproduction in Colorado, U.S.D.A.. 590 Germany 49 culture 233, 438 experiments 432,433 U.S.D.A 189 In Ohio, Ohio 396 Washington, Wash 531 under dry farming, U.S.D.A 435 irrigation, U.S.D.A 190 determination of dry matter and starch in . 113 digestibility 72 disease-resistant varieties 743 dried, digestibility 774 preparation and use 768 effect on acidity of urine 375 carbon dioxid content of soils. . . 523 fertilizer experiments 23, 24,127,236,237,322,427, 433,533,626,633,719,729 Can 531,532 Mass 731 Minn 637 . requirements 301 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 893 Potatoes— Continued. Page. for pigs 577 forcing experiments, Ariz 627 formation investigations, Ariz 627 harv^esting and marketing 438 insects afieoting 53 irrigation experiiaents,U.S.D.A 394 negress, analyses 731 nematodes affecting 47 nitrogenous fertilizers for 525 ptionolite for 325 prices in England and Scotland 293 seed, notes 148 selection 438 spraying experiments 236, 633 Minn 637 N.Y.State 449 starcti content, studies 432 varieties 33, 236, 237, 433, 438, 534, 729 Alaska 631,632 Can 333, 531 Minn 637 N.Dak 728 Pa 139, 536 U.S.D.A 435 resistant to leaf roll 648 wild types, studies 727 wireworms affecting 148 yields as affected by leaf treatment 633 size of seed 139,236 spraying,N.Y. State. 450 Pou 4 pouche, investigations. La 660 Poultry— as aSected by housing 691 barring in 674, 778 bibliographiy 95 breeding experiments 177 notes 675 breeds, descriptions 178 buildings, construction, Wash 691 cooperative marketing, in Russia 676 demonstration train in Wales 700 diseases, treatise 488 encyclopedia 777 feeding and management, Minn 675 methods, Me 674 feeds, analyses. Miss 475 N.J 475 N.Y.State 672 free publications on 495 handling under dry farming, Colo 231 heredity in 75 houses, construction, N.Y. Cornell 395 description 692 influence on fowls, Md 691 hybridization, studies, Me 674 industry in Maine 777 Russia 675 treatise 178 instruction in Ireland 398 keeping, Oreg 295 eflect on soil fertility 178 killing and bleeding, U.S.D.A 076 manure, analyses. Mass 717 tre&tment and use, Mass 717 market receipts, U.S.D.A 93, 796 Mendellan Inheritance in , stud ies 571 Poultry— Continued. Page. methods of fattening 777 poisoning by salt 793 preparing and marketing 178, 777 for e.xhibition 477 products, imports into Colorado, Colo 292 marketing, U.S.D.A 192 cooperatively in Ontario 491 raising and marketing 380 in Columbia River Valley, U.S.D.A 435 shows, value, U.S.D.A 78 societies in Ireland 795 treatise 279, 477, 478, 670 (See also Chickens, Ducks, etc.) Poverty, relation to land tenure systems 593 Powders, clarifying, in sugar manufacture. . . 311 Pox, animal, immunization 286 Prairie dogs, susceptibility to plague 563 hay for lambs, S.Dak 176 Praon simulans, notes 765 Pratincoles, destructive to locusts 556 Precipitation — atProvo, Utah, U.S.D.A 15 eflect on growth of cereals 219 yield of apples 118 cereals 117 formation on mountain slopes 515 in Owens Valley, U.S.D.A 15 relation to deforestation, U.S.D.A 419,443 evaporation, N. Dak 715 irrigation projects, U.S.D.A 312 (See also Rainfall, Snowfall, etc.) Precipitinogens in milk of unmimized moth- ers 682 Precipitins as affected by tubercle bacilli 388 bacterial , relation to agglutinins . . 584 Precoolrng plants, descriptions 540 Preservatives, food, notes 266 for cream. Can 382 use 270 Preserves — adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A. 769 Loganberry, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 misbranding, U.S.D.A 65,769 Pressure, effect on arc spectra, U.S.D.A 419 Prickly pear. (See Cactus.) Prlonides, revision 764 Pristomeridia agilis, notes, W. Va 160 Prodenia littoralis, injurious to tobacco 53 Producers' organizations, effect on price of cotton 39 Projectiles, motion of, in air 515 Propionic acid in Cheddar cheese. Wis 679 Prospaltellasp., notes, U.S.D.A 157 Proteases of plants, investigations 29 Proteld. (See Protein.) Protein— as a protective agont of enzy ms 702 barley, transfonnatlon during malting. . . 412 body gain in as affected by nonprotein compounds 474 cleavage in man 373 thestomach 572 products 171 content of barley as related to weight 336 894 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Protein — Continued. conteat of cereals 335 diet, formation of glycogen on 373 differentiation in rats and mice 286 digestibility 68 digestion as affected by gelatin 373 effect on resistance to ricin poisoning 372 excessive, determination for athletes 609 hydrolysis 304 in normal hiunan organs 172 losses ia cheese making, Can 386 metabolism as affected by massage 68 salts 328 in children 271 minimum requirements 69 physiological value 171 relation to beriberi 271 requirements of calves, Ga 573 man 373 relation to vegetable diet . . 69 solutions, behavior with acetone 214 refractive indexes 510 synthesis in dogs 68 Proteins, blood, nutritive value 572 body, calcubtion 69 coagulation by heat 612 color reactions 110 detection in foods and blood stains. 513 detennination. 410,707 differentiation 613 hydrolysis 613, 702, 769 in pine seeds 110 milk, differentiation 513, 614 new reaction for 304 plant, role of oxygen in formation of. 29 Proteolytic cleavage, determination 707 ferments in seeds Ill reaction, value of 788 Proteus organisms, as affected by boric acid . . 370 Proteus sp., studies 167 Protoparce Carolina, injurious to tobacco 53 cingulata, notes 659 Protoplasm, penetration of calcium salts by . 28 Protozoa, cultivation 155 In the soil, functions of 717 purification of water by 16 Protozoan parasite in sheep, studies 485 Protozoology, text-book 357 Provender, analyses, N. Y.State 672 R.I 771 Proiys punctulatus, injuring cotton, U.S.D.A. 462 Prunes, chemistry of 414 depreciation in, studies 630 endotrophic mycorrhiza in 528 Prunus javanica, role of hydrocyanic acid ki. 330 spp., introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A 538 triloba, forcing experiments 41 Prusslc acid. (See Hydrocyanic acid.) Pseudanthonomus cratxgi, notes, W.Va 160 Pseudococcus bromelix{f\ remedies, Hawaii. . 253 coZceoZar'a?, investigations. La.. 660 studies 556 cari. (See Citrus mealy bug.) Pseudomonas campestris, studies, N. Y.State. 629 treatment, Fla 446 Page. Pseudomanas medicaginis n.sp., description .. 247 medicaginis n.sp., description, Colo 546 radicicola, studies 430 Pseudoperonospora celtidis humuli n.var., de- scription 448 Pseudopeziza, development 48 Pseudopeziza medicaginis, notes 740 ribis, germination experiments . 346 Pseudotuberculosis in guinea pigs 183 Psila rosx, notes, Can 361 Psilopodinus flaviceps, destructive to sorghum midge, U.S.D.A 364 Psilura monacha eggs as affected by passage through birds 500 Psychology, experimental, bibliography 770 Psylla floccosa, notes. Me 254 sp., notes 362 Psyllid, gall-making, on hackberry, notes 558 Psylliodes punctulata. (See Hop flea-beetle.) Ptcrocarpus indicus disease, notes 354, 552 Pteromalidae, new genus and species 765 Pterophoridae of Ceylon 662 Pteroptus n.spp., descriptions 565 Ptbmaines in rotted soy beans 704 Ptyalin, digestive power as affected by tem- perature 271 relation to diet and saliva secretion. 374 Ptychoptera, protozoan parasites of 762 Public health, relation to veterinarians 386 glumarum, varieties of wheat resistant to . 649 graminis, origin of heteroecism in 345 malvacearum, morphology and life history 456 menthx, treatment 350 spp., notes 33,545 prevalence in United States 450 Pueraria thunbergiana, notes, Fla 431 Puerperal infections, use of vaccines in 482 Pulex cheopis, occurrence on rats and mice. . . 160 spp. , occurrence on rats 763 Puliciphora sylvatica n.sp. , description 664 Pulvinaria psidii, injurious to coffee 758 vitis (=innumerabilis). (See Ma- ple scale, cottony.) Pump, installation 190 Pumpernickel, purin content 770 Pumping plants, individual, notes, Ariz 695 Pumpkins, irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A. 394 Pumps, construction and operation,U.S.D. A. 395 Pupipara, studies 665 Purdue University, notes 597 Purin for treating irrigation water 440 Purins in foods, determination 306, 769 Purple scale, injurious to citrus fruits 53 notes 362 parasitism 564 Pus cells. (See Leucocytes.) Pusa Research Institution 246 Pyelo-neuphritis, bacillary , pathological anat- omy in 389 Pyocyanase, trypanocidal and spirochetlcidal action 483 Pyrausta nelumbialis, parasitism 367 Pyrheliometer observations, U.S.DT.A. 311 Pyrites, effect on soil fertility 623 Pyrogallic acid, effect on plant respiration ... 629 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 895 Page. Pyrogallic acid , effect on soil acidity 320 Pyrogallol, effect on soils 623 Pyroneraa growth, investigations 629 Pyropoliiporiis spp., parasitic, studies 751 Pyrops candelaria, Life history 756 PyrtLs syriaca, introduction from Palestine, U.S.D. A 538 Pythium debaryanum, investigations 654 gracile, injurious to ginger 432 Quack grass, treatise 732 underground organs, studies. . . 727 Quadrupeds, dynamics of locomotion in 577 Quaggas, differentiation of species 274 Quail, relation to fruit industry in California, U.S.D. A 555 Quartz lamps, sterilization of water by 713 Quercus phellos, notes 252 spp. , insects aflectiag 756 resistant to mildew 50 Quicklime, effect on soil bacteria 231 fertilizing value 232 Quince bacterial bUght, studies 49 crown gall, investigations 149 leaf blight, studies 549 products, salicyUc acid in 709 Quinces, endotrophic mycorrhiza in 528 introduction from Palestine, U.S.D. A 538 Quinin, effect on plant respiration 629 Quinol, transformation into glucosids 725 Quitters, immimization 783 R&b, use in preparing rice seed beds 129 Rabbit brush, analyses, Nev 71 Rabbits— as affected by kainit 582 breeding 178 influence of male parent In 571 digestion experiments 667 immunization against co wpox 481 pox 286 sarcoma 584 swine plague 486 metabolism experiments 272 of Kansas , notes 356 production of polyvalent serums from . . 785 reaction to horse serum 681 transmission of immunity in 482 Rabies, abortive, comparison of cases 482 control in New York.-. 783 diagnosis 783 in inoculated animals S4 exjierimental studies on 787 in Canada 783 Senegal dogs 487 measure of immunity against 84 nature, cause, and prevalence 783 notes, Kans 585 paper on 387 relation to animal experimentation. . 182 studies 482 Radioactivity, progress in 210 Radishes as affected by mineral salts 328 nematodes affecting 741 rftle of boron in 231 varieties, Fla 452 Radium, effect on plants 528 Page. Raflinose, determination in raw sugar 709 Ragi, fertilizer experiments 134 Ragwort, toxicity, researches in 582 Railroad ties, value of beech for 643 Railroads of Manchuria 396 Rain, nitrogen content 220 Rainbow observations, Laine's, interpreta- tion, U.S.D.A 419 Rainfall as affected by forests 521 distribution 119 in Colorado, U.S.D.A 590 Massachusetts 313 Nevis and Antigua 220 North Dakota, N. Dak 715 South Africa 517, 729 the Nile basin 312 local, variations in 119 of Uruguay 395 relation to forests 516 plant diseases, Va. Truck. 716 wheat yield 516 {See also Precipitation.) Raisins, adulteration, U.S.D.A 468, 769 analyses, Me 567 misbranding, U.S.D.A 371 Rams, formation of renal calculi in, Iowa. . . 278, 283 Ramularia heimerliana n. sp., description 50 Range caterpillar, studies, U.S.D.A 463 investigations in Arizona, U.S.D.A. . . 136 Ranges, protected, weeds in, U.S.D.A 137 Ranunculus Timilaris, toxicitj-, researches in . . 582 Rape, analyses 232 cake, effect on water requirements of crops 331 culture 232 experiments, Fla 432 dust, fertilizing value 532 fertilizer experiments on swamp soils. Can 532 for lambs, S.Dak 177 meal, analyses 326 varieties, Can 334, 531 Raphanus raphanistrum , studies 732 sativum, infection experiments 653 Raspberries, breeding experiments, Alaska . . G39 chemistry of 414 culturein Wyoming, U.S.D.A.. 189 new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 143 red spider affecting, Colo 264 Raspberry an thracnose, investigations. Wash . 452 diseases, investigations 149 pomace, utilization 218 weevil, notes 458 Rat fleas, relation to plague 656 viruses, studies 753 Rata ash, composition 26 Ratin bacilluz, characteristics 188 Rations, emergency, analj'ses 271 for dairy slock, Mass 73 ewes, -Ma. College 74 live stock, Tex 572 soldiers 67,266 of armies in various countries 271 relation of palatability to nutrition. Wis 569 Rats and mice, protein differentiation in 286 896 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Rats, apparatus for killing 656 aversion to petroleum 154 destruction in rice fields 555 the Funjab 656 digestion experiments 667 feeding Sudan III to 273 metabolism experiments, Wis 569 occurrence of Pulex cheopis on 160 ovulation in 472 transmission of plague by 563 wood, occurrence of plague in 563 susceptibility to plague 563 Ray cancer, transmission to man 483 Razoumofskya spp., notes 456 Reclamation projects in Colorado, U.S.D.A. . 