Hpp'^^% 9^^^|^ \if^ % ^^^HhHk V •^ H^kMI' -. ■|^'4 irTZ-zV^^H^^^BbSi wM tr \J^ * ■■<>. ^ y.^V. 'T^"~l^~ -< ■^ '4. SO- U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR EXPERI STATI ENT ON VOLUME XXXII JANUARY' JUNE, 1915 BOTANICAL JAKUBN. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915 3^ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Weather BimBAir — C. F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Mehdn, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Office of Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director. Office op Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. Tnie, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. >E. H. Jenkins.a Alabama— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.o Canebrake Station: Uniontown; L. H. Moore.o Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W. Carver.a Alaska — Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.6 Arizona— Tucson: R. H. Forbes.o Arkansas— Fayctteville: M. Nelson." CALiFonmA— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt.o Colorado— l^or« Collins: C. P. Gillette." Connecticut— State Station: New Haven; Storrs Station: Storrs; Delaware— Newark: H. Hayward." Flowda— Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs." Georgia- Eiverhnent: R. J. H. De T.oach." GvAM— Island of Guam: A. C. Hartenbovs-er.b HAWAn— Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.* Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee." iDABO— Moscow: J. S. Jones." Illinois — Urbana: E. Davenport." Indiana — La Fayette: A. Goss." JowA-Ames: C. F. Curtiss." Kansas — Manhattan: ^^'. M. Jardine." Kentvcky— Lexington: J. H. Kastle." Louisiana— State Station: Baton Bouge; \ Sugar Station: Audubon Park,] New Orleans; \ North La. Station: Calhoun; J Maine— Orono.- C. D. Woods." MARTLAnu— College Park: H. J. Patterson." M.ASSACUVSETTS— Amherst: V.'. P. Brooks." Micmo AN— East Lansing: R. S. Shaw." MiNNESOT.i— University Farm, St. Paul: A. F. AVoods.n Mississippi— Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd." Missouri— College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford." Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans." hV. R. Dodson." Montana— JBo2£7nan.- F. B. Linfield."' Nebraska- ZiTicoZn.- E. .\. Burnett." Nevada— iSeno.- S. B. JDoten." Ne-w Hampshire— Dmt-Aow.- J. C. Kendall." Neyt Jersey — New Brunswick: J. G. Lipman." New Mexico— 57a/e College: Fabian Garcia." New York— State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan." Cornell Station: Ithaca; B. T. Galloway." North Carolina— College Station: West Raleigh;\^ .., „,, o* * o* *■ D 7 • I. fB. W. Kllgore.a State Station: Raleigh; > " North Dakota- Agricultural College: T. P. Cooper." Ohio— Woostcr: C. E. Thome." OKLAUOMA-Stillwater: W. L. Carlyle." Oregon— Corf aHw.- A. B. Cordley." Pennsylvania— Slate College: R. L. Watts." State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition; H. P. Armsby." Porto Rico— Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.6 Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower." Rhode IsLAim— Kingston: B. L. Hartwell." South Carolina— CTewwon College: J. N. Har- per." South Dakota— Brookings: J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— A'noiw7/e.- H. A. Morgan." Texas— Co?/f^e Station: B. Youngblood." VTAH-Logan: E. D. Ball." Vermont— BwrHn^on.- J. L. Hills." Virginia— Blacksburg: W.J. Sehoene."; Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson." Washington— P«»man.- I. D. Carditl." West ViRQnfnA—Morganfown: E. D. Sander- son." Wisconsin— X'atfison.- H. L. Russell." Wyoming — Laramie: H. G. Kiiight." " Director. t> Agronomist in charge. c Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor : E. W. ALLEN, Vn. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight. EDITOBIAX DEPAETMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers J ' ' _ [R. W. Trullinger. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology i" „* ' \W. E. Boyd. Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. So. H. L. Lang. C. F. Walton. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster. Economic Zoology and Entomologj- — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. fW. A. Hooker, Veterinary Medicine.^ ^ „^ „ [L. W. Fetzer. Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXII. EDITORIAL NOTES. Page. The Washington convention 1 Some effects of extension development: 4 Renewed impoi'tance of agricultural research (> The new Section of Agriculture in the American Association 101 Some aspects of the field of rural economics 105 The habit of concentration 301 The qualities and conditions of research 302 A plea for the small laboratorj" .- 306 The agricultural appropriation act, 1915—16 401 A notable contribution to station literature i 601 The need of consti'uctive ideals in research 603 Economic aspects of expeiimeut station work : 701 Experimental inquiry and economic inquiry 703 Relation of the experiment stations to studies in rural economics 706 III IV EXPEBIMENT STATION liECORD, STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Alabama College Station : Page. Bulletin 177, March, 1914 69 Bulletin 178, July, 1914 62 Bulletin 179, September, 1914 137 Bulletin ISO, December, 1914 546 Bulletin 181, December, 1914 732 Bulletin 182. December, 1914 733 Bulletin 183. January, 1915 738 Circular 22, October, 1913 93 Circular 23, November, 1913 93 Circular 24, November, 1913 93 Circular 25. February, 1914 93 Circular 26, April, 1914 86 Circular 27, May. 1914 53 Circular 28, June, 1914 553 Circular 29, September, 1914 829 Circular 30, December, 1914 898 Circular 31, February, 1915 899 Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1913 496 Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 783,795 Alaska Stations : Annual Report, 1913 25,31,35,36,45,54,89,93 Arizona Station : Bulletin 72, 1913 513 Bulletin 73, June 1, 1914 532 Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1913 504, 511, 526, 532, 540, 541, 549, 568. 586, 595, 598 Arkansas Station : Bulletin 119, July, 1914 251 Bulletin 120, October, 1914 582 California Station : Bulletin 246, October, 1914 142 Bulletin 247, January, 1915 683 Bulletin 248, February, 1915 723 Bulletin 249, March, 1915 778 Bulletin 250, March, 1915 838 Circular 87 (reprint) 828 Circular 119, September, 1914 117 Circular 120, September, 1914 136 Circular 121, October, 1914 193 Circular 122, October, 1914___- 141 Circular 123, October, 1914 191 Circular 124, January, 1915 769 Circular 125, January, 1915 755 Annual Report, 1914 206,207,208,209, 220, 233. 234, 236, 238, 244, 245, 259, 266, 268, 271, 279, 288, 290 Colorado Station : Bulletin 199, August. 1914 140.151 Bulletin 200, August, 1914 168,189,190 Bulletin 201, November, 1914 760 Bulletin 202, November, 1914 ■ 774 CONTENTS. V Colorado Station — Continued. Page. Bulletin 203, December, 1914 791 Bulletin 204. January, 1915 781 Connecticut State Station : Bulletin 183 ^ 637 Bulletin 184, December, 1914 637 Bulletin 185, January, 1915 633 Bulletin of Information 6. January, 1915 496 Annual Report, 1914, pt. 2 519 Connecticut Storks Station : Bulletin 78. June, 1914 175 Bulletin 79, June, 1914 118,176,177 Biennial Report, 1912-13 1 ■ 291 Delaware Station : Bulletin 10.3, May 1.5, 1914 496 Bulletin 104. June 1, 1914 424 Bulletin 10.5, June 1, 1914 410 Bulletin lOG, November, 1914 446 Bulletin 107, January 15, 1915 (Annual Report, 1914) 796 Circular 7. June 17, 1912 693 Circular 8, June 16, 1913 693 Circular 9, June 15, 1914 693 Florida Station : Bulletin 123, September, 1914 349 Bulletin 124, October, 1914 345 Bulletin 125, December, 1914 652 Georgia Station : Bulletin 109, December, 1914 668 Bulletin 110, December, 1914 : 666,687 Bulletin 111, December, 1914 680 Bulletin 112, January, 1915 636 Bulletin 113, January, 1915 631 Guam Station : Annual Report, 1914 717,7.^1,741.7.58,767.781,796 Hawaii Station : Bulletin 36, February 20, 1915 731 Bulletin 37, February 25, 1915 719 Press Bulletin 47, October 10, 1914 4.39,450 Press Bulletin 48, January 12. 1915 741 Press Bulletin 49, January 18, 1915 789 Annual Report, 1914__ 721, 729, 730, 741, 742, 745, 746. 751, 753, 757, 761, 796 Idaho Station : Bulletin 80, November, 1914 628 Illinois Station: Bulletin 168, March. 1914 71 Bulletin 169. May, 1914 72 Bulletin 170. May, 1914 70 Bulletin 171, June, 1914 72 Bulletin 172, June, 1914 69 Bulletin 173, June. 1914 73 Bulletin 174, July, 1914 151 VI EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Illinois Station — Continued. Page. Bulletin 175, July, 1914 140 Bulletin 176, November, 1914 746 Bulletin 177, January, 1915 S21 Circular 170, October, 19H 143 Circular 177, October, 1914 191 Circular 178, January, 1915 679 SoilIleport7, September. 1913 26 Indiana Station : Bulletin 177, August, 1914 169 Circular 45, October, 1914 771 Circular 46, November, 1914 771 Circular 47, December, 1914_^ 771 Circular 48, January, 1915 783 Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 629.672,676,693 Iowa Station : Bulletin 136, March. 1913 170 Bulletin 146, March, 191-1 231 Bulletin 147, April, 1914 250 Bulletin 148, April, 1914 240 Bulletin 149, April, 1914 229.230 Bulletin 150, June, 1914 211 Bulletin 151, September, 1914 212 Bulletin 152, October, 1914 284 Bulletin 153, November, 1914 ^ 540 Bulletin 154, November, 1914 L 575 Research Bulletin 13, September, 1913 216 Research Bulletin 14, October. 1913 715 Research Bulletin 15, February, 1914 775 Research Bulletin 16, July, 1914 710 Circular 18, April, 1914 744 Circular 19, July, 1914 754 Kansas Station : Bulletin 198, April, 1914 40,68 Bulletin 199. June. 1914 26 Bulletin 200, June, 1914 121 Bulletin 201, June, 1914 172 Circular 38, Jxme 1, 1914 169 Circular 39 175 Circular 40, August, 1914 184 Circular 41 781 Circular 42 771 Circular 43 753 Circular 44 831 Circular 45, January, 1915 870 Kentucky Station: Bulletin 177, December 31, 1913 219 Bulletin 182, August, 1914 83 Bulletin 183, August. 1914 337 Bulletin 1S4, August. 1914 327 Bulletin 185, September. 1914 667 Bulletin 186, December, 1914 673 Bulletin 187, 1914 6.52 CONTENTS. Vn Kentucky Station — Coutiuued. Page. Bulletin ISS, December, 1914 724 Results of Two Years' Work ou Lomlou Soil Kxperiment Field 819 Louisiana Stations : Bulletin 146, May. 1914 22 Bulletin 147, May. 1914 GS Bulletin 148, May, 1914 6S Bulletin 149, August, 1914 282 Bulletin 150, October, 1914 241 Bulletin 151. January, 1915 668 Bulletin 152, February, 1915 778 Bulletin 153, February, 1915 717 Crop rest Notice 1. September, 1914 548 Crop Pest Notice 2, September, 1914 553 Crop Pest Notice 3, February, 1915 846 Maine Station : Bulletin 230, August, 1914 147 Bulletin 231, September, 1914 172 Bulletin 232, September, 1914 263 Bulletin 233, November, 1914 848 Official Inspection 61 - 856 Official Inspection 62, October, 1914 822 Official Inspection 63, November, 1914 856 Official Inspection 64, December, 1914 833 Official Inspection 65, Decembex-, 1914 856 Official Insijection 66, January, 1915 ^_ 854 Maryland Station : Bulletin ISO, March, 1914 141,147 Bulletin 181, Marcli, 1914 175 Bulletin 182, April, 1914 141 Bulletin 183, May, 1914 129 Bulletin 184, June, 1914 ^ 558 Bulletin 185, August, 1914 771,782 Bulletin 186, October, 1914 787 Bulletin 187. November, 1914 774 Bulletin 188, December, 1914 740 Bulletin 189, January, 1915 ^ 740 Massachusetts Station : Bulletin 155, July, 1914 32,68 Bulletin 156, October, 1914 428 Bulletin 157, November, 1914 451 Bulletin 158, December, 1914 666 Bulletin 159, December, 1914 744 Meteorological Bulletins 309-310, September-October, 1914 118 Meteorological Bulletins 311-312, November-December, 1914 418 Meteorological Bulletins 313-314, January-February, 1915 614 Control Series Bulletin 1, October, 1914 259 Control Series Bulletin 2, December, 1914 520 Circular 36, February, 1914 322 Circular 37, February, 1914 332 Circular 38, February, 1914 337 ■ Circular 39, February, 1914 338 Circular 40, April, 1914 342 Vni EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Massachxtsetts Station — Continued. Page. Circular 41, April, 1914 342 Circular 42. April, 1914 335 Circular 43, June, 1914 349 Circular 44, July. 1914 321 Circular 45, July, 1914 321 Circular 4G, Sei)teniber. 1914 33S Circular 47, November, 1914 363 Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1913, pts. 1 and 2 245,291 Michigan Station : Bulletin 273, June, 1914 213 Bulletin 274, October, 1914 624 Special Bulletin 71, June, 1914 174 Technical Bulletin 18. June, 1914 61 Technical Bulletin 19, July, 1914 29 Circular 21, April, 1914 234 Circular 22, June, 1914 278 Circular 23, June, 1914 231 Circular 24, June, 1914 637 Twenty-seventh Annual Ileport. 1914 .. 630,641,650,669,677,693 Minnesota Station : Bulletin 143, September, 1914 159 Bullletin 144, Stptember, 1914 627 Bulletin 145, December, 1914 688 Bulletin 146, December, 1914 688 Bulletin 147, January, 1915 635 Twenty-second Annual Eeport, 1914 812, 834, 839, 868, 870, 880, 895, 899 Mississippi Station : Bulletin 165, January, 1914 514,526,541.574 Bulletin 166, 1913 266 Bulletin 167, October, 1914 568 Bulletin 168, January, 1915 721 Bulletin 169, December. 1914 734 Technical Bulletin 5, 1914 185 Circular Express Cotton, January, 1915 735 Missouri Station : Bulletin 119, October, 1914 321 Bulletin 120. October, 1914 669 Bulletin 121, December, 1914 791 Bulletin 122, January, 1915 725 Research Bulletin 8, December, 1913 42 Research Bulletin 9, April, 1914 18 Research Bulletin 10, April, 1914 18 Research Bulletin 11, April, 1914 18 Research bulletin 12, April, 1914 18 Research Bulletin 13, April, 1914 19 Research Bulletin 14. May, 1914 139 Circular 71, November, 1914 666 Circular 72, November, 1914 670 Missouri Fruit Station : Circular 7, December. 1914 743 Circular 8, December. 1914 74-1 Biennial Report. 1913-14 750,753,796 CONTENTS. IX Montana Station: Page. Bulletin 99, March, 1914 [appendix], March, 1914 510 Bulletin 100, August, 1914 533 Bulletin 101, October, 1914 740,760 Bulletiu 102, December, 1914 754 Bulletin 103, January, 1915 882 Circular 40, May, 1914 135 Circular 41, June, 1914 134 Circular 42, June, 1914 153 Circular 43. February, 1915 893 Nebraska Station : Bulletin 146, December 24. 1914 ^ 631 New Hampshire Station : Bulletin 169, July, 1914 169 Bulletin 170, May, 1914 126 Bulletin 171, July, 1914 153 Bulletin 172, June, 1914 140 Bulletin 173, September, 1914 624 Bulletin 174, September, 1914 635 Circular 15, May, 1914 243 Circular 16, June, 1914 261 New Jersey Stations : Bulletin 267, March 31, 1914 518 Bulletin 268, April 15, 1914 514,516.533 Bulletin 269, May 20, 1914 514.518,519 Bulletin 270, June 1, 1914 817 Bulletin 271. June 1, 1914 667 Bulletin 272. September 15. 1914 624 Circular 37, April 25, 1914 60 Circular 38 575 Circular 39 572 Circular 40, October 1, 1914 584 Thirty-fourth Annual Report. 1913— 510, 514, 516. 518. 520, 527, 583. 5.34, 536, 537, 538. 541. 547, 549, 550, 569, 570, 572, 573, 584, 5S9. 590. .598 New Mexico Station : Bulletin 91, June, 1914 467 Twenty-fifth Annual Report, 1914 635,641.654,656,693 New York Cornell Station : Bulletin 348, June, 1914 56 Bulletin 349. July, 1914 89 Bulletin 350, August, 1914 146 Bulletin 351, September. 1914 812 Bulletin 352. September, 1914 814 Bulletin 353, November, 1914 870 Bulletin 354. January, 1915 836 Circular 25, July, 1914 218 Circular 26. September, 1914 241 Memoir 3, August, 1914 736 Memoir 4, September. 1914 737 Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 899 New York State Station : Bulletin 389. July, 1914 52 Bulletin 390, October, 1914 325 X EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. New York Station — Ck)ntinuecl. Page. Bulletin 391, December, 1914 636,637 Bulletin 392, December, 1914 621,622 Bulletin 393, December, 1914 796 Bulletin 394, Jauuaiy, 1915 741 Bulletin 395, February, 1915 843 Bulletin 396, February, 1915 835 Technical Bulletin 35, July, 1914 33 Technical Bulletin 36, July, 1914 17 Technical Bulletin 37, December, 1914 606 Technical Bulletin 38, November, 1914 625 Technical Bulletin 39, December, 1914 607 Thirty-second Annual Report, 1913 614,693 North C^\:bolina Station : Bulletin 228, August, 1914 888 Farmers' Market Bui. 2 (1915). No. 1 593 Circular 20, September, 1914 136 C?ircular 21, September, 1914 135 Circular 22, December, 1914 468 North Dakota Station : Special Bulletin, vol. 3. No. 8, July, 1914 162 Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 9, August, 1914 138,158,160,169 Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 10, August, 1914 162 Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 11, September and October, 1914 162 Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 12, November, 1914 456 Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 13, December, 1914 456 Special Bulletin, vol. 3. No. 14, January, 1915 632,634,661 Special Bulletin, vol. 3, No. 15, February, 1915 763 Circular 1, May, 1914 135 Circular 2, November, 1914 435 Circular 3, December, 1914 549 Circular 4, January, 1915 648 Circular 5, February, 1915 834 Report Edgeley Substation, 1905 527,545.598 Report Edgeley Substation, 1906 528,598 Report Edgeley Substation, 1907 528.598 Report Edgeley Substation. 1909 528,598 Report Edgeley Substation, 1910 528,598 Report Edgeley Substation, 1912 528.5.38,542.598 Report Edgeley Substation, 1913 528,598 First Annual Report Langdon Substation, 1909 529, 598 Second Annual Report Langdon Substation. 1910 529.598 Third Annual Report Langdon Substation, 1911 ^-— 529,598 Fourth Annual Report Langdon Substation, 1912 530,598 Fifth Annual Report Langdon Substation, 1913 530.598 Ohio Station : Bulletin 266, December, 1913 135 Bulletin 267, December, 1913 265 Bulletin 270, February, 1914 468 Bulletin 276, June, 1914 440 Bulletin 277, June. 1914 717 Bulletin 278. June, 1914 (Thirty-third Annual Report 1914) 796 Bulletin 279, July, 1914 31 CONTENTS. XT Ohio Station — Continued. Page. Bulletin 4, techuic.il .series. March, 1914 858 Circular 141, December 15, 1913 192 Circular 146, August 3, 1914 122 Circular 147. September 15, 1914 481 Circular 148, December 1, 1914 637 Circular 149, January 4, 1915 637 Circular 150. January 11. 1915 637 Circular 151, January 15, 1915 620 Oklahoma Station : Bulletin 101, July, 1914 285 Bulletin 102, October, 1914 335 Bulletin 103, January, 1915 739 Bulletin 104. December, 1914 782 Bulletin 105, November. 1914 736 Oregon Station : Bulletin 119, January, 1914 . 131 Bulletin 120, August, 1914 124 Bulletin 121. August, 1914 156 Bulletin 122, August, 1914 185 Bulletin 123, December, 1914 637 Bulletin 124, Februarj-, 1915 855 Bulletin 125, February, 1915 839 Report 1913-14 809, 812, 818, 827, 846, 862, 868, 899 Report East Oregon Dry Farming Station Moro. 1913-14 730 Report East Oregon Station Union 899 Second Biennial Crop Pest and Horticultur.-il Report, 1913-14 635, 636, 638, 639, 641, 642, 644, 645, 647, 651 Pennsylvania Station : Bulletin 131, September, 1914 624 Bulletin 132, October, 1914 616 Bulletin 133, November. 1914 864 Porto Rico Station : Bulletin 17, February 9, 1915 645 Porto Rico Board op Agriculture Station : Bulletin 7, 1914 745 Rhode Island Station : Bulletin 160, October, 1914 622 Bulletin 161, December, 1914 671 South Carolina Station : Bulletin 176, April, 1914 234 Bulletin 177, September, 1914 219 Bulletin 178, October, 1914 423 Circular 26, October, 1914 431 Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1914 538,543.598 South Dakota Station : Bulletin 151, August, 1914 533 Bulletin 152, August. 1914 576 Bulletin 153, August, 1914 733 Bulletin 154, November, 1914 790 Bulletin 155, November, 1914 739 Bulletin 156, November. 1914 _ 736 XII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tennessee Station : Page. Bulletin 109, September, 1914 132 Bulletin 110, October, 1914 670 Bulletin 111, January, 1915 719 Bulletin 112, January, 1915 827 Texas Station : Bulletin 1G8, July. 1914 219 Bulletin 1G9, Septeuiber, 1914 709 Bulletin 170, November, 1914 862 Circular 5, uew series, January, 1915 796 Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1913 220,261,291 Utah Station : Bulletin 134, June, 1914 28 Bulletin 135, July, 1914 73 Bulletin 136, January. 1915—- 740 Vermont Station : Bulletin 1S2, June, 1914 520,587 Bulletin 183, June, 1914 741 Bulletin 184, September, 1914 546 Virginia Station : Bulletin 205, June, 1914 137 Bulletin 206, June, 1914 137 Bulletin 207, June, 1914 133 Bulletin 208, July, 1914 158 Virginia Truck Station : Bulletin 11, April 1, 1914 540 Bulletin 12. July 1, 1914 509 Bulletin 13, October 1, 1914 652 Washington Station : Bulletin 114, October, 1914 183 Bulletin 115, October, 1914 444 Bulletin IIG. October 3, 1914 409 Bulletin 117, November 3, 1914 386 Bulletin 118, November, 1914 (Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1914) 731, 743. 796 Bulletin 119, January, 1915 793 Bulletin 120, January, 1915 793 Bulletin 121, February, 1915 833 Popular Bulletin 70, June 10, 1914 156 Popular Bulletin 71, June 21, 1914 141 Popular Bulletin 72. August, 1914 141 Popular Bulletin 73, September 10, 1914 145 Popular Bulletin 74. October. 1914 481 Popular Bulletin 76. December, 1914 869 Popular Bulletin 77, January, 1915 : 834 Popular Bulletin 78, January, 1915 850 Popular Bulletin 79, February, 1915 835 Popular Bulletin 80, February, 1915 844 Popular Bulletin 81, February, 1915 888 Popular Bulletin 82, March, 1915 844 Popular Bulletin 83, March, 1915 869 CONTENTS. XllI West Virginia Station : Page^ Bulletin 146, October, 1914 416 Circular 8, June, 1914 888 Circular 9, June, 1914 869 Circular 10, May, 1914 899 Circular 11, July. 1914 869 Circular 12, August, 1914 834 Circular 13, Februarj-, 1915 834 Circular 14, March, 1915 831 Iteport, 1913 and 1914 97G Wisconsin Station : Bulletin 205, second edition, July. 1914 31 Bulletin 242, September, 1914 ^___ 171 Bulletin 243, October, 1914 275 Bulletin 244, March, 1915 889,893 Bulletin 245, February, 1915 889 Bulletin 246, January, 1915 873 Bulletin 247, January, 1915 892 Research Bulletin 32, June, 1914 844 Research Bulletin 33, June, 1914 863,871 Circular of Information 4. second edition, December, 1911 635 Circular of Information 4, Supplement, November. 1913 635 Circular S, second edition, March, 1913 631 Circular 50, September, 1914 171 Circular 51, October, 1914 289 Circular 52, November, 1914 444 Circular 53, November, 1914 469 Circular 54, November. 1914 479 Wyoming Station : Bulletin 103 468 Bulletin 104, 1914 . 430 Bulletin 105, January, 1915 757 Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1914 717,754,770,787,796 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Annual Reports, 1014 795 Report 99, Classification of the Cryiihaliuse, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species, A. D. Hopkins 758 Report 100, Potash from Kelp, F. K. Cameron 821 Report 101, The Woolly Apple Aphis, A. C. Baker 848 Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 2, No. 6, September, 1914 47, 55, 60, 77 Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, October, 1914 123, 127, 133, 146, 150 Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, November, 1914_ 215. 227, 241, 248 Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, December, 1914 427, 436, 452, 454, 455, 471 Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 4, January, 1915 633, 643, 652, 655, 656, 675 Journal Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 5, February, 1915 712, 731. 755, 756, 766, 771. 775 Bulletin 33, Cereal Experiments at Dickinson, N. Dak., J. A. Clark 333 XIV EXPERIMENT STATIOX KECORD. Page. Bulletin 74, Inland Boat Service: Freight Kates ou Farm Products and Time of Transit ou Inland Waterways in tlie United States, F. Andrews 391 Bulletin 124, The Alfalfa Catei^illar, V, L. Wildermuth 57 Bulletin 126, Concrete Lining as Applied to Irrigation Canals, S. Fortier_ 380 Bulletin 127, The Mycogone Disease of Mushrooms and Its Control, F. J. Veihmeyer 50 Bulletin 128, Distribution and Migration of North American Rails and Their Allies, W. W. Cooke 55 Bulletin 129, Yields from the Destructive Distillation of Certain Hard- woods, L. F. Hawley and R. C. Palmer 48 Bulletin 130, Operating Costs of a Well-established New York Apple Orchard, G. H. Miller 45 Bulletin 131, Repellants for Protecting Animals from the Attacks of Flies, H. W. Graybill 59 Bulletin 132, Correlating Agriculture with the Public-school Subjects in the Southern States, C. H. Lane and E. A. Miller 596 Bulletin 133, Experiments with Crops Under Fall Irrigation at Scotts- bluff Experiment Farm, F, Knorr 36 Bulletin 134, Citrus Fruit Insects in Mediterranean Countries, H. J. Quayle 56 Bulletin 135, Experiments in the Production of Crops on Alkali Land on the Huntley Reclamation Projects, Montana, D. Hansen 36 Bulletin 137, Some Distinctions in Our Cultivated Barleys with Refer- ence to Their Use in Plant Breeding, H. V. Harlan 38 Bulletin 138, Commercial Turkestan Alfalfa Seed, E. Brown 38 Bulletin 139, Norway Pine in the Lake States, T. S. Woolsey, jr., and H. H. Chapman 339 Bulletin 140, Soils of Massachusetts and Connecticut with Especial Refer- ence to Apples and Peaches, H. J. Wilder 835 Bulletin 141, The Clyde Series of Soils, J. A. Bonsteel 316 Bulletin 142, The Miami Series of Soils, J. A. Bonsteel 317 Bulletin 143, Production and Fertilizer Value of Citric-soluble Phos- phoric Acid and Potash, W. H. Waggaman 218 Bulletin 144, The Manufacture of Acid Phosphate, W. H. Waggaman 218 Bulletin 145, Tests of Wood Preservatives, H. F. Weiss and C. H. Tees- dale 841 Bulletin 146, Economic Conditions in the Sea-island Cotton Industry, W. R. Meadows 229 Bulletin 147, The Effect of the Cattle Tick Upon the Milk Production of Dairy Cows, T. E. Woodward, W. F. Turner, and C. Curtice 581 Bulletin 148, The Use of Bacillus hulgancus in Starters for flaking Swiss or Emmental Cheese, C. F. Doaue and E. E. Eldridge 776 Bulletin 149, The Use of Radio-active Substances as Fertilizers, W. H. Ross 324 Bulletin 150, Utilization of the Fish Waste of the Pacific Coast for the Manufacture of Fertilizer, J. W. Turrentine 519 Bulletin 151, Experiments in Crop Production ou Fallow Land at San Antonio, C. R. Letteer 226 Bulletin 152, The Eastern Hemlock. E. H. Frothingham 542 Bulletin 153. Forest Planting in the Eastern United States. C. R. Tillot- son 541 CONTENTS. XV Page. Bulletin 154, The Life History of Loilgepole Pine in the Rocky Moun- tains, D. T. Mason 542 Bulletin 155, Wood Pipe for Conveying Water for Irrigation, S. O. Jayne_ 585 Bulletin 156, Wirewornis Attacking Cereal and Forage Crops, J. A. Hyslop 555 Bulletin 157, Tillage and Rotation Experiments at Nephi, "Utah, P. V. Cardon 525 Bulletin 158, The Nitrogen of Processed Fertilizers, E. C. Lathrop 217 Bulletin 159, Soils of the Sassafras Series, J. A. Bonsteel 512 Bulletin 160, Cactus Solution as an Adhesive in Arsenical Sprays for In- sects, M. M. High 557 Bulletin 161, The Mediterranean Fruit Fly In Bermuda, E. A. Back 655 Bulletin 162, Horticultural Experiments at the San Antonio Field Sta- tion, Southern Texas, S. H. Hastings and R. E. Blair . 539 Bulletin 163, A Field Test for Lime-sulphur Dipping Baths, R. M. Chapiu_ 612 Bulletin 164, Field Test with a Toxic Soil Constituent: Vanillin, J. J. Skinner 619 Bulletin 165, Quassiin as a Contact Insecticide, W. B. Parker 649 Bulletin 166, Ophthalmic Mallein for the Diagnosis of Glanders, J. R. Mohler and A. Eichhorn 682 Bulletin 167, Para-dichlorobenzine as an Insect Fumigant, A. B. Duckett- 650 Bulletin 169, Injury by Disinfectants to Seeds and Roots in Sandy Soils, C. Hartley 647 Bulletin 170, The European Pine-shoot Moth : A Serious Menace to Pine Timber in America, A. Busck 654 Bulletin 171, Food of the Robins and Bluebirds of the United States, F. E. L. Real 648 Bulletin 172, Varieties of Plums Derived from Native American Spe- cies, W. F. Wight 744 Bulletin 173, The Life History and Habits of the Pear Thrips in Cali- fornia, S. W. Foster and P. R. Jones 850 Bulletin 174, Farm Experience with the Tractor, A. P. Yerkes and H. H. Mowry 886 Bulletin 176, Group Classifications and Varietal Descriptions of Some American Potatoes, W. Stuart 830 Bulletin 177, The PTOduction and Consumption of Dairy Products, E. Merritt 773 Bulletin 178, Cooperative Organization Business ISIethods, W. H. Kerr and G. A. Nahstoll 792 Bulletin 179. Native American Species of Prunus, W. F. Wight 837 Bulletin ISO, Soil Erosion in the South. R. O. E. Davis 811 Bulletin 181, A Report on the Methods and Cost of Reclaiming Over- flowed Lands Along the Big Black River, Miss., L. A. Jones, W. J. Schlick, and C E. Ramser 883 Bulletin 182, Agricultural Alcohol : Studies of Its Manufacture in Gex'- many, E. Kremers 613 Bulletin 183, Morphology of the Barley Grain with Reference to Its Enzym-secreting Areas, A. Mann and H. V. Harlan 823 Bulletin 186, A Method of Fumigating Seed, E. R. Sasscer and L. A. Hawkins 650 Bulletin 187. Preliminary Census of Birds of the United States, W. W. Cooke 648 XVI EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. Page. Farmers' Bulletin 607, The Farm Kitcheu as a Workshop, Anna Bar- rows 65 Farmers' Bulletin 612, Breeds of Beef Cattle, W. F. Ward 568 Farmers' Bulletin 613, Goldenseal Under Cultivation, W. Van Fleet 143 Farmers' Bulletin 614, A Corn-belt Farming System Which Saves Har- vest Labor by Hogging Down Crops, J. A. Dralce 192 Farmers' Bulletin 615, The Agricultural Outlook 90,91 Farmers' Bulletin 616, Winter-wheat Varieties for the Eastern United States, C. E. Leighty 336 Farmers' Bulletin 617, School Lessons on Corn, C. H. Lane 197 Farmers' Bulletin 61S, Leaf-spot, a Disease of the Sugar Beet, C. O. Townsend 50 Farmers' Bulletin 619, Breeds of Draft Horses, G. A. Bell 262 Farmers' Bulletin 620, The Agricultural Outlook 90 Farmers' Bulletin 621, How to Attract Birds in Northeastern United States, W. L. McAtee 347 Farmers' Bulletin 622, Basket Willow Culture, G. N. Lamb 339 Farmers' Bulletin 623, Ice Houses and the Use of Ice on the Dairy Farm. J. T. Bowen and G. M. Lambert 591 Farmers' Bulletin 624, Natural and Artificial Brooding of Chickens, H. N. Lamon 264 Farmers' Bulletin 625, Cotton Wilt and Root-knot, W. W. Gilbert 342 Farmers' Bulletin 626, The Carpet Beetle or "Buffalo Moth," L. O. Howard 250 Farmers' Bulletin 627, The House Centipede, C. L. Marlatt 353 Farmers' Bulletin 628, Game Laws for 1914, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Ban- croft, and F. L. Earnshaw 244 Farmers' Bulletin 629, The Agricultural Outlook 287 Farmers' Bulletin 630, Some Common Birds Useful to the Farmer, F. E. L. Beal 648 Farmers' Bulletin 631, Growing Peaches: Sites, Propagation, Planting, Tillage, and Maintenance of Soil Fertility, H. P. Gould 338 Farmers' Bulletin 632, Growing Peaches: Pruning. Renewal of Tops, Thinning, Interplanted Crops, and Special Practices, H. P. Gould 338 Farmers' Bulletin 633, Growing Peaches: A^'arieties and Classification, H. P. Gould 338 Farmers' Bulletin 634, The Larger Cornstalk Borer, G. G. Ainslie 449 Farmers' Bulletin 635, What the Farm Contributes Directly to the Farmer's Living, W. C. Funk 487 Farmers' Bulletin 636, The Chalcis-fly in Alfalfa Seed, T. D. Urbahns 454 Farmers' Bulletin 637, The Grasshopper Problem and Alfalfa Culture, F. M. Webster 553 Farmers' Bulletin 638, Laboratory Exercises in Farm Mechanics for Agri- cultural High Schools, D. Scoates 597 Farmers' Bulletin 639>, Eradication of the Cattle Tick Necessary for Profitable Dairying, J. H. McClain 681 Farmers' Bulletin 640, The Hessian Fly, F. M. Webster 756 Farmers' Bulletin 641, The Agricultural Outlook, 434,435,438,455,490 Farmers' Bulletin 642, Tomato Growing in the South, H. C. Thompson—. 636 Farmers' Bulletin 643, Blackberry Culture. G. M. Darrow 639 Farmers' Bulletin 644, Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape Juice, G. C. Husmanu 809 CONTENTS. X^^I PaRc. Farmers' Bulletin 645, The Agricultural Outlook 504 Farmers' Bulletin 64G, Crimson Clover — Seed Production, J. M. Westgate- 732 Farmers' Bulletin 047, The Home Garden in the South, II. C. Thomi»son__ 743 Farmers' Bulletin 648, The Control of Root-linot, E. xV. Bessey and L. P. Byars 842 Farmers' Bulletin 649, Alfalfa Attacked by the Clover-root Curculio, F. M. Webster 8ol Farmers' Bulletin 650, The San Jos6 Scale and Its Control, A. L. Quaint- ance 850 Farmers' Bulletin 651, The Agricultural Outlook 877, 893 Farmers' Bulletin 652, The Sheep-killing Dog, V. O. McWhorter 860 Farmers' Bulletin 653, Honey and Its Uses in the Home, Caroline L. Hunt and Helen W. Atwater 855 Farmers' Bulletin 654, How Farmers May Improve Their Personal Credit, C. W. Thompson 892 Farmers' Bulletin 655, Cottonseed Meal for Feeding Beef Cattle, W. F. Ward 805 Farmers' Bulletin 656, The Community Egg Circle, C. E. Bassett and W. H. Kerr 870 Preparation of Articles for Journal of Agricultural Research 796 Program of Work of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1915— 496 Office of the Secretary : Circular 46, Rules and Regulations of the United States Cotton Futures Act of August 18, 1914 689 Special [Circulars] : Advantages of Dairying in the South 574 Conveniences for Handling the Farm Cow and Her Products 590 Do You Keep a Cow? 574 Feeding the Farm Cow in the South 574 Hairy Vetch for the Cotton Belt, C. V. Piper 533 Horse and Mule Raising in the South 570 How Southern Farmers May Get a Start in Pig Raising 570 ISIaking Farm Butter in the South 577 Marketing Butter and Cream in the South 577 Permanent Pastures for the Cotton Belt, L. Carrier 534 Producing Sheep on Southern Farms 568 Rape as a Forage Crop in the Cotton Belt. C. V. Piper 533 Rye in the Cotton Belt, C. E. Leighty 533 Shall Southern Farmers Build Creameries? 577 Sorghum for Forage in the Cotton Belt, H. X. Vinall 533 Soy Beans in the Cotton Belt, W. J. Morse 533 Suggestions on Poultry Raising for the Southern Farmer 570 The Feeding and Care of Dairy Calves 568 The Production and Care of Milk and Cream 575 Winter Oats in the Cotton Belt, C. W. Warburton 533 Winter Wheat in the Cotton Belt, C. E. Leighty 533 Cowpeas in the Cotton Belt, W. J. Morse 631 Sweet Potato Growing in the Cotton Belt, H. C. Thompson 740 Report 102, Descriptions of Some Weevils Reared from Cotton in Peru, W. D. Pierce G58 Report 103, Social and Labor Needs of Farm Women 890 1115°— 15 2 XVin EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Office of the Secretary — Continued. rage. Report 104, Domestic Needs of Farm Women 890 Keport 105, Educational Needs of Farm Women 890 Report 106, Economic Needs of Farm Women 890 Bureau of Animal Industry : Order 211, Regulations Governing Meat Inspection in the United States Department of Agriculture 777 Bureau of Crop Estimates : Field Agent's Handbook of Agricultural Statistics 490 Circular 17, revised, Government Crop Reports 689 Bureau of Entomology: Bulletin 25, pt. 2, technical series, The Yellow Clover Aphis, J. J. Davis 247 Bulletin 94, pt. 2, Insects Injurious to Forests and Forest Products, Biology of Termites of Eastern United States, T. E. Snyder 755 Bulletin 17, pt. 2, technical series. Contributions Toward a Mono- graph of the Scolytid Beetles. II, Preliminary Classification of the Superfamily Scolytoidea, A. D. Hopkins 658 Forest Service: Instructions for Appraising Stumpage on National Forests 340 Bureau of Plant Industry : Document 1130, Single-stalk Cotton Culture. O. F. Cook 434 Principal Poisonous Plants of the Western Stock Ranges, C. D. Marsh_ 474 Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported, October 1 to December 31, 1912 628 The Dasheeu, A Root Crop for the South, R. A. Young 631 How to Send Living Plant Material to America, D. Fairchild 833 Work of Scottsbluff Experiment Farm, 1913, F. Knoor 223.233 Work of Yuma Experiment Farm, 1913. R. E. Blair 225.232 Work of San Antonio Experiment Farm. 1913, S. H. Hastings 332. 337 Work of Umatilla Experiment Farm, 1913, R. W. Allen 332. 337 Work of Belle Fourche Experiment Farm, 1913, B. Aurne. 430, 438, 440, 469 Bureau of Soils : Field Operations, 1913 — Soil Survey of Pinellas County, Fla., G. B. Jones and T. M. Morrison 26 Soil Survey of Bamberg County, S. C, W. E. McLendon 28 Soil Survey of Ralls County, Mo., A. T. Sweet and W. I. Watkius_ 213 Soil Survey of Cass County, Nebr., A. H. Meyer, R. J. Scar- borough, et al 214 Soil Survey of Forsyth County, N. C, R. T. Allen and R. C. Jurney 214 Soil Survey of Union County, S. C, C. Lounsbury. W. E. Mc- Lendon. and J. A. Kerr 214 Soil Survey of Henrico County, Ta., W. J. Latimer and M. W. Beck 214 Soil Survey of Jeff Davis County, Ga., P. O. Wood et al 317 Soil Survey of Bremer County, Iowa, M. Baldwin, E. B. Watson, and F. B. Howe 317 Soil Survey of Habersham County. Ga., D. D. Long and E. C. Hall 513 Soil Survey of Jones County, Ga., D. D. Long, G. A. Crabb, et al. 513 CONTENTS. XIX Bureau of Soils — Continued. Field Operations, 1913 — Continued. Soil Survey of Talbot County, Ga., R. A. "Winston and II. W. Page. Hawker 513 Soil Survey of Goodhue County, Minn., W. G. Smith et al 616 Soil Survey of Orangeburg County, S. C, J. H. Agee et al 616 Soil Survey of Washington County, Tex., A. H. Meyer et al 617 Soil Survey of Boone County, W. Va., W. J. Latimer 617 Weatheb Bureau: Bulltiu Mt. Weather Observatorj% Vol. 6, pt. 5 24 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 5-6, May-June, 1914 24 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 7-8, July-August, 1914_ 210, 211, 221 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 9-10, September-October, 1914 614 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 42, Nos. 11-12, November-December, 1914 810,811 Monthly Weather Review, Supplement 1, Types of Storms of the United States and Their Average Movements, E. H. Bowie and R. H. Weightman 316 Climatological Data, Vol. 1, Nos. 7-8, July-August, 1914 118 Climatological Data, Vol. 1, Nos. 9-10, September-October, 1914 316 Climatological Data, Vol. 1, Nos. 11-12, November-December, 1914___ 614 Report, 1914 810 Office of Experiment Stations : Federal Legislation, Regulations, and Rulings Affecting Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations 496 Office or the Solicitor : Federal Food and Drugs Act and Decisions 254 Laws Applicable to the United States Department of Agriculture, Second Supplement 693 The Twenty-eight Hour Law and the Animal Quarantine Laws Annotated 679 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers |S^- ^- S^'^^' "^•^ IR. W. Trullinger. W, Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology " Field Crops — G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition jg ^- Langwortiiy, Ph. D., D. Sc. yti. L. Lang. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. M. V. veterinary ,.ediclne{«;-VHo-r Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. Rural Economics^E. Merritt. Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Moore. H. Evans, Ph. D. E. Boyd. LIBRARY WEW YOR« BOTANICAL OARUeol. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIl NO. i. Page. Editorial notes: The Washington convention 1 Some effects of extension development 4 Renewed importance of agricultural research 6 Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and. Experi- ment Stations, 1914 8 Recent work in agricultural science 16 Notes 94 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. Phytin and phytic acid, Clarke 16 Organic phosphoric acids of wheat bran, Anderson 17 Carotin, the principal yellow pigment of milk fat. Palmer and Eckles 18 Lactochi'ome, the yellow pigment of milk whey. Palmer and Cooledge 19 The nature of enzym action, Bayliss 19 About the lipase of Chelidonium seeds, Bournot 19 Formation of humic substances by polypeptids on sugar, Maillard 19 Colloidal chlorophyll and position in absorption bands, Iwanowski 19 A dilution colorimeter and error in comparing colors. Stanford 20 A color reaction for proteins, Lewin • 20 About the detection of histidin. Inouye 20 The detection of saponins. Ill, Riihle 20 Detection and differentiation of saponins by hemolysis, Halberkann 20 I n CONTENTS. Page. Determinntinn of glycerol in wino, with now metborl. Rothenfusser 20 A new metb(xl for differentiating human from cow's milk, Davidsohn 20 The so-called nitrogen-free extractive substances, Konig 21 Some effects of feeds upon the jiroperties of lard, I, II, Hare 21 Identification and detenuinalion of sodium chlorid in feeds, Strigel 22 Action of refinoHl sugar on Fehling's solution, Strohmer 22 Bacteriological investigations of sugar-cane products, Owen 22 Progress in cocoa and chocolate manufacture, 1905-1912. Bohme 23 Protein substances of barley during the brewing processes, Schjerning — 23 Thirty-first meeting of Society of Starch Interests in Germany, Pa row — 23 METEOROLOGY. Treatise on meteorology, Yincent 24 Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory 24 Solar radiation intensities and temperature, Kimball 24 The thunderstorm and its phenomena, Ilmnphreys 24 Monthly Weather Review 24 Weather records, Georgeson 25 Climate and meteorology, Connor 25 British rainfall, 1913, Mossman and Salter 25 SOILS FERTILIZERS. Soil mapping and soil insti'uction. Wilhelm Graf zu Leiningen 26 The question of soil maps, Graf zu Leiningen 26 Soil survey of Pinellas County, Florida, Jones and Morrison 26 McDonough County [Illinois] soils. Hopkins. Mosier, Pettit, and Fislier_- 26 Chemical analyses of some Kansas soils, Swanson 26 Geologic origin and history of the New York State soils, von Engeln 2S The soils of New York State, Buckman 28 Soil survey of Bamberg County, South Carolina, McLendon 28 Fruit soils of the Great Interior Yalley, Nelson 28 The nitric nitrogen content in the country rock, Stewart and Peterson 28 Assimilation of nitrogen of air by lower organisms in soil, Schneidewind-. 29 Ammonifying power of soil-inhabiting fungi, McLean and Wilson 29 The environment of soil bacteria, Yan Suchtelen 29 Soil acidity, Harris 29 Soil acidity and methods for its detection. Harris 30 Soil denudation and conservation of moisture, Howard l 30 Coast sand dunes, sand spits, and sand wastes. Case 30 Reclamation of waste land. Hall 30 [Reclaiming land injured by volcanic ash], Georgeson 31 The improvement of marsh soils, Whitson, Weir, and Ullsperger 31 Effect of fertilizers on proi'yerties of soil, Mausberg 31 The maintenance of fertility. — Liming the land. Thorne 31 Effect of lime oxid and carbonate on soils. Hutchinson and MacLennan 32 New fertilizer materials and by-products. Haskins 32 The synthetic production of ammonia. Ilaber 33 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. A manual of bacteriology. Reed 33 Classification of nodule bacteria, Klimmer and Kriiger 33 A morphological and cultural study of some Azotobacter, Jones 33 The influence of calcium on soil bacteria. Miller 33 Bacteria of frozen soil. Conn 33 Radio-activity and vegetation. Trufl'aut 34 A summer's evaporation and precii)itation in Lancaster County. Rnmbold- .'H Specialization in vegetation and in environment in California, Cannon 34 On the density of the cell sap in some desert plants. Cannon 34 Influence of the order of development of fruits of Passiflora gracilis on the frequency of teratological variations, Harris and Gortner 35 Inheritance of leaf coloration in Melandrium, Shnll 35 Immunity of plants to their own poisons. D'lppolito ^ 35 Antitoxic action of chloral hydrate on copper sulphate, Hibbard 35 CONTENTS. ni FIELD CUOPS. Page. Summary of [field crops experiments in Alaska], Georgeson 35 Report of [field crops] work at Fairbanks Station, Neal 36 Report of [field crops] work at Rampart Station, Gasser 36 Report of [field crop.s] work at Kodiak Station, Snodgrass 36 Production of crops on alkali laud on Huntley project, Hansen 36 Exi)erinients with crops under fall irrigation at Scottsbluff farm, Knorr 36 [Field crop experiments], Allan, Clouston, and Evans 37 Report on variety tests, 1913. Merkel 37 The cultivated root-producing aroids, Quisumbing 37 Industrial fiber plants of the Philippines, MuUer 37 A list of grasses from Ahmadabad and Surat, Sedgwick 37 Culture of meadows on moor soils, Oehme 38 Moisture as a factor of error in determining forage yields, McKee 38 Commercial Turkestan alfalfa seed. Brown 38 Distinctions in cultivated barleys with reference to breeding, Harlan 38 [Analyses of locally grown cassava], Camus 40 Some principles of genetics applied to cotton production, Ti'abut 40 Kafir, Helder 40 Relation of yield of straw and grain in oats. Love 40 Report of the potato cultural experiments for 1912, Toch 41 The cultivation of rice in Spain, Tarchetti 41 Field experiments covering 1913, De Jong 41 Weight and sugar of beets in relation to area at each plant. Pellet 41 Determination of ripeness in Pundia cane, Padhye 41 Growing sugar cane for market, Paranjpye 41 Spanish sulla [soola]. — Tested at Ruakura farm of instruction. Green 41 The sweet potato: How to grow and keep it, Nordin 41 The chemical composition of Philippine sweet potatoes, Labayen 41 Lax and dense-eared wheats, Parker 42 Effect of rate of seeding on competition in wheat varieties, Grantham 42 Wheat. — Raising, marketing, handling, and use, Ten Eyck 42 Value of biological method of determining A-arieties of seeds, Cauda 42 Zellers' barley and ear corn table for wagonloads, Zellers 42 HORTICULTURE. The killing of plant tissue by low temperature. Chandler 42 Multiplicity of crops as a means of increasing future food supply, Hedrick_ 45 [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], Georgeson et al 45 Oi^erating costs of a well-established New York apple orchard, Miller 45 Plum and prune culture, Allen 45 Prune culture, Peneveyre 45 A handbook of tropical gardening and planting, Macmillan 45 New method of growing bananas, Bertoni 45 [Cacao manurial plats in Dominica] 45 Indian cashew-nut industry. Baker 46 The coconut and its products, with special reference to Ceylon, Pratt 46 Manux'ial experiments in connection with lime cultivation 46 The sugar palm, Barrett 46 Tea manuring experiments, II, Bernard and Deuss 46 Tea mannring experiments at Malabar, Bosscha . 46 Studies in Juglans, II, Babcock 46 Rhamnns pnrHliiana, Johnson and Hindman 46 The cultivation and collection of medicinal plants in England, Whatmough- 46 Plant diseases and pests regulations 46 FORESTRY. Michigan manual of forestry. — I, Forest regulation. Roth 46 Acts of assembly relating to forests and forestry, edited by Kalbfns 47 Forest administrntion in the colonies 47 A review of the net revenues from the Saxony state forests for 1912, Vogel_ 47 Influence of soil strata in drifting sand on growth of forest trees, Schottler_ 47 A fertilizer experiment in forest nurseries, von Rusnov 47 A thinning experiment with Douglas fir (Pscudotsuga taxifolia), Kubelka_ 47 IV CONTENTS. Page. Timbers from various countries 47 Density of wood substance and porosity of wood, Dimlap 47 Note on the absorption of water by certain timbers, Pearson 48 The lumber industry, II, III, IV 48 Seouriuf; velocity moasurements in the management of log slides. Glatz — 48 Yields from destructive distillation of hardwoods, Hawley and Palmer — 48 Eesin tapping in Austria, Kubelka 48 Tables and instructions for use with latex hydrometer, Eaton 48 DISEASES OF PLANTS. [Plant diseases in Ontario], Howitt 48 The Ure^linales, Trotter i— 40 Notes on the cultivation of Ileterodera radicicola, Byars 49 [Grain smuts], Zavitz 49 The treatment of seed wheat, Ross 49 A disease involving the dropping of cotton bolls, Hewitt 49 The Mycogone disease of mushrooms and its control, Veihmeyer 50 Notes on potato diseases from the Northwest, Bailey 50 The southern bacterial wilt in New Jersey, Cook 50 Some diseases of the potato. — I, Bacterial wilt or vrot-pootje, Doidge 50 Leaf spot, a disease of the sugar beet, Townsend 50 The stem rot of the sweet potato, Harter and Field 50 Some new or little-known diseases of the sweet potato, Taubenhaus 51 Wintering of timothy rust in Wisconsin, Hungerford 51 [Orchard diseases and treatments], Caesar 51 A new pomaceous rust, Gymno sporangium 'blasdaleanum, Jackson 51 A fi'uit spot of the Wealthy apple, Stakman and Rose 51 An unusual host of Foitics fomentarius. Weir 51 The cankers of Ploifrightia morliosa in their relation to other fungi, Weir_ 52 Some notes on the black knot of plums and cherries, McClintock 52 Dead-arm disease of grapes, Reddick 52 "Dead arm" of grapevines. Hall 52 Fungus diseases [of cranberries]. Franklin 52 Cranberry spraying experiments in Massachusetts in 1912, Shear 53 Citrus canker, Wolf and Massey 53 A gumming disease affecting lemon fruits, Jarvis 53 A bacterial disease of Erodium and Pelargonium, Lewis 53 Pink disease. Brooks 54 Peronospora parasitica on Arabis laevigata, Anderson 54 Studies on biology of mallow rust, Hecke 54 Black canker of chestnut and means for its control, Lissone 54 Field studies on Endothia canker of chestnut in New York, Rankin 54 Notes on wood-destroying fungi on coniferous and deciduous trees, I. Weir_ 54 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. The rabbit pest, Georgeson S4 The food habits of the short-tailed shrew {Blarina brevicauda), Babcock_ 54 Distribution of North American rails and their allies, Cooke 55 Birds as carriers of chestnut-blight fungus. Heald and Stndhalter 55 A synopsis of economic entomology. Lechhead 56 A bibliography of the writings of Prof. Mark Vernon Slingerland. Leonard- 56 [Entomological problems in South Africa]. d'Emmerez de Charmoy 56 Sugar-cane pests in the Leeward Islands, Ballon 56 Citrus-fruit insects in Mediterranean countries, Quayle 56 Combating insects by mucilage, Jssleib 56 The inseeticidal value of fluid extract of larkspur seed, Williams 56 Eggs and nymphal stages of Calocoris rapidus, Webster and Stoner 57 A new insect pest of stored potatoes. Dutt 57 Notes on the green spruce aphis (Aphis ahietina), Theobald 57 Contribution to the knowledge of the oak phylloxera. Hollrung 57 On the preparation of Coccidfe for microscopical study. Green 57 A new Lachnodius in Madagascar. Vayssiere , 57 A new coccid infesting citrus trees in California, Campbell -. — 57 The alfalfa caterpillar, Wildermuth 57 Surface caterpillar on Mokameh Tal. Woodhouse and Dutt 58 Feltia (Agrotis) cxclamationis and Eu-roa (Agrotis) segetum, Sacharov__ 59 CONTENTS. V Page. Parasites of the eggs of Cydia pomonella, Stcherbakov 59 Repellents for protecting animals from the attacks of files, Graybill 59 On the biology of Trichomyia urhica, a psychodid, Keiliu 59 Phlebotumns paimtasii, the transmitter of the "three-days fever," Morales, 59 A flagellate infection of sand files, Mackie 59 New luvestigatious of life history of twc warble flies of cattle, Glaser 60 The typhoid fly and its associates, Ileadlee 60 A new sarcophagid parasite of grasshoppers, Kelly 1 60 Papaya fruit fly, Knab and Yothers fjO Mosquitoes and malaria. Stiles 61 The behavior of the parasite of Indian kala-azar In the dog flea, Patton__ 61 A bacterial disease of larvifi of June beetle, Lachnosterua spp., Northrup_ 61 A bacterial disease of the larvae of the June beetle, Lachnosterna spp., Northrup . 62 Boll-weevil effect upon cotton production, Hinds 62 On Stylops and stylopisatiou. Smith and Hamm 62 Geographical distribution of Tetranychus telanus, Ewlug " 63 The muscardines; genus Beauveria, Beauverie 63 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Preservation of commercial fish and fishery products in the Tropics, Seale_ 63 Cows' butter and its substitution with artificial products, Webei* 63 The composition and quality of Mexican wheats and wheat flours, Bailey_ 63 [Deficiency of gluten in French wheats], Lindet 63 Decline in gluten of bread flour, Wagner 63 The percentage of wet and dry gluten in wheat flour, Kepner 63 Flour, McGill 64 Notes on " shai-ps," Liverseege and Elsdon 64 Wider use of corn for food in Philippines, Boomer 64 The composition and food value of fresh soy beans, Molliex 64 Roselle recipes, reporteil by Wester 64 [Coffee consumption and grinding In foreign countries], Osborne et al 64 Tea, McGill 64 Temiierance beverages or soft drinks, McGill 64 [Water for drinking .and cooking purposes supplied to ships] 64 Water for cooking and preserving purix)ses, Smith 64 Report of the committee on sanitation 64 Sanitation of canning factoi'ies 65 [Food-inspection work], Barney 65 Dunn's pure food and drug legal manual, edited by Dunn 65 The fruit and vegetable canning industry of New Jersey — season of 1912_ 65 The farm kitchen as a workshop. Barrows . 65 Electric cooking aud heating, Nightingall 65 The American waiter. Goins Go Experimental domestic science, Jones 65 The history of dietetics, Nichols 66 Concerning modern food reforms, Rubner 66 Protein metabolism after hunger, Wolf 66 The protein requirements and the price of meat. Decker 66 Family budgets of Danish workingmen's families, I-III 66 The care and feeding of children, Frayser ' : 66 How to keep your baby well 66 Some principles of infant feeding, Shaw 66 Adaptation of gastric juice to digestion of milk, Gaucher 66 Goat's milk in infant feeding r. cow's milk, Sherman and Lohnes 66 Is polished rice plus vitamin a complete food? Funk 67 The vitamins. Stiles 67 Nerve degeneration in fowls fed unhusked rice, Gibson and Concepcion__ 67 The etiology of pellagra, Goldberger 67 The degree of metabolism in various kinds of work, Becker 67 A micro-respiration apparatus and studies with insect pupce, Krogh 67 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Stock feeding, Dalrymple 6S Paille finne grass. Tracy 68 Coconut meal, Lindsey 68 Kafir for feeding, Helder 68 VI CONTENTS. Page. Kaising and fattening beef calves in Alabama, Gray and Ward 69 A study of tbe digestibility of rations for steers, Mumford et al 69 Digestibility of some rations for swine, Dietrich and Grindley 70 Development of growing pigs with reference to protein, Enimett et al — 71 Ash content of pigs with refei'cuce to protein, Williams and Enimett 72 Phosphorus of pigs with reference to protein, Williams and Emmett 72 Forms of nitrogen in growing pigs, with reference to protein, Joseph 73 Egg production in a flock of 7-year-old hens and progeny, Ball et al 73 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Efficiency for milk production of nitrogen of alfalfa hay and corn grain. — Effect of diuresis on milk secretion. Hart and Humphrey 74 Bacterial flora of prepared feedstuffs fresh and fermented, Wigger 75 Studies on two and three milkings per day of milch cows, Isaachsen et al_ 7.") Experiments Avith Hegelund and ordinary milking, Isaachsen and Grande_ 75 The fat content of cows' milk in various stages of milking, Isaachsen — 75 The limits of error in milking tests at intervals, Martiny ' 75 Milk hygiene investigations of the last twelve years, RuUmann 70 Hygiene of transportation of animal-food products, Chapin 76 The supply of milk to Indian cities, Mann 76 Economic problems of milk distribution in relation to health. Williams — 76 Foot-and-mouth disease and milk and butter, Bordas and Raczkowski 76 Influence of Bacterium lactis acidi on micro-organisms, Brown 76 Biorized milk, Klunker 77 Milk sterilization by electricity, Kershaw 77 Composition of Roquefort cheese fat, Currie 77 VETERINARY MEDICINE. The anatomy of the domestic animals, Sisson 78 Chemical pathology. Wells 78 Pathogenic micro-organisms, edited by Kolle and von Wassermann 78 Animal parasites and parasitic diseases, Kaupp 79 Veterinary hygiene, Klimmer 79 General therapeutics for veterinarians, Frohner, trans, by Klein 79 C. Stephan's pharmacoguostic tables. Starke 79 Some notes on bacterin thei'apy, Schofield 79 Protein anaphylaxis with especial reference to antigen diagnosis. PfeifEer_ 79 The antigenic properties of globin caseinate. Gay and Robertson 79 Negative results with ninhydrin reaction as test for amino acids, Pearce_ 80 Biology of the colostrum bodies, Thomas 1 80 Influence of sodium fluorid on the animal body, Schwyzer 80 Cotton-seed meal with reference to toxic action. Friemann 80 Chlor-xylenol-saix)cresol (Sagrotan), a new disinfectant, Schottelius 80 Bacteriological standardization of disinfectants, Hamilton and Ohno 80 Some notes on the systematic dipping of stock, Edmonds and Bevan 81 Report of civil veterinary department, Assam, for 1913-14. Harris 81 Collected papers from the research laboratory of Parke, Davis & Co 81 The influence of low temperatures on the anthrax bacillus. Poppe 81 Bursati. Holmes 81 Combating glanders, with the various methods for diagnosis, Marioth 81 In regard to inunnnity in trypanosome diseases. Offermanu 81 Abortion and sterility in cattle, Williams 82 Curative treatment of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle by iodin, Holmes_ 82 Capsule formation in septicemia hemorrhagica bacteria. Gozony 82 Deaths among cattle caused by Simulium bites, Miessner 82 The hemolymph nodes of the sheep. — I. Meyer 82 Experiments on the treatment of surra in camels, Cross 83 Diseases of swine, Glasser 83 Hog cholera and the production and use of hog-cholera serum, Salmon 83 Hog cholera and its control, Graham and Mumma 83 Value of serum protective vaccination again.st hog cholera, Zingle 83 A contribution to the shoat typhoid question. Weidlich 83 Causes of meat poisoning. — Paratyphoid B bacilli. Bernhardt 84 Arterial sclerostomatosis in the horse, Burnett 84 Experiments with salvarsan in canine distemper, Krocher 84 CONTENTS. VII BUBAL ENGINEEKING. Page. Irrigation hranoh 84 The water economy of the earth, Ilalbfass 84 Tests on plain and roinforced concrete tiles, Dielimann 84 Haiuly tables fw conipntins the cost of tile drains, Parsons 85 Notes ui)on the water hyacinth, Ward 85 Earth roads, Morrison 85 The use of explosives in agriculture, Macmillan 85 A self-steering farm motor, Washburn 80 The testing of lubricating oil for internal-combustion motors, Lumet 86 The draft of plows. Godbole 86 Relation between electricity and threshing-machine fires, Shoemaker 86 Forms for concrete work. Ilice 86 Stables, Kingelmaun 86 Silos and silage, Negley 80 The iNIissouri silo, Long 86 Conference of workers on permanent and sanitaiy farm improvements 86 Sanitary engineering and agricultural engineering, Hansen 87 Water supply. Kropf 87 The farm water supply, Ramsower 87 Some notes on water supply in the rural district of Atherstone, Coleby 87 A treatise on water supplies, Friedrich 87 Water purification by ozone, Erlwein 87 The use of chlorin compounds for the purification of drinking water, Ruys_ 87 Sterilization of drinking water by ultraviolet light, Sleeswijk 87 Sewage disposal and sludge conversion, Watson 88 The present position of the sewage disposal problem. Fowler 88 Sludge disposal, Kershaw 88 Imhoff tank and proposed sewage farm for Torrance, Cal., Bennett 88 Vacuum cleaning systems, Cooley 89 RURAL ECONOMICS. Some factors for success in general and daiiy farming, Warren 89 Letters from settlers and reports from the seed distribution 89 Small industries among women in the rural districts 1 89 How housewives can coopei'ate. Heath 89 Report of the Mayor's Market Commission of New York City 89 Internal commerce of United States, 1789-1900, Van Metre 90 The agricultural outlook 90 Supply of cattle hides. Holmes 91 Price of meat in Munich, Gschwendtner 91 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The agricultural instruction act 91 [Agricultural education in Canada] 92 Agricultural departments and agricultural colleges. Miller 92 Report of agricultural and housekeeping schools for 1912-13 92 Agricultural home-economics instruction in the Netherlands, v. Ramult-- 92 Organization of agricultural institute at Spalato. Slaus-Kantschieder 92 Institute for Fermentation Industries and Starch Manufacture, Roinmel__ 92 An imperial federation of Austrian agricultui'al teachers, Gohlert 92 The foundation of colonies of agricultural graduates, Martinez 92 Purpose and organization of seminar for farmers in Konigsberg, Luberg 93 How to organize and conduct a girls' canning club, Robinson 93 Information on corn growing for corn-club boys, Duncan and Hobdy 93 Alabama Boys' Corn Club Day, Duncan and Hobdy 93 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Alaska Stations, 1913 93 Annual report on work under local experiment law in 1913, Duggar 93 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. stations in the United States. Alabama College Station : ^'ag^- Bui. 177, Mar., 1914 69 Bui. 178, July, 1914 62 Circ. 22, Oct., 1913 93 Circ. 23, Nov., 1913 93 Circ. 24, Nov., 1913 93 Circ. 25, Feb., 1914 93 Circ. 26, Apr., 1914 86 Circ. 27, May, 1914 53 Alaslia Stations: An. Rpt. 1913 25,31, 35, 36, 45, 54, 89, 93 Illinois Station: Bui. IGS, Mar., 1914 71 Bui. 1(J9, May, 1914 72 Bui. 170, May, 1914 70 Bui. 171, June, 1914 72 Bui. 172, June, 1914 69 Bui. 173, June, 1914 73 Soil Rpt. 7, Sept., 1913_-- 26 Kansas Station : Bui. 108, Apr., 1914 40,68 Bui. 199, June, 1914 26 Kentucky Station : Bui. 182, Aug., 1914 83 Louisiana Stations : Bui. 146, May, 1914 22 Bui. 147, May, 1914 68 Bui. 148, May, 1914 68 Massachusetts Station : Bnl. 155, July, 1914 32,68 Micbigan Station : Tecb. Bui. 18, June, 1914__ 61 Tecb. Bui. 19, July, 1914__ 29 Missouri Station : Research Bui. 8, Dec, 1913__ 42 Research Bui. 9, Apr., 1914__ 18 Research Bui. 10, Apr., 1914_ 18 Research Bui. 11, Apr., 1914_ 18 Research Bui. 12, Apr., 1914_ 18 Research Bui. 13, Apr., 1914_ 19 New Jersey Stations : Circ. 37, Apr. 25, 1914 60 New York Cornell Station : Bui. 348, June, 1914 56 Bui. 349, July, 1914 89 New York State Station : Bui. 389. July, 1914 52 Tecb. Bui. 35, July, 1914__ 33 Tech. Bui. 36, July, 1914__ 17 Ohio Station: Bui. 279, July, 1914 31 Utah Station: Bui. 134, June. 1914 2§ Bui. 135, July, 1914 73 Wisconsin Station : Bui. 205, 2. ed., July, 1914_ 31 U. 8. Department of Agriculture. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 2, No. 6, Sept., 1914 47,55,60,77 VIII U. »S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Page. Bui. 124, The Alfalfa Caterpil- lar, V. L. Wildormutb 57 Bui. 127, The Mycogoue Disease of Mushrooms and its Control, F. J. Veihmeyer 50 Bui. 128, Distribution and Mi- gration of North American Rails and Their Allies, W. W. Cooke 55 Bui. 129, Yields from the De- structive Distillation of Cer- tain Hardwoods, L. F. Haw- ley and R. C. Palmer 48 Bui. 130. Operating Costs of a Well-Establisbed New York Apple Orchard, G. H. Miller__ 45 Bui. 131, Repellents for Protect- ing Animals from the Attacks of Flies, tl. W. Graybill 59 Bui. 133, Experiments with Crops Under Fall Irrigation at Scottsbluff Experiment Farm, F. Knorr 36 Bui. 134, Citrus Fruit Insects in Mediterranean Countries. H. J. Quayle 56 Bui. 135, Experiments in the Production of Crops on Alkali Land on the Huntley Recla- mation Project, Montana, D. Hansen 36 Bui. 137, Some Distinctions in Our Cultivated Barleys with Refei-ence to Their T'se in Plant Breeding, H. V. Harlan_ * 38 Bui. 13S. Commercial Turkestan Alfalfa Seed, E. Brown 38 Farmers' Bui. 607, The Farm Kitchen as a Workshop, Anna Barrows . 65 Farmers' Bui. 015, The Agricul- tural Outlook 90,91 Farmers' Bui. 618, Leaf-Spot, a Disease of the Sugar Beet. C. O. Townsend 50 Farmers' Bui. 620, The Agricul- tural Outlook 00 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations. 1913— Soil Survey of Pinellas County, ' Florida, G, B. Jones and T. M. Morri- son 26 Soil Survey of Bamberg Countv, South Carolina, W. E." McLendon 28 Weather Bureau : Bui. Mt. Weather Observ.. vol, G. pt. 5 24 :\Io. Weatlier Rev., vol. 42. Nos. 5-6, May-June, 1914_ 24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXII. January, 1915. No. 1. The annual convention of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations is always an event of national importance, for it concerns the welfare of a system of public-service institutions representing every State, and bearing an unusually close relation to the people. But the convention of 1914 was of uncommon significance, marking as it did the beginning of a great new phase of their work, which for the time being naturally occupied the center of the stage. It was essentially an extension convention, considering not only the scope, purpose, and methods of that division of activity, but its relation- ships to the other agricultural work and other agencies. The new extension work has brought with it, not only an enlarged field of operation but many incidental changes and adjustments, which make its effect far-reaching. "^^Hiile it is a type of teaching, it involves new methods and new relationships, and hence it con- cerns the college organization as a whole, its attitude, and its out- side connections and influence. The people are its pupils, and the benefit to them will be proportional to the extent to which they are led to enter into the new enterprise. Another new or closer relation developing out of this latest expan- sion is that with the Federal Department of Agriculture, which was a matter of comment at the meeting. Thus, the Secretary of Agri- culture in his address before the convention spoke of the increasing realization of the unity of interests of the Department and the agri- cultural colleges, the widened opportunities for cooperative service, and the additional responsibilities incurred. And the president of the association in referring to the matter said : " The chief importance of the new policy of the Department of Agriculture in its relations with these colleges is the recognition that this national institution, founded also in 1862 primarily for research and instruction in agri- culture, is reall}^ a part of our national system of agricultural educa- tion, represented in the States by the land-grant colleges, and that therefore it should work not alongside of them but in close interlock- ing alliance with them." These things all contributed new lines of interest to the Washing- ton meeting, and served to give it unusual importance. The dis- 1 2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cussion of administrative questions relating to the new work, its opportunities, its responsibilities, and its affiliations naturally found a place in the various other meetings. This began with a three-days' meeting of the committee on extension organization and policy, held prior to the opening of the convention, which was most helpful in enabling thorough consideration and conference on many funda- mental questions arising from the new enterprise. This conference was attended by the chairman of the executive committee and the president of the association, and as the deliberations necessarily con- cerned the Department of Agriculture, which is cooperating so intimately in the enterprise, several of its officers connected with the work were brought into the meetings. The whole effort was to arrive at a proper point of view with respect to certain principles of general application, realizing that adaptations would need to be made to local conditions and requirements. The desirability of thorough study at the outset arises from the novelty of the undertaking in its present scope, the limited experience had in such effort, and the fact that great confusion has arisen as to the aims and purposes of the movement. No such undertaking of a national scope and such ultimate dimensions has ever been sanc- tioned by a people ; and with little time for preparation it has been assigned to the colleges to give it form and effect. The lines are being laid for a permanent enterprise, which is to constitute a great national system. The true significance of the movement is not yet grasped by the great body of the people, and probably not fully by some of those entering into it. As Dr. True stated, " the agi'icul- tural college is to be changed from an institution having a strictly local habitat, with comparatively limited powers for the diffusion of knowledge, to a widely diffused institution dealing educationally with multitudes of people at their own homes. And it is to carry with it wherever it goes the Xational Department of Agriculture, not only as a provider of funds, but as an active coadjutor in its educa- tional operations." This involves more than the appointment of additional officers and specialists, and machinery to secure the eco- nomical expenditure of the new public funds. It requires that the extension work be made a vital part of the organism of the college and the Department, if the ends reasonably expected are attained; and it calls for a sympathetic and helpfid spirit between the various classes of workers, with due appreciation of the work of each and loyalty to the enterprise as a whole. A visible product of the conference was a report of the committee on extension organization and policy, consisting largely of descrip- tions and definitions of terms applying to extension work; but in fact it went far deeper than this in the crystallizing of ideas as to EDITORIAL. 6 the essentials of organization and procedure, and in bringing to light some of the problems for future consideration. This committee has a highly important field from now on, and the kind of study which it should be able to give will be most profitable in perfecting the system for extension operations. Another conference, broader in representation because it included the directors of extension in the several States, was held immediately after the close of the convention, and was called at the suggestion of the Director of this Office. It dealt particularly with certain require- ments growing out of the law, about which there had been consider- able imcertainty, but it took up also the cooperative relations with the Department under its own funds, and brought about a fuller understanding as to other features. Frequent conferences of this sort, or devoted to special features of the w^ork, will be found highly profitable in securing a broad view of the situation and in working out the best means of accomplishing the desired results. Not that it will be feasible or wise to standardize methods or conceptions, or to make rigid rules to apply to all the varied conditions afforded by this broad country. But rather that there may be opportunity for the interchange of opinion and experi- ence, and especially for the kind of study which committees of the association have in the past given to various matters relating to college instruction. After determining what is contemplated by the law and what specifically is excluded, the vital question is as to what it is wise and most profitable to do, and what means are most effective in attaining the results. For the extension movement must be first of all an organized effort, and it must have an orderly plan or pro- gram. It affords the greatest opportunity ever presented in our col- lege work for errors in judgment or faults due to improper organi- zation, which would reflect upon the colleges and upon the success of the work as a whole. It is no longer a propaganda, as some have seemed to conceive it, or essentially a publicity agency for the scattering of facts and infor- mation broadcast. It has a more serious purpose, and seeks a more permanent and farreaching end. Ultimately it is to develop the people themselves and their initiative for the improvement of con- ditions surrounding them, as well as to teach definite facts and prac- tices. As has been said, the people need more than pieces of informa- tion. They need stimulation and guidance; they need to be made themselves a vital part of the movement, and to be encouraged to organize to receive the help. In other words, the problem of extension is, as President "\\lieeler of California expressed it, a human problem. The human element enters into both the imparting and the receiving of the information. 4 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. This is true of all education, and is coming to be realized especially by the extension workers themselves. It is being learned that exten- sion teaching in agriculture carries with it unusual responsibilities, since it deals with matters which are of vital and immediate import- ance to the farmer and his family, affecting their income, daily life, and community interests. On the other hand is the necessity for taking account of the special knowledge of conditions often possessed by the farmer him- self, in connection with the introduction of modified practice. All this points to a restatement of the princiiDle that "how to apph' the results of experiments to his own conditions will ever remain the problem of the individual farmer." It indicates that the mis- sion of the count}^ agent or other extension worker is to be fulfilled less by hard and fast prescriptions than by suggestion and coopera- tion. The working out of the new relationships and adjustments arising out of the development of extension formed a theme of discussion, not only within the association itself but in various other bodies which met at that time, notably the American Association of Farm- ers' Institute Workers, the Society for the Promotion of Agricul- tural Science, and the American Farm Management Association. Extension work of various kinds had begun to attract the atten- tion of a considerable number of agencies outside the agricultural colleges before the Smith-Lever Act was passed. These have often worked independently and on a separate plan. One problem has been and still is to relate these various activities to the common purpose, and give them direction. A great step has been made in the provision to unite through cooperation all the extension work of the Department of Agriculture and that of the colleges, center- ing it in the extension departments of the agricultural colleges. This has already been followed by the union or cooperation with the colleges of other agencies engaged in extension work in the Stales. As regards the farmers' institutes, the importance of whose work as a propaganda for arousing interest in measures for the improve- ment of agriculture and country life is thoroughly appreciated, it was made plain during the meetings that Avhere the institutes are directly connected with the colleges they can be easily modified in most cases so as to fit them into the extension system. With the development of the county-agent s^^stem, supplemented b}'^ the em- ployment of specialists at the colleges, it may ultimately become a question as to how far it will need to be supplemented bv the insti- tutes or similar agencies, but for the present the aim will evidently be one of cooperation with all the agricultural, commercial, social. EDITORIAL. 5 I'eligious, and educational forces available, and their proper coordi- nation and federation. These new activities will undoubtedly modify present methods in many respects, and increase the duties and responsibilities of the colleges and stations and of the Department. The bitter are to fur- nish the great body of highly trained men and the sound teaching and research upon Avhich extension work must depend to be effec- tive. To do this successfully they must differentiate their activities, direct attention to advanced teaching for the special preparation of workers, and carefully husband the research facilities. One of the earliest effects upon the colleges seems likely to be in a demand for the better training of extension workers. With the rapid organization of so large a field force and the existing shortage of material, defective preparation will be brought to light in many instances, while the most successful of these workers will the soon- est appreciate their limitations. The colleges, already overburdened though they are, must prepare to meet this demand. Thorough and adequate courses of study must be provided for those who are to become extension workers as well as teachers, investigators, and the like, even though these necessitate the abandonment of some of the work already undertaken in the subcollegiate grades of agricul- tural teaching. Many things which are now being attempted must be relegated to the secondary schools and others to the extension divisions. One broad effect of the new developments, as brought out in the address of the president of the association, should there- fore be a clearer differentiation of the field of collegiate instruction. The new extension activities will also require sharper differentia- tion from those of the experiment stations, and vice versa. As the committee on experiment station organization and policy set forth, " the extension work has developed very largely with and out of the work of experiment stations ; and in a considerable number of cases has formed a feature of the stations' own activities. This fact has tended to broaden the conception of the station's field and popular expectation in regard to it. Instead of being strictly an institution for acquiring information through investigation and experiment, it has served to some extent for the popular dissemination of informa- tion regarding improved farm practice. The effect of this has been to confuse the public mind, and often many workers within the sta- tions, as to the real function of the experiment station." The committee held that broadly speaking, the activities of the experiment station should be directed to the gaining of knowledge of definite character, and the determination of facts and methods for agriculture. Its methods should be those of investigation and experi- ment, scientifically sound and capable of giving results which may 6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. be safely interpreted. It was recognized that the station can not confine itself to the laboratory or experimental field or stable, but must often go out into the State to test the validity of its deduc- tions and their practical value or application. " But when the facts established by the station have been sufficiently tested by it to make certain their general truth and application, the matter should be re- garded as having passed out of the strictly experimental field." In detail, however, it is not always easy to draw the dividing line, and the station work and the extension work may run together to an extent that requires the exercise of good judgment. For example, it was shown that the results of station work or commonly accepted facts can rarely be demonstrated or extended with certainty and safety in a new locality Avithout trying them out, to some extent. In a sense, every field demonstration involves some element of doubt, Avhich makes it a test for that locality. While the extension force will presumably not undertake experiments for the acquiring of general information, the widespread attempt to put into practice on a de- tailed scale the teachings of the stations will often involve local field trials or tests to make the field force sure of their ground, and give strength to their judgment in planning a demonstration campaign. On the other hand, the results of investigation often need to be tested under a variety of conditions to determine their general truth, necessity for modification, and their practical value. Thus far, the work still is in the experimental stage and therefore in the field of the station. But "the station can not extend its local tests in- definitely, despite the fact that nearly every new locality would rep- resent some new local conditions of soil, climate, economic situation, etc. The station must be content to rest its efforts when it has determined the general truth of the results and their place in practice." The establishment of these lines of demarcation should relieve the stations of a part of the burden they have been carrying. This is well, for the more rigorous practical tests to which existing knowl- edge will be subjected will disclose its limitations and suggest fur- ther studies. They will need, therefore, their full resources to meet the increased demands upon them for constructive investigation and experiment. This necessity of keeping the work of the experiment station well to the fore, and developing it -va ith the growth of the extension work rather than allowing it to fall behind, was strongly emphasized at the convention. There has been a fear in the minds of some that the rapid expansion of extension work, with its great popularity and its close contact with the people, would tend to produce a feeling of sufficiency and to break down the support for thorough investiga- EDITORIAL. 7 tion. Without doubt, there is danger of this and of its effect on local appropriations. A great deal depends upon the proper attitude of those directly engaged in the outside work and those in charge of the policy of the institution. This danger was voiced in the address of the president of the association. A great popular movement like the present is, he said, "likely to have a torrential influence, and sweep men off their feet and even institutions off their foundations. But such floods are short-lived. After they subside it is often possible to accomplish greater things than were feasible before they came." This will be helped on by the discovery of the limitations in our agricultural knowledge and the material suited for extension teaching. It will speedil}^ be found that the extension service can not straightway accomplish all that its enthusiastic propagandists have prophesied for it. Very soon it will become clear that " to many of the agricul- tural problems which the extension men will encounter in their work among farmers no solution, or at best a very imperfect solution, is now available. . . . " The more the extension workers, and to a considerable extent the agricultural people with whom they work, come to realize that our present knowledge will only go a little way toward solving the mul- titudinous problems of agriculture, the more widespread and insistent will be the demand for more numerous and thorough investigation of these problems. It is therefore very important that we should con- sider the actual status of our research institutions, and while re- joicing in their many good features and their valuable work, should be active in remedying their deficiencies and enlarging their services." Research will remain, not merely an incidental function of the agricultural colleges, but fundamental and essential to their success in teaching and extension work. These facts, together with the public funds appropriated specifically for the purpose, place the colleges, as was stated, " under the greatest obligations to create with- in themselves the atmosphere and the conditions most favorable to successful research, and to make sure that their research workers can give undivided attention to their investigations." Only by making insistently felt in the institutions the gentle and highly intellectual forces needed to inspire real research, can this feature be made so efficient that its results will furnish an adequate foundation for the administrative and educational functions of these institutions, and for the permanent advancement of our great agri- cultural interests. CONVENTION OF ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1914. The twenty-eighth annual convention of the Association of American Agri- cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations was held at Washington, D. C, November 11-13, 1914. It was accompanied as usual by meetings of about half a score of related organizations, as follows : American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers. November 9-11 ; American Farm Management Association, November 9. 10; American Society of Agronomy, November 9, 10; National Association of State Universities, November 9, 10; American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching, November 10; Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, November 10; American Society of Animal Production, November 10, 11; Land-grant Engineering Association, November 11-13; Association of Official Seed Analysts, November 12, 13; Association of Feed Control Officials of the United States, November 13, 14; Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, November 16-18; and American Society of Milling and Baking Technology, November 18. Collectively these meetings brought together college presidents, experiment station and extension directors, and workers in many fields of agricultural science to the number of approximately five hundred. At the opening session an addi-ess of greeting was made by the Secretary of Agriculture, in which he stated that all the States had accepted the Smith- Lever Act and that nearly all were already cooperating with the Department imder its provisions. He commended the increasing realization of the unity of interests of the Department and the agricultural colleges, and believed that this would broaden appreciably their opportunities for service, as well as their responsibilities. The difficulty of securing trained men to take up such new undertakings as the extension work, the marketing studies of the Depart- ment, and the administration of the new Cotton Futures Act, was pointed out, and the colleges were vigorously urged to develop strong courses in rural economics and related subjects, and to assume a general position of leadership in country-life affairs. The report of the executive committee dealt largely with the two principal events of the year, the passage of the Smith-Lever Act and the holding of the sixth session of the Graduate School of Agriculture. At a subsequent session, set aside for the discussion of problems in connection with the administration of the Smith-Lever Act, President Thompson reviewed the passage of the measure and Dr. A. C. True, of the States" Relations Committee of this De- partment, described its practical workings thus far. A chart showing in graphic form the bfisis of organization was on exhibition and is to be published for general distribution. Doctor True drew attention to the recent ruling of the Solicitor of the De- partment, that funds contributed by the States, counties, or other agencies for extension purposes are, when an offset to the federal funds, subject to the same requirements as those derived under the Smith-Lever Act. Such funds, if not an offset, are under the control of the colleges except where a 8 CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 9 general cooperative agreement lias been entered into with tlie Department. He emphasized as an important need at this time the provision bj' the colleges of strong administrative heads for their extension work. The holding of national and regional conferences on extension business was also advocated, and a conference of the extension directors in attendance with the States' Relations Committee followed the close of the convention. Dean C. F. Curtiss of Iowa, President A. jNI. Soule of Georgia, A. D. Wilson of Minnesota, and President Benjamin Ide Wheeler of California participated in the ensuing discussion. The report of the bibliographer, also presented by Doctor True, dealt espe- ciall}^ with the form of extension publications. He drew attention to the prevailing great diversity among these publications, and suggested some changes in the interests of uniformity, simplicity, increased availability, and ease of preservation. A collection of samples illustrating these points was on exhibi- tion, and announcement was made that the work of assembling as complete a library of extension publications as possible is now under way in this Office. For the couunittee on instruction in agriculture, Doctor True reported on farm practice requirements as a part of the 4-year college course, on the basis of an inquiry sent out and visits to many institutions. It was found that at the present time collegiate farm practice is quite generally insisted upon as a feature of the instruction in every branch of agriculture, but it has by no means reached its optimum development — in connection with some courses there is too little practice, with others too much. In the main there is a feeling that there is too little practice for effective teaching. This in many cases is due to lack of suitable facilities at the college for giving the desired practice, and in others to a failure to utilize fully the available facilities. Vacation prac- tice, the employment of students on approved farms for a year or more or in charge of farm practice projects for definite stated periods, and educational excur- sions are among the means sometimes followed. It was pointed out that the absence of provision for such practice decreases the effectiveness of instruction in agriculture, and that students who are permitted to graduate without it often bring upon the colleges merited unfavorable criticism. The report is to be printed as a separate at an early date. Dr. H. P. Armsby, of Pennsylvania, reported for the committee on graduate study, dealing especially with the Sixth Graduate School of Agriculture suc- cessfully held at the University of Missouri, June 29 to July 24 (E. S. R., 31. p. 301). A policy of concentration upon a few subjects at the school was favored, as well as the provision of some form of credit for work accomplished. It was recommended that greater attention be given by the colleges and sta- tions to ways for facilitating the attendance of the younger members of their staffs at this school. The report of the committee on college organization and policy, submitted by President K. L. Butterfield of Massachusetts, included a description by Presi- dent R. A. Pearson of a plan for student and faculty cooperation being tried at the Iowa State College, in such matters as the upkeep of the grounds, sani- tation and other minor improvements, and the protection of property. The committee also summarized a questionnaire, conducted by President W. M. Riggs of South Carolina, as to student character records, which indicated a general belief in the desirability of such records but little uniformity as to methods. The committee on experiment station organization and policy. Dean E. Davenport, of Illinois, chairman, emphasized the need for a sharp differentia- tion of the field of the station work from that of extension agencies, as explained elsewhere (see p. 5). The- committee also discussed the publi- 73227°— No. 1—15 2 10 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cation of results, stating as a duty of tlie station investigator to publish results as promptly as bis conclusions will justify, and to keep bis records in such shape that the work may be taken up by others. The wider utilization of the Journal of Agricultural Research by the stations was also advocated. The report of the committee on extension organization and policy consisted in part of descriptions and definitions of terms commonly used in extension work, following a conference with the States' Relations Committee of this Department, and in part of the usual annual statistical summary as to the status of extension work in the several States. The joint committee of the association and this Department on projects and correlation, submitted its Grst report through Dean F. B. Mumford, of Mis- souri. The committee has examined about 1,300 projects submitted by the state institutions and about 1,000 from the Department of Agriculture with a view to their possible correlation. Dr. K. F. Kellerman, of the Department, for the joint committee on publication of research, explained the organization and policies of the Journal of Agricultural Research, now open to experiment sta- tion workers, and urged a wider participation by them. The address of the president. Dr. A. C. True, dealt largely with the changes necessitated by the passage of the Smith-Lever Act, and the closer cooperative relations established with this Department, these phases being commented upon editorially in this issue (see p. 1). He also pointed out very clearly that under the new conditions the colleges must restrict themselves more rigidly to instruction of real collegiate grade if they are to maintain a permanent position of leadership. The development of strong graduate courses was especially nrged upon them, and likewise the maintenance of the proper attitude and atmosphere within the institution with respect to research. Not only is reseai'ch a necessary i:)art of their work and large sums of pubUc money provided which can be lawfully spent only for this pui-pose, but it is absolutely fundamental and essential to their success in teaching and extension work. The institutions are therefore under the greatest obligations to create within themselves the atmosphere and conditions favorable to successful re- search and to make sure that their research workers can give undivided atten- tion to their investigations. Professor E. L. INIorgan, of Massachusetts, described an Interesting experi- ment in rural community planning, inaugurated in a typical New England vil- lage by the Massachusetts Agricultural College. It was found that following the adoption of a definite program, a strong community spirit was developed and great improvement effected in agricultural practice and marketing, trans- portation facilities, and other civic affairs, in education, and in the adoption of an all-year-round plan for community recreation. It is believed that the idea has also possibilities along county and state lines. Miss Elizabeth Kelley, of Wicousin, spoke on Home Economics in Extension Work, outlining some of the ways which have been found effective in bringing improved methods into the home. Among these are reaching the farm woman indirectly through her children in boys' and girls' clubs or the schools, or through her husband, or directly in the women's institutes and women's clubs, as well as by demonstrations. The main handicap in this form of extension work has been the scarcity of well-trained women to put into the field, but if these can be obtained great improvements in country life were predicted. Hon. Carl Vrooman, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, made a brief address In which he pointed out the need of extension work to make more available the store ©f agricultural information already accumulated. Following his address the association was received at the White House by President Wilson, CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 11 At the flual session, a report was given by President Brown Ayres of Ten- nessee, for the executive committee, on the provisions and status of the Smith- Hughes bill for federal aid to vocational etlucation, including an exi^lanatiou of the work of the Federal Commission on Vocational Education (E. S. R., 31, p. 401). Commissioner Claxton and others also discussed the scope and details of the bill. The association declared itself in favor of federal aid to vocational education along the general lines of the bill, and instructed the executive com- mittee to cooperate with other agencies in perfecting the measure and aiding in its passage. Various measures relative to military instruction in the land-grant colleges were referred to the executive committee for consideration. An engineering division was established in the college section, the officers of which are to make provision for either separate or joint programs. A series of recommendations as to the title pages, pagination, and similar matters in college and station publications was presented from a committee of the agricultural section of the American Library Association. The executive committee reported favorably as to these recommendations, and commended them to the various institutions for their consideration. The officers elected for the coming year were as follows : As president, Presi- dent E. A. Bryan, of Washington ; vice presidents. President J. H. Worst, of North Dakota, Dean T. F. Hunt, of California, Director C. D. Woods, of Maine, Director P. H. Eolfs, of Florida, and President C. A. Lory, of Colorado; secretary-treasurer, Dean J. L. Hills, of Vermont ; bibliographer, Dr. A. C. True, of Washington, D. C. ; executive committee. President W. O. Thompson, of Ohio, chairman, President H. J. Waters, of Kansas, President Brown Ayres, of Tennessee, Director W. H. Jordan, of New York, and Dean H. L. Russell, of Wisconsin. The following were chosen officers of sections : College section, President H. J. Waters, of Kansas, chairman, and President W. M. Eiggs, of South Carolina, secretary; station section. Dean E. A. Burnett, of Nebraska, chair- man, Director W. R. Dodsou, of Louisiana, secretary, and W. H. Beal, of Washington, D. C, recording secretary; extension section. Director R. D. Hetzel, of Oregon, chairman. Director C. R. Titlow, of West Virginia, secre- tary, and Prof. John Hamilton, of Pennsylvania, recording secretary. The retiring members of standing committees were all reappointed, and a vacancy in the committee on extension organization and policy filled by the selection of Director W. R. Dodsou, of Louisiana. A special committee to consider agricultural terminology was also authorized. The time and place of the next meeting were left as usual with the execu- tive committee, and since announced for August 11 to 13, at Berkeley, Cal. The proceedings of the association will be published, but, because of the heavy outlay, in condensed form by the use of abstracts of papers and the elimina- tion of oral discussions. SECTIOX ON COLLEGE WORK AND ADMINISTRATION. In the college section, the initial subject was The Relation of the Agricul- tural College to Instruction in Agriculture and Home Economics in Secondary and Rural Schools, and What the College Can Do to Promote General Rural School Improvement. President E. T. Fairchild, of New Hampshire, reported on the basis of replies from 30 agricultural colleges that the means most frequently adopted for aiding secondary and elementary instruction were through summer schools for teach- ers, boys' and girls' clubs, leaflets on agriculture, home economics, and nature Study, correspondence courses, and demonstration plats. He suggested that the 12 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. agricultural colleges aid in securing the consolidation of scattered rural schools and their more liberal financial support, undertake a propaganda for rural high schools within the States and teachers' training classes in these schools, and favor a law requiring the teaching of agriculture in elementary schools and the training of teachers in the elements of agriculture. President Vincent, of Minnesota, described some of the activities of the Minnesota College of Agriculture, and advocated summer sessions at the colleges and other means for training rural teachers. President D. H. Hill, of North Carolina, in a paper entitled Some Changed Attitudes, called attention to the increasing pressure in technical institutions for the replacement of cultural by utilitarian subjects. He believed there is danger of mental contraction unless this attitude is modified. Inasmuch as the mei*e training of exports wall not make leaders of men, he advocateeriment stations (E. S. R., 29, p. 736). Report on variety tests, 1913, F. Merkel (Arb. Deut. Land/iv. Gesell., No. 256 (.1913), pp. XIII+405+S, pis. ^).— This publication gives data on about 300 variety tests, including oats, spring wheat, field beans, field peas, stock beets, and sugar beets, conducted throughout Germany. The cultivated root-producing aroids. — Yautias, gabis, dasheens, alocasias, and cyrtospermums, F. A. Quisumeing (Philippine Agr. and Forester, S (1914), ^0. 4, pp. 85-98). — This article gives a history of this class of plants and also includes analyses of numerous varieties grown at the college. Starch ranged from 11.51 to 20.38 per cent, ash from 0.42 to 2.25 per cent, and moisture from 66.1 to 80.56 per cent. Yields of yautias ranged from 4,259 to 28,531 lbs. of tubers per acre, dasheens from 5,324 to 22,254 lbs. per acre, and gabis from 2,129 to 10,009 lbs. per acre. Notes on culture, grading, and diseases are also given. Industrial fiber plants of the Philippines. — A description of the chief industrial fiber plants of the Philippines, their distribution, method of preparation, and uses, T. Muller (IPhilippine] Bur. Ed. Bui. 49 (1913), pp. 157. pis. 43)- — This bulletin treats of about 750 plants classed under ferns, pandans, grasses, the bamboos, sedges and similar plants, palms, rattans, vines, plants with leaf or petiole fibers of commercial value, miscellaneous industrial fibers, and Philippine bast fibers. Aside from the common and botanical names, the author has given descriptive methods of preparing the fiber and its uses for each plant, and in some cases its distribution. A list of grasses from Ahmadabad and Surat, L. J. Sedgwick (jour. BomMy Nat. Hist. Soc., 23 (1914), No. 1, pp. 110-117).— This list includes notes 38 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. on the habitats, ecological relations, and time of flowering of 34 uncultivated grasses. Culture of meadows on moor soils, jNI. Ohiime (Wiesenhau auf Moorbodcn. Berlin, .1013, 3. ed., pp. //8, figs. 9). — This book treats of the possibilities of both high and low moorlands, and includes discussions on regulating the ground water, the preparation of the seed bed, fertilizers, seeding, and management. Moisture as a factor of error in determining forage yields, R. McKee (Jour. Amcr. Soc. Agron., 6 (IDl'i), Ao. 3, pp. 113-111). — From work done in 1911, 1912, and 1913 on varieties of alfalfa at Chico, Cal., the author concludes that available data relative to forage yields can be made more accurate by de- termining both water-free substance and air-dry matter from at least a 2-lb. sample from the field-cured crop. Commercial Turkestan alfalfa seed, E. Beown (JJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 138 (1914), pp. 7, fig. 1). — Following a review of European and American literature on results of experimental work with alfalfa from various localities, the author concludes that although Russian Turkestan produces the largest supply of alfalfa seed for export, and supplies practically all of the imported seed in this country, being distributed into international trade through Germany, chiefly through the port of Hamburg, it " has given uniformly poor results wherever tested in Europe, and none of the tests of commercial Turkestan seed in this country has given as good yields as were obtained from local seed. . . . " Commercial Turkestan is the cheapest alfalfa seed in the European market, and its wholesale price in this country is less than that of domestic-grown seed. The retail price of Turkestan alfalfa seed in this country is usually higher than that of domestic seed ; consequently, the seedsman's profit on it is greater than on domestic seed. " Commercial Turkestan alfalfa is particularly unsuited to tlie humid east- ern portion of the United States, while it is not as hardy as other strains in the North and everyAvhere recovers slowly after cutting, thus reducing the hay j'ield. It is relatively short lived and is a poor seed producer. " Russian knapw^eed, a weed similar in manner of growth to quack grass, Johnson grass, and the Canada thistle, is constantly being introduced in Turkes- tan alfalfa seed, and by the presence of this weed seed commercial Turkestan seed may be easily identified." A bibliography of 12 titles is appended. Some distinctions in our cultivated barleys with reference to their use in plant breeding, H. V. Harlan (V. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 137 {19U), PP- 38, figs. 16). — In order to facilitate his work of breeding barley the author found it necessary to study more minutely the characters of barley, and so to increase the efficiency of the nursery by elimination. " The data upon which the con- clusions are based consist of some 200,000 recoi-ded observations extending over a period of five seasons and embracing experiments at St. Paul, Minn., Williston and Dickinson, N. Dak.. Highmore, S. Dak., Moccasin, Mont., Aber- deen and Gooding, Idaho, and Chico. Cal. Of the work done at these points, that at St. Paul, Minn., which was conducted in cooperation with the state ex- periment station, was the most extensive." The following summary of conclusions covers the characters studied and ex- presses their value to the plant breeder : " Strains are often shown to be dis- tinct in early growth by their rate of development. All barleys rush through the early stages very rapidly, and a selection that is one or two days earlier than a second is very dissimilar in appearance on a given date. Leaf produc- tion is, in some ways, a varietal character. In some varieties the third leaf appears in three days after the second, while in others it occurs six days later. In the production of the fourth leaf even a greater range exists. In some FIELD CROPS. 39 strains the first tiller appears decidedly later tlian the fourth leaf. In others it appears earlier. In some the tillers are all produced within a short time; in others the process is extended over several days. " The emergence of the awn is an extremely important note, as it occurs at a time in the life of the plant when such an observation is of great value. The development is usually normal at this time^ as hot weather and drought have ordinarily not j'et had any effect. The emergence of the awn has been found to be far more accurate and more easily obtained than tlie date of heading. The precocity of the strain at the time of the emergence of the awn is a herit- able character. The date of ripening is, unfortunately, often influenced by season and, while a valuable character, is less dependable than the emergence of the awns. A comparison of the development during all stages serves to re- veal many differences not apparent when each stage is taken separately. "The length of the culm is of use as a local breeding note, but the variations are not parallel when strains are planted in totally different areas. The diameter of the culm is not serviceable, because nearly related barleys have culms of approximately the same size. The thickness of the walls of the culm is a note with a large experimental error and therefore of questionable utility. The degree of exsertion of the spike is sometimes a varietal character but is not often useful. The number of culms per plant is to some extent a varietal character, but selections are so affected by season and location that it is very difficult to use. The width of the leaves is useful in group distinctions and sometimes in varietal separations. The length of the leaves is much less de- pendable, and is serviceable only in rather extreme tyijes. The number of leaves varies with the groups, but usually closely related strains possess ap- proximately the same number of leaves, " The density of the si^ike may easily be made the basis of many separations. Often varieties that show no other differences are widely dissimilar in density. The density of a selection varies somewhat with season and location, but the mean is always shaii^ly defined and the fluctuations more or less parallel. In some strains all spikes conform closely to the mean, in others the range is greater. This seems to be a varietal character and is constant even when the plantings are made under widely varying climatic and soil conditions. '' The established taxouomic groups based on relative fertility were found to be invariable under all extremes of American climate. The natural varieties in the deficiens group of Abyssinian barleys seem more extensive than most classi- fications have indicated. From barleys of this same region a group with a peculiar habit of floret abortion has been isolated. The length and the width of awns vary, but they are so correlated with other taxonomic characters that they are seldom useful in close separations. The tenacity of the awn is fre- quently a varietal character unaffected by location or season. The chai-acter of the basal bristle has been found to be stable under American conditions. The toothing of the inner part of dorsal nerves is much more variable, but the variation is usually within defina*ble limits. The length of the kernel, while influenced by climate, is a varietal character. The lateral and dorsoventral diameters of the kernel are varietal characters to some degree, but tliey are so influenced by conditions of growth as to become confusing in most instances. The composition of the grain is a varietal character, but it is one dominated by climate, " There are two coloring materials in barley : One, anthocyanin, is red in its acid and blue in its alkaline condition. The other, a melaninlike compound, is black. The pigments may occur in the hulls, the pericarp, the aleurone layer, and occasionally in the starch endosperm. The resulting colors of the grain are quite complicated. White denotes the absence of all pigment, a heavy de- 40 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. posit of the melaniiilike compound in the liulls results in black, a light deposit, brown. Anthocyanin in the hulls results in a light violet red. In naked forms the melaninlike compound in the pericarp results in a black kernel ; anthocyanin produces a violet one. The acid condition of anthocyanin in the pericai-p super- imposed upon the alkaline condition in the aleurone layer gives the effect of a purple color, while a blue aleurone beneath a colorless pericai^p is blue gray. White hulls over a blue aleurone cause the grain to appear bluish or bluish gray. Black hulls over a blue aleurone give, of course, a black appearance. The anthocyanin is always violet in the hulls and in the pericarp, showing that these tissues are in an acid condition, and always blue in the aleurone layer, showing an alkaline condition. The occurrence of anthocyanin in the pericarp of hull-less barleys is more significant than its production in the aleurone layer." A bibliography of 26 titles is appended. [Analyses of locally grown cassava], J. S. Camus {Philippine Agr. and Forester, 3 (191^), No. 4, p. 75). — The analyses of white petioled, red petioled, and intermediate varieties of cassava showed a range of starch content from 23.82 to 25.79 per cent, mere traces of sugar and dextrin, from 0.043 to 0.048 per cent of hydrocyanic acid in the bark, and from 0.023 to 0.028 per cent in the edible portion. The latter is expelled by cooking. Some principles of genetics applied to cotton production, L. Trabut (Gouvt. G6n. Alg^rie, Dir. Agr., 8erv. Bot. Bui. 50 {1912), pp. i6).— This dis- cusses recent work at the leading cotton-breeding stations of the world. Kafir, G. K. PIelder {Kansas Sta. Bui. 198 {1914), PP- 609-627, figs. 7).— In this bulletin the author has attempted to show briefly the value of Kafir corn in the western half of Kansas and particularly in upland soils, giving a dis- cussion of the varieties best adapted for each locality and the most economical methods of handling them. A summary states that in western Kansas Kafir corn is worth twice as much, acre for acre, as corn; that listing is more satisfactory than surface planting; that row plantings are more economical than broadcast plantings; that cut- ting with a binder is the most economical method of harvesting row plantings ; that the silo offers the cheapest and most convenient method of storing Kafir corn fodder for cattle feeding; that threshed grain stored in bins will heat unless it is clean and very dry; that home-grown seed is usually superior to imported seed; that seed selection should be made in the field in the fall before the first hard frost; that Kafir corn to be used as seed should not be threshed until planting time; that the formalin treatment effectually kills ker- nel smut; and that Kafir corn compares favorably with corn either as fodder, grain, or silage. Relation of yield of straw and grain in oats, H. H. Love {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 6 {1914), No. 3, pp. 97-108, figs. 7). — In this article the author discusses the relation of yield of straw and gi-ain in the 31 varieties grown at Cornell University in 1911, 1912, and 1913. Data presented show the ratio of pounds of straw to pounds of grain to range from 1.08 : 1 to 3.11 : 1 in 1911, 1.12 : 1 to 2.03 : 1 in 1912, and 1.04 : 1 to 2.05 : 1 in 1913. " The foregoing data show that there is a very close relationship between yield of grain and yield of straw for the different varieties and that this is fairly constant from year to year and is not merely an environmental relation. Certain exceptions occur, but, on the whole, one may expect an increase in yield of grain with a corresponding increase in yield of straw. The ratio of straw to grain is also sho^\Ti to be fairly constant from year to year. Certain strains produced almost a pound of grain for every pound of straw, while others FIELD CROPS. 41 required nearly 2 lbs. of straw to produce a pound of grain. While a heavy yield of straw was found to be correlated with a heavy yield of grain it was, in turn, correlated with a small amount of meat." Report of the potato cultural experiments for 1912, F. ToCH (Arb. Deut. Sek. Landeskiilf. Rat. Konigr. Bohtnen, No. 16 {1912), pp. ^8, pi. 1). — ^This gives data and results of variety tests of potatoes throughout Bohemia under the direction of the German section of the agricultural commission of Bohemia. The cultivation of rice in Spain, A. Takchetti (Gior. Bisicolt., 4 ii914), Nos. 15, pp. 220, 221, fig. 1; 16, pp. 237-2/f3, figs. 5).— This describes systems and improved methods. Field experiments covering 1913, A. W. K. De Jong (Dept. Lo/ndb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Agr. Chem. Lab., No. 7 (1913), pp. ^9, figs. S). — This publication gives results of experiments conducted in 1913 that show the advantage of plowing under peanuts (Arachis hypogea) as a green manure for rice, and that a complete fertilizer was more satisfactory than a nitrogenous fertilizer. On the weight and sugar content of sugar beets in relation to the area at the disposition of each plant in the field, H. Pellet (Sucr. Indig. et Colon., 84 (1914), Nos. 3, pp. 59-61; 4, pp. 84-88, fig. 1; 5, pp. 104-108).— A French translation of an article by Munerati et al. previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 633). Determination of ripeness in Pundia cane, R. G. Padhye (Poona Agr. Col. Mag., 6 (1914), ^'o. 1, pp. 71-75). — From the results of cutting and analyzing cane at different dates it was found " that the sucrose percentage was regularly increasing every week till the cane was 12 months old and the glucose and fruc- tose were decreasing. The purity was rising till it reached 92, after which it began to fall. Thus this cane was found to be ripe exactly after 12 months. When the purity was found to fall, cutting was immediately begun. ... It has been found that the juice crushed in the laboratory mill is richer than that of the power crusher, where the extraction is high, and consequently more impuri- ties are extracted. ... In the juice of the perfectly ripe cane little fructose seems to occur." Growing sugar cane for market, S. R. Paeanjpye (Poona Agr. Col. Mag., 5 (1914), ■^^o. 3, pp. 197-200, pi. 1, fig. J).— This describes the methods of grow- ing soft, thick, white sugar cane for the Bombay market. The yield is noted as averaging 19.800 good canes per acre. Spanish sulla [soola]. — Tested at Ruakura farm of instruction, A. W. Gbeen (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 9 (1914), No. 2, pp. 133-135, fig. i).— This article gives results showing a superiority of Spanish sulla or Maltese clover (Hedysarmn coronarium) over the African variety. The former produced an estimated yield of 11 tons of green forage per acre and grew to a height of 3 ft. 6 in. The sweet potato : How to grow and keep it, J. G. Noedin (Russellville, ArTi., 1912, pp. 50. figs. 14)- — In this book the author gives the results of his ten years' experience in the production, storage, and marketing of sweet potatoes. The chemical composition of Philippine sweet potatoes, S. D. Labaten (Philippine Agr. and Forester, 3 (1914), No. 4> PP- 79, 80). — This article reports analyses of 28 varieties of sweet potatoes grown on the college farm. It is noted that specific gravity bore little relation to the content of starch or moisture and could not be used as an index of the commercial value of the sweet potatoes. The percentage of moisture varied from 66.08 to 77.09, the starch from 10.11 to 26.3, and the yield from 4,200 to 24,160 kg. per hectare (3,738 to 21,502 lbs. per acre). 73227°— No, 1—15 i 42 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Lax and dense-eared wheats, W. H. Parker {Jour. Agr. /Sci [England], 6 il91Jf), No. 3, pp. 3111-386, pi. 1, fig. 1). — This paper discusses methods of earlier investigators in determining the density of heads of wheats in maliing classifications, and gives results of experiments to show the advisability of using accurate measurements of the iuternodes of the rachis from which aver- ages for the heads were obtained to indicate the different classes of density, as well as in a study of the factors that make for dense or las heads. The effect of rate of seeding on competition in wheat varieties, A. E. Grantham (Jour. Amer. Sog. Agron., 6 {1914), No. 3, pp. 124-128). — The results of sowing a large number of varieties of wheat at the rates of 100, 200, and 400 kernels per 10 feet of row show for bearded varieties the decrease in yield of grain from the thin to the medium seeding to be 18 per cent, from the medium to the thick 23 per cent, and from the thin to the thick 37 per cent. For the beardless varieties the decreases were 34, 51, and 68 per cent, respectively. " These results indicate that there is a great difference in varieties as to the effect produced by the competition induced by the different rates of seeding. It appears that the beardless varieties are less able to withstand the heavier seeding." Wheat, — A practical discussion of the raising, marketing, handling, and use of the wheat crop, relating largely to the Great Plains region of the United States and Canada, A. M. Ten Eyck {Lincoln, Nebr., 1914, pp. 194, figs. 39). — This book, especially prepared for the wheat growers of the dry land farming section of the United States, embodies the author's experience on the raising, marketing, handling, and uses of the wheat crop. The value of the biological method of determining varieties of agricul- tural seeds, A. Cauda {Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 56 {1913), pp. 357-376). — This article discusses the precipitin method and gives results of trials with several genera of agricultural seed which show that all genera do not respond to the serum treatment. A bibliography of 18 titles is appended. Zellers' barley and ear corn table for wagonloads, M. T. Zellers {Hooper, Nelr., 1911, pp. 44)- — This gives values of loads of barley weighing from 1,400 lbs. to 3,790 lbs., and of ear corn weighing from 1,600 lbs. to 3,990 lbs. at prices ranging from 25 cts. to 74 cts. per bushel. HORTICTJLTTTRE. The killing of plant tissue by low temperature, W. H. Chandler {Missouri 8ta. Research Bui. 8 {1913), pp. 143-309, pis. -J).— The work reported in this paper was begun during the season of 1904-5. While the studies were under- taken primarily to determine the effect of certain cultural methods on the hardi- ness of peach fruit buds under climatic conditions that prevail in the southern half of Missouri, they have been so extended as to embrace a general study of the " freezing to death " of plant tissue. In addition to peaches and other orchard fruits many vegetables and other cultivated plants have been included in the author's experimental studies. The results of this work are here tabu- lated and fully discussed in connection with the results secured by various investigators. An extensive bibliography of cited literature is given. The sub- ject matter is presented under the following general headings: Review of lit- erature on freezing, effect of sap density on temperature, other features that influence the freezing to death of plants, effect of previous exposure to tempera- ture slightly above killing temperature, relation of low temperature to peach growing, varieties with the longest rest periods, effect of vigor of trees on rest HORTICULTURE. 43 periods, breeding varieties hardy under Missouri conditions, killing of apples, and killing of cherries and plums. The most commonlj' accepted theory dealing with the freezing to death of plant tissues seems to be that killing from cold is due to the withdrawal of water from the protoplasm. Results of many investigations show that the water generally moves out of the cells to form ice crystals in the intercellular spaces. The amount of water loss necessaiy to result in death varies with different plants and different tissues. Experimental data secured by the author lead him to conclude that freezing to death can not be attributed to precipitation of proteids, as claimed by some investigators. The author's experiments with seedlings of various plants and with twigs bearing small apples, peaches, and cherries show that for plant tissues that kill at relatively high temperature the killing temperature is reduced whenever the sap density or molar concentration of the sap of the tissue is increased. In these studies increases in sap density were bi'ought about by using minei'al salt solutions and. also by watering the seedlings sparingly. When sap density was reduced by shading the plants the amount of killed tissues at a given temperature was increased. Attempts to increase the sap density of winter peach wood and buds by fer- tilizing peach plats with potassium chlorid were unsuccessful. Examinations made in winter, spring, and summer failed to show any difference in sap density between the plats fertilized with potash and those receiving no potash. Like- wise the action of sirring frost on the bloom and of winter cold on the buds was not influenced by the application of potash to the soil. Practically all plants used in freezing experiments in this work were tested with reference to the effect of rapid thawing. The results show that in addition to ripe apples, i)ears. and the leaves of Agave americana observed by Miiller- Thurgau and Molisch, leaves of lettuce kill at slightly lower temperature if they are thawed slowly than if thawed rapidly. In the case of all other tissues tested, either by the author or by others, however, including unripe apples and pears, there is no indication that the rate of thawing has anything to do with the amount of killing at a given temperature. Rapid wilting of tissue has not generally increased the resistance of plants to low temperature over that of unwilted tissue with a dry surface. Tissue with a wet surface killed worse at a given temperature than did tissue with no moisture on the surface. Slow wilting or partial withholding of water through a long period was found to increase the resistance of tissue to low temperature. In case of hardy winter buds and wood a rapid decline in temperature greatly increased the severity of injury from a given low temperature. Previous exposure of plant tissue to low temperature above that at which the tissue kills seems to increase its resistance to low temperature. As between different plants there appears to be no constant relation between the rate of growth of plant tissue and resistance to low temperature. Young leaves of fruit trees kill at a higher temperature than old mature leaA^es, whereas the young leaves of lettuce withstand a lower temperature than do the older leaves. With fruit trees the most important feature affecting the hardiness of plant tissue is maturity. Maturity in the case of cambium may be intimately associated with the process of drying out. With the cortex, however, there is little difference between the moisture content of unfrozen cortex in seasons when it is very tender and seasons when it is hardy. The wood at the base of the trunk and at the crotches of all rapidly growing branches seems to reach a condition of maturity in early winter more slowly than do most other tissues. Of the tissues above ground during periods when most complete maturity is reached the most tender parts are the pith cells and the fruit buds. In periods 44 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. of rapid growth there is little difference in hardiness of the different tissues. The root tissue is the most tender at all seasons and the difference in the killing temperature of roots in summer and winter is much less than that of the killing temperature of twigs or other wood in summer and winter. The resist- ance of the root system is greater in the parts nearest the surface. Roots of the French crab apple stock seemed to be more tender than roots of the average apple variety. Marianna plum roots were found to be more hardy than Myro- bolan roots and Mahaleb cherry roots were slightly more hardy than Mazzard roots. Pollen of the apple was found to withstand much lower temperature than any other tissue when in full bloom. Peach buds frozen in the laboratory with the scales removed were slightly more resistant to low temperature than were buds with the scales not removed. With reference to the killing of the wood of peach trees from freezing the author concludes that little can be done to influence the amount of killing ex- cept to have the trees started into winter in proper condition of maturity. Trees one or two years in the orchard or old weak trees are most liable to succumb to the effects of low temperature. With trees that have been winterkilled, al- though apparently in the best condition of maturity, pruning the trees severely seems to reduce the subsequent amount of killing. On the other hand, when the wood has been winterkilled because it has not reached the proper condition of maturity in the fall subsequent heavy pruning is liable to result in greater loss. The hardiness of peach buds when in fully dormant condition seems to be greatly increased by continuous low temperature previous to unusually severe temperature. The most important factor influencing the loss of peaches from low temperature in winter is keeping the buds from starting into growth dur- ing warm periods in winter. In south Missouri and Arkansas at least the best means of accomplishing this end is prolonging the growth of the trees in autumn, either by heavy pruning or by fertilizing with nitrogen the spring be- fore. Some varieties of peaches have a much longer rest period than other varieties and therefore start into growth more slowly during warm winter periods. For Missouri conditions the killing temperature of peach blossoms when the tree is just coming into bloom varies from 22 to 26° F. After pollination and until the peaches are a half inch in diameter at least they continue to become more tender until they will withstand but very few degrees below the freezing point, the seeds of young peaches killing at a higher temperature than other peach tissue. No evidence was secured from the author's investigations to show that early varieties of peaches start into growth more readily during warm periods in winter than do later varieties. After blooming time, how- ever, the early peaches grow much more rapidly and are much more liable to be killed by a freeze after the fruit is set. The killing of apple w^ood is of considerable importance in some apple-grow- ing sections, among the common injuries being root killing, crown rot, crotch injury, sunscald, trunk killing, and killing back of top and branches. The killing of apple buds from low temperatures has not been commonly observed. The blossoms and young fruit of the apple, however, will not generally with- stand as low temperature as will the blossoms or young fruit of equal age of the peach. Cherry and plum buds are more resistant than peach buds but are frequently killed in some sections. The young fruit of the Wild Goose plum is among the most resistaut to late frost in the spring. In connection with this study temperature records were secured and a chart is given showing the maximum and minimum temperature curves at Columbia and Koshkonong, Mo., during the years 1901-1912, including the season begin- HORTICULTUEE. 45 ning December 1 and extending generally to the dates at which buds were killed in February when such killing occurred. Maximum and minimum tem- perature curves for Geneva, N. Y., covering a similar period from January, 1908, to February, 1910, are also given. Multiplicity of crops as a means of increasing the future food supply, U. P. Hedrick (Science, n. set., 40 (1914), No. 1035, pp. 611-620).— A presi- dential address delivered before the Society for Horticultural Science at Washington, D. C, in 1913. The author calls attention to the possibility of domesticating and improving through hybridization many native fruit and other plants not now cultivated, but which might be made important contributions to the future food supply. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], C. C. Georgeson et al. (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 7-9, 11-13, 33-35, 46-48, pis. .2).— The horticultural work at the Sitka Station and at the branch stations was continued along the lines previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 742). At the Sitka Station the best of the hybrid strawberry seedlings are being tested further and a few of the varieties are soon to be propagated for distri- bution. Several hundred new seedlings were raised during the year and it is planned to continue the hybridization work. The hill system of culture has proved to be superior to the matted row system in the moist climate at Sitka. An abundance of fruit was set in the test fruit orchard, but owing to some undetermined cause the fruit all dropped off in late summer. Apples and sour cherries were both subject to this trouble. The work with apples thus far indicates the superiority of dwarf trees over standards, and the native crab apple (Pyrus rivularis) is being tested as a stock for dwarfing cultivated va- rieties. Some crosses have been made between cultivated varieties and the native crab. The usual variety tests with vegetables were continued. Operating costs of a well-established New York apple orchard, G. H. Miller (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 130 (1914), PP- 16, figs. 3).— In this bulletin the author presents a plan of cost accounting for orchard operations which is based upon cost data secured on a mature orchard operated in connection with a general farm in western New York and presented in detail. Plum and piame culture, W. J. Allen (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 86 (1914), PP- 31, figs. ^i). — ^A popular treatise on the culture of plums and prunes. Prune culture, F. Peneveyre (Le Prunier. Paris and Villefranche {1914^, pp. 57, figs. 27). — A brief practical treatise on the culture and preparation of prunes. A handbook of tropical gardening and planting, with special reference to Ceylon, H. F. Macmillan (Colombo, Ceylon, 1914, 2. ed., pp. X-\-662+XXXV, pi. 1, figs. 258).— The present edition of this handbook (E. S. R., 24, p. 642) has been fully revised and enlarged to include a number of additional subjects. New method of growing bananas, M. S. Bertoni (Bol. Min. Fomento [Vene- zuela], 9 (1914), -Vo. 9, pp. 660-677).— The principal feature of the method here described consists in allowing all prunings and mowings, with the exception of certain harmful weeds and grasses, to rot on the ground, thus forming a mulch and adding to the organic material in the soil. By adopting this form of mulching the author claims that the life of a banana plantation may be extended for several years. [Cacao manurial plats in Dominica] (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt. Agr. Dept. Dominica, 1913-14, pp. 40-47). — A progress report on the manurial experiments with cacao. The results secured are similar to those previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 741). 46 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Indian cashew nut industry, H. D. Bakee {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts:. [U. S.], 17 (1914), No. 258, pp. 566, 557).— Notes are given on the culture, pro- duction, uses, and commerce of cashew nuts, with special reference to ludia. The coconut and its products, with special reference to Ceylon, D. S. Pkatt {Philippine Jour, 8cL, Sect. A, 9 {191Jt), No. 2, pp. 117-199, pis. 5).— A general and statistical account of the cultivation of coconuts and the preparation of various commercial coconut products in Ceylon. Manurial experiments in connection with lime cultivation {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Ri>t. Agr. Dept. Dominica, 1913-14, pp. 29, 30). — A brief prog- ress report on fertilizer experiments with lime trees that were started at the Dominican Station in 1913. The sugar palm, O. W. Baeeett {PMlipphie Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 7 {1914), No. 5, pp. 216-221, pi. 1). — ^A discussion of the sugar palm {Arenga saccharifera) of the Philippine Islands with reference to its characteristics and utilization. The author is of the opinion that under improved methods of cul- ture the kaong should prove of considerable importance to the Philippine planter as a source of fiber, starch, and sugar. Tea manuring experiments, II, C. Beenaed and J. J. B. Deuss {Dept. Landh., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies'], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 30 (1914)- PP- 1-29). — ^Additional data are given on fertilizer investigations with tea conducted in different gardens in Java (E. S. R., 30, p. 43). Tea manuring experiments at Malabar, K. A. R. Bosscha {Dept. Landh., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 30 {1914), pp. 30-38). — Some fertilizer tests conducted in a tea garden at Malabar are reported. Studies in Juglans. — II, Further observations on a new variety of Jug- lans californica Watson and on certain supposed walnut-oak hybrids, E. B. Babcock {XJniv. Cal. Pubs. Agr. Sci., 2 {1914), A^o- 2, pp. 47-70, pis. 7).— In a previous study (E. S. R., 30, p. 644) relative to the origin of this new form of walnut the author advanced as working hypotheses those of hybridization, teratology, and mutation. As the result of the study reported in the present paper it is concluded that there is no evidence to show that J. californica quercina originated through hybridization with other walnuts or with oaks. Also, the new variety does not appear to have been caused by teratology. The evidence, as a whole, indicates that the Quercina walnut is a mutation similar in nature to certain mutations in the tomato, cotton, tobacco, and evening primrose, which have been designated as aggregate unitation. A bibliography of cited literature is given. Rhamnus purshiana, its history, growth, methods of collaction, and bibliography, C. W. Johnson and Edith Hindman {Amer. Jour. Pharm., 86 {1914), No. 9, pp. 387-413, figs. 8). — ^A descriptive account of the cascara sagrada industry in the Pacific Northwest. The cultivation and collection of medicinal plants in England, W. A. Whatmough {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1914), No. 6, pp. 492-510, pis. 8). — This comprises notes on the cultural requirements of the more important British drug plants. Plant diseases and pests regulations {Dept. Agr. Mauritius, Oen. Ser., Bui. 2 {1914) [English Ed.], pp. 10). — This comprises a summary of the port of entry and internal regulations in force in Mauritius in respect to plant dis- eases and pests. FORESTRY. Michigan manual of forestry. — I, Forest regulation or the preparation and development of forest working plans, F. Roth {Ann Arbor, Mich., 1914, FORESTRY. 47 vol. 1, pp. IX+21S, figs. 9). — A treatise ou the preparation aud development of forest worliing plans with reference to their application in forestry in the United States. A bibliography of literature on forest regulation is included, and a brief review of the treatment of forest regulation by some of the leading German authorities is appended. Acts of assembly relating to forests and forestry, edited by J. Kalbfus (In Digest of the Game, Fish, and Forestry Laws, 1913. Harrishurg, Penn.: State, 1913, pp. 237-300). — The text is here given of all the acts passed by the Pennsylvania Assembly through the year 1913 relating to forests aud forestry. Torest administration, in the colonies (Bibliothdque Colon. Internal., Inst. Colon. Internat., Bruxelles, 11. ser., 1914, 'vols. 1, pp. 551; 2, pp. 516; 8, pp. 505). — This comprises a symposium dealing with the forest laws and forest administration in the colonies of Great Britain, Holland, Germany, Italy, and France, the Philippines, Hawaii, Porto Rico, etc. The subject matter was prepared by various authorities. A review of the net revenues from the Saxony state forests for the year 1912, VOGEL (Tharand. Forstl. Jahrh., 65 (1914), No. 3, pp. 196-210).— This is the usual statistical review for the year 1912 relative to the yield in lumber and minor forest products, receipts, expenditures, and net returns from the state forests in the various districts of Saxony. The influence of soil strata in drifting sand in the vicinity of Darmstadt upon the growth of forest trees, W. Schottler {Notizbl. Vcr. Erdk. Darm- stadt, If. ser.. No. 34 {1913), pp. 51-11). — An analytical study of several types of soil in the drifting sand region about Darmstadt, with special reference to the occurrence and growth of various kinds of trees. A fertilizer experiment in forest nurseries, P. von Ru§nov {Mitt. Forstl. Versuchsic. Osterr., N.o. 38 {1914), pp. 56-64). — The results are given of a coop- erative fertilizer test conducted in a number of forest nurseries in Austria. The work as a whole indicates that phosphatic fertilizers have had practically no influence on the growth of spruce and pine seedlings. A thinning experiment with Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), A. KuBELKA {Mitt. Forstl. Versuchsw. Osterr., No. 38 {1914), PP- 9-34, figs. 8). — Growth data are given for a Douglas fir stand which was thinned in 1905, when 18 years old, and again in 1910. Timbers from various countries {Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington], 12 {1914), No. 3, pp. 360-370, fig. 1). — Data are given on the working qualities and mechanical tests of several timber species from parts of Africa and from British Guiana. Density of wood substance and porosity of wood, F. Dunlap {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 6, pp. 423-428). — The investigation, the results of which are here presented in tabular form, was made to determine the density of the lignocellulose which makes up the walls of the cells of which wood is composed as a basis for calculating the porosity of wood. The woods tested included longleaf pine, Douglas fir. Pacific yew, mockernut, beech, red oak, and sugar maple. The experimental methods are described. Although the range in density of wood substance for the seven species tested was nearly 4i per cent, it is concluded that for practical purposes this density may be considered uniform, with a value of 1.54. Since most commercial woods have a density between 0.3 and 0.6 it appears that the unoccupied space in a block of wood may be from four-fifths to two-fifths of its volume. The application of these results to the calculation of porosity of crossties is illustrated with data previously secured in the preservative treatment of red oak ties (E. S. R., 20, p. 344). 48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Note on the absorption of water by certain timbers, R. S. Peakson (Indian Forester, 40 (WUf), No. 10, pp. 513-515, pi. 1). — Data are given on the behavior of a number of Indian species of timber, with special reference to the absorp- tion of moisture when completely immersed in water and the evaporation of moisture from the timber after removal from the water. The lumber industry. — II-III, IV {JJ. S. Dept. Com., Rpt. Comr. Corpora- tions on Lumher Indies., pts. 2-3 {lOUf), pp. XX+264, pis. 13; 4 {1914), pp. XXI +933, pis. 3^).— Part II of the statistical survey of the lumber industiy of the United States continues the subject of standing timber discussed in part I (E. S. R., 30, p. 844). The Concentration of Timber Ownership in Im- portant Selected Regions of the timber area is discussed in detail and illus- trated by ownership maps of large regions in "Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, and Louisiana. Part III deals with Land Holdings of Large Timber Owners, showing a cor- responding concentration of land ownership which was observed in connection with the study of timber. The main fact brought out is that 1,694 timber owners hold in fee 105,600,000 acres, or over one-twentieth of the land area of the United States. Part IV deals with Conditions in Production and Wholesale Distribution, including Wholesale Prices, also including combinations among manufacturers and wholesalers to fix prices. The method and purpose of securing velocity measurements in the man- agement of log slides, J. Glatz {Mitt. Forstl. Versuchsw. Osterr., No. 38 {1914), pp. 1-8, pi. 1, figs. 2). — The author here describes a method of equipping experimental log slides with electrical apparatus for making velocity determina- tions of various kinds and classes of logs, the object of such measurements being to secure fundamental data for the proper construction of slides. Yields from the destructive distillation of certain hardwoods, L. F. Hawley and R. C. Palmer {U. S. Dept. Ag)\ Bui. 129 {1914), pp. 16, figs. 3). — The investigation here described was undertaken in order to furnish informa- tion relative to the distillation value of certain hardwoods not usually used for distillation, such as the oaks, red gum, tupelo, and hickory. Comparative data on species commonly used for distillation, such as beech, birch, and maple, were also secured. The results are considered to be of especial interest to manufacturers of by-products. Resin tapping in Austria, A. Kubelka {Mitt. Forstl. Versuchsiv. Osterr^ No. 38 {1914), pp. 35-55, figs. 2). — ^A descriptive account of the resin and tur- pentine industry in Austria, including information relative to resin yielding trees, methods of tapping, silvicultural management of black pine stands, and distillation processes. Tables and instructions for use with latex hydrometer, B. J. Eaton {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 2 {1914), No. 12, pp. 314-322).— The tables and instruc- tions here given are intended for use with the hydrometer, previously described by the author (E. S. R., 31, p. 444). DISEASES OF PLANTS. [Plant diseases in Ontario], J. E. Howitt {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and. Expt. Farm, 39 {1913), pp. 35-38, 45-49, figs. 3).— The author states that during the past season the plant diseases which received the most attention at the Ontario Agricultural College were potato scab, black knot, orange rust of blackberries, hollyhock rust, loose smut of oats, dry rot of potatoes, club root of turnips and cabbage, Fusarium blight of asters, plum pockets, leaf spot or DISEASES OF PLANTS. 49 shot liole disease of plums and cherries, fruit rot of tomatoes, and blossom end rot of toioatoes. Plant diseases noted as comparatively new in Ontario are club root of cru- ciferous plants, powdery or corky scab of potatoes, and yellows and cane blight of raspberries. Protective measures are suggested. Experiments with late blight of celery are said to indicate that loss from this cause can be prevented by spraying with Bordeaux mixture every two weeks beginning with the plants in the seed bed. Lime sulphur did not prove to be so effective. Rose leaf blotch was somewhat lessened by use of Bordeaux mixture, and was controlled by use of lime sulphur repeated every 10 days from May 2 to June 12 and then from August 4 to September 15. An observation of the apothecial stage of Sclerotmia cinerea was reported as supposedly the first instance of such observation in Ontario. Plowing under mummied fruit would appear to be ineffective as prevention, If, as seems prob- able, apothecia are produced from old fruits which have been buried a year or more in the soil and then brought to the surface by fresh plowing. These observations are to be continued. The Uredinales, A. Trottee (Flora Ital. Crypt., 1 (1914), No. 12, pp. S31~519, figs. 33). — This is the concluding number of this study, the first two having been noted previously (E. S. R., 26, p. 213). It gives In addition to genera and species previously listed a number of others known in Italy, also lists of imper- fect Uredinales, a general supplement to the work, and an alphabetical index of the fungi along with one of host plants. Preliminary notes on the cultivation of the plant parasitic nematode, Heterodera radicicola, L. P. Byars {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 823- 326, pi. 1). — The author describes a method which has been successfully em- ployed in cultivating nematodes for inoculation studies and other investigations. In connection with this investigation a method of growing host plants under sterile conditions was elaborated, and a brief description of the method is given. [Grain smuts], C. A. Zavitz (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Ayr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 39 {1913), pp. 132-135). — Reporting on experiments carried out for five years in testing out practically some of the most highly recommended treatments for loose smut of oats and stinking smut of wheat, the author states that the greatest yields per acre of both winter wheat and oats were produced fi'om grain which had been immersed for 20 minutes in a solution of i pint of for- malin to 21 gal. of water, this treatment effectually killing the smut. A 12-year series of smut immunity tests on oats appeared to show that great differences in susceptibility exist. The Early Ripe variety is almost immune to smut, while Black Tartarian is extremely susceptible to its attacks. The treatment of seed wheat, H. Ross {Agr. Qaz. N. 8. Wales, 25 {1914), No. 3, pp. 237, 238) . — The author describes a method of treating seed wheat to prevent stinking smut. The wheat in bags is thoroughly shaken for three minutes in 5 per cent copper sulphate solution (any unbroken bunt balls being skimmed off as they appear), then drained for 10 or 15 minutes, avoiding con- tact with any iron or tin surface. If the seed is to be dried before planting, it is necessai-y and in any case advisable that a 0.5 per cent solution of freshly burnt lime be allowed to settle, the clear lime water drained off and the seed immersed into this for two or three minutes. The lime water should be fre- quently made afresh as used to prevent its becoming acid. A disease involving the dropping of cotton bolls, J. L. Hewitt (Phytopa- thology, 4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 327-332, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The author reports the dropping of partially grown cotton bolls in fields in many parts of Arkansas 50 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. during the summer of 3913. The injury was widely spread, being most jaarked in the bottom-land districts, wh6re in some cases more than one-haif of the bolls had fallen by the last of August. It is stated that not suflBcient work has been done to deterrulne the cause of the injurs^ although from the general appearance it is thought to be due to some organism, probably a fungus. The Mycogone disease of mushrooms and its control, F. J. Yeih meter iU. 8. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 121 (1914), pp. 2Jf, pis. 3, figs. 5).— A description is given of a disease of cultivated mushrooms, which is thought to be probably due to M. perrticiosa. The removal of the diseased mushrooms as soon as they appear and the fumigation of the house with formaldehyde gas are recommended as methods of control. A bibliography is appended. Notes on. potato diseases from the Northwest, F. D. Bailey ( Phytopa- thology, 4 (1914), No. Jf, pp. 32U 322, pi. 1). — Bi-ief descriptions are given of silver scurf due to Spondyloclaili urn atrovirens, which is said to have been reported in Oregon and western Washington, a disease caused by Stysanus stemonitis, and a root rot of potatoes due to the attacks of Armillaria mellea. The southern bacterial wilt in New Jersey, M. T. Cook {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 277, 278, fig. 1). — The author reports the occurrence in epidemic form of the potato wilt due to Bacillus solanacearum, and reports some correspondence indicating that the tomato was also attacked, but not so severely as the potato plant. The severity of the disease on the potato was thought to be probably due to a very mild winter followed by an exceptionally diy growing season for the early potato crop. Some diseases of the potato. — I, Bacterial wilt or vrot-pootje, Ethel M. DoiDGE {Agr. Jour. Union So. AfricO', 7 {1914), No. 5, pp. 698-703, figs. 8).— This is a brief description of the methods and results of infection of the potato by Bacillus solanacearum, which is known to harbor also in several other related plants named as of common occurrence. No cure is offered, but preventive measures include removal and destruction at once of all wilted plants, care to prevent wounding in transplanting in case of tomatoes, etc., and keeping down solanaceous plants in infected soil. Leaf- eating insects are also to be exterminated. Leaf spot, a disease of the sugar beet, C. O. Townsend {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 618 {1914), PP- 18, figs. 10). — A popular description is given of the leaf spot of sugar beets due to Cercospora heticola, which the author says may be controlled on a commercial scale by thorough rotation of crops and deep fall plowing. A proper and uniform supply of soil moisture, spraying. and the proper disposition of beet tops and stable manure are also important aids. The disease is said to be distributed by wind, water, insects, and man and other animals; and it reduces the tonnage and sugar content of the beet, as well as seriously injures the feeding value of the beet tops. The stem rot of the sweet potato, L. L. Harteb and Ethel C. Field {Phyto- pathology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 279-303, pis. 3, figs. 2).— According to the authors the stem rot of sweet potatoes may be caused by either Fusarium Mtatatis or F. hyperoxysporum. These organisms are vascular parasites, invading the bundles of all parts of the plant and producing a brown discoloration. Heavy losses are reported through stem rot in some localities, notably in New Jersey and Delaware. Stem rot results in a loss of stand and decrease in yield. The majority of infections take place in the field, although it is said the organism may grow from diseased potatoes into the slips produced therefrom. Careful selection of seed and careful sterilization of seed beds should be adopted. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 51 Both species of Fusarium have been successfully inoculated into the wild ivy-leaved morning glory, but they have proved not parasitic to eggplants, tomatoes, peppers, clover, Irish potatoes, or several species of Ipomoea. All attempts to produce the stem rot of sweet potato with Nectria ipomcew, which may be commonly found on rotting sweet potatoes in storage, have been unsuc- cessful. Recent studies of some new or little known diseases of the sweet potato, J. J. Taubenhaus (I'hijtopatliology, // (,19U), No. 4, pp. 305-320, pis. 3).— This is a detailed account of a paper presented before the American Phytopatho- logical Society (E. S. R., 31, p. 447), in which charcoal rot {Sclerotiiim hatati- cola), a soft rot and ring rot (RMzopus nigricans), vine wilt or yellows. (Fusarium iatatatis), and a new leaf spot (Septoria Mtaticola n. sp.). ai*e de- scribed. Wintering of timothy rust in Wisconsin, C. W. Hungerford {Phytopathologi/, If {19U), No. If, pp. 337, 338). — In a brief note the author states that uredo- spores of timothy rust can live over winter and infect the new gi'owth in the spring, and it is probable that the mycelium lives over winter as far north as Madison, Wis. The teleutospores of the timothy rust are said to be not plenti- ful and are found only in shady places, along fences or edges of woods. rOrchard diseases and treatments], L. Caesar (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Eivpt. Farm, 39 (1913), pp. 28-31). — Part of this report deals with work done in combating fire or twig blight of pears, which was controlled though in an advanced stage; little peach and yellows, which are being rapidly brought under control by carefully inspecting, marking, and destroying diseased trees; apple scab, which was readily controlled by spraying in some parts of Ontario, but scarcely at all in numerous others; and winter injury, which was studied, but will require observation extending through some years. A new pomaceous rust of economic importance, Gynmosporangium blas- daleanum, H. S. Jackson (Phytopathology, If (1914), No. 4, pp. 261-270, pis. 2, pg. 1). — This is a detailed account of an investigation previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 345). A, fruit spot of the Wealthy apple, E. C. Stakman and R. C. Rose (Phyto- pathology, 4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 333-336, pi. 1).—A spot of Wealthy apples is said to have been very prevalent in Minnesota in 1911. It was less widely spread in 1912, but in 1913 assumed considerable importance. Only ripe apples seemed to be affected in the field, especially those which have been left too long and were slightly overripe. In cellars spots were found to occur within a short time after storage, in some cases as many as 60 per cent of the fruits being badly affected. While most prevalent on the variety Wealthy, it was found to attack a number of other varieties. Careful microscopic examinations made of the spots showed the presence of mycelium which proved to be the mycelium of an Alternaria, Inoculation experiments failed except where the apples had been injured. Even under the most favorable conditions the fungus did not seem to be able to penetrate the unbroken skin. The primary cause of the disease is said to be still a matter of doubt, although the Alternaria occurred in such a large percentage of spots as to indicate that possibly it was associated with the disease, but further study will be necessary before definite conclusions regarding it can be reached. An unusual host of Femes fomentarius, J. R. Weir (Phytopathology, 4 (1914). No. 4, p. 339). — The author reports the occurrence of this fungus on varieus varieties of apple trees in an abandoned orchard near INIissoula, Mont. F. applanatus or F. leucophwus, as the American form is commonly designated, is said to be more common in the West on cultivated fruit trees. 62 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, The cankers of Plowrightia morbosa in their relation to other fungi, J. R. Weib {Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 339, 340).— The author states that throughout Montana the cankers formed by this parasite on Prunus and Ame- lanchier are frequently infected by Fames igmarius. Not infrequently the same knots are infected by Nectfia cinnaharina, and in one instance Stereum hirsutum and Polystictiis hirsuttis had become established in the plum knots. The fungus, which is well known on cultivated species of Prunus, is reported occurring on four species of Prunus in the northwestern part of this country. Some notes on the black knot of plums and cherries, J. A. McClintock {Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 15 {1913), pp. 142-144)- — Giving an account of studies with Plowrightia morhosa on plum and cherry trees during 1911-1913, the author states that some asci were found able to shoot their spores to a distance of more than 1 cm. upward, and that these spores germinated within 48 hours, but only from the larger of the two cells. Mycelium developing from portions of diseased branches and pycnospores developing therefrom did not produce in plum or cherry trees tested the characteristic symptoms of black knot. Mycelium of P. morbosa could not be induced to pass from diseased grafts to sound wood, but knots did develop on neighboring bi'anches, and as it was too early for conidia to be present, it is concluded that these infections resulted from asco- spores shot out from knots on the diseased graftwood. No results were obtained from attempts to inoculate with conidia or to germinate conidia in drop cultures. Diseased twigs cut at random from plum trees November 3, 1912, showed no asci or spores at that time, but these twigs left on the ground as if dropped in pruning showed some perithecia with ascospores on most specimens December 25. Twigs left on the ground until March 12, 1913, developed perithecia which proved able to shoot their spores, this fact showing such twigs to be a possible source of infection after lying on the ground all winter and suggesting their immediate destruction when cut from the trees in autumn. Dead-arm disease of grapes, D. Reddick {New York State Sta. Bui. 389 {1914), pp. 463-490, pis. 6, figs. 3). — In continuation of a previous publication (E. S. R., 21, p. 148), the author describes a disease of grapes which is said to occur on practically evei-y variety of grape grown commercially within the State, and it is known to be present in practically every grape-growing section. The most striking symptoms of the disease are the presence of bare arms in the spring and the occurrence of dwarfed, crinkled, yellowish-colored leaves during the early part of the growing season. The cause of the disease is said to be Cryptosporella viticola. The fungus has been studied and its pathogenicity established by numerous inoculation experiments. The method of control described includes the marking and removing of all vines showing symptoms of the disease. Suckers originating from beneath the surface of the gi'ound are said to develop strong and vigorous Aines almost in- variably unless infected by spores during the first few weeks of their develop- ment. "Dead arm" of grapevines, F. H. Hall {New York State Sta. Bui. 389, popular ed. {1914), pp. 4y />'«• ^)- — -^ popular edition of the above. Fungus diseases [of cranberries], H. J. Feanklin {Ann. Rpt. Cape Cod Cra/nherry Growers' Assoc, 26 {1913), pp. 24-29). — In the course of a more general report, the author details experiments looking to the control of blos- som end rot of cranberries. It is believed that fertilizers will give their best results in forcing fruit pro- duction only when the vines are comparatively free from fungus disease. It is thought that injury of some sort could in some instances be traced to spraying while in bloom with lime sulphur, with Bordeaux mixture, and with nitrate of DISEASES OF PLANTS. 53 soda. Copper sulphate was used in the flowage on the floodmg sections at the state bog on June 3 and 16 from 11 to 23 hours, but the effects on the crop as to quantity and keeping quality can not yet be announced. Resanding seems to favor the development of fungus disease. Cranberry spraying' experim^ents in Massachusetts in 1912, C. L. Sheae (Ann. Rpt. Cape Cod Cranherry Growers' Assoc, 26 {1913), pp. 9-14). — The author reports that Box'deaux mixture materially lessens cranberry diseases, greatly reducing not only the rot or softening of berries which develops before picking but also much of that which ordinarily develops in storage and trans- portation, in addition to its stimulating influence on the vital activites of the growing plant. It is claimed that four thorough sprayings should prove satis- factory and profitable, the cost of application varying according to the condition of the vines at the time. Citrus canker, F. A. Wolf and A. B. Massey {Alabama Col. 8ta. Circ. 27 {1914), PP- 97-102, figs. 6). — According to the authors, their attention was called early in 1914 to a citrus disease in the vicinity of Mobile, Ala., to which the popular name citrus canker was given. A study has shown that the disease is widely distributed throughout southern Alabama and it is believed that it exists in other Gulf States. Grapefruit seems to be more subject to the canker than any other citrus fruit, the leaves, young twigs, older branches, and fruit all being subject to attack. On Citrus trifoUata the disease is thus far known to attack only the twigs and branches. The Satsuma orange seems to be slightly subject to the attack, a .^spotting of the leaves being the only evidence so far observed. The sweet orange is said to be more resistant than the Satsuma, and the kumquat is not subject to attack. Several fungi have been found associated with the spots and cankers, but the authors consider it caused by a species of Phoma. Inoculation experiments made from pure cultures taken from grapefruit twigs developed the character- istic symptoms of the disease in about three weeks. Experiments are being conducted for the control of the disease, and the pre- liminary results indicate the effectiveness of spraying with Bordeaux mixture, ammouiacal copper carbonate, or soluble sulphur. As a precaution the authors recommend the removal and burning of all diseased parts and spraying the trees thus pruned at intervals of several weeks. A gumming disease affecting lemon fruits, E. Jaevis {Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 1 {1914), No. 5, pp. 345-348, fig. 1). — ^A report with discussion is given of a diseased condition appearing annually in late summer and autumn on several varieties of lemons growing on different classes of soil and on trees from grafts on different stocks. The disease is provisionally regarded as bacterial, other factors probably being involved. Unsuitability of climate may be primarily responsible and .suspicion as regards the carrying of infection attaches also to a bug {Biporiilus biMx), which is vers^ active during the hot months when the disease becomes most noticeable. A bacterial disease of Erodium and Pelargonium, I. M. Lewis {Phytopa- thology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 221-232, pi. 1). — This disease is said to have been first desci'ibed by Heald and Wolf from the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas (E. S. R., 2G, p. 645), and subsequent studies confirmed the statement that the spot is caused by bacteria. The author's attention has been called to it not only on Pelargonium, but also as producing a spot on the leaves of E. texanum. The spots are first reddish-brown in color, but soon change to black, and ulti- mately the affected tissue becomes dry and the leaf withers and falls away. The organism, to which the name Bacterium {Pseudomonas) erodli n. sp. has 54 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. been given, has been isolated and its cultural characteristics determined. The disease seems to be most prevalent in crowded beds, where plants remain moist and light is not dense. So far as iiis investigations have gone, no insect injury- is apparently necessary for Infection. Pink disease, F. T. Brooks (Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 2 {19U), No. 10, pp. 238-2^2). — The author states that there has been a considerable develop- ment of pink disease due to Cortickmi salmontcolor or C. javanicum on Malayan rubber estates during the last 18 months. It is said to have been recorded also on Para rubber in Java. Borneo, Sumatra, Ceylon, Burma, and Southern India, and to attack a gi'eat variety of other hosts, among which are coffee, tea, and cinchona, as well as native plants, from which the fungus is thought to have passed to introduced species of cultivated plants. The disease develops most rapidly during periods of heavy rainfall. Its prog- ress under different conditions and its forms are described. Spraying is difficult and largely ineffective with the larger trees. Cutting out affected parts is recommended, with their destruction by fire or drenching with copper sulphate. Peronospora parasitica on Arabis laevigata, H. W. Anderson {Phytopa- thology, 4 {191/}), No. Jf, p. 338). — The author reports the occurrence of P. parasitica on A. Uevigata, a host hitherto unreported for this species. Studies on biology of mallow rust, L. Hecke {Mitt. Land/ic. Lehrkanz. K. K. Hochsch. Bodenkul. Wien, 2 {1914), No. 3, pp. 455-466). — This is mainly a brief discussion of recent researches by several authors upon Puccinia malvacearum as the cause of mallow rust. Black canker of chestnut and means for its control, E. G. Lissone {Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 56 {1913), pp. 181-204, figs. 6; abs. in Riv. Patoh Teg., 6 {1913), No. 9, p. 276). — Discussing the appearance and spread in Italy of black canker on chestnut, the author states that a measure of resistance is offered thereto by the Japanese chestnut, but further study is required to give depend- able results. Field studies on the Endothia canker of chestnut in New York State, W. H. Rankin {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 233-260, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The investigations here reported relate largely to the pathogenicity and life history of the fungus, and are given in considerable detail, the main results having been previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 751). Notes on wood destroying fungi which grow on both coniferous and deciduous trees, I, J. R. Weir {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 4, pp. 271-276).— The author reports many new and unusual hosts for certain basidiomycetous fungi hitherto supposed to be strictly confinect to coniferous or deciduous trees. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The rabbit pest, C. C. Georgeson {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 15, 16). — Rabbits have increased so rapidly in the interior of Alaska that they have become a serious pest, whole fields of grain being eaten off as close as if cut with a mower. Rabbit-proof fences about the fields appear to be the only remedy and these are out of the question on account of the expense. A con- tagious disease is said to have killed off a large number during 1913. Some observations on the, food habits of the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), H. L. Babcock {Science, ii. ser.. 40 {1914). No. 1032, pp. 526-530).— The author reviews the literature relating to the food habits of the short-tailed shrews of the genus Blarina and reports observations made of B. 'brevicauda in Massachusetts. This species inhabits deciduous woodlands and fields where it makes shallow tunnels that are often marked on the surface with little ridges. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 55 The observations indicate tliat it does not feed on vegetable matter, although rolled oats seems to be an exception. Freshly killed mice seem to be the fa- vorite diet of the animals under observation. Distribution and migration of North American rails and their allies, W. W. Cooke (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 128 (WIJ,), pp. 50, figs. i9).— This bulletin gives definite information as to the ranges of the several species of North American rails and their allies, the cranes, gallinules, coots, and others, espe- cially in regard to breeding ranges and migrations, and furnishes data to serve as a basis for protective legislation for the species by the States in which they are found. Maps illustrating the distribution and migration supplement the account. Birds as carriers of the chestnut blight fungus, F. D. Heald and R. A. Studhalteb {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 (1914), No. 6, pp. 405- 422, pis. 2, figs. 2). — This is a detailed report of investigations conducted by this Department in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, in which 36 birds belonging to 9 different species were tested. Thirty-two of these were birds which are in the habit of climbing over the trunk and larger branches of trees. Most of the birds were shot from blighted chestnut trees; some directly from blight cankers. The bill, head, feet, tail, and wings of each bird were scrubbed with a brush and poured plates were made from the wash water, which was retained and centrifuged for its sediment. The studies have led the authors to draw the following conclusions: " Of the 36 birds tested, 19 were found to be carrying spores of the chestnut blight fungus, Endothia parasitica. The viable spores of the chestnut blight fungus carried by two downy woodpeckers numbered 757,074 and 624,341, re- spectively, while a brown creeper carried 254,019. " The cultures from some of the birds showed from 2 to 14 times as many viable spores of the chestnut blight fungus as of all other fungi combined. The highest positive results were invariably obtained from birds shot from two to four days after a period of considerable rainfall. The rate of development in cultures always indicated that the colonies of the chestnut blight fungus origi- nated from pycnospores; pycnospores were generally found in the centrifuged sediments, while ascospores were never detected. The birds were therefore carrying pycnospores only. The pycnospores carried were probably brushed off from either normal or diseased bark, or from both, in the movements of the birds over these surfaces. Both the cultures and an examination of the cen- trifuged sediments showed that the birds were carrying a large number of spores of many species of fungi other than E. parasitica. " From the above facts the writers are led to the conclusion that birds in general are important carriers of fungus spores, some of which may belong to parasitic species. Furthermore, many birds which climb or creep over the bark of chestnut trees are important agents in carrying viable pycnospores of the chestnut blight fungus, especially after a period of considerable rainfall. Birds are probably not very important agents in spreading the chestnut blight locally, on account of the predominance of other and more important factors of dissemination, as, for example, the wind. The writers believe, however, that many of the so-called 'spot infections' (local centers of infection isolated from the area of general infection) have had their origin from pycnospores carried by migratory birds. Some of the birds tested were not permanent resi- dents of eastern Pennsylvania, but were shot during their migration north- ward. These, no doubt, carry spores great distances. Each time the bird climbs or creeps over the trunk or limbs of a tree some of the spores may be brushed off and may lodge in crevices or on the rough bark. From this position 56 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. they may be washed down into wounds by the rain and may thus cause infections." A list of the literature cited is appended. A synopsis of economic entomology, W. Lociihead (Macdonald College, Canada [191Jf], pp. 113). — This is a work prepared and printed by the author for use in his classes at Macdonald College, and is divided into four parts. Part 1 (pp. 3-15) deals with the structure, development, etc.. of insects in the wide sense; part 2 (pp. 16-32) consists of a field key for the identification of the common insect pests; part 3 (pp. 33-103) gives a concise description of the insects mentioned in part 2, arranged according to their orders; and part 4 (pp. 104-113) deals with the control of insects. A bibliography of the writings of Professor Mark Vernon Slingerland, M. D. Leonard {^^ew York Cornell Sta. Bui. 3^8 (1914), pp. 6.2.3-6.51. pi. l).—ln an introduction to this bulletin J. H. Comstock briefly describes the entomologi- cal work of the late Prof. Slingerland, wliich conmieuced in 1890. Attention is called to his monographic work on a few important insects and the excellence of the illustrations used as a result of his skill in photographing entomological subjects. It is stated tliat he was the first to make use of the spray calendar. Popular and technical articles to the number of 755 are listed chronologically beginning with the year 1890. [Report of studies on entomological problems in South. Africa], D. d'Emmerez de Charmoy (Reduit, Mauritius: Govt. Ent., 1914, pp. 12). — This is a report of studies made during a visit to South Africa, covering a period of 3J months following November 2, 1913. Sugar cane pests in the Leeward Islands, H. A. Ballou (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies Pamphlet 15 {1914), PP- 8+45, pi. 1, figs. 20; abs. in Agr. News [Barbados^, 13 {1914), No. 821, pp. 266, 267).— This paper deals briefly with the important insect enemies of sugar cane. Citrus fruit insects in Mediterranean countries, H. J. Quayx,e {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 134 (1914), pp. 35, pis. 10, figs. 2).— This is a report of observations made during the summer of 1913 while engaged in a survey of citrus and other fruit insects in Mediterranean cotmtries. Because of the important bearing on the possibility of the entrance of the fruit fly with ^Mediterranean fruit, the paper includes a report on harvesting and marketing conditions of citrus fruit, more particularly as to methods of picking, sorting, curing, and shipping. The observations indicate that there is little danger of fruit fly introduction from the lemon, which is the main citrus importation from Mediterranean countries, but that there is some danger from oranges and certain other fruits at particu- larly favorable seasons of the year. The species discussed are the Mediterranean fruit fly {Ceratitis capltata), black scale, Chrysonvphalus dictyospermi, purple scale, the long scale, Parlatoria zisyphiis, the oleander scale {Aspidiotus liedera;), cottony cushion scale, citrus mealy bug. Prays citri, red spiders, thrips, and the olive fly {Dacus olece). Combating insects injurious to orchards and vineyards by means of sea- weed mucilage, Jssleib {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 24 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 78, 79). — The author believes the employment of seaweed mucilage, prepared by boiling 4 lbs. of Irish moss or Iceland moss in 20 gal. of water for one hour, to be a new and promising method for controlling many fruit pests. The insecticidal value of fluid extract of larkspur seed, J. B. Williams (Amer. Jour. Pharm., 86 {1914), No. 9, pp. 4i4-4i6). — ^A number of fluid ex- tracts were prepared, using various menstrua, with a view to determining the constituent of larkspur seed {Delphinium ajacis) to which it owes its insecti- cidal properties, and the best means of extracting the same. The resulting fluid ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 57 extracts were assayed for alkaloidal content and also for fixed oil, and their insect icidal value detei'niined by tests on Cimex lecttilariiis. The results indicate "tliat it is tbe oil and not the alkaloid to which larkspur seed owes its insecticidal properties, and, since the fluid is seldom used inter- nally but almost exclusively as an insecticide, it would seem that the menstruum that will extract the largest amount of oil is the proper one to use. It should bo noted, however, that the alkaloid has a slight insecticidal value, as the sample containing 1 per cent of alkaloid and no oil was one-tenth as active as the samples coiitahiiiig a high conlent of oil." The eggs and nymphal stages of the dusky leaf bug Calocoris rapidus, R. L. Webster and D. Stoner (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 22 {1914), No. 3, pp. 229- 234, fig. 1). — During the course of studies of the insect enemies of the potato, at the Iowa Experiment Station in 1913, the author found C. rapidus to occur rather abundantly on potato plants. Further investigations led to the discovery that both the nymphs and adults caused the growing tips to wilt as a result of their attack. Adults confined in insectary cages readily deposited eggs in potato stalks, usually placing them in the tissue at the junction of the smaller stems with the main stalk and in the axils of the leaves. Insectary records show that from 11 to 13 days were required during the latter half of July and the first half of August for the eggs to hatch. Five nymphal stages are de- scribed. There appear to be two generations in the latitude of Ames, the second maturing during September. The winter is passed In the adult stage. A new insect pest of stored potatoes, H. L. Dutt (Agr. Jour. Bihar and Orissa [India], 1 {1913), No. 2, pp. 139-1^1, pi. 1). — A hemipteran of the family Tingidje is said to be a source of injury in two villages through puncturing and sucking the sap of i)otatoes in warehouses. Notes on the green spruce aphis (Aphis abietina), F. V. Theobald ' (Ahji. Appl. Biol., 1 {1914), No. 1, pp. 22-36, figs. 10). — Spruce trees of various kinds were very severely attacked during 1913 by this aphidid, previous to which year the author had not known it to do serious injury. Systematic, biologic, and eco- nomic notes are here presented. It is stfited that winter treatment with strong paraflin jelly gave excellent results and probably will prove to be the best method of treatment. Contribution to the knowledge of the oak phylloxera, M. Hollrung {Eiihn Arch., 5 {1914), pp. 347-382, figs. 5). — This paper deals with the life history and habits of PhyUoxcra quercus with references to the literature on the subject. On the preparation of Coccidae for microscopical study, E. E. Green {Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 {1914), No. 1, pp. 98-106). — The author describes the technique necessary in the study of scale insects. A new Lachnodius in Madagascar, P. Vayssiere {Bui. Soc. Ent. France, No. 5 {1914), pp. 156, 157; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 7, p. 968). — The coccid Lachnodius greeni n. sp. occurs in clusters on the roots and stems of coffee, covered over by cells of earth and bark made by ants, and is a serious coffee pest. A new coccid infesting citrus trees in California, R. E. Campbell {Ent. News, 25 {1914), A"o. 5, pp. 222-224)- — A new soft scale discovered on citrus trees near Claremont, which appears to be closely related to Coccus hesperidum, is described as C. citricola n. sp. The species is said to have increased in abundance since first discovered aild to have been found in a number of other localities. The alfalfa caterpillar, V. L. Wildermuth {V. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 124 {1914), pp. 40, pis. 2, figs. 20). — This is a report of studies of Eurymus curytheme car- ried on since 1910 in the Southwest, where the caterpillars of this butterfly 73227°— No. 1—15 5 58 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. damage irrigated alfalfa nearly every j^eai". A i)reliiiiiiiary report based upon studies made in 1910 has been previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 53). The species occurs throughout the United States west of the AUeghenies, and in a few cases to the east and ranges northward as far as Hudson Bay. Tech- nical descriptions are given of its several stages and an account of its life history and habits. The egg stage has been found to vary under ordinary temperatures from 2 to 15 days, the normal period being about 6 days. The larva often completes its growth within 12 days, after molting four times and increasing from less than one-tenth to nearly IJ in. in length. The average length of the pupal period for ordinary field temperatures is from 7 to 10 days. At Tempe, Ariz., never more than 200 eggs were recorded from one female, whereas specimens sent to New IIanii)shire deposited as many as 500 eggs dur- ing a laying period of 11 days, thus illustrating the influence of temperature on egg production. The com])lete life cycle for this insect averages about 38 days for all generations, the minimum length being about 2G days for the third brood, and the maximum 64 days for the first brood. In the colder sections of the country there are two generations, and in the extreme warmer sections at least six and possibly more generations each year. The natural enemies of the pest include Trichogramma minutum, which para- sitizes the egg; four hymenopterans, namely, Limneriiim n. sp., Apantcles (Protopanteles) flavicomhe, Chalcis ovata, and Ptcromalus eurymi and the dipterans Phorocera claripennis and AphiochcEta pcrdita, which parasitize the larva and pupa ; and several predators, including the bollworm, which is preda- ceous on the larva and pupa and prefers such food to alfalfa, the malachiid beetle Gallops vittaius, the adult of which feeds on the caterpillars and pupjie, the asilids Proctacanthus mdlbertii and Stenopogon picticoi-nis, and several species of ants. A disease caused by an undescribed Fusarium and a bacterial disease are said to cause a high mortality among the larvae and pupse, the lat- ter being one of the most important factors looking toward its conti'ol. Birds and domestic fowls, including turkeys, are also mentioned as important enemies. Studies of control measures have led to the following general directions: Keep the ranch in the best possible cultural condition ; irrigate often and thoroughly and as soon after cutting as the crop of hay can be removetl from the ground ; renovate the field eveiy winter and during the month of August, or even oftener if possible, either by disking or by the use of an alfalfa reno- vator, and cut the alfalfa close to the ground and clean, especially along the ditch banks, borders, etc. " Cut the alfalfa earlier than is the general rule. The proper time is when it is just coming in bloom or is one-tenth in bloom. Watch for caterpillars in the early spring crop, and if many are observed about grown, cut the hay a few days before it is in bloom, and thus save the next and future crops. A minimum amount of damage occurs in fields that are systematically pastured all or a part of the time. "A field should never be abandoned because the caterpillars threaten the destruction of a crop of alfalfa before the hay can possibly mature. Mow it at once, cutting it low and clean, thus saving part of the present crop, and in so doing starve, and allow the heat of the sun to kill, a great many of this genera- tion of worms. Follow this by disking and then by either rolling or brush drag- ging, and a great majority of any remaining larvre will be killed. The ground should then be thoroughly irrigated, and by these efforts the coming crop will be assured. Turkeys and chickens when allowed the run of a field will keep the numbers of the caterpillars at a minimum." Surface caterpillar on Mokameh. Tal, E. J. Woodhotjse and H. L. Dutt . {Agr, Jow: Bihar an4 Orissa [Indial, 1 {1913), No. 2, pp. 18-lOlf, pis. 4),— This ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 59 article describes the results obtained from band picking and trapping Agrotis in 1912, which resulted in a reduction of the damage to crops. The Andres Maire trap imported from Egypt was found to catch large numbers of the moths. See also a previous note (E. S. R, 2S, p. 455). The biology of Feltia (Agrotis) exclaniationis and of Eiixoa (Agrotis) segetuni according to observations in the Governments of Tula and Tver in 1909-10, N. Sacharov (Ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), 8er. A, No. J,, pp. 211, 212). — A detailed report of observations. On the parasites of the eggs of Cydia pomonella and the investigation of them by A. Radetzky, T. Stcherbakov {Reprint from Zap. Simferopol. Otd. Imp. Ross. Obshch. Sadov., A'o. lJ/0 {191.)), pp. 12; ais. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 4, p. 263). — A polemic article relative to the codling moth. See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 31, p. G2). Repellents for protecting animals from the attacks of flies, H. W. Gratbill (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 131 {1914), pp. 26).— Following a review of the literature the author reports the results of experimental tests of various substances or mixtures for repelling flies. The results obtained have been summarized as follows : "A 10 per cent mixture of crude carbolic acid (21.8 per cent phenols) in cotton-seed oil has a very strong rejiellent action on flies, but this lasts less than a day, in consequence of which it is necessary to apply the mixture every day. The mixture should be applied lightly with a brush, since a heavy application with a spray pump is likely to cause phenol poisoning. "Mixtures consisting of 10. 20, and 50 per cent of pine tar in cotton-seed oil have marked repellent qualities. They should be applied lightly, and it is necessary to apply them every day. A liberal application of a 10 per cent mixture is deleterious to animals. This is also the case with a half-and-half mixture of pine tar and Beaumont oil when applied lightly with a bru.sh. "A mixture of oil of tar (14 i)er cent phenols, volatile with steam) in cotton- seed oil and in Beaumont oil has a very marked repellent action. A 10 per cent mixture of oil of tar in cotton-seed oil is safe. A half-and-half mixture of oil of tar and cottton-seed oil when applied liberally with a spray pump and 50 per cent oil of tar in Beaumont oil applied with, a brush are not safe. Ten per cent oil of tar in Beaumont oil is safe. When applied lightly it is necessary to apply 10 per cent oil of tar in cotton-seed oil or 10 per cent oil of tar in Beau- mont oil every day. Mixtures of 10 per cent of oil of citronella, oil of sassa- fras, or oil of camphor in cotton-seed oil are powerful repellents, but they are active for less than a day. "A. heavy application of fish oil oauses the hair to become sticky and fall out. A light application did not produce these results. Pyrethrum powder is an effective repellent, but its action lasts only for about a day." A list of 22 titles of the literature referred to is appended. On the biology of Trichomyia urbica, a psychodid, the larva of vsrhich is xylophagous, D. Keilin {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris'], 76 {1914), No. 10, pp. 434-437, figs. 2). — The larva of this dipteran. unlike all other known species of the family, is said to be xylophagous. It is found in galleries of old felled trees eating the wood. The Phlebotomus papatasii, the transmitter of the " three days fever," R. Morales {Escuela 2Ied. [Guatemala], 1914, Feb.; abs. in Amer. Jour.- Trop. Diseases and Prev. Med., 1 {1914), ^^0. 12, pp. 815-818).— It is stated that in Guatemala P. papatasii is the transmitting fjgent of the filterable virus that produces the " three days fever." A flagellate infection of sand flies, F. P. Mackie (Indian Jour. Med. Re- search, 2 (1914), No. 1, pp. 377-879, pi. i).