590 Recurrent fever, transmission 163 Red clover. (See Clover, red.) dog flour. (See Flour, red dog.) scale. (See Scale, red.) spider. (See Spider, red.) Red top as a food plant of plum aphis, Okla... 156 germination tests, Va 240 seed examination, Va 240 Reductase in mammary glands 285 Redwater. (See Texas fever.) Rhodesian. (See African coast fever.) Reforestation in Massachusetts 44, 445 New York 344 Reformatories, value of gardening in 94 Refrac tome try, treatise 7 Refrigerating machine, description 657 Rehmiellopsis bohemica n.g. and n.sp., de- scription 751 Reichert-Wollny standard in butter testing. . 181 Remineralization in faulty metabolism 171 Rennet, function in plants 30 preparation, pure cultures in 782 role in cheese ripening 212 Reptiles of AustraUa 153 Darien and Ecuador 752 Reservoir, Pathfinder, description, U.S.D.A . 419 Shoshone, description, U.S.D.A... 312 Reservoirs, evaporation from, U.S.D.A 15 relation to stream flow 737 storage capacities, U.S.D.A 590 Resin canals, structure in white fir 445 cup, description 644 yields from Pimis longifolia 543 Respiration calorimeter, control tests 470 calorimeters, descriptions 470 Reversion, new views concerning 670 Rhabdometra n. sp. , description 48S Rhagoletis cerasi, introduction into England.. 459 cingulata. (See Cherry fruit mag- got.) pomonella. (See Apple maggot.) Rhagophthalmida;, catalogue 465 Rhaptothrips, new species, description 255 Rhea americana, notes 279 Rhinanthaceaj, parasitic, investigations 727 Rhipkephalus spp. , prevalence in Uganda ... 485 Rhizobius ventralis, notes 257 • Rhizoctonia sp., notes 355, 743 Ariz 646 studies 447 Page. Rhizoctonia violacea, notes 348, 741 studies 741 Rhizopus niger, latent vitality of spores of . . . 721 spp., relation to depreciation in prunes 630 Rhodamine red , feeding to fowls 572 Rhode Island Metropolitan Park Commis- sion 736 Station, financial statement. 95 notes 298, 498, 599 puljlications 96 report of director ... 95 Rhodes grass, analyses 771 Rhodesian redwater. (See African coast fever.) Rhodites rosx, description 355 Rhus tox, use in cases of tetanus 585 Rhynchites betuleti, not^s 53 remedies 666 bicolor, notes 764 Rhyncholophus sp., parasitic on range cater- piUar, U.S.D.A 464 Rhynchota, bibliography 765 hymenopterous parasites of 765 of India 358 Rhyphus punctatus, notes. Me 254 Rhysipolis sp., notes, Del 159 Rib grass, analyses 771 Rice, absorption of nitrites by 725 analyses 169, 237, 467 and oat flour, relation to pellagra 568 anny worm affecting, Hawaii 254 as a cause of beriberi 793 biological value of nitrogen in 69 by-products, analyses. Miss 73 Tex 572 cost of production in Spain 192 culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 233 India 729 South Africa 32 under irrigation, U.S.D.A 190 distance experiments 134 dry land, analyses 771 feeding value. La 672 fertilizer experiments 33, 432, 729 fields, destruction of rats in 555 fimgi, parasitic, studies 347 green manuring experiments 134 hispa, prevalence in Uganda 53 hulls, extraction of phosphatid from ... 611 husks, analyses 572 industry in Cochin China 237 insects affecting 53 labeling, U.S.D.A 468 meal for pigs 476 products, analyses, Miss 475 proteolytic enzyms in Ill relation to beriberi 271 seed beds, preparation in India 129 statistics, U.S.D.A 196 varieties 33, 134, 432, 729 weevil , carbon disulphid fumigation for . 359 studies 658 Ricin poisoning, as affected by protein 372 Riclnus leaves, phosphorus body in 8 toxicity 414 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 897 Page. Rickia wasmanni, parasitic on ants 666 Rinderpest, notes 28S prevalence in Ceylon 484 susceptibility of bovines to 184 treatment 484 Riparia riparia, parasitism 362 Rlpersla, new species, descriptions 54 River systems of Manchuria 396 Rivers, flow of, in Mississippi, U.S.D.A 419 of lower Mlcliigan, U.S.D.A 15 pollution in Massachusetts 313 Road construction, slag for, U.S.D.A 489 scrapings, analyses 326 Roads, preservation experiments, U.S.D.A. . 489 sand-clay, durability, U.S.D.A 490 Robber-flies, notes 762 parasitic on range caterpillar, U.S.D.A 464 Robins, destructive to range caterpillars, U.S.D.A 464 Rock asphalt for roads, U.S.D.A 490 phosphate. (See Phosphate.) Rocks, analyses and bibliography 224 carbonate, methods of analysis 511 silicate, methods of analysis 511 weathering investigations 314 relation to colloid chemis- try 416 Rcesleria pallida, notes 654 Rooks, feeding habits 657 Roosevelt dam, testing, U.S.D.A 419 Root crops, cost of production. Wis 435 culture and storage. Wis 435 in Washington, Wash ... 531 effect on carbon dioxid content of soils 523 fertilizer experiments 633 insects affecting 362 methods and time of sowing 633 treatise 435 varieties 432,627, 633 knot nematode, studies 655 tubercle bacteria, tests 131 Roots, effect on lava rocks 19 for sheep 774 method of destruction. Wash 490 mutual interactions of 132 osmotic excretion by 723 pressure in, studies 527 Sempervivum, relation to endotrophic mycorrhiza 629 tree, adventitious development 345 Roquette, prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 Rose chafer, green, notes, Conn.State 361 culture, treatise 642 diseases, description and treatment. . . . 654 descriptions 355 sawfly, description 355 Roselle, drying experiments, Ilawail 241 new, description, U.S.D.A 143 RoneVinia sp., notes 251 Roses, abnormal growth 227 culture 343 insects affecting 355, 042 synonymy 443 thrips affecting 362 I'age. RostTclla coffcx, disease resembling 152 Rotation e.\periments 135, 532, 632 Mo 20,21 N.Dak 715,728 Pa 531 at Rosenthal 332 in India 33,729 for irrigated land in South Africa. . 32 of crops, U.S.D.A 190 for Illinois, 111 231 irrigated lands 730 relation to agriculture, 111 231 systems for grain farming 18 Rotations, econorftic value 533 Rothamsted Experiment Station- enlargement 599 experiments 18 history and work 232 Rubber, analyses 45 banana disease affecting 748 Ceara, tapping experiments 738 coagulating and curing experiments. 739 culture in Cuba 334 Trinidad and Tobago 45 tropical countries 300 Hevea, tapping, North way system.. 739 increase in guayule under irrigation. 130 industry in Asia 246 the Ivory Coast 544 nut cake, analyses 572 Para, bark disease, studies 553 culture 543 experiments 738,739 dieback, studies 552 disease, characteristics 152 diseases, studies 750 role of hydrocyanic acid in 330 tapping experiments 738 preparation 544 production in Madagascar 246 shrub, guayule, notes 445 propagation experiments 543 Rum, analyses 210 method of analysis 216 Rumex hymenoscpalus, notes 33 patientia disease resembling club root. 647 formation of chromogens in. . 230 Ruminants, gain in protein as affected by nonprotein compounds 474 visceral organs, studies 774 Run-off In Owens Valley, U.S.D.A 15 Rural conditions — improvement in Belgium 193 through the rural home 797 Rural depopulation in Belgium 593 Europe 794 France, causes 90 counteracting 291 various countries 193 economics, bibliography 495 economy in Italy 593 relation to teachings of sci- ence 692 education, paper on 797 suggestions for 293 homes, relation to rural schools 769 898 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Rural hygiene, treatise 191 problem, relation of high schools to 294 repopulation in England 693 various countries 193 schoolhouse, model, description 490 schools. (See Schools, rural.) social science, bibliography 95 Rusk, Holland, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 Russula dcUca, studies 210 queletii extract, cellase in 306 Rusts. {See Corn, Wheat, etc.) Ruta-bagas. (See Swedes.) Rye, analyses 175 Wis ! 175 as a green manure 322 U.S.D.A 339 aflected by hydroly zable salts 527 lime 226 by-products, analyses 771 Ind 475 N.J 475 cost of production in Germany 493 culture 438 experiments 34, 135, 136 Minn 731 digestibility 72 distillation 711 examination in Germany 730 fertilizer experiments. 23,126,127,136,322,433 flour, adulteration, U.S.D.A 468 water content 369 for cows. Pa 579 germ, analyses 474 toxic properties 474 German grown, quality 40 grass, analyses 771 fertilizer experiments 24, 233 improvement 438 proteolytic enzyms in Ill reproduction experiments, Can 333 varieties - - 433, 438, 627, 730 Alaska 631 Can 332, 334, 531 Minn 731 yield as affected by fallowing 136, 140, 334 time of blooming . . 237 windbreaks 435 yields, Pa 579 Saccharose — and lactose, separation 10 detection 216 effect on form ation of chromogens 230 formation in seeds as affected by potash . . 628 Sacramento River, hydrography of, U.S.D.A. 419 Saddle, cavalry, new, description 776 Saddled prominent, notes 458, 657 Me 254 Saddles, relation to conformation of horses backs 775 Sahlbergclla theobroma, notes 557 Sainfoin, analyses 232 culture 232 experiments 135, 730 Salad oil, misbranding, U.S.D.A 769 Salicin, decomposition by corn 725 Salicylic acid, detection in fruit products 709 Page. Salicylic acid, detection in wine 12 Saligenin, transformation into glucosids 725 Saliva, acid content, determination 770 amylase, investigations 410 secretion as aflected by ptyalin 374 Salix caprea, forcing experiments 41 nigra, sawfly aSecting 366 Salolase in mammary glands 286 Salt, analyses 61 brush, spring, analyses, Nev 71 content in soils, measurement 415 dairy, analyses 782 determination in butter Wis 310 and oleomarga- rine 710 milk 308 effect on hydrolysis of enzjTJis 703 soils 320,623 stiffness of barley straw 432 fertilizing action with ammonium sul- phate 626 value 533, 633 marsh caterpillar, notes. Me 254 misbranding, U.S.D.A 271 organisms, effect on butter and cheese. . . 782 poisoning of poultry by 793 solutions, effect on — plants, Mo 526 soils 714 solubility of lead arsenate, U.S.D.A . 164 value in cattle rations 772 Salton sea water, analyses, Ariz 618 Saltpeter, Chile. (See Nitrate of soda.) determination in meat 214 effect on color of meat, U.S.D.A... 61 fertilizing value 432, 633 value in cattle rations 772 Salts, effect on quantity of nonavailable water in soils 522 wheat 327 extraction from soils, apparatus for — 415 hydrolyzable, effect on plant growth ... 527 mineral, effect on plants 328 protein metabolism. 328 toxicity as affected by lime.. . 328 soluble, effect on flocculation in soils... 522 toxic properties 31 Sambucus nigra, hydrocyanic acid in 725 Samia cccropia. (See Cecropia-raoth.) San Jos6 scale, distribution in Kansas 755 investigations, U.S.D.A 661 notes, Me 254 Wis 59 prevalence in Wisconsin 363 remedies, N.J 734 Sand, analyses. Can 311 bunch grass, analyses, Nev 71 clay roads, durability, U.S.D.A 490 dunes of the Libyan Desert 521 effect on saliva secretion 374 hills of northern Canada 356 spurry for cows, Alaska 6.32 Sandbur, prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 Sandstone soils, analyses 640 of New South Wales, analy- ses 521 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 899 Page. Sanitary officers, camping arrangements for. 191 Sann as a green manure 432 studies and bibliography 536 Sanninoidca ciitiosa. (Sec Peach borer.) Sap acidity, relation to diseases 650 ascent in plants, studies 628 trees 27 Saponin, distribution in plants 29 effect on efficiency of fungicides 51 Saprophjtes, growth as affected by boric acid . 370 Sarapoda bombijormis, notes 755 Sarcobatus sp. as a host plant of beet leaf-hop- hopper, U.S.D.A 557 SarcocyMis tcnella, notes 486 Sarcoma, rabbit, immimlzation 584 Sarcophaga sp., parasitism 162 Sarcosporidiosis in a horse 482 horses, bibliography 483 Sardines, adulteration, U.S.D.A 271,568 misbranding, U.S.D.A 769 Sarson, water requirements in India 332 Sauerkraut, varieties of cabbages for 142 Sauromatum tubers, forcing experiments 41 Sausage, analyses, Me 567 pork, inspection. Me 65 Savanna soils, relation to moisture 314 Sawdust, determination of moisture in 112 Sawfly, life history 366 western grass-stem, studies, U.S.D.A . 56 Scabies, eradication 387, 789 (See also Cattle, Dog, Horse, and Sheep mange or scab.) : bug, remedies, Hawaii 253 insects, new parasites of. 564 notes 362, 556, 559 Wis 59 of Japan 54 remedies, Hawaii 240 oyster-shell. (See Oyster-shell scale.) red, notes 362 San Jos6. (See San .Tos6 scale.) Scalopus aquaticus inlermcdius, investigations, Kans 752 Scaphidiidse, catalogue 465 Scarabee injurious to sweet potatoes 334 Scarlet fever, transmission by milk 677 Schardinger's reaction with inorganic fer- ments 8 Schedius kavanx, parasitic on gipsy and brown-tail moths 463 kuvanx n.sp., description, U.S.D.A. 56 Schedonorus hookerianus, analyses 771 Schist soils of New South Wales, analyses. . . 521 Schizomyia ipomax, rearing 561 Schizonigra langiera. (See Apple aphis, woolly.) spp., studies. Me 757 Schizophyllum alneum, notes 751 commune, studies 354 Schiztrypanum, new genus, investigations... 585 Schlerostomlasis, diagnosis and treatment... 589 Schlerostomum tetracanthum, treatment 589 School gardens, bibliography 295 educational value 195 treatise 195, 295,494 normal, for negroes in Maryland 200 86058°— VOL 23—11 8 rage. School of agriculture, new, in Vermont 199 Schoolhouse, model rural, description 490 Schools- agricultural. (See Agricultural schools.) agriculture in, U.S.D.A 293 elementary- agriculture in 94, 194, 399, 494, 595, 695 U.S.D.A 293 horticulture in 695 practicability of agricultural instruc- tion in 94 forest, in New York 343 high, agriculture In 93, 294, 398, 493, 596 U.S.D.A 293 dairjnngin 595 forestry in 595 industrial education in 493 relation to rural problem 294 industrial, for women, agriculture in, U.S.D.A 293 normal, agriculture in 399 U.S.D.A 293 industrial instruction in 399 of forestry in Norway 244 rural, adjustment to rural conditions 796 agriculture in 399,494 course of study for 195 in America, treatise 294 industrial education in 295 nature study and gardening for, Ala.Tuskegee 494 in 399 relation to rural homes 769 seed testing in, U.S.D.A 195 training, value of gardening in 94 Scion as affected by stock 727 Sciophila (Lasiosoma) spp., notes. Me 762 Sciophilinfe of North America, Me 762 SclcTostoma sp., notes 90 Sclerotinia — xstivalis n.sp., description 247 fructigena, relation to apple canker 548 studies 150 Can 351 treatment, U.S.D.A 150 libcrtiana, treatment, Fla 452 ocymi n. sp., description 740 spp., growth as affected by tannin 330 notes 247 studies 743 trifoliorum, notes 740 Scolecotrichum, varieties of oats resistant to. . 46 Scolytid beetles, injurious to coffee 504 notes. Me 254 prevalence in Massachusetts 504 Scolytidao, notes 760 Scolytus muUistriatus, introduction into Mas- sachusetts .*. 564 rugulosiis. (See Shot-hole borer.) Scopolamine, anesthetic value with chloro- form 188 Score card for com 95, 635 La 236 Md 38 cotton 330 horses, Utah 177 900 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Score card in dairy regulation 783 Scours, white, immunization "88 Screw-worm, parasitism 162 Scurfy bark louse. (See Scurfy scale.) scale, life history and control, U.S.D. A 150 notes, Wis 59 Scymnus intrusus, destruction of mealy bugs by, La 661 Sea bird reservations in Alaska, U.S.D.A — 153 blite, host of beet leaf-hopper, U.S.D.A. . 557 kale Rhizoctonia disease, studies 247 lion reservations in Alaska, U.S.D.A 153 mud as a fertilizer 325 urchins as affected by Icci thin 774 Seasoning materials, eflect on yeast fermenta- tion 63 Seasons, effect on vertical temperature gradi- ents, U.S.D.A 311 Seaweed, analyses 25 Secretions, internal, paper on 783 Sedge disease, description, U.S.D.A 445 Sedges as a food for muskrats, U.S.D.A 357 for matting, culture, Hawaii 233 Seed beets, storage experiments, U.S.D.A... 141 investigations, bibliography, Iowa 439 separation, bibliography, U.S.D.A 336 Seedlings, effect of injury to cotyledons 723 Seeds- analyses 616 barley, separation by specific gravity, U.S.D.A 336 beet, disinfection 248 castor, toxicity 414 cotton, distribution in 1910, U.S.D.A 336 development as affected by light 723 distribution, Alaska 639 Cal 35 Kans 234 garden crop, tests 439 germination as affected by heating of soil 722 ultraviolet rays 526 warm water... 41 imports, U.S.D.A 133 into Colorado, Colo 292 method of analysis in the home, Iowa 439 methods of testing, Va 240 of Bassia longifolia, properties 8 paiasitic plants, germination 628 oil, analyses 129 pine, drying and storing 445 proteins in 110 vitality 245 production m Sweden 332 proteolytic ferments in Ill purity and germination tests, Iowa 439 ratio of methyl pentosans to pentosansTn. 413 phosphorus to nonprotein bodies in 702 saccharose formation in, as affected by potash 628 sesame, germination tests 722 testing 31 vegetable, industry, U.S.D.A 141,640 inspection in Ontario 143 weed, delayed vitality, Iowa 439 Page. Seeds— Continued. weed, description, Mich 439 in feeding stuffs. Mass 73 grass seeds, Va 240 Seepage investigations, U.S.D.A 590 Seine River, removal of silt by 18 Seismology, papers on, U.S.D.A 312 Self-feeders, tests, Colo 277 Seminal vescicles as carriers of infection 183 Sempervivum roots, relation to endotrophic mycorrhiza 629 Senccio jacobsea, toxicity, researches in 582 Separators. (See Cream separators.) Septic conditions, use of vaccines in 482 Septicemia, hemorrhagic, immunization 484 notes 288 in fowls, studies 487 Septoria lycopcrsici, treatment. III 143 mcdicaginis, notes 740 n.spp., descriptions 347 petroselini, treatment 148 Sericultm-e. (See Silk.) Serologic studies by optical method 681 of variola vera 681 Serovaccination, discussion 785 Serovaccines, tuberculosis, notes 788 Serradella as a green mamrre 322 inoculation experiments 30, 717 Serum, horse, cellase in 306 meningococcus, methods of testing.. 585 milk, calciiim chlorid, refraction 309 specific gravity 309 Serum-therapy— handbook 681 immunity, and vaccination, treatise 481 preventive and curative 584, 785 Serums, action of endotoxic sulastance on 785 anticharbon, as a cause of anaphy- laxis in cows 789 curative, discussion 785 eflect on flagella 683 immune, classification and action. . . 286 polyvalent, from animal bodies 785 tuberculosis, notes 788 value in disease treatment 683 Sesame, analyses 33 culture in Palestine, U.S.D.A 534 seeds, germination tests 722 Sesamia fusca, injurious to com 362 Scsbania aculeata as a green manure 124 cannahina as a green manure 642 Seslcria argentca, host of Claviceps 546 Setaria glauca, insect aSecting, U. S. D. A 364 Sewage — bacteriology and biochemistry of 313 disposal at Birmingham, England 17 Gennevilliers 16 manufacture of fertilizers from 627 purification 313,619 apparatus, description 619 at Leicester 619 chemistry and bacteriology . . 518 sludge, analyses 325 disposal 518 use in agriculture 619 water. (See Water, sewage.) INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 901 Page. Sewing contests, Ind 95 Sex characters, studies 173 determination 174 as adected by lecithin 472 history 777 treatise 472 differences, treatise 472 heterozygotism, studies 173 in hops, change of 227 inheritance in horses 571 Sexual cells, serobiological behavior of 081 organs as affected by cortical centers. . 472 Seymnus punctum, destructive to orchard mites, Colo 205 Shad scale, analyses, Nev 71 Shale soils, analyses 040 Shavings, fertilizing value 427 use in mamu'e preservation 024 Sheep, as affected by kainit 582 bacterial flora of intestines, studies 790 blood, clinical examination 784 bones, prehistoric, descriptions 470 breeding, experiments, Ariz 073 in Corsica 080 caracul, history and characteristics . . . 775 cestode, anatomy 484 dairying, studies and bibliography. . . 582 destruction by keas 057 predatory animals, U.S.D.A 575 digestion experiments 73, 175 Nev 71,72 disease, bacteriological investigations. 485 intheAndes 288 resembling braxy 185 diseases, notes ■. . 485 prevalence in British East Africa 784 feeding experiments 379^ 773 open air v. shelter 575 shed, description 575 foot-rot, notes, Nev 83 gangrenous mamraitis in 588 Iceland, notes, Alaska 673 immunization against anthrax 286 bluetongue 790 pox 280 industry in northeast Hungary 279 Russia 775 the Senegal-Niger region. . 775 lip-and-leg ulceration in 588 U.S.D.A 80 Lonk breed, characteristics 576 lung worms, notes 588 management 775 manure, analyses, Pa 525 fertilizing value 532 pasturage system for, U.S.D.A 575 prehistoric, description 174 protozoan parasite in, studies 485 raising in Alabama, Ala. College 74 South Africa 775 scab, i)revalence in Great Britain 783 stomach worms, treatment, U.S.D.A. 88 visceral organs, studies 775 Sheep's bumet, analyses 771 Page. Shellfish, floating, U.S.D.A 368 Shells, fertihzing value, Va 325 Sherry wne, labeling, U.S.D.A 468 Shifting lameness, paper on 387 Shipping fever, paper on 386 Shirrefl, P., biographical sketch 433 Shorts, analyses, N.Dak 168 Shoshone reservoir, description, U.S.D.A 312 Shot borer, notes. Me 254 hole borer, investigations. Can 3.52 notes 755 Shredded wheat waste, analyses, N.Y. State. . 672 Shrew, short - tailed, destructive to snout beetles, W.Va 202 Shrubs, bibliography 95 bud formation as affected by leaf stripping 41 fall V. spring planting 733 flowering, culture 145 forcing experiments, Vt . 340 forcing experiments 40 notes, N.Dak 730 of Iowa, blooming dates 730 ornamental — insects affecting 058 of United States, treatise 730 propagation and training 243 thrips affecting 302 spread in Arizona, U.S.D.A 137 Sieglingia seslcrioides, sorghum midge affect- ing, U.S.D.A 304 Sigalphus curculionis, notes, W.Va 102,262 Silage, analyses 474 Can 378 fermentation investigations 175 for fattening lambs, Iowa 27 7 steers. Pa 574 occurrence of Monascus purpureus in. 630 poisoning of horses by 630 (See aUo Corn, Clover, etc.) Silene dichotoma, prevalence in Ontario, Can . . 340 Silicate of potash, fertilizing value 24 Silk culture, treatise 775 moths, egg development 759 Silkworm, Demerara, notes 759 jaundice, pathology, 560 Silkworms, breeding experiments 200 raising 775 varieties 433 wild, parasitism 500 Silos, cement, construction, U.S.D.A 495 construction, Iowa 590 cost of construction, Iowa 591 SiJijoha spp., injurious to sugar beets 348 Silt, removal by the Seine River 18 Silver dragees, adulteration, U.S.D.A 108 maple leaf-mite, bibliography 667 in Wisconsin, notes... 667 Silvicultural plats, experimental, in England. 737 Silviculture in Norway 245 treatise 145 Sima spininoda, notes 662 Simulium columbaczeme studies 664 ineiorabile n.spp., descriptions 664 Simulium of Brazil 762 Sinapis arvemis, studies 732 902 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Sipha glt/cerioe, description, Me 757 Siphocoryne avenx. (See Grain aphis, Euro- pean.) Siphona geniculata, viviparity in 365 Siphonophora citrifolii, notes 362 rosce, parasitism 367 Sirup, adulteration, U.S.D. A 468 cane. {See Cane sirup.) cherry, misbranding, U.S.D. A 468 misbranding, U.S.D.A 168,371,468,568 Sirups, fruit, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 468 keeping quaUties, U.S.D. A 509 method of analysis 307 sugar, lieeping qualities, U.S.D.A . . . 509 Sisymbrium spp., infection experiments 653 Sitotroga cerealella. (.See Angoumois grain- moth.) Skeleton of domestic horse, variations in 477 Skim milk, analyses 281 condensed, standards, Ind 778 detection 12 for calves. Wis 74 pigs. Can 379 Minn 178 spread of tuberculosis by 479 sweet and sour, for pigs 476 Skin food, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 Skorup, manufacture and use 182 Skunks, destruction of gophers by, U.S.D.A. . 154 Slag for road construction, U.S.D.A 489 (See also Phosphatic slag.) Slate soils of New South Wales, analyses 521 Slaughterhouses, inspection, U.S.D.A 65 in Virginia 168 Sleeping sickness, method of study 786 Small holdings and allotments act in England 693 Smelter wastes, effect on plants and animals, U.S.D.A 430 Smithia microti n.sp., description 393 Smoke, effect on pine forests 726 Smudges, protection of orchards by, U.S.D.A 144, 341,441 Smut. (See Barley smut. Corn smut, etc.) Snails, manatee, notes, Fla 462 Snakes, destruction of gophers by, U.S.D.A. . 154 Snout beetles, injurious to apples, W. Va 160 nuts, W.Va 261 Snow, diurnal exchange of heat in 15 eSect on gipsy moth eggs 560 nitrogen content 220 relation to wheat maturity, Alaska. . . 631 Snowfall at Simimit, California, U.S.D.A 617 catchment of, U.S.D.A 617 inNew York, 1909-10, U.S.D.A.... 15 Societies, miscellaneous, in Ireland 795 Soda, caustic, as a digestion reagent 73 copper, mixture, method of action 253 water, inspection, Me 567 Sodium- acetate, effect on peaches, U.S.D.A 164 arsenate, analyses, Can 367 Ijenzoate, action on human organism .... 669 carbonate, effect on solubility of lead arsenate, U.S.D.A 164 chlorid. (See Salt.) Fage. Sodium— Continued. citrate, effect on nitrate formation in soils . 