— "Ten per cent of female sand flies 60 EXPEKIMEKT STATION RECORD. (Phlehotonms minutus) were found to be infected with a flagellate of the genus Ilei'petomonas. It is probably a natural parasite of the fly and is not likely to have any relation to the occasional habit of Phlebotomus as a human bloodsucker. The natural host of P. minutus, as Ilowlett has shown, is prob- ably the common wall lizard. As I can not find that the flagellate has been previously described. I suggest for it the name Hcrpctomonas i)JilcbotO)ni n. sp." New investigations of the life history of the two warble fl.ies of cattle, H. Glaskb {Mitt. Aussch liases Belcampf. Dasselplage, No. 5 (1913), pp. 5-38; ahs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {IDlJf), No. 3, pp. 376, 377). — The author here reports upon further investi- gations (E. S. R., 29, p. 761) of the life history of Hypoderma hovis and E. lineata. In experiments conducted in order to determine if the larvae of the two warble flies are able to penetrate the skin of man and of animals, negative results were obtained with cattle but in man in one case a larva penetrated the skin of the thigh. The typhoid fly and its associates, T, J. Headlee {New Jersey Stas. Circ. 37 {1914), PP- 3-S). — A popular account, including observations as to the seasonable appearance of flies in dairy and horse barns and pig and poultry plants. A new sarcophagid parasite of grasshoppers, E. O. G. Kelly {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 6, pp. 435-446, pi. 1). — This paper reviews the literature relating to the parasitic species of the dipterous family Sarcophagidfe and reports investigations carried on by the Bureau of Ento- mology of this Department, particularly in Kansas. The studies have shown that sarcophagid larvse are placed on the underside of the unfolded posterior wings of the flying grasshopper, the striking of the wing by the fly probably causing the sudden dropping of the victim that has been observed. After having been deposited on the unfolded wings of the grasshoppers the maggots crawl toward the base of the wing, using the sides of the fold for a trough in which to travel. In this way they reach the base of the wing and the metathorax, where the body is quite soft and moist, and enter the body to feed upon the internal vital organs. Some of the maggots are deposited on segments of the abdomen and these enter through the seg- mental divisions. They develop rapidly, maturing in from 10 to 30 days. After becoming full grown the larvse crawl from the body of the grasshopper and enter the soil to a depth of from 2 to 6 in., where they pupate. It is stated that nearly 1,200 sarcophagids of several siiecies issued from the bodies of some 800 dead grasshoppers collected during the fall of 1912. Adults began to issue about the middle of February and continued to do so until early May. There appear to be five or six generations each year. Sarcophaga kcllyi n. sp., a description of which by J. M. Aldrich is appended, was the species upon which the observations were largely made. Several other less abundant species were observed in the act of larvipositing on grasshop- pers and were subsequently reared from them during these investigations, notably, 8. cimhicis, 8. sarracenia; and S. hunteri, and in addition to these S. helicis was reared from the dead grasshoppers. Several parasites of the sar- cophagid puparia were reared, including Pcrilampus hj/alinus, ChaJcis coloraden- sis, Apha^reta sp., and Eupteromalis sp. Papaya fruit fly, F. Knab and W. W. Yothers {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 (1914), No. 6, pp. 447-454, pis. 2). — Toxotrypana cut^'icauda was first brought to the attention of this Department as occurring in Florida in December, 1905, when infested fruit was received from ^liami. It was again reported during the summer of 1912 from the same locality. The in- creasing commercial importance of the papaya led to an investigation during ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 61 the fall of 1912 of its distribution, life history, and habits. In that year it was found to infest both wild and cultivated papayas as far north as Miami from which it has since spread northward to Palm Beach, where in 1914 it was reported as having boon very destructive. It was also found to infest the papaya on the island of New Providence which lies some 200 miles east of Miami. Earlier records show it to occur in Yucatan, Costa Rica, Panama, Porto liico, island of St. Jean, and several South American countries. Techni- cal descriptions are given of its several stages. " To determine the amount of infestation in the wild fruits of different sizes or ages, an examination was made of small fruits about 0.75 in. in diameter, medium-sized fruits, and large ripe fruits. Out of 208 small fruits, 41 showed infestation, and 167, or SO per cent, were sound. Out of 52 medium-sized fruits 26, or 50 per cent, were free from infestation. Examination of 25 nearly ripe fruits showed that none were sound. Again, in a miscellaneous lot of 63 fruits, 32 or over 50 per cent, were infested. In general, small or young fruit is much less infested than the older fruit, the flies evidently selecting the larger and more mature fruits for ovipositiOn." The occurrence of dead full-grown larvae in fruits externally sound le/i to the discovery that contact with the juice of the imripe fruit is quickly fatal to the larvse. Observations of the pupal period made in the cool season of the year show a variation of from 30 to 42 days. The means of control that now seem valuable are the production of varieties of papaya that have thick meat and that ripen slowly, and the destruction of adventitious or wild papaya plants and of all infested fruits. An account of studies of this pest in Porto Rico has been previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 652). Mosquitoes and malaria, C. W. Stiles {Puh. Health Rpts. [U. S.] 29 (1914), No. SO, pp. 2301-2311). — The results of an inspection of both rural and municipal communities in eastern North Carolina emphasize the necessity of removing or destroying mosquito-breeding places such as tin cans, boxes, buckets, and other receptacles capable of holding water. The behavior of the parasite of Indian kala-azar in tlie dog flea, Cteno- cephalus felis, with some remarks on canine kala-azar and its relation to the human disease, W. S. Patton (Indian Jour. Med. Research, 2 (1914), No. 1, pp. 399-403). — "The parasite of Indian kala-azar does not develop in the dog flea, C. fcIis, but degenerates and disappears in eight hours. This together with the fact that the dog has not been found infected with kala-azar, or perhaps to be exact herpetomoniasis, in India, strongly supports the view that human kala-azar is not of canine origin. The human flea, Piilex irritans, has not been found in ^Madras." A bacterial disease of the larvae of the June beetle, Lachnosterna spp., Zae Northrup (Michigan 8ta. Tech. Bui. 18 (1914), pp. 5-87, figs. 23).— This bulletin deals with a disease of white grubs, particularly prevalent during the season of 1912, which is caused by a new species of Micrococcus found micro- scopically in smears and in sections from diseased tissue, and in almost pure culture on agar plates made from diseased portions of the living grub. This micrococcus, which seems to enter the class with Micrococcus hwmorrhagicus and has been named M. nigrofaciens, is frequently accompanied by a gas-produc- ing bacillus from which it is separated with difficulty. " The micrococcus exists in soil and is present in many soils in Michigan, Illinois, Maryland, North Carolina, and most probably in other States and coun- tries. This micro-organism grows well on ordinary media, but much better on 62 EXPEEIMEXT STATION RECORD. larva media (gelatin, agar, broth, and larva itself). It stains well with ordi- nary aqueous-alcoholic stains, showing clearly the dividing cells; is not acid- fast but is Gram positive. The disease was succesfully reproduced in a healthy larva of the same species by placing the larva in artificially infected soil, mak- ing an incision in the integument. Parasitic insects or fungi, or the larvae themselves may add materially to the chance of infection by producing a pre- disposition to the disease through mere mechanical injury. The characteristic lesions were also produced in several healthy specimens of Allorhina nitida by merely placing them ih water-soaked, sterilized soil to which a broth suspen- sion of the micrococcus had been added. Individual larvse of one genus seem to vary greatly in their power of resistance to the micrococcus, the younger seem- ing to be the more susceptible. Larvte of the genus Lachnosterna seem to be less resistant than those of the genus Allorhina. Stained sections made from the diseased portions of larvte demonstrate the micrococci, unstained but dark brown in color, imbedded in the lamiuse (also unstained and brownish in color) of the integument. Large light brown pigmented cells also are found within the body cavity. This brownish-black color is due to a pigment presumably melanotic in character, most probably directly or indirectly produced by the activity of the bacterial cells within the larval tissue. This micrococcus was found to be pathogenic to the cockroach Periplaneta americana also, the disease pursuing its course in much the same fashion as in the white grub, the infec- tion, however, apparently limiting itself to the legs. It can not be definitely stated whether the micrococcus is pathogenic to angleworms. Several unsuc- cessful attempts were made in isolating the micrococcus from naturally infected soil. Excessively wet soil favors the progress of the disease. In fact this factor may be considered as probably the most important one concerned in the fatality of the infection. "Other organisms existent m the soil may cause an infection of the larvae. A gas-producing bacillus {Bacillus septicus insectoriiml) found on the plate cul- tures seems to add materially to the fatality of the disease under certain con- ditions. This bacillus may be the primary invading organism." A bibliography of 29 titles is appended. A bacterial disease of the larvae of the June beetle, Lachnosterna spp., Zae Northeup {CentM. BaM. [etc.], 2. Aht., 41 (1914), No. 11-17, pp. 321-339, pis. 4, figs. 5). — The data here presented are substantially noted above. Boll weevil effect upon cotton production, W. E. Hinds (Alabama Col. Sta. Bui. 178 {1914), pp. 87-99, fig. 1). — The author here discusses a number of fac- tors in the natural control of the weevil, among them climatic conditions, in- cluding temperature and humidity and cotton worm efi'ects. It is pointed out that no section of Alabama can hope to escai)e weevil infestation, and that while greater profits may be expected in the zone with from 12 to 14 in. of rainfall per annum than farther south, even here diversification should be encouraged. A map illustrating the spread of the weevil and rainfall zones is included. On Stylops and stylopisation, G. Smith and A. H. Hamm (Quart. Jour. Micros. 8ci. [Lojidon], n. ser., 60 (19U), No. 239, pp. 435-461, i)ls. 4). — " From a study of the anatomy and life history of Stylops it appears that despite the existence of active winged males, fertilization can not occur and development is always parthenogenetic. . . . The effect of the parasite on the internal genital organs is slight as compared with the effect of Sacculina on Inachus, and leads to a i-eduction in the size of the ovaries to about quarter the normal size, while the testes are usually unaffected. The ovaries of stylopised bees never produce ripe ova, but the testes generally produce normal ripe sper- FOODS HUMAN NUTBITIOISr. 63 matozoa. . . . Tlie scopa of the parasitized female is generally reduced in size, and she never or very rarely collects any pollen." The geographical distribution of our common red spider, Tetranychus telarius, H. E. Ewing {Jour. Ent. and Zool., 6 (191Jf), No. 3, pp. 121-132, fig. 1). — ^A detailed report on the distribution of this pest, including a map which shows its known distribution in the United States. The author coni,'ludes that Europe is probably the native home of this mite. The muscardines; genus Beauveria, J. Beauvebie (Rev. G6n. Bot., 26 (1914), Nos. 303, pp. 81-105; 30.'i, pp. 151-113, figs. 19).— A general discussion of the muscardines, the practical utilization of the entomophytic fungi, and the botani- cal characters of the silkworm muscardine {Beauveria [BotryUs] bassiana) and of several other species. A bibliography of 47 titles is a])pende. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 280 {1914), pp. 21). — Data are given regarding the inspection and analysis of 150 samples, collected in the various districts of Canada. [Water for drinking and cooking purposes supplied to ships] (Pud. Health Rpts. [U. 8.], 29 {1914), No. 24, p. 1485).— An amendment to the quarantine regulations forbids the furnishing of ships with polluted water for cooking or drinking purposes. Water for cooking and preserving purposes, J. C. Smith {Pure Products, 10 {1914), No. 7, pp. 351-354)- — In this article the author presents data showing the condition of a number of samples of water used in canning factories, and emphasizes the necessity for the purity of such supplies, both from the stand- point of freedom from spore-forming bacteria and of chemical Impurities such as traces of iron, manganese, ammonia, or hydrogen sulphid. Report of the committee on sanitation {Nat. Canncrs Assoc. Ann. Conv., 7 {I914), pp. 7). — Among the subjects considered are the sanitation of the build- ing site and grounds, buildings, water supply, and similar topics, as well as personal hygiene of the employees. Sanitation of canning factories (In A Complete Course in Canning. Balti- more, Aid., 1914, 3, cd., pp. 23-26; Pure Products, 10 {1914), ^'O. 6, pp. 274- 277).— See above. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION". 65 [Food inspection work], W. B. Barney (Iowa Dairy and Food Com. Bui. 9 (1914), pp. 47). — Tliis report contains general data regarding a number of pure food topics. Information is also given regarding the inspection of a number of food establishments and the examination of several samples of food products. Dunn's pure food and drug' legal manual, etlited by C. W. Dunn (Ncio York, 1912, pp. XXTI^2341). — A compilation of the federal and state laws relating to food and drug control. The fruit and veg'etable canning industry of New Jersey — season of 1912 {Ann. Rpt. Bur. Statis. Labor and Indus. N. J., 36 (1913), pp. ie5-i74).— Statis- tical data are reported and discussed. The farm kitchen as a workshop, Anna Babeows ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 607 (1914), pp. 20, figs. 6). — Such subjects are discussed in a general way as the relation of the kitchen to other parts of the house; the size of the kitchen ; the finishing of floors, walls, and ceiling; lighting, ventilating, and heat- ing ; porches and screening ; permanent equipment of the kitchen ; and the kitchen as a laundry. Particular attention is given to the arrangement of the kitchen stove, cooking table, and other kitchen equipment, so that the journeys more frequently made in doing the kitchen work are short. The importance of adequate equipment is pointed out and suggestions made for labor-saving equip- ment and expedients. Electric cooking and heating, V. Nightingall (Atist. Min. Standard, 4S (1912), Nos. 1245, p. 280; 1246, p. 305; 1247, p. 328; 1248, p. 350, fig. i).— This paper deals somewhat at length with the factors upon which economical electric cooking depends, and especially with the development of the hot plate and the electric oven. Nlchrome is recommended as the most satisfactory material for the wires and green Australian mica as the best material for the insulator and support in the manufacture of the heating units. The author emphasizes the necessity for securing simplicity in operation of electric cooking devices and the need of providing some device for protecting them against burnouts. For the latter purpose he recommends a bulb lamp of clear glass, placed in parallel with the circuit at the wall plug. Slag wool and flaked mica are recommended as the best thermal insulators for oven construction, the greatest thermal efficiency being obtained when the sides and bottom of the oven were provided with 3J in., the top with 4i- in., and the door with 4* in. of lagging. All thick iron parts in the interior of the oven should be replaced by sheet-iron frames. It is recommended that the oven be equipped with a thermostat. A descrip- tion is given of a mercury thermostat which gave great satisfaction. If electric hot plates are heated too rapidly, stews, etc., burn. Therefore, the use of specially designed quick-heating kettles for boiling water is recommended. The suggestion is advanced that water could be heated during the night when the current consumption is low, and stored in insulated tanks for use during the daytime. The American waiter, J. B. Gk)iNS (Chicagoi, 1908, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. 152, figs. 44)- — While this book is intended primarily for the instruction of waiters in hotels and restaurants, it contains a great deal of information con- cerning the arrangement of the table, care of equipment, preparation of food for the table, and service, which would prove valuable to the housewife. Experimental domestic science, R. H. Jones (PhiladclpJiia, pp. IX-{-235, figs. 75). — This book deals with physics and chemistry as applied in the house- hold. It has been the author's purpose either to illustrate scientific principles by numerous simple experiments which may be easily performed and in most cases require the use only of kitchen utensils and commodities or to draw illus- 66 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. trations from everyday experiences. Among the subjects treated somewhat at length are the chemistry and physics of coolving, bread maliiug, and cleaning. In one chapter a number of popular domestic misnomers and fallacies are ex- plained or disproved. The history of dietetics, J. B. Nichols {Pop. Sci. Mo., 83 {1913), No. 5, pp. Jf 17-427). — Interesting historical data are summarized. Concerning modern food reforms, M. IIubnee ( Uber modeme Emdhrungsre- formen. Munich and Berlin, IDUi. pp. 83; ahs. in ZentM. Physiol., 28 {191^), No. 6, pp. 350, 351). — The author examines critically some of the modern theories of diet reform particularly a protein diet. He holds that the older dietary standards with larger amounts of protein are more desirable. Protein metabolism after hunger and the absorption of greater quantities of protein similar to and different from body protein, C. G. L. Wolf {Biochem. Ztschr,, 63 {1914), ^o. 1, pp. 58-73). — Experiments are reported in which a laboratory animal (a dog), which had previously been fasting, was maintained for eight days upon a diet of beef heart. After another fasting period of eight days, the dog was then fed for a period of eight days upon dog flesh. The results indicate a greater absorption of food material from the diet of dog flesh than from that of beef heart, and in the opinion of the author support the contention that the individual proteins of the body are better utilized than foreign proteins. The protein requirement and the price of meat. Decker {Munchen. Med. Wchnschr., 61 {1914), No. 16, pp. 870-872).— The work of the principal advocates of a low protein diet is here summarized from the standpoint of health and economy. The author concludes that the minimum daily protein requirement for a man not engaged in hard manual labor should be 60 gm., one-third of which should consist of vegetable protein. Family budgets of Danish, workingmen's families. — I, Workers in cities; II, Workers in rural districts; III, Farmers {Danmarks Statis. Meddel., 4- ser., 40 {1912), pt. 1, pp. 113; 40 {1913). pt. 2, pp. 77; 40 {1914). pt. 3, pp. 178). — ^A large amount of data are given regarding the income and. expenses of a number of families in each group. The care and feeding of children, Mary E. Frayser {Winthrop Norm, and Indus. Col. S. C. Bui., 7 {1914), No. 3, pp. 36, figs. 9).— Clothing, care, and feeding of infants and similar topics are discussed. Eecipes are included as well as directions for modifying milk. How to keep your baby well {Washington, D. C: Health Dept., 1914, PP- 7). — ^Advice is given regarding the feeding and clothing of infants and similar topics. Some principles of infant feeding, H. L. K. Shaw {Mo. Bui. N. Y. State Dept. Health, 30 {1914), No. 5, pp. 154-156, fig. 1).—A brief digest of data. Adaptation of the gastric juice to the coagulation and digestion of milk in the case of nurslings, L. Gaucher {Compt. Raid. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 {1914), No. 9, pp. 389, 390). — Experiments are reported in which some of the children were breast-fed, others fed upon cows' milk, while still another portion received a mixed diet. From the results of his experiments, the author concludes that the gastric juice is capable of adapting itself to the method of feeding to which it is sub- jected. In the case of artiflcial feeding, the quantity of gastric juice secreted was greater than in the case of breast feeding. Practical study of goat's milk in infant feeding as compared to cow's milk, D. H. Sherman and H. R. Lohnes {Jour. Anier. Med. Assoc., 62 {1914), No. 23, pp. 1806, 1807). — Experimental data and clinical observations are reported, but no definite conclusions are drawn. Examination of the stomach contents after test meals showed, in general, a slower digestion of the cow's milk with the FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 67 formation of smaller and more flocculent curds than in the case of the goat's milk. In the ease of 16 clinical observations, 12 cases gained more rapidly upon modified cow's milk while 4 gained more rapidly upon modified goat's milk. Is polished rice plus vitamin a complete food? C. Funk {Jour. Physiol., ^8 (1914), X^o. 2-3, pp. 228-2,32). — Feeding experiments with birds are reported in which was studied tlie effect of adding the vitamin fraction from yeast to a diet of polished rice. The author draws the following conclusions : " The experiments show conclusively that polished rice and vitamin con- stitute a complete food. " There is no justification at the present moment to accept the necessity of two different vitamins, one for curing the nervous sj^mptoms and one for mainte- nance of body weight. " The vitamin fraction used in the above experiments being entirely free from phosphorus we are justified in saying that the physiological importance ascribed in late years to lipoids and substances soluble in lipoid solvents as regards their bearing on deficiency diseases must not be attributed to lipoids, but to vitamins which are accidentally extracted in the same process." The vitamins, P. G. Stiles (-S'ci, Amer. Sup., 77 (WU), No. 2008, p. ^20).— A. digest of data. Nerve degeneration in fowls fed on unhusked rice (Palay), R. B. Gibson and ISABELO Concepcion {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. B, 9 {191Jf), No. 1, pp. 119-123, pis. 1). — The results obtained by the authors seem to indicate that " the substitution of rough rice for the polished article can not be completely protective against beri-beri in all individuals. We do not mean to say that this substitution has not practically eliminated beri-beri where it has been under- taken or that the use of I'ice polishings is not without great therapeutic value. But in view of the accumulated evidence, we can say that the addition of other foodstuffs to a diet of unpolished rice is essential to meet the normal nutritive requirements of the body." The etiology of pellagra, J. Goldbeeger {PuJ). Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29 {1914), No. 26, pp. 1683-1686). — The epidemiological observation that nurses and attendants in institutions where there are numerous cases of this disease are themselves exempt from it may be explained, in the opinion of the author, by the difference in diet. It is pointed out that pellagra is distinctly rural and generally associated with poverty. It has previously been shown by studies of institutional dietaries and dietaries of rural regions that cereals make up a much greater portion of the dietaries of the poorer classes than of the more well-to-do, and while the author does not believe that the consumption of corn or corn products is necessary for the development of pellagra, he believes that the presence of cereals and vegetables in too great a proportion in the diet is objectionable. In conclusion, he urges, on account of the uncertainty as to the true cause of the disease, a " reduction in cereals, vegetables, and canned foods that enter to so large an extent into the dietary of many of the people in the South and an increase in the fresh animal food comi>onent, such as fresh meats, eggs, and milk." The degree of metabolism in various kinds of work, G. Becker {Natur- wissenschaften, 2 {1914), No. 23, pp. 558-562). — Experimental data are reported, most of which have been noted from another source (E. S. R.. 31, p. 561). A micro-respiration apparatus and some of the studies made with it of the temperature-metabolism curve of insect pupae, A. Krogh {Biochem. Ztschr., 62 {1914), No. 3-4, pp. 266-219, figs. 5).— In this article is described a micro-respiration apparatus which consists essentially of a modified apparatus for differential blood gas analysis of the Barcroft type. 68 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Stock feeding, W. H. Dalrymple (Louisiana Stas. Bill. lJf8 (1914), PP- 3- 56). — ^This bulletin gives general instructions on the balancing of rations, feed- ing standards, computing of rations, and systems of feeding, and includes tables giving the composition and digestibility of the principal feeding stuffs, sample rations, etc. Paille finne grass, S. M. Tracy {Louisiana Stas. Bui. l/f7 (191If), pp. 3-1). — A preliminary reconuoissance survey in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department and the Louisiana Conservation Commission indi- cated an acreage in the State of nearly 2,000,000 acres of paille finne grass {Panicuin hcmitomum). Analyses given show a protein content which varies from 5.94 per cent to 9.87, carbohydrates from 41.21 to 45.58, fat from 1.49 to 2.22, fiber from 31.39 to 39.55, and ash from 4.46 to 6.26. The high protein content makes it especially adaptable to stock feeding, and it is used widely by the planters and stock growers in southern Louisiana, who have found that steers may be fattened in six months without having i-eceived any grain feed, the pasture alone being sufiicient to put the animals in good marketable condi- tion. As a liay it is preferred to timothy and is deemed nearly equal to alfalfa hay in nutritive value. Coconut meal, J. B. Lindsey {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 155 {1914), PP- 182- 190). — The composition of coconut meal used in these experiments was as follows : Water 9, protein 19.35, fat 9.12, extract matter 48, fiber 8.64, and ash 5.89 per cent. In digestion experiments with two sheep the following coeffi- cients of digestibility were obtained : Protein 90, fat 100+, extract matter 87, fiber 23, and ash 64 per cent. Gluten feed contains about 100 lbs. more digesti- ble nutrients per ton than the coconut meal. The coconut meal contains 88.4 therms of net available energy and the gluten feed 82.7 therms, the difference being due to the higher percentage of fat in the former. In feeding experiments with 10 dairy cows, in which hay and wheat bran constituted the basal ration and gluten feed and coconut meal the supplement- ary feeds, substantially the same results in milk yield and slightly more butter fat were obtained from the coconut meal than with the gluten feed ration. In amounts of from 3 to 4 lbs. daily per head, coconut meal is considered to be a desirable dairy feed. Kafir for feeding, G. K. Helder {Kansas Sta. Bui. 198 {19U), pp. 627-632).-— In experiments conducted at the Fort Hays substation, four lots of beef cows wintered during a 100-day period were fed a daUy ration as follows: Lot 1, Kafir corn fodder 27.2 lbs., wheat straw 10.28, and cotton-seed cake 1 ; lot 2, Kafir corn silage 35.63, wheat straw 14.2, cotton-seed cake 1 ; lot 3, Kafir corn stover 25.6, wheat straw 10.79, cotton-seed cake 1; and lot 4, Kafir com silage 20.05, wheat straw 17.18, cotton-seed cake 1, costing $9.91, $6.30, $5.61. and $4.44, respectively, per cow. Average daily gains were made of 0.5. 1.34, 0.35, and 0 56 lbs. per cow. The estimated value of Kafir corn silage was $2.66, Kafir corn fodder $5.00, and Kafir corn stover $3.00 per ton. The yields of the feeds were Kafir corn silage 8.5 tons per acre, Kafir corn fodder 3 tons, and Kafir corn stover 2 tons. Five lots of 10 beef steers each, wintered at Manhattan during a 100-day period, were fed as follows : Lot 1, corn silage and cotton-seed meal ; lot 2, Kafir corn silage and cotton-seed meal ; lot 3, sweet sorghum silage and cotton- seed meal ; lot 4, corn silage and alfalfa hay ; and lot 5. corn stover, shelled corn, and alfalfa hay. Average daily gains were made per head of 1.5, 1.62, 1.58. 1.5. and 1.62 lbs., resi->ectively, and costing $5.50, $5.50, $5.49, $5.75, and $5.96, respectively, per head. ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 69 From extensive hog-feeding tests nt Fort Hays it was concluded that "it is more profitable to full-feed hogs of medium age and weight (125 lbs.) for a short period (75 days) than to fuU-feetl old or very young hogs for a long period. Hogs following cattle require less grain than when fed in separate pens, even though the cattle are fed ground grain. The addition of a few sugar beets to a Kafir corn ration is advisable. It reduces the amount of grain and the cost per pound of gain while it increases the average daily gain of the hogs. Kafir corn and milo maize when fed with the proper concentrates are satisfac- tory feeds for fattening liogs." A brief review of other tests (E. S. 11.. 30, p. 5G9) is also given. Raising and fattening beef calves in Alabama, D. T. Gray and W. F. Ward {Alabama Col. Sta. Bui. 177 {19U), pp. 71-83, figs. 2).— The experiments here reported were made in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department, and are in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 25, p. 72). From a herd of 80 grade Aberdeen Angus cows 64 spring calves were raised, which ran with their mothers until late fall when they were weaned and pre- pared for the fattening period. When the calves were 9* months old they had attained an average weight of 4G0 lbs. and cost $14.36 each. This cost includes the cost of feed, for both cows and calves, interest on money investetl, rent on pasture, taxes, deiireciation on value of herd, etc. Forty-nine of these calves averaging 456 lbs. each were placed in the feed lot in January and fed for 73 days, receiving daily 4.4 lbs. cotton-seed meal, 23.9 lbs. corn silage, and 2.76 lbs. broom-sedge hay per head. They made an average daily gain of 1.37 lbs. per head, requiring 3.23 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, 17.41 lbs. corn silage, and 2.01 lbs. of hay, and costing 7.31 cts. per pound of gain. It is estimated that it cost 3.61 cts. per pound to raise and fatten the calves. An average profit per head of $6.81 was realized. A study of the digestibility of rations for steers with special reference to the influence of the character and the amount of feed consumed, H. W. MuMFORD, H. S. Grindlet, L. D. Hall, A. D. Emmett, W. E. Joseph, and H. O. Allison {lUinois Sta. Bui. 172 {19U), pp. 235-285, figs. 7; aU., pp. S).— Four lots of two 2-year-old choice feeder steers each were fed for periods of three, four, four, and four weeks each with transitional periods of two and three weeks between each period, as follows : Lot 1 maintenance ration, lot 2 main- tenance and one-third feed, lot 3 maintenance and two-thirds feed, lot 4 full feed ; the steers receiving during the first period clover hay, ground corn, and oil meal 1:1:0, second period 1:3:0, third period 1:5:0, and fourth period 1:4:1. Digestion and metabolism stalls were provided and the feed intake and outgo weighed and analyzed. The average coefficients of digestibility are shown in the following table : Coefficients of diqcstihility of protein, fat, and carbohydrates of mixed rations. Protein. Fat. Carboliydrates. Kind of ration. First test. Sec- ond test. Third test. Fourth test. First test. Sec- ond test. Third test. Fourth test. First test. Sec- ond test. Third test. Fourth test. Maintenance ration. . . Maintenance ration pms one-third feed. Maintenance ration pms two-thirds feed Maintenance ratiun plus full feed Average of all t«sts. . . P.ct 45.5 4-1.5 42.5 40.5 43.3 P.ct. 49.4 53.4 50.0 44.7 49.4 P.ct. 52.7 54.6 5Lf 51.1 52.4 P.ct. 70.3 67.7 OG. 7 68.2 68.2 P.ct. 73.6 74.2 72.2 68.9 72.2 P.ct. 79.0 80.3 80.0 65.9 76.3 P.ct. 86.2 84.7 83.7 63.4 79.5 P.ct. 84.4 82.9 83.3 80.6 82.8 P.ct. 74.9 71.7 70.2 67.5 71.1 P.ct. 81.9 75.6 72.4 68.7 74.6 P.ct. 82.6 79.4 77.3 74.1 78.3 P.ct. 83.0 80.4 77.8 79.1 80.1 70 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, As regards the influence of the character of feed consumed, it was found that the digestibility of the dry substance, protein, fat, and carbohydrates, of a ration consisting of clover hay and ground corn may be increased for steers by decreasing the proiK^rtion of clover hay. The same constituents of a ration consisting of clover, ground corn, and linseed-oil meal 1:4:1 are more digestible for steers than those of rations consisting, respectively, of clover hay and ground corn 1:1, 1:3, or 1 : 5. As regards the influence of the amount of feed consumed, it was found that the dry substance and carbohydrates of a ration consisting of clover hay and ground corn 1 : 1 were most digestible for steers when the ration was given in amounts just sufficient for maintenance, and gradually became less digestible as the size of the ration was increased above the maintenance requirements. The dry matter and carbohydrates of the remaining rations were also most digestible for steers when the rations were given in amounts just suSicient for maintenance, but in these cases there was practically no difference between the coefficients for the heavier rations. In none of these four rations did the amount of feed consumed significantly influence the digestibility of the protein and fat. Coefficients of digestibility of some common rations for swine, W. Dietrich and H. S. Grindley {Illinois Sta. Bui. 110 {1914), pp. 165-201, fig. 1; abs. pp. Jf). — In two sets of digestion trials, a pair of year-old barrows, a Berkshire and a Yorkshire in the first experiment and two Berkshires in the second, were fed during 6- to 8-day periods on various combinations of feeds and amounts of feeds. The coefficients of digestibility as determined directly by these experi- ments are shown in the following table : Average coefficients of digcstibiUti/ nf nitious hji smne. Weight of ration per dav per 100 poimds, live weight. Percentage digested. Kind of ration. Dry sub- stance. Protein (N. by 6.25).- Fat. Total carbo- liydrates. Nitrogen free extract. Crude fiber. Pounds. 1.83 1.95 l.a3 1.48 1.09 1.55 1.77 .67 Per cent. 87.7 88.6 87.0 &3.2 89.4 83.4 89.0 84.6 Per cent. 79.3 87.5 83.6 68.7 84.6 72.7 85.8 78.7 Per cent. 71.3 82.5 55.0 76.4 89. 6 85.3 68.9 90.0 Per cent. 90.9 90.7 90.2 90.2 91.3 89.5 92.5 Per cent. 93.6 92.9 Per cent. 31.8 Ground corn and middlings (1:1) Ground corn and red dog flour (2:1) 54.9 Ground com and tankage (4:1 to 6:1) 92.4 19.0 Ground corn and pork crack- lings (8.3:1 to 10.5:1) Ground corn, tankage, and pork cracklings (9:2.2.5:1 to 12:2:1). . Ground corn red dog flour, and pork cracklings (20:10:1) Ground corn, red dog flour, tankage, and pork cracklings (4:1:1:1 to 10:2.7:2.6:1). .. 89.0 It is concluded that " the coefficients of digestibility obtained for a single feed by calculation from the data obtained for a combination of feeds are not reliable, especially when the single feed has been fed in comparatively small quantities. By this method of calculation all of the difference between the values for the single feed and the corresponding values for the combined feeds is credited to the single feed, whereas it is probable that in the combined ration each feed exerts an influence upon the digestibility of the other." As regards the influence of one ration upon another, " the results of these experiments indicate that the coefficients of digestibility of one feed or ration ANIMAL PEODUCTION. , 71 may be increased or decreased by the addition of another feed or ration. For example, the addition of porli cracliliugs to rations of ground corn alone, ground corn and tankage, and ground corn and red dog flour, clearly increases the digestibility of the dry substance, the crude protein, and the crude fat of the basal rations. On the other hand, it seems probable that the addition of tankage to a ration consisting of ground corn alone decreases the digestibility of the dry substance and the crude protein in the basal ration." As regards the influence of quantity of ration, " there is a significant in- crease in the coefficients of digestibility of the dry substance, the crude protein, and the total carbohydrates of a ration consisting of ground corn, red dog flour, tankage, and pork cracklings, when there is a reduction of 26 per cent in the dry substance consumed. On the other hand, there are no significant differences in the coefficients of digestibility for the nutrients of a ration con- sisting approximately of 10 parts of ground corn and 1 part of pork cracklings when fed as a full-feed allowance and in amounts equal to two-thirds of a full- feed ration." A study of the development of growing' pigs with special reference to the influence of the quantity of protein consumed, A. D. Emmett, H. S. Grindley, W. E. Joseph, and E. H. Williams {Illmois 8ta. Bid. 168 (WU), pp. 85-135, figs. 9; abs., pp. 4)- — The object of the investigations of which this bulletin is a partial report was to determine the influence of different quantities of protein upon the nutrition of young growing pigs when the rations were supplemented with an ample amount of calcium phosphate. Three lots of four 51-lb. Berkshire pigs were fed during a 174-day period a ration of ground corn, blood meal, and calcium phosphate, all the pigs receiving the same amount of corn protein per 100 lbs. live weight, lot 1 receiving a low protein ration (0.32 lb. of digestible protein per day per 100 lbs. live weight), lot 2 a medium protein ration (0.7 lb. digestible protein), lot 3 a high protein ration (0.94 lb. digestible protein), the blood meal allowance being 50, SO, and 86 per cent, respectively, of the total protein received, and the lots receiving 3.79, 4.28, and 4.49 therms of metabolizable energy, and 11.09, 9.65, and 8.73 gm. of phosphorus per 100 lbs. live weight per day. The pigs were fed under simi- lar conditions and each pig separately. A slaughter test was made of two control pigs at the beginning of the experi- ment and of pigs of each of the three lots. At the close it was noted that the pigs of the low-protein lot were unthrifty and underfed and that three had died. The number of leucocytes in the blood of the remaining ijig from lot 1 was possibly somewhat greater than those of the other lots; the kidneys of the animal were distinctly affected with chronic parenchymatous nephritis, and were smaller in length and width than those of the pigs of the other lots, and the liver was abnormal. The dressed carcass was shorter in length, had less fat on the sides, brisket, and flanks, the fat and lean were darker in color, the fat softer and the marrow lighter in color, and while the amount of fat was less the amounts of lean were practically equal. The weights of the intestinal and composite fats were higher, and the weights of the leaf fat, blood, stomach, kidneys, offal, and miscellaneous parts lower than the average for the other lots. The fasted live weights, the net live weights, and the weight of the various cuts varied directly with the live weights of the animals when slaughtered. In the weights of the skeleton, the respiratory organs, the small and large in- testines, and the organs of the central nervous system, the corresponding values for the three lots were similar. The pig on the low-protein ration had the highest percentage of leaf fat. the lightest liver, and the heaviest skeleton. 72 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In none of these values were there any siguificaut differences between lots 2 and 3. There was some indication that the weight of the heart varied in- versely as the amounts of protein consumed. The weights of the bones varied practically directly with the live weights of the animals. There was little difference in the lengths and diameters. The thickness of the walls of the leg bones and the marrow spaces were in propor- tion to the protein fed, the low-protein fed pig having the thinnest wall and the largest marrow. The breaking strengths and the moduli of rupture of the bones of the pig of lot 1 were lower than those of the other lots, while the average value for the section moduli, a measure of the distribution of the bone materia], indicated that the structure of the bones was not affected by the amount of protein consumed. It is concluded from these observations that the feed allowance given lot 1 was not sufficient for the normal nutrition of young growing pigs, probably .be- cause the ration either did not contain enough of the right kind of protein or did not yield enough energy. The allowance given lot 2 was sufficient, and the larger protein allowance given lot 3 exerted but little apparent influence. A study of the ash content of growing- pigs with special reference to the influence of the quantity of protein consumed, R. H. Williams and A. D. Emmett {Illinois 8ta. Bui. 169 {191-'/), pp. 139-159; abs., pp. 3). — Continuing the work reported above by a study of the ash content of these pigs, it is concluded that " variations in the amounts of digestible protein consumed from 0.32 to 0.94 lb. per 100 lbs. live weight per day, do not influence significantly the percent- ages or distribution of the total or water-soluble ash in the bodies or the parts of the bodies of growing pigs. The total ash In the bodies of pigs 40 to 43 weeks old is distributed among the parts as follows: Somewhat more than four-fifths in the skeleton, about one-ninth in the boneless meat of the carcass, and about one-sixteenth in the offal, blood, and the composite of the jowl, leaf, and in- testinal fats combined. Of the water-soluble ash, somewhat less than three- fifths is to be found in the boneless meat of the carcass, about one-third in the offal, the blood, and the composite of the jowl, leaf, and intestinal fats, and about one-twelfth in the skeleton. " The percentages of total ash in the bodies and the parts of the bodies of pigs 40 to 43 weeks of age are significantly different from the corresponding percent- ages for pigs 18 weeks of age. The offal and carcasses of the younger animals contain practically twice as much as those of the older pigs, while the skeletons contain only about three-fourths as much. The rations of the total ash in the boneless meat to the total ash in the skeletons of the older animals are also distinctly different from the corresponding rations for the younger animals. As the pigs become older the ratio of total ash in the boneless meat of the car- cass to total ash in the skeleton decreases, while the ratio of total ash in the entire body to the total ash in the skeleton remains approximately constant." A bibliography is appended. A study of the phosphorus content of growing pigs with special reference to the influence of the quantity of protein consumed, R. II. AYilliams and A. D. Emmett {Illinois Sta. Bui. 171 (1914), pp. 205-230, figs. 5; ais., pp. 4).— Continuing the work reported above by a study of the phosphorus content of the pigs, it is concluded that " variations in the amounts of digestible protein con- sumed, from 0.32 lb. to 0.94 lb. per 100 lbs. live weight per day, do not influence significantly the percentages or distribution of the total, the water-soluble, or the water-soluble inorganic phosphorus in the bodies or the parts of the bodies of growing pigs. The total phosphorus in the bodies of pigs 40 to 43 weeks of age is distributed among the parts as follows : About four-fifths in the skeleton, ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 73 one-ninth in the boneless meat of the carcass, one-twentieth in the offal (in- cluding blood), and one-four-hundredth in the composite of the jowl, leaf, and intestinal fats. The water-soluble phosphorus makes ui> about seven-tenths of the total phosphorus in the boneless meat of the carcass, two-thirds of that in the offal, one-half of that in the composite of the jowl, leaf, and intestinal fats, one-ninth of that in the entire body, and one-twentieth of that in the skeleton. About nine-tenths of the water-soluble phosphorus in the boneless meat of the carcass, seven-tenths of that in the entire body, seven-eighths of that in the skeleton, and three-fourths of that in the offal is in the inorganic form. "During the period of growth from the time pigs are 18 weeks old (51 lbs. live weight) until they are 40 to 43 weeks old (195 lbs. live weight), the per- centage of total phosphorus in the skeleton is increased about one-half, and that in the entire body is increased about three-twentieths. In the boneless meat of the carcass and in the composite of the jowl, leaf, and intestinal fats, the percentage of total phosphorus is decreased about one-half. The percentage increase of the phosphorus is 458 per cent in the skeleton, 330 per cent in the entire body, and 107 per cent in the boneless meat. The phosphorus stored in the body during growth is equal to 23 per cent of the total phosphorus con- sumed during the same period of time." A bibliography is appended. A study of the forms of nitrogen in growing pigs, with special reference to the influence of the quantity of protein consumed, W. E. Joseph (Illinois Sfa. Bill. 173 (1914), pp. 289-317, pj. 1; ahs:. pp. 3).— Continuing the work reported above, a study was made of the average distribution of forms of nitro- gen in the bodies of five pigs 40 to 43 weeks old. In the boneless meat of the dressed carcass the percentages of total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, protein nitrogen, and nonprotein nitrogen, were as follows : 2.018, 0.473, 1.863, and 0.156, respectively; in the bone and marrow 3.676. 0.383, 3.495, and 0.181, respectively; and in the entire body 2.361, 0.562, 2.181, and 0.18, respectively. In the blood there was 3.036 total nitrogen, 2.935 protein nitrogen, and 0.101 nonprotein nitrogen. It is concluded that " variations of from 0.32 to 0.94 lb. per 100 lbs. live weight per day in the amounts of protein consumed by growing pigs do not seem to affect the nature of the nitrogenous material produced during growth. While it is possible that, within narrow limits, slight variations may result from differences in the amounts of protein consumed, it seems much more prob- able that variations in the composition of the nitrogenous constituents are due to causes inherent in the animal itself which normally are independent of the character of the feed consumed. Apparently, under given experimental condi- tions, the only way in which the influence of these individual variations may be reduced is in selecting the experimental animals carefully and including a con- siderable number of animals in each group. When the supply of protein is de- ficient either quantitatively or qualitatively, it seems that only the amount of the body protein is affected, while the character of the proteins formed in the various tissues remains unchanged." A study in annual egg production based on the records of a flock of seven- year-old hens and their progeny, E. D. Ball, G. Turpin, and B. Alder ( Utah 8ta. Bui. 135 {191.',), pp. 3-U, figs. 3).— In this study, based upon nearly 1,500 records of six flocks of single-comb White Leghorn hens, ranging in age from seven years to one year and of common ancestry, practically unselected as to egg production but severely selected for vigor, the following results were obtained : The average productive life of this strain of fowls appears at the present time to be about four years. The average first j'ear production of all flocks 73227°— No. 1—15 6 74 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. NA'as 124 eggs. The average second year production was exactly the same as the first, while the average of the third year was only one dozen less. The normal variation in first year flock averages of this strain of fowls is apparently between 100 and 160 eggs, the second year between 105 and 140, and the third year between 100 and 130. After that the average for all ages has been very close to 90 eggs per year. There appears to be a fairly definite potential laying capacity for a flock of this strain of fowls which finds expres- sion in the first three years. The total production of a flock for the first three years appears to be the same regardless of whether the first year record was extremely high, extremely low, or medium in amount. Apparently nearly all of the longer-lived hens of a flock will lay over 500 eggs ; the majority of them will lay over GOO or 700, while some individual records running from 800 up to nearly 1,000 eggs may be expected. Considering only hens that have made three or more years' records, the uni- formity of the three-year averages is still more striking. The difference be- tween the highest and lowest records in a flock has averaged 170 for the first year and 182 for the second year. In flocks making low first year records the second and third year records were high and there was little difference in pro- duction in these two years between the high layers and the low layers of the fij-st year. In the flocks making high first year records the second and third years' records were low but the higher layers of the first year continued to be the highest producers of these fiocks for these years. The 10 hens making the highest second year's record gave a higher three-year total than the 10 making the highest first-year record. More hens have maxle their highest year's record sfter the first year than during that year. Three hens made their highest record the fifth year. Nearly all the hens in these flocks whose total produc- tion has been extremely high have made low or only medium first-year records. From these studies it appears that the three-year average is the most reliable index of the value of a given individual. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. The comparative efficiency for milk production of the nitrogen of alfalfa hay and the corn grain. — Preliminary observations on the effect of diuresis on milk secretion, E. B. Hart and G. C. Humphrey (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 19 (lOl-i), No. 1, pp. 127-140, figs. 3). — In two experiments comparing the efficiency for milk production of the nitrogen of alfalfa hay and of the corn grain. Hol- stein cows in full milk were fed by the reversal method for periods of four weeks the two rations, (1) corn-meal, gluten feed, and corn stover, and (2) alfalfa hay and cornstarch, in such quantities that the total consumption of air-dried matter, total therms, total nitrogen, and nutritive ratios were approxi- mately alike in tlie two rations. In the first experiment the digestive nitrogen in the two rations was closely comparable while in the second experiment the nitrogen intake was kept at a higher level in the alfalfa ration. Records were taken of the nitrogen balance, milk nitrogen, and urine output. " The data indicate that on the plane of intake used the nitrogen of alfalfa hay is as effective for milk protein building as that of the corn kernel. The acid amid nitrogen of alfalfa is very low in amount, constituting about 1 per cent of the total nitrogen, while the amino acid nitrogen makes about 10 per cent of the total nitrogen. It is well established that amino nitrogen has nutritive value and that of alfalfa hay is probably not an exception. Our experiments give no indication of the value of the acid amid nitrogen. The real nutritive value of the nitrogen of roughages should rest upon the nature of the total amino acid content derived from more complex proteins and preexisting free amino DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 75 acids rather than upon the proportion of ' amid ' nitrogen as found by the Stutzer method. "Alfalfa hay has specific diuretic properties and its ingestion was generally followed by a marked rise in the output of urine. This rise in renal activity caused a depression in the milk flow which again rose in volume as the alfalfa hay was withdrawn from the ration. The diuretic stimulus caused in some cases a shrinkage in volume of from 5 to 6 lbs. on a flow of 25 lbs. daily. It is possible that this diuretic effect is due to salts contained in the hay, yet the possibility of the presence of specific substances of organic nature is not excluded." Studies on the bacterial flora of various prepared feedstuffs in fresh and fermented condition, with especial reference to their influence on milk, A. WiGGEE (CentW. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., Jfl (1914), No. 1-8, pp. 1-232) .—After a consideration of the tyi^es and number of bacterial flora found in bran, peanut meal, and sesame meal, the author reports experiments testing the influence of the inoculation of 0.01 gm. of these feeds into 100 cc. of milk. In both the fresh and fermented stage, this inoculation resulted in early per- ceptible microscopic changes in both ordinary consumers' milk and in sterilized milk. At 37° C. there occurred heavy gas development, while at 22° and at 12° the change was not so perceptible. In sterilized milk at 12° the bacteria of the fluorescens group, except the lactic acid bacteria, appeared in large num- bers. The results of these tests agree with those of other Investigators that the Bacterium, guntheri develops better in fresh consumers' milk than in sterilized milk. In sterilized milk the inoculation with fresh and fermented feeds results in the development in general of a richer quality of microflora than under simi- lar conditions in ordinary milk. Studies on two and three milkings per day of milch cows, H. Isaachsen, A. Lalim, and J. Grande {Ber. Foringsfortioks Stat. Norges Landbrukshoiskole, 1913, pp. 11-33; alis. in ZentU. Agr. Clicm., 42 {1913), No. 10, pp. 710, 711).— These tests indicated that for cows giving from 10 to 15 kg. (22 to 33 lbs.) of milk per day. from 0.7 to 1 kg. more milk could be secured by three milkings per day than by two milkings. There was no influence upon the fat percentage of the milk. Experiments with, the Hegelund milk method and the ordinary good milking, H. Isaachsen and J. Grande {Bcr. Foringsforsoks Stat. Norges Land- brukshoiskolc, 1913, pp. 34-47; ahs. in ZcntU. ^Igr. Chcni., ^2 {1913), No. 10, pp. 711, 712). — Tests of the Hegelund method of milking, consisting in a manipu- lation of the udder preliminary to milking, indicated but little advantage of this method over the ordinary good milkhig methods. Studies on the fat content of cows' milk in various stages of milking, H. Isaachsen {Ber. Foringsforsoks Stat. Norges Landbrukslwislcole, 1913, pp. 48-69; aJ}S. in ZentU. Agr. Chem., 42 {1913), No. 10, pp. 712-714).— It was found that the percentage of fat of milk may vary from 1 per cent at the beginning of the milking to 10 per cent at the close; that when milk is taken from one-half the udder by the calf the fat content of the milk of the other half is similar to that of the entire udder; that the content of dry matter is fairly constant from day to day except when there are large changes in fat content; and that the con- tent of fat-free dry matter is as large in the first milking as in the last portion. The limits of error in milking tests at intervals of one, two, and four weeks, B. Mabtiny {Arh. Deut. Landw. Gesell, No. 254 {1913), pp. 27-32).— During a four-week trial of a milking machine with 20 cows the total yields obtained were compared with those obtained from weekly tests. Sampling once in four weeks gave an average difference in milk yield of ±10.7 per cent, of fat ±16.4; and a maximum difference in milk yield of ±17.1, and of fat ±27.05 76 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. per cent. From this it is seen that large variatious occur during a four-week period, tlius lowering the reliability of such a test as compared with one taken weekly. Review of milk hygiene investigations of the last twelve years, W. Rull- MANN (Ceiithl. Unlet, [eic], 1. AM., Orig., 11 (1913), No. 2-3, pp. 165-182).— The author reviews the principal chemical and bacteriological tests of milk and milk products that are of practiciil use in milk hygiene control. The hygiene of the transportation of animal-food products by rail, boat, and wagon in the United States, R. M. Chapin (Trans. 15. Intemat. Cong. Hyg. and Demogr. Washington, 5 {1912), Sect. 7, pp. 121-128). — ^An account of the most approved methods of refrigeration and transiwrtation of animal-food products in the United States, and a plea for adequate federal, state, and mu- nicipal inspection service. The supply of milk to Indian cities, H. H. Mann {Agr. Jour. India, 9 (lOUf), No. 2, pp. 160-177).— The author attempts to show the deplorable con- dition of city milk supply at present in western India, the difficulties in im- proving it, and the methods which seem to offer the most hopes of success. The economic problems of milk distribution in their relation to the public health, J. R. Williams {Trans. 15. Intcrnat. Cong. Ilijg. and Demogr. ^Yash- ington, 5 {1912), Sect. 7, pp. 128-1^0). — The author contends that the economic aspects of milk distribution in our large cities are probably of more importance in their relation to public health than the purely sanitary problems. A study was made of 15 sections of the city of Rochester, N. Y., each containing from 100 to 700 homes, and each section differing more or less from the others in wealth, social standing, or nationality. It was found that the poorer classes use less milk and accordingly buy it in smaller quantities, and that the use of store milk and condensed milk is largely confined to the laboring classes. Another fact noted was the large number of milkmen going into each district. It is claimed that at the present time half of what the consumer pays for milk is required to maintain this wasteful system of distribution. It is believed that if the milk supply of this citj' was to be distributed by one agency properly organized and equipped, a saving to consumers of at least $500,000 yearly could be effected. Likewise the present system of distribution is held responsible for much of the poor milk that is sold. It is suggested that cities should control their own milk supplies, to the end that the people may have pure, wholesome milk at a minimum cost. Influence of foot-and-mouth disease on the constitution of milk and butter, F. Bordas and de Raczkowski {Ann. Falsif., 7 {191.'t), No. 68, pp. 271- 292). — It was found that the fat and mineral substances, notably the chlorids, of the milk of cows affected with foot-and-mouth disease were materially in- creased. There was no material modification in the lactose content, and the quantity of organic phosphorus In the milk was comparable with that of the normal healthy cow. The acidity of the milk was not altered. It was noted that the influence on the yield was not marked, the first day there being a slight increase, with a gradual diminution thereafter. Certain of the milks appeared viscous, with occasionally a reddish coloration. The milk may be contagious, pus cells and pathogenic bacteria being present. An inoculation of a guinea pig confirmed its contagious character. The influence of the disease on the constitution of butter appears to be vari- able, some butters being altered in constitution, while others are practically normal. All such butters, however, should be considered unmarketable. The influence of Bacterium lactis acidi upon the changes caused in milk by some of the common milk micro-organisms, C. N. Brown {Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 15 {1913), pp. 71-73).— It is stated that the growth of B. lactis acidi in DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 77 milk may be either stimulated or retarded by association with other micro- organisms. Stimulation in both rapidity and duration occurs if in the medium are present some acid-destroying or acid-retaining compounds, as insoluble car- bonates, casein, etc. A factor which may stimulate the growth of D. lactis acidi when growing in association with liquefying organisms is an increased supply of food made available by the proteolytic changes, as for example, the addition of peptone. The growth of most of the organisms commonly found in milk may be either stimulated or retarded by association with B. lactis acidi. " The changes caused in milk by many micro-organisms In pure culture are greatly retarded or pre- vented if at the beginning an equal number of B. lactis acidi is introduced ; the organism alone producing its characteristic changes while in the association the changes produced are those characteristic of the lactic alone. If, however, the organism is given a lead before the lactic is introduced, it is able, usually, to make its changes detectable. . . . " Changes occurring in milk as a result of the associative growth of a lactic with another organism are influenced by the change in reaction, the accumula- tion of metabolic products of both the organism and the lactic, the temperature of growth, the accessible supply of oxygen, etc. However, the hindrance or encouragement in the production of enzyms offered by the lactic through Its metabolic products to other organisms growing in association is a factor that can not be overlooked." Biorized milk, Klunkeb (MoJk. Ztg. iHUdeshcim], 28 (19U), Nos. 33, pp. 625, 626; 3^, pp. 639, 640). — In investigations made of the Lobeck milk sterili- izatiou process at the Institute of Hygiene, University of Jena, it was demon- strated that the apparatus is convenient to handle, the loss of milk is small, and the biorized milk is equal in appearance and flavor to the best raw milk. It is somewhat less easily skimmed than raw milk, although the difference is of little consequence. The original enzyms of the milk are not influenced by the process nor are the proteins altered. Coagulation is less rapid but is not weakened. The germ content is so lowered that the keeping quality of the milk is greatly increased, and the disease-producing germs are destroyed. Milk sterilization by electricity, J. B. C. Kershaw {Engin. Mag., 1ft (1914), No. 6, pp. 916-919, fig. 1). — Experiments on the effects of a rapidly alternating current at high potential in milk sterilization showed that disease-producing and milk-souring bacteria were practically destroyed in the raw product, there being a reduction in the total number of bacteria of 99.93 per cent. The chemical constitution of the electrically treated milk was unimpaired and the taste was in no way altered. The milk was not only rendered nonpathogenic as regax'ds ordinary bacteria, but in two cases in which the control supply was tuberculous the electrically treated milk was free from tubercle bacilli and regarded as a satisfactory food for infants. Composition of Roquefort-cheese fat, J. N. Currie (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 2 {1914), No. 6, pp. 429-434)- — Comparing the composition of the fats of Roquefort cheese and of cow's milk it was found that the Reichert- Meissl number of the cheese fat ranged between 25.G4 and 29.02, while that of cow's milk fat was 27.27; the Polenske number between 5.5,5 and 6.25, that of cow's milk fat 2; soluble acids of 5 gm. of cheese fat expressed in cubic centi- meters of tenth-normal acid between 38.8 and 41, cow's milk fat 26 ; and insol- uble acids of cheese fat between 18.01 and 19.2, and cow's milk fat 11.17. The percentage of acids in the fats of Roquefort cheese as determined and of cow's milk as reported by Browne (E. S. R., 11, p. 615) were respectively as follows: Butyric 3.48 and 5.45, caproic 4.73 and 2.09, caprylic 0.58 and 0.49, capric 3.8 78 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and 0.32, lauric 5.84 and 2.57, myristic 11.36 and 9.S9, palmitic 28.53 and 38.61, stearic 1.91 and 1.S3, oleic 38.1 and 32.5, and dioxystearic 0 and 1. It is concluded that " the differences between the fat of typical imported Roquefort cheese and the fat of cow's milk are not great enough to warrant the exclusive use of sheep's milk in the manufacture of this type of cheese. How- ever, it is evident that an imported cheese, made wholly or chiefly from sheep's milk, will have more of the peppery taste than a cheese of the same ripeness made from cow's milk." VETERINARY MEDICINE. The anatomy of the domestic animals, S. Sisson {Philadelphia and London, lOlJf, 2. cd. rev., pp. 930, figs. 125). — This work sui^rsedes the author's Text-book of Veterinary Anatomy, previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 81). More than 300 new and original figures have been included, many changes have been made in the nomenclature, and most of the synonyms have been dropped or relegated to footnotes. Chemical pathology, H. G. Wells {Philadelphia and London, 1914, 2. ed. rev., pp. 616). — The contents of the second edition of this well-known work, which has been thoroughly revised, are as follows: The chemistry and physics of the cell ; euzyms ; the chemistry of bacteria and their products ; chemistry of the animal parasites; phytotoxins and zootoxins; chemistry of the immiiuity reactions; chemical means of defense against nonprotein poisons; inflammation; disturbances of circulation and diseases of the blood; edema; retrogressive changes (necrosis, gangrene, rigor mortis, parenchymatous degeneration) ; retro- gressive processes — fatty, amyloid, hyalin, colloid, and glycogenic infiltration and degeneration ; calcification, concretions, and incrustations ; . pathological pigmentation ; the chemistry of tumors ; pathological conditions due to, or asso- ciated with, abnormalities in metabolism, including autointoxication; gastro- intestinal autointoxication and related metabolic disturbances ; chemical path- ology of the ductless glands; uric acid metabolism and gout; and diabetes. Handbook of the pathogenic micro-organisms, edited by "W. Kolle and A. VON Wassermann {Uandbuch der pathogeneii MUcroorganisinen. Jena, 1913, 2. rev. ed., vol. 2, pts. 1, pp. 792, figs. 10; 2, pp. 793-1561, pi. 1, figs, ii).— This Is the second volume of the second edition of this well-known work. The first pai"t deals with Methods for Immunization, including the Preparation of Anti- gens, by M. Ficker (pp. 1-192) ; Methods for Producing Antibodies, by M. Ficker (pp. 193-241) ; Antitoxic Sera, by A. von Wassermann and M. Wasser- mann (pp. 242-295) ; Bactericidal Sera, by E. Friedberger (pp. 296-400) ; Bacterial Tropins and Opsonins, by F. Neufeld (pp. 401^82) ; Agglutination, by R. Paltauf (pp. 483-654) ; Phagocytosis and Its Experimental Principles, by E. Metschnikoff (pp. 655-731) ; and Precipitins, by R. Kraus (pp. 732-792). The second part considers Hemolysins of the Blood Serums (Cytotoxic Sera), by H. Sachs (pp. 793-946) ; Allergy and Anaphylaxis, by R. Doerr (pp. 947- 1154) ; The Heredity Problem in Immunity, by J. ]Morgenroth and H. Braun (pp. 1155-1174) ; The Valuation of Protective and Curative Sera, by R. Otto and K. E. Boehncke (pp. 1175-1240) ; Colloids and Lipoids in Immunity, by K. Landsteiner (pp. 1241-1300) ; Leucocyte Ferments and Antiferments. by G. Jochmann (pp. 1301-1327) ; Hematoxins and Antihema toxins of Bacteria, by E. Pribram (pp. 1328-1361) ; Bacterial Nucleoproteins, by A. Lustig (pp. 1362- 1380) ; Animal Poisons aad Their Antitoxic Serum Therapy, by A. Calmette (pp. 1381-1406) ; Animal Toxins and Immunity Research, by H. Sachs (pp. 1407-1452) ; Ricin, Abrin, and Crotin, and Their Antitoxins, by M. Jacoby (pp. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 79 1453-1468) ; Hay Fever Toxins aud Hay Fever Serum, by C. Prausnitz (pp. 1469-1498) ; and Poisons Producing Fatigue, by W. Weictiardt (pp. 1499-1527). Animal parasites and parasitic diseases, B. F. Kaupp (Chicago, 1914, S- 6(?., rev., pp. XVI -{-238, pis. 15, figs. 81). — A revised and enlarged edition of this work (E. S. K.. 22, p. 791). Veterinary hygiene, M. Klimmeb {Veterinlirhygiene. Berlin, 1914, 2. ed. rev. and enl., pp. XII -{-509, figs. 207). — A second revised and enlarged edition of this work (PI S. R., 20, p. 81). Text-book of general therapeutics for veterinarians, E. Frohnek, trans, by L. A. Klein (Philadelphia and London, 1914, pp. XII+301). — This is an English translation from the fourth revised German edition. The subject is taken up under the headings of the history of therapeutics; general therapeutics of diseases of the organs of digestion and circulation; of fever ; of diseases of the nervous system, the respiratory apparatus, the urinary organs, aud the genital organs; of the glands (diax>horetics and sialagogues) ; of diseases of metabolism ; of diseases of the eye aud of the skin and mucous membranes; drugs that kill parasites (antiparasitics) ; disinfectants and anti- septics; antidotes; vaccination, immunization, and inoculation; water as a remedy (hydrotherapy) ; massage; electricity as a remedy (electrotherapy) ; bleeding; general therapeutics of the organs of locomotion (muscles, tendons, nerves, articulations, bones) ; indifferent remedies (mechanicals) ; and air as a remedy. C. Stephan's pharmacognostic tables, E. Starke (G. Stephanas Pharma- kognostische Tabelle. Dresden, 1913, 4. enl. ed., pp. XXIV -\-199).— This edition deals with 493 substances used as drugs. In each table the name of the drug, its habitat, the part of the plant or animal used, and its usual adulterant (or drug which may be confused with it) are given. Some notes on bacterin therapy, F. M. Schofield (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1914), No. 2, pp. 87-91). — This discusses in a general way the functions of bacterius in chronic infections and the possibilities and limitations of bacterin therapy. The problem of protein anaphylaxis with, especial reference to the prac- tical antigen diagnosis pro foro, H. Pfeiffeb (Das Problem der Eiweissana- phylaxie mit hesonderer Beriicksichtigung der praMischen Antigendiagnose pro foro. Festschrift der k. k. Karl-Franzen^-TJnvversitdt in Graz fur das Schuljahr 1909-10, pp. 231, figs. 7). — The contents of this book deal with the history of anaphylaxis, sensitization, aud preanaphylactic phenomena, reinjectiou, active, anti-, and passive anaphylaxis and the methods of measuring the anaphylactic immune body, the signiticance of anaphylaxis for the practical differentiation of proteins, test tube experiments, experimental examples, and the more important literature pertaining to anaphylaxis. The antigenic properties of globin caseinate, F. P. Gay and T. B. Robertson (Jour. Expt. Med., 17 (1913), No. 5, pp. 535-541) .—'' This study of globin and its compound wuth casein (globin caseinate) shows that globin fails to produce fixation antibodies in rabbits after reiieated injections, thus agreeing with our own work and with that of others with similar histone bodies which are pri- marily toxic. When globin is combined with casein, however, it gives rise to antibodies that react not only with globin caseinate and casein but also with globin. The antibodies in antiglobin casein serum are apparently separate, one for globin and one for casein. In other words, the change in globin undergone on combination with casein has apparently rendered it antigenic. " We did not succeed in demonstrating the genesis of this new antigenic prop- erty by anaiihylaxis experiments. 80 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. "A further investigation of similar and more ci^niplex combined proteins is indicated and gives promise of more light on the nature of biological specificity." Negative results with, the ninhydrin reaction as a test for amino acids in the serum of nephritics and others, li. yi. Pearce (Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, G] (1913), No. 16, pp. lJf56, lJf57). — Negative results were obtained with the triketohydrindene hydrate reaction (E. S. R., 26, p. 804) with a total of 47 sera obtained chiefly from nei)hritics and pregnant subjects. "The first group in- cluded acute and chronic nephritis with and without es granu- leux) show a marked phagocytic power toward various pathogenic organisms. The epithelial nature of these bodies is contradicted. The mononuclears and polymorphonuclears show almost the same phagocytic properties and the former ai'e much more phagocytic than the mononuclears of the blood. The bacteria used in the tests were staphylococci and tubercle and colon bacilli. Influence of sodium fluorid on the animal body, F. Schwyzer (Biochem. Ztschr., 60 {191-i), No. 1, pp. 32-^2; abs. in Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 63 (1914), No. 4, pp. 323, 324). — Experiments with rabbits, here reported, show that sodium fluorid when administered steadily even in small doses (1 mg. per day or less per kilogram of body weight) causes a loss of lime, chlorin, and fat from the bones. Thus fluorin should not be used for preserving mashes for live stock or for similar purposes. Investigations on cotton-seed meal with reference to its toxic action, F. Fkiemann (Untcrsuchunffcn iiber Baumivollsamenmehl init Bcriicksichtigung seiner toxischen Wirkung. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 43). — The symp- toms of poisoning which result from feeding cotton-seed meal are said to be due to ptomaines which have a neurin- or muscarin-like action. The unsaturated fatty acids present in the fat extracted from the meal probably have some rela- tion to the sum total of the toxic action. The ptomaine substances are probably formed from the nitrogen-containing components of the lecithin in the meal. Attempts to obtain the coloring matter pi-esent in the ether extract in sufficient amounts for examination were unsuccessful. Chlor-xylenol-sapocresol (Sagrotan), a new disinfectant, M. Schottelius (Arch. Hyg., 82 {191',), No. 2, pp. 76-96; abs. in Rev. Bad., 4 (1914), A'O. 2, p. 84). — ^The new disinfectant known commercially as "Sagrotan" is said to represent a distinct improvement in disinfecting value over lysol and other cresol compounds, its germicidal activity being somewhat remarkable. Sporing cultures of anthrax bacilli obtained from different laboratories were destroyed within 24 hours' exposure by a 2 per cent solution of the disinfectant, whereas some of the strains survived after the cultures had been exposed to a 5 per cent solution of phenol for 2S days. Satisfactory results were obtained in other experiments in which material infected with tubercle bacilli, typhoid bacilli, streptococci, and staphylococci was exposed to its action. Feeding experiments on dogs have shown that Sagrotan is less toxic than other cresol compounds. The bacteriological standardization of disinfectants, H. C. Hamilton and T. Ohno (Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 4 (1914), No. 6. pp. 4S6-497, pis. 2).— The authors present data which point to a marked variation in the results of germi- cidal assays by the Hygienic Laboratory method." Suggestions are made as to means of obtaining uniform results in the standardization of disinfectants. "Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 82 (1912), pp. 74. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 81 Some notes on the systematic dipping of stock, C. R. IOdmonds and L. E. W. Bevan {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 11 (IDUf), No. 7, pp. 988-1003, pi. i).— A general (iiscussiou of the subject, including notes on the biology and a colored diagram showing the stages in the life cycle of the blue, brown, and red-legged ticks. Beport of the civil veterinary department, Assam, for the year 1913—14, W. Harris {liiJt. Civ. Vet. Dept. Assam, 1913-lJf, pp. 2+25). — This report includes accounts of the occurrence and treatment of diseases of animals, pre- ventive inoculations, breeding oi)erations, etc. Collected papers from the research laboratory, Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. (Collected Papers Research Lab. Parke, Davis tt- Co., Reprints, 1 {1913), pp. V-\-281, figs. 35). — This deals with results of investigations conducted chiefly in the laboratory of the institution named above. The material contained therein which is of interest to veterinarians and agriculturists has been reported from the current literature. The infl.uence of low temperatures on the anthrax bacillus, K. Poppe {Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 21^ {1914), No. 21, pp. 485-489, fig. i).— The author's investigations show that the virulence and reproductive capacity of the anthrax bacillus in meat and in cultures are not affected by exposure to an average temperature of — 15° C. (5° F.) for two weeks. Bursati, J. D. E. Holmes {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Vet. 8er., 2 {1914), ^o. 5, pp. 119-153, pis. 5). — A considerable amount of confusion exists in literature regarding the identity of bursati in India with leeches in America, swamp cancer in Australia, and other affections described as summer sore, granu- lar dermatitis, and parasitic fibromata, etc., and held on the observations of several authors to be connected with the presence of nematode embryos. Bursati varies in most clinical aspects from these affections. " There is not sufficient evidence to prove that nematode embryos are present in bursati lesions or that the bursati sores or tumors are caused by such em- bryos. There is a similarity in several clinical aspects between leeches and bursati. The presence of a fungus in leeches has been recorded by several ob- servers and described as causal agent. The spores and mycelia of a somewhat similar fungus are frequently to be found in the kunkur and tumors of bursati. The presence of spores and mycelia in the bursati tumors, and the fact that cultures of a fungus of the genus Sporotrichum have repeatedly been obtained from bursati tumors and kunkurs and also direct from the blood of horses infected with bursati, affords some evidence that the disease is a mycosis somewhat resembling the sporotrichosis of the horse and mule described by Carougeau [E. S. R., 21, p. 791] in Madagascar." The present status as to combating' glanders by the veterinary police, with the various methods for diagnosis, and with special reference to the mallein eye test, Maeioth {Monatsh. Prakt. Tierheilk., 24 {1913), Nos. 7-8, pp. 340-373; 9-10, pp. 426-456) .—This is a study and digest of the literature pertaining to the various biological methods for diagnosing glanders. The eye test is given the preference. In regard to immunity in trypanosome diseases, Offermann {Ztschr. Veterindrk., 25 {1913), No. 7, pp. 299-301).— A 2i-year-old mare received an intravaginal injection of 20 drops of mouse blood containing dourine (Beschal- seuche) trypanosomes diluted with 5 cc. of physiological salt solution on Sep- tember 16, 1010. From 17 to 20 days post injection trypanosomes were noted in the blood of the animal and all mice which were treated with the blood died. On April 16. 1911, the horse was treated intravenously with 10 drops of rat blood containing trypanosomes and 5 cc. of salt solution, and on January 6, 1912, subcutaneously with 20 drops of the same amount of blood. The animal remained clinically sound. Parasites, however, persisted in the blood and from 82 EXPERIMENT STATIOiST RECORD. the beginning tlie temperature was inlcrmiUeiit ami at times rose to 41° C. and over. The trypanosomes were present during the febrile period only and could only be noted by the mouse test. During the following summer months the animal gained in weight and the mouse test showed negative. In November, 1912, i. e., 6 months after the normal period, a sudden rise in temperature up to 40° was noted, and in the following 6 weeks temperature rises of 39.7, 39.4, and 39.1° were seen. The blood from the horse at the febi'ile period showed positive with the mouse test. The relapse might possibly be due as a result of drawing large amounts of blood, i. e., 6 to 9 liters per week from this animal. The agglutina- tion and complement fixation tests were positive from August, 1911, up to the time of reporting. Precautions must be taken when immunizing against this disease with try- panosomes. Abortion and sterility in cattle, W. L. Williams {Rpt. N. Y. State Vet. Col., 1911-12, pp. 79-130, pis. 11, figs. 3). — Substantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 31, p. 779). The curative treatment of Iieniorrhagic septicemia in cattle by the admin- istration of iodin, and other notes on chemotherapy in rinderpest and hem- orrhag'ic septicemia, J. D. E. Holmes (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Vet. Set:, 2 (19U), No. 8, pp. 81-104; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Titer., 21 {.1914), No. 3, pp. 277, 278). — A more detailed account of the use of iodin and permanganate of potash in hemorrhagic septicemia than that previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 780). With the exception of iodin and carbolic acid, which modified the severity of the attack and in some cases led to recovery, none of the' antiseptics tested proved of value in the treatment of rinderpest. Out of 14 animals treated with iodin after the appearance of symptoms of the disease, six recovered, and in six cases life was prolonged from two to five days. Out of ten animals treated with carbolic acid, three recovered, one lived for 20. one for 15. one for 14. one for 13, and one for 11 days. It is stated that no method of treatment for rinder- pest which can be regarded as of much practical value has as yet been dis- covered. Remarks npon the paper by P. H, Hadley, Ruth Bryant, and Marguerite Elkins on capsule formation in bacteria of the septicemia hemorrhagica group, L. GozoNY (Centbl. Bakt. [e«c.], 1. AU., Orig., 75 (1914), No. 1, p. 21).— In replying to the paper previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 879) the author states that all specimens were prepared with sterilized ink which did not contain capsulated bacteria. Cultures of Bacillus arisepticus. B. suisepticus, and B. cunicwlicida were examined and in every case capsules could easily be demon- strated. Numerous deaths among cattle caused by Simulium bites; information on the pupal stag'e of these flies, H. Miessner (Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 22 (1914), No. 18, pp. 281-283; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (1914), No. 3, pp. 269-271 ) . — It is stated that a large number of deaths among cattle in the Leine district in Germany wex"e caused during the spring by bites of black flies (Simulium reptans or /S. coluntharzense and S. ornatum). Life history studies are briefly reported. The hemolymph nodes of the sheep. — Studies on hemolymph nodes, I, A. W. Meyer (Leland Stanford Jr. Univ. Pubs., Univ. Ser., 1914, PP- 'J'4j Pls. 5). — This paper reports results of studies under the headings of distribution, occur- rence, and appearance ; lymphatic and vascular relations ; the microscopic struc- ture; the cellular content; the question of mixed nodes; the genesis of inter- mediate forms ; classification ; and functions. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83 Experiments on the treatment of surra in camels, H. E. Ceoss (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Vet, Ser., 2 (WW, No. 6, pp. 155-198, pi. i,).— "Once sun-a hasl been diagnosed it is not necessary to wait till the trypanosomes again appear in the peripheral circulation before treatment is commenced. The intervals between the paroxysms (1. e., when trypanosonles are present in the peripheral circulation) may extend to several weeks, hence a great deal of time can be saved by commencing treatment at once. ... No case should be considered as cured unless it has been under observation for a year. Relapses may occur after a long interval has elapsed since treatment finished. All cases of camels treated for surra should, therefore, be kept under careful observation. " Solutions of soamin above 5 per cent should not be used . . . [as] there is great danger of producing nephritis. Although cures can be obtained without increasing the doses of arsenious acid to the subtoxic dose, as a routine method the doses of arsenious acid should be gradually increased till the subtoxic dose is reached, the principle of the treatment being the sterilization of the tissues. Although the doses of arsenious acid may have been gradually increased to the subtoxic dose, it does not necessarily follow that a cure will result. In the combined method as large doses of arsenious acid can not be given as in the treatment by arsenious acid alone or in the treatment by alternate doses of soamin and arsenious acid. The amount of arsenious acid tolerated by camels varies greatly. In different outbreaks the same percentage of cures will not be obtained, the virulence of the trypanosome varying in different outbreaks. " Good feeding is essential." Diseases of swine, K. Glassek (Die Krankheiten des Schweines. Hanover, 1912, pp. ¥111+296, i)ls. 10, figs. 22). — This work has especial reference to the iufectious, invasive, and intoxicative diseases of the pig. It is recommended for veterinarians and students of veterinary medicine. Hog' cholera and the production and use of hog-cholera serum, D. E. Salmon (Anier. Vet. Rev., 45 (1914), No. 2, pp. 178-195). — A concise critical discussion of some of the early work of Smith, Dorset, and McBryde relative to hog cholera. It also contains observations in regard to the production of antihog-cholera serum (with reference to potency, contamination, and mix- ing virulent blood from different sources) and methods of using it (develop- ment of abscesses in vaccinated hogs, serum-alone method, and serum-simul- taneous method). Hog cholera and its control, R. Graham and E. W. Mumma (Kentucky 8ta. Bui. 182 (1914), pp. 167-251, figs. 25).— Following the introduction to this bulle- tin (pp. 1G9-1T5) in which J. H. Kastle presents a brief review of hog cholera serum work at the station since 1910, the authors give a general account of hog cholera and means for its control, particularly as relates to the use of antihog-cholera serum. Of 102,087 hogs vaccinated in 2,307 herds during the years 1911, 1912, 1913, and to July 1, 1914, 86,647 were reported upon, of which 90.59 per cent lived. The regulations of the state live stock sanitary board are appended. About the practical value of serum protective vaccination against hog cholera, :\r. Zingle (Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 7, pp. 119- 121). — This describes an outbreak of acute hog cholera which occurred amongst young and old pigs and in which the value of antihog-cholei-a serum from highly immunized animals was demonstrated. In most cases when the animals were markedly affected with the disease passive immunization did no good. A contribution to the shoat typhoid question, H. Weidlich (Berlin. Tier- ur:^U. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), Nos. 5, pp. 73-76; 6, pp. 89-91, fig. i).— In view of the controversies which have arisen as to whether Bacillus voldagscn has any relation to hog cholera (E. S. R., 24, p. 390; 27, p. 888; 28, p. 183), a biological 84 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. study of the Voldagseu bacillus was made in comparison with B. coli, B. typhosus, B. paralyphosus B, Gartner's bacillus, and B. suipestifer. The results show that B. voldagsen has several characteristics in common with B. typhosus, but that it can be easily distinguished from the paratyphoid B bacillus and B. suipestifer, B. voldagsen, for instance, like the typhoid bacillus gives no changes on neutral red (Oldekop) agar, while all the remain- ing organisms reduce It. It furthermore i)roduces no changes in Hetsch's solu- tion, causes a permanent reddening of litmus milk and a medium turbidity in bouillon, and behaves like B. typhosus in the Loffler-green solutions. Some Voldagsen strains produced small amounts of indol while others did not. The infection test witli B. voldagsen showed that the bacteria caused a disease resembling virus hog cholera and which heretofore has been considered clinically and pathoanatomically as a form of that disease. It is pointed out that further experiments are necessary to determine whether virulent pestifer strains produce an easily transferable disease in shoats such as is caused by B. voldagsen. The disease caused by the filterable virus can be easily distin- guished, from the macroscopical-pathological findings in the intestinal tract, from that incited by B. voldagsen. In reg'ard to the causes of meat poisoning. — Paratyphoid B bacilli, Vol- dagsen type, as a cause of meat poisoning in man, G. Bernhardt iZt'schr. Ilyg. u. Infektionskrank., 13 {1912), No. 1, pp. G^-tS; alts, in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {191Jt), No. Jf, p. 65). — In the organs of a woman dying as a result of meat poisoning Bacillus voldagsen and B. typhi siiis (Gliisser) were found. Remarkable variations in regard to the cultural properties and agglu- tination were noted. The author on this account recommends the use of poly- valent paratyphoid sera for diagnosis and sug'gests that special attention be paid in noting atypical meat poisoning bacteria. Arterial sclerostomatosis in the horse, S. H. Burnett (Rpt. N. Y. State Vet. Col., 1911-12, pp. 70-78, pis. 2). — A report of histopathological studies read at the Indianapolis meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association in August. 1912. Experiments with salvarsan in the treatment of canine distemper, C. Krocheb (Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektionskrank., 78 {1914), No. 2, pp. 321-362).— The author finds that salvarsan does not prevent nor cure distemper in dogs. RURAL EN^GrNi:ERrN"G. Irrigation branch {Rev. Rpt. Bihar and Oiissa [India], Irrig. Branch, 1912- 13, pp. II-\-139, pis. Jf). — In addition to statistical and other data maps are given showing irrigation canals and the areas irrigated. The water economy of the earth, W. Halbfass {Natiirw. Wehttschr., 29 {1914), No. 38, pp. 593-598). — The author reviews a number of theories and opinions regarding the relative effects on the waters of the earth of precipita- tion, run-off, evaporation, and condensation, which taken as a whole constitute a cycle of more or less closely related events which are thought to influence profoundly the distribution of terrestrial water between land and sea. He is of the opinion thnt existing conditions point to the necessity of providing storage dams, reservoirs, and other artificial means for preventing run-off in order that the water economy of the earth may be placed on a more efficient basis. Tests on plain and reinforced concrete tiles, G. P. Diekmann {Consbandry and L. E. Harvey and William I. Myers assistants in farm management. New York State Station. — Clarence D. Parker and Allen K. Burke have resigned as assistant chemists, the former to enter the U. S. Geological Survey, and the latter to engage in commercial work. Oklahoma College and Station. — TV. L. Carlyle, formerly director of the Idaho Station, has been appointed director of the station and dean of the agricultural work, and has entered upon his duties. A. F. Rolf has resigned as head of the poultry department to engage in live- stock extension work in Louisiana. Oregon College and Station. — A conference of Pacific Coast horticulturists was called by Governor West at the college early in December, 1914, to consider legislation designed to secure uniformity in inspection laws to px'otect growers against the introduction and spread of insect and disease pests, both within the States and from other States. Commissioners of horticulture from each of the States were in attendance, and the joint committee appointed to draft the proposed measures called to their assistance experts from the college to assist them. Dr. James Withycombe, former director of the station, was elected Governor of Oregon at the last election by the heaviest majority ever accorded a" guberna- torial candidate in the State. Dr. Hector Macpherson, head of the newly established college bureau of farm organization and management, has been elected chairman of a commission appointed by Governor West to prepare a draft of a rural credits bill for pre- sentation to the next legislature. C. S. Brewster has accepted an appointment as research assistant in poultry and R. B. Thompson as foreman of the poultry plant. Washington College and Station. — Dr. E. A. Bryan, president of the college for the past 22 years, has resigned to take effect January 1, 1916. Dr. F. D. Heald, former pathologist in the Pennsylvania chestnut blight investigations, has been appointed professor of plant pathology In the college and plant pathol- ogist in the station. West Virginia University and Station. — E. D. Sanderson, dean of the college of agriculture and director of the station, has resigned to take effect September 1, when he expects to pursue graduate studies. Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. — At the thirty-fifth annual meeting of the society, held at Washington, D. C, November 10, 1914, the following papers were read and discussed : The Massachusetts State Forestry Work was presented by F. W. Rane. It was asserted that the general forest px'opaganda in the United States is too exclusively academic, and is not pushed energetically enough to give results in actual reforestation and forest extension. Details of the Massachusetts forestry work were discussed at length, including regulations regarding fire wardens. State purchase of improductive lands, etc. 96 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. In a paper on the Nitrifying Powers of Soils as Indices to Their Fertility, by C. B. Lipman, attention was called to the fact that good soils commonly have a high nitrifying power but that it is uncertain whether this nitrifying power is a cause or an effect. Unusually fertile spots of soil in certain grain fields in California were found to possess a high nitrifying power, and also more citric-acid-soluble phosphoric acid and potash than the surrounding area. The nitrifying power was as much as six times greater than that in poor soils. It was suggested that the spots possessing high nitrifying power were perhaps the result of the admixture of animal feces, burnt straw, or of a balanced soil solution. Evidence was presented that a low nitrifying power of soils may cause various physiological diseases in plants. According to the findings of G. S. Fraps, who read a paper on Nitrification and Soil Fertility, nitric nitrogen in soils is in general proportional to the total nitrogen. If soils are heavily cropped the nitric nitrogen becomes dispropor- tionately low, indicating that some parts of the soil nitrogen are more easily nitrified than others. W. G. Sackett, In a paper on The Pigment of Azotobacter chroococcum, stated that peculiar brown spots are appearing on the surface of soils in various locali- ties in Colorado and are increasing in extent. These spots are rich in nitrates and are toxic to trees and other plants. The nitrates are apparently formed in situ. A. chroococcum is abundant in the periphery of such spots. Experiments with agar media, difirering from each other in the absence of one of the salts contained in the soil of the brown spots, showed that a dark brown pigment was always developed in the presence of carbon and sodium nitrate. It appears that the color of the soil spots is due to the solution of the pigment of A. chroococcum by the soil water. C. G. Williams presented some recent studies on Variation in Pure Lines of Wheat, during which it was found that the length of head in pure lines of breed- ing is apparently not a hereditary character. Attempts to fix a tendency to produce large or small kernels gave variable but for the most part negative results. A long-continued effort to Increase the protein content of wheat by selection within a pure line yielded no encouragement for such work. The claims of The Small Field Laboratory and Its Atmosphere of Research were presented by D. Fairchild. In large laboratories the investigator is ex- posed to too much noise, distracting occurrences, and interruptions, due to students and casual visitors. He also becomes burdened with administrative details, all quite foreign to research. Moreover, the laboratory is far removed from the source of the material which he is studying. The small laboratory on the contrary is quiet. There is no unnecessary apparatus or interruption or executive duties. It may be placed in the midst of the material to be studied. In a paper on the Relationships of Experiment Station Work and Agricultural Extension, F. B. Linfield presented a number of considerations showing how these lines of work come in contact with each other in various parts of the agri- cultural field. The County Experiment Farm was discussed by C. E. Thorne, who recounted the difficulties in attempts to carry on cooperative experiments with farmers, and urged that it is much better to have county farms where work can be prosecuted continuously. In Ohio the experiment farms are under the joint supervision of the College of Agriculture and the Ohio Station. H. P. Armsby presented a paper on the Influence of Quantity of Feed Upon Digestion. It has been found that the amount of methane formed per kilogram of dry matter eaten is much greater on light than on heavy rations. This indi- cates an increased bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates. A larger percentage of the feed energy was found to be excreted in the urine on light rations, the NOTES. 97 excess cousisting probably of nonnitrogenous substances. lu general, feed is apparently more digestible in small than in large rations. Ex]3erimeut Station Eesearch as Seen From Within and Without was dis- cussed by H. J. Wheeler, who advised reaching the urban population by new.s- paper publicity, and giving more attention to cooperative experiments on the farms throughout each State. He also urged the need of more research on the difficult and fundamental problems of agriculture, better training of research men, higher salaries for scientific workers, and a keener sympathy of governing boards and station directors for investigation. Team Work in Agricultural Science was the subject of a paper by R. J. H. DeLoach. The speaker presented the claims for better organization of sta- tions, and urged the most complete cooperation consistent with the independence of station departments, and the sympathetic working together of the stations and this Department. Notes on the Progress of Economic Entomology were presented by L. O. How- ard. Attention was called to the rapid development of economic entomology in the United States, the widespread cooperation of the Bureau of Entomology with experiment station and foreign entomologists, and the general interest in the federal horticultural quarantine. It was stated that the trend is entomological wox'k is now toward more study of insect biology, and that the distinction be- tween entomology and phytopathology or parasitology should be held in mind. The usual joint evening session was held with the American Society of Agron- omy at which the presidential addresses of the two societies were delivered. That of President H. J. Waters, of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, dealt especially with corn as a feeding stuff, showing some of its defi- ciencies, notably protein, and attempts to find supplements to enable pigs to utilize effectively the nutrients in corn. The address before the American Society of Agronomy, entitled Fundamental Principles in Agronomy, was given by C. V. Piper. This will be noted later, in the report of the meeting of that society. Officers were elected for the ensuing year as follows: President, H. J. Waters, of Kansas; vice president, C. E. Thorne, of Ohio, secretary; L. A. Clinton, of the United States Department of Agriculture; custodian, W. D. Hurd, of Massa- chusetts; and member of the executive committee. David Fairchild, of the United States Department of Agriculture. American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers. — The nineteenth annual meeting of this association, at Washington, D. C, November 9-11, 1914, at- tracted an attendance of about 150. The program followed the lines of recent years but special prominence was given to the relations of farmers' institutes to other agencies. The presidential address of Edward Van Alstyne, of New York, reviewed the many useful results achieved by the farmers' institutes of the past, drew attention to the fact that the attendance for the past year was by far the largest ever secured, and expressed the belief that the institutes are needed in this country for at least a generation. C. B. Smith, discussing The Relation of Farm Bureaus to Farmers' Institute Work, regarded the farmers' institute as the forerunner of the county bureau but believed that the latter will eventually be so developed as to cover substantially the same ground, and will have the added advantages of all the year operation and of larger resources at its dis- posal. C. H. Tuck, of Cornell University, believed development of the spirit of cooperation among extension agencies would be most effective, and he would federate all agricultural interests with a committee organization. Hon. Carl Vrooman, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, addressed the asso- ciation on the Work of the United States Department of Agriculture for Farm- 98 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. ers' Institutes. In tLis address he called attention to the increased efiforts on the part of the Department to disseminate agricultural information, and pointed out what he regarded as some of the specific needs in agriculture at the present time. Dean E. Davenport, of Illinois, read a paper on Recent Progress in Agriculture. Among recent developments he indicated the trend from studies of problems in production to those in economics and sociology. He predicted that the Smith-Lever Act would insure the perpetuation of the stations as research agencies. President K. L. Butterfield discussed the Relations of Farmers' Institutes to Rural Sociology, taking the ground that the institutes had rendered valuable service in stimulating the desire for the betterment of rural conditions. Other addresses on the program included the following : Improving our Institute Organization and Methods, by A. P. Sandles, of Ohio; Rural Organizations for Women, by Mrs. Ida S. Harrington, of Rhode Island; The Function of Farmers' Institutes in Promoting Cooperation Among Farm- ers, by E. B. Dorsett, of Pennsylvania ; Promoting Cooperation through Farm- ers' Institutes, by A. D. Wilson, of Minnesota ; Systematic Instruction in the Rural Districts, by G. A. Putnam, of Ontario ; Helping Farm Women, by Mrs. Mary E. Dillard, of Virginia ; The Relation of Home Economics to Farmers' Institutes, by Miss Winifred J. Robinson, of Delaware; Teaching Home Economics at Farmers' Institutes, by Miss Anna Barrows, of New York ; and Songs that Live, by Miss Rose Morgan, of New York, this last maintaining that the country should develop its own standards for music, and that the cultivation of the taste for good music may be a strong factor in keeping the boys and girls on the farm. The report of the farmers' institute specialist of this Department, J. M. Stedman, included statistical data as to the progress of the work during the past year. A total of 25,338 half-day sessions were reported, with a total attendance of 3.656,381 persons, or 145 per session. Although data as to the sessions and attendance of movable schools were not included in these figures as in previous years, and the total appropriation of $456,647.51 showed, a de- crease of over $50,000, an increase over 1913 of about 20 per cent in the number of sessions and attendance of the institutes was indicated. Ofiicers for the ensuing year were chosen as follows: President. T. B. Parker, of North Carolina ; vice-president, G. A. Gigault, of Quebec ; secretary -treasurer, L. R. Taft, of Michigan ; and executive committee, Edward Van Alstyne, of New York, A. P. Sandles. of Ohio, and Mrs. Henrietta W. Calvin, of Oregon. American Society of Animal Production. — This society held its sixth annual meeting at Washington, D. C, November 10 and 11, 1914. W. A. Cochel of Kansas opened the sessions with a paper dealing with the causes of the deficiency in the meat supply. He suggested as some of the prob- able remedies the long-term lease to tenants, better financial facilities, the establishment of more uniform market values, the lessening of the cost of pro- duction by the use of home-grown roughage and waste products, and more definite information on methods of management of the breeding herd. B. O. Severson reported experiments at the Pennsylvania Station on the cost of maintaining a beef-breeding herd, and the influence of the feeding of cotton- seed meal on the calving ability of cows. Colorimeter tests with cattle were reported by H. P. Armsby, in which he ascribed the increased metabolism of standing cattle over those lying down, of those on heavy ration as compared with those on light ration, and of scrub (nervoiis) cattle over pure-bred (placid) cattle to nervous stimulation rather than to direct digestive processes, the feed rather than muscular exertion appearing to be the determining factor. NOTES. 99 A paper entitled Composition of Steers at Various Stages of Growth from Birth to 1,500 lbs., was presented by T. L. Haecker, in which he stated that in seven years' experiments at the Minnesota Station it was found that the percent- age of water in the body of growing steers decreased very rapidly with a corre- sponding increase in the fat content. The percentage of ash remained practi- cally the same, while there was a slight decrease in the percentage of protein. The optimum amount of cotton-seed meal for beef cattle as determined by experiments at the Tennessee Station was discussed by C. A. Willson. F. G. King stated that from the results of experiments at the Indiana Station it was evident that the efficiency of a ration for fattening steers was not materially affected by the nutritive ratio so long as this ratio was within reasonable limits, about 1 : 7, but that succulence and palatability of feed were very important. J. W. Hammond discussed the studies carried on at the Ohio Station on the Inheritance of wooling ability iu sheep, and the effect of rations of high, low, and medium nutritive ratio upon the quality and yield of wool. A paper by T. F. Trowbridge gave data as to comparative weights and com- position of various parts of the bovine fetus, and showing the percentages of flesh, of hair and hide, of skeleton, and of internal organs to the live animal. L. D. Hall of this Department outlined the work of the Office of Markets in its efforts to facilitate the distribution of animal products, and to minimize the waste incident to transportation. Cooperative and other systems of market- ing are being studied with a view to supplying meat producers with definite information on the most efficient methods to be practiced. In discussing the milk records of the dairy herd of the North Carolina Station J. C. McNutt stated that he attributed the marked improvement in yield in the past four years to the use of cotton-seed meal. This, he said, had had no dele- terious effect upon cows, but instead appeared to be highly efficient. E. S. Savage told of his efforts to harmonize the various feeding standards, and discussed the importance of animal husbandmen adopting some uniform feed values. He preferred the Armsby standard for accuracy and simplicity. J. M. Evvard discussed the efficiency of the self-feeder in the feeding of swine as determined by several years' trials at the Iowa Station. L. W. Fetzer of this Office presented a paper entitled Some Pathological Aspects of Animal Nutrition, in which he discussed the pathological influence of various feeds such as cotton-seed meal, molasses, and spoiled feeds upon the animal organism. He emphasized the importance of selecting animals for the experimental feed lot that were free from disease, and described methods of testing for tuberculosis, abortion, and other diseases that might materially affect the feed lot results. From cattle feeding trials conducted at the New Mexico Station, F. W. Christensen concluded that thei'e was no superiority of one age over another as to digestive ability. Per 1,000 lbs. live weight there was no relation in the amount of food consumed for the different ages, and submaiutenance periods of some of the cattle appeared not to impair their digestive ability. Methods of feeding sugar beet products, their feeding value, and pathological effects were treated in a paper by G. E. Morton. H. S. Grindley reviewetl Bulletin 165 of the Illinois Station (E. S. R., 30, p. 309), discussing methods of improving the ordinary feeding standard. The importance of protein in egg production was discussed by H. R. Lewis in which he showed that a protein from an animal source was superior to that from a vegetable source for maximum production, and that the size and weight of eggs was materially affected by such feeding. E. W. Morse of this Department spoke on the necessity for standardizing feeding tests, and stated that while metabolism experiments are important in 100 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. reaching some scientific basis for feeding operations, tlaere is still a large field for tlie ordinary comparative feeding trial. President E. B. Forbes concluded tlie program in a paper outlining the de- velopment of the association, stating that it had arisen out of the need by animal husbandmen for some central organization, but that the original pur- pose of cooperation in experimental work had been modified in recognizing the element of competition which appeared to be an unavoidable and possibly desir- able characteristic of station work. He stated that in recognizing this changed aspect the society was now better prepared to accomplish some practical re- sults, and suggested the appointment of a referee committee which should con- sider the special problems arising and make recommendations at the next annual meeting. The appointment of this committee was subsequently authorized. Recommendations looking toward the elimination of unnecessary variable factors in feeding trials, presented by E. W. Morse at the last annual meeting and referred to the committee on experiments, were found suggestive. The committee on agricultural instruction proposed that the next meeting be devoted largely to papers on agricultural teaching and suggested topics to be discussed. The committee on terminology of feeding experiments gave an ex- tended report recommending a uniform method of conducting slaughter analyses of experimental animals, and recommending so far as feasible the adoption of definitions of feedstuffs as used by the Association of Feed Control Officials. Other animal husbandry and nutritional terms were defined and recommended for adoption. The standardization of statistical methods was suggested. Ofiicers for the ensuing year were elected as follows : President, E. B. Forbes, of Ohio; vice president, W. A. Cochel, of Kansas; and secretary-treasurer, F. B. Morrison, of Wisconsin. Miscellaneous. — The rural education conference of Great Britain, constituted in June, 1910, for three years, has now been succeeded by the agricultural education conference, with Lord Barnard as president, and H. L. French, of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, as secretary. This conference will act in an advisory capacity on questions pertaining to agricultural education. According to a note in Mature, the general committee which is promoting the establishment of an Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, has decided to attempt to raise $200,000 for buildings and endowment, of which half will be sought from official sources. The location of the institution has not yet been decided upon, but the committee favors Ceylon. The death in the European war is announced of Dr. Franz Marshall, director of the experimental laboratory of the Agricultural Institute of the University of Halle; Dr. Franz Waterstradt, professor of agricultui*e in the agricultural school at Hohenheim ; and Andre Vuillet, well known in this country for his publications on the gipsy moth and its parasites. Dr. M. C. Cooke, the well-known English mycologist, died November 12, 1914, in his ninetieth year. Dr. Jacob Eriksson has resided as chief of the phytopathological experi- ment station at Stockholm, Sweden. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCUBED FKOM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, SI V EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers-^ t> 'tit' r^^' (rl. W . IRI Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. fW. H. Beal. JULLINGER. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Vegetable Pathology/^- ^- g^Y^ ^' ^^- ^' Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutritionj^- F- Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. [ti. L. Lang. LIR»ao Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster. »-»okak Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. NEW YOS Veterinary Medicinej J;^:^; j?°^°^|^- 80TAN1C/ Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. ClAKUtiiSi Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 2. Editorial notes: The new Section of Ai^riculture in the American Association 101 Some aspects of the field of rural economics 105 Recent work in agi-icultural science 109 Notes 198 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. Justus von Liebig, Volhard 109 Handbook of methods in inorganic chemistry, edited by Stabler 109 Methods of organic chemistry, Gattermann, trans, by Schober and Babasinian. 109 Progress in chemistry of foods and condiments during 1912, Kuttenkculer 109 Starch sugar, Wichelhaus 109 Reducing sugars in the fresh beet root, I ellet 110 The acid content of fruits, Dunbar and Bigelow 110 Changes taking place in grass during the process of curing, I leischmann 110 The micro-organisms found in fermenting tea, Staub and Deuss Ill Respiration, decay, self-healing, and composition of potatoes, Henneberg Ill Studies of the chemical composition of cotton seed. Hare Ill The structure of the soy bean, Wallis 112 Nitrogen-containing substances in germinating seeds of Viciafaba, Torquati.. 112 Denitrification as a result of enzym action, Hulme 112 Specific nature of the intracellular enzyms, I, Abderhalden and Fodor 112 Specific nature of the intracellular enzyms, II, Abderhalden and Schiff. . — 112 The speed with which protective enzyms appear, I, Abderhalden and Schiff. . 112 I II CONTENTS. Page. Method for estimation of maltose in preaence of other sugars, Davis and Daish. . 112 Determinationof pentoseswiththeaidof thespectroscope, Pino ff and Gude 113 Amylometer for calculating starch content of potatoes, Vilikovsk;^ and Stempel. 114 Estimation of copper in conserve with the spectrophotometer, Tassilly 114 Determination of copper in copper-spraying mixtures, Malvezin 114 General method for the analysis of the ashes of body fluids, Mestrezat 114 A new method for determining lactic acid in organic substances, Bellet 114 Estimation of formic acid, Torquati 115 Estimation of nitric acid, Torquati 115 Detection of nitrous acid when present with ferric salts, Artmann 115 The detection of nitrates and nitrites in sewage, Higginson 115 A method for determining phosphoric acid, Moeser and Frank 115 Citro-phosphate solutions, I , Pratolongo 115 The preparation of Petermann's solution, Zohren 116 The solubility of basic slag, Hughes 116 Method for the titration of sulphurous acid, Bosshard and Grob 116 The determination of calcium as a tungstate, Saint-Sernin 116 The industrial synthesis of sodium cyanid, Matignon 116 Winery directions, Bioletti 117 Manufacture of dried vegetables, fruits, etc._, Valvassori 117 Experiments in the desiccation of wild berries, Lind 117 Production of dextrin and its use, Parow 117 A new agricultural industry: Sugar from millet, Chevalier 117 METEOROLOGY. Agricultural meteorology and wireless telegraphy, Granderye 117 Analysis of very small quantities of air, Guye and Germann 117 The meteorological aspect of the smoke problem, Kimball 117 The shifting of the climatic belts, Penck 118 Climatic change. Brooks 118 Climatological data for the United States by sections 118 General weather review for Storrs, Conn., 1912 and 1913, Esten and Mason 118 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and McLain. . 118 The climate of New York in relation to agriculture, Wilson 118 The climate and weather of Australia, Hunt, Taylor, and Quayle 118 Distribution of rainfall in northeastern United States, Wall is 119 The rainfall of California, McAdie 120 Nitrogen in rain and snow. Knight 120 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The Rothamsted memoirs on agricultural science 120 Soil survey of Shawnee County, Kansas, Throckmorton, Byers, et al 121 The loess soils of southwestern Ohio, Cook, Montgomery, et al 122 The ground water in Hamburg, Voller 122 A study of some water tables at Giza. Balls 123 Notes on seasonal variation in the composition of drainage water, Hughes 123 Decomposition of soil carbonates, Maclntire 123 The nitrogen content of soils of Scania, Sweden, Weibull 123 Experiments on the rate of nitrification, Beesley 123 Soil bacteria and soil productiveness, Lohnis 124 Impro\'ing sandy soils by the use of green manure crops, Allen and Dean 124 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by boron compounds, I, Stabler and Elbert. . 125 Synthesis of ammonia from aluminum nitrid, Matignon 125 The oxidation of nitrogen in the voltaic arc, Sapozhnikova et al 125 Catalysis of cyanamid and its importance in agriculture, Kappen 125 Action of carbon dioxid on crude calcium cyanamid [nitrolime], Manuelli 125 The influence of fineness upon the availability of bone meal, Peck 125 Phosphate rock, Waggaman 126 Potassium salts 126 Potash deposits in Spain, Hurst 126 The preparation of potash from feldspar and other sources 126 Granitic soil potassium and the production of hay, Curry and Smith 126 Lime in agriculture ._ 126 Experiments on the effect of different forms of lime, Meyer 127 Gypsum, Wilder 127 CONTENTS. m AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Page. Relative water requirements of plants, Briggs and Shantz 127 Evaporation and soil moisture in relation to plant associations, Fuller 128 Branch development in a perennial plant, Andre 128 Rapidity of hydrolysis in leaves, Andre 128 Relative chemotropic influence of salts of metals on Lupinus albus, Porodko. . 128 Conditions of chemotropism in rootlets, Porodko 128 Zinc in glass as source of error in studying influence of chemicals, JavilUer 128 The mobility of potassium in vegetable tissue, Maquenne and Demoussy 129 The function of manganese in plants, Kelley 129 The mechanism of oxidation and reduction in vegetable tissues, Wolff 129 Influence of vertical illumination on coleoptile of Avena saliva, Vogt 129 Study of rest period in potato tubers, Appleman 129 Enzymatic peptolysis in germinating seeds. Court 130 Blooming of rice and associated phenomena, Akemine 130 Studies on the lactiferous tubes and cells of some native plants, Koketsu 130 Genetic studies on seeds of Fhaseolus vulgaris, Kajanus 130 Studies in selection and crossing in mottled horse beans, Kiessling 130 Utilization of crossing for study of phylogenetic questions, von Tschermak 131 Parallel mutations of Q^^nothera biennis, Stomps 131 Anomalies of development in maize, Bohutinsky 131 FIELD CROPS. Agriculture, Dominguez 131 Intensive farming in India, Kenny 131 Experimental work on tillage and cropping methods, Scudder 131 Fertility and crop experiments at '\\'est Tennessee Station, Mooers and Robert. 132 Variety tests on moor, marsh, and flooded soils, Briine 132 A text-book of grasses, with special reference to United States, Hitchcock 133 Alfalfa experiments. Carrier et al 133 The cultivation of Turkestan alfalfa, Gydrfas 133 A more accurate method of comparing maize hybrids with their parents, Collins 133 Endosperm texture in sweet X waxy hybrids of maize, Collins and Kempton. . 134 Corn growing in Montana, Wilson 134 Labor cost of producing corn in Ohio, Goddard and Elser 135 Impro'V'ing cotton by seed selection on the farm. Winters 135 Flax croj^ping, harvesting methods, Bolley and Wilson 135 Flax experiments, 1912 136 Sweet jowar as a source of commercial sugar or fodder, Annett 136 Potato growing in the San Joaquin and Sacramento deltas of California, Shear. . 136 Rape for hog pasture, Williams 136 Experimental work of the rice stations in 1913 in Valencia, Spain, Montesoro. . 136 Sugar beet experiments 136 Summary of 10 years' experiments with tobacco in Virginia, Mathewson 137 Experiments with dark tobacco, Anderson 137 Nicotin as aby-productof tobacco culture, Chuard and Mellet 137 Wheat in Alabama, Duggar and Cauthen 137 Wheat and rye of east Siberia, Uglow 138 On the loss in a stack of unthreshed corn, Russell 138 Grades of grain, Quinn 138 Observations on the eradication of woods by use of kainit, Remy and Vasters. . 138 The use of sodium arsenite for killing weeds, Ince 138 The plumber's blowlamp as a garden tool, Durham 139 HORTICULTURE. Sap studios with horticultural plants. Chandler 139 Hotbeds and cold frames, McGinty 140 Vegetable growing in Colorado, McGinty 140 Mendelism in melons, Lumsden 140 Experiments in onion culture, Lloyd 140 Tomato variety and planting tests, Wliite 141 Tomato culture, Monroe 141 Notes on fruit growing in the East Africa Protectorate, Powell 141 Fruits: Their handling and storage, Hughes 141 rV CONTENTS. Page. Handling applea for storage, Young 141 Preparation of fruit exhibits, Baruott 141 Experiments with small fruits, Ballard 141 Management of strawberry soils in the Pajaro Valley, Lipman 141 Vine pruning in California, II, Bioletti 142 Origin of the date palm, Popenoe 142 Mate culture, Girola 142 Olive culture, Allen 142 Further notes on the seedless fruits of the common persimmon, Mottier 142 Vanilla culture in Madagascar, Fauchere 142 Recent experiments in shield budding tropical fruits, WeSter 142 The improvement of medicinal plants, Miller 143 Goldenseal under cultivation. Van Fleet 143 Dreer's hints on the growing of bulbs 143 The daffodil yearbook, 1914 143 Practical hans the fertilizing effect of the waste product was 82 as compared with 100 for the calcium carbonate and limestone and 95 for burnt lime. Gypsum, F. A. Wilder (In The Mineral Industry: Its Statistics, Technology, and Trade during 1913. 'New York and London, 191//, vol. 22, pp. 372-381). — Statistics of the gypsum industry in the United States and foreign countries for 1913 are summarized. The principal uses which are made of gypsum are also briefly discussed. It is stated that the amount used as land plaster has remained nearly stationary during the last four years, but the price dropped from $2.02 to $1.75 in 1913. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Relative water requirements of plants, L. J. Briggs and H. L. Shantz (U. 8. Dept. Agr.. Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-64, pl-^- 7, fig. 1).— In continuation of the authors' investigations on the water requirements of plants (E. S. R., 29, p. 825), accounts are given of further experiments carried on at Akron, Colo., with a large number of crops. In these experiments it was found necessary to protect the plants from birds, winds, and hailstorms by the erection of an inclosure, and tests showed that this inclosure reduced the solar radiation to about SO per cent of its normal value. Under the conditions of the experiment the average amount of water required to form 1 lb. of dry matter of various crojis was as follows : Water required to form one pound of dry matter in various crops. Kind of crop. Proso Millet Sorghum Corn Teosinte Wheat Barley Buckw'heat Oats Rye Rice Flax Sugar beet Potato Cabbage, turnip, and rape Cotton Watermelon Cantaloup and cucumber. Squash and pumpkin Cowpea Chick-pea Water require- ment. Pounds. 293 310 322 368 383 513 534 578 597 68.5 710 905 397 636 640 640 600 667 791 571 663 Kind of crop. Beans Soy beans Sweet clover Field peas Vetches Clovers Alfalfas Wheat grass and brome grass. Tumlileweed and pigweed . . . Purslane Buffalo grass Russian thistle Buffalo grass and grama grass Cocklebur Gum weed Mountain sage Sunflowers Lamb's quarters Marigold Western ragweed Western wheat grass Water require- ment. Pounds. 728 744 770 788 794 797 831 861 287 292 308 336 389 432 608 616 683 801 881 948 1,076 128 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. Evaporation and soil moisture in relation to the succession of plant asso- ciations, G. D. Fuller {Hot. Guz., 58 {VJL'i), No. 3, pp. J9.i-23^. flys. 27).— The author gives data collected during several years as to various plant associations near Chicago, 111., stating among other conclusions that the ratios between evaporation and growth water in the beech-maple forest, oak-hickory forest, oak dune, pine dune, and cottonwood dune associations have the comparative values of 100, G5, 20, 17, and 15, respectively, and that these differences may be the cause of succession. The midsummer conditions of the prairie association seem to be decidedly xerophytic. A bibliography is given. Branch development in a perennial plant, G. Andr^ (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris}, 158 (1914), No. 21, pp. i5J7-J520).— Reporting on his more recent work (E. S. R., 29, p. 218), and giving the results of analytical studies made at five dates in the development of chestnut shoots as to the leaf and twig content in dry matter, ash, nitrogen, phosphoric and sulphuric acids, and calcium, mag- nesium, and potassium oxids, with the seasonal variations observed, the author states that the annual shoot is found to increase considerably in absolute nitrogen and in fixed materials, and that the leaf increases continually in con- tent of assimilated materials, excepting phosphoric acid, until the latter part of the growing period. October 8, about two weeks before the leaves begin to fall, they were found to contain the greater part of the material appropriated. The annual branch as a whole retains in the main the substances that have been accumulated, the leaves giving up very little of any component except nitrogen and phosphoric acid until just before their separation from the branch. Rapidity of hydrolysis and of removal by water of the nitrogenous and mineral matter in leaves, G. Andee {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'], 158 il91Jf), No. 24, pp. 1812-1815). — Reporting exact analyses at several periods during the growth of chestnut leaves, the author states that the general con- clusions presented above are sustained in the work here noted. The exosmosis of minerals from the leaves is given as regards nitrogen, phosphorus, and potas- sium, and is stated to have increased for these comiionents in the order named. The relative chemotropic influence of salts of metals on radicles of Lupinus albus, T. M. PoRODKO (Bcr. Dcut. Bot. Gcscll, 32 {19U), No. 4, pp. 211-215).— Continuing previous work on L. albus (E. S. R., 31, p. 325), but employing herein salts of metals, the author details in tabular form the results obtained, stating that all the salts tested gave negative tropisms. Conditions of chemotropism in rootlets, T. M. Porodko (Ber. Dent. Bot. Gescll., 32 (1914), No. 4, pp. 215-282, figs. 2). — Continuing the above work, and giving details and curves obtained therefrom, the author states that both positive and negative tropism occur only with limited sti-engths of certain substances named, and that chemotropic sensitivity is limited to about 1 to 2 mm. of the root tip. Zinc in glass containers as a source of error in studying the biological influence of chemicals, M. Javillier {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 2, pp. 140-143; abs. in Jour. Chem. 80c. [London], 106 {1914), No. 617, I, pp. 364, 365). — Experiments cited, employing Stcrigmatoeystis nigra, showed a gain in dry weight on the addition of zinc to cultures in flasks of quartz and of Bohemian glass, but not to cultures in Jena glass, the differences being attributed to zinc present in Jena glass. This influence of traces of zinc in such glass may, it is thought, prevent accuracy of results in delicate tests. The mobility of potassium in vegetable tissue, L. Maquenne and E. De- MoussY {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Parisi], 158 {1914), No. 20, pp. I4OO-I404).— Analyses of portions of several kinds of plants subjected to an electrolyzing AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 129 current are said to have shown that potassium may be made to pass for a con- siderable distance into vegetable tissues. The function of manganese in plants, W. P. Kklley {Bot. Ga~., 57 (191Jf), No. 3, PI). 213-227). — This is a shorter account of work already noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 129). The mechanism of oxidation and reduction in vegetable tissues, J. Wolff iCoiupt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. IParis], 158 U'J14), No. 16, pp. 1125-1127).— Bescrih- ing experiments producing oxidation and reduction in tissues and juices of apple and pear and in solutions, and referring in this connection to the claim of Lindet (E. S. R., 6, p. 775) that brown coloration in juices or in bruised tissues of pome fruits is due to the presence of a diastase, also to that of Bourquelot and Fichtenholz (E. S. R., 24, p. 31) that arbutin was demonstrated in pear leaves, the author claims that the i)henomena here described show a causal relation to the same general sort of mechanism demonstrated in those experiments. The influence of vertical illumination upon growth of the coleoptile of Avena sativa, E. Vogt (Bcr. Dciit. Bot. Gcscll., 32 (1914), No. 3, pp. 173-179, fig. 1). — The author gives some results of tests made by himself on the influence of vertical illumination of the coleoptile of A. sativa. Graphically represented data show little change during exposure, but a subsequent slight check in elongation of this part for 12 minutes, then a steep rise for about IS minutes, followed by a somewhat less steep decline for about 45 minutes, with two decreasing interruptions, to the original rate of growth. The investigations here sketched tend to show that artificial vertically inci- dent light of not too high intensity or too long duration exerts a predominantly favorable influence upon the rate of elongation of A. sativa, while shading tends to check the growth in plants accustomed to light; also that sudden and considerable change in illumination acts as a stimulant, to which this portion of the plant reacts in somewhat rhythmical alterations of growth rate. Study of rest period in potato tubers, C. O. Appleman {Maryland Sta. Bui. 1S3 {1914), pp. lSl-226, figs. 18). — The author has given the results of a bio- chemical and physiological study of the rest period in tubers of Solannm tuberosum. It was found that under normal planting conditions potato tubers will not sprout for several weeks after harvest. During this rest period certain changes occur which are essential to the growth processes. These changes are spoken of as after-ripening. The carbohydrate transformation during the rest period was found -to be entirely dependent upon changes in temperature. Active diastase and invertase were found present at all stages of the rest period, but showed no increase under normal growing conditions until the tubers began to sprout. The oxidation of pyrogallol was more active when juices from tubers at the end of the rest period were used than with those from immature tubers. After-ripening, it is claimed, does not involve protein hydrolysis. Protein, lipoid, organic extractive, and inorganic phosphorus, calculated to percentage of total phosphorus, remained constant up to the time of sprouting. The metabolic changes involving these foi'uis of nitrogen and phosphorus began rather suddenly and were concurrent with sprouting, and the same was true with regard to diastase. Suberization reduces permeability of the skin to water and gases. It was found that potatoes may be sprouted at any time during the rest period by removing the skin and supplying the tubers with favorable growing condi- tions. The earliest sprouting occurred when the skins of the tubers had been removed and the potatoes cut transversely. 130 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. It was claimed that subdued light stimulates growth in buds on new tubers with slightly suborized skins, but that the light influence disappears entirely when the skin is removed. The rest period of new potatoes was shortened by wrapping the tubers in cotton saturated with hydrogen peroxid, the abundant catalase in the potato tuber decomposing the hydrogen peroxid diffused through the skin and liberating free oxygen. The above treatments greatly accelerated the rate of respiration, and the author concludes that the elimination or abbreviation of the rest period is correlated with increased oxygen absorption. The rest period, it is claimed, is not firmly fixed and hereditary, nor is it due to autogenic metabolic changes, as it can be eliminated, as shown above. In nature the oxygen supply to internal tissues is said to be regulated by skin characters which are greatly influenced by moisture relations. A bibliography is given. Enzymatic peptolysis in germinating seeds, Dorothy Couet {Proc. Roy. 8oc. Edinb., 3^ {1913-14), No. 2, pp. 113-127) .—Besnlts given of experiments described are said to indicate the presence in germinating barley of two different peptolytic euzyms, one of which can be readily extracted with water while the other is apparently of the nature of an endo-enzym and can be obtained only by destroying the cells of the seed tissues. The temperature curves of the two, as noted in connection with the tests made, are also said to differ materially. This view of the nonidentity of these enzyms is said to have been confirmed by further experiments carried out with fruit of the pineapple {Ananassa sativa), also with several fungi named. Blooming of rice and associated phenomena, M. Akemine (Ztschr. Pflanzen- zilclit., 2 (1914), No. 3, pp. 339-375, figs. 6). — Numerically and graphically rep- resented results are given, with detailed conclusions of studies carried out by the author regarding the development of the rice flower; alterations in the sizes and relations of the flower parts during the flowering period and the influence thereon of external conditions ; the relations between time or succession of blooming and grain weight; and grain formation as influenced by weather. A bibliography is appended. Studies on the lactiferous tubes and cells of some native plants, R. KoKETSU (Jour. Col. Set., Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 35 (1913), Art. G, pp. 57, pis. 3, fig. 12). — This work deals with the structure, functions, and contents of lac- tiferous tubes and cells in a number of plants studied, the results of which are given in some detail. It is held that the primary significance of lactescence is ecological rather than physiological. Genetic studies on seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris, B. Kajanus (Ztschr. Pflan- zen^ilcht., 2 (1914), No. 3, pp. 377-388) .—The author gives detailed results of a study with about 20 different strains of bush beans in regard to some apparent divergences and spontaneous hybridization and the more or less continuous hereditary coloration of violet marbled types of seeds. The indicated results were only in partial agreement with those of some of the other authors mentioned. Studies in selection and crossing in mottled horse beans, L. Kiessling {Ztschr. Pflanzenzucht., 2 {1914), No. 3, pp. 313-338). — Horse beans bred selec- tively for three years still manifested impurity of stock as regards coloration in some lines, which showed a white and yellow mottling of the leaves. Later the hereditary abnormality became more noticeable, some plants which showed a more pronounced degree of abnormality dying before or after emergence from the soil, and others recovering. Inoculation studies including spraying and injection with sap of abnormal plants showed no results, but further breeding seemed to show that the tendency FIELD CROPS. 131 to abnormal deficiency of chlorophyll was inherited through both parents and followed the Meudelian scheme, the phenomenon being divisible into different and heritable degrees. Utilization of crossing for study of phylogenetic questions in connection with, the grains, E. von Tschermak (Ztschr. Pflanzcnziicht., 2 {191Jf), No. 3, pp. 291-312, fig. 1). — The author gives data obtained by crossing among varieties within each of four species of domestic grains, showing in some detail the phylogenetic relations claimed to have been indicated by these results in certain cases, among which are mentioned some alleged evidence of derivation of culti- vated rye from Sccale montanuin, separation of hurleys into a distichum and polystichum series, exclusion of ^Egilops ovata as a primitive form from the ancestry of cultivated wheat, and derivation of some or all forms of domestic panicle and side oats from the wild species Avcna fatua. Parallel mutations of CEnothera biennis, T. J. Stomps (Bcr. Dcut. Bot. GeseU., 32 {WlJf), No. 3, pp. 179-188). — Discussing some studies previously reported in part (E. S. R., 28, p. 40), the author claims that there is now no reasonable ground for doubting that genuine mutants have been obtained from (E. biennis. Anomalies of development in maize, G. Bohutinsk^- (Bci: Deut. Bot. GeselL, 32 (1914), No. 3, pp. 222-248, figs. 14).— The anomalies of maize here illustrated and described pertain to the shoot, tassel, ear, and grain of this plant, which also shows some interesting peculiarities as regards sex. FIELD CROPS. Agriculture, Z. Dominguez (Agricnltura. Mexico, 1913, pp. 391-\-XIII, figs. 236). — The first 304 pages of this book treat in detail of the production of corn from the selection of seed, culture, harvest, and the manufactured products. The remainder of the book treats, in a general way, of the production of wheat, barley, oats, cotton, and legumes. The work has special reference to methods and systems employed and adaptable to Mexican conditions. Intensive farming in India, J. Kenny {Madras and London, 1912, pp. V+ 585-\-XI, figs. 2). — This book consists of papers previously published singly and treats of methods of improving agricultural conditions in India, comprising some first lessons in agriculture covering the air, soil, plant, and manures, and includ- ing results of improved methods of cultivation and fertilization with rice, cotton, wheat, sugar cane, tobacco, tea, coffee, coconuts, potatoes, and onions. A report of the experimental and demonstration work on the substation farms at Moro, Burns, Redmond, and Metolius. — I, Tillage and cropping methods, H. D. Scuddeb (Oregon Sta. Bui. 119 {1914), pp. IV +188, figs. 87).— " This bulletin is written as a popular report of the experimental and demon- stration work carried on at the eastern Oregon di'y farming substation, Moro, Sherman County ; the Harney branch experiment station. Burns, Harney County; the dry land demonstration farm, Metolius, Crook County; and the irrigation demonstration farm, Redmond, Crook County. It covers the work of each farm since its establishment to the end of the year 1913, giving the essen- tial facts for each as to the conditions encountered, plan of the work, important results obtained, and conclusions and recommendations as to tillage and crop- ping methods, in each different region. No technical discussion of the results obtained is entered upon, if for no other reason than that the work has only proceeded at Moro for four years, at Burns two years, and at Metolius and Redmond one year. All the discussions bear particularly uiwn the advantages and feasibility of a more diversified and intensive sort of farming than that now prevalent in the eastern Oregon region." 132 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The croi>i)lng methods discussed refer to winter aud spring wheat, barley, oats, emmer, rye, corn, buclcwheat, alfalfa, field peas, field beans, soy beans, broad beans, vetch, crimson and sweet clover, Tangier pea, grasses, sorghums, rape, kale, squash, potatoes, artichokes, mangels, turnips, carrots, sugar beets, fiax, cabbage, and onions. Fertility and crop experiments at the West Tennessee Station, C. A. Mooers and S. A. Robert {Tennessee Sta. Bid. 109 {lOlJf), pp. 215-2U, fiffs. 9).— In the work recorded in this bulletin two types of soil were used, described as a light, brown-colored silt loam with, a yellowish-colored subsoil, and a gray- colored, " crawfishy " type, with a gray subsoil. This latter described soil is noted, as being very high in silt, does not drain readily, and is troublesome to handle. It is noted that the requirements of these soils for phosphoric acid and potash are very slight, and that applications of these fertilizers increased crop yields but not to a profitable degree. In studying the effect of burnt lime and ground limestone applied at the rates of 2,000 lbs. and 4,000 lbs., respectively, per acre, it was observed that increased yields of corn, oats, and red clover followed the applications of lime on both types of soils; that cotton and cowpeas were little influenced, fre- quently being slightly injured, and that the returns from the two forms of lime were very similar with the two tons of ground limestone showing slightly superior. These results are given in tabular form. Experiments in regard to time of application of nitrate of soda showed that " the results watli the corn point very definitely to the application of the nitrate at an early stage of growth, the gain being greatest when the plants were from 3 in. to 2 ft, high. ... In none of the three series from which the averages were obtained did any increase in yield of grain result from applica- tions made at tasseling time, the only api>arent effect being a deeper green foliage. " The results of the experiments on Irish i)otatoes are of special interest, as three of the four sets were made on the fine sandy loams of the Cumberland Plateau, which might be expected to suffer from leaching. In practically every one of the four sets nearly as good results as any were obtained when the nitrate was mixed with the phosphate and potash applied in the row before planting. This was rather unexpected, for the rainfall at this time of the year is heavy, so that loss of nitrate would be looked for. The results from applying one-half of the nitrate as a top-dressing when the plants were just coming up, and the balance in ten days or two weeks, were unfavorable to this method. As with the corn, the results are, thei-efore, decidedly in favor of an early application." In testing nonlegumes and legumes as green manure the results obtained showed nonlegumes other than rye to be unsatisfactory, while legumes con- tinued to improve the soil fertility year after year. Notes are given on the seeding and fertilization of alfalfa, red, alsike. crim- son, Japan, and sweet clovers, soy beans, grasses, cotton, corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, and sorghum. A guide to the establishment of a rotation is shown and the different i>hases of it are discussed. Variety tests on moor, marsh, and flooded soils, F. Brune (Jahrb. Dent. Landxo. GcsclL, 29 {1914), A^o. 2, pp. S.5i-J?7).— This paper gives results of testing the crops bred and grown on these types of soils as compared with crops grown from seed raised on ordinary soils. These results, obtained with cereals, potatoes, field beans, and mangels, and given in tabular form, have led the author to note a wide field of possibilities in th^ breeding of crops acclimatized FIELD CROPS. 133 on these types of soils. Such crops invariably outyieUled others, even when highly bred on the uplands. A text-book of grasses, with especial reference to the economic species of the United States, A. S. Hitchcock (Xcw York, JOL't, pp. XVI I +.276, fujs. 6^).— Primarily a text-book of 25 chapters, this contains some reference matter, and although the chief emphasis is placed on systematic agrostology, this comprising part 2, a brief outline of economic agrostology is presented in part 1, Alfalfa experiments, L. Carrier, E. R. Hodgson, R. P. Cocke, and B. G. Anderson (Viryinia Sta. Bui. 207 {1914), pp. 3-20, figs. 5). — This bulletin gives cultural methods and results of exi)eriments, in cooperation with the State Department of Agriculture, which are summarized as folUows : "August seeding is preferable to spring seeding. Liming is usually neces- sary, even on limestone soils. Experiments at Appomattox and Williamsburg showed very marked benefit from liming. At Staunton little benefit was observed. "Acid phosphate and basic slag have given the most marked results on alfalfa of any commercial fertilizer, especially when used in connection with a liberal application of stable manure. At Williamsburg, in Tidewater, a plat seeded in September, 1912, and fertilized with 10 tons of manure and 400 lbs. acid phosphate per acre yielded at the rate of G tons per acre in 1913' [as against 2 tons 356 lbs. without fertilizers]. At Staunton, in the Shenandoah Valley, alfalfa fertilized with 15 tons of stable manure alone yielded 6 tons per acre in 1913 and 2i tons the first cutting in 1914. The use of inoculating soil is strongly reconmiended over any other method. Pure cultures are a less desir- able, but practicable substitute. The experiments on rates of seeding, using from 10 to 30 lbs. per acre, gave very little diiference between light and heavy seedings. On a good seed bed 15 lbs. should be sufficient. A comparison of alfalfa seeded alone with alfalfa seeded with other grasses or clovers indicates that it is the best to seed it alone." The cultivation of Turkestan alfalfa, J. Gy areas (MonatsJi. Lanclw., 7 {19U),^No. 8, pp. 192, 193). — This discusses results obtained in Hungary at 26 different centers that show the inferiority of Turkestan alfalfa as compared with the native varieties. A more accurate method of comparing first-generation maize hybrids with their parents, G. N. Collins {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1914), No. 1, pp. 85-91). — The author states that "the development of satisfactory methods of comparing the yield of first-generation hybrids with that of their parents has been retarded by (1) a failure to fully appreciate the importance of individual diversity in hybrids, (2) the abnormal behavior of self -pollinated maize plants, and (3) the difficulty of securing for comparison hybrids and parents with identical ancestry. " To compare the behavior of two varieties, which may be called A and B, with that of a hybrid between them, two plants were selected in each variety, Al and A2 in the one variety, and Bl and B2 in the other variety. The follow- ing hand pollinations were made: A1XA2, A2XB1, B1XB2, and B2XA1. The result is two hj'brid ears and one cross-pollinated ear of each variety. It is believed that the mean yield produced by seed from the two hybrid ears compared with the mean yield produced by seed from the two pure seed ears gives a fair measure of the effects of hybridization. By making two hybrids involving all the plants used in producing the pure seed ears individual differ- ences that affect the yielding power of the pure seed ears are similarly repre- sented in the hybrids. Thus in both the parents and the hybrids the average yield represents the mean yielding power of the four parent plants, the only 134 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. difference being the way in which the individuals are combined. To secure the most accurate comparison of the yield of the four ears, one seed from each of the ears was planted in each hill. The different kinds were identified by their relative position in the hill." The figures in the following table express average percentages of the mean of the four kinds : Yield and height of tico varieties of sweet com and hybrids between them. Variety of corn. Yield. Height. Egyptian Voorhees Red Egyptian+Voorhees Red. Voorhees Red+ Egyptian. Per cent. 112.8±4.6 55.6±4.0 89.0±5.1 142.8±4.3 Per cent. 111.3±1.0 84.0±0.9 100.0±1.2 103. 0± 1.1 Further data give the height, number of suckers, total number of leaves, exsertion of tassel, length of axis of tassel, length of central spike, number of primary branches in tassel, number of secondary branches in tassel, length of longest leaf, number of nodes above longest leaf, and number of nodes above the ear of the above-named varieties and their hybrids. Inheritance of endosperm texture in sweet X waxy hybrids of maize, G. N. Collins and J. H. Kempton {Amer. Nat., ^8 (,191Jt), No. 574, PP- 584-59Jf, fig. 1). — This continues the report of work previously noted (E. S. E., 29, p. 35), which covered the first and second generations. " The third generation, like the second, gave results sufiiciently close to dihybrid ratios to render unprofitable the assumption of more complicated ratios. There are, however, deviations from the expected numbers of too great magnitude to be ascribed to chance. " The ratios of waxy to nonwaxy seeds were regular as far as the conditions of the experiment could determine, except for a slight excess in the number of waxy seeds in nearly all the ears in which all three classes appeared. A deviation in number of waxy seeds as large as that shown in the total would not be expected to occur as the result of chance more often than once in 1,000 times. The ratios between sweet and homy, while approximating the predicted ratios, show numerous irregularities. Wherever there is a significant deviation in the number of sweet seeds, the observed number is below the expected. Rea- sons are advanced for believing that the deficiency of the sweet class may result from a failure of some sweet seeds to develop a wrinkled exterior rather than from any iregularities in segregation. " The results show the value of representing the characters by gametic factors. This method provides an orderly arrangement of the facts of heredity thus far observed with respect to these characters, and makes possible fairly accurate predictions regarding the genetic behavior of the various seed classes." Corn growing' in Montana, M. L. Wilson {Montana Sta. Circ. Jfl (1914), PP- 49-7.'f, figs. 31). — This circular is addressed primarily to those who have had some experience with corn and desire information upon the methods which they should practice in Montana. The difference between Montana and eastern and southern corn growing is brought out in the discussions on culture, eradication of the Russian thistle, harvesting, stacking, threshing, and the preparation of corn stubble for small grain. The group characteristics of early flint, early dent, semident, late flint, and late dent varieties of corn are given. The successful use of the ordinary threshing machine for threshing the Mon- tana type of the dry crop as it comes from the field or stack is noted. The resulting products are shredded fodder, cobs, and shelled corn. FIELD CROPS. 135 Labor cost of producing corn in Ohio, L. H. Goddard and W. L. Elser (Ohio Sta. Bui. 266 {JOl.r,, pi). 8o-J2-',, figs. ^//).— The work reported in this bulletia was carrieper sulphate, formalin, and copper sulphate to which common salt is added, it was found that the addition of salt to copper sulphate solution materially increased its efficiency. Treatment of seed for 10 minutes in a solu- tion of 1 lb. copper sulphate, 1 lb. common salt, and 5 gal. water, or with a formalin solution, 1 lb. to 40 gal. water, for 30 minutes, is suggested. In either treatment it is recommended that the grain be immersed in an open tank, thor- oughly stirred, and the smut balls which float on the surface skimmed off. It is also recommended that treated seed be tested for germination so as to deter- mine the amount to be sown, as machine-threshed seed was found to be severely injured, and such seed, when treated, showed low vitality. Some studies are briefly outlined on soil treatment to determine the life of the smut in the soil and on times of planting. A new disease of asparagus, P. Voglino (Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 56 {1913), pp. 176-180). — A fungus attacking leaves of Asparagus officinalis is claimed to be a new species and is described under the name Leptothyrium asparagi. A fungus disease of hemp, Vera K. Chables and Anna E. Jenkins ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {1914), No. 1, pp. 81-84, pi. 1, fig. i).— The authors describe Botryosphceria marconii on hemp. The disease was called to their attention in September, 1913, on a variety of hemp grown for experi- mental puii^oses by this Department. Although the disease did not make its appearance until the plants were nearly full grown, it was rapid in its action, about two weeks having intervened between the time when it was first noticed and the death of many of the plants. The authors consider the imperfect stage of the fungus identical with that described as Dendroplioma marconii, the per- fect stage not having been hitherto recognized. The name B. marconii n. sp., is given it. Smut in Kafir com, I. B. P. Evans {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 811-814, figs. 2). — ^A description is given of this disease due to Sphucelotheca sorghi, with directions for treatments recommended. These include steeping or sprinkling with formalin solution 1 lb. to 30 gal. of water, soaking with copper sulphate 1 lb. to 10 gal. of water, and immersion in water heated to 135° F. Some diseases of the potato. — II, Black dot disease, Ethel M. Doidge {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 879-882, figs. 4)- — Continuing pre- vious work (E. S. R., 32, p. 50), the author notes a disease of potatoes not hitherto reported in South Africa and attributed to Vermicularia varians. The author prefers the descriptive name black dot disease to that of French potato scab which has been applied to the disease elsewhere. Preventive measures include burning all diseased plants and the nonuse of suspected tubers for seed and of infected soil for planting either potatoes or tomatoes. It is not yet known how long the sclerotia in the soil may con- tinue capable of spreading the infection. Potato scab and sulphur disinfection, C. D. Shebbakoff {New York Cor- nell Sta. Bui. 350 {1914), pp. 705-743, figs. 2).— The results are given of a series of experiments conducted to determine the value of sulphur for preventing potato scab and its effect on the subsequent crop and on its possible fertilizing value. After a summary review of the literature relating to experiments where sulphur was used for scab control, the author describes in detail his investigations carried on in 1911,. 1912, and 1913, unusual precautions having been taken to reduce the experimental error. As a result of his experiments the author concludes that sulphur treatment of the soil against potato scab, when applied at the rate of from 450 to 900 lbs. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 147 per acre, sown broadcast aud thoroughly mixed with about 2 in. of the surface soil just before the iX)tatoes were planted, considerably i-educed the amount of scab. In no cases, however, was scab entirely eliminated. When lime was applied at the rate of from 350 to 400 lbs. per acre in conjunction with 450 lbs. of sulphur, the fungicidal i)ower of the sulphur was reduced to practically nothing. Whore the same quantity of lime with 900 lbs. of sulphur was used the fungicidal value of sulphur was not i-educed, and at the same time its injurious after effect on the crop was considerably diminished. Sulphur added to commercial fertilizer reduced the value of the fertilizer more or less noticeably, although a small quantity of sulphur, about 100 lbs. per acre on certain soils, was found to have some fertilizing value for potatoes. Where it was used in quantities of over 300 lbs. per acre it seemed to be more or less injurious to the crop. As a rule the effect of sulphur treatment on the potato crop in the succeeding season is that of reducing yield and scab, the scab being reduced more than the yield. A bibliography is appended. Powdery scab of the potato, R. P. Gorham {Dept. Agr. Now Brunswick, Hort. Div. Leaflet 3 (1914), PP- 6, figs. 3). — A description is given of this disease of potato, with measures recommended for its control. These include the use of only such seed as are known to be free from the disease, as there is no known remedy for potatoes when once infected, the spores remaining virile in the soil for many years. The Rhizoctonia disease of potatoes, W. J. Morse and M. Shapovalov (Maine Sta. Bui. 230 (1914), pp. 193-216, pis. ii).— Attention is called to the disease of potatoes due to Rhizoctonia solani or Corticiiini vagmn solani. It is said to be widely spread and lately observed as seriously affecting the potato crop in parts of Maine, where poor uneven stands, low yields, and pre- mature ripening are reported. Field observations and greenhouse experiments have been conducted to learn the nature of the injury and method of control. In the experiments with fungicides, solutions of corrosive sublimate and formaldehyde destroyed the sclerotia of the fungus. Lime, which has been recommended for its control, was tested in pots with little success. Some ob- servations were made on the liability of varieties of potatoes to the disease, most of the experiments, however, being carried on with the varieties Irish Cobbler and Green Mountain. While the experiments thus far have shown no definite means of control, the authors recommend seed disinfection with corrosive sublimate solution before planting and rotation of crops, allowing as long a time as possible between successive crops of potatoes. A bibliography is apjiended. A new disease of spinach, P. Voglino (Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 56 {1913), pp. 377-379). — ^The author describes the attack and progi-ess of a para- site on spinach in Savona and in Turin, Italy. The fungus is said to be Col- letotrichum spinaei(e, which was studied in this connection. Tomato diseases, J. B. S. Norton (Maryland Sta. Bui. ISO (1914), PP- ^02- 114). — The author describes a number of tomato diseases, among which the most troublesome are said to be the Fusarium wilt, due to F. lycopersici and the leaf blight caused by Septoria lycopersici. For the control of the Fusarium wilt the author thinks the most promising method for relief is the growing of resistant varieties. In a test, about 40 varieties showed marked differences in their susceptibility to attacks of the fungus. In experiments for the control of the leaf blight, practically all varieties grown in this country and Europe have been tested and all showed about the same susceptibility to the fungus attack. Spraying with Bordeaux 148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. mixture was found to reduce the loss, but unless begun early and kept up tbi'oufjhout the season complete protection is not be be expected. Among the other diseases described are bacterial wilt, mosaic disease, downy mildew, blossom end rot, anthracnose, shedding blossoms, and sunburn. The author states that the best means of controlling most tomato diseases is to keep plants in strong active growing condition. Attention to this, to- gether with rotation of crops and spraying, it is said, will prevent much loss. Development of Cladosporium fulvum violaceum, M. Savexli (Ann. R. Accitd. Agr. Torino, 56 {1913), pp. 63-66). — Reporting on a study of C. fulvum violaceum as related to C. fulvwm of tomato, these two fungi being very similar externally except in the coloration of the hyjihie and of the conidiophores. the author states that infection occurs readily by si)ores on the upi)er leaf surface in moderately warn>, moist air, the spores germinating quickly and the fungus rapidly making its way among the tissues, disorganizing them and killing the plant. The mycelium produces continually a vast number of secondary spores ready to germinate at once under the conditions usually present in tomato growing. The spores are thought to retain germinability for months in the dead leaves. A bacterial soft rot of turnips, F. C. Harbison and W. Sadler (Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. scr., 7 (1913), Sect. IV, pp. 91-106, pis. 5; Ann. Rpt. Quel)ec Soc. Protec. Plants [etc.], 6 (1913-14), pp. 59-12, figs. 15).— The authors describe this disease of crucifers, its cultural characters, progress, and effects as noted in recent studies at the bacterial laboratory at Macdonald College, giving lists of i>lants attacked by the soft rot organism. This occurs in both wet and dry years. The wet years 1910 and 1912 were characterized by much soft rot, 40 per cent of the turnips being diseased in 1910 on farms in some sections of Canada. Figures seem to indicate a lower degree of sus- ceptibility of the long shaped than of the globe shaped roots. Culture seems to increase the vigor and virulence of the bacterial organism. A bacterial disease of fruit blossom, B. T. P. Barker and O. Grove (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 85-97; ahs. in Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 55 (1914), No. 1433, p. 42O). — This is a preliminary account of the authors' studies on a disease of pears, probably due to a Pseudomonas, which may also attack other fruits. The appearance and progress of the disease are marked by a blackening of the sepals or by spots on the floral receptacles and the extension of the dis- coloration to other parts, large i>ortions sometimes being rendered sterile thereby. Infection is thought to be carried by wind and by insects. The brown rot canker of the apple, E. S. Salmon (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 56 (1914), No. 1440, p. 85, figs. 3).— Referring to his previous work (E. S. R., 23, p. 548) on brown rot of apples due to Sclerotinia (Monilia) fructigena, the author states that outbreaks have been unusually common during the past autumn and spring, the attack resulting in many cases in the formation of cankers in the branches, proceeding sometimes from the fruit but perhaps more frequently from the blossoms. The attack of several contiguous fruit spurs I'esulted later in a canker as much as a foot in length. Several varieties observed to have been attacked are named. Remedies recommended include the cutting out of all affected branches and cankerous spots and spraying with Bordeaux mixture immediately before the flower buds open. For severe cases a second spraying is prescribed, employing Bordeaux mixture, or lime-sulphur wash in case of a sensitive variety. Dis- eased spurs and branches are said to be dangerous not only to apple trees near, but also to plums and cherries in the vicinity, spores being produced by the fungus during nearly the whole year. DISEASES OP PLANTS. 149 Outbreak of downy mildew m 1913, J. Capus (Rev. Vit., 4I (1914), Nos. 1060, pp. 398-403, fujs. 2; 1061, pp. 428-4-^3, figs. 2; 1063, pp. 419-483, figs. 3; 1064, PP- 508-^13). — The author organized an inquiry, which was carried out in 1913 in several parts of France simultaneously, regarding dates of mildew outbreali, the temporal and successional relations of meterologoical phenomena to each phase of evolution of the fungus, the apparent relation of each out- break to others, and means of control of the causal organism. Presenting results obtained in descriptive and graphical form, the author states that the general course of the attaclis in the various districts was some- what the same as in 1910, but some differences ai»peared in severity and in other respects. At least two primary outbrealvs occurred in two regions. Sec- ondary attacks are favored by rain, and the lengths of intervals between such outbreaks are affected by the same agency. Com.bined treatment for downy mildew, B. Zachaeewicz (Rev. Vit., 4I (1914), ^0. 1054, pp. 237-239). — The author gives explicit directions for a so-called combined treatment, in five applications, for downy mildew in vine- yards, which is approved after having been tested under his supervision and having proved its superiority over simple treatments in 1910 and other years of severe attack. Node canker in grapevines, R. Maire and L. Trabut {Rev. Vit., 4I (1914), No. 1065, pp. 537-541, figs. 5). — ^The authors describe the effects of a disease attacking grapevines at the nodes. This trouble is ascribed to a fungus held to be a new variety and technically described under the name Phoma cookei rectispora. Root rot of grape, R. Brunet (Rev. Vit., 41 (1914), Nos. 1065, pp. 533-537, pi. 1, figs. 4; 1066, pp. 561-567, figs. 11; 1067, pp. 589-593, fig. i).— The author presents the results of studies on several organisms noted in connection with root rot of grapevines, in particular Dcmatophora necatrix, which is discussed in some detail in its various phases. A preliminary report on raspberry curl or yellows, L. E. Melchees (Ohio Nat., 14 (1914), No. 6, pp. 281-288, figs. 5).— Attention is called to the previous note on this disease (E. S. R., 31, p. 545). While the disease is believed to be the same as that described by Detmers, the cause is as yet unknown. A variety of Cladosporium parasitic on Agave and Echeveria, M. Savelli (Ann. R. Accacl. Agr. To)i}w, 56 (1913), pp. 112-114)- — "fhe author reports a study of a fungus parasitic on the upper leaf surfaces of A. americana and of Echeveria in Turin. The parasite was at first referred to the species C. hcr- harum, but on being further studied in culture it showed certain characters which led the author to consider it a specialized form, and it was given the name G. herbanim agavc-echeveria. The bud rot of coconut palms in Malabar, F. J. F. Shaw and S. Sundara- RAMAN (Agr. Jour. India, 9 (1914), No. 2, pp. 111-117, pis. 3; Ann. MgcoL, 12 (1914), No. 3, pp. 251-262, pi. 1, fig. 1; abs. in Agr. News [Barbados], 13 (1914), No. 322, p. 286). — The authors give a description of the bud rot which has recently become destructive among coconut palms in Malabar. This disease is said to be due to Pythium palmivoruni, previously noted by Butler as causing rot entailing serious loss in the case of the Palmyra palm in the Godavari district of India (E. S. R., 24, p. 351), also as attacking coco- nut palms, though somewhat sparingly, in that region. Infection with spores from pure cultures ou wounded or unwounded leaves and leaf sheaths under atmospheric conditions resembling those during the wet season in Malabar succeeded in reproducing effects typical of the disease. It is concluded from the results of this work that infections uiwn the ex- ternal surface of the leaf bases do not take place very readily, but that 150 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. infections upon tlie folded lamina of the central leaf are practically certain to talte. Zoospores washed down the leaf may spread infection to deeper por- tions of the leaf, the disease malting rapid progress when the bud is soaked with water. The only entirely reliable means of checking the spread of this disease is thought to be destruction of trees as soon as infection is evident, though care- ful pruning has given good results in the drier Godavari district. A l)rief bibliography is appended. A new Rhizosphsera, F. Bubak (Ber. Dcut. Bot. GcseJL, 32 (WU), No. 3, pp. J88-190). — The author gives the new name R. kalkhoffli to a fungus found on needles of Picea excelsa in Bohemia and France and on P. pungens argentea in the Tyrol, and said to have been previously studied by various other authors. A leaf disease of walnuts, F. A. Wolf {Mycol. CentU., 4 {1914), No. 2, pp. 65-69, figs. 7). — The Cylindrosporium causing walnut blight and inflicting con- siderable damage in Alabama has been studied by the author and is said to be distinct from other known species. The name C. juglandis u. sp. has been given to the fungus, which is technically described. Destruction of fallen leaves in autumn and use of Bordeaux mixture on the first appearance of the infection controlled the disease. Heart rot of oaks and poplars caused by Polyporus dryophilus, G. G. Hedgcock and W. H. Long (C/. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1914), No. 1, pp. 65-78, pis. 2). — ^According to the authors P. dryophilus is widely dis- tributed throughout the United. States, being noted to occur in at least 23 States and to attack 29 species of oaks, 3 of poplars, and probably on birch and pine. Oak Oidium, E. Foex (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 27 {1914), No. 11, pp. 333- 335). — This is mainly a discussion, partly controversial, regarding the mode of preservation and transmission of Oidium on oak, giving views of several other authors. Peculiarities of outbreak of oak Oidium, E. Noffray {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 21 {1914), No. 16, pp. 494' 495). — A reply to the article noted above. Resistance of oak wood to dry rot in relation to tannic acid, C. Wehmeb {Bcr. Dcut. Bot. GcseU., 32 {1914), No. 3, pp. 206-217, figs. 2).— Reporting and discussing his more recent work with wood of domestic and foreign oaks as related to attack from Merulius lacrymans, the author states that in most tests the oak wood proved resistant to the fungus, the exemptions from attack being as previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 654), ascribed to the presence of tannic acid. This constituent increases in proportion with the age of the oaks, but very young oak wood is yet to be tested in this connection. Further g'ermination studies with spores of Menilius, C. Wehmeb {Ber. Dcut. Bot. Gescll, 32 {1914), No. 4, pp. 254-256, pi. i).— In continuation of a report previously noted (E. S. R.. 29, p. 852), the author states that in later studies carried out with apparently normal siwres from pure cultures of If. lacrymans on favorable media germination did not take place in 24 days. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Digest of the game, fish, and forestry laws, edited by J. Kalbfus (Harris- hurg. Pa.: State, 1913, pp. 320). — This handbook is divided into three parts which contain the text with index of the laws pertaining to game, fish, and forestry. Notes on mortality of young of wild birds under natural nesting condi- tions and under artificial or protected states, J. Butler {Rpt. Midi. Acad. 8ci., 15 {1913), pp. 114-119). — This paper reports upon observations made along ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 151 the Rouge River, north of Dearborn, Mich., with a view to noting the mortality of bird life during the nesting period under natural conditions and to compare them later with artificial or protected states, such as in the use of nesting boxes and with their natural and other enemies removed. They have led the author to conclude that birds have no infallible protective Instincts and that evolution is such a slow process that a species is liable to diminish greatly in changing habits to meet new conditions, such as the destruc- tion of forests naturally impose. Those nesting in trees appear, on the whole, to have a better chance than the ground nesters, and those using holes in trees apparently are better off than those nesting outside. The red-winged blackbird. — A study in the ecology of a cat-tail marsh, A. A. Allen (Abs. of Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 24-25 {1914), pp. 43-128, pis. 22, figs. 2; abs. in Auk, 31 {1914), No. 3, pp. 414, 415).— A report of biological studies of Agclaius ph(jcnicens, conducted in large part near Ithaca, N. Y. The first part of the work (pp. 48-74) deals with the environment, and the second part (pp. 74-126) with the life history and ecology. " During the greater part of the year the red-wing obtains its food outside of the marsh, and that which it does secure here, is taken, without selection, from the preponderant forms as they occur in succession. Its dependence upon the marsh, or, in other words, the reason for its being a marsh bird, lies in the shelter which it or its offspring receives. ... It spends hardly more time in the marsh than is necessary to rear its young." A l)ibliography of 41 titles is appended. Sixth annual report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants from Insects and Fungus Diseases, 1913-14 (Ann. Rpt. Quebec Soc. Protec. Plants [etc.], 6 {1913-14), pp. 85, figs. 49)- — Among the pai)ei-s presented in this report are the following: Insects and Disease, by W. Lochhead (pp. 11-21) ; The Injurious Flea-beetles of the Province of Quebec, by A. Gibson (pp. 25-30) ; Insects of 1913, by E. M. DuPorte (pp. 3S-43; Notes on the Life History and Control of the Bee Moth or Wax Moth, by J. I. Beaulne (pp. 57-59) ; etc. The forest insects of central Europe: A text-book and handbook, K. EscHEBiCH {Die ForstinscTctcn Mittelciiropas. Ein Lehr- und Handbuch. Bcrlm, 1914, vol. 1, pp. XII-\-433, pi. 1, figs. 248; rev. in Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 4^ PP- 350-352). — This volume furnishes a general introduction to the structure and life history of insects and the fundamental principles of practical forest entomology. The several chapters deal with their classification, mor- phology, internal anatomy and physiology, reproduction, economic importance, natural limitation of insect increase, prevention and control, etc. Entomological notes, L. H. Gough {Agr. Jour. Egypt, 3 {1914), No. 2, pp. 103-106, pi. 1). — The notes here presented relate to Pimpla roborator, a parasite of the pink bollworm fairly common around Cairo which is thoug)ht to have recently taken to preying on Gelechia larvae in Egypt; Crytoblabes gnidicUa, a small pyralid moth that has been reared from cotton bolls collected at several points in Egypt; EphcMia cautella, a pyralid known as the Kharga Oasis date worm, which feeds on half ripe dates ; and the pomegranate butter- fly {Virachola (Deudorix) livia), the larva of which damages pomegranates and also feeds on dates, sunt pods, and pods of Acacia cdgworthi. Common insects of the garden, C. P. Gillette {Colorado Sta. Bui. 199 {1914), pp. 40~48). — This bulletin contains descriptions of the more commonA / garden insects, together with suggestions for their control. An efficient and practicable method for controlling melon lice, C. E. Durst {IlUnois Sta. Bui. 174 {1914), PP- 321-334. figs. 3),— In tests by the station of the more important in.secticides during a period of 12 years none has given as satisfactory results as blackleaf 40, work with which has covered 3 years. 152 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. It has been found that the melon aphidid can be controlled by applications of this insecticide made with a barrel pump, equipped with a lead of hose, bamboo rod, and nozzle with bent shank and fine cap. At a strength of 1 : 250 it will not injure melon foliage. A strength of 1 : 500 or 600 is as effective against the aphidid and is recommended particularly when quick results are desired, while a 1 : 1,000 solution is practically as eflBcient and is recommended for use in com- mercial operations. " With proper equipment and thorough application, it is possible to kill prac- tically every melon louse on the vines. The material appears to be so destruc- tive to the lice that the finest mist, coming in contact with their bodies, is cajiable of killing them. When the vines are of medium size, about 200 gal. of solution are required for spraying an acre of ' rowed ' melons. Allowing a 1 : 1,000 solution, the blackleaf 40 for this amount would cost $2.50. "Whale-oil soap and tobacco decoction are fairly efficient for controlling melon lice if applied repeatedly, but do not compare with blackleaf 40 in effec- tiveness or in the ease with which they may be prepared. In the tests at this station, fumigation with carbon bisulphid did not prove to be an efficient or practicable method of controlling attiicks of melon lice. Kerosene emulsion can not be used with safety for spraying muskmelons and cucumbers. Homemade lime-sulphur solution injures melon foliage when used as weak as 1 : 40, and does not control the lice when used as strong as 1 : 20." An experiment on killing tree scale by poisoning the sap of the tree, F. Sanford {Science, n. ser., 40 il9U), No. 1032, pp. 519, 520).— It is stated that the cottony cushion scale on a 12-year-old Spanish broom tree, 4 in. in diameter, was destroyed by the author in February by boring a S-in. hole to a depth of 3 in. in the trunk and filling it with potassium cyanid. A similar hole bored in an old peach tree and filled with potassium cyanid seemed to increase its vigor. The Great Basin tent caterpillar in California, E. C. Van Dyke {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. CaJ., 3 {1914), No. 9, pp. 351-355, figs. 3).— During the summer of 1914 caterpillars of Malacosoma fragilis were found in enormous numbers in the territory about Mt. Shasta. The extensive brush areas found on the south- ern and eastern slopes and to the northeast of the mountain were throughout much of their territory completely defoliated, and presented a brown and seared appearance. The food plants consisted primarily of the thick or broad-leaved Ceanothus {Ccanothus velutinus), or snow-bush, and C. cordulatiis. The so- called "squaw carpet" (C. prostratus), wild cherry, willow, and many culti- vated plants, including the apple, are also attacked by this insect. Seasonal variation in the common bollworm (Earias insulana), G. Storey {Agr. Jour. Egypt, 3 {1914), No. 2, pp. 99-102, pis. 2).— A colored plate illus- trating a series of 16 adults which show the natural variation of the species is presented. Methods for the destruction of the pink bollworm (Gelechia gossypiella) in cotton seed, L. II. Gough and G. Storey {Agr. Jour. Egypt, 3 {1914). No. 2, pp. 73-95, fig. 1). — The authors describe experiments conducted with mechanical and chemical means for destroying the pink bollworm in cotton. The different methods that have been found effective and commercially appli- cable are (1) hot-air treatment, consisting of exposure of the seed to a tempera- ture of between 75 and 94° C. for ten minutes, which did not affect its germina- tion in any way; (2) treatment by poisonous gases, including carbon bisulphid, hydrocyanic acid gas, and sulphur dioxid; and (3) treatment by soaking in cyllin solution 1 : 1.000 for 24 hours. The first two methods can be employed on a large scale at the time of ginning, the third only immediately before sowing. Treatment is not possible when the seed is in the sacks. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY, 153 The sugar beet webworm, J. R. Parker {Montana Sta. Circ. 42 {1914), pp. 75-86, figs. 6). — A concise account of Loxostege sticticaUs and means for its control. The army worm (Heliophila unipuncta), H. T. Fernald {Mass. Bd. Agr. Circ. 22 {1914), PP- IS, pi. 1, figs. 2). — A sunimnrizod acconnt of tlie occurrence of this army worm, its life history and habits, and remedial and control meas- ures. It was particularly abundant in Massachusetts in 1914, especially in the southern part of Tlymouth County and in Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket counties, reports of its injury having been received mainly from points south of Boston and east of Mansfield. The biology of the North American crane flies (Tipulidae, Diptera), I and II {Jour. Ent. and Zool., 6 {1914), A'os. 1, pp. 12-34, pis. 3; 3, pp. 105-118, pjs. 2). — Biological and systematic studies of Erioccra longicornis, E. spinosa, and E. fultonensis, are reported by C. P. Alexander and J. T. Lloyd in part 1 of this article, and of Liogma nodicornis, by C. P. Alexander in part 2. Grub eradication, B. H. Ransom {Nat. Assoc. Tanners, Tanners Work, No. 3 {1913), pp. 40). — A paper on the ox warble and its eradication read before the National Association of Tanners at their annual meeting, held at Chicago, on October 31. 1913. Investigations of the life history of Hypoderma bovis and means for controlling it, A. Lucet {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 13, pp. 968-970; al)S. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'i, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 6, p. 776). — A report of further investigations of the biology of the ox warble (E. S. R., 31, p. 85). The number of eggs found in the bodies of four females ranged from 343 to 386. Quite satisfactory results in the destruction of warbles beneath the skin have been obtained through the use of tincture of iodin. pure or diluted (Gram's solution). The injection of 0.5 and 1 cc. of tincture of iodin into 81 swellings in two oxen destroyed all the warbles and their absorption followed. Relative attractiveness of vegetable, animal, and petroleum oils for the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), H. H. P. and H. C. Severin {Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 22 {1914), No. 3, pp. 240-248, fig. i).— The authors report upon investigations carried on in which the attractiveness of various oils was tested, including the vegetable oils (citronella, turpentine, and coconut) ; animal oils (whale and fish) ; naphtha distillate (benzin and gasoline) ; burn- ing oil distillate (kerosene, etc.) ; and lubricating oil distillate, crude petro- leum, etc. The results are presented in tabular form. They indicate that the attrac- tion of the Mediterranean fruit fly to these oils was confined almost entirely to the male sex. " Female flies were present in these orchards because hun- dreds were caught by sweeping with an insect net among the fruit trees. Trap- ping the pest with kerosene was carried on for a period of eight months in the Hawaiian Islands in connection with other experiments and the results sliow that of every 1.000 fruit flies captured only three on an average were females, the remainder being males." See also previous notes (E. S. R., 29, pp. 257, 6.56). The apple maggot, W. C. O'Kane {Ncio Hampshire Sta. Bid. 171 {1914), PP- 3-120, i)ls. 8, figs. 9). — This is a report of studies of the apple maggot or rail- road worm {Rhagolctis pomonclla) that were started during the summer of 1909 and have been carried on by the author during a period of four years. Preliminary accounts have been previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 662). Following a brief introduction, the author i-eviews the early history of the pest. He considers it probable that the apple maggot is a native American 154 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. species, with one or more species of CriiUegus as its original food. In addition to tlie apple, it may attack hybrid crab apples, haws {Cratcegus sp.), huckle- berries, and ))lueberries. It is shown that its present known distribution approximates in general the limits of the eastern or humid part of the Transition Life Zone; in other words, the so-called Alleghanian Zone. It reaches its greatest abundance and de- structiveness in Maine, in New Hampshire, parts of Vermont, in Massachusetts, parts of Connecticut, and New York, with an additional wide, though scattering, distribution in Ontario, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. It is also present in Canada — in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec. An account given of its occurrence in the United States is based upon correspondence with state and station entomologists. Its economic status in New Hampshire is next dealt with at some length in connection with a questionnaire in which 210 replies were received from fruit growers who represented practically all sections of the southern two-thirds of the State. The factors influencing comparative infestation are season of ripen- ing, aroma, and thickness of skin; location is an indirect factor. Of twelve va- rieties of which the most reports relating to infestation were received, six were summer or fall fruit, and of these, five varieties, namely, the Porter, August Sweet, Found Sweet, Hubbardston, and Early Harvest, are notoriously severely attacked. Life history studies based upon the work at one or more of three places in the vicinity of Durham are reported. They deal with the dates of emergence of the adult, influence of temperature and moisture on rate of emergence, ovipo- sition, choice of varieties for egg laying, number of egg punctures per apple, period during which eggs are laid, length of the life of the female, dispersion habits of the adults, etc. The studies have failed to give evidence of the occur- rence of a second brood in the State. The emergence of the adults begins the last of June or the first week of July, is at its maximum in the second and third weeks of July, and is practically at an end by the middle of August. Oviposi- tion may begin in less than a week after emergence, commencing the first or second week of July and proceeding until the latter part of September. From five to seven days are passed in the egg stage. The larval stage may be passed in 30 days or less, or may be greatly prolonged. The duration of the pupal stage is widely variable, the species exhibiting both a 1-year and a 2-year life cycle. In the 1-year cycle the pupal stage occupies approximately 300 days. A proportion of the early as well as the late-maturing larvse may requii'e an extra year for the pupal stage. Technical descriptions of the several stages are in- cluded. Under control measures the author discusses poison bait spraying, relation of codling moth sprays, and poison trap pans as measures directed against the adults ; control by picking up drops and the use of live stock to keep the drops cleaned up as measures directed against the larvje; and the use of poultry, use of chemicals in the soil, burying pupa; by plowing, compacting the surface soil, and cultivating the soil as measures directed against the pupa;. " Poison bait sprays, in three years' extended trials in New Hampshire, have entirely failed to insure satisfactory protection of fruit from attack by the maggot. With five or more applications the apples often show abundant egg punctures. Even with ten applications the fruit may be worthless. The adults are not materially atti'acted to the bait, as so far devised, and are not poisoned in sufficient num- bers to render the treatment a definite benefit in the absence of other measures of control." " Emergence of adults can not be prevented by burying the pupse by plowing, or by cultivating the soil ; and probably not by compacting the sur- face." ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 155 It is recommeuded that iu the control of the apple luaggot attention be directed especiaJlly toward infested early varieties of apples. It is pointed out that the life economy of the maggot is essentially adapted to early tyiJes of fruit, the larva requiring a mellow pulp to reach maturity. Thi.s is readily available in the drops of soft, summer varieties, while winter fruit, especially the hard, late-maturing type, is not adapted to the needs of the maggot. Mid- summer drops of such fruit are likely to mellow sufficiently for tlie purposes of the larva, but iu general few of the maggots that may be in winter fruit are likely to reach maturity. Infestation of such fruit is often due to flies from neglected earlier varieties nearby. In any fruit the very early drops, falling in June, offer no danger. Drops that fall after the end of September are not apt to mellow sufficiently for the maturity of the larvfe, the critical time being limited to the two months period, from mid July to mid September. The pre- vention of infested fruit from decaying on the ground is the most important step and is an efficient check ; iu fact, it is the only known measure that in itself is definitely effective. This end may be accomplished by picking the infested fruit before it ripens sufficiently to fall, by collecting the drops by hand, or by making use of live stock to gather up the drops. " The frequency with which the drops should be collected depends on the variety of apple. With the earliest and softest of summer fruit, drops should be collected twice a week. This applies to apples of the type of Early Harvest. With early varieties of somewhat firmer flesh, such as Red Astrachan or Sops-of-Wiue, once a week is sufficient. This also applies to the softer fall apples, such as the Porter. Later varieties may safely be collected once in two weeks, or longer with hard, winter fruit. With this schedule very few maggots in the apples will be able to leave the fruit and enter the soil for pupation. A reasonable rule to follow, whatever the variety, is not to permit infested apples to grow mellow or soft on the ground. . . . *'Anj" apples trees worth the space they occupy should be sprayed. The ordinary spraying for codling moth and for apple diseases is of indirect help in efforts toward control of the maggot because such spraying tends to reduce dropping of the fruit. Wild apple trees in the vicinity of the orchard should be grafted over to fruit of value or cut down. Usually they are infested with the maggot, as well as other apple pests, and their presence is a source of con- stant danger. The possible complication that may be offered by adjacent blue- berries attacked by the apple maggot remains to be worked out. If such fruit is found infested close by, it should be removed and destroyed. ... If winter fruit shows attack by the maggot on picking it should be disposed of promptly, or placed immediately iu cold storage. Sent at once to cold storage it may be expected to keep fairly well. In no case should such apples be allowed to remain in the orchard or barn for a period after picking. Such practice is likely to result in rapid deterioration of the fruit." A bibliography of 66 titles is appended. Larch killed by a longicorn beetle, B. B. Osmaston {Quart. Jour. Forestry, 8 {191-^t), No. 4, pp. 277-279, fig 1). — Tetropium gahrieli cruicfshayi, which does not appear to have attracted the notice of foresters up to the present time, has recently been found to be the source of considerable damage in larch woods in several localities in England. The eggs are deposited in crevices iu the bark of sickly larch trees of from about 6 in. in diameter upward. The eggs are laid in June and hatch in about two weeks. During July and August the larva devours the soft bast and cam- bium layers, penetrating 2 in. or so into the wood before forming its pupal cell, where it lies until early in April when it pupates finally, emerging as an 75575°— No. 2—15 5 156 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. adult ill May. The tree is quickly killed and some damage doue to the outer layers of the wood, but chiefly to the sap wood. Otiorhynchus sulcatus on the island of Oleron, J. Feytaud {Bui. Sac. j^tudes et Viilg. Zool. Agr., IS (1914), ^'os. 1, pp. 1-14, fius- 3; 2, pp. 21-25; 4, pp. 53-55; abs. in Rev. Api)l. Ent., 2 (1914), Set: A, Nos. 4, PP- 229, 230; 6, pp. 360, 361). — This article deals with O. sulcatus. its natural enemies, and remedial measures. It is a vineyard pest that was first observed on the island four years ago and has since spread in all directions. The larva attacks the roots and the adult damages the vines by attacking the shoots and arresting their develop- ment. Collection by hand at night from shelter traps is considered the simplest method of combating them. The alfalfa weevil (Phytonomus posticus), W. O. Ellis (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 10 (1914), pp. ^, figs. .'