621 cyanid, fumigation 367 effect on plants 328 wheat seedlings 28 hydroxid, effect on casein 510 losses from soils 520 nitrate. (See Nitrate of soda. ) selenate, effect on plant respiration 629 silicate, effect on soil productivity 320 sulphite as a meat preservative 166 use in sugar manufacture 311 zeolite, effect on plant growth 528 Soft scale, notes 362 Soil acidity, correction, Oreg •. 137 determination 11, 715 effect on plants 226 relation to nitrification, Va. Truck 716 testing 523 analyses, interpretation regarding phos- phoric acid, U.S.D.A 508 analysis, studies 301, 302, 714 unification 416 value in intensive agriculture. . 314 bacteria as affected l^y lime 231 effect on metals 318, 422 functions and value, U.S.D.A. . 121 lecture on 422 relation to soil fertility 122 bacteriology, studies 31, 721, 730 charts, preparation and use 314 concentration, relation to plant growth. . 714 cultures, tests 132 denudation, measurement 520 erosion as affected by forests 219 prevention 520 fertility— and agriculture, treatise 17 as affected by poultry keeping 178 various sul«tances 623 conservation 18, 619 discussion 318, 523 factors affecting 23 investigations 717 maintenance 072, 694 Miss 20 Mo 20,21,318 Ohio 717 paper on, Oreg 295 prolslems and bibliography 19 relation to bacteria 122, 523 soluble phosphoric acid . . 519 review of. Ill 231 theory and practice. 111 224 variation in, Pa 518 Whitney's theory .*. 18 film water, studies 714 hardpan, causes 715 improvement, relation to lime, N.Y. Cornell 436 inoculation experiments 20, 131, 132 for clover 632 crimson clover, Ala. Col- lege 35 lupines 624 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 903 Page. Soil investigation, historical methods 714 in Minnesota 18 southern Illinois, 111 120 management, studies 714 maps, nature and importance 620 moisture— as aflected by manure 125 tillage 222,223 effect on action of fertilizers 121 plant growth 130 yields of hay. Pa 522 investigations 19 Nebr 222 U.S.D.A 434 maintenance, Colo 231 relation to crop rotation, N.Dak 715 plant diseases 740 studies, Pa 522 utilization by plants 121 nitrates, effect on trees, Colo 221 seasonal changes in, U.S.D.A. . 122 organic compounds, complexity CIO organisms, effect on anthracnose. La 250 particles, coverings, studies 715 phenomena, dynamic nature 714 phosphates, availability 010 physics, investigations 146 productivity as affected by colloid sul)- stances 319 reactions, effect on potato scab, R.I 21 solution investigations 223, 714 sterilizing plant, description 623 surveys by United States Bureau of Soils 18 temperatures, measurement 296 report on, Pa 522 studies 310 types, relation to moisture 314 water, effect on soil fertility 023 zones in Roumania 315 Russia 316 Soiling crops, fertilizer experiments 427, 633 for cows, Pa 579 summer, for Massachusetts, Mass 580 varieties 627 Soils, absorption 714 acid , continuous culture of barley on . 3 1 9, 320 formation of toxic compounds in . 226 acidity as affected by various salts 320 in, correction, W.Va 129 alkali, as affected by nitric acid 022 fixation of nitrogen in 622 use of phenols in analysis 705 ammonifying powers in, determination, U.S.D.A 508 analyses IS, 22, 23, 129, 232, 235, 243,326,515,010,715,729 N.Dak 715 U.S.D.A 641 Va.Truck 716 and manures, treatise 319 as affected by — alkaloidal solutions 726 carbon bisuli)hid 123 continuous use of fertilizers, Pa 524 fertilizers 226,320 Page. Soils, as affected by— Continued. magnesia 319 phosphates, R.I 21 pyrogallol 023 salt solutions 714 sorrel. Pa 254 sterilization 221 N.Y.Comell 316 sunlight and fire 123 zmc 129 bacterial activity in, determination 611 basalt, vegetation on 223 bibliography 95 biochemical cycle of phosphoric acid in. 317 carbon dioxid in, during growth of plants 523 charting, value of chemistry in 415 chernozem, fertilizer requirements 224 classification 232, 416 clay, analysis and classification 315 composition as affected by afforestation 245 variations in. Pa 521 conservation, U.S.D.A 421 and use in North Carolina 520 containing soda, field investigations. . . 415 corn, fertilizers for, U.S.D.A 138 cotton, of India, nature 316 cultivated, denitrification in 430 fixation of nitrogen in 430 rfileofmicain 715 denitrification in 123 U.S.D.A 123 determination of cellulose-decomposing power in 610 enzyms in 131 effect on composition of wheat. Wash.. 407 flax 40 grape roncet 550 nitrogen content of wheat 710 examination, Fla 441 in the Rhone Valley 710 fallow, care of, U.S.D.A 434 fen, fertilizers for 319,320 fertilizer requirements 23 Mo 20,21 Nev 21 P.R 238 R.I 21 fixation of nitrogen in 429 Colo 221,523 plant food by 18 flocculation and deflocculation in 521 forest, physical characteristics 146 formation and classification 18 decomposition of hu- mus 621 of ammon ia and nitrates in . . 621 free publications on 495 Injurious substances in 023 irrigated leucite, fertilizing constituents. 710 lime requireiTienls, Mass 720 lo.sses of plant food from 18 marsh, fertilizer requirements 224 mechanical analyses 239 methods of analysis 18, 112, 410, 523 moor, free humus adds In 715 904 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. Page. Soils, moor, Improvement 627 movement of water in 121 muek, character and treatment 120 nitrification in 19, 721 Wis 722 as affected by lime and magnesia 623 nitrifying powers in, determination, U.S.D.A 508 of Belgium 91 Brittany, analyses 620 Calvados, France 440 Colorado, U.S.D.A 590 Egypt and Sudan 594 Eritrea 120 Ethiopia, analyses 716 Europe, composition 18 Florida, studies 145, 520 Gu&, analyses 521 India, analyses 728 Italy, analyses 315 Koros flood region 315 Maryland, description 315 Natal, studies 22 New South Wales, analyses 521 Zealand, studies 23 North Carolina, bibliography 521 Dakota substation, U.S.D.A. 335 northeastern Kentucky 119 Norway, classification and petrog- raphy 315 Nova Scotia, studies 020 Oregon, nitrogen and carbon con- tent 315 Posen, fertilizer requirements 224 Rhode Island, analyses, R.I 22 studies, R.I 21 Russia, analyses 316 South Carolina, description, S.C 428 Dakota substations, U.S.D.A. 335 Texas, analyses, Tex 315 the Transvaal, analyses 521 Trinidad, analyses 315 Uruguay 395 western Oregon, U.S.D.A 393 orchard, evaporation from, U.S.D.A. . . 440 of New South Wales, analyses. 640 oxidation apparatus, description 19 paklhi, of New Zealand, studies 621 peat, fertilizing value of phonolite on . . . 626 improvement with lime 427 penetration of fertilizers in 425 pentosans in, determination 11 physical characteristics 516 properties, investigations 620 pineapple, analyses, Hawaii 223 plant food In, supply and removal 714 potato, fertilizers for, U.S.D.A 139 productivity as affected by sterilizar tion 623 relation to climate 314 crop yield 18 shrinkage on drying 620 sick, of Porto Rico, studies, P.R 422 sterilization 123,023 fertilizing effect 123 Page. Soils, sterilized, bacteria In, N. Y. Cornell 317 effect on plant growth 221 , 722 studies 730 sugar cane, analyses 120 swamp, character and.treatment 120 tea, analyses 22 testing 18 tobacco, of Dell, analyses 224 toxic, relation to cockleburs 422 transfer of heat In 223 trucking, improvement, Va. Truck 710 unproductive, relation to bacteria 122 water-soluble matter as affected by sterilization, N. Y.Comell 316 weathering investigations 314 wheat, biological studies 451 fertilizer requlrements,U.S.D. A. 239 improvement in California, U.S. D.A 338 worn-out, restoration 437 Solanum — caTolineTise, underground organs, studies. 727 spp., grafting experiments 727 studies 727 tuberosum as affected by alkaloidal solu- tions 726 Soldier beetles injurious to plum curculio, W.Va 160 bug, green, injuring cotton, U.S.D.A. 461 Soldiers, rations for, in active service 67 report on food for 266 Solenopsis debilis, notes, W.Va 262 spp., relation to plum aphis, Okla. 156 Soot, analyses 26, 326 Soothing sirups, sale and use, U.S.D.A 167 Sorghum, analyses 232,771 and co-ivpeas, yields. Pa 579 culture. 232 In Queensland 338 fertilizer experiments 433, 626 history and distribution, U.S.D.A. 140 midge, investigations, U.S.D.A. . . 364 notes ^8 role of hydrocyanic acid in 330 smut, new, description 250 subsoiling experiments 33 varieties 33, 433 Can 334,631 U.S.D.A 435 Sorghum halepense, host of mealy bug. La. . . 660 Sorosphxra junci, notes 50 Sorosporium reilianum, treatment 647 Sorrel disease resembling club root, studies. . 647 effect on soils. Pa 254 Soup, canned, inspection in Canada 369 flour, poisoning of man by 170 South African Central Locust Bureau, report. 556 Carolina Station, notes 698 Dakota College, notes 298 Southern Cotton Association, organization and work 39 Sows, spayed v. vmspayed, feeding experi- ments... 775 Soy bean cake, analyses 536 feeding value 772 flour for infants 468 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 905 rage. Soy bean industry in Manchuria 536 meal, fat-free, digestibility "74 beans, analyses 536 characteristics "3 inoculation experiments 240 ratio of methyl pentosans to pen- tosans in 414 rotted, ptomaines in 704 yields, Pa 579 Spaghetti, misbranding, U.S.D.A 709 Spalangia spp., parasitic on horn fly,U.S.D.A . 55 Sparrows as affected by rice diet 793 food plants of , U.S.D.A 154 house, incubation 77S relation to fruit industry in Cali- fornia, U.S.D.A 555 Spartina stricta, host of Claviceps 540 S peleoTchestcs tcrmitophilus n.sp., description. GOO Spelt, varieties, Can 3,34, ,531 Kans 2,34 Spelts, barley, chemistry of Oil Spermophagus Tohinix, parasitism 367 Sphxrclla n.sp-p., descriptions 347 Sphxriales sp., notes 247 Sphxroncma oryzx n.sp., description 347 SphxTopsidales sp., notes 247 Sphxropsis japonicum n.sp., description 347 malorum, occurrence in England. 549 treatment, Can 351 spp . , growth asaffectedby tannin. 330 SphxTotheca mors-uvx, occurrence in Belgium and Russia 551 pannosa, description and treat- ment 654 spp., treatment 655 Sphagnum cuspidatum, analyses 175 Spices as aflected by method of heating 114 microscopical characteristics 213 Spider, red notes 247 studies, Colo 204 Spiders and anticyclonic winds, U.S.D.A 419 injurious to citrus fruits 556 nearctic, catalogue 504 Spilosoma virginica. (See Diacrisiavirginica.) Spinach — leaf spot, investigations 350 malnutrition diseases, studies 451 Va.Truck.. 716 purin content 306,770 Spindle worm, notes, Me 254 Spirxa spp., forcing experiments 41 Spirillosis in fowls, studies 792 Spirits, extraction from raisins 711 of camphor, adulteration and mis- branding, U.S.D.A 709 Spjrocftarfo— gallinarum, immobilization by pyocya- nase 483 studies 188,392 spp. , transmission 102 Spirochetes, inuiiobilization by pyocyanase. . . 483 in gastro-enteritis of dogs 792 lesions in pigs 790 Spirochetosis in fowls, studies 188, 392 Spiroptera reticulata in cattle 86 Spodoptcra mauritia, notes, Uawail 254 Page. Spongospora scabies, studies 648, 646 Sporobolus airoides as a forage plant, Ariz 634 Sporolrichum sp., injurious to white fly, Fla. 462 Sprayer, horseback, for fruit growers 554 Spraying- apparatus as affected by polysulphids. . . 5ai description .S45 notes. Wis 59 paper on 658 calendar. Wash 61 experiments 240 Tenn 441 In Illinois 745 machinery, notes, 111 01 Wis 01 machines, tests 240 mixture for grape mildew 746 quack grass 733 mixtures, fungicidal value 457 Springs as water supplies in Indiana 713 Spruce as windbreaks, notes 435 compressed, anatomy 644 culture experiments 643 Engehnann, in the Rocky Mountains, U.S.D.A 643 increment in vestigat ions 146 saw fly, notes. Me 254 Spruces of Maine, Chermes affecting 257 Spumaria alba, injurious to strawberries 151 Sputum, detection of tubercle bacilli in 389 Squash tissues, formation of ammonia in 429 Squashes, irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A . . 394 Squirrel flea, bionomics of 562 transmission of plague by 563 ground, destruction in California 754 plague infection in 754 transmission of plague by . . 563 Squirrels, rock, smceptibility to plague 503 Stable manure. (See Barnyard manure.) Stables for tuberculous cows, description, Md. 685 Stachyose, extraction and purification 110, 702 Stalagmometer, uses 217 Stallion law in Minnesota 578 Pennsylvania 477 Utah, Utah 177 Wiscoasin, U.S.D.A 75 registration boards, national associ- ation 500 Stallions, certification, in New South Wales. 