/). — A brief descriptive account of this pest and of control measures. On Eurytoma amygdalis which injuries plums and apricots in the Govern- ment of Astrakhan, Y. N. Rodzianko (Ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Her. A, No. 6, pp. 348, 349). — ^An account of the biology of this chalcidid and the injury which it causes. The eggs are dei)osited in the young fruit and the larva lives inside the stone, feeding on the unripened kernel, which it usually destroys. The attacked fruits fall off, either when still green or not half mature, though some may ripen and can not be distinguished from healthy fruits. As remedies the collection and destruction of prematurely fallen fruits and the prevention of oviposition are recommended. The collection of immature fruit alone, however, can not be considex'ed adequate as the larvje sometimes inhabit mature fruits. Description of two braconids parasitic on Earias, G. C. Dudgeon and L. H. GouGH (Ayr. .Jour. Egypt, 3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 108-110, pis. 2).—Rhogas Jcitchencri and R. lefroyi, two parasites of the Egyptian bollworm. the former also parasitic on the date worm (Ephcstia cautella). are described. The common red spider or spider mite, H. E. Ewing (Oregon Sta. Bui. 121 (1914), pp. 3-95, pi. 1, figs. 38). — This is a monographic account of the common red spider or spider mite which the author shows to be specifically identical with the common European form (Tctranychus tclarius). It is shown that T. telarius, T. Mmaculatus, and T. gloveri should be regarded as synonymous and that T. sexmaculatus should be considered as only a variety of T. telarius since it apparently differs from the latter, not structurally, but only in size and to some extent in color and habits. Through the employment of the characters of the male genital armature the author has also demonstrated that two sepa- rate species, which have been considered in the past as synonymous with the common spider mite, occur in the Western States, namely, T. fiavus and T. weldoni. In reporting life history studies of the species reference is made to the obser- vations of Perkins in Vermont (E. S. R., 9. p. 859), Morgan in Louisiana (E. S. R., 9, p. 1065), Worsham in Georgia (E. S. R., 25, p. 562), McGregor in South Carolina (E. S. R., 27, p. 264). and Parker in California (E. S. R.. 29, p. 261). Sixty-three eggs, deposited between October 7 and 25. was the largest number obtained from three mites under observation in October, although Worsham has recorded 94 as having been deposited by a single female. The species reproduces parthenogenetically, but the progeny of the virgin females are always of the male sex. In observations of the incubation period of the egg S days was found to be the maximum, 3 days the minimum, and Syf days the average. The larval stage covers an average active period of 2J days and a quiescent period of 1§ ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 157 days. The larva apparently does uot spin a web, but will be found on webs spun by the adults. The time passed in the first nyniphal stage (protouyniph) aver- aged oj days during the last of September and early October, it being divided into an active feeding and a quiescent period. The protonymphs are active feed- ers and their habits are similar to those of the larva. During early October the second nymphal stage (deutonyniph) averaged 3i days. The deutonymphs have the ability to spin webs and pass an active and a quiescent period. The average preoviposition period is 3§ days, while the average obtained for the entire adult stage duriug early October was 21J days. Notes on the general biology of the spider mite which follow deal with the spinning process and use of the web. average length of life period, embryonic development, molting process, parthenogenesis, sex ratios, time and method of copulation, and methods of disiiersion. A somewhat extended discussion of color pigments and color variation is presented in which it is shown that casual observations have been very misleading in regard to color variations. The author has obtained all the common color variations among the first and second genei-ation descendants of a single female. Five of these individuals are repre- sented in colors. In reporting studies of the distribution of the spider mite tables are presented which show its host a-nd geographical distribution in the United States. The species has at present almost a world-wide distribution. Among the regions in the United States that are probably free from general infestation, the author mentions the Great Plains region between the Rocky Mountains and the eastern jtart of the Dakotas. Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. This region is chiefly occupied either by native grasses or by field crops that are not known to be hosts of the red spider. A list is presented which shows that the plants that have been most frequently reported as attacked in this country are. in order of the number of records obtained for each, as follows : Rose, hops, beans, violet, cotton, strawberry, and tomato. The injury due to the spider mite is caused by its puncturing the tissues of the leaves from the underside and withdrawing the liquid contents of the leaf cells. Following the primary injury there is a change of color in those parts of the leaves most severely injured, the change usually being simply a paling effect, but there may be some reddening of the leaves, the leaves finally shrivelling and dying. Among the more important natural enemies mentioned are an acarid (Seius j)omi), which in Oregon is i^rhaps the most efiicient of any of the natural enemies of the red spider; a predaceous thysanopteran {Scolothrips sexmacu- latus) ; the insidious flower bug (Triphleps insidiosus) ; a neuropteran (Con- ventzia hagcni) ; two lace^A^ngs (HemcroMus pacificus and CJinjsopa calif or- nica) ; a cecidomyiid {Arthrqcnodax occUlentalis), the larva of which is pre- daceous, which is one of the most important enemies and perhaps the most widely distributed of all; a rove beetle (OUgota oriformis) which occurs in citrus districts of southern California ; and several coccinellids, namely, 8te- thonis picipes, 8. punctum, Scymniis nanus, and -S?. marginicolHs. A number of other i)robable enemies are noted. Control measures are dealt with at length. Under cultural methods, the author discusses clean culture, removal of infested plants, pruning and stripping of leaves, trap crops, time of planting, rotation of crops, etc. Fumigation, banding, and spraying are then taken up. It is pointed out that preventive measures are more important and practical than remedial measures. The im- portance of the destruction of useless host plants, especially those which remain green during the winter, is emphasized. Clean culture is the most important 158 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. procedure with field and truck crops and usually will prevent serious infesta- tion, although there are some exceptions to the rule. " Crop rotation I'romises to be u good procedure in certain instances, although much care should be exercised in selecting a crop that either matures early in the season before serious mite attaclis or is quite resistant to the mites. Trap crops, banding, and irrigation are of questionable value. Fumigation is not effective. This appears to be due to a general resistance of arachnids to poison- ous gases which is correlated with the difference in their system of respiration, from that of insects and some of the other arthropods. Spraying in general, while it will kill a large percentage of the mites if properly done, will not give as satisfactory results as it will with most insects. It is especially troublesome as it must be done in the heat of the summer, and is expensive since two appli- cations must be made. Dry sulphur has a very limited use on account of de- pendency upon weather conditions for effectiveness. Nicotin and emulsion sprays are preferable to the sulphur and lime-sulphur sprays. The latter are at times of questionable value. Adhesive sprays will not always give success; they probably are effective under certain local conditions. The free use of water as a spray is to be reeommendeer ton, a homemade tobacco spray for aphis will cost about $1 per 100 gal., as compared with $1.20 for black- leaf 40, and the stems are worth about $10 per ton for fertilizer after their nicotin is extracted, since they still contain all the phosphoric acid and most of the potash originally present." FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Minnesota wheat investigations. — Series III, composition and quality of spring' and winter wheats, crops of 1912 and 1913, C. H. Bailey (Minucsota ^^t(i. BuJ. IJfS {lOlJ/), PI). 5S, figs, .'i).— This bulletin reports the results of inves- tigations of Minnesota wheats which were carried out in continuance of those previously reported (E. S. R., 29, p. 202). In these investigations studies were made of the hard winter and spring wheat crops of 1912 and 1913. Analyses and studies of the milling quality of the wheats and of the baking qualities of the flour produced from them were made for the purpose of comparing different types and varieties of wheat grown under varying conditions and to study the relation between environment and composition and quality of the wheats. The results of this investigation may be summarized briefly as follows: " The average quality of the spring wheat samples of the crop of 1912 was inferior to that of the crop of 1911 so far as protein content and baking strength were concerned. The kernels were plumper, however, and yielded higher per- centages of flour. The samples of the 1912 crop grown in the northwestern section were generally superior in baking quality to those grown in the same 160 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. section the preeediug year, and in tliis rof^ard averaged higher than those from the other sections of the State. The samples from the central section averaged lowest in baking quality, followed closely by those from the southeastern section. " The average baking quality and protein content of the spring wheat sam- ples of the crop of 1913 were about intermediate between those of the two pre- ceding crops. The relative plumpness, accompanied in most instances by a rela- tively dense endosperm, resulted in a higher average yield of total flour. The difference in the average baking quality of the flours milled from wheats ob- tained from the several sections of the State was slight. The samples gi-owu in the southwestern section were poorest in that regard, while those from the western, northwestern, and eastern sections averaged about the same. " The winter wheat samples of the crops of 1912 and 1913 were inferior in baking quality to the spring wheats grown under the same conditions in almost every instance. The difference was less in the crop of 1913 than in that of 1912. Many of the winter wheat samples were decidedly poor in quality, while others were equal to the average of the hard spring wheats. " The variations in the comjiosition and quality of wheat of the same varieties and types grown in different seasons, or in different localities the same year, are attributable principally to varying climatic conditions rather than to the fertility of the soil. " The beai'ded spring or velvet chaff wheat samples tested were slightly in- ferior on the average to the bluestem samples with which they were compared, so far as baking strength was concerned. In many instances individual sam- ples were superior to the average of the bluestem samples. On the other hand, the Marquis wheat samples were, in most instances, superior to the bluestem samples, and, it is therefore concluded, to the bearded spring wheats as well. Instances, however, have been noted where these relations did not prevail. " Bearded Bluestem or Humpback wheat was decidedly inferior to wheat of the other types grown in this State, and in no instance of good baking quality." Hard red spring wheats from the demonstration farms. — Studies of wheat quality under North Dakota conditions, W. L. Stockman (Xorth Dakota 8ta. Spec. BuL, 3 (191.'i), No. 9, pp. 129-140, figs. ^).— This article discusses factors that seem to influence the milling and baking qualities of wheat grown on about 25 demonstration farms as studied by the station in cooperation with the Office of Grain Standardization of this Department. Topics taken up In- clude the influence on quality of climate, temperature, moistui'e, yield per acre, crops grown with wheat the preceding crop, and manure. The findings are sum- marized as follows: " Differences in temperature alone produce some differences in quantity of wheat but very little in quality. Moisture conditions determine largely the relative yield per acre, composition, and baking strength variations. They de- termine what parts of the plant shall matui'e. The larger quantities of moisture at maturity produce on the average higher yields per acre, lower percentage of protein, higher milling yields, but lower baking strength. In this State the percentage of protein and soil nitrogen do not parallel each other. The higher yielding wheats have relatively less baking strength, but produce more flour than those yielding less. The baking strength follows protein content fairly well, except that with the extreme low yields under dry conditions the baking strength suffers. Differences in flour yield are usually differences in quantities of patent flour. Yeai's of low state production are years of relatively high baking strength. Difference in yield on adjacent fields with similar climate and general conditions produce but very little difference in quality. " Crops grown with wheat (clover and timothy especially) consume part of the moisture and produce wheat of lower milling quality but of slightly FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 161 higher baking strength. Wheat docs not yield as much under such circum- stances as in other demonstration farm rotations. The composition of wheat as well as the quantity, is affected by rotation of crops. Wheat tends to have higher protein content after clover than after cultivated crops and higher after the latter than after small grain. Under the present farm conditions a large quantity of nutrients removed one year does not necessitate a lower produc- tion the year following. There is a natural tendency for some plats to be regularly more efficient than others. Manure accompanies the very low and the high yields. The relative baking strength is higher, diminishing with the length of time after the application. The reverse is true regarding the milling j-ield of tlour." Further data on the use of calcium in bread making', Emmerich and LoEW {Ztschr. Gesam. Qctreidcw.; 6 {1914), ^o. 5, pp. 97-09).— The authors give additional reasons for their contention that the addition of calcium in bread making is desirable. See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 31, p. 8G0). Some edible fishes of Chile with a description of the new species, C. E. roRTEB {An. Soc. Cient. Argentina, 77 {1914), No. 3-4, pp. 185-210, pi. 1).—A digest of biological and other data with many references to original sources. Canned com {Lab. Inland Rev. Dcpt. Canada Bui. 285 {1914), PP- 17)- — None of the 205 samples of canned corn examined showed saccharin, but sulphites in more than traces were found in about 25 per cent of the samples. The can con- tents were uniform in weight, approximating 20 ounces. One of the questions considered is the use of starch in the packing liquid. In respect to this the author states that he is " unable to discover any intention to defraud the consumer, in this practice. The stai'ch commonly employed is that natural to the corn itself. In the light of present knowledge no further comment upon this feature can be usefully made." The opinion of the United States Board of Food and Drug Inspection, how- ever, with reference to such use of starch is quoted, to the effect that starch may be added to sweet corn in a manner whereby inferiority is concealed or water is added, this being deemed clearly a violation of the United States Food and Drugs Act. The value of corn oil as a substitute for olive oil and cotton-seed oil, B. E. Pool and L. E. Sayre {Trans. Kans. Acad. ScL, 26 {1912), pp. 41, //3).— This study of corn oil was undertaken chiefly with reference to its use in various medicinal preparations in which the other oils are used. From their experimental work the authors conclude that corn oil has very similar pi'operties to cotton seed and olive oils, and that it resembles them closely in appearance. They recommend that its use for certain medicinal prepara- tions be recognized, since this would be economical and would also increase the market for this cheap and valuable oil. Analyses of honey, H. Kretzschmar {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. n. Genusswil., 28 {1914), No. 2, pp. 84-89). — A large number of analyses of honeys of different years and of different types are reported. Improvement in the commercial supply of spices and its cause, L. E. Sayre {Trans. Kan.s. Acad. 8ci., 26 {1912), pp. 43-46). — The author reports results of examinations of samples of cloves and allspice made by J. F. King under his supervision. From a discussion of these and figures previously pub- lished he concludes that since the enactment of the pure food laws few samples of these spices on the market are adulterated, whereas formerly the majority of them contained much foreign material. He believes that the same statements may be made with regard to black pepper. A new physical method for lessening the harmfulness of coffee, A. Schenk and J. GoRBiNG {Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 20 {1914), Xos. 11, pp. 202-216. 12, pp. 162 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. 222-229). — The results of studies of coffee quality as affected by handling are reported. The author treats the coffee beans with finely powdered clay, such as is used in porcelain manufacture, to remove any oil present on the surface of the coffee bean. Such treatment, he believes, improves the quality and lessens disturbance which some persons experience after drinking coffee. [Food and drug examination and inspectioii of food establishments], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (Xorili Dakota Hta. Spec. Bid.. 3 {J'Jl.'f), No. 8, pp. 105-128). — In this Ixilletin are given the results of a sanitary inspec- tion, including tlie score-card rating, of a number of places where foods and food products are prepared, stored, and sold, together with analytical data re- garding a number of samples of milk, ice cream, food preparations, and drugs. There is also included a report by L. A. Congdon of an investigation of com- mercial fruit jellies. Analytical data are given regarding 19 so-called pure jellies of which 8 were found to be pure. Special attention was given to the detection of the presence of added acids and the use of apple base as a jellying agent without a declaration of its presence. Hints are also given regarding the varnishing and finishing of woodwork which are of interest to tlie housewife. [Food inspection and analyses], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (North Dakota 8ta. Spec. Bui, 3 (1914), No. 11, pp. 169-200) .—This bulletin contains a report of the sanitai-y inspection of dairies, meat markets, bakeries, grocery stores, restaurants, etc., in a number of cities in the State, together with the score-card ratings of such places. The results are also given of the inspection of a number of samples of milk and other food products made in connection with the above inspection. [Food and drug' inspection and analyses], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (North Dakota 8ta. Spec. Bui, 3 (1914), No. 10, pp. 153-168).— This bulletin contains a digest of data regarding the general sanitary inspection of bakeries, meat markets, and slaughterhouses. The results of the sanitary inspection of a number of places where food is prepared and sold are given, together with score-card ratings. Analytical data are also given regarding the examination of a number of samples of food and drug preparations, and the text of a patent- medicine law for the Philippines. The work of the chemical inspection department of Dresden for the year 1913, A. Beythien and H. Hempel (Pharm. Zentralhalle, 55 (1914), Nos. 11, pp. 389-395; 18, pp. 414-420; 19, pp. 4S8-444; 20, pp. 462-467; 21, pp. 485-491; 22, pp. 511-511). — In addition to other information data are reported regarding the examination of a number of breads and other bakers' goods and of other food products. 1001 tests of foods, beverages, and toilet accessories, H. W. Wiley (New York, 1914, pp. XXVIII-\-249, pi 1). — This volume, arranged by Anne L. Pierce, contains an introduction. The Pure Food Battle. Looking Backward and For- ward, a Key to Method of Rating Products, and a classified list of the results of testing foodstuffs, beverages, and cosmetics, with comments on quality. A full index is provided. Available food supplies, J. F. Lyman (Pop. Set. Mo., 85 (1914), JV'o. 2, pp. 180-183). — A discussion of the foodstuffs available at the present time and in the future. Prices of foodstuffs on the Bern market since 1878 and especially from 1910-1913 (,1/(7^ Kanton. [Bern] Statis. Bur., No. 1 (1914), PP- 9.3).— This article shows the changes in the price of cereals, meats, fruits, vegetables, and other foodstuffs by months for 1910-1913 and by years for lSTS-1913. Between 1887-88 and 1912-13 the greatest relative change took place in the different FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 163 meat products and the least iu the cereals. The prices of practically all the products mentioned in this report showed an increase, A study of Chicago's stockyards community. — III, Wages and family budgets in the Chicago stockyards district, J. C. Kennedy et al. {Chicago: Univ. Chicago, 1914, pp. 80). — This study of the Chicago stockyards com- munity was carried on under the direction of the Board of the University of Chicago Settlement. The results are considered In connection with wasje sta- tistics from other industries employing skilled labor. Many nationalities were represented. Of the 1S4 families S8 were Polish and 08 were Lithuanian. Quotations from the summary follow : "One hundred and thirty-one families rented their quarters. The average rental per family was $107.83, or 13.2 per cent of the total expenditure. One hundred of the 131 renting families occupied flats of four rooms. The 68 Lithuanian families had on an average 4.12 lodgers per family. In one case 13 people were crowded together in four small basement rooms. " The average expenditure for foodstuffs and liquors was $441.83 per family, or 53.62 per cent of the total expenditure [the amount expended for alcoholic liquors being 4.42 per cent of the total expenditures in 180 families using itj. " The minimum amount necessary to support a family of five eflaciently in the stockyards district is $800 i>er year, or $15.40 per week." Workingmen's family budgets for seventy families in Holland (8oc. Democrat. Studie-Club Amsterdam Rap. 69 [1912], pp. 112). — This investiga- tion was made by the Social-Democratic Study Club of Amsterdam. The methods followed in this study are described and the results reported and sum- marized. Expenditin-e for food was one of the subjects considered. The statistical study of dietaries, a reply to Professor Karl Pearson, D. N. Paton (Biometrika, 10 {1914), No. 1, pp. 169-172).— In reply to the criticism previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 560) the author points out that no matter what the statistical knowledge, it can not be applied without a knowl- edge of the subject matter, in this case the physiology and chemistry of nutrition. The statistical study of dietaries. — A rejoinder, K. Pearson {Biometrika, 10 {1914), No. 1, pp. 172-174).— The author defends the importance of statis- tics and apparently believes he has taken into account the different chemical and other necessary factors. [This and the papers noted above make it clear that expert knowledge of statistical data is an important consideration in discussing the results of scien- tific investigation and make equally clear the difiiculties in applying statistical methods without full knowledge of the subject matter to which they are applied. In this particular case the critic apparently has not fully appreciated the sig- nificance of such things as the laws of growth, the dual functions of food, and ears as if the capacity to grow is only lost by the exercise of this fundamental property of animal organisms." The basal, gaseous metabolism of normal men and women, F. G. Benedict, L. E. Emmes. p. Roth, and II. M. Smith {Jour. Biol Chew., 18 {191Ji), No. 2, pp. 139-155). — The authors report the results of a series of observations made upon normal men and women at rest. Some of the experiments were carried out with the bed calorimeter and some with an especially designed respiration apparatus. Among the observations rei)orted were the amount of carbon dioxid produced, the oxygen consumption, the value of the respiratory quotient, the body temperature, and the pulse rate. 166 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. International catalogue of scientific literature. L — General biology (In- termit. Cat. ,Sci. Lit., 9 {1012), pp. \'1II+117; 10 (.1913), pp. Vlll + l.iS; 11 (1913), pp. VIIl-\-130). — ^These volumes contain the usual indexes in four languages, an autlior catalogue, and a subject catalogue of manuscripts received between December, 190'J, and January, 1913. Tbe subjects included are methods, general morphology, general physiology, and genei'al cytology. See also pre- vious notes (E. S. R., 24, p. 670). The effect of previous nutrition upon metabolism during fasting, A. Schlossmann and H. Murschhauser (Biochcm. Ztschr., 53 (1913), No. J/S, pp. 265-299; abs. in Inteniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Ac/r. Intel, ami Plant Diseases, Jf (1913), No. 10, p. 1511). — In experiments at the Akademische Kinderklinik at Diisseldorf dogs were starved until they lost one-third of their weight, when their gaseous interchange vv^as determined. One of the dogs was then fed fat, another carbohydrate, and a third protein, until each had attained its original weight. A fasting period of 24 hours followed, concluded by a respiration experiment. In another experiment the dogs were deprived of feed for periods lasting from 1 to IG days. It was concluded from these experiments that the respiration quotient de- pends, in the case of a fasting animal, upon the substances which have pre- viously taken part in building up its body. When a single substance, such as glycogen or fat, is fed the body accustoms itself to consume more or less glycogen or more or less fat and the respiratory quotient approaches very nearly the theoretical quotient for that particular substance. With long and continuous fasting, the glycogen supply is more quickly consumed than the fat supply. Studies in the comparative biochemistry of purin metabolism. — II, The excretion of purin catabolites in the urine of ungulates, A. Hunter, M. G. GiVENS, ET AL. (Jouv. Biol. Ckem., IS (191.lt), No. 3, pp. ^0.3--^i6).— The studies reported in this paper were conducted with the ungulate gi'oup, including the sheep, goat, cow, horse, and pig, and the results compared with those obtained with Carnivora, Rodentia, and Marsupialia. It was observed that " most un- gulates, yet apparently not all, have a capacity for uric acid oxidation inferior to that of the orders just mentioned." The " total endogenous purin metabolism per unit of weight is in a general way inversely related to the size of the animal ; but there are many striking exceptions, and many other factors evi- dently play a part in determining this relation." Notes on some indigenotis and other fodder plants, C. F. Jueitz ( Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Sci. Bui. 6 (1914), PP- ~0). — Analyses are given of fodder plants grown in South Africa, including vlei grass, mangolds, tussock grass, Muskus grass, American aloe, prickly pear, and Kafir melon, and also of grape marc. Statistics of British feeding trials and the starch equivalent theory, T. B. Wood and G. V. Title (Jour. Agr. Sei, [England], 6 (1914), Xo. 2. pp. 233-251, figs. 7). — A statistical examination wns made of the results of a large number of British feeding exi>eriments. including about 200 trials with oxen and 200 trials with sheep with a view to determining the reliability of the starch equivalent theory as applied to British conditions. It is concluded that "while Kellner's starch equivalents may give a fairly accui'ate measure of the amount of fat production to be expected from various foods in the early stages of fattening, they fail to do so in the later stages, because as fattening approaches completion the law of diminishing return as- serts itself, and a given amount of starch equivalent produces less and less fat ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 167 as time goes on and the animal gets ripe. Kelluer's starch equivalents, too, fail when very liberal diets are usetl, because here the animal very quickly reaches that stage of fatness at which the law of diminishing return begins to make itself felt." The authors propose the drawing up of a sliding scale for the utilization of starch equivalents varying with the conditions which have been shown to influ- ence the utilization of the diet. In a consideration of the standard deviation in results obtained with individual animals it is shown that " the amount of variation in efficiency as fat-producing machines among animals of the same breed fed under identical conditions is remarkable." The forage plants of German Southwest Africa, W. Heeking and C. Grimme (Arb. Deiit. Landw. GcsclL, No. 262 {WW, PP- VIII+106, pis. 40).— Analyses and digestion coefficients of the following species of grasses and forage plants are reported: Andropogoii contortus, A. nardus, A. paiiiUoms, A. ischce- mum, Anthcphora hochstetteri, A. pubcsce)is, Trayus racemosus, I'anicum colora- tum, P. maximum, P. nigropcdatum; P. notabile, P. trichopus, TrichoUena drcgc- ana, T. madagascariensis, Setaria vcrtioillata, Pennisetum ciliare, Aristida alopecuroides, A. barbicollis, A. ciliata, A. congesta, A. namaquensis, A. obtusa, A. stipoides, A. uniplumis, Sporobolus indicus, 8. nebulosus, Cynodon dactylon, Chloris virgata, Dactyloctenium wgyptiacum, Pappophorum abyssinicum, P. cen- chroides, P. scabrum, Schmidtia pappophoroides, S. quinqiieseta, Pogonarthria fleckii, Triraphis ranwsissima, Diphachne fusca, Fingerliuthia africana, Era- grostis denndata, E. echinochloidea, E. Icevissima, E. porosa, E. superba, E. tricJiophora, Cyperus Msitatus, EyUingia alba, Asparagus asiaticus, Osyris abys- sinica, Atriplex vesicaria, Kochia salsoloides, Salsola aphylla, Leucospliwra bainesii, Cyathula hereroensis, Boerhavia pentandra, PlicEoptilon spinosum, Amsostigma schenekli, Mesembrianthemiim rupicola, Polanisia lilderUziana, Cleome rubella, Boscia foetida, B. pechuelvi, Cadaba juncea, Kalanchoe panicu- lata, Albizzia anthclmintica. Acacia albida, A. giraffw, A. hebcclada, A. herero- ensis, A. horrida, A. maras, Parkinsonia africana, Peltopliorum africanum, Crotalaria) diversistipula, Tephrosia purpurea, Bliynchosia gibba, R. toita, Zygophyllum afflne microcarptun, Tribulus terrestris, Commiphora africana, Aitonia capensis microphylla, Flueggea obovata, Croton gratissimus, Cephalocro- ton piischelU, Heeria mucronata, Rhus albomarginata, R. ciliata, Zizyphxis mu- cronatus, Helinus ovatus, Grewia bicolor, G. olulcondw, Eennannia afflnis ienella, Tamarix usneoides, Combretum hereroense, C. primigenium, Roycna pallens, Ehretia hottentotica, Bouchea pinnatifida, Leucas pechuelvi, Solanum incanum, Aptosimum albomarginatum, Rhigozum triehotomum, Catophractcs alexandri, Petalidimn linifolium, P. physaloides, Blepharis edulis, Cucumis prophetarum, CitruUus vulgaris, NiiJorclla auriculata, Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Dicoma anomala, Garuleum bipinnatum. Feeding value of various grasses, A. Gregoire and E. Carpiaux {Min. Agr. ct Trav. Pub. [Belgium], Off. Rural Raps, et Communs., No. 8 {191.'f), pp. 5-Jf8). — In sheep feeding experiments to determine the digestibility of hays of various grasses it was found that there was a general decrease in the digesti- bility of the hay as the grass reached maturity, but the amount of decrease varied considerably with the different species. The content of protein and fat showed the greatest variation. The actual feeding value of these hays was found to vary considerably from the Kellner standard. The addition of calcium carbonate to the ratioji exerted no influence on the digestibility, but appeared to have an influence on the utiliza- tion of the absorbed elements. A ration composed entirely of hay increased the losses of phosphoric acid and lime to the animal organism, esi>ecially when the 168 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. liay WHS cut very young, probably because of the low solubility of the phosphoric acid and to the presence of silicic acid which has a toxic effect. The results of the digestibility triiils are shown in the following table: Coefficients of digesUMlity of various grasses. Kind of hay. Dry matter. Organic matter. Protein. Fat. Nilro- gen-free extract. Fiber. Italian ryo grass: Per cent. 82.15 80.32 80.06 80.93 83.28 84.42 87.84 85.47 85.90 83.93 Per cent. 74.6 58.7 76.0 59.8 70.7 63.3 56.7 57.8 56.4 54.4 Per cent. 56.4 26.4 62.1 40.9 63.2 53.6 51.0 46.5 43.7 37.1 Per cent. 53.4 36.4 53.1 48.9 55.9 73.0 82.6 52.3 4S.7 60.1 Percent. 79.1 68.0 80.6 64.7 75.4 64.3 62.1 54.4 47.5 62.5 Per cent. 73.7 Cut in flower 46.2 English rye grass: 76.6 Cut In flower 55.1 Tall fescue: 67.7 Cut in flower 53.5 47.0 Tall oat grass: 63.9 66.3 Timothy, cut after flowering 43.9 [Silage making and feeding], H. E. Dvorachek (Colorado Sta. Bui. 200 (1914), PP- 22-32, fig. 1). — An account of methods of ensiling corn, sorghum, Kafir corn, alfalfa, peas, small grains," Ilussian thistle, beet tops, beet pulp, and cured fodder, and the feeding of these to farm animals. On the nutritive value of potato distillery refuse and other waste mate- rial (Landir. JaJtrh.. J,', (1913), Xo. J, pp. GSl-S.'i'i. pis. J,, fig. 1). — I. Introduc- tion, W. Vultz nud N. Zuntz (pp. GS1-GS4). — Commenting on the value of the waste material from the potato distillery plants it is stated that in general the feeding value of the refuse depends upon the quality of the material, and upon its actual content of potato, malt, and yeast.- II. On the specific value of the feed materials, W. Yoltz. J. Paechtaer. and A. Baudrexel (pp. 685-764). — Experiments conducted in 1S5G on the feeding of potato refuse in various proportions with grain to dairy cattle are cited. The organic matter in the dried refuse is given as 79.35 per cent, protein 23.81, fat 0.66, fiber 6.82, and nitrogen-free extract 48.06 per cent: in dried waste ma- terial, consisting of potato, malt and yeast, 87.83, 7.19, 0.22. 154, and 78.88 per cent, respectively. The following table summarizes feeding exi^eriments with sheep and rats, showing the siiecific value of certain feeding materials : Summary of feeding experiments with sheep and rats. Kind of animal. Kind of feed. Daily rations per 1,000 kg. live weight. ■ Coefficient of digestibilitj-. Daily nitrogen intake per 1,000 kg. live weight. Digestible protein. Available energy. Organic matter. Protein. Nitrogen free j Energy, extract. Sheep — Do.... Do Distillery waste . . . f Potato refuse \Potato strach Lentils Kilograms. 1.25 1 1.38 2.6 Calories. 55,000 59,000 62,000 Per cent. 69 86 85 87 86 Per cent. 20 27 79 52 44 Per cent. 74 91 90 91 Per cent. 67 83 84 Grams. 58.4 78.8 46.3 Rats 111.3 Do /Potato refuse \Potato starch \ . .. 90 —100.8 1 ANIMAL TKODUCTION, 169 It is coucliidcHl that the Kellner starch values are uncertain and do not agree with results obtained in actual practice. The mixing of feeds and the specific values of certain feeds depreciate the value of the standard. III. RcsiJiration and assimilaiion trials icith cattle, K. von der Ileide. Klein, and N. Zuntz (pp. 7G5-S32). — In these trials it was found that slight variations in the comiK)sition of feeds influenced the fermentation i^rocess in the paunch of the ruminant. Variations in the character of feeds influenced the quantity of hippuric acid in the urine. There was found to be a material variation from Kellner's starch values. The actual starch value of hay fed as a fodder with potato refuse was double the value of the Kellner standard. IV. Mineral assimilation icith cattle, M. Diakow (pp. S33-S-i4 ) .— The digesti- ble coefficients of the mineral compounds are given as follows : P^Oo from 24..! to 28.6 per cent, CaO 15.8 to 26.5 i>er cent, MgO 39.2 to 47.0 per cent, 'Sa.iO 52.4 to 61.5 i>er cent, and K^O 92.3 to 94.5 per cent. Commercial feeding- stuffs, W. J. Jones. Jr., F. D. Fuller, E. G. Proulx, C. Cutler, and J. H. Koop {Indiana Sta. Bui. 177 {19 U), pp. 47-340, fig. 1).— This I'eports analyses of the following feeding stuffs: Wheat bran, wheat mid- dlings, red dog flour, low grade flour, rye middlings, buckwheat bran, cotton- seed meal, cotton-seed feed, cold-pressed cotton seed, cotton-seed hulls, linseed meal, distillers' dried grains, brewers' dried grains, malt sprouts, gluten feed, corn-germ meal, hominy feed, corn bran, corn flakes, rice products, dried sugar beet pulp, alfalfa meal, dried blood, meat meal, meat-and-bone meal, beef scrap, fish scrap, feeding tankage, molasses feeds, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. There are included the text of the State feeding stuffs law, rulings to date, and similar data. Analysis of feeding stuffs made for the State Department of Agriculture, B. E. CuBRY and T. O. Smith {Xew Hampshire 8ia. Bid. 1G9 {lOlJ,), pp. 26).— Analyses are reported of wheat middlings, bran, red dog flour, and other wheat products, cotton-seed meal, hominy feeds, molasses feeds, alfalfa meal, dried beet pulp, distillers' dried grains, linseed meal, gluten feed, beef scrap, bone meal, fish scrap, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. The text of the state feedings stuffs law is included. Fertilizers, feeds, and fungicides, J. W. Inge {Xorth Dakota Sta. Spec. Bid., S {1914), Xo. 9, pp. 140-146)- — Analyses are reported of screenings, pigeon grass, wild oats, Kinghead, smartweed, ragweed, pig\A'eed, lambs' quarters, shrunken wheat, corn fodder, corn silage, tankage, and meat scrap, as well as of fertilizers, Pai'is green, lead arsenate, lime sulphur, and commercial insecti- cides and fungicides. The Kansas feeding-stuffs law revision of 1913, W. ^M. Jardine {Kansan Sta. Circ. 38 {1914), PP- 7). — This is an exi)lanation of the Kansas feeding- stuffs law as revised in 1913, with other data as to its enforcement. Study of the breeds, varieties, and crossing of species of cattle in France, DE Lapparent {Bid. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Bari.s], 13 {1914), ^os. 5, pp. 493-551; 6, pp. 641-715). — This treats of the origin, development, and breed characteristics of the principal breeds of cattle in France, among them the Flemish, Dutch, Normandy, French Durham, Brittany, Parthenaise, Charolaise, etc. Some problems of cattle breeding, L. J. Cole {Guernsey Breeders' Jour., n. ser., 6 {1914), iVo. 1, pp. 22-25, figs. //).— A situdy made of the records of American-bred and of imported Guernseys indicates that on the average " Guern- sey cows imported to this country . . . are somewhat higher producers of milk and butter fat than the Guernseys bred in this country, in spite of the fact that 170 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. the latter have a slight advantage in percentage of butter fat in the milk. On the other hand, the native-bred stock make a decidedly better showing with respect to the number of advanced registry progeny they have produced, both of sons and of daughters." Preparing- wool for market, T. R. Arkell (Canada Dept. Agr., Ldve Stock Branch, Pamphlet 2 U914)> PP- 8, figs. 5). — Directions are given for caring for sheep in order to produce a good quality and condition of wool, and for pre- jiariii.i,' and packing wool. Wool and its manufacture, T. R. Arkell (Canada Dept. Agr., Live Stock Branch, Pamphlet 3 (1914), pp. 13, figs. 10). — Information is given on the character of the wool fiber, tests for wool in cloth, classification of wools in the fleece, skirting and sorting the fleece, scouring, and carbonization. Studies on the material and energy metabolism of growing swine, G. FiNGERLiNG, A. KoHLER. F. Reinhakdt. E. Bretscii, G. Arndt, and R. Dietrich (Landw. Vers. Stat., 84 (1914), ^'O. 3-4, pp. 149-230). — In experiments with swine in which rations were fed in which the various nutritive elements pre- dominated, it was demonstrated that on the average the power of assimilation of growing swine is 35.1 per cent greater for protein elements, 31.8 per cent for fat, 30 per cent for carbohydrates, and 32.1 per cent greater for sugar than indi- cated, by Kellner's values for ruminants. The value of crude fiber is less for swine than for ruminants. Experiments with swine, G. B. Day (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 39 (1913), pp. 101-104). — The results of feeding experiments with 40-lb. pigs indicated that supplemental feeds, such as skim milk or tankage, have a marked influence in increasing the gains and improving the thrift of pigs over middlings and barley meal alone. One hundred lbs. of meal proved equal to 406.9 lbs. of skim milk and to from 37.6 to 48.5 lbs. tankage, depending upon the grade used. The skim milk w^as fed in the proportion of about 1^ lbs. to 1 lb. of meal, the tankage 1 lb. to about 6 lbs. of meal. The results of feeding experiments with 125-lb. hogs indicated that the feeding of supplemental feeds, such as skim milk and tankage, for finishing hogs is not a profitable practice. Value of skim milk for swine feeding, J. Hansen et al. (Deut. Landw. Presse, 41 (1914), A'os. 45, pp. 549, 550; 46, pp. 561, 562).— Several lots of pigs were fed a basal ration of barley and potatoes, group 1 receiving as a protein supplement meat and fish meal and group 2 skim milk. In one lot fed 69 days, group 1 received a starch value of 1,455.3 kg., made an average daily gain of 0.708 kg. per head, and required 2.71 kg. starch value per kilogram of live weight; while group 2 utilized 1.508.9 kg. starch value, made 0.705 kg. daily gain per head, and required 2.58 kg. starch value per kilogram of live weight. In another lot fed 98 days, group 1 utilized 2.270.4 kg. starch value, made 0.848 kg. daily gain per head, and required 2.49 kg. starch value per kilogram of live weight, while group 2 utilized. 2.965.2 kg. of starch value, made 0.869 kg. daily gain per head, and required 2.49 kg. starch value per kilogram of live weight. Forage crops for hogs, W. J. Kennedy, J. M. Evvard. H. H. Kildee. and E. T. RoBBiNS (Iowa Sta. Bui. 136 (1913), pp. 5-116, figs. 15; popular ed., pp. 883-419, fig. 1). — In three years' experiments in which a total of 461 high-grade Duroc Jersey hogs wore fed, the relative efiiciency of various forage crops and pastures for pork production in Iowa was determined. In these experiments corn and meat meal 10 : 1 w^ere fed in such quantity as to require the pigs to get the full benefit of the forage supplements. The summarized results are shown in the table following. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 171 Results of feeding trials of forage crops irilli hogs, J909-J!>l I. Kind of forage. Aver- Aver- age number of hogs Num- ber of age daily gain per per acre. head. Lbs. 1.3.9 165 0.72 13.9 165 1.07 13.9 165 1.07 18.8 141 .84 18.8 141 1.13 13.9 165 .99 16.5 180 1.04 16.7 147 .81 18.8 104 1.36 20.0 141 1.10 43.1 100 1.07 22.5 141 1.02 20.0 150 .53 30.0 90 .63 16.7 147 .91 16.7 147 .85 23.5 160 1.15 23.5 160 1.16 30.9 160 1.16 31.1 60 .81 22.5 36 .26 9.8 120 .24 10.0 150 .63 11.1 169 1.22 12.5 169 1.17 11.1 169 1.31 11.1 169 1.21 10.0 169 1.41 9.3 100 1.01 9.3 100 .92 9.3 100 .96 Aver- age daily gain Total cost per pound of gain nef 100 (''"'" ^^ ll.s lii-o -"J CIS. lbs. live. -^^■^..^ Net profit per aero (hogs at $6 per head). Total grain per pound of gain. Net return per bushel of corn. Pork accred- ited to an acre of forage (esti- mated). Spring pigs — Current year. Blue grass and timothy Medium red clover Do Do * Do Alfalfa Do Rape (Dwarf Kssex) Do Do Do Sweet clover Do Oats Oats, clover, and rape Oats, peas, and rape Do Do Do Rye (green) Rye (ripe) Check dry lots Do Hogs — Fall pigs of previmis year. Oats, clover, and rape Oats and clover (altemale with rape) Oats, peas, and rape Oats, vetcn, and rape Check dry lot Yearling sows (not preg- nant)—Spring pigs of pre- vious year. Oats, clover, and rape Oats, peas, and rape Rape, clover (J area in each) Lhs. 3.68 3.63 3.66 3.50 3.74 3.82 4.04 3.89 3.62 .3.64 4.28 3.96 4.36 4.66 3.61 3.91 4.08 4.24 4.16 4.51 .61 3.98 4.28 2.50 2.57 2.41 2.53 2.91 1.70 1.64 1.67 Cents. 4.09 3.69 3.73 3.71 3.84 3.90 2. SS 3.63 3.95 3.79 3. 91 3.70 3.54 4.10 3.56 3.91 3.77 4.10 3.88 3.67 7.75 5.87 4.36 4.95 5.02 4.73 5.08 4.76 4.59 5.31 4.23 $;31.85 57.07 56.00 51.20 64. 55 46.39 97.09 47.47 54.24 68.64 154. 63 74.50 39.50 32.53 54.70 43.86 96.99 83.26 122. 13 35. 18 —3.83 .35 15. o'^ 24.02 24.27 31.33 21.00 29.79 13.32 5.94 15.86 Lbs. 3.93 3.52 3.55 3.71 3.34 3.67 3.45 3.26 3.71 3.27 3.85 3.38 3.76 3.65 3.18 3.39 3.52 3.67 3.70 3.24 1.69 5.97 3.99 4.45 4.60 4.14 4.47 4.72 3.79 4.16 4.00 Cents. 75.6 88.0 87.2 84.6 90.4 82.2 103.8 93.0 82.5 92.2 80.2 91.0 88.9 81.0 95.0 86.1 87.7 81.8 84.1 95.2 9.4 51.2 76.2 64.2 62.8 68.5 62.4 65.9 70.7 59.3 74.7 Lbs. 378. 27 765.42 742.12 756. 62 649. 66 623.22 865. 54 666. 48 633.94 730.63 1,438.80 854.25 340.64 398. 93 795.41 657.10 1, 147. 70 760.86 1,299.08 347. 46 —44.50 82.90 18. 23 308.01 72.46 305. 43 223. 43 256.88 There is included a discussion of the essentials of an ideal forage for hogs, together with analyses of the green forage crops used in these experiments, and a table showing the cost of growing these forages and their production ^nhle. Pork production in Wisconsin, J. G. Fuller (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 2Ji2 (liUJf), pp. 3-35, figs. 26). — This bulletin includes general instructions on the feeding, care, and management of swine under Wisconsin conditions, including plans for hog houses and other equiimieiit. Distribution of public service stallions, A. S. Alexander (Wisconsin Sta. Circ. 50 (IdUt), pp. 3-82, figs. 7). — A directorj' of the public service stallions enrolled in the counties of Wisconsin during 191-1. wi(h a discussion of the im- proveosition on the theory of the feeding of dairy cows, including a discussion of the physiology of milk secretion, the influence of individual and breed upon milk yield, and the influence of methods and time of milking. The author out- lines the main principles of the Kellner theory of feeding and feed require- ments for milk production. There is included a discussion of the feeding value 174 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. of the various roughages, concentrates, and commercial feeds especially adapted to South American conditions. Holstein milk yield, F. R. Marshall (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 10, pp. Jf37-43!)}.—Jn ooiitiuuution of work previously reported (E. S. R., 27, p. 574) the author presents the results of examinations made by P. Van Ewing of the records of Holstein cattle, in which it appeared that the idea that milking capacity in cows is transmitted through males rather than females is erroneous. The number of cases in which resemblance was closest on the maternal side wei-e for pounds of milk 403, pounds of milk fat 407, and percentage of milk fat 345, while the number of cases in which resemblance was closest on the paternal side were 262, 258, and 320, respectively. Studies in the range of variation of the percentage of butter fat in the milk of individual cows, A. C. Andkhson (Michif/an Sta. Spec. Bui. 11 (1914), pp. 3-13, figs. 5). — In a study of 200 seven-day records of dairy cows it was found that 27.5 per cent varied not over 1 per cent in milk fat in the seven days, 44 per cent varied between 1.1 and 2, 21.5 per cent between 2.1 and 3, 4 per cent between 3.1 and 4, 1.5 per cent between 4.1 and 5, and 0.5 per cent between 5.1 and 6. In a study of 2,000 seven-day records of cows on advanced registry tests the percentages were as follows: 28.45, 54.55, 13.4, 2.65. 0.8, and 0.15. In 600 two-day records the percentages were 74.3, 20.1, 4.6, 0.5, and 0.3. Some investig'ations on the phenomena of " clot " formations. — I, On the clotting- of milk, S. B. Schryver (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Scr. B, 86 (1913), No. B 590, pp. 460-481; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [LondoWi, 104 (1913), No. 612, II, pp. 850, 851). — In milk the substances necessary for clot formation preexist, but the adsorption of simple molecules from the solution prevents aggregation. In this work it is assumed that the ferment clears the surface of colloid from adsorbed substances and allows aggregation to take place. The addition of calcium chlorid to solutions of caseinogen in sodium hydroxid gives a precipitate only within certain definite limits of concentration of the calcium salt. Rennet, when added to a mixture in which precipitation is in- hibited by an excess of the calcium salt, immediately causes precipitation. When the optimal amount of calcium salt is present precipitation may be pre- vented by adding milk serum, peptone, or glycin. Rennet precipitates only when a proper amount of inhibitor is present ; an excess prevents precipitation. The clot is formed from caseinogen and not from the calcium salt. "The clot produced by rennet alone is formed from metacaseinogen ; that produced by calcium chlorid alone is formed from caseinogen. The rennet clot can not be converted into natural caseinogen. The rennet does not in any way affect proteoclastic digestion in the clot. In milk the clot formation depends on the presence of four series of substances in the system, namely, simple inhibitory substances, colloids, enzyms, and calcium salts." The growth and viability of streptococci of bovine and human origin in milk and milk products, D. J. Davis (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 (1914). No. 2, pp. 378-388). — From investigations made in connection with epidemics of sore throat it appeared that all the streptococci causing the epidemic were of the hemolytic variety. A study of these showed that " in the process of milk sour- ing the growth of hemolytic streptococci is inhibited and the organisms are gradually destroyed. I They are killed in three hours or less by the acidity of sour milk (48 hours''. after curdling) and of buttermilk. In ordinary butter they die in the course of a few days, due to the acidity, although in neutral but- ter they live for a long time. In ice cream, hemolytic streptococci remain alive for at least 18 days without any appreciable diminution in number or virulence. Ice cream would seem to be. therefore, a most suitable medium for the trans- mission and preservation of dangerous streptococci. Separator cream contains DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 175 more streptococci than the whole milk, skim milk considerably less, while the sediment contains a large number. " Hemolytic streptococci do not multiply to any extent at 20° C. or below in milk ; at 26° there is little or no multiplication during the first six hours in sterile or commercial milk, but at the end of 20 hours there is considerable in- crease in the sterile milk. In the commercial milk their growth is inhibited by the growth of other bacteria ; this holds also for higher temperatures. It seems that under no conditions met with in the ordinary handling of milk can there occur any apprtx'iable multiplication of hemolytic streptococci. Inasmuch as under the most favorable tenii)orature multiplication of heniolylic strepto- cocci in milk does not occur inside of one to two hours, it is impossible for any appreciable increase to occur during the short interval between the raising and lowering of the temiierature of milk in the process of pasteurization." The characteristics of bacteria of the colon type found in bovine feces, L. A. Rogers, W. M. Clark, and Alice C. Evans (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 U9J4), No. 1, pp. 99-123, figs. 5). — This paper records the results of a study made of 150 cultures isolated from bovine feces. " None of these cultures liquefied gelatin and all but one formed indol from tryptophan. By the use of a simple medium and exact methods of analysis it was found that in 149 cultures the CO2 : PL ratio varied only from 0.08 to 1.2. One culture only gave a ratio identifying it with the high-ratio group which made up 48 per cent of the milk series [of previous studies (E. S. R., 30, p. 875) ]. "The 149 low-ratio (0.98 to 1.2) cultures were readily divided into two gx-oups, one of which fermented dextrose, saccharose, lactose, raffinose, mannite, glycerin, and dulcite, but almost invariably failed to ferment staix-h, inulin, and adonite. while the second group fermented adonite and dulcite and failed to ferment saccharose, raffinose, starch, and inulin. " These groups agi'ee almost perfectly with two groups which may be formed from the low-ratio cultures isolated from milk." Inexpensive aids in producing sanitary milk, R. W. Lamson {Maryland Sta. Bui. 181 (19U), pp. 135-15/,, figs. 6).— The author concludes from his study of methods of producing sanitary milk that discarding the first few streams of foremilk reduces the bacteinal content. Pails having a flat strainer on to which the milk is drawn are not to be recommended, and. many of the so-called " sani- tary " palls were complicated and hard to keep clean. The use of glycerin, sweet oil, or vaseline as a wash for the udder, teats, and flank decidedly reduced the bacterial content of the milk. Clipping the udder and flank appeared to aid in the production of sanitary milk. The use of these simple methods and pre- cautions lowered the bacterial content of milk from one-third to one-tenth. Cream grading' for Kansas, G. S. Hine (Kansas Sta. Circ. 39, pp. 4)- — An outline of the plan of cream grading adopted by Kansas creamery companies, together with directions on how to get first-grade cream. Cheese that the farmers should make, M. R. Tolstrup {Iowa Agr., 15 {1914), No. 2, pp. 89, 90). — Information is given on methods of making club cream, nut cream, olive cream, pimento and cottage cheeses, and Devonshire salad. Action of the enzyms due to organisms on the rind of hard cheeses, O. Gratz and S. Szanyi {Biochcm. Ztschr., 63 {191Jt), No. 4-6, pp. 436-478, figs. 15). — In a study of the various layers of cheese, starting from the outside and proceeding inward, it was found that in Trappist and Ovar cheeses the enzyms of the flora of the rind have no action on the decomposition of casein and fat in the inside of the cheeses. On theoretical grounds the possibility of the diffusion of the enzyms from the rind toward the interior must be rejected. Cheeses of the Neufchatel group, K. J. Matheson, C. Thom, and J. N. CtJRBiE {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui 78 {1914), pp. 313-329, figs. 5).— The 176 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. process of making Neufchatel and cream cheese is described and analyses reported. "An approximate standard of composition for whole-milk Neufchatel or Neuf- chatel proi)er is water 50 to 55 per cent, fat 23 to 28 per cent, casein about 18 to 21 r>er cent, salt 0.5 to 1.25 per cent. Such cheese is best jjroduced from good clean milk testing about 4 per cent fat. Yield of cheese per 100 lbs. of milk, 12 to 14 lbs. A similar standard of composition for cream cheese (made from cream testing 7 to 9 per cent fat) is water 38 to 43 per cent, fat 43 to 48 per cent, casein 13 to 16 per cent, salt 0.5 to 1.25 per cent. Yield per 100 lbs. of cream, 16 to 18 lbs." The salt factor in the mold-ripened cheeses, C. Thom {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 79 {191.',), pp. 387-39-i, fig. i).— From the results of these studies the author concludes that " the percentage of salt which may be incorporated into a variety of cheese is directly limited by the intensity of the flavors to be developed. In the hard cheeses with their mild flavors, more than 1 to 1.5 per cent salt becomes offensive. In Camembert 2.5 ])er cent is acceptable, and in Roquefort, 4 per cent. "As a factor in cheese biology, salt restrains the development of Oidium in Camembert and shuts it out of Roquefort. Salt delays but does not prevent the development of the molds active in ripening Camembert, Roquefort, and the ripened forms of Neufchatel. Ten per cent of salt in culture media stopped or reduced to negligible the growth of PeniciUium pinophUum, P. lilacinum, P. luteum, P. digitatum, P. purpurogcniim. P. roseiun, P. duclauxi, Aspergillus nidulans, A. fumigatus, and Oidium {Oospora) lactis. The rate of development of the other species tried was markedly retarded but more or less characteristic colonies finally developed." Supplementary data upon Camem.bert cheese making, K. J. Matheson, C. Thom, and J. N. Currie {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 19 {1911,), pp. 348-358).— Material here given supplements data previously reported (E. S. R.. 22, p. 79). It is concluded from these observations that Camembert cheese making is com- mercially practicable along the lines presented in this and the preceding paper. Biology of Roquefort cheese, C. Thom and K. J. Matheson {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui 79 {1914), pp. 335-31,7, figs. 3).— The authors summarize the results of their studies as follows : "The flora of Roquefort cheese consists of the Roquefort mold {PeniciUium roqueforti), bacteria of the common lactic type {Bacillus lactis acidi group) and of the B. hulgaricus group in small numbers, some liquefying organisms, yeasts in small numbers, and the varied flora of the surface slime. The organ- isms of the slime, yeasts, bacteria, and Oidium lactis have been eliminated in paraffining experiments completely enough to indicate for them only a sec- ondary function in ripening the cheese. The slime in normal amount has been found to be a correct index to proper ripening room conditions, however. The lactic bacteria account for the primary souring of the curd which should take place within the first 24 hours, thus eliminating gassy fermentation. " The low temperatures used reduce the activity of B. hulgaricus to negligible amounts during the early stages of the ripening. The extent to which organ- isms of this group participate in the final ripening changes has not been deterniiued. The dominance of P. roqueforti within the cheese is secured by the low oxygen content of the open si^aces and by the high salt content which excludes 0. lactis. Known activities of P. roqueforti through enzym production are tke reduction of acidity, proteolysis of casein, and partial decomposition of fat. These appear to be the principal factors in ripening the cheese, although some participation in these processes by the bacteria and yeasts found is not excluded by any work thus far possible. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 177 " From the study of acidity in Roquefort curd tlie following results are deemed important : With initial acidities of 0.25 per cent or higher in milk, and temperature of 84° F. (20° C.) the production of acid becomes very rapid within the first two hours. Graphs representing the rate of rise of acidity become parallel or nearly so after the percentage reaches 0.25 to 0.27 per cent. Below this percentage great diversitj' in the rate of souring represents the differences in chemical composition of the sami)le of milk, the variations due to vigor of culture, amount of inoculation, temperature, and perhaps other features. The acidity produced during the first two and one-half or three hours will be enough to change the texture of the curd if the initial percentage is 0.25 per cent, or if during that period the amount shown in the milk samjjle pa.sses 0.27 to 0.3 according to the other conditions j^resent. At acidities of 0.21 or lower the development of acid is too slow to give sufficient aid in proper drainage of whey from the curd. " To obtain a margin of safety in the production of a smooth, friable curd, free from waxy, granular, or tough chai*acteristics, the initial acidity should not pass 0.23 per cent, which approaches, therefore, the optimum initial acidity in cow's milk for this type of cheese. With a vigorous, pure culture of the B. lactis acidi group as a starter the initial acidity may be obtained with equally good results by adding enough starter to raise the titration figures of the milk to 0.23 i)er cent or by the use of little starter with a subsequent ripening iieriod. The former .practice is usually preferable as an economy of time. " At the working temperature of Roquefort, the organisms of the B. hiilgaricus group are not a factor in the initial souring. The low temperatures that char- acterize this process make desirable the use of a large enough amount of starter to insure the dominance of the lactic organism of the starter over any variety which may be accidentally present. Comparison of the graphs showing the rate of development of acid under Cheddar and Roquefort conditions show that this amount of inoculation (the percentage of starter used) will need to be greater in Roquefort than in Cheddar to secure the same protection from the acid oi'ganisms." The manufacture of a cow's milk cheese related to Roquefort, C. Thom, K. J. Matiieson, and J. N. Currie {Connecticut Starrs Sta. Bui. 19 (1914), pp. S59-3S6). — "This reports an investigation of the possibility of making a cheese from cow's milk which will equal Roquefort as made from sheep's milk. Re- sults thus far indicate that texture and flavor as produced in sheep's milk cheese can be approximated but not duplioated. One thoroughly familiar with the qualities of Roquefort and especially with both cheeses before him can detect the difference between them. The quality produced has been such as to lead us to believe that the completion of the work will add a profitable product to our dairy manufactures in this country." A description of the practices found most successful is given. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Tropical diseases, a manual of the diseases of warm climates, P. Manson (London, New York, Toronto, and Melbourne, 191Jt, 5. ed., rev. and cnL. pp. XXiy+9Sl, pis. 16, figs. 239).— The several sections of this manual deal with the subject as follows: Fevers (pp. 1-416) ; general diseases of undetermined nature (pp. 417-446) ; abdominal diseases (pp. 447-598) ; infective granulom- atous diseases (pp. 599-665) ; animal parasites and associated diseases (pp. 666-837) ; skin diseases (pp. 838-883) ; and local diseases of uncertain nature (pp. 884-895). In an appendix (pp. 806-922) some of the commoner parasitic Protozoa of vertebrates and invertebrates are dealt with. 178 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Toxic brans, Marciiadier jiiid Goujon {Ann. FaUif., 7 {191Jf), No. 6-i, pp. 77-81). — It is claimed tbat tbe detorniination of the acidity of a bran will give an idea as to the amount of oxidizing ferments present and also as to the toxicity of the bran. Brans having an acidity of 0.15 per cent (expressed in terms of sulphuric acid) are deemed normal. Those containing from 0.15 to 0.3 per cent are considered in a state of decomposition, and while not dangerous to health, are susceptible to rapid spoilage. An acidity higher than 0.3 per cent is thought to make the feed unsuitable for consumption. A pathogenic bacterium in fish meal, Miessnee and Lange {Dent. Tier- drztl. Wchnschr., 21 {IDIH), N(j. -'/7. p. 7-'/.J). — During the course of examinations of fish meal for the presence of the anthrax bacillus, the authors discovered a capsulated bacterium, ])athogenic for mice, rabbits, and rats, to which they give the name Dlplobacilliis ro;).s?/?a/?<.s. The specificity of immunity reactions, and their explanation as colloidal chemical phenomena, K. Landsteiner {Biochcm. Ztschr., 50 {1913), No. 1-2, pp. 176-184; d^J'^- in Jour. Chein. »S'oc. [Lomfon], I04 {1913), No. 60S, I, p. 668).— The conclusions of Michaelis and Davidsohn that certain immunity reactions are not of a colloidal chemical character are not deemed justifiable. " The view was arrived at on the ground that certain precipitin reactions are independent to a large extent of the hydrogen ion concentrations. Attention is especially called to the fact that serum, blood corpuscles, etc., of different species exert the maximum action in the presence of different hydrogen ion concentra- tions. This point is illustrated by the adsorption of ricinus agglutinin, by the different strengths of acid or alkali which hemolyze the corpuscles, by the dif- ferences in the agglutination of stroma ta. and the differences in the precipita- bility of the .sera-precipitating reagents." Alimentary anaphylaxis caused by eggs, (J. Laroche. C. Richet, Jr., and F. Saint-Girons {Arch. Med. Expt. et Anat. Path. [Paris], 26 {1914), No. 1, pp. 51-59). — Experiments were made with guinea pigs, which received either the white of eggs, the yolk, or the white and yolk, mixed with green feed. The results show that anaphylaxis can be easily produced in guinea pigs providing large amounts of eggs are fed over a long period of time. It is also possible to arrive at a point of immunity which is not considered to be an a.ntianaphylaxis. Serum anaphylaxis in the bovine, Skiba {Dent. Tierlirzth Wchnschr., 21 {1913), No. 22, pp. 338-340; abs. in Ztschr. Immtinitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 7 {1913), No. 8, pp. 362, 363).— Of 23 young bovines which had received 10 cc. of anthrax serum (Sobernheim) subcutaneously 10 became anaphylactic after a second injection of serum 20 to 30 minutes post injection. The symp- toms remained for 10 to 20 minutes. A third injection 33 days later resulted in 15 animals becoming anaphylactic. Sources of error in the dialysis method in serological investigations. About the influence of the blood content of organs, E. Aederhalden and A. Weil {Miinchcn. Med. Wchnschr., 60 {1913), No. 31, pp. 1703, 1704; als. in Zentbl. Expt. Med., 5 {1914), No. 1, p. 15). — The use of sera or organs not free of blood never gives satisfactoi'y results. Coagulable serum protein and coagu- lated blood corpuscles were treated in a manner prescribed by Abtlerhalden. and the former was cleaved only 3 times and the latter 46 times out of 96 cases. After the injection of 3 cc. of hemolytic serum in the jugular vein the blood of the animal digests blood corpuscles but not serum proteins. The occurrence of protein-cleaving ferments in the blood in advanced hunger, E. Heilner and F. Poensgen {MUnchen. Med. Wchnschr., 61 {1914), No. 8, pp. 402, 403). — When protein loss is prevented by the utilization of the body glycogen, no protein cleavage ferments are present in the blood serum. As VETERINARY MEDICINE. 179 Starvation proceeds and the fat depots have been utilized, the ferments make their appearance and can be noted by the Abderhalden methods. Nucleoproteins as antigens, H. G. Wells {Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 19 {1913), No. 5, pp. 599-611).— The author believes that pure nucleins are probably not antigens in the ordinary sense of the term because their constituents (nucleic acid, and histones or protamins) are not antigens. Much depends upon the method of preparing the nucleoproteins, and there exists no ground for assuming that these protein nuclein complexes are in a measure si^ecific or characteristic of the cells from which they are derived. A review of the literatui'e is given. On the anemia produced by the injection of the nemolysin obtained from streptococci, and on the question of natural and acquired immunity to streptolysin, J. W. M'Leod and J. W. M'Nee (Jour. Path, and Bad., 11 {1913), Ko. Jf, pp. 524-537, pis. 2). — "Rabbits vary in their susceptibility to injections of streptolysin, the variation being, in part at least, due to differences in the amount of natural antibody to streptolysin present in their sera. The more susceptible animals die after one or two injections, evidently from a toxic effect of the filtrate. Hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria are marked in these animals, and the toxic and hemolytic properties of the filtrate are closely re- lated. It has not been possible to demonstrate toxic effects of the filtrate after destruction of the hemolysin by incubation at 37° O. The less susceptible ani- mals survive repeated injections. No toxic symptoms occur, and a definite anemia results. Slight hemoglobinuria follows as a rule when the filtrate in- jected is a powerful one. " The changes in the blood are similar to those which have been produced experimentally by other hemolytic agents. The bone marrow in the longer ex- periments becomes markedly hyperplastic. The leucoblastic and erythroblastic portions of the marrow as a rule react equally. The liver shows as marked a hemosiderin reaction, post-mortem, as the kidneys and spleen. This contrasts with experimental anemia in rabbits produced by injection of a hemolytic im- nmne serum. In the greatly enlarged spleen of one animal a very marked myeloid transformation was found. Large collections of myelocytes, many in active mitosis, surrounded closely each Malpighian body. No immunity to the streptolysin is produced even after repeated injections. On the contrary, a slightly increased susceptibility may result. The amount of hemolysis produced in vivo is much less than that which is produced in vitro. In the animal body, as in the test tube, hemolysis does not continue for more than about two hours. Hemoglobinemia is most marked after this interval, then gradually disappears." See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 28, p. 179). The method whereby streptococcic serum acts, E. Weil {Ztschr. Eyg. u. Infektion^krank., 75 {1913), No. 2, pp. 245-310). — Streptococci do not intoxicate by virtue of a true toxin or endotoxin and the nature of the poison is still un- known. Polyvalent serum (Aronson) can be rendered inactive to the original streptococcus by saturation with killed cultures. In order for the serum to act the presence of living leucocytes is necessary. No antiaggressins are con- tained in the serum and it is inactive toward most streptococcic strains ob- tainable from man. Despite the polyvalent origin of the serum it contains only one immune boerthermia is present the test can not be used. A discussion of the paper by Drouin. Jacoulet, Bourg^s, Martel, Mouilleron, aud Letard is included. The production of antirabic immunity by intraspinal injections of virus, D. L. Harris {Jotir. Infeet. Diseases, 11 {1912), No. 3, pp. 397-401; ahs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 14 {1913), No. 19-20, p. 759).— It appears that by giving one intraspinal injection of noninfectious dried virus to rabbits, a cer- tain and rapid immunity can be jiroduced. VETEEINAEY MEDICINE. 181 The immunization of large animals to a pathogenic trypanosome (Try- panosoma hippicum Darling) by means of an avirulent strain, S. T. Darling {Jour. Ed'iJt. Med., 11 {1913), No. 5, pp. 5S2-5S6; abs. in Ztschr. Immiinitutsf. n. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 7 {1913), No. 8, pp. 378, 379).— Mules were immunized successfully with au avirulent strain of T. hfppicum. The vitality of the tubercle bacillus by inoculation and by inhalation, P. Chausse {BuI. Soc. Cent. Med. V6t., 91 {19U), No. 2, pp. .',2-57, figs. 2).— At the outset the theories of Cornet and Fliigge are discussed, but considered in- adequate to explain infection by inhalation. In the investigation the vitality of the tubercle bacillus under the influence of diffuse light, temperature, and humidity was studied with regard to causing the disease in healthy individuals. The tests were made in a special form of inhalation chamber. The conclusions reached are that the virus is very dan- gerous during the first stages of drying and can be easily inhaled. The detection of tubercle bacilli in inhalable dust, L. Engelhabdt {Bcitr. Klinik TuherkuJosc, 26 (1913), No. 2, pp. 155-lSJf, figs. 10; ahs. in Ccnthl. Bulct. [efc], 1. AM., Ref., 57 {1913), No. 8, p. 235).— The air of living rooms in which three very clean patients with open tuberculosis resided was examined. In each case the results were positive for tubercle bacilli. No tubercle bacilli were noted in the room of a healthy person, nor in the case of joint tuberculosis. The presence of tuberculides in bovines, P^rard and Ramon {Coinpt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 7-'t {1913), No. 3, pp. 133, 134; ahs. in Centhl. Bakt. [etc], 1. Aht., Ref., 57 {1913), No. 8. p. 251). — In the subcutaneous tissues of three bovines there were found numerous homogeneous, yellowish-green, slightly fibrous nodules the size of a nut. Similar nodules were found in the viscera, but here they were caseated in the interior and calcified on the exterior. The bacteriological examination showed tubercle bacilli to be present. The changes are believed to be similar to the tuberculides or sarcodes found in man. The cases were due to organisms with diminished virulence. The alimentary tract of pigs affected with tuberculosis mesenteric lymph nodes, M. Junack (Ztschr. Flcisch u. Milchlujg., 24 (1914), No. 14, pp. 321, 323). — In the author's oiiiniou, too much stress during meat inspection must not be laid upon a minor involvement of the mesenteric lymph glands. The differentiation of the human and bovine types of tubercle bacilli by producing an experimental, corneal, and iris tuberculosis in the rabbit's eye, and some investigations in regard to the significance of complement- fixing antibodies, F. Schieck (Vcroffentl. Robert Koch Stift., No. 5-7 (1913), pp. 1-132, pis. 2; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Ref., 58 (1913), No. 7-8, pp. 227, 228). — By instilling au emulsion of a pure culture of tubercle bacilli in the anterior chamber of the rabbit's eye, it was found possible to differentiate the human from the bovine type of bacillus. With the human tyioe au atten- uated or a resolving tuberculous process is produced in the iris. The bovine type of bacillus, on the other hand, produces a progressive and caseatiug tuberculosis of the eye. The human type of bacillus, when given in the opposite eye, goes through its usual course. Injection of the bovine type of tubercle bacillus in the common carotid artery induces a rapidly progressing tuberculosis of the eye on the same side. The human type does not do this. The complement-fixing antibodies apparently have nothing to do with the heal- ing process in tubeix-ulosis. The "Wassermann-Bruck theory of specific therapy ill tuberculosis could not be confirmed by this work. A clinical study of the complement fixation test in the diagnosis of pul- monary tuberculosis, II. M. Kingiiorn and D. C. Twichell (Ztschr. Tuber- 182 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. kiilose, 20 (1913), No. 1, pp. 11-21; ahs. in Centbl. Bald. [etc.'\, 1. Abl., Ref., 58 (1913), No. 7-8, p. 234). — ^Apparently no significance can be attached to the complement fixation reaction as regards the early diagnosing of cases of luberculosis. Diagnostic and curative methods in bovine tubercuiOsis, ^. Ondracek (TierlirzU. Zcntbl., 36 (1913), No. 32, pp. Ji88-J,91 ; aU. in BcrUn. TierdrzU. Wchnschr., 30 (191J,), No. If, pp. 123, i^^).— This details the work done in regard to the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Goding, Austria. Up to 1909 Bang's procedure was used with good success, but the tuberculin testing which was done in conjunction with the method caused a diminution of tlie milli yield. After 1909 Klimmer's phyniatin eye test was employed. The tuberculin (phymatin) is instilled in the morning, and the first temperature observation Is made after 6 to 12 hours. Cows not reacting within this time should be given another test after 24 hours. The curative properties of anti- phymatol were studied with 59 cows, and an injection was made every three months for a period of one year. In one barn very good results were obtained, and in the other the results were not so good but satisfactory. Tuberculin and tuberculosis immunity, Deycke and Much (MUnehen. Med. Wchnschr., 60 (1913), Nos. 3, pp. 119-121; 4, pp. 190-193; abs. in Chem. Abs., 7 (1913), No. 8, p. 1378). — "The authors continued previous studies with the products of the ' Milchsaure aufschliessung ' of tubercle bacilli and com- pared them with tuberculin (old). The matei'ial giving the tuberculin reac- tion (subcutaneous tests) in the water solution filtrate was precipitated by alcohol and alcohol-ether ; this precipitate gave the reaction, but it was only equivalent (quantitatively) to that remaining in the alcohol and alcohol-ether filtrates. There is a marked difference in the activity of the different fractions for the intracutaneous reaction ; the protein is 1,000 times as active as the fatty acid lipoid mixture, which is 10 times as active as the neutral fat. " There is also a marked difference between the protein and fatty substances with regard to the appearance of the intracutaneous reaction; while the pro- tein reactions appear in a few hours and completely develop in 1 to 2 days, the fatty substances require a much longer time to develop, and for comple- tion 1 to 2 weeks are necessary (the neutral fats being slower in action, appear- ing in 3 to 4 days, than the fatty acid lipoid mixtures, appearing in 24 hours). " The authors discuss tuberculosis immunity on the basis of their experi- ments with regard to cellular and humoral immunity." Investigations as to the therapeutic action of tuberculin for tuberculosis in guinea pigs and rabbits, H. Haxtpt (Beitr. Klinik Tuberkulose, 23 (1912), No. Jf, pp. 471-524). — No curative action could be ascribed to tuberculin when artificially infected guinea pigs and rabbits were treated with this substance. Tuberculin as a curative agent, and a contribution to tuberculosis im- munity questions, H. Hx\.upt (Berlin. Tiercirztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), Nos. 2, pp. 28-30; 3, pp. 41-43; 4j PP- 60, 61). — After reviewing the literature on the use of tuberculin and similar substances for curing tuberculosis, experiments made with animals hypersensitized toward tuberculin are briefly reported (see abstract above). The animal organism, according to the author, can form tuberculosis antibodies after intravenous or subcutaneous injections of stand- ardized tubercle bacilli antigens. Healed tuberculous processes are recognized by marked encapsulation with connective tissue. These new formations (encapsulations) occur as soon as the tuberculous foci take the form of foreign bodies, and these result only when through the agency of the antibodies the tuberculous process has become checked. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 183 Tuberculin, on account of its insufficient antigenic properties, is not deemed a satisfactory tlierapeutic agent for treating tuberculosis in bovines. Antiphym- atol is considered the best agent for curing tuberculosis which we have to-day. Tuberculosis. — A report of the results of the continued injections of tuberculin upon tubercular cattle, S. B. Nelson (Washuigton Sta. Bui. llJf (1914), PP- 3-15). — Impressed by the therapeutic work done with tuberculin on man affected with tuberculosis, the author made a series of experiments to study the effect of subcutaneous injections of tuberculin into cattle affected with tuberculosis. The tests were made " under the conditions under which the animals are generally kept; that is, a fairly well-kept stable in the winter time, being outdoors a part of the daytime, and a run to pasture during the summer months, being kept in the barnyard at night during this time." It was found that the injecticm into tubercular cattle of large monthly or small weekly doses of tuberculin had apparently no therapeutic value. " The injection of constantly increased daily or weekly doses of tuberculin apparently does have therapeutic value. The evening temperature is usually higher than the morning temperature in tubercular cows. The oftener tuberculin injections are made into tubercular cattle, the sooner the temperature reaction begins and the sooner the zenith is reached." The specific treatment of tuberculosis with Bruschettini's serum vaccine (preliminary communication), A. Bruschettini (Ztschr, Titberkulose, 20 {1912), No. 1, pp. 43-48; ahs. in Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Aht., Ref., 58 {1913), No. 7-8, p. 241)- — Bruschettini's serum was prepared by vaccinating animals with lung extracts from tuberculinized animals, but particularly those animals in which a hyperleucocytosis took place, and with an emulsion of fat-free tubercle baccilli in hydrogen peroxid. The serum is given with a vaccine pre- pared from tubercle bacilli which have been exposed to the action of living leucocytes. The author hopes to give at the next International Congress of Tuberculosis an account of the metliods of using the vaccine. Bovovaccine against bovine tuberculosis, A. Almgken (Svensk Vet. Tidskr., 18 {1913), No. 4, pp. 146-148; abs. in Ztschr. Inimunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 7 {1913), No. 13, p. 591). — Bovovaccine is deemed of service in combating tuberculosis in bovines. Antiphymatol and phymatin of Klimmer as a means of combating' tuber- culosis in bovines, C. Titze (Dent. Tierar~tl. Wchnschr., 21 {1913), No. 23, pp. 353-356; ahs. in Ztschr. Immuniidtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 7 {1913), No. 8, pp. 365, 366). — On the basis of the experiments reported, in the literature antiphymatol is deemed of no value for combating tuberculosis. Phymatin does not seem to possess any advantages over Koch's old tuberculin. With the ophthalmic reaction it is not possible to obtain in practice results which are valuable for detecting the presence of tuberculosis. Bovine anaplasmosis in Arg'entina, J. Lignieres {Centhl. Bakt. [etc."], 1. Aht., Oriff., 74 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 133-162, figs. 5).— This is a detailed report of investigations of anaplasmosis by the director of the Bacteriological Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture at Buenos Aires. Anaplasmosis occurs endemically in certain regions in the north of Argen- tina, from which it may be carried accidentally to other zones by infected bovines, which serve as reservoirs for the virus. Anaplasuia argcntinum is of the same type as A. marginalc, but a comparative study of the two is neces- sary before definite conclusions as to their specific relation can be drawn. In nature auai^lasmosis does not occur alone, but in connection with the piroplas- 184 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. moses due to Piroplasma Mgeminum and P. argentinum. It may also be trans- mitted by the same tick, namely, Margaropus microplus; it is not transmitted by Stomoxys. The inoculation of bovines with Anaplasraa may be accomplished equally well through subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular injections. The incubation periotl is notably longer than for the piroplasmoses and the course is more irregular. Animals vaccinated against P. higeminum and P. argentinum remain susceptible to Anaplasma, and bovines Immunized against Anaplasma are susceptible to P. Ugeminum and P. argentinum. Anaplasmosis is a specific disease distinct from piroplasmosis. The vaccine treatmeat of mammitis in cattle, A. Payne {Vet. Jour., 10 {191Jf), No. Jf64, pp. 94-96). — Three cases affected with streptococcic mammitis were treated with a vaccine consisting of killed streptococci and staphylococci, with good results. The vaccine was given subcutaneously in a fold of the skin above the udder and anterior to the patella in four doses at intervals of three days apart. The first dose was 250.000,000 and the last 700,000,000 bacteria. A contribution to sheep plague, " septicaemia plurif ormis ovium (Miessner and Schern)" and combating the same by serum in practice, H. Raebigeb, W. Kliem, and E. Seibold {Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 21 (1913), No. 10, pp. 11(0-149; ahs. in Ztschr. Immimitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 7 {1913), No. 8, p. 355). — The immunization with specific serum seems to have given good results. Annual report of the camel specialist for the year 1913-14, H. E. Cboss {Ann. Rpt. Camel Specialist [Punjab], 1913-11,, pp. i7+///).— This annual report deals largely with the diseases of camels, especially with the treatment of surra. A report on the biting flies in the Punjab by Patel (pp. I-III) is appended. Vaccination against hog cholera, H. Holtekbach {Osterr. Wchnschr. Tier- heilk., 38 {1913), p. 51; ahs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.'], 1. AM., Rcf., 58 {1913), No. 4, pp. Ill, 112). — When a diagnosis for hog cholera is uncertain the author recommends injecting several of the sick animals with Hutyra's vaccine, some with Suiseptiferin, and others with a mixture of both substances. The animals receiving the Hutyra serum alone in this investigation recovered quickly, those injected with Suiseptiferin died, and those receiving both substances showed some improvement. The diagnosis was hog cliolera. Suggestions that will assist in the prevention and control of hog cholera, F. S. ScHOENLEBER (Eansas Sta. Circ. 40 {1914), pp. 3). — Directions are given for the cleaning and disinfecting of farms where hog cholera exists or existed during the past year. The means that should be taken to prevent the disease from gaining entrance to the farm are also pointed out. * Eighteen cases of pectoral infl,uenza treated with atoxyl, G. Palmgren {Svcnsk Vet. Tidskr., 19 {1914), No. 1, pp. 6-13; abs. in Rev. GtUt. MM. V6t., 23 {1914), No. 211, pp. 311, 318). — While sjilvarsan has been recognized as a specific for pectoral influenza, its high price and the favorable results obtained by Bochberg « from the use of atoxyl led to the experiments here reported. The author administered atoxyl subcutaneously to three horses, increasing the daily dosage from 0.3 to 0.4 to 0.5 to 0.75 gm. The treatment, which was commenced on the second and third days of the disease, resi>ectively. and con- tinued for four days, soon relieved the fever. In order to determine whether the temperature was raised by the injection of atoxyl, as has been observed in certain cases following the administration of salvarsan. records were made hourly up to the eighth hour following the injection but no hyperthermia resulted. •Ztschr. Veterinark., 22 (1910), No. 7, pp. 332-334. RUEAL ENGINEERING. 185 Atoxyl was also administered subcutaueously, commencing from the second to the fourth day of the disease, to eight horses in daily doses of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 gm., resi>ectively, and in a majority an improvement resulted. In two cases re- ceiving 0.75 gm. on the fourth day, it was necessary to continue the treatment for four days. Four horses were treated by a single subcutaneous injection of 4 gm. of atoxyl dissolved in 75 cc. of water, but uns;itisfactory results were obtained with three of the horses. Three horses were treated by administering 4 gm. of atoxyl in 100 cc. of water intravenously ; their temperature fell below 40° C. on the second, third, and fourth days following, respectively. Serodiagnosis of pregnancy in mares, C. F. Briscoe and E. M. Ranck {Mississippi 8ta. Tech. Bui. 5 (1014), pp. 8). — The Abderhalden test was studied for diagnosing pregnancy in mares. The report is prefaced by a brief descrip- tion of the test (E. S. R., 31, p. 278) and the sources of error which may be encountered in conducting it. About 10 animals were tested, including a Percheron stallion and an unbred Hackney filly, from which blood was collected before and two hours after feeding. The reactions were positive in all cases except that of the stallion, but the fact that the filly gave a test before feeding is attributed either to leaks in the diffusion thimble or to her having been accidentally in foal. The conclusions reached were as follows: "The serodiagnosis of pregnancy is applicable to mares; and with due pre- cautions is fairly reliable. To make the test reliable, it is necessary to control each individual test. Precautions must be taken to guard sources of error from bacterial contamination and from digestive products in the blood of the animal tested. The test is practicable for scientific experimentation and prob- ably in the breeding of high-priced stock." The work is being continued and the authors hone to include in the tests other animals, as the cow, goat, and pig. Manual of military farriery, L. A. Beltran (Manual del Uerrador Militar. Havana, Cuba, 1914. pp. V-{-182, figs. lOS). — This is a handbook on horse- shoeing. A new nematode, E-ictularia splendida, from the coyote, with notes on other coyote parasites, M. C. Hall {Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 46 {1914), pp. 75- 84, figs. 6). — The parasite here described as new was collected from the small intestine of Canis ncbracoisis, at Amo,jiear Colorado Springs, Colo. A key is given for the separation of this from other species of the genus, and it is pointed out that the parasites of the coyote have practically the same consid- erable economic importance that those of the dog have. RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrrigation and soil-moisture investigations in western Oregon, W. L. Powers (Oregon Sta. Bui. 122 (1914), pp. 3-110, figs. 2;J).— This bulletin reports a continuation by the station, and on broader lines, of the preliminary investi- gations begun in cooperation with this Office (E. S. R., 23, p. 393). The experi- ments were extended to include studies of the effect of irrigation upon soil- moisture movements, moisture consumption by crops, best time and amount of application for different crops, and costs and profits, and covered a period of four years. The main puriwse was to determine " the value of irrigation for ' increasing and insuring productiveness ' of the agricultural lands in the semi- arid Willamette Valley and other similar valleys of western Oregon." Evaporation from the water surface from April 30 to October 1 averaged about 24 iu. and the average rainfall for this period was 5.52 in. Under field condi- 186 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. tions the valley silt loumwas found to have a maximum capillary water content of about 34 per cent, a maximum content for proper cultivation of about 27 per cent, an optimum water content of about 23 per cent, a drought point content of about 14 per cent, and a minimum moisture content of about 11 per cent. Irrigation caused a higher seasonal moisture content but was associated with temporary loss in moisture in the subsoil, which was, however, regained between irrigations. The highest seasonal moisture content in irrigated plats was obtained in connection with early spring plowing, manuring, crop rotations, including legumes, and frequent cultivation. Irrigation caused a lowering of the temperature of the surface soil as much as 4° in cultiv.ited plats and 10° in meadows, but caused an increase in yield of all crops, which averaged about 65 per cent for a 7-year period. Kale, clover, and beets did better with one irrigation than with two and the reverse was true for potatoes. The use of 4 acre-inches of water per acre in the wet season and of about 6 acre-inches in the dry season pi'oduced the most economical increase of alfalfa, while the maximum yield was obtained with 6 in. in a wet season and 12 in. in a dry season. The most economical return with potatoes was obtained with 2 in. in a wet season and with 3 or 4 in. in a di-y season, while the maximum yield with potatoes was secured with 3 in. in a wet season and 6 in. in a dry season. Clover was best irrigated on gray silt loam when the moisture content of the first 2 ft. dropped to about 14 per cent, while potatoes were best irrigated on this soil when the moisture content of the first foot dropped to 20 per cent. Potatoes did best with a uniform moisture content. Water was best distributed over this soil by the corrugation method. " Irrigation has made it xiossible to raise two difi'erent crops in one season, and not only to get a cutting from new seeding of clover or alfalfa the first season, but also to secure a more perfect stand. It was found that under field conditions the use of a moderate amount of irrigation greatly reduced the water cost of dry matter, which varied about as the most economical returns per acre-inch, above which the water cost increases. The time and frequency of irrigation also afifected the water cost. Growing crops in an irrigated rota- tion, including a legume, greatly decreased the water cost of dry matter as compared to growing crops in an uuirrigated rotation following an unirrigated legume crop. The water cost under field conditions varied with the different crops and crop varieties. Kale and potatoes proved to be crops of high water requirement, while the reverse was true with corn and beans. At a maximum price of $1 per acre-inch, irrigation ^ith pumped water ap- plied to ordinary field crops made an average profit of $2.66 per acre-inch. Electricity proved more economical than gasoline as a source of eueregy for a small pumping plant where labor cost was more important than fuel cost. Proper irrigation did not injure the palatability of potatoes, decreased the percentage of culls, and did not increase the moisture content of crops except where irrigation was excessive.. However, it altered the shape and size of plants, caused better shaped ears and a higher percentage germination in corn, a lower percentage germination in beans, and altered the percentage of market- able product, causing more beans in proportion to plant, more beets in propor- tion to top, but more vines in proportion to potatoes. Irrigation caused a slight decrease in soil water capacity, an increase in volume weight where rank field crops were grown, but caused an impro\enient in this respect where soil-building crops were grown. It had little appreciable effect on the acidity or the available plant food content, and caused a decided increase in organic content where leguminous crops wex'e grown. RURAL ENGINEERING. 187 In experiments on gravelly loam soil three 3-in. irrigations proved about tlie riglit amount for cultivated crops, and IS in. in three applications for meadow crops. Tills soil allowed ready lateral percolation and was best irrigated by the furrow method. It responded most to fertilization with manure and lime, while other chemical fertilizers were less effective. Soil-moisture experiments in southern Oregon showed a close relation exist- ing beto'een soil texture and moisture content and responsiveness to irrigation, light irrigations having the greatest relative effect on the moisture content. The soil temperature was lowered more by irrigation than by the shading of trees. There was a storage of heat in the soil near the close of the season, the subsoil being cool in the spring and warm in the fall as compared with the surface soil. It is generally concluded that irrigation to be of much value in the Willa- mette Valley must be used only in a supplemental and proper way. Records of heavy rainfall and run-off in Porto Rico, L. V. Branch (Engin. News, 11 il91Jt), No. 25, pp. 1358, 1359). — Data of the maximum run-off of the principal streams in the district under development by the Porto Rico Irriga- tion Service are given. Irrigation studies, Reyniek {Bui. Econ. Gouvt. 06n. Madagascar, 14 {1914), I, No. 1, pp. 3-15). — The work and conclusions of several experimenters are reviewed, particularly with reference to the relations between soil permeability and water utilization. It is concluded that a knowledge of soil permeability is of prime importance in any irrigation enterprise as the pevmeability strongly influences not only the amount of water required but the choice of the method of irrigation. The establishment of a table of permeabilities of different soils under different conditions is suggested so that a permeability chart of an irrigated area may be maintained in connection with lysimeter measurements of evaporation under the crops grown, thus more rigorously regulating the use of irrigation water. Pumping- machinery, W. M. Schutte {Poona Agr. Col. Mag., 6 {191Jf), No. 1, pp. 20-25). — A comparison of power and animal methods of pumping irri- gation water in Bombay shows that a saving is realized with the former method. The author states that in his experience the most reliable, simple, and efficient type of power for irrigation pumping is the kerosene oil engine of the 4-cycle type. The construction, maintenance, and protection of levees, Ehlees {Bou, Unterhaltung, und Verteigigung der Flussdciche. Berlin, 1914, pp. V-\-54, figs. 54; rev. in Engin. Bee., 69 {1914), No. 15, p. 430). — In this book a brief intro- duction dealing with the various purposes and types of levees is followed by a discussion of their location and height. Subdivisions follow which deal with cross-sectional shape of levees, influence of character of available materials, etc. As to shape, the author advocates an addition at the downstream toe of a trapezoidal section. The slopes recommended are 1 on 3 on the upstream and 1 on 2 on the downstream side. Other chapters deal with construction of levees, summer levees, openings and culverts through levees, drainage projects, protection of levees in emergencies, and repair of washouts. The construction of hydraulic-fill levees, D. L. Yaenell {Engin. News, 71 {1914), No. 24, pp. 1288-1290, figs. 5).— A description of the construction of levees by pumping fill through hydraulic dredges in drainage districts in Wis- consin and Illinois is given with illustrations of the works. Specifications [for drain tile] proposed by American Society for Testing' Materials {Cement Era, 12 {1914), No. 9, pp. 56-58).— The specifications pro- posed are for strength tests, quality of drain tile, and for recommended practice in the design and construction of tile drains. 75575°— No. 2—15 7 188 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Twenty-first annual report of the Massachusetts Highway Commission (Ann. nj)t. Mass. nUjhway Com., 21 (1913). pp. 21.',, pis. 6, figs. 7).— This report covers finances, administration, construction, and maintenance for the year ended November 30, 1913. Permanent construction (Scatle, Wash., 1911,, pp. 5 J,, figs. 37). — This pam- phlet deals in a popular manner with the selection, testing, and measuring of cement, sand, gravel, or crushed rock, and gives information as to methods of mixing them in the proper proportions for the manufacture of concrete. It points out also how to improvise tools and build the mixing board, measuring boxes, and forms for a large number of permanent improvements around the home and on tlie farm. The use of Iowa g'ravel for concrete, T. R. Agg and C. S. Nichols (loioa Engin. Expt. Sta. Bui. 34 {191J,), pp. 29, figs. 9; al)S. in Good Roads, n. ser., 7 {191J,), No. 23, pp. 326, 321 ) . — The contents of this bulletin comprise the results of a survey of deposits of concrete materials made by the Iowa Highway Commission. A table to figure brickwork {Brick and Clay Rec, 1,5 (1911,), No. 5, p. 1,13, fig. 1). — A table is given by means of which one may calculate the number of bricks required for any common types of brickwork. Pocketbook of useful formulas and memoranda for civil, mechanical, and electrical engineers, G. L. and H. B. Moles worth {Nexo York, 1913, 27. ed., pp. 9U, figs. 800; rev. in Engin. Rec, 69 {191J,), No. 7, p. 202).— A revision of this handbook. Agricultural machines and implements, J. Hagmann (Jahresher. Landic, 28 {1913), pp. 1,97-532, figs. 20). — A number of reports on tests of agricultural machinery are briefly reviewed. Motor-plow tests, 1913, G. Fischer (Ar6. Deut. Landw. Gesell., No. 260 (1914). pp. 55, figs. 23). — This is a detailed report of trials of 9 mechanical plowing outfits, including one 2-engine and cable system, 5 tractors, and 3 motor plows. The total trials included preliminary, general, duration, and brake tests. The mechanical details of each machine and the methods of testing are described in full, and the test results reported in tabular and graphic form and discussed for each engine. The machines were tested on level ground and on ground with a heavy grade. The more important results obtained are sum- marized in the following table : Results of motor-plow tests. Type of outfit. Two engines and cable plow. Tractor and plow Do. Do. Do. Do. Motor plow. Do Do Normal brake horse- power. 24.1 64.7 46.3 65.3 25.2 45.5 5L2 60.2 Drawbar horse- power. 19.0 36.2 29.6 44.4 17.0 28.2 34.6 39.3 Plowing depth. Inches 10. lo! 7. 10. 8. 11. 7. 8. 10. 9. 12. 7. 10. Plowing width. Inches. 45.0 95. 0 40.0 87. 0 72.0 34.2 65.0 82.0 68.0 88.0 Hourly capacity. Acres. 1.05 1.04 1. 7S 1.94 .82 1.28 1.68 2. IS .99 .68 .74 1.48 1.53 L29 L39 L35 1.62 Typo of fuel and "heat units per pound. jCrude oil (4,200)... jcitin (4,325) JBenzol (4,360) JBenzine (4,5.50).... Benzol (4,360) |....do ....do ....do ....do Fuel con- sumption per acre. Pounds. 17.5 15.0 27.8 21.8 22.8 26.4 18.3 33.4 34.1 26.5 24.8 19.2 2L2 23.7 18.3 KUKAL ENGINEERING. 189 Under the test conditions it is concluded that all the outfits may be classed together as regards depth of plowing and plowing capacity. On damp and slippery soils two of the tractor outfits experienced considerable difficulty in operation, and the work of none of the outfits except the cable plow was entirely satisfactory on damp ground. Difficulty was generally experienced on steep grades, but the American plow arrangements which permit one or more of the shares to be raised was used with success on grades. The cable system was particularly successful on stony soil, owing to the elasticity of the cable, but all of the outfits were sufficiently elastic in some of their main parts to do fairly good work on stony soil. The tractors were the most flexible for the different operations, but their broad wheels left a greater trace and were apparently more injurious to the soil than were those of the motor plows. The tractor outfits consumed the greatest amounts of fuel per imit volume of moved soil, followed in order by the motor plows and the cable outfit. Report of international tests of mechanical cultivating apparatus in Tunis {Bid. Dir. G6n. Agr., Com. ct Colon., Tunis, 18 (1914), No. 79, pp. US- SOS, pis. 30). — A large number of mechanical cultivating implements are de- scribed and illustrated, and tests of outfits, including tractors, motor plows, and scarifiers, are reported. The test results, including the results of dynamometer tests, are given in tabular form. The more important results are summarized in the following table : Results of tractor, motor ploic, and scarifier tests. Type of outfit. Tractor Do Do Do Do Do Do Do Do Motor plow Do Do Scarifier (plowiiifj 9.85 in.) Scarifier (plowing 7.90 in.) Scarifier (plowing 7.10 in.) Indicated horse- power. •10 to 50 80 55 to 60 60 40 60 33 to 40 30 45 80 to 105 10 to 20 42 to 50 Average required drawbar pull at 3.3 ft. per second plowing 7.9 in. Pounds. 3,2)0 5,030 4,300 2,060 2,200 2,260 3,960 1,720 6,160 1,760 5,720 Plowed in 10 hours. I erf .5. 12.3 17.3 14.8 16.8 6.9 13.6 9.4 11.1 11.4 22.2 4.9 19.8 3.80 3. 96 5.70 Fuel con- sumption per acre. Gallons. 4.17 3.45 5.40 3.22 6.64 5.17 4.32 5.80 6.76 2.83 3.99 2.28 7.8 9.6 6.8 Type Of fuel. Essence. Do. Petrol. Do. Kssence. Petrol. Do. Do. Do. Essence. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Silos and silage in Colorado, II. E. Dvorachek {Colorado 8ta. Bui. 200 (1914), PP- 3-21, figs. 8). — This portion of the bulletin sets forth some of the advantages of silos as they apply to Colorado conditions and the essentials to be considered in the selection of a suitable silo for that State. In this con- nection various types of silos commonly used are discussed as to their merits. The homemade stave silo is said to be generally a costly experience. The patent stave silo is considered thoroughly established, but its measure of suc- cess is said to depend largely upon the method of construction, quality of material used, and tlie care and attention given it. Otlier wooden silos, includ- / 190 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. ing the wooden-hooped, Wisconsin, and Gurler silos are said to have been used with variable success. As regards the concrete silo it is stated that the percentage of failures is less with this type than with most others, and that the experience in that State has demonstrated that they are a success. When brick can be obtained cheaply a good silo can be built at a moderate cost. The vitrified hollow tile silo is considered the best silo made, embodying every factor which goes to make a perfect silo, but its cost is said to be almost prohibitive to all but the well-to-do or wealthy farmer. Metal silos are not wholly satisfactory in Colorado owing to freezing. The pit silo, for the money Invested, is said to be by far the best silo used and the bank and trench silos, both of which are closely related to the pit silo, are said to be convenient and give good results where they may be used. Building instructions for concrete silos, P. V. Maeis {Colorado Sta. Bui. 200 {1914), pp. 32-49, figs. 12). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the Dairy Division of this Department, contains instructions for the building of the monolithic concrete silo, including illustrations, working plans, and bills of material. Report on construction of pit silos at the Plains substation, J. W. Adams {Colorado Sta. Bui. 200 {1914), pp. 49-55, figs. ^).— The details of construction of two pit silos, each 10 ft. in diameter and having depths of 23 and 28 ft, are reported. To insure durability and efBciency a concrete ring was placed at the top of the ground in each case. These silos are said to have proved satis- factory in every way and it is concluded that where the ground formation is suitable and there is no danger from seepage the pit -silo is perfectly practical and is within the reach of many who can not afford a high silo. Pneumatic water supply systems, H. C. Ramsoweb {Ohio Farmer, 134 {1914), No. 13, pp. 1, 18, figs. 7). — Working data and practical information are given regarding the installation and operation of pneumatic and hydro- pueuuiatic water supply systems for farm homes. The hygiene of rural schools, T. Clark (Pm6. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29 {1914), No. 37, pp. 2364-2367, pi. 1).— The results of inspections of a number of rural schools indicate a widespread need for instruction in rural sanitation. The author in the course of his investigations failed to find a single sanitary privy installed for the use of rural school children. In numerous instances no privy accommodations whatsoever were provided, and soil pollution in the neighborhood of the schoolhouse was evident. RURAL ECONOMICS. Population, general report, and analysis {Thirteenth Census U. S., 1 {1910), pp. 1369, pis. 12, figs. 90). — In this summary and analysis of the census data statistics relating to the rural population have been shown as to the number by age groups, by sex, and by nativity and parentage. The tables show the conditions by States and geographic divisions for 1910 and in most instances comparative data for earlier years. Occupation statistics {Thirteenth Census U. 8., 4 {1910), pp. 615, figs. 9). — This volume of the census contains statistical data showing by geographic divisions, States, and principal cities the number of persons engaged in specified occupations by sex, age, and nativity. The table following shows the compara- tive number of persons engaged in agriculture. EUEAL ECONOMICS. 191 Number of persons engaged in all occupations and in agriciiHiire, lSSO-1910. Males. Females. Census year. All occu- pations. Agricul- ture. Relation of at,'ricu!ture to all occu- pations. All occu- pations. Af,'ricul- lure. Relation of aso'i- culture to all occu- pations. 1910 Number. 30, 091,. 504 23.7.53,8:36 19,312,651 14, 744, 942 Number. 10,760,875 9,404,429 8,378,603 7,119,305 Per cent. 35.8 39.6 43.4 48.3 Number. 8,075,772 5,319,397 4,0a5,532 2,647,157 Number. 1,807,0.50 977,336 769,845 594,510 Per cent. 22.4 1900 18.4 1890 19.2 1880 22.5 A wide variation was noted in tlie percentage of males engaged in agriculture in the various geographic divisions, ranging from 12.4 in the Middle Atlantic to 64.5 in the East South Central. All the geographic divisions, except the South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central, show less than 10 per cent of the females of all occupations engaged in agriculture, but in these three divisions, however, between 45 and GO per cent of all females employed are so engaged. A large proportion of female agricultural workers are negro women of the South, who are engaged either on their home farms or work out in counection with cotton farming. The hirge increase in the number of females engaged in agriculture in 1910 is partially due to a difference in the manner of taking that census. The eig'ht-hour law — the standpoint of the farmer, G. H. Hecke {Trans. Commonwealth Club CaL, 9 {1914), No. 7, pp. 430--'f37).— The author claims that if the eight-hour law as advocated in California should pass it would de- plete the farms of white laborers and make a greater demand for oriental laborers, and that since the farmer's work is seasonal he and his help must work' long hours at certain times of the year to secure the crops. Since the law prohibits overtime and establishes a severe penalty, California would have to compete with other States and countries where there is no eight-hour law. He also claims that since the law applies only to employees the bulk of extra work would fall upon the farmer and his family. The relation between yields and prices, E. Davenport {Illinois Sta. Circ. 177 {191.'i), pp. S). — The author criticizes the views, which he states are gener- ally assumed by many writers and speakers, that large yields ai'e always profit- able and the best farmers those who raise the largest crops; that large yields are a natural antidote for the high cost of living; that we should now copy the intensive methods of older countries; and that more capital is needed for the best results. He believes that it is relatively safe to invest capital freely upon the farm for the sake of correcting abnormal conditions and raising the yield to the normal, but that beyond that point, because of the law of diminishing returns, it will pay only when prices rise. As we approach this point by reason of increased demands, either the cost of food must rise or labor be greatly degraded, else the farmer can not afford to produce the increase needed. As population increases, therefore, but one alternative will present itself. Each human unit must become more efficient in production or it must deny itself much of what is now enjoyed. Fundamental principles of cooperation in agriculture, G. H. Powell {Cali- fornia Sta. Circ. 123 {1914), pp. 16). — The author maintains that the basis of 192 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. cooi>erative organization is men, not capital nor produce. The cooperative spirit is essential, and a cooperative organization of farmers must be founded upon economic necessity. Membership should be confined exclusively to pro- ducers, and be governed by the principle of "one man. one vote." Success depends primarily upon the loyalty and stability of its members and upon the efficiency of its management. lie believes that a cooperative organization should be founded on a special crop, and the locality in which it handles the product should be comparatively restricted. Other principles to be observed are dis- cussed, and some difficulties considered. Rural cooperation and cooperative marketing in Ohio, 1913, C. F. Taeusch (OMo Sta. Circ. I'fl {1913), pj). 17-39).— The author describes the various types of cooperative organization found within the State and points out their strength and weal^nesses. Among the conclusions drawn are that the success of cooperation depends upon the directness of the business relationship between the producer and the consumer, and that failure has often resulted from an attempt to extend the organization over too large a territory before the local organiza- tion has been successfully developed. Other elements of success are a well- organized sales department and a good business mauagei'. The absence of a penalty clause among the cooperative concerns has caused the members to feel free to sell their produce as they pleased, but the author believes that this difficulty might be solved by making every patron a stockholder, so that if he desertetl the cooperative company his investment would become nonproductive. Cooperative and community marketing- of woodlot products, F. F. Moon (Proc. Soc. Amcr. Foresters, 9 (1914), No. 3, pp. 303, 309).— The author claims that if the products of the small woodlot could be marketed at a good profit it would serve as an effective stimulus to reforestation. He suggests as a means of increasing the profit to the owner of small woodlots that there be established a system of cooperative mai-keting where aid would be given to the private owner from a central bureau, or a community market which may assume the form of a township wood market, or a subsidized millman who would receive support from a State forester in return for square dealing and liberal prices for stumpage. The story of the growth of Elgin, C. F. Class (Hoard's Dairyman, 48 (1914), No. 9, pp. 224, 225, 247, figs. 4). — This article contains a historical description of the growth of the dairy industry about Elgin, 111., and the func- tion of the Elgin board in determining butter prices. A corn-belt farming system which saves harvest labor by hogging down crops, J. A. Drake (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 614 (1914), PP. 16, figs. 7). — The author outlines a system of farming whereby the harvesting of the crop's Is mostly performed by swine, thereby enabling one man to care for an extensive acreage in crops. The system calls for a four or five year rotation, whereby the first year consists of corn to be hogged off, the second year of corn to be cut and rye to be sown in the fall, the third year of rye and young clover hogged off and pastured, and the fourth year of clover and timothy which are hog pastured. If a fifth year is added, timothy and clover are pastured and then cut for hay. It is claimed that by the use of this system 1 man and 3 horses, with a small amount of outside help, can cultivate 100 acres, that is, 20 acres to each phase in the rotation. The system demands that the swine be turned in to pasture the i-ye about April 10-15, into the clover INIay 1-15, and to harvest the rye about July 15, and the new corn crop about September 10. Under this system the larger hogs could be fattened off and sold the latter part of August. Rye and the hogging off of this crop offer a substitute for wheat, which has become unprofitable on many farms in the Middle West. This system has a tendency RUEAL ECOXOMICS. 193 to build up the soil and consen'e the fertility and bas given a satisfactory- income on a number of farms. Some things the prospective settler should know, T. F. PIunt et al. {Cali- fornia Sta. Circ. 121 (1014), PP- 64> fios. 8). — The authors have attempted to set forth what the prospective settler in California may expect as to average yields of crops, investment required for satisfactory income, and size of farms necessai-y to obtain this income. They outline a method of estimating the value of land, describe the various types of soil and climate, irrigation, the farm-labor problem, and give au imaginary example to illustrate how a man, who desires a certain gross income, may get started. Specialists have con- tributed articles on the growing of about 16 standard crops showing the impor- tant producing centers and describing the best methods of production. Ownership of homes {Thirteenth Census U. 8., 1 {1910), pp. 1293-1366, figs. 2). — This portion of the summary of census data regarding population shows the number of farm and other homes, and whether they are owned free, encumbered, or rented. This infonnation is shown by geographic divisions and States. The following table shows the conditions of homes in the various classes : OicnersJiip of farm and other homes in the United States, 1890-1910. Per cent of total. Census year. Farm homes. Other homes. Owned. Rented. Owned free. Owned encum- bered. 0^-ned. Rented. Owned free. Owned encum- bered. 1910 62.8 64.4 65.9 .37.2 3.5.6 34.1 42.5 44.5 47.3 20.3 19.9 IS. 6 3S.4 36.2 36.9 61.6 63. S 63.1 25.7 24.7 26.7 12 7 1900 11.5 10 2 1890 Agricultural conditions in Great Britain and Ireland, J. Wilson and II. Wallace {Des Moines, Iowa: Dept. Agr., pp. 16). — This report is devoted principally to a description of the system of tenancy in the above countries. It was found that a large percentage of the land was cultivated by tenants and that the leases generally ran for a long series of years. In England and Scotland the landlord has title to the land itself. He also owns the improvements which he and his ancestors put there, but there is a i-ecognition of the right of the tenant to remove at the end of his lease (without damage to the interests of the landlord) any improvement he has been obliged to make, and especially of his right to any fertility to the land he may have made during his occupancy. Such a .«;ystem has made it to the interest of the tenant to farm to the best of his ability and to the interest of the hmdlord to keep the tenant as long as possible and thus conserve the fertility of the land. In Ireland the land became so high-priced that the Government, by a series of laws, began to purchase the estates of landlords and distribute them among the tenant class. These lands have been purchased at about 20 years' judicial rent and the tenant has been required to pay 3^ i>er cent for 6S* years, at the end of which time he and his heirs became owner of the landlord's interest. About GO per cent of the land has already passed from lantUord to tenant. Agricultural statistics of Netherlands {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Netherlands], Yerslag. en Mcded. Dir. Landh., No. 4 {1914), pp. 134).— This report contains statistical data showing the area and average production of 194 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. agricultural products for minor divisions for 1913 and for 10-year periods beginning with 1S51, the number of farm animals for 1913 by minor geographic divisions and from 1S04 to date for the country as a wliole, and the production of butter and cheese for 1910 and 1912. Additional information is given re- garding cooperative organizations for credit and the production and sale of agricultural products. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Proceeding's of the twenty-seventh annual convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, edited by J. L. —Hills {Proc. Assoc. Avier. Ayr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. 298). — This is a detailed account of the proceedings, including the papers submitted, of the convention held at Washington, D. C, November 12-14, 1913 (E. S. R., 29, p. 601). In addition to papers noted or abstracted elsewhere in this issue it contains as the report of the bibliographer a bibliography of 12S publications on rural economics and sociology, 1906-1913 (pp. 26-39), a report of the com- mittee on extension organization and policy which includes a statistical sum- mary of agi'icultural extension carried on by the agricultural colleges for the year ended June 30, 1913, other reports, and the following addresses : Address of Welcome, D. F. Houston (pp. 19-23) ; Presidential Address, by E. H. Jenkins (pp. 63-68) ; Rural Credit, by J. L. Coulter (pp. 69-73) ; Agricultural Research in Europe and America, by W. H. Jordan (pp. 74-79) ; Marketing Farm Products, by C. J. Brand (pp. 80-87) ; The Relation of the Rural Organi- zation Service to the Colleges of Agriculture, by T. N. Carver (pp. 87-92) ; The Relations Between the Federal Department of Agriculture and the Agri- cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, by E. Davenport (pp. 121-133) ; The Status of the Military Department in the Laud-Grant Colleges, by B. Orton, jr., et al. (pp. 172-186) ; How Can We Secure a More Serious Atti- tude on the Part of the Average Student Toward His Work, by E. E. Sparks (pp. 218-222) ; Securing a More Serious Attitude on the Part of Students, by H. C. Price (pp. 222-224) ; Student Character Records, by W. M. Riggs (pp. 224-227) ; The Organization of Station Administration Work, by W. H. Jordan (pp. 242-248) ; and Definitions and Lines of Demarcation in Research, Experiment, and Demonstrations, by J. F. Duggar (pp. 248-251). Relation of th.e United States Deiiartment of Agriculture to the agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations, B. T. Galloway (Washingtan: Govt., 1913, pp. 6; Proc. Assoc. Amcr. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. Ill- 121). — This discussion has been previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 603). Report of the committee on instruction in agriculture, A. C. Tblte et al. {Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 {1913), pp. 40-61).— This report deals with the subject of farm practice as a prerequisite to the degree course in agriculture and as a subject of instruction in the agricultural col- leges. Information is given concerning farm practice requirements in agricul- tural colleges in foreign countries and in the United States, followed by a tabulated summary of data on farm practice in 47 agricultural colleges in this count i-y and descriptions of some projects referred to in the discussions. Instruction in pure science for agricultural students, C. E. Bessey {Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. 213-217).— The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of two somewhat opposing educa- tional theories as to the relation of science to the different phases of agricul- ture. In the first theory " the teacher of agriculture, or any of its subdivisions, while teaching it should make the adjustment of his subject to the underlying sciences, referring to such sciences, but not requiring the student to have puiv AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION". 195 sued them," while in the second theory the teacher of agriculture " requires the student to have pursued tlie underlying sciences to such an extent as will make him familiar with those portions that immediately underlie agriculture, and on this foundation of science the agricultural teacher will build his instruction." Definiteness of appointment and tenure, E. D. Sanderson {Proc. Assoc. Amcr. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 {1913), pp. 203-210). — Data are presented showing the prevailing custom in manner of appointment and tenure of pro- fessors, assistant professors, and instructors as shown in 43 replies to a questionnaire sent to the presidents and deans of agriculture of the land-grant colleges. The scale and adjustment of salaries and distribution of service in the college, station, and extension departments, R. L. Watts (Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. ^tas., 27 {1913), pp. 22S-238).—A tabular statement is given, compiled from answers received from 30 colleges for the collegiate, station, and extension departments, and from 4 stations as such, showing a total of 1,878 individual staff members in the institutions reporting, of whom 19 per cent were engaged solely in experimental work, 35 per cent in teaching, S pe?.- cent in extension work, 23 per cent in experimental work and teaching, 2 per cent in experiment and extension, 3 per cent in teaching and extension work, and 10 per cent in experimental, teaching, and station work. A comparison of the figures for 14 institutions with staffs or faculties averaging 31 members and 7 institutions with an average faculty membership of 118 shows essential simi- larity except that the proportion of the total number engaged solely in experi- mental woi'k is higher in the smaller colleges, while the proportion of the total number engaged solely in teaching is higher in the larger colleges. The distribution of service in relation to efficiency, research work with very limited service in other lines, and the apportionment of time and salaries are discussed. A system of retiring allowances for land-grant institutions, E. Davenport {Proc. Assoc. Amcr. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. 187-196) .—This paper outlines some of the reasons for establishing and maintaining a definite system of retiring allowances or " emeritus salaries," as a fundamental element in the administration of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and presents a tentative plan together with an estimate of its cost. Report of special committee to study types of extension organization and policy in the land-grant colleges, W. D. Hurd et al. {Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. 279-292).— The author analyzes the data received in replies from 28 institutions as to organization, administration, inter- departmental extension work, titles and methods for selecting extension men, direction of men and work, sources and expenditure of funds, salaries, correla- tion of extension, research, and teaching work, cooperative relationships in practice between the extension work of the colleges and other organizations, direct relationships of boards of trustees to the organization and direction of extension work, desirability of centering all extension woi'k at the college, advisability of centralizing the work of the several divisions or colleges in an institution under the direction of one extension organization, extension publica- tions, lecture and demonstration work, demonstration or model farms as a part of the work, and miscellaneous forms of extension work, opportunities given extension men for professional improvement, and plans for a long term policy. A summary and recommendations are given. The organization of an extension service, H. J. Waters {Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 {1913), pp. l.'tl-lolf). — In this paper the author attempts to lay down principles rather than outline a definite form of extension organization, discussing the need for the special extension teacher, present organization of the land-grant college, an extra-mural college, respon- 196 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. sibility for the teachings of the extension movement, separate organization and housing of the extension service, advisability of the extension people teaching college classes, who shall conduct demonstration work and make and judge exhibits at the fairs, and county agents. Things the colleg'es should undertake to accomplish through its extension division, J. H. Wobst (Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 (1913), pp. 161-165). — In this discussion the author holds that needless drudgery may be avoided, waste eliminated, the premises beautified at trifling expense of money and labor, the business of farming modernized, systems of cooperation in labor as well as in buying and selling established, amusements provided for old and young alike, roads and schools improved, and a com- ttiunity spirit developed on a basis that will endear the social life to all its members if the extension workers will work to make every farm a laboratory and every home a nursery for inculcating the principles of better farming, better business, and better living. Organization in a county or community for extension, G. I. Christie (Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 (1913), pp. 260-26-'f) .—The author believes that whenever possible the policy of grouping the various lines of work in charge of a few organizations is to be preferred to dividing it among several bodies. It is seldom wise to disregard or disband established organizations in favor of new and untried forms, and usually better policy to attempt to bring all of these forces into one large federation for county-wide extension work. His idea of county organization and of the relations such organizations should bear to the extension service is given in tabular form and briefly discussed. Problems confronting the agricultural colleges in their extension work and suggestions for meeting them, K. L. Butterfield (Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 (1913), pp. 154-158). — In this paper the author expresses his views as to the relationships of the extension service to the experiment station, the agricultural survey work, college teaching, other public supported agencies like the boards of agriculture, education, and public health, voluntary associations in agriculture, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and privately supported agencies. In his opinion the fundamental principle that must ultimately be accepted, namely, that the agricultural college through its extension service is the main agricultural agency of the State, will solve most of the difficulties in these relationships. Cooperation with other agencies in agricultural extension, M. S. McDowell (Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 (1913), pp. 252-255).— The author discusses briefly cooperation in agricultural extension with govern- mental or ofHcial agencies, including national and state activities, and unoffi- cial agencies which may be divided into two groups — those which are directly agricultural in character and aim and those which are commercial but may have an indirect relation to agriculture. The preparation of extension workers, K. L. Hatch et al. (Proc. Assoc. Amer. Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 21 (1913), pp. 272-219) .—This, the first report of the committee, discusses the results of an inquiry based on replies received from 43 of the 48 state agricultural colleges as to the professional and technical preparation and the practical experience that an extension worker should have before entering the service, the need for further special preparation of those engaged in distinct lines of extension activity, such as boys' and girls' club work, county agent work, and various other special lines of service, the course of study best adapted to the preparation of extension work- ers, the administration of the extension service by the agricultural colleges, and the various lines of work offered. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 197 Comments on. European agricultural institutions, A. C. Trtje (Proc. Assoc^ Amer, Agr. Cols, and Expt. Stas., 27 {1913), pp. 106-111). — The author calls attention to the fact that in recent years the higher agricultural institutions in Europe have been made more strictly and fundamentally institutions of real university grade, through the improvement of their equipment and facili- ties, an increase in the size of farms, the assembling of collections of fai'm machinery, enlarging the scope and extent of the curriculum with a more definite application to practical agriculture, and increasing the faculty. There is not in Europe entire unanimity as to the desirability of making the agricul- tural colleges departments of the universities. As regards secondary agricultural schools a number of countries have a much more complete system than we have as yet in this country and the tend- ency is to increase their number and make them more efficient. They are still, however, largely for the peasant classes. In a general way these schools may be divided iuto two classes, (1) those in which great stress is laid on theo- retical instruction, and (2) those in which the emphasis is laid on practical instruction. With reference to Denmark, " what they have done is well adapted to their conditions and to a small country where the agricultural industries are of a limited variety; but it would not do at all in the United States, except perhaps as one phase of the work where short courses of study are desired in the secondary schools." The author finds that one of the developments along the line of elementary instruction in agriculture, to which much attention is now being given in European countries, is the continuation classes which are held on Saturdays or in the eveniugs. Attendance on these can to some extent be made compulsory by village authorities in Germany. A brief account is also given of the recent developments with reference to a system of agricultural education in England. School lessons on corn, C. H. Lane (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 617 {1914), pp. 15, figs. 5).— This supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 409 (E. S. R., 24, p. 92), and consists of 12 lessons arranged topically with practical exercises and references. A suggestive program for observing Corn Day in the school is also given. Farm demonstration work, boys' corn club work, and girls' canning club work, F. MuTCHLEB (Bien. Rpt. Bur. Agr., Lahor, and Statis. Ky., 20 (,1912-13), pp. 74-78, pis. 2). — ^A brief statement by the state agent as to the history and development, together with data on results and progress, of the Farmers' Coop- erative Demonstration Work and boys' and girls' club work in agriculture, is given. Plan of organization and administration of home economics clubs and women's auxiliary clubs of county fanners' institutes, iSIrs. C. L. Maktin (Ky. Dept. Agr., Labor and Statis. Bui. 2, pp. 8). — This bulletin suggests how Kentucky women may organize themselves into clubs and become a part of the county farmers' institute. Home makers' clubs of Missouri (Missouri Bd, Agr. Mo. Bui., 12 (1914) ^ No. 1, pp. 46, figs. 7). — Suggested programs for meetings are given, together with other similar data and a bibliography of literature bearing on home topics suitable for club study. NOTES. Arkansas University and Station. — DeForest Hungerford, instructor in soils in the University of Minnesota and assistant in agricultural chemistry in the station, has been appointed assistant professor of agronomy and assistant agronomist. Purdue University and Station. — Recent appointments include R. A. Lamson, of the Idaho University and Station, as instructor in dairying and the following assistants: O. H. Anderson, in dairying; G. L. Ogle and R. O. Bausman, in creamery inspection; S. S. Cromer, in education; C. H. Clink, in serum pro- duction ; L. R. George, in animal pathology ; T. W. Harvey,' in county agent work ; W. E. Lommel, in horticulture ; W. R. Skelly. in farm crops and agricul- tural botany; W. L. Elser, of the Ohio Station, in farm management demon- strations; L. S. Robertson, in farm efficiency; F. M. Shanklin, in young people's club work ; and L. L. Jones, in poultry work. Massachusetts College and Station. — Estimates for 1915 appropriations have been submitted for $313,,30O for maintenance and additional appropriations as follows: Microbiology laboratory, $67,500; for the completion of the agricul- tural building, $122,500; new dormitory, $40,000; enlargement of the power plant, $30,000; and minor improvements, $10,000. The trustees have authorized the beginning of investigations in microbiology, in which projects connected with milk and soils are to be taken up, and agri- <;ultural economics. The emplos^ment of an assistant in the veterinary depart- ment, to deal especially with the problems connected with bacillary white diarrhea and contagious abortion of cows, has also been authorized. North Dakota College.— J. R. Keithley, of the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department, has been appointed professor of dairying. Ohio State University. — A section of greenhouses, 30 by 100 feet, is under construction, and will be followed by two vegetable houses, each 45 by 250 feet, naaking about 8,000 square feet under glass. The entire greenhouse will be divided into a number of special compartments, including a palm house, a head house, a vegetable house, and a students' laboratory. A combined 6-year agricultural veterinary course is under consideration. The first 3 3'ears would be siieut in the college of agriculture and the remainder in the college of veterinary medicine, degrees being granted from both colleges. A state biological survey, suggested by the Ohio Academy of Science, is being undertaken with a state appropriation of $2,500, a number of the colleges of the State cooperating. The preparation of duplicate material and separate collections for the colleges and other educational institutions is the primary feature of the work. Pennsylvania College and Station. — Dr. H. P. Armsby, director of the Insti- tute of Animal Nutrition, has been relieved of all undergraduate instruction and will devote his entire time to research in animal nutrition and to advanced graduate instruction. 198 NOTES. 199 Earl L. Moffit has resigned to accept a position with the Office of Farm Man- agement of this Department. South Dakota Station. — Wilson Cramer, a 1914 graduate of the University of Missouri, has been ajipointed assistant in animal husbandry. Wisconsin University and Station. — The university has accepted offers from farmers of Ashland and Ilnylield counties to erect on the substation farm at Ashland a building suitable for short courses and similar gatherings, at a cost of $1,000. When not in use for these purposes, the building will be avail- able for exix^rimontal work. American Society of Agronomy. — The seventh annual meeting of this society was held in Washington, D. C, November 9 and 10, 19M, with a large attend- ance and marked interest. . The address of the president, C. V. Piper, was delivered at the joint session with the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, as previously noted. Its title was Fundamental Principles in Agronomy, and eighteen gen- eralizations were formulated and discussed. These principles were as follows: (1) Every crop plant has a definite range of adaptations or reactions as re- gards climate and soil; (2) tillage tends to increase yields; (3) shallow tillage conserves soil moisture; (4) rate of seeding or distance of spacing effects yield; (5) depth of planting affects stand and therefore may affect yield; (6) time of seeding affects yield; (7) quality of seed affects yield; (8) rotative cropping tends to increase or to maintain yields, single cropping tends to re- duce yields; (9) mixed seedings tend to increase yields; (10) fertilizers (nearly all common substances) tend to increase yields; (11) the nitrogen con- tent of the soil is most cheaply maintained by keeping up the supply of humus and especially by growing legumes, which alone of crop plants can utilize at- mospheric nitrogen; (12) productivity is approximately maintained by feeding crops to animals and returning the manure to the soil; (13) selecting the best plants tends to improve the breed; (14) hybridization tends to stimulate vigor; (15) plants introduced from their original to a new and similar environment often tend to become aggressive; (IG) thinning buds by pruning or otherwise tends to increase the size of the remaining resultant flowers and fruits; (17) vegetative vigor and reproductive vigor are mutually antagonistic; and (18) dwarfing of perennial plants may be secured by budding or grafting on stocks not wholly congenial. Professor Piper pointed out that this is the first attempt to enumerate these principles, although only the one relating to the use of nodule bacteria is clearly the product of the last 50' years. In conclusion he referred to the difliculty of drawing any but very broad generalizations because of the differing adaptations of plants, and maintained that " the best hope of progress in agronomy lies not in the search for broad generalizations, but in a much more intensive study of the environmental relations of every important plant culti- vated." The success with which the unit-acre platting system is being applied in Texas was described by B. Youngblood and A. B. Conner. Under this system the same kind of crop is assembled within the unit-acre, which may be divided into plats of suitable size to accommodate the requirements of the several ex- periments in progress at the time. C. B. Lipman discussed the solids of smelter wastes and plant growth, indi- cating their value as plant food when applied in proper quantities. In discussing the origin of " niter spots " in certain western soils, R. Stewart and W. Peterson presented data to show a mineral origin caused by water movement in the soil and evaporation fi'om the surface, in distinction from the bacterial origin held by some investigators. 200 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Experiments on the effect of different methods of preparing a seed bed for winter wheat on yield, soil moisture, and nitrates, were described by L. E. Call. He pointed out the value of early preparation, whatever the method. G. N. Coffey, reporting for the committee on soil classification and mapping, presented a scheme of classification for use throughout North America based on five grand factors, with their several subdivisions, for further consideration and discussion. This scheme is as follows: I, Precipitation and humidity (Soil liegion) ; (a) humid, (b) seniiarid, (c) arid. II. Dynamic agencies (Soil Province) ; (a) weathering, (b) biological processes, (c) gravity, (d) aqueous agencies, (e) aeolean, (f) glaciation. Ill, Lithology (Soil Group); (a) acid crystalline rock, (b) basic crystalline rocks, (c) sandstones, quartzites, shales, and slates, (d) lime rocks, including marl, limestone, and marble. IV, Specific ■characters and conditions (Soil Series) ; (a) color, (b) drainage, (c) lime car- bonate, (d) organic matter, (e) relation of soil to subsoil. V, Texture (Soil Type) ; (a) sand, (b) sandy loam, (c) loam, (d) silt loam, (e) clay loam, (f) clay. G. S. Fraps discussed soil moisture relations and the relation of chemical composition to soil fertility. A paper on the naming of varieties, by E. G. Montgomery, was also presented. The officers elected for the following year included, as president, C. E. Thorne, of Ohio ; vice-presidents, L. J. Briggs, of this Department, and Alfred Atkinson, of Montana; secretary, C. W. Warburton, of this Department; and treasurer, George Roberts, of Kentucky. Association of Feed Control Officials. — This association held its sixth annual meeting at Washington, D. C, November 13 and 14, 1914. Following an address by the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, H. J. Waters spoke on the de- ficiencies of corn as a feed, and H. W. Wiley on Ethical Advertising of Cattle and Poultry Foods and Remedies. The Possibilities of Damaged Feeds Pro- ducing Disease in Animals was discussed by J. S. Buckley, and the Deterioration of Grains in Storage and Transit, by J. W. T. Duvel. R. W. Chapin spoke on some of the feed manufacturers' problems. The association adopted a new constitution and by-laws. New definitions were accepted for several flaxseed products, but no action was taken as to the proposed federal feeding stuffs inspection law. Officers were chosen as follows: President, H. B. McDonnell, of Maryland; vice-president, R. E. Stallings, of Georgia; secretary-treasurer, L. A. Fitz. of Kansas; and executive committee, W. J. Jones, of Indiana, J. K. Haywood, of this Department, and S. K. Johnson, of Ohio. Association of Seed Analysts of North America. — The annual meeting, held in Washington, D. C, November 12 and 13, 1914. dealt, as usual, mainly with seed inspection, laboratory apparatus and methods, and seed laws. Papers were also presented on The Necessity of Standardization of Methods, by Edgar Brown, The Weed Content of Seeds, by L. H. Pammel, and The Germination of Seeds Buried Ten Years, by W. L. Goss. W. L. Oswald, of Minnesota, was elected president; E. D. Eddy, of Ottawa, Canada, vice-president ; and J. P. Helyar, of New Jersey, secretary -treasurer. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PtraLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, SI h /'^^v EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizersj]^; ^; Trullinger. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^' g- ^^yd^' ^^' ^' Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutritionj^- ^. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — -H. Webster. Economic Zoology and Entomology^W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. Veterinary MedicinejJ^- A- Hookek. Rural Engineering— R. W. Trullinger. ^' Rural Economics — E. Merritt. '^cW VOf^| Agricultural Education — C.H.Lane. tiiJTANtrAi Indexes— M. D. Moore. ,, ^^'^AU CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 3. Recent work in agricultural science 201 Notes 292 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — ^agrotechnt. The simpler natural bases, Barger 201 Nucleic acids. — ^Their chemical properties and physiological conduct, Jones. . . 201 The decomposition of sugar in the living cell, Oppenheimer 201 About plant tallows, Wagner and Lampart 201 The flower pigments of Antirrhinum majus. — I , Method of preparation, Wheldale . 202 The flower pigments of Antinhinum niajus. — II, Wheldale and Bassett 203 Lycopersicin, the red pigment of the tomato, and its development, Duggar 203 Effect of certain conditions on acidity of tomato fruits, Duggar and Merrill. . . 204 The nature, value, and limits of biological water analysis, Thienemann 205 The microscopy of drinking water, Whipple 205 Report of committee on phosphoric acid, Farnham et al 205 Triammonium citrate. Hall 205 About cholesterol and its estimation in fats, Klostermann and Opitz 205 Method for extremely small quantities of boron, Bertrand and Agulhon 20G Rapid estimation of phosphoric acid in baked goods, etc., Sobel 206 Methods for determining sulphur dioxid in dried fruits, Jaffa 206 Phosphomolybdic acid for detection of adulteration in saffron, Verda 207 The estimation of tannin in cider. Spiers 207 I n CONTENTS. Page. Minimal content of total nitrogen of milk, Kling 207 The determination of the titer of arsenite solutions, Deiss 207 Vinegar making, Bioletti 207 Manufacture of unfermented fjrape juice in California, Cruess and Ilintze 208 Clarification of grape juice, Bioletti 208 Amounts of wine and by-products yielded by grapes in California, Bioletti . . . 208 Use of sulphurous acid and pure yeast in wine making, Bioletti 208 A new method of handling the distillation residues of wines, Matignon 209 Bitter principles of olives, Bioletti 209 Softening of olives, Bioletti 209 Sizing of pickled olives, Bioletti 209 Olive paste, Bioletti 209 A history of the canning industry, edited by Judge 210 • METEOROLOGY. Weather forecasting, Simms 210 Monthly Weather Review 210 The weather and climate of Chicago, Cox and Armington 211 Report of meteorological observations at Wisley , 1913, Curtis 211 The rainy season in southern Rhodesia, Goetz 211 The microbic content of indoor and outdoor air, Winslow and Browne 211 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The fertility in Iowa soils. Brown 211 Soil acidity and the liming of Iowa soils. Brown, Howe, and Sar 212 The utilization of muck lands, Robinson 213 Soil survey of Ralls County, Missouri, Sweet and Watkins 213 Soil survey of Cass County, Nebraska, Meyer, Scarborough, et al 214 Soil survey of Forsyth County, North Carolina, Allen and Jurney 214 Soil survey of Union County, South Carolina, Lounsbury et al 214 Soil survey of Henrico County, Virginia, Latimer and Beck 214 Systematic study of the soils of the Netherlands, Maschhaupt 215 The scouring lands of Somerset and Warwickshire, Gimingham 215 Soil culture primer, Campbell, revised and edited by Haste 215 A nitrogenous soil constituent: Tetracarbonimid, Shorey and Walters 215 Recent investigations of soil concretions due to manganese or lime, Helbig 215 Determining water content of soil on basis of soil volume, Regel 216 A study of the bacterial activities of virgin and cultivated soils, Greaves 216 Bacteriological studies of field soils. — III, Effects of manure, Brown 216 The results of fertilizer and variety tests, Rogalski 216 Fertilizer experiments, 1911-1913, Schneidewind and Meyer 216 Experiments with fertilizers in Java, De Jong 217 The fertilizing of fish ponds, Hamer 217 The nitrogen of processed fertilizers, Latlirop 217 On the presence of nitrites in calcium cyanamid, Manuelli 217 The synthetic use of metals in organic chemistry, Hale 217 Phosphate deposits in the Mississippiau rocks of northern Utah, Peterson 217 Production and value of citric-soluble phosphoric acid and potash, Waggaman. . 218 Progress in the potash industry in 1913, Hof 218 Ashes of hedge clippings and trimmings as a source of potash, Russell 218 Potassium salts and agriculture 218 The so-called potash liine, a by-product of potash works, Ehrenberg and Nolte. . 218 Relation of the use of lime to the improvement of the soil, Fippin 218 Recent investigations on magnesia, Miege and Compain 218 The utilization of fish and marine animals as sources of oil and manure 219 Fish meal and fish manure 219 Transformation of vinasse into fertilizer, Roos 219 Road sweepings as manure 219 Fertilizers, Rose and Wilson 219 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Curtis 219 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Stackhouse, Brackett, et al 219 Commercial fertilizers in 1913-14, Fraps 219 The South and the fertilizer industry 219 CONTENTS. ni AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Page. A botanical lexicon, Gennadius 219 Contributions ou plant breeding 220 Hereditary variations in clilorophyll content of cereals, Nilsson-Ehle 220 Tobacco investigations, Setchell 220 Variation in bacteria, Jordan 220 Flower pigments oi Jintirrhinummajus. — III, Wheldale and Bassett 220 Distribution of stomata in some graminaceous seedlings, Zaepffel 221 The transpiration current in plants, II, Janse 221 Activities of protoplasts in the cells concerned with water transport, Janse 221 Osmotic pressure of some epiphytes and parasites, Senn 221 The exudation of ice from stems of plants, Coblentz 221 Method of determining the life duration of seeds, Crocker and Groves 221 Plant autogi'aphs and their revelations, Bose 222 A comparison of responses of sessile and motile plants and animals, Shelford . . 222 Thermotropism of roots, Eckerson 222 Nutritive conditions determining growth of protista, Thornton and Smith 222 The assimilation of nitrites and nitrates, Baudisch and Mayer 223 The influence of salt on plants, Ewart 223 The measurement of antagonism, Osterhout 223 FIELD CROPS. Work of Scottsbluff reclamation project experiment farm in 1913, Knorr 223 The work of the Yuma reclamation project experiment farm in J 1)13, Blair 225 t Field crops work at the Texas Station], 1913, Youngblood 226 experiments in crop production on fallow land at San Antonia, Letteer 226 [Field crop experiments], Watts 227 [Field crop experiments], Scotland 227 Agricultiu-e in the Tropics, Willis 227 Natural revegetation of range lands, Sampson 227 Influence of potassic fertilizer on legumes, Barontini 228 Practical corn culture, Ainsworth 228 Report of the work in corn pollination, IV, Fisher 228 Cotton , Watt s 229 Economic conditions in the Sea Island cotton industry, Meadows 229 Notes on the cotton of Cambodia, De Flacourt 229 Flax from the East Africa Protectorate 229 Guinea corn 229 Hemp, Counsins 229 Better methods of potato production for Iowa, Greene and Mauey 229 Better methods of potato production for Iowa, Maney and Greene 230 Xenia (?) in rice, Jacobson 230 Head-to-the-row test -with rice, Jacobson 230 The transplanting of rice, Gregotti ._ _. 230 Drilling-fertilizer experiments with sugar beets in Hungary in 1912, Gydrfas. . 230 Can sodium, wholly or partially, replace potassium for sugar beets? Kriiger. . 230 The future of sugar cane and the sugar industry in Mexico, Fourton 231 Sweet clover, Shoesmith 231 Experiment in the selection of seeds, Griffin 231 Thirteen years of wheat selection, Hutcheson 231 The physiological selection of Tuscany wheat, Rampazzo 231 Varieties of wheat in Semiretchinsk, Haksberger 231 Further observations on wheat, Flaksberger 231 Bulk handling of wheat, compiled by Jackson 231 Iowa seed analyses, 1910-1913, Pammel and King 231 A manual of weeds, Georgia 232 HORTICULTURE. The development of gardening, with special reference to Dresden, Hofmanu.. 232 The garden at home, Thomas 232 [Horticultural investigations at the Yuma experiment farm, 1913], Blair 232 [Report of the] citrus experiment station, Webber 233 [Horticultural investigations at Scottsbluff experiment farm, 1913], Knorr... 233 IV CONTENTS. Page. [Report on] genetics, Babcock 234 Precooling and handling investigations with oranges and lettuce, Ramsey 234 Stocks for fruit trees, H edrick 234 Practical orchard pruning, Crider 234 Bridge grafting 234 [Report of investigations with grapes and olives], Bioletti 234 Cacao, Henry 235 The development of female sexual organs in Theobroma cacao, Kuijper 235 First report on cacao selection. Van Hall 235 Second report on cacao selection at Djati Roenggo, MacGillavry and Van Hall . . 235 Second report on cacao selection at Getas, Meyer and Van Hall 236 A study of the factors influencing seed formation in citrus fruits, Colt 236 The present condition of citrus growing in Spain, Priego 236 The coconut, Collet 236 Manurial experiments on coconuts, 1913-14, De Verteuil 236 Second report on selection tests of Robusta coffee, Voiite and Van Hall 236 Some aspects of modern tea pruning, Hope and Carpenter 236 Report on the botanic gardens and their work, Waby 236 FORESTRY. The place of forestry among natural sciences. Graves 237 Forests and floods, Andrews 237 Tree growth and meteorological factors, Kapteyn 237 Current annual increment in girth of a Douglas fir plantation, Nisbet 237 Germination and reproduction of longleaf pine in Mississippi, Buttrick 237 Distribution of mountain pine {Pinus montana) in the Alps, Vierhapper 237 Average returns from the afforestation of waste lands. Maw 237 Sixth annual report of the state forester in Vermont, Hawes 237 Report of state forester, Elliott 237 Results of the Saxony state forest administration for 1913 237 Notes on forestry in Russia 237 Statistics relating to forest administration in British India, 1912-13 237 [Report of the] forestry section, Rutter 238 Annual report of subdepartment of forests. Wood 238 Forest products of Canada, 1913. — Poles and crossties, Lewis and Boyce 238 Report of fifteenth convention of Canadian Forestry Association, 1913 238 DISEASES OP PLANTS. Plant pathology, Smith -^ 238 [Investigations of plant diseases], Webber 238 Diseases of cultivated plants in Westphalia and their control, Spieckermann . . . 238 Report on diseases observed at Rio Janeiro, Maublanc 238 The spread of celery leaf spot disease by use of affected seed, Pethybridge .... 239 Investigations on potato diseases (fifth report), Pethybridge 239 Potato diseases — the danger of importation, Brittlebank 239 Blotch and streak in potatoes. Home 239 The effect of potato scab treatments on seed \dtality, Maney 240 Sorghiim smut 240 Black rust of Deli tobacco. Honing 240 Diseased tomatoes -. 240 The oak fungus disease of fruit trees. Home 241 Peach cankers and their treatment, Jehle 241 Peach leaf curl fungus, Quinn 241 Violent outbreak of currant rust, Noffray 241 Citrus canker, Edgertou 241 Pecan rosette, Orton and Rand 241 A beech disease 242 Hevea canker, I, II, Rutgers 242 Bordeaux mixture. — I, Physico-chemical studies, Butler 242 Notes on the preparation of Bordeaux mixture, Butler 243 The action of Bordeaux mixture on plants. Barker and Gimingham 243 Spreading and adherent sprays, Vermorel and Dantony 243. The compatibility of insecticides and fvmgicides, Gray 243 CONTENTS. V ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Page. Game laws for 1914, ifalmer et al 244 The California toad, an economic asset, Storer 244 Entomology', Woodworth 244 Report of the entomologist, Fernald 245 Insects injurious to stored raisins, Bioletti -. 245 The parasitism of insects by the Entomophthoreaj, Picard 245 Hosts of insect egg parasites in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia, Girault. . 246 High temperature for control of insects injuring cereal products, Goodwin 246 The destruction of underground pests, Molinas 246 Soil fumigation, Hyslop 246 The food of the earwig {Forficula auricularia), Liistner 246 Forficula auricularia in Khode Island, Glaser 247 The green soldier bug {Nezara hilaris), ^\^litmarsh 247 Mr. Crawford's recent work on the Delphacinse, Van Duzee 247 Papers on Aphididae. — The yellow clover-aphis {Callipterus trifolii), Davis. . . . 247 The conquest of verniga, Townsend 248 The biology of Bihio hortulanus and its control, Molz and Pietsch 248 The apple root borer. Brooks 248 The western corn rootworm, Ainslie 250 The carpet beetle or "buffalo moth," Howard 250 The postembryonal stages of Otiorhynchus cribricollis, Grandi 250 The codling moth in Iowa {Carpocapsa povionella), Webster 250 A destructive pine moth introduced from Europe (Evetria buoliana), Busck. . . 251 Red spider control, McGregor 251 Tick eradication in Arkansas, Gow 251 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. [The importance of sea food in the diet], Linthicum 251 The water content of oysters, Shannon 252 The water content of meat products, Feder 252 The bacteriology of sausage and similar goods, Sacquepee and Loygue 252 Eggs, Matthews 252 [Composition of] cassava, Camus 252 Rice (Oryza sativa) 252 [\\'Tieat and flour investigations], Harcourt 252 The baking quality of German wheats, Corduan 252 Study of some Italian hard wheat flours, Maurantonio 252 Diminished gluten content of flour, Balland 252 The bread-making industry at Milan 252 Use of dried potatoes in bread making 252 A program for dehydrated vegetables. Burgess 253 Use of green vegetables in the farm home 253 The banana fruit, Dacanay 253 Ice cream experiments 253 Ice cream, Matthews 253 Confectionery, McGill 253 Candy making in the home, Herrick 253 Canning, preserving, and pickling, Neil 253 Preserving and canning, Riesenberg 253 Ground ginger and a study of analytical results, McGill 253 An examination of catsups, Gabel 253 Safe ice, Cumming 253 Federal Food and Drugs Act and decisions, compiled by Gwinn 254 General [food, drug, and health laws] 254 [Food and drug inspection and analysis], Barnard 254 [Inspection of creameries, dairies, and ice cream factories], McGuire 254 Meat inspection, oyster culture, food preparation, etc., in Holland, Howarth. . 254 Cooperative public health administration in small communities, Phelps 254 Institutional supplies 254 Report upon the high cost of living, Dohme 254 Low cost recipes, compiled by Harbison 255 Education in food values 255 The hj^giene of the preparation, storage, and distribution of food, Cates 255 VI CONTENTS. Page. The cause and prevention of pellagra, Goldberger 255 The treatment of pellagra, Lorenz 255 A nutritional index for school children, Tuxford 256 Studies of the influence of diet upon growth, Aron 256 Effect of different foods on secretion of digestive ferments, Wolfsberg 256 Metabolism of nucleosids, guanosin, and adenosin, Tannhauser and Bommes . . 256 Digestion of the protein of cooked meat in dogs, Zunz 256 The excretion of creatinin by normal women, Tracy and Clark 256 Creatinin and creatin in starvation, Graham and Poulton 257 On uricolysis, Taylor and Adolph 257 Influence of a vitamin-free diet on metabolism. Funk and von Schonbom 257 Calorimetric observations on man, Macdonald, Duffield, and Lucas 257 Improved myothermic apparatus, Hill and Weizsiicker 257 The energy requirement of the new born, Bailey and Murlin 257 The animal organism as a machine, Reach 258 Mechanical efficiency of man, Macdonald 258 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The chemistry of cattle feeding and dairying, Murray 258 The utilization of potato haulms and artichoke foliage, Voltz et al 258 Value of stems and leaves of sweet potato plants as a feed material, Katayama. . 259 Manufacture of food for cattle and other animals, Eastick and De Whalley 259 Inspection of commercial feeding stuffs, Smith and Beals 259 The acidity of important commercial feedstuffs, Wilk 259 Animal husbandry. True 259 Corn silage and cottonseed hulls for fattening beef cattle, Curtis et al 260 Indian cattle in the Philippines, Edwards 260 Influence of summer shearing on the skin temperature of sheep, Traut 260 Caracul sheep in Argentina 261 The value of silage in the winter ration for the breeding flock, Jones 261 [Animal husbandry experiments], Youngblood 261 The sheep and wool industry of Australasia, Smith 261 A dynamometric calculation of the character of wool fiber, Macha 261 Nitrogen retention from ammonia salt or urea, Henriques and Andersen 261 Extent of hippuric acid formation in body of swine, Abderhalden and Strauss. . 262 The self-feeder for swine feeding, Eward 262 Productive swine husbandry, Day 262 Digestion experiments with Equidae, P>anck 262 Study of the proportions of the horse, Van Meldert 262 Breeds of draft horses, Bell 262 The South Oldenburg horse and the influence of environment, Burmeister 263 The Beery system of horsemanship. Beery 263 Pituitary body and the early growth period of birds, Wulzen 263 Influence of male parent on character of eggshells in fowls, Walther 263 Histological basis of the shank colors in the domestic fowl. Barrows 263 Natural and artificial brooding of chickens, Lamon 264 European milk chickens 264 Method of desiccating eggs, Hara 264 Seasonal changes in testes and plumage in wdld duck, SeUgmann and Shattock. . 264 The transmission of secondary sexual characters in pheasants, Thomas 264 The development of the Ftomach in the Euphonias, Wetmore 265 Pigeons for profit. — The whole art of squab raising, Bretton 265 Squab secrets. Rice 265 The first poultry show in America, Robinson 265 DAraY FARMING — DAIRYING. The value of soy-bean and alfalfa hay in milk production, Caldwell 265 Feeding experiments with rice-gluten meal, Reisch, Schweiger, and Hansen. . 266 [Dairy husbandry studies]. True 266 Dairying on cut-over pine lands, Ferris 266 Growth of bone, horn, and performance in cattle, Miiller and Narabe 266 Body weight and milk yield 267 Observations in Britain on Kerries and Dexters, Plumb 267 Red Poll dairy cattle.— Report on the departmental herd for 1913-14, Kerr 267 CONTENTS. Vn Page. Dairy record centers and cow testing, Whitley 267 Increasing milk flow by frequent milking 267 Effect of pituitary extract on milk secretion in the goat, Hill and Simpson 268 Dairy bacteriology, Roadhouse 268 Bacteria found in milk heated to various temperatures, Ford and Pryor 268 Presence of spore-bearing bacteria in Washington market milk, Pryor 269 The relationsnip of septic sore throat to infected milk, Cappa and Davis 269 [Germ content of salt], Weigmanu 269 The sterilization of milk, using high-potential electric discharges, Kershaw 269 [The "biorizator"], Weigmann 269 t Dairy experiments], Barr 270 ''ormation of tiu-nip flavor in butter, Weigmann and Wolff 270 [Milk fat tables]. Heller 270 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Infection and resistance, Zinsser 270 Defensive ferments, Abderhalden, trans, by Gavronsky and Lanchester 270 Pathology and anatomy, edited by Lubarsch and von Ostertag 270 PHrst International Congress of Comparative Pathology 271 Veterinary science, Haring 271 Report for 1913 of principal of Royal Veterinary College, McFadyean 271 Report of Ci\dl Veterinary Department, Bihar and Orissa, 1913-14, Qidnlan . . 272 Annual report on the Punjab Veterinary College, 1913-14, Pease et al 272 On metallic colloids and their bactericidal properties, Crookes 272 Infusion apparatus for administering artificial sera, etc., Gottschalk 272 The technique of the Wassermann reaction, Browning 272 About some tests with antistreptococcic serum, Perl 272 Ultravisible \irus, Loeffler 272 Interesting cases of anaphylaxis, Balla 272 Aphthous fever or foot-and-mouth disease, Marshall 273 East Coast fever, Robertson 273 Johne's disease, Twort and Ingram 273 The trypaublue treatment in pirplasmosis in South Africa, Goodall 273 Serum therapy in tetanus, Theisz 274 "Tick paralysis " in man and animals, Nuttall 274 The arsenical dip and its value in combating ticks, Theiler 274 Ferment-inhibiting substances in tubercle bacilli, Jobling and Petersen 274 Ferment-inhibiting substances in caseous material, Jobling and Petersen 274 The methods employed for experimental tuberculosis by inhalation, Chauss^.. 274 An attempt to immunize guinea pigs against tuberculosis, Brown et al 275 What has been done with the tuberculin test in Wisconsin, Hastings 275 Agglutination of Micrococcus melitensis by normal cows' milk, Bassett-Smith . . 276 Loco weed disease of sheep, Marshall 276 Investigation into the disease of sheep called "scrapie," M'Gowan 276 Diseases of swine with particular reference to hog cholera. Lynch 277 The hog cholera situation in Michigan 278 The surgical anatomy of the horse, Share-Jones 278 Narcosis by choral hydrate in horses, Friis 278 Poisoning of horses by ground ivy {Glecovia hederacea), Ferenczhdzy 278 The results of eating St. John's wort noted in horses, Henry 278 Equine biliary fever in Madras, Valladares 278 Notes on the treatment of biliary fever of the horse with trypanblue, Bevan. . . 278 The more recent conceptions of pectoral influenza of the horse, Haan 278 Modification of diet saves ducklmgs from epidemic disease, Merklen 278 Transmission of Spirochseta gallinarum by mites, Mayer 279 RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation investigations, Adams 279 Profile surveys in the basin of Clark Fork of Columbia River, Marshall et al. . . 279 Profile surveys in Snake River Basin, Idaho, Marshall et al 279 Surface water supply of Colorado River Basin, Follansbee, Porter, and Padgett. 279 Surface water supply of the Missouri River Basin, 1912, Lamb et al 279 Deschutes River, Oregon, and its utilization, Henshaw et al 279 Quality of the surface waters of Oregon, Van Winkle 280 The water supply of Indiana 280 Vin CONTENTS. Page. Water analyses from the United States Geological Survey, Clarke 281 The farm water supply, Ramsower 281 Results of tests on stationary gas engines 281 The theory of the plow mold board, Bernstein 281 Results of motor plow demonstrations and tests, Martiny 281 Threshing with electricity in Iowa, Dewey 282 Performance tests of sugarhouse heating and evaporating apparatus, Kerr et al . 282 Ventilation of cattle barns, Knoch 284 Movable hog houses, E ward and Davidson 284 Silos in Oklahoma, Bray and Forrester 285 RURAL ECONOMICS. The training of rural leaders, Butterfield 285 The rural community and church federation, Hargreaves 285 The land and the laborer, Aronson 285 The land and the capital, Fernandez de la Rosa 286 Compensation to tenant farmers in England and Wales for improvements 286 Report of the departmental committee on agricultural credit in Ireland 286 The German credit institution, 1900-1909, Schulte _. 287 Proceedings of the first annual conference of cooperative associations 287 Helps for organizing farmers' clubs and cooperative associations 287 Report of the California fruit growers exchange, 1913-14, Powell 287 Marketing farm products, Higgins 287 The agricultural outlook 287 Agricultural production in Belgium 288 Agricultural statistics of Belgium 288 Data relating to the agricultural industry in Russia and in foreign countries. . . 288 ABC of Queensland statistics, 1914, compiled by Weedon 288 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Report on agricultural education work in California, 1914] 288 Home economics work at the Universi.ty of Illinois] 288 ^lassachusetts independent vocational schools in operation May 1, 1914 288 Social surveys of rural school districts, Galpin and Davies 289 Practical training in negro rural schools, Davis 289 [Home and school gardening] 289 [Agricultural education in Canada] 289 Scheme of aCTicultural education 289 A residential course for the training of farm lads, Garrad 289 History of Grignon, Bretigniere and Risch 290 Foundation of Forestry Institute and Imperial Agricultural High School 290 Agricultural instruction [in Bohemia] 290 Effecting uniformity in instruction in agricultural schools, Prochaska 290 Elementary exercises in agricultiu-e, Dadisman 290 Laboratory exercises in the elements of agriculture. Lackey 290 [Agriculture in the Missouri high school] 290 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of California Station, 1914 290 Biennial Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1912-13 291 Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1913 291 Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Texas Station, 1913 291 A handbook for farmers and dairymen, Woll et al 291 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Arkansas Station: Pas®- Bui. 119, July, 1914 251 California Station: An. Rpt. 1914 . 206, 207, 208, 209, 220, 233, 234, 236, 238, 244, 245, 259, 266, 268, 271, 279, 288, 290 Connecticut Ston-s Station: Bien. Rpt. 1912-13 291 Iowa Station: Bui. 146, Mar., 1914 231 Bui. 147, Apr., 1914 250 Bui. 148, Apr., 1914 240 Bui. 149, Apr., 1914 229,230 Bui. 150, June, 1914 211 Bui. 151, Sept., 1914 " 212. Bui. 152. Oct., 1914 284 Research Bui. 13, Sept., 1913. 216 Kentucky Station: Bui. 177, Dec. 31, 1913 219 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 149, Aug., 1914 282 Bui. 150, Oct., 1914.^ 241 Maine Station: ^ Bui. 232, Sept., 1914 263 Massachusetts Station: Control Ser. Bui. 1, Oct., 1914. 259 Twenty-sixth An. Rpt. 1913, pts. i, 2 245,291 Michigan Station: Bui. 273, June, 1914 213 Circ. 21. Apr., 1914 234 Circ. 22, June, 1914 278 Circ. 23, June, 1914 231 Mississippi Station: Bui. 166, 1913... 266 New Hampshire Station: Cir. 15, Mav, 1914 243 Circ. 16. June, 1914 261 New York Cornell Station: Circ. 25, July, 1914 218 _ Circ. 26, Sept., 1914 241 Ohio Station: Bui. 267, Dec, 1913 265 Oklahoma Station: Bui. 101, July, 1914 285 South Carolina: Bui. 176, Apr., 1914 234 Bui. 177, Sept., 1914 219 Texas Station: Bui. 168, July, 1914 219 Twenty-sixth An. Rpt. 1913. . 226, 261, 291 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 243, Oct., 1914 275 Circ. 51, Oct., 1914 289 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 3, No. 2, Nov., 1914 215, 227, 241, 248 Bui. 143, Production and FertiUzer Value of Citric-Soluble Phos- phoric Acid and Potash, W. H. Waggaman 218 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Bui. 146, Economic Conditions in Page, the Sea Island Cotton Industry, W. R. Meadows 229 Bui. 151, Experiments in Crop Production on Fallow Land at San Antonio, C. R. Letteer 226 Bui. 158, The Nitrogen of Processed Fertilizers. E. C. Lathrop 217 Farmers' Bui. 619, Breeds of Draft Horses, G. A. Bell 262 Farmers' Bui. 624, Natural and Artificial Brooding of Chickens, H. M. Lamon 264 Farmers' Bui. 626, The Carpet Beetle or "Buffalo Moth," L. 0. Howard 250 Farmers' Bui. 628, Game Laws for 1914, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Ban- croft, and F. L. Earnshaw 244 Farmers' Bui. 629, The Agricul- tural Outlook 287 Bureau of Entomology: Tech. Bui. 25, pt. 2, The Yel- low Clover Aphis, J. J. Davis 247 Bureau of Plant Industry: Work of Scottsbluff Expeii- mentFarm. 1913, F.Knorr. 223, 233 Work of the Yuma Experi- ment Farm, 1913, R. E. Blair 225,232 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations, 1913 — Soil Survey of Ralls County, Missoui-i, A. T. Sweet and W. I. Wat- kins 213 Soil Survey of Cass County Nebraska, A. H. Meyer, R. J. Scarborough, et al. 214 Soil Survey of Forsyth County, North Caro- lina. R. T. Allen and R. C. Jurney 214 Soil survey of Union County, South Carolina. C. Lounsbury, W. E. McLendon, and J. A. Kerr 214 Soil Survey of Henrico County, Virginia, W. J. Latimer and M. W. Beck 214 Weather Bureau: Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 42, Nos. 7-8, July-Aug., 1914. . . 210, 211, 221 Office of the Solicitor: Federal Food and Drugs Act and Decisions 254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXII. Abstract Number. No. 3. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICTJLTTJRAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. The simpler natural bases, G. Barger {London, New York, Bomhay, and Calcutta, Idllf, pp. VIII -{-215). — ^The contents of this volume, which is one of the well-known series of monographs on biochemistry edited by R. H. A. Plim- mer and F. G. Hoi^kins, are as follows : Amins derived from protein ; w-amino acids and other bases containing a carboxyl group; betains; cholin and allied substances; creatin, creatinin, glycocyamin, and guanidins; adrenalin; bases of unknown constitution; and practical chemical methods and details, (a) general methods for the separation and isolation of bases, (b) special methods — proper- ties of individual bases and of their salts. A very large blbliograpliy is appended. Nucleic acids. — Their chemical properties and physiological conduct, W. Jones (Netv York, Bombay, and Calcutta, 1914, pp- VIII-{-118). — Despite the fact that the field of nucleic acids is one of the best understood in biological chemistry, this work constitutes the first separate treatise on the subject. Its contents are as follows: Thymus nucleic acid, yeast nucleic acid, the physiolog- ical conduct of nucleic acids, preparation of thymus nucleic acid, the analytical chemistry of the purin derivatives and of the pyrimidin derivatives, preparation of thymin and cytosin from thymus nucleic acid, preparation of uracil and cytosin and of guanylic acid and guanosin from yeast nucleic acid, and demon- stration of the purin ferments. An extensive bibliography is appended. This volume is another of the well- known series of monographs on biochemistry referred to above. The decomposition of sugar in the living cell, C. Oppenheimer {Naturwis- senschaften, 2 (1914), Nos. 3, pp. 49-52; 4, pp. 78-82).— This deals minutely with the subject from the standpoint of both animal and plant phj'siology. About plant tallows, II. Wagneb and J. B. Lampart (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 27 (1914), No. 10, pp. 731-733).— A fat declared as plant fat to the customs authorities and said to originate in the East Indies had an odor reminding one of beeswax, a yellow color, and a brittle, hard consistency. The tallow contained many particles of wood and bark. When melted the fat had a still more pronounced honey-like odor and a tallowy taste. Tests for sesame and cotton-seed oil were negative, and Bellier's reaction did not give a test for plant fats. The refractive index of the fat at 40° C. was 43.7, melting point 38.75° C, solidifying point 29.3°, acidity degree 17.25, acid number 9.6, ester number 197.9, 201 202 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. saponiflcation number 207.5, Reicliert-Meissl number 0.11, and iodin number §7.1. The fatty acids gave a refractive index of 32.1, melting point 54.8°, solidifying point 52.05°, acid number 211.4, average molecular weight 265.4, and iodin num- ber 41.4. The unsaponifiable material was present to the extent of 0.25 per cent, but phytosterol acetate could not be obtained. After purification with petroleum ether and attempted recrystallization from alcohol an amorphou.s mass was obtained which gave a slight Salkowski and Liebermann reaction. The fatty acids, separated as lead salts after repeated recrj'stallization from benzol, were decomposed with hj'drochloric acid, and after repeated recrystal- lization from alcohol a constant melting point of from G2.9 to 63° C. was ob- tained. The neutralizing figure was 219,1 and the average molecular weight 256.07, essentially that of palmitic acid. The amount of solid acid present was from 55 to 66 per cent. The refraction number of the liquid fatty acids at 40° was 40.6 and the iodin number 85.7. The fat corresponded to Malabar tallow or Chinese tallow from Stillingia seMfera and various varieties of the Jatrophas. The flower pigments of Antirrhinum majus. — I, Method of preparation, MuBiEL Wheldale {Biochcm. Jour., 7 (1913), No. 1, pp. 87-9i).— The author has previously (E. S. R., 25, p. 324) made suggestions as to the nature of the chemical reactions involved in the formation of anthocyanin. The yellow coloring matters of plants are said to be present largely as glu- cosids, some, or probably all, of the hydroxyl group being replaced by sugar. The reactions involved in the formation of anthocyanin are represented, gener- ally considered, as follows: Glucosid+water ^ chromogen-f sugar (Flavone or xanthone) X (Chromogen)+oxygen—> anthocyanin. " The first reaction may be regarded as controlled by one or more glucosid- splitting enzyms and it is conceivable that si>ecific euzyms may act on hydroxyl groups in different positions. When certain hydroxy! groups (position to be determined) are free from sugar, oxidation may take place at these points, or possibly condensation, or both, with the formation of anthocyanin. The residual hydroxyl groups in the anthocyanin molecule would probably be replaced by sugar, and hence the anthocyanins would occur as glucosids. There is evidence that the second reaction may be brought about by an oxidase system." Investigations conducted for the purpose of testing the first of these hypoth- eses with regard to the nature of the pigment in Antirrhinum resulted in devis- ing a method for obtaining the pigment in a solid form. The pigments, dissolved in water, are precipitated with solid crystalline lead acetate until no further material is thrown down. Most of the supernatant liquid is decanted from the precipitate after a few hours and the residue is filtered through a Buchner funnel with the aid of the filter pump. The lead salts of the pigment are then decomposed with 5 to 10 per cent sulphuric acid. The insoluble lead sulphate is filtered off and the filtrate therefrom contains the pigments as glucosids in a dilute sulphuric acid solution. The solutions are boiled for several hours under a reflux condenser, which results in a hydrolysis of the glucosids and a deposition of the pigments. The pigment separated by filtration is dried, after washing, over sulphuric acid. The following varieties of Antirrhinum have been extracted: Ivory, yellow, ivory tinged with magenta, magenta, crimson, rose dor§. and bronze. The ivory and yellow contained in a crude pigment in association with magenta was soluble in warm ether, though not readily. The ivory and yellow could AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 203 be separated by a fractional crystallization from alcohol and ethyl acetate, but not in a pure state. " Of the known flavones, the ivory pigment bears most resemblance to apigenin in properties and acetyl derivative. The yellow pigment crystallizes in plates from dilute alcohol but was not obtained in the pure state; melting point 290 to 300°. After extraction with ether for several weeks, the magenta pigment was obtained free from yellow. It crystallizes, but not well, fi'om a mixture of alcohol and ethyl acetate. It decomposes without melting when heated to 340°." The flower pigments of Antirrhinum majus. — II, The pale yellow or ivory pigment, Mukikl Wheldale and H. L. Bassett (Biochcm. Jour., 7 {1913), No. 5, pp. 4-il-4Hj fig- !)• — This is a continuation of the work noted in the ab.stract above. " It has been previously suggested that ivory contains a chromogen of the nature of a flavone, from which the red and purple anthocyanins are formed by stages of oxidation or polymerization or both. Also that the pigment of the yellow variety and of the yellow patch on the palate of all varieties (except white) is due to a second, more deeply colored flavone. Microscopic examina- tion and microchemical tests showed that anthocyanin and yellow pigments are mostly limited to the epidermis of the corolla, while the inner tissues contain the ivory chromogen. It is obvious, therefore, that all crude extracts of entire flowers will contain two or more pigments." The purification of the crude pigment from the crimson and bronze varieties, although no analyses have been made of them, led to the conclusion that the colors of the varieties mentioned in the abstract above are merely due to a mixture of magenta and yellow and red and yellow, and not to specifically different pigments. " The constituent pigments of the varieties may be thus expressed : Yellow (ivory, yellow) ; ivoiy, lower lip (ivory, yellow) ; ivory, upper lip (ivory) ; yellow tinged bronze, bronze, ivory tinged rose dore, rose dore (yellow, ivory, and red) ; yellow tinged crimson, crimson, ivoiy tinged magenta (yellow, ivory, magenta) ; magenta, lower lip (yellow, ivory, magenta) ; magenta, upper lip (ivory, magenta)." The first deposits from yellow ether extracts when ciystallized from alcohol gave, at first, deposits having a melting point of from 336 to 340° C, and in five cases the acetyl products were in the form of needle-shaped crystals. Analyses of acetyl and benzoyl derivatives of the pigments led to the conclusion " that the ivory pigment is apigenin, and that it is present in each of the main classes of varieties of Antirrhinum with the exception of the white. In the plant, apigenin exists undoubtedly as a glucosid, though the kind of sugar and the number of molecules attached still remain to be ascertained. " It appears possible that the deeper yellow pigment may prove to be a flavone, similar in constitution to apigenin, but deeper in color owing to the presence of an additional hydroxyl group." Lycopersicin, the red pigment of the tomato, and the effects of conditions upon its development, B. M. Duggab {Wash. Univ. [St. Louisi Studies, 1 {1913), I, No. 1, pp. 22-45). — As the chief pigment of the tomato has been shown (E. S. R., 22, p. 609) to be distinct from carotin, the adoption of the name lycoi^ersicin is suggested. The absorption spectra of carotin and lyco- persicin are distinct. The latter pigment occurs in the mature fruit in the form of needle-shaped crystals, but it may also be present as narrow, elongated bars or bacilloidal granules, and possibly in irregular forms. So far as is known lyco- persicin does not occur in normal plastids and is found only in crystalline or 204 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. isemicrystalllne condition. " Besides the occurrence of lycopersicin in crys- talline form, carotin occurs as granules outside of the plastid in the ripening red tomato, and one or more of the orange pigments occur in the fatty oils of many fungi, and possibly In certain fruits, the detailed evidence of which can not be presented liere." In attempting to ripen quickly some tomato fruits which were gathered green, the fruits available were roughly divided into three lots, one of which was placed near a south window in a room kept moderately warm both day and night ; a second lot was wrapped In black paper and placed in a locker In the laboratory where the temperature was usually 20° C. ; and the third lot was incubated at a temperature of 35°. After the lapse' of a week, about half of the fruits near the south window had reddened well. Those at a moderate temperature, and in complete dark- ness in the locker, however, gave a larger number of ripe fruits, also with higher color, than the first lot. The incubator fruits showed very little redden- ing, but rather a preponderance of orange and yellow pigment. It was there- fore obvious that the chemical effects of light were unimportant in the redden- ing process. As to the affects of higher temperatures, " the red pigment of tomatoes, lycopersicin, is partially or completely suppressed when green fruits are ripened at a temperature of 30° or above, a yellow, orange, or orange red coloration resulting. The inhibition of reddening is proportional to the temperature (be- tween 30 and 37°) increase, and inversely related to the age of the fruits used. The factors for reddening are not destroyed by high temperature, and a return of the fruit to favoi'able conditions permits rapid pigmentation. " Fruits maintained in an oxygen-free atmosphere fail to redden at a nor- mal ripening temperature. Fruits of the red peppers ripen normally at high temperature, but the red arils of Momordica seem to follow the behavior of the tomato. The chief pigments of red peppers and of the arils of Momordica ex- hibit the absorption bands of lycopersicin. In the tomato lycopersicin forma- tion follows the destruction of the chlorophyll, also certain other changes, sug- gesting an increased permeability of the cell structures. Lycopersicin suppres- sion at high temperature may be related to decreased acidity, but unknown factors are concerned." "A study of the oxidase and peroxidase content was also undertaken, but so far as the determinations have been carried, there is no correlation between oxidase content and lycopersicin development." The effect of certain conditions upon the acidity of tomato fruits, B. M. DuGGAB and M. C. Mekrill (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 237- 240)j — In the work reported in the abstract above reference is made to the possible relation the total acid content of tomato fruits ripened at 30° C. or above may have in hindering the development of pigment (lycopersicin) at that temperature. " It was determined that the * total acidity for green, ripen- ing, and ripe fruits, grown under the same conditions, is unexpectedly uniform, amounting to 0.57 to 0.58 per cent citric acid.' The fruits .iust referred to were of the same variety picked at the same time. The tests were made by pulping thoroughly a weighed quantity of the tissue (15 gm.), diluting with 150 cc. distilled water, employing for each titration 25 cc. of this solution diluted with distilled water to 50 cc, and titrating with tenth-normal NaOH. using phenolphthalein as indicator. " There were no marked differences between the green and ripe stages within the variety; yet the acidity of the green fruits of the red varieties in these tests is somewhat higher, while the acid content of the green fruits of the AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 205 one yellow variety tested is somewhat lower. Fruits of Dwarf Stone, Truckers Favorite, Red Peach, Yellow Peach, and Yellow Pear, which were picked green and ripened in the incubator at 32 to 33° C. (10 to 22 days), exhibit a higher acid content than either those ripened on the vines or those ripened at the tem- perature of the laboratory. There are considerable differences in the acidity of varieties, but judging from the results of these tests the normally ripened fruits of yellow varieties commonly contain as much acid as those of red vai'leties." The tests show no relation between pigmentation and total acidity. The nature, value, and limits of biological water analysis, A. Thienemann (Ztschr. Untersuch. Kahr. n. Oenussmtl., 27 (1914), No. 1-3, pp. 273-281).— Biological water analysis is defined as the judgment of the chemical composition of a water on the basis of its fauna and flora. The topics are discussed from various aspects and compared with the results obtained in the chemical exami- nation of water. The microscopy of drinking water, G. C. Whipple (Neiv York and London, 1914, 3. ed. rewritten and enh, pp. XXI +409, pis. 26, figs. 73).— This is a third and enlarged edition of this work. The first part of the work has been re- written and several new chapters have been added. The most important chap- ters are on the copper treatment of water; the stripping of reservoir sites; the purification of algfe-ladeu waters; and the use of the microscope and photo- micrography (by J. W. M. Bunker). Report of committee [of the fertilizer chemistry division] on phosphoric acid, G. Faknham et al. (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 6, pp. 513, 514). — This is a resume of the work done by the committee of the fer- tilizer section of the American Chemical Society since its organization. Triammonium citrate, R. A. Hall (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 37 (1915), No. 1, pp. 208-216). — "Triammonium citrate can be obtained readily and easily as a stable compound by the passage of anhydrous ammonia gas into citric acid dis- solved in an anhydrous solvent. The best solvent for this purpose is absolute alcohol heated to its boiling point. The yield of triammonium citrate is quan- titative. Ninety-five per cent alcohol may be used, but the yield is not quan- titative. " The salt is a stable, crystalline substance. Analyses show it to have the composition represented by the formula (NH4)3C6H607. It reacts alkaline to rosolic acid. It is exceedingly soluble in water and can not be recrystallized from its water solution. Precipitated, in the cold, from an aqueous solution by addition of alccThol an unstable crystalline form of the salt is obtained. " From practical tests in laboratories where daily analyses of fertilizers are made it has been shown that the salt lends itself readily to the making of solu- tions of 1.09 specific gravity at 20° C. ; that this solution of normal ammonium citrate gives, in parallel phosphoric acid determinations, results practically identical with the most carefully prepared ' neutral ' ammonium citrate solu- tions and can, therefoi'e, well be substituted." About cholesterol and its estimation in fats, M. Klostebmann and H. Opitz (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 27 (1914), No. 10, pp. 713- 723). — This work was done for the purpose of determining the form in which cholesterol is present in the usual edible fats and the proportions in the free and combined state. In solid animal fats (lard, butter, beef tallow, mutton tallow, goose fat, oleomai'garin, and human fat) cholesterol occurs in the free state. In cod liver oil, however, a number of esters are present which contain about one-half of the total cholesterol. 206 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. As to the presence of plant fats in supposedly animal fats the question is pro- pounded whether phytosterol is present in a free state lilie cholesterol. Other investigations have shown that the phytosterols exist chiefly in ester combina- tions in plant fats and oils ; conseciuently when these fats are present in animal fats saponification is necessary for their determination. The digitonin method gives higher results than Burner's method. The results of the investigation on the quantitative determination of phy- tosterol will be reported on later. Method for determining extremely small quantities of boron in organic substances, G. Bertrand and H. Agulhon {Ann. Falsif., 7 (1914), ^^o. 6.'f, pp. 67-69, fig. 1). — In this method the length of color obtained by capillary attrac- tion, etc., on strips of turmeric paper placed in a receptacle containing the solu- tion to be tested and hydrochloric acid is noted. Rapid estimation of phosphoric acid in baked goods, etc., L. Sobbx (Schweis;. Wchnsclu: Chem. n. Pharm., 51 {1913), No. J,o. pp. 677-679; ahs. in CJiem. Ztg., 3S {1914), ^o. 26, Repert., p. i76).— Twenty-five gm. of well-dried and finely pulverized goods is rubbed up three successive times with 100 cc. of 96 per cent alcohol and filtered from the residue. The residue is then washed with alcohol until a total bulk of 300 cc, inclusive of the original extracts, is obtained. An aliquot of the upper clear fluid is evaporated carefully with from 2 to 3 gm. of magnesium chlorid and 3 gm. of sodium nitrate, and then ashed and the ash taken up with dilute hydrochloric acid. The phosphoric acid is determined in the filtrate as magnesium ammonium phosphate, etc. A study of the methods for the determining of sulphur dioxid in dried fruits, M. E. Jaffa {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 131-13S). — On reviewing the literature on the determination of sulphur dioxid in dried fruits the data found were too inadequate to enable the analyst to obtain correct and duplicate results. A study was made with apricots, peaches, pears, nectarines, prunes, and raisins, for the purpose of obtaining an adequate procedure for this work, and consid- ered the following points: Precautions against extraneous sulphur, amount of sample to be used, amount of distillate, number of distillations necessary, number of absorption jars, nature of the oxidizer, quality of the carbon dioxid, and amounts of other reagents. " Sulphur dioxid determinations in fruits are now being made according to the following method: Side neck 500 cc. distillation flask with a cork stopper, fruit finely macerated and thoroughly mixed, 8 gm. sample placed in flask. 20 cc. 20 per cent phosphoric acid added, 175 cc. distilled water added to contents of flask; 500 cc. Dreschel absorption jar connected to condenser with as short rubber connection as possible, inlets bent vertically for direct connection with vertical spiral condenser, 100 cc. solution of 20 gm. per liter potassium bromid. saturated with bromin, and 10 cc. 10 per cent sodium carbonate solution used in jar for absorbing medium ; sodium bicarbonate used in second 500 cc. Dreschel absorption jar to catch volatile bromin; current of pure carbon dioxid gas passed through the whole apparatus. Distill with medium flame until about 180 cc. have passed over or until the fruit in the distilling flask is m pasty condition. Transfer distillate to 600 cc. Jena beaker, add 5 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid, and evaporate to about 5 or 10 cc. on electric hot plate in clean hood. Take up with hot water, transfer to 150 cc. beaker, heat to boiling. Precipitate with few drops of barium chlorid. Leave in warm place overnight, filter, wash with hot water, burn, and weigh. The method as given thus in detail gives very satisfactory results. Almost perfect blanks are obtainable at will and duplicate and concordant results are the rule." AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 207 Phosphomolybdic acid as a reagent for the chemical and microchemical detection of adulteration in saffron, A. Verda (Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 30, pp. 325-327). — Saffron adulterated with drugs having microscopic characteris- tics simih^r to saffron and others having only similar coloring powers were studied. When treated with a solution of phosphomolybdic acid saffron gives a beauti- ful green color. The test may be used microchemically, and thereby differen- tiates saft'ron from other substances. Tbe reaction is said to be dependent upon crocin, a glucosld present in saffron. The estimation of tannin in cider, C. W. Spiers (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England}, 6 (1914), No. 1, pp. 77-83). — ^The various methods in use by chemists and botanists are criticized, especially those for determining tannin in cider. The use of fat-free casein to remove the tannin is recommended since it removes nothing else. "Although it was found that the strychnin method of Trotman and Hackford [E. S. R., 17, p. 530] is not accurate in the case of gallotannic acid, the tannin in cider is quantitatively precipitated by strychnin after careful neutralization. This is shown by the fact that there is a parallelism between the results ob- tained by this method and by the permanganate titration method ; although in the absence of a method of quantitative precipitation of a standard gallotanuiu- strychnin compound, the strychnin precipitate results can not be expressed as gallotannin comparably with those of permanganate titration." The amount of tannin removed is determined by the loss in permanganate value on titration. The solutions of tannins studied lost their tannin on shak- ing 50 cc. with 1 gm. of casein for 15 minutes. The i^ermanganate solution was istudied with various commercial tannins and 1 gm. of ammonium oxalate was found to be equivalent to 0.4648 gm. of tannin. " The preparation of the tannin of apples is now being undertaken, so that it is hoped to standardize both the permanganate solution and the strychnin pre- cipitate by the pure apple-tannin itself." The results of analyzing ciders, healthy and sick, and mostly of tbe bitter-sweet variety, are presented. Minimal content of total nitrogen of milk, A. Kling (A»m. Falsif., 6 {1913), No. 56, pp. 340-342; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 26, Repert., p. 116). — ^The method propo.sed by Roy and the author for the detection of adulterated milk is considered accurate by A'uaflart (E. S. R., 31, p. 810), who, however, believes that the total protein content of milk sbould be taken as 29 gm. per liter and of fat as 30. The author thinks that the figures proposed may be correct for the north of France, but that in the Department of the Seine and the adjacent departments materially higher values prevail. The determination of the titer of arsenite solutions, E. Deiss (Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 39, pp. 413-415). — lodin solutions containing iodates may under certain circumstances yield erroneous figures for the titer of an arsenite solu- tion. A method is suggested for preventing this, namely, by adding acid to de- stroy the iodate formed. By the use of a permanganate solution of known strength, however, reliable figures may be obtained in a short time without doing this. Vineg'ar making, F. T. Bioletti {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, P- 194)- — Many complaints have come to the station regarding failures to obtain vinegars of standard strength and quality from apparently good raw material. Imperfect fermentation seemed to be the cause of most of the trouble. A table is presented which gives the results of fermenting apple juice with pure yeast and sulphurous 79934°— No. 3—15 2 208 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. acid as compared with the old spontaneous fermentation method which is usu- ally employed. The pure yeast and sulphurous acid process gave much more alcohol than the natural fermentation. The natural fermentation showed the presence of detrimental bacteria ; the other did not. Manufacture of unfermented grape juice in California, W. V. Cruess and C. J. IIiNTZE {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chnn., 6 (19U), No. 4. pp. S02-SOJt).— The present output of unfermented grape juice in California is estimated at from 80,000 to 100,000 gal. per year. The present methods for preparing and bottling grape juice are considered, and various technical hints are included in the text. In addition the results of experiments made during 1912 and 1913 are reported upon. " In view of these tests it is recommended that the process of grape juice manufacture be modified to conform to the following outline : Use a mixture of ripe grapes to give flavor with grapes of high acid to remedy the lack of acid in the ripe grapes. Add 8 to 12 oz. of potassium metabisulphite per ton of grapes at the crusher, to prevent fermentation during defecation. Allow the juice to defecate 24 to 48 hours and rack from the sediment. "Add to each 100 gal. of juice 4 to 6 oz. of casein dissolved in sodium car- bonate or ammonium hydroxid. Add a small amount of tartaric acid to increase the rate of separation of the cream of tartar. Heat the juice to 165° F. and store in 50 gal. barrels until most of the excess cream of tartar has separated. Rack from the sediment and filter, if necessary. Add a small amount of citric acid to prevent fux'ther separation of cream of tartar, and bottle. Pasteurize in bottle at 160°. " Note that a temperature of 165° is recommended for the first cooking and 160° for the final heating. These are high enough temperatures to keep well- handled juice and will give a great deal less of the objectionable cooked flavor so evident in all grape juice now on the market." See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 316). Clarification of grape juice, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1914. PP- 190, 191). — These data are noted above. Amounts of wine and of by-products yielded by grapes in a California winery, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1914. pp. 192. 193). — '"In order to determine the degree of efficiency of our methods of wine making in utilizing the raw material as accurate an account as practicable was kept of the intake and output of a winery of moderate size." The results are given in tabular form. "Use of sulphurous acid and pure yeast in wine making, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 191, 192). — Modern methods of using pure yeast and sulphurous acid in the fermentation of wine were introduced into many wineries during the last vintage with excellent results. The wines produced were analyzed and compared with those made by the old methods in the same districts from the same varieties of grapes. A very marked superiority as to the lowness of the volatile acid of the wines fermented with sulphurous acid was noted. The presence of a large number of injurious bacteria in most of the wines fermented without sulphurous acid was shown, not only by the high volatile acidity, but also by direct microscopic ex- amination. The presence of a few bacteria in one-third of the wines fermented with both sulphurous acid and pure yeast probably indicate that owing to the greater clearness of these wines small numbers of bacteria were more easily observed. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 209 "The benefits to be obtained from the nse of pure yeast are more complete elimination of the sugar, as indicated in the table of analysis and higher quality of flavor and appearance, which were noticeable." A new method of handling the distillation residues of wines, Camille Matignon {Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 36, pp. 386, 387).— A description of the EfEront fermentation process for the utilization of wine distillation residues for the preparation of organic bases, cyanids, acids (acetic, butyric, etc.), and glycerin. Bitter principles of olives, F. T. Bioletti (California 8ta. Rpt. 191 Jf. pp. 197-199). — In the preparation of either green or ripe olives for food one of the points taken into consideration is the removal of the bitterness. This is accom- plished by prolonged soaking in water, by treatment with a caustic alkali (or lye) solution, or by a combination of both. As the exact nature of the sub- stances to which the bitterness is due does not seem to be well understood, nor the effect on the principles by the various pickling operations, a series of tests was made for the purpose of throwing some light on these points. The bitter principles are soluble in water, hot alcohol, and chloroform, and slightly soluble in ether. In crushing olives, some of the bitterness comes out with the juice and some remains in the pulp. The bitterness of olives is not discharged by exact neutralization, by the presence of a slight excess of alkali, by exact neutralization and heating under 15 lbs. pressure for one hour, by a slight excess of hydrochloric acid and heating under pressure, by heating un- treated juice under pressure, the presence of an excess of sodium bicarbonate, or by fermentation with yeast. It is destroyed by using a considerable excess of either sodium hydroxid or sodium carbonate, or a slight excess of alkali and heating under pressure. The tests on juice alone indicated that a 2 per cent potassium hydroxid solution will destroy the bitterness immediately, and neu- tralization and the addition of a 0.7 per cent excess of potassium hydroxid within 24 hours. Adding an excess of 0.56 per cent of alkali had little effect. Owing to the resistance of the tissues of the olive to the passage of water the bitter principles are not so readily removed by water alone. The resistance may be diminished by soaking the olives in water containing caustic potash or soda, and these when used in excess will hydrolize oleuropeine, a glucosid which ap- pears to be the cause of the bitterness. Softening- of olives, F. T. Bioletti {California l^ta. Rpt. Wlff, pp. 199, 200).— " Certain varieties of olives, and all when overripe, tend to become soft during the pickling processes, especially in the lye solutions. Salt may be used in conjunction with the lye to counteract this softening effect." Tests made to determine the proper amount of salt to use resulted in showing that 3 per cent appears to be suitable and sufficient even with strong lye solutions. Sizing of pickled olives, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 200, 201). — Determinations of the sizes — i. e., average diameters and corresponding number of olives per pound — were made on a number of commercial samples of pickled olives. The variations in each size were found to differ very much with different brands of olives, the differences depending probably on the kind of sizing machine employed. Tables giving the results of the measurements are presented. Olive paste, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1914, p. 200). — Certain varieties of olives, and a certain proportion of even the largest varieties, are too small to satisfy the popular demand for a large pickled fruit. The small fruits are used for the manufacture of oil, but their value for this purpose is small, although when pickled they equal or exceed the large olives in flavor. 210 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. " More or less successful attempts were made to use these small olives and also overripe, frost-bitten, and bruised olives for the preparation of an olive paste, which could be used in the same way as the various meat pastes com- monly found on the market. It was found possible to remove the pits of the fresh olives, grind up the pulp, remove the bitterness, salt to taste, and thus produce an olive paste that was relished by everyone to whom it was sub- mitted and usually pronounced better than any meat paste and even better than the best ripe pickled olives. The processes tested were rapid, requiring from 48 to less than 5 hours. It is probable that a process could be devised which would be continuous. " The main defects of this method of utilizing olives are the comparatively small amount of paste yielded by a given weight of olives. . , . With the methods used, a ton of small olives would yield on the average about 1,000 lbs. of olive paste. As the process of manufacture is simple and inexpensive, even this yield should be more profitable than oil-making if the public would be will- ing to pay as much for olive paste as for meat pastes." A history of the canning industry, edited by A. I. Judge (Nat. Canners' Assoc. Ann. Conv., 7 {1914), PP- 162, 2>?s. 4, fiffS- HI). — Contained in this report are a series of articles relating to various phases of the canning industiy, among which are the history of the canning of meat, milk, tomatoes, and corn, and the development of the canning industry in the different parts of the United States. The report also contains statistical data concerning the packs of corn, peas, and tomatoes, and the ripening and canning dates of certain vege- tables and fruits. METEOROLOGY. Weather forecasting, S. F. Simms (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 11 (1913), No. 2, pp. 23It-2.'tO, pi. 1; 11 (1914), No. 3, pp. J/28-435) .—This article discusses briefly the main principles of weather forecasting and explains how such forecasts can be made by an observant person with a few instruments at his disposal. Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 42 (1914), ^'os. 7, pp. 409- 472, pis. 11, figs. 43; 8, pp. 473-518, pis. 13, figs. 15).— In addition to notes on weather forecasts for July and August, 1914, river and flood observations, lists of additions to the "Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorol- ogy, the weather of the month, a condensed climatological summaiy, and cli- matological tables and charts, these numbers contain the following articles : No. 7. — Free-Air Data in Southern California, July and August, 1913, by W. R. Blair and W. R. Gregg; The Horizontal Rainbow, by S. Fujiwhara; Observations of Horizontal Rainbows, by K. Nakamura ; The Halos of _ Novem- ber 1 and 2, 1913, by L. Besson ; The Different Forms of Halos and Their Ob- servation, by L. Besson; Halos and Their Relation to the Weather, by A, H. Palmer; The Microbic Content of Indoor and Outdoor Air, by C. E. A. Wins- low and W. W. Browne (see p. 211) ; Theoretical Meteorology : More Particularly the Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere, by W. von Bezold ; and Ice Storms of New England. No. 8. — The Total Radiation Received on a Horizontal Surface from the Sun and Sky at Moimt Weather, Va. (illus.), by H. H. Kimball; The Absorp- tion of the Atmosphere for Ultraviolet Light, by T. Lyman ; The Exudation of Ice from Stems of Plants (illus.), by W. W. Coblentz (see p. 221) ; Are Light- ning Flashes Unidirectional or Oscillating Electric Discharges? (illus.), by C. F. Marvin; The Atmosphere of the Planet Mars, by W. H. Pickering; Does the SOILS FERTILIZERS. 211 Darkest Hour Come Just Before Dawn ? and Notes on Balloon Observations and on Waterspouts from the Voyage of La P6rouse. The weathier and climate of Chicago, H. J. Cox and J. H. Aemington (Geogr. Soc. Chicago Bui. J, {WW, pp. XXV -{-315, pJs. 3, figs. 110).— The char- acteristic features of the climate and weather of Chicago are dealt with in detail. In the main divisions of the work the order adopted is that of annual, seasonal, and monthly values followed by a discussion of daily conditions. Temperature, precipitation, atmospheric moisture, cloudiness and sunshine, wind direction and velocity, and barometric pressure are discussed in turn. The data upon which these discussions are based are chiefly those of the official records of the Weather Bureau beginning with the establishment of the local weather office in October, 1S70. Report on meteorolog'ical observations at Wisley, 1913, R. H. Curtis {Jour. Roy. Bort. Soc. iLomlon], 40 {191^), No. i, pp. 50-64, figs. 4).— The meteorological conditions, mainly temperature and rainfall, of each month of the year are summarized and compared with conditions in other parts of the United Kingdom. The rainy season in southern Rhodesia, E. Goetz {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 11 (1914), No. 5, pp. 689-702). — ^The characteristic conditions preceding and accompanying the rainy season which begins in this region about the last of October and ends about the last of March are briefly discussed. The rains like most other weather changes proceed from the west to the east. The microbic content of indoor and outdoor air, C. B. A. Winslow and W. W. Browne {Mo. Weather Rev., 42 {1914), No. 7, pp. 452, ^53).— Examina- tions of 353 samples of air from different sources indicate that "(1) the number of microbes developing at 20° C. from outdoor air in suburban districts is generally under 50 per cubic foot and rarely over 100. The count at 37° C. for such air is about half that at 20° C. and rarely over 50 per cubic foot. The number of mouth streptococci in such air is small — in the neighborhood of 10 per 100 cu. ft. The air from more remote regions would no doubt show still smaller numbers. "(2) The air of city streets shows a slightly higher number of microbes, but the general relations are much the same in all the respects noted above. "(3) The air of occupied spaces shows, as might be expected, larger average numbers of bacteria and much greater fluctuations. The 20°-count may average over 100 microbes per cubic foot, as in the factories studied, and may i-each 700 or more as in some of the offices. The 37°-count averaged over 50 both in fac- tories and offices and was nearly as high as the 20° -count in the latter case. A few very high 37 "-counts were obtained, two between 1,000 and 2,000 in offices, 'and one of 5,200 in the country, the latter clearly abnormal. Mouth streptococci are much more abundant in indoor air, ranging from 20 to 40 per 100 cu. ft. of air, and the I'esults bear out the conclusion that the number of these organisms furnishes a good measure of mouth pollution due to concen- tration of population in confined spaces." SOILS— FEETIUZERS. The fertility in Iowa soils, P. E. Brown {loiva Sta. Bnl. 150 {1914), pp. 89- 152, fig. 1). — This bulletin discusses the soils of Iowa with reference to plant food content, progi-essive removal of plant food by crops, and methods and re- quirements for the maintenance of fertility, and reports chemical analyses of 212 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 3G6 samples of soils taken at three different depths in 122 different localities in the State, the average results of which are given in the following table: Plant food in loxoa soilts. Soil area. Number of samples analyzed. Total calcium. Total inorganic carbon. Total organic carbon. Total nitrogen. Total phos- phorus. Total potas- sium. In pounds per 2,000,000 pounds of surface soil (fi-fJ'i inches). Missouri loess Mississippi loess Southern Iowa loess Wisconsin drift lowan drift In pounds per 4,000,000 pounds of subsurface soil (SJ-^O in.). Missouri loess Mississippi loess Southern Iowa loess Wiseonsm drift lowan drift In pounds per 6,000,000 pounds of subsoil {20-40 in.). Missouri loess , Mississippi loess Southern Iowa loess Wiseonsm drift lowan drift Pounds. 12,059 10,912 10, 522 18,975 22,838 19, 766 20, 418 29, 401 18,199 34,805 32,620 35,576 257,9.54 24, 795 Pounds. 117 90 74 135 97 162 132 107 382 168 288 138 118 48,727 258 Pounds. 48, 895 51,320 55,424 69, 730 57,211 67,934 65,061 71,976 98, 765 74,169 .55,041 49, 140 48, 876 54,825 42, 637 Pounds. 4,017 4,110 4,464 5,458 4,526 5,265 5,2.32 5,596 8,011 5,716 4,110 4,037 3,909 4,255 3,372 Pounds. 1,538 1,361 1,368 1,395 1,289 2,697 2,204 2,089 2,217 2,207 3,892 3,003 2,972 3,253 2,889 Pounds. 33,875 31,100 32,584 28,742 22,247 67,382 64,069 65,984 55,800 48,019 96,372 91,980 93, 119 77,500 72,380 From these analyses it is concluded that " there is not an inexhaustible supply of either phosphorus or potassium in the soils of the State," although " if the content of the soil in these constituents to a depth of 40 in. is considered the 'life' of the soil may be considerably lengthened." Maintenance of the supply of potash requires less emphasis at this time than the keeping up of the supply of phosphorus. It is pointed out that in many cases it is just as essential, if not more so, with many of the soils to maintain suitable moi-sture and air conditions by proper cultivation, and to keep the soil " sweet " by means of ground lime- stone and well stocked with organic matter by means of green manure and barn- yard manure as it is to keep up the plant food supply by means of fertilizers. Analyses of gumbo and peat soils are also reported. The infertility of gumbo soils is said to be due to their physical condition rather than to a lack of plant- food constituents. Physical methods of treatment of such soils are urged with possibly the application of phosphoric acid to insure their continued fertility. The addition of plant-food constituents is said to be also unnecessary for peat soils at present, but proper physical treatment is particularly needed, together with a system of cropping. An investigation of the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the various soil tyi^es of the State showed, that, not only in the surface soils but also in the subsurface and subsoils, in no case was the ratio narrow enough to show the lack of easily decomposable matter. Soil acidity and the liming of Iowa soils, P. E. Brown, F. B. Howe, and M. E. Sar (lotca Sta. Bui. 151 {191J,), pp. 156-200, fig. i).— This bulletin dis- cusses causes and effects of soil acidity, reports comparative tests of methods of detecting soil acidity, and gives the results of examinations for soil acidity of the various classes of Iowa soils. A study of the sources, kinds, and methods of application of lime compounds best suited to correct acidity in these soils is also reported. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 213 " The results of tests of many samples from the five large soil areas in Iowa show that soils in the Mississippi loess, the southern Iowa loess, and the lowan drift areas are very apt to be acid while those in the Wisconsin drift are only occasionally in need of lime and those in the Missouri loess are very rarely in an acid condition. " The average amounts of limestone needed by acid soils in the large areas have been calculated and average recommendations have been made. When soils within the Missouri loess and Wisconsin drift areas show acidity an appli- cation of 3i to 4 tons of limestone per acre may be regarded as the proper amount to use in most cases. Three and one-half to 44 tons of limestone per acre is the average recommendation for the Mississippi loess, 34 to 5 tons per acre for the southern Iowa loess, and 4 to 5^ tons per acre for the lowan drift. "Acid soils in these three latter areas are usually underlaid by acid sub- surface soils and subsoils, and as the limestone requirement is determined only for the surface soil future tests of the soils will be necessary to insure the maintenance of a basic reaction, even after the application now recommended is made. "After acidity in the soil has once been entirely neutralized the use of 1 to 2 tons of limestone per acre once in four or five years should prove ample to keep the soil from becoming acid." The comparative tests of methods for detecting soil acidity indicated that the A'eitch and litmus paper methods are very satisfactory when made by experienced persons. The litmus paper test is especially recommended for field use. Ground limestone or limestone screenings are considered the cheapest and best form of lime to use on Iowa soils, being fully as satisfactory as hydrated or caustic lime and not subject to the objection of causing injurious effects in the soil. The limestone can be more cheaply secured in the State than the other forms. The utilization of muck lands, C. S. Robinson (Michigan Sta. Bid. 273 (1914), PP- 3-29, figs. 8). — This is a general discussion of types, agricultural uses, crop adaptations, and fertilizer requirements of muck lands, based in part upon work done by the Michigan Station and in part upon other investi- gations. Swamp lands are said to constitute one-seventh of the total area of the State, a large portion of which could be developed in a practical way for the per- manent production of crops by draining and fertilization. " Potash and phos- phoric acid are the mineral fertilizing elements which give the best returns, while barnyard manure also causes a large crop increase in most cases. Except on distinctly acid deposits, lime does not as a rule give good results. "[Muck] deposits which are not suited to the direct production of crops may be used to reinforce manure either in composting or as a stable litter. In this way the manurial value of the muck is increased while the valuable ingredients of the mixture may be materially enhanced by the addition of phosphatic material." Soil survey of Ralls County, Missouri, A. T. Sweet and W. I. Watkins (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. J^l, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the University of Missouri, was issued November 24, 1914. It deals with an area of 307,840 acres in northeastern Missouri which comprises three distinct topographic divisions, the level or gently rolling uplands, the hilly regions, and the bottom lands or stream flood plains. 214 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The county is drained almost entirely by the Salt River and its tributaries. Many areas in the county are in need of drainage. The soils of the county are grouped according to origin into residual, glacial, loessial, and alluvial soils. Eleven types are mapped, of which the Putnam silt and Shelby loams are the most extensive. " There is a general need in Ralls County for the more extensive growing of clover and cowpeas, the moi-e careful and liberal use of manure and of green fertilizers, the application of lime, deeper plowing fol- lowed by more persistent surface cultivation, to collect and hold moisture, and the intelligent use of commercial fertilizers." Soil survey of Cass County, Nebraska, A. H. Meyee, R. J. Scarboeough, ET AL. (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 46, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the University of Nebraska, was issued October 12, 1914. It deals with the soil types and crop adaptabilities of an area of 353,280 acres located in the extreme eastern part of Nebraska and comprising three general topographic divisions, viz, uplands, ter- races, and river bottoms. In texture the majority of the upland and terrace soils are silty, while those of the bottom lands vary from a loose, incoherent sand to a heavy clay. Seventeen soil types are mapped, of which the Marshall silt loam is the most extensive and the most important for grain farming. Every part of the county is said to be, in general, well drained. Grain farming is the chief type of agriculture practiced. Soil survey of Forsyth County, North Carolina, R. T. At.t.ex and R. C. JuBNET {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils', 1913, pp. 28, fig. 1, map 1). — ^This survey, made in cooperation with the North Caro- lina Department of Agriculture, was issued October 31, 1914. It deals with an area of 253,440 acres in northwestern North Carolina, which topograpliically is a high plateau dissected by numerous streams and having a generally rolling and uneven surface. Drainage is said to be well established, the greater part of the area being drained by the Yadkin River and its tributaries. The soils of the county are of residual and alluvial origin. Six types are mapped, of which the Cecil series is the most important and extensive, covering more than SO per cent of the county. " Most of the soils of Forsyth County are capable of being built up and maintained in a high state of productiveness." Soil survey of Union County, South Carolina, 0. Lounsbury et al. {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Advanee Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 36, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, issued November 9, 1914, deals with an area of 327.6S0 acres in the northwestern part of South Carolina. The general topogi'aphy of the county is that of a modei'ately sloping plain thoroughly dissected by stream erosion. "Topographically most of the land is suitable for agricultural opera- tions, but there are many slopes sufficiently steep to cause the soils to erode badly under cultivation, unless terraced or left in timber or grass." The drain- age is to the southeast, eventually entering the Broad River. The soils of the county are separated into 15 different types, 12 of which occupy the residual uplands and 3 the alluvial bottom lands. The Cecil sandy and Cecil clay loams are the most extensive types. "Average crop yields are low, owing to poor practice rather than poor soils. . . . Commercial fertilizers are depended upon for crop production, and little attention is given to the increase or maintenance of the organic supply of the soils." Soil survey of Henrico County, Virginia, W. J. Latimer and M. W. Beck (U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 38, fig. 1, map 1). — ^This survey, issued October 15, 1914, deals with an area of 168,960 acres near the center of Virginia, the topography of which varies from gently rolling or hilly to gently inidulating or level. The county embraces a large variety of soils, ranging from well-drained uplands and poorly-drained SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 215 flat uplands to productive bottom lands. The upland soils are broadly divided into Piedmont and Coastal Plain soils and the alluvial soils into overflowed stream bottoms and bench lands which are not subject to overflow. Twenty- seven soil types, varying from a silty clay loam to a gravelly sandy loam are mapped. " There are no two [types] which have exactly the same crop adapta- tion, crop value, or fertilizer, lime, drainage, or tillage requirement." It is stated that nearly all of the land in the county can be farmed and is, or has been, under cultivation. " The majority of the soils are very productive, some of them representing the strongest soil types of the Southeastern States. The lighter soils respond very readily to good treatment and are excellent for early truck crops. The ' slash lands ' represent the poorest soil in the county. These need thorough drainage before they can be most profitably cropped." Systematic study of the soils of the Netherlands in the interest of agri- culture, J. G. Maschhaupt (Cultura, 26 {WW, No. 311, pp. 235-240} .—The author suggests the reorganization of the soil studies at the agricultural ex- periment stations in the Netherlands on a more systematic basis, taking account of the various geological, physical, chemical, and agronomic factors. The scouring lands of Somerset and Warwickshire, C. T. Gimingham (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 (191-',), No. 3, pp. 328-3^6) .—Further studies of the so-called "teart" lands (E. S. R., 28, p. 216) which cause scouring in cattle at certain times of the year led to the conclusion " that scouring is due to the physiological action of some constituent or constituents of the herbage which are not normally present but only occur under special soil (and weather) conditions; and further that the soil conditions are determined by the texture and can be removed when the texture is appropriately changed." Soil culture primer, H. W. Campbell, revised and edited by R. A. Haste {Lincoln, Nchr., 1914, 4- ed., rev., pp. 108, figs. 24). — This is the fourth revised edition of this manual dealing especially with the author's method of soil culture for semiarid regions. It presents in a brief elementary way what is treated in detail in the author's larger manual on the subject (E. S. R., 19, p. 42S). A nitrogenous soil constituent: Tetracarbonimid, E. C. Shoeey and E. H. Walters (U. S. Dept. Agr., Joiir. Agr. Research, 3 {1914), No. 2, pp. 175-178).— The isolation from soils and identification of tetracarbonimid (C^HiNiOi) are described. The substance was isolated from a number of different kinds of soils from various localities indicating that it " is not an uncommon or acci- dental soil constituent." In one case as much as 30 mg. of the substance was obtained from IS kg. of soils notwithstanding a loss in purification of at least 50 per cent. It is esti- mated that an acre-foot of the soil contained approximately 7 lbs. of tetra- carbonimid representing 2.3 lbs. of soil nitrogen. "This soil had a total nitro- gen content of 0.13 per cent, or approximately 5,200 lbs. of nitrogen per acre- foot, and it appears that the quantity of tetracarbonimid nitrogen is at any one time but a very small part of the total." However, some evidence was obtained in the investigation " indicating that the quantity of tetracarbonimid fluctuates under varying conditions of cultivation or crop growth," and may under certain conditions represent " an important step in the transformations that organic nitrogen undergoes in the soil." Recent investigations of soil concretions due to manganese or lime, M. Helbig {Natiirw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 12 {1914), No. 8, pp. 385-392). — Nut-shaped inorganic concretions of about 3 cm. diameter were found at about 22 cm. depth in soil overlying a bed of diluvial sand. These contained on the average 26.8 per cent manganese dioxid, 23.5 per cent ferric oxid, and 10.5 per 216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cent aluminum oxid. and constituted about 44.24 per cent of the total soil. The conditions of their occurrence are said to indicate that they are of recent local origin, and although several theories are advanced no satisfactory explanation of the manner of their origin is given. Similar concretions were found in a sandpit in a diluvial loess loam underlain by a strongly kaolinized leached out porphyry, which in turn rests on diluvial sand. It is thought that these originate from the precipitation in place of manganese, and iron in solution coming from below. The origin of a limestone concretion found in the Rhine Valley is attributed to the precipitation of leachings from adjacent limestone cliffs. The necessity for determining the water content of soil on the basis of the soil volume, R. Kegel {Trudy Biuro Prikl. Bot. (Bui. Angeic. Bot.), 7 {IDUf), No. Jf, pp. 257-262). — Soil moisture determinations at different depths and at different parts of each of several experimental plats showed no corre- spondence between the quantity of soil moisture and crop development, owing mainly it is thought to the varying specific weights of the soil. It is concluded that to correlate more accurately soil moisture content and crop development the determination of soil moisture contributing to crop development .should be based not on the weight but on a fixed volume of soil. A study of the bacterial activities of virgin and cultivated soils, J. E. Greaves {Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., U {WW, No. 11-17, pp. ^.J.M59).— A study of the bacterial activities of virgin and cultivated soils from nine farms in Utah, situated at various places within a radius of 45 miles, is reported. The soils varied in physical composition from a heavy clay to a fine sand, and were well stocked with calcium carbonate and plant food elements with the ex- ception of nitrogen. The number of organisms, the amount of nitric nitrogen, and the nitrogen fixation were found to be twice as great in cultivated soils as in virgin soils. Wheat soils contained greater numbers of organisms and more nitric nitrogen than alfalfa soils, but nitrogen fixation was slightly greater in the latter. Nitrogen fixation was greater in soils comparatively rich in com- bined nitrogen than in those poor in organic nitrogen. Cultivation of the soil increased bacterial activity and available plant food. It is thought likely " that a part of the increase in crops which results from summer fallowing, disking, and the like is due to increased available plant food of the soil brought about by increased bacterial activities. The various micro- scopic nitrogen fixing organisms of the soil play an as yet unmeasured, but ap- preciable part in the maintenance of the nitrogen content of the cultivated arid soils. The abundance of Azotobacter present in the soil and the ideal condition prevailing for their activity make it appear that it is this species that play the greatest part in fixing the nitrogen." Bacteriological studies of field soils. — III, The effects of barnyard manure, P. E. Brown {Iowa Sta. Research Bui. 13 {19U), pp. .i21-US) .—The work here reported has been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 31, p. 121). To what extent can the results of fertilizer and variety tests be influenced and thus lead to false conclusions? B. Rogalski {IUus. Landw. Ztg., 34 {19W, Nos. 43, pp. iOO, 401; 44, pp. ^07, //OS).— The various factors which must be taken into consideration in planning and in drawing deductions from the results of such experiments are discussed. Results of fertilizer experiments carried on in the years 1911-1913 at Lauchstadt and Gross-Liibars, Schneidewind and D. Meyer {Mitt. Deut. Landic. Gesell., 29 {1914), No. 28, pp. 406-409) .—Tests of various green manur- ing plants (serradella, yellow and white clovers, peas, beans, and lupines) on SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 217 sugar beets and potatoes are reported. The direct and after effects of the manures are discussed. Experiments with fertilizers in Java, A. W. K. De Jong {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Mcded. Agr. Chem. Lab., No. 6 {191Jf), pp. 1-65). — Experiments with fertilizers, particularly superphosphate, on dif- ferent Java soils are reported. The crop most largely experimented with was rice, but experiments were made with other crops including sugar beets, sweet potatoes, corn, and tobacco. The most pronounced result obtained was the evi- dence of a general need of phosphoric acid in the soils. The fertilizing of fish ponds, W. Hamee (Mitt. Land. Fisch. Vet: Herzog. Oldenburg, Jf {1911,), No. 2; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chcm., J,3 (191^), No. 8, p. 571). — Comparative tests on a number of fish ponds of various fertilizer mix- tures used to increase the aquatic growths which the fish can consume and thus reduce the amount of food which must be supplied them are reported. It was found that the most profitable returns in fish produced were from the use of a mixture of potash and Thomas slag. The nitrog'en of processed fertilizers, E. C. Lathrop (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 158 (1914), pp. 24)- — An account is given in this bulletin of studies of the nitrogenous compounds occurring in a fertilizer made by the treatment of vari- ous trade wastes and refuse such as hair, garbage tankage, leather scraps, etc., with rock phosphate and the requisite amount of sulphuric acid. It was found that the hydrolysis of the protein was almost complete, the nitrogenous compounds in the finished fertilizer being principally the products of primary protein decomposition, together with a small amount of a proteose- like compound. Among the nitrogenous compounds isolated were guanin, hy- poxanthin, arginin, histidin, lysin, leucin, and tyrosin, as well as a proteose- like compound which was found to be composed of acid amid radicals, diamino acid radicals, especially lysin, and monoamiuo acid radicals, particularly the monoamino acids which contain nonamino nitrogen. " From a consideration of the amount and the physiological action on plants of the different forms of nitrogen present in the fertilizer it is concluded that the water soluble nitrogen of this fertilizer should have an availability equal to or greater than the nitrogen of dried blood, or other high-grade fertilizers. These results are in accord with the results obtained by the plant method of determining availability." The general principle underlying this method of rendering available the nitrogen in trade waste is, therefore, shown to be either partial or complete hydrolysis of the protein, resulting in products which are not only directly utilized as nutrients by plants, but are more easily ammonified in the soil than the more complex compounds such as peptones, proteoses, and the proteins themselves. On the presence of nitrites in calcium cyanamid, C. Manuelli (Ann. Chim. Appl. [Rome], 1 {191.'t), No. 3-.'f, pp. 110-114). — Calcium cyanamid was found to contain a maximum of 0.56 per cent calcium nitrite. The synthetic use of metals in organic chemistry, A. J. Hale (Philadelphia, 1914, PP- XI -{-169). — This book contains a section explaining fully the reactions involved in the fixation of free nitrogen resulting in the formation of calcium cyanamid which is of special interest from the standpoint of agricultural science. Phosphate deposits in the Mississippian rocks of northern Utah, W. Peterson (Science, n. ser., 40 (1914), ^^0. 1038, pp. 755, 756). — Examinations of phosphate exposed in a cliff of very compact bluish gray limestone outcropping along the sides of the Logan River Canyon in Utah are reported. The zone of 218 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. which this is an outcrop is said to be more than 100 ft. thick and " consists of layers of phosphate and blacls and brown shale with interstratified layers of sandy limestone. In extent it is known to outcrop in a north-south direction for more than 40 miles, and sections studied show it to have an area of more than 100 square miles. It has been reported as far south as Ogden Canyon, but no detailed section has been measured in that locality." Samples containing as high as 68.59 per cent of tricalcium phosphate were obtained from this outcrop. The production and fertilizer value of citric- soluble phosphoric acid and potash, W. H. Waggaman (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 1J,3 (19U), pP- i2).— Previous investigations bearing on this subject are reviewed and a method devised by the author for obtaining both potash and phosphoric acid in forms soluble in citric acid is described. This consists in mixing phosphate rock and feldspar, adding small quantities of iron and manganese oxids to promote fluidity or lower the melting point of the slag and heating the mixture to about 1,400° C. for about 20 minutes. This was found to give a product soluble not only in 2 per cent citric acid, but also fairly soluble in water saturated with carbon dioxid. " Pot tests with typical soils showed that the [material] increased the growth of wheat plants, but the beneficial effect derived from such applications was not, on the whole, as marked as it was when more soluble forms of phosphate and potash were used. The indications are, however, that the slag product has a distinct high fertilizer value." Progress in the potash industry in 1913, H. Hof (Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. lOJf-105, pp. IO45-IO47). — This is a brief review of literature appearing during the year bearing upon the geology, mineralogy, and general chemistry of potash deposits, and the technical chemistry, manufacturing methods and appliances, and agricultural use of potash products. Ashes of hedge clippings and trimmings as a source of potash, E. J. Russell (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1914), No. 8, pp. 694-691!).— It is shown in this article that under favorable conditions hedge clippings and cleanings will yield at the rate of about 20 lbs. of ash containing about 10 per cent of potash for each 100 yards of hedge annually. It is also shown that the screen- ings and other waste from threshing grain will give about 52 lbs. per aci*e of ash containing 11.2 per cent of potash. Potassium salts and agriculture {Nature [London], 94 {1914), No. 2350, p. 287). — This is a brief note on the iwssible sources of potash for the British farm aside from the German potash salts. The sources referred to include kelp and hedge clippings (see above). The author expresses the opinion that "tak- ing all circmustances into consideration, ... it does not appear that British agriculture will suffer for two or three years from potash starvation." On the so-called potash lime, a by-product of potash works, P. Ehrenberg and O. NoLTE {Jour. Landw., 62 {1914), No. 3, pp. 235-284).— The material used in the experiments reported in this article contained 0.45 per cent of potash, 42.1 of lime, and 5.3 of magnesia. Its fertilizing value, both as a source of potash and of lime, was tested in comparison with lime ash in a series of pot experiments with various crops on sandy and loam soil. The results of these experiments showed a very low fertilizing value for the material. Outline of the relation of the use of lime to the improvement of the soil, E. O. FrppiN {N&io York Cornell 8ta. Circ. 25 {1914), PP- 41-49) .'—This is a brief popular discussion of the subject. Recent investigations on magnesia, E. Miege and Compain {Vie Agr. et Rurale, 3 {1914), No. 19, pp. 532, 533). — Recent investigations on the lime- magnesia ratio are briefly reviewed. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 219 The utilization of fish and marine animals as sources of oil and manure {Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kciusington], 12 (WUf), No. 3, pp. J,29-U2) .—This article describes briefly methods of manufacture of flsh manure, cost of fish-reduction plants, kinds and composition of different fish used, and the quality and fer- tilizing value of fish scrap of different kinds. Fish meal and fish manure (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'], 21 (1914), No. 8, pp. 688-694)- — This is a brief summaiy of information on this subject. Analyses and methods of use of fish feeds and manure are given. Transformation of vinasse into fertilizer, L. Roos (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Ccntre), 35 (1914), No. 4'h PP- W, W^)- — Brief directions are given for mixing this material with other fertilizing substances to produce a balanced fertilizer. Hoad sweeping's as manure (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914), No. 8, p. 755). — An analysis is reported which shows road sweepings to be "little if at all richer than ordinary soil, as far as manurial value is concerned." The sam- ples examined contained 0.5 per cent of lime, 0.2 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 0.0S6 per cent of nitrogen. The potash is not reported. Fertilizers, R. E. Rose and F. T. Wilson (Fla. Quart. Bui. Agr. Dept., 24 (1914), No. 4, pp. 89-114, 126-135, 140-164).— A.n account is given of the fer- tilizer inspection during 1914, including analyses of fertilizers examined, with notes on laws and regulations and valuation of fertilizers. There are also spe- cial articles on home mixing and on commercial fertilizers from the manufac- turer's viewpoint (by Mrs. N. M. G. Prange). Analyses of commercial fertilizers, H. E. Curtis (Kentucky Sta. Bui. Ill (1913), tip. 413-591). — Analyses and valuations of 735 brands of commercial fertilizers examined during 1913 are reported. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, H. M. STACfKHOUSE, R. N. Beackett, ET AL. (South Carolina Sta. Bui. 117 (1914), pp. 93). — ^This bulletin reports and discusses analyses and valuations of 2,539 samples of commercial fertilizers examined during the season of 1913-14. The quality of the fertilizers offered for sale in South Carolina during the sea- son is compared with that of fertilizers examined in previous years. It is shown that 21.85 per cent of the fertilizers examined during 1913-14 were de- ficient in one or more ingredients as compared with 20.6 per cent during the previous year. A table is given showing results of determinations of the nitrogen availability of various nitrogenous materials as shown by the Street method. The results show an average availability of at least 85 per cent of the total organic nitrogen and indicate raw materials of good quality. Commercial fertilizers in 1913—14, G. S. Fbaps (Texas Sta. Bill. 168, pp. 3-34)- — Analyses and valuations of fertilizers inspected during the season of 1913-14 are reported, with collateral information regarding fertilizers and fer- tilizer inspection, and a list of registered brands is given. The consumption of fertilizers in the State during the period covered by the inspection is estimated to have been 77,400 tons. The South and the fertilizer industry (Manfrs. Rec., 65 (1914), No. 24, pp. 4t, 48). — Statistics of the production and consumption of fertilizers in the Southern States as compared with the whole United States are presented and discussed. AGRICTJLTURAL BOTANY. A botanical lexicon, P. G. Gennadius (Lexikon Phytologikon. Athens, 1914, pp. 16-\-1148). — This lexicon gives the names, habitat, and characteristics of more than 10,000 species of useful and ornamental plants with accounts of their 220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, bistories, uses, culture, diseases, etc. Appendixes are given which include the scientific names, English and French common names, synonyms, etc. Contributions on plant breeding (Beitr. Pflanzetizucht, No. 4 (1914), PP- VIII +162, figs. 24). — This report, issued by the Society for the Advancement of Plant Breeding in Germany, gives an account of the fourth meeting at Bonn, June 1-3, 1913, with the addresses delivered on the subjects listed below, and discussions by numerous members: New Aims in Plant Breeding, by T. Remy; The Production of Species Through Crossing and the Cause of Variability, by J. P. Lotsy ; Modifications of Grape Stoclis Through Breeding, by Dern ; Sexual Propagation in Plants and its Significance in Heredity, by M. Ivoernicke; Ten Years of Practical Plant Breeding in Baltersbach (Winter Wheat, Maize, Peas, etc.), by Pflug; Plant Breeding as a Developmental Factor in Colonial Agricul- ture, by T. Roemer; The Problems and Practices in the Production of Tobacco Seed, by H. Lange; Application of Results of Recent Investigations to Plant Breeding in Agricultural Practice, by Dix ; and Beet Raising for Feeding Pur- poses, by Tritschler. Hereditary variations in. chlorophyll content of cereals, H. Nilsson-Ehle (Ztschr. Induktivc Abstani. v. Vcrerhungslehre, 9 (1913), No. 4, pp. 289-300, pi. 1). — Selective breeding experiments with several domestic cereals exhibiting occasionally plants lacking chlorophyll or having other colors are said to have led to the general conclusion that such variations in chloi-ophyll content are recessive in relation to the normal or green color. It is pointed out that this finding agrees with that of Emerson (E. S. R., 28, p. 231) for maize. Tobacco investigations, W. A. Setchell (California Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 152-156). — An outline is given of investigations in tobacco breeding which are carried on under the author's direction. These different investigations include attempts to analyze the various factors entering into the general inheritance, particularly to that of the flower, the behavior of sterile and partially sterile hybrids, the fixation of hybrids, experi- ments with the common peasant tobacco of Europe and the behavior of hybrids between the difi'erent varieties, hj'brids between certain species of tobacco grow- ing wild in California or cultivated by the Indians of that region, and observa- tion of the parents of the various hybrids, together with a general study of species of Nicotiana for future experimentation. Variation in bacteria, E. O. Jordan (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 40 (1914), No. 1039, p. 776). — The author has attempted to distinguish in specific cases between true mutations and the more or less permanent adaptive modifications in bacteria that are due to environmental conditions, and to determine the relative value of each in the formation of so-called bacterial species and va- rieties. The effect of the acclimatization upon bacteria is considered as part of the problem. The flower pigments of Antirrhinum majus. — III, The red and magenta pigments, Muriel Wheldale and H. L. Bassett (Blochem. Jour., S (1914), No. 2, pp. 204-208). — In continuation of work noted on page 202. the authors state that there are only two kinds of anlhocyanin in Antirrhinum, red and ma- genta. Admixture with ivory pigment (apigenin) leaves these colors unaffected, but admixture with yellow pigment (luteolin) gives two other colors, bronze and crimson, respectively. Both red and magenta anthocyanin occur in varying amounts, giving rise to tinged, pale, and deep varieties, and both contain more oxygen than do the flavones, the percentage in the magenta being the higher. It is thought that if anthocyanins are derived from flavones the process is in part one of oxidation, as the anthocyanin molecules are thought to be larger than is the flavone molecule. If a flavone constitutes the chromogen, condensation AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 221 must take place, either of two flavoue molecules or of a flavone with one or more molecules of an aromatic acid or phenol. This work, discontinued for lack of pure material, is expected to be carried forward later and to throw liglit upon the constitution of anthocyanins. Distribution of stomata in some graminaceous seedlings, E. Zaepffel (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 (.1914), No. 2, pp. 205-207; ahs. in Pharm. Jour. [London], J,, ser., 39 (19U), No. 2652, p. 251; Qard. Chron., 3. ser., 56 (1914)- No. m6, p. 192). — Studies herein described regarding the location of stomata on growing seedlings of wheat, oats, Panicum altissimum, and Pas- palum stoJonifcrum in connection with localization of heliotropic response of the different parts apparently tend to indicate that the region of the cotyledon in which the stomata are most abundant is that of greatest heliotropic sensitivity. The transpiration current in plants, II, J. M. Janse (Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. [Fringsheim], 52 {1913), No. 5, pp. 509-602, figs. 12; aT)S. in Bot. CentU., 123 (1913), No. 22, pp. 565, 566). — In continuance of a previous contribution (E. S. R., 20, p. 324) dealing chiefly with water movements concerned in transpiration, the author here discusses the apparent agency of the roots in this connection, including the activity of endodermal cells as studied in vascular plants, views of some other authors being given. The protoplast alone is credited with work so done, the exact character of its action remaining unknown. The activities of the protoplasts in the cells concerned with water trans- port, J. M. Janse (Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. [Pringsheim], 52 (1913), No. 5, pp. 603- 621, figs. 2). — Discussing data and conclusions above mentioned, the author suggests the possible efficacy, in this connection, of a hydrolytic ferment in the cell protoplasm; of ready reversibility in reactions (hydrolytic processes in some cases requiring but little energy for their accomplishment or reversal) ; of circulation in cell contents, bringing any given portion alternately to oppo- site sides of the cell ; of synchronism between reversal of reaction and circula- tion period; and of the above ferment as controlling the direction and extent of the reaction even in the presence of considerable opposing forces. Osmotic pressure of some epiphytes and parasites, G. Senn (Verhandl. Naturf. Gesell. Basel, 2/,. (1913), pp. i79-iS3).— This is a study of the osmotic pressure of the cell sap of some parasites and epiphytes and of other plants from the same localities. The results, as tabulated, tend to show that parasites possess a higher osmotic pressure than their corresponding host plants, with the possible exception of certain succulent species of both classes. The exudation of ice from stems of plants, W. W. Coblentz (Mo. Weather Rev., Jt2 (19U), No. 8, pp. Jt90-Jt99, pis. 5, figs. 7).— In this paper the author describes the formation of ice fringes upon the dittany (Cunila mariana). The data given are based upon experiments and observations in the field and laboratory, from which it appears that the ice foi-mation is not a function of the surface condition of the stem. The ice was found to be formed on stems without roots, and consequently it can not be considered as a result of hydro- static pressure exerted by the roots. The ice fringe was found to be a com- posite of a number of very thin ribbons, the composition of which is described. It is considered that moisture is brought to the surface by capillary action, and when the rate of supply to the surface is more rapid than the loss by evaporation, ice is formed if the air is at a sufficiently low tempei'ature. Method of determining the life duration of seeds, W. Crocker and J. F. Groves (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., J^O (1914), No. 1039, pp. 775. 776).— The authors briefly outline various theories regarding the cause of the loss of vitality in seeds and give a preliminary account of investigations to test the hypothesis that the loss of vitality is due to a slow coagulation of cell proteins of the 222 EXPERIMEiTT STATION RECORD. embryo. This was tested by making a study of the life duration of seeds at two high temperatures, and using these values to express the relation between time and temperature for the coagulation of protein formation to determine the life duration at any desired temperature. Plant autographs and their revelations, J. C. Bose (Nature [London'], 93 U914), No. 2334, PP- 546-550, figs. 10; noted in Agr. News [Barbados], 13 (1914), No. 322, p. 279). — ^This is a condensed account of the author's recent investigations (E. S. R., 30, p. 429). Results of 12 methods employed ai'e elaimed to agree in showing that the nervous impulse in plants is fundamentally identical in character with that in animals. Its velocity of transmission in plants tested was less than in those of the higher, but greater than in those of the lower, animals, being affected by conditions in both cases. The rate of plant growth and its variations under the action of food materials and different forms of stimulation can be recorded very quickly, it is claimed, by the crescograph, an instrument devised by the author, which offers a delicate means of testing the effects of foods, stimuli, etc., in agricultural experi- mentation. A comparison of the responses of sessile and motile plants and animals, V. E. Shelford (Amer. Nat., 48 (1914), No. 575, pp. 641-674). — On account of the increased attention the biologists are giving to responses to stimuli, the author presents an analysis of the kinds or aspects of response, the kinds of response that are comparable, and the bearing of response phenomena on biological theory and controversy. The paper aims to show that the numerous kinds of resjionse are reducible to a few simple types common to both plants and animals and that the failure to consider all types has been responsible for confusion and various one-sided theories. A bibliography is appended. Thermotropism of roots, Sophia Eckebson (Bot. Gaz., 58 (1914), No. 3, pp. 254-263, figs. 6). — ^An investigation of seedlings of Raphanus satirus and PUum sativuin, whose roots were exposed to unilateral warming, and a study of permeability of roots of these plants are said to show that thermotropic curva- tures of roots and permeability of their cells to solutes both vary with species and with temperatures employed. It is also stated that the greater permeability is on the concave side of the root, changing with the thermotropic reaction, these two showing an exact pa*'allel, and turgor change due to permeability accounting for the curvature. Heat also acts here not as a stimulus, but by affecting permeability as a direct factor producing curvature. The general conclusion is reached that thermotropism is not a tropism but a turgor move- ment. On the nutritive conditions determining the growth of certain fresh- water and soil protista, H. G. Thornton and G. Smith (Proc. Roy. Sac. [London], Ser. B, 88 (1914), No. B 601, pp. 151-165, pi. 1. figs. 2).— This is a preliminary study of the determining causes of changes noted in the successive but usually irregular developmental phases of certain organisms. A study of the cultures of soil flagellates is said to show that, as compared with Euglena, they are able to live in cultures to which organic compounds of varying natures have been added, this comparative impartiality being the result of the holozoic mode of nutrition, and the development of the flagellates being dependent on the bacterial growth. It is said also that the presence of Miquel salts in the solution is necessary for the growth of the soil flagellates and for the proper development of the different types of bacteria upon which they feed. FIELD CROPS. 223 Photochemical studies on the assimilation of nitrites and nitrates, O. Baudisch and E. Mayer (Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. CJiem., 89 {1914), No. 3, pp. 175-227; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 (1914), No. 617, I, p. 365). — The authors claim to have shown that under suitable IHumiuation both nitrates and nitrites give off oxygen, this result being due mainly to the ultraviolet rays. In solutions of potassium nitrite in alcohol or aldehyde the corresponding hydroxamic acids are produced. On prolonged illumination amino-compounds, and probably nitrogenous cyclo-compounds, are formed after the disappearance of the nitrite and the hydroxamic acid. This is said to be the first instance of the conversion of nitrites and nitrates into organic nitro- gen compounds by the action of light. It is thought probable that in plants the same process may take place since here the factors nitrates, formaldehyde, and light are present. An extensive bibliography is appended. The influence of salt on plants, A. J. Ewart {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 {1914), No. 7, pp. 420-423). — Experiments were carried out in 1912 and 1913 primarily to determine the after-effect of a salt dressing and how long the effect lasts. Figures are given for eight common crops. A very heavy salt dressing retarded germination, the seeds in some cases rot- ting in the soil. The injurious action of salt where it appeared is said to have been due mainly to osmotic influence, the seedlings usually growing vigorously after heavy rains began. The second year insufficient salt remained to injure the crops directly, and a decided increase occurred in most of the crops tested. The stimulating action of a moderate dressing of salt is said to be due partly to its solvent action on the mineral constituents of the soil, possibly in part because the absorbed salt acts as an oxidase sensitizer or catalytic agent in plant metabolism. The injurious effect of a dressing of 64 cwt. of salt per acre was still perceptible the second year after a rainfall of 35 in. with some crops noted, but a degree of benefit was apparent in about as many others. One plat treated with 64 cwt. of salt and giving a high yield of beets in the first year gave a light crop of rape the last year. It is thought that salt may increase the yield at the expense of food materials in the soil, which thereby tend to be exhausted by the increase of solubility of such constituents. The measurement of antagonism, W. J. Y. Osterhout (Bot. Gaz., 58 {1914), No. 3, pp. 272-276, figs. 3). — Methods are suggested for the graphical expression of antagonism in mixtures of three or more components in the nutritive medium. FIELD CROPS. The work of the Scottsbluff reclamation project experiment farm in 1913, F. Knorb {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Worlc Scottsbluff Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 1-18, figs. 4). — In this paper the progress of the work with irrigated crops in 1913 at the Scottsbluff experiment farm near Mitchell. Nebr., is briefly discussed. The weather and crop conditions for the year are given. The crops used in the rotation experiments include alfalfa, beets, corn, flax, oats, potatoes, and spring and winter wheats. These are arranged in 22 dif- ferent rotations. It is noted that " in every case where the crops followed alfalfa the highest average yields were obtained, indicating very strongly that the alfalfa had a beneficial effect on the succeeding crops. Manure on oats stubble greatly increased the yields of beets and potatoes the following year. The yields of the crops following beets and potatoes were very good, almost as good as those obtained with -crops following alfalfa or grown on manured oat 79934°— No. 3—15 3 224 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. land. Crops following corn were rather poor. This was particularly noticeable in the case of oats. Perhaps the most striking- effect of a previous crop on yield was in the case of oats following corn, beets, and potatoes, respectively. These plats were not plowed, but were disked in the spring, seeded the same day, and received the same treatment throughout the remainder of the season as the other oat plats, but the yield of oats following com was 36.2 bu. per acre less than that following potatoes and 34.5 bu. per acre less than that following beets. As the stands and the treatment of these plats after planting were prac- tically the same, the differences in yield appear to be due to the previous crops and their cultural treatment. Oats following fall-plowed flax, oats, and wheat, respectively, were fairly good. Wheat following oats was poor. The yields from continuous cropping were, in most cases, low." In one rotation the alfalfa was pastured off with hogs. " During the whole season the hogs produced from the one-fourth acre alfalfa pasture and 41.3 bu. of corn a total of 988 lbs. of pork. Figuring this grain at 7.5 cts. a pound and the cost of the corn fed at 60 cts. a bushel, the local market prices at the time the experiment closed in 1913, the hogs returned an equivalent of $49.24 for the one-fourth acre of alfalfa pasture. . . . Eleven similar plats of alfalfa were cut for hay and yielded an average of 5.46 tons per acre. Assuming that the yield from the pastured plat would have been the same as that fi'om the 11 similar plats, the first lot of hogs paid an equivalent of $37.71 per ton for the first cutting and the second lot paid $35.33 per ton for the second and third cuttings, or an average for the season of $36.13 i>er ton for alfalfa hay. To this must also be added the value of the manure left on the land." In another rotation the corn crop was pastured off with hogs. " The hogs were on the corn plat 28 days. When they were taken off they weighed 800 lbs., having gained 253 lbs. from the one-fourth-acre corn plat, or 1,012 lbs. of pork per acre. This, at 7.5 cts. a pound, is equivalent to $75.80 per acre. The daily gain was 1.3 per cent. A similar com plat in the rotations yielded at the rate of 82.6 bu. of com per acre. . . . Assuming that the yields from these two corn plats were the same, the hogs paid an equivalent of 93 cts. a bushel for the corn in the field. Figuring corn at 60 cts. a bushel and allowing $10 per acre for alfalfa pasture, each pound of pork put on the hogs in the different lots cost as follows : The first lot on alfalfa, 3.1 cts. ; second lot on alfalfa, 2.5 cts. ; and the lot on corn, 4.9 cts." Data give yields in variety tests of cereals for 1911, 1912, and 1913, comprising seven varieties of spring wheat, ranging from 31.9 to 37.6 bu. per acre, seven varieties of winter wheat ranging from 30.5 to 34.8 bu., three varieties of rye ranging from 25 to 27.3 bu., 16 varieties of barley ranging from 18.4 to 68.9 bu., and seven varieties of oats with yields ranging from 68.5 to 78.5 bu. per acre. In 1913 14 varieties and crosses of corn gave an average yield of 33.5 bu., with a maximum yield of 43 bu. produced by the Blue Squaw variety. It is- noted that the season in western Nebraska seems to be too short to mature grain sorghums. A comparison of stock beets with sugar beets gave an average yield of 35.5 tons per acre for thi-ee varieties, while sugar beets yielded 18 tons, indicating the desirability of growing stock beets rather than sugar beets for feeding purposes. The growth and yield of field peas in a test of six varieties for three years " do not warrant the growing of this crop under irrigation in western Nebraska." It seems that the cowpeas and spring varieties of vetch are of doubtful value for western Nebraska, while hairy vetch made good growth and survived the winter. Preliminary experiments with pasture grass in irrigation were begun in 1913, involving tall oat grass, Italian rye grass, smooth brome grass, timothy, redtop, blue grass, wheat grass, orchard grass, meadow fescue, tall fescue, perennial rye FIELD CROPS. 225 grass, red clover, alsike clover, and white clover. It is noted that all of the grasses made good growth during the summer except wheat grass, redtop, tim- othy, blue grass, and orchard grass. Fall irrigation experiments with wheat, barley, oats, corn, potatoes, and sugar beets showed an average increase in yield of all the crops in favor of fall (Sep- tember) irrigation amounting to 16 per cent. The increase with potatoes, how- ever, seems to be insignificant, only 2 per cent, while with the other crops the increase was from 15 to 23 per cent. Sugar beets cultivated to a depth of 3 in. throughout the season yielded an average of 16.3 tons for two years; a first cultivation to 3 in., subsequent culti- vations shallow, and knife attachments on the cultivator, 18.3 tons; and shallow cultivation throughout the season 39.1 tons per acre. Experiments in plowing 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 in. deep for sugar beets showed that "while the results were not consistent, the highest yield was obtained from shallow plowing. The effect of varying the depth of plowing probably would differ on different soils. The soil at the experiment farm is a light sandy loam and probably does not require as deep plowing as heavier soils." In an experiment regarding distance of planting sugar beets " rows were planted 20, 24, and 28 in. apart, and in each of these plantings the beets were thinned to 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 in. in the row. The results so far obtained in this test have been very inconsistent, but in general the closer spaced plats have produced the highest yields." In regard to potatoes " 11 standard varieties of potatoes were tested in 1913, together with 21 seedling stocks. These were tested in single plats on land which grew alfalfa in 1912. The highest yield with the named varieties was produced by the Pearl, which yielded 314.9 bu. per acre. The Eureka was sec- ond, with a yield of 247.9 bu. per acre. One of the seedlings, not yet named, gave the highest, total yield in 1913. It produced 370 bu. per acre." It is noted that with potatoes as with sugar beets summer rains interfered with irrigation plans and no consistent results were secured. The tillage work consisted in deep and shallow ditching preparatory to irri- gation. " The average yield in 1912 and 1913 for shallow ditching was 197.4 bu. per acre, as compared with 173.9 bu. per acre for deep ditching." The work of the Yuma reclamation project experiment farm in 1913, R. E. Blair (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Yuma Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 1-11, figs. Jf.). — ^This briefly outlines the work of the experiment farm located near Yuma, Ariz., as carried on jointly by several otfices of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and continues previous studies (E. S. R., 229, p. 330). Cli- matic and crop conditions of the project are briefly discussed. In experimenting for a suitable green manure alfalfa was found to be the most satisfactory crop, although for a quick summer crop to turn under cow- peas seem to have given good results. In the production of alfalfa it is noted that in cases where the crop began to fail after three or four years, the subsoil proved to be unfavorable and prevented the taproot development and induced surface root system which did not prove suflicient for the needs of the crop. By plowing under the crop every two or three j-ears and introducing a culti- vated crop for a season, it is suggested that the soil would again be in condition to produce a maximum yield of alfalfa, for alfalfa seed is the chief money crop of this project. Cotton is suggested as being most suitable for this rotation. In regard to the production of cotton on the alkali soils it is noted that " sev- eral significant observations were made upon the production of cotton from soil containing high percentages of alkali salts, chiefly sulphates and chlorids. Cotton was grown well on certain fields where other crops had previously been killed by the presence of excessive amounts of these salts. In one case where 226 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. determinations were made of the salt content it was found that cotton grew on a field containing more alkali in the surface three feet of soil than the adjacent field in which alfalfa seed had failed to grow. Experiments in volun- teering cotton have been continued. A plat of Egyptian cotton was volun- teered through the past winter to a stand of 91 per cent. Different planting methods have been practiced to ascertain the effect of volunteering for the fol- lowing season." Of seven varieties of grain sorghum tested in 1913 feterita gave the highest yield, 73 bu. per acre, followed by Dwarf milo maize with 41 bu. For forage or silage Red Kafir corn is noted as being superior. Brief notes upon the successful trials of broom corn and hemp are given. Tunis grass produced the best hay yield when planted in 3-ft. rows and culti- vated, while Sudan grass produced best when seeded broadcast as against 3-ft. row plantings. The former yielded at the rate of 4.2 tons per acre in three cuttings, and the latter 8 tons. In experiments in regard to the water requirements of different crops it was observed that almost twice as much was used on light soils as on a medium soil by alfalfa, cotton, grain, sorghums, broom corn, hemp, and cowpeas for green manure. [Field crops work at the Texas Station], 1913, B. Youngblood {Texas 8ta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 2If-2y, 28-30, 31-35, 35-55, 60-72).— These pages contain reports of the work for the year 1913 at the various substations of the State and include brief cultural notes with corn, cowpeas, sorghum, oats, rape, wheat, thousand-headed kale, rice, Chinese bean, Yokohama bean, beggar weed, kulthi bean, moth bean, tepaiy bean, Sudan grass, teosiute, Dolkhos lahlad, Japanese cane, guar, befri, Ciccr arietmum, Medicago obicularis, jack bean, Kafir corn, milo maize, and peanuts, variety tests with vetches, cotton, wheat, corn, rice, soy beans, cowpeas, peanuts, and millet, and fertilizer tests with cot- ton and corn. In studying the effect of source of seed corn it was found that for the three highest yielding varieties Texas seed gave 17.12 ; Virginia, 14.5 ; Louisiana, 12.7 ; and Georgia, 11.5 bu. per acre. In a similar test with cottons Georgia seed gave 971.6; Texas, 925.6; Tennessee, 612.3; and South Carolina, 566 lbs. per acre. Experiments in crop production on fallow land at San Antonio, C. R. Letteeb (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 151 (1914), pp. 10, figs. 4)- — From experiments conducted in 1911, 1912, and 1913 on one-quarter acre plats with corn, cotton, and winter oats, the author concludes that " the yields of com and cotton have been less on biennially cropped land than on annually cropped land. The yields of winter oats have been somewhat larger on the biennially cropped land. " Soil-moisture studies made in connection with these tests do not show any important differences in the amount of soil moisture present in fallowed land and in continuously cropped land at planting and harvest time for corn and cotton. In the plats used for oats there was more moisture present at planting and less at harvest time on the biennially cropped land than on the annually cropped land. In other words, the oats grown biennially used more water and made less vegetative growth, but gave larger yields. Observations made after heavy rains show that in most cases the proportion of run-off from hea^-y rains was greater on land which had been fallow for several months than on land which had been fallow for a comparatively short time. The run-off from an oat plat was less than from any of the fallow plats. " Considering both crop yields and cost of production, the results of these experiments indicate that biennial cropping, at least for corn, cotton, and oats, is not to be recommended for the San Antonio region." FIELD CROPS, 227 [Field crop experiments], F. Watts {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpts. Bot. Stii. [etc.] Montscrrat, 1913-lJf, pp. 3-9, 13-16, pi. i).— This includes reports of variety tests with cotton that not only consider yield of seed cotton, but length of staple, percentage of lint, strength, fineness, good fiber per 50 seeds, weak fiber per 50 seeds, short fiber per 50 seeds, weight of 200 seeds, and weight of lint; manurial tests with cotton that show a depressed yield with the application of any kind of commercial fertilizer over untreated areas; field tests with hybrid cotton, and variety tests of sweet potatoes and peanuts. [Field crop experiments], D. W. Scotland {Ann. Rpt. Agr. Dept. Sierra Leone, 1912, pp. 5-14). — This reports results of field trials at the experimental station at Jala, Mano, with rice, peanuts, ginger, yams, towe beans, hondroi beans, kroo beans, black gram, pigeon pea, Bengal gram, lablab {Dolichos lah- lab), soy beans, milo maize, Guinea corn, bulrush millet, ragi {Eleu-sine cora- cana), korra {Setaria italica), castor bean, cotton, millet, and benni seed ( Sesamum indicum ) . In rice experiments it is shown that li bu. of seed gave larger yields, 30.2 bu. per acre, than either a larger or smaller quantity. With the native method of sowing millet and benni seed with the rice (i bu. per acre), the average yield was 16.8 bu. of rice, 177 lbs. of millet, and 24 lbs. of benni seed per acre. Rice that was kept weeded averaged 26 bu. per acre and that left uncultivated yielded 11 bu. per acre. Agriculture in the Tropics, J. C. Willis {Cambridge, England, 19H, 2. rev. ed., pp. XVI +223, pis. 24)- — ^This is a second edition with slight changes of the book previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 631). Natural revegetation of range lands based upon growth requirements and life history of the vegetation, A. W. Sampson ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {1914), Xo. 2, pp. 93-148, pis. 12, figs. 6).— This article gives the results of an investigation to determine a system of grazing that would overcome the deteriorating effect of premature grazing and overstocking, as well as of trampling, in the extensive ranges of the western United States. As the result of a careful and scientific study of the vegetation making up the forage, and of the natural factors upon which depends the success or fail- ure of this crop and its perpetuation, a grazing system involving a combination of deferred and rotation grazing has been developed which is now being applied with minor variations to range lands throughout the National Forests. Included in the notes on character and distribution of the vegetation on these ranges, aside from timber, is a list of 46 plants which, it is stated, comprise about 90 per cent of the range forage. The summary of the findings of this investigation, which began in 1907 in the Wallowa Mountains of northeastern Oregon and was undertaken by the Forest Service and Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, is as follows: " Normally the spring growth of forage plants begins in the Hudsonian zone about June 25. For each 1,000 ft. decrease in elevation this period comes ap- proximately seven days earlier. In the Wallowa Mountains the flower stalks are produced approximately between July 15 and August 10, while the seed matures between August 15 and September 1. Even under the most favorable conditions the viability of the seed on summer ranges is relatively low. Re- moval of the herbage year after year during the early part of the growing season weakens the plants, delays the resumption of growth, advances the time of maturity, and decreases the seed production and the fertility of the seed. Grazing after seed maturity in no way interferes with flower-stalk production. As much fertile seed is produced as where the vegetation is protected from grazing during the whole of the year. 228 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. " Germination of the seed and establisbnient of seedlings depend largely upon the thoroughness with which the seed is planted. In the case of practically all perennial forage species the soil must be stiiTed after the seed is dropped if there is to be permanent reproduction. Even after a fertile seed crop has been planted there is a relatively heavy loss of seedlings as a result of soil heaving. After the first season, however, the loss due to climatic conditions is negligible. When three years old, perennial plants usually produce flower stalks and mature fertile seed. " Under the practice of yearlong or season-long grazing both the growth of the plants and seed production are seriously interfered with. A range so used, when stocked to its full capacity, finally becomes denuded. Yearlong protection of the range favors plant growth and seed production, but does not insure the planting of the seed. Moreover, it is impracticable, because of the entire loss of the forage crop and the fire danger resulting from the accumulation of in- flammable material. Deferred grazing insures the planting of the seed crop and the permanent establishment of seeding plants without sacrificing the season's forage or establishing a fire hazard. Deferred grazing can be applied wherever the vegetation remains palatable after seed maturity and produces a seed crop, provided ample water facilities for stock exist or may be developed. " The proportion of the range which should be set aside for deferred grazing is determined by the time of year the seed matures. In the Wallowa Mountains one-fifth of the summer grazing season remains after the seed has ripened, and hence one-fifth of each range allotment may be grazed after that date. The distribution of water and the extent of overgrazing will chiefly determine the area upon which grazing should be first deferred. After the first area selected has been revegetated it may be grazed at the usual time and another area set aside for deferred grazing. This plan of rotation from one area to another should be continued, even after the entire range has been revegetated, in order to maintain the vigor of the forage plants and to allow the production of an occasional seed crop." Infl.uence of potassic fertilizer on legumes, G. Bakontini (Coltivatore, 60 {1914), ^0. 29, pp. 332-334). — This paper presents the results of experiments which show the advantage of the use of potassium in increased yields and quality of red clover forage and seed, and also the increased yield of wheat following clover that had been so fertilized. Practical corn culture, W. T. and R. M. Ainswoeth (Mason City, III., 1914, pp. 166, pi. 1, figs. 40). — This book is divided in three parts. Part 1, on culture, discusses the preparation of the seed bed, planting, and cultivation. Part 2, on building up the land, discusses the rotation of farm crops, leguminous crops, stable and barnyard manures, and phosphorus and limestone. Part 3, the seed, includes chapters on selecting the best ears for seed, the "ear to the row" breedihg plat, drying and storing seed corn, preparing seed corn for planting, and insect enemies and plant diseases. An appendix consists of letters from 30 practical farmers describing their methods of corn culture. Beport of the work in corn pollination, IV, M. L. Fisher (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1912, p. 87). — This article gives results of continued work with the Sweet- Reid Yellow Dent cross in corn (E. S. R., 30, p. 635). In 1912 the character- istics of the two types of this cross were as follows : " The light-colored type had large ears, white in color. Upon cooking the flavor was found to be excellent, being very sweet. The sweet flavor combined with a long grain makes this a very desirable type. The cooking test showed it to be superior to the corn bought on the market in West Lafayette. The yellow type had a medium-sized ear, creamy white in color, and when cooked FIELD CROPS. , 229 had also an excellent, sweet flavor. The flavor vras considered not quite so good as that of the light-colored type. "At maturity the light-colored type showed itself quite true to type, having whitish kernels, red cobs, and large size. There were few yellow dent kernels, probably no more than due to cross-pollination from adjoining plats. The yel- lowish type had smaller ears, mostly white cobs, yellowish kernels, and a larger proportion of yellow dent kernels than the other type. The yellowish type does not have the depth of kernel that the whitish type possesses." Cotton, F. Watts (/mp. Depf. Agr. West Indies, Rpts. Bot. Sta. [etc.] Montserrat, 1911-12, pp. 3-6). — This gives brief notes on variety tests of Im- mune, Sakellaridis, and other cottons, and hybrids. Economic conditions in the Sea Island cotton industry, W. R. Meadows (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. IJfG {liUJf), pp. iS).— This bulletin gives results of inquiries to determine the cause for the low price of Sea Island cotton in 1913, and discusses Egyptian competition, causes of decreased consumption, and con- ditions among the producers of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. It places the cause of depression of prices on underconsumption brought about by (1) the deadlock of 1912-13 between spinners and growers; (2) the competition of the Sakellaridis variety; (3) the deteriorated quality of Sea Island cotton; and (4) change in styles and enforced economy of production. Notes on the cotton of Cambodia, M. de Flacourt {Bui. Econ: Indochine, 11. scr., 11 {191-'i), A'o. 107, pp. 212-21.5).— This gives results of studies of bolls of three varieties of cotton, some of which are three- and some four-celled. The percentage of fiber for a four-celled variety averaged for 20 bolls 32.5 per cent, and for two varieties with three-celled bolls 24.S and 34.8 per cent, respectively. Tabulated data include weight of boll without shell, weight of fiber, and weight of seed. Flax from the East Africa Protectorate {Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington], 12 (191J/), No. 2, pp. 211-213). — This article gives data obtained in the exami- nation of samples of flax grown in the Highland districts of the East Africa Protectorate. The fiber merchants in London, who valued the samples, reported very favorably on them, regarding them as superior to Russian flaxes and more comparable with the Belgian kinds. Guinea corn {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 18 {1914), No. 8, pp. 344, 345). — This article records the excellent showing that Guinea corn (durra), especially the red variety, has made in times of drought in Jamaica. Hemp, H. H. Cousins {Jour. Jamaica Agr. ^oc, 18 {1914), ^o. S, pp. 334- S36). — This article gives a history of the introduction and cultivation of Agave fourcroides and A. sisalana in Jamaica. The first introduction seems to have taken place about 1855 from Yucatan. Better methods of potato production for Iowa, L. Greene^ and T. J. Maney {Iowa Sta. Bui. 149 {1914), PP. 65-81, figs. 3). — The methods here reported con- sisted of spraying experiments, variety tests, selection of best hills as a means of increasing yield, and a comparison of different planting dates as they influ- ence the yield of the main or late crop of potatoes. It is noted that " in 1910 six sprayings gave an increase of 61.50 bu. of marketable tubers over the check ; in 1911, five sprayings gave an increased yield of 36.94 bu., and in 1912, seven si)rayings increased the yield 33.6 bu." The estimated cost of spraying with Bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate is $1 per acre. Eight varieties of early and 12 varieties of late potatoes are described, and results of yields for 1910, 1911, and 1912 are given that show Prosperity rank- ing first as a late potato and Irish Cobbler as an early variety, with yields of 230 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 132.54 and 116.42 bu., respectively. Rural New Yorker is noted as more ex- tensively grown thi'oughout the State than any other variety. The following statement is made in regard to the results of selecting the best and the poorest hills under test : " In making selections those hills which had an average number of well-formed, medium-sized tubers for the variety were selected. These hills could, as a rule, be chosen by the appearance of the vines, though this was not always true. This method of seed selection would prove profitable to the grower if he could set aside a small seed plat and select his next year's seed from it. The results are striking in that the yield was increased 50 bu. by taking the best and poorest seed only one year. By taking the best seed from each of these lots of seed the strain with quality behind it still outyielded the poorest strain [the following year] by nearly 50 bu." The data presented in regard to the influence of planting date upon yield indicate that the soil temperature as affected by weather is more influential than is the date. The inconclusive results obtained from a three-year experi- ment that indicates about the best time for planting has been that following the corn planting, or from May 10 to May 25. The effect of potato scab treatment on seed vitality. — Better methods of potato production for Iowa, T. J. Maney and L. Greene {Iowa St a. Buls. 148 and 149, popular ed. (1914), pp. 8). — This is a popular edition of Bulletins 148 (abstracted on page 240) and 149, abstracted above. Xenia (?) in rice, H. O. Jacobson (.Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 7 (1914), A'O. 9, p. 361). — This notes the appearance of two pinkish colored ker- nels of rice appearing in a head of variety No. 73, which is a white variety. " These two kernels were planted separately and crops therefrom matured. One kernel («) produced white kernels only, while the second kernel (&) pro- duced nothing but red-cuticled kernels. Each lot was again planted separately and the (a) lot when harvested contained 6 per cent of red-cuticled kernels. The (h) lot produced 24 per cent of white kernels, the remainder being red. In no case were red and white kernels found in the same head, of course. It Is plainly evident that the (&) kernel was a hybrid produced through cross- fertilization by the pollen from some near-by red-cuticled variety." Head-to-the-row test with rice, H. O. Jacobson (Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.}, 7 (1914), ^o. 9, pp. 346-351, pis. 2).— This article describes a method of head-to-the-row selection, and gives some results that show great possibilities in rice improvement. Observations are noted as being taken and recorded on 27 variable characteristics of individuals within each variety under trial, that of yield being most marked and important. The yield of 100 plants, the progeny of single heads, was at the rate of from 375 to 6,625 kg. of rough rice per hectare, all within the same variety. The transplanting of rice, P. and G. Gbegotti (Gior. Risicolt., 4 (1914), No. 20, pp. 301-307, figs. 3). — This article gives data of work done at Valencia, Spain, showing the advantage secured both in yield and in actual profits by the practice of transplanting rice in the field. Drilling-fertilizer experiments with, sugar beets in Hungary in 1912, J. Gyarfas (Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerindits. u. Landw., 42 (1913), No. 6, pp. 883-893, pi. 1). — The results given show larger yields whei-e the fertilizer is applied in drills at seeding time than when broadcasted, in some cases even when only one-half the amount was drilled that was applied broadcast. Can sodium, wliolly or partially, replace potassium as a fertilizer for sugar beets? Krxjger (Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckcrindiis., No. 703, II (1914). PP- 694-702). — This article gives the results of a pot experiment in which potash in varying quantities was given and sodium was supplied in quantities to equal the deficiencies in potash that would be required to produce a maximum yield FIELD CROPS. 231 of sugar beets in the pots. The tabulated results of the harvests, showing green weights, sugar content, and potash content, were such as to induce the author to conclude that sodium can not physiologically replace potassium in cultivated plants, particularly the sugar beet, but that its pi'esence has an indirect influence such as to allow the plants to utilize more readily increased quantities of potassium. The future of sugar cane and the sugar industry in Mexico, L. Foueton {El Porvenlr de la Cana de Azucar y de la Industria Azucarera en Mexico. Mexico, 1914, PP- 31). — ^This booklet reviews the sugar industry of Mexico since 1898, and discusses the manufacture of sugar and alcohol, briefly touching upon the production of sugar cane. Sweet clover, V. M. Shoesmith {Michigan Sta. Circ. 23 {1914), pp. 151-156, figs. Jf). — This circular describes cultural methods and uses of sweet clover for Michigan conditions. Experiment in the selection of seeds, C. Griffin {Univ. Nac. La Plata, FacHlt. Agron. y Yet., 1913, pp. 63-70, pi. 1). — This article gives results in seed selection of wheat that show increased yields amounting to 435.25 kg. per hectare. The selection was based upon the size, weight, specific gravity, and purity of the seed. Thirteen years of wheat selection, T. B. Htjtcheson {Amer. Nat., 48 {1914), No. 572. pp. 459-466, figs. 3). — In this article the author gives results of pure line selections of six varieties of wheat that show no permanent change in point of yield, height of plant, and length of upper internode, in 13 years of breeding at the Minnesota Station. The physiological selection of Tuscany wheat, F. Rampazzo {Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Gcorg. Firenze, 5. ser., 10 {1913), No. 3, pp. 253-272).— This paper discusses the value and importance of improvement in wheat in general, and gives some results of selection which show that there is a correlation between productiveness and the disposition of the spikelets on the rachis, and that a short, thick spike corresponds to increased productiveness. Varieties of wheat in Semiretchinsk, K. Flaksberger {Trudy Biitro Prlkl. Bot. {Bui. Ang&w. B'ot.), 3 {1910), No. 3, pp. 62-165, figs. i2).— This discusses wheat found in northern Turkestan by the author, and describes 24 varieties. Further observations on wheat, K. Flaksberger {Trudy Bvuro Prlkl. Bot. {Bui. Angeiv. Bot.), 7 {1914), A'o. 8. pp. 493-502, pi. 1, fig. i ) .—Differences dis- covered in the formation of the glumes of the spring wheat {Triticum vnilgare alhidum. iuflatum) are described which Indicate certain forms to be of the winter wheats. (See above.) Bulk handling of wheat, compiled by H. V. Jackson {Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, Farmers' Buls. 13 {1908), pp. 67, figs. 23; 13, 2. ed. {1912), pp. 71, figs. 16; 85 {1914), PP- 15). — ^These bulletins give in detail methods of handling bulk wheat at elevators, silos, and public warehouses, and the grades used, in the Unitetl States, Canada, and Great Eritain. Iowa seed analyses, 1910-1913, L. H. Pammel and Charlotte M. King {Iowa Sta. Bui. 146 {1914), pp. 41S-440).—Thifi bulletin gives the results of purity and germination tests of seed for the years 1910-191 .''>. including some germination studies of clover, alfalfa, and timothy. It is noted that under the state seed law seed conditions have become much better, and the presence of dodder, Canada thistle, and the like is much less frequent than formerly. In 1910, 286 samples of commercial seed were examined and in 1913, 1,058. In 1913 the general average of purity is noted as having been high except in the case of sweet clover, which had an average of only 74.2 per cent pure for 35 samples. A total of 4G5 tests of red clover samples showed 96.72 per cent purity. A total of 168 tests of timothy samples showed 07.75 per cent purity. 232 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The average purity of 112 samples of alfalfa seed was 97.3 per cent. The average germination of the principal seeds was high. In a study of vitality of commercial seeds it was found that " the highest germination of alsike clover, three years old, was 95 per cent, the lowest 70 per cent. The highest for 2-year-old seed was 92 per cent, the lowest 68 per cent. The highest for 1-year-old seed was 96 per cent, the lowest 69 per cent. The highest for 3-year-old seed for alfalfa was 90 per cent, the lowest 83 per cent. For 2-year-old seed the highest was 92 per cent, the lowest 75 per cent. For 1-year-old seed the highest was 98 per cent, the lowest 62 per cent. The highest percentage of germination for 3-year-old red clover was 91 per cent, the lowest 54 per cent. For 2-year-old seed the highest was 96 per cent, the lowest 66 per cent. For 1-year-old seed the highest was 97 per cent, the lowest 66 per cent." A study of the vitality of the hulled and unhulled timothy seeds covering a period from 1909-1913, inclusive, shows that the hulled seeds averaged 61.4 per cent in germination power, as compared with 90.7 per cent for the unhulled seeds. A bibliography of 42 titles is appended. A manual of weeds, Ada E. Georgia {ISleio York, 191Jf, pp. XI+593, figs. 387). — In this book the author discusses the definition of a weed, and also touches briefly upon the financial loss due to weeds, the dissemination of weeds, and chemical herbicides. The bulk of the book consists of a descriptive list and means of control of weeds, followed by a list of plants distinctly poisonous or mechanically harmful to animal life. HORTICULTITRE. The development of gardening', with special reference to conditions in Dresden, K. Hofmann (Die Entwickching der Gurtncrei unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Verhdltnisse in Dresden. Leipsic, 1913, pp. VIII-\-87, pis, 30). — In this paper the author briefly reviews the history of gardening, and discusses in detail the market gardening and floricultural industries in the vicinity of Dresden, with special reference to their economic status in both the agi'iciiltural and industrial world. The garden at home, H. H. Thomas (London, New York, Toronto, and Alel- hourne, 1912, pp. XII +276, pis. 108). — A popular treatise on gardening, dealing primarily with ornamental gardening but containing also suggestions relative to the home fruit and vegetable garden. [Report on horticultural investigations at the Yuma Experiment Farm, 1913], R. E. Blair (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., ^York Yuma Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 11-18, figs. 2). — A brief progress report on cultural and variety tests of dates, figs, deciduous fruits and nuts, vegetables, and ornamentals being conducted at the farm. In the work with dates seedling plants representative of nine promising varieties are being grown in experimental orchards. Despite a minimum tem- perature of 16° F. on January 6, 1913, it was found that 66 i^r cent of the seedling plants had received less than 50 per cent of leaf injury. The remaining seedlings were alive although more seriously damaged. The Smyrna Adriatic fig hybrids mentioned in a previous report (E. S. R., 29, p. 338) bore their first fruit during the summer of 1913. Of 1,600 seedlings in all, 54 bore and matured fruits of good quality, hut owing presumably to injuries received during the preceding winter 1.219 trees did not flower. Observations made during the two winters show some variation in frost resistance among these seedlings. An HORTICULTURE. 233 extensive variety test of deciduous fruits and nuts lias been established. The pomegranate has been found to be well adapted to the local soil and climate. The best of the named varieties thus far tested are " Sweet Fruited " and " Wonderful." Notes are given on the varieties of vegetables which have produced the best results, together with suggestions as to cultural methods. During the spring of 1913 a number of ornamental plants were set out for testing. Of those already growing at the farm tlie ornamental date palm {Phoenix canariensis) and the weeping fan palm (Wushingtonia fllifera) have proved very desirable, both as specimen trees and for street plantings. [Report of the] citrus experiment station, H. J. Webber {Calif oi'nia Sta. Rpt. 191 Jf, pp. 60-67, 72). — A progress report on the various horticultural projects being conducted at the citrus substation. Some data are given on fertilizer experiments with oranges and lemons. The results thus far indicate the importance of nitrogen fertilization and the desirability of using nitrogen from organic sources rather than from such chemicals as nitrate of soda. Among the green manure crops which are being tested with special reference to their use in citrus orchards in southern Cali- fornia, purple vetch and melilotus clover are especially promising. For the one season tested purple vetch gave a yield of 18.25 tons of green tops. It is so vigorous in growth that it entirely chokes out all weeds and is resistant to aphis attack. During a 4-year period melilotus clover has given an average yield of 12.75 tons. It is found gro'^ing wild all over the southern part of California, is apparently adapted to a great variety of soil types, is veiy deep-rooted, resistant to aphis attack, and also withstands quite low temperatures. Some data are given showing the increases in yields of corn, potatoes, and sugar beets following the use of various cover crops. The gi'eater yields following the use of leguminous cover crops as compared with nonleguminous cover crops clearly indicate the importance of legumes in adding nitrogen to the soil. A comparative test is being made of the Washington navel and "Valencia oranges and the Eureka lemon grown upon sweet, sour, and trifoliate orange stock and upon pomelo. As determined by the results thus far secured it ap- pears that varying soil conditions may modify the influence of various stocks on oranges and lemons. A marked dwarfing of lemon trees grown on trifoliate stock was noted in every instance. There was also an increased diameter on the trifoliate stock below the bud union in practically all cases. In point of fruit production the navel orange appears to yield best on sour stock, followed by sweet, with Trifoliata stock third. In case of the Eureka lemon, pomelo was the best stock with sour, sweet, and Trifoliata following in the order named. A brief progress report is given of other studies being conducted. [Report on horticultural investigations at the Scottsblufif experiment farm, 1913], F. Knork ( E7. /S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Scottsbluff Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 18, 19, fig. 1). — A brief statement of progress made in the work of testing fruits, vegetables, shade trees, and ornamental shrubs during the year 1913. The severe winter of 1912-13 was vei-y hard on fruit trees, a number of varieties being frozen almost to the ground. Of the apples the Anisim, Uni- versity, Patten, Northwestern, Hibernal, Florence Crab, Whitney Crab, and Hyslop Crab withstood the winter well. Wealthy, Oldenburg, Yellow Trans- parent, and White Pearmaiu froze almost to the gi'ound, but the trees made a vigorous growth in the spring. Of the pears only one tree, of the Seckel, came through fhe winter successfully. Unprotected raspberries, including the Sun- 234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. beam, which is advertised as winter hardy, froze to the ground line. Of the trees being tested at the farm, the hacliberry and green ash have proved very hardy. A large number of trees and shrubs were planted for testing in the spring of 1913. A detailed report of the work with vegetables has previously appeared in Bulletin 142 of the Nebraska Station (E. S. R., 31, p. 336). [Report on] genetics, E. B. Babcock {California Sta. Rpt. 19U, pp. 120- 123, fig. 1). — ^A progress report on plant breeding investigations at the station, including some data on a study of the Quercina walnut which has been pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 46). In the work with tomatoes, second generation plants have been grown from certain crosses made in 1911. The author states that the results generally agree with those secured by Gilbert (E. S. R., 28, p. 539). Precooling and handling investigations with oranges and lettuce, Florida, season 1913-14, H. J. Ramsey (Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc, 27 {1914), PP. 199-210). — In continuation of the Bureau of Plant Industry's investigations relative to the handling of citrus fruits (E. S. R., 31, p. 338), precooling investi- gations with oranges were conducted during the season of 1913-14. The first season's results as here reported show that precooling has a decided influence in retarding the decay of oranges. In several conunercial handled lots of oranges, both pi*ecooled and nonprecooled, which were held in an iced car for ten days, there was three times as much decay in the nonprecooled as in the precooled fruit when the oranges were removed from the car. One week later the nonprecooled fruit showed almost twice as much decay as the pre- cooled, and the differences were still consistent but not so great two weeks after withdrawal from the car. Data obtained from actual shipping experi- ments were not po satisfactory owing to the impossibility of having the cars sent to the same market The results emphasize, however, the importance of careful handling as a factor in the control of decay. Data are also given on the precooling and handling of lettuce. The results show in general that by changing somewhat the methods of handling the crop lettuce can be landed at the northern markets in much better condition than is now common. The most important change in handling consists in removing the heads in the field so as to leave the more or less diseased bottom leaves attached to the roots, thus preventing the spread of disease to the shipping baskets. The effect of careful cutting was more pronounced than that of precooling, although the precooled lots reached the market in noticeably better condition than the nonprecooled lots. Stocks for fruit trees, U. P. Hedrick {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 3 {1914), No. 11, pp. 449-455). — ^An address delivered before the State Fruit Growers' Convention, Davis, Cal., in June, 1914, in which the author points out various ways in which the stock may influence the scion, and calls attention to the de- sirability of using selected stocks as well as selected scions. Practical orchard pruning, F. J. Crider {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 116 {1914), pp. 7--i7, figs. 13). — This bulletin contains practical instructions for pruning orchard fruits, grapes, and bush fruits. Bridge grafting {Michigan Sta. Circ. 21 {1914), p- 1, fig- 1)- — A popular description of the process. [Report of investigations with grapes and olives], F. T. Bioletti {Cali- fornia Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 1S5-1S9, 194-198). — Exi)eriments were made in three bearing vineyards to determine the effects of early and late pruning of vines. Pruning before the leaves fall in autumn delayed the starting of buds slightly. HORTICULTURE. 235 Pruning the vines after the terminal buds have started was found to delay the starting of the buds near the base of the canes. Delayed pruning in one in- stance saved the crop from a subsequent frost. Whitewashing the vines after pruning delayed the starting slightly. Late pruning, after the starting of the buds, w'as found to delay blossoming, but when early pruning resulted in frost injury to the buds the late pruned vines blossomed first. Frost injury in spring diminished the crop of early pruned vines, whereas pruning after the terminal buds had started seemed to increase the crop irrespective of frost injury. Pruning after the shoots had grown several inches seemed to diminish the crop. Late pruning delayed the ripening of the grapes, and pruning as late as May decreased the quality of the grapes. A test of hot water as a means of disinfecting cuttings and rooted vines indi- cates that either cuttings or roots may be safely disinfected from phylloxera by immersion in water at .55° C. for five minutes. Some data are given on a study of the relation of the degree of ripeness of the Muscat grapes to the quality and quantity of the crop of raisins. The evidence obtained shows the advisability of allowing Muscat grapes to become very thoroughly ripe before gathering for raisins. The gain is sufficiently marked to cover the added expense of protect- ing the raisins from rains during early rainy seasons. In a study of the process of cap-stemming Sultanina raisins, it was found that much of the failure to cap- stem readily is due to an excess of moisture in the raisins. Data are reported on some tests which were made to determine a practicable method of eliminating bad olive seed and of hastening the germination of good olive seed. In 16 samples examined the proportion of bad seed varied from none to 46 per cent. It was found possible to separate bad seed by using a salt solution, the best concentration of the solution depending on the condition of the seeds. Seeds freshly separated from the pulp gave the best separation in a solution containing 25 parts of salt to 100 parts of water by weight, the good seed sinking to the bottom. Dried seeds gave the best separation in a 10 per cent salt solution. After soaking dried seeds for two days in water, satisfac- tory separation was obtained, as with fresh seed, in a 25 per cent salt .solution. Cutting off the apex of the seed was found the most effective aid to germination. Seeds of naturally poor germinating powers gave better results when the apex was cut than seeds of good germinating power when untreated. When planted with the pulp the germination was very slow, none of the seeds starting within five months. Cacao, Y. Henry {Le Cacao. Paris, 1913, pp. 105, pi. 1, figs. 13). — A treatise on cacao with reference to its production, commerce, culture, and preparation on the west coast of Africa. The development of female sexual organs in Theobroma cacao, J. Kuijper (Rec. Trav. Bot. N^erland., 11 {19U), No. 1, pp. 311-43, pi. 1, figs. 7).— In a study of the development of the female sexual organs of cacao flowers, here illustrated and described, the author finds that the development is entirely normal. First report on cacao selection, C. J. J. Van Hall (Meded. Proefstat. Mid- den-Java, No. 10 (1913), pp. 45). — This is the first report on selection studies with cacao trees being conducted under the direction of the Experiment Station for Central Java. Data are given on the work conducted in 1912. Second report on cacao selection at Djati E.oeng'go, E. E. L. MacGillavby and C. J. J. Van Hall (Meded. Proefstat. Midden-Java, No. 16 (1914), pp. 10, figs. 3). — A progress report on that part of the above noted selection studies with cacao trees which is being conducted at Djati Roenggo, Java. 236 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Second report on cacao selection at Getas, A. H. Meyee and C. J. J. Van Hall {Meded. Proeffitat. Midden-Java, No. 11 {1914), pp. 15, figs. 2). — A similar progress report on tliat part of the above noted cacao selection studies that is being conducted at Getas, Java. A study of the factors influencing seed formation in citrus fruits, J. E. CoiT {California Sta. Rpt. lOVf, PP- 105, 106). — This comprises a brief sum- mary of the results thus far secured in this investigation. The results indicate that cross pollination is unnecessary in all naturally fertile varieties of orange trees and that pollination takes place without the activity of insects. Viable pollen of parthenocarpic varieties is either entirely wanting or is very scarce. Consequently these varieties bear fruit without pollination. "The time i-equired for complete fertilization after pollination varies with the variety, from 30 hours in the Satsuma orange to four weelis in the trifoliate orange. Disintegration of the embryo sacs sometimes takes place in the Washington navel and Satsuma oranges. It may occur before the formation of the megaspores, but usually not until afterwards. Some normal embryo sacs are produced in occasional fruits of both Washington navel and Satsuma oranges. Thus a few seeds may be produced, provided these par- ticular fruits happen to be pollinated with viable pollen from fertile varieties. It is the remoteness of the chance of this occurring under ordinary field con- ditions that accounts for the seedlessness of these fruits. There appears to be nothing in the structure of the flowers of either the Washington navel or the Satsuma oranges which would interfere in any way with the germination of pollen or normal extension of the pollen tube. Parthenocarpic citrus varie- ties are probably hybrids between naturally fertile varieties." The present condition of citrus growing in Spain, J. M. Priego {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 {1913), No. 2, pp. 161-166). — ^A short general and statistical account of the citrus industry in Spain. The coconut, Octave J. A. Collet {La Noix de Coco. Paris and Brussels, 1913, pp. 176, figs. 33). — A treatise on the coconut with reference to its botany, plantation culture and management, and the preparation of copra, coconut oil, and other products. The subject matter is based primarily upon a study of the industry as conducted in various tropical countries. Manurial experiments on coconuts, 1913—14, J. de Verteuil {Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tolago, 13 {1914), No. 83, pp. 267-276, pi. 1).— This report deals with the third year's results of manurial experiments on coconuts being conducted under the direction of the Trinidad Board of Agriculture (E. S. R., 30, p. 644). Although no conclusions are drawn from the work as yet, the results for the third season failed to show any decided gains by the use of commercial fer- tilizers. Second report on selection tests of Robusta coffee, O. Vot^XE and C. J. J. Van Hall {Meded. Procfstat. Midden-Java, No. 15 {1914). PP- 16. figs. 6).— A progress report on breeding and selection experiments with Robusta coffee in Java (E. S. R., 30, p. 43). Some aspects of modern tea pruning, G. D. Hope and P. H. Carpenter {Calcutta: Indian Tea Assoc., 1914, PP- 57+IV, pis. 12). — ^A discussion of the principles and practice of pruning, with special reference to the tea plant. Report on the botanic gardens and their work, J. F. Waby {Rpt. Dept. Sci. and Agr. Brit. Gitiana, 1912-13, App. 2. pp. 19). — A report on the botanic gardens of British Guiana for the year 1912-13, including notes on the character and condition of ornamentals and economic plants being tested. EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 237 FOKESTRY. The place of forestry among natural sciences, H. S. Graves (Jour. Wash. Acad. ScL, 5 (1915),, No. 2, pp. 41-57). — A paper on this subject delivered before the Washington Academy of Sciences, December 3, 1914. Forests and floods, F. M. Andrews (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1913, pp. 203- 212). — ^A partial review of the literature of the subject. Tree growth, and meteorological factors, J. C Kapteny (Rec. Trav. Bot. N^erland., 11 {191Jf), No. 1, pp. 70-93, pis. 2). — A contribution to the knowledge of this subject based on measurements made of oak trees in different sections of Germany some 30 years ago. The data are presented now largely with the view of stimulating more fundamental work along this line. Report on an investigation into the current annual increment in girth at 5 feet above ground of a Douglas fir plantation, 32 years of age, in the Quarries Wood on the Benmore Estate, Kilmun, Cowal District of Argyll- shire, during the year 1911, J. Nisbet (West of Scot. Agr. Col. Bui. 59 {1912), pp. 11). — This is the first report on measurements of a sample plat of nearly pure Douglas fir which was ring banded in 1911 and is to be kept under con- tinuous observation year by year. From the data already secured it is esti- mated that the current increment is about 150 cu. ft. per acre and per annum. ITotes on germination and reproduction of longleaf pine in southern Mis- sissippi, P. L. BuTTRiCK {ForeHnj Quart., 12 (1914), No. //, pp. 532-637, pi. 1). — ^A contribution to the knowledge of longleaf pine reproduction, based on data collected partially by the senior class of the Yale Forest School and par- tially by the author. The distribution of mountain pine (Pinus montana) in the eastern central Alps, F. ViERHAPPER (Osterr. Bot. Ztschr., 64 {1914), ^o. 9-10, pp. 369-407).— A review of the literature of the subject, including a bibliography of the cited literature. Average returns from the afforestation of waste lands, P. T. Maw {Quart. Jour. Forestry, 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 18-33). — A discussion of this subject in in which the author compares the results of observations made in Great Britain with results obtained in Germany. Sixth annual report of the state forester. — Progress of forestry in Ver- mont, A. F. Hawes {Ann. Rpt. State Forester Vt., 6 {1914), PP- 63, pis. 5).— Consideration is given to the topics of needed legislation, forest taxation, edu- cational work, assistance rendered to private owners, nursery and planting operations on the different State forests, and forest fires. Report of state forester, F. A. Elliott {Ann. Rpt. State Forester Oreg., 3 {1913), pp. 7/6). — ^The present report comprises a concise record of the fire losses and of the work performed by state and private agencies in safeguarding the forest wealth of the State. Summary of the results of the Saxony state forest administration for the year 1913 {Tharand. Forstl. Jahrlj., 65 {1914), No. 4. pp. 346^350).— X statis- tical review relative to forest areas, yields in major and minor forest products, revenues, esiienditures, etc., for the various districts of Saxony, with compara- tive data for the year 1912. Notes on forestry in Russia {Forestry Quart., 12 {1914), No. 4> PP- 567- 577). — Descriptive notes on forest organization, investigations, and practices in Russia, the subject matter being based on a conversation with M. Tkatchenko, of the Russian Department of Forestry. Annual return of statistics relating to forest administration in British India, 1912-13 {Ann. Return Statis. Forest Admin. Brit. India, 1912-13, pp. 238 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 27, pi. 1). — A progress report on forest administration in Britisli India, includ- ing a financial statement for the year 1912-13. Data relative to forest areas, working plans, protection, forest surveys, yields in major and minor forest products, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. [Report of the] forestry section, W. 11. Rutteb {Ann. Rpt. Bot., Forestry, and .Set. Dcpt. Uganda, lOl^. PP- 7-13). — A brief progress report of forest opera- tions in the Uganda Protectorate for the year ended March 31, 1914. Annual report of subdepartment of forests, S. A. Wood (RptH. Finance, Admin., ami 0(mdition Sudan, 1913, "vol. 2, pp. 1G5-189). — A progress report on the administration, management, and exploitation of the forests of the Sudan, including a financial statement for the year 1913. Forest products of Canada, 1913. — Poles and cross-ties, R. G. Lewis and W. G. H. BoYCE (Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. ^1 (1914), pp. 16, figs. 2). — ^A statistical account of the poles and cross-ties purchased in Canada during the calendar year 1913. In addition to the number and value, the poles and cross-ties are listed with respect to kinds of wood and chief uses, with comparative data for 1912. Report of the fifteenth convention of the Canadian Forestry Association, held at Winnipeg, Manitoba, July 7—9, 1913 {Rpt. Canad. Forestry Assoc, 15 {1913), pp. 118, pis. Jf, figs. 19). — This report includes the addresses and papers covering various phases of forestry as presented at the convention. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant pathology, R. E. Smith {California Sta. Rpt. 19U, pp. 1.39-U2).— The author gives an outline report of investigations in progress, dividing them into physiological plant diseases and those due to definite organisms. Among the first class are mentioned studies on the internal brown streak of the potato, the little leaf of the cherry and other trees, exanthema or die- back of the olive and other trees, and curly top of the sugar beet. Of the dis- eases due to definitely known organisms, descriptions are given of the rot caused by Armillaria mellea, walnut blight, bean rust, pear canker, asparagus diseases, and wood decay of orchard trees, with suggestions for their pre- vention. [Investigations of plant diseases], H. J. Webber {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 67-72). — ^A report is given outlining work in plant diseases at the Citrus Substation. Among the investigations in progress are studies of the infectious- ness of the crown gall organism, lemon decay fungi, black pit of lemons, gum diseases of citrus and other fruit trees, a new disease of English walnut trees, mottling of citrus trees, fruit spots and stains, and nematode diseases. Diseases of cultivated plants in Westphalia and their control, A. Spieckeb- MANN {Vcroffcntl. Landw. Kammer Pror. WcstfaJcn. No. 17 [1914], PP- 56, figs. 17). — This is an indexed report for the years 1910, 1911, and 1912, includ- ing a discussion of outbreaks, symptoms, causes, results, and treatments of diseases affecting various grains, tubers, roots, forage and garden plants, fruit trees with their products, etc., and giving also a tabulation of rainfall at eight stations during each month of the three years. Report on the diseases observed at the phytopathological laboratory of the National Museum of Rio Janeiro, A. Maublanc {Intcniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 4 {1913). Xo. 6. pp. 858-861; ais. in Bot. Centbh, 123 {1913), No. 26, p. 672).— The author lists, with brief discussion, some of the more important and widely extended fungi parasitic on sugar cane, cotton, grapes, rice, wheat, etc., as reported from the southern States of Brazil since the founding of the phytopathological laboratory in 1910. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 239 The spread of the celery leaf spot disease by the use of affected seed, and its prevention, G. H. Pethybridge (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 14 (1914), No. Jf, pp. 687-69Jf, pi. 1). — This is an account of investigations re- garding the propagation and control of Septoria petroselini apii on celery. Tests were made with 109 samples of celery seed representing all common vax'ieties obtained from dealers, 92 itev cent of the samples showing the presence of the fungus. Tests for germinability of the spores present on the seeds showed a low rate which, however, might cause a high degree of infection when seeds are sown thickly, as is common in practice. Tests with fungicides are described, from which it was found that infected seed are rendered safe, without serious injury to germinability, by immersion for three hours in hydrogen peroxid or formalin with or without one hour's previous soalcing in water. Immersion in 2 per cent copper sulphate for 24 hours seriously impaired germinability. Investigations on potato diseases (fifth report), G. H. Pethtbridge (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 14 {1914), No. 3, pp. 433-455, pis. 3; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1914), ^0. 4, pp. 342-344). — Continuing previous communications (E. S. R., 29, p. 549), the author reports on several potato diseases. As regards potato blight {Phytophthora infestans), it is stated that while results of spraying experiments may have been vitiated by weather conditions in 1913, spraying just before the beginning of unfavorable weather gave the best results, as in previous years. Spraying from below seemed superior to that from above. Burgundy mixture seemed on the whole superior to Bordeaux mixture, and fungicidal powders appeared to be inferior to sprays. Stalk disease {Sclcrotinia sclerotiorum) was best controlled by late planting, the best results being obtained from planting about May 15. Black stalk rot {Bacillus melanogenes) was less abundant on the hardier plants from seedings of May and June than fi-om those of March and April. Regarding corky or powdery scab {Spongospora suMerranea) , it is said that among the varieties tested for several years there is not one which shows a constant tendency to resist the disease. Treatment of the soil with a mixture of ammonium sulphate and quicklime at the rate of 30 and 15 lbs., respectively, per square rod reduced the disease somewhat. Pink rot and wilt are both claimed to be due to P. eryihroseptica, which can attack the plant directly from the soil, possibly not through seed potatoes. Investigations are claimed to show that a specific Verticillium disease of pototo exists. Potato diseases — the dang'er of importation, C. C. Brittlebank {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 {1914), No. 7, pp. 400-403).— It is stated that the only important new disease of the potato appearing in Australia since 1911 is that known as scurf or dry scab, due to Spondylocladium atrovirens. Consignments of imported potatoes examined showed an abundance of disease present in most cases. One shipment, said to be fairly representative, contained Spongospora subterranea, Phytophthora infestans, Rhisoctonia solani, Spondyloeladium atro- virens, Fusariuni oxysporum, Oospora scabies, and Bacillus solanaccarum. Blotch and streak in potatoes, A. S. Hoene {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. ILondon], 39 {1914), No. 3, pp. 607-614, pi. i).— Reviewing the previous progress of inves- tigations (E. S. R., 24, p. 247) on what it is thought may prove to be two forms of a single disease recently prevalent in the British Isles, the author describes experiments carried out at Wisley in 1912 and 1913. It is stated that while in 1912 streak appeared in about 10 per cent of the tubers from diseased parent tubers, in 1913 no case of streak occurred. Dis- 79934°— No. 3—15 4 240 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD. eased crops may result from planting apparently healthy tubers, also probably sound crops from diseased tubers. Streak-free tubers descended from those on land previously showing streak in the crop gave rise to very few affected tubers in the descendants, while diseased parent tubers gave a considerable percentage of affected descendants. Planting sound tubers from land previously free from streak disease gave no typical cases of streak, but a small percentage of tubers showing some marks of internal disease. No increase or spread of the disease during the storage period could be detected, a result possibly due to care in storing. The efifect of potato scab treatments on seed vitality, T. J. !Maney (loica Sta. Bill. IJfS {lOL'i), pp. 30-60. fi(js. 13). — A suniniary is given of results of investigations carried on for three years to determine the effect of solutions of formaldehyde and corrosive sublimate and of formaldehyde gas treatment on the germination of potatoes. All of the treatments were efficient in reducing the amount of scab. The author jconcludes that where whole tubers are treated formaldehyde at the rate of 1 pt. to 30 gal. of water or corrosive sublimate solution, 2 oz. to 16 gal. water, may be safely employed, the tubers to be soaked from 2 to 6 hours. If the tubers are left in the solution for longer periods or are not spread to dry imme- diately, the germination of the tubers is considerably diminished. The for- maldehyde gas treatment was found to be unfavorable for use in the proportions generally recommended on account of its injurious effect on the germinating power of the tubers. The author states that seed tubers should never be cut before treatment for prevention of scab. Sorghum smut {Agr. News IBarbadosI, 13 (1914), No. 324, p. 316).— This is a brief discussion of the smut of sorghum noted at Montserrat, ascribed to Sphacclotheca (Ustilago) sorghi, which is said to occur from time to time also on imphee and Guinea corn in the West Indies. Infection of sorghum occurs during germination either from the soil or from adhering spores sown with the seed. The fungus first shows itself outwardly at flowering time in small masses of black powdery spores, replacing pollen and seeds. The spoi'es are very resistant and the disease is rapidly cumulative, but the fungus does not enter the seed and is therefore accessible to fungicides. For this purpose commercial (40 per cent) formalin (1 pt. to 30 gal. water), or copper sulphate (1 lb. to 10 gal. water) are recommended. The former is used to soak the seed for two hours. The latter is employeti for three minutes only, after which the seed must be quickly dried. The hot water process recom- mended must employ temperatures between 129 and 138° F. in order to avoid both ineffectiveness and injury to germinability. Another smut of sorghum, Sf. {U.) reiliana, which conglomerates the whole head into a smutted mass, and which is said to require measures different from that above mentioned, is not yet certainly known to exist in the Lesser Antilles Black rust of Deli tobacco, J. A. Honing (Meded. Deli-Proefstat. Medan, 8 (1914), No. 4, PP- 107-111, pi. 1). — This is mainly a brief discussion of the writings of other authors on diseases caused by organisms similar or related to that described by the author (E. S. R., 31, p. 149) as causing black rust in tobacco. Diseased tomatoes (Agr. Oaz. N. 8. Wales, 25 (1914), No. 1, p. 26).— It is stated, on the authority of G, P. Darnell-Smith, that bacteria are probably the primary cause of the black spot of tomatoes, the presence of Macrosporium tomato being secondary. It is thought that infection is favored by the presence of the rough scars left by the fall of the styles, by irregular and intermittent water supply, by very bright sunlight, and by heavy applications of sodium nitrate. Some varieties are comparatively free from the disease. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 241 Bordeaux mixture should be sprayed ou the plants immediately after the blossoms have fallen, but such treatment is ineffective after the disease has become evident. The oak fungus disease of fruit trees, W. T. Hobne {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 3 (1914), No. 7, pp. 215-282, figs, a).— The author gives an account of experiments with Armillaria mcUea as a very common and serious disease of orchard trees in California. The fungus appears to live for a long time in soil containing roots of various wild or cultivated plants, sometimes destroying whole orchards by spreading, though slowly, from root to root and tree to tree by means of its rhizomorphs. Cultivation of nonsusceptible plants, as alfalfa, for several years is recom- mended. Treatment of individual trees is said to be usually disappointing. Treatment of affected spots includes encircling ditches, also soil sterilization, for which purpose carbon bisulphid is said to offer the most promising agency so far, though care is essential to avoid overdosing. Caution is advised as regards planting infected areas with supposedly resistant trees. Fine roots are thought to be less liable to infection than larger ones. Peach cankers and their treatment, R. A. Jehle (New York Cornell 8ta. Cir. 26 {1914), pp. 53-6ff, figs. 8). — Two types of cankers, brown rot cankers and cankers caused by winter injuries, are said to be very common on peach trees. Several other types are sometimes found, but are said to be not abundant. The author describes the brown rot cankers due to Sclerotinia fructigena and frost cankers, giving suggestions for their control. The treatment involves the cutting out of the infected portions of trees and coating the cut surface with gas tar as soon as the wound has dried. The gas tar is said to act as a disinfectant and preservative, and no other treatment is necessjiry. Peach leaf curl fungus, G. Quinn {Jour. Dept. Agr. 8o. Aust., 18 {1914), No. 1, pp. 32-37). — Results are given of tests carried out with Exoascus de- formans, the cause of peach leaf curl, during 1913, also in comparison with figures previously reported (E, S. R., 30, p. 50). It is stated that Burgundy mixture proved superior to all others except the standard Bordeaux mixture, also that the action of lime sulphur shows promise in this connection. Violent outbreak of currant rust, E. Noffbay {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 27 (1914), No. 23, pp. 722, 723).— The attack on several species of Ribes is de- scribed. The removal and destruction of diseased portions and plentiful em- ployment of fungicides are prescribed. Citrus canker, C. W. Edgerton {Louisiana Stas. Bui. 150 {1914), PP- 3-10, figs. 2). — A report is given of citrus canker, a recently recognized disease that the author says is particularly serious on grapefruit and Citrus trifoliata, but also attacks sweet oranges and Satsumas and sometimes occurs on kumquats. All above-ground parts of the plant are subject to the attack, the appearance of the spots varying according to the part of the host upon which they are present. The author states that the disease is known to occur in practically all the Gulf States. Its origin has not been definitely settled, although it is believed that it probably came from Japan on nursery stock, or from Brazil, where a similar disease due to DidymeUa citri was described some time ago by Noack (E. S. R., 13, p. 258). No definite means of control are known, but the author suggests the destruc- tion of diseased material, spraying with a good fungicide, and rigid inspection of citrus stock, followed by a strict quarantine on all infected nurseries. Pecan rosette, W. A. Orton and F. V. Rand {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {1914), No. 2, pp. 149-174, pis. 5, fig. /).— Pecan rosette, which has been the subject of investigation for several years, is said to be generally 242 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. recognized as a serious disease. It does not appear to be limited to any par- ticular soil type, topography, or season. The disease first makes itself evident by the tree putting out undersized, more or less crinkled and yellow mottled leaves. The axes of growth are usually shortened so that the leaves are clustered together into a sort of rosette. In well-marked cases the branches usuMlly die b;ick from the tip and other shoots are developed from normal or adventitious buds and in turn those pass through the same series of symptoms. The nonparasitism of the disease seems to be rather definitely established by results obtained in isolation cultures, inoculation tests, etc. As a result of experiments in pruning, fertilizing, transplanting, etc., it is considered that the disease is directly or indirectly caused by some soil relation. The evidence at hand appears to indicate that pecan rosette belongs among the chlorotic diseases of plants which are noninheritable and noninfectious, but due mostly to improper nutrition or injurious physical conditions. A beech disease {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew. Bui. Misc. Inform., A^o. 4 (191.'f), p. 176). — Reference is made to a contribution by Elsie M. Prior (E. S. R., 30, p. 653). The action of wind on the crown of the tree in connection with the tapering form of the trunk may, it is thought, cause cracking of the stem at a somewhat definite height as noted, giving access to Polijporus adust us, the fungus found in alleged causal connection with the diseased condition. Hevea canker, I, II, A. A. L. Rutgers {Dept. Landh., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Afdeel. Plantensiekten, Nos. 2 {1912), pp. 10, pis. 6; 4 {1913), pp. i-7).— Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 29, p. 248), it is stated that Hevea canker has appeared in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. Its presence and progress are marked by a cessation of latex flow, claret-colored patches under the cork layers of the bark, and later an enlarging discoloration of the inner layers. This is followed by the formation of woody tissue (or wound cambium) around the dead brown cells in the inner cortex, which formation may continue even long after the infection itself is past. Measures for eradication of the disease are those securing increa.sed access of air and sunlight, as thinning, pruning, and removal of intercrops; prevent- ing spread in the tissues by removal of all diseased portions of the cortex without disturbing the cambium (which requires specially trained workmen) ; disinfection of tapping knives by means of formalin ; and preventing infection, as by spraying the stems with Bordeaux mixture. In the second paper, the proper employment of carbolineum on first appear- ance of the canker is outlined and recommended. Cultural and climatic con- ditions and tapping as bearing upon progress and control of the disease are also discussed. Bordeaux mixture. — I, Physico-chemical studies, O. Butler {Phytopathol- ogii, .'i (191Ji), No. 3, pp. 125-180, pis. 2, figs. 3). — Preliminary to an investigation of the biological properties of Bordeaux mixture, the author gives an account of studies of the physico-chemical nature of this important fungicide, in which he describes the chemistry, effect of weathering, physical properties, and methods of preparation and properties of various types of Bordeaux mixture. Summarizing his conclusions, he states that Bordeaux mixture may be com- posed of one or several basic cupric sulphates or mixtures of basic cupric sul- phates, depending on the ratio of cupric sulphate to calcium oxid employed. The copper precipitate of Bordeaux mixtures in which the ratio of cupric sulphate to calcium oxid is 1 : 1 or 1 : 0.5 becomes crystalline on standing when the solution contains more than 0.125 per cent of cupric sulphate. The rate of crystalliza- tion depends on the temperatui'e and concentration of the cupric sulphate in the mixtures. The crystallization was found to be retarded by the presence of such DISEASES OF PLANTS. 243 impurities as ferrous sulphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium oxid, and mag- nesium carbonate, but this retardation is not due to the diluent action of the salts in question. The crystallization may also be delayed by various inorganic salts and organic substances, saccharose being particularly effective. Bordeaux mixtures, after carbonization, are slightly soluble in pure water and dissolve readily in water containing carbon dioxid in solution. They are also soluble in water containing ammonia salts, and alkaline Bordeaux mixtures are soluble in solutions containing dextrose, saccharose, and some other organic substances. The physical state of the copper precipitate was found to be af- fected, irrespective of the ratio of cupric sulphate to calcium oxid, by the dilu- tion of the salts and the manner in which they are brought together and the tem- perature of the water. After the copper and lime have been brought together a slight delay in stirring the mixture was found not to affect materially the physi- cal state of the precipitate, nor did long-continued stirring materially affect it. Three types of Bordeaux mixture are recognized, neutral Bordeaux mixtures, of which the Woburu Bordeaux mixture is a type, slightly alkaline Bordeaux mixtures, and strongly alkaline or basic mixtures. Notes on the preparation of Bordeaux mixture, O. Butler {New Hampshire 8ta. Circ. 15 (191.',), pp. 10, figs. 2). — This circular gives some practical deduc- tions from the studies described above, treating principally of the nature of Bordeaux mixture, effect of method of mixing, relative value of hydrated lime and quicklime, effect of temperature on keeping quality, methods for preventing deterioration, tests for soluble copper, and descriptions of proprietary Bordeaux mixtures. Of practical importance attention is called to the fact that hydrated lime is not to be recommended in lieu of quicklime in the preparation of this mixture except where quicklime is not obtainable or is of too poor quality to be advan- tageously used. The studies on temperature showed that low temperatures, 48 to 50° F., for making the mixtures and keeping them are more satisfactory than higher temperatures. In testing for excess of copper the author suggests testing for alkalinity will be usually sufficient, but he states that the 4 : 4 : 50 mixture, which is commonly used, has an excess of lime so that testing for copper would be superfluous. The action of Bordeaux mixture on plants, B. T. P. Barker and C. T. GiMiNGiiAM (Ann. Appl. Biol, 1 (1914), ^No. 1, pp. 9-21, figs. 6).— Recent tests continuing previous work (E. S. R., 25, p. 458), made on injured and uninjured apple seedlings one year old and sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, showed that even slight fresh injuries to the leaf cuticle will permit of scorching by that fungicide; also that weather and season as well as long contact with the mix- ture are influential in determining susceptibility to such injurious influence. Cells with readily premeable walls may absorb dissolved copper and be killed thereby. The nature of the cell wall is said to determine the interaction, when such occurs, between cells of higher plants and the copper compounds, some types of leaves absorbing and translocating copper without local injury. Cop- per may also be carried up through the roots to the aerial parts of some plants without apparent injury to the cells through which it passes. Spreading and adherent sprays, V. Vermorel and E. Dantony (Rev. Vit., Ifl (191 If). No. 1063, pp. J,93. //.9./,).— The authors, replying to questions from vine growers, give directions for the preparation and application of sprays for which, when used as prescribed, superior effectiveness with economy is claimed. The compatibility of insecticides and fungicides, G. P. Gray (Mo. Bui. Com. Hon. Cal., 3 (1914), No. 7, pp. 265-275) .—The relations of compatibility or incompatibility of various mixtures and solutions in use against insects and 244 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fungi are shown in a tabular arrangement for convenient reference, with a key and interpretative discussion. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Game laws for 1914. — A summary of the provisions relating to seasons, export, sale, limits, and licenses, T. S. Palmer, W. F. Bancroft, and F. L. Earnsiiaw (C7. S. Dcpt. Ayr., Fanners' Bui. 628 {1914), PP- o.'f, figs. 3).— This, the fifteenth annual summary of the game laws of the United States and Can- ada which has been prepared on the same general plan as those previously issued (E. S. R., 30, p. 52), includes the proclamation of the President and the amended regulations for the protection of migratory birds, approved October 1, 1914. The California toad, an economic asset, T. I. Storee {Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 2 {191J,), Ko. 3, pp. 89-91, fig. 1).—A brief account of Bufo halophilns, which ranges throughout the greater part of California, being found along the coast from San Diego on the south to at least Humboldt County on the north, through- out the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, and well up into the Sierra Nevadas. On the hot deserts in the southeastern part of the State, in the region east of the Sierras, and to the north it is replaced by other species which differ but slightly in form or habit. Entomology, C. W. Woodworth {California Sta. Rpt. 191^, pp. 109-118, fig. 1). — The author here reports upon the work of the year under the headings of silkworms, spraying versus bees, factors in longevity, cyanid as a soil fumigant, and insecticides. It has previously been pointed out (E. S. R., 15, p. 1091) that in the Pajaro Valley the apples that set may be wholly those from the first blossoms, that this fruit may be already as large as cherries before the lai'ger part of the blossoms fall, and that to poison the blossom cups of the fruit the sjiray would have to be applied before full bloom. Thus it became necessary to determine the effect on bees of arsenical spray applied to trees just coming into full bloom. A colony was shipped fi'om the University apiary at Berkeley to Wat- sonville and placed in a tree in the center of a 40-acre apple orchard just before spraying with an unusually heaAT dose of ai'senicals as the trees were coming into full bloom. An examination of the hive later showed no evidence of the poisoning of bees or brood. Samples of the pollen and newly stored honey were also analyzed, with negative results in the case of the latter. The hive was kept closed until a number of dead bees had accumulated, which were then analyzed and an amount of arsenic nearly approaching a toxic dose was recov- ered. Analyses of samples of honey gave negative results. "All clearly showed that even under the scA'ei'e conditions of the excessive dose and a locality where practically all the food was from sprayed trees there was no appreciable danger to man from poisoned honey. When the more soluble arsenicals were in use there is reason to believe that many bees were killed, and even with the insol- uble lead or zinc compounds now in use a small percentage evidently die of the poison." A series of experiments was conducted by J. P. Baumberger to determine the effect on longevity of a variable temperature as contrasted with one held practically uniform. He found that when insects are exposed to an unusual temperature, either hot or cold, for two days they live longer in any other temperature than when placed directly in that temiierature. " It is probable that temperature is only one of the means of so upsetting the physiological bal- ance as to affect longevity, and that we have the suggestion of a law that may ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 245 be of highest siguilieaucv to students of the action of insecticides iu the inter- pretation of their experimental data." The author describes experiments conducted by E. E. Ong with a view to determining the value of hydrocyanic acid gas as a soil fumigant. The method devised consists in the use of a series of tubes in the soil, through which air could be extracted and the amount of hydrocyanic acid gas quantitatively deter- mined by the iodin test developed the previous year in the course of experi- ments with scale-insect eggs. The results obtained were positive and definite. Where the cyanid gas was pumped into the soil within a foot of the sampling tube, only a very small fraction of 1 per cent was recovered. The soil evidently filtered out the gas, either by absorbing or decomposing it. To determine the capacity of the soil in terms of cyanid loss, calcium chlorid tubes were then employed holding 50 cc. of soil, and gas of known strength pumped through, and it was found that before any considerable quantity of cyanid could pass the soil had taken nearly its full capacity, which was found to vary from 0.03 to 0.012 gm. per liter, or 122 to 440 lbs. of sodium cyanid per acre-foot. " While this amount makes the cost i^rohibitive for large use, it is well within the possiblities for soil fumigation of small areas, and, indeed, is only a little more expensive than carbon bisulphid in clayey soils, and much cheaper In sandy soil and in any soil if the fertilizer value of the nitrogen in the material is deducted. The dose will have to be regulated by the character of the soil, since no results will be produced until after the soil has received the full amount which it can absorb or decompose." New methods of studying the action of cyanid gas on scale-insect eggs are Baid to have been employed with very satisfactory results, data having been obtained on about 30.000 layings. The methods employed are briefly described. Report of the entomolog'ist, H. T. Fernald (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1913, pt. 1, pp. 55a-58a). — During the year the box leaf miner (Monarthropalpus buxi), a recently imported insect, caused much injury to box trees and hedges. It is pointed out that during the year over 90 per cent of the San Jose scales examined were parasitized by a species, previously described by Tower as ProspalteUa pernidosi (E. S. R., 29, p. 459). This parasite is said to have been reported from Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania, and has been sent to a number of other States for colonization. Insects injurious to stored raisins, F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 189, 190). — It is stated that much injury is caused to raisins by in- sects, the Indian meal or raisin moth (Plodia interpuncteUa) and the saw- toothed grain beetle (Silvanus surinamensis) being the principal pests con- cerned. Since the methods of control by screening and fumigation have proved ineffective in many cases an investigation was undertaken, and it was found that slight changes in the methods in use would insure protection. It is pointed out that the fumigating rooms should be very carefully constructed to prevent the escape of the gas, and should preferably be built of concrete. It is impor- tant that improvements in screening and trapping devices be made and the insects, usually allowed to escape when the raisins are passed through the siz- ing and screening machines, be caught and destroyed. A study of the life history of the raisin moth indicates that their numbers can be considerably reduced by carefully regulating the time of storage of the raisins in the vineyard and packing house. The parasitism of insects by the Entomophthorese, F. Picard (Bui. 8oc. Etudes et Vxilg. Zool. Agr., 13 (1914), Nos. 1, pp. 1-1; 2, pp. 25-30, pis. 2; 3, pp. 37-40, pi. 1; 4, PP- 62-65). — This is a comprehensive review of the subject, with references to the literature. 246 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hosts of insect egg parasites in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia, with a suppleinentary American list, A. A. Gir^vult {Ztschr. Wiss. Inscktenbiol., 10 {lUU), Nos. 3, pp. 87-91; 4, pp. 135-139; 5, pp. 175-178; 6-7, pp. 238-240).— This list is arranged on the same plan as that for North and South America, previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 852). Some factors affecting results in the use of high temperature for the con- trol of insects injuring cereal products, W. H. Goodwin (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), ^parently not on Trifolium remains to be explained. Descriptions are presented of the wingless stem mother, winged viviparous female, wingless viviparous female, winged male, and wingless oviparous female. *• With C. trifolii, as with most other plant lice, a number of generations of winged and wingless viviparous females are produced during the summer, and the true sexes, consisting of winged males and wingless oviparous females, appear in the fall ; these females in turn laying eggs on the stems and leaves of clover to carry the species over the winter months. This species does not have an alternate host, nor does it ever pass the winter, in the latitude of La Fayette, Ind., as viviparous females." The author is of the opinion that in 248 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the Southern States, however, it probably does winter as viviparous females, since viviparous forms are not uncommon at Clemson College, S. C, in Decem- ber, whereas a careful search for sexual individuals proved fruitless. "As is characteristic of this tribe of plant lice (Callipterini), the species under discus- sion is sporadic in habit and is very easily roused, the least disturbance causing it to jump from its host. This habit is much to its advantage, for it seems to render the si>ecies almost immune from predaceous and parasitic enemies." In generation studies at La Fayette, Ind., in 1913, the details of which are reported in tabular form, the author has found the maximum number to be 17 «nd the minimum 8; thus 12i is the approximate average number of genera- tions. The first generation extended over a period of 39 days, from April 22 to May 31 ; the second, 60 days ; the third, 54 days, etc. ; and the eighth genera- tion, which includes the last generation of the last-born series, being the longest, extending over a period of 128 days. Studies by Phillips and Parks of the line of generations of C trifolii from May 13, 1909, to oviparous generation, at La Fayette, Ind., are also presented in tabular from. Observations indicate that this species invariably molts but four times. "Weather conditions, esi^ecially heavy rains, are thought to be the most im- portant checks of the yellow clover-aphis. The aphis fungus, Empusa aphidis, is likewise quite an imix)rtant factor in holding this plant louse in check. On account of its habits of living singly and jumping from the leaf at the least disturbance, this species is seldom attacked by internal parasites. Three species of coccinellids. namely. McgiUa maculata, Hippodamia convergens, and Cocci- nella 9-notaia, have been reared from larvae found feeding on C. trifolii. A bibliography of 14 titles is appended. The conquest of verruga, C. H. T. Townsend (Peru To-day, 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 57-67, figs. 20). — This is a brief statement of the results of investigations relating to the transmission of verruga by biting flies {Phlebotomus verruca- rum), carried on under the direction of the author from February 22, 1913, to June, 1914, accounts relating to which have been previously noted (E. S. R.. 20, p. 856; 30, pp. 252, 658; 31, p. S47). The author believes it to be possible to I'emove entii'ely the Phlebotomus from the vicinity of any given habitation or house in the verruga zone, by simply clearing away all stone walls and rock piles within a radius of several hundred yards and doing away with any caves or cavities in the rock that may be located within that radius. Contribution to the knowledge of the biology of Bibio hortulanus and its control, E. Molz and W. Pietsch (Ztschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol., 10 (1914), Nos. 3, pp. 98-105; Jf, pp. 121-125; ahs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Ag'r. Intel, and; Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), ^"o. 7, pp. 966, 967). — ^An outbreak of B. hortulanus occurred in the Province of Saxony in 1913 and in addition to sugar beets, the only crop which it had previously been known to injure, it attacked spring barley and wheat so severely that many fields had to be plowed up and resown. The damage is caused by the larvae, which feed until the begin- ning of May and then pupate at from 2 to 4 in. below the surface of the soil. In investigations conducted by the author it was found that contact poisons had very little effect. The most satisfactory control measures consist in plow- ing deeply and rolling at the time of pupation. The apple root borer, F. E. Brooks (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 179-188, pis. 3). — During the course of investigations of the rouudheaded apple-tree borer (Saperda Candida) carried oo by the author in West Virginia in 1911, numerous associated buri'ows of a smaller insect were observed which later wei*e found to be those of Agrilus rittaticollis, a beetle which hitherto had not been recognized as an enemy of cultivated fruit trees, ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 249 and to which the name apple root borer is given. Further observations have shown that the species is quite generally distributed throughout the Appala- chian fruit region and that in places it is doing considerable damage to young apple trees. A study of the literature has shown that this species was first described from Massachusetts in 1837 and was reported in 1875, as having been found living on the service tree or shadbush {Atuelanchier canadoiKis) in various parts of that State. It was reported in 1889 as being found occasionally in Massachusetts in June feeding on the leaves of thorn, service tree, and chokeberry. A specimen in the National Museum Is recorded as having been collected at Tryon, N. C, in June on leaves of Oxydendruin. Since the sjiecies is also recorded from Michigan, Peunsj'lvania, and New Jersey, it is thought probable that it occurs throughout the greater part of the eastern United States. The injury to the trees is done bj^ the slender, white larva which bores through the sapwood and heartwood of the roots and lower trunk, the burrows through the I'oots frequently extending ouward for several feet and in badly infested trees being so numerous that the roots often die, causing a weakness of the whole tree. The work of the insect is obscure, there being no chips or castings coming to the surface as is the case with the roundheaded apple tree borer. The egg, which is placed rather conspicuously on the bark of the trunk, and the exit holes through which the adult escapes from the wood are the only external marks made by the insect on the tree. In addition to the injury resulting from the damaged roots, the exit holes in the bark admit more or less water, which frequently induces decay of the heartwood. At French Creek, W. Va., 125 apple, 20 pear, and 200 service trees from one-half to 5 in. in diame- ter were cut off a few inches above the ground and, upon examination, showed 311, 9, and 342 burrows of Agrilus and 101, 0, and 21 burrows of Saperda, re- si^ectively. The author reports having found the larva to attack apples, pear, wild thorn, wild crab, and service tree. Of the several larval food plants named the aijple and service tree seem to be greatly preferred. In the latitude of West Virginia the eggs are deposited in May and June. They are glued tightly to the bark of the trank a few inches above the ground singly or, rarely, in pairs. On hatching out the larva leaves the egg fx*om the underside, bores directly through the bark to the cambium, and thence through the cambium down the trunk to the ground, whence it proceeds onward through a convenient root. After boring through the cambium for a distance of from 6 to 12 in. it burrows abruptly into the solid wood, where all the feeding throughout the remaining part of the larval stage is done. After burrowing into the solid wood of the root the larva continues to feed outward from the tree. If the root is long enough the burrow may continue toward the tip for a distance of 3 or 4 ft, after which it turns and is directed back toward the base. It spends its first winter weU out from the trunk, often in a root not more than one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter. It is active late in the fall and early in the spring, and it is thought probable that considerable feeding is done during the winter. " With the coming of warm weather it feeds rapidly back toward the base of the root, and by midsummer it has reached the center of the root system and has begun to ascend the body of the tree. The latter part of the summer and the fall are spent in boring upwax'd through the trunk and in fashioning a pupal chamber. In trees that are quite small pupation takes places within 5 to 10 in. of the ground, but in larger trees the larvje for some reason ascend higher before forming the pupal cells. In apple and pear trees that are as large as G in. in diameter at the base of the trunk it is not unusual for the larvse to ascend 2 or 3 ft. to pupate, and in one case an indi- \idual was found in a 12-year»old pear tree that had burrowed up fi-om the 250 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. roots and pupated in a branch 46 in. above tlie ground. Tlie ascent through the trunk is usually made withm half an inch of the inner bark, the larva occa- sionally approaching the bark but never entering it." In December of the second year the larva gets permanently settled in its cell and pupation takes place w^ith the coming of the first few wanu days of spring. The pupal stage lasts from three to four weeks and the adults emerge in May. It is probable that the life of the adult does not often exceed two or three weeks. Mention is made of the habits of other members of the genus Agrilus, several of which are well-known pests. As regards natural enemies, the author reports the discovery of one hymenopterpus parasite which attacks and destroys the larva and pupa, and which has been described by Viereck as Xylophruridea agrili n. g., and n, sp. (E. S. R., 29, p. 563). Two generations of this parasite occur annually, one brood of the adult appearing early in the spring and the other late in the fall. From 25 to 40 per cent of the root borers are said to be destroyed by this enemy. It is pointed out that control measures must be directed toward the protection of the trunk of the tree against the deposition of the egg rather than the killing of the borer after it begins feeding. " Where paints, washes, or mechanical devices of any kind are used on trees as a pre- ventive of injury by the roundheaded apple tree borer, equal protection may be had against the apple root borer by treating the trunks at about the time fruit is setting in the spring. The egg-laying season is of short duration, and temporary wrapi>ers of paper or burlap, or any other material that will entirely cover the lower 2 ft. of the trunk for a period of four or five weeks following the blooming season of the apple, will in a large measure prevent eggs from being placed on the bark. Treatment with sticky adhesive or heavy paints that are not injurious to the trees will answer the same purpose." Since the apple root borers develop freely in the common service tree, the proximity of apple orchards to woods in which this tree flourishes may always be regarded as a source of possible infestation. The western com rootworm, G. G. Ainslie {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), Xo. 4, pp. 322-324). — The data here presented supplement an account by Webster, previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 56). The author has almost completely worked out the life and seasonal histories of the species in Tennessee and found them to be substantially the same as farther north. It is stated that on river bottom land in Tennessee which was under water eleven times in one winter, each time for from two to twelve days, the larvae were as numerous the following summer as elsewhere. The carpet beetle or " bufEalo moth," L. O. Howard ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 626 {1914), pp. 4, fig. i).— This popular account of Anthrenus scrophulariw is a reprint of Bureau of Entomology Circular 5, revised. The postembryonal stages of Otiorhynchus cribricollis with partheno- genetic reproduction at irregular intervals, G. Geandi {Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, 7 {1913), pp. 72-90, figs. 12; aU. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 3, p. 181). — Both the larva and adult of 0. cribHcoUis are a source of injury to alfalfa in the vicinity of Portici, Italy. It is stated that in addition to O. e7'ihHcoUis, the biology of which is here dealt with, two other species, namely. O. turea and O. ligustici, are known to reproduce partheuogenetically. A bibliography of 22 titles is included. The codling moth in Iowa (Carpocapsa pomonella), R. L. Webster {Iowa Sta. Bui. 147 {1914), pp. 5-35, figs. 17; popular ed. {1914), pp. 8, figs. 5").— The author estimates the annual damage to the apple crop in the State of Iowa by the codling moth to amount to approximately $3,000,000. Studies of its life history have shown that there are two distinct generations each year in Iowa, FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION, 251 the larvae of tlie first generation entering the f rnit early in June ; those of tlie second late in July and early in August. Details are presented of spraying experiments conducted at Ames. It was found that where the infestation was not severe the larvae were kept well under control by two sprayings ten days apart with lead arsenate after the blossoms fell. Of these two sprays the first alone did almost as well as the two combined where the infestation was not severe, but under badly infested conditions these two sprays did not keep the worms in check, and in Iowa orchards where the in- festation is severe it will be necessary to spray during the summer. " In order to catch the first of the second brood worms spraying must be done in July. In southern Iowa it should be finished by mid July, in central Iowa by July 20, in northern Iowa by July 25. These dates are approximate. " To keep down the codling moth, spray thoroughly immediately after the blossoms fall, then if wormy apples are found in July spray again for the sec- ond brood." A destructive pine moth introduced from Europe (Evetria buoliana), A. BuscK {Jour. Ecoii. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 4, pp. 3J,0, 341, pi. /).— A lepidopteran that was reported in May, 1914, to be seriously injuring young Scotch pines at Great Neck, L. I., has been reared and identified by the author as E. huoUana, a species recognized by the leading foresters of Europe as one of the most or even the most injurious of the insect enemies of Pinus sylvertris and other pines. The larvje tunnel in the tips of the leading branches and thereby check the early growth and injure the appearance of the trees. A peculiar curved growth, the so-called " Posthorner," or " Baionnette," a familiar sight in European pine forests, which seriously depreciates the value of the trees, is a characteristic result of the injury. An investigation made by the author leads him to conclude that the pest is a recent introduction. Red spider control, E. A. McGregor (Jow: Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), ^o. 4, pp. 324-336). — The data here presented supplement the account previously noted (B. S. R., 29, p. 360). The author states it appears to be established that in South Carolina the great bulk of continuous dispersion of the red spider on cotton is effected by means of travel from plant to plant across interlacing branches. Experiments have shown that nine hours of complete submergence is necessary to insure the death of the red spider by water. Tick eradication in Arkansas, R. M. Gow {Arkansas Sta. Bui. 119 {1914), pp. 3-20, figs. 8). — ^This bulletin presents a brief discussion of the importance of eradication of the tick, its life history and habits, and methods of combating it, including specifications and plans for the construction of a concrete dipping vat. As a result of the work fifteen counties in the State have been released from federal quarantine and portions of several others. The total area released is 12,668 square miles, or nearly one-fourth of the entire State. The estimatal number of cattle in the released area is 217,000. It is stated that a general interest in tick eradication is now being shown all over the State. During the winter months concrete dipping vats have been built in three-fourths of the counties in the State, some by individuals and others by several farmers working together. FOODS— HUMAN NTJTRITION. [The importance of sea food in the diet], J. C. Linthicum {Cong. Rec, 51 {1914), No. 182. pp. 9561-9564). — In emphasizing the need for conservation and development of marine sea-food life, the author considers somewhat at length the importance of fish as food. 252 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The water content of oysters, F. L. Shannon {I'roc. Assoc. Amer. Dairy, Food and Drug Officials, 17 {1913), pp. 161-165).— The author reports the results of a study of the water content of ten samples of oysters marketed in sealed cans, undertaken with special reference to the determination of a market standard for oysters. The paper is followed by a discussion. The water content of meat products, E. Fedeb (Chem. Ztg., 38 (,1914), No. 67, pp. 709-711). — From the large amount of analytical data here presented, the author draws the general conclusion that there is a definite relationship between the water content of meat and the amount of organic nonfatty mate- rial. The water content appears to be approximately equal to four times the amount of organic nonfatty material. Studies of the bacteriology of sausag'e and similar goods, E. Sacquepee and P. LoYGUE {Gompt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 (191-',), No. 17, pp. 820- 822). — The studies reported had to do with the occurrence of proteus and para- typhoid bacilli. Eggs, W. S. Matthews (III. State Food Com. Bui. 30 (191Jf), pp. .'/).— Recom- mendations as to how the egg supply may be improved are given for the benefit of the farmer, the buyer, the baker, the retailer, and the housewife. [Composition of] cassava, J. S. Camus (Philippine Agr. and Forester, 3 (191Jf), No. 4, p. 75). — Analytical data are presented and discussed. Rice (Oryza sativa) (Food and Drugs, n. sef., 2 (1914), No. 3, pp. 145-15S, figs. 3). — In addition to describing some of the more common varieties of rice grown in India, this article contains a summary and digest of data regarding the chemical composition of the raw and cooked product and the dietetics of rice. [Wheat and flour investigations], R. HAECOtJBT (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 39 (1913), pp. 24, 25). — The results are reported of analyses and baking tests of several samples of wheat. The baking quality of German wheats, G. Corduan (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 33 (1913), No. 101, pp. 917, 918).— The composition and baking quality of flours from rye and wheat grown in foreign countries were studied in comparison with flour from German grains grown upon plats which had been intensively fer- tilized. The experiments tended to show that although with the use of fertilizer the protein value increased, the ash and fat content remained constant, and the amount of carbohydrates decreased, no constant and definite relationship ex- isted. No apparent difference was noted, for example, in the baking qualities, in the yield of dough, and in the weight and volume of the loaf. Study of some Italian hard wheat flours, L. Maurantonio (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 47 (1914), ^0. 3. pp. 2/7-2.30).— Analytical data are presented and dis- cussed regarding a number of samples of flour from hard wheat grown in the district of Bari. Diminished gluten content of flour, Balland (Ann. Falsif., 7 (1914), No. 69, pp. 381-383). — Some fluctuations were noted, but on the whole there has been a decline in the gluten content of French wheats, the average value in 1869 being 28.4 and in 1914 24.23 per cent. The bread-making industry at Milan (Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts, 62 (1914), No. 8222, pp. 841, 842). — A brief survey is given of the bread-making industry with special reference to the introduction of improved methods, the sanitary condition of the bakeries, and the wages of the employees. Use of dried potatoes in bread making (Landw. Wchnhl. Schlcs. Hoist.. 64 (1914), No. 35, pp. 851, 852),.' — By a modern milling process drieerties of bananas. Some recipes are also given. Ice cream experiments {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 39 {1913), pp. 92-94)- — In the investigation here reported studies were made of the factors which cause " swell " or " overrun," and the percentage of " over- run " which is possible with good results. Studies were also made of the factors causing smoothness or lack of smooth- ness, the factors favorable to and necessai'y for producing a good shipping product, and the profits of ice cream manufacture as compared with selling the cream for consumption as such or for the manufacture of butter. Ice cream, W. S. Matthews {III. State Food Com. Bui. 28 {1914), pp. 16, fig. 1). — This bulletin, which is intended for the use of persons engaged in the manufacture and sale of ice cream, contains data regarding the state food laws, as well as information relative to the purchase of raw materials, and the construction, lighting, ventilating, and general sanitary condition of ice cream factories. Confectionery, A. McGill {Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 288 {1914), pp. 21). — ^The results are reported of the analysis of 174 samples of confec- tionery purchased throughout the Dominion of Canada. These were especially examined for the presence of arsenic which might enter into their composition either through coloring matter or glucose. In no case was arsenic found beyond such minute traces as were regarded as entirely harmless. Candy making in the home, Christine T. Herrick {Chicago and New York, 1914, PP- 130). — This book contains a large number of recipes. Canning, preserving, and pickling, Marion H. Neil {Philadelphia, 1914, pp. 28.'i, flgs. 12). — A large number of recipes for homemade preserves, pickles, catsups, etc. Preserving and canning, Emily Riesenbeirg {Chicago and New York, 1914, pp. /0.J).— Directions are given for the canning of fruits and vegetables, to- gether with recipes for the preparation of jams, preserves, jellies, marmalades, pickles, and beverages. Ground ginger and a study of analytical results, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rer. Dcpt. Canada Bui. 286 {1914), PP- 35)- — Analytical data are given con- cerning 259 samples of ground ginger as sold in Canada, of which 194 were found to be genuine. Attention is called to the practice of the adulteration of this spice with exhausted ginger, which is difficult to detect. An examination of catsups, C. E. Gabel {Amcr. Food Jour., 9 {1914), No. 9, pp. 561-564- fig- 1)- — 111 this article directions are given in detail for the exam- ination of catsups for yeasts, molds, and bacteria, together with a discussion of the necessity for microscopical examination of catsups and of the methods most commonly used. Safe ice, H. S. Gumming {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. 8.], 29 {1914), No. 32, pp. 2066-2074)- — It is pointed out that both natural and artificial ice may be formed from water containing infectious pollution. It is concluded that clear 254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ice is of itself ;is free from tlie danger of convej'ing infectious diseases as is necessary, but that dirty or cloudy ice may be dangerous. " We may eliminate all danger by avoiding the handling of ice with dirty hands, by washing the ice with pure water, and by using only clear ice." Federal Food and Drugs Act and decisions, compiled by C. A. Gwinn (Washington: U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Solicitor, IdlJ^ pp. 857). — In addition to the text of the statutes are included the following: Rules and regulations for the enforcement of the acts; a compilation of food-inspection decisions; selected court decisions which involve an opinion or charge to the jury ; a digest of decisions; and opinions of the Attorney General. An appendix also gives a legislative history of the food and drugs act and the amendments of August 23, 1912, and March 3, 1913, and the report of the Solicitor General to the President and the decision of the President regarding the labeling of whisky. General [food, drug, and health laws] (Topelca, Kans., 1913, pp. 115, figs. 17). — A compilation of the state laws and regulations of the state board of health, with which are incorporated a number of rules and suggestions for health officers. [Food and drug inspection and analysis], H. E. Barnard (Aim. Rpt. Ind. Bd. Health, 31 {1912), pp. 39.3-547).— The work carried on during the year ended October 1, 1912, is reviewed. It included the examination of 2,050 samples of miscellaneous food products, of which 546 were found to be illegal. This is an improvement over preceding years. The results are also given of the examination of 399 samples of drugs, of which 142 were found to be illegal. Inspections were made of a large number of dairies, creameries, and estab- lishments where foods were manufactured or sold. A study of the daily soot deposit in the city of Indianapolis is also reported. [Inspection of creameries, dairies, and ice cream factories], G. W. Mc- GuiRE (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health N. J., 37 {1913), pp. 205-227).— In addition to general data regarding routine inspection, attention is called to a number of existing conditions, among which is the frequent imperfect washing of utensils, glasses, and dishes in which ice cream is served. Since heavy sirups and ice cream very readily adhere to containers in which they are served, and can not be thoroughly removed without the use of hot water and soap, it is deemed essential that all places dispensing ice cream should be equipped with proper washing facilities and a sufficient supply of hot water. The question of a fixed standard for ice cream is also discussed. Notes on meat inspection, oyster culture, food preparation, etc., in Hol- land, W. J. HowARTH {Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 35 (191^), Ko. 6, pp. 2.5.^-262).— A summary of data. Cooperative public health administration — an experiment in small com- munities, E. B. Phelps {Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29 {1914). -Vo. 5.9, pp. 2477- 2526, figs. 3). — The results are reported in considerable detail of an experi- ment in which was studied the possibility of a number of small towns securing proper health administration through cooperation. Such cooperative work offers an important means of securing, among other things, an efficient milk, food, and general sanitary inspection. Institutional supplies {Rpt. [Md.} Bur. State and Mimic. Research, No. 5 {1913). pp. 66). — This publication, which was prepared for the guidance of purchasing officials in Maryland institutions, consists of three parts, a general discussion, notes for the use of purchasing officials, and specifications. Report upon the high cost of living of the committee of forty of the city- wide congress, A. R. L. Dohme {Baltimore. 3Id. [1912], pp. 15). — According to the conclusions reached, the facts, briefly summarized, which have increased FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 255 the cost of foodstuffs, ure as follows: "Increased supply of gold; tariff upou foodstuffs and other products; price control by exchanges and agreements; abuse of cold storage to help corner markets; decreased amount of labor on farms and consequent increase in wages; decrease of truck farms and farming around the city; excessive profits by middlemen, due to too many small shops, and too much handling between producer and consumer; too much purchase on credit at advanced prices; inadequate transportation to proximate farming districts, especially in winter; bad roads and inadequate repair of same; short weights and inadequate control of scales, measures, and weights; abuse of patent laws; architects making no provision in modem houses for storage of goods; growing luxuriousness of the people, which eliminates careful and businesslike housekeeping and shopping; telephones, resulting in ordering on credit without bargaining for price; and inadequacy of facilities, too high charges, and improper conditions of our city markets." Legislative and other remedies are suggested, including measures designed especially to remedy local conditions. Among others may be mentioned the suggestion " that schools for teaching farming in a businesslike way be estab- lished in connection with our public school system ; . . . that our markets be so reconstructed as to be sanitary throughout and kept so at all times, amply supplied with running water, comfort stations, and cold storage plant; and so arranged that farmers, butchers, fish dealers, provision dealers, etc., have separate sections, and that the stalls be leased under annual contract at a nominal charge sufficient only to cover cost of maintenance of cold storage plant and employees necessaiy to manage the market ; . . . and that a Farm Products Company be formed by capitalists and interested householders on the coop- erative plan, which shall buy up or lease land for truck gardening contiguous to the city, and manage it in a businesslike way from a central office employing the most approved business methods of management and most approved scien- tific methods of farming, fertilizing, etc." Low cost recipes, compiled by Edith G. Harbison (Philadelphia, 1914, pp- 208). — A large number of recipes are given. Education in food values (Chambers's Jour. [London and Edlnb.], 7. ser., pt. .'lO (1914), pp. 268, 269). — A discussion of the nutrition investigations of the United States Department of Agriculture, and their results. The hygiene of the preparation, storage, and distribution of food, J. Gates (Jour. Roy. Snnit. Inst., 35 (1914), No. 6, pp. 237-247).— A digest of data. The paper is followed by a discussion. The cause and prevention of pellagra, J. Goldbergeb (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29 (1914), No. 37, pp. 2354-2357).— In an investigation of pellagra in a number of institutions it was noted that in the diet of those developing pellagra there was " a disproportionately small amount of meat or other animal protein food, and consequently the vegetable food component, in which corn and sirup were prominent and legumes relatively inconspicuous elements, forms a dispro- portionately large part of the ration." The inference is drawn that pellagra is not an infection but a disease essen- tially of dietarj' origin and is probably caused either by the absence from the diet of some essential substance, or vitamins, or possibly by the presence of some excessive amounts of a poison in the vegetable part of the diet. The treatment of pellagra, W. F. Lorenz (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29 (1914), No. 37, pp. 2557-25^0).— Improvement was noted in the majority of 27 acute cases of the disease, in which practically the only treatment given was rest in bed and a generous diet consisting chiefly of fresh meat, eggs, wheat bread, fresh vegetables, and milk. 79934°— No. 3—15 5 256 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. A nutritional index for school children, A. W. Tuxfobd {Pub. Health [London'], 21 {191^), No. 11, pp. 377, 378).