776 feeding and management 578 in.spection in Victoria 578 legislation concerning, U.S.D.A 75 speed transmission to offspring 274 types for breeding 379 Staphylinldne, catalogue 564 Staphylinus sp., destructive to fleas 563 Staphylococci in eggs 794 mice 657 Staphylococcus aureus, studies 167 pyogenes as affected by leuco- cytes 682 Staphylococcus vaccines, use 482 Starch , breadfruit trees, composition 767 cost of manufacture In Tasmania 418 definition, U.S.D.A 572 determination 708 906 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD. Page. Starch, determination in cocoa products, U.S.D.A 509 dextrin reaction, reversion 307 digestibility 68,72 effect on nitrate formation in soils 622 liquefying capacity, determination. . . 411 solution in trees and plants 725 Steam, effect on soils, N.Y.Cornell 316 Steel, corrosion as affected by soil bacteria.. . 318 Steers, cotton-seed meal for, Miss 378 feeding experiments 475, 772 Fla 475 Ind 772 Mont 176 Pa 574 sugar beets for, Colo 276 weights of different breeds 276 winter feeding, Colo 276 Stegomyia calopus, notes 561 fasciata larvae, parasitism 365 Stem nematode, studies 655 Stemphylium citri n. sp., description, U.S.D.A 446 tritici n. sp., description 451 Stenopogon picticornis, parasitic on range cat- erpillar, U.S.D.A 464 Steppe soils, relation to moisture 314 Sterigmatocystis nigra, latent vitality of spores. 721 Sterilization, effect on plant growth 221 soils 221 of soils, fertilizing effect 123 Stictococcus dimorphus n.sp., description 559 formicarius n.sp., description 662 Stictonotus isosomatus, studies 658 Stilesia ccntripundata, anatomy 484 Stimuli, effect on saliva secretion 374 mechanical, effect on Diornea musci- pula 327 Stiretrus atichorago, injurious to cotton, U.S.D.A 462 StizoloUum dceringianum, studies, U.S.D.A.. 338 Stock. (See Live stock.) foods. {See Feeding stuffs, condimen- tal and proprietary.) Stomach, protein cleavage in 572 worms in sheep, notes 588 treatment, U.S.D.A 88 Stomatitis pustulosa in horses 90 Stomo.xys, relation to Trypanosoma cazalboui. 585 Storage — effect on butter 181 potatoes 148 protein in barley 413 of food products in District of Columbia. . 370 Storks, destructive to locusts 556 Storm conditions, effect on vertical temper- ature gradients, U.S.D.A 311 Stonns, changes in atmospheric density in, U.S.D.A 311 energy of 516 rotary action of 515 studies 712 Strangles, prevention 290 Strathmore weed, toxicity, researches in 582 Straw, barley, stiffness as affected by salt 432 fertilizing value 427 Page. Straw itch, notes 565 rice, analyses 237 use in manure preservation 624 value as litter 124 yield as affected by temperature 118 Strawberries- abnormal growth 227 breeding experiments, Alaska 639 chemistry of 414 culture in England 242 Wyoming, U.S.D.A 189 growth as affected by electricity 326 insects affecting 365 notes, Wis 59 Strawberry- cauliflower disease, treatment 650 crown gtrdler, notes. Conn. State 361 disease, studies 151 extract, adulteration, U.S.D.A 65 misbranding, U.S.D.A 65,408 flavor, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 168 leaf roller, notes, Wis 59 nematode, studies 655 pomace, utihzation 218 products, salicylic acid in 709 root louse, notes, Wis 59 weevil, parasitism, W.Va 161 Stream — flow as affected by deforestation 147 forests 146 relation to forests, U.S.D.A 419, 443 and reservoirs 737 irrigation projects, U.S.D.A 312 measurements, U.S.D.A 419 in Colorado U.S.D.A. ... 590 Georgia, U.S.D.A 312 Massachusetts 313 river basins 313,420 the United States 119 western Oregon , U.S.D.A 393 Streams of western Oregon, U.S.D.A 393 pollution in Massachusetts 313 preservation 147 Strepsiptera, revision and bibliography 465 Streptobacillus lebenis, nomenclature 179 Streptococci In condensed milk 780 eggs 794 mice 657 milk 179 intestinal, from various sources. 390 Streptococcus blisters in man, description 483 vaccines, use 482 Streptococcus hollandicus, notes 179 pyogenes, studies 167 spp., studies 391 Streptothrix chromogena, effect on organic mat- ter in soils 621 Streptotrichoses, relation to tuberculosis 183 Streptotrichosis in cattle, description 484 Strongylognathus spp., notes 57 Strongylus contortus, notes 88 {Sclerostoma) sp., notes 90 spp., notes 588 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 907 Page. Strychnin eflect on mytosis 628 Studbooks, list, Utah 177 Stump burner, description and tests, Wash.. 490 Stumps, method of destruction, Wash 490 removal with dynamite, Minn 190 Sturmia distincta, parasitic on Proloparce cin- gulata 059 Stysanus stemonitis, decomposition of cyana- mldsby 622 Subsoils, analyses 232 Subtropical diseases, immunity in 484 Succinic acid, in Cheddar cheese. Wis 680 Sucrose, determination in cane molasses 513 Sudan III, feeding to fowls 571 staining power 272, 273 Suffranine red , feeding to fowls 572 Sugar analysis, dry lead defecation in, U.S.D.A 510 beet curly top, studies 450 diseases, bibliography 347 studies 347,348 treatment 745 heart rot, investigations 248, 648 industry in Germany 348 meal, analyses, Can 378 for cows, Can 381 pulp, analyses 771 dried, analyses 175 N.J 475 N.Y.State.. 072 {See also Molasses-beet pulp.) root rot, treatment 248 tumors, cause 348 seed, production, S.Dak 536 U.S.D.A 140 residue, digestibility 175 beets- analyses, Ariz 634 S.Dak 536 cost of production in Germany 493 culture 140, 235 experiments, Ariz 634 under irrigation, U.S.D.A. 190 eflect on carbon dioxid content of soils 523 formation of renal calculi, Iowa 278,283,284 fertilizer experiments.... 140,235,033,732 for f att ening lambs, Iowa 277 steers, Colo 276 inoculation experiments 20 insects affecting 348 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A.. 140 manufacture of vinegar from 515 nematode afiecting 348 phonolite for 325 premature seed formation in 349 quality, method of judging 514 rafTmose in 709 secd,storageexperiments,U.S.D.A. 141 varieties 232, 337, 048, 730, 732 Can 334,531 U.S.D.A 038 yellow-bear caterpillar affecting, U.S.D.A 759 Page. Sugar cane borer, notes 459 remedies, U.S.D.A 54 culture and use. Miss 40 experiments, P. R 237, 638 in Barbados 334 India 729 diseases, investigations. La 048 notes 433,740 P.R 237 studies 240,450 distance experiments 338 fertilizer experiments 338, 433, 729 Miss 40 P.R 237 insects affecting 254, 433, 556, 059, 755 Japanese, culture, Fla 431 loss of weight in shipping, P.R 238 mealy bug, investigations, La 600 notes 134 root diseases, prevalence in Bar- badosv 048 varieties 338, 433, 438, 729 P.R 237 definition, U.S.D.A 572 determination as affected by pectin 307 in animal urine 13 bagasse 709 beets as affected by nonsugars 307 effect on fruit in cooking 64 nitrification in soils 430 experiment station in Porto Rico 99 feeding value 772 for horses, notes and bibliography 577 fruit, for priming wines Ill invert, determination in beets 113 manufacture, clarifying powders in 311 fromgrapes 218 methods of analysis 307 U.S.D.A 510 raw, rafiinose in 709 sirups, keeping qualities, U.S.D.A 509 {See also Beet sugar and Cane sugar.) Sulla, cooperative experiments in Cape Colony 730 Sulphate of ammonia— as affected by oxygen 609 availability of nitrogen in 625 effectonpercolationofwaterin soils 121 soils 320 strength of flax fiber 40 effects of continuous use. Pa 524 efficiency in wet seasons 626 fertiUzing action witli salt 026 value. . . 126, 127, 128, 134, 234, 235, 432, 525, 532, 534, 620, 632, 633, 638 P.R 238 in dry climates 321 manufacture 523 production in 1909 525 Sulphate of copper- effect on germination and yield 049 fungicidal value 649 Sulphate of nicotine, insecticidal value 359 908 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Sulphate of potash — effect on composition of milk 478 fertilizing vafue 535, G37 Minn 637 Sulphates, determination 9 Sulphid of arsenic, insecticidal value 359 Sulphite liquors, waste, for roads, U.S.D. A. . . 489 Sulphur- determination in — organic matter, U.S.D. A 215 the presence of alkali salts 013 dioxid in sulphured food products 768 effect on potatoes 449 soil 744 fumes as a meat preservative 166 effect on wheat and flour. Can 369 methods of analysis 706 U.S.D.A 215 mixtures. (,See Lime-sulphur mixtures.) Sulphuric acid — as a manure preservative 125 seed disinfectant 248 determination 214 in presence of chromium. . 706 effect on activity of invertase, U.S.D.A. . 110 plants. Mo 526 tables for 523 Sulphurous acid as a manure preservative. . . 125 meat preservative 166 inchampagne 114 Sumac as affected by compression 130 leaves, effect on soils 623 Sunflowers— analyses and digestibility , Nev 72 as affected by longitudinal compression. . 130 culture on Hunger Steppe 534 varieties, Can 334 Sunlight as affected by foliage 724 effect on lice 589 water requirements of crops 331 fertilizing effect on soils 123 value 222,318,523 Sunn hemp as a green manure 124 Superparasitism of insects 358 Superphosphate — double, residual effects 324 effect on composition of milk 478 plants 232 percolation of water in soils 121 temperature of manure 025 fertilizing value 22, 23, 24, 32, 127, 134, 140, 232, 234, 323, 534, 535, 626, 637, 638, 639, 730, 732 Fla 35 Miim 637 mixing with calcium cyanamid 26 residual effects 324 Superphosphates, apparatus for making 24 behavior in soils 24 Surra, elephant, trypanosomes in, characteris- tics 585 Incamels, treatment 786 horses, treatment 390 treatment 484 Sus palv^tris, description 174 Page. Swamp fever, studies, Minn 83 lands. {See Lands, swamp.) Swedes, fertilizer experiments 534, 632, 633 Can 531 for sheep 774 varieties 533 Can 531 N.Dak 728 yields as affected by windbreaks 435 Swedish Moor Culture Society, report 799 Sweet clover, nonnitrogenous extracts in 611 com, culture on worn soils 437 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A. 394 production for seed, U.S.D.A... 640 pea culture, treatise 642 diseases, notes 642 peas, culture 343 development 541 growth as affected by gases 229 insects affecting 642 potato beetle, two-striped, notes, N.J. disease, notes 649 flea l)eetle, notes, N.J 58 scaraljee in Barbados, remedies. 659 potatoes for steers, Fla 475 insects affecting 334,659,755 N.J 58 varieties 334 Fla 432 Swine fever, paper on 784 plague, etiology 486 immunization 289,486,788 outbreak 589 relation to hog cholera 688 studies 790 pox, transmission 390 (See also Pigs.) Sycamore borer, notes, U.S.D.A 161 disease, notes 553 Sylcpta derogaia, notes 658 SjTnbiosis, fungus, in orchids 133 Symdobius oblongus, description. Me 757 Sympherohius angustus, notes 559 Symptomatic anthrax. (See Blackleg.) Synchytrium ( Chrysophlyctis) endobioticum, method of control 449 Syringa spp., forcing experiments 41 vulgaris, osmotic pressure in, studies. 527 Syrphidse of Wisconsin 664 Syrphus flies, parasitic on green bug 460 Tabanidae, jVfrican, treatise and bibliography. 664 of Madagascar 260 Tabardillo, etiology 559 Tachirm mella, parasitic on range caterpillar, U.S.D.A 464 Tachinid fly, parasitic on cotton insects, U.S.D.A 462 Tachydromia, descriptions 501 Tadpoles as affected by lecithin 774 Tadschicks, food and living conditions of — 568 Tsenia coenurus, notes 88 crassicollis, notes 188 marginata, notes 87 sp., notes 664 Taenioldea of North American birds, list 488 Takahashia, new species, descriptions 54 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 909 rage. Tamarix articulata, description, U.S.D.A 592 Tankage, analyses, Orcg 427 Tex 572 Wis 175 fertilizing value, P.R 238 Tanks, cattle dipping, descriptions 790 Tannin as aSected by various substances 429 distribution In plants 29 eflect on penneability of seed coat. . . 29 plant, description, U.S.D.A 529 toxic properties 330 Tanyard refuse, analyses 326 Tapeworms, bacteria in, studies 90 notes 88 Taphrina andiTM n.sp. , description 353 spp. , Injurious to birch 354 Tapioca, notes 33 Tar for roads, U.S.D.A 4S9, 490 Target Brand Quick Bordeaux, tests, 111 60 Tariff, relation to wool growing 576 Tarnished plant bug, notes 458 Tartaric acid- analyses 616 determination 418 effect on activity of invertase, U.S.D.A. . 110 in wine residues 13 Taxation in Belgium 593 Tea, analyses 216 bark disease, studies 553 blister blight, studies 749 culture at Peradeniya Experiment Sta- tion 243 in India 641, 642 curing studies 567 digest of data 567 fertilizer experiments 243, 641 Industry in Jamaica 145 methods of analysis 216 microscopical characteristics 213 notes 767 physiological rOle of caSem in 567 pruning experiments 642 quality as affected by drying 642 seedlings, disease affecting 750 Teachers, agricultural instruction for 294, 398 forestry instruction for 595 Teak coppice fellings, notes 345 forests, reproduction 45 Tectona grandis coppice fellings, notes 345 Telegraphy, wireless, use in weather service . . 