— This article discusses a nutritional index calculated from the body weight and height, which is designed for use in comparing children in different locations as to their general nutritional con- dition. Studies of the influence of diet upon growth, H. Aron (Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., 51 {191Jt), No. 21, pp. 972-977. figs. 10).— A digest of data in which the work of others is reviewed as well as previous work by the author which has already been noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 365). Study of the effect of different foods upon the secretion of digestive fer- ments, O. WoLFSBEitG {Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 91 (1914), No. 5, pp. SJiIt-371, fig. 1). — Some experiments were carried out with dogs, in which a large number of different foods were employed. The following conclusions are drawn : In the case of meat, bouillon, and milk, secretion was found to be propor- tional to the amount of food, while with vegetables, bread, butter, and sugar, no great increase in secretion was noted even when the quantity of these foods was doubled. Extractives produced increased secretion, due to stimulation of the hormones of the membrane of the pylorus. This stimulation was believed to be of chemical nature and was possible only when the extractives remained for some time in the stomach. Under similar conditions with the same food the amount of secretion was approximately constant. Even with a twofold secre- tion the time of emptying the stomach was not doubled and often this time was not changed. Experimental studies of the metabolism of nucleosids, guanosin, and adenosin, I, S. J. Thannhauseb; II, S. J. Thannhausee and A. Bommes (Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 91 (19U), No. 5, pp. 329-335, 336- 343). — The results are reported of a large number of experiments carried out with men in good health, and also with rabbits, which show that uric acid is readily formed from a purin base. After subcutaneous injection of guanosin and adenosin, a corresponding increase in uric acid excretion was noted. Studies on the digestion of the protein of cooked meat in the case of dogs, E. ZuNz (Internat. Beitr. Path. u. Ther. Ettulhrungsstor., Stoffic. u. Yer- dauungskrank., 5 (1914), No. 3, pp. 265-286). — In the experiments here reported laboratory animals (fasting dogs) were fed upon a meat diet of known nitrog- enous content. After being killed, at from 1 to 8 hours after the ingestion of the meal, the contents of the fundus, pylorus, and upper part of the intestinal tract were isolated and digested with dilute hydrochloric acid. Considerable data are given regarding the amounts of protein cleavage products present, but the greater part of the article is devoted to the dis- cussion of the relative value of two methods for separating the soluble nitrog- enous matter from the materials not attacked by the acid and from the accumulated proteins. Of the two methods studied, namely, filtration and centrifuging, the author draws the conclusion that more rapid and correct determination of the nutritive content of protein cleavage products is made by the latter method, when car- ried out at a speed of 7.000 revolutions per minute. The excretion of creatinin by normal women, Martha Tracy and Eliza- beth E. Clark (Jour. Biol. Chcni., 19 (1914). No. 1, pp. 115-117).— The results of these exi>erimeuts, in which observations were made upon a number of women kept " upon a strict creatinin- and creatin-free diet for two days or longer," showed a creatinin coefficient below 8. This coefficent as a rule apparently applies to women w^ho have no definite muscular work to perform. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 257 Creatinin and creatin in starvation, G. Graham and E. P. Poulton {Jour. Physiol., Jf8 (1914), ^^0. 5, pp. LI II, LIV). — In continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 30, p. 864), the authors report the results of two complete starvation experiments which " suggest that traces of ' true ' creatin are excreted during absolute starvation lasting for three days." In the opinion of the authors, owing to the extremely small amounts found and the liability to error these results do not permit them to draw too definite conclusions. On uricolysis, A. E. Taylor and W. H. Adolph (Jour. Biol. Chem., 18 (1914), No. 3, pp. 521-523). — An experiment is reported which shows that an increase in the digestion of purin increases the output of urea nitrogen, while the out- put of creatinin nitrogen x-emuins constant. The influence of a vitamin-free diet on the carbohydrate metabolism, C. Funk and E. von Schonborn {Joxu: FhymoL, ^8 (f914). No. Jf, pp. 328-331).— In the experiments here reported pigeons maintained upon a vitamin-free diet developed a tendency to hyperglycemia with a decrease of glycogen in the liver. In the case of a sugar-free diet the hyiierglycemia was especially marked and was followed by the entire disappearance of liver glycogen. A formation of glycogen in the liver and a diminution of sugar in the blood were produced by the addition of yeast vitamin to the vitamin-free diet. In the case of a fat- free diet an increase was noted in the liver glycogen. Calorimetric observations on man, J. S. Macdonald, F. A. Duffield, and K. Lucas (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1913, pp. 262-264) .—In this progi-ess report various changes in the apparatus are noted, the most important of which is the changing of the calorimeter from one of the closed-type to an open- type form of apparatus. The experiments which have been carried out tend t<5 show that the total transformation of energy varies with the amount of mechanical work performed and not with the length of time of the performance. The calorimeter has been previously described and earlier work I'eiwrted (E. S. R., 30, p. 262). Improved myothermic apparatus, A. V. Hill and V. Weizsackee (Jour. Physiol., 48 {1914), No. 4, XXXV, XXXVI).— The authors describe an appara- tus for measuring the heat production involved in the contraction of isolated muscles in which the rise of temperature of the muscles is measured directly by means of a thermopile. The energy requirement of the new born, H. C Bailey and J. R. Murlin (Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 11 {1914), No. 4, pp. 109-111).— In determin- ing the desirability, from a phyiological standpoint, of supplementing the colostrum with some artificial food during the first three days of life, the en- orgy requirement of the new born was studied in a respiration incubator. The initial loss in weight, which averaged over 250 gm., was lessened by the supplementary feeding of a milk mixture similar to colostrum. No digestive disturbances were noted in the case of the extra feeding. "The respiratory quotient reaches as high as 1.0 on the first day of life and indicates the combustion of carbohydrates. Thereafter it drops to 0.67 on the second day and remains in the neighborhood of 0.7 for the following two days, indicating a condition of starvation and the combustion of fat. After the milk secretion is well established the quotient reaches 0.0, which is the normal for a mixed diet." From a comparison of the energy requirement and the composition of a number of samples of colostrum, the results apparently show that the breast secretion is not sufficient to supply the energj'^ required until the fourth day. *' Feeding the new born infants for the first three days, in addition to the breast secretion, a formula of about the same composition as colostrum would appear 258 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, to be a logical proceeding not only to fulfil] the energy requirement but also to supply the water lost." The animal organism as a machine, F. Reach (Fortschr. Naturw. Forsch., 10 {lOl'f), pp. 91-130). — A summary and digest of data in which the subject is treated chiefly from the standpoint of thermodynamics. There is included, for example, a study of the different theories which have been offered in ex- planation of muscular activity. Mechanical efficiency of man, J. S. Macdonald {Jour. Physiol., ^8 (1914), No. It, pp. XXXI 1 1, XXXIV). — Several formulas for expressing the efficiency of the human mechanism are discussed. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The chemistry of cattle feeding- and dairying, J. A. Murray (London, New YorJc, Bombay, and Calcutta, 19U, pp. Z//+.3//3, pi. 1, figs. 29).— It is the aim of this volume, according to the preface, to develop and explain those funda- mental principles which are the basis of all effective control in farming opera- tions, and not to prescribe rules for particular cases. The book is made up of data gathered from American and German sources, and the interpretation of them as based largely upon the results of the Rothamsted investigations. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the rudiments of inorganic and. or- ganic chemistry. The feeding standards of Wolff and Kellner's system of starch values are examined, with an attempt to break away from both and from the rule of three in which they are involved. The work is divided in four parts. Part 1 on the constituents of plants and animals consists of chapters on the mineral salts, carbohydrates, fats and fixed oils, nitrogenous compounds (amids), nitrogenous compounds (proteins), and ferments and miscellaneous products; part 2 on requirements of animals con- sists of chapters on nutrition, statics, dynamics, milk production, and increase ; part 3 on feeding stuffs deals with the valuation of feeding stuffs, compounding rations, succulent and watery feeds, coarse dry fodders, and concentrated feeds ; and part 4 on dairying deals with the composition and general properties of milk, the chemical constituents of milk, and milk products. The utilization of potato haulms as hay and as silage for ruminants (sheep and dairy cows). — The feeding of artichoke foliage, TV. Voltz, A. Bu\UDKEXEL, and A. Deutschland (Landic. Jahrb., 46 (1914), No. 1, pp. 105-^ 160). — From experiments conducted at the Agricultural High School of Berlin in feeding dried and ensiled potato haulms, and dried leaves and stalks of Jerusalem artichokes to three sheep and four dairy cows, the following coeffi- cients of digestibility were calculated : Coefficients of digestiMlity of potato haulms and Jerusalem artichokes. Kind of feed. Organic matter. Protein. Fat. Nitro- gen-free extract. Crude fiber. Energy. Potato haulms, dried Potato, fresh ensiled Potato, dried ensiled Jerusalem artichokes, dried leaves and stalks Per ct. 64 62 65 65 Per ct. 57 62 56 55 Per ct. 53 66 77 70 Per ct. Perct. Perct. No bad effect upon the health of the animals was noted in the feeding of these materials. The Jerusalem artichoke was about equal in nutritive value ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 259 to good meadow hay. When fed alone, however, it causes strong fermentation in the alimentary canal, so that not more than half the bulky food should be replaced by it. On the value of the stems and leaves of the sweet potato plant (Ipomoea batatas) as a feed material, T. Katayama (Bui. Imp. Cent. Agr. Expt. Sta. Japan, 2 (.1914), ^o. 1, pp. 41-74)- — From three experiments in feeding sweet potato haulms in various forms to sheep the following average coefficients of digestibility were obtained : Digestible nutrients and coefficients of digestibility of sweet potato haulms. Kind of material. Organic matter. Nitro- gen-free extract. Fat. Crude fiber. Starch value. Dried sweet potato haulms: Digestible nutrients Coefficient of digestibility Ensiled sweet potato haulms: Digestible nutrient,s Coefficient of digestibility Per ct. 48.8 55.5 ■17.6 54.0 Per ct. 4.7 41.9 5.0 42.0 Per ct. 24.8 56.8 24.9 57.9 Per ct. 2.3 59.2 3.4 67.9 Per ct. 17.0 57.9 14.2 50.3 Per ct. 29.6 5.7 The sweet potato tops were ensiled in pits, the material being put in in the latter part of October and removed in March. Only a small loss in nutrients was entailed in the ensiling process, and although dark brown in color and somewhat moldy on top the silage was well liked by the sheep. It is stated that sweet potato foliage in the fresh state is very watery and is similar to beet leaves, but contains tannic rather than oxalic acid. The air-dried foliage has a fine aroma and was well relished by the animals. Manufacture of food for cattle and other animals, J. J. Eastick and J. J. A. DE Whallky {English Patent, 14,607, June 24, 1913; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 {1914), ^^o. 15, p. 803). — "Peat mo.ss, containing about 30 per cent of moisture, is treated in an autoclave with 3.5 per cent of its weight of gaseous sulphur dioxid, and then heated for about 30 minutes by the introduction of steam under a pres.sure of 100 lbs. per square inch." Inspection of commercial feeding- stuffs, P. H. Smith and C. L. Beals {Massachusetts Sta. Control Scr. Bill. 1 {1914), PP- 4-61)- — ^Analyses are given of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten meal, gluten feed, distillers' dried grains, malt sprouts, brewers' dried grains, wheat middlings, wheat bran, molasses feed, corn meal, ground oats, rye meal, hominy meal, provender, dried beet pulp, meat scrap, bone meal, fish meal, milk albu- min, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. A discussion of the results obtained is appended. The acidity of important commercial feedstuff s, L. Wilk {Ztschr. Landio. Versuclmo. Osterr., 17 {1914). ^^o. 5, pp. 231-269).— A study was made of the fatty acid content of various commercial feedstufifs, Including pumpkin-seed cake, sunflower-seed cuke, rape-seed cake, linseed cake, peanut cake, sesame cake, and rice-feed meal. Animal husbandry, G. H. True {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 98-100, figs. 5). — Four lots of 25 steers each were fed all the beet pulp they would eat, lot 1 also receiving 15 lbs. alfalfa hay, lot 2, 20 lbs. alfalfa hay, lot 3, 7i Iba barley hay, and lot 4. rye grass hay and 2 lbs. horse beans daily. Lots 3 and 4 made the largest gains, there being but little difference between lots 1 and 2. In steer-feeding experiments, including about 2,000 animals, In which 260 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. grain feeds were fed supplementary to alfalfa hay, it was found that the best returns obtained were with barley and alfalfa hay, the average daily ration fed being 5.5 lbs. of barley and 21.8 lbs. of hay. Four lots of 15, 76-lb. pigs were fed for a 70-day period as follows: Lot 1 barley alone, lot 2 barley and alfalfa pasture, lot 3 barley, alfalfa pasture, and shorts, and lot 4 barley, alfalfa pasture, shorts, and skim milk. They made an avei-age daily gain per head of 0.75, 0.81, 0.85, and 1.27 lbs., respectively. A fifth lot weighing 114 lbs. per head and fed barley, alfalfa pasture, shorts, and skim milk gained 1.57 lbs. daily. Two lots of 114-lb. pigs fed barley, one lot being on alfalfa pasture and the other being fed green alfalfa, made practically the same gains. Corn silag^e and cotton-seed hulls for fattening' beef cattle, R. S. Curtis, L. AV. Shook, and F. T. Meacham (Bui. N. C. Dcpt. Agr., 35 (1914), No. 8, pp. 5-28, figs. i7).— Two lots of 24 head each of 900-lb., native grade, Shorthorn feeders were fed during a 112-day feeding period equal amounts of cotton-seed meal, lot 1 receiving in addition com silage, lot 2 cotton-seed hulls. The aver- age amount of cotton-seed meal fed daily was 7^ lbs. per steer, of com silage 42.46 lbs., and of cotton-seed hulls 21.95 lbs. The average daily gain per steer for lot 1 was 1.62, and for lot 2, 1.63 lbs. ; the cost of feed per pound of gain 11.4 and 10.9 cts. ; the profit per steer $8.29 and $11.36. It is noted that the steers in lot 2 sold for 20 cts. more per hundredweight than those in lot 1. They were in better condition, thicker, smoother, and with a more uniform distribution of fat. A slaughter test made at the begin- ning of the experiment indicated that the steers in lot 1 would dress 52.24 per cent, and those in lot 2, 54.53, while at the close of the experiment the respective values were 52.24 and 56.41 per cent. It required to make 100 lbs. gain in lot 2 1,352.2 lbs. of cotton-seed hulls, in conjunction with 45S lbs. of cotton-seetl meal, and in lot 1. 2,611.4 lbs. of corn silage with 458 lbs. of cotton- seed meal. Charging cotton-seed hulls at $7.50 per ton, cotton-seed meal at $27.75, and corn silage at $3.50, the values returned were $8.38 per ton for hulls, $5.25 for silage, and $30.34 for cotton-seed meal fed with hulls, or $37.71 fed with silage. All of these figures were exclusive of the manurial value of the feeds. Indian cattle in the Philippines, C. W. Edwards { Philip irine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 7 (1914), No. 7, pp. 28S-29t pi. 1).—An account of the breed characteristics, utility value, and possibilities of improvement of the principal breeds of zebu (Bos indicus) cattle in the Philippines. It is stated that the Nellore is the only breed with which any definite breed- ing experiments have been can-ied on in the country. They are silvery gray with darker shadings over front and hind quarters, pure white, and occasion- ally red and white in color. This breed has been imported into Brazil, Argen- tina, Java, and Africa in considerable numbers for crossing upon indigenous stock, and a few have been imported into the United States, particularly into Texas. Chai-acters which commend these cattle are their high resistance to rinderpest, tick fever, and insect pests, vigorous rustling qualities, excellence as work animals, and tlieir value as a cross or factor for upgrading native stock. However, as regards conformation they are inclined to be slab-sided and often have a tendency to be vicious. More extensive importation and breeding of these Indian cattle in the Philippines is recommended. Influence of summer shearing on the skin temperature of sheep, R. Traut (Der EinflusH dcr Sommerschur auf die Ilaiitfonpcraiur des Schafes. Inaug. Diss.. Univ. Ofcssen, 1913; ahs. in Zcnthl. Phijsinl.. 2S (1914). No. 4. p. 221).— In summer at a temperature of from 16 to 24.75° C. (60.8 to 86.6° F.), un- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 261 sheared sheep showed a body tempera t lire of from 34 to 38.5°, while sh(>ared sheep ranged between 30.G and 3G.8°. Caracul sheep in Argentina (Bol. Alin. Agr. [Buenos Aires], 11 (19U), No. 1, pp. 121-lSO; ahs. in Inteniai. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 7, p. 917). — An account of an importation made in 1911. It Is noted that wet, damp soil has proved very disastrous to the pure-bred sheep, which contracted serious parasitic diseases. The lambs of both the first and second generation have remained true to type without show- ing any signs of degeneration. The value of silage in the winter ration for the breeding flock, J. M. Jones (New Hampshire Sta. Cire. 16 {lOL't), pp. 3-^6).— Five lots of fivfe yearling lambs each were fed per day during three winter months as follows: Lot 1 alfalfa hay 1, native hay 0.25, roots 2.5, and cracked corn 0.25 lbs. ; lot 2 native hay 1.5, roots 2.5. cracked corn 0.125, and oil meal 0.2 lbs. ; lot 3 alfalfa hay 1, native hay 0.25, corn silage 2, and cracked com 0.25 lbs. ; lot 4 native hay 1.25, corn silage 2, oil meal 0.2, and cracked corn 0.125 lbs. ; and lot 5 native hay ad libitum, roots 1 lb., and oats and bran 1 : 1, 2 oz. The following average gains were made per head: 7.6, 2.9, 4.4, 4.5, and —0.2 lbs., respectively. In a duplicate experiment the following year, the following gains were obtained : 4.7, —0.1, —0.7, 0, and —2.6 lbs., respectively. The first four rations are recommended for winter feeding of the breeding flock, but the fifth ration was unsatisfactory. Lambs on roots made a slightly larger gain than those receiving silage. Native hay and silage appeared to be as satisfactory as alfalfa hay and silage. [Animal husbandry experiments], B. Youngblood {Texas Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 59, 60). — In sheep breeding experiments conducted with a pure-bred caracul ram and pure-bred Lincoln, Hampshire, Shropshire, and Southdown ewes, it has been found that the growthiness and vigor of the rams and the very good quality of the fur resulting from the first cross make the possibili- ties for the development of both mutton- and fur-bearing breeds very encour- aging. From trials with goats on clearing land of stumps it is estimated that in two years goats have killed 90 per cent of the stumps on what was previously wooded land. These goats are yielding from $1.00 to $1.50 worth of mohair, and from 85 to 90 per cent of the does are raising a kid annually. The sheep and wool industry of Australasia, H. B. Smith {London, Mel- hourne, and Christchurch, Neiv Zealand, 191Jf, pp. XVI+1S7, figs. 70).— An account of the history and development of the sheep and wool industry in Australasia with chapters on shearing, care of wool, wool sorting, manufactur- ing textile fibers, wool classing, pressing the clip, wool scouring, selling and buying, and killing, skinning, and dressing a sheep. A dynamometric calculation of the character of wool fiber, W. Macha {Dent. Landw. Ticrzucht, 18 {WlJf), No. 29, pp. 3J,5, 3-'/6\ fig. 1).—X dynamome- ter for determining the elasticity and strength of wool fibers, recently designed by a mechanic in Leipsic, is described. Nitrogen retention from allowances of ammonia salt or urea. — Experi- ments with permanent intravenous injection, V. Henriques and A. C. Andersen {Iloppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 92 {1914), No. 1, pp. 21- 45). — In these experiments, which were performed upon goats, the authors were unable to secure a permanent nitrogen retention when urea and other nitrogen-containing substances were intravenously injected into the animals. The nitrogen retention reported by Grafe (E. S, R., 31, p. 2C5) is thought 262 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to be due to bacterial influence or to the retention in the intestinal canal of the substances in an unchanged form. Studies on the extent of hippuric acid formation in the body of swine, E. Abderhalden and H. Stuauss {IJoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. PhyHol. Chcm., 91 (1914), -ZV'o. 1-2, pp. 81-85). — For swine fed an ordinary ration of bran and potatoes the estimated hippuric-acid excretion was 1.15 gm. per day; for those fed from 5 to 10 gm. of benzoic acid, 2.5 to 3 gm. ; those fed 5 gm. benzoic acid and 6 gm. glycine, 3.74 ; 10 gm. benzoic acid and 12 gm. glycine, 4.51 ; 10 gm. benzoic acid and 12 gm. alanin, 3.3 gm. ; and 10 gm. benzoic acid and 15.5 gm. ammonium carbonate, 2.2 gm. The experiments show that the pig has available much more glycine than it absorbs in the proteins of its food. The self-feeder for swine feeding, J. M. E\^ard (Iowa Affr., 15 (1914), No. 1, pp. 17-19, figs. 3). — ^A comparison at the Iowa Station of pigs, hand- v. self-fed, taken from weaning to 250 lbs. in weight on alfalfa pasture and fin- ished in the dry lot w'hen the alfalfa season was over, showed an average daily gain per head of 1.06 lbs. where corn and meat meal were hand-fed, and 1.22 lbs. where self-fed. The cost per pound of gain was 3.96 cts. for the former and 3.S3 cts. for the latter. Productive swine husbandry, G. E. Day (Philadelphia and L&ndon [1913], pp. X+330, pis. 2, figs. 70). — A general treatise on the breeding, feeding, care, and management of swine, together with a summary of results of swine-feeding experiments. Digestion, experiments with Equidae, O. Franck (Kiihn Arch., 3 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 363-396, pis. 2). — This reports digestion experiments made with eight animals of the Equid?e group fed 10 kg. each of hay and oats per 1,000 kg. live weight, during a seven-day preliminary period and a ten-day experimental period. Comparative body measurements of the several animals are given. The digestive coefficients are given in the following table : Digestion coefficients for Equidw. Kind of animal. Dry matter. Protein. Fat. Nitro- gen-free extract. Crude fiber. Ash. Ass, male Per ct. 63.04 67.53 71.72 66.06 62.32 67.10 64.04 63.00 Per ct. 65.01 66.41 73.50 66.57 71.08 70.73 66.47 58.87 Perct. 39.35 49.09 51.12 61.79 34.51 42.39 39.20 39.78 Per ct. 39.56 49.05 46.53 46.16 37.82 45.46 43. 48 40.00 Perct. 34.32 20.42 37.90 32.20 28.81 31.04 39.71 35.53 Perct. 76.10 80.25 85.54 77.42 74.59 Mare 79.79 75.87 Mule, female 76.83 Early studies made by Sanson are cited, comparing the coefficient of digesti- bility for the horse and mule as follows : Dry matter 61 and 67, protein 76 and 82, fat 60 and 62, nitrogen-free extract 71 and 79, crude fiber 63 and 57, and ash 42 and 69 per cent, respectively. Study of the proportions of the horse, L. Van Meldert (Ann. Gembloux, 24 (19W, Nos. 3, pp. 121-151, figs. 2; 5, pp. 2^9-274, figs. 5; 6, pp. 305-336, figs'. 17; 7, pp. 369-391, figs. 6; S. pp. 425-452, figs. 5").— This is an account of an extensive study made of the body measurements and general conformation of the various breeds of draft and light horses. Breeds of draft horses, G. A. Bell (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 619 (1914), PP- iG, figs. 10). — An account of the breed characteristics and desirable ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 263 qualities of tlie Belgian, Percheron. French Draft, Clydesdale, Shire, and Suf- folk breeds of draft horses under American conditions. The South Oldenburg horse and the influence of environment, H. Bur- MEisTEB {Kuhn Arch., 3 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 397-505).— A. description is given of the climatic and environmental conditions of South Oldenburg, together with a review of the history of horse breeding in that Province since 1820, Body measurements were made of stallions, mares, and geldings from 1 to 21 years old. A comparison of these measurements shows an increase in height at the withers, height of back, height at croup, breast circumference, breadth of breast, and breadth of croup during the past 20 years. Color has changed slightly, brown greatly predominating but on the decrease, black and chestnut increasing, and white decreasing. The Beery system of horsemanship, J. Beery (Pleasant Hill, Ohio, 19Vh pp. [SiS], pi. 1, figs. 172). — A series of lessons on special methods of horse- breaking and training. The topics included are colt training, disposition and subjection, kicking and balking, shying and running away, shoeing, halter pulling, promiscuous vices, overcoming special fears, and teaching ti'icks. The anterior lobe of the pituitary body in its relationship to the early growth period of birds, Rosalind Wulzen (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 34 (1914), No. 2, pp. 127-139, figs. 7). — From experiments carried on with two groups of White Leghorn chickens two and nine days old at the start, and fed an amount of pituitary material roughly equal to 0.01 of the average body weight of the chicks, and compared with liver-fed chicks, it is concluded that " the growth of young fowl is retarded by the addition to the diet of fresh, unmodified anterior lobe of ox pituitary. This is shown both in body weight and in length of the long bones. Involution of the thymus accompanies this retardation and may bear a causal relation to it. These effects are more marked in the males than in the females." The influence of the male parent on the character of the eggshells in fowls, A. R. Walther (Landw. Jahrb., 46 (1914), No- 1, pp. 89-104) .—Dv^avt fowls, comprising three different breeds, and medium-sized fowls, also com- prising three breeds, were interbred, all the hens being first mated with cocks of their own breed, and the cock being then removed and an interval of ten days allowed to elapse before he was replaced by a cock of another breed. It was concluded that the fact of the cock's belonging to a different breed had no influence upon either the weight, shape, color, or gloss of the eggs, thus discrediting the claims of influence of telegony made by certain investigators. The histological basis of the different shank colors in the domestic fowl, H. R. Barrows (Maine Sta. Bui. 232 (1914), pp. 237-252, pis. 6).— In a study of the histological conditions that are associated with the different shank colors observed in fowls it was found that " yellow and variations are due to the presence of lipochrome pigment in the epidermis, with the absence of melanin pigment. White results from the lack of pigment. Blue color obtains when melanin pigment lies in the upper dermis, with the absence of this type of pigment in the epidermis. Black and variations depend upon the presence of melanin pigment in the epidermis. Green appears when lipochrome pigment lies in the epidermis, and melanin pigment in the corium only. All shades, with the exception of red and pink, are the result of various combinations of these pigments : Orange-yellow and black-brown." A table is given showing the nature and location in the skin of the different types of pigment concerned in producing each shank color. A bibliography of 14 references is included. 264 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Natural and artificial brooding- of chickens, II. M. LiVmon (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 62.'t (lOlJf), pi>. IJf, fiys. JO). — This gives practical instrue- tious iu both natural and artificial brooding of chickens, and includes doscrip- tions of tbe brooders used, togetber witb an explanation of tbe most approved methods of heating and handling, and data on feeding chickens. European milk chickens (\. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 38 {191Ji), No. 17, pp. 728, 729). — ^The production of milk chickens is confined to sections of France, Belgium, and northwestern Germany. In France the FaveroUe is the favorite breed for this purpose. It is a large bird and a rapid grower, tutting on flesh at all times. At six to eight weeks old the chicks weigh 8 to 12 oz. After they have reached a certain age they are specially fed for two weeks on oatmeal, buckwheat meal, sometimes a little barley meal, and cooked rice mixed with soured skim milk. For evei-y 100 birds it is customary to add per day about one-half pound of pure fat, preferably mutton. In Belgium the Campine and Malines breeds are largely used, while in Ger- many Orpingtons and Wyaudottes are in favor. Method of desiccating eggs, T. Hara {U. 8. Patent, 1,100,973, June 23, 1914; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 33 {19U), No. 15, p. S0.3).—" Yolks and whites of eggs are beaten up separately, then mixed and dried in thin layers on metallic plates heated to about 110° F. (43° C), the drying operation being carried out in a dark room the air in which is dried and heated to about 105° F." Seasonal changes in testes and plumage in wild duck, C. G. Seligmann and S. G. Shattock (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1914, I, PP- 23-43, figs. 6; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], No. 4 {1914), PP- 341, 342). — The authors have inquired into the reality of a correlation between seasonal changes in the testes and the " eclipse " plumage of the mallard. "As iu many other birds, the testes of the mallard undergo a series of sea- sonal changes, and are spermatogenic only during the winter months and early spring. But the two periods of activity and uonactivity do not coincide with the two seasonal changes in the plumage. The normal passage of the bird from full winter (breeding) plumage to its dusky summer (eclipse) plumage is, however, delayed if castration is effected during the months whilst the gonads are assuming or have attained activity. One bird which was castrated in the winter, and in which the advent of the succeeding eclipse was delayed the following summer, was kept until the summer of the next year. The second eclipse occurred at the normal period, but nodules of regenerated testicular tis- sue were found. It is a remarkable fact that the grafts were fully sperma- togenic in the month of September, an occurrence altogether abnormal in the testicle of the entire bird. The delay above referred to has its parallel in the well-established fact that if a colt is castigated when shedding its winter coat, the shedding is for a time arrested and then proceeds only very slowly. When wild ducks assume the drake plumage the spurious males undergo the seasonal eclipse, but this is somewhat incomplete and aberrant. " Removal of the testes during the eclipse does not produce any constant appreciable effect ui>ou the next passage of the bird into winter i)lumage. It would appear that the seasonal change of plumage in the mallard is not con- nected with the spermatogenic function of the testicle, but the influence of a hormone was not excluded since the castration never prevented some regi'owth of testicular tissue." The transmission of secondary sexual characters in pheasants, Rose H. Thomas [Jour. Genetics, 3 (1914), No. 4. pp. 275-29S. pis. 6. figs. 2).— The results of breeding experiments with pheasjints, to determine the extent of transmission of secondai-y sexual characters, are reported. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 265 The development of the stomach in the Euphonias, A. Wetmore (Auk, 31 (191.'t), Su. Jf, pp. 45S-461). — In attempting to account for the aberrant form of stomach of the small brightly colored tanagers, the author studied 51 speci- mens of the Porto Rican Euphonia {Tanaerimental period, and a subsequent 30-day period as follows: Lot 1 corn silage, soy-bean hay, and a grain mixture of corn meal and cotton-seed meal 6:1; lot 2 corn silage, corn stover, and a grain mixture of corn meal, wheat bran, and cotton-seed meal in equal parts. Lot 2 received slightly more protein and fat, yet the two rations were very close in total composition. Lot 2 gave slightly more milk and milk fat daily per cow than lot 1. but this difference did not change with the change of ration, indicating that the two rations were practically equal in feeding value so far as milk and milk fat production are concerned. The gain in live weight was practically the same in both lots. A comparison of the amount of dry matter consumed per nit of product, milk or milk fat, indicates that the differ- ence is very small. The average daily cost of feed for lot 1 was 15.5 cts. per cow ; the average cost per pound of milk produced 0.86 ct., and per pound of milk fat produced 17.9 cts. The average daily value of the product was 25 cts. per cow. For lot 2 the avera^ costs were 16.4, 0.86, and 18.5 cts., respectively, and the value of product 25.6 cts. per cow. In 1909 a similar test to the above was conducted and in general confirmed the results obtained in this first test. It appears that 5 per cent more dry mat- ter was required to produce a unit of product with the grain ration than with the soy-bean ration, but the difference is small and means that the two rations were practically equally efficient. These tests indicate that a large share of the protein can be supplied in .soy-bean hay instead of concentrates with equal efficiency. Two lots of six cows each were fed during a 28-day preliminary period, a 56-day experimental period, and a 28-day subsequent period as follows: Lot 1 corn meal, corn silage, and alfalfa hay; lot 2 corn meal, wheat bran, cotton-seed 266 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, iiie.-il, corn silage, and corn stover, the nutritive ratio of the two rations being practically the same. Lot 1 cousuuiod less protein and more crude fiber than lot 2. Lot 1 i)roduced slightly more milk than lot 2, but slightly less milk fat. This difference in fat is thought to be due to the difference in the original percentage of milk fat between the two lots. The difference remains quite con- stant throughout the three periods, indicating that the two rations were practi- cally equal in ethciency. Lot 1 made an average gain in weight per cow of 3G.5 lbs. and lot 2 of but 1 lb. Every cow gained on the alfalfa ration while three gained and three lost on the other ration. Lot 1 consumed 16.6 per cent more dry matter per 100 lbs. of milk and 19.3 per cent more per pound of milk fat. It is thought that more carbohydrates and fat were given than were required for milk production. The average daily cost of feed for lot 1 was 16 cts., the cost to produce 1 lb. of milk 0.81 ct., and 1 lb, of milk fat 18 cts. For lot 2 the costs were 17, 0.85, j'Ud 19 cts., respectively. From this test it is seen that alfalfa as well as soy beans can replace most of the high-priced protein concentrates. Feeding experiments with rice-g'luten meal, E. Reisch, M. Schweiger, and J. Hansen (Deiit. Landw. TierzucM, 18 {WlJf), No. 21, pp. 2^5-^48).— Rice- gluten meal is a concentrated feed found in the German markets. It consists of a mixture of rice gluten, a product of rice starch, and of rice meal, an offal from rice middlings. Its comiX)sition is given as follows : Dry matter 92.3 per cent, protein 36.94, fat 11.86, carbohydrates 36.87, crude fiber 1.32, and ash 5.31. Feeding experiments show that for dairy cows the feed is equal In feeding value to a mixture of peanut cake, dried-beet slices, and wheat bran. [Dairy husbandry studies], G. H. True {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 93- 98). — Fourteen cows fed barley in addition to alfalfa produced 16.2 per cent more milk and 13.2 per cent more milk fat than when fed alfalfa hay alone, and they also gained 12 lbs. more per head in body weight. The feeding of silage in addition to alfalfa to cows was followed by a gain of 22 per cent in milk, 10.8 per cent in milk fat, and 12.3 per cent in milk solids over a roughage feed comix)sed of alfalfa alone. In trials to determine the efficiency of the milking machine it was found that the average time required for milking cows by machine was 10.9 minutes, and 0.78 lbs. of milk was obtained per minute (strippings included). The corresponding data for hand milking were 4.3 minutes and 1.78 lbs. The cows produced 8.2 per cent less milk and 6.7 per cent less milk fat on the 4-week period of machine milking than on the preceding and following two weeks of hand milking. On the average the machine left from 1.2 to 6.8 lbs. of strippings per day to be milked out by hand, containing from 11.8 to 66.4 per cent of the total amount of milk fat produced by the cows. The average left for all cows was 3.5 lbs. of strippings per day and 37.2 per cent of the total fat in these. Dairying on cut-over pine lands, E. B. Ferris {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 166 {1913), pp. 24, figs. 4). — A general discussion of methods of fee<^ling. care, and management of dairy cattle under south Mississippi conditions, particularly the cut-over pine lands. Relation between growth of bone, horn development, and perfoxmance in cattle, M. MiiLLER and K. Narabe {Landw. Jahrb., 46 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-40). -^In a study made of Dutch, Ayrshire, and Rinunental cows, the cir- cumference of cannon bone and the length and circumference of the horns were taken as test measurements. The animals were divided into groups and their relation studied. It was found that in the breeds examined, an increase in the size of the bones was correlated with a decrease in the thickness and length of the horns. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 267 This correlation was more marlced in tlie Ayrshire than in Sinimental and Dutch cows. Iinportetl and Holvlcaido (Japan) -bred Ayrshire and Dutch cows did not show any appreciable difference in the circumference of the cannon bone. The absolute circumference of the horns seems to diminish from gener- ation to generation in Ayrshire and Dutch cows bred in Japan, while the abso- lute horn length of the Ayrshire cows born in Japan is greater than in the original Ayrshires, but in the Dutch cows the opposite takes place. The differ- ent growth of the horns in the original breeds, and in the animals raised in Japan, Is attributed to the difference in environment. The small-boned Ayrshire cows are in general, notwithstanding their rela- tively smaller live weight, better milkers than the large-boned ones weighing about 110 lbs. more. Also the fine-horned Ayrshires under experiment proved better milkers than the thick-horned ones, while length of horn was not cor- related with any difference in this respect. It appears that well developed bones and slightly developed horns in young animals point to a continuation of growth of the body, while moderately developed bones together with highly developed horns are signs that body growth will stop early. Body weig'ht and milk yield (ililchio. ZentM., JfS (WUf), No. Jf, pp. 103, 104). — Tests were made which indicate that heavier cows give proportionately more milk than lighter ones. Cows that were five years old. or had calved not less than three times, were grouped according to body weight. Cows of 1,000 lbs. averaged 3,228 kg. milk with 105.3 kg. butter; 1,200 lbs., 3,571 kg. and 114.6 kg. ; and over 1,200 lbs., 3,686 kg. and 118.7 kg. The utilization of feed represented 6.54 efliciency units for light cows and 7.02 for heavy ones. Simultaneous tests showed that the purer bred cows, 1. e., those registered which showed more correct structure than the unregistered ones, also excelled in milk yield. The average for registered cows of the Shorthorn type was 3,526 kg. milk and 113.8 kg. butter, with a feed utilization of 6.87 units, as against 3,281 kg. milk and 104.6 kg. butter with 6.54 imits for unregistered cows. Observations in Britain on Kerries and Baxters, C. S. Plumb {Amer. Kerry and Dexter Cattle Cluh Bui. 4. (1914), PP- 15, figs. 6). — ^A general de- scription of the native environment, breed characteristics, and utility value of these breeds. Bed Poll dairy cattle. — Report on the departmental herd for the season 1913-14, R. K. Kerr (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 (1914), No. 9, pp. 528-537, figs. 10). — In four annual tests of a Red Poll herd of from 12 to 22 animals, the milk yield ranged from 5,750 to 6,564 lbs., the fat test from 4.4 to 4.8 per cent, the pounds of fat from 255 to 304, and the average milking period from 261 to 285 days. Dairy record centers and cow testing, O. F. Whitley (Rpt. Dairy and Cold Storage Conn: Canada, 1914, PP- 15-103). — Included in this are data on con- trasts in yield and percentage of fat in the same herd, and a comparison of herds as to yields and cost of feed and profits. Increasing' milk flow by frequent milking (Milchw. Zentbl., 43 (1914), No. 4, PP- 100, 101). — In tests made of the Hegelund method of milking, it is claimed that one cow gave 7 lbs. of milk daily three weeks after calving when milked three times a day, and on the same ration when milked eight times a day 20 lbs. After three weeks she was restored to the three times per day milking and continued to give the higher amount of milk. Another cow gave from 10 to 12 lbs. milk per day on three times milking and 29 lbs. when milked seven times per day, which amount she continued to give when returned to three times milking. 268 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. By the Hegelund metbod the cow is milked every two or three hours for the first few days after calving, and then Ave times per day for three or four weeks. The effect of pituitary extract on milk secretion in the goat, R. L. Hill and S. Simpson {Quart. Jour. Expt. Physiol., 8 {19U), No. 2-3, pp. 103-111, fig. 1; abs. in Lancet [London], 191^, II, No. 12, pp. 753, 75^).— As the result of their researches, the authors have found that " intravenous or subcutaneous injection of the extract obtained from four ox pituitaries produced a marked increase in the amount of mammary secretion of a goat when milked 15 minutes after injection. A corresponding decrease below normal follows at the next milking several hours later. As pointed out by Hammond [E. S. R., 31, p. 272], there is also a marked rise in fat content in the milk secreted after injection, but there is no sudden fall in the fat percentage at the next milking, as was observed by this investigator. The solids-not-fat of the milk appear to be unaffected by the extract." Dairy bacteriology, C. L. Roadhouse {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, P- 184)- — From examinations made by R. S. Adams of 100 samples each of milk, skim milk, and cream, coming from different sources, it is concluded that " the pro- portion of bacteria distributed from whole milk into skim milk and cream by means of a centrifugal separator varies in different classes of milk. The skim milk and cream resulting from the separation of fresh certified milk each had a bacterial content about equal to that of the original milk. The skim milk resulting from the separation of fresh market milk contained 29.5 per cent less bacteria per cubic centimeter and the cream 51.4 per cent more bacteria than the milk from which it was separated. When old market milk was sepa- rated, the resulting skim milk contained 15 per cent less bacteria and the cream 25 per cent more bacteria than the whole milk." Observations upon the bacteria found in milk heated to various tem- peratures, W. W. Ford and J. C. Pbyob {Bui. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 25 {1914), No. 283, pp. 270-276). ■ — ^The authors have attempted to confirm the earlier findings of FKigge to the effect that "milk always contains the heat-resistant spores of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, which, by their development, can give rise to disagreeable and unwholesome changes in milk, converting it from a food of great nutritive value into an undesirable if not a dangerous article of diet." In a study of 78 samples of Baltimore milk, representing 21 different dairies, it was found that " these changes take place in milk heated to any tempera- ture from 65 to 100° C. and kept at any temperature from 22 to 37°, but not at that of the ice box, 4 to 6°. The spores of the bacteria causing these changes survive in milk for long periods of time on ice and can initiate the same changes in milk kept on ice when transferred to higher temperatures. There is a danger zone in the heating of milk which may be described as ranging from about 65 to 85° in which milk will never clot normally. Below this temperature heated milk may clot normally. Above this temperature milk will either clot or slowly peptonize. " The problem of pasteurization of milk must be worked out on the basis of the changes which occur in milk heated to 60 to 65° and the result may de- pend upon the original character of the milk, upon local bacterial infections of milk, on the character of the stables in which the milk is first obtained, upon methods of preservation, or upon unknown factors. Further investigation alone can determine these points. With our present knowledge as to the diffi- culty of getting milk free from pathogenic organisms the safest milk is that which has been boiled for a time varying from ten minutes to half an hour DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 269 and then preserved on ice. In such milk the organisms giving rise to explosive and putrefactive changes are destroyed, while the organisms which remain usually coagulate the milk or coagulate it and then peptonize it. Rarely they peptonize it without coagulation. While these bacteria may give rise to severe derangements of metabolism in children, and even to disease, as Fliigge main- tains, this has not yet been clearly shown clinically. Danger from them may probably be almost entirely eliminated by keeping the milk on ice from the time of boiling till the time of use. Milk heated to any temperature from 60 to 100° must be kept on ice, since heated milk is far more apt to decompose than raw milk." On the presence of spore-bearing bacteria in Washington market milk, J. C. Pryor (Bui. Johns UopJans Hosp., 25 (WL'f), No. 283, pp. 276-278).— The author states that "from the study of over 50 samples of Washington market milk representing fairly accurately the different kinds of milk sold in the city, we are able to confirm Fliigge's original observation as to the presence of spore-bearing bacteria. In our experience the most important anaerobic species is Bacillus (crogcnes capsulatus, whicli we believe to be universally present. Aerobic spore-bearing bacteria are also found in practically all sam- ples, such organisms belonging in general to the group of gelatin liquefiers. Such species do not develop normally in raw milk nor in the milk sold in Washington as ' pasteurized,' only the ordinary lactic acid bacteria being found. "All these spore-bearing organisms have a profound effect npon milk and when their development is not hindered by the lactic acid bacteria will pro- duce changes of decomposition and putrefaction, rendering the milk unfit for food. How far they play a role in clinical conditions, especially in children, remains to be proved." The relationship of septic sore throat to infected milk, J. A. Capps and D. J. Davis (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 (1914), No. 1, pp. 130-13-',, figs. 2).— A report of an investigation made of certain dairy farms and milk-delivering sta- tions of Chicago, in which it was found that a single farm where mastitis was prevalent in the cows and sore throat in the milkers, and which was delivering to a dairy company that did not pasteurize, was the direct cause of an exten- sive sort throat epidemic [Germ content of salt], H. Weigmann (Jahresher. Vers. Stat. Molkio. Landw. Kammer Schleswig-Holstein, 1918, pp. 9, 10). — Bacteriological analyses made of various kinds of salt showed that shipments fresh from the mine contained but few bacteria. Salt kept in barrels in the creamery showed a high bacteria content in the top layers and much less in the lower parts. The fungus and spore-forming varieties were in evidence and were found to attack the milk fat. A new process for the sterilization of milk, using high-potential electric discharges, J. B. C. Kershaw (Milk Dealer, 3 (1914), No. 12, pp. 32-34, fig- 1; 4 (1914), ^0. 1, pp. 58-60, fig. 1). — This is a detailed account of an electrical process for sterilizing milk which is claimed to have met with marked success in tests made by the municipality of Liverix)ol, England, and by various indi- vidual investigators. [The " biorizator "], H. Weigmann (Jahresher. Vers. Stat. Molkic. Landw. Kammer Scldesmg-Holstein, 1913, pp. 11-15). — It is stated that milk heated with the biorizator so preserves the characteristics of raw milk that the odor and taste are in no way impaired. The enzyms of the milk, catalase and re- ductase, are preserved in spite of the high heating. The coagulability is only reduced to a very small extent, but the cheese is softer than that from raw milk. The skimming of the milk is not interfered with, the cream rising more 270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. quickly though possibly not so thoroughly as on raw milk. The keeping quality is increased li clays, and since the lactic acid bacteria are not entirely de- stroyed, the milk becomes sour when old. [Dairy experiments], G. H. Barb {Rpt. Dairy and Cold Storage Comr. Canada, 191.'f, pp. 71-7Jf). — In comparing the shrinkage in weight of different packages of Cheddar cheese it was found that at the end of seven days the full- sized cheese had shrunk 1.13, the flat 1.52, and the 10-lb. cheese 2.15 per cent ; after 28 days 1.9, 2.51, and 3.46 per cent, respectively. The average percentage of shrinkage between the weight of the curd and the weight of the cheese was on the seventh day after manufacture 7.36, 8.18, and 9.37, and on the twenty- eighth day 8.13, 9.17, and 10.68, respectively. Butter made from whey in the summer months proved to be unsatisfactory, the butter being of a soft consistency. The average pounds of whey butter made from 1,000 lbs. of milk was 2.03. In comparing insulated-milk cans and ordinary cans it was found that the former increased in temperature about 7° F., while the latter increased 30°. No constant relation between the casein and fat contents of milk was found, except that in general the richer milk showed a higher percentage of casein than the poorer milk. The percentage of casein did not vary to the same extent as the percentage of fat in the herd milk. There was found to be a wide variation in both the fat and casein in herd milk as delivered to the cheese factory from day to day, the average difference in 24 fat tests being 0.4 per cent, and in 24 casein tests 0.306 per cent. The Hart casein test is not regarded as practicable in buying milk for the ordinary cheese factory. Formation of turnip flavor in butter, H. Weigmann and A. Wolff (Landw. Jahrb., 46 (WW, No. 3, pp. 3J,3-365) .—In studies made of the effect of Swedish turnips, carrot leaves, shives, kohl-rabi leaves, grass, hay, straw, beets, cabbages, and other feeds upon the flavor of butter it was found that changes in flavor were in part due to the taste and odor of the feeds, and in part to bacteria found on these feeds which generate new flavors. While it is probable that each group or type of bacteria has a specific action in pro- ducing taste and odor, it is not certain if the same feed medium will produce the same taste and odor with different types of bacteria. [Milk fat tables], L. U. Helleb {Chicago, 1914, pp. i70).— Tables are given for determining the milk fat in cans of cream and the value thereof. They cover a range in the test of cream from 15 to 54.5 i^er cent, and a range of price of fat from 20 to 40.5 cts. per pound. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Infection and resistance, H. Zinsser {JVcw York, 1914, PP- XIII-\-546, figs- 44.) — ^^This book constitutes an exposition of the biological phenomena under- lying the occurrence of infection and the recovery of the animal body from infectious disease. A chapter on colloids and colloidal reactions, by S. W. Young, is appended. Defensive ferments of the animal organism, E. Abderhalden, trans, by J. O. Gavbonsky and W. F. Lanchesteb {London, 1914, PP- XX-j-242, pi. 1, figs. 11). — This is a translation of the third German edition (E. S. R., 31, p. 278). Results of research in the general pathology and pathologic anatomy of man and animals, edited by O. Lubaesch and R. von Ostertag {Ergeh. AUg. Path. Mensch. ti. Tiere, 17 {1913), pt. 1, pp. riII+951, pi. 1, figs. 27).— The contents of this volume are as follows : I.ympho- and Leucix-ytosis, by K. Helly (pp. 1-136); The Study of General and Local Eosinophilia, by E, VETERINARY MEDICINE. 271 Schwarz (pp. 137-789) ; The Biology and Pathological Action of Light, by F. Bering (pp. 790-S5S) ; and The General Pathology and Pathologic Anatomy of the Teeth and the Buccal Cavity, by G. Blessing (pp. 859-912). A large bibli- ography is included in each case. First International Congress of Comparative Pathology {1. Cong. Internal. Pathol. Compardc U'aris}, 1912, vol. 1, Raps., pp. 792, jjIs. 3, figs. 6Jf). — Among the papers here presented that are of interest to the veterinarian are the fol- lowing : Tuberculous Animals and the Part They Play in the Infection of Man, by A. Calmette (pp. 1-G), previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 29, p. 382) ; Dangers to Man from the Tuberculous Bovine, by J. Lignieres (pp. 26-30) ; Avian Diphtheria and Human Diphtheria, by F. Arloing (pp. 31-95) ; Human and Avian Diphtheria, by Rappin (pp. 95-120) ; Meningo-encephalitis in Com- parative Pathologj' — "General Paralysis" of the Dog, by L. Marchand and G. Petit (pp. 123-130) ; Report on Rabies, by Remlinger (pp. 149-178) and by V. Babes (pp. 179-189) ; The Etiology and Diagnosis of Rabies, by Mme. Luzzani Negri (pp. 189-210, 744-782) ; The Microccoccnis melitensis in France, by C. Dubois (pp. 211-234) ; Variola and Vaccine, by Chaumier (pp. 333-361) ; Alveolar Echinococcosis and Hydatid Echinococcosis, by F. Dev6 (pp. 363-426) ; Measles of Domestic Animals and Their Relation to Human Tseniasis, by C. Morot (pp. 42(>-453) ; The Problem of Fungus Parasites of Man and Animals in 1912, by E. Bodin (pp. 453-499) ; Verminous Toxins, by M. Weinberg (pp. 653-677), previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 278) ; Latent Viruses or Durable Germs and Epidemic Diseases, by E. Perroncito (pp. 678-688) ; and Compai'a- tive Pathology of the Sporotrichoses of Animals, by De Beurmann and Gouge- rot (pp. 688-719), previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 282). A number of the papers include extensive bibliographies. Veterinary science, O. M. Haring (California Sta. Rpt. 191 Jf, pp. 157-179, figs. 7). — Several papers are presented which report upon the work of the year, including a discussion of Tuberculosis in Farm Animals (pp. 157-160), The Prevention of Hog Cholera, by J. F. Mitchell and W. J. Taylor (pp. 161- 168), Miscellaneous Investigations Concerning Hog Cholera (pp. 169, 170) and The Activities of the Veterinai'y Division at the University Farm (pp. 171-177), by F. M. Hayes, and Activities of the Veterinary Division in South- ern California, by W. J. Taylor (pp. 178, 179). The conclusions drawn by F. M. Hayes from bacterial studies of antihog- cholera serum are as follows : " Practically all antihog-cholera sera contain living bacteria. California serum showed the lowest bacterial count. A spe- cies of streptococci predominated in all sera examined. Hyperimmunes do not give off bacteria in their blood. Organisms enter the serum during the proc- ess of defibrination and bottling. Squeezing the serum from the clot by the hand contaminates the serum to a greater extent than the use of some form of sterilized press. It is possible for organisms to multiply in serum preserved in 0.5 per cent carbolic acid. Very little difference in the number of bacteria in the state and commercial sera examined [was found]. State and commer- cial sera are about equal in potency. A high bacterial count does not neces- sarily predispose to abscesses." He failed to find spirochetes in the blood of twelve cholera-infected hogs. Annual report for 1913 of the principal of the Eoyal Veterinary College, J. McFadyean (Jour. Roy. Agr. 8oc. England, 7.) {1913), pp. 3J,6-358). —Jn this annual rejwrt the author discusses the occurrence of and work against glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, sheep scab, parasitic mange, hog cholera, and tuberculosis. 79934"— No. 3- 272 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. Annual report of the Civil Veterinary Department, Bihar and Orissa, for the year 1913—14, D. Quinlan (Ann. Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dcpt. Bihar and Orissa, 191S-1J/, pp. 5+8+Z7+2). — This, the usual annual report, deals with veteri- nary instruction, the occurrence of contagious diseases of animals and their treatment, preventive inoculatiou, breeding operations, etc. Annual report on the Punjab Veterinary College, Civil Veterinary De- partment, Punjab, and the Government Cattle Farm, Hissar, for the year 1913-14, Pease, J. Farmer, and R. Branfoed (Ann. Rpt. Punjah. Vet. Col. and Civ. Yet. Dept., 1913-U, pp. ///-|-^+i7+Zy//).— This is the usual annual report dealing with the occurrence and treatment of contagious diseases of domestic animals, breeding operations, etc. On metallic colloids and their bactericidal properties, H. Ceookes (Chem. News, 109 U91Jf), No. 2841, pp. 217-219, figs. 2; 8ci. Amer. Sup., 78 (1914), No. 2009, pp. 2, 3, fig. 1). — The collosols differ from radium in tliat they do not burn the flesh but exert a bland and soothing effect on the animal tissues and kill the bacteria. These preparations are stable, harmless liquids containing metnllic particles in suspension which exhibit the Brownian movement. Infusion apparatus for administering artificial sera, etc., W. Gottschalk (BerJin. Tierdrztl. Wclmschr., SO (1914), No. 6, p. 93, fig. 1).—X description of an apparatus for the subcutaneous administration of large amounts of medici- nal agents such as physiological salt solution. The technique of the Wassermann reaction, with special reference to the use of antigens containing cholesterol, C. H. Browning (Lancet [London], 1914, I, ^f>- li^ PP- 74O-742). — This has special reference to the use of antigens containing cholesterol for the complement fixation test. About some tests with antistreptococcic serum, Perl (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 6, pp. 91-93). — Experiments with Schreiber's serum, which is obtained by treating horses with cultures of streptococci from cases of mastitis (bovines), infected wounds (horses), and also from lame patients, led the author to ask whether it would not be more rational to iise a serum prepared from the streptococcus causing the disease and not a polyvalent serum. Eighteen cases, which included mastitis in cows, acute pneumonia (possibly affected with strangles), phlegmons on an extremity, polyarthritis in suckling foals, morbus maculosus, arthritis of the fetlock joint (due to stepping on a nail), lacerated cervix in a mare, bronchopneumonia and bilateral pneumonia in horses suspected of having strangles, strangles in a foal, and a swollen extremity in a cow, were treated by this method. No definite conclusions are drawn except that the intravenous method of administration seems to be the most feasible, but that a special apparatus must be devised for the purpose. The doses of the serum were al.so too small. TJltravisibie virus, Loeffler (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wclmschr., SO (1914), Nos. 12, Beilagc, pp. 15, 16; IS, Beilage, pp. 17-19). — ^A lecture delivered at the thirteenth general meeting of the official Prussian veterinarians in Berlin, December 6, 1913. It mentions the diseases caused by filterable viruses and discusses the findings in this field chronologically. Interesting cases of anaphylaxis, V. Balla (Allatorvosi Lapok, 36 (1913), No. 46, pp. 547-549; ahs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), ^^0. 6, p. 97). — In a barn in which five months previously animals were vaccinated against anthrax with Pasteur's vaccine (I and II), death occurred amongst the animals. Serum treatment was given and no new cases occurred. Nine months later a newly-imported but not vaccinated animal died from anthrax and the other animals in the barn received injections of 10 cc. of serum as before. This resulted in the production of typical anaphylactic symptoms. VETERINARY MEDICINE, 273 When anthrax is susi)ected the author recoruiuends giving 40 cc. of serum subcutaneously, or 30 cc. intravenously, and also including those animals which have previously been vaccinated with serum. The use of Sobernheim's anti- toxin (prepared with horses) the second time is discouraged. Aphthous fevej" or foot-and-mouth disease, C. J. ^Iaksiiall (Penn. Live Stock Sanit. Bd. Circ. !.'> [vcv. eel.] (,1914), PP- ~6). — A summarized account of this disease and its occurrence in Pennsylvania at the time of publication. East Coast fever, W. Roheutson {Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1912-13, pp. 135, 136). — About 159,000 head of cattle were immunized against East Coast fever during 1912. The practical outcome of these investigations is summarized as follow^ : " The experience in the field indicates that the inoculation can safely be undertaken in respect of either clean or infected cattle with the prosi^ect of conferring immunity on from 56 to 60 per cent. "The best results in the field may be expected by the injection of 5 cc. spleen and gland pulp (medium, half coarse, or coarse grain, mixed with pep- tone or aleuronat, such animals to be kept on clean veld for 14 or 15 days before they are exposed to natural infection. "The immunity conferred by the injection may not be absolute, inasmufh as 12 breakdowns were noted amongst the experimental animals, or 1 per cent. "The juiimal which supplied the spleen and gland pulp for the injection has apparently an influence on the results, as the variation in mortality from the injection can not be considered to be due to any other factor. "As a possible improvement to the present method of immunizing cattle against East Coast fever, the saturation of the pulp in a solution of quinin hydrochlorid is suggested, the strength of the solution to be between 0.6 per cent and 0.7 per cent." Johne's disease, F. W. Twort and G. L. Y. Ingram {London, 1913, pp. VI -\- 178, pis. 9; rev. in Vet. Jour., 69 {1913), A^o. J,59, p. U5).—The authors sum- marize the present status of the knowledge of this disease. The first five chapters deal with the history of the disease, its importance to stock owners and breeders, its clinical features, methods of diagnosis and treatment, and the pathological lesions found post-mortem. The trypanblue treatment in piroplasmosis of domesticated animals in South Africa, A. Goodall {Parasitology, 7 (1914), No. 1, pp. 62-68). — The author reports upon a number of cases of piroplasmosis treated with trypan- blue, including biliary fever of dogs due to Piroplasma cams, equine piroplas- mosis due to Nuttallia equi, piroplasmosis of donkeys due to P. cabaUif, and South African redwater in cattle due to P. higcminxim. The general conclu- sions drawn from these studies are as follows: " Parasites are not always present in the peripheral blood of dogs, and are often extremely difficult to find in other animals, especially under conditions encountered in the field. If well-marked clinical symptoms are shown one is justified in using trypanblue, even if parasites can not be satisfactorily demonsti-ated. A large dose of a weak solution of trypanblue should be ad- ministered. The writer can not help thinking that the failures attributed to the drug by other observers are due, in many cases, to too small a quantity of the solution being injected. After an experience of the tx'eatment in some hundreds of cases, the writer feels justified in stating that animals do not suffer from relapses if a sufficient quantity of the solution is used. The dog can become infected a second time after trypanblue treatment, but this second infection is also amenable to the drug." 274 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOBD. Serum therapy in tetanus, G. Theisz (Allatorvosi Lapolc, 36 (1913), No. 34, pp. 403-/,05; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 12, p. 204).— Tetanus antitoxin is usually recommended only as a preventive, but the author used it as a curative with good results. Large doses are necessary, however. ''Tick paralysis" in man and animals, G. H. F. Nuttall ( Paraaitology, 7 {1914), No. 1, pp. 9.5-iO-i).— The author reviews and comments upon pub- lished records of tick paralysis which have come to his attention since the publication of the ])revious paper (E. S. R., 30, p. 182). The arsenical dip and its value in combating ticks and tick-transmitted diseases, A. Theiler (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Ilyg. Uaustiere, 16 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 1-26, figs. 3). — This article is based upon investigations and observations of the author in South Africa. Perment-inhibiting' substances in tubercle bacilli. — Studies on ferment action, XI, J. W. Jobling and W. Petersen (Jour. Expt. Med., 19 {1914), No. 3, pp. 251-258, figs. 4)- — Much work has been done in an attempt to explain the processes that lead to the production of caseation in tuberculosis. Some have abscribed it to anemia, the tubercle being avascular, and others to the action of toxins derived from the tubercle bacilli. This work shows that tubercle bacilli contain ferment-inhibiting substances, which " brings us one step nearer a rational explanation of caseation in tuber- culosis. Tubercle bacilli contain unsaturated fatty acids which, when saponi- fied, have the property of inhibiting the action of ti*ypsin and leucoprotease. In proportion to their iodin value these soaps are more active as inhibiting agents than the soaps prepared from linseed, olive, and cod liver oils. The activity of the soaps Is dependent on the presence of unsaturated carbon bonds. Saturation of the soaps with iodin destroys their inhibiting action. Soaps probably play an important part in the production of the condition known as caseation in tuberculosis." A study of the ferments and ferment-inhibiting substances in tuber- culous caseous material. — Studies on ferment action, XII, J. W. Jobling and W. Petersen {Jour. Expt. Med., 19 {1914), No. 4, pp. 383-397, figs. 6).— Con- tinuing work noted above it is now shown that " caseous matter obtained from lymph glands which have not become secondarily infected contains substances which inhibit enzym activity. These substances consist chiefly of soaps of the unsaturated fatty acids. The inhibiting substances are present in relatively smaller amounts when the caseous matter has become secondarily infected. This is probably due to the dilution and washing out of the soaps. Ferments are either entirely absent or present in very small amounts, unless the caseous matter has become secondarily infected. " Caseous material from the lungs contains smaller amounts of the inhibiting substances. This may be due to the acuteness of the process, which does not permit an accumulation of the soaps, or to the binding of the soaps with the ferments. Ferments are present in caseous pneumonia. In the whole emul- sion the fei'ments are less active in an alkaline than in an acid reaction; but removal of the soaps shows that those active in an alkaline reaction are also present in considerable amounts. The previous treatment with iodin of case- ous matter from both lymph glands and lungs increases the action of the trypsin." The methods employed for experimental tuberculosis by inhalation, P. CHAUssli {Rec. Med, Yet., 90 {1913), No. 14, pp. 267-274, fig- i).— A discussion of methods, but more especially the one utilized by the author, with a descrip- tion of the apparatus employed. The advantages of using good technique for realizing a tuberculosis by inhalation are emphasized. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 275 An attempt to immunize guinea pig's ag'ainst tuberculosis by the use of graduated, repeated doses of living' tubercle bacilli, L. Bkown, F. IT. IIeise, and S. A. Petroff (Jour. Med. Research, 30 (I'Jl-ff), No. 3, pp. Jp'S-^SS). — The experiments show that repeated doses of even virulent tubercle bacilli prolong the life of the animal far beyond that of the controls. The probable explanation lies in the fact that the superinfection may be held in check for a time by the presence of a slight, active tuberculous focus. "It is very probable from the .lutopsy findings that all of the treated guinea pigs would have eventually died from chronic tuberculosis." What has been done with the tuberculin test in Wisconsin, E. G. Hast- ings {Wiscomin Sta. Bui. 2//5 (lOl/f), pp. 3-2.'f, fig. 1). — ^This is a discussion of the results achieved by the State of Wisconsin in the eradicating of tuberculo- sis on the basis of the tuberculin test, especially when carried out by the non- professional tester. The figures given are taken from the records of the State Live Stock Sanitarj^ Board, and continue work previously noted (E. S. R. 21, p. 384). Wisconsin is the only State, as far as the author's knowledge goes, in which the funds for compensation ai*e not limited. The number of voluntary tests made in 1901 was 425 and in 1908, 40,995. The first compulsory law requiring that only healthy animals should be sold was enforced in the State for six months, i. e., from December, 1910, to June. 1911. The law was repealed. " With the advent of general testing, 1907-S, the percentage of reacting animals declined to 8.1 per cent. The results obtained in subsequent years showed a constant decline to 1911-12. The lowest mark was reached in 1910-11, when 200,000 cattle were tested, of which it is estimated that 3 per cent re- acted. It is believed that the results obtained during the last three years indi- cate an actual decrease in the percentage of tubercular animals in the State. This belief is strengthened by the fact that during 1911-12 the testing was less general than during the two previous years. In spite of this fact, the percent- age of reacting animals was lower than in any previous year except 1910-11, when the testing was widespread. It is certain that not over 5 per cent of the dairy cattle of the State are tubercular, and possibly not over 4 per cent. It is probable that the percentage of diseased animals is lower than in any other of the great dairy States." No data are given regarding the percentage of diseased herds but it is said not to be in excess of 25 per cent. The larger part of the reacting animals were turned over to the State as provided by law. The percentage of reacting animals condemned in 1906-7 was 48, and in 1911-12, 28.7 per cent. The net return to the State was variable. " The average return was $18.88 per car- cass. The net returns in Wisconsin for the two years, 1910-11 and 1911-12, were $14.21 and $12.90 per head. This is after all freight and killing charges have been paid. . . . For the 6-year period, 190G-1912, the amount recelvetl by the State for the passed meat has amounted to 34.7 per cent of the amount paid by the State to the owners of tubercular cattle." The question of compensation, cost of eliminating reacting animals, and the advantages to be gained by the early recognition of reactors are discussed. In addition, the basis of compensation by the State, considerations in deter- mining the value of animals, and the manner of applying the tuberculin test in Wisconsin are gone into. The policy of nonprofessional testing was adopted because it was considered of the greatest imiwrtance to the live stock industry of the State to have the widest possible use of the test. The records of testing in Wisconsin differ from those obtained in other States Inasmuch as fewer of the reacting cattle are found to have lesions. " It 276 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. is evident from tlie data that tliere is no essential difference between the rec- ords of the two groups of testers, [professional and nonprofessional], and that those are in error who have claimed that the apparently less satisfactory re- sults obtained in this State with the tuberculin test, so far as the occurrence of animals that failed to show lesions on slaugliter is concerned, have been due to the nonprofessional testing." The percentage of animals that do not show lesions on slaughter increases with the more general application of the test, " or, in other words, with the testing of what represents the average herd of the State, rather than when a considerable portion of the animals tested are from badly infected herds. Thus, in the year 1910-11, when over 200,000 ani- mals were tested, the effect of the nonprofessional testing was to increase the percentage of no-lesion animals from 20.6 per cent, tlie record of the veteri- narians, to 21.8 per cent. During this year 44.5 per cent of all testing was done by nonprofessional men. It is clear that the cause of the large percent- age of no-lesion animals is not to be found in the way in which the test has been handled in Wisconsin, but that the explanation must be sought elsewhere." A study was also made to determine whether there was any essential dif- ference between the temperatures of the animals showing lesions and those having no lesions. " The no-lesion animals as a class tend to have lower temperatures after injection of the tuberculin than do those animals that show lesions of tuberculosis on slaughter. It is again clear that no accurate divi- sion of the lesion and no-lesion animals can be made by aid of the temperature records alone." The agglutination of Micrococcus melitensis by normal cows' milk, P. W. Bassett-Smith {Lancet [London], 1914, I, No. 11, pp. 737-739). — "Using a 48 hours' culture for the emulsion and a dilution of 1 : 20 in this series, none of the milk from 21 cows gave a positive reaction when examined quite fresh, but with mixed samples of milk a high proportion reacted positively at this dilution, most of which were cut out by using heated milk and diluting with distilled water instead of saline solution. In any case it is very necessary to centrifuge the milk very thoroughly and to examine it at once, using an emul- sion made from the M. melitensis not more than 48 hours old, and even then a few errors will occur by false clumps in the sedimentation tubes carrying down micrococci with them. " There is no doubt that cows' milk in some cases has a natural tendency to agglutinate the M. melitensis, but if care is taken most of these nonspecific reactions may be avoided. The reaction always requires to be controlled by other methods of diagnosis before an animal can be considered to be infected." See also previous notes (E. S. R., 27, 380; 29, p. 780). Loco weed disease of sheep, H. T. Marshall (Univ. Ya., Bui. Phil. Soc., Sci. Set:, 1 (1914), No. 19, pp. 373-436) .—This is a detailed report of investi- gations conducted in Montana in 1903 and 1904, particularly as relate to the symptoms and to the anatomical changes characteristic of loco weed poisoning, a summary of w^hich has previously been noted from another source (E. S. R.. 31, p. 781). The subject is reported under the headings of information ob- tained from the ranchmen and from the literature (pp. 375-380). examina- tions of "locoed" sheep (pp. 380-399), feeding experiments (pp. 400-420), discussion of parasitic diseases encountered (pp. 421-423), review of recent publications dealing with loco weed disease (pp. 423^33), and the loco prob- lem (pp. 433-436). Investigation into the disease of sheep called *' scrapie " (Traberkrank- heit; la tremblante), with especial reference to its association with sarco- sporidiosis, J. P. M'Gowan (Edinhiirgh, 1914, pp. TI+116, pis. 14).— The VETERINARY MEDICINE, 277 several chapters of this work deal with the history of the disease iu Britain ; the disease as it occurs in other countries of Europe, and especially in Ger- many and France; symptoms and pathology of the disease; account of a case of scrapie seen in Germany; the structure and possihle developmental stages of the sarcocyst and their relation to the spread of the disease ; symptoms exhibited by animals heavily infected with sarcosporidia ; the action of the sarcocystin, the toxin produced by the sarcocyst ; the mode of spread of sarco- sporidiosis from animal to animal in carnivorous animals ; method of spread of sarcosporidiosis in graminivorous animals; observations as to the presence of sarcocysts in the muscles of apparently healthy sheep ; and epizootiology. In conclusion tlie author states that he believes scrapie to be caused by a heavy infection with sarcosporidia. This heavy infection appears to be brought about by the system of breeding in vogue in the regions where scrapie is in evidence, namely, the keeping up of the ewe stock by means of the ewe lambs derived from the 2-year-old ewes, this being the age period at which scrapie occurs most abundantly, and which results in the heavily infected mothers passing on a heavy infection to their progeny. He has obtained no evidence, epizootiological or pathological, that the disease is spread by the ram. Among the considerations that have led the author to conclude that scrapie is due to a heavy infection with sarcosporidia are the following: The sarco- cyst is always present in the skeletal muscles of scrapie sheep in large num- bers, and the more advanced the case the larger is the number of the sarco- cysts present. Pruritus (or itching), the chief symptom in scrapie, can be reproduced in rabbits by the injection into them of sarcosporidial emulsions. Careful clinical examinaton of typical cases makes it highly probable that the paretic phenomena of the disease are due to a primary muscle lesion. There is an absence of any condition of post-mortem, except extensive sarcosporidio- sis, sufficient to or of a nature likely to cause the phenomena observed in the disease, and no single view can explain so well the symptomatology and epizootiology, etc., of the disease as this. Treatment of the disease appears to be useless and the author recommends that the affected animal be sent to the butcher at once before the sarcocysts have become verj' numerous and the animal emaciated, that the ewe stock be kept up from the progeny of the older ewes, and that the progeny of the 2-year- old ewes, and possibly of the two-crop ewes, be sent to the butcher. Diseased animals should at once be killed to prevent any possibility of their being used as breeding stock. In an appendix reference is made to a report" and a paper (E. S. R., 30, p. 783) by Stockman relating to the subject, and to the work on Johne's disease by Twort and Ingram noted on page 273. A glossary of terms is appended. Diseases of swine with particular reference to hog' cholera, C. F. Lynch iPJiiladclphia and London, 191 Jf, pp. Ufl, flgs. 120). — This work deals espe- cially with hog cholera and the manufacture and use of autihog-cholera serum. In the first part of the work (pp. 17-83) the author discusses the various breeds of swine. Under the headings of infectious diseases of swine, he first takes up hog cholera (pp. 84-510) at considerable length, and then briefly con- siders the other infectious diseases (pp. 511-534). Discussions of diseases of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, kidney and bladder, heart, skin, nervous pystem, organs of locomotion, organs of generation, parasitic diseases, and sur- gical diseases (pp. 535-709) follow. A chapter on castration by G. R. White (pp. 710-728) is appended. " Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], [Vet. Dept.] Ann, Rpts. Proc. 1909, p. 22. 278 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The hog cholera situation in Michigan {Michigan ^ta. Circ. 22 (19lJt), pp. 145-IJ/8). — A popular statement. See also a previous note (E S. R., 31, p. 585). The surgical anatomy of the horse, J. T. Shaue- Jones {London, 1914, pt. 4, pp. X-\-259, pis. 22). — This fourth part of the work previouslj- noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 684) deals with the foot and trunk. Narcosis by chloral hydrate in horses, H. Friis {Maanedakr. Dyrlwger, 26 {191Jf), No. 4, pp. 97-113; ahs. in Vet. Rec, 26 {1914), No. 1355, pp. 832, 833).— A discussion of the dosage, administration, and effect of chloral hydrate, in which the author considers its advantages in veterinary practice over chloro- form, ether, and morphia. Poisoning of horses by ground ivy (Glecoma hederacea), J. Febenczhazy {Allatorvosi Lapok, 37 {1914), No. 8, pp. 89, 90; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrzth Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. 15, p. 259). — ^A report of nine ca.ses of poisoning in horses by this plant. It was found to have no detrimental effect on bovines or sheep. The toxic symptoms noted in horses were anemic api^earance, dyspnea, fcalivation, perspiration, dilation of pupils, cyanosis, and edema of the lungs. The treatment administered consisted of venesection, injections of camphor, and the giving of castor oil, followed by tannic acid in mucilage. Only two of the animals dieer pound of vapor is almost proportional to the difference between the temperature corre- sponding to the vacuum and the leg pipe temperature, this difference varying from a minimum of 6.8° to a maximum of 25.8°. As regards the amount of cooling water required, there was in general a considerable advantage for the counter current type of condenser over the parallel current tyi^e. Ventilation of cattle barns, R. Knoch {Kuhn Arch., 5 {1914), PP- 289- 30S). — The results of investigations on the ventilation of cattle barns led to the following conclusions : A cow contributes only about 20,000 heat units daily to the warming of the stall. The minimum permissible temperature in a cow stall may be from 17 to 18° C. (62.6 to 64.40° F.), and at times as low as 15° (59° F.). A complete change of air in the cow stall should occur from two to three times a day, since an animal should have about 50 cubic meters of fresh air hourly and the carbon dioxid content should not exceed 2.4 per cent. When the air is changed from 1 to li times daily the limiting temi>eratiire below which the animal heat is insufficient to maintain the desired stall temperature is approximately 0°. It is, therefore, necessary at lower temperatures that the ventilating apparatus be so regulated as to limit the air addition to below the desired amount. In such cases it is advisable to provide a simple, easily regulated heater to heat the air previous to its admission to the stalls. On excessively hot days ventilation depending on ordinary air movement is insufficient and some type of ventilator is usually necessary. In cold seasons the expulsion of bad air by means of foot boards and the admission and distri- bution of fresh air under the roof is the safest method for uniform heat dis- tribution. Movable hog' houses, J. M. Evvard and J. B. Davidson (Iowa Sta. Bui. 152 (1914), pp. 201-246, figs. 58).— It is the purpose of this bulletin to describe and illustrate movable hog houses which have undergone successful tests at the station. The essentials of an ideal hog house are pointed out as warmth, dryness, abundance of light and direct sunlight, shade in summer, ventilation, sanita- tion, safety and comfort as regards doorways and floors, convenience, service- ability, sufficient size to shelter advantageously, durability, reasonably low first cost, minimum cost of maintenance, and pleasing appearance. The important considerations to be emphasized in selecting the location of the hog house are said to be economy in labor and time in management, drainage, sunny exposui'e, southern slope, protective windbreaks, nearness to pasture and summer shade, suitable elevation, prevention of odors reaching dwelling, and lessened risk from disease Infection. RURAL ECONOMICS. 285 The advantages and disadvantages of the movable house as compared with the centralized are discussed. The movable types, of which photographs, specifi- cations, working drawings, bills of material and labor, and estimates of cost are presented, are the Iowa gable roof house, the Ames combination roof house, the "A" house with doors hinged at the sides, the "A" house with doors hinged at the top, the tepee house, and the economy house. In a series of experiments conducted with a house of each type the range of temperature was found to be greater within the new metal "A" houses than within the standard wooden house. The metal house was hotter in the middle of the day and colder at night than the wooden, and in no instance was the metal house the cooler at noon or warmer sliortly after midnight. It is concludees of work that they are efDcieut in, so that all inquiries for laborers can be readily satisfied. He also advocates ttuit the cooperative movement should be extended to securing credit for the small farm operator. The land and the capital, G Fernandez de la Rosa (Bol. Agr. T6c. y Econ., 6 (19U), Nos. 61, pp. 67-78; 62, pp. 129-149; 63, pp. 238-248; 64, pp. 333-342; 65, pp. 430-439; 66, pp. 513-523). — The author discusses the economics of pro- duction as it relates to agricultui'e, the influence of proximity to centers of population upon land value, and of local customs, fiscal regulations, and owner- ship uijon agricultural production, the various forms of capital, the development of agricultural credit in Spain, and the reforms suggested for reorganization of the rural credit of that country. Compensation to tenant farmers in England and Wales for improvements and for disturbance {Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome^, Mo. Bui. Econ. and Soc. Intel., 5 {1914), No. 7, pp. 89-102). — This article discusses the common law position of the tenant farmer, the legislative changes in regard to his position and further alterations suggested, and concludes that the legislation giving the tenant the right of compensation for improvements and disturbance tends to lead to more fundamental changes in the relations existing between landlord and tenant, and may even lead to the adoption of a different system of tenure altogether. Report of the departmental committee on agricultural credit in Ireland {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Imtr. Ireland, Rpt. Agr. Credit, 1914, pp. Xyi-\-407, pis. 3). — This report discusses the types and amount of credit furnished the farmers by various credit institutions and the cooperative credit movement in Ireland. Among the findings of the committee were that the veiy large sums on deposit in postal savings banks in rural districts prove that there would be ami)le funds for small rural credit purposes if the confidence of depositors could be attracted, and that the history of the existing cooperative credit associations shows that there is need for state supervision to inspire this confidence. The tendency of a peasant proprietary to incur overindebtedness is deemed a real danger, from which the new tenant purchasers in Ireland should be safe- guarded. A complete system of compulsory registration of title is an abso- lutely indispensable condition of every sound system of real credit. From the borrowing farmer's point of view the absence of an amortization scheme for repayment and the uncertainty as to when a mortgage may be called in are serious drawbacks to the present method of obtaining capital. The committee believes that the attention of the new holders should be directed rather to making the ihost of their land by work than by pledging it for the purpose of borrowing. The establishment of a long-term-credit mort- gage institution on Landschaften lines may eventually become a necessity in Ireland if it be not found possible to revise the land-loan schemes of the Board of Works with a view to their greater elasticity and their adaptation to the needs of small farmers. The development also of the agricultural loan schemes of the Department of Agriculture and of the Congested Districts Board, combined with the agency of credit scx?ieties for shorter term loans, should prove sufficient in most cases for the credit requirements of farmers not met by the joint stock banks. The full development of these sources of credit should be thoroughly tested before any experiment based on continental land-mortgage-credit organizations be attempted. RURAL ECONOMICS. 287 The German credit institution, 1900-1909, F. Schulte (Veroffentl. titatis. Bodenkr. [Bavaria^, No. 1 {1011), pp. 1'+^/^, pls. 6).— This report gives with cousitlerable detail the progress of agricultural credit in Germany and shows for 1900-1909, by statistical data, the form of the loans, the active and reserve capital, and the rate of interest for a large number of credit institutions. Proceedings of the first annual conference of cooperative associations {N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 63 {19U), pp. 2201-2328, pis. 2).— At this conference methods of purchasing farm supplies and the marketing of farm products were discussed, and brief reiiorts submitted concerning the different types of coop- erative organizations within the State. Helps for organizing farmers' clubs and cooperative associations {[Wash- ingtvn, D. C, IdlJf^, pp. 22). — Contained in this i-eport are suggestions for organizing farmers' clubs and model constitutions and by-laws promulgated by the conference of business men in connection with the conferences on country life development at Louisville, Ky., April 9, 1914 (E. S. R., 30, p. 608). Beport of the California fruit growers exchange, 1913-14, G. H. Powell (CaL Fruit (J rowers Ex. Circ. 3 (lOlJf), pp. 11). — This annual report sets forth what has been accomplished in tlie various departments of the exchanges and gives an insight into their methods and management. Marketing farm products, W. W. Higgins {Vt. Dept. Agr. Bui. 17 (1914), pp. 61, figs. 24). — The author outlines briefly methods of marketing and dis- tributing farm produce and gives a detailed description of packages and meth- ods of preparing and grading fruit, vegetables, and other produce for market. The agricultural outlook {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 629 (1914), PP- S5, figs. 5). — On October 1 the composite condition of all crops was 90.3 per cent of average conditions, indicating 6.4 per cent better yields than last year, when production was below the average. On the basis of an inquiry made of the crop reporters N. C. Murray has de- termined the disposition of certain farm crops. The following table gives the principal results: Quantity and percentage of total crop.s fed to specified farm animals. Corn. Oats. Barley. Hay. Kind of animal. Total crop. Per capita quantity. Total crop. Per capita quantity. Total crop. Per capita quantity. Total crop. Per capita quantity. Horses and mules Milch cows Per cent. 27.0 8.6 9.4 26.8 2.2 Bushels. 29.2 11.1 6.7 11.2 1.2 Per cent. 46.4 5.0 1.8 1.8 1.8 Bushels. 21.0 2.7 .5 .3 .4 Per cent. 14.8 4.4 1.1 9.4 .6 Bushels. LI .4 .1 .3 Per cent. 35.9 23.2 15.5 .3 5.1 Tons. 1.190 .920 Other cattle .340 Swine Sheep .004 .080 There is also included a report of the condition of the wheat crop of 1913-14. the cotton crop in the United States and British India, sugar beets and citrus fruit in the United States and in foreign countries, data as to the trend of farm prices, and a preliminary estimate of the crop production in Canada. T. N. Carver has contributed an article on taking pains and points out that when one gets the habit of keeping accounts, of rotating and diversifying crops, of making the farm feed the family, and running cooperative enterprises, it is not half as much trouble as it was feared that it would be when first consid- ered. He claims the real test of a farmer's quality is his ability to take pains In the things mentioned above. 79934°— No. 3—15 7 288 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Stutistical tables are shown giving the estimated surplus of wheat and flour by States, the condition, production, forecast, and prices of specified crops by States on October 1, 1914, the average prices paid in the United States to pro- ducers for farm products in recent years, and the range of prices of agricul- tural produce at market centers. Agricultural production in Belgium {Blin. Agr. et Trav. Pub. [Belgium], Off. Rural Raps, et Communs., Xo. 9 {1914), VP- 307). — Contained in this report are statistical data showing for 1913 by provinces and minor subdivisions the area, average yield, production of the principal farm crojis, and number of live stock, and by months for 1914 the number and price of meat animals at the principal markets. Agricultural statistics of Belgium {Ann. Statis. Belg., 4i U^J3), pp. 251, 252, 346-375). — ^Among the statistical data shown in this report are the number of cooperative societies, their membership, and amount of business transacted from 1895 to 1912, the agricultural population for 1846, 1880, and 1895, the area in specified crops for 1910, the number of farms by size for 1846, 1866, 1880, and 1895, the amount of commercial fertilizer used in 1909, the number of agricultural machines on farms in 1880 and 1895. and the number of live stock by ages for 1810, 1840. 1856, 1866, 1880, and 1895. A collection of statistical and economic data relating' to the agricultural industry in Russia and in foreign countries (Rec. Donn6es Statis. et Econ. Indus. Agr. Russie et Pays Strangers, 7 {1914), pp- XIV-\-624). — This annual report contains statistical data showing for 1912, with comparative data for earlier years and by minor geographic divisions, the total production, area, and average yield of the principal farm crops, number of distilleries, breweries, and sugar and tobacco factories, and quantity of materials used and produced, for 1911 the number of live stock, and for 1912 the trade in agricultural prod- ucts, the wages of farm laborers, and information regarding agricultural credit. A B C of Queensland statistics, 1914, compiled by T. Weedon {Brisbane: Govt., 1914, pp. 41)- — Among the statistical data shown in this annual state- ment are the area cultivated and in the principal crops, the production, the crown lands alienated, leased, or in other form of alienation, the number of live stock, and the quantity of agricultural products manufactured in Queens- land. In many instances comparative data are shown for other States. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. [Report on agricultural education work in California, 19141 {California Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 11-24, 52-59, 76-83, figs. 6).— This report contains accounts of the internal and external instruction of the department of agriculture of the University of California by the director; of the work of the Univei-sity Farm School at Davis, by H. E. Van Norman ; of the division of agricultural educa- tion, by W. G. Hummel ; and of the agricultural extension work, by W. T. Clarke. [Home economics work at the University of Illinois] {III. Agr., 18 {1914), No. 7, pp. 309-430, 432, 434, 436, figs. 9).— A. number of papers by different authors are included. As a whole the material presented gives an idea of the extent and character of the students' work in this subject. Massachusetts independent vocational schools in operation May 1, 1914 {Bui. Bd. Ed. Alass., Xo. 5 {1914), pp. 6.3). — This bulletin includes a statistical summary arranged according to types of schools, laws under which the schools are operated, and a descriptive catalogue of all state-aided vocational schools in Massachusetts, including, among others, 4 agricultural schools, 8 agricultural departments in high schools, and 25 home-making schools. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 289 Social surveys of rural school districts, C. J. Galpin and G. W. Davies (Wisconsin Sta. Circ. 51 (1914), pp. 15, figs. 3). — This circular explains what a social survey is, how It aids the teacher, and liow it is made, and gives some i-esults of school district surveys and a suggestive outline for a district survey. Practical training in negro rural schools, J. Davis (Hampton Bui., 9 (1913), No. 6, pp. 15, figs. 20). — To give an idea of the definite improvement brought about by supervision and industrial training in negro rural schools in Southern States, largely through the aid of the Jeanes Fund, the author gives a summary of the virork in Virginia in 1912-13. One of the most promising devel- opments of this work has been the cooperation of the supervising industrial teacher with the farm demonstration agent in girls' gardening and canning club work during the summer mqnths. [Home and school gardening] (Ann. Rpt. Home and School Oard. Com., Tiventieth Cent. Club Detroit, 10 (1913), pp. 28, figs. 12).— A brief review of the committee and its work from its establishment in April, 1903, to the present time is given. On July 1, 1913, instruction in the practical school gardens in Detroit passed under the control of and was furnished by the board of educa- tion, although the maintenance of the gardens still remains a part of the obliga- tions of the organizations which brought them into existence. [Agricultural education in Canada] (Agr. Gas. Canada, 1 (191Jf), No. 4, pp. 235-332, figs. 10). — ^A report is given of the Conference of Agricultural Instruction held in Ottawa March 24 and 25, 1914, consisting of the representa- tives of the Dominion and provincial departments of agriculture and education and of the agricultural and veterinary colleges in Canada. The salient features of the demonstration work carried on under the agricultural instruction act and the agricultural instruction in the schools and agricultural colleges and schools in the various provinces are briefly I'eported on. The number also contains a description of the buildings and equipment and information concerning courses of instruction of the Saskatchewan College of Agriculture, and the recommendations of commissions appointed in 1912 to investigate agricultural and industrial education in Saskatchewan and British Columbia, respectively. Scheme of agricultural education (Preston, England: Lancashire Ed. Com., 1914, pp. 85, pis. 11). — ^An outline is given of the scheme of agricultural educa- tion to be carried out in 1914-15 in Lancaster County at the County Council Farm, the dairy, poultry, and horticultural schools at Hutton, near Preston, the County Council Agricultural School, at Harris Institute, Preston, and in various parts of the county. A residential course for the training of farm lads, G. H. Garkad (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914), No. 4, pp. 292-300) .—This is a description of a month's course begun in the latter part of December, 1913, at Toys Hill, Kent County, England, for the purpose of interesting farm laborers and small farmers In their work and instructing them in manual labor. Only 20 applicants between IG and 20 years of age who were actually at work on farms in the county were admitted. They were divided into three classes for practical work, bnt all classes were combined for lectures, so that fairly close individual attention was possible for all students. The course of instruc- tion included farm carpentry, forge and rough veterinary work, hedge laying, draining, thatching, pruning and growing fruit trees, the measurement of land and stacks, wood cutting, sharpening tools, construction and setting of farm implements, killing, plucking, and trussing chickens, calf rearing, kitchen gardening, and lectures on how plants feed and grow. The amount of time devoted to each subject depended very largely on the weather, which permitted 290 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of 38 hours of lecture work iiiid 98} hours of practical work. On three after- noons excursions were made to neighborinj? farms. A garden being the only land attached to (he house in which the school was held, much of the practical work had to bo done on neighboring farms. History of Grignon, L. Bketignieke and L. RiscH (Eistoire dc Grignon. Chateuroux, 1910, pp. 2^4+L,XXV, pis. 5, fiys. 29). — ^The history of Grignon from its origin in 1827 to 1909, an account of its organization, equipment, and instruction in 1909, and occupations of former students are given. Admission examinations, the faculty, and description of subjects are appendee is used and sodium molybdate is the reagent. Methods for citric and malic acids are to be studied further. B. G. Hartmann, associate referee on wine, gave the results of studying methods for determining tartaric acid in wine and grape .iuice. The figures submitted by the various collaborators .showed that the method described in Bulletin 107, revised, p. 86, is unreliable when phosphoric acid is present. The association voted to study further the proposed method with regard to its use for red wines, and also to study the effect of adding Rochclle salts instead of tartaric acid as provided in the Hartmann and Eoff method. The method for determining phosphoric acid in beer by the addition of cal- cium acetate and subsequent ashing was adopted as a provisional method Instead of the direct volumetric determination with uranium acelate. A paper on Maraschino cordials was presented by J. G. Riley and A. L. Sullivan. The associate referee on vinegar, E. H. Goodnow, rejKjrted on work done with cider vinegar and with methods 6. 11, 15, and 17, as given in the 1911 proceedings of the association, and these method? were adopted provisionally. Methods 10 and 20 are to be given further study. A report on flavoring extracts was given by the associate referee, A. E. Paul, and a paper on the relationship between the alcohol-soluble solids* and ether- soluble solids in st:indard ginger oxtriicts by C. W. Harrison and A. L. Sulliv.Tu. 298 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. The associate referee on spices, R. W. Hilts, after reviewing the status of methods' for catsup examination recommended tliat final action regarding the lactic acid and citric acid methods be withheld pending further study and the collection of data, and that methods for determining insoluble solids and sand as applied to tomato catsup (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 162, pp. 128, 129) be adopted as provisional. These recommendations were adopted. R. E. Remington, associate referee, reported on cooperative work in the determination of lead in baking powders, particularly the alum phosphate type, and dwelt principally on the simplification and improvement of existing methods. E. L. P. Trenthardt, associate referee on heavy metals in foods, reported on determining arsenic and tin. The cooperative work on fats and oils, presented by the associate referee, R. H. Kerr, consisted of a comparison of his own method (E. S. R., 29, p. 204) for the detection of phytosterol in mixtures of animal and vegetable fats, with the digitonin method of Marcusson and Schilling. Each method led to uni- formly correct conclusions, and both were adopted as provisional methods. J. Ilortvet, associate referee on dairy products, reported a further study of the modifications of the continuous extraction method for determining fat in evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk, and cream, and comparative fat determinations by the Rose-Gottlieb method. In the main the results obtained by the continuous extraction method, both with sweetened condensed and unsweetened evaporated milk, were lower than by the Rose-Gottlieb method, but a special investigation of the details of the various methods for determining fat pei'centages in condensed and evaporated milk was deemed imperative. G. E. Patrick, in discussing the Rose-Gottlieb method, stated that when it is modified and acid treatment after the usual extraction process is resorted to higher results are obtainable. This was concurred in by F. F. Fitzgerald and W. D. Bigelow. The method proposed in 1911 as applied to milk, evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk, thin cream, and ice cream, is to be further studied, and special attention is to be given to the Rose-Gottlieb method along the lines suggested. C. M. Bradbury read a paper on the alkali method for the deter- mination of fat in ice cream and condensed milk. F. L. Shannon, associate referee on saccharine products, gave a report of a study of the Fiehe method and its modifications for the detection of added invert sugar in honey. The only advantage apparently gained by any of the modifications of Fiehe's test seems to be in the keeping quality of the reagent. E. W. Magruder, associate referee on vegetables and canned goods, and J. B. Robb reported on a detailed study of the separable fluid of canned goods (toma- toes, green peas, and Lima beans). The studies are to be continued on the same lines as recommended by the referee in 1913. A. Yiehoever gave an account of the characteristics of common and Lima beans. Analyses of some commercial cocoas were reported by H. C. Lythgoe, asso- ciate referee. The Ulrich method for cocoa shells (E. S. R., 30, p. 413) has apparently no advantages over the fiber and pentose determination methods. The Baier-Neumann method for determining casein in milk chocolate should be further studied since ob.iections have been raised against it on the grounds that it will not detect the casein rendered insoluble in chocolates by different methods of manufacture. The association voted to study the effects of high temperature used in the process of manufacture on the casein determination, and also to study the methods for crude starch in cocoa. The associate referee on tea and coffee, J. M. Bartlett, gave a report on methods for determining caffein. A. F. Seeker, associate referee on preservatives, gave the i-esults of a further study of the Fincke method (E. S. R., 26, p. 312) for the determination of NOTES. 299 formic acid, as well as of a trial of the Fenton and Sisson reduction of formic acid to formaldehyde as a qualitative means for the detection of this preservative iu foods. The endeavor was also made to note the effect of various interfering substances and caramel, and to determine how much formic acid is present in various materials and prepared food products when examined by the prescribed method. The Finclie method was adopted jtrovisionally by the association. The natural occurrence of formic acid in food products is to be further investigated, and the Wegner method is to he given a trial as a confirmatory test. Steps are also to be talien to find a quantitative method for the determination of saccharin in foods. E. B. Forbes, I'eferee on organic and inorganic phosi)horus, reported on inorganic phosphorus in vegetable and animal substances. The magnesia mix- ture method gave satisfactoiy results on blood, brain, liver, and flesh, and showed a recovery of 9G to 100 i>er cent of added phosphates. The work with vegetable materials was done on alfalfa hay, blue grass, rice polish, rice polish and phosphate, and middlings, soy beans, and oat straw with and with- out phosphate. It was found that the use of the centrifuge greatly facilitated the separation of dilute aqueous acid extracts of vegetable substances, and when filter pulp is introduced into the extraction process it materially assists in the maintenance of an easily penetrable condition of the magnesia mix- ture precipitate. The modification of the acid alcohol method of Forbes and associates by the introduction of filter paper pulp into the extraction, the use of excessive amounts of magnesia mixture in the first precipitation, and allowing an unusual length of time for precipitation gave apparently perfect results as judged from the recovery of added phosphates, but unsatisfactory results in other cases. No method was recommended for determining inorganic phosphates in vegetable substances generally. A number of recommendations, which included a description of methods for the examination of animal tissues, were made. The magnesia mixture method of Forbes and associates for the de!ermination of water-soluble inorganic phosphates was adopted as official. Further efforts are to be made to obtain methods of separation of organic and inorganic phosphorus in vegetable foods. Ij. S. Palmer, associate referee on the separation of nitrogenous substances in milk and cheese, pointed out the need of changing the term " albumin of milk " to " heat coagulable proteins." Studies on a method for heat coagulable proteins are also necessary, and methods ought to be devised for nitrogenous substances other than casein, albumin, and globulin. The so-called neutraliza- tion precipitate obtained from the filtrate of the acetic acid coagulation of cow's milk appears to be largely a mixture of di- and tri-calcium phosiJhates. The as.sociatiou is to make studies of methods for the determination of the noncasein proteins of milk and the i^roducts of protein decomposition in milk. The associate referee on the separation of nitrogenous bodies iu meats, A. D. Emmett, submitted a brief report on creatin and creatinln in meat extracts and meats by the Folin method and amino nitrogen in meat extracts and meats by the Van Slyke and Kober methods, and ammonia nitrogen in the same sub- stances by the Folin (K2CO3), the Steel-Gies (NaOH), and the magnesium oxid methods. The work is to be continued. L. I. Nurenberg, referee on dairy products, made a study of the refractive indexes of the copper, acetic acid, and soured milk sera and soured serum ash figures of milk, which are all used in the detection of added water. The optional and provisional methods for preparing copper and soured serum and for ash determinations in soured and acetic acid sera were adopted as optional- provisional. The Harding-Farkin method (E. S. R., 29, p. 507) for fat determi- nation is to be given further study, likewise the enzym reactions of milk. 300 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD. A. Vlelioever uud C. O. Johns gave a pajjer on the determination of small quan- tities of hydroc-yanic acid. The referee on feeding stuffs, G. L. Bidwell, made a plea for the retention of 6.25 as the nitrogen factor for general feeding stuff analyses. The association voted to retain this factor, and to make a further study of crude fiber methods. C. K. Francis, associate referee on crude fiber methods, presented results of cooperative worli on a sample of cotton-seed meal which suggested the need for further study of the official method. The chief trouble seemed to be with the filtering materials (linen, asbestos, or glass wool). A paper by G. L. Bidwell and G. P. Walton on the determination of crude fiber was presented, in which the effect of various factors which influence the results obtained w^ere discussed. C. Cutler, associate referee, gave an account of simple methods, macroscopical, microscopical, and otherwise, whereby adulteration in feeds may be detected. The incoming referee is to study samples containing unknown adulterants, quantitative methods for the detection of peat dried at high temperatures, and the maximum percentage of foreign material permissible in mill by-products. AY. A. Withers and F. E. Carruth presented a paper on gossypol, a toxic substance in the cotton seed (B. S. R., 11, p. 510). This substance when fed to rabbits in purified cotton-seed meal by way of the mouth or given intraperi- toneally was fatal in every case in a few hours. When fed in corn meal and molasses it was uniformly lethal in from 9 to 16 days. A product precipitated from the gossypol extract with petroleum ether was also found to be poisonous. These properties of gossypol may explain why boiling alcoholic alkali removes the toxicity of cotton-seed meal and why iron salts act as an antidote for cotton-seed meal poisoning (E. S. R., 29. p. 477). The occurrence and proper- ties of gossypol are being further studied. J. B. Rather, associate referee on the testing of chemical reagents, reported on methods for the determination of nitrogen in crude caustic soda, M0O3 in molybdic acid, and on solids of ethyl ether not volatile at 100° C. The asso- ciate referee on synthetic products, W. O. Emery, reported on mixtures con- taining caffein and antipyrin. The work is to be continued. The associate referee on balsams and gum resins, E. C. Merrell, gave a report on collaborative work on the lead number of gum asafetida. The method for determining the iodin number of Peru balsam is being studied further. F. Rabak, associate referee on medicinal plants, presented a report on the physical constants of U. S. Pharmacopoeia oils. E. K. Nelson read a paper on the estimation of santonin in Levant wormseed. The associate referees on distilled liquors, meat and fish, water in foods, and cereal products were instructed to work along the same lines as at present. The next meeting is to be held in Washington, D. C. The officers elected include as president, C. H. Jones, of Vermont; vice president, R. N. Brackett, of South Carolina ; secretary-treasurer, C. L. Alsberg, of Washington, D. C. : and additional members of the executive committee, J. Hortvet, of Minnesota, and E. F. Ladd. of North Dnkota. American Society of Milling and Baking Technology. — ^The fourth annual meeting of this society was held at Washington, D. C, November IS, 1914. The program included reports of experiments with baking powders by Dr. T. J. Bryan, analytical tests by B. R. Jacobs, collaboration in milling by L. A. Fitz, and methods of baking by C. H. Bailey. Officers were elected as follows: R, Harcourt, president; R. W. Thatcher, of Minnesota, vice president: and J. A. LeClerc, of Washington, D. C, secretary. ADDITIONAL COPIES OP THIS PUBLICATION JIAV HE PEOCUKED FROM TEE SUPEEINTENPENT OF DOCUMENTS OOVEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY BUBSCEIPTION PEICE, PEE VOLUMK OP Nine Numbees AND Index, $1 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: IL L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Argotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {^-H. ^^^^-^^.^^^ Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology {^^- ^- ^^^0^' ^^' ^" Field Crops— G. M. Tucker. Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. T? J J rr T^T I- -t^- fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. Foods and Human Nutrition <^ XT t t.v.^ [ti. L. LANG. tlRtt Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster. fAl^y Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. ''^W y^p^ Ve.erin.^Medicine{W- A. Hookek. ^^^'C^!^ Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. *<^^iy Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 4. Editorial notes: The habit of concentration 301 The qualities and conditions of research 302 A plea for the small laboratory 306 Recent work in agricultural science 308 Notes 395 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. Encyclopedia of technical chemistry, edited by Ullmann '. . . 308 A popular treatise on the colloids in the industrial arts, Arndt and Katz 308 Chemical technology of the textile fibers, Stirm 308 The textile fibers, Matthews * 308 Plant micro-chemistry, Tunmann 308 Nutritional physiology of yeast cell during alcoholic fermentation, Rubner 308 Inhibiting action of poisons on micro-organisms. — Fluorin compounds, Wehmer 308 The coloring matter of blossoms and fruits, Willstatter 309 Constituents of Solanu mangustifoliuin: Solangustin, Tutin and Clewer 309 Refractometry, I and II, Shook 309 Determination of nitrogen by Kjeldahl method \vith vanadium pentoxid,Oefele. 309 New modification of the Kjeldahl method, Marino and Gonnelli 310 Decomposition of organic substances in Kjeldahl method, Carpiaux 310 A simplification of Bang's micro-Kjeldahl method, Kochmann 310 Nephelometry in the study of nucleases, Koker and Graves 310 Soil analysis and estimation of colloids in soils. Van der Leeden and Schneider. 311 Estimation of the lime requirement of soils, Moulton and Trowbridge 311 Reactions for detecting nitrites in drinking water, Bornand 311 I n CONTENTS. Page. The bacteriological examination of food and water, Savage 311 Fatty foods: Their practical examination, Bolton and Revis 312 Methods for the biological examination of milk, Bauer 312 A method for the determination of fat in milk (nephelometric method), Bloor. . 312 A rapid method of estimating fat in cheese, cream, and butter, Kropat 313 Material for uniform laws regarding foodstuffs. — IV, Cheese 313 Ethyl ester of linoleic tetrabromid of cotton-seed oil. Palmer and Wright 313 A new method for determining crude fiber, Stiegler 314 New agreement about malt analysis. Bode and Wlokka 314 The American Leather Chemists Association, 1914 314 Copra drying, Hines 314 Yearbook of alcohol and starch interests, and potato driers, edited by Foth. . . 315 METEOROLOGY. Climatic provinces of the western United States, Reed 315 Geographical aspects of climatological investigations, Wallie 315 Principia atmospherica : A study of the circulation of the atmosphere, Shaw. . 315 The moon and the autumn storms, Hinselmann 316 Types of storms of the United States, Bowie and Weightman 316 Climatological data for the United States by sections 316 Meteorological data, Cromie ^. 316 Meteorology [of New South Wales], Trivett 316 [The climate of New South Wales], Trivett 316 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The Clyde series of soils, Bonsteel 316 The Miami series of soils, Bonsteel 317 Soil survey of Jeff Davis County, Georgia, Wood et al 317 Soil survey of Bremer County, Iowa, Baldwin, Watson, and Howe 317 The influence of glaciation on agriculture in Ohio, Owen 317 Studies on the change of the soil surface, Hoffmann 318 The action of hydroxyl ions on clay and clay soils, Rohland 318 The colloids of clay and humus soils, Rohland 318 The adsorptive power of soil colloids, Rohland 318 The colloidal properties of red soils, Rohland 318 Colloidal properties of the acid soils of Japan, Tadokoro 318 Preliminary note on iron in Florida soils, Brautlecht and Parlin 319 Absorption by leaves in decay, and effect on the soil, Noyes 319 A note on leaf -fall as a cause of soil deterioration, Balls 319 Crop residues, Schulze 319 The origin of vanillin in soils, Sullivan 320 Antagonism between anions as affecting soil bacteria, II, Lipmanand Burgess . 320 Inoculation experiments on virgin upland moor soil, von Feihtzen and Nystrom . 320 Studies on soil protozoa. — II, Some of the activities of protozoa, Cunningham . . . 320 Three new proteomyxan rhizopods from soil, Goodey 321 Sterilization or disinfection of the soil, Allege 321 Suggestions for judging the agricultural value and adaptation of land, Brooks. . 321 The chemical analysis of soils, Brooks 321 The crop experiment and soil analysis, Lemmermann 321 Investigations at the Jasper County experiment field, Miller and Hudelson 321 Do stable and green manures affect yields tlirough carbon tlioxid? Bornemann . 322 Poultry manures, their treatment and use. Brooks 322 How cheap nitrates would rcA^olutionize our economic life, Strong 322 Nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture, Kulisch 323 Top-dressing with Chile nitrate, Kiehl : 323 The Elliston phosphate field , RIontana. Stone and Bonine 323 The Bernard phosphate as compared m ith superphosphate and slag, Jelmoni . . 323 The manufacture of acid phosphate, AVaggaman 323 Deposits of potash salts and other minerals used as fertilizers 323 The agricultural utilization of potassic rocks, ^farre 324 Feldspar as a possible source of American potash , Cushman and Coggeshall 324 Can soda replace potash in the nutrition of sugar beets? Ivriiger et al 324 Is the doctrine of the lime factor an hypothesis or a proved theory? Loew 324 The source, manufacture, and use of lime, Burchard and_ Emley 324 Common salt and its use as manure in the Konkan Division, GonehalU 324 CONTENTS. m Page. The use of radio-active substances as fertilizers, Ross 324 The fertilizing value of shoddy 325 Commercial fertilizers and agricultural lime, 1913 325 Report of analyses of samples of commercial fertilizers 325 Tabulated analyses of commercial fertilizers, Frear 325 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Size inheritance and the pure line theory, Castle 325 Experiments which show hybridization and mutation are independent, Gates. . 326 Genetical studies on (Euothera, V, Davis 326 Crossing a wild pea from Palestine with commercial types, Sutton 326 Six difterent species of nodule bacteria, Garman and Didlake 327 The nitrogen nutrition of mold fungi, Brenner 327 Bacterial symbiosis in case of Rubiacese, von Faber 327 The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by plant hairs, Kovessi 327 The biological formation and function of alkaloids, Gadamer 327 Formation of carbohydrates in plants, Fincke 328 The synthesis of sugar by radium emanations, Stoklasa, Sebor, and Zdobnicky . 328 Influence of electricity on absorption of nutritive substances, Chouchak 328 Physiological studies on lactescence and caoutchouc, Tobler 328 Influence of carbon dioxid in germination of seeds, II, Kidd 329 Development and germination of the seed in certain Polygonacese, Woodcock . 329 The significance of radio-activity in physiology, Stoklasa 329 PhotosjTithesis in submerged land plants, Heimburger 329 FIELD CROPS. The vegetation of a typical wild hay meadow. Stout 329 The most important meadow grasses in the first vegetative year, Sinz 330 Accumulated fertility in grass land in phosphate manuring, Somerville 331 Composition of grasses and clovers at clifferent ripening stages, Rordam 331 Green manuring and cover crops. Brooks 332 The work of the San Antonio experiment farm in 1913, Hastings 332 Work of Umatilla reclamation project experiment farm in 1913, Allen 332 Cereal experiments at Dickinson, N. Dak., Clark 333 Growth of maize seedlings in relation to temperature, Lehenbauer 334 Fertilizers for potatoes. Brooks 335 On the "dead grains " of rice, Silvestri 335 Perennial rye grass seed , Cockayne 335 The grain sorghums, Churchill and Wright 335 The crops on the experimental sugar-cane fields, 1913, Harrison et al 336 Winter- wheat varieties for the eastern United States, Leighty 336 Some Kentucky weeds and poisonous plants, Garman 337 HORTICULTURE. [Report on horticultural work at the San Antonio station, 1913], Hastings 337 Horticultural investigations at Umatilla experiment farm, Oreg., 1913, Allen . . . 337 Cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, rape, and other crucifers, Brooks 337 Suggested rules for naming garden vegetables 337 Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles, Bean 337 Practical manual of fruit culture, Durand 337 Minnesota state fruit breeding farm in 1914, Haralson 338 An experiment in dry -land orcharding, Mackensen 338 Directions for sending fruits for identification, Shaw 338 Lime and sulphur solutions, Stone 338 The cherry, Peneveyre 338 Growing peaches: Sites, planting, tillage, and soil fertility, Gould 338 Growing peaches: Pruning, interplanted crops, and special practices, Gould.. 338 Gro^ving peaches: Varieties and classification, Gould 338 A new walnut, Babcock 338 The coconut, Copeland 339 The economic properties of soiue hardy ornamental fruits, Dallimore 339 Garden notes on new trees and shrubs. Bean _. 339 The practical book of outdoor rose growing for the home garden, Thomas, jr — 339 Sweet peaa for profit, Dick 339 TV CONTENTS. FORESTRY. Page. Norway pine in the Lake States, Woolsey, Jr., and Chapman 339 Pine plants and seed from dissimilar habitats, Schotte 339 Basket willow culture, Lamb 339 The important vegetable products of the French Colonies. — I, Ru})ber, Perrot. . 339 Maniu-ial experiments with young rubber at Kuala Lumpur, Spring 339 The application of stereophotogrammetry for forest geodetic purposes, Dock. . 340 Instructions for appraising stumpage on National Forests 340 Forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara for 1912-13, Ilukam Chand 340 Report of forest department of Madras Presidency, 1913, Lushington et aL . . . 340 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Organization in various countries for protection of plants, Saulnier 340 Control of crop diseases in Nebraska, Wilcox 340 Scientific and technical studies on plant diseases 340 Diseases and injuries of tropical plants and their control, Zacher 340 Notes on the nomenclature of some rusts, llamsbottom 341 A new gymnosporangial connection , Fromme 34I Observations on pure cultures of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, Brooks 341 Eelworms, Laidlaw 341 Control of streak disease of barley, Tritschler 341 Stinking smut of wheat, Miiller and Molz 341 Parasitic diseases of cultivated composites, Mangin 341 Celery leaf spot disease or blight 341 Cotton wilt and root knot, Gilbert 342 Downy mildew of cucumbers. Stone 342 The control of onion smut. Stone 342 Some diseases of the potato. — III, Black scab or warty disease, Doidge 342 Leaf blotch in the potato. Home 342 Leaf roll of potatoes and related diseases, Schander 342 Leaf roll of potato, Kock _. _. 343 Spraying for prevention of potato disease or late blight, Milburn and Gaut 343 The use of Burgundy mixture for Irish blight 343 Phytophthora arecx causing a rot of potato tubers, Rosenbaum 343 Fungus enemies of the sweet potato in Indiana, Ludwig 343 Blossom-end rot of tomatoes, Brooks _ 343 Hibernating mycelium of Macrosporiian solani in tomato seed, Massee 344 Rejuvenation of fruit stock, Lotrionte 344 Apple cracking and apple branch blister. Van der Bijl._. 344 Gummosis and frost injuries of cherries. — III, Wound stimulus theory, Sorauer. 344 Peach yellows and little peach, Atwood 344 Comparative tests with sprays against leaf cast of grape, Bretschneider 345 Report on cryptogamic diseases of cacao at Mayumba. ^^ermoesen 345 Mildew of cacao in St. Thomas and Principe, Carvallo D 'Almeida 345 Citrus canker, II 345 The rot of citrus fruit, Fawcett 346 Fungi parasitic on the tea plant in northeast India, II, Tunstall 346 Two new Chytridiacew, Hariot 346 Peridcrmium cedri as a destructive fungus, Troup 346 The morphology and life history of Pestalozzia funcrea, Wenner 346 Expulsion of ascospores from perithecia of chestnut blight, Heald and Walton. 346 Plane tree leaf scorch, Brittlebauk 347 The spotting of prepared plantation rubber, Sharpies 347 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. How to attract birds in northeastern United States, McAtee 347 Recent investigations on parasitic and other eelworms, Johnson 347 Report of the entomologist, 1912-13, Anderson 347 Insect records. — Miscellaneous notes 347 Insect enemies of the ground nut in Senegal, Azcf^mard ._ 348 Four new proctotrypoid egg parasites of sugar cane insects in Java, Dodd 348 [Fleas and mosquitoes in Panama], Mason 348 A new cotton pest 348 A chalcid parasitic on thrips (Thysanoptera) , Bagnall 348 Influence of temperature, submersion, and burial on Cimex lectulariiis, Bacot.. 348 CONTEKTS. V Page. White fly control, 1914, Watson 349 Injury to tropical trees by Fseudococcus Jilanientosus , Vayssifere 349 Number of larval stages and sex development in gipsy moth, Mosher and Webber 349 Contributions to the life history of the lesser peacn borer in Ohio, King 349 Cutworms, Fernald 349 Progress of verruga work with Fhlebotomus verrucarum, Townsend 350 The daffodil fly, Mcrodon equestris. Stocks 350 Breeding of the tachinid fly, parasitic on the cane beetle borer, Illingworth. . . 350 A note on Rhagoletis pomoiiclla in blueberries. Woods 350 [Report and minutes of evidence of the Sleeping Sickness Committee] 350 The bean fly (Agroviyza phaseoli), Rutherford 350 The wheat bulb fly {Jfylemijia coarctata), Wahl 350 The belladonna leaf miner {Pcgoniya hyn.scyami), Cameron 351 An apterous Drosuphila and its generic behavior, Metz 351 Indian forest insects of economic importance: Coleoptera, Stebbing 351 Reproduction and fecundity of the elm leaf beetle, Lecaillon 351 The mango weevil, Rutherford 352 On some Curculionidte living in bamboo stems, De Costa Lima 352 The scent producing organ of the honeybee, Mclndoo 352 Beekeepmg for the Oregon farmer, Wilson 352 Notes on the life history and ecology of Tiphia inomata, Wolcott 352 Life histories of Zenillia pexops and Hypamblys albopictus, Wardle 352 An unrecorded parasite of Toxoplcm gmininuvi, Webster 353 The house centipede, Marlatt 353 Injury to truck crops by springtails {Smijnthunis sp.). Fink 353 Two new Sarcosporidia, Crawley 353 Acari occiirrmg on the brown rat ( Mas norvcgicus) in Great Britain, Hirst 353 Evolution of Sarcocystis muris in the intestinal cells of the mouse, Crawley 353 Further research on Spiroptera cancer in rats, Fibiger 353 Naphthalin as an insecticide 353 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. The source, chemistry, and use of food jiroducts, Bailey 353 Meat purchasing a science. Cuff 354 The dearness of meat, Ortt 354 Changes in the character of fats during cooking, Masters and Smith 354 Changes taking place during baking of bread, Kalning and Schleimer 354 Effect of bread wrapping on the composition of the loaf, Barnard and Bishop- . 354 A chemical and bacteriological study of wrapped bread, Jacobs et al 355 Changes in bread on aging, Neumann 356 Ice cream standards, Barney 356 Ice cream soda and soft drinks, Matthews 356 Egg albumin in baking powder, Ladd 356 Tomato pulp, Bigelow and Fitzgerald 356 Swells and springers, Bigelow 356 Cause of variation in weight or measure of food products, Tolman and Hillyer. . 356 [Food and drug inspection], Barnard et al 357 [Food, drug, and water inspection and analysis], Taylor 357 [t^ood and dr\ig inspection and analysis], Tice 357 [Food and drug inspection and analysis] 357 Mimicipal ordinance, rules, and regulations pertaining to public health 357 Regulation of food supplied hotels, Frary 357 Bacteria in places where meat is slaughtered and sold, Hoffenreich 358 Manual of Creole cooking, Triay 358 History and ])resent status of the school feeding movement, Bryant 358 Educational and social possibilities of school luncheons. Small 358 Hot Imiches in rural schools. Bull 358 Relation of menus to standard dietaries, Kittredge 358 Special studies in the correlation of malnutrition and disease, Aulde 358 The nutrition of anemic and tuberculous children, Locke 358 The Alaskan Eskimo, Watkins 358 The diet of sailors, ]\Iarkl 358 The part played by different food substances in nutrition, Mendel 359 The specific dynamic action of the foodstuffs, Lusk 359 Intermediary protein metaboUsm, Folin 359 VI CONTENTS. Page. Basal metabolism and creatinixi elimination, Palmer, Means, and Gamble 359 Metabollflm in muscular tissue. — I, Amino-acidmixtiires, Matthews and Nelson. 359 The role of carbohydrate in nutrition, Cathcart 359 Chemical studies of growth. Funk and Macallum 360 A substance in butter fat which stimulates growth, McCollum and Davis 360 Contribution to the study of the origin of fatigue, Viale 360 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Recent studies in animal pigmentation, Schiedt 360 Hairs and hair pigments, Onslow 361 Race-horse breedmg, VII, VIII, Robertson 361 Tables for statisticians and biometricians, edited by Pearson 362 Action of sugar in nutrition, Gouin and Andouard 362 The effect of sugar on the digestion of nitrogen, Gouin and Andouard 362 Comparative feeding experiments with various grades of hays, Tacke et al. . . . 363 Influence of storage on composition and digestibility of hays, Honcamp et al. . . 363 The feeding value of apple pomace, Lindsey 363 Bacteriological researches on forage conservation in the silo, Goriui 363 [Ensilage experiments with lactic acid culture], Remn and Weiske 364 A new process of preparing potatoes for ensilage, Foth 364 Agriculture in Argentina, Hermes and Holtmeier-Schomberg 364 The Flemish breed of cattle, Raquet 364 Red Flemish cattle, Raquet 364 Breeds of cattle in French West Africa, De Cordemoy 365 Origin of caracul sheep, Young 365 Quality in wool, Bailey and Engledow 365 South African sheep and wool, McKee 365 Influence of feeding on the animal body, Henseler 365 Effect of calcium and protein fed pregnant swine on offspring, Eward et al. . . 366 [Swine feeding experiments] 366 [The antiquity of the horse in South America], Cardoso 366 The teeth of the horse and its age, Symous 366 Short-faced Abyssinian mules, Dechambre 366 The bare necks, Davenport 367 Variations caused by various feeds on ducks belonging to same brood, Magnan. . 367 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Present state of the dairying industry in Bombay, Knight and Horn 367 Experiments on the profitable feeding of milch cows, Goldschmidt 367 Manuring for milk 368 Cost of production of milk, Murray 368 New method of calculating the production value of feedstuffs, FingerLing 368 A new record milk yield 368 Segregation of fat factors in milk production. Hills and Boland 368 Composition of milk as shown by analyses of samples of known purity, Lythgoe. 369 The iron content of milk, Nottbohm and Dorr 370 Dairies and cow sheds. — Their effect upon the purity of the milk, Dewberrj' 370 Shrinkage in handling milk at city milk plants 370 Experiments with commercial and homemade starters, Funder 370 VETERINARY MEDICINE. A text-book of bacteriology. Hiss and Zinsser 371 A text-book of general bacteriology, Jordan 371 Blood pressure. — Its clinical applications, Norris 371 Special pathology and therapy^ of the domestic animals, Hutyra and Marek 371 A study of Bacterium mallei, with special reference to ' ' kornige " form, Clarke. . 372 Quantitative application of Abderhalden serum test, Van Slyke and Vinograd. . 372 Serum sensitization as related to dosage of antitoxin. Park et al 372 Influence of protein on absorption of antitoxin and agglutinin, Park et al 372 Effect of gentian violet on protozoa and on tissues growing in \dtro, Russell 373 Increasing resistance against diseases with CaClo, Emmerich and Loew 373 Report on the civil veterinary department, Burma, for 1914, Rennie 373 Annual report of veterinary department for the year 1912-13, Stordy 373 An outbreak of anthrax due to tannery refuse, Pickens 373 CONTENTS. VIT Page. Anaphylaxis after using autlirax serum, Jdrmai 373 Foot-and-mouth disease in Europe and South America, Wing 373 Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease to man through milk, Schmidt 374 Differentiation between nodules due to glanders and parasites, Moore and Fitch . 374 A new method for diagnosis of glanders, Lanfranchi 374 Notes on osteomalacia (bone chewing) 374 Immunizing with dead trypanosomes, Aoki and Kodama 374 Nephroparatyphoid and nephrotyphoid, Klieneberger 374 Diagnostic value of the precipitin reaction, Isabolinsky and Patzewitsch 375 The utilization of micro-organisms as antigens, Loeffler 375 Tubercle bacilli content of feces, blood, and milk, Gressel 376 The value of the tuberculin eye test, Kongo 376 Udder diseases and diagnosis of mammary gland tuberculosis, Seller 376 Diplodinium ecaiidatum, with an account of its neuromotor apparatus. Sharp.. . 376 The morphology and life history of Onchocerca gibsoni, Breinl et al 376 Etiology of worm nests in cattle due to Onchocerca gibsoni, Cleland 377 Migration of larvpe of Onchocerca gibsoni through capsule of worm nodule, Nicoll . 377 Animal parasites, especially sheep tick and biting sheep louse, Froggatt 377 Cj^tological characteristics of the erythroblasts in the pig embryo, Emmol 377 The structural unit and growth of the pancreas of the pig, Corner 378 Swine diseases, Kingsley 378 Some phenomena involved in life history of Spirochaeta suis, King and Drake . 378 Hog cholera and serum treatment, White 378 Investigations on Voldagsen plague (slioat typhoid), Pfeiler and Kohlstock 378 Swine pox in young pigs, Ban 379 The use of atoxyl in equine influenza, Stange and Szulewsky 379 The method in which fowl cholera immune serum acts, Weil 379 Sulphocarbolates in the treatment of white diarrhea of young chicks, Horton. . 380 Diseases transmitted by ticks, Theiler et al 380 RURAL ENGINEERING. Concrete lining as applied to irrigation canals, Fortier 380 Publications on water resources, 1885-1913, Parts I-V, compiled by Wood .... 381 Determining the daily discharge of rivers of variable slope, Hall and Pierce. . 382 The discharge of Yukon River at Eagle, Alaska, Porter and Davenport 382 Profile surveys in Hood and Sandy River basins, Oreg 382 The water resources of Butte, Mont. , Meinzer 383 Surface water supply of Lower Mississippi River basin, Fi'eeman and Dean 383 Ground water for irrigation in the vicinity of Enid, Okla., Schwennesen 383 Ground water for irrigation near Oklahoma City, Okla., Schwennesen 384 Geology and underground waters of Texas coastal plain, Deussen 384 Underground water of Luna County, N. Mex., Darton and Schwennesen 384 To what extent is irrigation practicable and profitable in Germany? Gerlach. 385 Road laws of Minnesota .' 385 Report of the State Highway Commission for 1912-13 385 Rules and regulations for the maintenance of state roads, 1914, Cooley 385 Stump-pulling machine for clearing land 385 Report on fires in threshing separators in eastern Washington, Cardiff et al . . . . 386 Greenhouse construction, Johnston 386 The oxidation of sewage without the aid of filters, Ardern and Lockett 387 Sewage disposal in unsewered districts 387 RURAL ECONOMICS. Rm-al improvement, W^augh 388 A rural life survey of Greene and Clermont counties, Ohio, Vogt et al 388 Community service week in North CaroUna 388 Rural life conference 388 The rural church movement, Earp 388 The farm bureau movement in New York State, Burritt 388 Opportunities in agriculture for women, Babcock 389 Opportunities for women in agriculture, Martin 389 The American Farm Management Association ._ 389 An outline for the study of current political, economic, and social problems. . . 389 Political and sectional influence of the public lands, 1828-1842, Wellington. ... 389 The influence of the passing of the public lands, Trimble 389 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Vacant public lands in the United States 389 List of farms for sale 390 The proGtableness of moor culture, P'reckmann and Sobotta 390 Report on migration from rural districts in England and Wales 390 Partnership in agriculture between landlord and tenant, Paget 390 Contract between landlord and tenant, Lloyd 390 Age of farmers, by color of operator, character of tenure, and size of farm 390 The rural credit system from the viewpoint of the farmer, Lauman 391 Agricultural credit in Ireland 391 A credit union primer, Ilara and Ilobinson 391 The cooperative people's bank, Desjardius 381 Inland boat service: Rates on farm products and time of transit, Andrews 391 Census of the Union of South Africa, 1911 391 Agricultural statistics of Scotland 391 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Better rural schools, Betts and Hall 391 Agricultural education in the public schools [of Ohio], I vins 392 A new agricultural school for New Brunswick, Newton 392 Demonstrations in fruit packing 392 The Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, Gandier 392 Handbook of women's institutes with report of advisory board 392 Agi-icultural education statistics in Prussia for 1909, 1910, and 1911 392 [Agricultural instruction in Austria and Germany], Miltner and Vital 392 Agriculture in Norway in 1914 392 Report of the department of agriculture of Norway, 1913 392 Agriculture in New Zealand high schools 393 Agricultural commerce as a subject of instruction, Ostermayer 393 Farm management, Fielding 393 Practicums for farm students, Rosam 393 Botany in the agricultural college, Copeland 393 Crop production. Weed and Riley 393 Productive orcharding, Sears 394 Home economics courses as arranged in modern high schools. Grant 394 Domestic science principles and application, Bailey 394 Demonstration lectures in foods and cooking, sewing, and home nursing 394 Principles of cooking, Conley 394 Nature-study and the teacher, or the point of view in nature-study, Voaden . . 394 The out-of-doors indoors in the fall, Reynolds 394 [Industrial clubs and contests for Oregon boys and girls] 394 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Florida Station: Page. Bui. 123, Sept., 1914 349 Bui. 124, Oct., 1914 345 Kentucky Station: Bui. 183, Aug. , 1914 337 Bui. 184, Aug.. 1914 327 Massachusetts Station: Giro. 36, Feb., 1914 322 Circ. 37, Feb., 1914 332 Circ. 38, Feb., 191^ 337 Circ. 39, Feb., 19l4 338 Circ. 40, Apr., 1914 342 Circ. 41, Apr., 1914 342 Circ. 42, Apr. 1914 335 Circ. 43, June, 1914 349 Circ. 44, July, 1914 321 Circ. 45, July, 1914 321 Circ. 4G, Sept., 1914 338 Circ. 47, Nov., 1914 363 Missouri Station: Bui. 119, Oct., 1914 321 New York State Station: Bui. 390, Oct., 1914 325 Oklahoma Station: Bui. 102, Oct., 1914 335 Washington Station : Bull. 117, Nov. 3, 1914 386 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Bui. 33, Cereal Experiments at Dickinson, N. Dak., J. A. Clark. 333 Bui. 74, Inland Boat Service: Freight Rates on Farm Products and Time of Transit on Inland Waterways in the United States, F. Andrews 391 Bui. 126, Concrete Lining as Ap- plied to Irrigation Canals, S. Fortier 380 Bui. 139, Norway Pine in the Lake States, T. S. "Woolsey, jr., and II. H. Chapman 339 Bui. 141, The Clyde Series of Soils, J. A. Bonsteel 316 Bui. 142, The Miami Series of Soils, J. A. Bonsteel 317 Bui. 144, The Manufacture of Acid Phosphate, W. H. Waggamau. . . 323 Bui. 149, The Use of Radio-active Substances as Fertilizers, W. H. Ross 324 Farmers' Bui. 616, Winter-Wheat Varieties for the Eastern United States, C. E. Leighty 336 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Farmers' Bui. 621, How to Attract Page. Birds in Northeastern United States, W. L. McAtee 347 Farmers' Bui. 622, Basket Willow Culture, G. N. Lamb 339 Farmers' Bui. 625, Cotton Wilt and Root-Knot, W. W. Gilbert 342 Farmers' Bui. 627, The House Cen- tipede, C. L. Marlatt 353 Farmers' Bui. 631, Growing Peaches: Sites, Propagation, Planting, Tillage, and Mainten- ance of Soil Fertility, H. P. Gould 338 Farmers' Bui. 632, Growing Peaches: Pruning, Renewal of Tops, Thinning, Interplanted Crops, and Special Practices, H. P.Gould 338 Farmers' Bui. 633, Growing Peaches: Varieties and classifi- cation, H. P. Gould 338 Forest Service: Instructions for Appraising Stumpage on National For- ests 340 Bureau of Plant Indiistry: Work of San Antonio Experi- ment Farm, 1913, S. H. Hastings 332,337 Work of the Umatilla Experi- ment Farm, 1913, R. W. Allen 332,337 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations, 1913: Soil Survey of Jeff Davis County, Ga., P. O.Wood etal 317 Soil Survey of Bremer County, Iowa, M. Bald- win, E. B. Watson, and F.B.Howe 317 Weather Bureau: Mo. Weather Rev., Sup. 1, Types of Storms of the United States and their Av- erage Movements, E. H. Bowie and R. II. Weight- man 316 Climat. Data, vol. 1, Nos. 9-10, Sept.-Oct. , 1914 316 IX EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXII. March, 1915. No. 4. A few years ago a speaker at a meeting of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations declared that the great need of the experiment stations was for thoughtful reflection and consideration— the opportunity for deliberation and study. The need is as great to-day as it was then, possibly more so. It is one of the handicaps which remains to be corrected. While there has been considerable progress toward a differentia- tion of duties and of personnel in our colleges and stations, the pro- tection of the investigator from distractions and interruptions, and from demands of many kinds outside his special field, is still quite incomplete. The effects of it are a heavy burden on our research activity, a load it seems hard to shake off. The result is reflected in the nature of the work, the extent of its constructive character, the degree of its completeness and finality as far as it goes. The growth of the agricultural work and of appropriations for it has not always meant a correspondingly larger opportunity for substan- tial investigation. It has been so rapid and many-sided that con- centration in station work has been difficult and often impossible for men of broad interests and sympathies. How to free station men from the effects of this enlarged activity in the college without divorcing them too completely from it, and thus depriving them of the suggestion and inspiration it may bring, is a vexed question. For one thing, the station men are in the midst of the whole tur- moil of college activit)^, and hence are drawn into it or affected by it unless they have unusual powers of concentration. And most men lack that power or ability; it is pointed ta as one of the defects of our present training, and it is noticeable in station work because the need of it there stands out so prominently. It is a power to be studiously cultivated and encouraged, especially in those to whom the acquisition of knowledge is assigned. Failure to do this has led men to acquire standards which are a serious handicap as produc- tive investigators. The habit of doing many things, of starting more than can be properly carried on, of having a hand in a gi-eat variety of enterprises, of being in close touch with many people within and without the institution, of having a large correspondence 301 302 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. to which personal attention is thought necessary to prevent disap- pointment, leads to a scattering of energy, a dissipation of time, and a lack of serious attention to the matters under investigation. It can not be otherwise. If research is, as has often been said, an attitude of mind, it is an attitude of sound inquiry, of thoughtful consideration, of con- centration of all the powers for the time being upon the subject in hand. It is an intellectual product, in which the things actually done are a resultant of the reasoning that lies back of the doing. It is a searching process, directed by reasoning from a well founded hypothesis, and carried forAvard by the accumulation of facts and their correlation in a manner to establish a truth. Hence, it calls for attentive study at all stages, and applies to all kinds of inquiry. The grade will atfect the intensity but the essentials must be present if the eftort is to be productive. Investigation or experiment or any form of inquiry which is not accompanied by thoughtful con- sideration is little more than routine, and can establish little. As a speaker at one of our station meetings a few years ago said : " To get an intelligible and decisive answer of nature requires more than zeal or hard work. It needs hard thought and wide knowledge in framing the question. It needs what Lowell has called the ' un- sullied temper of a well taught mind.'" To meet this need frag- ments of time, periods subject to frequent interruption, intervals when confusion and commotion prevent concentration, are far from being sufficient. And because they are not sufficient, and because conditions do not afford more opportunity for seclusion or it is not insisted upon, results are sometimes accumulated without being studied, and finally published without proper digestion, in the mis- taken idea that they are a record of investigation. The taking of records is not all of investigation but a means to it, an essential step in it. The records may often be made by a careful assistant who faithfully follows directions, but if anything vital comes of them it will be through a critical study which weighs cause and effect, correlates the new data with reference to an idea or hypothesis, and derives from them the facts they prove or a new point of departure. This comes from close work, a sinking of oneself into the subject, a thorough mastery of the facts, and their logical interpretation. It requires time and concentration. The experience of a typical research institution, the Carnegie In- stitution of "Washington, has unusual interest in this connection. In the thirteen j^ears of its existence it has entertained proposals for research " in nearly every imaginable field of abstract thought and of applied knowledge," and has actuall}^ undertaken a limited number of investigations of its own. Out of its wide and complex experience EDITORIAL. 303 it has formulated a number of generalizations in regard to the qualities of research and the conditions favorable to it. In the last report of the Institution its president, Dr. R. S. Wood- ward, says : " It is in evidence — " 1. That it is inimical to progress to look upon research as akin to occultism and especially inimical to mistake able investigators for abnormal men. Successful research requires neither any peculiar conformity' nor any peculiar deformity of mind. It requires, rather, peculiar normality and unusual patience and industry. "2. That fruitful research entails, in general, prolonged and ar- duous if not exhausting labor, for which all of the investigator's time is none too much. Little productive work in this line may be expected from those who are absorbingly preoccupied Mitli other affairs. Herein, as well as in otlier vocations, it is difficult to serve two or more exacting masters. " 3. That those most likely to produce important results in research are those who have already proved capacity for effectiveness therein and who are at the same time able to devote the bulk of their energies thereto. In general, men are not qualified for the responsibilities of research until they have completed independently and published sev- eral worthy investigations. "4. That research, like architecture and engineering, is increas- ingly effective in proportion as it is carefull}'^ planned and executed in accordance with definite programs. A characteristic defect of a large majority of the proposals for research submitted to the insti- tution is a lack of tangible specifications. Estimates, especially of time and funds essential to carry out such proposals, are almost always too small. Those commonly made, even by skilled investiga- tors, may be on the average safely doubled. " 5. That, in spite of the most painstaking foresight, research tends to expand more rapidly and hence to demand a more rapid increase of resources than most other realms of endeavor. Its unexpected developments are often more important than its anticipated results, and new lines of inquiry often becomes more urgent than those care- fully x)rearranged for pursuit. " 6. That it is much easier, in general, to do effective work of re- search in the older fields of inquiry than in the newer ones. It is especially difficult to enter those fields in which there is as yet no consensus of opinion concerning what ma}'' be investigated and what criteria may be followed. In some of the older fields, however, like the so-called humanities, for example, there is at present no such consensus of opinion, if one may judge from the large mass of expert but hopelessly conflicting testimony furnished to the Institution by its correspondents. In such fields it appears now practicable to pro- ceed only in a somewhat arbitrary fashion, accomplishing here and 304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. there good pieces of AA'ork regardless of divided opinions or even in opposition to expert advice." Some of these views will sound very familiar, for they coincide so fully Avith experience in agricultural research. A well-known result with the Institution has been the establishment of departments of its own in order to secure the conditions found necessary to research, and a great restriction of the assignment of grants for work outside. In other words, even this institution, with freedom of purpose and action, and with large means at its disposal, has early found it de- sirable to concentrate its efforts and resources upon a few chosen lines, and to anticipate their growing needs. It is recognized as impracticable for station men to restrict their efforts absolutely to the field and laboratory work connected with their investigations and experiments, or to have the full command of their time enjoyed by those in a private institution. Many will believe such a restriction is not wholly desirable, because of the nature and relationships of the work. But it seems clear as time goes on that a greater measure of relief from the effects of a too diverse program should be sought. This is especially the case now that the station's field is more sharply defined. Such relief can often be effected by a more favorable division or adjustment of the time of station workers, so as to give longer periods free from interruption; and by favorable environment — by arrangements which will protect the men by enabling a greater de- gree of seclusion at times, and often by a proximity of the investi- gator to the matters he is studying. And beyond this, through proper exercise of the administrative function men may be dissuaded or deterred from laying out too diffuse or ambitious programs. A part of the present difficulty often lies in the men themselves, a result of the experience they have passed through or of failure to acquire habits of concentration. The conservation of the time of station men is to a considerable extent a matter of organization and of making definite provision for the various divisions of work. More might often be done to relieve station men of executive functions, from exacting requirements con- nected with the academic life of the college, and from duties which should be cared for by the extension force. If men who are pri- marily investigators are on the program for a limited amoimt of in- struction, this can be so arranged as to come at a convenient part of the year or of the day, to avoid interruption ; and if it then proves too much of a burden or distraction, the wisest course may be to make other provision for it, recognizing that in the case of a competent investigator the instruction he gives is of secondary importance and should not be permitted to interfere with his primary function. EDITORIAL. 305 The investigator should be protected also in a certain measure of seclusion or freedom from unnecessary intrusion. How much the effect of interruption means to the average man is rarely estimated, especially b}'' those not of his kind or temperament. It leads men to establish office hours, to Avithdraw themselves from public approach, and sometimes results in their being regarded as exclusive or even sharply criticized or censured, esjjecially those connected with agri- cultural institutions. The idea that men are protected from those they seek to serve, or that they should close their doors to callers, is not popular and is not understood. But the clientele of the agri- cultural work is now so large and the expectations of various kinds of service so extensive that the problem of saving some time of the station force for concentrated effort often becomes acute. The sapping of mental and nervous energy comes less rarely from continuous and close application than from distractions, interrup- tions, the constant readjustment and attempt to gather up lines of thought that have been broken in upon. Some of the world's greatest workers have felt the benefit of getting away from the center of ac- tivity for brief periods — of a retreat to which they could flee for periods of reflection, where they would be free from interruption and distraction. Again, the phenomenal growth of the agricultural colleges, the increasing size of the plant, and the even larger plans for develop- ment, have steadily pushed the experimental fields, the greenhouses, stables, etc., farther and farther away from the center of things, making it more of an effort to spend time there or visit them. The first duty draws toward the office, where the hum of business and appointments occupy day after day. The men are so easily accessible there that interruptions are well-nigh inevitable and the time is shat- tered and energies dissipated. "\Ye have excelled in designing and erecting large buildings, with well-appointed offices and laboratories and class rooms, located within the academic group of the university or college. We take just pride in these as showing the splendid provision that has been made for teaching and for investigation in agriculture, and the integral part it now forms in the life of the whole institution. They are a great acquisition, and add greatly to the facilities for the inside work. But they doubtless intensifj^ some of the present difficulties as the work of the institution grows. Here the investigators for the most part have their headquarters and spend most of their time, confined by the nature of their miscel- laneous duties and the distance from the live part of their experi- mental work. In a number of instances the extension of the college campus has removed the experimental plats and fields, and in some cases the stables, a mile or more from the offices, and often requires 306 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. the provision of special facilities for reaching them. An inevitable result is much loss of time and often neglect, or the leaving of an essential part of the work to subordinates. In a paper before the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science last November, Mr. David Fairchild, of this Department, made a forceful plea for the small laboratory in agricultural investi- gation, and drew an attractive picture of its advantages and the favor- able atmosphere it engenders. Starting with the generalization that most discoveries in agriculture are the result of concentrated study, and that most men have not the ability to become oblivious to what is going on about them in a noisy building occupied by student classes, he strongly emphasized the necessity for uninterrupted periods of quiet as conducive to productive investigation and discovery. He likened the wasted energy in the stopping and starting of a train of thought to that in the stopping and starting of a locomotive, affirm- ing that " the deeper the degree of concentration the longer it takes to pick up the train of thought after an interruption." He cited ex- amples of the fatiguing effect of such interruption, and of its some- times leading to the abandoning for the time being of attempts to prosecute the particular study in hand. For the study of growing plants particularly the advantage of the small laboratory in close proximity to the material was well illus- trated. Such a laboratory or simple shelter is located in the midst of the things that are to be studied. Here the investigator is on the firing line. The forces and material to be studied come directly under observation. The range of possible events is so narrow that every occurrence throws light on the problem in hand rather than merely alluring the investigator into other tempting fields. There is nothing to distract or confuse the mind, all sounds or sights are part of the problem or bear upon it. The very breath of freshness on the material to be studied brings inspiration and suggestion as well as accuracy of observation. Again, Mr. Fairchild considered the effects of huge laboratories upon the men working in them, and the development of the labora- tor}'^ routine habit of life and thought. He maintained that " our great laboratories are invaded more than we perhaps realize by the executive atmosphere, and their very size and the fact that they are under one roof make this invasion almost unavoidable." It is true also that our large laboratories have sometimes served to gratify an innate taste for collecting apparatus which does not always improve them as workshops, robs men of their resourcefulness, and sometimes occupies them in dilettante manipulation. The xQvy completeness of equipment may induce a comfortable satisfaction which is fatal to the spirit of investigation. Instances could be cited in which the com- EDITORIAL. 307 pletion of the laboratory and its equipment practically marked the end of the productive activity of an investigator of apparent promise. Some of the advantages of the small field laboratory over the larger ones were summed up by Mr. Fairchild as follows: The uninter- rupted periods of quiet which are prerequisites to an atmosphere of research; nearness to the plants under observation; possibility of spending easily and without unusual effort the early mornings among plants one is studying: a place to take a colleague and discuss without fear of interruption the problems w^hich one is at work upon. " We are not alone enough it seems to me," he said, " and this suggestion is made in the interest of those who crave time in which to think and be quiet." For the best interests of station work, men must be selected because of their love for it and their desire and ability to concentrate effec- tively upon it. The investigator and his problems must be brought together, opportunity and encouragement given to stay together, and concentration and thorough stud}' exj^ected. Then results may be looked for, and if they do not follow after reasonable time, it will be easier to determine where the difficulty lies. 80967°— No. 4—15 2 (/ RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Encyclopedia of technical chemistry, eloyed instead of other oxygen transmitters. Care must be exercised at the outset in heating in order to prevent overfoaming. 310 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. New modification of the Kjeldahl method, I^. Marino and F. Gonnelli {AtH R. Accctd. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sd. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 23 (1914), I, No. 7, pp. 523-580; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Sac. [London'], 106 {19U), No. 621, II, pp. 575, 576). — When vanadium pentoxid was used as a catalyst in the Kjeldahl process, according to the suggestion of Oefele (see above), an error of about 1 per cent Avas noted. Accurate results may be obtained, however, if 1 gm. of the organic substance is boiled with 20 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid, 7 gm. of potassium sulphate, and 0.2 gm. of vanadium pentoxid until an emerald green colored solution is obtained. The method can be used to ad- vantage in cases where the Gunning modification of Kjeldahl's method does not suffice to convert tbe nitrogen into ammonia. About the decomposition of large amounts of organic substances accord- ing to the Kjeldahl method, E. Caupiaux {Bui. Hoc. Chim. Belg., 27 (WIS), No. 12, pp. 333, 33Jt; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {19H), No. 26, Repert., p. llJf). — Usually as little as 5 gm. of substance is hard to oxidize in the Kjeldahl flask, even with boiling sulphuric acid. The method utilized by the author for the oxidation of from 20 to 30 gm. of organic substance is as follows : About 30 gm. of the substance to be examined is placed in a Kjeldahl flask with about the same amount of sulphuric acid, agitated thoroughly, and allowed to stand for about one hour. If at the end of this period the mass is dry enough, there are added mercury and enough sulphuric acid for oxidation, which is completed in a few minutes. Although large amounts of sulphuric acid affect the nitrogen £ind phosphoric acid, injury may be prevented by the addition of sugar. In the resulting solution nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and calcium can easily be deter- mined. A simplification of Bang's micro-Kjeldahl method and the protein content of the vitreous humor of rabbits' and dogs' eyes, M. Kochmann {Biocliem. Ztschr., 63 (1914), No. 4-6, pp. 479-482). — Bang's method ^^ consists of placing 100 mg. of blood in a 50 cc. Kjeldahl bottle with 1..5 cc. of pure sulphuric acid, 3 to 4 drops of 10 yter cent copper sulphate solution, and 2 pieces of iwtassium sulphate about the size of a millet seed, and heating on a wire gauze until the decomposition is complete. After cooling, 10 cc. of distilled water is added, then 10 cc. of 20 per cent potassium hydroxid, the mixture cooled, and 10 cc. more of potassium hydroxid solution added. The Kjeldahl flask with its con- tents is then connected to the Bang distillation apparatus, which consists of an expanded tube plugged with a wad of glass wool for the purpose of pre- venting the passage of potassium hydroxid over into the distillate during dis- tillation. This tube is connected at its lower end to the Kjeldahl bottle with a perforated rubber cork, and at its upper end with a bent quartz tube which contains at its outlet a small copper condenser. The distillate is collected in a 50 cc. beaker containing from 3 to 10 cc. of centinormal hydrochloric acid solu- tion. The hydrochloric acid not neutralized by the ammonia is determined by titration with centinormal thiosulphate solution, after adding starch paste, a few drops of a 2 per cent potassium iodate solution, and 2 or 3 crystals of potassium iodid. The author found it a disadvantage to operate with the wide distillation tube and preferred to titrate the unused standard acid (hydrochloric or sul- phuric) with a centinormal sodium hydroxid solution, using cochineal as the in- dicator. The quartz tube may be replaced by a hard glass tube. Nephelometry in the study of nucleases, P. A. Kober and Sara S. Graves {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc.. 36 {1914), No. 6, pp. 1304-1310, figs. 2).— A description " Biochem. Ztschr., 49 (1913), No. 1-2, pp. 19-39, flgs. 4 ; 51 (1913), No. 3, pp. 193-199, fig. 1. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 311 of a new method for estimating undigested nucleic acids, which consists in adding a proclpitnut to a dilute solution of the nucleic acids and estimating the resulting suspensoids nephelonietrically (E. S. R., 30, p. 410). The results show that " the nephelometer can be used for the study of di- gestion of yeast nucleic acid when a 0.2 per cent solution acid egg albumin is used as a precipitant. This reagent is not appreciably affected in dilute solu- tions by most substances met with in physiological work, and will easily detect one part yeast nucleic acid in 1.000.000 jjarts of water." New methods of soil analysis and the estimation of colloids in soils, II. VAN DEE Leeden and F. Schneider {Intertmt. Mitt. Bodenlc, 2 {1912), No. 1, pp. 81-109; ahs. in Zenthl. Agr. Chcm., J,2 {1918), No. 3, pp. US-liT; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'i, lOJf {WIS), No. 607, II, pp. 433, 4-3^).— Some experiments with soils resulting from the weathering of gneiss showed " that for the com- parison of the hygroscopicity of a soil with that of the silicates dissolved by hydrochloric acid, extraction with aqueous hydrochloric acid is tmsuitable, since the solution of colloidal silica, its precipitation with adhering oxids of iron and aluminum and other dissolved substances, introduce errors. The acid may also dissolve colloids which possess only slight hygroscopicity; this could be avoided by employing gaseous hydrogen chlorid. " The assumption that the absorption of dyes rises and falls with the amount of colloids is not accepted. Exact experiments on the absorption of dyes and hygroscopicity can only be made when the surfaces of the soils are estimated on the one hand by the employment of a dye solution and on the other by using the vai>ors of organic substances of high molecular weight. " The results of analyses as well as estimations of hygroscopicity indicated that unweathered minerals are dissolved by hot hydrochloric acid." The estimation of the lime requirement of soils by means of the hydroxid of the alkaline earths, C. R. Moulton and P. F. Trowbridge {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 6 {191J,), No. 10, pp. S35-837).—''X brief survey of the data pre- sented seems to establish the fact that the lime requirement found by the metliod of Bizzell and Lyon [E. S. R., 30, p. 422] is proiwrtionate to the barium hydroxid used and not to the acidity of the soil. The lime requirement is con- siderably lower than when the Yeiteh method is used. The lime requirement varies with the length of time of the distillation and volume of distillate until a zero lime requirement is obtained. " No consideration of the speed of a method is worth while when its per-* formance is such as is indicated by this studj'. However, the experience in this laboratory shows that at least as much attention on the part of the oper- ator is needed for the method of Bizzell and Lyon as for the Veitch method. The time consumed in evaporating, and so forth, does not enter into considera- tion when a chemist has other work in progress." A comparative compilation of reactions for detecting nitrites in drinking water, M. Bornand (.1////. Lchcufon. Vntcrsuch. u. Hyg., Sehweiz. Gsmlhtsamt., It {1913), No. 5, pp. 2S5-28D; abs. in Chcm. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 32, Repert.. p. 146). — Neutral red (Rochaix's reagent) is deemed unsatisfactory for detect- ing nitrites in drinking water, and Deniges' strychnin sulphate reagent is con- sidered impracticable for use under the usual laboratory conditions because it decomposes very easily. The resorciu-sulphuric acid test of Barbet and Jan- drier, the indol test of Mnoucha Chwilewizky, and the Van Ilosva-Lunge sul- phanilic acid method are deemed the most reliable. The bacteriological examination of food and water, W. G. Savage {Cam- Iridgc, England, IDV,. pp. Vlll + nS, figs. 76).— Books on pathological bacteri- ology as a rule do not adequately supply methods for the examination of water, air, foods, and the like. This book, which is one of the Cambridge Public 312 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Ilojiltli Series, edited by (L S. Grahara-Smitli and J. E. Purvis, is said to fill these requirements, and its contents are as follows : General methods for the isolation and identification of indicator organisms, water, soil and. sewage, shell- fish, milk, modified milk and milk products, the bacteriology of meat and meat products, air, and the determination of antiseptic and germicidal power. An appendix dealing with the composition of the culture media is included. Fatty foods: Their practical examination, E. R. Bolton and C. Revis (I'hiludclpJtia, I'JIS pp. X+STl, pis. 8, figs. 36). — This handbook is intended for analytical and technical chemists and deals with general and si)ecial methods for the examination of foods and feeding stuffs containing fats. The contents are as follows : Beef fat, lard, butter, margarin, and ghee ; vegetable oils and fats — special tests for oils and fish and marine animal oils; rancidity; cocoa, chocolate, and milk chocolate; feeding stuffs — methods of analysis and calcu- lation of rations; and milk — analysis and examination for use in margarin, pasteurization, cleanliness and bacteriological condition, and cream and sepa- rated milk. Methods for the biological examination of milk, J. Bauer (Die Methodik dcr Biologischcn Milch untersucJiung. Stuttffitrt, 1913, pp. XI-\-112, figs. 15). — This small book deals principally with biological methods for examining milk, under the headings of methods for determining the animal from which the milk originates; determining heated milk; and determining the sanitary condition of milk. It is said to be the first book of its kind. A method for the determination of fat in milk (nephelometric method), W. R. Bloor {Jour. Amer. Uhcm. Hoc, 36 {191Jf), Xo. 6, pp. 1300-l.:^OJf).—" The procedure is as follows : One cc. of the milk, measured with an accurate pipette, is run slowl5^ and with stirring into about 80 ce. of an alcohol-ether mixture (containing 3 parts of redistilled alcohol and 1 part of redistilled ether) in a 100 cc. graduated flask. (The measurement may be checked by determining the weight of the added milk.) The mixture is raised to boiling by immersion in a boiling water bath, cooled to room temperature, made up to 100 cc. with the rlcohol-ether, shaken, and filtered. The filtrate is clear and almost colorless. " For the determination, 5 cc. of the solution is run from a pipette, slowly with stirring, into 100 cc. of distilled water in a beaker, producing a slightly opalescent colloidal solution. The point of the pipette must be kept below the surface of the liquid during the outflow. A similar solution is prepared with ' 5 cc. of the standard fat solution. To the standard and to the test solutions are added, simultaneously, 10 cc. portions of dilute (10 per cent) hydrochloric iicid and, after stirring, the solutions allowed to stand for five minutes, after which they are transfen-ed to the comparison tubes of the uephelometer [E. S. R., 30, p. 410]. " For the comparison, the two tubes, filled to the same height with the solu- tions, are placed in the nephelometer with the standard tube always on the same side. If bubbles appear in the walls of the tubes they are removed by inverting two or three times. The movable jacket on the standard side is set at a convenient point, generally 50 mm. (Richards' nephelometer), and com- parisons made by adjusting the jacket on the test solution until the images of the two tubes show equal illumination. At least five readings are taken, alter- nately from above and below, and the average taken as the reading. This read- ing is cori'ected from the calibration curve of the instrument and the fat value of the milk calculated from the correctetl rending. "The standard solution is an alcohol-ether solution of pure triolein, made with freshly distilled absolute alcohol and pure dry ether, of which 5 cc. con- tains about 2 mg. of fat." See also a previous note (E. S. R., SI, p. 610). AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 313 Where a nephelouieter is kicking other colorimeters may be adapted to the purpose. In a table a compfii'ison is made of the values obtained with human II nd cows' milk by the method proposed, the Babcock method, and also in some cases the Adams method. " The cows' milk was mixed dairy milk collected from various sources. The human milk samples were from cases in various early stages of lactation and were selected so as to obtain as wide range of fat values as possible." A rapid method of estimating fat in cheese, cream, and butter, K. Kropat (.•l/-(7(. J'hann., 252 {1!)J4), A'o. 1, pp. "76-80). — It has been previously shown by Rui)p and Miiller<» that in the estimation of fat in milk the extraction may be facilitated by the addition of gum tragacanth. The method has now been extended to the estimation of fat in cream, cheese, and butter. For cheese the procedure is as follows : From 2 to 3 gm. of cheese is heated, with 5 cc. of 25 per cent hydrochloric acid until dissolved. The solution is then treated with from 3 to 5 cc. of alcohol, and after cooling is shaken with 25 cc. of ether. When the separation is complete 25 cc. of light petroleum ether is added and allowed to stand for 15 minutes. Then are added from 1 to 1.5 gm. of gum tragacanth and 3 to 5 cc. of water, and after swelling of the gum the ethereal layer is allowed to separate and the residue washed with light petro- leum ether. The fat is determined in the extract by evaporation in the usual manner. A similar method is adopted for cream and butter. Material for uniform laws reg'arding foodstuffs. — IV, Cheese (Enticiirfe zu Fc'-stsctzungeri ilher Lehensmittel. — IV, jfiTa-se. Sup. to Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtJ., 26 (WIS), No. 6, pp. 30). — Besides describing the various kinds of market cheese, this pamphlet outlines methods for determining the moisture, fat. protein, and ash content of cheese and the detection of the pres- ence of preservatives, such as boric, salicylic, benzoic, and other acids. Ethyl ester of linoleic tetrabromid as a product in the analysis of cotton- seed oil, L. S. Palmkb and P. A. Wright (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (191Jf), No. 10, pp. 822, 823). — In the course of some studies on the composition of cotton-seed oil, in which the unsaturated acids were being isolated by the Tortolli and Euggeri method ^ making use of the solubility of their lead soaps in ether and finally recovering the linoleic acid as the tetrabromid, large cluster- ing needles were obtained instead. These needles melted at 58 to 58.5° C. and the crystals showed a much greater solubility in 95 per cent alcohol, glacial acetic acid, petroleum ether, etc., than linoleic tetrabromid. The crystals from all of the solvents were obtained in the same form and had the same melting point, which was strikingly similar to the melting point of the tetrabromid of the isomeric telfairie acid of Thoms. The ethyl ester of linoleic tetrabromid also has a melting point nearly identical with the melting point of the tetra- bromid of the isomeric telfairie acid. " The results reported present several points of interest. In the first place, it appears that in isolating the unsaturated acids of cotton-seed oil by the lead soap ether method, some care is required not to allow the lead soaps to stand under ether if the product desired is ordinary linoleic acid or its bromid. In the second place, there is opened up a field of new products of the unsaturated acids, namely, the esters of the bromids. Heretofore esterification has been con- fined to the acids themselves. " The authors have prepared a few of these bodies, namely, methyl bromo- linolate and the methyl and ethyl esters of oleic dibromid. They found the "Ztschr. Untersuch. Xahr. u. Genussmtl., 23 (1912), No. 7, pp. 338, 339. *Orosi, 23 (1900), No. 1, pp. 109-122. 314 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECORD. methyl ester of linoleic tetrabroiuid to crystallize from alcohol iu white glisten- ing plates resembling the ethyl ester. The slightly impure crystals melted between 50 and 56°. The two esters of oleic dibromid were found to be yellow oils, very soluble in most solvents, but very little soluble in their corresponding alcohols saturated with HCl gas. "At present actual analysis of cotton-seed oil for linoleic acid falls far short of the theoretical value indicated by the iodin value of the oil or the mixe'^)- — 'J^^^i* yearbook contains the oflicial and provisional methods of analysis of tannin, tanning materials, leather, fats, and oils, and the by-laws of the association. METEOROLOGY. 315 Copra drying, C. W. Hikes {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 7 (19U), No. 8, pp. 323-326, pi. 1). — Coconuts are grown extensively in IG Provinces of tlie Philippines and supply about one-third of the world's output of dried copra. Modern methods of drying the copra and extracting the oil are not used, and the greater part of the copra produced is of poor quality on account of the inferior methods of handling and drying. Aside from the objectionable dark color of the copra, which is caused by long drying, the large amount of moisture retained favors the development of molds and bacteria, which give the product an unfavorable appearance, and reduces the percentage of oil considerably. The several driers previously used in this work are briefly discussed, and the proper method of drying is described. As regards the manufacture of oil it is pointed out that " the percentage of oil contained in the fresh meat of the coconut usually runs from about 30 to 45 per cent. The percentage contained in the dried product will be largely gov- erned by the percentage of moisture remaining. It will, of course, contain a lower percentage of oil than the oven-dried, which will often reach 70 to 80 per cent when its moisture content has been greatly reduced. " There are two processes commonly used in extracting this oil — the hydraulic and the continuous. The former usually gives higher extraction but is slower in operation than the latter. . . . The press cake remaining after the oil is removed makes a valuable cattle feed and also an excellent fertilizer." Yearbook of the^ societies of alcohol manufacturers, starch interests, and potato driers in Germany, edited by G. Foth (Jahrb. Vet: Spirit us Fabrik. Dcut., IJj. (I'JIJ/), pp. XXIII-\-51:3). — Discussions of these societies and reviews, with ijarticular reference to the advances made in these industries during 1913. METEOROLOGY. Climatic provinces of the western United States, W. G. Reed (,Bul. A))ier. Geogr. Soc, Jfl {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-19, figs. 4). — It is stated that the published climatic provinces of the western United States are not satisfactoiy, and a new grouping into two provinces is suggested, (1) a Pacific province which includes all the region west from the Cascade, Sierra Nevada, and Peninsular moun- tains to the Pacific Ocean, and (2) a rain shadow area which includes the region east from this crest-line to the eastern boundary (left undetermined) of the region under discussion. The underlying idea in this grouping is to divide the region in such a way that areas with similar climatic conditions shall fall within the same general group and that those with essentially different climatic conditions shall be kept separate. The outstanding difference between the groups is that " the Pacific province is characterized by marked subtropical winter rains and dry or nearly dry summers ; the rain shadow area has large diurnal and annual ranges of temperature and generally deficient precipitation." Geographical aspects of climatological investigations, B. C. Wallis {Scot. (Jeogr. Mag., 30 {1914), No. 7, pp. 356-369, figs. 5).— An attempt is made to show the utility in the teaching of geography of the method of differences as illus- trated in the normal and variations from it of temperature and rainfall. Principia atmospherica: A study of the circulation of the atmosphere, W. N. Shaw {Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinh.. 34 {1913-14), No. 1, pp. 77-112. figs. /,).— This article deals with recent developments of the science of meteorology, par- ticularly in the investigation of the upi)er air, presenting knowletlge of atmos- pheric circulation " in the normal scientific form, with axioms which represent inductive laws, with postulates or lemmas which represent groups of observed 316 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, facts, and with propositions leiidinj? to conclusions which are susceptible of verification." The moon and autumn storms, E. IIinsixmann (JIansa, .51 (1014), ^o. 26, pp. 607-GO'J). — An attonijit is made in this article to correlate weather changes, especially storm periods, with phases of the moon, with a view to verifying the accuracy of predictions based upon such correlation. Types of storms of the United States and their average movements, E. H. P.owiE and R. H. Weightman (Mo. Weather Rev. Bup. 1 (1914), pp. 37, pU. llJf). — This is the first of a series of supplements to the Monthly Weather lleviciv dealing with some of the more elaborate contributions of the Weather Bui-eau to meteorology. It deals with the origins of storms, describes ten different storm types, and discusses in detail the use of the knowledge of these types in weather forecasting. A select bibliography on w^eather forecasting suited especially for beginners in this field of meteorology is also given. Climatological data for the United States by sections ( TJ. .Sf. Dept. Ag^r., Weather Bur. Cllmat. Data, l.i^OU), Nos. 9, pp. 224, pis. 2, figs. 7; 10, pp. 224, pis. 2, figs. 8). — These volumes contain, respectively, brief summaries and de- tailed tabular statements of climatological data for each State for September and October, 1914. Meteorological data, T. Cromie (Aim. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Saskatchewan, 9 (1913), pp. 159-190, figs. 2).— The weather conditions for each month of 1913 are briefly summarized, and data for temperature and precipitation at different places in Saskatchewan are given in tables and compared with similar data for previous years. A table is also given which shows the precipitation, mean tem- perature, and wheat yield for the years ending September 30, 1901-1913. Meteorology [of New South Wales], J. B. Trivett (N. S. Wales Statis. Reg., pt. 4 (1913), pp. 345-400). — This is a report consisting of detailed tabular statements showing observations on atmospheric pressure, temperature, precipi- tation, humidity, and wind movement at Sydney and other places in New South Wales during 1913 and a number of preceding years. [The climate of New South Wales], J. B. Trivett (Off. Yearbook N. S. Wales, 1913, pp. 40-53). — The principal climatic features of New South Wales are briefly described. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The Clyde series of soils, J. A. Bonsteel (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bill. 141 (1914), pp. 60, pis. 10. fig. 1). — This bulletin deals with the tn-igin, characteristics, ami crop adaptabilities of the Clyde series of soils, which occurs within the terri- torj' inmiediately to the south of the Great Lakes and covers an aggregate area of 1,877,700 acres. The series is divided into 11 different soil types ranging from gravelly sand to clay, and includes types with dark colored surface soils, usually well filled with organic matter, underlain by gray or mottled subsoil. The deeper subsoils of the finer grained types are usually calcareous. The soils of this series " have been formed as gl.icial lake sediments, as ter- race deposits along glacial stream ways, and as accumulations in small ponds, lakes, or in other positions of obstructed drainage within the glaciated I'egion of the northern United States. . . . [and] are chiefly found in level or de- l)ressed areas within the glacial lake and river terrace province. . . . The different soils were usually swampy or very poorly drained in their natural condition." Sugar beets are said to be the most important special crop, but corn, oats, hay and truck crops are also grown on the better drained areas. SOILS FERTIIJZEES. 317 It is stated that drainage is the most iniiHirtaut of all forms of soil im- provement uix)n the soils of this series. The Miami series of soils, J. A. Bonsteel {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 1^2 (1914), pp. 59, pis. 13, fig. 1). — This bulletin deals with the distribution, crop adapta- tions, cultivation, and fertility requirements of a series of soils of glacial origin which occur most extensively in western Ohio, central and northeastern Indi- ana, southern Michigan, the Traverse Bay region of Michigan, extreme north- eastern Illinois, eastern Wisconsin, and a portion of the upper peninsula of Michigan. These soils are distinguished by prevailing brown, light brown, or gray surface soils and yellowish-brown or darker brown subsoils. " By far the greater part of the area occupied by the important types of the series is gently undulating to moderately rolling. The natural drainage over a large part of the territory is fair to good. . . . The Miami flne sandy loam, loam, silt loam, and clay loam comprise by far the greatest area of the soils of this series, and they are well suited with respect to topography, drainage and moisture conditions, and climatic surroundings to the growing of the most important staple crops of the temperate region. The more gravelly and sandy soils of the series are relatively unimportant agriculturally. . . . While crop yields are, in general, satisfactory, it has been found that careful attention to crop rotation, the iucorix>ration of organic manures, the use of commercial fertilizers with the small grain crops, liming, and tile underdrainage on the heavier types aid in increasing crop yields." Soil survey of Jeff Davis County, Georg'ia, P. O. Wood et al. {U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheds Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 34, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Georgia State College of Agriculture, was issued November 21, 1914. It deals with an area of 208,000 acres in south- eastern Georgia, the topography of which varies from flat to rolling. The county is drained by the Ocmulgee and Altamaha rivers and by numerous creeks which eventually flow into the Satilla Eiver. Many fields and some entire farms are said to be greatly in need of drainage. In general the soils of the county consist of sands of varying texture under- lain usually at comparatively shallow depths by sandy clays. Twenty-two soil types of twelve series are mapped, of which the Norfolk and Tifton are the most important both in extent and agricultural value. Crop rotation is practiced only in a limited way but the appreciation of its importance and of the need of humus in the soil and of adequate drainage is growing. The use of commercial fertilizers is universal and it is stated that most of the soils need lime. Soil survey of Bremer County, Iowa, M. Baxwin, E. B. Watson, and F. B. Howe (U. S. Dept. Agr., Adva^icc Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 37, fig. 1, map 1). — This survey, made in cooperation with the Iowa Agricul- tural Experiment Station, was issued November 21, 1914. It deals with an area of 277,760 acres in northeastern Iowa, the topography of which as a whole is gently undulating to rolling. The regional drainage is good. The soils of the county fall into four general classes, namely, those composed of glacial drift of the Iowa glaciation, the reworked soils originating from the glacial drift, the residual limestone soils, and the silty and sandy soils. Twenty- one soil tyi^es of eleven series are maiJi>ed, of which the Carrington loam is the most important and covers 62.8 per cent of the total area. No systematic rota- tion of crops as a rule is followed in the county and commercial fertilizers are said to be unimportant in the agricultural practice. The importance of careful conservation and application of organic manures is, however, being more and more recognized. The influence of g'laciation on agriculture in Ohio, E. W. Owen {Bui. Sci. Lahs. Dcnison Univ., 11 (1914), Art. 11-14, pp. 390-394, fig- i).— An investiga- 318 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. lion to determine the effect of glaciatiou on agriculture in certain typical dis- tricts along the glacial boundary in Ohio showed that " while the ice sheet did not materially affect the fertility of the soil ... it was of great economic im- portance in making more of the land available for profitable cultivation." Studies on the change of the soil surface, R. Hoffman x {Landw. Vers. Stat., 85 {I'JlJf), No. 1-2, pp. i23-i^7).— Studies on the effects of freezing and fertilization on the total surface area of different soils, as determined by the Itodevvald and Mitscherlich hygroscopicity method, are reported. No variation in the surface area of six different surface soils due to freezing could be detected, and it is concluded that, as the effect of each successive freez- ing on surface soil steadily decreases, the actual effect of frost on the soil sur- face approaches a maximum value in approximately an asymtotic manner. It was further found that the quantities of organic and inorganic fertilizers which are used in practice effect no important or lasting change in soil surface. Ap- parently the mass of irreversible colloids of surface soils is so reduced by freez- ing and drying that the hygroscopicity values of the remaining irreversible colloids are fully covered by the hygroscopicity values of the other soil constituents. The action of hydroxyl ions on clay and clay soils, P. EouLA^'D (Landic. Vers. Stat., 85 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 105-108) .—The author defends his views set forth in a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 23) as attacked by Maschhaupt (E. S. R., 31, p. 216) and maintains that the flocculation of colloids in clay soils is caused by the hydroxyl ions of calcium and other hydroxids. See also a related note by Wiegner (E. S. R., 31, p. 618). The colloids of clay and humus soils, P. Rohland (Xaturw. Ztschr. Foist u. Landw., 12 (1914), No. 8, pp. 380-385). — In a further discussion of the subject (E. S. R., 30, p. 718; 31, p. 514) the author points out that in the colorometric method for determining colloids a relation exists between absorption and the composition and reaction of the coloring matter used. He reviews experiments with different soils which indicate that the absorptive power of soil colloids for water steadily decreases after repeated drying. He also discusses the importance of colloidal content in determining plasticity and similar properties of soils. The adsorptive power of soil colloids, P. Rohland (Monatsh. Landw., 7 (1914), ^0. 7, pp. 159-165). — The author discusses the properties of soil colloids along the same lines as in the above and previous articles. The colloidal properties of red soils, P. Rohland (Kolloid Ztschr., 15 (1914), No. 2, pp. 96-98). — ^The author reviews investigations by himself and others which in his opinion prove that the chai'acteristic properties of red soils are due to silicates of a strongly colloidal nature and that these colloidal properties are very important agriculturally. Colloidal properties of the acid soils of Japan, T. Tadokobo (Jour. Col. Agr. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 27-50, pis. S).— Studies of the colloidal properties of certain of the acid soils of Japan, with particular reference to swelling on contact with water or salt solutions, the development of heat accompanying swelling, hygroscopicity, physical adsorption, and absorption of ammonia are reported. The degree of swelling of a soil was found to vary with the type of reagent used, indicating the formation of different gel forms with different reagents, and that the gel forming materials, particularly in acid soils poor in humus, do not x'epresent individual substances. The small difference in increased volume found between the original humus-poor soil and the residue extracted with water was taken to indicate that colloidal substances extracted from such soils with pure water have no important connection with the swelling of the soil. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 319 Tbe development of heat accompanying swelling in soils? is said to be prob- ably proportional to the degree of swelling. The hygroscopicity of the soils examined averaged 5.62 and bore an almost constant relation to the degree of swelling. The adsorptive power of the soils for coloring matter decreased with its concenti'ation and bore a close relation to the degi-ee of swelling and hygro- scopicity. The absoiptive power for ammonia bore no close relation to the adsorptive power for coloring matter, degree of swelling, and hygroscopicity, and was not governed by the surface area of the colloids as much as was the adsorptive power for coloring matter. The constant for the absorption equiva- lent was found to be greater in acid soils poor in humus than in acid soils rich in humus and A-aried with different concentrations of the ammonia solution. • The absorption coefficient of the soils for ammonia in normal ammonium phosphate solution was greater than for normal ammonium chlorid solution. It is thought possible that the phosphoric acid of ammonium phosphate com- bines directly with aluminum, forming an insoluble compound which increases the absorptive power of the soil for ammonia. Preliminary note on iron in Florida soils, C. A. Brautlecht and A. B. Parlin i^Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (WW, No. 11, p. 960). — In 73 sam- ples of Florida soils examined the iron, calculated as FezOs, ranged from 0.23 to 11.53 per cent. In general there appeared to be a direct correlation between the humus and iron. A certain correlation between the character of vegeta- tion and the iron content was also indicated. The absorption of certain radicals by leaves in varying stages of decay, and the effect of leaves on the absorption of these radicals by a soil, II. A. Notes (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 7, pp. 57-^-576; abs. in Chem. Ahs., 8 {1914), No. 11, pp. 3090, SOW).— Laboratory experiments are reported which lead to the general conclusion that humus-forming substances, such as leaves, play a part in soil absorption dei)endent upon their state of decay. A note on leaf -fall as a cause of soil deterioration, W. L. Balls (Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc., 11 (1914), No. 6, p. 466; abs. in Chem-. Abs., 8 (1914), No. 17, p. 3090). — It was observed that the soil of certain cotton breeding plats in which the leaves from the cotton had been incorporated became unproductive. It is suggested that this may have been due to sodium chlorid which occurred in small amounts in the soil or to toxic compounds resulting from the decomposi- tion of the leaves. The latter explanation was supiwrted by the fact that cotton leaf mold was found very unsatisfactory for potting purposes. Crop residues, B. Schulze (Deut. Landw. Presse, 41 (1914), No. 14, pp. 171, 172; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914), No. 4, pp. 333, 334).— It is pointed out that previous investigations on the value of the residue left by crops have given unreliable results, mainly because the amount of roots was not accurately determined. The author has formulated from numerous observations a ratio between the weight of the above-ground parts of plants and their root .systems at the time of maturity by means of which it is easy to calculate the root residue from the weight of air-dried above-ground portions of the plant. Applying this method to the various crops, he reaches the general conclusion that the value of plant residue, especially as regards nitrogen, is not so high as is generally supposed. His averages for the nitrogen content in pounds per acre are for various crops as follows: Winter rye, 14.2; winter wheat. 14.4; oats, 15.4; barley, 9.6; beans, 56.2; red clover (14 days after the second cutting), 41; red clover (after unhindered growth to the middle of November of the second year), 157.8; Victoria peas, 15.5; yellow lupines, 26.7; and white lupines, 20.8. 320 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The origin of vanillin in soils — vanillin in wheat and in the water in which wheat seedlings have grown, M. X. Sullivan (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Vhciii., 6 {I'JL'i), Ao. 11 , pp. !>JD-!J2J). — The occurrence of vanillin or of a mother substance of vanillin, such as coniferin, is reported in considerable amounts in wheat and in the water in which wheat seetllings had been grown. It was also found in rotten oak wood, pineapple pulp and parings, and in the hot water exti'act of lawn grass. It was more abundant during the earlj' growth of the wheat plant than in the ungerminated seed. The general conclusion is that the vanillin in soils has its origin in vegetable debris and to a less extent in direct excretion of cell sloughing by growing plants. Antagonism between anions as affecting soil bacteria. — II, Nitrification, C. B. LiPMAN and P. S. Kuroess {Centhl. Bald. [ctC], 2. Aht., J,l (l'J14), No. 11-17, pp. JfSO-JiU; figs. G; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 (19U), No. 623, I, p. 1114)- — 111 continuation of previous investigations on the effects of alkali salts on bacteria in soils (E. S. R., 28, p. 719), the authors conducted nitrification investigations from which they draw the following conclusions : " Marked antagonism exists between the anions of NaaCOs, Na2S0i, and NaOl when a soil's nitrifying power is the criterion. Such antagonism is obtained when the salts are employed in both toxic, one toxic and one stimulating, and both stimulating concentrations. Even in cases of combinations of salts in which both are toxic not only normal nitrification but stimulated nitrification may be induced. " The following are the combinations of salts which have given the most marked antagonisms, often being accompanied by marked stimulation: (a) When 0.2 per cent NaCl is the toxic salt an addition of 0.05 i^er cent Na2S04 or an addition of 0.025 per cent Na^COs, (b) when 0.35 per cent Na=SOi is the toxic salt an addition of 0.15 per cent NaCl or an addition of 0.025 per cent NasCOa, and (c) when 0.05 per cent Ka2C03 is the toxic salt an addition of 0.4 per cent Na2S04 or an addition of 0.2 per cent NaCl. While these are the combinations producing the largest amounts of nitrates, very large amounts of the latter are often produced by much larger additions of the second salt to the toxic salt used as a constant. " These results when correlated with similar results on ammonification and nitrogen fixation obtained by us and also with those obtained on the higher plants, along similar lines, give definite indications for the combination of alkali salts as a measure in alkali land reclamation." Recent inoculation experiments on virgin upland moor soil with various cultures of legume bacteria, H. von Fellitzen and E. Nystrom (Jour. Latidw., 62 (1914), No. 3, pp. 285-292, pis. 5).— The relative effectiveness of various commercial cultures was tested in the experiments reported. Studies on soil protozoa.— rll, Some of the activities of protozoa, A. Cun- ningham {Cenm. Bakt. [etc.'], 2. Abt., 42 (1914), No. 1-4, pp. S-27).— Continu- ing previous work (E. S. E., 31, p. 26) the author reports studies of (1) the dilution method and its application in the enumeration of protozoa in soils, (2) the effect of protozoa on the numbers of bacteria in ammonifying solutions and on ammonification in solution tests, and (3) the effect of inoculations of protozoa on the bacterial content of partially sterilized soils. It was found that the dilution method when applied to the enumeration of protozoa in soils gave rather irregular results which are only relative. It was also found that heating to 58° C. killed a considerable number of the encysted protozoa, and it is thought to be imixtssible to fix upon a temperature which will destroy all active protozoa in soils and leave the cysts perfectly uninjured. SOILS FEKTILIZEES. 321 Experiments on the effects of temperature and moisture on the soil protozoa showed " that some, at least, of the protozoa iu soils lead an active life and are capable of multiplying to quite a considerable extent when the conditions be- come favorable." It was found that soil protozoa in solution exercised a very decided limiting effect on the numbers of bacteria. The results on ammonification in solution tests did not, however, justify definite conclusions, although it is thought that the flagellates may have a depressing influence on ammonification. Keductiou in bacterial numbers iu the soils inoculated with protozoa was found to be very marked and to lie well outside the limits of exi)erimental er- ror. " The conclusion may safely be drawn, therefore, that the limitiug factor or at least one limiting factor (of Russell and Hutchinson) has been inoculated into the sterilized soils and has produced its effects on the numbers of bac- teria." A preliminary communication on three new proteomyxan rhizopods from soil, T. GooDEY (Arch. ProUstenk., 35 (1914), No. 1, pp. 80-102, pis. 4).— The following organisms isolated from soil by means of an agar plate method are described: Lcptonnjxa reticulata n. g. and n. sp., L. flabellata n. g. and n. sp., and GcpJij/ramocba delicatula n. g. and n, sp. The methods used are described, and a bibliography of literature bearing on the subject is given. Sterilization or disinfection of the soil, Mi6ge {Bui. Soc. Nat. Apr. France, Ut {1914), ^0. 4, pp. 428-432). — This note, reviewing briefly previous experi- ments by others in soil sterilization, gives a condensed account of the author's work carried out at Rennes during 1912 and 1913 with barley and white mus- tard planted in soil treate^l with different strengths of various disinfectants in solutions or in gaseous form. While in case of some treatments, as with baryta and creosote, the results were unfavorable, it is claimed that in several others large increases of yield were obtained as the result of the soil treatment, notably by the use of toluene or formaldehyde. Suggestions for judging the agricultural value and adaptation of land, W. P. Brooks {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. .J// {1914), PP- 8).— This is a brief sratement regarding the possibility of estimating the productive capacity and adaptation of land by examination on the sjwt. The most important factors to be observed are (1) the depth and color of the surface soil, (2) the level of the water table and the conditions affecting drainage, (3) the soil texture, (4) the general appearance and texture of the subsoil, and (5) the character of natural and spontaneous vegetation. The chemical analysis of soils, "W. P. Beooks {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 45 {1914), pp. 4).— This is a revision of Circular 29 (E. S. E., 24, p. 713). The crop experiment and soil analysis, O. Lemmermann {Landiv. Vers. Stat., 85 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 141-154).— The author agrees with Mitscherlich ecies was grown in each cylinder. The result " shows that under the conditions given the roots of all the species tested can extend below the water level and make a vigorous growth in the water saturated soil. The best general plant development was in cylinders 3 and 4 where the roots had a zone of soil 8 and 12 in. thick above the water table. In these, root development was more extensive than was the case in cylinders 5 and 6 where there was much deeper water tables. There is, how- ever, a marked uniformity in the root development in cylinders 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, irrespective of the wide differences in the water level. " In cylinder 1 all the plants made a dense mat-like growth of roots in the surface 2 in. of soil below which there was relatively little root gi'owth. While redtop and bluejoint sent roots down into the water to a depth of 17 and 20 in. these roots did not branch much. In the other cylinders there was no marked zonal distribution of the roots although there were relatively more roots in the upper layers. . . . " The greatest differences between the four species in any one cylinder was seen in No. 1. The bluejoint and redtop showed a marked ability to develop with the water level at the surface but this was unfavorable for their best development. " In cylinder 6 none of the roots extended to the water level, which was 21 ft. below the surface, and the growth that each species here made was sur- passed in at least one other cylinder. This indicates that the water level suit- able for the maximum development has been passed and that no better growth can be expected with a still lower water table." The conclusions were as follows: " There is sharp correlation between root and shoot development. There is poor development when the water level is constantly at the surface. There is a marked development of roots in water-soaked soil when the water level stands at 4, 8, and 12 in. A high water table (not above 4 in.) is not prohibitive to the growth of these plants, but rather is favorable for the best growth." A bibliography of 25 titles is appended. A study of the development of the most important meadow grasses in the first vegetative year, E. Sinz {.Jour. Landic, 62 {191^). No. 3, pp. 197-233, pis. 4)- — This describes and gives some I'esults of work carried on at Gottingen in pot cultures with 11 common grasses. Tabulated data on the plants thus grown show the green and air-dried weights, percentage of dry substance and of nitrogen in both the tops and the roots, and the ratio of tops to roots during the first season's growth. In some cases the amounts of nitrate of soda applied as a fertilizer were varied. FIELD CROPS. 331 It is noted that by far the strongest growth of 2-months old plants was made by Lolium perenne, L. italicum, and Fcstuca pratensis. Two-month-old plants ranged in individual weight from 0.024 gm. (Cynosurus cristatus) to 0.837 (L. italicum) for tops, and from 0.0035 gm. (Poa pratensis) to 0.2S2 gm. (L. italicum) for roots. The length of roots of the various plants ranged from 0.3 cm. with P. pratensis to 31 cm. with L. perenne. The largest root quantity was shown by L. perenne, L. italicum, F. pratensis, Avena elatior, and Dactylis glomerata. Three cuttings were made during this first season. It is noted that in general with the strong-rooted varieties the root growth increased with the number of cuttings, but with the weak-rooted varieties, as the Poas, the root mass was reduced when the cutting.s increased. The range of ratios of tops to roots computed from yields of three cuttings (July 20, September 14, and November 7) from a series that had been planted on June 13, is shown to be from 1.25 : 1 with F. ovina to 4.75 : 1 with Phlcum pratense. In another series planted June 26 similar ratios ran from 1.37 with D. glomerata to 5.23 with P. pratense. The observed characteristics and phe- nomena, including the relations of root growth to top growth as influenced by the number of cuttings, the nitrogen content as influenced by the various nitro- gen applications, and the character of the root systems of the different varieties including color and physiological relations, are discussed. The grasses are finally arranged in the following four groups according to their productive ability: "(a) L. perenne, L. italicum, F. pratensis, A. elatior; (b) D. glomerata, P. pratense, Alopecurus; (c) Poa triviaUs, Agrostis stoloni- fera, Cyuosurus; (d) F. ovina, P. pratensis." Results of germination tests of seeds of these varieties of grasses are also given and discussed to considerable length. Accumulated fertility in grass land in consequence of phosphatic manur- ing, W. SoMERViLLE (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1914), No. 6, pp. 481-^92, pi. 1). — In order to study the effect of applications of phosphatic manures (notably basic slag) that have been made to grass land during the past 20 to 30 years, pots were filled with soil from the treated and untreated land in several centers in England and oats, as a first crop, was grown. This article describes this experiment and gives the results. Data show the treated soil from four centers to have given an increase in total yield of 153, 124, 31, and 15 per cent, respectively, over the untreated soils. The amount of such improvement, it is noted, will depend on the amount of phos- phate used, the time during which it has acted, and the inherent suitability of the land to respond to phosphates. " While it would appear that the accumu- lated fertility is partly due to phosphatic residues, it is certainly due in most part to the secondary effects of the phosphates, of which the accumulation of humus, including the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, is probably the most important." Study of chemical composition of grasses and clovers at different ripening' stages, K. Rordam (K. Danske Vidensk. Sclsk. Skr., Naturvidcnsk. og Math. Aid., 7. ser., 10 {1913), No. h, pp. 363-426; ahs. in Zenthl. Agr. Chem., 43 {1914), No. 8, pp. 530-534)- — A report is given of a study of the composition of Lolium italicum. Arena elatior, Bromus arvensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, Trifolium rubrum, Lotus corniculata, and Anthyllis rulneraria, as hay har- vested in early June and as threshed straw harvested in July and August. It is noted that in general both grasses and clovers gave a higher percentage of dry matter in the air-dried substance of their straw than of their hay. Dac- tylis glomerata was the only exception. 332 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The clovers were found to contain large quantities of lime and magnesia, the grasses of silica and potash, while both classes of plants were fairly uni- form in phosphoric acid. Both grasses and clovers showed a lower content of Si02, CaO, MgO, K2O, and I^Ob in the straw than in the hay. The ratio of MgO : CaO is given as 1 : 32 for the grasses and as 1 : 7.1 for the clovers. Tabu- lated analyses showing the content of ash, crude fat, protein, amid substances, invert sugar, free pentosan, cutin-free pectocellulose, and cutin, are given. Green manuring and cover crops, W. P. Bkooks {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 87 {WUf), pp. 6). — This circular attempts to indicate briefly the possible benefits from the use of green manure and cover crops, and the principal reasons there- for, and to consider the special characteristics, value, and adaptation of each of the following crops : Winter rye, buckwheat, white mustard, rape, vetches, field peas, crimson clover, red clover, sweet clover, soy beans, and cowpeas. The conditions under which green manuring would be advisable are briefly discussed. The work of the San Antonio experiment farm in 1913, S. H. Hastings (U. S. Dept. Ag>\, Bur. Plant Iniiis., Work San Antonio Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 1-9, 11-15, figs. 3). — This reports continued work in rotation and tillage experiments conducted at the San Antonio, Tex., experiment farm previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 31). It is noted that on account of the favorable results obtained with Dwarf mllo maize, it has been introduced into several rotations instead of corn. Four years' experience has shown the undesirability of growing cowpeas as a summer crop after oats or corn, on account of summer drought. Field peas (Canada) are shown to have been a highly satisfactory winter cover crop and green ma- nure. It is mentioned that Sudan grass has been introduced into a 3-yeai' rotation. The yields of crops in rotation are noted as being generally high for 1913 and uniformly higher than when the same kind of crops have been grown continuously on the same land. Results from subsoiling are noted as having been indifferent or negative and fallowing gave results similar to previous years. In the experiments on the spacing of cotton plants, it is observed that " closer spacing of the plants in the row lias been adopted in the field plantings at the station, with results which seem to justify the more extensive use of this method in the section. The distance apart which the plants have heretofore been spaced was 24 in., but this distance has been reduced to 12 in. or less." In experiments on the spacing of milo maize, it was found that spacing had compartively little effect on the yields, but the highest yields were obtained from relatively close spacing. The most important effect of spacing was the decreased number of heads and of tillers per plant when the plants were rela- tively close together within the row. " The benefit derived from having few tillers lies in the fact that few tillers favor early and uniform maturity. On June 28, when 90 per cent of the heads on the close-spaced plants (those left unthinned and those thinned to 2 in.) were ripe, less than 70 per cent of the heads on the wider spaced plants had reached maturity. Early and uniform maturity lessens the danger of damage by the sorghum midge, and the results obtained in 1913 strongly indicate that closer spacing than has usually been practiced will result in earlier and more uniform maturity." Results of variety tests with cotton, grain sorghums, and corn, are also given. The work of the Umatilla reclamation project experiment farm in 1913, R. W. Allen {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Umatilla Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 1-5, 9, 10-12, 13, 14, figs. 2). — This publication gives an account of the work carried on jointly by the Oregon Station and this Department at the FIELD CROPS. 333 Umatilla experiment farm located about two miles north of Hermiston, Oreg., and along the same general lines as that of 1912 (E. S. R., 29. p. 540). Climatic, agricultural, and market conditions of the project are discussed, as well as soil-fertility experiments, green manure crops, irrigation methods, and extension work. Variety tests of potatoes gave yields up to 142.4 bu. per acre (by American Wonder). A variety test of peanuts gave yields up to 28.4 bu. per acre (by African). It is noted that conditions are not favorable for growing peanuts for commercial purposes. Of seven varieties of com tested for grain and silo purposes Pride of the North apparently gave the most satisfaction, with a yield of 5,073 lbs. per acre of cured grain and stover combined. Cereal experiments at Dickinson, N. Dak., J. A. Claek (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bill. 33 (1914), PP- H, pl- ly fiffs- 7). — This bulletin reports upon the testing and improvement of cereal varieties that have been carried on since 1907 by the Bureau of Plant Industry, in cooperation with the North Dakota Station (B. S. R., 24, p. 725). The soil and climatic conditions at the station are discussed. The methods employed in the field experiments are described. Two methods of determining the comparative or computed yields of the varieties by the use of check plats were used at various times. The equations employed are given as a?=a+(& — U) and op—a^^yXb or ab-i-y, wherein a is the actual yield of the variety, b the average yield of all check plats, x the computed yield of the variety, and y the assumed yield of the check. The latter is noted as proving the more satisfactory of the two. Actual and computed yields of variety tests of over 50 varieties of spring wheat are given in tabular form. The results show that for the different groups " the durum, fife, bearded fife, and bluestem varieties I'ank in yield in the order named. The average actual yield for 6 years (1907-1911 and 1913) of the 2 leading durum varieties (Kubanka and Arnautka) is 11.5 per cent greater than the average yield of the 2 leading fife varieties (Ghirka Spring and Rysting) and 29.4 per cent greater than the average yield of the 2 leading blue- stem varieties (Crossbred and Haynes). There is little difference in the yield of the fife and bearded fife varieties." A few varieties of outstanding merit of each group are described and their performance discussed. From a study of the milling and baking qualities of the crops of 1911 and 1913, the author concludes that " the bluestem group averaged the greatest percentage of flour, with the durums a close second. The bearded fife and fife varieties averaged practically the same, the yield being considerably less than that of the bluestems. The durum variety Kubanka No. 8 gave the highest average per- centage of flour for any one variety, 73.9 per cent. Bakings, which were made in duplicate from these flours, showed the volume of the loaf of the bluestem varieties to be the largest, that of the fife varieties next largest, with the bearded fife and durums following in the order named. The fife variety White Fife (C. I. No. 3319) gave the greatest average volume (2,370 cc.) to the loaf." In testing oats, four groups were recognized, medium early, medium late, early, and late, and these ranked in point of yield in the order named. " The average actual yield for the seven years from 1907 to 1913 for the 2 leading medium-early varieties is 12.5 per cent greater than the average actual yield of the 2 leading early varieties. For the five years 1908, 1909, and 1911 to 1913, the average actual yield of the leading medium-early variety is 13 per cent greater than that of the medium-late variety, 17 per cent greater than that of the leading early variety, and 36.5 per cent greater than that of the late one. 334 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The same relative relation exists between the leading varieties of the different groups for the four years 1909, 1911-1913, when both the actual and computed yields can be compared." The leading varieties in each group of oats are described. In the experiments with barley, three groups were recognized, 2-rowed hulled, 6-rowed hulled, and G-rowed naked. A summary of the test shows that " the 2-rowed barleys have outyielded the G-rowed in all the years they have been tested. In a 5-j'ear period (1908-1911 and 1913) the 2 leading 2-rowed varieties have an actual average yield 34 per cent greater than that of the 2 leading G-rowed hulled varieties and 75 per cent greater than that of the G-rowed naked vareity. In the 4 years 1909-1911 and 1913, the average actual yield of the leading 2-rowed variety is 32 per cent greater than that of the leading G-rowed hulled variety, and 7G per cent greater than that of the G-rowed naked variety. The average computed yield of the leading 2-rowed variety for the same period is 25 per cent greater than that of the leading G-rowed hulled variety and 58 per cent greater than that of the naked variety." Of all the varieties tested, the 2-rowed varieties Hannchen and Svanhals have proved best adapted to the conditions at Dickinson. The leading variety under each of the three groups is described. Brief notes on the tests of other cereals, emmer, rye, flax, proso, and some grain sorghums, are also given. A brief account of nursery trials and pure-line selections showing the pos- sibilities of improvement of cereals for the Dickinson territory is given. In summarizing the experiments the author points out that spring varieties of all cereals, except rye, are better adapted to this region than winter varieties; that Kubanka is the leading variety of durum and Ghirka of fife wheats; and that the Early Mountain variety of oats has given the highest actual yield for the 7 years, 54.1 bu. per acre, but on 4-year and 5-year averages, the Golden Rain has given the highest average yield. Growth of maize seedlings in relation to temperature, P. A. Lehenbaueb (Abs. in Physiol. Researches, 1 (19U), :So. 5, pp. 2^7-288, figs. 3).— "In the experiments here discussed an attempt has been made to keep all the conditions for growth considerably more uniform than has usually been the case with earlier investigations of this sort. Maize seedlings were used, grown practi- cally in darkness and with approximately constant temperature. The relative humidity of the air was always very close to 95 per cent. Due attention was also given to the time factor in its relation to the rates of growth at the differ- ent temperatures. Measurements of the growth increments of the shoots were hourly in most cases, and observation was continued for periods ranging in length from 12 to 39 hours. The main results and conclusions brought out by a study of the detailed data presented in the tables, are summarized below. " The somewhat widely accepted idea that the curve of growth in relation to temperature shows two optima is not at all substantiated . . . The optimum temperature for growth of shoots of maize seedlings in water culture, for a 12-hour period, is shown to be 32° C. [89.G° F.]. " The optimum temperature for growth, under these conditions, is found to change as the length of the period of exposure is altered. "At high temperatures (31° and above), for shoots of maize seedlings under these experimental conditions the initial growth-rate is not maintained, there being a marked falling off in this rate during prolonged periods of exposure. This decrease in the growth rate with prolonged periods at high temperatures makes it necessary to consider the length of the periods for which average growth rates are obtained, in defining the optimum for growth of these shoots. Indeed, it appears that the term optimum temperature for growth, in this case at least, is quite without meaning unless the length of the period of exposure FIELD CROPS. 335 is definitely stated. The fall in growtli rate here brought out is similar to the decrease in rate of certain other physiological processes under the influence of high temperatures during prolonged periods. "At temperatures near the minimum (12-14°) for the growth of shoots of maize seedlings under the conditions here employed, no decrease iu the growth rate is shown, even with rather prolonged periods of exposure. "The growth rate at medium temperatures accords with the van't Hoff law, showing a doubling of the rate for each rise of 9 or 10° C." Fertilizers for potatoes, W. P. Brooks (Massachuftctts Sta. Circ. 42 (1914), pp. //). — A revision of Circular 2^^, previously noted (E. S. R.. 23, p. 731). On the "dead grains" of rice, G. Silvestri (Ann. Chim. Appl. [Rome], 1 (1914), No. 5-6, pp. 212, 2i3).— This article discusses the appearance and methods of separating the so-called "dead" or immature grains found in rice, which it is stated often reach 25 per cent of the harvest. An analysis of this inferior rice is given as moisture 15.01, ash 1.74, protein 7.18, starch 66.4, and fat, cellulose, and undetei-niined matter 9.67 per cent. Perennial rye grass seed, A. H. Cockayne (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], S (1914), No. 6, pp. 619-639, figs. 70).— This is a profusely illustrated article giving results of a study of the perennial rye-grass seed industry of New Zea- land, including data as to bushel weight, purity, presence of ergot, germination, and adulteration. An illustrated list of 63 adulterating seeds is given. It is noted that " the average yield is about 500 lbs. per acre of undressed seed, but in seasons when bad weather is exijerienced the average may not exceed 400 lbs., while in exceptionally favorable years the yield may be as high as 650 lbs. In individual cases over 1,200 lbs. per acre may be harvested, but these are really exceptional, and are mainly restricted to crops from young pasture." The grain sorghums, O. O. Churchill and A. H. Wright (Oklahoma Sta. Bui. 102 (1914), PP- 70, figs. 31). — This bulletin discusses grain sorghums with special reference to Oklahoma conditions and treats of their history, distribu- tion, classification, seed and seed selection, standard of perfection, soils and soil management, methods of cultivation, harvest, rotation, storing, handling, and uses, including composition of the grain, insect enemies, and diseases. In discussing moisture requirements the results of pot experiments are given that show the influence of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 per cent water content of soil on Kafir corn, milo maize, corn, broom corn, and oats. Practically no growth with broom corn or oats occurred in the pots containing 5 or 10 per cent of moisture. " In all series the amount of water required to produce a pound of dry matter decreased as the water content approached 25 per cent. This is approxi- mately 55 per cent of the total water-holding capacity of the soil. The amount of water required to produce a pound of dry matter increased above this per cent. This indicates that plants make the most economical use of water in this soil when the moisture content is about 20 per cent. . . . " From 15 to 30 per cent moisture the growth increased nearly in proportion to the increase in moisture present. The plants grown in soil containing 40 per cent moisture did not show any decided increase in dry matter over those grown in 30 per cent. . . . " The sorghums grew and produced well with 15 per cent of water in the soil. " This test indicates that Kafir and milo will grow and produce fair crops when the water content of the soil is too low for the production of com." In a series of pot tests run to determine the wilting coefficient of corn, oats, Kafir corn, milo maize, and cowpeas, the recorded results show that it requires a longer period of time for the grain sorghums to reach the wilting point than 336 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. it (Joes oats and corn. Cowpeas were next to the grain sorghums in this respect. Oats removed more of the moisture from the soil before wilting than any other plants grown, cowpeas ranked next to oats, com third, Kafir corn fourth, while milo maize left more of the moisture in the soil at its wilting point than any of the other crops. From the wilting coefficient for the plants as determined, it is shown that the drought-resistant character of the grain sorghums is not directly due to their ability to use the soil moisture down to the lowest extent. When two kinds of plants were grown together in the same soil mass, corn died before oats, Kafir corn, and milo maize, and in one case it died before cowpeas. Kafir corn grown in combination with other crops was in every case the last to die. In experiments regarding the depth of plowing, it is noted that " soils of a silty character were plowed to a depth of 5, 10, and 15 in. Just previous to the plowing each year samples were taken to a depth of 15 in. in each series. In each case for 3 successive years it was found that the soils which were plowed to a depth of 15 in. were just as hard and compact in structure as those which were plowed to a depth of 5 in. There was no residual effect upon the soil from deep plowing. The effect entirely disappeared at the end of the first season. It may be further stated that in plowing the second and third years the 5-in. plowed plats were just as easily turned as were the 10 and 15-in. plowed plats. This leads us to believe that extra deep plowing, that is. over 7 in., is not profitable on this type of soil." It is noted as results of trials, that Kafir corn should be planted about April 10 in the southern part of Oklahoma and about May 20 in the northern part. Feterita and milo maize may be planted about ten days later than Kafir com. The crops on the experimental sugar-cane fields, 1913, J. B. Harrison, C. K. Bancroft, and R. Ward {Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit. Guiana, 8 {191^), No. 1-2, pp. 45-57). — This article gives results of variety, manurial, and cultural tests with sugar cane. In a study of the effect of manures, the mean returns on 39 varieties as ratoon canes with normal and high manurings, 300 lbs. and 450 lbs. of sulphate of am- monia per acre respectively, were 19 and 22.5 tons per acre respectively, as compared with 11.1 tons from the untreated area. Sulphate of ammonia is noted as a better source of nitrogen than nitrate of lime, niti'olime, or nitrate of soda, the mean annual increases for four years by the use of 60 lbs. of nitro- gen in the various forms being 9.4, 6.7, 5.9, and 4 tons of cane per acre over the untreated area. The use of dried blood is noted as being far from satis- factory. It is shown that in normal seasons the addition to sulphate of ammonia of sulphate of potash and supeuphosphates of lime actually reduced the yield. The addition of phosphates to nitrogen fertilizers produced increased yields, but these increases were not remunerative. Molasses in 100-. 200-. and 300-lb. rates has given negative results with cane (E. S. R., 30, p. 822). No advantage was shown by the partial sterilization of the soil by the application of chlorinated lime, yields being lower this year on the treated plats. "Winter-wheat varieties for the eastern United States. C. E. Leighty ( V. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 616 {1914), pp. 14, figs. 6). — This deals principally with the soft red and soft white winter wheats adatped to the eastem half of the United States, and discusses the two transition zones, the one chiefly in northern Iowa and southern Minnesota between the district which grows only winter and that which grows only spring wheat; the other in southern Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, central Oklahoma, and northern-cen- HOETICULTUBE, 337 tral Texas between the districts adapted to the hard red winter wheats and the soft red winter wheats. The varieties of soft red winter wheat and of soft white winter wheat best adapted for each State of the different sections of the country under discussion are enumei'ated. A classification is given of the adapted varieties, grouped according to some of the most obvious and most easily determined characters. Some Kentucky weeds and poisonous plants, H. Garman {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 183 (1914), PP- 255-339, pl.i. 43). — This lists and describes some poisonous plants and weeds found in pasture land and meadow fields in Kentucky, and notes ergot and corn molds as sources of trouble for cattle. HORTICULTURE. [Report on horticultural work at the San Antonio station, 1913], S. H. Hastings (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indtis., Work San Antonio Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 9, 10, figs. 2). — A brief statement of progress made in cultural and variety tests of fruits and ornamentals. Owing to late spring frosts there was practically no fruit crop. The Gonzales plum set a heavy crop and is considered the most reliable variety that has been under trial. The Rusk citrange fruited for the first time in 1913 and is believed to be particularly well adapted to San Antonio conditions. Of nine varieties of pomegranates the San Pipetos, De Jative, and Dessla varieties have produced the best fruits. A test of the resistance of various stocks to adverse soil conditions indicates that by the use of proper stocks many fruits hereto- fore considei*ed not adapted to local conditions may be produced and also that many new fruits may be added to the list. The stocks receiving special atten- tion are peaches, grapes, walnuts, plums, persimmons, and pears. [Horticultural investigations at the Umatilla experiment farm, Oregon, in 1913], R. W. Allen {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Umatilla Expt. Farm, 1913, pp. 6-9, 12, IS, fig. 1). — ^A brief progress report on cultural and variety tests of fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals (E. S. R., 29, p. 540), including lists of kinds which have thus far proved promising. Cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, rape, and other crucifers, W. P. Brooks {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. SS {1914), PP- 4)- — Ttiis circular contains practical instruction for soil management and fertilization in growing the above crops. Suggested rules for naming garden vegetables (Nebr. Hort., 4 {1915), No. 11, pp. 1, 2). — This comprises the report of the committee on nomenclature and varieties adopted by the Vegetable Growers' Association of America, Philadel- phia, October, 1914. Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles, W. J. Bean (London, 1914, vols. 1, pp. XVI+688, pis. 36, figs. 124; 2, pp. VI-\-136, pis. 28, figs. 136).— Part 1 of this work contains historical notes relative to the introduction of trees and shrubs into the British Isles, and discusses the propagation, culture, and care of trees and shrubs. Trees and shrubs showing various distinctive character- istics with reference to their appearance and to their adaptability for different soils and situations are grouped together and discussed. A select bibliography of trees and shrubs is given. Part 2 comprises a descriptive list of all the species and more important varieties of hardy woody plants established in cultivation, with notes on their distinctive characters, garden value, and culture. Practical manual of fruit culture, E. Durand (Manuel pratique de Culture Fruitidre. Paris and Montpellier, 1912, pp. X+575, figs. 348).— In part 1 of this manual consideration is given to the general principles of fruit growing. 338 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. Part 2 deals with the specific culture of various orchard aud small fruits in France. The concluding chapter discusses harvesting, conservation, and uses of fruits, including the construction and management of storehouses. Minnesota state fruit breeding' farm in 1914, C. Haralson (Minn. Hort., 43 {11)15), No. 1, pp. 19-25, figs. 3). — A popular progress report of work at the Minnesota fruit breeding and testing farm. As a result of the plant breeding to date, two varieties of everbearing strawberries, several June-bearing varie- ties, seven varieties of grapes, seven of raspberries, two of gooseberries, and sixteen of plums have been originated and ai'e believed to be worthy of trial, whether for commercial purposes or for private use. An experiment in dry-land orcharding, B. Mackensen {Bui. 8ci. 8oc. San Antonio, Tex., 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 35-43, pis. 2). — In the experiment herfe described the author planted a small orchard about 11 years ago on a dry hill- side near San Antonio, Tex. The orchard has been grown without the use of irrigation water other than that caught by a series of ditches during rain storms. The results in general indicate that orcharding without irrigation in the San Antonio region is a risky undertaking, although certain well-acclimated varie- ties may be grown by conserving the storm waters, providing thorough tillage and other up-to-date orchard practices are employed. Directions for sending' fruits for identification, J. K. Shaw {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 46 {1914), pp. 4)- — This circular contains rules for the guidance of those desiring to submit specimens of fruits or nursery stock to the station for identification or for any other purpose. Lime and sulphur solutions, G. E. Stone {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 39 {1914), pp. 4). — ^A revision of Circular 31 of the same series (E. S. R., 26, p. 741) containing practical directions for the preparation of homemade lime- sulphur mixtures. The cherry, F. Peneveyee {Le Cerisier. Paris and Villefranche {Rhone), [1914], PP- 6i, figs. 22). — A small popular French treatise on the propagation, culture, and care of cherry trees. Growing peaches: Sites, propagation, planting, tillage, and maintenance of soil fertility, H. P. Gould {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 631 {1915), pp. 24, figs. 8). — This is the first of a series of three farmers' bulletins dealing with the general subject of peach growing. In the preparation of the series the author has freely consulted the more important experiment station literature on the subject, as well as many other sources of information. The present bulletin discusses the phases noted in the title. U. S. Census statistics rela- tive to peach growing in the United States are also given. Growing peaches: Pruning, renewal of tops, thinning, interplanted crops, and special practices, H. P. Gould {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 632 {1915), pp. 23, figs. 19). — In continuation of the above, the present publication discusses a number of other fundamental peach orchard operations as listed in the title. Growing peaches: Varieties and classifications, H. P. Govtld {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmeis' Bui. 633 {1914), PP- 13). — This is the third of the series on peach growing as noted above. The author here presents lists of peach varieties showing the approximate dates and sequence of ripening in different sections arranged by States and counties. The classification of peaches into races is also briefly considered, including information on the general regional distribu- tion of the different races. A new walnut, E. B. Babcock {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 1, pp. 40-45, figs. 4). — A popular account of the author's investigations and conclusions with reference to the origin of the Quercina walnut (E. S. R., 32, p. 46), FORESTRY. 339 The coconut, E. B. Copbxand (London, 19 U, pp. XIV-212, pis. 19, fig. 1). — A popular treaties on the coconut with special reference to Philippine conditions. The subject matter is discussed under the general headings of the origin of the coconut, physiology, climate and soil, diseases and pests, selection and treatment of seed, field culture, and coconut products. The economic properties of some hardy ornamental fruits, W. Dallimobe {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 9 (19U), pp. 339-3^/5 ).— Popular notes are given relative to the economic use of the fruits of various ornamentals. Garden notes on new trees and shrubs, W. J. Bean (Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 6 {19U), pp. 201-205, pis. 2).— Descriptive notes are given on a number of new rhododendrons being tested at the Kew Gardens. The practical book of outdoor rose growing for the home garden, G. C. Thomas, Jr. (Philadelphia and London, 1914, pp. 157, pis. 104). — A popular treatise dealing particularly with rose growing In the approximate climate of the Middle Atlantic States. In addition to cultural directions lists are given of various types of roses which have been systematically tested for a number of years. The text Is acoompanied by color photographs made from the varieties tested. Sweet peas for profit, J. H. Dick (New York, 1914, PP- 141, figs. 42). — A prac- tical guide to commercial sweet pea growing, both under glass and outdoors. FORESTRY. Norway pine in the Lake States, T. S. Woolsey, Jb. and H. H. Chapman (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 139 (1914), PP- 42, pls. 6, fig. i).— This bulletin discusses the Norway pine with reference to its importance, range, requirements upon soil, moisture, and climate, botanical characteristics and life history, forest types, associating species, supply and cut, grades, prices, markets, uses, and management. The subject matter is based upon field work conducted under the supervision of the authors, together with data collected by correspondence. A number of volume tables are appended. Pine plants and seed from dissimilar habitats, G. Schotte (Skogsvdrdsfor. Tidskr., No. 12 (1914), pp. 727-773, figs. 18).— A contribution relative to the influence of environment on forest seed, based on investigations conducted under the direction of the Swedish Forest Experiment Station. The author presents comparative data showing the growth performance of pine seedlings raised from seed procured from different districts in Swedish and several other European countries. Basket willow culture, G. N. Lamb (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 622 (1914), PP- S4, figs. 24). — This discusses the different varieties of basket willows and methods of willow growing which have been found most satisfactory as a result of experiments conducted at the Forest Service willow farm at Arlington, Va., and a study of willow holts established throughout the country. The opportunities for marketing the products of the holt, and the cost of establish- ment and maintenance, are also discussed. The important vegetable products of the French Colonies. — I, Rubber, E. Pebrot (Les Grands Produits V6g6taux des Colonies frangaises. I, Le Caoutchouc. Paris, 1914, PP- 101, pis. 12, figs. 24). — A monograph on the botany, culture, and preparation of rubber with special reference to the present status and future development of the rubber industry in the French colonies. Manurial experiments with young rubber at Euala Lumpur, F. G. Spbing (Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 3 (1914), No. 1, pp. 9-14).— Data are given on 80967°— No. 4 — 15 4 340 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the third season's results with various combinations of lime, nitrogen, phos- phorus, and potash. Generally speaking a somewhat increased growth has resulted from fertilization thus far, although no deductions as to the economic value of the fertilizers can be made until the trees have been tapped for some time. Studies on the application of stereophotogrammetry for forest geodetic purposes, 11. Dock (Centbl. Gesam. Forstic, 39 {1913), Nos. 11, pp. Ji8-'f-497, figs. 5; 12, pp. 529-547, figs. 9). — An exposition on the use of a field photothe- odolite for making various forest measurements. Instructions for appraising stumpage on National Forests (U. S. Dept. Agr., Foreftt Serv., hxstructions for Appraising Stumpage on 'National Forests (19H), pp. 70). — The instructions herein given supplement the Timber Sales Manual (E. S. R., 26, p. 340). They are meant to standardize the principles and methods followed in stumpage appi'aisals upon National Forests and are for the exclusive use of National Forest officers. Annual report on the forest administration in Ajmer-Merwara for 1912— 13, HuKAM Chand (Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin. Ajmer-Merwara, 1912-13, pp. 3-\-30). — A report similar to the above relative to the administration of the state forests of Ajmer-Merwara for 1912-13. Annual administration report of the forest department of the Madras Presidency for the twelve months ending June 30, 1913, A. W. Lusiiington, H. B. Bryant, J. S. Battie, F. A. Lodgk, and F. C. L. Cowley-Brown (Ann. Admin. Rpt. Forest Dept. Madras, 1913, pp. 90 +C XX XV +17). —This comprises the usual progress report on the administration and management of the state forests in the Northern, Central, Southern, and Western Circles of the Madras Presidency, together with a report of the Madras Forest College for the year ended June 30, 1913. Data relative to forest areas, forest surveys, working plans, silvicultural operations, yields, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. DISEASES OF PLANTS. The organization in various countries of the service for the protection of plants, J. M. Saulnier (Le Sci'vice de Protection dcs Plantes dans les Divers Pays. Rome: Inst. Intemat. Agr., 191^, 3. ed., pp. XVI +355, pi. 1). — This is a revised edition of a previous publication (E. S. R., 31, p. 145), the number of countries now reported being 42. Control of crop diseases in Nebraska, E. M. Wilcox (A7in. Rpt. Nebr. Corn Improvei-s' Assoc., 5 (1914), PP- 69-S4, figs. 8). — This is a brief discussion of fungus diseases, chiefly rusts and smuts of cereals in Nebraska as at present known, including modes of infection, life history, and control. Scientific and technical studies on plant diseases (Bol. 2Iin. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Kome], 8er. B, 13 (1914), ^'o. 2, pp. 38-^9).— This is a brief account of the work of the station for vegetable pathology at Rome since 1SS7. with a list of publications thereof, also an account of treatments tested by the school of pomology and horticulture at Florence for diseases and animal enemies of orchard, garden, and ornamental plants, and a list of publications on vegetable pathology of the school of viticulture and enology at Avellino. The diseases and injuries of tropical cultivated plants and their control, F. Zacher (Die wicJitigstcn Krankheiten iind Schddlinge der tropischen Kultur- pflanzen nnd Hire Bckdmpfung. Hamburg, 1914, vol. 1, pp. VIII+152, figs. 58). — In this volume, which is the first of a series treating of plant diseases and other injuries to tropical plants, the author describes general injuries to culti- vated plants and the diseases and insect pests of cotton, cacao, coffee, and tea. Subsequent volumes are to include similar accounts of other tropical crops. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 341 Notes on the nomenclature of some rusts, J. Ramsbottom (Brit. Mycol. Soc. Trans., 4 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 331-340). — The author discusses the synonymy of a number of species of rusts, calling attention to the errors in this respect in two recent books by Grove and Massee (E. S. R., 30, p. 745). A new gymnosporangial connection, P. D. Fkomme (Mycologia, 6 (1914), No. 5, pp. 226-230). — The author reports another exception to the. formerly assumed restriction of fecial stages of Gymnosporangium to the family Rosacese, previous exceptions having been noted by Arthur (E. S. R., 26, p. 645). Observations and inoculations have now, it is claimed, extended the list to Include the Myricaceaj by establishing the identity of JEcidium myricatum with 0. ellisii. A description is given of the new combination under the name G. myricatum. Observations on pure cultures of some Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, F. T. Bbooks {Brit. Mycol. Soc. Trans., 4 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 239-248) .—r>y means of cultures grown upon wood under sterile conditions the author has succeeded in reproducing a number of basidiomycetous and ascomycetous fungi. In his investigations he found that Chlorosplcnium wruginosum, which occurs on many species of wood, is undoubtedly the cause of greening of the wood, as has been claimed. He was also able to associate the Ozonium with Coprinus sp. from spores transferred to blocks of elm wood. In addition to the above he has succeeded in producing fruiting forms of Daldinia conccntrica, Hydnum coralloides, Fomes igniarius pomaceus, and Pleurotus ostreatus. Eelworms, W. Laidlaw (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 (1914), No. 6, pp. 370- 377, figs. 3). — The author discusses briefly the anatomy and life history of nematodes, in particular of Heterodcra radicicola in potato. Experiments with remedial or preventive measures in progress are said to show promise, but are not yet reported in complete form. Control of streak disease of barley, Tbitschleb (Illus. Lan&iv. Ztg., 34 (1914), No. 53, pp. 501, 502, fig. 1). — Treatments of winter barley seed for Pleospora trichostoma (Hetminthosporvum graminetim) with 0.5 per cent cop- per sulphate, 0.1 per cent formalin, or 0.1 per cent mercuric chlorid, each in various combinations as regards temperatures of previous soakings in water, etc., are reported, the results being given in tabular form. The author states that neither corrosive sublimate nor formalin gave uniformly satisfactory pro- tection to seed grain without excessive injury to germinability, but that better results were obtained by soaking the seed in 0.5 per cent copper sulphate, germinability in this case reaching 92 per cent in sand and 80 per cent in field tests. Stinking smut of wheat, H. C. Mijllee and E. Molz (Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 63 (1914), No. 6, pp. 204-214)- — Results are given in considerable detail of seed treatments for protection of wheat against smuts, and of studies on the in- fluence of seeding time on attack therefrom. Treatment of seed with formalde- hyde, followed by the cold and hot water treatment, gave a satisfactory degree of protection without serious injury to germinability. Parasitic diseases of cultivated composites, L. Mangin (Rev. Hort. [Paris], 86 (1914), ^0. 9, pp. 205-207, figs. 3).— Besides a brief discussion of a few other fungus diseases, illustrations are given of Bremia lactucce on lettuce, Alhugo tragopogonis on salsify, and RaniuJaria cynarw on artichoke. Celery leaf spot disease or blight (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 14 (1914), No. 3, pp. 540-543, figs. S).— Symptoms and methods of control of celery blight are discussed, the latter including the use of guarantied seetl only, spraying on its first appearance with Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture, 342 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the removal and burning of all infected leaves or plants, and the use of fresh land each season for celery. Cotton wilt and root knot, W. W. Gilbert iU. 8. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 625 (lOl/f), pp. 21, figs. 15). — Popular descriptions are given of the cotton wilt due to Fusarium va»infectum and the root knot caused by Eeterodera radici- cola. For their control the author recommends thorough rotation of crops and the growing of varieties that are known to be resistant to these pests. Downy mildew of cucumbers, G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. C'irc. 40 (1914), pp. 2, fig. 1). — A description Is given of the downy mildew of cucumbers due to Peronoplasmopara cuhcnsis, which is said to be one of the most trouble- some pests in cucumber culture under glass. The author states that the disease is not necessarily difficult to hold in check if proper attention is paid to the moisture of the house. In no case should moisture be allowed to remain on the foliage for more than 2 or 3 hours, and even during the warm months steam should occasionally be turned on so as to dry out the house and change the air. The control of onion smut, G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 41 (1914), PP- 4< flff^- 4)- — The author states that positive results on the control of onion smut have been obtained by applying sulphur at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre thoroughly mixed with 50 lbs. of air-slaked lime in the drills, or by the appli- cation of ground lime at the rate of from 75 to 100 bu. per acre. The best re- sults, however, have been obtained by the use of formalin at the rate of 1 oz. to 1 gal. of water, or in even weaker solutions, the formalin solution being ap- plied to the row as the seed is planted. A device for the application of the formalin is fully described. Some diseases of the potato. — III, Black scab or warty disease, Ethel M. DoiDOE (Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 8 (1914), ^o. 1, pp. 50-55, pi 1, figs. 3). — This is a brief descriptive discussion of the disease known as potato canker, etc., due to Synchitrium endohioticum and noted at several points in Europe and America, but not in South Africa. A map of England showing infected areas is given. Varieties claimed to be more or less resistant, and also the soil treat- ment with 1 per cent formalin recommended by Eriksson (E. S. R., 31, p. 82), are mentioned. Leaf blotch in the potato, A. S. Hobne (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 39 (1914), No. 3, pp. 595-606, pis. 6, fig. 1). — The author reports in considerable detail on a continuation of investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 750) as carried out on leaf blotch in the President potato. It is stated that crops of this variety produced in light sandy soil at Wisley, in 1912 and 1913, were very small. A considerable proportion of defective plants occurred, some plants growing only a few inches in height and bearing only two or three small tubers. Both good and bad plants flowered at "Wisley, but did not produce seed. Macrosporium soJani was not noted at this place. Tubers from diseased plants generally transmitted the defect, but one such tuber placed in different environment produced a plant with good foliage. Both good and bad plants were produced at Wisley from tubers of medium size taken from different localities. The tubers were very variable in shape, size, eye characters, texture, and kind of skin, but occurrence of affected plants did not appear to be in any way related to these characters or to injuries suf- fered by the tubers or shoots. Leaf roll of potatoes and related diseases, R. Schandeb (Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 63 (1914), No. 7, pp. 225-243) .—This is a brief general summary of dif- ferent diseases usually characterized more or less by curling of the leaves, with a discussion of possible remedial measures therefor, such as breeding, soil selec- tion and improvement, drainage, cultivation, and spacing. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 343 Leaf roll of potato, G. Kock {Wiener Landw. Ztg., 64 {1914), No. 41, pp. 382, 383, fig. 1). — The author shows the progress of the organism associated with leaf roll of potato in the vascular system of the stems attacked. It gains en- trance probably at some superficial wound and spreads finally to or through the vascular system of the tubers on such shoots, other shoots from the same parent tuber in some cases remaining free from the disease. A secondary in- fection may or may not spread from infected tMbers to plants produced there- from. Tubers borne by infected shoots may be simply weakened without being actually reached by the fungus. Spraying potatoes for the prevention of potato disease or late blight, T. MiLBURN and R. C. Gaut {County Council Lancaster, Ed. Com., Agr. Dept., Farmers' Bui. 27 {1914), pp. 25). — Giving methods and results of experiments during eight years looking to protection of potatoes against late blight {Phy- tophthora infestans) by the employment of various liquid and dry fungicides, the authors state that in most cases spraying reduced the loss, especially when the outbreak occurred late in the summer, and that the crops from sprayed plats also kept better than others. On the whole, however, spraying is not to be unreservedly recommended, since especially on stiff, retentive soils and near manufacturing towns the fungicides in either wet or dry form may spot and dwarf the foliage and decrease the crop. Sprayed crops when not greatly injured usually retain their leaves longer than unsprayed in diseased areas, and thereby yield a larger total crop with a smaller percentage of brown tubers; but when the tops are injured, crops may be considerably decreased. No efficient fungicide has as yet been found to be without at least occasional injury to the potato foliage or crop, but if the dis- ease appears late the injury is relatively small and is overbalanced by the benefit. Spraying twice in the season is regarded as causing too much risk unless the disease appears early and threatens to progress rapidly. On the whole, the single late spraying as soon as the disease appears on the most sus- ceptible area has given the best results, but this point is considered to require further investigation. The use of Burgundy mixture for Irish blight {Agr. Qaz. N. S. Wales, 25 {1914), No. 1, pp. 48-50). — Though it is said that up to the present time the most successful method of attacking late blight of potatoes in New South Wales has been the use of Bordeaux mixture, it is claimed that recent expe- rience in parts of Ireland has indicated a degree of superiority for Burgundy mixture for this purpose. Directions are outlined for the preparation and use of the latter fungicide, with the advantages claimed therefor. Phytophthora arecse causing a rot of potato tubers, J. Rosenbaum {Phyto- pathology, 4 {1914), No. 5, p. 387). — As a result of cross-inoculation work with several species of Phytophthora, the author claims to have found that P. arecce is able to cause a rot of the potato tuber. The rot caused resembles in every respect the pink rot previously described as caused by P. erythroseptiea (E. S. R., 31, p. 543). Comparisons of the two species lead the author to believe that they are at least closely related, if not identical. Fungus enemies of the sweet potato in Indiana, C A. Ludwig {Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1912, pp. 103, 104). — According to the author stored sweet potatoes in Indiana have been found infected with Rhizopus spp., Nectria ipomoew, Penicillium spp., Diaporthe hatatatis, Sphwronema fim,briatum, and Fusarium spp. Blossom-end rot of tomatoes, C. Brooks {Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 5, pp. 345-374, pis. 3, figs. 5). — The results of an extended study on the blossom- end or point rot of tomatoes, a disease of general occurrence in tlie United 344 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. States and also reported from Canada, Cuba, Australia, New Zealand, and various parts of Europe, are given. A number of causes have been assigned for this disease, but the author's experiments indicate that it is not primarily due to bacteria or fungi, as is often claimed. Either excessive watering or a sudden check in the water supply may produce the di.sease, and certain fertilizers also tend to increase it. Among the fertilizers that have been found to increase the blossom-end rot are ammonium sulphate, dried blood, cotton-seed meal, and stable manure. The author is of the opinion that the increase in the disease from heavy applications of water and fertilizers is due to the development of harmful humic and ammonium com- pounds and an accompanying decrease in nitrates. A bibliography is appended. On the presence of hibernating mycelium of Macrosporlum solani in tomato seed. Ivy Massee {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 4 U914), pp. 145, 146, pl- !)• — This is a condensed account of the relations of M. solani, causing black rot of tomato, to its host. The hyiihse are said to be of both intercellular and intracellular habit, or they may form a weft of mycelium surrounding the seed and held in place, despite ordinary cleaning processes, by hairs of the testa. All seed from diseased fruit is to be rejected. Bejuvenation of fruit stock, G. Lotrionte (Staz. Sper. Agr. ItaL, 46 (1913), No. 11-12, pp. 724-754). — This is a discussion of several treatments designed for use with diseased or declining olive trees, grapevines, and various other fruit or ornamental plants, including soil management and use of fungicides and insecticides. Directions and formulas are indicated in some detail. Apple cracking and apple branch, blister, P. A. van dee Bijl {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 8 {1914), No. 1, pp. 64-69, figs. 6). — Noting the existence of Coniothecium chomatosporum on diseased apples sent in for examination, the author gives brief illustrated descriptions of the disease, and outlines such control measures as pruning, spraying in early spring with copper sulphate (1 lb. to 25 gal. water), and three later sprayings with Bordeaux mixture pre- pared according to directions given in the proportion of 4 : 4 : 50. Studies in gummosis and frost injuries of cherry trees. — III, The wound stimulus theory, P. Soraueb {Landiv. Jahrh., 46 {1914), ^0. 2, pp. 253-273, pis. 2). — Reviewing results of former studies (B. S. R., 28. p. 549; 31. p. 541), and also reporting upon recent investigations, the author claims to have shown to be untenable the theory that wound stimuli, whether of a traumatic or parasitic nature, necessarily produce gumming. An excess of certain enzyms may hinder normal cell wall formation, or may remove such structures by alteration or by solution under conditions of somewhat infrequent occurrence but not necessarily dependent upon previous injury to the plant. Peach yellows and little peach, G. G. Atwood {N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 61 {1914), pp. 1719-1742, pis. 35). — This includes statistics of diseased orchards covering 12 years, also a discussion of these diseases as related to fruit, shoots, and foliage, and graphic illustrations of the changes occurring during the prog- ress of each disease in several different varieties. The causation of these diseases has not been determined. It is held that the two diseases are distinct, being probably found on separate trees, that they are communicable, and that they spread rapidly from centers of infection, be- ing transmitted apparently through seeds, buds, and pollen, but not through soil, even when young trees are planted where old ones showing the disease have stood. No curative measures have been found. Plums, apricots, almonds, and nectarines occasionally show symptoms of yellows milder than those noted in peaches. Neglect or delay quickly causes hea\-y losses, but prompt and DISEASES OF PLANTS. 345 systematic removal of diseased trees (but not of diseased parts) greatly reduces losses from this cause. Comparative tests with, sprays against leaf cast of grape, A. Bretschneideb (Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsio. Osten:, 17 (1914), No. 3-^, pp. 106-118).— Con- tinuing previous reports (E. S. R., 30, p. 50), the author gives some results of tests made with a number of commercial fungicides. Including data as to the cost of materials employed. Report on cryptogamic diseases of cacao at Mayumba, Vekmoesen (Bui. Affr. Congo Beige, 5 (191 J,), No. 1, pp. 186-202, fig. i).— This is a brief sys- tematic discussion of diseases affecting the roots, trunk, leaves, branches, and fruits of cacao in this region. Mildew of cacao in the islands of St. Thomas and Principe, J. E. Caevallo d' Almeida (Bol. Oflc. Sec. Agr. Cuha, 17 (1914), No. 3, pp. 213-216).— ^rieQy describing the appearance, development, and effects of Phytophthora faberi as noted in its parasitic connection with cacao, the author states that timely use of Bordeaux mixture proves very helpful when it is made up in moderate to high concentrations as described, but that the frequent and abundant rainfall of these islands necessitates the addition of some adhesive. Citrus canker, II (Florida Sta. Bui. 124 (1914), PP- 25-53, figs. 9).— An ac- count is given of the citrus canlier and its introduction into Florida, cause, and methods of control as far as they have been determined. History of citrus canker, E. W. Berger (pp. 27-30). — This disease, it is claimed, was first recognized early in 1913. The first serious outbreak, how- ever, was noted in a nursery in Dade County in July. The spread of the disease in other parts of the State as well as in the Gulf States generally is briefly indicated, and a statement given regarding the means that have been adopted for its control. From the evidence at hand the fungus seems to have been introduced from Japan on Citrus trifoliata stock. Studies of citrus canker, H. E. Stevens (pp. 31-43). — In continuation of a preliminary account (E. S. R., 31, p. 54) the author describes laboratory and other studies on the cause of this disease and the conditions under which infec- tion occurs and spreads. Successful inoculations were made in the fall of 1912 from material which was not then recognized as being different from the scab common to many citrus species. The fungus is provisionally classed among the Phyllostictas. While it is closely related to the stem-end rot fungus (Pho- mopsis cit7-i), it is considered a much more virulent organism. Experiments are in progress to determine the vitality of the spores and the effect of different fungicides upon them. The rapidity with which the disease is spread is indi- cated by the fact that in an inoculation experiment on young shoots of grape- fruit from a single spot on a leaf in October, 1913, the disease had spread until at the end of September, 1914, 561 infected leaves had been collected from the tree. Eradication of citrus canker, F. Stirling (pp. 44-53). — The author describes the work that has been undertaken in Florida for the control of citrus canker, which is considered one of the most serious of citrus diseases. The work as outlined has been carried on mostly in Dade County. As treating the infected groves and nursery stock with fungicides or cutting them back and defoliating has not given satisfactory results, treatment with fire is considered as prob- ably the only efficient means of control. The method adopted consists of burn- ing the trees, grass, and soil beneath the trees with a spray of a flaming mixture of kerosene and crude oil. This is applied with a blow torch and the trees are quickly burned to a crisp. In a few instances where sprouts came up from the roots of the trees that had been burned no evidence was found of infection. 346 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The varieties of citrus trees in the order of their susceptibility to this disease are as follows: Grapefruit, Citrus tnfoliaia, Persian lime, Key lime, navel orange, sweet orange, Satsuma, tangerine, mandarin. King orange, and lemon. Thus far the caulker has not been observed on any noncitrus plant. The rot of citrus fruit, G. L. Fawcett {Porto Rico Prog., 8 (191J^), No. 1, pp. 5-7). — An account is given of an investigation of a rot of citrus fruits which seriously affects oranges in shipment. The trouble is considered due to Diplodia natalensis, and the principal sooirce of infection is believed to be in the grove. To reduce this infection the author recommends the pruning out and destruction of dead or unhealthy branches and spraying the trees with fungicides. Fungi parasitic on the tea plant in northeast India, II, A. C. Tunstall (Indian Tea Assoc, Sd. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 1 {lOlJf), pp. 36-39). — In con- tinuance of previous work (E. S. R., 31, p. 55), the author describes Rosellinia root disease of tea bushes. This is said to be easily controlled by removal of all dead wood and jungle, exposure of the collars of the surrounding tea bushes, imprm'ement of drainage, if necessai'y, and treatment of the upi)er 6 in. of the affected soil with A lb. quicklime per square yard. Two new Chytridiaceae, P. Hakiot (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 (1914), No. 23, pp. 1705-1707). — Descriptions are given of Cladochytrium mauryi n. sp., parasitic on leaves of Colchicum autmnnale, and Cladochytrium oUivieri n. sp., which was found on leaves of Orchis incarnata and 0. laxifiora. Peridermium cedri as a destructive fung'us, R. S. Tboup (Indian Forester, 40 (1914), No. 10, pp. 469-472, pi. 1).—In a previous' publication (E. S. R., 27, p. 654) the author called attention to the occurence of witches' brooms on Deodar due to the fungus P. cedri. Recent observations have shown that the disease is not only more widely spread than has been hitherto supposed, but also that it is one of serious importance. In some plantations at least 80 per cent of the trees were found to be visibly affected. A contribution to the morphology and life history of Pestalozzia funerea, J. J. Wenner (Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 5, pp. 375-384, pi. 1, figs. 7).— Experiments have been conducted to determine the exact relation of P. funerea to various coniferous hosts, inoculation experiments having been made on white pine, Norway spruce, and hemlock. The experiments have proved that this species is parasitic under certain con- ditions, the most important of which appears to be the presence of a great amount of moisture in the air. The fungus was able to attack the leaves and stems of all of the host plants used in the experiments, producing a browning of the leaves, and followed in some cases by the appearance of superficial mycelium and the drooping of the young shoots. The shoots finally die and eventually the whole plant is killed. In addition to the characteristic conidia of the fungus another spore form was found, which is said to correspond to a chlamydospore. For the control of this disease it is recommended that affected seedlings be destroyed whenever detected, and as a preventive measure that ordinary spray- ing be adopted. The expulsion of ascospores from the perithecia of the chestnut blight fungus (Endothia parasitica), F. D. Heald and R. C. Walton (Amer. Jour. Bot., 1 (1914), No. 10, pp. 499-521, figs. 2).— A report is given of a study of various phases of ascospore expulsion under artificial conditions, the experi- ments having been carried o^it through practically the entire year of 1913. Under artificial conditions in the laboratory spore expulsion was found to be inhibited at low temperatures. The optimum temperature for expulsion was ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 347 between 68 and 80° F. These results substantiated the field observations, which showed a cessation of spore expulsion during the winter period. The perithecia were found to have an almost phenomenal power of spore production, spores being expelled from some specimens daily for a period of 168 days, and some perithecia were still active when the test was discontinued. The necks of the perithecia were found to play an important part in the mechanics of spore ex- pulsion. Expulsion was found to occur in a saturated atmosphere, but was more pronounced when specimens were permitted to di'y out gradually. A bibliography is appended. Plane tree leaf scorch, C. C. Bbittlebank (Jour. Dept. Affr. Victoria, 12 {19 U), No. 6, pp. 335, 336, figs. 2).— The author describes this disease as noted in specimens recently sent from portions of South Australia for examination, cautioning against confusing this trouble (due to Olwosporium nervisequum) with a somewhat similar disfigurement due to excessive transpiration caused by hot, dry winds. The perfect stage has not been observed in Victoria, and may possibly not occur in the genial climate of this region. Pollarding, in case of large trees, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture, in case of smaller ones, are recommended, as is also the destruction of all fallen leaves and diseased twigs. The spotting of prepared plantation rubber, A. Shaeples (Dept. Agr. Fed. Malay States Bui. 19, pp. 31, pis. 4)- — This follows up a preliminary account of related studies by Bancroft (E. S. R., 29, p. 451). It is stated that spottiugs and discolorations on plantation rubber are due in most cases to common saprophytic fungi possessing proteolytic enzyms, four species receiving more particular attention in this connection, PeiiAciUium maculans n. sp., Chromosporium crustaceum n. sp., Trichodenna koningi, and Fusari^im sp. The infection is said to follow inoculation in the field, or under bad conditions in drying sheds. Methods of prevention include sterilization of the latex with formalin and quicker drying of the rubber by the employment of thinner working and the addition of sodium bisulphite. Dilution with water seems to increase the tendency to spotting, and this is also true of the addition of coagulant above the minimum amount necessary for this purpose. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. How to attract birds in northeastern United States, W. L. McAtee ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 621 (1914), pp. 15, figs. 11). — This discusses protec- tion, breeding places, water supply, and means of providing a food supply for wild birds about the homestead. Charts are given which show the seasons of fruits attractive to birds and of fruits useful to protect cultivated varieties. It is the first of a series of publications dealing wih practicable methods of attracting birds about homes in the various parts of the United States. Eecent investigations on parasitic and other eelworms, G. E. Johnson (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sd., 1913, p. 526). — A brief review of recent studies of the nematodes. Report of the entomologist, 1912-13, T. J. Anderson (Dept. Agr. Brit. East Africa Ann. Rpt., 1912-13, pp. 124-131).— A report of observations of the more important pests of the year. Insect records. — Miscellaneous notes by officers of the division of ento- mology (Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 8 (1914), No. 2, pp. 240-244, figs. 8).— Notes on the pumpkin stem borer (Apomecyna Mnubila), which is the source of considerable injury in certain sections of South Africa, and on the bind- weed gall maker (Nupscrha apicalis) are presented by C. Fuller. 348 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Insect enemies of the ground nut in Senegal, Az^mabd {Agr. Colon. [Parisl 1 (19U), No. 10, pp. 106-110; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ber. A, No. 9, pp. 549, 550). — A discussion of the more important enemies of this plant. Four new proctotrypoid egg parasites of sugar cane insects in Java, A. P, DoDD {Arch. Naturgesch., 80 {1914), AM. A, No. 5, pp. 162-164). — Hadronotus javensis and two species of Telenomus reared from moth eggs on sugar cane and one species of Telenomus reared from moth eggs on the leaves of sugar beet are described as new. [Fleas and mosquitoes in Panama], C. F. Mason {Rpt. Dept. Health Patv- ama Canal, 1914, Sept., pp. 7, 8). — Several tests have shown that fleas begin to leave a killed rat as early as 15 seconds after death and that aU have left the body a little more than two hours and 15 minutes afterwards. During September specimens of Anopheles apicimacula were collected from several sources. In one locality near habitations they were found breeding with A. albinianus, while in another locality they were breeding in water near the site of an abandoned village. Attempts to incriminate A. apicimacula by biting three different cases of malaria, each one containing a sufficiency of gametes in the peripheral blood, were made, properly controlled with A. albi- manus, but neither A. apicimacula nor A. albimanus could be infected. A new cotton pest {Agr. News [Barbados], 13 {1914), No. 326, p. 344).— This note relates to the attack on cotton in St. Kitts by the Australian cockroach {Periplancta australasia;), the common household pest in the West Indies. On two estates in St. Kitts much trouble was experienced in getting cotton established in certain fields, the young plants being eaten off as soon as they appeared above ground. The injury is caused by the immature roaches. A bait of corn meal and Paris green distributed in the field as cotton was just coming up proved quite an efficient means of control. A chalcid parasitic on thrips (Thysanoptera), R. S. Bagnall {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1913, p. 531). — The author records the occurrence of Thripoc- tenus russelli, a thrips parasite previously recorded from California by Russell (E. S. R., 27, p. 262), in several localities in England. The influence of temperature, submersion, and burial on the survival of eggs and larvae of Cimex lectularius, A. W. Bacot {Bui. Ent. Research, 5 {1914), No. 2, pp. 111-117).— The author finds that the eggs of C. lectularius are able to survive exposure to temperatures between 40 and 50° F. for a period of 31 days, and between 28 and 32° for 48 hours. " Periods of from 5 to 8 days at the latter temperature reduce the percentage hatching to 25 per cent and longer exposures, 10 to 15 days, are fatal. Temperatures between 60 to 98° are favorable, but 113° prevents hatching. " Burial in dry or wet sand, with exposure to temperatures between 45 and 50°, may be survived fi"om 4 days to a week if the eggs are then uncovered and kept at a favorable temperature. Submergence in water at between 60 and 63° for a period of 5 days has no effect on hatching if the eggs are subsequently kept under favorable conditions. They also survive for at least 3 days in water at between 45 and 50°, and for 48 hours when the water in which they are sub- merged is frozen. Submergence in lime water (saturated solution) for 46 hours is fatal. The eggs survive partial embedding in a wet plaster surface provided that emergence is not interfei'ed with. " Newly hatched bugs when unfed can survive a temperature of from 28 to 32° for periods up to 18 days. They are also able to withstand chilling, thaw- ing, rechilling and again thawing over shorter periods. When subjected to cold, moist air after a full meal they are liable to a heavy or even total mor- tality, probably in consequence of humidity rather than cold. Under moderate conditions of temperature, 60 to G5°, they may live for 136 days unfed, and ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 349 after a meal, for 9 months. Unfed at a temperature of 75" with humidity be- tween 65 and 70 an average life of 10 days, and an individual survival of up to 21 days, is possible. At 88°, with humidity between 70 to SO, the average life is shortened to 7 days, the longest survival being 11 days. At 96° with humidity at 25 the average life is reduced to 5 days; individuals have survived for 8 days. Exposure to 113° is fatal within a few minutes." White fly control, 1914, J. R. Watson {Florida Sta. Bui. 123 (WW, pp. 3-23, figs. 5). — This bulletin reports upon the white fly work carried on at the station in 1914 in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 751). A summarized account of the citrus white flies and means for their control is included. The drought caused the 1914 fall brood of white flies to be the largest that Florida has had for several years. It was found that the red and brown fungi can be dried and kept over winter. It is pointed out that the ideal method of controlling the white fly is to spread parasitic fungi during the rainy season and to spray with miscible oil emulsion in spring and fall ; that the planting of chinaberry and umbrella trees in citrus communities should be prohibited by law ; and that owners of noninfested groves should adopt quarantine measures. A list of important papers on citrus white fly is appended. Injury to tropical trees by Pseudococcus filamentosus, P. Vayssi^re {Jour. Agr. Trop., 14 {19U), No. 154, PP- 109-111; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (Wl-i), No. 7, pp. 969, 970).— This mealy bug, described in 1893 from Hawaii, has since been found in various parts of the world. The branches and leaves of infested trees are covered by masses of white filamentous waxy matter, which sometimes forms sheets join- ing one branch to another. Severely attacked trees may be killed in a few months. Petroleum emulsion (6 to 15 per cent) applied as a winter wash appears to be the best insecticide for use in its control. Cryptolcemus montrouzieri has been found to be very efficient against this scale in Hawaii. The relation of variation in the number of larval stages to sex develop- ment in the gipsy moth, F. H. Moshkk and R. T. Webbee {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 368-^73).— Observations which indicated that the larvae that pupate in the fifth stage produce male moths and those pupating in the sixth stage produce female moths led the authors to conduct experiments which have shown that the variation is quite constant. Of 560 larvte which trans- formed Into chrysalids 325 pupated in the fifth stage and produced males, while the remaining 235 passed into the sixth stage and developed female pupae. On several occasions the scarcity of certain foods necessitated the stinting of caterpillars but regardless of this fact the females passed through the addi- tional larval stage. The authors have never found a seventh molt as reported by some observers. " There can be no doubt but that the gipsy moth is changing or has changed its habits in this country. . . . That the insect itself is less hardy than in the past is a surety and it is far more susceptible to disease." Contributions to the life history of the lesser peach borer in Ohio, J. L. King {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914). No. 5, pp. 401-403).— A report of observations, made in the lake regions of northern Ohio during the summer of 1913, which show that Synanthedon pictipcs has one full brood and a partial second brood in the Lake Erie district. The second brood larvae emerge as adults during August and the first week in September. Cutworms, H. T. Fernald (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 43 (1914), pp. 2). — A revision of Circular 2, previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 758). 350 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Progress of verruga work with Phlebotomus verrucarum, C. H. T. Town- send (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), ^'o. 5, pp. 357-367). — This article reports the details of inoculations of laboratory animals, including Cebus capuchinus, Lepus cuniculus, Canis caraiblcus, Cwvia cobaya, and Canis criollus by or with P. verrucarum in physiological salt solution, at the Verruga Laboratory, at Chosica, Peru, and is in continuation of the investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 847). " Despite repeated and persistent search from July to October, the early stages of the Phlebotomus have not yet been discovered. It has thus not been possible to attempt the rearing or breeding of them for infection experiments. While no doubt this could be accomplished with unlimited facilities, it is not at all necessary to the complete demonstration of the transmission, already secured, and its realization is not warranted by the conditions." A bibliography is appended. The daffodil fly, Merodon equestris, G. Stocks (In The Daffodil Year Book. London, 1914 •' Roy. Hort. Soc, pp. 50-59, pis. 2). — This is a report of studies of the life history of M. equestris conducted by the author in England. Its life cycle is of two years' duration, the larva carrying on its destructive work from July of one year to February of the second following year, approximately 19 months being passed by the immature stages in the bulb. Further notes on the breeding of the tachinid fly, parasitic on the cane beetle borer, J. F. Illingwobth (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7' {1914), ^o. 5, pp. 390- 398, pi. 1). — In this paper the author describes the means by which he suc- cessfully introduced a tachinid parasite, Ceromasia sphenophori, of (Spheno- phorus) Rhabdocnemis ohscurus from Hawaii into Fiji. Biological notes are included. As many as 570 fully deveIoi>ed eggs have been found by Muir <* in the uterus of a single female, and it is stated that the number of young possible for a fly to produce is upwards of 1,000. The eggs have been found by Muir to hatch while still in the uterus and the larvae to be deposited. A note on Bhagoletis pomonella in blueberries, W. C. Woods (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 398-400) .—The author records the infestation of the fruit of three species of blueberries, namely, Vaccinium pennsylvaniciim, V. canadense, and V. vacillans, in Washington County, Me., by the apple maggot. When the maggots are small an infested berry can not be distinguished by sight from a sound one, but usually when they have attained a fair size the fruit becomes very much shriveled and shrunken and the pulp red and stringy. In this county an area of 250,000 acres has grown up almost entirely to blue- berries from which the berries are gathered and sold to canneries. [Report and minutes of evidence of the Sleeping Sickness Committee] (Sleeping Sickness Com. [Gt. Brit.}, Rpt. 1914, PP- 26; Minutes of Evidence, pp. 330). — These contain much data relating to the biology of tsetse flies and their role in the transmission of trypanosomes. The bean fly (Agromyza phaseoli), A. Rutherford (Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], 42 (1914), No. 5, pp. 4ii-413)- — It is stated that the bean crop in Ceylon is often a complete failure due to the attack of this pest. The wheat bulb fly (Hylemyia coarctata), B. Wahl (Monatsh. Landw., 7 (1914), No. 3-4, pp. 82-85, figs. 2; Wiener Landw. Ztg., 64 (1914), No. 65, pp. 633, 634, figs. 2; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 7, pp. 475, 476).— This fly, known as the " Getreideblumenfliege," is a source of injury to wheat, rye, and more rarely barley, in Austria. The larvae, like that of the frit fly with which it appears to have been confused, eats out the heart of the young plant, causing it to wither. One larva may wander from one plant to another, " Hawaii. Planters Rec, 1909, pp. 256-261 ; 1910, pp. 186-200. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 351 attacking as many as six, so that not infrequently a whole field may be de- stroyed. Its life history and habits and remedial measures are discussed. A contribution to a knowledge of the belladonna leaf miner (Pegomya hyoscyami), its life history and biology, A. E. Cameron (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 43-76, pis. 3, figs. 4)- — l^liis dipteran, which occurs through- out Europe, the United States, and Canada, has often been described under different names, partly because of its having been reared from a fairly wide range of food plants. In addition to belladonna it attacks mangolds, beets, and henbane. The leaves which it attacks quickly wither during dry weather. " The num- ber of the larvje in one leaf varies with the size of the latter and, roughly speaking, directly as the size. The ravages are periodic and often quite local- ized, resulting in diminished yields of the products of the different crops attacked. The top shoots are most heavily infested early in the season, but later the radical leaves are most attacked. " Hibernation occurs in the pupal condition about 2 in. below the surface of the soil near the food plants. The number of broods varies. There are at least three in [this] latitude [the north of England]. The broods are not sepa- rated sharply off from each other. There is a good deal of overlapping so that all stages occur in the field during the greater part of the season. " The eggs are deposited superficially on the back of the leaf in groups con- sisting of parallel series varying in number. The incubation period is about 5 days. The larvae feed uninterruptedly and complete their metamorphosis in 10 days under the most favorable circumstances. The larvae of the first two broods sometimes pupate in the leaf, generally making their way to the margin to do so. The pupal period of the first two broods is about 17 days. The average period for one complete life cycle is about 86 days. " Two closely related species, P. I)icolor and P. nigritarsis, attack common weeds such as dock. Their life histories are, in all details, almost similar to that of P. hyoscyami. Structurally there are some interesting differences, especially in the larval stages. . . . " Natural control of the pest is secured by the parasitism of two species of braconids on one or both of which a proctotrypid is probably hyperparasitic. The degi-ee of parasitism ascends to a climax at the end of August and be- ginning of September, and then suddenly diminishes. Frequent hand picking of attacked leaves and their destruction provides a ready and effective means of killing the maggot and unhatched eggs. This method is only practicable where the crop is a small one. . . . Paraffin emulsion is not so effective in killing the maggot as this same emulsion with nicotin added." A bibliography of 37 titles is appended. An apterous Drosophila and its genetic behavior, C. W. Metz (Amcr. Nat., 43 (1914), No. 575, pp. 675-692, fig. i).— This paper deals with an apterous form of the pomace fly {Drosophila aitrpcJophila) which had been reared from cultures in the laboratory. The study of the heredity of this form is said to have been difficult because of its almost complete (apparent) sterility. Indian forest insects of economic importance: Coleoptera, E. P. Stebbing (Landon, 1914, pp. XVI-\-648, pis. 64, figs. 401). — A manual of information on the Coleoptera injurious or beneficial to forestry in India. The reproduction and fecundity of the elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola), L6CAILL0N (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 {1914), No. 1, pp. 116-119).— In the vicinity of Toulouse the elm leaf beetle continues to reproduce from early May to the first part of July. Females kept under observation have de- posited as higli as 513 eggs. In nature the females do not deposit all the eggs 352 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. on the same leaf but pass from one leaf to another and frequently fly from tree to tree. Larvae from the egg clusters disperse to different leaves. Adults, both male and female, feed continuously throughout the period of reproduction. The mango weevil, A. Rutherford (Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], 42 (1914), ^^o. 5, pp. 410, 411; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 9, pp. 540, 541).— Cryptorhynchus mungiferce is said to be widely distributed in India, Ceylon, the Philippines, Madagascar, South Africa, and Hawaii. It is stated that in La- buan, Straits Settlements, where this species seems to be spreading, only about 10 per cent of the mangoes are edible, probably because of this species. On some Curculionidae living in bamboo stems, A. da Costa Lima (Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 117-123, pis. 2).— A small cultivated bamboo, known in Brazil as Indian cane, frequently suffers from the attacks of Ercthistes lateralis. As a result the stem breaks at the place of infestation and drops to the ground. Its egg is parasitized by a chalcidid, here described as Prodecatoma cruzi n. sp. Indian cane is also attacked by the tenebrionid Acropteron ruflpes, which feeds on its shoots, and by a lamellicom beetle (Bolax sp. ?), which consumes the leaves. The scent producing organ of the honeybee, N. E. McIndoo (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 66 (1914), Pt- 2, PP- 542-555, pis. 2, fig. jf).— This article deals entirely with the morphology of the scent-producing organ, the work relating to the odors produced by it being reserved for a separate paper. Beekeeping for the Oregon farmer, H. F. Wilson (Oreg. Agr. Col. Bui. 168 (1914), pp. SI, figs. 14)- — This furnishes practical information for those engaged in beekeeping. Notes on the life history and ecology of Tiphia inomata, G. N. Wolcott (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 382-389) .—The scoliid here discussed is the most important parasite of Lachnostema larvae in this country. The ob- servations reported were made in central and northern Illinois during 1912-13 while the author was engaged in collecting the parasite for introduction into the sugar cane fields of Porto Rico. There appear to be two generations each year, the species hibernating either as a larva, pupa, or adult inside the cocoon. Under favorable circumstances it greatly reduces the numbers of grubs and in some cases practically extermi- nates Lachnostema from limited areaa Of the several checks to its increase a fungus, thought to be a species of Isaria, is said to be the most important. Preliminary observations upon the life histories of Zenillia pexops and Hypamblys albopictus, R. A. Wardle (Jour. Econ. Biol., 9 (1914), No. 3, pp. 85-104, pis. 3, fig. 1). — ^This article relates to two parasites of the large larch sawfly (Nematus erichsonii) which have not previously been recorded. It is stated that the decline in numbers of the parasite Mesoleius tenthredinis, formerly quite abundant, was one of the features of the investigation of the large larch sawfly in 1913. This decline is said to have been accompanied by the appearance in comparatively large numbers of the two previously un- recorded parasites that are here considered, namely, " H. albopictus, an ichneu- mon closely related to Mesoleius, and having corresiwuding life history stages, though emerging possibly a few days earlier (Hypamblys hibernates as a first stage larva), and Z. pexops, a tachinid fly. probably the same parasite that has previously been recorded at various times since 1910 as Exorista crinita, E. alacris, and E. duhia. Zenillia is exceptional for a tachinid in hibernating as a final stage larva. It pupates and forms its puparium within the cocoon of the sawfly, and emerges about the same time as the host. As Zenillia appears to predominate at the expense of the ichneumon parasites, It is important that FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 353 future work should bear upon the question of the respective values of the various parasites in the control of the sawfly." An unrecorded parasite of Toxoptera graminum, F. M. Webster {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 403, 404).— The author calls attention to the fact that by mistake Eupachylomma rileyi, reared from the spring grain-aphis, is not recorded as a parasite of that pest in the bulletin previously noted (B. S. R., 27, p. 859). The house centipede, C. L. Mablatt (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 627 {1914), PP- 4, flffs. 2). — This is a reprint of Bureau of Entomology Circular 48, previously noted (B. S. R., 14, p. 374.) Injury to truck crops by springtails (Smynthurus sp.), D. E. Fink {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 5, pp. 4OO, 40I, pi. i).— The author reports upon ob- servations of injury by springtails {Smijnthurus sp.) to lettuce, spinach, and seedling cucumbers. Two new Sarcosporidia, H. Crawley {Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 66 {1914), pt. 1, pp. 214-218, fig. 1). — Sarcocystis Icporum, a parasite of rabbits, and 8. setophagw, a parasite of the American redstart {Setophaga ruticilla), are de- scribed as new. Preliminary list of the Acari occurring' on the brown rat (Mus norvegicus) in Great Britain, with the description of a new species (Hsemogamasus oudemansi), S. Hirst {Bui. Ent. Research, 5 {1914), No. 2, pp. 119-124, pls- 8, figs. 3). — Twelve species are listed as occurring on wild specimens of the brown rat. Only three, namely, L(daps cchidninus, Notoedres muris, and Myobia ensifera, can be regarded with certainty as practically restricted to M. norvegicus, although H. oudemansi, here described as new, has thus far been found only on this host. The evolution of Sarcocystis muris in the intestinal cells of the mouse, H. Crawley {Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 66 {1914), pt. 2, pp. 432-436, pi. 1).— A contribution to the knowledge of the biology of this parasite. Further research on Spiroptera cancer in rats, J. Fibiger {Hospitalstid. [Copenhagen], 57 {1914), Nos. 34, pp. 1049-108O; 35, pp. 1081-1112; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 {1914), Nos. 14, p. 1244; 16, p. 1432).— In a further study of this subject (B. S. R.. 30, p. 279) the author finds that the parasite which he has discovered in cancer in rats is a new species of Spiroptera. In Denmark this parasite has been found only in Mus decumanus among numerous rats infesting three sugar warehouses. The finding of the parasites in a large proportion of the rats and in 77 of 115 cockroaches, which seem to serve as intermediate hosts, from West Indian ports led the author to conclude that the parasite is a tropical species. The author's total material includes 19 cancers developing in the stomach after feeding the rats with roaches infected with Spiroptera. This he regards as indicating that under certain conditions one-half or four-fifths of the ani- mals infected develop cancer and that no individual predisposition is necessary for this. Naphthalin as an insecticide (Agr. Neics [Barbados'], 13 {1914), No. 327, p. 360). — A brief summarized account. FOODS— HTJMAN NUTRITION. The source, chemistry, and use of food products, E. H. S. Bailey ( [Phil- adelphia], 1914, PP- XIV +517, figs. 75). — This book, which is designed as a text-book for college and high school students in home economics, deals with the more important food products with reference to their source, methods of 354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. preparation for the market, their paclsing, preservation and shipment, their composition, food and dietetic value, and their use by people of various coun- tries. The food products treated are cereals and cereal products, sugar and other saccharin substances, vegetables, fruits, berries, animal and vegetable fats and oils, nuts and nut products, meat and meat products, fish, eggs and their products, milk and dairy products, spices, and beverages, both alcoholic and nonintoxicating. Meat purchasing a science, A. J. Cuff {[Portland, Oreg.], 1914, pp. 64, pis. 6). — This little book, which is designed especially for the use of house- keepers, includes a description of the different cuts of beef, pork, veal, and lamb, and a discussion of the best vp^ay in which each cut may be utilized in the home. Several suggestions regarding selecting and cooking meat, together with a few recipes, are also given. The dearness of meat, F. Ortt (Het Dure Vleesch. lUtrecht], 1913, pp. 16). — A summary and digest of data, in which the author expresses the opinion that although protein is indispensable for maintenance and growth, meat in the diet may be to a great extent supplemented by other sources of protein. Con- siderable emphasis is laid upon the necessity for stimulating the appetite through the preparation of appetizing meat substitutes. The changes in thei character of fats during the process of cooking, Helen Masters and H. L. Smith (Analyst, 39 (1914), No. 461, pp. 347-350).— From a study of the analytical constants of cotton-seed oil and butter fat. both before and after being cooked with flour, the authors conclude that very little change takes place in the fats during cooking except in the case of very thin or considerably overcooked pastries. A slight oxidation of the fats occurred. A decrease in the iodin value and an increase in the refractive index and acidity were also noted. Changes taking place during baking — chemical composition of bread, H. Kalning and A. Schleimeb (Ztschr. Gesam. Getreidew., 6 {1914), No. 7, pp. 137-143). — The authors report the results of analyses of a large number of samples of wheat and rye bread, which tend to show that the bread contains a smaller percentage of starch and a greater percentage of sugar than were originally present in the flour. The principal difference between the crumb and crust consists of a change in carbohydrates. At high temperatures the starch in the crust is more completely changed to dextrin. The effect of bread wrapping on the chemical composition of the loaf, H. E. Barnard and H. E. Bishop (Amer. Food Jour., 9 {1914), ^'o. 8, pp. 367- 376, figs. 14). — The authors studied the composition of wrapped and unwrapped bread. To establish a standard for the composition of freshly baked bread a number of loaves of the regular brands from the daily baking of the local bakeries were analyzed within three or four hours after baking. Analyses were also secured of loaves from the same baking, some having remained unwrapped for periods of one to six days, and others having been wrapped for periods of one to five days. Determinations were made of moisture, ash, protein, total solids, soluble solids, starch, soluble carbohydrates, acidity, and lactic acid. The following varieties were included in the study — straight dough pan bread, straight dough rye bread, sponge dough rye bread, straight dough Vienna hearth bread, and Bohe- mian sponge rye bread. The technique is described in detail, and full analytical data are shown. The following conclusions are drawn : The wrapping of bread in either semiporous waxed or paraffin paper pre- vents the escape of moisture and tends to preserve the colloidal condition and physico-chemical equilibrium, the destruction of which has been shown by other workers to produce staleness. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 355 These experiments do not support the belief that the moisture of the crumb is imparted to the crust, causing it to lose its crispness. The analytical data show conclusively that the loss of moisture by the crumb is practically always accompanied by a corresjtonding loss of moisture by the crust. In the case of ordinary breads, lactic acid acidity does not develop within six days of baking, either in the unwrapped or in the wrapped loaves. " The use of semiporous and paraffin wrappers does not injure the quality of the loaf after the third day. Up to that time the keeping quality both as to condition of crumb, flavor, and odor is enhanced by the use of the wrappers. Unwrapped bread loses its freshness after the first day. But little difference is observed in the condition of the straight dough pan bread, straight dough rye, sjionge dough rj-e bread, and straight dough Vienna hearth bread. Bo- hemian rye sponge dough wrapped or unwrapped bread is not of satisfactory quality on and after the third day." This paper was followed by a discussion. A report of a chemical and bacteriological study of wrapped bread, B. R. Jacobs, J. A. Leclerc, and Maud L. Mason (Amcr. Jour. Pub. Health, 4 (1914), No. 9, pp. 721-732). — In this investigation the following aspects of the question of wrapi:)ed bread were studied : The kind of paper best adapted to wrapping bread; the lapse of time after baking before bread should be wrapped to secure the best results; bacteriological examination of both wrapped and unwrapped bread ; and the relative weights of wrapped and unwrapped bread. The experimental procedure as carried out in the bakeries was as follows : The rate of cooling of the freshly baked loaves was determined by means of thermometers inserted in them immediately after removal from the oven. One loaf from each baking was wrapped in sterile paper and taken at once to the laboratory for bacteriological examination. At intervals of one hour for five hours, three of the remaining loaves in each experimental baking were weighed, wrapped, and set aside for examination. Some of the loaves were also allowed to remain unwrapped in the bakery. On the next day both the wrapped and unwrapped bread was taken to the laboratory by one of the regular delivery wagons of the bakery and allowed to remain at room temperature. Some loaves were exposed to the air and others kept in a closed show case, weights and samples being taken at intervals. Bread wrapped in unwaxed paper lost more moisture than that in waxed paper, and bread in paper waxed on both sides lost less moisture than that wrapped in paper waxed on only one side. The firmness of the crust of all the bread was directly proportional to the loss of moisture. It is therefore probable that breads whose crusts are to be kept firm and dry, such as Vienna and French breads, may be kept in the best condition by wrapping in porous rather than in waxed paper. In the case of ordinary bread none of the papers used showed any detrimental results and no objectionable features developed, so far as could be determined by odor or taste, in wrapped bread even at the end of 114 days. In the bacteriological examination samples were taken from the outside of the loaf only. The results of this examination showed that the crust of the loaf as it leaves the oven is practically sterile. If exposed unwrapped in the bakery it may collect a large number of bacteria, but in 0.1 gm. samples of such bread examined no organisms of the Bacterium coli type were found. Bread which has been cooled for only one hour before being wrapped retained sufficient heat and moisture to favor the growth of organisms, especially when waxed paper was used for wrapping. The lapse of time before which bread should be wrapped can be fixed approximately at three hours, since the bread reaches the 80967"— No. 4—15 5 356 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. temperature of the room at this period. It should be wrapped as soon as suffi- ciently cooled, in order to minimize the danger of contamination with bacteria and molds. In addition to the samples of freshly baked bread taken from the bakeries, 27 samples of wrapped and 29 of unwrapped bread were purchased in a number of retail stores for bacteriological examination. It was found that 02 per cent of the samples of unwrapped bread showed organisms of the B. coli type in 0.1 gm. samples, as compared with only 7 per cent of the wrapped breads. These figures are illustrative of the conditions in which wrapped and unwrapped bread are received in the home. Changes in bread on aging, M. P. Neumann (Ztschr. GesUtn. Getreidew., 6 (lOUf), No. 6, pp. 119-122). — On aging the crust loses its elasticity and dry appearance and becomes somewhat pulpy and tough. The crumb loses its ])lasticity, moisture, and tenderness and becomes dry, solid, and hard. The total volume of the loaf becomes less, the loss in some inst;inces amounting to as much as 25 i>er cent. This is proportional to the thickness and tenacity of the crust and to the water loss. The highest percentages of water absorption by the crumb were found to be as follows: Fresh graham bread, 219; stale graham bread, 170 ; fresh white bread, 289 ; and stale white bread, 153. This capacity for absorbing water can be restored to the stale bread by heating for a short time. Ice cream standards, W. B. Barney {Amer. Food Jour., 9 (1914), ^o. 8, pp. JfSl, 432). — The necessity for such a standard is emphasized and various aspects of the question are discussed from the point of Aiew of the consumer and the manufacturer. Ice cream soda and soft drinks, W. S. IMatthews (//?. State Food Com. Bui. 32 (1914), pp, 12). — This bulletin gives detailed information regarding the selection, care, and storage of the .sirups, milk, cream, ice cream, and eggs used in connection with soda fountains. Information is also given regarding the care and cleaning of all equipment. The necessity for thoroughly washing all glasses is strongly emphasized and rules for employees are given. Egg albumin in baking powder, E. F, Ladd {Amer. Food Jour., 9 (1914), No. 8, pp. 388, 389). — In the opinion of the author no advantage results from the use of albumin in baking powder as the gluten of the flour furnishes the albuminous material (E. S. R., 29, p. 866). Tomato pulp, W. D. Bigelow and F. F. Fitzgerald (Nat. Canners Assoc. Bui. 3 (1914), PP- 14)- — A digest of data which leads to the suggestion of standards for the manufacture of catsup and for canning pulp. These sug- gestions are of siiecial value to the manufacturer of these products. Swells and springers, W. D. Bigelow (Nat. Canners Assoc. Bui. 2 (1914), PP- 16). — These ai"e defined by the author as imperfect canned goods due to faults in methods of manufacture. It is pointed out that swells are the result of decomposition and that such goods should never be used for food. Springers are the result of overfilled or insufficient exhaust and in some instances are due to the action of strongly acid foods upon the can with, the generation of hydrogen. Springers resulting from overfilled or insufficient exhaust should be resealed and resterilized before being used as food. The paijer is followed by a discussion. Cause of variation in weight or measure of food products, L. M. Tolman and W. E. Hillyer (Amer. Food Jour., 9 (1914), No. S, pp. 407-416, figs. 7).— Data are given showing the variation in the weight of packages, both those which are put up by hand and those which are machine packed, likewise the FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 357 variation in the change in weight with vai-ying degrees of humidity. The paper is followed by a discussion. [Food and drug inspection], H. E. Barnabd et al. (Ind. Bd. Health, Ann. Rpt. Chem. Div., 8 {1913), pp. 1-131, figs. 5).— The work carried out under the Indiana state food laws during the year ended September 30, 1913 is reviewed. This included the examination of 1.257 samples of food, of which 546 were found to be illegal. Analytical data are given regarding the samples of food products examined, as are also the results of the inspection of places where food is manufactured and sold as well as the detailed inspection of the sanitary condition of a large number of canning factories in various parts of the State. [Food, drug, and water inspection and analysis], G. B. Taylor {Bicn. Rpt. La. Bd. Health, 1912-13, pp. 157-227). — The results are reported of the analysis of 1,684 samples, which included food materials of various sorts, milk, dairy products, ice cream, drugs, and samples of water from public supplies such as schools and railroad trains. A I'eport of the sanitary inspection of New Orleans dairies, with a summaiy of the improvements secured, is also given. [Food and drug inspection, and analysis], W. G. TiCE (Ann, Rpt. Bd. HeaJth N. J., 37 (1913), pp. 276-372, pis. 4).— The work accomplished under the New Jersey food laws during the year ended October 31, 1913, is reviewed. This in- cluded the examination of 6,260 sjimples of food and drugs, of which 5,488 were found to be above standard. Sanitary inspections were also made of slaughter- houses, cold-storage warehouses, and canning factories. Among the special investigations reported are the bacteriological examination of water cress gi'owu on the banks of a polluted stream, which was found to be contaminated and unsafe as a food; the bacteriological examination of a num- ber of cans of frozen eggs held in cold storage; and a sanitary survey of the shellfish industry of the State. This latter included the examination of the water from w^hich the shellfish were taken and the conditions under which they were gathered, packed, and shipped. Rules are given which regulate the prepa- ration of soft clams for market. [Food and drug inspection and analysis] (Bui. Tenn. Food and Druga Dept., n. ser., 1 (191^), No. 1, pp. JfO). — This bulletin contains the annual report of the commissioner, L. P. Brown, and data regarding the examination of mis- cellaneous food products and similar materials. The text of the state pure food and drug laws and of the state sanitary food law is also given. Municipal ordinance, rules, and regulations pertaining to public health (Pub. Health Rpts. [U. »S'.], Reprint 199 (1912-13), pp. 570).— In this) com- pilation are included the i-egulations, adopted during 1912 by the towns and cities of the United States, having a population of over 10,000, for controlling the sanitary condition of laundries and lodging houses, the production, care, and sale of foodstuffs including milk and meat and their products, and the sanitation of bakeries, hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses. Regulations are also included regarding common drinking cups and towels, the sale of sec- ondhand clothing and househould goods, housing, and the care of premises. Regulation, of food supplied hotels, with particular reference to sanitary conditions involved in its preparation, G. G. Fkary (Anier. Food Jour., 9 (19 H), No. 8, pp. 365-367, fig. 1). — This article emphasizes the importance of the inspection of hotels and other places where food is served. Attention is called to the importance of the health of the employees and the need not only for scrui)ulous cleanliness of surroundings and utensils but also for the pro- vision of proper sanitary conveniences for the employees. The paper is followed by a discussion. 358 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Investigations of the presence of bacteria in places where meat is slaugh- tered and sold, with special reference to the paratjrphoid-Gaertner group, E. IIOFFENREicii {Ticrarztl. Zcntbl., 37 (lOUf), No. 22, pp. .WT-oV/fi).— Hucteri- ological examinations of 249 samples of meat from a typical slaughterhouse gave no indication of the presence of organisms of this type. Failure to isolate these organisms at any time during three months tends to show, in the opinion of Uie autlior, tlmt their distribution is not so general as has been supposed. Manual of Creole cooking, J. E. Teiay (Manual del Cocinero Criollo. Ha- vana, 191/f, pp. 319). — A compilation of recipes for the prei)aration of Creole dishes and such Spanish, French, Italian, and English dishes as are genarally served in Cuba. History and present status of the school feeding movement, Louise S. Bryant (4. Internat. Cong. School Ilyg. Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 280-284). — -A- sketch of the rise of the school feeding movement in Germany, England, France, Italy, and the Unitetl States, together with a brief statement of its present status in various countries and its probable development as an ally to the general science of nutrition. Educational and social possibilities of school luncheons, Mary E. L. Small {Jf. Intermit. Cong. ^School Ihjg. Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 {1013), pp. 317-319).-— This paper emphasizes the moral and esthetic as well as the physiological ad- vantage of school lunches served under the supervision of women of refinement. Hot lunches in rural schools, Mary L. Bull (4- Internat. Cong. School Hyg. Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 320-223) .—Thin is a brief sun-ey of the results achieved by the movement for serving hot noon lunches in small rural schools in Minnesota. Relation of menus to standard dietaries, Mabel H. Kittredge (4- Internat. Cong. School Hyg. Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 309-316).— The experi- ence of the New York School Lunch Committee is described, first in serving table d'hote lunches at from 3 to 5 cts. a child and later in developing the Sl la carte service. The menus used in schools for children of Italian, Jewish, and American extraction ai*e discussed along with their energy value and cost. Special studies in the correlation of malnutrition and disease, J. Aulde (4. Intcrnnt. Cong. School Hyg. Buffalo, X. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 273-279).— In the author's opinion much dietetic work with school children is deficient in that it fails to take accurate account of the various mineral matters needed and supplied. Special emphasis is placed on the deleterious results following cal- cium depletion in the child's organism. The nutrition of anemic and tuberculous children, E. A. Locke (4. Internat. Cong. School Hyg. Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 285-297).— This discus- sion includes a review of the better known dietary standards for children of different ages and body weights, and of the author's work at the Franklin Park (Boston) Plospital School for Tuberculosis Children. The Alaskan Eskimo, J. A. Watkins (Amer. Jour. Pub. Health. 4 (1914), No. 8, pp. 643-648, figs. 5). — This article contains data regarding the diet and general living conditions of the Eskimos inhabiting islands off the coast of Alaska. The diet of sailors, Mabkl (Arch. ScJiiffs u. Tropen Hyg.. IS (1914), No. 17, pp. 583-605). — This article includes a discussion of the history of navigation and information regarding the solution of problems of drinking water supply, preveution of scurvy, etc. The rations supplied to sailors in the merchant marine of various countries are considered somewhat at length and sample menus are given. These diets are often unbalanced and generally have an ex- cessive enei-gy value. The need for exiierimental work in this field is em- phasized. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION". 359 Newer points of view regarding the part played by different food sub- stances in nutrition, L. B. Mkndkl {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 {I'JlJf}, Nu. JO, pp. srJS22). — A suiuumry and digest of data regardiu.i; the latest views of metabolism of niti'ogenoiis food and the importance of the vitamins, most of which has been noted from other publications by the author (E. S. R., 31, p. 69). The specific dynamic action of the foodstuffs, G. LusK {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 (1914), No. 10, pp. 82^-827).— In this article the author reviews the work of others and summarizes the results of 250 experiments carried out by himself with dogs, in which was investigated the cause of the increased heat production after the ingestion of food. He draws the following conclusion: " Living cells metabolize carbohydrates and fats in increased quantity when these are present in large amounts in the surrounding fluid, and . . . they are also stimulated to a higher heat production during the metabolism of cer- tain amino acids to an extent which is entirely out of proportion to the energy value of those amino acids, and which may indeed be indeiiendent of their energy value." Intermediary protein metabolism, O. Folin (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 63 {1914), No. 10, pp. 823, 824)- — A review and criticism of the large amount of experimental data contributed to this subject by the author and other workers, in which the following facts are emphasized : In the stomach the greater part of the protein is dissolved and converted into albumoses and peptones. In the intestines these dissolved products, together with any remaining undissolved proteins, are split up into amino acids, which are absorbed as soon as formed and transported by the blood to all parts of the body. Each tissue rebuilds itself from the amino acids received from the blood and such of these bodies as are not needed are converted into urea and carbonaceous remainders. Basal metabolism and creatinin elimination, W. "W. Palmer, J. H. Means and J. L. Gamble {Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 {1914), No. 2, pp. 239-2^-^).— Observa- tions of the relation between creatinin elimination and basal metabolism were made upon a number of men and women at least 12 hours after ingestion of food and in a state of complete muscular rest. The subjects were given a diet containing no meat, fish, or meat soups for a period of three days. Accord- ing to the authors, no definite conclusions can be drawn from the results, but further experiments are In progress. Metabolic changes in muscular tissue. — I, The fate of amino-acid mix- tures, S. A. Matthews and C. F. Nelson {Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 {1914), No. 2, pp. 229-234)- — The authors review the work of others and present the results of a series of experiments in which amino acids were administered to dogs in such a way as to insure slow absorption and intimate contact with the tissues, at the same time avoiding contact with the cells of anj^ organ of special function which might influence their metabolism. The following conclusions are drawn : "We have brought forward evidence of a positive nature showing that when amino-acld mixtures are injected into muscular tissue, these compounds are broken down and appear in the urine largely as ammonia and urea. A method for determining the exact character of metabolic changes taking place in muscu- lar tissue has been described. We are at present working on the fate of Indi- vidual amino acids and other compounds of a protein nature when injected into muscular tissue in the manner above described." The role of carbohydrate in nutrition, E. P. Cathcart (Brit. Med. Jour., No. 2803 {1914), PP- 503, 504). — Experiments were carried out, with one man, to detemiue the amount of carbohydrate required to check the increased protein 360 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. catabolism resulting from an excessive fat diet. The diet in these experiments contained no protein and consisted either of pure olive oil or olive oil plus pure anhydrous glucose. It was impossible to continue the experiment beyond three days, owing to the objectionable nature of the diet. The addition of small amounts of sugar to the basal oil ration resulted In a decrease in the output of total nitrogen. A meal rich in carbohydrate but not poor in protein, given on the fourth day, resulted in a fall in the output of total nitrogen and a decrease in the degree of acidosis. In the opinion of the author, protein, carbohydrate, and fat are replaceable only to a limited extent, and " in isodynamic or any other amount they are not isotamientic — that is, equal sparing." Chemical studies -of growth, C. Funk and A. B. Macalltjm (Uoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 92 (WUt), No. 1, pp. 13-20, pi. i).— The authors review; the work by Osborne and Mendel (E. S. R., 30, p. 560), in which they were able to support growth by the addition of rectified butter containing no nitro- gen. From similar experiments carried out by themselves the authors maintain that such rectified butter does contain small amounts of nitrogen and that it is impossible to free butter fat from nitrogen entirely by pipetting off the clear fat from centrifuged butter. A number of other factors which may iufluence growth and maintenance are discussed. Observations on the isolation of the substance in butter fat which exerts a stimulating influence on growth, E. V. McCollum and Marguerite Davis {Jour. Biol. CJievi., 19 (WlJf), No. 2, pp. 2Jf5-259, figs. 2).— The authors report data regarding the maintenance and growth of laboratory animals (rats) when fed upon fat-free diets alone and fat-free diets to which was added olive oil which had been shaken with a soap solution preparee. Origin of caracul sheep, C. C. Young (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. 10, pp. JfJ^S-^J^l). — The author concludes from his observations that the caracul breeds, which are broad-tails, resulted from crosses of long-tail sheep on fat rumps, the former the black Danadar, the latter the Duzbai. Quality in wool, P. G. Bailey and F. L. Engledow (Jour. Agr. Sci. [Eng- land], 6 U914), No. S, pp. 3^9-370, figs. 9).— In the course of studies made to determine more accurately the influence of fineness of fiber upon the " quality " in wool, 700 slides were prepared and about 30,000 measurements made. At shearing, samples were taken from both of the shoulders, the neck, the breech, and the belly, an attempt being made to take the samples from similar posi- tions on every sheep. The bulk of the wool was sorted by a skilled sorter, representative samples being retained by the investigators for measurement and study. The authors summarize the results of their investigation as follows : " The method of taking four subsamples and making in all IGO measurements of these subsamples gives a satisfactory value for the average diameter of the sample. The average of the samples from each shoulder gives a good indication of the shoulder for each sheep. " In comparing two sheep A and B we may take as almost certainly signifi- cant a difi'erence between their two average shoulder diameters of some 8 per cent of the average shoulder diameter of either of them for measurements taken as here indicated. A relationship exists between the fineness as meas- ured by the average diameter and the commercial quality into which the wool is graded. But this relationship is not absolute and is not modified by various other factors. The average Ti diameter (diameter at the tip) is the best guide from a genetic point of view as to the fineness of the wool concerned, owing to the marked pathological influences which may affect the Ts (base) average. The distribution of the fibers of different sizes has a modifying effect upon the commercial quality which would be assigned from a consideration of the average size only. It is suggested that the standard deviation of the distribu- tion of the fibers should be used as a measure of this modifying effect." South African sheep and wool, W. M. McKee (Cape Toton, 1913, pp. XVI-{- 526, figs. 35). — ^An account of the history and development of the Merino, Eambouillet, and other wool-producing breeds of sheep in South Africa, and a discussion of methods of feeding, care, and management of these sheep, the preparation and care of wool for market, fitting sheep for show, and other related topics. Influence of feeding on the morphological and physiological conditions of the animal body, H. Henseleb (Kuhn Arch., 3 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 2J,3-361, pis. S, figs. 8; 5 (1914), pp. 207-288, figs. 20).— This treatise gives in detail the results of body measurements and weighings made of fat and lean swine, and of swine under various conditions of feeding. Studies were made of the influence 366 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. of feeding on the size of body, breast cavity, length and character of ribs, nature of the blood, size of lungs and heart, size of Intestinal canals, the secretions and funetionings of the stomach, the size of pelvis and croup, char- acter of the central nerve system, the sr)inal canal, and the sense organs. The work of von Nathusius with swine and of Fischer with calves is cited. The effect of calcium and protein fed preg-nant swine upon the size, vigor, bone, coat, and condition of the offspring, J. M. Evvard, A. W. Dox, and S. C. Guernsey (A)tici: Jour. Physiol., 3.i U91Jf), No. 3, pp. 312-325, figs. 5). — In preliminary experiments conducted at the Iowa Station three lots of pregnant gilts were fed, lot 1 receiving shelled corn, lot 2 shelled corn and ap- proximately 2i gm. of calcium (in salts) daily, and lot 3 shelled com and about 136 gm. of black blood albumin (88.24 per cent protein) daily. Average daily gains per head were made for lot 1 of 107.95, lot 2 of 154.G8, and lot 3 of 237.23 gm., and they farrowed an average of 7.88, 7.3, and 8.22 pigs per sow, the litters weighing an average of 0,454.62, 6,695.02, and 7,838.08 gm. for the respective lots. The relative influence of calcium and protein is shown in the following table : Comparative influences of calcium and protein fed the pregnant dam on the developing fetus. Characteristic of offspring. Increase over com alone. Calcium ration. Protein ration. Vigor Per ceni. 5.97 6.38 9.89 16.46 Per cent. 35.00 Coat quantity 24.42 Coat color 38.04 Condition 7.17 The following were among the conclusions drawn: " The addition of calcium (allowed as chlorid and carbonate) to a fixed basal ration of corn and sodium chlorid with pregnant gilts resulted in new-born pigs having greater size, more vigor, bigger bone, increased coat quantity, better coat color, and higher condition. . . . The influence of the complex organic protein is more marked generally than that of the more simple inorganic calcium. The use of chlorid as the source of calcium was not as satisfactory as the carbonate in a high protein ration." [Swine feeding' experiments] (Mitt. Ver. Dent. Schiceineziichter, 21 (1914), No. 17, p. 330). — One-hundred-lb. pigs fed a basal ration of 1* lbs. barley meal, f lb. bone meal, and 2* qt. skim milk per head per day, and a supplementary feed of 10 to 12 lbs. steamed potatoes, made 1.6 lbs. average daily gain, while those fed a supplementary feed of potato flakes made a similar gain of 1.6 lbs. [The antiquity of the horse in South America], A. Cardoso {An. Mas. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 24 (1913), pp. 445-460, fig. 1).—The author takes exception to the contention of Trouessart (E. S. R., 30, p. 174) relative to the prehistoric existence of the horse in portions of South America and claims a more recent origin. The teeth of the horse and its age, S. T. D. Stmons (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 87 (1914), PP- S-42, figs. 85).— An explanation of methods of determining the age of horses by the condition of their teeth. Short-faced Abyssinian mules, P. Dechambre (Bui. 8oc. Nat. Acclim. Fraitce, 61 (1914), -A'o. 5, pp. 129-132, figs. 2; abs. in Intermt. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui, Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), ^'o. 6, p. 789). — An account DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 367 of a type of Abyssinian nuile having as its regular characteristic a depression of the base of the subnasal bone, together with an underhung jaw giving the animal a bulldog expression. These animals are small, strong, and well ribbed. It appears that they are the result of purely accidental variations Avhich are not inherited. The bare necks, C. B. Davenport {Jour. Heredity, 5 [1914), No. 8, p. 374, fig. 1). — An account of chickens brought from the Barbados which are char- acterized by the absence of feathers from the neck as far as from the ears down to the clavicle. Mated together these birds gave a few full-feathered chicks, but about three-fourths of all were bare necked. Mated to ordinary fowl, about one-half of the offspring had naked necks. It is concluded that the naked neck is a typical dominant and that there is a factor in this bird which interferes with the development of the neck feathers. The author .suggests that " every skin plate bears a feather and that if any portion of the skin is without feathers, it is due to a specific inhibitor to the de- velopment of the feather germ in that region. Of these inhibitors there are probably a number. There are at least one for the shanks and one for the neck and possibly an additional one for the ventral patch of the neck. So far as we have gone it seems probable that the inhibitor is of the nature of an antienzym which interferes in a given area with the development of those enzyms that induce the formation of the feather." Variations caused by various feeds on ducks belonging to the same brood, A. Magnan {Ann. Sci. Nat. ZooL, 9. scr., 19 {1914), No. 2-S, pp. 161-225, figs. S5). — A part of this work has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 27, p. 774). Rouen ducks on a fish diet showed a much greater relative development of proventriculus than those fed flesh, insects, or vegetables. The length and weight of the ceca were much greater on vegetable diet. Thickness of the muscular wall of the gizzard and weight of the stomach were greatest on flesh diet. The intestinal surface, length of large intestine, and weight of spleen and blood were greatest on vegetable diet. Length and weight of the small in- testine, and weight of the lungs and pancreas were greatest on fish diet. The weight of heart was greatest on fish and insect diets and equal in the two cases. An extensive bibliography is included. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Present state of the dairying industry in Bombay, J. B. Knight and E. "W. Horn {Dept. Agr. Bombay Bui. 56 {191/f), pp. 14). — An account of the breed characteristics and utility value of the several breeds of dairy cattle and milk- yielding buffaloes of Bombay. The necessity of improved methods of selection and breeding is suggested. Experiments on the profitable feeding of milch, cows, H. Goldschmidt {Dansk. Land [Copenhagen], 1 {1913), Dec., pp. 453-470; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bid. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 8, pp. 1050, 1051). — In a preliminary experiment conducted at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College, Copenhagen, in which 20 milch cows were fed lucern hay ad libitum, it appeared that the weight and performance of the individual cows did not stand in any approximately constant relation to the quantity of lucern consumed, and that the older and drier the lucera, the less of it was eaten. Two lots of 10 cows each were fed 77 lbs. lucern and 2.2 lbs. straw, lot 1 receiving in addition 1.02 lbs. of oil cake for every 10 lbs. of milk, and lot 2 an equivalent amount of nutrients, or 1,33 lbs. of oats for every 10 lbs. of milk, 368 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. for 25 days, after which the lots were reversed for 20 days. In both groups the greatest yield of milk was obtained with the oil cake. From this it is concluded that " it is comparatively easy to force the yield of milk by the use of protein at the expense of the fat contained in the body, when the cows are in good condition, while it is diflicult to do so with carbohydrates at the expense of the protein-containing tissues of the body." It is suggested that as long as the lucera is young, that is, up to about June 15, it may be supplemented by mangolds (or if necessary cereals, etc.). From June 15 to about August 15 the lucem, being older, may be fed with oil cake, or, if it is fed in smaller rations, with oil cake and cereals, etc. From August 15 to about September 10 it should be supplemented by oil cake and mangolds. Manuring for milk (Midland Agr. and Dairy Col., Manuring for Milk 1913, pp. 12, pi. 1, fig. 1). — In these experiments, which covered a period of four years, pastures composed principally of cocksfoot, tall fescue, and white clover were fertilized with superphosphate and sulphate of potash, and the yield in milk compared with pastures not so fertilized. A total of 373 gal. more milk per acre was obtained during the four years on the fertilized pastures, and their carrying capacity and profits were increased. Cost of production of milk, A. Murray (Midland Agr. and Dairy Col., Prelim. Rpt. Cost Milk Prod. 1913, pp. 10). — From his irplinnnary investiga- tions on this subject, the author concludes that the chief iactcr contributing to the high production cost of milk is the excessive use of concentrates, and next to that the excessive use of long hay. Where roots are liberally fed the cost of production is proportionately decreased. New method of calculating' the production value of feedstuffs for dairy cattle, G. FiNGEELiNG (Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 63 (1914), No. 6, pp. 185-189).— The author takes exceptions to Hansson's proposal (E. S. R., 31, p. 371), that Kellner's protein factor of 0.94 be increased in estimating the production value of feeding stuffs for dairy cattle. It is contended that milk production depends largely upon fat and carbohydrate elements rather than protein, and that since Kellner's figure represents production value for body growth it is also suited to milk production. Also, since the utilization of protein by the dairy cow will depend upon the lactation period and the producing capacity of the animal, the protein figure will be variable. The author prefers a feed standard on a safe basis and believes that for practical use the Kellner estimates are the best A new record milk yield (Breeder's Gaz., 66 (19U), No. 22, pp. 910, 912).— It is reported that in a semiofficial test, completed November 13, 1914, the 5-year-old Holstein-Friesian cow Tilly Alcartra, owned by a California firm, finished the year with 30,452.6 lbs. of milk and 951.3 lbs. of milk fat to her credit, and is believed to be the only 30,000-pound milch cow in the world. During the year she consumed a total of 1,828 lbs. each of barley, oats, and bran, 1,208 lbs. oil meal, 681* lbs. dried beet pulp, 3,226 lbs. corn silage, 10,122 lbs. hay, and 15,140 lbs. mangels, which at market prices is estimated to have cost $149.88. Segregation of fat factors in milk production, F. B. Hills and E. N. BoLAND (Proc. Iowa Acad. Set., 20 (1913), pp. 195-198). — In a microscopical study of a large number of samples of milk, the authors divided the globules into three classes, as regards size, all under 0.0016 mm. in diameter being in the first class, those ranging from 0.0016 to 0.0032 mm. in the second class, and all over 0.0032 mm. in the third class. Numerous counts of the globules were made in samples of milk ranging in fat content from 2.8 to 7.2 per cent. DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 369 There was found to be a positive correlation between tlie percentage fat composition of tlie milk and the numl^er of fat globules of different sizes, the coefficient being 0.19. In the millc testing 2.8 per cent fat, GO per cent of the number of globules were in the first division, 28 per cent in the second, and 6 per cent in the third; in tlie 7.2 per cent milk, 47 per cent in the first division, 40 per cent in the second, and 16 per cent in the third. In a study of inheritsmce of fat production, as shown by the relation of the l)roduction of dams to that of their offspring, 3,700 pairs of variates were taken from the 1910-11 Official Yearbook of the Advanced Registry of the Ilolsteiu- Friesiau Association. " The mean fat production of the offspring was 16.952± 0.039, while that of the dams was 15.971±0.034. The standard deviation and coefficient of variability of the offspring were also greater than those of the dams, showing the tendency of the individuals of the Fi generation to reach the extremes of the parental generations. The correlation coefficient of 0.29 would, according to the statistical method of study of biparental inheritance, show evidence of prepotency on the part of the dams as opposed to the sires. This fact may indicate a sex-linkage of the factors controlling inheritance of fat production. "A rearrangement of the data, used in the work just discussed, in classes representing three generations, shows the following coefficients of variability — • parental generation, 21.686, Fi generation 18.737, and Fz generation 21.824." It is stated that this is typically JNIendelian. In an attempt to distinguish the unit of inheritance In fat production, a divid- ing point that separated into two classes was readily recognized. The breeding records of the granddams, classified into different groups with the pound as the unit, were tabulated and compared. It was found that " the granddams having records above 21 lbs. produced F2 descendants, as follows : Fifty-four above 21 lbs. and GO below. The granddams below 21 lbs. produced 764 below 21 lbs. and 104 above. The latter appears to be a 7 : 1 ratio, indicating a linkage of two factors — one a pure dominant, the other probably sex-linked acting in a simple 3 : 1 ratio." The composition of milk as shown by analyses of samples of known purity made by the Massachusetts State Board of Health, H. C. Lythgoe {Jour. Indus. mi4 Engin. Cheni., 6 (1914), No. 11, pp. 899-908, figs. 7).— A large number of samples of milk of known purity were examined in the laboratory of the food and drug inspection of the Massachusetts State Board of Health for total solids, ash, fat, protein, lactose, and milk serum. Excluding some of the abnormally high figures the percentages of variation were as follows: Solids from 31 per cent above to 19 per cent below the average; fat from 66 above to 41 below; proteins from 38 above to 27 below; sugar from 15 above to 10 below. The variations calculated from the analyses of the herd milk are much less than those obtained from the milk of individual cows. Variations in the composition of milk are due primarily to the breed, and to a less extent the season of the year and the period of lactation. A study of the seasonal variation showed that " milk obtained in the winter is the best, that obtained in the simimer is the worst, while milk obtained in the spring and fall is a mean of the summer and winter samples. . . . The period of lactation appears to have no influence upon the variation by season. . . . All the results are affected by the seasonal variation, and all but the sugar and serum figures are affected by the period of lactation. The protein- fat ratio and the percentage of fat in the solids of these samples were not materially affected either by the season or by the period of lactation." The percentage of fat in the solids decreases with the solids, being 38 per cent in Jersey milk and 27 per cent in Holstein milk. The amount of proteins 370 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. in the solids is fairly constant at about 25 per cent. As the ash is nearly con- stant the percentage of ash in solids increases as the solids diminish, being 4.9 per cent in Jer.sey milk and 6.7 per cent in Holstein milli. Sugar is also nearly constant and the percentage in the solids increases as the solids decrease, being 30 per cent in Jersey milk and 40 per cent in Holstein milk. Hence, both the ash and lactose content are of value in detecting added water. It is stated that "it is possible, within reasonable limits, to indicate from the percentage of solids and fat whether or not a sample has been watered, skimmed, or is normal milk. No relation exists between the i-efraction of the serum and the sour serum a.sh; therefore, if both figures are below the mini- mum for pure milk it is positive indication of the presence of added water. The protein-fat ratios in all cases have been less than 1. If this figure exceeds 1, skimming is indicated, the amount being greatest in samples possessing the highest ratio. If the protein-fat ratio is less than 0.7, or the percentage of fat in the solids is above 35, samples may be declared watered by a low refraction of the serum, not necessarily below the minimum for all samples of known purity. This is particularly so when dealing with herd milk. In the absence of a refractometer, the specific gravity or the percentage of solids of the serum is just as valuable as the refractive index in detecting added water." The iron content of milk, F. E. Nottbohm and G. Dore {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Gemissmtl., 28 {WW, No. 9, pp. 417-424) .—From their studies the authors find that the normal iron content of milk, on the basis of FesOs, is between 0.03 and 0.13 mg. in 100 cc, the majority of samples ranging between 0.03 and 0.07 mg. Toward the end of the lactation period the iron content increases. An Increase in the iron content due to inflammatory conditions of the udder (mastitis) can not always be counted on. The feeding of sac- charated iron to cows apparently does not increase the normal amount of iron in the milk. Dairies and cow sheds. — Their effect upon the purity of the milk supplied to military hospitals, troops, and married families, E. B. Dewberry {Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 21 {1913), Nos. 5, pp. 570-580, figs. 4; 6, pp. 676-683).— General instructions are given on the construction and care of cow sheds and the sanitary care of milk. Shrinkage in handling milk at city milk plants {Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 3 {1914), No. 3, p. 22). — Estimates were obtained from 41 dealers by the Dairy Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture as to the daily losses in the handling and delivery of milk. These estimates, which include all losses in handling milk from the time it is shipped, varied from 0.5 to 4 per cent and averaged 2.15 per cent of the amount handled by each dealer. Investigation revealed many unnecessary leaks Avhich appear to be negligible but amount to a considerable sum in the course of a year. Among the ways in which these losses occur are the following: "Leaky cans; dented or battered cans; cans not full ; careless handling of cans, both in transferring from cars and in dumping; inefficient draining of cans; leaky or battered apparatus; filters out of repair, as leaky valves; losses at the filler (this may be caused by the valves not being properly adjusted, carelessness in handling, breakage of bot- tles, etc.) ; carelessness in handling full cases of milk, thus breaking the bottles; loss from not removing all the milk from the pasteurizer, pipes, pumps, tanks, or other apparatus; loss from the process of pasteurizing and clarifying, by evaporation and mechanical losses." Experiments with commercial and homemade starters, L. Funder {Aarsber. Offentl. Foranst. Landbr. Fremmc, 1913, III, Statsforattst., pp. 6S7-720, figs. 3; abs. in N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 38 {1914), No. 14, p. 592).— The results of these experiments are summarized as follows : VETERINARY MEDICINE. 371 "All the starters tested have generally produced butter of a satisfactory quality. The butter from homemade starters was equal to that from commer- cial ones. The keeping quality of the butter was about the same for both. The starters which gave the best results at the butter scoring are the same which have maintained their quality the longest. "The best butter has universally been obtained when the acidity (of the starter) has been 39 to 40° Soxhlet-Henkel (0.8775 to 0.9 per cent). An acidity of up to 44° (0.99 per cent) can hardly be said to have hurt the butter, but the quality drops universally with lower acidity. The titration numbers show considerable variations from day to day. In order to ascertain the acidity the titration must be repeated often. The starter used showed generally 1.2° (0.25 per cent) higher than the mother starter. " The quality of the butter is improved universally with the tasting score of the starter, and with the acidity up to about 40° (0.9 per cent), but the quality agrees better with the acidity than with the taste of the starter. A palatable sharp starter has as a rule a high titration number, and a poorly tasting one as a rule a lower acidity than normal. The starters with which have been used a long ripening time have uniformly given better results than those with short rii)ening time. The drop in the temperature in the starter while ripening is all the greater the higher the temperature when starting, and the smaller the quantity of milk used. Hence the effect of using a high commencing tem- perature is partly lost, but depends furthermore on the quantity of milk used and the quality of the insulation. The starters used have had no effect on the moisture in the butter." VETERINARY MEDICINE. A text-book of bacteriology, P. H. Hiss and H. Zinsser (New York and London, 1914, 2. cd., pp. XVI+IGG, figs. i56).— This is the second edition of this practical treatise on bacteriology, which is intended for students and practi- tioners of medicine. A text-book of general bacteriolog'y, E. O. Jordan {Philadelphia and London, 1914, 4- cd. rev., pp. 647, pls. 2, figs. 178). — ^This edition of this work (B. S. R., 24, p. 717) has been thoroughly revised and some new material added, including a new chapter on the filterable viruses. Blood pressure. — Its clinical applications, G. W. Norris {Philadelphia and Neio York, 1914, pp. TIII-\-372, pi. 1, figs. 98).— In the first chapter of this work J. H. Austin deals with the physiology of blood pressure. A description of the various instruments used and the relative advantages of the different methods of determining blood pressure follows. A^enous and capillary pressure are discussed briefly and methods of determining functional efiiciency of the circulation are described at some length. The remaining part, or about one-half of the book, relates to the clinical applications of blood pressure. Special pathology and therapy of the domestic animals, F. Hutyra and J. Maker (SpezieUe Pathologie und Therapie der Hausticre. Jena, 1913, 4- ed., rev. and enl., vols. 1, pp. XVI+II44, lils. 12, figs. 231; 2, pp. XIV-\-10S8, pis. 7, figs. 207). — This edition contains in addition to the material previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 82), chapters on paratyphoid of pigs, Ascoli's precipitin reaction for anthrax and erysipelas, sporotrichosis, and the salvarsan treat- ment for the pectoral form of equine influenza. The chapter on protozoan dis- eases has been revised. Under organic diseases new chapters on catarrh of sphenoidal sinus, Heine-Medin's disease, guinea pig paralysis, lingual paralysis, tetany, necrobacillosis, ostitis, and osteomyelitis, have been added and others rewritten. Data pertaining to Borna disease have been separated from the 80967°— No. 4—15 6 372 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. remaining forms of meningo-encephalomyelitis (meningitis cerebrospinalis en- zootica) and rewritten. A study of Bacterium mallei, with special reference to the " komige " form, II. Clakkk {('onicll Vet., Jf (I'JJo), No. Jf, pp. 16.'f-170). — " B. mallei does not form gas or acid in the sugars studied. It coagulates millc in from 10 to 20 days. The morphology of D. mallei varies in different strains. The so-called ' kornige ' form exists in certain strains obtained from animal tissues and cul- tures. This form as far as could be determined has no relation to virulence." A quantitative application of the Abderhalden serum test, D. D. Van Slyke and Miriam A'inogbad {Ahu. in Proe. Soc. Eapt. Biol, and Med., 11 (191^), No. 5, p. 15It). — The authors claim that the Alderhalden serum test may be greatly simplified, made quantitative, and the sensitiveness increased about thii"ty-fold as compared with the dialysis test, by utilizing the nitrous acid method to detect proteolysis. "The technique is the following: 2 cc. of serum is digested with 0.1 gm. of dried substrat (tissue prepared according to Abderhalden's directions and dried quickly at 0.5 mm.), or, as nearly as can be estimated, 0.4 gm. of undried sub- strat. After the digestion is complete, 3 cc. of water is added. The solution is then centrifuged and 2 cc. used for amino nitrogen determination in the microapparatus, 0.5 cc. of caprylic alcohol being used to avoid foaming and the reaction being run four minutes. Control analyses are run under the same con- ditions with serum that has been digested with normal tissue, and with no tissue. The amino method will detect one-fourth the concentration of a-NH- that is apparent by the ninhydrin reaction, and the serum is diluted only one- eighth as much in the above procedure as in the dialysis test, so that the sensi- tiveness is increased about thirty-fold." In spite of the results yielded by the test absolutely negative results were obtained with the Rous chicken sarcomas Nos. 1 and 2, even when the serum tested came from the chicken furnishing the tissue substrat. The results ob- tained are said not to bear on the validity of the test in human cases. The method is now to be tested in human cancer and in pregnancy. Serum sensitization as related to dosage of antitoxin in man and animals, W. H. Park, L. W. Famulener, and E. J. Banzhaf {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 14 (1914), No. 2, pp. 347-350, figs. 3).— "The results obtained in two men and in two goats showed no appreciable difference in the absorption curves of anti- toxin before and after sensitization. The variations that occurred in the cases appeared to be due to the inherent individual characteristics of the persons and animals injected and not to the sensitization. " It is concluded that the large amounts of antitoxin injected in the treat- ment of diphtheria are neither bound nor destroyed appreciably by any globulin antibodies pi'esent in the blood of those previously injected. The same quantity of antitoxin is therefore indicated in the treatment of diphtheria whether the case has or has not received a previous injection of horse serum or globulins." Influence of protein content on the absorption of antitoxin and agglutinin injected subcutaneously, W. H. Park, L. W. Famulener. and E. J. Benzhaf (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 14 {1914), No. 2, pp. 338-346, fig. i).— "The degree of protein concentration which is usually employed to produce the refined and con- centrated diphtheria antitoxic globulin preparations has little or no effect in retarding the absorption of the antitoxin from the subcutaneous tissues. The removal of water, if not pushed too far, is therefore a justifiable means of less- ening the quantity of fluid to be injected. "Any preparation which causes local inflammatory reaction lessens the rate of antitoxin absorption." VETERINAKY MEDICINE. 373 The effect of gentian violet on protozoa and on tissues growing in vitro, with especial reference to the nucleus, D. G. Kisskll (Jour. Expt. Med., 20 (1914), No. 6, pp. 5.'i5-553, pi. 1, fig. 1). — " Gentian violet may be regarded as a true vital nuclear stain. Ehnbiyonic and adult tissue of the frog will grow in vitro in the presence of gentian violet of a far stronger dilution than that neces- saiy to Idll many bacteria. In these exx)eriments, for exami)le, successful tissue growths were obtained when gentian violet 1 : 20,000 was used, yet BaciUns subtil is will not grow in 1:100.000 dilution and grows very badly in 1:1,000,000 dilution. This fact may simplify the technique of the growth of certain ti.ssues by eliminating the risk of bacterial contamination." Increasing resistance against infectious diseases with calcium chlorid, U. Emmerich and O. Loew (Arch. Hyg., 80 (1913), No. 1-6, pp. 261-271; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.] 1. AM., Ref., 59 (1913), No. 7, pp. 194, i95).— Guinea pigs and mice which received calcium chlorid over a long period of time showed a marked resistance toward infections with anthrax and erysipelas bacteria of low virulence. When, ho^vever, anthrax bacteria of high virulence were used the disease progressed so rapidly as not to allow an observation as to whether or not an increased resistance was present. In guineti pigs i)retreated with calcium chlorid a tuberculosis infection seems to run a much milder course. Therai)eutic tests on man are reported and others are in progress. Report on the civil veterinary department (including the Insein Veteri- nary School), Burma, for the year ended March 31, 1914, T. Rennie (Ann. Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dept. Burma, 1914, PP- 4-15, pi. 1). — ^This report includes ac- counts of veterinary instruction, the occurrence and treatment of contagious diseases, etc. Annual report of the veterinary department for the year 1912—13, R. J. Stobdy (Dcpt. Agr. Brit. East Africa Ann. Rpt., 1912-13, pp. 23-41). — A report on the occurrence of animal diseases and of meat inspection work during the year. An outbreak of anthrax due to tannery refuse, E. M. Pickens (Rpt. N. Y. State Vet. Col, 1912-13, pp. 130-136) .—The author's investigations show that an outbi-eak of anthrax on a farm in a locality previously free from the disease had its origin in a stream, into which a tannery deposited refuse, that flowed through a pasture in which the cattle were kept. This is thought to be the first time anthrax bacteria have been isolated from a contfiminated stream. Anaphylaxis after using anthrax serum, K. Jarmai (Allatorvosi Lapok, 36 (1913), No. 21, pp. 247, 248; abs. in Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 21 (1913), No. 31, p. 505). — In a barn where anthrax had occurred several animals re- ceived 10 cc. of anthrax serum subcutaneously and the dose was repeated two weeks later. As cases of anthrax kept on occurring, a steer which was being fattened was given 50 cc. of serum intravenously. The animal after a few minutes came down with spasms, gaped, and stopped breathing. After 1^ minutes the breathing became superficial, the pulse was not palpable, there was muscular contraction, and from the mouth and nose flowed a frothy fluid. During this period the temperature rose to 40.6° C. After 9 hours the animal recovered. In three other febi'ile animals no untoward symptoms resulted from giving 10 cc. of serum. These animals received total amounts of serum varying from 60 to 80 cc. Foot-and-mouth disease in Europe and South America, J. E. Wing (Breed- er's Gas., 66 (1914), No. 21, p. 868). — The author reports upon his observations of the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease in Europe and South America. In South America the disease is widespread, in Argentina being well-nigh uni- 374 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. versal. The importance of eradicating the disease from the United States Is emphasized. In regard to the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease to man through the agency of milk, G. Schmidt (Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 42, pp. 71(9, 750). — A description of two cases in boys 5 and 7 years old, respec- tively, who dranlc mi Hi from cows in a region where foot-and-mouth disease was noted later. One of the cases was especially typical of the disease in ani- mals. Two other possible cases in man are mentioned. The differentiation between nodules due to glanders and those caused by parasites, V. A. Mooee and C. P. Fitch (Rpt. N. Y. State Vet. Col, 1912-13, pp. 115-129). — ^A careful study of the material available and the findings of others on the subject leads the authors to the following conclusions : " In the lungs of horses suspected of being glandered there are frequently found nodules which are due to parasites. Similar nodules are occasionally met with in other organs such as the liver, spleen, and lymphatic glands. These parasitic nodules are frequently mistaken for those due to glanders {Bacterium mallei.) Macroscopically it is difficult, often impossible, to differentiate be- tween the nodules due to parasites and those caused by the glanders organism. Mici'oscopically the lesions due to parasites are characterized by a variable eosinophilic infiltration. Eosinophils are occasionally found associated with other lesions such as those of miliary tuberculosis, malignant tumors, and some others. Ebhardt found eosinophils associated with old glanders nodules. Their presence was probably due to stimuli other than B. mallei. When eosinophils are found in the microscopic examination of nodules from the lungs of sus- pected glandered horses, the lesions should not be considered as the direct result of glanders infection." A bibliography of 23 titles is appended. A new method for the diagnosis of glanders. — The intrapalpebral mallein reaction. — Preliminary note, A. Lanfranchi {Mod. Zooiatro, Parte Set, No. 1 {1914), pp. 1-5, figs. 2). — ^This is a combination of the subcutaneous and ophthalmic reaction. It consists of injecting 0.25 cc. of crude mallein dissolved in 2.5 cc. of normal (physiological salt solution between the skin and mucous membrane of the lower eyelid. The usual iirophylactic precautions are observed before the injection. After two hours or so the blood vessels of the conjunctiva become highly injected, a mucopurulent discharge begins to form, and the lower lid becomes swollen, reaching its maximum after 12 to 24 hours. It then also involves the upper lids and exterior of the arch of the zygoma. The reac- tion lasts from 48 to 72 hours. Constitutional effects such as rise in temper- ature ( thermoreaction) are also present. Notes on osteomalacia (bone chewing) {Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, SeL Biil. 12 {1914), pp. 23). — In addition to an introduction by F. B. Guthrie, this bulletin contains three papers, namely, A Note on the Nature and Causation of Oste- omalacia in New South Wales, by M. Henry (pp. 5-7), The Osteomalacia Soils of the South Coast Districts, by H. I. Jensen (pp. 7-15), and Investigations Undertaken in Connection with " Osteomalacia " or " Bone Chewing Disease " on the South Coast, by A. A. Ramsay (pp. 1&-23). Immunizing with dead trypanosomes, K. Aoki and H. Kodama {Ztschr. Immuniiatsf. u. Expt. Titer., I, Orig., 18 {1913), No. 6, pp. 693-700).— In these experiments it was not possible to immunize rabbits, rats, and mice by pretreat- ment with suspensions of dead trypanosomes against a succeeding - infection with dourine trypanosomes. It was also not possible to immunize rats and rabbits with large amounts of dried trypanosomes, Nephroparatyphoid and nephrotyphoid, C. Klienebebgeb {Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., 51 {1914), ^o. 21, pp. 969-972, figs. 2).— A description of two cases VETERINARY MEDICINE. 375 in which the urethra had become infected first with paratyphoid bacilli, but which later involved the kidneys. Up to the time when the paratyphoid bacilli (hog-cholera group) were noted one of the patients was treated for gonorrhea. The patients resided in rural districts. The agglutination titer with a poly- valent antihog-cholera serum (Wassermann) went as high as 1:327,680, and the blood picture was quite different from that of ordinary typhoid. The bacilli could be cultivated from the urine but never from the blood or intestines. Diagnostic value of the precipitin reaction in infections with the typhoid- coli group of bacteria, and especially in meat poisoning, M. Isabolinsky and B. Patzewitsch (Centbl. Bakt. [ctc.l, 1. AM., Orig., 10 {1913), No. 3-Jf, pp. 192-199; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 (191J,), No. 26, Report., p. 115).— The sera employed were obtained by immunizing rabbits with killed cultures. It was demonstrated with these sera that the precipitin reaction for detecting meat poisoning by the paratyphoid B and Gartner bacilli is not absolutely specific. The utilization of dry heated micro-organisms and those which have been treated with digestive ferments as antigens, with especial regard to tuber- culosis, F. LoEFFLEB {Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 39 {1913), No. 22, pp. 1025-1029; abs. in Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {19U)', No. 12, pp. 202, 203).— By dry heating various substances which the author and Matsuda employed as an- tigens (proteins, blood, parts of tissues, bacterial masses) to 70° C, germ-free antigens may be obtained. With these heated substances sera with high ag- glutinating and bactericidal properties may be produced, and it is possible to immunize animals against mouse typhoid and hog erysipelas. While the organisms differ as i*egards their resistance toward heat, the ma- jority die only after seven to eight days, but tubercle bacilli are killed after one to two days. By heating continuously for nine to fifteen days at 70° the resorptive ability of the tubercle bacillus is increased. This material when given to rabbits and dogs will immunize them against highly pathogenic tubercle bacilli, and the same immunity is also to be expected from bovines. Guinea pigs could not be immunized with dry heated tubercle bacilli nor could they be cured when infected with tuberculosis by this treatment. At the utmost an extension of life is obtained by the treatment of the guinea pigs. Micro-organisms exposed to the action of carnevoriu (a ferment preparation obtained from insect devouring plants, such as Drosera) for a sufficient length of time die, but death is preceded by a stage in which the bacteria multiply. Different micro-organisms show different degrees of reaction toward carnevorin. Some are killed in dilute solutions in a short time and others survive exposure in a strong solution for a long time. The micro-organisms robbed of their \irulence by carnevorin give when injected a strong immunity toward the re- spective organisms. Tubercle bacilli treated with carnevorin diluted 1 : 2 in salt solution are killed in from 48 hours (human type) to 72 hours (bovine type). Guinea pigs can not be immunized nor cured with the organisms so treated. Further work is to be done in this direction with other species of animals and man. Of the animal digestive ferments only trypsin in an alkaline medium was found active and compared well as regards its action with carnevorin. Tubercle bacilli ti-eated with trypsin are well resorbed, and the curative and protective effects with guinea pigs are the same as noted with carnevorin. Kabbits treated with trypsin bear injection with tubercle bacilli very well. The results with trypsin seem to give a basis for the belief that an infection of the intestinal tract by way of the mouth can readily occur, since some of the ferments of the digestive tract do not affect or do not have the opportunity of acting upon the micro-organisms for a sufficient length of time to kill them or 376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to render them noninfectious. Tlie possibility of giving local treatment of tuberculosis is pointed out. Dogs, which are more sensitive to human than to bovine tubercle bacilli, can be easily inmiunized by bacteria which have been subjected to the process of dry heating and given intraperitoneally or intravenously. After receiving 100 nig. of dry heatetl bacteria they can withstand an injection of from 250 to 300 mg. of living bovine tubercle bacilli. Tests were made with highly potent dog sera on guinea pigs but with unsatisfactcn-y results. Better results were obtained with sera prepared in rabbits with the human type of tubercle bacillus. Guinea pigs were immunized against a slightly virulent strain of the human type of tubercle bacillus which had been gradually treated with trysin. This treatment increased the length of life of these animals but did not confer a complete immunity. Investigations about the tubercle bacilli content of the feces, the blood, and the milk of cows affected with open tuberculosis, M. Gressel {Unter- suchungen iiber den TuberkclhaziUcngeliaU tier Faeces, des Blutcs und der Milch von Kiihen, welche an offener Lungentuherlmlose leiden. Inaug. Diss., Giessen, 1913, pp. 64; abs. in MiiticJien. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 57 (1913), No. 33, pp. 625, 626). — In the feces of 13 bovines affected with open tuberculosis tubercle bacilli were noted six times by the animal inoculation test. The mere detection of acid-fast bacilli in the feces by the microscopical method does not point conclusively to tubei'culosis. The blood of animals affected with a high grade of open tuberculosis does not as a rule contain tubercle bacilli. In four out of 12 cases bacilli were found by the microscopical method but not with the animal test. As a rule bovines with advanced tuberculosis without involvement of the udder do not discharge tubercle bacilli with milk, and tubercle bacilli were found in the milk of only one out of 12 animals. The value of the tuberculin eye test, W. Konge (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 45, pp. 800, 801). — ^The conclusion reached, based on data obtained by testing 21 cows, healthy and tubercular, is that a purulent conjunctivitis obtained after injecting phymatin is diagnostic of tubei-culosis. Udder diseases and the differential diagnosis of mammary gland tuber- culosis, Seiler (Deut. Tier^rstl. Wchnschr., 21 (1913), No. 31, pp. 449, 500; abs. in Centbl. Balct. [etcl, 1. Abt., Ref., 59 (1913), No. 11, p. 349).— A case, believed to be a pyobacillosis of the mammary gland with metastasis in the lymphatic organs, is described. Tuberculosis was absent. Diplodinium ecaudatum, with an account of its neuromotor apparatus, R. G. Sharp (Univ. Cal. Pubs., Zooh, 13 (1914), No. 4, pp. 43-122, pis. 5, figs. 4). — ^This paper deals with the morphology of D. ccaiidation, including D. ecaudatum and D. cattanci, together with a description of three new forms of this species, all of which are found in the first and second divisions of the stomach of western cattle. Investigation into the morphology and life history of Onchocerca gibsoni, A. Breinl et al. (Aust. Inst. Trop. Med. Rpt. 1911, pp. 5-17). — ^The authors' observations indicate that the worm nodules occur most frequently behind the femoro-tibial joint. Careful examination of the internal organs, including the spleen, liver, heart, etc., failed to reveal the presence of any parasite akin to O. gibsoni. The fact that nodules occur in those parts of the animals which come in contact with the ground when the beast is resting, or with water when the cattle enter it for drinking or cooling purposes, namely, in the brisket and behind the femoro-tibial joint, is considered an important aid in the search for the means of transmission from host to host. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 377 The investigations conducted prove that the larva of 0. gihsoni may penetrate the thick cai^siile which surrounds the nodule and also the skin of the animal in small numbers. Sometimes larvte taken out of a fresh nodule still showed slight movements after having been kept for 28 to 30 hours in water at a tem- perature of from 15 to 18° O. (59 to 66.4° F.) At room temperature all move- ments of the parasites had ceased after about 10 to 12 hours. About GO stable flies were experimented with on different occasions and the intestinal content examined after short varying intervals of one to two days, but in no instance could anything be found even resembling a larva. Similar experiments were carried out using mosquitoes for feeding experiments, as Culcj; fatigans, Culicclsa vigilax, and Mansonia uniformis, with entirely nega- tive results. Although it was repeatedly observed that the Onchocerca larvte from fresh nodules are taken up by crustaceans belonging to the genus Cyclops, further development of the larvse was never observed. Further investigations into the etiology of worm nests in cattle due to Onchocerca gibsoni, J. B. Cleland (Jlclbounie, AKstralia: Govt. [IdlJfl, pp. 56, pis. 5; (lis. in Pub. Health [London], 28 (1915), No. 4, pp. 90-95).— This is a report of investigations conducted in continuation of those previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 785). Although the author has previously expressed the opinion that the balance of evidence thus far available favors the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) , a hematophagous species, as being the insect vector con- cerned in the transmission of this parasite, the Investigations have been ex- tended to test other possible channels. The more imporant results obtained are the determination that various Muscidae, as well as mosquitoes, can ingest the embryos of O. gibsoni when given access to a freshly opened nodule ; that in the case of S. calcitrans not only can the embryos be ingested but they may remain alive and active in considerable numbers within the alimentary canal for a period of three days at least; and that in case of Musca domestica and M. vetttstissima, both common flies, the embryos can be ingested, although in the few experiments conducted they have not been found alive in the alimentai-y canal of these flies even 24 hours after feeding. The possibility of animals acquiring partial immunity to worm nest infestation and the possibility of breeds immune to the formation of worm nests is i-eferred to. On the migration of the larvae of Onchocerca gibsoni through the capsule of the worm nodule, W. Nicoll (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 8 (191^), No. 3, pp. 609-621). — ^The experiments here reportetl show that Onchocerca larvse can and do make their escape through the capsule of the worm nodule. They usually do so in small numbers, but may at times, or in some cases, migrate in comparatively large numbers. A bibliography of 8 titles is included. Animal parasites, with special reference to the sheep tick (Melophagus ovinus) and the biting sheep louse (Trichodectes sphaerocephalus), W. W. Feoggatt (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 25 (191-i), No. 9, pp. 765-770, pi. 1, figs. 6).— A discussion of eight ectoparasites and their occurrence in Australia. Concerning certain cytological characteristics of the erythroblasts in the pig embryo, and the origin of nonnucleated erythrocytes by a process of cytoplasmic constriction, V. E. Emmel (Amer. Jour. Atuit., 16 (191^), No. 2, pp. 127-205, figs. //.5). — "In conclusion, therefore, it may be stated that the data derived from the present investigation involving the study of blood cul- tures, living and fixed blood vessels in the pig embryo, together with the ob- servations of other investigations for both red and white blood cells in various mammals, raises the question whether the origin of nonnucleated erythrocytes 378 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. by a process of cytoplasmic constriction does not merit more serious considera- tion." The structural unit and growth of the pancreas of the pig, G. W. Cobneb (Amer. Jour. Anat., 16 {19U), No. 2, pp. 201-236, figs. i9).— "The structural unit is defined as the smallest portion of an organ which is repeated in a similar way throughout, and which contains all the elemental structures of the organ. The pancreas of the adult pig is formed by the repetition, 20,000 to 30,000 times, of a structural unit about 1 mm. in diameter. The unit is more clearly outlined in the fetus than in the adult. Its size is limited to the area of supply of one arteriole. Pressure of fluid injected into the main duct of the pancreas is equally distributed to all the units. By presumption, the reverse is true, that is, all the units deliver their secretion against an equal pressure. " The pancreatic ducts of the fetus have been injected. Statements of La- guesse and others that the early ijancreatic ducts are plexiform are confirmed. The main duct of the i)ig's pancreas and its branches arise by dilatation of capillary ducts in the primitive plexus, in a manner similar to the origin of arteries and veins from capillaries. This observation affords a clear explana- tion of certain variations in the pancreatic ducts, uot understood before." Swine diseases, A. T. Kinsley {Chicago, 1914, pp. 238, pJs. Jf, figs. 28). — This booli gives a brief but well illustrated account of the diseases affecting swine, arranged as follows : Diseases of the digestive system, the respiratory system, the urogenital system, organs of locomotion, the skin, circulatory organs, and the nervous system, and infectious diseases. Some phenomena involved in. the life history of Spirochseta suis. — Studies on hog cholera, W. E. King and R. H. Drake {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 14 (1914), No. 2, pp. 246-250, fig. 1). — The results of the experiments suggest that at some time in its life cycle 8. suis is capable of passing through bacteria-proof filters. See also previous notes (E. S. R., 28, p. 381; 29, p. 681; 30, p. 383). Hog cholera and serum treatment, G. R. White {Dept. Agr. Tenn., Farmers^ Bui., 1914, pp. 56, figs. 33). — A general description of hog cholera and the prep- aration of antihog-cholera serum. Specific directions are given for vaccinat- ing hogs against the disease. The bulletin is especially well illustrated. Investigations on Voldagsen plague (shoat typhoid), W. Pfeiler and A. KoHLSTOCK {Arch. Wiss. n. Prakt. Tierheilk., 40 {1913), No. 1-2, pp. 114-183, figs. 9). — Shoats were infected with a culture obtained from a herd amongst which a hog disease, supposed to be hog cholera, prevailed. The animals in the herd failed to respond to treatment with the antihog-cholera sera of Neu- Gans, Hutyra, and the German Imperial Health Department, and the bio- logical behavior of the organism under various cultural conditions was studied. It was agglutinated by a Voldagsen serum in dilutions of from 1 : 16,000 to 1 : 40,000. Two strains, L. 13 and L. 16, were used in the infection tests, the purpose of which were to establish whether an infection per os is possible, to make subcutaneous and intraperitoneal tests, and to determine whether a disease similar to the one present among the pigs noted could be produced. In addition, immunizing tests with the filterable virus against a Voldagsen in- fection were made. Active and passive immunization tests with vaccine and serum were also made in the laboratory and field. By feeding very small doses of a culture of Voldagsen bacteria a severe, fibrinous, intestinal inflammation was produced in shoats. It had the an- atomical characteristics usually observed in acute hog cholera. It was pos- sible to kill shoats only by giving large doses of hog-cholera bacilli followed by a dose of either Bacillus paratyphoid B, or B. enteritidis, Gartner. The disease could also be conveyed by contact, and animals so infected usually VETERINARY MEDICINE. 