616 Telenomtui ashmeadi, notes, U.S.D.A 461 colorademis n.sp. , description 367 fiskei n.sp. , description 666 Telenomus, new species, notes, U.S.D.A 57 Tembladera, prevalence in the Andes 288 Temnochilida;, catalogue 465 Temperature — annual departures 732 apparatus for study of effect on Insects... 754 atmospheric, relation to altitude 118 changes in air currents 515 earth's, relation to isothermal layer, U.S.D.A 311 eflect on— bud development 41 composition of milk 12 Page. Temperature — Continued . effect on — continued. decomposition of manure 322 destruction of invertase, U.S.D.A. . . 411 digestion 271 embryonic development 761 enzyin action 306 green bug 460 growth ofcereals 219 lice 559 Lysiphlebus ItUicI 400 mcthan absorbing bacteria 621 moisture content of cheese, U.S.D..\.. 383 Wis 383 plant growth 142 plants. Mo 526 solubility of fertilizers 302 yield of millet 117 oats 118 gradients, vertical, modified, U.S.D.A. . . 311 in Boston, U.S.D.A 617 cattle, studios 788 poultry, studies 793 low, effect on citrus fruits, U.S.D.A 15 gipsy moth eggs 560 longevity of fleas 160 protection of crops from .U.S.D.A.. 117 mean, short record, reduction, U.S.D.A.. 419 of air at high altitudes 516 potential, relation to entropy 515 relation to crop maturity 516 forests 516 growth of Insects 657 N.n 358 wheat-smut Infection 47 Tenants, fann, amount of manuring by 125 Tenax, preparation and use 651 Tenebrio molitor. {See Yellow mealworm.) Tcncbrionidae, catalogue 465 Tennessee Station, notes 698 Tent caterpillar, notes. Wis 59 Tenthredo testudinea. (See Hoplocampa tes- tudinea.) Teosinte, analyses ""1 culture 533 fertilizer experiments 33 varieties 33 Tephrnsia purpurea as a green manure 134 Teratology in tropical plants 227 Termes flavipex, notes. Conn. State 361 gestroi, injurious to trees In Johore ... 659 notes 255 Iticifu^us, new parasite of 060 Termites, fungus-raising, studies 53 Injurious to trees In Johore 659 notes 255, 459 Conn.State 361 protection of wood from 658 Testis cells, hiterstltlal functions 275 Tetanus— antitoxin In milk of Inmnmlzed mothers. 682 studies 684 studies 585 toxin, studies 684 Tetramyia triglochinis, notes 47 Tetraneura spp. , studies, Mo 757 910 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Tetraneura ulmisacculi n.sp., description, Me. 757 Tetranychus bimaculatus, studiesj Colo 264 sp., notes 247 telarius, notes 659 Tetrastichus asparagi, notes 765 hylotomx, parasitic on sawfly 366 sp., parasitic on sorghum midge, U.S.D.A 364 Texas College, notes 199, 599 fever, eradication 783 prevalence in Porto Rico 390 relation to animal experimenta- tion 182 ticks. (See Cattle ticks.) Station, notes 199 Textile fabrics, microscopical characteristics. 213 fibers of animal origin, treatise 775 Theileria parva, studies 155, 786 Thelephoracex sp., notes 152 Theobaldia annulata larvse, effect on drinking water 561 Theophrastus, biographical sketch 227 Therapeutics, veterinary, treatise 488 Therapy, opsonic, paper on 387 Theridiidae, list of species 564 Thermodynamics of the atmosphere 515 Thielavia basicola, studies 743 sp., notes 152 Thielaviopsis ethaceticus, invetisgations 652 La... 648 relation to Trichos- phxria sacchari 346 paradoxa, treatment, U.S.D.A.. 446 Thistle— Barnaby, prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 Canada, effect on growth of cereals 132 Russian, host of beet leaf hopper,U.S.D. A. 557 Thistles, destruction, Can 339 Thomas slag. (Sfe Phosphaticslag.) Thoracic organs, relative importance 775, 776 Three days' sickness in cattle, studies 185 Thrips n.sp., description 557 sp., injurious to plants 362 spp., notes 255 tabaci. (See Onion thrips.) Thunderstorms, notes 14 Thyanta custator, injurious to cotton, U.S.D.A 461 Thymol, effect on enzym action 306 Thysanoptera, new genera and species 660 species, descriptions 255 of California, notes 255 India 358 Mexico 255,557 southern California 557 the South 255,557 Thysanoptera spp . , descriptions 54 Tibicen septendecim. (See Cicada, periodical.) Tick destroying agents, tests 488 fever. (See Texas fever.) Rhodesian. (See African coast fever.) Ticks, description 162 destruction in Jamaica 766 eradication in the Transvaal 488 of Brazil, treatise and bibliography. . . 465 Mozambique, notes 362 Page. Ticks, of South Africa, classification 766 Panama, notes 666 prevalence in Uganda 485 relation to piroplasmosis 287 (See also Cattle ticks.) Tillage- effect on nitrification in soils, U.S.D.A.. 122 seed production, Colo 235 soil moisture 222, 223 Nebr 222 methods for dry farming, Oreg 295 Tilletia glomerulata, notes 740 spp., varieties of wheat resistant to.. 649 Tillson's feed for cows. Can 381 Timber, destruction by Dematophora sp 251 exploitation in Norway 245 exports from New South Wales 542 imports into New South Wales 542 industry in Finland 542 southwest Mississippi . . 344 insects affecting 466 lands, taxation 43 losses from insects 44 milling, wastes in 44 of Cape Colony, economic value 644 Mauritius 45 rot, investigation 653 stands, papers on 44 summer cutting, relation to rot 653 supplies, conservation 44 in foreign countries 43 reduction 44 supply in South Carolina 147 tests of strength 644 waste in use of 44 (See also Lumber aTid Wood.) Timothy — and clover, yields. Pa 579 breeding, bibliography, N.Y.Comell 536 experiments 450 fertilizer experiments, N.Y.Comell 138 for cows, Pa 579 pastures, N.Y.Comell 529 germination tests, Iowa 439 Va 240 hay for cows, 111 578 insects affecting, Mich 254 irrigation experiments, Nev 34 purity tests. Can 340 rust, prevalence in United States 450 seed examination, Va 240 variation and correlation in, N.Y.Cornell. 536 yields, N.Dak 728 Tin cans, internal discoloration, studies 269 effect on olive oil 112 Tinea pellionella, parasitic on tomato-worm. . . 761 Tineina, new species, descriptions 560 Tineina spp., notes 363 Tischeria malifoliella. (See Apple-leaf trum- pet miner.) Tissues, serobiological behavior of 681 Tobacco— as affected by lithium salts 726 an insecticide 767 breeding experiments 227,338 bud worm, notes, Conn.State 361 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 911 rage. Tobacco — Continued. bug, electrocuting machine, description . . 565 classification 537 cost of production, Pa 595 ouiture, harvesting, and curing. Pa 595 in India 33 Ohio, Ohio 396 tropical countries 300 on Hunger Steppe 534 diseases, investigations 548 flea beetle, remedies, U.S.D.A 465 homworm, life history and remedies, U.S.D.A 466 notes 765 insects affecting 53, 254 remedies, U.S.D.A 465 marketing, U.S.D.A 192 mosaic disease, notes 649 nematodes affecting 741 price of, in Cuba 334 splitworm, notes 260 varieties 338, 432 U.S.D.A 141 worm, remedies, U.S.D.A 466 Tocolote, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 136 Toluene, effect on toxic solutions 222,523 Toluol, effect on plant respiration 629 Tomato — brownrot, notes 149 catsup, adulteration, U.S.D.A 568 misbranding, U.S.D.A 568,769 conserve, dry, manufacture 310 disease, new, studies 452 diseases, notes, Ariz 646 treatment 744 fly, notes 659 late blight, studies 48 leaf-spot, treatment. 111 143 pulp, preparation and storage 418 residues, utilization 211 skins, structure, N.J 528 worm, life history, U.S.D.A 466 Tomatoes — caimed, adulteration, U.S.D.A 769 misbranding.U.S.D.A. 168,468,568,769 canning 310 culture experiments, 111 143 on Hunger Steppe 534 fertilizer experiments 241 III 143 forcing experiments, Ariz 627 marketing. 111 143 nematodes affecting 741 yields, factors affecting, 111 143 Tonsils as avenues for infection 686 Topography— of Florida 520 fruit lands, relation to frosts 516 lower Michigan, U.S.D.A.. 15 west shore of Lake Michigan, U.S.D.A. 15 western Oregon, U.S.D.A 393 Torsio uteri with premature pains 789 Tortoise beetles, notes, N.J 59 Toxic solutions as affected by antiseptics 222 effect on mitosis 628 in soils, as affected by toluene. 523 Page. Toxins, methods of reaching spinal cord 388 Toxoplasma canis n.sp., description 791 To.xoplasmosis, canine, notes 791 7'oxoptcra graminum, investigations 757 parasitism 459 Toxoptera, growth, as related to temperature, N.n 358 Tozzia seeds, germination tests 628 Trachpkelespp., notes, U.S.D.A 161 Tragus, biographical sketch 227 Training schools, value of gardening in 94 Trametes pint, notes 456 treatment 653 Transpiration in plants 130 Transportation facilities in Belgium 593 Colorado, U. S. D.A 590 Tree branches, lopping, in lumbering 345 canker, studies 740 diseases, notes 244,245,456,553 studies 646 treatise 149 treatment 645 nodules and rootlets, nitrogen content. . 330 roots, adventitious development 345 seeds, germination tests 239 Trees as affected by smoke 727 soil nitrates, Colo 221 termites, in Johore 659 ascent of sap in 27 bibliography ' 95 care of, treatise 43 culture in Wyoming, U.S.D.A 189 on Hunger Steppe 534 destruction by gophers, U.S.D.A 153 distribution in New York 344 on Colorado plateau 245 fall V. spring planting 733 flowering, description 243 for high altitudes, notes, Ariz 695 timber in German Southwest Af- rica 644 forest, insects affecting 646 growing, method of impregnation 445 gro\vth increment, determination 296 hygienic effects 243 Injuries by hail 130 Insects affecting 646 notes, N.Dak 736 of Great Britain, treatise 737 Iowa, blooming dates 736 Ireland, treatise 737 Malay Archipelago 542 the Ivory Coast, descriptions 542 Washington, Wash 444 origin and nomenclature 146 ornamental, propagation 234 treatise 343 pistachio, culture and use 243 planting and care 245 Wash 444 rubber yielding, in Madagascar 246 seed examination 239 shade, aphlds affecting. Can 361 gloomy scale affecting 458 insects affecting 658 912 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Trees, shade, leopard moth affecting. Conn. State 361 transformation of starchy and fatty con- tents 725 transpiration of water by 26 varieties for windbreaks and hedges, N.Dak 541 Trematodes In aquatic lepldoterous larvae. . . 159 Tribes, Central Asian, food and living condi- tions 568 Trichoccphalus afflnis, notes 88 Trichoccra rcgdationis, notes, Me 254 Trichoderma sp., effect on organic matter in soils 621 Trichopoda pennipes, parasitic on cotton in- sects, U.S.D.A 462 Trichosphxria sacchari, relation to Thielaviop- sis cthaccticus 346 Trichostrongylvbs pcrgracilis, relation to grouse disease 590 Trichothccium roseum, notes 152 Tridens seslerioides, host of plum aphis, Okla. 156 Tn/oZiumpratensf, composition of flowers 415 resupinatum, culture experiments. 338 spp., notes, U.S.D.A 533 Trifoliums of North America, treatise 727 TriodontophoTUS intermedius n.sp., descrlp)- tion 787 Triphileps insidiosus, notes, Iowa 256 Triticum dicoccum dicoccoides, discovery, U.S.D.A 534 spp., resistant to diseases 649 yields, Can 333 Trochila populorum, studies 751 Tropical diseases, immunity in 484 Truck crop diseases, notes 247, 646 crops, cultiKe in Columbia River Val- ley,U.S.D.A 435 fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A 427 Insects affecting 646 U.S.D.A....... 759 gardening association ia Holland 796 Truffles, culture and bibliography 440 Trypanblau, use in canine piroplasmosis 589 Trypanosoma — brucei, degenerative appearances in 786 cazalboui, relation to Glossina palpalis 585 congolense, studies 483 evansi, organism resembling, in elephant surra 585 studies and bibliography 667 gamhiense, variations in numbers 786 hippicum, description 486 lewisi as affected by ultraviolet rays 483 in Hsematopinus spinulosus 157, 662 life history 559 microti n.sp., description 155 Trypanosome disease in elephants 585 new, in man 585 diseases, investigations 585 paper on 387,783 of field mice 155 Trypanosomes — as affected by ultraviolet rays 483 dimorphous, notes 786 endoglobular stages of 585 Page. Trypanosomes — Continued. in cattle in Germany 786 Nagana, immobilization by pyeyanase... 483 of elephant siura, characteristics 585 paper on 387, 783 variations in numbers 786 Trypanosomiasis — equine, from the Canal zone 486 experimental, variation of hemolytic com- plement in 182 Trypeta sp., injiuious to cacao 53 Trj'petidas, new species, descriptions 365 Trypsin — digestive power as affected by tempera- ture 271 effect on digestibility of egg albumin 374 Tsetse flies, biology and history 664 investigations 562 Tubercle bacilli — detection 686 in circulating blood 287 sputum 389 effect on precipitins 388 human, conversion into bovine type. . . 