379 died. Sterile filtrates of organs from diseased animals when injected in other animals did not convey the disease. In all shoats where the disease was present B. voldagscn could be isolated. From a sow showing the residue of the disease the organism could not be regained. Fresh or putrid organs when filtered conveyed neither shoat typhoid nor hog cholera. To further prove that B. vol dag sen is not a secondary invader, and going on the assumption that an animal having recovered from an attack of hog cholera ought to be immune against the disease, shoats were exposed to auimals affected by the filterable virus. The animals became diseased with hog cholera. The immunizing tests showed that animals could be protected against massive doses of B. voldagsen per os by a vaccine (E. S. R., 31, pp. 87, 679) but not by a Voldagsen serum. A filterable virus antiserum would not protect against a Voldagsen infection. The reverse was also true. See also previous notes (E. S. R., 29, p. 482; 31, p. 86). Swine pox in young pigs, J. Ban (Allatorvosi Lapok, 36 {1913), No. 52, pp. 620, 621; ahs. in Intenmt. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, mid Plant Diseases, 3 {WlJf), No. 6, p. 777). — It is stated that in many districts of Hungary the disease is fairly frequent and that it attacks some herds every year, sometimes causing considerable loss. This is said to be especially true of districts on the right bank of the Danube where the author has observed it to be one of the most frequent diseases of suckling pigs. Protective inocula- tions with cowpox lymph gave good results in several localities on about 400 young pigs. The use of atoxyl in equine influenza, M. Stance and Szulewsky (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 28, pp. ^96, 497; al)S. in Vet. Rec, 27 (19U), No. 1359, p. 62). — Atoxyl was used with success during a severe and extended outbreak of influenza in army horses in which the catarrhal and pectoral forms of the disease occurred simultaneously. All of 84 cases of pectoral influenza with severe general symptoms that were treated by intravenous injections of from 0.3 to 0.4 gm. of atoxyl, without the previous use of other agents, recovered, whereas three other cases of like severity treated symptomatically as controls all died of pulmonary gan- grene. As a rule a single dose of from 0.3 to 0.4 gm. was suflicient to arrest the pathological process and stimulate the absorption of the exudate. In rare cases the same dose had to be repeated the next day or later. The most favorable effect was observed when the atoxyl was used on the fourth or fifth day of the illness, when the temperature was high. It is pointed out that atoxyl is much cheaper than salvarsan and its use does not require so difficult a manipulation. The authors, therefore, recom- mend atoxyl as a substitute for salvarsan. The method in which fowl cholera immune serum acts, E. Weil (Arch. Hyg., 79 (1913), No. 2-3, pp. 59-71).— Tha purpose of this investigation, which is a continuation of the studies already noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 186), was to determine the time in which the protective properties of the serum set in, and, furthermore, to establish why immune substances must remain in the blood for a time in order to protect the animal. The results show that immune serum pretreated with bacteria does not pro- tect against intraperitoneal infection with virulent bacteria. On the other hand, if the bacterial injection is made some two hours later (also after five to nine hours), the death of the animal does not result. The amount of serum given and the infecting dose have a great influence upon the time of pro- tection. The time factor is not believed to be dependent upon the resorp- 380 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. tion of immune sera, nor do leucocytes seem to take a part in tlie process except fliiit they may inliibit ttie multiplication of tlie bacteria. Sulphocarbolates in the treatment of white diarrhea (bacillary form) of young chicks, G. D. IIoeton (Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 (lOUf), No. 3, pp. 321, 322).— In oxperiuionts conducted by the author at the Oregon Agricultural College in which a total of 50 chicks received the sulphocarbolate treatment, as rec- onmiended by Kaupp in the work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 88), only seven of those thus treated remained alive at the end of ten weeks. " From the manner in which the chicks died off and from the general appearance of the seven that remained alive it seems evident that sulphocarbolates in the treat- ment of white diarrhea (bacillary form) have A'ery little, if any, efficiency." Diseases transmitted by ticks; their classification, treatment, and eradi- cation, A. Theiler, C. E. Gray, and W. M. Power {Amer. Vet. Rev., Jf6 {1914), No. 3, pp. 281-297). — This review of the subject was presented at the Tenth International Veterinary Congress, held at London in 1914. RURAL ENGINEERING. Concrete lining as applied to irrigation canals, S. Fortiee {U. >Sf. Dept. Agr. Bui. 126 {1914), pp. 86, pis. 11, figs. i5).— This publication treats of the subject of concrete lining for irrigation canals from the standpoint of economy, design, and construction and is intended for the use of irrigation engineers and the managers and superintendents of irrigation systems. The results of 321 sets of measurements of seepage made on different canals are summarized in the following table : Summary of seepage measurements expressed in terms of percentage of total flow lost per mile of channel for various sized canals. Capacity of canal. Number of tests. Average loss per mile. Capacitj- of canal. Number of tests. Average loss per mile. Second-feet. Less than 1 16 37 30 49 48 Per cent. 25.7 20.2 11.7 12.1 5.5 Second-feet. 50 to 75 31 26 45 27 14 Per cent. 4.3 lto5 75 to 100 .... 2.7 5tolO 100 to 200 1.8 10 to 25 200 to 800 1.2 25 to 50 800 and over 1.0 It Is concluded from these results that seepage is the most important source of loss from canals. From the results of 76 measurements of flow of 18 canals it is concluded that the so-called coefficient of friction n is on an average larger than has usually been assumed by engineers. " The results show that only in rare cases, where conditions are more or less ideal, is one justified in assuming a value as low as 0.012 for »." The following values for n are given to serve as a guide in estimating the dis- charge of lined canals: (1) n = 0.012 for concrete-lined canals having a smooth sidewalk finish, clean bottom, no moss, uniform cross section, well-formed joints, long tangents, flat spiral curves, no perceptible undulations on the surface of the water, and in general the best construction and the best conditions obtain- able in practice. (2) n = 0.013 for concrete-lined canals having conditions slightly better than those of type 3 and not so good as those of type 1. (3) 71 = 0.014 for concrete-lined canals having an unplastered or rough troweled sur- face, clean bottom, uniform cross section, well-formed joints, medium curvature, EUEAL ENGINEERING. 381 no spirals, slight surface undulations, no aquatic vegetation, and in general good construction and favorable conditions. (4) w = 0.015 for concrete-lined canals having conditions similar to those of type 3, but with greater curvature and some debris or other retarding influences. (5) n = 0.016 for concrete-lined canals of average workmanship and medium conditions, having a rough surface, imperfect joints, and sharp curves; also for canals of smooth lining and good workmanship, but having one or more unfavorable conditions, such as sand and gravel in the bottom or projecting joints which decrease the velocity of water. (6) •n.= 0.017 for concrete-lined canals roughly coated, but otherwise in medium condition. (7) h = O.OIS for concrete-lined canals coated as in type 6 and having the bottom more or less covered with, sand and gravel, or else a clean bottom but poor alignment, irregular cross section, broken gradient, or the like." Reference is made to experiments with other kinds of lining, and the prin- cipal benefits to be derived from concrete lining are pointed out as conservation of seepage water, increase in cari-jing capacity of the canal, retluction of charge for operation and maintenance, and insurance against damage to crops. As regards suitable grades, it is believed that a mean velocity of between 8 and 10 ft. per second is about as high as should be adopted in lining canals under ordiuaiy conditions. In locating a new canal for concrete lining, it is stated that sharp curves should be avoided if possible, but that the expense of excavation required to lessen curvature should be balanced against the disadvantages and extra cost of lining sharp curves. In discussing the effect of alkali on concrete lining, reference is made to previous studies of this nature (E. S. R., 29, p. 686), and it is stated that good practice in concrete lining construction where alkali must be reckoned with necessitates the following precautions: "(1) Do not use sand, gravel, or water containing alkali; (2) keep soil waters charged with alkali from coming into contact with, the concrete by the use of suitable drainage; (3) give careful attention to the proper proportioning of materials and use more cement than is needed to fill the voids; (4) protect the surface by a thin plaster coat of dense mortar of granular sand; and (5) both the concrete and the mortar used for the lining may be dampproofed by the addition of 5 to 10 per cent of semiasphaltic oil when mixing the materials." In summing up the results of experiments on the expansion and contraction of concrete, it is stated " that for concrete slab construction such as canal lining, where only one side is exposed and with the other side in contact with earth, a coefficient of expansion of 0.0000045 should be used, but in the case of concrete construction where all sides are subject to equal temperatures and are not under the conditions of moisture and earth contact found in canal lining and similar construction, a coefficient of 0.0000063 can be used with safety." The importance of joints in concrete lining for canals is pointed out and various kinds of joints are described and illustrated. A final section gives data in which an effort has been made to show what constitutes current practice throughout the West in the lining of old and new canals. Stream-gaging stations and publications relating to water resources 1885-1913, Parts I-V, compiled by B. D. Wood {U. S. Geol. Survey, Water- Supply Paper SlfO {.19U), A, pp. 19+XII; B, pp. XIX+21-30; C, pp. XXn+ Sl-42; D, pp. XX+Ii3-62; E, pp. XXI +53-62). —In Part I, a list of publica- tions relating specifically to the North Atlantic coast drainage basins is given, with a similar list of reports that are considered to be of general interest in many sections and which cover a wide range of hydrologic subjects. Brief references to reports published by state and other organizations are also given. 382 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The remaining parts contain data similar to the above for other sections, as follows: Parts II, South Atlantic coast and Eastern Gulf of Mexico Drainage Basins; III, Ohio Iliver Basin; IV, St. I^wrence River Basin; and V, Hudson Bay and Upper Mississippi River Drainage Basins. A method of determining' the daily discharge of rivers of variable slope, M. R. and W. E. Hall and C. H. Pikkce ([/. .S'. Geo?. Harvey, Water-Huiyply Paper 3J,5-E {191J,), pp. 11+53-65, figs. 2).— It is stated that the usual assump- tion, when estimating the daily discharge of a stream by means of a discharge rating curve, that the velocity and therefore the slope of the river surface remain constant for the same gage height, is not always true, and that in many streams, particularly those with very flat slopes, the variation in slope for the same gage height becomes so large as to affect seriously the accuracy of the method. Still greater variations are said to occur when flatness of slope is con- joined with discharge into a body of water subject to large fluctuations of sur- face elevation, as occurs in the lower Mississippi basin. For streams of this nature it is proposed to base the estimate of daily discharge on both the gage height and the slope determined for each day and at the time of each discharge measurement and to adjust the discharge values on the assumption that for the same gage height and conditions of channel the velocity will vary with the square root of the slope. For this purpose the formula Q\=Qn-\ tt- i^ derived, in which Qi=actual V -are discharge of a stream as determined by the current meter, i7i=the correspond- ing difference in elevation of water surface between the two gages, and Qn= a " normal " or theoretical value of the discharge for the " normal " or average gage height difference Hn- " By means of discharge measurements the values of Qi may be determined for different gage heights ; -=- will be likely to vary with the different measure- -"« ments and will be greater or less than unity according as the slope of the stream at the time of the measurement is greater or less than the average slope. The values ot Qn as determined from the expression Q„= /El w^^^' however, give a well-defined curve when plotted in the same way as tlie ordinary discharge rating curve. The 'normal' discharge curv'e for ^^ having been determined, a ' normal ' rating table is prepared from it in the ordinary way. To find the actual discharge of the stream at any stage and for any slope the ' normal ' discharge is taken from the ' normal ' rating table and multiplied by the proper value An example of the practical application of the method is given. The discharge of Yukon Iliver at Eagle, Alaska, E. A. Porter and R. W. Davenport (f7. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Siipply Paper SJfS-F (1914), PP- 11+67- 77, pis. 2, figs. 2). — This paper describes the climatic conditions of the Yukon River basin and reports the results of measurements of flow made by means of floats. Observations made to determine the coefficient to be used in reducing surface velocity to mean velocity showed this coeflicient to be 0.92. A com- parison of run-off and precipitation in the basin indicates that the run-off was approximately 65 per cent of the precipitation for the three years of observation. Profile surveys in Hood and Sandy Iliver basins, Oregon ( U. S. Geol. Sur- vey, Weople of the country have a right through the state legislature to say what the moral influence of the city shall be in the same way that the State shall say what steps the city shall take to prevent physical contagion. He claims that there is evidence that both the country and village are still lacking in provision for wholesale amusement for their boys and girls. When adequate .pure recreations are provided, the saloon and vice resorts of neighboring cities will exert less influence, and the village and rural community will be on a much higher plane of social life than at present. Community service week in North Carolina (Raleigh, 1914. PP- S6, figs. 9). — This pamphlet contains suggestions for improving rural conditions along the lines of public roads, grounds, buildings, schools, and neighborhoods, and gives a number of test questions attempting to call attention to the deficiencies com- monly found in rural communities. There are also a number of questions to test the progress that the individual coimty has made. Rural life conference (Alumni Bui. Univ. Ya., 3. set:, 7 (1914), ^'o. 4, PP- 443-552, pi. 1, figs. 5). — Among the topics discussed at this conference were the religious forces at work in country life and the educational opportunities of the countiy church, by W. E. Garner; the public school and rural life, by H. F. Cope; and women's service to the community, by Anna B. Taft. The rural church movement, E. L. Earp (New York and Cincinnati^ 1914. pp. 177, pi. 1). — ^The author believes that the problem of spiritual leadership is the most important factor in the countiy life problem. He has attempted to select out of the history of the movement those outstanding facts and methods that have been of value and apply them to the conditions in rural life the church is now facing, showing those to be adapted to new plans, and those no longer useful and to be discai-ded. The farm bureau movement in New York State, RI. C. Burbitt (N. Y. Dcpt. Agr. Circ. 93 (1914), pp. 38). — This circular gives a brief history of the development of the fann bureau Idea in the United States and especially in RURAL ECONOMICS. 389 New York and a detailed description of tlie work of three county agricultural agents in the State. Opportunities in agriculture for women, E. B. Babcock {Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 2 {1914), No. 1, pp. 17-22). — The author notes the organization of The Women's Agricultural and Horticultural International Union at the quinquen- nial meeting of the International Council for Women held in London in 1899, outlines the objects of the union, and gives the replies to inquiries sent to a few women in California as to the necessity of a special course in agriculture, either in a college or an agricultural school for women who plan to follow an agricultural pursuit, and as to the amount of capital and land desirable for A-arious fanning enterprises. Opportunities for women in agriculture, Eleanob Mabtin {Women's Ed. and Indus. Union, Boston, Studies Eeon. Relations Women, 1 {1914), pt. 2, pp. 3-69). — The author concludes, from a study of the conditions in Massa- chusetts, that a girl can not become a wage earner in agricultural pursuits and that to succeed at all as a farmer she must begin with at least a small property or capital for investment. However, she believes that the education of the girl on the farm, or in rural regions through the school in cooperation with the home, may enable her to take up such subjects as horticulture, floriculture, poul- try raising, and beekeeping and make them her vocation in later life. The school instruction and the experience in the home should be coordinated. The American Farm Management Association (Amer. Farm Management Assoc. Proc., 4 {1913), pp. 130, figs. 4)- — Among the subjects discussed at this annual meeting were field and laboratory courses and classroom work in farm management, the survey method of determining cost of production, farm rec- ords as a basis of increasing farm profits and improving farm management, marketing, and contracts between landlord and tenant. An outline for the study of current political, economic,"' and social prob- lems {Ind. Univ. Bui. 12 {1914), ^O- 7, pp. 77). — This outline consists princi- pally of a classified bibliography, and contains the following subheads relating to rural conditions : Township and rural communities, agricultural credit, taxa- tion of land values, and rural schools. The political and sectional influence of the public lands, 1828—1842, K. G. Wellington {Brookings, S. Dak., 1914, PP- 131, pis. 3). — ^The author^ traces with great detail the discussion of the public land question in Congress during this period, and its influence uix)n various economic measures and upon the political fortunes of sectional presidential candidates. The influence of tlie passing of the jTublic lands, W. J. Trimble {Atlantic Mo., lis {1914), No. 2, pp. 755-767).— The primary result of the swift settling of public lands in the United States was the enormously increased production of the necessities of life. With the productive lands taken up, the law of dimin- ishing lands begins to operate to make increase in production more difficult. Among the other effects of the passing of public lands are the rapid rise in farm values, increase in farm tenantry, and smaller opportunities for the individual to rise out of his class. The author states that the possession of a farm of from SO to 320 acres, with the expensive equipment now required to run it, is quite out of the reach of a large number of our population at present prices, and it is diflicult to avoid the conclusion that even in the country social stratification is proceeding by insensible and natural steps. The tendencies toward economic and social equality which were marked features of the public-land area there- fore seem fast vanishing into history. Vacant public lands in the United States {U. S. Dept. Int., Qen. Land Off. Circ. 335 {1914), PP- 24). — This circular contains a list of vacant government lands by counties, with their location and area, together with a brief descrip- tion regarding their character. The report indicates that there were on July 1, 390 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. 1914, over 290,000,000 acres of vacant land of which 175,000,000 was surveyed. The greater portion of this land was located in Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. List of farms for sale (Putnam, Conn.: Bd. Ayr., J914, pp. 168, figs. 25). — This report contains u compihition of the farms in Connecticut offered for sale and gives a detailed description of land, buildings, water supply, and distances from railroad station, i)ost office, and churches, together with the price asked. An investigation of the profitableness of moor culture, W. Fbeckmann and SoBOTTA (Landw. Jahrb., .'(6 (WW, 2;io. 2, pp. 275-326, figs. 2).— The authors discuss the cost of preparing moor land for cultivation and its profit- ableness under different agricultural practices. Report on migration from rural districts in England and Wales {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Rpt. Migration from Rural Districts in En-gland an-d Wales, 1913, pp. 33). — The author, by means of a questionnaire, attempted to determine the deficiencies and the supply of rural labor in different districts, and has classified his findings under the headings of employment in agriculture and the supi>ly of agricultural labor; the extent, cause, and direction of mi- gration ; special instances of migrations ; and general observations. The report gives details for individual counties. Partnership in agriculture between landlord and tenant, R. Paget {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1913, pp. 778-782). — The author outlines a scheme whereby the tenant and landlord can carry on farm operations by means of a partner- ship and gives a model agi'eemeut. Contract between, landlord and tenant, O. G. Lloyd {Amcr. Farm Manage- ment Assoc. Proc, Jf {1913), pp. 98-116). — The author outlines what various authors have published in this field and what he considers the important phases of the problem, and gives a detailed account of an investigation of farm ten- antry in Iowa with reference to the details of the contract between landlord and tenant. He concludes that the farm w^ould be more productive, better improveti, and its fertility more likely conserved if partnership renting were encouraged. Inexperienced tenants with little credit and capital would be furnished the necessary equipment and suiiervision to operate the farm more efficiently. "The landlord will be more happy and a more progressive citizen if he remains actively engaged in the business that has made him what he is — an authority on agricultural conditions in his community. Partnership renting aids in solv- ing many of the difliculties of the community as well as the difficultes of the farm." Age of farmers, by color of operator, character of tenure, and size of farm {Bur. of the Census [U. S.] Bui. Agr., U. 8., 1910, Age of Farm^^rs, pp. 35). — This bulletin is the first attempt made to analyze the relationship existing between age of farmers, color and nativity of farm operators, size of farm, and character of tenure. The data are shown by sections, geographic divisions, and States. For the United States as a whole 6.50 per cent of all the fanners were under 24 years of age, 22.22 per cent between 25 and 34 years, 24.71 per cent between 35 and 44 years, 22.52 per cent between 45 and 54 years, 14.89 per cent between 55 and 65 years, and 8.72 per cent 65 years and over. As the age increases the proportion of tenants decreases and the proportion of owners increases. The data also seem to indicate that the older farmers own the larger farms and that a large number of fai*mers retire to small farms late in life. The rural credit system from the viewpoint of the farmer, G. N. Lauman {Off. Yearbook Nehr. Farmers Cong., 191.), pp. 68-71), — The author believes that the American farmer needs a land title registration law, a fundamentally AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 391 sound cooperation law, and a cooperative land mortgage bank if he is to obtain the credit that is due him. Agricultural credit in Ireland (Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., H (IdUf), No. Jf, PI). 641-657). — This article gives an extensive review of the report pi'oviously noted (E. S. 11.. 32. p. 2S6). A credit union primer, A. H. Ham and L. G. Robinson {New York, lOl-'t, pp. Ill +19, figs. 10). — ^This pamphlet contains a large number of questions relating to credit unions, together with answers, model book forms, organiza- tion certificates, and by-laws, and the text of the New York credit union law. The cooperative people's bank, A. Desjardins {New York, 1914, PP- 42, pi. 1). — The author calls attention to some of the characteristics that should be fundamental to people's banks. He claims that these banks should be organized to produce thrift among their constituents and not to make large profits, and shows how the cooperative people's banks in various countries and especially (he La Caisse Populaire have been organized with this idea in view. Inland boat service: Freight rates on farm products and time of transit on inland waterways in the TJnited States, F. Andrews ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 14 {1914), PP- 36). — The purjiuse of this inquiry was to collect information relative to freight rates and the time of transit of farm products carried on the inland waterways of the United States. It discusses the advantages of rail over river transportation and of river over rail, describes the terminals and landings and a number of typical steamboat routes of the Atlantic coast, Mis- sissippi Valley, and Pacific coast, and gives other data. The bulletin points out that the freight rates vary greatly in form, and most of the traffic is local in nature. Some characteristics of steamboat freight rates and the freight tariff zones are described. Tables are included showing receipts of various farm products by water compared with total receipts at selected cities, freight rates by boats on various farm products for September and October, 1012, and comparison of freight rates by water and by rail over selected routes for the same months. Census of the Union of South Africa, 1911 {Census Union So, Africa Rpt. 1911, pp. 189, pis. 3). — This report consists of a general summary, and data relating to urban and rural population, live stock, agriculture, and special industries. Agricultural statistics of Scotland {Agr. Stotis, Scotland, 2 {1913), pts. 1, pp. 110: 2, pp. 113-186, fig. 1). — These X'eiwrts give for 1913, with comparative data for earlier years, the acreage, average yield, and total production of farm crops, the area devoted to different agricultural purposes, number of live stock, and number of 'loldings by sizes. AGRICTJLTURAL EDUCATION. Better rural schools, G. H. P.etts and O. E. Hall {Indianapolis, Ind., 1914, pp. [20] +512, pis. 26, figs, i//).— In this book the authors discuss the demand for better rural schools, the curriculum, teacher, consolidation and efliciency, the administration of rural schools, and the outlook for rural etlucation. Each chapter is followed by a series of questions for teachers' discussion and study and almost one quarter of the chapters are given over to everyday problems that concern the teacher in the schoolroom. In a chapter devoted to vocational education the authors hold that the rural school should be made a vocational school, including in its curriculum practical or applied instruction in agriculture and the industrial arts to afford the point of contact between the school work and the home life interests and shai)e the mode of approach to all other subjects of study. Two types of home-project study, the progress of the agricultural club movement, and the influence of the 392 EXPEEIMEXT STATION RECORD. vocational school on the iniiiils are discussed. A bibliography on rural life and the riiral school is aiJ[)ended. Agricultural education in the public schools [of Ohio], L. S. IviNS (Agr. titudent, 21 {lUl-'i), No. 1, pp. ,56-.')H, jig. 1). — The arthor reviews the develop- ment of agricultural education in the public schools of Ohio and indicates some of its influences. A new agricultural school for New Brunswick, R. Newton {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 {lUl.'t), No. 6, pp. J/.'i9-.'/5S, figs. 4). — This article contains a descrip- tion of the building, equipment, and instruction of the first school of agriculture established in the Province of New Brunswick, at Woodstock. Demonstrations in fruit packing {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 {IBUi), No. 0, pp. 730-737, figs. 3). — Reports are given on instruction in fruit packing in Prince Edward Island by T. Ross, Nova Scotia by P. J. Shaw, New Burnswick by R. P. Gorham, Quebec by J. H. Lavoie, Ontario by P. W. Ilodgetts, and British Columbia by R. M. Winslow. The Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, S. H. Gandieb {Agr, Gaz. Canada, 1 {191Jf), No. 9, pp. 702-709, figs. 4). — An account is given of the organization, buildings and equipment, instruction, and experimental work of the institution. Handbook of wom.en's institutes with report of advisory board {Brit. Columhia, Dc.pt. Agr. Bui. 5-'f [WlJf], pp. 208, pis. 7).— This bulletin contains the proceedings of the Conference of Women's Institutes of Vancouver Island, June 5 and 6, 1913, at Victoi-ia, and of the Conference of the Lower Mainland Women's Institutes, June 12 and 13, 1913, at Chilliwack, including the papers read, institute statistics, reports of lecturers, some programs of women's in- stitutes regiilar meetings, lectures delivered by institute lecturers in 1912-1913, reports, etc. Agricultural education and school statistics in Prussia for 1909, 1910, and 1911 {Landw. Unterrichtsw. Konigr. Preuss., 1909-1911, pp. XIX-^692, pis. 2). — This report contains an account of the historical development and organization of the various phases of agricultural instruction in Prussia and a detailed statement concerning the organization, courses of study, attendance, etc., for 1909, 1910, and 1911, of the individual agricultural education institu- tions in Prussia, as well as of the itinerant instructors, agricultural house- keeping schools, special courses for adults, rui-al continuation instruction, and normal schools for the training of teachers of agriculture. [Agricultural and forestry instruction in Austria and Germany], R. MiLTNEB and E. Vital {Land u. Forstio. IJnterrichts Zig., 28 {1914). No. 2, pp. IV -\- 103-202 -\-LXX) . — This issue contains two special articles noted below; statistics of the 229 agricultural and forestry education institutions in Austria in 1913-14 ; new regulations for entering the Bavarian State Forest Service ; a review of agricultural and home economics literature ; miscellaneous notes ; and an appendix giving the organization lists of the faculties of the agricul- tural education institutions in Austria. Agriculture in Norway in 1914 {Offentl. Landhrulcsv. Norgr, 191 If. pp. TII- 432). — This is a report on the work of the various governmental agencies for the encouragement of agriculture, including the experiment and control sta- tions; dairy and cheese making schools, horticultural schools, agricultural schools, and home economics schools, and agricultural societies, the agricultural budget, and other data. Report of the department of agriculture of Norway, 1913 {Aarsher. Offcntl. Foranst. Landbr. Frcnnne, 1913, III, 8tat>iforai}st., pp. LXXXIV+8S5, figs. 42). — This report comprises a comprehensive survey of the work of the various government agencies established for the advancement of Norwegian agriculture and its various branches, including the annual reports of the state AGRICULTUKAL EDUCATION. 393 agricultural experiment stations, chemical, seed, and milk control stations, liorticultural and dairj'^ schools, itinerant instructors, etc. Agriculture in New Zealand high schools {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 (lOlff), No. 6, pp. 50-i, 505). — A brief account is given of the instruction in agriculture, incUuiiug experimental work, in New Zealand high schools. Agricultural commerce as a subject of instruction in the various grades of agricultural education, A. Ostermayer (Land u. Forstw. Unlerrichts Ztg., 28 (1914), -Vo. 2, pp. 103-112).— lu view of the fact that farming has developed into a commercial enterprise, the author discusses the necessity of introducing commercial instruction into the various grades of agricultural education, and outlines the subject-matter for collegiate instruction in this subject. In the Agricultural High School of Vienna the last semester of the course is devoted to agricultural commerce, including lectures 3 hours a week and seminars 2 hours, or a total of GO hours, which the author considers a mininmm i-equire- ment. Adaptation of this subject-matter to secondary and elementary agricul- tural schools is also discussed. In the author's opinion 2 hours a week during one semester or about 40 hours in the secondary school and 1 hour a week dur- ing a semester or during a course in the winter school, a total of about 20 hours, would be sufficient. He suggests that special attention be given to prac- tical instruction, that instructors keep in close touch with commercial practice by participating in cooperative organizations, etc., and that a course of in- struction in agricultural commerce be organized at the Agricultural High School of Vienna for the training of instructors in farm management in this subject to comprise from 36 to 40 hours of instruction. Farm management, A. E. B. Fielding (London, [1914], pp. VIII+IOS). — The object of this book is to give farm pupils, farmers' sons, and others com- mencing the study of agriculture a clear conception of the manner in which a farm is organized. It discusses the different systems of farming, the selection of a farm on which to learn and how to gain experience, the different crops and their relation to the live stock kept, cultural methods, care of live stock, and feeds and feeding. Practicums for farm students, A. Kosam (Land u. Forstw. Untcrrichts Ztg., 28 (1914), No. 2, pp. 113-120, fig. 1). — The author describes practical exercises in judging dairy cows, computing rations, seed selection and collection, prep- aration of a pocket herbarium, modeling plants and animals, and the prepara- tion of diagrams showing the composition of tpods. feeding stuffs, raw materials used in commerce, and commercial fertilizers and their rational application, which have given satisfactory results at the Farm and Dairy School in Pilsen, Austria. Botany in the agricultural college, E. B. Copeland (Scien-cc, n. ser., 40 (1914), No. 1029, pp. 401-405). — The author describes the year's course in physiology required of all students in the college of agriculture of the Uni- versity of the Philippines before they are admitted to the study of agriculture itself, and discusses the teaching of botany in American agricultural colleges, as noted editorially (E. S. R., 31, p. 701). Crop production, C. M. Weed and W. E. Riley (Boston, New York, and Chicago, 1914, PP- VI +246, figs. 129). — This school text, which gives essential facts concerning the characteristics, history, culture, varieties, and enemies of vegetable, flower, fruit, and farm crops, is an application of the project method to the study of crop production. It furnishes a series of simple outlines for each pupil to work out before taking up the study of the text, thus enabling the pupil to visualize the latter. An appendix contains suggestions for the teacher on starting seeork and for show, creamed soups and vege- tables, fruit and vegetable canning, planning, cultivating, and caring for the garden, instruction in manual arts, bread making, judging hogs, and directions for making project reports and methods of determining prize winners in com growing, poultry raising, and pig feeding contests. NOTES. Alabama College and Station. — C. S. McDowell, Jr., of Eufaula, W. H. Gates, of Mobile, and T. D. Saiuford, of Oi^elika. have been appointed to tlie board of trustees, vice H. L. Martin, J. S. Fraser. and R. P.. Barnes. F. L. Thomas, Ph. D. (Massachusetts College. 1914) has been appointed field assistant in entomology, vice G. W. tZUs, resigned. The extension service cooperated during February and the early part of March in a diversification campaign conducted by the extension service of a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, under the auspices of the chambers of commerce of the principal cities of Alabama. Arizona University. — J. A. Armstrong, farm advisor for San Diego County, California, has been appointed farm advisor for Maricopa County, beginning March 1. Arkansas University and Station. — H. E. Dvorachek, associate professor of animal husbandry at the Colorado College, has been appointed profes.sor of animal husbandry in the college of agriculture and animal husbandman in the station beginning about February 1. F, E. Anderson has been appointed assistant in extension work. California University and Station. — ^.Vn initiative measure providing for a bond issue of $1,800,000 for buildings was accepted by the voters of the State at the recent election. According to a note in the Pacific Rural Press, the citrus substation is to be located at Riverside where a site of 477 acres with water rights has been acquired at a cost of $55,000. Improvements costing $120,000 are contemplated. Dr. H. J. Webber is to be in charge of the new substation and will inaugurate a soil survey, install an irrigation system, and begin planting. Georgia College and Station. — John A. Gaston, of Greenville, has been ap- pointed to the board of trustees of the college, vice J. A. Thrash, deceased. R. C. Neely and J. W. Andrews have been reappointed to the board of trustees of the station for a term of five years beginning January 5. The board is planning to hold an ojien meeting in April for the purpose of bringing prominently to the attention of the state officials and others the work and needs of the station. Hawaii College. — The college has added to its curriculum a 4-year course in sugar technology leading to the degree of B. S. During the vacation period between the third and fourth years, it is intended that the student will spend at least eight weeks on a plantation, either in the field or in the laboratory. Arrangements are also being made whereby during the second semester of the fourth year students may serve a sort of sjiecial apprenticeship on one or more of the plantations near Honolulu, performing the various duties and spending several weeks or more if necessary in e;ieli department. Illinois University. — Nature notes that the university has given $500 to the fund for the erection of a laboratory at Rothamsted in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of Sir John Lawes (1814) and Sir Henry Gilbert (1817). 395 396 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Iowa College and Station. — The college is offering for the first time a corre- spondence course of 90 lessons in farm plants and soils for teachers. A corre- spondence course of 80 lessons in farm animals will be ready about April 1, one in home economics about July 1, and special courses in farm crops, 'soils, horti- culture, animal husbandry, dairying, poultry raising, and home economics will be offered in the fall to teachers desiring advanced correspondence work. M. E. Sar has resigned as assistant in the soil survey and has been succeeded by Knute Espe (1015). S. C. Guernsey has resigned as assistant in chemistry. Kansas College and Station. — It is reported that over two-thirds of the 1914 graduates in animal husbandry took up farming and that many of the remainder are engaged in teaching or experimental station work. Over 400 students were enrolled in the short courses, 21G being in agriculture, 110 in home economics, and 82 in the new 10 weeks' courses in cement and con- crete construction, shop work, road building, irrigation and drainage, and steam and gas traction engines. Walter L. Latshaw has been appointed assistant in soil analy.sls in the station. Kentucky Station. — E. W. Mumma, assistant in charge of hog cholera serum production, died December 4, 1914. H. B. Hendrick, agronomist in the exten- sion department, resigned January 1 to accept an appointment with the Agri- cultural Education Service of this Department. E. F. Worthington, inspector in dairy sanitation in the food and drug department, also resigned January 1. W. H. Simmons has been appointed assistant in the hog cholera serum labora- tory, begimiing December 1, 1914. Louisiana University, — A new daily barn of modern construction has recently been completed. Massachusetts College and Station. — A plan recently approved by the faculty for submission to the board of trustees contemplates the offering of college courses the entire year. Under this plan, practical coui-ses in agriculture and horticulture would be offered during the summer months for which college credit would be given. One advantage expected would be the completion of the college course about April 1 instead of in June as at present, the former being considered a more favorable time for graduates to secure employment. Charles E. Ward, of Buckland, a member of the board of trustees and of its committee on the station, has resigned and has been succeeded by Edmund Mortimer of Grafton. P. J. Anderson, Ph. D. (Cornell, 1914), formerly field pathologist with the Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Commission, has been ap- pointed instructor in botany. H. J. Baker, field agent in farm management, has resigned to become head of the extension department at the Connecticut College. F. H. H. Van Suchtelen, Ph. D., associate professor of microbiology, and George E. Gage, Ph. D., associate professor of animal pathology, have been added to the station staff as soil microbiologist and animal pathologist, re- spectively. Minnesota University.— A new course under the supervision of the division of agricultural education has been introduced in the school of agriculture for the graduates of the school desiring to prepare themselves to teach agriculture in the rural schools. The course will consist of two j-ears' work in selected sub- jects, with special emphasis on agriculture and home economics. The extension division is conducting a state-wide bread-making test with 1,600 enrolled. The loaves are sent to the college by parcel post and judgeil by the home economics department. Instruction is also being given in canning vegetables. Over 3,100 boys were enrolled in the boys' acre-yield corn contest. Mississippi College and Station. — E. R. Lloyd, director of the station, was appointed director of the extension work, December 1, 1914, and J. R. Ricks, the station agronomist, was made vice-director of the station. Dr. H. B. NOTES. 397 Brown, previously professor of botany and forestry, and botanists in the station, has succeeded E. C. Ewing, resigned, as the head of the department of cotton breeding. A. Smith, wlio had charge of the station beef cattle work, resigned December 1. E. Barnett, formerly of the South Carolina College and Station, has been appointed animal husbandman. Missouri University. — Farmers' week was held at the university beginning January 11, in cooperation with the State Board of Agriculture. Over 2,800 people were enrolled in the farmers' short course, an increase of 572 over the previous year. Benj. F. Oeisert (Missouri, 1914) has been appointed assistant in agricultural extension. Nevada University and Station.— Dr. H. E. Reid has been succeeded on the board of control by Dr. J. J. Sullivan of Virginia Citj'. A study of the poison parsnip has been completed and its poisonous principle Isolated. Public appreciation of the work of the station has been developing rapidly of late, especially in connection with the increased attention to bacteriology and veterinary science. These are of immediate interest to the stock raising in- terests of the State, which constitute the most important phase of its agricul- ture, and a reorganization of the station work is being effected which will further concentrate its activities along these lines. New Mexico Station. — Francis E. Lester and M. O. Llewellyn have resigned from the board of regents and have been succeeded by J. A. Mahoney of Deming and C. W. Gerber of Las Cruces. W. T. Conway has discontinued the teach- ing of agricultural subjects in the college to devote his entire time to the boys' and girls' club work in the State. Cornell University. — J. B. Bain has resigned as instructor in animal hus- bandry to accept a position with the Dairy Division of this Department. North Dakota College. — A new dairy building has recently been completed. This is a two-story fireproof structure 84 by 52 feet, so arranged as to permit of future symmetrical enlargement if desired. It includes a room for the study of farm dairy practice, a creamery factory room for commercial operations, a room for cheese and ice-cream manufacture and market milk handling, a testing laboratory for 70 students, two classrooms, a reading room, and four cold stor-. age rooms. Ohio State University and Station. — The new horticultural and forestry building was dedicated February 5. Addresses were made by W. Paddock and W. R. Lazenby of the college of agriculture, S. A. Beach, of the Iowa College,, and F. W. Rane, state forester of Massachusetts. The building is a two-story and basement fireproof structure of gray pressed brick, 250 by GO feet, and in general appearance is similar to Townshend Hall, the agricultural building. About 1,500 were registered in the recent farmers' week courses, an increase of about 80 per cent over the previous year. On February 15 the county agent work was formally transferred from the station, where it had been developed^ to the college of agriculture in harmony with the provisions of the Smith- Lever Act. Oklahoma College and Station.— R. C. Potts, professor of dairy husbandry, resigned February 1 to accept a position with the Office of Markets and Rural Organization of this Department. Oregon College and Station. — The annual short course, offering 100 coursea in agriculture, engineering, and home economics, was held January 4 to 30. The first session of farmers' week, held February 1 to 6 under the auspices of the extension division, was attended by over 2,000 persons, mostly farmers and housewives. The program included exhibits, demonstrations, and lectures^ 898 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and 20 conferences on subjects relating to rural life in Oregon in which most of the live stock associations, educational bodies, and women's clubs of the State participated. Dean Henrietta W. Calvin, of the school of home economics, has resigned to become specialist in home economics in the United States Bureau of Edu- cation, beginning in March. Seedsmen and buyers have been notified that the new state pure seed law went into full effect .Tanuary 1. The state dairy and food commissioner is responsible for the enforcement of the law under the direction of the state seed board, of which H. D. Scudder, agronomist of the college and station, is chairman. Pennsylvania College. — Over 500 persons attended the farmers' week held from December 2S to January 2. More than 150 lectures and demonstrations were offeretl. Porto Rico Federal Station. — George L. Fawcett, plant pathologist, has re- signed to accept a similar position in the experiment station at Tucuman, Argentina. Rhode Island Station. — Philip H. Wessels, formerly assistant in chemistry, has been made associate in chemistry. Tennessee University and Station. — The comity court unanimously authorized on January 4 a county bond issue of not to exceed $125,000 for the purchase of a tract of 569 acres as an addition to the university farm. If this action is ratified by the legislature, the property will be acquired and transferred to the State for the use of the station. The Second Annual Midwinter Fat Stock Show was held at the station farm ■January 25-30. The premium money was furnished by the Knoxville Clearing House Association, in the interest of better live stock in Tennessee. Washington Station. — ^A project for a joint cooperative substation with this Department to be located at Waterville has been approved by the board of regents. E. F. Gaines, acting cerealist, has been granted six months' leave of Absence for study at Harvard University. Wisconsin Station. — The department of plant pathology, which has hitherto carried on its experimental work largely in infected fields over the State, has been given additional plats at the station. Attempts are to be made to produce a disease-resistant cabbage, a blight-resistant pea, and a smut-free barley. Wyoming University and Station. — Karl Steik, assistant professor of chem- istry and engineering chemist in the station, has been given leave of absence until July 1 to pursue graduate work at Harvard University. American Association of Economic Entomologists. — The twenty-seventh annual meeting of this association was held at the University of Pennsylvania, Decem- ber 27-31, 1914. Over 40 pnpers were presented, including that of the president, H. T. Fernald, of Massachusetts. A draft of a uniform state law covering nursery and orchard inspection was favorably considered. The next annual meeting is to be held at Columbus, Ohio, with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a special meeting at San Francisco during the summer. Officers were elected as follows : President, G. W. Herrick, of New York; vice-presidents, R. A. Cooley, of Montana, W. E. Rumsey, of West Virginia, and E. F. Phillips, of Washington, D. C. ; secretary. A. F. Burgess, of Massjichusetts; secretary of the section of horticultural in- spection, J. G. Sanders, of Wisconsin; and secretary of the section of apiary inspection, N. E. Shaw, of Ohio. Agriculture at the British Association. — The last meeting of the British Association held at Melbourne and Sydney, Australia, gave unusual attention NOTES. 399 to agriculture and related subjects. In the agricultural section, the presidential address was given by A. D. Hall. The special subjects for consideration were irrigation (jointly with the engineering so<.'tion), dry farming, animal breeding, and milk supply, all with sjiecial reference to Australian conditions. L. J. Briggs described dry farming investigations in the United States as compared with conditions in Australia ; T. Cheri'y discussed the 10-inch line of rainfall; J. W. Patterson compared the high evaporation factor in Western Australia with the small factor in England ; and Heber Green discussed the capillary power of soils. In animal breeding, P. G. Bailey reported progi'ess on experiments in in- heritance in wool characters and on size inheritance in poultry. The value of milk production records was taken up by A. Lauder, S. S. Cameron, and M. A. O'Callaglian. The development of milking machines was outlined by R. T. Archer, and their effect on the bacteriological purity and keeping qualities of milk by K. Stenhouse Williams, J. Golding, and J. Macintosh. Cereal breeding was a most prominent toi)ic. The papers included The Migra- tion of Reserve Material to the Seeds in Barley, Considei'ed as a Factor in Production, by E. S. Beaven; Wheat Improvement in Australia, by F. B, Guthrie; Wheat Breeding in Australia, by A. E. V. Richardson; and William Farrer's Work, Methods, and Success, by J. T. Pridham. Other papers included Flax as a Paying Crop, by C. P. Ogilvie; Bacterial Toxins in Soils, by R. Greig-Smith; The Estimation of Condition in Cattle, by J. A. Murray ; A Review of Work on Soil Inoculation, by H. B. Hutchinson and J. Golding; and The Effects of Caustic Lime and Chalk on Soil Fertility, by H. B. Hutchinson and K. MacLennan. A large number of agricultural ex- cursions were arranged to typical farms, the Roseworthy Agricultural College, the Central Research Farm at Werribee, Victoria, the Wagga Experimental Farm, and the Hawkesbury Agricultural College. A joint session was held witli the chemical section on the chemistry of metabolism. The zoology section included papers on The Development of Trypanosomes in the Invertebrate Host, by E. A. Minchin; Australian Trematodes and Cestodes, by S. J. Johnston; Parasitic Worms of Queensland, by W. Nicoll ; Mimicry, by E. P. Poulton ; Experiments on Silkworms, by O. Maas; and Migration of Birds, by C. J. Patten. Agricultural Reorganization in Portuguese East Africa. — Plans are being pre- pared for a reorganization of the agricultural w^rk in Mozambique. A central department is contemplated with headquarters at Lourengo Marquez, and divided into bureaus of agriculture and forestry and animal husbandry. The staff of the bureau of agriculture and forestry would include a botanical ex- plorer, a silvicultural engineer, an entomologist, an inspector of fruits and plants, and an agricultural engineer with an agricultural expert in charge of the agricultural station at Inhamussua, and assistants. That of the animal husbandry bureau would include a corps of veterinarians as chief and assistant chief, and in charge of divisions of animal sanitation, tropical veterinary path- ology and zootechny, and their assistjints. A Board of Agriculture for New Zealand. — The minister of agriculture has recently announced that it has been decided to establish a board of agriculture for New Zealand to consist of 12 members. Its duties will be to advise the minister of agriculture on any matters affecting agriculture that he may refer to it for consideration; to appoint special committees of agricultural experts to Inspect the work of departmental institutions, such as the experimental farms and State agricultural colleges, and also to inquire into and report upon any urgent agricultural problems of the day ; and to consider the policy of the de- 400 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. partment in regard to such matters as the collectiou of agricultural statistics, the dissemination of agricultural information, the control of noxious weeds, the prevention of stocli diseases, the fostering of fruit growing and forestry, recommendations from agricultural conferences, rural education, better means of communication, and other measures intended to make rural industry more efficient and rural life more desirable. Necrology. — Dr. John Nisbet, forestry advisor to the Scottish Board of Agri- culture, died recently, aged 02 years. Dr. Nisbet was educated at the Edin- burgh University and Munich and for 25 years was connected with the Indian Forest Service, retiring in 1900 with the grade of conservator of forests. He also made extensive studies of British and continental forests and did much to arouse interest in forestry in the British Isles. He was the author of many works on forestry, notably British Forest Trees, 1893; Protection of Woodlands, 1893; Essays on Silviculture, 1893; Studies in Forestry, 1894; The Forester, 1905 ; Our Forests and Woodlands, 1908 ; and The Elements of British Forestry, 1911. Sir Walter Gilbey, a horse breeder, who founded the Sliire Horse Society and was active in the establishment of the Hackney Horse Society, died No- vember 12, 1914, at the age of 83 years. He had a wide, practical knowledge of horses and horse breeding and had written several books on the Hackney and Shire breeds. August Weismann, the eminent zoologist and biologist, died November 6, 1914, aged 80 years. He had been professor of zoology at Freiburg University since 18G7. Miscellaneous. — Harrison E. Smith has been appointed entomologist at the entomological laboratory at West Springfield, Mass. A 4-room laboratory build- ing is being erected on land owned by the Eastern States Agricultural and In- dustrial Exposition. The laboratory will be under the direction of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department and devoted largely to research with forage and cereal crop pests. The Southeastern Agricultural College, Wye, has completed its new buildings at a cost of $62,500, of which over half was contributed by the Board of Agri- culture and Fisheries. A vacuum drying plant for experimenting on fruit and vegetable drying has been installed under an additional grant from the same source. James Muri*ay, from 1906 to 1911 superintendent of the Dominion Elxperi- mental Farm at Brandon, Manitoba, and subsequently manager of a large farm at Suffield, Albei'ta, has been appointed to the chair of cereal husbandry in Macdonald College, vice L. S. Klinck whose appointment as dean of the college of agriculture of the University of British Columbia has been previously noted. The American Society of Agricultural Engineers held its eighth annual meet- ing at Madison, Wisconsin, December 28-30, 1914. Officers were elected as fol- lows : President, H. H. Musselman, of Michigan ; vice-presidents, J. E. Wagner, of Illinois, and L. W. Ellis, of California ; and secretary-treasurer, F. M. White, of Wisconsin. A tract of 919 aci'es at Trinidad, Luzon, Philippine Islands, has been reserved from the public domain for the use of the Bureau of Agriculture as an experi- ment station and stock farm. o ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPEEINTENBENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTINa OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, per Volume OF NtNE Numbers AND Index, $1 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizersj^ l^- Xrullinger. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^- ^'^J^d ^' ^^' ^' Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. Foods and Human Nutritionln. L. Lang. [C. F. Walton. Zooteclmy, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster. Economic Zoology and Entomology — ^W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. VctcrmaryMedasis of the urinary passages, Iving 450 Effect of cold storage upon Mediterranean fruit fly, Wilcox and Hunn 450 Marguerite fly or chrysanthemiim leaf miner ( Phj/tomijza chrysanthemi), Smulyan 451 Life history of the melon fly. Back and Pemberton 452 Observations on the larvae of fleas, Bacot and Ridewood 452 Anisoplia austriaca and methods of combating it, Vassiliev 452 A new African coccinellid, Serangium giffardi n. sj)., Grandi 453 Description of Sitona humeralis. Grandi 453 A nematode parasite of the olive weevil, Del Guercio 453 The artificial fertilization of queen bees, Jager and Howard 453 A little-known orchid pest (Isosoma orchidearum) , Whitney 453 The chalcis-fly in alfalfa seed, Urbahn's 454 The British Braconidte. — II, Macrocentridse, Lyle 454 A new proctotrypoid egg parasite from the West Indies, Dodd 454 Report of a trip to Africa m search of fruit fly parasites, Sih-estri 454 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Coloring matter of raw and cooked salted meats, Hoagland 454 Changes in composition of peel and pulp of ripening bananas, Gore 455 Soluble aluminum compounds in certain vegetable products, Myers 455 Syrian food products exported to United States, Hollis 455 CONTENTS. V Page. Food production and requirements of various countries, Murray and Andrews. 455 [Food analysis and other pure food and dni^ topics], I.add and Johnson 456 [Food and sanitary inspection — analysis ajul other topics], Ladd and Johnson.. 45G Food, water, and ice supplies in railway stations and trains, Crumbine 456 Sanitary conditions ia interstate meat packing establishments, Shaw 457 A manufactory for butchers' goods as a part of an abattoir, Godbille 457 "Duralumin" as material for makijig household utensils, Fendlcr and Stiiber . 457 Report of the Fourth International Congress of School Hygiene, 1913, Ryan, jr. 457 School restaurants, Meyer 457 The administration of school lunches in cities, Boughton 458 History and development of lunches in high schools, Pulsifer 458 High school lunches under school board control, Smedley 458 The training of the school dietitian, Hunt '. 458 Medical inspection and the nutrition of school children, Wile *458 Importance of proper nutrients for retarded children — a demonstration. Roach. 458 Unwliolesomo diet a prime cause of inefficiency in school children, Kellogg 458 National conservation and nutrition during childhood, McMillan 458 The coefficient of nutrition in Antwerp school children, Schuyten 458 Feeding men in logging camps, Kellogg 459 Hj'gienic interpretation of recent changes in the field rations, Fisher 459 Hygienic interpretation of food of United States Army in the field, Woodhull. . 460 Value to the Army in changes in the ration and its preparation, Elliott, jr 460 Problems of growUi, Osborne and Mendel 460 [Raw and cooked protein foods]. — Use of protein in kidney diseases, Linossier. 460 Variations in urine in fasting and regeneration, Howe and Hawk 460 The ga.seous metabolism of infants, I3enedict and Talbot 461 The physiologic cost of insufficient protective clothing, Fitz 461 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. [Animal hu.sbandry work], Grisdale, Archibald, et al 461 [Analyses of | fodders and feeding stuffs, Shutt 465 The importance of the inorganic constituents of feeding stuffs, Zaitschek 465 Influence of calcium on growth and composition of bone, Weiser 465 On some factors controlling fertility in domestic animals, Hammond 465 Influence of Rontgen rays on ovaries, Fraenkel 466 Coat pattern in mammals. — A medium of real value to the breeder, Simpson. . 466 Inbreeding in dogs, Haynes 466 Utilization of feed by range steers. — I, Alfalfa hay, Christensen and Simpson. . 467 Beef cattle production and cooperative breeders' organizations, Curtis et al. . . 468 [Sheep feedin.g experiments], Faville 468 Experiments in winter lamb production, Hammond 468 [Hog production], Aune 469 Judging draft horses, Alexander 469 The horse in North A frica, Aureggio 469 Report from the poultry di\dsion, Fortier and Shutt 469 How to tell the age of hens and pigeons, Fortier 470 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. [Dairy husbandry], Gi-Lsdale, Archibald, Gussow, et al 470 [ Feeding value of grasses], Athauassof 471 Feeding dried tomato seed to dairy cattle, Scarpitti 471 Dairying in Nevada, Norcross 471 ^^^lat dairying has done for Denmark, Dunne 471 The cost of milk production 471 Effect of volatile fatty acids on milk secretion. — Porpoise oil, Beger 471 Studies in the expansion of milk and cream, Bearce 471 The iron content of human and cow's milk, von Soxhlet 472 Composition of sheep milk, Bir6 472 The chloroformic coagulation of milk, Pozerski 472 Note on the nonlactose fermcnters in fresh milk, Ritchie 472 The feeding of cattle and the production of hygienic milk, Gorini 472 The milk supply as a causal factor in relation to tuberculosis, Del^pine 472 Market milk, Boudreau 473 The care of milk and cream, Wiancko 473 VI CONTENTS. Page. Instniction in tho schools concerning sanitary niilk, Kelly 473 Biorization of milk, Noack 473 The dairy industry act, 1914, and regulations, Ruddick 473 [Overrun in butter], Rosengren 473 [Causes and effects of uneven composition of butter], Bouska 473 Microflora of Liptauer cheese and their importance, Gratz and Vas 473 Ripening of Neufchatel cheese, Laxa 473 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Importance of enzyms in medicine and surgery, Lyle and Kober 474 Diagnosis of pregnancy in bovine, sheep, and goat, Richtor and Schwarz 474 Organic arsenic preparations and their significance, Niercnstein 474 The biological decomposition of arsenic compounds, Huss 474 Principal poisonous plants of the western stock ranges, Marsh 474 Suckored roundworms from India and Ceylon, Lane 474 Studies concerning glycosuria and diabetes, Allen 474 Microbiology of tlie infectious diseases of animals, Courmont and Panisset 474 Filterable viruses, Meyer 475 Contagion by immunization, Law 475 Metabiotic action of ultraviolet rays in the anthrax bacillus, Henri 475 Report of departmental committee on foot-and-mouth disease, Stockman et al . . 475 Foot-and-mouth disease in the Dutch East Indies, Vrijbnrg 475 Immunization against piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis. Chambers and Smilli . . . 476 Experimental polyneuritis. — Effects of wheat flour on fowls, Ohlei- 476 Effect of heat on the rinderpest immune bodies, Holmes 476 A case of tetanus treated by injections of carbolic acid, Stewart and Laiiig 476 The treatment of tetanus, Caillaud and Corniglion 476 The occurrence of tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood, Fischer 476 The infection of cluldren with the bovine tubercle bacillus, Mitchell 477 The intradermic tuberculin test applied to the eyelid, Moussu 477 The chicken as a possible typhoid carrier, Mitchell and Bloomer 477 Affinities of B. sangitmarium with typhoid bacillus. Smith and TenBroeck.. 477 Pathogenic action of the fowl typhoid bacillus, Smith and TenBroeck 478 Relation between B. piillorum and fowl typhoid bacillus, Smith and TenBroeck 478 Influence of sickness of cattle on the milk, Zaribnicky 478 Some drugs recently used in veterinary practice, Frost 479 Kidney worm infestation of swine in the Philippine Islands, Boynton 479 Hog cholera or Pintadilla, Bolton 479 Hog cholera questions and answers, Hadley 479 Hog cholera and its prevention by the use of antihog-cholera serum, Flowe 480 Basis of the serum treatment for hog cholera, Lynch 480 Envii'onment as a factor in complications following vaccination, Sheldon 480 Conditions in which antihog-cholera serum should not be used, Troy 480 Some failures for which serum has been wrongly blamed. Bugbee 480 The proper time to vaccinate hogs, Branson 480 Care of the herd after vaccination, Burcham 480 Spreading disease among coyotes, Cromwell 480 Tuberculosis in poultry, Higgins 480 Blackhead in turkeys (enterohepatitis), Higgins 481 Lice and mites: Life history and extermination, Whitaker 481 RURAL ENGINEERING. River and canal engineering, Bellasis 481 Investigations of laud settlement and in-igation development in America, Mead . 481 An economic phase of irrigation, Paul - - - 481 Irrigation and cooperative irrigation societies in Ilocos Norte, Cluistie 481 Irrigation and canal building in British India, Jacquerez 481 Concrete lining, Franklin Canal, Rio Grande project, Lawson 481 The reclamation of the Zuider Zee, Figee 481 Cost of installing 35 miles of tile drains in Ohio, Goddard and Tiffany 481 Investigations on drain tile, American Society for Testing Materials 482 Tile investigations, Day 483 Proportioning aggregates for Portland cement concrete, Moyer 484 Specifications for sand for concrete, McCullough 484 [Land clearing], Grisdale 484 CONTENTS. Vn Page. Stump burning to reclaim logged-off lands, Allison 485 Annual report of (ho State highway depailment 485 Additional rules and regulations governing State road work for year 1913 485 Standard culvert designs 485 Some tests on a Diesel engine, Bums 485 A rating chart for centrifugal pumps, Bradford 485 The present status of mecliaiucal cultivation in Europe, Ledeboer 485 Preliminary tests of new dairy machinery, Martiny 486 Distribution of Ihe overhead electrical discharge, Jorgensen and Priestley 486 Farm storages for fruits and vegetables, Smith 486 Geology of Jervois, Buxton, ancl York Counties, with reference to water. Jack. . 486 Lowering of the ground-water table, Cook 486 "Witching" for water and other things, Lovewell 487 Analyses of private water supplies, Barnard, Craven, and Diggs 487 The water supply of farm homesteads, Shutt 487 Illuminating power of kerosenes, Kunerth 487 RURAL ECONOMICS. What the farm contributes directly to the farmer's living, Funk 487 The work of rural organization. Carver 488 Unifying rural community interests, edited by Israel 488 Bibliography of rural sociology 488 Proceedings of the seventeenth conference for education in the South 488 Syllabus of home-county club studies 488 Cooperative institiitions among the farmers of Catawba County 489 Influence of social position of members of cooperative societies, Zimmer 489 Cooperative credit 489 Newark Horsekeepers' Insurance Company, Limited 489 Economic history [of agriculture] in Russia, Mavor 489 The agricultural labor conditions in Russia, Blank 489 Slavs on southern farms, Hodges 489 The agrarian re\ olution in Georgia, 1865-1912, Brooks 489 Penal farms and farm colonies 490 [Statistical record of agricultural progress in the United States] 490 Field agent's handbook of agricultural statistics 490 The agricultural outlook 490 Range of prices for butter and eggs in the Chicago market 490 Wholesale prices, Canada, 1913, Coats T 490 [Management of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada] 490 Occupations and industries 491 Statistical abstract for the British Empire in each year from 1898-1912 491 Statistical abstract for foreign countries, 1901-1912 491 Statistics of harvest in Austria, 1913 491 Agricultural statistics of Italy 491 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The training of women in the state colleges, MacDonald 491 Teachers' extension schools, Bricker 492 Agriculture in the high school and community service, Works 492 Rural schools linked up with home and farm, McDonald 492 Agriculture in the Idaho Falls high school , Crandall 492 Boys' and girls' demonstration work in the Southern States, Martin 492 School gardens 492 Gardening in public schools, Williams 492 The Portland school gardens, Evans, jr 492 [Instruction in agriculture and home economics in Alaska] 492 The folk high schools of Denmark, Friend 492 The Danish folk high schools, Foght 493 Agricultural education in the State of Victoria, Australia, Haudley 493 [Nature study and elementary agriculture for the New York public schools]. . . 493 Nature study and agriculture course for schools of New Brunswick, Steeves 493 Agricultural education 493 [Agricultural instruction for the teachers of Porto Rico] 493 The natural history of the farm, Needham 493 VIII CONTENTS. Page. A suggestive outline for work in the study of soils, Atherton 404 Dry farming in Oregon, Scuddor 494 Demonstration work for agricultural high schools. West 494 Corn, Abbey 494 The home vegetable garden 494 Transplanting, Neal 494 Fall work with apples. Abbey 494 Farm animals. Hunt and Burkett 494 Horses 494 How to teach a lesson on the dairy cow, Bricker 494 Principles of bookkeeping and farm accounts, Bexell and Nichols 494 The choice of subject matter in a laboratory course in foods, Williams 494 Home economics in village and rural schools, Brown 495 Domestic economy in the schools 495 [A course designed for instruction in food and cookery]. Spring 495 The busy housewife, Steimann 495 [Home economics instruction], Frayser 495 School gardens, Steeves 495 School and home gardening for use in primary grades 495 The 1914 corn campaign 495 Arbor Day in California, 1914 495 Arbor Day observance, 1914, Steeves 495 Arbor Day 49G Knapp Agricultural Day program for celebration in the schools 49fi References for use in agri cultural nature-study, Trafton 496 Agricultural extension in the liigh school, Nolan 496 Edgar County country life clubs 496 Report of the women's institutes for the Province of New Brunswick, 19l:{. . . 496 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1913 496 Annual report of the director for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913 496 The uses of the agncultural experiment station, Jenkins 49G Program of work of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1915 496 Federal legislation, etc., affecting agricultural colleges and stations 496 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Alabama rolle2;G Station : Page. Twenty-sixth An. Rpt. IDlo. . 49G Connectifnt State Station: Bui. Inform. 6, Jan., 1915 496 Delaware Station: Bui. 103, May 15, 1914 496 Bui. 104, June 1, 1914 424 Bui. 105, June 1, 1914 410 Bui. 106, Nov., 1914 446 Hawaii Station : Press Bui. 47, Oct. 10, 1914. 439,450 ^rassaohusetts Station : Bui. 156, Oct., 1914 428 Bui. 157, Nov., 1914 451 Alet. Buls. 311-312, Nov.- Dec., MM. 418 New ]\Iexico Station: Bui. 91, June, 1914 467 North Carolina Station: . Circ. 22, Dec, 1914 468 North Dakota Station: Spec. Bui., vol. 3— No. 12, Nov., 1914 456 No. 13, Dec, 1914 456 Circ 2, Nov., 1914 435 Ohio Station: Bui. 270, Feb., 1914 468 Bui. 276, June, 1914 440 Circ. 147, Sept. 15, 1914 481 South Carolina Station: Bui. 178, Oct., 1914 423 (^ii-c 26, Oct., 1914 431 Washington Station: Bui. 115, Oct., 1914 444 Bui. 116, Oct. 3, 1914 409 Popular Bui. 74, Oct., 1914. . . 481 West Virginia Station: Bui. 146, Oct., 1914 416 Stations in the United Slates- Contd. Wisconsin Station: Page. Circ. 52, Nov., 1914 441 Circ. 53, Nov., 1914 469 Circ 54, Nov., 1914 479 Wyoming Station: Bul.^103 468 Bui. 104, 1914 430 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 3, No. 3, Dec, 1914. . . 427, 436, 452, 454, 455, 471 Farmers' Bui. 634, The Larger Corn Stalk-Borer, G. G . Ainslie. . 449 Farmers' Bui. 635, \\Tiat the Farm Contributes Directly to the Farmer's Living, W. C. Funk. . . 487 Farmers' Bui. 636, The Chalcis-fly in Alfalfa Seed, T. D. Urbahns. . 454 Farmers' Bui. 641, The Agricul- tural Outlook. . . . 434, 435^38, 455, 490 Program of Work of the U.S. Dept. Agr., 1915 496 Bureau of Crop Estimates: Field Agent's Handbook of Agricultural Statistics 490 Bureau of Plant Industry: Doc. 1130, Single-stalk Cotton Culture, O. F. Cook 434 Work of Belle Fourche Experi- ment Farm, 1913, B. Aune. . . 430, 434, 440, 469 Principal Poisonous Plants of the Western Stock Banges, C. D. Marsh 474 Oflico of Experiment Stations: Federal Legislation, Regula- tions, and Rulings Affecting Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations 496 IX EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXII. April, 1915. No. 5. The act making appropriations for the support of the Federal De- partment of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, has, like its immediate predecessors, considerably more of interest for tlie genei-al public than as a mere routine measure. As the activities of the Department have been expanded and new functions have been given it to perform, a great institution with over 16,000 employees has been developed which, in its various phases, touches most inti- mately the daily life of the whole American people. In consequence, the act providing appropriations for the maintenance of such vast enterprises as the federal system of research and demonstration, the weather forecasts, the food and drugs control, the meat inspection, the campaigns against plant and animal pests, and many others has immediate significance as an annual review by Congress of these mani- fold lines of endeavor, and as a renewed expression of its opinion as to the kind and amount of work to be undertaken and the details of the organization to carry it on. The latest of these acts, signed by President Wilson March 4^ 1915, in the closing hours of the Sixty-third Congress, carries a total of $22,971,782. The act for the current year appropriated $19,865,832, but if comparison is attempted there should be added to this the sup- plemental grants authorized in the deficiency appropriation act of January 25, 1915, of $2,500,000 for the foot-and-mouth campaign, $35,000 for citrus canker studies, and $349,243 for general expenses of the Forest Service in consequence of the disastrous forest fires of 1914, which increased the total to $22,750,075. This is but $221,707 below the aggregate in the new act. As a matter of fact with a few exceptions, notably the large in- creases for marketing investigations and some additions for inspec- tion and other regulatory work, the existing projects are in the main continued with the same allotment of funds as at present. Likewise, comparatively few new lines have been provided, the policy appar- ently being one of maintenance rather than of further extension at this time. There are, however, many changes as to legislation em- bodied in the act, and a regrouping of a number of the projects under the new plan of departmental organization. 401 402 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. It will be recalled that in the appropriation act for the current fiscal year, the Secretary of Agriculture was directed to prepare a plan " for reorganizing, redirecting, and systematizing the work of the Department of Agriculture as the interests of economical and efficient administration may require." In accordance with this direc- tion, a proposed plan of reorganization was submitted with the es- timates and here approved by Congress, becoming effective July 1. Under the new j^lan sul)stantially the present bureau organization is continued, but various transfers Tvill be made from bureau to bureau. Thus, the various relations of the Department to the state agricultural colleges and experiment stations and similar institutions will be gathered together around the Office of Experiment Stations, which, because of this broader scope, will be known as the States Relations Service. This change involves the transfer to the new bureau of the farm demonstration work and of the farm home man- agement work now conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry, the latter through its Office of Farm Management. It is expected that the demonstration work of the South and of the North and West will be conducted as a new branch of the States Relations Service, wdiile the farm home management work will be associated with the food work of the Office in a proposed division which is expected to cover the broader subject of home economics, including studies of food, clothing, and household equipment and management. On the other hand, the Irrigation and Drainage Investigations of the Office of Ex- periment Stations will be detached from it, and together with the farm architectural work now^ conducted by the Office of Farm Man- agement will be recombined with the Office of Public Roads to form the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering. Specific provision is made for an Office of Markets and Rural Or- ganization under that name, which will carry on the existing lines of work in studies on cooperative handling ami marketing of agricul- tural products, transportation and storage problems, rural credits and insurance, and other forms of cooperation in rural communities. The new office will also take over the farm credit and insurance in- quiries of the Office of Farm Management, the cotton standardiza- tion w^ork with the exception of certain technological investigations from the Bureau of Plant Industry, and studies on the marketing of milk from the Bureau of Animal Industry : and will cooperate with the Bureau of Animal Industr}^ and the Bureau of Chemistry in the poultry and egg work of the Department. The total appropriation for these purposes has been increased to $409,050. In addition, $75,000 is granted to enable the Secretary to carry out the provisions of the United States Cotton Futures Act of August 18, 1914, this supplementing the appropriation of $150,000 carried in the act itself and available until expended for designating EDITORIAL. 403 the bona fide spot markets contemplated by the act, prescribing rules nnd regulations as to contracts in " future sales " of cotton exempt from tax, and settling- differences as to quality, grade, or length of staple, establishing standards, and publishing results. The studies of the Office of Farm Management pertaining to the utilization of cacti and other dry-land plants and to weed eradica- tion methods remain in the Bureau of Plant Industry. The office itself becomes a unit of the Office of the Secretary, receiving $36,080 for statutory salaries, $230,000 to investigate and encourage the adop- tion of improved methods of farm management and farm practice, and $5,000 for studies of clearing and utilizing " logged-off " lands. Studies of the biology of insect parasites of animals are henceforth to be condu(*ted by the Bureau of Entomology. Other minor trans- fers include the poisonous plant studies as related to the effects on animals from the Bureau of Plant Industry to the Bureau of Animal Industry; the soil fertility studies from the Bureau of Soils to the Bureau of Plant Industry; and the wood distillation work from the Bureau of Chemistry to the Forest Service. Another change of much importance involved in the reorganization, which may be noted here, has been in gradual process for some time. This is a sharper segregation within the bureaus of the research, the regulatory, and the educational or extension work. The object of this is to make definite provision for discharging the regidatory or control functions of the Department, so that these may not inter- fere with the other activities. This is a step in the right direction, and is in full harmony Avith the organization or division made at many of the experiment stations charged with regulatory functions. The appropriations allotted to the Bureau of Animal Industry aggregate $2,585,536. These are in addition to the permanent appro- priation of $3,000,000 per aimum for meat inspection, and also of an emergenc}^ provision elseAvhere in the act authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to expend $2,500,000 in the arrest and eradication of animal diseases which may threaten the live-stock industry of the country. As compared with the routine appropriations of the bureau at present there is an apparent increase of $265,510, but $235,000 is for the investigation, treatment, and eradication of hog cholera and dourine and the inspection of virus, serums, etc., for which provision was made in 1911 under a special act carrying $600,000, a portion of which will still be available. The appropriation for the cattle tick campaign is increased from $400,000 to $438,800, of which $50,000 is allotted to live stock dem- onstration work in cooperation with the States Kelations Service in areas freed of ticks. The animal husbandry work receives $189,060, this including a reduction of $5,000 in the subappropriation for 404 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. horse breeding, an increase of $10,000 for poultry feeding and breed- ing, and smaller increases for other purposes. The work in dairy- ing receives $254,090. The appropriation for inspection and animal quarantine work is reduced to $007,780, while that for pathological investigations of animal diseases is increased to $85,940 because of the stock-poisoning plant studies transferred from the Bureau of Plant Industry, The supplementary appropriation for meat inspection remains at $375,000. Largely because of the extensive transfers already noted and some reapportionment of funds, the appropriations for the Bureau of Plant Industry show an aggregate decrease from $3,616,045 to $2,- 139,150. The allotment for the control of diseases of forest and or- namental trees and shrubs is apparently reduced from $69,510 to $57,175, and the language is so rewritten as to restrict the work to iuA'estigations for the discovery of new methods of control. The congressional seed distribution is continued on the usual basis with an allotment of $252,540, but the funds for the distribution of new and rare seeds and the improvement of alfalfa, clover, and other forage crops, although combined with the cactus utilization work of the Office of Farm Management, are reduced to $119,920, the amount available for the distribution of drought-resistant field seeds in the dry-land sections being decreased from $100,000 to $60,000. For the foreign seed and plant introduction $70,400 is provided. Among the increases are the following : For the control of diseases of orchard and other fruits, $3,440 to continue the study of citrus canker ; for the control of truck crop diseases, $10,000 for a study of cucumber diseases and the extension of the work on powdery scab of potatoes ; for soil bacteriology and plant nutrition studies, $7,000, additional authority being given to test samples of commercial cul- tures for legume inoculation and the publication of results; and for cereal diseases, $6,600 for the extension of studies of black rust. The appropriations for the Forest Service aggregate $5,553,256, substantially as at present, but there is some rearrangement of funds and considerable new legislation. The bulk of the appropriation is as usual devoted to the protection and maintenance of the individual National Forests. The allotment of $150,000 for forest fire protection is continued, as is also that of $100,000 for cooperation with the States in fire protection under the Appalachian Forest Eeserve Act of 1911, but the appropriation of $100,000 additional for fighting and preventing forest fires in cases of extraordinary emergency has been omitted. Authority, however, is given the Secretary of Agi-i- culture to expend interchangeably for this and other unforeseen exigencies not to exceed 10 per cent of the various funds apportioned to the specific National Forests. The authority previously exercised EDITORIAL. 405 for the use for administrative purposes of not to exceed 15 per cent of all the funds appropriated for general expenses is modified l\y the allotment of specific funds for administi'ation in each of the seven national forest districts and the District of Columbia. The selection and segregation of lands within National Forests that may be opened to entry under the homestead act is to be con- tinued under an appropriation of $100,000, with $85,000 and certain unexpended balances additional for the survey and listing of lands chiefly valuable for agriculture. A new item is inserted of $00,000 for appraising timber and other resources on the National Forests. The wood utilization and preservation studies have been broadened to include tests of foreign Avoods of commercial importance to Ameri- can industries, the appropriation of $140,000 remaining unchanged. Other allotments include $30,000 for range studies, $83,728 for sylvi- cultural and dendrological experiments, $165,640 for reforestation, $400,000 for the construction and maintenance of improvements on National Forests, and $40,160 for miscellaneous studies and the pub- lication of results. In order to promote a Avider public use of the National Forests, authority is giAen for issuing permits under certain conditions for the use, for not exceeding 30 years, of tracts of five acres or less for the construction of summer hotels, cottages, and the like. The use of earth, stone, and timber is granted to the Navy Department and for the construction of government railways and other works in Alaska. There is a decrease from $1,077,581 to $1,066,381 in the appropria- tions of the Bureau of Chemistry, largely because of a reduction in the item for poultry and egg studies, which are made cooperative with the other bureaus. A specific appropriation of $10,000 is made for the study and improvement of methods of utilizing by-products of citrus fruits, while to the item for biological investigations of foods and drug products and ingredients has been added authority for studies of the effects of such products on the human organism. The Secretary is authorized to furnish samples of pure sugars, naval stores, microscopical specimens,, and other products to state and municipal officers, educational institutions, and others at cost. The allotment for the enforcement of the food and drugs act is $635,161. There is also $4,280 for tests of American food exports, but hereafter exporters desiring analyses must pay the cost of inspection. The Bureau of Biological Survey receives an increase from $281,- 290 to $446,290. Its appropriation for studies of the food habits of birds and mammals and other biological investigations was more than doubled, not less than $125,000 being specifically allotted for destroy- ing wolves, coyotes, and other injurious animals on National Forests 406 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and the public domain. The remaining allotments are substantially as at present. Under the plan of organization already described, the States Re- lations Service is established with an initial appropriation of $2,821,840. This exceeds by $891, OGO the present appropriation for the Office of Experiment Stations, and is the largest allotment for any bureau except the Forest Service. This appropriation does not include the grants to the States under the Smith-Lever Act, which for the ensuing year may reach $1,080,000, but as usual contains $1,440,000 to be paid to the state experiment stations under the PTatch and Adams acts. Authority is granted the Secretary of Agri- culture to coordinate the work of the Department and the state agri- cultural colleges and experiment stations under these three acts, with an appropriation of $59,500 for their enforcement, of which $20,100 may be used for general administrative expenses of the States Re- lations Service as a whole. The farmers' cooperative demonstration work of the Department is continued without change in appro- priations, $66G,020 being allotted to the work in the cotton belt and $386,080 for the remainder of the country. The States Relations Service also has at its disposal $103,140 for statutory salaries, $20,600 for the Agricultural Education Service, and $26,500 for the studies of the utilization of agricultural products for food, clothiijg, and other uses in the home. The ap])ropriation of $120,000 for the insular stations is also continued, but their revenues, particularly that of the Alaska stations, will be somewhat reduced through the omission of the provision carried for many years allowing them to utilize the funds derived from the sales of farm products, as at the state experiment stations. Formal provision was made for continuing the card index of agricultural literature under the new^ plan of organization, and the annual report on the work and expenditures of the stations was enlarged to include a similar report on the work under the Smith-Lever Act. The appropriation for the Office of Public Roads and Rural En- gineering aggregates $586,465. No increases are made in any of the allotments, $75,960 being granted for statutory salaries, $282,420 for the work with roads, $106,400 for irrigation investigations, $96,280 for drainage investigations, $12,805 for studies of farm water sup- plies and drainage disposal, the construction of farm buildings, and other rural engineering problems, and $12,600 for general adminis- trative expenses. The paragraphs pertaining to irrigation and drain- age Avere rewritten to confine these lines more closely to farm prob- lems, but the Department is given increased authority as regards the study of rural engineering problems in general. EDITORIAL. 407 The work of the reiiiiiining biireiius is continued on substantially the present basis, both as to funds and lines of work. The Weather Bureau is gi'anted $1,666,050; the Bureau of Soils, $327,935; the Bureau of Entomology, $820,000; and the Bureau of Crop Estimates, $283,480. The Oflice of the Secretary receives in addition to the allotments for the Office of Farm Management already noted, $352,040; the Division of Accounts and Disbursements, $44,920; the Division of Publications, $103,500; and the Library, $46,020. An increase of $5,000 is granted for rent, chiefly to meet the need for additional quarters, and $5,000 for miscellaneous expenses. Appended to the appropriations for the several bureaus are as usual a number of items without specific assignment. Among those not already discussed is $100,000 for the enforcement of the insecticide act, an increase of $5,000 being requested because of the constantly growing number and quantity of insecticides and fungicides. The present appropriation of $50,000 for the enforcement of the Plant Quarantine Act is continued, and the supplementary grant of $50,000 for cooperation with States quarantined against the interstate movement of Irish potatoes is increased to $100,000, of which $25,000 is immediately available. The act is also amended as regards inter- state shipments by mail into States maintaining a system of terminal inspection of plant products, by requiring under certain conditions the labeling of packages of plants and plant products and their trans- mission to central points for inspection. The appropriation of $60,000 for demonstration work in live-stock production in the cane sugar and cotton districts is continued and authority is given to spend not to exceed $7,500 of the current year's funds for the erection of barns and other buildings. The Secretary is also given further authority to dispose of animals or animal prod- ucts no longer needed, and is again granted $5,000 for studies of naval stores. The special appropriation of $40,000 for demonstrations on recla- mation projects with a view to their agricultural development is also continued, and so is an appropriation of $20,000 for an exhibit at the next annual International Dry Farming Congress. The President is authorized to extend invitations to other nations to participate in this congress, which is expected to be held in Denver, Colorado, Sep- tember 27 to October 8, 1015. Provision is made for the acquisition of a small tract in Oklahoma for use as a dry farming or subhumid station. For exchange of lands or indemnity rights for the State of Washington, $50,000 is granted, this to be duplicated by the State. The allotment of $2,500,000 for use in emergencies, such as the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic, has already been referretl to. This 84079°— No. 5—15 2 408 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, fund is to be availaljle among other purposes, for the payment, in co- operation witk the States, of chiims growing out of either past or future purchases and destruction of animals or materials irrespective of ownership provided all (juarantine regulations have been com- plied with. Specific authority is given the Secretary of Agriculture to pay not more than cmc-half the exj)enses incurred in quarantine of the animals exhibited at the National Dairy Show in 1014, the total expense under this item being, restricted to not over one-half of the beef or dairy value of such animals. Much interest was manifested by Congress in the sui)ject of rural credits, and a joint congressional committee was authorized to inves- tigate and report by January 1, lOlG, a bill or bills providing for " the establishment of a system of rural credits adapted to American needs and conditions." An appropriation of $10,000 was granted for the use of the committee. In connection with the appropriations included in the act itself, reference should also be made to the funds derived in other ways. For the fiscal year under discussion, the permanent appropriations under the Department will aggregate over $5,000,000, the largest items being those of $3,000,000 for meat inspection and $1,080,000 under the Smith-Lever Act, the remainder being almost wholly for payments to the States of their quota of the receipts from the Na- tional Forests and other forestry purposes. The appropriation act for sundry civil expenses as usual carries the appropriation for the department printing and binding, $500,000 being allotted as at pres- ent, of which $137,500 is for Farmers' Bulletins and $47,000 for the Weather Bureau. Nor are the federal appropriations for agricultural purposes con- fined to the Department of Agriculture. The usual large appropria- tions will be available for agricultural education in the land-grant colleges under the Morrill and Nelson acts, for the rural education work of the Bureau of Education, demonstration work among the Indians, and the payment of the country's quota toward the support of the International Institute of Agriculture, and aid is also given through participation in such enterprises as the forthcoming Pan- American Scientific Congress, a notice of which is given elsewhere. The continuance of the various lines of work under way in the Department is thus provided for to much the same extent as at present. The acceptance of its plan of reorganization, by authoriz- ing a regrouping of its activities along more logical lines, is of spe- cial interest and importance. The changes contemplated should tend to increase its efficiency, and together with the enlarged facilities in some directions enable it to cope more effectively than ever before with the complex problems with which it is being called upon to deal. RHCENT WORK IN AGRICUIJURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. The quantitative determinations of mono-, di-, and tricalciuni phosphates and their application, G. A. Olson {Was/iinf/ion >St(i. Bid. IIG {t!ll/f), pp. IS). — A critical discussion of the metliods iu use for determining the value of ferti- lizers as regards the pliosphoric acid available to the plant. The author believes that all chemical tests of phosphate fertilizers should be limited to the determination of total phosphoric acid and that which is not precipitated with an alkaline solution such as ammonium hydroxid. As am- monium citrate acts upon tricalciuni phosi)liate as well as dicalcium phosphate the method in use for determining phosi)horic acid at the present day is deemed emjurical. " Substances soluble in ammonium citrate are not necessarily mono- and di- calcium phosphate, but also tricalcium, iron, and aluminum phosphates. Am- monium citrate-soluble is not a measure of the phosphoric acid contained in a fertilizer available for plants. If it is desirable to estimate the mono-, di-, and tricalcium phosphates, this can be done in a scientific manner by dissolving the substance in nitric acid and precipitating the solution with ammonium hydroxid. For the monocalcium phosphate two-thirds of the phosphoric acid will be present in the filtrate, and for the dicalcium phosphate one-third the pliosi)horic acid will be i)resent in the filtrate. Upon these bases the three forms of calcium phosphate can be differentiated and determined quantitatively in the presence of each other. "The ammonium hydroxid method is applicable for the testing of the purity of phosphate chemicals. It can also be applied to differentiate between the different forms of phosphoric acid that may be present iu soiLs, plant, and animal tissue. Indirectly, by adding the equivalent of a base with calcium the different forms of phosphate salts can be determined. In soil mono- and di- calcium phosphates tend to react, forming tricalcium phosphate. There is then nothing to be gained by applying either superphosphate or reverted phos- phoric acid to soil." A comparison of neutral ammonium citrate with sodium citrate and tenth- normal citric acid, P. Rudnick, W. B. Derby, and W. L. Latshaw {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 6 (1914), No. 6, pp. 486, //8?).— The figures for phos- phoric acid obtained with a sample of acid phosphate by treatment with sodium citrate solution of the concentration described by Bosworth (E. S. II., 31, p. 714) were much higher than those yielded by the neutral ammonium citrate solution., When, however, the concentration was Increa.sed the results compared more favorably with those with neutral ammonium citrate. " The disadvantages of working with heavy solutions suggested the possibility of using a citric acid solution of suitable concentration as a substitute. After trying various strengths ranging from 2 per cent, as used for l)asic slag analyses, downward, it was found that a tenth-normal solution of citric acid gave results approximating quite closely to tho.se obtained with neutral ammonitnn citrate." The substances studied in addition to the acid phosphate mentionei^l above were tankage, raw bone meal, and complete fertilizer. Tenth-normal citric 409 410 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. acid is, according to tlie author, entitled to consideration "as a promising sub- stitute for neutral aumioniuni citrate solution, as it not only gives results sub- stantially identical with those obtained with the present official reagent for determining insoluble phosphoric acid, but has, moreover, at least two important advantages over ammonium citrate. Tenth-normal citric acid is much more easily prepai'ed and standardized than neutral ammonium citrate solution. Extraction with tenth-normal citric acid is as easy and rapid as with hot water, the time of filtration, particularly in bone, tankage, and complete fertilizers, being cut down to a veiy few minutes." The composition of lime-sulphur solutions, F. Thompson and A. C. Whit- TiEB {Dcluicarc Uta. Bui. 105 (I'JJ.'f), pp. 3-.iO, figs. 2). — In most work hitherto published on the composition of lime-sulphur solutions the methods employed were based on the assumption that only thiosulphate and polysulphids of calcium are present in these solutions, with possible traces of sulphite and sulphate. " Lime-sulphur solutions consist principally of pentasulphid and thiosulphate of calcium, but may contain hydrosulphids, oxysulphids, free sulphur in solu- tion, and free lime, depending upon the method used in making tliem. Calcium pentasul])hid is the only true polysulphid present. When the ratio of lime to sulphur is 1:2.25, the preparation consists of pure calcium pentasulphid and calcium thiosulphate, the reaction being expressed by the equation, 3Ca(OH)2+ 12S=CaS6+CaS203+oH:;0. When the proportion of lime used is greater than that expressed by the ratio 1 : 2.25, oxysulphids and hydrosulphids are formed and free lime appears in the solution and the ratio of mono- to polysulphid falls below 1 : 5. When the proportion of sulphur used is greater than that expressed by the ratio 1 : 2.25, free sulphur is found in the solution and the ratio of mono- to polysulphid sulphur increases above 1 : 5. " On long-continued boiling lime-sulphur solutions decompose completely with the formation of hydrogen sulphid, calcium sulphite, free sulphur, and calcium thiosulphate. On oxidation in the air at ordinaiy temperatures lime-sulphur solutions are completely decomposed with the formation of calcium thiosulphate and free sulphur, no sulphite and very little hydrogen sulphid being formed. The presence of magnesia is without effect in the making of lime-sulphur solu- tions excepting as a diluent of the lime. Self-boiled lime-sulphur solutions differ from the concentrated preparations in containing large quantities of free lime in solution. Injury to foliage when used as a summer spray is decreased by the presence of free lime in solution. Lime-sulphur solutions never contain sulphites in solution." The occurrence of raethyl alcohol in corn silage, E. B. Hakt and A. R. Lamb {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 36 {WW, A'o. 10, pp. 2114-2118).— In this w'ork normal silage was found to contain small amounts of methyl alcohol. A number of tests were made of the distillates from several samples of silage, the tests being first standardized by using various known mixtures of alcohol. The hypothesis is advanced that at least a part of the methyl alcohol is formed through the agency of micro-organisms acting on glycin. The work thus far with water cultures and experimental silage has given results which supports this hypothesis. See also previous notes (E. S. E., 28, pp. 109, COS, 009). Enzyms present in alfalfa. — Alfalfa investig'ation, V, C. A. Jacobson and A. Holmes {Jour. Amcr. CItcm. .S'oc, 36 {Wl-'t), No. 10, pp. 2170-2182) .—This is a continuation of investigations reporteil previously (E. S. R., 28, p. 710). "The present investigation was designed to cover the more common enzyms eucoimtered in vegetable juices and extracts, but no attempt has been made to isolate the different ones from their media, nor to study them in minute detail. AGEICULTUBAL CHEMISTRY AGBOTECHNY. 411 Their presence in tlie water extracts of tlie driod and fresh alfalfa stems and leaves, as well as in the alfalfa roots, has been determined qualitatively and in some instances with reference to the approximate amount. The following table sets forth the results obtained in the present investigation, together with those obtained on alfalfa seeds. The presence of the euzym is denoted by + ;iml tlie absence by — . The (s) after the sign denotes in small amount, and the (!) in considerable or large anmunt. Enzyms present in alfaljn. Kind ofenzjTH. Lipase Amylase Coagulase Emulsin Invertase Peroxidase Maltase Lactase Pectinase Protease (peptonizing) Protease (peptolytic) . Dried plants. +(s) + 0) + + (s) + (1) + Frcsli plants. +(s) +(s) + + 0) +(s) + + (1) + Fresh roots. + (s) + + (s) + +(1) Seeds. + " The diastatic power of the water extract of the dried plants was determined and found to be approximately 20. A slight alkalinity favors the action of the protease on casein, whereas an acid solution above that si)ontaneously produced in the extract retards or inhibits this action. No digestion of egg albumin could be detected by the proteases in any part of the plant, but this substance invariably retards the action of the enzym on casein. It was also found that the inhibiting influence of egg albumin on the casein digestion was propor- tional to the time of action and not to the temperature. " It 19 hoped that a more detailed investigation of individual members of the alfalfa enzyms can be undertaken in the near future," Ferments in the mammary gland and milk, W. Grimmer {Bioehcm. Ztschr., r,3 {1913), No. 6, pp. 429-47S).—The object of this work was to determine whether the enzyms usually found in milk are also present in the lactating mammary glands, and furthermore to establisli whether any difference exists between an active and a nonhictating gland. In the investigations the mam- mary glands of the bovine, sheep, pig, and horse were studied. The glandular extracts, made with solutions of sodium clilorid by autodigestion and tissue paste, were examined for protease, ereptase, monobutyrinase, amylase, salolase, and peroxidase. The glycerol extracts were tested for aldehydase, reductase, and hydrogenase. A portion of the results have already been noted (E. S. R., 23. p. 2S5). Botli the resting and the active glands contain proteolytic ferments (pro- tease), whicli apparently digest only tlie proteins of the mammary gland and not fibrin, gelatin, or fowl egg albumin. The cleavage products recognized were glycocoll, leucin, and some other substances belonging to the amino acid groups which could not be identified. The proteolytic ferments of the active and rest- ing glands of the various animals differentiated themselves by the fact that the iuitolysate of the active gland contains ferments which yield tryptophan. This finding is considered of importance in explaining some of the factors which relate to the formation of casein, and may be interpreted in the light of Abder- halden's findings. The press juices, saline extracts, and autolysates of lactating and nonlactat- ing glands cleave silk peptones and yield tyrosin. The active and inactive 412 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. glands of all animals also contain a monobutyi-in and a salol-cleaving euzym. Starcli digesting enzyuis are present in the resting and active glands of the horse and pig, in the active gland of the sheep, and in tlie resting gland of tlie bovine. In the active gland of the bovine amylase was present to only a very slight extent. Peroxidase (guaiac) was present only in the lactating g]and.s and this enzym is apparently not identical with the paraphenylendiamin oxidase. About some peroxidase reactions of milk, T. Jona (Arch. Farnmcol. Sper. e. Sci. Aff., 15 (1913), No. 3, pp. 122-130; ahs. in Chem. Zcntbl., 1913, I, No. 20, pp. 1790-1792). — In this investigation both raw and boiled milk were used and to each various preservatives were added to determine their influence upon the outcome of the peroxidase reaction. The effect of temperature upon the peroxi- dase reaction was also studied. The antisei)tics studied were borax 1 per cent, boric acid 1, salicylic acid 0.2, benzoic 0.2, sodium bicarbonate 1, mercuric chloi'id 0.1, a solution of phenol in alcohol, and ammoniacal copper sulphate solution 0.45 per cent. Preservatives when present destroyed the peroxidase reaction much quiclier than when milk was heated without them. A strong inhibition, however, was noted with salicylic acid and mercuric clilorid. The peroxidase reaction on the one hand and the acidity of the milk on the other hand may aid in determining the age of a milk, but tlie conclusions drawn on the basis of the peroxidase reaction alone must be considered as final. The addition of acids to milk has various effects on the outcome of the reaction. Acetic, citric, and tartaric acids destroy the reaction with paraphenylendiamin, while the guaiacol test is not influenced even when large amounts of the acids are present. Oxalic, nitric, hydrochloric, and sulphuric acids affect both reactions markedly. Peroxidase was not fixed by ordinary substances which liberate active oxygen, but more tests are necessary to clear up this point. Hematin solution (Gaucher test) was decolorized in 6 minutes by boiled milk, but an addition of 20 per cent of raw milk did not decolorize within 25 minutes and 40 per cent of raw milk produced no decoloration whatever. A raw milk containing 0.2 per cent of neutral formaldehyde (38 per cent solution) or hydrogen sulphid decolorized hematin instantly. The same milk, when boiled and after adding 1 per cent hydrogen peroxid, showed an incomplete decoloration within 20 minutes. Potassium bichromate (1 per cent solution) and mercuric chlorid (0.3 per cent) also hinder the reaction. The freezing point and chemical composition of the milk from a model farm in 1911 and 1912, J. Schroder (Rct\ Min. Indus. Vntguan, 2 (1914), No. S, pp. 63-67). — This is a study of the milk from four Holstein cows taken at various seasons of the year. The determinations made were specific gravity, fat, ash, total solids, total solids-not-fat, and freezing point. The freezing point depression varied from 0.54 to 0.50, with an average of 0.547 per cent. The average density of the milk for the expei-imental period was 1.030S at 15° C, the fat content 3.34 per cent, ash 0.71, and total solids 11.81. The freezing point was depressed by the addition of water to the milk. Analyses were also made of the mixed (composite) milk from the same dairy. The freezing-point of milk, J. B. Henderson and L. A. Meston (Chcm. News, 110 (191 J,), Nos. 2S70, pp. 259-261; 2S71, p. 275; 2872, pp. 2S3, 2S4, fig. 1). — It is reported that results from 63 samples of milks obtaineor cent lower than by the freezin^'-point. The freezing-point of milk as a standard for the detection of watering is discussed and the method of application describetl. Determination of the amount of water added to milk based on the degree of acidity, V. Gero (Kiserlet. Kozlem., IG (1913), No. 5, pp. 663, 66ft; o&s. in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [RomG'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (lOUf), No. 1, pp. 125, 126). — In using the acidity determination as an index for the freshness of a milk it was noted that the acidity of a wateretl milk was far below that of a pure milk. In Hungary the acidity of milks collected in the open market ranged between 17 and 22° (Thorner's method) while milks adul- terated with water showed lower than 15° and in some cases as low as 10°. A rapid method for determining the percentage of casein in milk, W. O. Walker {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 2, pp. 131-133; abs. in N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 37 (19U), No. 26, pp. 1154, 1155).— A discussion of the principles underlying and the value of the test previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 114). The average difference between 63 determinations as compared with the Hart centrifugal method ^E. S. R., 20, p. 12) was 0.03+ I>er cent. The estimation and significance of the ammonia content of milk, J. Till- MANs. A. Splittgerber, and H. Riffart (Ztschr. Unterstich. Nahr. u. Oenussmtl., 27 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 59-76). — For the determination of the ammonia content of milk it is advisable first to remove the greatest part of the proteins with either a mercux'ic chlorid-hydrochloric acid solution or with lead subacetate in a sodium phosphate solution. The lead subacetate serum is treated with magne- sium chlorid and sodium phosphate and the ammonia pi'ecipitated as magne- sium ammonia phosphate. The precipitate is placed, filter paper and all, in a flask and distilled with magnesium oxid at atmospheric pressure. The method gives results which are comparable with those obtained by the vacuum method, which is cumbersome. Fresh milk contained from 3 to 4 mg. of ammonia per liter. The ammonia increases with the age of the milk and by boiling the milk at atmospheric pressure. Under experimental conditions, cows' feces when added to milk did not increase the ammonia content at once, but did several days later. The deter- mination of the ammonia content of milk is deemed of no value for detecting added water, but is a far better criterion for detecting bacterial contamination than either the methylene blue test, the degree of acidity, or the alcohol test, and is also valuable for judging milk destined for infant feeding. The Neusal butyrometric method, E. Reggiani {Mod. Zooiatro, Parte ^cL, No. 1 {1914), pp. 9-21). — A study of the method with normal, sterilized, boiled, watered, and skim milk, and milk preserved with hydrogen peroxid, lime water, salicylic acid, bichromate of potash, formaldehyde, boric acid, and sodium bi- carbonate. As a rule the results obtained were slightly higher than those given with the usual acid butyrometric method, with the exception of the milk preserved with formaldehyde and the milk boiled for ten minutes w^here the results are lower. An apparatus and method for determining the hardness of butter fat, A. E. Perkins {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 136-141, figs. 4)-— A description of an apparatus and method which is said to give more accurate results than methods ])reviously described. With the method it is necessary to stir the sample while cooling to prevent the separation of zones of different hardness. Temperature was found to have a very marked effect on the hard- ness of the fat. and it is recommended that in testing for hardness the sample be kept at a constant temperature for six hours or more before heating. 414 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. " Tlie temperature to which the fat had previously been subjected seemed to make no difference in the hardness provided the samples were treated as described. The determinations can be made with great rapidity after the samples are proi)erly prepared. More closely agreeing duplicate determina- tions are procurable with this method in examining manufactured butter than in examining the rendered fat. The results obtained, however, are likely to be very greatly affected by variations in the method of preparing the butter; they probably will not truly reiiresont the pro])('rties of the fat itself. ■ " The apparatus with slight modifications should be useful for other work of a similar nature." Estimation of sucrose in the presence of lactose and in th,e milk prepara- tions, J. N. Rakshit {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 {WUi), No. Jf, pp. 307 SOS). — In the analyses of several cans of condensed milk it was observed that boiling for 40 minutes with citric acid solution was not sufficient for inversion, and a method is suggested which is simple and which suffices for all ])ractlcal purposes. It consists of determining the ]jercentage of lactose by titi-ation with Fehling's solution. "Then a measured quantity of Fehling's solution is boiled with a calculated quantity of sugar solution so that all the copper may be thrown out of solution with the simultaneous consequent decom- position of all lactose, when cane sugar alone will be left in solution. This can be readily estimated after the usual inversion and neutralization." Boric acid as a milk preservative and its detection, H. Kuhl {Ztschr. FJehch u. MUvhliyg., 2.'t {1014), No. J//, pp. 329-333).— For detecting very small amounts of boric acid it is necessary to examine the milk ash. Small amounts, however, may be detected by acidifying 50 cc. of the milk with 1 cc. of hydro- chloric acid if boric acid is suspected and 2 cc. of hydrochloric acid if borax is thought to be present. The filtered opalescent serum is then tested with curcuma paper and the paper dried immediately on a watch glass over a water bath. A red coloration indicates boric acid or borax, and if a drop of ammonia is added to the paper it becomes bluish black. As the germicidal action of boric acid is low and the substance is deleterious to human health, the author believes that its use as a preservative should be barred. Comparative investigations on the utilization of the Mai and Rheinberger method for determining the total solids in cheese, H. Weigmann and E. Haglund (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Qcnussmil., 27 (1914), -ZVo. 1-3, pp. 77- 83). — ^The Mai and Rheinberger method gave from 1.84 to 3.7 per cent less mois- ture than did the German official sea sand method. Deferring the time of reading the liquid column in the first-uamed method did not alter the results. In order to determine whether the method has some errors, as in the decompo- sition of the cheese mass, tests were made with fresh acid and rennet curd, etc. The distillate from curd contained besides water decomposition products (ammoniacal), all distillates being strongly alkaline. The method must conse- quently give figures which are too high, and the sea sand method is preferred. A rapid method for determining fat in cheese, Tkichekt (AUgiiucr Monats- schr. Milch w. u. Vieh!:., 2 (191^), No. 1, pp. 13, 14). — In large cheese-selling establishments it is often necessary to have a rapid method for determining the fat content of cheese. For this work the butyrometer previously suggested by the author for determining fat in dried milk and graduated from 0 to 35 may be used. In this method, 2.5 gm. of the cheese is dissolved in a porcelain dish with 8 cc. of sulphuric acid, specific gravity l.G, and after solution the mixture is ])oured into the butyrometer. The dish is then rinsed with 8 cc. more of sul- phuric acid, the washings poured into the butyrometer. 5 cc. of amyl alcohol AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AnROTECIT-NTY. 415 added, the bnlyrouieter stoppered with a rubber, aud ceiitrlfngod for five min- utes. The butyronieter is tlien placed in a water l)alh for five minutes at 60 to 70° C, tlie lieigbt of tlie fat colunm noted, and again oentrifuged for two minutes. The second ceutrifugalization is not absolutely necessary, but is rec- ommended. Tbe method requii'es about 35 minutes for its execution. A synthetic medium for the determination of colon bacilli in ice cream, S. H. Ayers and W. T. Johnson, ju. {Abs. in Seience, n. ser., 30 {191J/), No. 1013), pp. 802, 803). — In a study of bacteria in ice cream an attempt was made to prepare a synthetic medium for the detection of colon bacilli. "During the experiments 53 difCereut combinations were tried. The most satisfactory nie- (lium was made as follows: Agar, 1.5 per cent, asparagin 0.3 ])er cent, sodium dibasic phosphate 0.1 i)er cent, lactose 1 per cent, and 2 per cent of a saturated solution of litmus. The majority of the bacteria in ice cream did not grow on this medium, while colon bacilli showed quite characteristic acid colonies which with a Utile practice could be readily detected." The colon count in 43 samjtles of ice cream was compared witli the estimated number from lactose bile tubes, and in 41 the number determined on the nlates was higher than the estimated number fi'om the tubes. Suspected colon colonies on the asparagin plates from 19 samples were picked off aud inoculated into lactose broth fermentation tubes. From 10 plates all the suspected colonies proved to be gas formers, while in the other 9 plates the percentages ranged from 87.17 to 98.01. " This shows that it is possible to detect quite accurately any colonies of gas-forming bacteria on litnms-lactose- asparagin agar. A comparison of this medium with Eudo meilium showed that the colon count on asparagin agar was much lower than that on the other medium. We found, however, that in some cases at least it was impossible to consider all typical colonies on Endo plates as colon bacilli. Certain strains of liaciUus coli failed to give typical colonies on Endo plates aud acid and peptonizing bacteria gave reactions similar to some of the colon strains. " It is evident that we have no entirely satisfactory method for the determi- nation of colon bacilli, but it is believed that the use of synthetic media may be developed to a point where it will be superior to other methods." The quantitative determination of added sodium chlorid in feeding stuffs, A. Strigel and O. Handschuh {Landw. Vers. Stat., 83 (191.3), No. S-Jj, pp. 309-316).— Tests were conducted with the method (E. S. R., 32, p. 22) on a large variety of feeding stuffs treated with sodium chlorid solutions. In one series of tests the titration was done before filtering ofC the precipitated silver chlorid and in the other after filtering. A sharp end point was obtained by the second method. The use of bacterial nists of flaxseed for determining fiber and vraste of flax stems, E. A. Domraciieva (Zhiir. Opytn. Agron. (Riiss. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 1/f {1913), No. 3, pp. 155-166. figs. 5).— A rure culture of a bacterial rust obtained from flax straw may be used for determining crude fiber and similar substances in flax stems. The culture is first isolated from an infusion of flax straw and then further propagated under anaerobic conditions on potato overspread with chalk. The test is made in a tall glass cylinder of o cm. diam- eter provided with a cork holding two glass tubes, one of which drops to the bottom of the cylinder, while the other is short. The flax stems are placed in the bottom of the cylinder and covered with boiling water. After a few minutes tbe water is poured off and replaced by fresh water, the long tube is connected with a steam generator, and the mass is sterilized for from 15 to 20 minutes with steam. The flax stems are then infected with the pure cultures of rust 416 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. bacteria and the cylinder with its contents is kept in a warm place until the flax residue sinks to the bottom. This indicates that the fermentation is over. Standard specifications for the purity of raw linseed oil from North American seed {Jour. Indus, and Enyln. Chcm., 6 (11)14), No. 2, p. IG.'t). — The American Society for Testing Materials has issued a compilation of the reports of the commiUec on preservative coatings for structural materials, from 1903 to 19i;>. Specifications for the purity of raw linseed oil from North American seed have been adopted, and raw linseed oil from North American seed must conform to the following requirements: Specific gravity at 15.5° C, 0.936 to 0.932, or at 25° 0.931 to 0.927; acid number 6; saponification number 195 to 189; unsaponifiable matter 1.5 per cent; refractive index at 25° 1.4805 to 1.479; and iodin number (Ilanus) 178. Methods of lesting are e and apple juice. From the investigations it appears that pressure destroys the organisms largely responsible for the spoilage of sweet rii>e fruits. In the case of grape juice a pressure of 100.000 lbs. for 10 minutes stopped fermentation. " Two samples inoculated with yeast were examinetl at the Boston Biochemical Lab- oratory as follows: An old sample fermenting rapidly when subjected to 75,000 lbs. for 30 minutes; a fresh sample receiving 25.000 lbs. for 16 hours. In each case an extended series of inoculation tests gave negative results. Inoculated with yeast after standing several years, the compressed samples fermented rapidly." A pressure of 30,000 lbs. came to be regarded as the lowest that would prob- ably be worth applying in practice. Apple juice subjected to 60,000 to 80.000 lbs. for 30 minutes did not later develop gas and remained sweet. Two one-month-old samples were examined and found sterile. Apple juice kept for five years, after being subjected to a pressure of from 90.000 to 120.0(X) lbs., remained good and had an excellent odor and taste. Peaches and pears exposed to pressures of 60.000 lbs. for 30 minutes never spoiled, and samples kept for five years were in good condition. Plums also kept very well. Raspberries and blackberries usually underwent fermenta- tion, and the samples which remained good were not always those subjected to a high pressure. METEOEOLOOY. 417 With tomatoes conditions were worse than with berries. "Only three stuuples lire Iciiown to have been sterilized at ordinary leniporatures, and they received. 1()0,()()0 lbs. for 00 minutes on seven successive days. Of 30 samples subjected to 28,000 to 4r),0CH) lbs. at 50 to 70° C. for from 30 minutes to 24 hours, all but five siwiled. These had received 40,000 lbs. at 70° for 60 minutes; 45,000 lbs. at 65° for 120 minutes; 40,000 lbs. at 65° for IGO minutes; 40,000 lbs. at 65° for ISO minutes ; and 32.000 lbs. at 60° for 24 hours. Other samples receiving higher pressures for longer periods spoiled. There was nothing regular in the work with tomatoes." Samples of vegetables treated spoiled. Compressed samples did not spoil as quickly as the check samples, however, but the decomposition was quite as offensive. Experiments were also made with pure cultures of micro-organisms for the purpose of determining the following points: "(1) "Whether or not a certain organism could be killed by such pressures as we could safely and easily apply; (2) the time pressure death point curve, that is, the relation between amount of jiressure and length of time it is applied; (3) the effect of high and low temperatures on death point curve; (4) the effect of reaction of the media on death point curve." The organisms used were BaoiUus prodigiofius, B. fluores- ccns liqucfatiens, B. lactis acrogcncs, ^ircptoeoccus lacticus, B. suhtilis, Sae- charomyces cererisiw, 8. albicans, B. tyi)hosns, and B. diphtheria;. While quite a few apparently contradictory results were obtained in the work, further investigation might eliminate nearly all of the contradictions. All of the results given are based on the ability of the micro-organisms to rejtroduce themselves. The value of the pressure method for the sterilization of culture media is pointed out. The technique and the apparatus employed in the tests are discussed in detail. The coagulation of albumin by pressure, P. W. Bridgman (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 1!) {I'Jl'i). yo. .'/. pp. 511, 512). — It was found that white of egg subjected to hydrostatic pressure of 5,000 atmospheres (75,000 lbs. per square inch) at 20° C. for 30 minutes becomes somewhat stiffened. At a little higher pressure, " 6.000 atinosi>heres for 30 minutes produced a coagulation in ai>ioearance like curdled milk ; while 7,000 for 30 minutes resulted in appai-ently complete coagulation, the white being capable of standing under its own weight. If the duration of the in-essure of 5.000 was increased to one hour, the coagulation was only slightly increased in amount. Three thousand atmospheres applied for 16 hours produced a barely perceptible thickening of the white. The effect of tempera- ture, which is not large, seems to be such that the ease of coagulation increases at low temperatures, contrary to what one might expect. Six thousand atmos- pheres applied at 0° for one hour produced a somewhat greater stiffening than would have been produced at 20°. Pressures considerably higher than 7,000 did not alter the effect." The experiment was also tried with a pressure of 12.000 atmosi)heres for 20 minutes, but the resulting product was indistinguishable in appearance from that produced by 7,r)00, although at 20° it was high enough to compel the water to freeze to a modification of ice denser than water. " It is interesting that the coagulated white had not apparently been affected by this freezing." The albumin was inclosed in a nickel-steel case and pressure transmitted to it by mercury. METEOROLOGY. The change in the climate and its cause, R. A. Mabriott (London, 191^, pp. .9.'/, figs. 6). — This treatise predicates ixn-iodic variations in climate and the advance and recession of the polar ice sheet simulttineously in the arctic and 418 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. untarctic regions upon Draysoii'.s theory that the earth lias a second rotation besides the diurnal one, and that this secondary rotation has a cycle of 31,G82 years during which the obliquity of the earth's axis varies from a minimum of 23° 25' 47" to a maximum of 35° 25' 47". According to this theory the earth is " now some 15,450 years removed from the height of the glacial period, when the contrast between summer and winter in temperate latitudes was inconceiv- ably great and only 3S5 years removed from the j)ositiou of minimum obliquity when the contrast between (he seasons will be least.' Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostrandkr and R. E. McLain (Massachusetts Sta. Met. Bills. 311, 312 (UI14), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and causal phenomena during November and December, 1914, are presented. The general character of the weather for November is briefly discussed, and the December bulletin gives a summary for the year. The ]»rincipal data in this summary are as follows : Pressure, reduced to freezing and sea level (inches). — Maximum, 30.78, November 29; minimum, 28.47, March 1; mean, 30.048. Air temperature, in ground shelter (degrees F.). — Maximum, 9G.5, September 22; Minimum, —18.5, December 27. Ilumidity. — Mean dew-point, 36.6; mean relative humidity, 75.8. Precipitation. — Total rainfall or melted snow, 41.83; number of days on which 0.01 in. or more rain or melted snow fell, 118; total snowfall, 56.75 in. Weather. — Total cloudiness recorded by sun thermometer, 2,077 hours, or 47 per cent; number of clear days, 100. Bright sunshine. — Number of hours recorded, 2,377, or 53 per cent. Wind. — Prevailing dii'ection, west-northwest ; total move- ment, 55,455 miles; maximum daily movement, 4SS miles, January 13; minimum daily movement, 1 mile, December 28; maximum pressure per square foot, 30 lbs., March 1, east. Dates of frost. — Last, May 16; first, September 28. Dates of snow. — Last, April 16; first, October 27. Notes on the climate of historical times with a summary of mediaeval weather phenomena, A. Norlind {Lunds Univ. Arsskr., n. ser.. Sect. 1, 10 (WUf), Xo. 1, pp. 55; al}s. in Geogr. Jour., 45 {1915), No. 1, p. 82).— X table containing available data regarding weather conditions in Europe during the period from 709 to 1499 is given with refei-ences to the original records from which the data were obtained. Certain outstanding climatic events, such as the freezing of the Baltic aud Kattegat and the floods on the coast of Friesiau Germany, receive particular attention. A detailed comparison is made of the winter and summer weather for each year for which there ax"e data, between 1121 and 1310, and a chart based on ten-year averages of the succession of severe winters and moist cool summers is given. It is shown, in general, that the summer was usually cold and wet when the winter was mild. A certain periodicity with winter maxima at intervals of 25, 45. 50, and 35 ( ?) years is also indicated. While the data are considered iusuffioient to demonstrate the fact, the author is inclined to believe that the winter was formerly colder than at present, though to an insignificant extent. In general, the weather appears to have been practically uniform throughout the historic period; at least that there have been nothing more than very slight changes from the existing conditions. [Meteorological observations in Canada], J. II. Grisdale et al. (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. WIS, pp. 3, .',, 16-19, 72, 76, SI, S2, S5, 88, 91, 92, 95. 103, lOJ,. 113. 131. 13.',. 137, 160, 161. 175-177. 187. 190, 191. 2/S).— Brief summaries are given of weather conditions aud of observations mtiiuly ou temperature and SOILS FERTILIZERS. 419 ]ir('ripit;ilinn (hiring i'.M'2 .niKl a portion of l!li;> al tli(> varions siihslations in (UnVreiit parts of Canada. [Weather conditions in the British Isles in 1914] (Nature [London], D/f {1915), No. 2359, pp. 53S, 539). — This is a brief note on a summary of weather conditions issued by the British Meteorolojrical Office. It sliows that there was au excess of temperatui'o during tlie year in all parts of tlie Rritisli Isles, tills excess being greatest in east and northeast England and in tlie midland coun- ties. The highest temperature (90° F.) occurred in southeast England; tlie lowest (7°) in the east of Scotland. The rainfall was largest (49.31 in.) in the north of Scotland; and least (24.82 in.) in the northeast of England. The only districts with an appreciable deficiency of rainfall were the west and north of Scotland, 91 to 94 per cent of the average respectively. The greatest excess over the average was in southeast England. The distribution of rainy days was substantially normal. There was a slight excess of sunshine in the eastern districts, but about the average amount in the western districts. Meteorolog'y, J. W. Leather (lipt. Agr. Research Inst, and Col. Piisa, 1912- 13, pp. 17-20, fig. 1). — This is a brief note based upon observations at Pusa. Lyallpur, and Madras on evaporation from the water surface and on soil temperature. The annual evaporation at the three places named was 6.4, 4.1. and 0.3 ft. respectively. This evaporation is much larger than that observed for fallow soil, which was ajiproximately 28 In. at Pusa and 18 in. at Cawnpore. With a maximum air temperature of 110° F. it was found that the temperature of a fallow soil was 109° at 1 in. below the surface, 10G° at 2 in., 102° at 3 in., and 97° at 6 in. Attention is called to the fact that in many places in India a maximum air temperature of 115 to 120° is regularly registered for some weeks (luring the hot season, and it is suggested that this may have an important effect upon biological changes occurring in the soil in accordance with the theo- ries of Russell and Hutchinson. Nig'ht radiation, I. Y. Tochidlox SKJii {Nochnoe Luelieispuskanie. Odessa, 1912; ahs. in ZInir. Opytn. Agron. iRiiss. Jour. Expt. Lgnd.w.), IJf {1913), No. //, /). .'i.'i3). — The loss of heat during the night from different surfaces was studied by means of an AngstrJim actlnometer. It was found that a square centimeter of mowed grass lost 0.124 gram calories per minute, chernozem soil 0.120. The fertilizing value of rain and snow, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 225, 265-26S). — "The total precipitation, as recorded at the Cen- tral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, for the year ending February 28, 1913, was 39.30 in., 9.02 in. falling in the form of snow. Analysis showed that this fur- nished 0.144 lbs. of nitrogen, per acre, in forms readily available for crop use. Records taken here indicate that the proportions of this amount furnished respectively by the rain and snow have not appreciably varied for the past four years, about eight-tenths of the nitrogen compounds being found in the rain." SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Petrography of various soils derived from volcanic ejecta, W. H. Fry (Jour. Amer. Hoe. Agron., 6 (1914), No. 4-5, pp. 164-171).— Mechanical and niineralogical analyses of a number of soils definitely known to be volcanic ash or directly derived from lava are reported. It is stated that soils derived mainly from volcanic ejecta can be generally recognized by the presence of glass particles when such particles occur in noticeable quantities. The data indicate that the soils examined fall into three gcMioral classes, namely, (1) very silicious soils containing large proi>ortions of isotropic ma- 420 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. terial of low refractive index and associated witii comparatively large propor- tions of quartz, (2) soils containing isotropic material of higher refractive index, relatively large proportions of olivine, and little or no quartz, and (3) fcoils characterized by the relatively larger number of mineral species readily recognized and by the occurrence of well-developed lime-soda feldspars. " The presence of relatively large pi'oportions of glasses in certain soils derived mainly from volcanic ejecta . . . suggests that with such soils the inorganic soil material would be more readily and quickly modified than with soils of other origin." Some unusual soils that occur in Oregon, M. M. McCool {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 6 {lOJJf), No. Jf-5, jjj)- J59-16.'f). — This article deals with certain soils occurring in central Oregon which are characterized by a very loose more or less disintegrated pumice layer which extends to depths of from 8 to 12 in. The upper 4 in. is darker gray in color than the material underneath, and as a rule a very coarse pumice layer, which varies in thickness from 8 to 12 in., lies below the disintegrated mass. Beneath this layer to a depth of approxi- mately 40 in. the texture is somewhat finer. The results of physical and chemical studies of these soils show a high per- centage of coarse gravel and fine and very fine sand in the upi)er layers, a low real specific gravity, an extremely high capillary water capacity, a high available water capacity, a low total content in soluble salts, and an abnor- mally high content of i)otassium, calcium, and magnesium. A miueralogical study shows that these soils are composed of juaterial derived from both basic and acidic rock. It is thought that little can be accomplished with these soils until the organic matter is malerinlly increased and until mineral fertilizers are added. The Hauraki Plains: Some notes on the soils, B. C. Aston {Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], S {19U), No. 6, pp. 565-574, figs. 5).— A general description of the flora of the area and analyses of the soils are given. The latter show that the soils may belong to extreme types of clays, peats, and sands, and this is confirmed by the great diversity in the flora. " Improvement of the soils may be effected by liming the tenacious clays and claying the peaty soils." Experiments in mixing the abundant humus matters with clay soil and a systematic soil sur- vey of the area are recommended. Malayan rubber and coconut soils, M. Barrowcliff {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 2 {lOIJf), No. 12, pp. 328-331). — This article presents the author's views obtained from an examination of rubber and coconut soils in the Malay States, and includes a number of analj'ses of good and poor soils. Rubber is grown on various kinds of soil, but the most productive are stated to be the light sandy, well-drained soils composing the undulating lauds broad- ening down from the granitic mountains and the flat peaty coast soils when these are well drained. The first are low in nitrogen and jwtash, but apparently contain enough for rubber. They are deficient in i>hosphoric acid, but appar- ently do not need lime. Terfect drainage and the presence of sufficient organic matter are soil conditions favorable to rubber cultivation. Coconuts are grown on various kinds of soils, but apparently do esiiecially well on the clayey peat lands of the coast. These soils contain considerable organic matter and are well supplied with nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid. They are infertile if poorly drained, but drainage needs to be less deep and thorough than for rubber. The heavy clays are not suited to either rubber or coconut culture. The chemical or physical nature of colloidal aluminum silicates contain- ing water, R. Gans {Ccnthl. Min., Geol. ii. Paliiontol., 1013, Nos. 22. pp. 699- 112; 23, pp. T28-lJfl; «&«• in Cliem. ZentbL, 1914, h No. 3, pp. 286, 287).— In SOILS FERTILIZERS. 421 opposition to Wiegner's conclusioiis (E. S. li., 2S, p. 517), the iiulhor coiu-Iutles that alkaline solutions of colloidal aluniinuiu silit-ites containing water and also the zeolitic silicates of soils which may be decomposed liy water or acids are chemical comi)ounds since they maintain the same constant equivalent rela- tions and by decomposition with water and in the exchange of ions with neutral salt solutions they act as chemical compounds. He further concludes that the zeolitic silicates of the soil consist mainly of aluminum silicates which in a fertile surface soil can only to a small degree disintegrate into mechanical mixtures of the gels of silica and alumina. He also points out that Wiegner's adaptation of his experimental results to Freundlich's formula does not indicate that the colloidal aluminum silicates are ahst)rption compounds since this fornuila does not always conform to experi- mental results. The terminologj^ of the formula is in sharp contrast to the absorption maxinnim devised by Schmidt, and in the exchange process described by Wiegner the values inserted for the molecular equivalent concentration of the salt solution do not consider the existing exchanged matter of the silicates in addition to the unabsorbed substances yet in solution. Considering the exchanged matter in the formula i^fc= — = ^ {F—iho unknown, U A-=the absorption factor, C"'=the concentration of the absorbing body in absorbed matter, and (7'=the concentration of the salt solution), in which with an absorption compound no constant appears, the author obtained a con- stant. This he considers to be further proof that the ammonia absorption describeil by Wiegner is not physical surface attraction. The chemical or physical nature of colloidal aluminum silicates contain- ing water, G. Wiegner {Ccntbl. Miu., Geol. u. Paldontol., No. 9 (1914), pp. 262-272; abs. in Chcm. ZcntbJ., IOI4, I, ^'o. 26, p. 2200).— In replying to the above criticism by Gans, the author questions the validity of the grounds upon which the Freundlich formula is challenged. He is also of the opinion that the chemical conception of the composition of aluminum silicates which he regards from a colloidal-physical viewpoint is inadequate. The chemical or physical nature of colloidal alviminum silicates contain- ing water, R.. Gans {Centbl. Min., Geol. m. PalaonioL, 1914, Nos. 0, pp. 213- 279; 10, pp. 299-306; abs. in Chem. Zentbh, 191.',, I, No: 26, p. 2200).— The author deduces further data to show that the assumption by W^iegner of an absorption process between aluminum silicates and neutral salt solutions is incorrect. He is of the opinion that the fact that the aluminum silicate absorbs the same quantity of the neutral salt out of solutions of dilferent con- centrations is sufficient proof of the chemical nature of aluminum silicates. This fact is thought also to contradict the assumption connected with the Freundlich formula that for each variation of the equivalent molecular concen- tration of the neutral salt solution there is a corresponding change in the absorption by the aluminum silicate. Solution and absorption in the soil, E. A. Mitscherlich (Landiv. Jahrb., J,6 {1914), A^o. 3, pp. 413-430, figs. 3; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1914, II, No. 10, p. 655). — The author discusses those conditions of chemical reactions which govern solution and absorption phenomena in the soil, and concludes that solu- tion and absorption constitute in the soil a cyclic process and are subject to the same laws. In proof of this he quotes the results of experiments by D. J. Hissink in which water saturated with carbon dioxid constitute article includes a general discussion of this subject and also records comparative tests of various commercial cultures which proved to be worthless. Green manuring-, T. W. Lonsdale (Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.}, 8 (1914), ^^- 5, pp. 475-479). — The importance and value of green manuring are briefly dis- cussed and comparative tests of white mustard, Scotch vetch, crimson clover, partridge peas, and rye as green manuring crops are reixjrted. The results indicate the high value of white mustard for this purpose. Green manures {Bol. Agr. [Sao Paulo}, 15. scr., No. 6-7 (1914), pp. 525- 527). — Analyses of five green manures are reported. As regards the quantity of organic mutter and of fixed nitrogen produced they stood in the following order : Canavalia gladiata, Arachis prostrata, cowpeas, velvet beans, and peanuts. Results of fertilizer experiments conducted at Summerville, S. C, T. E. Keitt (South Carolina Sta. Bui. 178 (1914), PP- 20). — This is a progress report on experiments at the Coast substation. The most important fact established by these experiments is that phosphorus is the limiting element in fertilizers for corn and cotton on the soils of this substation. The relative value of different phosphates for supplying this deficiency is discussed, and acid phosphate is recommended as most profitable. Organic sources of niti'ogen were more effective than inorganic. The rational utilization of ammonia (Chcm. Trade Jour., 54 (1914), No. 139S, pp. 283, 284; «&«• in Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 92, Report., p. //.30).— The industrial possibilities of the various processes for converting ammonia into nitric acid are discussed and it is concluded that none of them can be profitably used for the production of ammonium nitrate. "The best solution of the ques- tion, therefore, of producing nitrate of ammonia in the most rational and cheapest way would be to work a factory producing nitric acid by a direct process from the air in connection with an adjoining factory producing am- monia synthetically." 84079°— Xo. 5—15 3 424 EXPEEIMENT STATJ()N ItECORD. The conversion of ammonia into nitric acid or ammonium nitrate from an economic standpoint, E. Donath {Vhrtn. Indua. {Berlin}. ,57 (lOJ't), No. 17-18, pp. 513-516). — This article contains further discussion of the commercial possibilities of this process in addition to that noted above. Lime and its uses on land, F. Thompson and A. E. Grantham (Delaware Sta. Bui. lOJf (Wl.'i), pp. 20, pj. 1). — The various lime compounds available for agricultural purposes are described and their use for fertilizing is explained. The position of the fertilizer supply in south India, Bkrnakd (Planters' Chron., 9 (IDU/), No. J,G, pp. 697, 698).— In a brief disc-ussion of the best and most available sources of supply of phosphates, potash, and nitrogen for use in tliis region, it is stated that a process has been perfected for the preparation of a double sulphate of potash and lime containing 25 per cent of potash which is intended for use as a substitute for pure potash salts. Sewage disposal and use of tannery wastes, C C. Smoot, III (Jour. Amer. Leather Clieni. Assoc, 9 (1914), ^o. 12, pp. 523-525). — An average analysis of tannery sewage sludge after treatment with spent lime and the ashes of spent tanning materials showed nitrogen 0.84 per cent, lime 40, phosphoric acid 0.34, and potash 0.62. This sludge is especially recommended for the fertilizing of fruit trees. Fertilizer and oil manufactured from dog fish, E. E. Young (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 17 (1911,), No. 305, p. 1373).— Brief reference is made to three reduction plants at Causo and Clarke Harbor, Nova Scotia, and at Shippigan, New Brunswick, established primarily for the purpose of utilizing dog fish in the manufacture of fertilizer and oil, thus reducing the damage to the deep-sea fisheries from this source. The three plants work up from 5.000 to '6,(MX) tons of dog fish aimually. pro- ducing from 500 to 600 tons of fertilizer and about 25,000 gal. of oil. The sup- ply of dog fish, however, is very uncertain, being abundant at certain seasons and very scarce at others. As a result, the factories have been obliged to sup- plement the supply of dog fish with fish offal of other kinds. Fertilizing materials, F, T, Shutt (Canada Expt. Far)its Rpts. 1913, pp. 245-259). — Analyses of the following materials are reported and discussed: Marl; limestone; limekiln ashes; gypsum and like substances; wood ashes; potash residue from oxygen-acetylene plant; marsh, river, and oyster muds; mucks; infusorial earth; lobster refuse; dog fish scrap; and nitrate of lime, [Fertilizer production, exports, and imports of the United States, 1912— 13], compiled by W, T. Thom (U. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1913, pt. 1, pp. CXXXV, C'A.TATV//),— On the basis of data collected by the U. S. Geological Survey it is stated that " the pro- duction of lime in 1913 was 3.595,390 short tons, valued at $14,648,362, against 3,529,462 short tons, valued at $13,970,114, in 1912, . . . The imports for con- sumption in 1913 were 4,139 short tons, valued at $48,538, against 4.268 short tons, valued at $48,153, in 1912. The exports reported were valued at $212,345 in 1913 and $199,515 in 1912. . . . " The total commercial marketed production of phosphate i"ock reported to the Survey in 1913 amounted to 3.111,221 long tons, valued at $11,796,231, com- pared with 2,973,332 long tons, valued at $11,675,774, in 1912. . . , The total quantity of phosphate rock reported as mined during 1913 was 3,152,208 long tons, against 3,190,587 long tons in 1912. The imports for consumption of crude phosphate, guano, kainit, manure salts, etc., in 1913, were valued at $10,819,253, against $8,893,090 in 1912. The exports of phosphate rock in 1913 were 1,366.508 long tons, valued at $9,996,580, against 1,206,520 long tons, valued at $8,996,456, m 1912. . . , AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 425 "There was no Jictual production of potash salts in the United Slates in lOI.']. The imports of potash salts in lOlo were valued at $10,79.1,013, ajrainst $10,002,- 285 in 101 L'. . . . "The imports of sodium nitrate for consumption in manufacture of fertilizers and other chemical products amounted in value to $21,630,811 in 1913, against $10,544,511 in 1912." The international movement of fertilizers (IntcriKtt. Inst. Afjr. [Home], Mo. Bid Af/r. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {JOJJ/), Ao. 0, pp. J101-lJ.'/2).—Th\>i is the first of a series of half-yearly reports (to appear March 1 and Septem- ber 1 of each year) authorized by tlie last general assembly of the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, the purpose of which is to give statistics of l)roduction, imports and exports, consumption, and prices of jihosphatic, potas- sic, and nitrogenous fertilizers. This number is dated September 1, 1914, and gives statistics for the year 1913 as compared with 1912 and also some data for the first half of 1914. It is stated that the world's production of natural phosphates in 191.'] was 6,600.458 metric tons as compared with 0,888.908 tons in 1912, the largest producers being the United States, 3.202.636 tons; Tunis, 2.284,078 tons; Algeria, 438,601 tons; and France. 335,0(X) tons. The production of basic slag was 4,246,000 tons; and the production of German potash salts, 11.607,510 tons of crude salts and 1,047.906 tons of refined salts. The amount of potash salts sold for agricultural purposes, calculated as actual potash (K2O), was 1,003,913 tons, of which 536.102 tons was used in Germany. The figures for shig and pot- ash salts show substantial increases in 1913 over 1912. Of the potash salts used for agricultural purposes 749.000 tons, calculated as actual potash (K2O), was used in Europe and 242,283 tons in America. The production of Chilean nitrate is given as 2,586,975 tons in 1913 as compared with 2,773.459 tons in 1912. The total consumption of nitrate of soda in 1913 was 2,556.971 tons; the amount used for agricultural purposes was 2,098,2.30 tons. The production of sulphate of ammonia was 1,448,400 tons in 1913 as compared with 1,.306,600 tons in 1912, the largest producers of this material being Germany, 549,000 tons; the United Kingdom, 425,700 tons; and the United States, 176,900 tons. The 1913 figures for each of these countries represent a decided increase over those for 1912. The amount of sulphate of ammonia used for agricultural purposes in 1913 was 1,210,550 tons. It is estimated that calcium cyanamid was produced in 1913 to the extent of 114,093 tons and Norwegian nitrate to the extent of 70.000 tons. It is stated that 6.229,777 tons of fertilizers was consumed in the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) in 1913. Statistics of production and consumption of crude sulphur and sulphate of copper are included with those for fertilizers. AGRICULTTJRAL BOTANY. Fundamentals of plant breeding, J. M. Coulter (Xcw York and Chicago, 191.',, pp. Xl]'+3.'i7, fifi-s. 10'.)). — This book is intended as an interpretation of recent advances in plant breeding for those who wish a simple statement of evolution and heredity or information concerning plant breeding and some of the fundamental ])rinciples underlying agriculture. After discussing variation in plants, theories of evolution, etc., the author describes some of the methods by which breeding is carried on. Chapters are devoted to Mendel's law and recent progress in genetics, the progress in breed- ing plants resistant to drought and plant diseases, relation of forestry to the subject, role of soil, etc. Condensed accounts are given of the work of this 426 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. iK'pjirlniont: and the various experhut'Ut stations at liouic and abroad in the introduclion and iuiproveniout of [dants. The author considers food jiroduction to be oue of the most fuudauieutal material problems of the day, and thinks this situation is being met or may be met by a better understanding of the principles of plant breeding and their extension to ordinary farm practice. A contribution to a knowledge of the mutating CEnotheras, II. K. (^ates (Traiwi. Linn. Sue. London, 2. scr.. Bat., 8 (1913), No. 1, pp. 67, pU. 6). — In this paper the author has sought to bring together and organize certain results of experimental work which he has carried on with ffinolhera during six years, as bearing ni)on the problem of the origins of the forms in question and the factors involved. lie concludes that the explanation of the mutation phenomena in (E. lamarckiana is by no means simple, but that while a full understanding of the nature and cause of this behavior has not yet been reached, the facts known lead to the view tliat the previous crossing of this species in the wild condition or in botanical gardens, or both, has been the chief cause of the germinal dis- turbances which manifest themselves in the appeai'ance of mutants. The cause of nuitation is thought to be internal to the organism itself. Two types of mutation are considered, those occurring in pure lines and those following ancestral mixture of germ plasms. It is held that there is between mutations and fluctuations no distinction more fundamental than the facts that the one is Inherited and the other is not, oue being due to a germinal alteration, the other to a somatic variation. A bibliography is appended. Inheritance in plant hairs, J. Belling {Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), No. S, pp. 3Ji8-3G0, fujH. 11). — Characters of the downy growth on pods of several varieties of velvet beans as modified for several generations by crossing are figured and described, segregation ratios are given, and a working hypothesis is elaborated. Immunity to fungus diseases as a physiological test in genetics and systeniatics, exemplifi^ed in cereals, N. I. Yavilov (Jour. Genetics, 4 (1914), No. 1, pp. 43-65). — This examination of evidence regarding the behavior of hosts toward fungi, as influeucetl by degrees of relationship between the hosts, concludes with the statement that the degree of sensitiveness of reaction of fungi with cereals up to the present time is not exceeded by that of the so- called serum methods applied to plants, while the former is much simpler in its application. A bibliography is appended. Fasciation, M. A. Brannon (Bot. (Jaz., 58 (1914), No. 6, pp. 51S-526, figs. 7). — The author describes some examples of fasciation obsened by him in North Dakota which are thought to have a bearing on the study of normal morphological structures, and also to be of interest by reason of the jthysiological relation existing between increased sap pressure and the disturbed balance of forces which are believed to be responsible for cottonwoods and willows under- going a change from radial to more or less bilateral symmetry during the first three seasons of their growth. The transpiration of emersed water plants: Its measurement and its rela- tionships, C. II. Otis (Bot. Ga.::., 5S (1914), No. 6, pp. 457-494, figs, i?).— From a study of a considerable number of aquatic plants, the author found that emersed water plants transinre large amounts of water. With one exception (the water lily) the evaporation taking place from a water surface occupied by emersed plants is much greater than that taking place from a free water surface of the same area under the same external conditions. The amount of evaporation from a water surface occupied by emersed plants depends on the AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 427 species of tlie plant, Ibe density of the st:ini. 8, figs. SG).— An enlarged and revised edition of the volume [)reviously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 543). The work of the Belle Fourche reclamation project experiment farm in 1913, P.. AuNE (f/. 8. Dcpt. Af/r., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Belle Fourche E.rpt. Farm, 1913, pp. 1-7, 9-15, 17, figs. 2). — This reimrts the continuation of the work in South Dakota previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 31), and gives me- teorological operations, and results of rotations with alfalfa, sugar beets, clover, flax, oats, wheat, barley, corn, and potatoes, as well as of continuous crop])ing with each. It is stated that 32 different cropping systems are being tested, some of which are under irrigation. It is noted that late irrigation appeared to prevent flax from ripening evenly, and it starts new branches from the lower joints. In experiments on the rates of seeding alfalfa, 14 different rates ranging from 2.5 to 25 lbs. per acre, it was found that the percentage of seed-producing plants ranged respectively from IS to 3. In regard to the time and methods of seeding alfalfa " the early- seeded alfalfa yielded somewhat more than that seeded late. Assuming that the price of wheat hay is the same as that of alfalfa hay, about $5 a ton, planting with a nurse crop and harvesting the wheat as hay gave larger returns per acre than planting the alfalfa alone. When the cost of harvesting and thrashing the wheat for grain is considered, it is seen that this method is less profitable than either of the two methods previously mentioned, for the yield of 28.2 bu. per acre is little more than sufficient to pay the cost of production on irrigated land. The returns for the row plantings were the smallest ob- tained in the experiment. It should be remembei'ed that these statements fipply to the first year's results only." One year's results in the use of flax as a nurse crop for alfalfa showed that " considering the cost of culture during the year, the net value of the crop obtained where flax was used as a nurse crop was slightly higher than that of the alfalfa planted alone." Yields of alfalfa indicated no important effect of late-fall or early-spring irrigation. Fall irrigation for flax culture showed no advantage in point of yield. In timc-of-plowiug experiments for oats, it was found that it was not a de- sirable practice to plant oats on land during the same spring in which the land was plowed. A variety test with corn, a cultural test with mangels, and the beginning of trials of different pasture-grass mixtures are mentioned. The result of the first year's test in soil dynamiting on yield of oats gave 18.4 bu. per acre on the dynamited plat and 25.9 and 24.1 bu. on check plats on either side. Forage crops, T. S. Parsons {Wyoming Sta. Bui. lOJf (19U), pp. 11-22. figs. 3). — This bulletin gives cultural methods for legumes, grasses, and miscella- neous forage crops, and from trials ranging up to four years concludes that " peas and oats give the best results under all conditions for either hay or silage. Barley, rye, emmer, or oats may be sown to advantage with peas. For late sowing, barley is best Six to eight tons of peas and oats in the green FIELD CROPS. 431 state cau be raised on an aero hikIcm- the host conditions. Four to five tons per aci'e make it a paying crop. "At altittides l)olow 5.00() ft. corn can l)e raised successfnlly for silage or fodder at least. White sweet clover makes a good crop where alfalfa can not be grown. Stock eat it readily. It will not become a pest if not allowed to go to seed. Soy beans and cowpeas cau probably be gro\\ai successfnlly in the lower altitudes of the State. The vetch may be substituted for peas with oats under some conditions but peas are usually better yielders. The winter vetch (Vicia xHllosa) may be sown with winter rye on the dry farm to good advan- tage." [Field crops work at the Canadian experiment stations and farms in 1912], J. IT. Grisdale et al. (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. IDl.l, pp. 29-Pll, 3D, J,0, /,S-'iy, ¥, 51, 53-55, 62, 63, 06-6!), 75, 82, 86, 89, 96, 97, 101, 102. 106, 123-130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 13S-160, 162-17-'f, 17S-1S7, 188, 189, 192-217, 222, 224, 227, 228, 2',2-2',5, 303. 30.',, 310-312, 316, 317, ,336-338, 3J,7, 360-362, 365, 370-373, 3S0, S9t, 392, 1,01, /,13-J,73, 493, 494, 619-669, 693-698, pis. 6).— This continues the report of work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 222). On the various farms the results of manurial, cultural, or varietal tests have been reported with potatoes, wheat, barley, oats, peas, sugar beets, maize, red clover, alfalfa, timothy, tobacco, turnips, mangels, flax, emmer, spelt, field beans, i-.ve, buckwheat, carrots, orchard grass, broom corn, brome grass, English bine grass, western rye grass, canary gi-.iss, Kentucky blue grass, redtop, alsike clover, and white Dutch clover. Analyses of sugar beets and cooking tests of potatoes are also included. As a result of a study of the influence of environment on the composition of wheat and barley it is stated that " this research, inaugurated in 1905, and con- tinued since that date, has shown that soil and seasonal conditions may markedly affect the composition of wheat and barley. For the past three years, wheat from the same stock has been grown on the larger number of experi- mental farms and stations from Prince Edward Island to British Columbia, and the harvested grain analyzed. The data obtained in a very large measure confirm those of previous seasons from similar experiments conducted in the northwestern provinces only, and go to show that a moderately dry soil, accom- panied by high temperatures during the period in which the grain is filling, tend to arrest the vegetative gi'owth of the plant, to hasten matru'ity and conduce to a hard berry, with a high percentage of gluten and high baking value. It would seem from this investigation that the excellent quality of northwestern-grown wheat is due in part, at least, to climatic conditions wiiich prevail during the later sununcr months over large areas in the grain-growing districts, and which bring about a cpiick maturation of the grain." The commencement of breeding experiments to improve certain characters of timothy, red clover, and orchard grass is noted. Ifesults of a 2-year test of planting on nonirrigated land seed potatoes grown on irrigated and nonirri- gated land showed those grown on irrigated land to be superior in yielding qnalities. Potatoes in variety tests yielded much heavier under irrigation than when grown on nonirrigated land. In spraying tests with nine varieties, the total yield per acre was 22G bu. 12 lbs. with Bordeaux mixture, 1G.3 bn. 3G lbs. with lime sulphur, and 156 bu. 48 lbs. with the check. Cooperative experimental work with winter cover crops, F. G. Tarbox, jr. [South Carolina 8ta. Circ. 26 (1914), pp. 3-23, figs. 7).— This circular discusses the value of bur clover, crimson clover, vetch, and rye as winter cover crops, and gives methods of production and results of cooperative work with farmers since 1910. "Numerous reports from farmers show that success has been achieved in nearly all cases where farmers have understood conditions under 432 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. which cover crops should be srown :uul have persevered in planting them, each year correcting previous mistakes." Development of the culms of grasses, II. S. IIolk {[Indiufi] Forest Bui. 25 (191.'t), pp. 13). — In this study two periods of growth of the grass culms have been recognized, (a) a preparatory period of slow growth usually character- ized by short internodes carrying scales or undersized leaves, (b) a subsequent period, of vigorous growth characterized as a rule by long internodes carrying M'ell-devoloped leaves. With these growth periods in view the experiments here described have brought out the following results : "In wheat the periods of iireparatory and vigorous growth, respectively, are well distinguished by the lengths of the internodes. In the average primary culm the same number of leaf-bearing internodes is produced in both these two stages of growth, but the period of preparatory growth is approximately three- fourths of the period of vigorous growth. " The average number of long leaf-bearing internodes produced in the primary culms is approximately equal to the number of months in the iieriod of vigorous growth, [and] is practically the same whether calculated from the primary culms alone, from the axillary culms alone, or from a mixture of these as found in the final crop. "In the older axillary culms both growth-periods (but more especially the preparatory period) are shorter than those of the primary culms, and there is little difference between the two classes of culms as regards the date of ripening grain. The number of leaf-bearing short internodes is approximately half the number of the long leaf-bearing internodes and the preparatory period of growth is ai»proximately half the vigorous growth-period." The composition and quality of wheat grown in mixtures with oats, C. H. Bailey {Jour. Amcr. Soc. Agron., 6 {1914), A^o. 4-5, pp. 215-211). — This article gives some results of an experiment carried on at the Minnesota Station and shows that " wheat grown in mixtures with oats did not vary in composition and quality from that grown alone. The flour milled from such wheat con- tained practically the same percentage of crude protein and gluten, and ex- hibits nearly the same baking strength. The slight variations in these prop- erties which were found are no greater than were found in duplicate samples from adjacent plats of wheat treated identically alike." Percentage of protein in nonlegumes and legumes when grown alone and in association in field mixtures, J. M. Westgate and R. A. Oakley {Jour. Amer. See. Agron., 6 (1914), No. ^-5, pp. 210-215). — Analyses of 19 samples of nonlegumes obtained from fields of normal fertility in several different States, and under the conditions tyi^ical of the surrounding sections, when grown \vith legumes showed variations in protein content ranging from 2.02 per cent above to 2.G1 per cent below that when grown alone. A study of the protein content of wheat and clover grown in the same field but mixed in different proportions showed that under the particular conditions present not only was the protein content of the wheat slightly reducetl by the association with clover, but that the percentage of protein in the clover itself was decreased as the proportion of wheat in the mixture increased. The authors therefore concluded " that the phenomenon of increased protein content in the nonlegume by reason of its association with the legume is not so universally true as to make it safe to advocate the method unreservedly as a means of in- creasing the production of protein upon the farms of this country." The cultivation of legumes, C. Fruwihth {Anhau der Hiilscnfriichte. Berlin, 1914, 2. rev. ed., pp. IX+253, figs. 73). — The first part of this book treats of the general characteristics of legumes and conditions affecting their growth. The second part gives descriptions and cultural methods of 24 legumes. FIELD CROPS. 433 Culture experiments with bacterial inoculations of lupine and alfalfa, C. Bartiii:l [Mcddcl. Ccnirahnist. Forsoksv. Jordbiiikaoiiiidiht, Xo. 95 {liU.'t), pp. 32, p/.s\ 2; K. LaiuUbr. Aknd. llamll. och Tklskr., 53 (WW, ^'o. //, pp. 2J}1- 280). — Different methods of preparing pure cultures of nitrogen-fixing bacteria for various legumes are discussed and results of field applications of various commercial forms of pure cultui-es and of soil containing the desired bacteria are given. Work for 1911, 1912, and 1913 is reported. In general the method of using soil containing bacteria showed better results in larger yields of green forage than did the use of azotogeu or Barthel's culture. A statistical study of barley at the Dickinson (N. Dak.) substation, J. A. Clark (Jour. Aiiicr. Snc. Ayron., 6 (7.0/.)), No. //-5, pp. 171-190).— The experi- ments discussed are cooperative between the Office of Cereal Investigations of this Department and the North Dakota Experiment Station, and are for the purpose of determining the relative yielding power of different varieties and to find i-easous for the existing variations in yields between the different groups of varieties of the same cereal. Both plat and nursery experiments are reported. The work centers around three groups of varieties, 2-rowed hulled, 6-rowed hulled, and 6-i'Owed naked, and covers several years. In discussing the annual and average .vields of three varieties of barley representing the three groups, respectively, for eight years, 190G-191.'>, as representing the results of plat ex- periments, it is stated that the 2-row variety outyielded the 6-row variety in all years, and the naked variety in all years except 1906. It had an average yield of 34.2 bu. compared with 26.1 bu. for the 6-row variety and 25.6 bu. for the naked variety. In the nuri^ery work it is shown that for a five-year period the mean yield of the 2-rowed hulled group of barley etiualed 29t>.2±T.4 gm. and the next highest yielding group, the 6-rowed hulled barleys, had a mean yield of 207.1±5.7 gm. The naked group had the lowest yield, 204.7±5.1 gm. The yields of straw are given as 597.6±10.5, 389.7±1S.2, and 400.7±9.3 gm., respectively. From the data given there appears to be little or no advantage for any one of the three groups in regard to the percentage of grain. Height of plants, beads per plant, length of head, and growing period in days were studied and comparisons made as to yield factors. The following sum- mary is given as a result of this stati.stical study of barley : " The 2-row hulled group exceeds the 6-row hulled group in yield of grain by 43 per cent ; in yield of straw by 49.1 per cent; has no significant difference in percentage of grain in plant or in height of plant ; produces per plant 51. .5 per cent more heads, of 55 per cent greater length, and requires a growing period 7.3 per cent longer. The 2-row hulled group exceeds the 6-row naked group by 44.7 per cent in yield of grain and 53.3 per cent in yield of straw; has no sig- nificant difference in percentage of grain in the plant; produces (67.8 per cent more heads, averaging 40.9 per cent longer, and has a growing period 7.1 per cent longer. On the other hand, the plants of the 6-row naked group average G.9 per cent taller than those of the 2-row hulled group. The 6-row naked group has plants S.l per cent taller and heads 10 per cent longer than those of the Grow hulled group. " The greater yield of both grain and straw in the 2-row hulled group is ac- counted for, in part, by the greater number of heads per plant, the longer heads, and a longer growing period. The greater number of heads per plant is consid- ered the most important factor." Notes on the selection of maize at Cambodia, M. de Flacourt (Bui. Econ. Indochine, n. ser., 17 {191-)), Xo. 107, pp. 215-21S). — This article discusses work 434 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOItD. in progress as to improving the yield and earliness of corn Ity the selection of seed from plants that bear normal ears on suckers. Detasseling of maize Giant of Servia, E. Heckel {Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Parifi}, jfjD (191/,), No. 16, pp. 50U to 2,500,- 250-252). — This article reiwrts au increased growth of rape to which sulphate of potash had been applied in addition to superphosphates. The increase is given in terms of gain in weight of lambs pastured on the two plats. Oii the plat without the potash the gain was 84 lbs. and with potash 147 lbs. in 1912-13, while in 1913-14 the gains were 350 lbs. and 482 lbs., re- spectively. Report of progress in sugar beet trials, J. W. Ince (North Dakota Sta. Circ. 2 (1914), PP- 20, fig. 1). — This circular contains data showing results of sugar beet exi)eriments conducted at the station and in cooi)eration witli farmers over the State. Tabulated data from 176 samples show results of analyses, cultural treatment, varieties used, relation of sugar to date of harvest, and meteorological conditions for 1913. The percentage of sugar in beets ranged in 1913 from 8.0 to 20.8. With some fluctuations there was shown to be a general increase of sugar ranging from 14.53 to 10.01 per cent in samples harvested at difterent dates from September 25 to December 2. 436 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A summary of sugiir beet oxitoriniciils carried on at the station siuce 1^01 shows tlie sugar conteut to have ranged from 0.81 to 16.3 per cent as averages for the different years. Field manual for sugar-beet growers, li. L. Adams (Chicago, 1913, pp. VI + 13Ji, fifjs. G). — This work records tlie re.sults of practical experiments and com- parative field o))servations in tlie production of sugar beets from many sources. Tlie subjects Irealcd include cultural work, growing beet seed, siloing beets, manuring, crop rotations, feeding by-products, and beet troubles. Statistics are also included. [Manurial and variety experiments with seedling and other varieties of sugar canes], J. II. Bovell and J. 1*. d'Albuquerque {liitt. Agr. Work Bar- hados, 1910-1912, pp. Jf-111). — ^Results of 19 years of experimental work are given. In the manurial tests chemical fertilizers were used in addition to barnyard manure, and taking " the experiments for the 19 years as a whole, the largest average yield (S,220 lbs. saccharose) and the best monetary result was obtained where only nitrogen and potash were applied. In this case the gain, after i)ayiug for the manure, was $17.84." Identification of the seeds of species of Agropyron, R. C. Dahlberg ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {WW, No. 3, pp. 215-281, figs. 4).— This article gives the results of a study to attempt to discover a diagnosis that would unfailingly identify the seeds of the species of Agropyron. Such a diagnosis, it is claimed, would be of value to the farmer, the seedsman, and the seed laboratory. Laboratory methods of identification are described that cover characters regarding shape of seed, rachilla. lemma, and palea of seeds secured from many sources within the United States. A summary of the work states that " it is possible by careful examination to distinguish in commercial seed mixtures the seeds of the three species of Agropyron: A. rcpens, A. smithti, and A. tenerum. There is no one character which can unfailingly be relied upon for this diagnosis, but the combined char- acters of lemma, palea, and rachilla are necessary for safe determination. Probably the nearest approch to a single critical structure is found in the palea, which exhibits fairly definite characters in each of the species." Identification of plants, F. Fyles {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. Jf93- 406, pi. 1). — This describes Amaranthits spinosus, which has recently been identified in Canada, and recommends methods for exterminating it, and also Acroptilon picris, Hicracium aurantiacum, If. floribundum, H. pratetise, 11. prcaUiim, and //. piloscUa. An account is given of goldenseal and its culti- vation. HORTICULTURE. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture, edited by (1. Lowther and W. WoRTHiNGTON {North Yakima, Wash., 1914, t'o/s. 1, pp. XV+664; ~. PP- 665- 1336; 3, pp. 1337-2037+24, iUtis.). — This three-volume work was prepared under the auspices of fruit growers in the Pacific Northwest. It comprises as a whole a reference system of American horticultural practices and investiga- tions bearing on horticulture with special reference to fruits and vegetables. Some attention is given to floriculture and propagation of plants in general; peanut culture, nut culture, mushroom culture, and bee culture are also con- sidered. The arrangement of the work is alphabetical and all of the commercial fruits and vegetables are treated in detail with reference to the various processes involved in their propagation, successful culture, harvesting, and marketing. Practically all the practices involved, such as irrigation, dx'ainage. cultivation, pruning, intercropping, fertilizing, spraying, harvesting, storing, marketing, etc.. HOKIICULTUKE. 437 are given spocial tioatmont, as are also many related subjects iiioliuling tbc more iuijiortant plant diseases, orcliard costs and management, transportation costs, varieties, hybridization, plant pbysiologj^ evaporation of fruits, canning;, preservinj;, preparation of fruits and vegetables for the table, equiimient of the farm home, etc. Descriptions of the various fruit districts of the United States and their peculiar adaptations are given, together with the latest statistics of the industry for each district and for the whole country. Soil and climatic conditions are treated, as well as frost data with approximate dates to provide for and means and cost of prevention. The number of subjects enumerated is over 4.500. The work is illustrated by several hundred illustrations. Bibli- ogi'aphies on all phases of horticulture have been included, and an alphabetical index has been jn-epared and appended to the last volume. Although the encyclopedia was prepared in the Northwest and deals more at length with practices of that region, the editors have been assisted by well- known scientific and practical horticulturists throughout the United States and Canada with a view to making the work of general application. Horticulture in New Zealand, W. H. Taylor {Jour. Agr. [Hew Zeal.], 9 {191 -i). No. 6, pp. Ji57-461, fig. 1). — ^The pre.sent status of horticulture in New Zealand is briefly considered. Studies on the rest period of woody plants, L. von Poetiieui and O. KiJiiN {Ostcrr. Bot. Ztsvhv., 64 {19U), No. 9-10, pp. J,10-.',20, figs. //).— The authors conducted a series of experiments in which different methods of shortening the rest period of plants were tried in combination. The plant material consisted of branches about 16 in. long of such plants as weeping birch, European beech, white poiilar, willow, Persian lilac, black alder, and European hornbeam. Molisch's warm bath process (E. S. R., 20, p. 640) was tested in combination with 12-hour periods of freezing, both before the bath and after the bath. The results in general indicate that when the forcing is conducted early in the rest period, freezing before the bath is superior to the bath alone in shortening the rest period, but, as Molisch found for the effect of the warm bath itself, the additional effect of freezing diminishes as the winter rest period progresses. Freezing alone was less effective than the warm bath alone. The wounding method employed by Weber (E. S. R., 25, p. 642) was also tested in combination with the warm bath. Piercing the base of the buds previous to the warm bath proved superior to either the warm bath alone or wounding alone in shortening the rest period. Wounding alone was less effective than the warm bath alone. Removing the outer bud scales in the case of the Persian lilac and the European beech was quite effective in shortening the rest period and proved to be superior to merelj' piercing the base of the buds. The authors are of the opinion that the beneficial influence obtained by removing the bud scales is due to a readjustment of pressure conditions in the buds. With reference to the selection of material for forcing pun)oses it was found that long branches usually forced out earlier and quicker than short branches. A bibliography of cited literature is included. [Horticultural work at the Canadian experiment stations and farms], AV. T. Macoun, F. T. Shutt, et al. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 259- 265, 286-S03, 801,-310, 313-316, 317-335, 338-31,6, 31,8-360, 362-36/,, 365-369, 373-379, 381-390, 392-1,01, .',01-1,10, pis. 7).— This is the customary progress report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1913, on breeding, cultural, and variety experiments with fruits, vegetables, ornamental trees and shrubs, etc., being conducted at the Central Farm. Ottawa, and the various branch experi- ment stations and farms in Canada (E. S. R., 29, p. 235). 438 EXPERIMENT STATION UECORD. Of the .seedling fruits received for oxauiinatityii at tlie Central Farm during 1912 two apples and a plum are here deserihed, together with 1." seetlling apples which fruited on the farm for the first time during the year. Of 1,118 apple secKllings originated since VM^, 81 have thus far been considered sufficiently promising to name. Descriptions are given of two crossbred varieties having IMcIntosh and Lawver parentage. A number of second generation apple crosses resulting from Saunders' work (E. S. R., 25, p. 613) fruited in 1012 and are de- scribed, together with several promising seedling jjlums and strawberries. In continuation of previous reports (E. S. 11., 24, p. 441) a record is given of the yields, safes, expenses, and profits from the closely planted Wealthy apple orchard. The orchard was planted in 1800 and occuf'ies about J acre. The nuiJiber of trees had been reduced from 144 to 97 at the end of 1912. The total net profit per acre for 17 years has been $1,508.24. The average net profit per acre per year from date of planting is estimated at $88.72 and from date of fruiting at $107.73. Notwithstanding these returns, however, the practice of planting as close as 10 by 10 ft. is not recommended, since the trees must bo removed from time to time to prevent crowding. Spraying was also difticult. When close planting is practiced with such varieties as Wealthy and Wagener It is advised that they stand at least 12 ft. part each way. A variety list of the best vegetables based on the farm tests is given, together with a record of the six most productive varieties of tomatoes in the greenhouse test. The three best varieties of tomatoes for the two years of the test are Industry, Sutton Satisfaction, and Bonny Best. References are given to the literature of the horticultural division dealing with ornamental trees, shrubs, and flowers, together with notes on the behavior of various kinds of everlast- ing flowers tested iu 1912. Considerable data are presented relative to tests of different varieties of fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals at the branch stations and farms. A cost record for 1911-12 is given for the new commercial orchard at the Nappan Station, Nova Scotia (E. S. R., 29, p. 235). Data are also given on thinning exiDeriments with apples conducted under the direction of the Kentville Station, Nova Scotia. The results of these experiments Indicate in general that where trees are inclined to be vigorous and bear heavy crops a decided Improvement in size of fruit accompanies thinning. Certain trees do not appear to respond as favorably to thinning as others. With the prices realized during the year as a basis it is estimated that an increased net return of $6S.GG per acre was secured by thinning Gravenstein apples. Lists are given of the best varieties of fruits, vegetables, useful and ornamental trees and shrubs, herbaceous peren- nials, climbers, and annuals for the Prairie Provinces. Analyses of various insecticides and fungicides are included. [Beport on] garden vegetables, B. Aune (U. S. Dept. Agi:, Bur. Plant Indufi., Work Belle Fourchc Expt. Farm', 1D13, pp. 11, 18, fig. 1).—A number of different varieties of garden vegetables were grown under irrigation at the Belle Fourche Experiment Farm, S. Dak., during 1912 and 1913. A list is here given of those varieti(>s which have proved satisfactorj^. Relative production of apple varieties, F. Andrews (U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 6'fl {IDl.'f), pp. lG-19). — The author here presents data showing the relative production of the principal varieties of apples iu the United States as a whole and in each of the important apple-producing States. The produc- tion is expressed as percentages of a normal crop of all apples. A table is also given showing the estimated approximate average annual production of leading varieties of apples by the principal States covering the period 1909 to 1913. The data are based upon replies received by the Bureau of Crop Estimates from 2,622 correspondents. HORTICULTURE. 439 The fivo priiR'ipiil ai'i'Ics in ihv I'uiled States appa really are tiie lialdwiii, with a relative production of 13.4 per cent of a normal apple crop; Ben Davis, 13.3 per cent; Northern Spy, 6.1 per cent; Winesap, 5.1 i)er cent; and Rhode Island Greening, 4.7 per cent. Improvement of citrus fruits by bud selection, A. D. Siiamkl (Cul. Cult., .',.] {WL'i), Xos. ,.'„^ pp. 51(!-'>1S; 2Jf, pp. 580, 5S1).