389, 685 latent, in lymphatic glands 787 prevalence in milk 81 Tubercles, root. {See Root tubercles.) Tuberculin — as affected by molds and bacteria 587 Bfirnaeck's, method of application 687 diagnostic value 586,687 hj'persensitiveness, studies 586 metabolism, experiments with 686 rich in antitubercular antibodies, prepa- ration 388 Tuberculosis — animal, cause and character 386 control, U.S.D.A 85 relation to economics 386 studies, Md 684 Minn 83 avian, notes, Nev 83 transmission to mammals, U.S.D.A 84 bovine congenital 685 control and prevention 386 in America 781 Holland 184 detection and eradication, Mich . . 586 immunization 389.487,587,687,688 intra-uterme infection in 287 investigations 783 nontypical case 184 prevalence in Argentina 586 renal, studies 787 transmission to infants 184 control 787 in the South 386 diagnosis ■ 288, 686 effect on heart action 586 immunization 687 in an ass 686 animals for food, U.S.D.A 85 of pigs, U.S.D.A 185 ophthalmic test for 684 placental, studies 586 INDEX or SUBJECTS. 913 Tuberculosis— Continued. rajio. prevalence in Alabama 484 the South 38G relation to animal experimentation 182 cost of living CG9 house flies 004 streptotrichoses 183 spread bj- skim milk 479 tagging association test 387 tonsillar infection 080 Tuberculous pus, proteolytic reaction for. . . . 788 Tubers, edible. (See Root crops.) effect on carbon dioxid content of soils 523 forcing by warm water 41 Tulip disease, studies 054 Timas, chemistry and uses, N.Mex 710 production of alcohol from, N.Mex. . . 710 Turkeys, body temperature, studies 793 breeds, descriptions 477 hatching and rearing, Wash 478 in Russia, studies 675 raising and marketing 478 Turnip bacterial rot, notes 147 Turnips, culture, Alaska 631 experiments 130, 432 fertilizer experiments 24, 033, 038 for fattening lambs, Iowa 277 insects aflecting 53 nematodes affecting 741 varieties 40, 432 Can 531 Turpentine, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 65,168,468,709 borer, notes, U.S.D.A 101 Turpentining, conservative 44, 147 Turtles, metabolism experiments 272 Tutu, toxicity, researches in 582 TylcTichus dcvastatTix, remedies 547 studies 655 Tyndarichus navx n.sp., description, U.S.D.A 56 Typhlocyba comes. {See Grape leaf-hopper.) rosse, notes 757 Typho-anemia, infectious, studies 391 Typhoid bacllU, vitality in milk and butter, U.S.D.A 82 fever, ophthalmic test for 684 relation to house flies 664 fly. (See House flies.) Typhula irifolii, notes 740 Typhus fever, transmission by lice 57 Mexican, etiology 559 Tyroglyphus malus, notes, U.S.D.A 156 Tyrosin, absorption by plants 725 Tyrosinase, new variety, description 704 Udder, cow's, accidental parasitism 185 Uflelmann reaction for lactic acid, modiflca- tlon 115 Ulcers, gastrotoxic, changes In 788 treatment by horse serum 083 Ultrafiltration methods, description 112 Ultraviolet rays- bactericidal action 131 effect on germination of seeds 526 plants 27 trypanosomes 483 Ultraviolet rays— Continued. Tape. sterilization of liquids by 714 milk by 781 water by 16,313,518,619 Uncinula Ttccator, notes 151 Underdrainage, effect on yield of cereals 33 Undergroimd water. (Sec Water.) United States Dcpartinent of Agriculture- appropriations, 1910-11 7 Bureau of Animal Industry, report 96 free publications 495 Library, accessions 190, 296, 495, 695 notes 298 Ofl[lce of Experiment Stations, notes 599 publications, U.S.D.A 196 report of Secretary 196 reports 196 Weather Bureau. (See Weather Bu- reau.) Yearbook, U.S.D.A 196 United States Geological Survey, work of water resources branch, U.S.D.A 312, 419 Universities, domestic economy courses in. . . 494 Urea, decomposition as affected by humus... 722 UredineiE, biology and bibliography 646 teleutospore fonnation on 646 Urethan, effect on plant respiration 629 Urine, acidity of, studies 375 determination of amino acids in 304 earth, manurial value 718 manure value 321 preser\^ation 718 UrobaciUus bcijcrinckil n.sp. — description 722 r6le in disintegration of urea 722 Urogaster sp., notes, Del 158 Uromyces caryophyllinus, studies 751 poas, studies 46 striatus, notes 740 veratri, infection experiments 646 Urophlyctis alfalfa:, notes 741 Ariz 646 outbreak i n Bavaria 248 Urosigalphus armatus, notes, W.Va 262 TTrtka fcroi, toxicity, researches in 582 XJstilago bulgarica n.sp., description 250 spp., infection experiments 741 treatment 46 violacea, infection experiments — 355, 654 zex, prevalence in Australia 647 Utah Station, notes 498, 599 Vaccination, immunity, and serum-therapy, treatise 481 Vaccine, cowpox, transportation to Africa. . . 482 doses, size and frequency 683 immunity, inheritance of 482 tests 286 Vaccines, use in septic and inflammatory con- ditions 482 of nucleo-proteids in 683 value in disease treatment 683 Vacuum, effect on plants, Vt 340 Vaginil i.s, contagious granular, in cows 783 Valsa ojysloma, notes 751 Van Beneden, Edward, biographical .sketch.. 300 Vanilla extract, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 168,.371,568,769 914 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. rage. Vanilla extract, inspection in Canada 270 extracts, judging, U.S.D. A 509 Vapors, effect on growth of sweet peas 229 Variation and heredity, address on 376 Variola in pigs, transmission 790 tests 286 vera, serologic studies 681 Varnishes on chocolate and confectionery, U.S.D.A 510 Vaucheria sessilis, protection against fungi . . . 228 Vegetable- diseases of malnutrition, studies 451 fats. {See Fats, vegetable.) industry in vicinity of Hamburg 439 oils, detection of fish oils in 116 products, adulteration, detection 116 proteins. {See Proteins.) rennets. {See Rennets.) seed industry, U.S.D.A 141 inspection in Ontario 143 soft rots, investigations 451 Vt 349 Vegetables- canning in the home 310 cooking 769 culture, Alaska 631 experiments, N.Mex 733 in eastern United States 142 France 142 northeastern Minnesota, Minn 143 treatise 41 under irrigation, N.Mex 733 effect on acidity of urine 375 insects affecting 659 marketing, U.S.D.A 192 in Holland 796 packing and marketing 439 planting table for the South 440 purin content 770 storage 1 43 varietal characters 733 ■ varieties, Alaska 639 {See also specific kinds.) Vegetarian diet, relation to protein require- ments 69 Vegetarians, utilization of animal food by 372 Vegetation — as affected by smelter wastes, U.S.D.A . . 430 on basalt soils 223 shrubby, spread in Arizona, U.S.D.A 137 Velvet beans, culture, Fla 35 experiments, Fla 431 fertilizer experiments, Fla 35 Florida, studies, U.S.D.A 338 forcows, Fla 78 Ventilation, effect on hatching of eggs, W. Va. 77 studies, Minn 83 Venturia insequalis, studies 454, 457 spp., treatment. Can 351 VeratTum album, infection experiments 646 Vermouth, misbranding, U.S.D.A 568 Verticillium sp., as a cause of leaf roll 648 Vetch, analyses 175, 233 as a green manure 322 U.S.D.A 339 affected by lime 226 Page. Vetch, as affected by mineral salts 328 bitter, analyses and digestibility, Nev. 72 cooperative experiments in Cape Colony 730 culture 233, 437 effect on carbon dioxid content of soils. 523 fertUizer experiments 433, 720 hairy, analyses and digestibility, Nev. 71 proteolytic enzyms in Ill varieties 433 Can 531 Veterinarians, army, paper on 387 relation to public health 386 significance of pathology to... 387 Veterinary— and agricultural instruction in Argentina. 599 bacteriological laboratories of Transvaal. 484 clinics, paper on 387 history, making in America 387 hygiene, tropical, studies 582 laws and regulations in various States 386 medical association in America 386 medicine, relation to alkalometry 783 practice, treatise 488 reports in Saxony, index 784 science, bibliography 95 free publications on 495 haemolysis in 484 personal responsibility in 387 relation to prosperity and health . 783 status in South Africa 387 therapeutics, treatise 488 zoology, index-catalogue, U.S.D.A 357,555 Vibrissea sclerotiorum, notes , 740 Viciafaba, metabolism experiments with 723 respiration in, as affected by poisons 629 spp., analyses 175 Village families, standard of living 469 Vinasse, extraction of nitrogen from 128 Vinegar — adulteration, U.S.D.A 168,271,371,568 bacteriology of, Mich 515 cider, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 168, 371 effect on growth of bacteria 8 examination. Me 65 fermentation, enzyms in 8 glucose, detection 114 homemade, production 711 legal requirements, Mich 515 manufacture, Mich 515 from apples 310 sugar beets 615 milk, characteristics 83 misbranding,U.S.D.A. 168,271,371,468,568,769 Vines, landolphia, rubber yielding in Mada- gascar 246 Vineyards, experimental, descriptions, U.S. D.A 641 in Lausanne 145 in Sicily, reconstitution 144 use of carbon bisulphid in 124 {See also Grapes.) Viola cornuta, mite affecting 53 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 915 Page. Viola spp., variation in 133 Violas, violets, and pansies, Iwok 642 Violets, variation in 133 violas and pansies, book 642 Virgin;a Station, notes 498 Truck Station, notes 599 Virus, extermination of rats by 753 Viscum album as a host of European elm scale 660 Vitellin membrane in birds' eggs 571 VHis spp., investigations, U.S.D.A 650 Vivianite, analyses 626 Vi\nparity in flies 365 Volvaria eurhiza, relation to termites 53 Walnut cureulio, notes, W.Va 262 Walnuts, English, for bulls 575 snout beetles affecting, W.Va 261 Walruses, protection in Alaska, U.S.D.A 555 Waoriki, toxicity, researches in 582 Washington College, notes 498 Station, financial statement 495 notes 498 Wasps of genus Belonogaster, monograph 264 Water — action of nitrous gas and oxygen on 713 analyses 119, 129, 313, 618, 713 and its use, treatise 617 apparatus for study of effect on insects. . . 754 atmospheric, condensation by nitrous gases 616 relation to altitude 118 balance in succulents 130 bug, parasitism 157 circulation and control 44 content, effect on quality of tea 642 determination by distillation 112 in bagasse 709 butter 217 N.Y.Comell 614 cereals 216 cheese 614 rye and wheat flour 512 ofenzymsin 131 distillation investigations 225 distilled, effect on mitosis 629 drainage, composition 420 drinking, analyses, Can 311 N.Dak 371 as affected by mosquito larva;.. 561 effect on metaboUsm in man... 371 purification 619 effect on gipsy moth eggs 500 lice 589 soil nitrates, U.S.D.A 123 weathering 314 evaporation, studies, Fla 420 examination, treatise 11 for dairies, improvement 518 irrigating vegetables, treatment 440 power, control in Quebec 244 fowl, raising and hunting 178 hot, as a seed disinfectant 248 destruction of in vertase by, U.S.D.A. 411 in normal hmnan organs 172 irrigation, relative value 517 methods of analysis 618 86058°— VOL 23—11 9 Page. Water— Continued. mineral, analyses, Ky '. 16 misbranding, U.S.D.A 468 movements in soils 121 nonavailable, in soils as affected by salts . . 522 bibliography 523 percolation as affected by fertilizers 121 powers of Colorado, U.S.D.A 590, 617 purification by protozoa 16 rain. (See Rain.) relation to soil tjT)es 314 requirements of crops in India 331 resource survey in Illinois 617 resources of Deschutes valley, U.S.D.A. . 312 northeastern Kentucky 119 Salton sea, analyses, Ariz 618 sewage, sterihzation by ultraviolet rays. . . 16 sterilization 713, 714 by ultraviolet rays 313, 518 sterilized, hydrogen peroxid in 518 subsoil, at Cairo, Egypt 420 supplies- artesian, in Queensland 16 as affected by forests 146 for orchards, U.S.D.A 440 small holdings 618 in California, studies 420 central Oregon, U.S.D.A 419 IlUnois 421 Indiana 713 Massachusetts 313 South Africa 16 the semiarid west, U.S.D.A 395 of catchment area, Wyoming, U.S.D.A 419 river basins 313 Shoshone project, U.S.D.A 312 relation to chemistry 221 surfaces, evaporation from 617 transpiration by trees 26 underground, character and softening 618 factors affecting 16 in France 16 use in fumigation 565 irrigation, U.S.D.A 190 warm, forcing of plants by 40 Watermelons from Palestine, description, U.S.D.A 529 Waterpowers, conservation and use in North Carolina 520 ll'atsonius (n. g.) watsoni, description 488 Wattle, culture in the Transvaal 543 Wax, candelilla, examination 615 studies, N.Mex 710 Weasels, destruction of gophers by, U.S.D.A. 154 Weather— Bureau- kite, construction, U.S.D.A 311 relation to farmers, Tenn 14, 15,419 warnings, utilization by farmers, U.S.D.A 117 work, relation to engineering, U.S.D.A 419 conditions in 1909, U.S.D.A 196 factors affecting 14 916 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Weather— Continued. Page, forecasting— by simple methods, treatise 712 relation to agriculture 14 reorganization in Russia 117 value of aerological observations in . . 610 forecasts, value to farmers 516 relation to plant diseases 740 pathology, U.S.D.A.... 15 Web worm, fall, notes, Me 254 Wis 59 Weed seeds. (See Seeds, weed.) Weeds as a mulch for cacao 343 description and eradication 639 destruction, Mich 439 Ohio 733 U.S.D.A 434 distribution in Russia 40 eradication 295 in pastures, Mass 530 wheat fields, U.S.D.A. . 339 free publications on 495 growth as affected by lime 533 in protected ranges, U.S.D.A 137 notes 147, C33 poisoning of live stock by, U.S.D.A. . 137 prevalence in Ontario, Can 340 treatise and bibliography 732 underground organs, studies 727 {See also specific plants.) Wellmanius n.g. andn.sp., description 488 Wells as water supplies in Indiana 713 for irrigation, sinking, U.S.D.A 395 interference in 517 shallow, relation to health 713 West Virginia Station, notes 498 University, notes 99, 498, 599 Whale-oil soap, preparation and use,U.S.D.A. 157 Wheat- American, condition in Europe, U.S.D.A. 35 analyses 169, 175 Can 368, 378 Wash 467 Wis 175 and oat hay, scale of jjoin ts for 436 oats, losses in drying 535 as a green manure 134 affected by electrolyte solutions 327 fumigation, Can 309 manganese 720 mineral salts 328 Australian, milling quaUties 166 bran, analyses 771 breeding experiments 227, 300, 537 by-products, analyses 771 Ind 474 Me :.. 572 Miss 73,475 N.J 475 R.I 771 Tex 572 classification 227 composition as affected by fertilizers 730 factors affecting, Wash 467 continuous culture 532,632 cooperative experiments. Mo 35 cost of production in Germany 493 Wheat— Continued. Page. cost of production under dry farming, U. S.D.A 435 culture, Ind 639 experiments. 33, 34, 135, 136, 432, 534, 638 U.S.D.A 189 for hay 534 in northwest Canada 537 Ohio, Ohio 396 under dry farming 439, 537 U.S.D.A 335 determination of hardness in, Kans 238 diseased, poisoning of fowls by 147 diseases, notes 238, 638 treatment 649 Ind 639 durum, culture experiments, U.S.D.A... 189 forhay 534 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A . 189 varieties 535 Kans 234 N.Dak 728 U.S.D.A 335,434 effect on carbon dioxid content of soils. . . 523 exports from the United States 93 fertilizer experiments 33, 126, 127, 135, 136,232,239,433,532,535, 626, 632, 633, 638, 717, 730 Can 531 N.Dak 728 U.S.D.A 239 requirements,U. S.D.A 319 fields, eradication of weeds from,U. S.D.A. 339 floret sterility in 451 flour. {See Flour.) for cows. Pa 579 sheep 774 German grown, quality 40 germination as affected by — fungicides 47, 742 galvanic currents 627 grass, culture experiments, U.S.D.A 189 yields, N.Dak 728 green manures for 322 manuring experiments, U.S.D.A. . . 339 growth as affected by Canada thistles 132 electricity 326 on sterilized soils, N.Y.Cornell. . . 317 hay, analyses 771 improved, prizes for 439 improvement in India 537, 638 increased production in England 292 industry in India 270, 63S influence of soils on nitrogen content 716 insects affecting 638,659 Mich 254 remedies, Ind 639 irrigation experiments 32 Nev 34 U.S.D.A 189 jointworm, destruction by mites, U.S.D.A 57 lithium and potassium salts for 319 loose smut, treatment 46, 148, 647 marketing, U.S.D.A 192 markets, position of United States in 93 maturity, effect on quality of flour. Can . 368 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 917 Page. Wheat— Continued. middlings, analyses 771 milling and baking tests 708 quality, factors allecting 270 tests 270, 439 U.S.D.A 335 Wash 467 new variety from Central Sweden 638 offals, analyses. Me 73 N.Y.State 673 papers on 537 pedigreed seed, registration 635 phosphatids, composition 8 prices in England and Scotland 293 France, treatise 40 production in the United States 93 U.S.D.A. 141 protein content 335 metabohsm in as affected by salts 328 proteolytic enzjnns in Ill reproduction experiments, Can 333 respiration in as affected by poisons 629 role of boron in 231 rust, notes 33, 740 resistant varieties in South Africa . . 33 seed selection 33, 635 seeding experiments, U.S.D.A 335 seedUngs— f detection of chromogens in 230 growth as affected by salts 28 respiration as affected by phosphates . 230 smut, treatment, Can 332 soils, improvement in California, U.S.D.A. 338 stinking smut, treatment 47, 349, 546, 742 Ind 147 straw, Zealand, analyses 771 tillering investigations 239 varieties 33, 238, 335, 433, 535, 638, 730 Alaska 631 Can 332, 333, 334. 531 Kans 234 Nev 34 U.S.D.A 335, 339, 434 resistant to diseases 649 stinking smut 46 water requirements in India 332 wild, history, U.S.D.A 5.34 3deld as affected by- climate 732 early plowing 316 fallowing 136, 334 rate of sowing , 239 time of solving, U.S.D.A 434 yield, relation to rainfall 516 Whey butter, manufacture. Can 383 U.S.D.A 480 for calves. Wis 74 pigs, Can 379 Whipworm, notes 88 Vt'hislcy compounds, labeling, U.S.D.A 168 misbranding, U.S.D.A 468 White ants. (Sec Termites.) flesh, fitness for food 389 flies, citrus, studies, Fla 462 injurious to citrus fruits 556 fly, citrus, fungus, investigations 655 Page. White fly, greenhouse, remedies, Mass 559 woolly, investigations, U.S.D.A.. 157 grubs, notes, Conn. State 361 Wis 59 radish, studies 732 scours, epizootic, in calves, etiology 485 Whortleberries, chemistry of 211 Wild cherry disease, notes 247 Wildcats, destruction of gophers by, U.S.D.A. 154 Willow basket industry in Upper Franconia. 146 disease, notes 553 leaves, analyses 373 oak disease, notes 252 Willows, analyses and digestibilty, Nev 71 as windbreaks, notes 435 sawfly affecting 636 scale insects affecting, U.S.D.A 156 Wind velocity, relation to barometric pressure 515 Windbreaks, arti flcial, testing 435 planting, N. Dak 541 Windmills, construction and operation, U.S.D.A 395 use in irrigation, U.S.D.A 395 Winds, anticyclonic, and spiders, U.S.D.A. . 419 as affected by altitude, U.S.D.A 419 misleading names for, U.S.D.A 311 trade, cause 515 Wine cellars, cooperative, in Italy 594 desulphited, detection Ill, 215 labeling, U.S.D.A 270 laws in Alsace- Loraine ; 217 making station at Haro, report 540 treatise 242 manufacture in Cape Colony 711 port and sherry, labehng, U.S.D.A 468 priming experiments ill residues, tartaric acid in 13 Winter .noth, injurious to fruit 459 Wintergreen, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 371 Winton lead niunber, modification, U.S.D.A . . 510 Wire fences, selection, U.S.D.A 190 worms, injurious to potatoes 148 Wisconsin Station, financial statement 96 notes 298,599,698 report of director 96, 295 University, notes 199, 298, 599, 698 Witch grass, destruction, Vt 340 hazel, misbranding, U.S.D..V 468 Women, agricultiual education for, U.S.D.A. 293 Wood, compressed, anatomy 644 consumption, U.S.D.A 645 destroying fungi, studies 751 fresh linden, cause of greening 345 hardness of, investigations 246 injuries by Catliilium violaccum 763 preservation, behavior of lluorids in . . 311 paper on 44 protection against tennltes 658 rats. (Sec Rats, wood.) wastes, utilization 44 (See also Lumber and Timber.) Woodlots, farm, notes 146, 147 improvement, Ohio 44 Woodpeckers, relation to fruit industry in California, U.S.D.A 566 918 EXPEEIMEISTT STATION EECORD. Page. Woods, American, treatise 736 Indian, splitting tests 345 industrial, treatise 45 of the Ivory Coast, descriptions 642 replanting near Vienna 445 Woodwork, insects affecting 458 Wool factory waste, analyses 325 growing and the tariff, treatise 576 treatise 775 industry in the S^n6gal-Niger region. . . 775 production in Ohio, Ohio 396 sorting and packing, in South Africa. . . 775 sulphuring 311 Woolly aphis. {See Aphis, woolly.) Working classes, standard of living in Bel- gium 593 Workingmen. {See Laborers.) Worm nests in cattle, cause 5SS Wounds, infected, immunization 783 Uyetliia mollis, analyses and digestibility, Nev 72 Wyoming Station, notes 99, 400, 498, 599, G9S University, notes 99, 498 Xanthin, determination in cocoa and choco- late 216 Xanthium spinosum, law concerning, in the Transvaal 639 XyleboTUS cojfex, injurious to coffee 564 coffch'orus n.sp., description 564 dispar, notes, Me 254 Xylose in seed coats of peas 704 Yaks, crossing with cows, Alaska 67.3 Yards, home, care and planting. 111 43 Yearbook of Department of Agriculture, U.S.D.A 196 Yeast, biological investigations 270 compressed, inspection, Me 65 Page. Yeast, dried, analyses 672 effect on flavor in bread 02 feeding value 072 fermentation as affected by stimulants 63 fermenting, cellase in 306 growth as affected by boric acid 370 making, methods for souring mash lor 711 relation to bread flavor 166 respiration as affected by phosphates. 230 Yeasts, relation to depreciation in prunes 630 Yeheb nuts, food value 767 Yellow mealworm, growth as related to tem- perature, N.H 358 Yohimbine, effect on milk secretion 81 Yucca aloiJoUa, abnormal growth 227 Zacaton, relation to boca rajada 791 Zebras, crossing with asses 671 differentiation of species 274 Zebus, crossing with cows 378, 673 in the United States 673 Zcuzera pyrina. {See Leopard moth.) Zinc, effect on olive oil 112 soils and plants 129 fluorid solutions, behavior in wood pres- ervation 311 Zinnia violacea disease, studies 05 i Zizyphus spp., introduction from Palestine, U.S.D.A 537 Zoology, field, text-book 752 forest, review of literature 739 free publications on 495 medical and veterinary, index-cat- alogue, U.S.D.A 357,555 relation to agriculture 399 text-book 494 Zygxna infausta, notes 756 o 1290 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. XXIII SEF>TENIBKR, 1910 No. 3 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 19 10 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Wbatheb Bttbeau — Willis L. Moore, Chief. BuBEAU OF Animal Ixdustrt — A. D. Melvin, Chief. BuREAtf or Plant iKDrsxHT — B. T. Galloway, Chief. Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Sorts — Milton Whitney, Chi^. Bureau of Chesustby — H. W. Wiley, Chemist. Bureau of Statistics — V. H. Olmsted, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Office of Pubuc Roads — L. W. Page, Director. OincB OF EiPBRiMENT STAnoNs — A. C. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Avimm: 3. F. Buggar.a CanebrakB StstioD: Uniontovn: F. D. 6tevens.o Tusk^ee Statknu Ttukegte Imtitvte; G. W. CafTW.a Alaska— Sttio; C. C. Georgeson.* Amzosa— Tnc^on: R. H. Forbes." A*KAKaAS— Fajr Stom Station: ffforr*,- L. A. CIinton.a Delawabe— A'eifark.- H. Haj-ward.a Flomda— 0«n»«rfll«.- P. H. Rolfc.o Georgia— Zrperiwmrt.- Martin V. Calvin.<» GCAM— .i^ML- J. B. Thompson.* HAITAn- Federal Station: Howtlmte,- £. V. WOcoz.b Sngar Planten* Station: Homolnlu: C. F. EelEart.<> Idaho— MMoew*.- W. L. Carlyle.* luciois — Uriana: E. Davenport-o IxwAKA— I^jr<«fe.- A. Goss." Icfwi—Awu*: C. F. Ciutiss.o Kaksas— JfentaOoiL- £. H. Websta.« Kestcckt— iaiastoii.' M. A. Soordto LonsLiNA- State Station: Baicn Roofe; | Sugar Station: Audubon Pcrk.\-. _ ^ . Hartb. La. Station: OaUunm; j Madtb— Orosa- C. D. Woods.* UxETLiSV—OolUgt Park.- H. J. Patterson." iLASancBVStTTS—AmiertL- W. P. Brooks.a iiiCmGiS—Eatt laming: R. S. Shaw.a UisstatnA—UmiveTaty Farm, Sl Patrf: A. F. Woods.* MiSStaam—AtrieuJtuni CoUege: 1. W. Fox.* • Director. * Spedal agent Missot:ki— College Station: OAumfna; F. B. Mumford.o Fruit Station: llountain Grort: Paul Evans.* MOSTAXA— Bozeman.- F. B. LinfieJd.a Nebkaska— Zincoln.- E. A. Burnett.* Nktada— Xctw.- j. E. Stubbs.* New Hampshibk— jDurftarn." J. G. Kendall* New Jebset— AVif Bransvrick: E. B. Voorhees.* New Mexico— .<*yr»ctttttwoi CoUtge: Luther Foster.* New Yobk- State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.* Cornell Station: lOuica; H. J. Webber.e NOBTH CABOLDfA— College Station: Wut RaleigK C. B. WUliams.* State SUtion: RaUigh: B. W. Kalgore-* NoBTH Dakota — AgricHUVTol CoUtge: J. H. Worst* Ohio— WoosUr: C. E. ThOTne.* Oklahoha— Stifl!f(U—Zf»v«ton.- BL J. Wheeler.* SocthCabousa— C7*m*on College:]. N. Harper.* South Dakota— Brooki^njf J. W. Wilson.* Tekxessee- iTnoniUe.- H. A. Morgan.* Tsxxs— College Station: H. BL Harrington.* L'TABr-Logan: E. D. Ball.* Vebmokt— BurttB^ton.- J. L. Hills.* ViBQISIA— Blacksburg: S. W. Fletcher.* Norfolk: Truck Station. T. C. Johnson.* Washdjgtos— Pi*C7n«n- R. W. Thatcher.* West XtzasLs.— Morgantotcn: J. H. Stewart.* WI9COVSD;— Maditon: H. L. Russell.* WroMlse — Laramie: H. G. Knight.* la (diarge. eA«tlng director. tllXa.u'!^.^ Botonlcal Garden Ubfar 3 5185 00292 3942 ■f-iv\ tt5t \ TJT^T^j ,f3 ;l « i /r M'< ^,^^X,. ^ ' - ^.-^-^ -.^T i. f ^ ■•; M