—A popular resume of the aiidior'.s invest l.i;a lions (K. S. R., 28, p. 541). An inspection of (he average performance records for the seasons 1911 to 1914, inclusive, from the ten best producing and ten lowest producing standard Wash- ington navel trees, located in one of the best navel orange groves in California, shows that the best trees have produced an average of 25.2 per cent more of the most valuable sizes than the poorest trees of the standard type. The best trees produced at the rate of $54(121 and the poorest at the rate of $128.44 per acre. Some success has been attained in rei)lacing the poor Individuals with a heredi- tary tendency to produce few and. poor fruits with toj)S that produced the larger yield of better coiiuuercial grades and sizes of fruits. Improvement of fruits by bud selection, L. B. Scott {Cal. Cult., J/Jf {.VJ15), Nos, 2, pp. 35-37; S, pp. 68-71, fig. 1). — ^^\. popular account of the above noted work of Shamel's in the improvement of citrus fruits, including also a brief resume of similar work being conducted by the same investigator with decidu- ous fruits. Cold storage for tropical fruits, E. V. Wilcox and C. J. IIunn (Ilaicail St a. I'rcss Bui. Jf7 {IDlJf), pp. 12). — In the experiments here reported a study was made of the effect of cold storage on star apple {Chri/sophi/Uuiiv cdinito), avocado, Qg, papaya, water lemon {Passiflora laurifolia), strawberry guava, pineapple, and mango. Determinations were also made relative to the degree of refrigeration and length of time required to kill the Mediterranean fruit lly in various tropical fruits (see p. 451). Commercial refrigerator rooms main- la iiied at average temperatures of 32, 36, and 45° F. were used. In the 32" room the temperature ranged from 30 to 33° ; in the 36° room from 33 to 38° ; and in the 45° room from 40 to 47°. From these tests the conclusion is drawn that star apples intended for cold storage should be picked in a half ripe condition, cured in a well-ventilated room for about two days, and then held at 32° for not longer than three weeks. A discoloration and fermentation of the pulp begins sooner in fruit infested with fruit fly than in uninfested fruit. Figs, even when picked in a ripe condition, seem to bo adapted to cold storage at 32° for about one month. The flavor is unimpaired and the pulp is firmer and more attractive in appearance than in freshly picked fruit. Papayas proved not well adapted to cold storage on account of the rapid development of molds in the dry papaine or juice of the papaya which exudes from the minute skin punctures that are generally present. When nearly ripe fruits were carefully washed in a 3 per cent solution of formalin and tlien thoroughly dried and placed in paper bags before going to cold storage they kept well for from 40 to 45 days, both at 32 and 36°. Water lemons taken from a regular shipment of fruit to the territorial market kept in perfect condition at both 32 and 36° for a period of three months and held their flavor and physical appearance for four days after removal from refrigeration. Strawberry guavas were not well adapted to cold storage. Mildew developed abundantly on the rind and only a few of the fruits kept their normal flavor and appearance more than two weeks. The appearance of mangoes stored when green at 32° remained normal in every way for the first month. Subsequent changes consisted in a shriveling of the skin which injured the appearance of the fruit. The pulp, however, re- 84079°— No. 5—15 A 440 f:X PERI M EXT STATION RECORD. inainecl in good state of preservation for a storage period of two months, possessing a normal flavor. The flavor of the fruit was slightly flat when subsequently exposed to ordinary temperature for a period of two days. This was more noticeable with fruit stored at 3G°. Perfectly ripe mangoes pre- served the normal texture and flavor for a storage period of 35 days, after which the flavor deteriorated slightly. Experiments with pineapples indicate that half-ripe and ripe pineapples may be stored for six weeks at a temperature of 32° without harm to the color or flavor of the pulp of the fruit. The only change is a slight deadening in the color of the rind. The avocado seems to be well adapted to cold storage at a temperature ranging from 32 to 3G° for a period of at least two months. Seed from several varieties of star apples held at 45° for various periods up to 25 days germinated promptly to the extent of 90 per cent, but seed from fruit held for more than 30 days in cold storage failed to germinate at all. Similarly with the seed of avocadoes, no germination took place from fruit held longer than 20 days at a temperature of 32°. Further researches on some statistics of Coffea, P. C. van dee Wolk (Zt.scltr. IniJuktivc Abstain, u. Vcrcrbimf/slchn; 13 {lOlJf), A'o. 1-2, pp. 176- ISi). — In continuation of previous studies (E. S. It.. 31, p. 142) the author here presents some correlation tables referring to the relation between the number of " bloomheads " per leaf axil and the number of blooms per " head " in Coffea quillou. The author is of the opinion that the correlation coeflicient is of no value to the physiologist. In interpreting the correlations existing in the present tables a series of cor- relation diagonals is used. Chinese trees and shrubs, W. J. Bkan (Jour. Roy. Hort. /S'oc. [London], 40 {1914), ^'^- ^- PP- 215-225, ph. 8). — This comprises notes on a number of promis- ing Chinese ornamental trees and shrubs which have been introduced to culti- vation as a result of E. H. Wilson's explorations. History of the garden pink, E. M. Kkonfeld (Geschichtc der Gartcnnelkc. Vienna, 1013, pp. IV +212, pis. 2, figs. 53). — This comprises a historical account of the garden pink, including the development of present day forms in France, Germany, England, and America. FORESTRY. Sixth annual report on forestry operations, E. Skckest {Ohio Uta. Bid. 216 {tOlJf), pp. 317-330).— lu continuation of previous reports (E. S. R., 29, p. 746) a general statement is given of progress made in the operation of forest nurseries, free distribution of stock, forestry experiments, farm woodlot prob- lems, woodlot pasturage investigations, cooperative work with institutions and municipalities, assistance rendered in foi-est planting operations and educa- tional work, drainage basin and commercial tree studies, and wood utilization. Suggestions are also given relative to needed legislation for the advancement of forestry in Ohio. [Report on] tree planting, B. Aune {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Belle FourcJie Expt. Farm 1913, pp. 15, 16). — Notes are given on the condition and behavior of trees for shade, ornamental, and windbreak purposes that have been tested on the Belle Fourche Experiment Farm. S. Dak., since 1900. In the test being conducted on dry land the only varieties that came through the severe winter of 1912-13 without any winterkilling were the green ash, Siberian pea, honey locust, and red cedar. Of these species the green ash and Siberian pea are the most hardy and desirable. The work with trees under irrigation has not progressed far enough to warrant any specific recommendation. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 441 Report on forestry. Wehlburg {Jnarh. Dcpi. Lnmlb. Nijv. en Hnndel Xedcr- htnd. Inilii', r.U-i, ;>/>. 2'.Ki-.]0G). — A progress report on forest administration in the Dutch East Indies, including information relative to alterations of forest areas, cultural operations, forest protection, exploitation, yields in major and minor forest products, revenues, expenditures, etc. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the division of botany, II. T. Gtissow and J. W. Eastiiam (C'on- udn E.rpt. Faniiti Ri)ts. 1913, pp. JiS0-.'i92). — An account is given of some of the investigations which have been pursued during the year of the report, the work covering a study of the storage rots of potatoes, experiments with Rhizoctonia disease of potatoes, potato scab experiments, ergot, and storage spot of the apple. Under the heading of storage rots the author describes all the troubles due to various organisms, and calls attention to the advisability of proper storage and the removal and destruction of diseased tubers whenever foimd. In the experiment for the control of the Rhizoctonia disease, tubers were l)lanted in a tract of land that had pre\'iously been badly infected with the fungus. One-half of the area was limed and the other half left untreated. The seed tubers were given various treatments, such as soaking in corrosive sub- limate solution, dipping in glycerin and rolling in sulphur, and soaking in lime- sulphur solution. Examination of the crop showed no constant differences so far as the treatment was concerned, but the variety Carman No. 1 was almost entirely free from Rhizoctonia on the tubers. The experiments with potato scab control included treatments with chlorid of lime, corrosive sublimate, lime-sulphur solution, .sulphur, and sawdust. Saw- dust has been claimed to be valuable for the control of this trouble, but proved to be of no benefit. The lime sulphur reduced scab more than any of the other treatments, although more than one-third of the tubers showed the presence of some scab. The storage spot of api)le was first noticed on Gravenstein apples in which spots varying from 0.3 mm. to 5 mm. in diameter were observed. These were depressed, brown in color, with dark centers, and in many cases appeared to be about a lenticel. The spots were usually less abundant on the side of the apple exposed to the sun. Cultures were made of diseased tissue and attempts made to determine the cause, but without evident success. The authors state that while the cause has not yet been demou.strated, it seems to be of a nonparasitic and external nature and to have much in common with the so-called Jonathan spot, which is suspected to be due to use of arsenate of lead as an insecticide. Report from the branch laboratory of the division of botany, W. A. McCuBBiN (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1013, pp. Ji97. 498). — An account is given of the investigations being conducted at the branch laboratory at St. Catharines, Ontario, the work reported being mostly that of a study of peach cankers, cur- rant diseases, yellows, little peach, raspberry cane blight, etc. The author reports the occurrence of Pyropolyponis ribis in large numbers ou currants, and although a number of fungicides were tested none of them seemed to have proved effective in destroying the fungus. The raspberry cane blight, which was rather prevalent and destructive in some parts of the district, was studied and experiments begun on the control of the disease by spraying. [Plant diseases in Mauritius], F. A. Stockdale Qn Suminart/ of Invesiiga- iions of Fungus Diseases and Insect Pests Made During the Six Months Ended 442 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. June 30. Mduriiins: Dept. Afjr., Jill'i. pp. J-.}). — This is a summary of inves- tigations of fungus diseases made during the first half of 1914. A root disease of sugar cane was connected with Marasmius, resembling somewhat M. sacchari, but more the Hawaiian than tlie Javan or West Indian form. Damage is caused by this fungus even in favorable seasons, several varieties being attacked. The fungus may be starved out by elimination of grasses or controlled by the use of quicklime, 3 to 5 tons per acre, or loss may be prevented by the use of resistant varieties. K(hI rot (ColIctotricJium falcatum) is reported from several localities. Selec- tion of sound and resistant stock and removal of diseased canes at once and of all canes at cropping time are recommended. A rind disease seems to be associated with Mclanconium sacchari, for which sanitation is prescribed. A gumming disease of sugar cane is reported, possibly due to a bacterium, and a bacterial disease sometimes follows red rot. Some leaf diseases under investigation do not appear to occasion much damage. The cause of a fungus root disease of citrus x)lants has not been definitely ascertained, but quicklime, forked into the soil, and isolation trenches are indicated as beneficial. Collar rot of potatoes, causing somewhat less damage than in ]01.'>, was less- ened by the application of a small quantity of quicklime. Hecent advances in our knowledge of the genus Phytophthora, G. H. Pethybridge {Jour. Econ. Biol., 9 {1911t), No. 2, pp. 53-63, pis. 2). — The results of a study of different species of the genus Phytophthora are given, and the author concludes that the genus, as usually understood, contains species which differ from one another fundamentally in the way in which the development of the sexual organs takes place. This difference, it is said, practically compels the splitting of the old genus Phytophthora into two, of which P. erpthroscptica, P. iufcstans, P. pJiascoli, P. colocasicr, P. parasifica, and P. arccce are to be retained in the old genus, while the other species are to be transferred to the genus Nozemia. Studies in North American Peronosporales, G. W. Wilson {Mi/cologia, 6 (IDl-'f), No. 4, pp. 192-210, pJs. 2). — These brief notes on miscellaneous spec-ies include, among accounts of introduced or native forms, a discussion of the new genus Bremiella ( representetl in America only by B. mcgaspcrma n. sp.), the newly named form Pseudopcronospora huinuli, and the following new species, Peronospora Icpidii, P. chama'sycis, and P. minima, with suggestions as to renaming some other forms discussed. Conidium production in Penicillium, C. Thom {Mycologia, 6 (Wl.'t), No. 4, pp. 211-215, flg. 1). — The author describes and discusses some characters, modi- fications, and changes as noted in the conidiophores, conidia, etc., of the forms grouped under the name Penicillium. A cancer of plants, R. Regamey (Conipt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 159 {191-i), No. 22, pp. 747-749). — A description is given of a canker-like growth discovered on a young oak tree in the park of Versailles in which proliferous tumors were present. From these tumors the author isolated an organism. Microspira carcinopwus. Inoculation experiments have been unsatisfactory on oaks, but positive results have been obtained where inoculations were made on the common garden nasturtium and on ivies. The disease is considered distinct from the crown gall of this country, and the organism is said to be very different from the one causing the latter disease. Oat sickness in sandy and clayey soils, J. Hudig (Tcrslag. Landbouwk. Ondcrzock. Rijkslandbouwprocfsiat. [Netherlands], No. 15 (1914), pp. 7.'f-S6).— Investigations previously reported (E. S. R., 24, p. 523; 25, p. 724; 28, p. 520) DISEASES OF PLANTS. 443 have boen followed by a study of the belunior of oats on sandy or clayey soils npon the addition of various fertllizinfr materials. Light clayey soils show a tendency to produce oat sickness, this increasing with the proportion of sand present. Treatment with alkali is injurious, but that with acid fertilizers is helpful. In the case of sandy soils, superphosphate and aninioniuni snlpliate are found helpful. Clover and lucern leaf spot. Ivy Massee (Jour. Econ. Biol., 9 {l!)Vf), No. 2, pp. 65-(n, fi(js. Jf). — A description is given of the leaf spot of clover and alfalfa due to I'sciidopczha trifolii. In addition to species of Trifolium. the fungus occurs on a number of species of Medicago and also on TrigoncUa f anion gra'c urn As preventive measures, the destruction of wild host species iu the vicinity of fields is advised, and, as the fungus is borne on the seed, it is suggested that the seed be treated with hydro- gen peroxid. A fungus disease of berseem, J. Chrestian and R. Maiee {Bui. Agr. Algcric, Tunisic, Maroc, 20 {IDL'f), Ko. 10, pp. 316-32.'f, figs. 6). — A description is given of Rh(ib(lo.^pora alcxandrina n. sp., a fungus which has been found in xVlgeria to be quite destructive of berseem or Egyptian clover {Trifolium alcrandrinuni). The late blight of potato, S. K. Basu {Agr. Jour. Bihar and Orl'i.^a [India], 1 {1913), No. 2. pp. 142-149, fig. 1). — (Jiving an account of the sudden appear- ance, quick spread, and destructive effects of Phytophthora infestans, which was observed at and near the Sabour Experimental Station, India, during the very foggy, misty weather which prevailed about Christmas, 1912, injuring potato crops in some instances from 50 to 90 jier cent, the author cites evidence of its having been brought down in mycelial form with seed potatoes shipped from the hills on account of seed scarcity in the plains. No other solanaceous plants were attacked by this fungus, but no potato variety iu India has proved im- mune to late blight, although young plants are more resistant thereto. Late planting is suggested, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture has appar- ently helped in some cases. A blight-proof potato {Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 2 {1914), No. 2, pp. 103-106). — An account is given of a productive variety of potatoes, New -Era, which after about six years' trial is claimed to be totally resistant to blight and also unusually resistant to frost. A blight and frost resisting variety of potato {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 56 {191 ff), Nos. 1450, p. 250; 1452, p. i?SO).— These two notices refer to the variety of blight proof potato above noted. The New Era potatoes, when tested iu the British Isles, are said to have showii susceptibility to both late blight and frost injury in that region. Potato canker, O. Appkl {Deut. Landw. Finesse, 4I {1914), No. 67, pp. 794, 795, pi. 1). — A description is given of black scab or canker of potato (due to Chriisophlijetis cndobiotiea) which is said to have appeared iu Germany in IOCS, but which is believed to be confined to a few small areas. No remedial measures are offered except complete destruction by fire of all plants on affected soil and the employment of such land for other crops during at least five years. Potato scab, G. P. DAkNFXL-SMiTn (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 25 {1914), No. 10, pp. 809-872). — A number of causes of scab in potatoes are described, among them i)hysical agencies, attacks of nematodes, and various fungi. According to the author the fungi causing scab in Australia ai'e Oospora seabies, Rhizoctonia solani, and Spondiilorhtdiuni atrovit-eus. Other fungi, such as Spongospora .subirrranea and i^jiiichiitrium endobioticum, while producing scab of potato tubers, have not yel been report<'d in (hat country. 444 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. Where the scab is due to the action of fungi the author recommends the forniiilin treatment of seed [iotatoes. Wart disease of potatoes, T. II. Middleton (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [Lon- don], Ann. Rpt. JJort. Brunch, l[)13-lJf, pp. 38-55). — An account is given of investigations on control measures undertaken under the Wart Disease of Potatoes Orders of ini3 and 1914. It has been demonstrated for at least five years that certain varieties of potatoes, if true to type, are wholly I'esistant to this disease, and that under ordinary conditions these varieties will yield a sound cro]) while susceptible varieties will give a number of warty potatoes. Potato spraying, Dukk ok Redkord and S. U. Pickering (Wohurn Expt. Fruit Farm Rpt., J4 (lOU,), pp. 1-32; ah-i. in Gard. Chron., 3. ner., ,56 {191^), No. lJ/60, p. JfOl). — A report is given of experiments on spraying potatoes, the initial object of which was to ascertain the proportion of Woborn Bordeaux l)aste which is equivalent in fungicidal action to ordinary Bordeaux mixture. The paste is prepared by precipitating a solution of copper sulphate with clear limewater sutficient to render the mixture barely alkaline and then sepa- rating the precipitate. When used this is simply mixed with water and the jjreparation is complete. Some difficulty has been met with in preparing a com- mercial mixture of this sort, but the authors consider that this has been overcome. As a result of the experiments it was found that on potatoes sprayed for the prevention of late blight 15 or 16 lbs. of the paste was as efficient as Bordeaux mixture made with 8 lbs. of copper sulphate and 8 lbs. of lime to 100 gal. of water. The Bordeaux mixture as prepared by the ordinary method would contain five or six times as much copper as the paste. A trial was made of soda Bordeaux, but it was found not to compare favoi'- ably either with the paste or with ordinary Bordeaux mixture, even wlien the amount of copper in it was very large. Control of potato diseases in Wisconsin, L. K. Jones {T^isconsin Sta. Circ. 52 (1914), pp. 19, figs. Jf). — A popular description is given of a number of the nonparasitic and pai'asitic diseases of potatoes, with suggestions for their con- trol. Studies on the relation of certain species of Fusariuni to the tomato blight of the Pacific Northwest, II. B. Humphrey (Washington Sta. Bui. 115 {191-i\. pp. 22, pis. 5). — The I'esults are given of an extended study of the liistory, dis- tribution, cause, and methods of control of the disease commonly known as yellow blight in the States of the Pacific Northwest. This disease is generally characterized in its incipient stage by twisting of the leaf accompanied by a purpling of the leaf veins. Later the leaves are twisted and rolled inward, followed by a drooping, but not a wilting, of the leaflets and leaves. The fruits develop poorly and often seeds are not pro- duced. With the appearance of the blight there is a marked cessation of growth, and all plants assume an erect habit excepting those cases in which the root systems have been invaded late in the season. The studies show that the cause of the disease is in part at least two specie.^; of Fusarium, F. orthoceras and two varieties of F. ojpysporum. Chlamydn- spores of the fungi are said to be produced abundantly in the soil, and it is possible that they may also be propagated by a perennial mycelium formed in the roots of blighted plants. Among the factors which limit the disease are soil temperature and moisture, wind movement, air temperature, and light intensity. Crop rotation and plant- ing in virgin soil are thought to be of doubtful preventive value, the greatest freedom from the disease being obtained where the practice of tran.splauting from hotbed to cold frames or field is abandoned. DISEASES OP PLANTS. 445 Apple canker, S. P. Wiltshire {Ah.s. hi ilard. Ghron., 3. set:, 56 (IDUf), No. ]/f60, p. JfOl).— The author reports that the wound parasite Nectria dltissima invaruibly induces infection if the wound through which it enters is deep enough to penetrate to or nearly to the wood ; otherwise protective tissue is formed and the parasite is exchided from the living tissues. It is said that the disease is generally localized, though the capability of the fungus to spread from one part to another has not yet been determined. It is claimed that there is no danger of communicating the disease by grafting provided the graft is taken from a healthy shoot. An algal disease of cacao, W. G. Frekman (Bui. Dept. Agr. TrhiUlad and Tobago, l,i {lUlJf), No. S-h pp. 203, 2(1'/). — Notes are given on the occurrence of a disease of cacao due to ih'phaleuroi< rirescen.t. The disease is said to be manifested by a dying back of the shoots and is particularly characterized by the leaves turning brown, but not falling, so that trees badly attacked are covered by dead twigs and brown leaves. In addition to occurring on the cacao this alga has been reported as doing considerable damage to mangoes and to other tropical trees, as well as on tea in India. Operations against cacao canker, C. J. J. van Hall {Medcd. Proef.^tat. Middcn-Jaca, No. 14 (1914), pp. 10). — This is a I'eport of observations on the spread and effects of cacao canker in the vicinity of Pekalougan from 1908 to 1914, also of attempts there during the last two years to control the disease, which is favored by wet weather, but appears to abate during the dry season. The organism not only attacks wounded areas but uninjured parts also. The use of Bordeaux mixture, especially on two experimental areas as de- .scribed, reduced considerably in one year's time the number of trees showing canker in the wet months of January and February. Black spot of the mandarin (Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 2 (1914), No. 2, pp. 143, 144). — Advice pending results of test experiments in progress is given to orchardists. Trees are to be pruned radically on every appearance of dis- ease, all of the prunings being destroyed by fire. Several spraying mixtures are recommended, with directions as to proportion, strength, and times of appli- cation. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 31, p. 843). American gooseberry mildew, T. H. Middleton (Bd. Agr. and Fisherie.e used in connec- tion with spraying witli hot water. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Wild life conservation in theory and practice, W. T. IIornaday (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1914, PP- yi+2.'f0, pis. 19). — This work consists of lectures delivered before the Forest School of Yale University in 1914. The subjects discussed are the extinction and preservation of valuable wild life, the economic value of our birds, the legitimate use of game birds and mammals, animal pests and their rational treatment, and the duty and power of the citizen in wild life protection. A chapter on private game preserves as factors in conservation (pp. 195-222), and a bibliography of more recent works on wild birds with special reference to game preserves and the protection and pi-opagation of game (pp. 223-229), by F. C. Walcott, are included. Useful birds and their protection, E. IL Forbush {Bonton: Mass. Bd. Agr., 1913, Jf. cd., pp. XX-\-.'i5}, ijIs. 61, figs. 111). — A reviselied at intervals of 11 or 12 days, or somewhat oftener if the temperature in the greenhouse is higher than that at which marguerites are usually kept. The picking of leaves, it would seem, is in most cases neither adequate nor satisfactory." A bibliography of the literature relating to this subject is appended. Life history of the melon fly, E. A. Back and C. E. Pemberton ( TJ. H. Dcpt. Apr., Join: Agr. Research, 3 {1!HJ,), No. 3, pp. 269-27 4). —This r)aper reports the results of studies of the life history of Bactrorera (Dacus) eueurhitw as worked out by the authors in the Hawaiian Islands, where, next to the Medi- terranean fruit fly, it is tlie most important insect enemy of fruits and vege- tables. Brief accounts of this species by Van Dine (E. S. R.. 18. p. 61) and by Marsh (E. S. R., 25, p. 461) have been previously noted. While first I'ecorded in November, 1808, it is said to have been known about Honolulu for many years before. The pest has spread so rapidly that it is now found on all the important islands of the Hawaiian group, and cantaloups and watermelons can not be grown except on new land distant from old gardens. More than 95 per cent of the pumpkin (Cueurhita pciio) crop is annually ruined and havoc is caused among the more resistant cucumbers (Cueiimis sativus). The fly not only oviposits in the fruit but more often — with the pumpkin and squash — in the unopened male and female flowers, in the stem and vine, and even in the seedling itself, especially in seedlings of the watermelon and canta- loup. Entire fields of watermelons have been killed before the plants were 6 to 8 in. long by the larvje boring into the taproot, stem, and leaf stalks. At certain seasons of the year nearly all the flowers are affected before they have an opportunity to bloom. In addition to cucurbitaceous crops, which are the favorite hosts, certain leguminous crops, such as string beans and cowpeas, are often badly attacked. When the preferred host plants are scarce even peaches,' papayas, and similar fruits are attacked to a limited degree. No satisfactory remedy has as yet been found to prevent the infestation, al- though a small percentage of the crops subject to attack may be saved through covering the young fruit with cloth or paper or, in cases of cucurbits, by bury- ing them in the soil until they become sufficiently large to withstand attack. Life history studies are reported in detail in tabular form. During the sum- mer months when the daily mean temi>erature is about 79° F. the eggs hatch in from 26 to 35 hours after deposition, while at a mean temi>erature of 73.6° they hatch in from 52 to 54 hours. The larva passes through three instars; at a mean temperature of about 79° its development is completed in from 4 days, 4 hours, to 7 days. At mean temperatures ranging from 71.6 to 79.4° the pupal stage varies from 7.5 to 13 days. Adults, which emerged February 17, were as strong and vigorous 6 months and 14 days later as when they emerged. The majority of the females observed did not mate until fully 25 days after emerg- ing. At mean temperatures averaging 75.5° ovipositiou did not commence imtil one month after emerging but continued for a number of months. Thirty-six is said to be the largest number of eggs secured from a single melon fly in one day. The daily oviposition by 10 flies is recorded. 169 eggs deposited from May 31 to August IS by a fly which emerged February 17 and was placed on fruit May 22 being the largest number. Observations on the larvae of fleas, A. W. Bacot and W. G. Ridewood [Para- f^itology. 7 {W14), No. 2, pp. 157-175, figs. 6).— This article deals largely with the morphology of flea larvfe. Short notes on Anisoplia austriaca and methods of combating it. I. V. Vassiliev {Tnuhj Biliro Ent. [St. Peter.vb.], vol. 7, Xo. 2, ^. enl. ed. {191.',), pp. ECONOMIC ZOOLCKJV — ENTOMOLOGY. 453 36, plf^. 2, figs. 20; ab,^. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Sci: A, Xo. Jf, pp. 259-261).— This paper discusses the biologj', uatural enemies, and means of control of A. austriaca, a lamellicorn beetle that is of considerable economic importance in southern Russia, Austria-Hungar3% Syria, and Asia Minor. About 22 months are required for the development of the larva and three weeks for the pujui. The adult beetle attacks chiefly rye, wheat, and barley at the time the grain is still soft, gnawing the seeds, and sometimes devouring them entirely. Three parasites, namely, TipJiia fonorata, T. morio, and IScoUa quadripunetafa, attack the larvje. A fungus disease due to Entonwplithora [Mctdrrhizium] aiiifiopliw caused a high mortality among the larvic in 1902, from 60 to 70 per cent having been destroyed in the vicinity of Kishenef. The remedial measures suggested include trap crops of wheat and rye and also maize, and replowing for the destruction of the eggs and larvae. In south and middle Russia there are additional species of Anisoplia, such as A. cyathigcra, A, scgetum, and others, which are less injurious. A synoptical table to facilitate the identification of the various species of Anisoplia, another giving the distinctive characters of the commoner lamellicorn larv;e found in the soil, and two colored plates are appended. Description of a new African coccinellid, Serangium giffardi n. sp., G. Gkaxdi {Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. c Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, S {1914), pp. 165-178, figs. 8; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), 8er. A, No. 6, p. 348).— 8. giffardi, collected in Nigeria and Kamerun by F. Silvestri, is said to be actively prodaceous on Aleyroening of the bananas. Pentosans decreased markedly in the pulp, but remained little changed in the peel. "Analyses of the peel and pulp of ripening bananas showed a steady transfer of water from peel to pulp during ripening." A bibliography is appended. Soluble aluminum compound?. — their occurrence in certain vegetable prod- ucts, C. N. Mykks {Pub. Jlc'iHh Rpts. [U. S.], 2!) {IBlJf), No. 25, pp. 1625- 1629).— In connection with the investigations of the cause of pellagra, a study was made of the aluminum content of a number of vegetable foods, including corn and corn products, hominy, oatmeal, parsnips, carrots, and white and sweet potatoes. As this aluminum is present largely in a water-soluble form, the conclusion is drawn that a relatively large consumption of aluminum may result in the case of a diet consisting chiefly of vegetables. The need of further work along this line is emphasized. Syrian food products exported to United States, W. S. Hollis (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. .S'.], 77 (I'Jl^), No. 2J,3, pp. 28Jt, 285).— A number of native food products are briefly described. Food production and requirements of various countries, N. C. Murray and F. Andrews {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 641 {1914), pp. 20-22).— A com- pilation of data showing the percentages of foods imported and exported by the Tnited Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany. Austria-Hungary. Belgium, Argen- tina. Canada, and the United States. The figures given are based largely upon data for the years 1012 and 1913. 84079°— No. 5—15 5 456 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Food analysis and other pure food and drug topics], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (ISlorth Dakota Hta. Hpec. JiuL, 3 (i.9///), No. 12, pp. 201-21G).— This discusses the sale of undrawn poultry, the use of bleached flour, and mi.s- cellaneous food toi)ics. Directions are also given for the disinfection of rooms, furniture, clothing, etc. Analyses are reported of a large number of foods and beverages and some samples of spirits of camphor. [Food and sanitary inspection — food analysis and other pure food and drug topics], E. F. Labd and Alma K. Johnson (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 3 (1914), No. 13, pp. 217-232). — The sanitary scores are reported of a number of places where food is prepared, sold, or distributed. A list of foods and beverages analyzed is appended, and information is given regarding the prohibi- tion of the use of soap bark and sai)onin, and tlie use of saccharin. Food, water, and ice supplies in railway stations and railway trains, S. J. Crumbine {Trans. 15. liitcrnat. Cong. llyg. (i>t333).— This paper gives an account of the work done by the department of high school lunches recently established by the board of public education in Philadelphia. The organization and running of the lunch rooms is described. Each is in charge of a dietitian who plans the menus and oversees the preparation and serving of the food, and who is in constant consultation with the superintendent of the department. The latter is responsible for all purchases. The training- of the school dietitian, Caroline L. Hunt {.'f. Intcrnat. Cong. School Hyg., Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. .3,3-}-,?.3P).— Recognizing that the school dietitian as distinct from the manager of the school lunch room is likely to become a regular officer in city school systems, thi.s paper enumerates as necessary qualifications an understanding of child nature and also of the principles of pedagogy and nutrition, business ability, and practical knowledge of methods of investigation and research along these lines. Medical inspection and the nutrition of school children, I. S. Wilk (4. Intcrnat. Cong. School Hyg., Buffalo, N. Y.. Trunks., 5 (1913), pp. 266-272).— This paper gives a plea for the more general recognition of the close inter- dependence of malnutrition (as distinct from simple underfeeding) in the physi- cal defects of school children. The importance of proper nutrients for retarded children — a demonstra- tion, W. W. Roach (4. Intcrnat. Cong. School Hyg., Buffalo, y. Y., Trans.. 4 (1913), pp. 41!i-421, figs. 6).— A report of the work of the so-called "food clinic " of a Philadelphia public school in which 113 undeveloped children were given luncheons of milk and cereal, with the result that they showed gains not only in physical development but also in mental ability. Unwholesome diet a prime cause of inefficiency in school children, J. H. Kellogg (4- Intcrnat. Cong. School Hyg.. Buffalo, y. Y., Trans.. 4 (1913), pp. 96-105). — The author discusses the effects of nutrition on general efficiency and favors a vegetarian diet. National conservation and nutrition during childhood. Margaret ]Mc^Iil- LAN (4. Internat. Cong. School Hyg., Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 5 (1913), pp. 298- 302). — The author emphasizes the moral and social as well as the physiological value of school lunches for children in crowded city districts. The coefficient of nutrition in Antwerp school children, M. C. Schuyten (.}. Intcrnat. Cong. School Hy.i.. Buffalo. N. Y.. Trans:.. ', (1913). pp. 106-108. fig. 1). — The author used Oiuieiiheimer's formula for the coefficient of nutrition FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 459 (the circniiiferenoe of the upper arm X 10 ('(luipment board recommended that an additional haversack ration be substituted for the emergency ration now carried by each soldier in campaign." 460 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A hygienic interpretation of the food supplied the United States Army in the field, as at present authorized, A. A. Woouiiull {Trans. 15. Intcnuif. Cong. Ilyy. and Dcmofjr. Washington, 5 {1912), Sect. S, pp. 830-833) .—The U. S. Army garrison and haversack rations ai'e described and discussed. The author gives reasons for believing that tlie present haversack ration of the U. S. Army is better than the rations which it has replaced. Some information is given regarding an emergency ration formerly in use. Value to the army in changes in the ration and its preparation, M. A. Elliott, jr. {Trans. 15. Internat. Cong. Ilyg. and Demogr. Washington, 5 {1912), Sect. 8, pp. 839-8Jt5). — The garrison field and emergency ration of the U. S. Army is discussed and information given regarding camp cookery in per- manent and temporary camps and at daily camps from day to day. The straight fire knockdown field oven, which is describetl, has been found very satisfactorJ^ The field bread answers the same pui'pose as the hard bread which it is intended to replace, namely, it is prepared to contain the smallest volume and least weight compatible with the retention of all the nutri- tive elements of the flour, while it can be kept in good condition for a long time. The field bread is better liked than hard bread and is believed to digest more thoroughly on account of its more porous texture. "At a temperature of 37° C. [98.6° F.] field bread takes up four times its weight of water, while hard bread will take up only half as much. Plunged in boiling water field bread is soaked in six minutes, while hard bread recpiires more than ten. . . . "Also, field bread is less subject to attacks from insects than hard bread; in the latter they develop quite readily, owing to its foliated texture. The insect, once admitted through any crack in the crust, easily gains the interior of the ioaf and develops therein without hindrance, and no brushing can dislodge it. This the cellular structure of the field bread prevents. The external cracks are rare compared with the size of the loaf and the aeration holes throughout its surface. It is found, too, that a very prolific source of mold is the reei'ystalli- zation of the salt, and it is sought to do away with this by using perfectly pure salt and by straining the water in which it has been dissolved, so as to prevent any deposit therein." The method of making field bread is described. Problems of growth, T. B. Osborne and L. B. Mendel {Atner. Jour. Physiol., 33 {1914), No. 3, p. XXVIII; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London^], lOG {19W, No. G18, I, p. ^50). — ^A brief note on studies previously noted (E. S. R.. 31, p. 558). [Raw and cooked protein foods]. — Use of protein in kidney diseases, G. LiNossiEB {Med. Klinik, 9 {1913), No. 52, pp. 21Jf3, 2Z.}-J).— According to the author, protein substances, when thoroughly cooked, exercise no harmful effects upon the kidneys. His conclusion applies to egg albumin, meats, and milk. He attributes the alleged superiority of white to red meat in the diet of nephritics to the fact that the white meat is generally more thoroughly cooked. Variations in the hydrogen ion concentration of the urine of man accom- panying fasting and the low- and high-protein regeneration periods, P. E. IIowE and P. B. Hawk {Proc. Amer. Soc. Biol. Chcm., 3 {1913), No. 1, p. -'i2).— A summary of a paper presented at the eighth annual meeting of the American Society of Biological Chemists at Philadelphia, Pa., December, 1913. The hydrogen ion concentration of the urine was studied with a man during a 7-day fasting period, a subsequent 4-day period of low-protein diet, and a final period of 5 days in which a high-protein diet was given similar to that of the nor- mal period before the fast. The hydrogen ion concentration rose the first three days and remained practically constant during the remainder of the fasting period. On low-protein diet it fell gradually, and upon the resumjitiou of a ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 461 liigL-protein diet continued to fall for three days, when its subnormal value re- turned to the normal. No direct relation between the hydrogen iou concentra- tion and the ammonia out])ut was noted. See also a previous note (E. S. K., 30, p. 704). The gaseous metabolism of infants with special reference to its relation to pulse rate and muscular activity, F. G. Benedict and F. B. Talbot {Car- ney ie Inst. Washington Pub. 201 {19H), pp. 168, figs. 6,5).— In addition to a complete review of the literature and a presentation of a number of important problems in this field, the authors report the results of observations upon 37 infants. The carbon dioxid production and the oxygen consumi)tion were measured simultaneously by means of a respiration apparatus which was also ])rovided with a device for registering the sliglitest body movement. A series of 12-hour continuous pulse records showed a sudden and considerable increase in pulse rate when crying or nursing, which returned quickly to the low level on cessa- tion of crying or feeding. The i)ulse rate agreed closely with the muscular activity of the infants, as shown by the records of a swinging crib upon a kymograph. Metabolism increased or decreased accordingly as the pulse rate and musfular activity increased or decreased. An increase in pulse rate and metabolism which was independent of external activity was regarded as an indication of internal work, of which the pulse rate is suggested as an index. Under conditions of complete muscular repose it was found that, although the smaller infants had in general the smaller total metabolism, there were sutlicient exceptions to prevent formulation of a definite law. In these experi- ments no relationship existed between the age of the infants and the heat proer cent. Carrots, judging from their compo- sition, were intermetliate in food value between mangels and turnips. One lot of hogs was fed 3 Iba of skim milk per day, another lot, G lbs., the other constituents of the ration being the same for both lots. Those fed the larger quantity of milk made very economical gains, a saving of O.G ct. per pound of increase in weight being effected. 462 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECORD. In iiu eflort to arrive a1 ii ration lor wintering a horse at low cost, a gelding and a mare were fed 1 11). of liay from mixed grasses, 1 lb. of straw, and 1 lb. of swedes per day foi- each Ui(> lbs. of live weight, with very favorable ro.sults. The bulky ration and the roots had a very beneficial effect on the digestive tract of the animals. Three lots of 12 2 to 3 year old steers each were fed the same feeds, consisting of a grain mixture of wheat, oats, and barley 1:2:2. Lot 1 was fed in the barn in box stalls, which were kept well bedded and cleaned at regular inter- vals. They were not let out at all except once each month for the purpose of being weighed. They had water twice a day, though it was before them prac- tically throughout the day. They were fed straw in their mangers as well as green feed and hay during the last three weeks of the feeding perioer lamb of $1.43, $1.37, $1.43, and $1.00, respectively. It Is concluded from this experiment that clover hay surpasses timorhy hay in the economy of gains produced. Roots appeared to add to the economy of production, especially when applied to the timothy hay ration. Six lots of approximately 75-lb. wethers were fed for 117 days as follows: Lot 1 (laml)s), alfalfa, mixed grains, and roots; lot 2 (yearlings), alfalfa, mixed grains, and roots; lot 3 (yearlings), alfalfa and grain; lot 4 (yearlings), alfalfa and screenings; lot 5 (yearlings), alfalfa alone; lot 6 (yearlings), alfalfa and roots, made an average daily gain per head of 0.289, 0.24, 0.226, 0.242, 0.138, and 0.14G lb., costing per pound of gain 7.19, 9.03, 9.16, 5.85, 12.32, and 12.13 cts., and giving a net profit per lamb of 64, 46, 46, 138, 25, and 16 cts. Two lots of 7 65 to 70-lb. pigs, fed 84 days a grain mixture of shorts and a proprietary feed and 5 lbs. of skim milk, lot 1 receiving in addition all the clover they would eat, made an average daily gain per pig of 1.U9 and 1.19 lbs- costing per pound of gain 4.1 and 5.2 cts. LYom these results it is concluded that greater daily gains may be made from the grain and milk ration but more economical gains may be made by the addition to the ration of grain aud good clover. The pigs receiving the clover were not as well finished but had greater bone and muscular development, appeared to be in better condition, and were at no time off feed. Five groups of 10 pigs each, each group comprising 2 lots, were fed for 63 days winter rations as follows: Group 1, ground barley and oats 1:1; group 2, ground barley aud oats 1 : 1 and 3 lbs. per pig per day of skim milk ; group 3, gix)uud barley and oats 1: 1 aud boiled turnips; group 4, ground barley, oats, and middlings 1:1:1; and group 5, ground oats, barley, and feed flour 1:1:1. They made an avei'age daily gain per head of 0.99, 1.3, 1.03, 0.92, and 0.94 lbs., costing per pound of gain 5.6, 4.1, 5.55, 4.85, and 5.05 cts. From this experiment it is concluded that skim milk is an outstandingly cheap pork producer; that middlings is the next cheapest substitute for a part of the oats aud barley meal ; that for younger and light pigs feed flour is not a practical feed in large quantities ; and that cooked turnips added to the meal ration economizes but little over the meal alone. Two lots of 5 30-lb. pigs fed 132 days a grain ration, lot 1 receiving in addi- tion 3 lbs. of skim milk per pig per day, and lot 2, 6 lbs. of skim milk, made average daily gains of 0.81 and 1.03 lbs., costing per pound of gain 5.08 and 5.2 cts., resi>ectively. The extra milk fed to lot 2 was estimated to be worth for fattening puriwses 57 cts. per 100 lbs. Two lots of 70 to 75-lb. pigs fed 60 days a small quantity of feed flour and some mangels, lot 1 receiving in addition barley chop, aud lot 2 shorts, mad* a\erage daily gains per head of 0.81 and 0.58 lb., costing 4.26 and 7.4 cts. per pound of gain, respectively. Three lots of Yorkshire pigs were fed summer rations as follows : Lot 1, wheat shorts, milk, and green feed ; lot 2, wheat shorts, peas, oats, barley, rice meal, aud green feed; aud lot 3. oats, peas, barley (ground), milk, and green feed. They made an average daily gain per head of 1.16. 1.1. aud 1.42 lbs., there being required i)er pound of gain 2.1, 2.76. aud 2.11 lbs. of grain and 8.51, 9, and 7.03 lbs. of milk, resi)ectively. Four lots of four Yorkshire pigs three to six months old were fed winter rations as follows: Lot 1, rice meal, milk, and mangels; lot 2, wheat shorts, milk, and mangels ; lot 3, rice meal, wheat shorts, milk, and mangels ; and lot 4, oats, peas, barley, wheat shorts, milk, and mangels. They madj average daily gains per head of 0.70S, 1.176, 0.925, aud 1.04 lbs., respectively. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 465 [Analyses of] fodders and feeding stuffs, F. T. Shutt {Cannda E.rijt. Farms A'p/.s. I'Jl.'}, pp. 22.i-.iIiO. — Analyses are reported of bran, oats, iiiiddliu;^s, shorts, feed flciir, rice meal, distillery grains, dried brewers' grains, bean meal, liiix meal, tankage, molasses meals, corn silage, clover silage, oat hay, teff hay (Eragrostis abyssinica), and mangels, turnips, and carrots of various varieties. The importance of the inoi-ganic constituents of feeding stuffs, A. Zait- scnEK (Alhitorvosi Lapok, 37 (19U), No. 19, pp. 225-229; abs. in Intcnuit. iust. A{/r. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 8, pp. in'/G. lO.'fl). — In studies on the inliuonce of the inorganic constituents of feeding stuffs on the develoi)ment of bone in young pigs, it was found that when the animals were fed exclusively on coiti they excreted more calcium than they retained and made up the deficit with magnesium. When the quantity of dry matter was increased and 5 gm. of calcium carbonate added to the ration, the amount of calcium retained was increased, the magnesium retained decreased, and the phosphoric acid retained rose from 13 to 30 per cent. Similar results were obtained when barley instead of corn was fed. A high absorption of calcium and phos])horic acid resulteil when from 10 to 11 gm. of calcium carbonate was added to the feed per 100 kg. live weight. Inasmuch as the bones did not develop properly on the grain rations the neces- sity of adding calcium to the ration, especially with young pigs in the dry lot, is deemed evident, but it is believed that this may be in the form of cai'bonate instead of the more exj>ensive phosphate. Influence of calcium-poor and calcium-rich nourishment on the growth and composition of the bone, S. Weiser {KisMet. Krhlem., 11 {191-'/), No. Jf, pp. 539-558, pis. 2). — Two lots of growing jiigs were fed for Si months on corn and blood meal, 10 : 1, one lot receiving calcium carbonate in addition. In growth and body weight the animals receiving little calcium were 20 per cent lower, and their bones were deformed, flexible, fragile, and light in cross-section measurement, although the weight and growth of their skeletons was no lower than those of the lot fed the calcium-rich ration. The weight of ihe fresh bones and dry matter comprised a larger percentage of the body weight in the low-calcium (11.29 to 5.05) than in the high-calcimn (S.74 to 3.91) lots. The water content of the bones of the low-ealcium lot was the greater, the fat contents practically equal. The ash content of the bones of the low- calcium pigs was considerably lowex', the greatest difference occurring in the ribs and the least in the skull. Hence the skulls of the low-calcium pigs car- ried a greater percentage of the total ash of the skeleton than the high-calcium lot. The bone ash of the low-calcium lot was poorer in CaO and P20r„ but the essential difference consisted in the higher alkali content, there being more NanO and KiO in the low-calcium lot. The variations in the ash coniiionents were not alike in all the bones, being least in the skull and greatest in the ribs and spine. On some factors controlling fertility in domestic animals, J. Hammond {■Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 {191. 't). No. 3, pp. 263-277, pi. i).— In a study of the factors which limit the fertility of domestic animals it was concluded that the low fertility of young as compared with adult sows is due to the fact that not so many ova are shed, it appearing that various circumstances control the number of ova shed at each heat period. " Counts have been made of the numljcr of corpora lutea present in the ovaries and number of fetuses lu-esent in the uteri of i)reguant rabbits and i)igs. The results show that many more ova are shed at the heat period than young are produced at biith. .Some ova possibly may be lost but many after fertilization atrophy at some period of 466 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. their development and undergo absorption in utero. While the occurrence of atrophic fetuses only causes reduced fertility in animals which have many young at birth yet their occurrence in animals producing only one young would give rise to sterility so that the problem of the cause of the atrophy becomes an important one. " Investigation points to the conclusion that the atrophy is not bacterial in origin since frequently healthy and atrophic fetuses lie side by side in the tuerus. Moreover, no bacteria could be found either in the fetus or fetal mem- branes. Evidence is given to show that nutrition can not be the cause of the atroiihy although it may affect to a certain extent the size of the young. No conclusion has yet been arrived at as to the cause of the atrophy, and the sev- eral jjossihilitios suggested are still under investigation." Influence of Rontgen rays on ovaries, M. Fraenkfx (Arch. Milros. Anat., 84 {191J,), No. 3-4, IT, pp. 111-118, pi. 1, figs. 6: abs. in Jour. Roy. l/fV/o.s. Soc. [London^, No. 3 {1914), P- 24t). — In experiments with guinea pigs subjected to Rontgen rays on the fourth day after birth growth was retarded and when mature the offspring were undersized. Their offspring were undersized also and were sterile. It is stated that " in the exi^eriments several servings and preg- nancies were failures. A hair defect was produced by the rays on the head of the first animal, and a similar defect ajipeared on the same place in the next generation, and similar cases were observed. All the anim.nls showed an ac- cumulation of fat. Cystic degeneration of the ovaries was observed in the sterile forms." Coat pattern in mammals. — A medium of real value to the breeder, since it enables him by analysis to detect in many cases the genetic composition of his animals — Mendelism in the hands of the fancier, Q. I. Simpson {Jour. Hcreditj/, 5 {1914), No. 8, pp. 329-339, pi. 1, figs. 6).-- -The author recounts his experiences in crossing Tamworth, White Yorkshire, and Belted-Black Hamp- shire swine, in an effort to found a new race of Belted Reds. From these observations he concludes that "the fancier and the Mendelist may synthesize color and pattern to their likings. Starting with dominant white found on some individual, family, or race, among mammals or fowls, he may borrow from another of the species the dye, from yet another the stencil, and create unique marking, [and] that Mendelism. the result of chromosome sluifning and segregation at the sexual preparation of egg and sperm, is the breeder's fractionating column and analytical balance. It enables him to sep- arate and weigh the determining entities that make visible the types, and then to resynthesize these to his uses and his fancies." A bibliography is included. Inbreeding in dogs. — Statistical study of the pedigrees of two typical breeds; inbreeding not so commonly practiced by dog fanciers as popularly supposed and not so productive of results as line-breeding, W. Haynes {Jour. IleredUy, 5 {1914), ^^o. 8, pp. 368, 56.9).— From a study of the pedigrees of the Airedale and Scottish terrier breeds of dogs, the author estimates the pei'cent- age of inbred animals in these breeds at three and seven per cent, respectively, thus discrediting the popular view that these dogs are closely inbred. Further it was found that of 100 Scottish terrier champions one is inbred, and of 100 Airedale champions two are inbred. However, the figures on line-breeding are different, for of the 100 Scottish terrier champions 9 were bred in this way, 8 from the half brother and sister with same sire, and 1 from the half brother and sister with the same dam, and 10 Airedale champions were so bred, 9 from the half brother and sister with the same sire, and 1 from the half brother and sister with the same dam. The author concludes that line- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 467 brt'edinji: has, in the cases of these two breeds, at least proved very much more effective than inbreeding in accomplishing the object desired. Utilization of feed by range steers of different ages. — I, Alfalfa hay, F. W. Chbistknskn and 11. H. Simpson (New Mexico Bta. Bui. 91 (191 Jf), pp. 2-128, figs. 8). — Range steers varying in age from calves to 3-year-oIds were fed on alfalfa hay alone for 120 days. At the end of the feeding i>eriod the yearlings and 2-year-olds were not on (he whole as highly finished as tlie calves or .3-year-olds. All the 3-year-olds presented a well-finished appearance and in every way were better finished and developed than the calves, although they did not compare favorably with grain- fed steers. The calves showed lack of finish especially over the ribs and in the forequarters. The calves, yearlings, 2-year-olds, and 3-year-olds made average daily gains per head of 1.67, 1.33, 1..5.5, and 1.03 lbs., respectivel.v. Ter l.(H)0 lbs. live weight the dailj' gains per head were 3.18, 2.22, 2.15, and 0.96 lbs., resi)ectively, and the amounts of feed consumed daily were 24.44, 23.29, 23.51, and 18.42 lbs., respec- tively. Per pound of gain the amounts consumed were 7.77, 11.11, 11.46, and 20.34 lbs., respectively. A series of 24 digestion trials w-as conducted, 8 steers being used. The re- sults of these trials show considerable variation with the same individual, in successive trials, and among the different individuals on corresponding trials. However, there appeared to be no definite or consistent superiority of one in- dividual over any other, or of any given age of steer over another. Since the older steers apparently digested the feed equally as well as the calves, it ap- liears that their digestive powers were not impaired by the starvation of sub- maintenance periods through which the.y had passed. There was appai-ently no direct connection between the quantity of feed consumed and the digesti- bility of the ration, nor any difference in digestibility due to stage or fattening. It is suggested, however, that the steers were not especially fat nor on very heavy rations. Two comparisons of the nitrogen balances of the calves and the 3-year-olds indicate that the calves were gaining considerably in nitrogen whereas the others were either losing nitrogen or making but small gains, thus indicating a relatively greater gain in protein by the calves. It was estimated that the energy content of the gains made increased in general with the age of the animal. From slaughter tests there was little difference found between the yearlings and 2-year-olds, but 3-year-olds dressed a considerably higher percentage of beef than the calves. In pounds of dressed beef per head, the 3-year-olds averaged approximately twice as much as the calves. "A considera- tion of the wholesale cuts of beef from one side of the carcass shows that al- though the cuts differ greatly in weight, not only among the steers of different ages but among individuals of the same age, they show no very marked differ- ence when expressed in percentages of the half carcass. A comparison of the calves and 3-year-olds, however, shows higher percentages for ribs and loin cuts with the older steers, indicating a relatively greater proportion of the high- priced cuts in these steers. " It was found that the 2-year-olds, compared with the yearlings, showed more internal and external fat, as well as a better distribution of the same. In general, the meat of the older steers was firmer and better in quality, having slightly finer grain and better color, but the differences between the two ages were not great. The grain of the meat of both ages appeared a little coarser than that of corn-fed steers. The meat was tender, juicy, and of good flavor, and aside from the fact that the meat from the older steers appeared a little fatter, there was no marked preference due to age. 468 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. "A comparison of the carcasses of the calves aud o-year-oler cent less alfalfa for 100 lbs. gain when corn replaced barley iu a ration. Whole dry barley proved fully as satisfactory as did soaked, cracked, or ground barley. Experiments in winter lamb production, J. W. Hammond (Ohio St a. Bui. 210 (191Jf), pp. 199-22S, figs. 3).— Two lots of 12 Delaine ewes each, with their October or November lambs from a Southdown ram. as nearly alike as iwssible witli regard to age, weight, conformation, and breeding, w^ere fed for 62 days, beginning December 19, as follows : Lot 1, corn and oil meal 4 : 1. alfalfa, and silage; lot 2, corn, oats, bran, and oil meal 5:2:2:1, alfalfa, and silage. The nutritive ratio of the two rations was approximately the same. The hay and silage were fed ad libitum and approximately the same amount of grain was fed, it being all that they w-ould consume. The lambs were fed alike, receiving com and alfalfa. The ewes of lot 1 made an average daily gain per head of 0.095 lb., those of lot 2. 0.129 lb.; the lambs of lot 1, 0.441 lb., and of lot 2, 0.411 lb. The cost of feed per pound of gain made by the lambs was 7.1 and 7.5 cts., respectively. No appreciable differences in degree of finish from the two rations were noted. Both lots produced prime hothouse lambs. Two lots of 11 ewes each, with their lambs, were fed for 95 days, beginning December 24, the same ration as in the above experiment, except that during the last five weeks clover hay was substituted for the alfalfa. As these lambs were not intended for hothouse lambs they were not forced so rapidly as those in the first experiment. The average daily gain per head of the ewes of lot 1 was 0.013, of lot 2, —0.031 lb. ; for the lambs of lot 1, 0.377 lb., of lot 2, 0 333 lb. The cost of feed per pound of gain made by the lambs was for lot 1, 8.7 cts. and for lot 2, 10.1 cts. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 469 Two lots of 38 ewes each, witli their lambs, were feci for ;>"> days, begiuuiug December 24. The ewes received the same ration as those in the second experi- ment. ITie lambs of lot 1 received corn and alfalfa hay; those of lot 2, corn, oats, bran, and oil meal 5:2:2:1, and alfalfa hay. The hay was fed ad libitum and both lots received approximately the same amount of grain. Th'e ewes of lot 1 lost G3 lbs. in weight; those of lot 2 gained 51 lbs. The lambs made an average daily gain i)er head of 0.322. and 0.315 lb., respectively, costing 8.9 aner lamb, $4.08. Hothouse lambs, born in July and August and maintained on clover pas- ture and a small amount of grain until November 25, and then fed in the ham, were produced at a smaller cost for feed than were lambs born in the fall and raised in the barn during the winter, the cost of feed required per pound of live weight being 4 cts. and the net profit per lamb, $5.35. [Hog production], B. Aune (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Belle Fourche E.rpt. Farm. 1913, pp. 7-9). — From experiments conducted at the Belle Fourche Experiment Farm, S. Dak., it is estimated that the net value of gains per acre of alfalfa made in 74 days by 153-lb. hogs, fed a supplementary feed of 2 lbs. per day per 100 lbs. live weight, of a grain mixture of ground wheat, oats, and barley, was $11. The average yield of alfalfa hay was estimated at 3.5 tons per acre and its market value at $5 per ton. Pigs weighing 39 lbs. pas- tured on third crop alfalfa for 20 days made a net gain of $10.12 per acre, which was equivalent to about $9 a ton for the alfalfa consumed. On Sep- tember 15 these young hogs were allowed to hog down a plat of .'M bu. per acre corn. They remained in the corn 11 days, making a gain of 5(i0 lbs. per acre, which was estimated to be worth $39.20, or $1.13 per bushel for the corn con- sumed. Judging draft horses, A. S. Alexander (Wiscotisin Sta. Circ. 53 (191 ff), pp. S-36, figs. Jf3). — ^This circular gives general instructions on the judging and scoring of horses and the detection of unsoundness. The horse in North Africa, E. Aureggio (Bill. Soc. ScL V6t. Lyon, 11 (1914), No. 3. pp. 203-266, figs. 2//). — An account of the development and use of the various native breeds of horses in North Africa, and of the influence of the introduction of the Barb, Arabian, and Syrian breeds upon the native stock. Report from the poultry division, V. Fobtieb and F. T. Shutt (Canada E.vpt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 671-682, pi. 1). — In experiments comparing the effect of open and cotton -front poultry houses on egg production, it was found that there was in general a higher egg yield from the cotton-front house during the winter and early spring months. The minimum temperature in the cotton- front house was 6° F.. and in the open front — 10°. Two pens of J 4 White Leghorn hens each were used to determine the effect of a reiluction of ration on forcetl molting. The effect of the restricted ration was to stop entirely the egg yield 15 days after the beginning of the experiment, but the recovery from the molt was more rapid than in the instance of the lot full fed and consequently the greater number of eggs was secured in the early fall or the months of limited supply. Toward the end of the starvation period, 470 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. or about July 25, the starved pen allowed di.stiuctly by the appearance of the birds and the number of molted feathers in the pen and runs, that the method of forcing the molt by reduced ration and starvation had been successful. It was also noted that about two weeks after the starved pen had returned to a full ration the hens were still ravenous for their feed, and cleaned it up quicker than those in fed pen. This was no doubt due to the fact that they were ahead of the fed pen in the process of molting and growing new feathers. By August 29, 50 per cent of the hens in the starved pen were again laying, whereas only 14.4 per cent in the fed pen were laying. In a comparison of the fattening capacity of cockerels and capons, it was found that the latter in a period of 70 days gained approximately 50 per cent more than the former. IJnie water as an egg preservative is discussed, and trials reported in which it was superior to a comniereial ])reservative. How to tell the age of hens and pigeons, V. Fortier (Canada Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 16, 2. set: (1913), pp. 19, figs. 21). — This bulletin describes methods of determining the age of hens by the condition of the spur, the color, scales, and general appearance of the leg, the character of the down and epidermis, and the appearance of the wing as affected by the molt. It appears that "the number of short secondaries that are found in the wing indicates the number of molts that the bird has gone through, or, in other words, tells its age. These feathers are shorter than the rest, more rounded at the extremity, with a nearly central quill, and they end in a short straight point, slightly projecting." Likewise the age of pigeons may be determined by the appearance of the wings as affected by the molts. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. [Dairy husbandry], J. H. Grisdale, E. S. Archibald, H. T. Gussow, et al. {Canada Evpt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 34-37, 478-480, 543-577, pis. ii).— From experiments conducted to determine the feeding value for dairy cattle of black- strap molasses, it was found that when molasses I'eplaces a meal (composed of bran, gluten meal, cotton-seed meal, and dried brewers' grains 6:3:2:2) pound for pound to the extent of 10 per cent of total meal fed, it proves quite satis- factory ; this is due probably in large measure to the increasing of the palata- bility of the feed. When molasses replaced the meal to the extent of 20 per cent, the cows dropped in their milk flow and milk cost, to produce, more per hun- dred pounds; it is worthy of note that on the 20-per cent molasses (li to 2 lbs. per day) the cows gained in weight and condition. When molasses replaced meal to the extent of 30 per cent, the cows dropped heavily in milk flow and milk cost more per hundred pounds. This quantity of molasses slightly scoured the cows and caused loss in body weight. Estimates of returns from four herds show that the profits over feed between calvings (labor, manure, and calf not included) ranged between $52.98 and $96.69 per head for the year. Comparisons made of the bacterial content of machine and hand-milked samples of milk showed a considerably greater number of bacteria in the former than in the latter. In dairy records taken of one herd it was found that the cost of food for the five most profitabe cows, whose average pi'oduction of milk was 9.637.2 lbs., and of fat 344.2 lbs., was $54.27, while the profit per cow was $117.83. With the five least profitable cows, whose average yield was 6.136.2 lbs. of milk and 208.6 lbs. of fat, the cost was $36.62 and the profit $67.68. Plans of several dairy barns are included. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 471 [Feeding' value of grasses], N. Athanassof (Rev. Vet. e Zootech., 4 (iOl4), No. 5, pp. 287-293, pis. 4). — Experiments are reported in which the grasses Melinis minutiflora and Andropogon rufus were fed to dairy cattle as rougliage. It was demonstrated that both grasses materially increased the live weight of the cows and with the former the milk production was increased, but with the latter it was lowered. Feeding dried tomato seed to dairy cattle, G. Scakpitti {Indus. Latt. e Zootec, 12 iJ91.'t), No. l.'i, pp. 213. 21.'i). — Successful trials are reported in feed- ing dried tomato seed to dairy cattle, it appearing that this product has a nutritive value slightly higher than linseed meal, its composition being given as follows: Moisture 10.1, protein 38.13, fat 11.63, nitrogen-free extract 29.43, liber 5.9, and ash 4.81 per cent. The feeding of this material resulted in an increases! yield of milk and an increase in live weight. Dairying in Nevada, C. A. Norcross {Nev. Bur. Indus., Agr. and Irrig. Bui. 'J (191 If), pp. I.')S, figs. 4~)- — This gives general information on the breeding, feeding, care, and management of dairy cattle under Nevada conditions. What dairying has done for Denmark, J. J. Dunne (Hoard's Dairy man, 19U, Dec. 25, pp. 633, 653, 654; 48 (1915), No. 23, pp. 672, 673, 680, figs. 4).— A general account of the development of the dairy industry in Denmark during the past 35 years, the growth of the cooperative societies, and the effect of the industry on the system of farm management, changing it from one of crop growing to one of milk and live stock production. The cost of milk production (Hoard's Dairy man, 48 (1915), No. 23, pp. 669, 670, figs. 3). — Eeports from various state stations on the cost of milk production are cited and commented upon. It is concluded that $40 in the West and $60 in the East is a fair estimate at which to place the fixed charges per cow per year, after deducting the value of the calf and the manure. It was also shown that as the production increases the cost increases but not nearly in proportion to the increase in the value of the milk. The effect of the volatile fatty acids of the nutritive fats on the milk secretion. — Poi-poise oil, C. Begeb (Landw. Vers. Stat., 85 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 155 167). — Porpoise oil fed to two goats in one case increased the milk secretion and the Reichert-Meissl number, while in the other case it did not, there being an actual depression. Studies in the expansion of milk and cream, H. W. Bearce (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1914), No. 3, pp. 251-268). — Studies were undex-- taken by the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce, for the Dairy Division of this Department, to determine the coefficient of expansion of market milk, single cream, and double cream. The principle em]iloyed in determining the rate of expansion was to measure the change of density with change of temperature and from that to calculate the change in volume. The density determinations were made by the method of hydrostatic weighing. Several sources of error are to be taken into account — the difficulty of accurate weighing owing to the nonhomogeneity of the milk and cream samples; a difference in the assumed percentage of fat and the actual percentage, due to the loss occurring in handling; temperature observations; and weigliings of the sinker. Tables are given showing the observed densities of milk and cream, the densities of milk and cream corresponding to various percentages of fat, observed and calculated densities of milk and cream at different temperatures and with different percentages of fat, and the volume of milk and cream at various temperatures occupied by a unit volume at 68° F. "Examination of the results shows that for the individual samples exam- ined the density determinations may be depended ui>on to about one unit of the 84079°— No. 5—15 6 472 EXPERIMENT STA'HON RECORD, fuiudi (lociiual place. These values, however, when plotted, present certain irregularities which are far too great to be accounted for by errors in the deterniinations. For example, four different samples were examined, each of which was supposed to contain ;j it appear that the rate of expansion of any given samjile depends upon something more than the density or the percentage of fat present. It undoui)tetlly depends upon the physical and chemical condition of the sample at the time the observations are made. This condition is probably largely dependent upon the time that has elapsed since the preparation of the sample and upon the temperature at which it has been kept. That being the case, it would probably be iraix)ssible to find any fixed relation that would express accurately the rate of expansion of all percentages of butter fat under all conditions." These studies have been referred to in another source (E. S. R., 31, p. TiTo). The iron content of human and cow's milk, F. von Soxhlet {Miinchen. Med. Wchnsvhr., 51) (1!)12), A'o. 28, pp. 1529-153.1). — This article reviews the work of a number of investigators, comparing the iron content of human and cow's milk. Composition of sheep milk, G. Bie6 (Ztschr. Unterstich. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 27 (1914), No. 5, p. 397; ahs. in CJiem. Zentbl, 19U, I, No. 18, p. 1690).— This is in continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 374). Tests made of 262 samples of sheep milk from a Hungarian market showed an average ash content of 0.75, fat 7.S7, and dry matter 19.7 per cent. The highest fat content was 10.45, and of dry matter 22.98 per cent. The chloroformic coagulation of milk, E. Pozerski (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 (1914), No. 17, pp. 812, 813).— It was noted that coagulation resulting from the use of a chloroform preservative was increased by the leucocyte content of the milk. Note on the nonlactose fermenters in fresh milk, J. Ritchie (Jour. Ilyg. [Camhrklfjc], 14 (1914), No. 3, pp. 393. .39-',).— Ot the 01 samples of milk exam- ined only 7 samples proved to contain nonlactose fermenters, and from these 8 organisms were obtained. " In regard to the general bacteriological cojidition of these samjiles, lactose fermenters were absent from 1 cc. in 1 case, present in 1 cc. in 2 cases, in 0.1 cc. in 3 cases, and in 0.001 cc. in 1 case." The feeding of cattle and the production of hygienic milk, C. Gorini (CUn. Vet. [Milan], Rass. Pol. Sandt. e Ig., 37 (1914), No. 11, pp. 4Jf7-453) .—T^e author comments on the sources of bacterial infection of milk, one of the prin- cipal of these being the food. The bacteria carried from the food to the feces are, under insanitary conditions, transferred to the milk. Fermented feeds from the silo, beet pulp, and sugar }>ron)perly done by the holding method will render milk safe. The necessity of adeciuate municipal control of the milk supply is commented upon. The care of milk and cream, T. A. F. Wiancko (Brit. Colunibia Dcpt. Ayr. But. [) (IfU-'f). pp. 0). — This JJuUetiu gives general instructions on the care of milk and cream on tlie dairy farm. Instruction iu the schools concerniug sanitary milk, E. Kklly ( '/. Intermit. Cong. School Ilyg., Buffalo, N. Y., Trans., 3 (1913), pp. 38-^3, fig. i).— Tlie author considers the public schools an excellent means of combatling ignorance and carelessness regarding the milk supi)ly. He gives a synopsis of d(>sirable instruction and a list of the U. S. Department of Agriculture publications on the subject. Biorization of milk, O. G. Noack (Aincr. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 {WUt), No. 12, pp. 859-861). — An explanation of the recently invented apparatus and method of biorizing milk previously referred to (E. S. R., 31, p. 276). The dairy industry act, 1914, and regulations, J. A. Kuddick (Canada Dept. Agr. Dairy and Cold Storage Cotnr. Branch Bui. Ji2 (191Jf), pp. 13). — This gives the text of the Canadian Dairy Industry Act of 1914, regulating the manufacture and sale of daii*y products. [Overrun in butter], L. F. Rosengren (Milch w. ZentJjl, Jf2 (1913), No. 24, pp. 713-721; J,3 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-9, figs. //).— This reports tests made of the fat content, dry matter, fat-free dry matter, and fat iu the dry matter, of buttermilk from various grades of milk. Formulas are given for estimating the probable overrun in butter. [Causes and effects of uneven composition of butter], F. W. Bouska (V. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 39 (1914), No. 6, p. 328, figs. 11). — The uninen comiH)sition of churned butter, due to improper salting, maladjustment of work- ers, overloading, improper working, and other causes, is discussed. The microflora of Liptauer cheese and their importance in the ripening and flavoring, O. Gratz and K. Vas (Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 41 (1914), No. 18-23. pp. 481-545. fig. 1). — A variety of micro-organisms were found, the majoT'ity, however, being of an accideiital character, coming from the air. water, salt, and other sources. The rii>ening of the cheese is not dependent upon these accidental flora but upon the lipolytic enzyms of the rennet, which work upon the fats and in turn affect the flavor of the cheese. Ripening of Neufchatel cheese, O. Laxa (Ztxchr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Oenu.ss- iiitl.. 28 (1914), No. 8, pp. 387-392).— This reports studios made of the chemical cJianges o(x-urring in Neufchatel. Camembert, and other varieties of cheese in the process of ripening. 474 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. VETERINARY lODICINE. The importance of enzyms and enzyni reactions in medicine and surgery, W. G. Lylic and P. A. Kobkk {-lour. Indus, timi En(jin. ('Iicnt., G (l!JI-'f), Xo. JO, pp. 855, 856). — A pai)er on the topic which was presented before the New York section of the American Chemical Society in July, 1914. The diagnosis of pregnancy in the bovine, sheep, and goat hy the dialysis method, J. IIiciitek and J. 8chwarz (Ztschi'. Tienned., 11 (1913), No. 10, pp. J,n-.'i58; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchmchr., 29 (1913), No. 51, pp. 913, 9U).— With the dialysis method (E. S. R., 31, p. 278) it was possible to note placenta- cleaving: protective ferments in the blood serum of pregnant bo vines, sheep, and goats in the sixth week of pregnancy and upwards. From the fourth to the eighth month of pregnancy the diagnosis can be made in 100 per cent of the cases but during the ninth month it becomes uncertain. Within the first four weeks post parturition the ferments can also be noted in the sera of the ani- mals mentioned, and in some cases for a much longer period. Inaccurate re- sults are obtained if the directions are not strictly adhered to. Organic arsenic preparations and their cheniotherapeutic significance, M. NiERENSTEiN (Sdmiul. Chcm. u. Chein. Tech. Vortmgc, 19 (1912), No. 2-3, pp. .'i7-140). — This deals with the history and chemistry and the various theories (Ehrlich's reduction theory, Breinl and Nierenstein's oxidation theoi'y, and Uhlenhuth's partial cell function theory) relating to the action of arsenicals as antiparasiticides in spirochete, trypanosome, and similar diseases. The pub- lication is one of the collection of chemical and chemotechnical lectures edited by F. B. Ahrens. The biological decomposition of arsenic compounds, H. Huss (Ztschi: Hyg. u. Infcktionskranlc, 16 (1914), No. 3, pp. 361-406; nhs. in Chem. Zentbh. 1914, I, No. 8, pp. 801, 802). — Not many fungi have the power of decomposing arsenic compounds. Under favorable conditions of air, moisture, and with a suitable substratum, some evolve gases which do not appear to be very toxic. The insolu- ble compounds and those sparingly soluble are decomposed w^ith greater diffi- culty than the soluble compounds. These " arsenic fungi " are found in all manner of places, but in small number compared with the other micro-organisms which accompany them. Penicillium brevicaule, one of the most active, was not found in living rooms, w^hereas Actinomyces sp., which is quite as active, fre- quently occurs in isolated groups on moist walls and other places. Principal poisonous plants of the western stock ranges, C. D. Marsh ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Principal Poisonous Plants of the Western Stock Ranges (1914), PP- 13, figs. 6). — This circular presents photographic illustrations and brief descriptions of poisonous plants on the western stock ranges which it is most necessary for the stockman to avoid, namely, Zygadenus, or death camus; lupine; loco, white loco, or rattleweed; tall larkspur; low larkspur; and eicuta, or water hemlock. Suckered roundworms from India and Ceylon, C. Lane (Indian Jmir. Med. Research, 2 (1914), No. 2. pp. 655-669, pis. 8). — A number of genera and species are described for the first time. Studies concerning glycosuria and diabetes, F. M. Allen (Boston, 1913. pp. XVIII-\-1119, pis. S). — This large work represents the results of three years of research in the laboratory of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene of the Harvard University Medical School. It includes many experiments on animals and con- tains an extended review of the literature. The microbiology of the infectious diseases of animals, J. Courmont and L. Panisset (Precis dc Microbiologic dcs Maladies Infectieuses dcs Animaujp. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 475 Paris, 1914, PP- 111-^-1054, ^V*'- S71). — This work describes the methods germane to micrubiuloyy aud treats of the micro-orgauisms causing disease, especially in animals, \yitli numerous illustrations. Filterable viruses, K. F. Meyer (Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 (1914), Nos. 2, pp. 132- i44; 3, pp. 265-280; abs. in Vet. Rec, 27 (1914), Nos. 1365, pp. 151-159; 1366, pp. 167-171). — A paper presented at the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress held at Loudon in 1914. Contagion by immunization, J. Law (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1914), No. 7, pp. 4'>0-4!>7). — Chiefly a criticism of the terms used to-day in Immunology. A study of the metabiotic action of ultraviolet rays. — Modification and heredity of characters in the anthrax bacillus, Mmk. V. IIenui (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 (1914), No. 4, pp. 340-^43, pi. i).— The author has fol- lowed up the work previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 379) with a further study of the anthrax bacillus as affected in its morphological and biochemical characters by culture under the influence of ultraviolet rays. The characteristic arrangement of the bacilli in filaments was strongly modi- fietl when gi-own in an alkaline or saccharin medium. The form and size of the rods were also changed. Other charactei-s showing considerable alteration were responsiveness to the Gram stain, production of pigments, and formation of amylolytic and proteolytic ferments. The persistency of the characters so acquired was noteworthy; changes tending toward the normal form were in- duced in one strain by passage through the guinea pig. Beport of the departmental committee appointed by the Board of Agri- culture and Fisheries to inquire into foot-and-mouth disease, S. Stockm.\n, J. McFadyean, aud A. E. 'Mf.tt am (Rpt. Dcpt. Com. Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [Gt. Brit.], Foot-and-Mouth Disease, 1914, PP- 32, figs. 6; ahs. in Jersey Bui. and Dairy World, 34 (1915), No. 1, p. 11). — This is a report of a departmental conmflttee appointed by the Board in June, 1912, to make an investigation of the characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease and the manner in which it is con- tracted and spread. The investigation was carried out in India. The total number of animals employed in the experiments was 228, including 165 cattle. 23 buffaloes, 0 sheeji. 11 goats, and 20 pigs. Infection was attempted by contact, intravenous inocula- tion, scarification, subcutaneous inoculation, and feeding. In 49 experiments embracing 147 animals the results were entirely negative. In the remaining 18 experiments with 81 auimals of which 37 became infected the results were as follows: Intravenous inoculation infected 12 cattle and 3 buffaloes, and failed to infect 10 cattle and 1 buffalo; inoculation by scarifica- tion infected 8 cattle and 1 pig (2 doubtful), and failed to infect 4 cattle and 1 bufl'alo; subcutaneous inoculation infected 1 pig and failed to infect another; and contact with diseased animals led to the infection of G cattle and 1 buffalo, and failed to infect 12 cattle, 3 sheep, and 5 goats. In the great majority of cases the period of incubation after intravenous in- oculation was two days, but in one animal the first lesions developed on the tenth day after inoculation. In cases of infection produced by scarification the period of incubation varied from two to eight days and after contact from three to 13 days. In 25 cases the period within which ulcers developed in the mouth did not exceed 24 hours, but in 12 new cases fresh vesicles appeared ou two or more successive days. It was found that in the morning ulcers might be present in the mouth of an animal which on the previous evening showed no abnormality of the mucous membrane. Foot-and-mouth disease in the Dutch East Indies, A. Vri.iburo (TijdscJir. Veeartsenijk., 41 (1914), No. 1. pi). 12, 13; ahs. in Rec. 06n. MM. VH., 23 (1914), 476 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 'No. 212, pp. J,S9, ////O).— The Dutch East Indies are repnlarly visited by this disease, but its importance is lessened by the fact that the production of milk and butter is very small and the animals nearly all employed as beasts of burden. Immunization of imported cattle against northern Rhodesian piroplas- mosis and anaplasmosis, F. Chambeus and J. Smith (Jour. Compar. Path. onil Thcr., 27 (1HJJ,), No. 2, pp. 155-171, fifjs. 2).— As a result of this work, the first inoculation on a large scale of northern Rhodesian cattle, it is believed that the most suitable age for the purpose of immunization against piro- plasmosis and anaplasmosis is from 10 to 15 montlis. The best method of immunizing imported cattle against local piroplasmosis and anaplasmo.sis is to give a subcutaneous injection of 10 cc. of citrated blood containing the Babesia Mgemina and Anaplasma ccntralc, followed 14 days later by an injection of from 4 to 6 cc. of local blood containing the B. hif/ciuina and A. marglnaJc. Experimental polyneuritis. — Effects of exclusive diet of wheat flour in the form of ordinary bread on fowls, W. Iv. Oiii.kr {Jour. Mcil. Ii< search. 31 (,191.'i). No. 2, pp. 239-2.'f6, pi. 1). — "From the results of these ex]K'riinents it can be stated with certainty that when fed on an exclusive diet of white bread, whether with or without yeast, fowls develop a definite polyneuritis. This condition has been demonstrated by histological studies of both nerve and muscle tissue." A note on the effect of heat on the rinderpest-immune bodies, J. D. E. Holmes (Ac/r. Research Inst. Piisa But. IfS il91-'i), pp. 10). — Ti'sts were carried out in oi'der to ascertain whether exposure to a moderately high tempei'ature for several days or to a high temperature for a short period had any detri- mental effect on rinderpest-immune bodies. Another object of the experi- ments was to determine the effect of sterilization on the potency of the serum. It was found that rinderpest antiserum does not become changed in potency by short exposure to high temperature, and that the sterilization of this serum can be accomplished without detriment to the value of the serum. The action of rinderpest antiserum is not dependent upon the complement contained therein. Inmiuue bodies are not altered when exposed to a tempera tiire of 60 to G5° C for a period of an hour, whereas the complement of serum is de- stroyed by heating to 55° for half an hour. Accoi'ding to the results it seems probable that rinderpest serum obtains a suitable complement in the body of injected cattle. One liter of fresh immune serum which showed no reaction in vitro upon ox corpuscles when intra- venously given resulted in a very darkly stainetl urine. This is deemed proof that a suitable complement was present in the body of the animal. A case of tetanus treated by injections of carbolic acid, P. Stewart and J. T. C. Laing {Brit. Med. Jour., No. 28/7 {19 U,), p. 1098).— The results ob- tained in the treatment of a man 27 years of age. here reported, are thought to exemiUify the efficiency of the carbolic acid treatment of tetanus, originally introduced by Baccelli some 15 years ago. Contribution to the study of the treatment of tetanus, Caillaud and CoR- NKiLioN {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sd. [Paris], 159 {1914), No. 19, pp. 66.',-667).— Injections of carbolic acid alone cured two cases of tetanus of average severity, and phenol injections combined with intravenous injections of lantol or coUodial rhodium cured two other very severe cases. The api»lication of the same treat- ment in five cases in Cannes wh(>re the mortality was high resulted in five cures. Reflections and investig'ations on the occurrence of tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood, E. Fischer {Ztschr. Ilyg. u. Jnfetxtioiisl:ranl-., 78 {1914), VETERINARY MEDICINE, 477 No. 2. pp. 253-300). — A review of the lit era lure in tliis regard with a report of the author's observations. The niicroscopical examination of the blood of tuberculous guinea pigs (arti- ficially infected) and human beings for detecting the presence of tubercle bacilli resulted negatively in all cases. The best method for this purpose is said to be the animal test and eventually the culture test. Animals infected with the blood of tuberculous subjects in 90 per cent of the cases gave a negative finding. The administration of tuberculin did not seem to cause a molyilizatioii of the tubercle bacilli. Report on the infection of children with the bovine tubercle bacillus, A. P. MrrciiELL [Brit. Mrd. Jour., No. 276S {1914), PP- 125-133, pi. 1; rtfi.s. in Jam: Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (1911,), No. 1, pp. 85-87).— For the purpose of ob- taining definite statistical evidence as to the relative frequency of the bovine and human types of tubercle bacilli in cases of disease of the cervical glands in children, 72 consecutive cases were studied. In 05 of these the tubercle bacillus of the bovine type was resjionsible and in the remaining 7 the disease was due to the Inmian type. The intradermic tuberculin test applied to the eyelid, G. Moussu {Bill. Soc. Cent. Mdd. V<^t., 91 {1914), No. 6. pp. 130-133, figs. 2; al)S. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 {191/,), No. 3, pp. 266, 267).— This method was suggested by the Lanfranchi test for the diagnosis of glanders, but differs in that a fine syringe is used and the tuberculin is injected into the thickness of the skin of the lower eyelid. "The point selected is about opposite the middle jioiut of the lid and 1 cm. from its free border. The dose of tuberculin used is 0.1 cc. It is not stated what kind of tuberculin is used. Two figures taken from draw- ings show the tyiie of reaction obtained. In the tuberculous animals the eyelid becomes edematous and swollen, and the ej^e appears sunken. The results are quite as striking as those obtained with the method when applied to the caudal folds. " In clinically affected animals the author has observed a steady increase in the reaction up to the thirty-sixth hour, at which hour it Is at its maximum. The reaction would therefore appear to be produced earlier and to disappear earlier than when the test is applied to the anal fold. Contrary to what has been found by lianfranchi in his mallein tests, there has been no evidence of any ophthalmic reaction, save that some lachrymation has been observed." Experimental study of the chicken as a possible typhoid carrier, O. W. H. Mitchell and G. T. Bloomer {Jour. Med. Research, 31 (Wl-O, No. 2, pp. 247- 250). — " From the work done it would seem that the chicken is highly resistant to the typhoid organism. It not only fails to take the disease, but also, as these experiments seem to indicate, it can not be made a carrier either by feed- ing the organism or by intravenous inoculation. The limited time, however, in which the work was pursued and also the limited number of chickens used must be borne in mind in weighing the evidence adduced by these experiments, and a greater number of experiments covering a longer period should be done be- fore it is said absolutely that the chicken can not become a typhoid carrier.'' Agglutination affinities of a pathogenic bacillus from fowls (fowl typhoid) (Bacterium sanguinarium, Moore) with the typhoid bacillus of man, T. Smith and C. TenRrokck {Jour. .Med. Research, 31 {1915), No. 3, pp. 503, 521). — "A descrii)tion of the fowl typhoid bacillus was first published by V. A. Moore in 1S95 [E. S. R., !), p. 890] and named by him B. sanffuiiiarium. In 1913 Pfeiler and Relise [E. S. R., 30, p. 385] describal this organism anew under the name B. ti/phi gaUluarum alcnlifaciens. We have shown that it has many diagnostic features in common with the human typhoid bacillus, among them 478 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the behavior toward carbohydrates and the agglutination reactions. Its ag- glutinative relation to the paratj-phoid (paracolon) and the dysentery gi-oup is weak as regards the former and negative or nearly so as regards the latter. It differs from the typhoid l)aclllus in being nonmotile." The pathog'enic action of the fowl typhoid bacillus with special reference to certain toxins, T. Smith and C. TenBroeck {Jour. Med. Research, 31 (1915), No. 3, pp. 523-5JiG, fig. 1). — The investigations reported, which are based upon a large number of experiments made during the past four years, have demon- stratetl the presence of a toxin in filtrates which appears as early as the end of two days in cultures kept at 37° C. The medium chiefly used was peptonized veal bi'oth plus 0.1 per cent dextrose in shallow layers. The prompt effect on rabbits by the intravenous route leading to death within two hours is said to be in many respects like an anaphylactic shock. While the authors have not presented any definite proof that the fowl typhoid bacillus plays any part in the food or so-called ptomaine poisoning in man, they believe that this or- ganism should be searched for in any study of the cause of such outbreaks. A note on the relation between B. pullorum (Rettger) and the fowl typhoid bacillus (Moore), T. Smith and C. TenBeoeck (Jour. Med. Research, 31 {1915), No. 3, pp. 547-555). — "The bacillus of fowl typhoid as studied in the type cul- tures I and II differed from Bacillus pullorum in that recently isolated strains of the latter produced a little gas in both dextrose jand mannite bouillon or in dextrose only. We can not affirm at present whether any strains of the fowl typhoid bacillus jiroduced gas when freshly isolated, or whether certain freshly isolated strains of B. pullorum do not produce gas. In our strains the total amount of gas produced by any strain did not exceed 30 per cent of the closed arm of the fermentation tube. "A second difference between the two types is determined by maltose. This is acidified by fowl typhoid bacilli, and not by B. pullorum. In other respects the types are alike. Toxin production is identical and differences in immuno- logical reactions have not been found. " Strains of B. pullorum which do not produce gas might be mistaken for B. dysenteriw (Shiga) unless serological tests (agglutination) are resorted to and mannite included in the fermentation tests. They might be mistaken for the Flexner type unless sei'ological tests are applied. So-called nonmotile strains of the typhoid bacillus can be differentiated from the fowl typhoid group only by careful morphological studies. The gas production of B. pullo- rum is of a fluctuating character which seems to disappear during artificial cultivation. " The statement made by Hadley [E. S. R., 26, p. 1S5] that the fowl typhoid bacillus probably belongs to the fowl cholei'a (rabbit septicemia) group is dis- pi'oved by so many facts that it need not be specially considered. " The terminology of this group is likely to become confusing if, at present, we identify with each other the fowl typhoid and the pullorum types. A better plan would be to adhere, for the time being, to the separation, until a much larger number of races have been carefully studied, and fluctuating and per- manent differences recorded. If these organisms should prove to be a species in the making which has not yet acquired its final characters, other variations than those to which we have referred may be encountered." Influence of sickness of cattle on the milk, F. Zaribmcky {Arch. Wiss. it. Prakt. Tierheillc, 40 {WW, No. 1,-5, pp. 355-381) .—li\ this study it was found that the fat content is quite variable in disease, in some cases there being a rapid rise in fat content and in others a reduction, ranging from 1.7 per cent with cows affected with mastitis (E. S. R., 27, p. S7S) to 19.5 per cent with VETERINARY MEDICINE. 4*79 those .'iffpcted with foot-and-mouth disease. There were some variations in the milk sugar content but not so fj;reat as in the fat, the majority of oases ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 per cent with several cases as low as 1. In ash content there was as a rule little variation from the normal. Except in cases of abnormally- high or low fat content, the specific gravity of the milk varied but little from the normal. The casein content appeared to be lower than the normal except in cases of mastitis and fot)t-and-mouth disease. Among the diseases studied wore mastitis, foot-and-mouth disease, intestinal catarrh, endometritis, pye- lonephritis, and diseases of the respiratory organs. Some drugs recently used in veterinary practice, J. N. Fuost (Cornell Vet., 4 (1DJ5), No. 4, pp. 100-193). — The author states that during the year four lierds in which infectious mastitis was spreading rapidly were treated with methylene blue. Each cow was given 60 grains, followed by a dose of 30 grains the following night and morning. In all cases treated the dose was sufficient to cause the milk to be colored. Rapid recoveries followed in all the herds without the loss of a single quarter or the production of a hard milker. It is stated that one of these herds had been troubled nearly every year by in- fectious mastitis with the loss of the udder or a section of it and the produc- tion of hard milkers by the formation of fibrous growths, commonly called spider in the teat canal. Kidney worm infestation of swine in the Philippine Islands with special reference to the pathological changes, W. H. Boynton {Philippine Jour. >S'e/., ^Sect. B, 9 (1914), ^^0. 3, pp. 269-289, pis. 3).— This report of studies of the pathological changes induced by the kidney worm (Stephanurus dentatiis) is based upon the examination of ])igs imported into the Philippines. Infestation with >S'. dentufus is characterized by muscular pains, tenderness to pressure over the kidneys, weakness, loss of appetite, emaciation, and partial or complete paralysis of the hind quarters. "The parasites may be located in the fat surrounding the kidneys, in the ureters, and encysted in the kidneys, liver, spleen, lymph glands, and muscles and connective tissues in the region of the kidneys; also, they may be found free, slightly embedded, or encysted in the connective tissue of both peritoneal and thoracic cavities." The age at which jDigs usually die from infestation with S. dentatus and the lesions produced by this parasite indicate a slow-developing chronic disease. " Since the average age of pigs that are killed for meat at the Manila matadero varies from six months to one and one-half years, the disease does not have time to cause any fatal or very damaging lesions in the animals. Hence it is not looked upon as very serious in connection with meat inspection. In older animals the lesions are more serious. " From the sevei'al autopsies made on animals, it is concluded that kidney worm infestation becomes a generalizetl instead of a localized disease of swine when allowed to run*its course. Practically every cavity of the body may be- come infested." Attention is called to the fact that observations reported by Newcomb (E. S. R., 30, p. 384) show the infestation to be prevalent in native hogs slaughtered at Manila. Hog cholera or Pintadilla, B. M. Bolton (Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Circ. 46 (1914), pp. 16, fig. 1). — A general account of the nature of this disease, symptoms, duration, etc., vaccination, the disiiosition of animals that die of the disease, and the advisability of disinfecting the premises where it has ex- isted. Hog cholera questions and answers, F. B. Hadley ( 1F/sco«.s'/h tita. Circ. 54 (1914), PP- 3-28. figs. 10). — This circular deals with the nature and occurrence of hog cholera in Wi.scousin, its cause, diagnosis, prevention and control, and 480 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. treatment, inoluclinff the use of bof; cholera serum and virus autl the results that have be(ni obtained in Wisconsin. Hog cholera and its prevention by the use of antihog-cholera serum, R. U. Fi.owK (/>'»/. A'. V. Dcpt. Ayr., ,W iHU'i), A'o. 7. ;>/>. 2.9, fuj-s. /.7).— An account of hog cholera, its nature, prevention and methods of eradication. The manufac- ture of antihog-cbolera serum is described and the bulletin is well illustrated. Basis of the serum treatment for hog cholera, C. F. Ia'nch (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (191/,), Nos. 7, pp. 1/73-1,80; 8, pp. 580-583).— A brief survey of the principles underlying Inununily and an account of the use of the serum and serum virus methods of treating bog cliolora. Environment as a factor in complications following vaccination for the prevention of hog cholera, S. Siikldon (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1911,), No. 7. pp. 1,89, 1,90). — "After a herd has been pi'operly vaccinatefl, it should be placed in a paddock or pasture where mudholes and stagnant pools are absent. . . . We feel that this is a very important matter and should be in- sisted upon at all times." Conditions in which antihog-cholera serum should not be used, O. E. Troy (A)ucr. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1911,), No. 7, pp. 1,80, //8/).— The tenor of this paper is that a diagnosis of hog cholera must be iwsitively made before serum or similar treatment is employed. The serum virus method should only be used under the proper auspices. " Unless there is immediate danger of infection, jiregnant sows should not be immunized, particularly with the simultaneous method, as the inmiunizing process may produce abortion. Careful handling and the use of serum alone minimizes this danger. Swine that are to be introduced to noninfected premises Avhere there are noninfected. susceptible hogs, should not be given the simul- taneous treatment within 30 days of their introduction, because such im- munized bogs may be virus carriers. Herds to which any new stock is being added should, as a rule, be protected unless careful quarantine of the new stock is observed. Serum alone has proved impractical on infected farms where conditions do not permit of thorough cleaning and disinfection, and in feed lots where new hogs are periodically added." Some failures for which serum has been wrongly blamed, C. H. Bugbee (.Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1911,), No. 7, pp. 1,81,-1,86). — Increased caution in operation and in administering bog-cholera serum is deemed necessary. Laxity in this regard accounts for much of the failures in the use of antihog-cholera serum. The proper time to vaccinate hogs, R. A. Branson (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1911,), No. 9, pp. 651, 652). — After giving his experiences in immunizing swine, the author concludes that "the proper time to vaccinate is when the pig is from six to eight weeks of age." Care of the herd after vaccination, D. S. Burcham (Amer. Jour. Vet. Jfed., 9 (1911,). No. 7, pp. 1,83, 1,81,). — A discussion with recommendations. Spreading disease among coyotes, M. A. Cromwell (Breeder's Gaz., 67 (1915), No. 3, pp. 110, 111). — It is stated that the inoculation of young coyotes with sarcoptic mange mites and turning them loose at Creat Falls. Mont., to infect other wild coyotes has succeeded in spreading the disease. The coyotes of that locality are said to be dying by the hundreds and in fact becoming nearly extinct in some places. The author reports that sheepmen at a I'ecent meeting favored the removal of the bounty from coyotes, especially those that are infivtetl with mange, and of putting more efforts and money into the disease work. Tuberculosis in poultry, C. II. IIiogins (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 6S7-6S9). — A brief popular account. RURAL ENGINEERING. 481 Blackhead in turkeys (enteiohepatitis). C. 11. Higoins (Canadti Expt. I'aniis h'i)ts. WU), i>i). 6S3-6SG). — An account of this disease and its prevention and ircatiuent. Lice and mites: Life history and extermination, Helen D. Whitaker (Washington Sta. Popular Bid. IJ, {I'Jl.'f), pp. 7). — A popular account of the ectoparasites of poultry and means for their control. RURAL ENGINEERING. River and canal engineering, E. S. Bkllasis (London and New York, 1913, pp. A'+2/J, fnjs. 72). — It Is the object of this book to describe the characteris- tics of open-flowing streams and the principles and methods to be followed in dealing with them. The subject matter is presented under the following chapters: Rainfall, collection of information concerning streams, the silting and scourhig action of streams, niolhods of increasing or reducing silting or scour, works for the protection of banks, diversions and closures of streams, the training and canalization of rivers, canals and conduits, weirs and sluices, brldsos and syphons, drainage and floods, reservoirs and dams, tidal waters and works, and river bars. Report of investigations of land settlement and irrigation development in Amei-ica, E. Mead (Melbourne, Aust., 191.'i, pp. 10). — This is a general report on Ibe subject. An economic phase of irrigation, A. M. Paul (West. Engin., 5 (191)), No. //, pp. IG.i, IG-'f). — The author discusses the application of the law of niininunn to Ihe use of irrigation water. Notes on irrigation and cooperative irrigation societies in Ilocos Norte, E. 15. ('nuLSTiE (Philippine Jour. Hci., Seet. D, 9 (191/f), No. 2, pp. 99-113, pi. 1). — It is the object of this article to convey a general idea of the degree of development of native irrigation in Ilocos Norte and to give a detailed descrip- tion of the irrigation works in Bacarra and Bintar. Irrigation and canal building in British India, E. Jacquerez (Min. Agr. [France], Ann. Fon'ts, llydruul. [etc.]. No. J,3 (1912), pp. 337-1,21, pis. 5, figs. 23). — The author discusses in some detail the phases of irrigation as practiced in British India, taking up particularly methods of elevating irrigation water, irrigation canals, design and alignment of permanent canals, chutes, rapids and flumes, dams and water storage, water measurement and distribution, and administration and cost of irrigation enterprises and the resulting revenues. Discussions of the design of irrigation structures invohing mathematical cal- culations are given and typical structures are illustrated. Concrete lining, Franklin Canal, Rio Grande project, L. I\I. Lawson (Engin. Nen-S', 72 (1911,), No. 11. pp. 5'f0-5.'i3, figs. S). — Tlie construction of the concrete lining necessary to increase the canal cai)acity is described and illustrated. A 4-iu. thickness of concrete was placed with forms on a 14:1 slope. Cost data are also given. The reclamation of the Zuider Zee, J. M. Figee (Engin. Ncics, 72 (191/,), No. IG, pp. 778-780, figs. 2). — A system of reclamation by means of dikes and steam pumping plants whereby about SOO square miles will be drained and made avail- able for agricultural purposes is described and illustrated. It is estimated that this project will cost about $1;W,(H)0,000 and will i-equire ?>?, years for com- pletion. The cost of tile drainage: A study of the cost of installing thirty-five miles of tile drains on a farm in Huron County, Ohio, L. H. ConnARO and H. O. TiKFANY (Ohio tita. Circ. 147 (19V,), pp. 21-',',, figs. 7).— -This circular pre- 482 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Kents an approximately accurate record of the expense of the various operations performed hi installing ll,89r) rods of tile for tlie purpose of draining areas totaling 228 acres. The work was done in part l>y hand trenching and in part by machine trench- ing. Practically all the soil of the farm is of glacial origin and the principal type is clay loam containing a large percentage of silt. The surface soil con- sists of clay or heavy silt loam about 9 in. deep, which gradually becomes heavier with the depth until at 18 to 24 in. it is a clay which becomes decidedly plastic at a depth of 3 ft. The lower lying soil consists mainly of a dark-colored clay loam or clay, varying greatly in depth and underlain by a very stiff bluish clay. The tiling operations of the first year were largely confined to hand trench- ing, while the work of the other two years was mainly done by machine trench- ing. The power tile ditching machine used was equipped with a caterpillar tractor. The machine was equipped to do work at four different rates of speed which were used according to depth of digging and stickiness of dirt. Dry ground had no effect upon the machine except to dull the knives, and soil frozen to a depth of 4 in. and the freezing of wet earth to the machine caused little trouble. During the greater part of the season the machine could be operated satisfactorily immediately after heavy showers. Round stones or boulders in the ditch line caused more or less trouble, depending upon the loca- tion in the ditch, the size of the stones, etc. Boulders the size of a man's head were removed by the machine with comparative ease but when larger than this it was necessary to raise the digger wheel and remove them by hand. A comparison of machine trenching with hand trenching shows the former to have an advantage in cost of 7.4 cts. per rod. Another point in favor of the ditching machine is the speed which can be maintained, it being shown that the machine operators use less than one-sixth as much labor per rod in trenching and laying tile as is spent when the work is done by hand. " Considering the scarcity of labor and the advancing wages that farmers are being forced to pay, it is evident that, even though machine trenching were to cost more than hand trenching, they probably would be forced to make use of the machine." A summary of the costs of all tiling operations except hauling is given in the following table; Installing costft per rod of tile drainage hij hatid and niachinc. Handwork, 1909. Machine, 1910. Machine, 1911. Average matliine. Area in acres Number rods dug Machine charges Macliino operator Giisoline Oil Contract laymg Filling ditches Other equipment charges. Undivided operations Overhead cliarges Plottmg drains Total average cost. 40 2,560 $0. 3760 .0300 .0040 .0230 .0158 654 4,0S0 SO. 1084 .0315 .0219 .0014 .0634 . 0252 .0037 .0433 .0230 .0149 .3367 122| 4,755 SO. 1529 .0392 .0305 .0028 .06,86 .0363 .0043 .0354 . 0340 .0140 .4071 $0. 1324 .0356 .0266 .0022 .0t)63 .0312 .0040 .0390 .0230 .0144 .3747 Report of the investigations on drain tile, American Society for Testing Materials {lotca Engin. Erpt. Sta. Bui. 36 U9U), pp. 110. figs. J).— Tests of clay and concrete tile to determine the comparative values of results secured by the use of sand bearings, hydraulic bearings, and three-point bearings are RURAL ENGINEERING. 483 reporled. the test specimens consisting of 100 eacli of 8-in., IfJ-in., and 24-in. tile of each material. The general conclusions drawn are that the results of the tests by each of the tyjies of bearings are consistent and concordant, and apparently reliable and tXHily indicative of the quality of the tile. The numerical results by the different bearings have fairly uniform ratios and can be calculated and reported in sub- stantially the .same unit by multiplying the brealiing loads per lineal foot by the following factors: Sand bearings, 1; hydraulic bearings, 1.25; and three- point bearings, 1.5. The sand bearings required from one to seven minutes more per test than the other bearings but are said to come much nearer to giving the real support- ing strength of the tile in the ditch. The hydraulic bearings distributed the load very well along the tile to fit irregularities in shape and permitted rapid testing. The three-point bearings are considered the simplest and most con- venient of all to use. " There can not be nearly so wide a variation of the * ordinary supporting strength ' of drain tile in ditches, to carry the loads from the ditch filling as has heretofore been very generally assumed. ... A comparison of the loads from ditch filling with the results of laboratory tests . . . indicates that the ' ordinary supporting strength ' of drain tile in ditches is approximately equal to the bre.-iking loads in tests with sand bearings." Additional tests of the same nature are reported which confirm the above conclusions. A comparison of actually weighed values of loads on pipes in ditches from the weight of ditch filling with those computed from the formula Wf=CicB' shows a con-espondence between the computed and weighed loads, thus closely checking the correctness of the formula. In this formula Wp^the load on a pipe in a ditch, in pounds per lineal foot, from the weight of ditch filling, C=the coefficient, taken from a proper table or diagram, of loads on pipes in ditches from ditch filling. ?t-=weight of ditch filling material in pounds per cubic foot, and B = the breadth of the ditch, a little below the top of this pipe, in feet. Investigations of factors of safety in actual tile drains and pipe sewers where the pipe have actually been observed to be sound resulted in the conclusion that with so-called '* first class " pipe laying conditions, corresponding to the best pipe laying practice, and watched constantly by an inspector, it will be safe to use a nominal factor of safety of 1.25. For " ordinary " pipe laying conditions the factor of safety should be 1.5. Other sections give data on the manufacture of the concrete tile tested and on the calculation of the modulus of rupture of the material of the tile shells. W The formulas resulting from the latter calculation are: .li=0.20/2r^, and ft \f p=--^, where M=the maximum bending moment in the tile shell, in inch- pounds per lineal inch, R=the radius of the center line of the tile shell, in inches, W= the " ordinary supporting strength " of the tile, in pounds per lineal foot, calculated by multiplying the breaking loads in strength tests by the factors noted above (five-eighths the weight of the tile per lineal foot for sand bearings, or three-fourths for hydraulic or three-point bearings, must be added to IF in computing M whenever such addition exceeds 5 per cent of IF), p= the modulus of rupture of the material of the tile shell, in pounds per square inch, and i=the average thickness of the tile shell, in inches, at the top or the bottom, whichever averages thinner. Tile investigations, W. H. Day (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 39 {1013), pp. 56-6.^, figs. 5).— Comparative tests of the breaking strength of 3 and 4-in. cement and clay tile showed that the average breaking strength 484 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of (ho cement was JO lbs. more (lian tliiit ol' thin day tile, and .'5I>;; lbs. less than average clay tile. It is concluded, however, tliat a\iy of the clay or cement tile tested were stronj? enough to resist the earth pressure to which they would be subjected if placed iu the ground. Further comparative tests of machine- made cement tile and clay tile led to the conclusion that cement tile, if prop- erly made and cured, are as strong as some well-known and satisfactory makes of clay tile and strong enough for tile drainage purposes. Tests of the immersio)i iu air, Immersion in vacuum, and si>ecific gravity methods for determining the i)orosity of tile showed that the vacuum and si)ecific gravity methods give almost identical results, which are both more than one-lifth higher than by inunersion in free atmosphere. Using the im- mersion iu vacuum method, it was found that the iwrosity of well-made cement tile w^as on the average considerably less than that of clay tile. It was also found that porosity of the tile wall was not the governing factor in permeabil- ity, this depending more on the glaze of the surface. Tests of the permeability of cement and clay tile showed the clay tile, al- though more porous than the cement tile, to be usually less permeable. The cement tile, however, showed considerable difterence of behavior which de- pended on the wetness of the mortar, it being found that if the mortar was wet enough so that the packer produced a smooth watery surface on the entire inner surface the trie wall was practically water-tight. Proportioning aggregates for Portland cement concrete, A. Moyeb (Reprint from. AiHcr. Soc. Testing Materials Proc, 14 {I'JlJf), pp. 12). — This paper de- scribes various methods of carrying on investigations so that with a given sand and a given stone or gravel, proportions can be stated by the engineer which will make a concrete of maximum density and maximum strength. Investiga- tion showed that arbitrary specifications without previous knowledge of the character of the aggregates are likely to be wrong. It is concluded that it takes 110 lbs. of Portland cement to make 1 cu. ft. of paste in opposition to the usual assumption of 94 lbs. per cubic foot. The au- thor further concludes that instead of the old plan of filling the voids with sand and cement these voids must necessarily be filled with paste (cement and water), and that the study of the proportioning of aggregates must be based on the proper proportions of cement, water, and sand to make a sufficiently rich mortar to bind together the larger aggregates. For the purpose of economy it is stated that various sizes of stone should be used and an investigation made to determine which size will produce the least pei'centage of voids so that less mortar may be used and more strength ob- tained. Specifications for sand for concrete, E. McCullougii {Cement Era, 12 {Wl.'i), No. 10, p. 56, fig. 1). — The author "as a result of many hundred granulometric analyses of concrete sand proposes the following si>ocificatiou as suitable for general use and which will not bar out any good sand to be found on the market : " The sand may be any suitable material of a quality at least equal to the quality of the stone or gravel used in the concrete and shall range in size from fine to coarse. It shall all pass through a l-iu. mesh ; not to exceed SO per cent shall pass through a 20 mesh; not to exceed 50 per cent shall pass through a 50 mesh ; and not to exceed 20 per cent shall pass through an SO mesh." [Land clearing], J. H. Grisdale {Caimda Expt. Farms Rpts. 1913, pp. 26- 2S). — Twenty acres of land covered with heavy timber were cleared under provincial conditions for the plow at an average cost of $506 per acre. The windfalls, trees left by loggers, and brush were cleared away before attacking the standing timber. RURAL ENGINEERING. 485 Fifty-eight acres were cleared uuder contract, tlie followiiif:; cuuaparisons be- iiiR made : Twenty acres of swampy ground were cleared with a 40-horsei)ower donkey engine at a total average cost of $398 per acre. Twenty acres with no swamp were cleared by " a practical man wilh a good crew and teams " at a cost of !f;>;>.S i)or acre. The total cost per acre of clearing seven acres of similar land which had previously been slashed was $24(5, and of seven acres previously cleared of brush by a forest fire $189. Four similar acres w^ere cleared by a crew, stumi) puller, and team at a cost of $212 per acre. Two trials of the charpit system were unsuccessful, owing to heavy rainfall. Two tests, made on two large stumps standing side by side to see whether, by running a cable from each to a 7-ft. stump and tightening it by wedges, the side tension would help in pulling the stump clear of the ground when blown up. were unsuccessful. Stump burning to reclaim logged-ofE lands, Le R. W. Allison (Eiujin. Rec, 10 {191. 'f). No. .',, pp. .9J. 96. ftf). 1). — Methods and costs of clearing tracts of (ir r.nd pine stumps for agriculture in the Pacific Northwest are given. The Imrn- iug out of the I'oots by charpitting is said to be the most favored method. A plant for this purpose is described, which consists of a gasoline engine, a 5-fire stump burner, a cordwood saw, a power grubber, a geared horse stump puller, and a power stump iiuller. Annual report of the state highway department {Ann. Rpt. t^tatc Ilifjluvdij Dcpt. Ohio, 8 {1912). pp. 276, figs. 1,)6). — This includes the reports of the bu- reaus of construction, maintenance and repair, and bridges, and of the state testing laboratory. A number of plans and illustrations accompany these reports. In a report on the road materials of Ohio, sedimentary rocks are said to ri'edominate and are represented by the following varieties: Shale, sandstone, limestone, dolomite (dolomitic or magnesian limestone), conglomerate, uuder- clay. fii"e clay, chert or flint, coal, iron ore, clay, sand, and gravel. Additional rules and regulations governing state road work for year 1913 {State Ilifjhird!/ Con. Minn. Bui. 10 {1913), pp. 8, p/.s\ 6).— Detailed plans and working data for plain and reinforced highway culverts are given. Standard culvert designs {Cement Era, 12 {19U), No. 10, pp. 51-53, 63, figs. IS). — Standard plans, together with quantities of material and reinforcing, are given for different sizes of circular concrete culverts as designed by the Iowa Highway Commission. Some tests on a Diesel engine, W. S. Burns {Gas Engine, 16 {1914), ^o. 10, pp. 615-621, figs. 11). — Tests on the effect of (1) variation of blast pressure and <2) variation of .jacket water temperature upon tlie running of a Diesel engine are described and the results reported graphically. It was found that at all loads too low a blast pressure pulverizes the oil im- perfectly, causing late ignition and incomplete combustion with increase of exhaust pressure and temperature above normal, while too high blast pressure causes late but violent ignition attended again by incomplete combustion of the oil. At all loads an increase of jacket water temjieraturo did not seem to affect the point of ignition of the oil appreciably, but caused more rapid and more complete combustion with increased efficiency. A rating chart for centrifugal pumps, L. J. Be^vdford {Engin. News, 72 {19l.'f). No. 8. pp. 3S2-384. figs. -{).— A grai)hical rating table is given to facili- tate the selection of pumps when the si>eed. head, and capacity are given. The present status of mechanical cultivation in Europe, F. Ledeboeb {Meded. Proefstat. Java-Suikerindus., 4 {1914), No. 25, pp. 491-520, pis. 23; Arch. Snikcrindiis, Nedcrland. Indie, 22 {1914). No. 19, pp. 689-718, pis. 22).— A largo number of mechanical cultivating machines, grouped uuder the two 486 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. types, tractors and cable systems, are described and illustrated and their methods of operation discnssed. Preliminary tests of new dairy machinery, U. Maktiny t.\rb. Drut. Lundw. (Jesell., No. 259 (1914), pp. 69, figs. 18). — A large number of different dairy implements are described and illustrated, and preliminary tests of the systems as to the manner and efficiency of their operation are reiK)rted. The distribution of the overhead electrical discharge employed in recent agricultural experiments, I. Jorgenskn and J. II. Pkikstlky (Jour. Agr. .SW. \ Ell (J I and], 6 {I9L',), No. 3. pp. SS7-:i>,8. fif/s. S).— In studios of conditions requiring certain modifications in the methods to be employed in subsequent field exi)eriments it was found that the strength of the discharge from an over- head wire network at a high iK)tential is a variable quantity depending on the mobility of the carriers of the electricity and on the velocity of the wind. Measurements of potential gradient and of current density agreed in showing that the effect of the discharge is not limited to the area under the wires, which is of importance owing to the fact that control and electrified areas have usually been placed close together in field experiments. In this connection an account is given of the distribution of the discharge under various weather con- ditions. Methods are discussed by which the control area may be kept under more normal electrical conditions in spite of the proximity of the overhead discharge wires, and the results of more or less unsuccessful experiments in this direction in which a plat was entirely inclosed by a wire cage of ^-in. mesh netting 6 ft. high are discussed. Farm storages for fruits and vegetables, E. Smith (Brit. Columbia Dept. Agr. Bui. 58 (1914), pp. 27, figs. iS).— This bulletin deals with storages for fruits and vegetables. The two main tyi^s dealt with are those using some means of lowering the temperature below that of the outside air and those dei>ending upon tempera- tures secured from atmospheric changes. The first class is subdivided into those using mechanical refrigeration and those using ice as a refrigerant. The desirable points taken from many designs investigated are summarized in diagrammatic illustrations which are intended for complete and modern cold storage and packing houses. It is stated that with a basement storage better ventilation is had by placing the building at right angles to the prevailing winds, and if the storage is above ground the building should run north and south. For vegetable storage the cheai>est equipment to supply is said to be the pit or trench, in which may be stored such crops as the potato, cabbage, celery, carrot, beet, and other root crops. Good drainage is essential for a storage pit of this kind, and this may usually be found on a slope having a loose or gravelly subsoil. Bills of material are given for different types of storage structures and spe- cial information is given for storage houses for celery and onions. The geology of the county of Jervois, and of portions of the counties of Buxton and York, with special reference to underground water supplies, R. L. Jack (Geol. Survey So. Atist. Bui. 3 (191.'f), pp. 47, pis. 6, figs. 4).— This report describes and discusses the topography and geology of the county of Jervois and portions of the county of York, with special reference to the occur- rence and distribution of surface and underground water supplies. A geological chart of the area is appended. Lowering of the ground-water table, W. A. Cook (Tran^. Earn. Acad. Sci., 26 (1913). pp. 8Jf-86). — The drying up of creeks, ponds, rivers, surface springs, and wells in eastern Kansas is attributed by the author to the lowering of the gi'ouud-water table in that part of the State. It is stated that stockmen, farm- BURAL ECONOMICS. 487 ers, and municipalities should seek a water sup;»]y well below the present water table. "Witching" for water and other things, J. T. Lovewfxl {Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 26 (191S), pp. 101-103).— The author concludes "that all the claims of water witches are delusions unworthy scientific consideration." Analyses of private water supplies, H. E. Barnard, J. A. Craven, and J. C. DiGGS (Ind. Bd. Health, Ann. Rpt. Chem. Div., 8 (1913), pp. 297-333, figs. 22).— Analyses of a large number of private water supplies from wells, springs, and cisterns show that the deep well waters were in most instances of good quality. The shallow -es found, with a history of the movement from the beginning of the eighteenth century to date. The agricultural labor conditions in Russia, S. Blank (Die Landarbeiter- rerhdltnisse in Russl-and seit der Bauernbcfreiung. Zurich and Leipsic, 1913, pp. 226, pi. 1. figs. 3). — This book discusses the economic status of the Russian I>easantry. the various types of agricultural laborers, their wages, living condi- tions, and the attitude of the government toward them. Slavs on southern farms, L. Hodges (U. 8. Senate, 63. Cong., 2. Sess., Doc. 595 (1914), pp. 21). — The author describes the success of the Poles and Bo- hemians as farmers in Texas, Arkansas, and Virginia. He declares that they have made good as farmers in communities where the native Americans are scarcely able to maintain themselves, and that they have been found to be thrifty, industrious, and thoroughly honest in all their business and social relations. The agrarian revolution in Georgia, 1865—1912, R. P. Brooks (Bui. Univ. Wis.. No. 639 (1914), pp. 129, figs. J).— The author traces the history of the negro as a farm lai)orer and share tenant. He concludes that it is the escaping from supervision, and not the larger opix)rtunlty for profits, that the negro has i'l mind in shifting from the position of wage earner or share tenant to renter. The history of the normal negro agricultural laborer is stated as follows: He begins as a youth working for wages. As soon as he has a family that can be utilized for field work he becomes a share tenant. Under the semicompulsion of this system he makes good profits, and, if he has any capacity for saving, can in a short time buy a mule and a few tools and set up as a renter. So great has been the competition for laborers and so completely have the negroes had the upper hand in this matter, that negro wage earners and share tenants have in many instances been able to achieve an independent position even 490 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. without the inconvenience of having to save the small amount necessary to stock a renter's farm. The author also calls attention to the variations from this process under the different geographic and economic conditions found in Georgia. Penal farms and farm colonies (Hul. Russell Sage Foundation Lihr., No. 6 {JiU.'i), pp. Jf). — This bulletin contains a brief, annotated bibliography. [Statistical record of agricultural progress in the United States] (U. S. Dept. Com., Statis. Ahs. U. S., 36 (WIS), pp. 120-181, 2 >»-2//0).— Contained in this annual statement are statistical data showing for the United States the number of acres in farms, the area of improved and unimi)roved land for 1890, 1900 and 1910 by States, the area, production, and value of the principal farm crops by States for 1912-13, and for the I'nited States as a whole for 18G0-1913, the number of live stock for the United States as a whole, 1889-1913, the quantity of animal products manufactured for the census years 1850 to date and of forestry products for 1908-1913, inclusive, and the number of persons employed in specified gainful occupations for 1910. Field agent's handbook of agricultural statistics ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Field Agent's Ilaiulh. Agr. Statis., 1914- PP- 116). — This handbook, intended for ready reference, contains in condensed form statistics of the important classes of agricultural products for the United States and for each State, showing the acreage and value of the principal farm crops, number and value of animals sold or slaughtered, and quantity and value of animal products sold. The agricultural outlook {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 641 {1914), pp. 1-9, 23-40, fig. 1). — ^This report gives the usual information regarding the esti- mated average yield per acre, total production, quantity, and price of the prin- cipal farm products, including comments on the preliminary estimates of sev- eral crops by F. Andrews and the world's wheat outlook by C. M. Daugherty. Statistical data are also given showing the hops consumption and movement in the United States for 1906-1914. This data indicates that the total con- sumption by brewers and exports amounted to 68.280,743 lbs. in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, of which 5,382,025 lbs. were imported. Preliminary reports are also included as given by the International Insti- tute of Agriculture concerning the production of specified crops in specified countries and from the Government of Canada concerning the production of farm crops for 1914. Statistical tables showing the condition, yield per acre, production, quality, price, weight of grain per measured bushel, and stocks on farms of specified crops, by States, and other data are appended. Range of prices for butter and eggs in the Chicago market together with the receipts, also prices for refrigerator eggs (CJiieago, 1914. PP- 16). — This contains data as to the monthly receipts at the Chicago market of butter and eggs for the past 10 years, the monthly prices for the past 20 years, and a classification of the various grades of butter and eggs. Wholesale prices, Canada, 1913, R. H. Coats (Canada Dept. Labor, Whole- sale Prices, Canad. — The work of the station for individual farmers is explained and the conditions under which it may be done are briefly noted. Program of work of the United States Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year 1915 (Washington: Govt., 1914, pp. 278). — The projxised activities of this Department are set forth in project form. Federal legislation, regulations, and. rulings affecting agricultural col- leges and experiment stations (D. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas.. Federal Legislation \ctt:\ Affecting Agl. Cols, and Expt. Stas. (1914), pp. 28). — A revi- sion to July 1, 1914, of the circular previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 393). N 0 T 1: S . Arizona "University. — Tho legislature has accepted the provisions of the Smith- Lever Act and authorized the necessary appropriations. It also has era- jKiwered counties to appropriate not exceeding $1,000 per annum for the jiayment of salaries and expenses of county farm advisors. Kentucky Station. — L. R. Himmelberger. instructor in bacteriology in the ^Michigan College and assistant in the station, has been appointed assistant in the hog cholera serum production, beginning March 1. Maryland College. — The short courses in agriculture and domestic science which closed March 13 were marked by increased attendance and interest over previous years. The new course in road making and maintenance attracted special attention in the State. Missouri University and Station. — The resignations are noted of H. K. Thatcher, assistant in the soil survey, and B. Szymoniak as assistant in horti- culture, the latter to become associated with the fruit and truck-crop demon- stration work of the North Carolina College. B. L. France has been appointed farm advisor for St. Francis County and M. E. Hays assistant in horticulture, Montana College and Station. — Appropriations have been made by the legis- lanne for 1915-16 of $85,000 for college maintenance. $59,000 for station mainte- nance, $5,500 for the dry farming substation. $2,500 for the horticultural sub- station, $1,000 for the Huntley substation. $5.0t»0 for the Northern Montana substation, $4,000 for the grain laboratory. $10,000 for farmers' institutes, and $13,182 for agricultural extension. For the following year these grants are continued with increases of $2,500 for the station, $500 for the grain labora- tory, and $3,000 for extension work. In addition $2,000 was granted the station as a revolving fund for the hog cholera serum work. The annual farmer's week. January 25-30, is reiwrted as the most successful yet attempted. New Mexico College and Station. — The legislature has appropriated .$30,000 for college maintenance and $5,000 for station work. The latter is the first appropriation ever made by the State for the maintenance of the station. R. W. Latta, assistant in charge of dairying, was transferred March 1 to the extension division, being succeeded by J. R. Meeks of the animal husbandry dciKirtiucnt and he in turn by R. L. Stewart. Oklahoma College and Station. — The faculty has decided to raise the entrance requirements to the full 15 unit credits. A 3-year secondary school course of a jireparatory nature will be offered by the college until the high schools of the State can provide the necessary facilities. In conjunction with this secondaiy school course there will also be a 3-year course in practical agriculture designed to supply farm boys with a practical course of study without high school prepa- ration and who desire to return immediately to the farm. M. A. Beeson. president of the Meridian CMiss.) Male College, has been ap- pointed professor of agronomy and agronomist, vice O. O. Churchill. J. M. 497 498 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Fuller, who has been associate professor of dairying in the South Dakota College and dairy bacteriologist in the station has been appointed head of the dairy department beginning April 1. C. A. Burns has been appointed assistant in dairying, and W. L. Blizzard and D. A. Spencer assistants in animal husbandry. Texas Station. — The governing board of the State substations has been recon- stituted as follows: P. L. Downs of Temple, president; Charles Rogan, of Austin, vice-president ; J. E. Boog-Scott, of Coleman ; and W. P. Hobby, of Beaumont. 11. C. Stewart resigned March 1 as superintendent of the Pecos substation and has been succeeded as acting superintendent by J. W. Jackson, assistant superintendent of the Troupe substation. Utah College and Station. — Dr. L. D. Batchelor, professor of horticulture and horticulturist since 1911, has been appointed associate professor of plant breetl- ing in the Graduate School of Tropical Agriculture and associate in plant breeding work at the citrus substation at Riverside, Cal., and will also be engaged in extension work. The appointment took effect March 1. West Virginia Station. — At the recent session of the legislature, $20,000 per annum was appropriated for the current expenses of the station and $35,000 and $40,000 for the first and second years for agricultural extension work. An act was passed accepting the provisions of the Smith-Lever Act, and another act authorizing county courts to pay part of the salary of county agricultural agents, including women workers, whenever a county agricultural organization of not less than fifty members will guarantee their expenses. Paul B. Bennetch, associate professor of dairy husbandry and dairyman at the station, resigned January 1, and the daii'y husbandry work has been com- bined with the department of animal husbandry. G. L. Thompson, a recent graduate of the Iowa College, has been appointed instructor in dairy husbandry. Wyoming University and Station. — Ex-governor Joseph M. Carey and Mrs. B. B. Brooks have been appointed to the board of trustees, the former vice Gibson Clark, deceased. S. M. Fuller, assistant in the wool department, has been appointed county agent for Sheridan County, beginning March 15, vice H. E. McCartney, who is to become secretary of the Horse Breeder's Association of Indiana. Second Pan-American Scientific Congress. — Preliminary programs have been issued by the State Department for this congress, which will hold its next session in Washington, D. C, from December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916. Appropriations aggregating $50,000 have been made by the United States for the congress, and William Phillips, Third Assistant Secretary of State, is chairman of the executive committee which is charged with its organization and procedure. George M. Rommel, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, is the representative of this Department on the executive committee. The congress will be organized into nine sections. Workers in agricultural science will be especially interested in Section 3, conservation of natural resources, agriculture, irrigation, and forestry, which will be devoted to a con- sideration of the conservation of (a) mineral resources, (b) forests, (c) water for power, (d) animal industry, and (e) plant industry, and to discussions of the agricultural phases of irrigation and the marketing and distribution of agricultural products. Section 2, astronomy, meteorology, and seismology, is to include discussions of agricultural meteorologj' ; Section 4, education, problems of agricultural education and research : Section 5, engineering, the engineering features of irrigation and drainage; Section 7, mining and metallurgy, economic geology and applied chemistry, papers on fertilizers and other agricultural chemical industries; and Section S, public health and medical science, papers on nutritional diseases, food supply, etc. NOTES. 499 Membership in the congress is open to official delegates of the countries represented, representatives of the universities, institutes, societies, and scientific bodies of these countries, and others who may be invited by the executive committee. Americans prominent in the field of science may also be appointed honorary members by the executive committee. The official languages of the congress will be English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French. All papers should be received by October 1 and should be accom- panied by resumes of not over 1,500 words followed by a footnote giving a bibliography of the subject. It is suggested that papers have special reference to the trend of recent progress and probable development in the innnediate future. Federal Agricultural Legislation. — Practically all the agricultural legisla- tion to be completed at the closing session of the Sixty-third Congress was embodied in the agricultural and other appropriation acts, discussetl e PP- IG). — ^An outline in popular language of some basic principles in agricultural chemistry. That the farmer is the world's real manufacturer of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and fiber for making clothes is pointed out. The object of the bulletin is to present in a similar manner some illustrations of the chemical processes which take place in vegetable and animal life and to show how the farmer, through the agency of his ci'ops and stock, uses the raw materials supplied by nature for the manufacture of his finished products. Dairy chemistry: A practical handbook for dairy chemists and others having control of dairies, H. D. Richmond {London: C. Griffin cC- Co., Ltd., 191-i, 2. rci\ ed., pp. XI -{-434, figs. 49). — The second edition of this work, the fii-st of which was issued in 1907. It is stated that the obsolete portions of the text have been eliminated and replaced by more recent matter. Analytical chemistry. — I, Qualitative analysis, II, Quantitative analysis, F. P. Tke^vdwell {Analytischc Chcmic. Lcipsic: F. Dcutickc, I, QuaUtativc Analyse, 1914, 8. ed. rev. and enl., pp. XII+522, pis. 3, figs. 25; II, Quantitative Analyse, 1913, 6. ed. rev. and oil., pp. IX-\-134, pi. 1, figs. ,?S).— Revised and enlarged editions of this well-known work. The germplasm as a stereochemic system, E. T. Reichert {Sci. Anicr. Sup., 78 {1914), Kos. 2023, pp. 226, 227; 2024, pp. 242, 2.}3).— The thesis of this paper is that every individual is a chemical entity that differs in characteristic par- ticulars from every other. The subject is discussed in the light of the author's researches, previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 804). The constituents of the leaves and stems of Daviesia latifolia, F. B. Power and A. H. Salway {Jour. Chem. Sac. [London], 105 {1914), No. 617, pp. 767- 778). — "The material employcMl for this investigation consisted of the leaves and stems of D. latifolia (natural order Leguminosie), which had been specially 501 502 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. collected for the purpose in Victoria, Australia. An alcoholic extract of the material, when distilled with steam, yielded a small amount of a pale yellow essential oil, which i)ossosswl a ])leasant, aromatic odor, and gradually deposited some crystals of benzoic acid. " From the portion of the alcoholic extract which was soluble in water tlie following definite compounds were isolated: (1) Benzoic, salicylic, p-coumaric. and fumaric acids; (2) a crystalline benzojd derivative of a new disaccharid (glucoxylose), which possesses an extremely bitter taste. This bitter substance has the empirical formula C^oHosOnHsO, melts at 147 to 148°, and has been des- ignated dibenzoylglucoxylose ; (3) a quercetin glucosid, C^iHmOio, which is prob- ably identical witli rutin. The aqueous liquid contained, furthermore, a quan- tity of sugar, which yielded d-phenylgluco.sazone (melting point 210°). " The portion of the alcoholic extract which was insoluble in water, consisting chiefly of resinous material, amounted to about 8.G per cent of the weight of the drug. From the resinous material there were isolated: (1) Myricyl alcohol, CaoHcaO; (2) hentriacontane, CsiHm; (3) a phytosterol, C27H«0 ; (4) a mixture of fatty acids, consisting of palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids. The resin also contained a considerable proportion of the above-mentioned dibenzoylglucoxylose, together with free benzoic acid. " This investigation has shown that the bitterness of the leaves of D. latifoUa is due to tlie crystalline substance which has been designated dibenzoylglu- coxylose. The latter represents a type of compound which has not hitherto been observed to occur in nature, and its characters will be fully described in a subsequent communication." The nitrogenous constituents of hops, A. C. Chapman {Jour. Gliem. Soc. [Lomloni, 105 {1911,), No. 621, pp. 1895-1907).— A detailed study of the various nitrogenous constituents present in hops, made for the purpose of noting espe- cially those substances which might be of help in solving some of the vexed questions as to the therapeutic effects of various Ivinds of beers, and also as to whether the nitrogenous substances would have some effect on the vitality of the yeast organism. In some cases the hops were extracted in the laboratory and in others the extract prepared by a commercial concern was used. The investigation was confined especially to those substances soluble in boiling water. From the aqueous solution histidin, arginin (?), betain, cholin, aspara- gin, adenin, hypoxanthin, a small amount of a definitely alkaloidal substance, a colored nitrogenous substance wliich was acid in character and soluble in alkali and forming a brownish-red solution, and substances exhibiting properties of complex amino acids or polypeptids, or mixtures of the same, were isolated. A crystalline substance melting at about 70° C, which was c. nonuitrogenous com- pound and almost insoluble in alcohol, was also noted. Potassium nitrate was obtained from an alcoholic extract of hops. The carbohydrate matter was also investigated and will be reported upon in a later communication. No alkaloids giving reactions similar to morphiu were noted except with one method and then only a trace. An investig-ation of the diastase of alfalfa and the effect of rapid curing upon the food value of alfalfa, R. C. Shuey {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chew., 6 {191J,), No. 11, pp. 910-919, fig. i).— The fact that diastase has been demon- strated in a large number of plants and in various parts of plants indicated the probability of the diastatic content of fodders bearing an important relation to the availability of the food constituents. " Exi^eriments were conducted along similar lin&s, using alfalfa as an example of a highly diastatic plant, and endeavoring to learn the optimum conditions for the production and retention of diastase in a cured hay." AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 503 "The diiistatic activity of alfalfa is greater in the morning or after a period of darkness than after a period of exposure to light. There is much more diastase present in the plant during the warm, active, growth-producing summer than during the spring or fall. Young plants contain more diastase than older ones. Drying at elevated temperatures in a humid atmosphere decreases the diastatic activity, even though the temperature is only 50° F. Drying in a current of air with gradually increasing temperature, on the other hand, increases the activity markedly. Light and weathering in the field tend to destroy the diastase, llaiu during curing is veiy detrimental. Highly diastatic alfalfas generally show a greater solubility in water by autodigestlon than samples low in diastase. However, the degree of solubility in water can not be Increased above a certain limit. The loss in digestible constituents during handling and curing in the field may vary from 20 per cent under favorable conditions to as much as 50 per cent under adverse weather conditions. " Curing by artificial heat, using the principle of countercurrents, gives a hay of better color, odor, and fiavor than can be produced by other means. The hay appears to retain manj^ of the valuable properties of the green plant, which are ordinarily lost in curing. The cost of artificial drying Is estimated to be less than the losses generally sustained in field curing and, therefore, it ought to be possible to conduct drying at a profit when the drier can be located near both field and source of fuel." Concerning the presence of diastase in certain red alg'se, E. T. Bartholo- mew {Bot. Ga-., 57 (IDUf), No. 2, pp. 136-1J,7).— "There is present in the red algaj a diastase which will digest the starch of higher plants. The manner of action of this euzym indicates that it is at least partially composed of a trans- location diastase. The diastase of the red algfe, like that of the higher plants, is probably not composed of a single enzym, but of a series of amylases and dextrinases. Judging by the action of the algal extract upon cornstarch, the diastase is a rather slow-working enzym. " The series of digestion processes resulting from the application of the algal diastase to cornstarch would indicate that the subtance composing the grains of the red algie is very similar to that of the starch grains of higher plants." The survival of amylase in dried fodders, R. E. Neidig (Jour. Amer. Chcm. Soc, 36 {1914), A^o. 6, pp. 13 12-131 J,). —The amylolytic activity of five dried fodders about six months old, viz, two alfalfa hays, clover hay, timothy hay, and corn stover, was calculated on the basis of 100 gm. of dry fodder, the method of Sherman et al. (E. S. R., 24, p. 122) being used for determining the amylolj-tic activity. " The addition of sodium phosphate and sodium chlorid as electrolytes failed to increase the activity, probably because electrolytes were abundantly present In the crude enzym preparations." The influence of the fat content of milk upon the rate of coagulation by rennet, A. Kreidl and E. Lenk {Biochcm. Ztschr., 63 (1914), ^^o. 2-3, pp. 151-155, figs. 3). — Despite the fact that investigations have been made under uniform conditions the coagulation time of milk by rennet was not found to be constant. The rate is dependent upon the fat content of the milk, the time required for coagulation increasing with the fat content. The work was done with skim milk, whole milk, ordinary cream, and whipped cream. A contribution to the biochemistry of cheese ripening. — I, About the occurrence of p-oxyphenylethylamin in normal cheese and its formation by lactic acid bacteria, F. Ehrlich and F. Lange {Biochem. Ztschr., 63 {1914), No. 2-3, pp. 156-169). — Lactic acid bacteria are said to form p-oxyphenylethyl- amin from amino acids, i. e., tyrosin by the scission of carbon dioxid from the 504 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. same. Appreciable amounts of this substance were noted in normal Swiss and Emmental cheese, esi^ecially in the latter. See also previous notes (E. S. R., 14, p. 1115; 21, p. 478). An organism similar to those belonging to the Bacillus casci group was isolated from Swiss cheese. The indications were that oxyphenyl lactic acid, was present in both cheeses but no tyrosol could be noted. The gravimetric determination of calcium as calcium oxalate, S. Gov {Chcm. Zig., 37 (1913), No. 131, pp. 1337, 1338).— For the determination of cal- cium in foods, soils, plant ashes, etc., the methods in vogue are tedious and time-consuming. In most cases the calcium is determined as oxid or carbonate. Attempts to weigh the calcium oxalate precipitate directly after drying re- sulted in showing the feasibility of the procedure providing the drying was done in the Gooch crucible. The precipitate when dried at from 100 to 105° C. was found to contain one molecule of water of crystallization which will not volatilize by continued drying at the above-named temperatures. By drying at 130°, the temperature used in the perchlorate method, a loss in weight is ex- perienced and the salt goes over into the anhydrous condition. Study of methods used in alkali determinations, A. E. Vinson and C. N. Catlin {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 27.'f-277). — This is a comparative study of the methods for alkali determinations in soil, which was prompted by the fact that some investigators were reporting results for black alkali far in excess of the limit usually acceptable as that of tolerance by most economic crops in the presence of very large amounts of gypsum, a result which could not be obtained by methods in use at other station.s. The soils used in comparing the methods were a strongly black alkaline soil from the University of Arizona farm, a moderately black alkaline soil from Santa Cruz Valley, and a gypsum soil from Santa Cruz Valley, and the methods studied were the California, Montana, Bureau of Soils, Texas, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. The determinations made were total solids, chlorids as sodium chlorid, and alkalinity expressed in terms of sodium car- bonate. The comparisons show that the Arizona method gives high results in all determinations except the chlorids. This is especially true for black alkali, and it was found that it requires a fairly large propoition of water to soil and long digestion to reach a maximum exti'action of total solids. Direct titration of the soil filtrate with methyl orange as the indicator may show black alkali in a strongly gypsum soil and the percentage would increase with the carbon dioxid in the water used in making the solution. Colorimetric estimation of iron in water, F. Gothe (Ztschr. Unicrsuch. Nahr. u. Gemissmtl., 27 {1914), No. 9, pp. 676-683; -ahs. in Jour. CJiem. Soc. [London], 1G6 {191J,), No. 621, II, pp. 581, 582).— It is claimed that the colori- metric method of determining iron by means of potassium thiocyanate is liable to yield low results when ferrous salts are present in a water in which the iron has been insufficiently oxidized by treatment with hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate. The error is due to the influence of the hydrochloric acid on the ferric thiocyanate and to a certain extent on the quantity of thiocyanate added. More satisfactory results can be obtained by oxidation with nitric acid. The following procedure is recommended : " One hundred cc. of the water is acidified with 1 cc.'of hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.125). a few crystals of potassium chlorate are added, and the mixture is evaporated to dryness. The residue is treated with 1 cc. of hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.125) dissolved in distilled water, diluted to 95 cc, and 5 cc. of 10 per cent potassium thiocyanate added. The coloration is compared with that produced by a known quantity of iron under similar conditions." AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 505 A simple, exact, and reliable method fox- the quantitative determination of lead in drinking water, C. Reese and J. Drost {Gsndhts. Ingcn., 31 {1014), l\'o. S, pp. 129-13S). — x^fter discussing the faults of the various methods hitherto proposed for estimating the amount of lead in water, a colorimetric method Is suggested. It consists essentially in noting the color produced in a volume of water (previously evaporated with concentrated hydrochloric acid and again made up to volume with distilled water) with hydrogen sulphid. A comparison is made with tubes containing a known amount of acetic acid solution, lead nitrate of known strength, and hydrogen sulphid. Estimation of iodin, especially in organic substances, R. GrUtzner (Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 12, pp. 169, 110; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 {1914), ^0. 621, II, pp. 513, 514). — A known quantity of the substance is mixed with powdered sodium hydroxid. moistened and dried, sodium or barium peroxid is added, and the mixture is incinerated. After cooling, a small quantity of charcoal is added and the mixture is heated again. Tlie fused mass wliicli results is then dissolved in water and filtered. If barium peroxid is used the solution can be treated with carbon dioxid and sodium sulphate before filtra- tion. The resulting alkaline solution is boiled after the addition of a little crystalline potassium permanganate and talcum, acidified with sulphuric acid, boiled, rendered alkaline, and boiled again after adding alcohol. The mixture is filtered while hot, the excess of alcohol being expelled by boiling the filtrate, which is then rendered slightly acid with a mixture consisting of sulphuric and phosphoi'ic acids. Ammonium sulphate is added, the mixture boiled for three minutes, cooled, and the iodic acid titrated after the addition of sulphuric acid and potassium iodid. Six atoms of iodin are thus liberated and when titrated they correspond to one atom of iodin in the original substance. Colorimetric estimation of creatin, E. Baur and G. TRiJMPLEK {Ztsclir. Un- tersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 21 {1914), No. 10, pp. 691-113, figs. 3; ais. in Jour. Chem. 8oc. [London], 106 {1914), No. 621, II, p. 595).— An investigation of Jaffe's method for the estimation of creatin as regards the influence of time, temperature, and concentration of acid on the conversion of creatin into creatinin. It was found that in the case of meat extracts the creatin is converted com- pletely when 10 gm. of the extract is heated with 100 cc. of normal hydrochloric acid for four hours at 97° C. The estimation of creatin in meat extracts Is carried out as follows : " Ten gm. of the extract is dissolved in water to give 100 cc. of solution ; 5 cc. of this solution is then treated with 15 cc. of saturated picric acid solution and 5 cc. of 10 per cent sodium hydroxid solution. After seven minutes the mixture is diluted to 500 cc, and the coloration compared with that exhibited by a definite depth of twice-normal potassium dichromate solution. The result gives the quantity of pre-formed creatinin. A second portion of 10 gm. of the sample is then heated with hydrochloric acid as described above; after cooling, 5 cc. of the solution is neutralized, treated with picric acid and sodium hydroxid, diluted to 500 cc, and the coloration compared. The amount of creatin plus creatinin is thus obtained. The comparisons should be made while the solu- tions are at a temperature of 17°. Liebig's meat extract was found to contain from 3.72 to 0.76 per cent of creatinin and from 2.09 to 5.5S per cent of creatin. Meat extracts prepared by the authors (1 kg. of flesh yielded 30 to 35 gm. of extract) contained from 7.5 to 8.9 per cent of creatin plus creatinin." Flours, starches, bread, alimentary pastes, and pastry, M. Akpin {Farines Fdcules et Amidons, Pain, Pates Alimeniaires, Patisseries. Paris: C. B6ranger, 1913, XIII +190, pis. 8, figs. 9).— The book includes methods of analysis of these substances, the interpretation of the analyses, and legislation in regard to 506 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. these products. The various sources of flour are considered and photomicro- graphs are included. The rapid determination of boric acid normally present in foods, or ex- traneous boric acid, G. Bertrand and II. Agulhon (Ann. Falsif., 7 il91-i). No. 65, pp. 119-121). — With a colorimetric method devised by the authors it is possible to estimate quantitatively and easily small amounts of boric acid in foods with sufficient accuracy to determine whether the boric acid was present normally or had been added as a preservative. This is demonstrated, by giving the results of an examination of a large variety of substances, in- cluding fruits, vegetables, cereals, meats, eggs, and milk. Detection of formaldehyde in foods, F. Rachel {Pharm. Zentralhalle, 54 {1913), iNo. 31, pp. 759-761; ahs. in Jour. Cheni. Soc. [London'], lOJf. (1913), No. 612, II, p. 891). — Utilizing the suggestion made by Friese, the following process for the detection of formaldehyde in meat, caviar, and fish is recommended : Acidify the substance with phosphoric acid, heat in a current of steam, and mix 1 to 2 cc. of distillate with 4 cc. of milk free from formaldehyde and 10 cc. of hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.19) to which has been added 1 drop of nitric acid per 300 cc. When formaldehyde is present a bluish-violet coloration ap- pears. Colors appearing after five minutes are taken as a negative result. When much formaldehyde is present milk does not give the reaction and the experiment must be repeated with pure water. Detection and estimation of formic acid, H. Fincke (Biochem. Ztschr., 51 {1913), No. 4, pp. 253-287, figs. 2).— The first part of this paper deals with the occurrence of formic acid, and the second with the reactions which were found useful in Its qualitative and quantitative determination. Some of the quantita- tive methods are given with much detail. The detection of formaldehyde in plants, H. Fincke {Biochem. Ztschr., 52 {1913), No. 3-4, pp. 214-225; abs. in Jour. Chem. 8oc. [Landon], 104 {1913), No. 610, I, p. 947). — "For these researches [see also above] the Grosse-Bohle reagent for the detection of formaldehyde was employed. This consists of a rosanilin salt in the presence of sulphites and free hydrochloric acid, and is to be distinguished from the ordinary magenta-sulphite solution for detection of aldehydes, by the presence of free mineral acid. It was found by the author to be capable of detecting formaldehyde in the dilution 1 : 500,000, giving with the aldehyde a violet color. In numerous experiments on plants no indication of the presence of formaldehyde was obtained with the use of this reagent ; furthermore, formaldehyde could not be detected by the reagent after addition to certain living plants. " The author draws the conclusion that his investigations throw no light on the correctness or otherwise of Bayer's assimilation hjTiothesis." About the detection of small amounts of formaldehyde and some formal- dehyde compounds with fuchsin-sulphurous-hydrochloric acid, H. Fincke {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 27 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 246-253).— As formaldehyde is decomposed under certain conditions it is essential to know to what extent it occurred in foods. After repeating some of the work noted above, the author lays stress upon the fact that the fuchsin-sulphurous-hydro- chloric acid test is less influenced by other substances than any of the other reagents used for detecting formaldehyde and consequently should find a wider field of application. The reaction differentiates itself from the usual aldehyde test by the fact that it is conducted in a medium containing an excess of free acid. Attempts to substitute for rosolic acid similar coloring matters (highly methylated fuchsin, acid fuchsin, and acid violet) were unsuccessful. The f neb- cin hoijjologues, parafucbsiu (Cio), fuchsin (do), fuchsin (C-2i), and new fuchsin AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGKOTECHNY. 507 (€22). were compared, and all of these were decolorized by sodium sulphite with the exception of parafuchsiu and the new fuchsia, which were only partly decolorized. The color of none of the dyes was affected by the addition of acid. Fuchsin (C20) is the preferi'ed reagent. Formaldehyde is tested for directly in the distillate from the food and especially in the first runnings, providing that it is not in a fixed state. In milk or colorless substances the reaction can be made without previous distil- lation. Strongly colored solutions, such as wines and fruit jams, must first be decolorized with animal charcoal. The diminution of formaldehyde in food is said to be due either to fixation or to decomposition by micro-organisms. The extent of formaldehyde fixation is shown by the fact that rhubarb leaves having an addition of 1 : 10,000 when heated for an hour at 100° 0. give no reaction for the substance. Formaldehyde may be converted into liexamethylentetramin and methylal. Urine and urea fix formaldehyde very easily while milk fixes it only slightly. As hexamethyleutetramin reacts only slightly at the beginning with fuchsin-sul- phurous-hydrochloric acid, it is advisable to heat 10 parts of the solution with 'from 1 to 2 parts of hydrochloric acid on a water bath. The detection of formaldehyde-sulphurous acid is also considered. About the utility of vacuum distilling' methods for detecting formic acid, T. Meul {Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Kahr. u. GcnussmU., 27 {1914), Xo. 10, pp. 733- 743). — This work deals especially with the separation of formic acid from acid sugar-containing fluids. It indicates that it is possible, by observing the speci- fications set down by Fincke (see above), to obtain the formic acid from such fluids without the formation of acid during the distillation process under dimin- ished pressure. The apparatus employed was Anschiitz and Reitter's. The preliminary work was done with solutions of formic acid ; formic and tar- taric acids; formic acid and saccharose; formic acid, glucose, and tartaric acid; levulose ; levulose and tartaric acid ; invert sugar and saccharose ; saccharose and tartaric acid; saccharose and phosphoric acid; and saccharose, phosphoric acid, anu tartaric acid. Although vei*y small amounts of formic acid were found in the case of sugar solutions containing tartaric, phosphoric, or no acids, with the ordinary vacuum distillation process it usually originated from impurities present in the sugar. The steam vacuum method has a greater tendency to form formic acid than the other methods. Tests were also made with authentic samples of honey which had been ana- lyzed previously by Fincke's procedure. Distillates from the head, thorax, and abdomen of bees (Apis mcUifcra) showed formic acid to be present in traces. A few distillation tests with benzoic, salicylic, and ciuuamic acids led the author to conclude that the steam distillation method is preferable to the shaking-out method in the detection of preservatives. Determination of formic acid in ketchup, C. A. Peters and L. P. Howard {Jour. Inclus. and Engin. Chcm., 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 55-37).— This gives the details of a study made for the purpose of adapting the Fincke method (E. S. R., 20, p. 312), to the determination of formic acid in ketchup with the apparatus described. From 91 to 92 per cent of the total formic acid added to ketchup maj- be recovered in one and a half hours providing about 1,000 cc. of distillate is passed over. The .unsaponifi^ability of m^owrah fat and its signifi.cance for the detection of mowrah fat in edible animal and plant fats, P. Berg and J. Angerhausen {Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 27 {1914), No. 10, pp. 723-731).— Mowrah fat is one of the raw materials used in the margarin industry. It has the consi.stency of American lard, and since its quality has been improved it is 87235°— 15 2 508 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. considered a better substitute for animal fat than coconut or palm fat. The fat when liquefied by heat and {illoweecies in a single mono- hybrid Mendelian unit, and that the nature of a character itself, instead of the nature of the inheriting mechanism to which it is related, determines the manner of inheritance of that character. Some fundamental morphological objections to the mutation theory of De Vries, E. C. Jeffrfa' (Aincr. Nat., 4ods the rate of increase may be fairly regular, but in larger pods it falls off toward the stig- 522 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. luatic end, where the fecumlity iii;iy be oven lower than it is a little farther down in the pod. Variation of structure and color of flowers under insolation, H. E. Rawson {Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Ahhog. Adv. Sci., 1913, pp. 711-713). — In pursuance of work previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 319), the author reports studies with nas- turtium under controlled conditions as regards illumination, employing in addi- tion to the descendants of South African plants previously used some grown from English seed. Very decided changes in the coloring pigments are apparently accompanied by a tendency to sterility. A correlation is suspected between color of stem and that of subsequent flowers. The occurrence of faseiation is now common, as are also 'modifications in the mode of inflorescence. Plants of dwarf habit have appeared and have been propagated for three generations by screening, the unscreened seedlings soon reverting to the climbing habit. By permitting cross fertilization and by limited employment of screening it is said to be now easily possible to produce slight degi'ees of color modification. Certain stiHictural characters which appeared have been transmitted. The sun's alti- tude, diurnal or seasonal, seems to produce not only in coloration, but also in metabolism, changes which can be reproduced in other individuals. Adjustment to lig'h.t in oats, W. H. Akisz {K. Akad. Wetensck. Amsterdam, Yersl. Wis en Natuurlc. Afdccl., 22 {1913), pt. 1, pp. 536-5^9; also in ditto, Proc. Sect. Sci., 16 {1913-U), pt. 2, pp. 615-628).— A study was made of oat plants grown in a dark room so regulated as to be maintained at a constant temperature and with varying illumination to determine the adjustment of the plant to difiierent amounts of light. The observations with bilateral illumination showed that by illuminating a plant, first on one side and then on the other, each stimulus results in a curva- ture, as long as there is a certain definite time intervening between the two exposures. If the illumination on the two sides should be simultaneous the tendency to curve would be neutralized and consequently the plant would grow in a straight line. Where the illumination was from all sides the growth showed a condition that is considered the summation of unilateral illuminations. Electromotive phenomena in plants, A. D. Waller et al. {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1913, pp. 2-'f 1-258). — The authors, referring to the tests and conclu- sions reported by Balls (E. S. R.. 29, p. 27) as bearing upon their own work (E. S. R., 28, p. 731), state that previously they themselves haVe applied the test quantitatively only in selected cases. The present report contains a de- tailed account of work carried out recently to sers-e as an indication and sample of the procedure considered necessary in working out the test as a practical method of measuring the vitality of seedlings. Their data are held to indicate a general relation between plant vitality and voltage of blaze curx'eut. On the regulation of the transpiration of Viscum album and Rhipsalis cassytha, Z. Kamerling (E. Akad. Wctensch. Amsterdam, Tersl. Wis en Natuurk. AfdecL, 22 {1913-1^), pt. 2, pp. 821-835, pi. 1; also in ditto, Proc. Sect. Set., 16 {1913-U), pt. 2, pp. 1008-1021, pi. i).— Results are given of a study on the antagonism between the guard cells of the stomata and the ad- jacent cells of the epidermis in these plants. It was found that in leafy boughs or whole plants allowed to wither the amount of transpiration per unit of time remains approximately constant until the bough is dried up, or the amounts decrease uniformly until tx'anspira- tion is reduced to a minimum. In the study of the two parasitic plants enumerated above it was found that when they had lost a certain proportion AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 523 of weight, varying from 1 to 4 per cent, the jimount of transpiration i>er unit of time increased. Later when the loss in weight had increased from G to 10 per cent transpiration decreased. This Increase in the intensity of the transpiration is attributed to the dila- tion of the openings of the stomata. The author states that the dilation Is probably caused by the antagonism between the guard cells and the subsidiary cells of the stomata, so that the turgor in the subsidiary cells begins to de- crease sooner than in the guard cells, thus causing a stronger curvatui'e of the guard cells and dilation of the slit of the stomata. Bark ringing and the descent of sap, J. M. Janse (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buiten- zorg, 2. ser., 13 (1914), pt. 1, pp. 1-92, pis. 12). — K study has been made of the effect of bark ringing on the descent of the elaborated material in trees, par- ticular attention being paid to the force and direction of the current. The experi- ments were made on horizontal branches so selected as to remove the force of gravity, and the primary and final changes, the reversal of the direction of the current, and the transi)ortation of nonnutrient materials were studied. In stems which were wounded by removing the bark in various ways, the cambium layer and the wound tissue were found to influence the movement of the elabortited material, and in addition to this, what the author calls a special force, the exact nature of which was not determined, was always active. This force is active in the secondary wood and assists in maintaining the current in the same general direction of the elements in the surface of the wood. The destruction of paraffin by Bacillus prodigiosus and soil organisms, R. Greig-Smith {Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales, 39 {1914), pt. 3, pp. 538-541).— Certain bacteria and molds having been shown capable of utilizing certain hydrocarbons, the author has undertaken an experiment to determine whether this action may not be taken by B. prodigiosus. Dried blood, casein, and finally kieselguhr were coated with paraffin inoculated with B. prodigiosus and some soil organisms, and it was found that in all cases the paraffin was decomposeei'ature of the winter of 1912-13. [Alfalfa and wheat breeding experiments], G. F. Fbeeman and J. C. T. Uphof (AHzona Bta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 257-261, 263-265).— This gives further observations regarding investigations with alfalfa (E. S. R., 31, p. 629). It is noted that the studies of 144 pure races of alfalfa " give promise of afford- ing (a) pure races of alfalfa of the Peruvian type, which heretofore has shown itself so productive in mass cultures; (b) improved strains of the rapidly growing Mediterranean alfalfa for use in short rotations; and (c) strains high in both leafiness and productivity, which will be of value to the dairy industry." The points involved in a study to increase the water efficiency of alfalfa are noted as being rapidity of growth, rate of transpiration per unit of surface exposetl, ratio of transpiring surface to total dry matter produced, the dis- tribution and length of root system, osmotic density of cell sap, ability of the plant to become dormant in seasons of water famine. The study has thus far shown that some strains will regularly mature a crop from five to seven days earlier than others under the same conditions ; that certain strains or varieties imder identical conditions I'egularly give off more water than others per unit of green weight or of leaf surface exposed; that the percentage of leaves in different pure races varies widely ; that the rate of growth does not depend nix)n the amount of water transpired ; that there is usually a minus correla- tion between yield and percentage of leaves ; and that varieties of alfalfa differ markedly in their ability to become more or less dormant during sea- sons of extreme heat or water famine. Breeding and selection work in progress with Algerian and domestic hard wheat varieties is briefly described. Yields ranging from 21 to 67 bu. per acre are recorded. Alfalfa in the Southwest, G. F. Freeman (Arizona Sta. Bid. 73 (191Jf), pp. 233-320, pis. 2, figs. 19). — This bulletin contains information gathered from several sources upon the culture, harvesting, storage, uses, and enemies of alfalfa, with special reference to Arizona conditions. The discussion includes acid and alkaline soils, methods of irrigation, the alfalfa caterpillar, green alfalfa hopper, grasshoppers, harvester ant, varie- gated cutworm, alfalfa weevil, brown root rot, leaf spot, rust, down.v mildew, FIELD CROPS. 533 crown gall, Pboma disease, stem rot, dodder, and such weeds as Johnson grass, Hormuda grass, wall barley, water grasses, dock and canaigre, pigweed, sour clover, and bur clover. The bulletin terminates in tables taken from several sources, showing the composition of alfalfa and the commercial grades of the hay. Hairy vetch for the cotton belt, C. V. Piper ([/. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ.], Idllf, Dec. 15, pp. //, fig. 1). — Brief notes on methods of production. Winter oats in the cotton belt, C. W. Warburton (t/. S. Dcpt. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1914, Nov. 21, pp. 4). — Brief notes on methods of production. Rape as a forage crop in the cotton belt, C. V. Piper {JJ. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 191Jf, Dec. 15, pp. 3). — Brief notes on methods of pro- duction and uses. Eye in the cotton belt, C. E. Leigiity {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. \Cire.]. I'Jl.'f, Dec. 2, pp. 4). — Brief notes on methods of production. Sorghum for forage in the cotton belt, H. N. Vinaix (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1914, Dec. 23, pp. 4). — Brief notes on methods of pro- duction and uses of sorghum and Sudan grass. Soy beans in the cotton belt, W. J. Morse ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1915, Jan. 12, pp. 6). — This discusses methods of production and uses. Trials with, sweet clover as a field crop in South Dakota, A. N. Hume and M. Champlin (South Dakota Sta. Bui. 151 {1914), pp. 3-20, figs. 6).— This bulletin gives a brief description of sweet clover, the possibilities in its use, and results of tests in South Dakota. Sweet clover sown in corn in August is noted as yielding 3.6 tons of hay in two cuttings the next year and O.S tons of hay and a seed crop of 5.9 bu. per acre the second year. Sweet clover sown in April in fall wheat is noted as being successful. Letters are quoted from farmers of South Dakota who have produced sweet clover successfully. Data of rainfall for varying periods from 1905 for four localities of the State are given. Winter wheat in the cotton belt, C. E. Leighty {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1914, Noi\ 21, pp. 6). — Brief notes on methods of production. Winter wheat, A. Atkinson and J. B. Nelson (ilontana Sta. Bui. 100 {1914), pp. 141-160, figs. 4). — This bulletin notes Turkey Red and Kharkov varieties of wheat as being most commonly grown in Montana. In several years' tests on demonstration farms the former averaged 25.6 bu. per acre. As a 5-year aver- age at the Fergus County substation the Kharkov variety is noted as yielding 35.2 bu. and Turkey red 32.S bu. per acre. In rate-of-seeding tests, from 3 to 4 pk. are noted as giving the best results. The time-of-seeding tests showed that August and early September seedings were the most satisfactory. "Harrowing winter wheat in the spring reduced the yield in nearly every case. Rolling in the spring increased the yield in the tests conducted. Spring harrowing of winter wheat reduced the stand 19.4 per cent when compared with the wheat not harrowed. The unharrowed wheat produced an average of 4.5 heads per plant and the harrowed wheat 4.3 heads per plant. Wheat drilled in between the rows of standing corn gave a fair yield, and it is probable that this method of seeding will be very generally adopted as the area devoted to corn- growing increases." The continuous growing of wheat and rye, 1913, J. G. Lipman et al. (JVew Jersey Stas. Bui. 268 {1914), pp. 19-21, pi. 1; Rpt. 1913, pp. 471-473, pi. i).— This reports the continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 30. p. 325). The plan of the experiment has not been modified, and the results are similar to those of 1911 and 1912, showing that even a leguminous crop which has not attained full development may add enough humus and nitrogen to the soil to 534 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, more than clouble the yield iis compai'ed with plats which have grown no legume. Permanent pastures for the cotton belt, L. Carrier (U. .S'. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Virc.], 191 4, Dec. ,?.?. pp. 4). — Brief notes on the methods of produc- tion of Bermuda grass, Lespedeza, bur, and white clover, carpet grass, Italian rye grass, redtop, orchard grass, and hairy vetch. Report of the seed analyst, J. P. Helyab and R. Schmidt (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 369-375). — This contains brief notes on scope of the work, equipment of the laboratory, and data showing results of the analyses of 486 samples of seeds. HORTICULTURE. Report of the horticulturist, I\I. A. Bi.ake, A. J. Farley, and C. H. Connors (Neic Jer.^cy Stas. Rpt. 1913. pp. 89-173, ;>?•■?. l^)- — Data are given on a survey of the peach industry within a radius of six miles of the Vineland experiment orchard (E. S. R., 30, p. 344). The influence of the control of the brown rot and peach scab and the successful shipping of the first crop of peaches from the experimental orchard in 1910 api^ears to have greatly stimulated the peach industry as a whole, for the total plantings for the last three years are in ex- cess of 76,000 trees as compared with about 20.000 trees for the previous three years. Most of the orchards are receiving good care in cultivation and fertili- zation. Of the varieties planted the Elberta ranks first in number, followed by Carman. Champion. Belle of Georgia, and Ray. A brief account is given of the work of the past season in the Vineland orchard, including an outline of spray- ing practice. Orchard heaters were tested during the blooming period and the temperatures kept above freezing, but high winds and wet weather greatly in- terfered with pollination. During the spring of 1913 a study was made by C. Miller of the viability of the pollen of the peach, nectarine, currant, and gooseberry. The results and observations of this study are briefly recorded here. A preliminary test of various solutions in which to gei'Diinate pollen resulted in the selection of a 20 per cent sugar and gelatin solution, and also a 20 per cent sugar solution, the former being most satisfactory for the germination of peach pollen. A study of the viability was made with pollen gathered fresh from the trees just previous to each test. Ripe pollen which would germinate was found upon seven varieties of peaches and three of nectarines from April 9 to 21. or a period of thirteen days. There were many periods of wet weather during the blooming i)eriod, and it was noted that ripe, yellow pollen grains upon the anthers turned to a grayish white and had a leached appearance following such wet conditions. All such grains failed to germinate when tested in the laboratory. Some varieties were found to be more capable of germinating in dilute sugar solutions than others. It is suggested that such varieties should be at an advantage during wet blooming periods. Viability tests were also made of i^each and nectarine pollen taken from blooming twigs kept in the laboratory. Very little pollen was in condition for germination until April 7. Fairly constant results were secured with most varieties from April 9 to 17, when a rapid falling off in the ability of the pollen to germinate occurred with two exceptions — Belle of Georgia pollen gave a 49 per cent germination on April 2G, having yieldetl pollen capable of ger- minating over a period of 22 days, and Carman gave a 43 per cent germination upon April 22. Pollen secured from Maule Early twigs germinated in sugar solution for a period of only nine days. Some poUen was collected and placed in a bottle, HORTICULTURE. 535 which was sealed and placed upon a shelf in the laboratory. Such pollen gave a good percentage of germination ten days after pollen of the same variety had failed to germinate when kept exposed to the air. In addition to the considerable difference in varieties as to the length of time the pollen will remain viable, the authors conclude that there is variation be- tween the pollen from trees of the .same variety occasioned by factors which affect the development of the flowers. Somewhat similar viability tests were conducted with the pollen of the goose- berry and currant. The ijollen of three varieties of gooseberries commenced to germinate well on April 21 and continued to do so for a period of nine days. A small percentage of pollen showed its ability to germinate as late as May 3. The results of the tests with currants show that ripe, viable pollen occurred upon the plants from about April 21 to May 12 to 14, depending upon the variety, or a period of from 21 to 23 days. Some crossing work was also attempted with gooseberries and currants. The number of crosses was small, but the results apparently indicate that the Wildei", Pomona, and lied Cross varieties of currants are self-fertile. Tables are given showing the blooming dates for the seasons of 1912 and 1013 of the various kinds and varieties of fruits grown on the college farm, together with a discussion of weather conditions at the actual blooming period of certain varieties of fruits and the effect of the weather upon the flowers and fruit. The results of dynamiting for tree planting, based upon all of the tests made at the station during the past two years, indicate that there is a greater development of branch and twig at the close of the first season's growth for peaches, but only a slightly greater development for apples where the trees are planted with dynamite. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 29, p. 339), This development has not been accompanied by a corresponding increase in the circumference of the trunks. Both apple and peach trees planted with dynamite have developed a deeper and stronger root system than trees planted in the usual manner. In all the tests made, both with apples and peaches, the per- centi'.ge of trees living through the first season wus practically the same, whether dynamite was used or not. This is attributed to a previous thorough prepai-a- tion of the soil before planting. The results of the tests as a whole indicate thus far that the advantage in twig growth the first season shown by the trees planted by the use of dynamite is not maintained the succeeding year. Results are given of experiments conducted witli American Beauty roses in a commercial greenhouse during the seasons of 1910 and 1911. They indicate that the American Beauty rose is markedly affected by the amount of light which it receives in the greenhouse. All other conditions being equal the monthly yields of this rose are reduced during the dull months of the year. Experiments show that even in modern well-lighted rose houses plants near the south side of a bench are more productive than plants near the north side. The general vigor of the plants is not greatly reduced during the dull period. Individual plants favored by extra light are more productive even in bright months, such as May and June. Too close planting is likely to result in low yields from the less favored plants. A paper dealing with a study made by C. H. Connors relative to the multipli- cation of floral parts in the carnation, previously noted (E. S. R.. 30. p. 644), is here given. Soil, temperature, and moisture studies with carnation and rose soils were conducted in the station greenhouse by J. S. Obecny, largely with a view to determining the variable factors to be considered in investigations with plants under greenhouse conditions. In the data and observations recorded, the follow- 536 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ing jiliases are coiisidorod : The reluliuu uf liueucss of soil division, various kiuds of organic matter, sand, and bench construction to maximum moisture; the rela- tion of age to the watei'-holding capacity of soils ; and the relation of maximum moisture to optimum moisture. In the discussion of soil temperatures, consid- eration is given to the relation of air temperature to soil temperature, the effect of location of heating pipes on soil temi)eratures, the effects of sun, venti- lation, and direction of wind on soil temperatures, and the relation of moisture to soil temperatures. The results of greenhouse fumigation with potassium cyanid are reported. Fifteen fumigations were conducted in rose and carnation houses with 98 per cent potassium cyanid, used at the rate of five-eighths of an ounce to 1,000 cu. ft. of greenhouse si^ace. The temperatures inside the rose houses varied from 62 to 80° F., inside the carnation houses from 54 to 60° F., and the length of time for each fumigation varied from 16 to 17 minutes. The result in the destruc- tion of aphis in the rose houses were good in all cases but in some Instances slight injury to the foliage resulted. Fumigations at the above noted strength and duration failed to destroy many of the a])his in the carnation houses. Sub- sequent experiments indicated that fumigations for the destruction of green aphis are not likely to prove successful where the temperature of the gi'een- house is 60° F. or below, and where the amount of cyanid used is at the rate of three-fourths of an ounce to 1,000 cu. ft. of space unless the time of fumiga- tion is prolonged to exceed 30 minutes, and even this may not bring success. A peculiar form of Injury to carnations was observed after one fumigation. This appeared in the form of a light ring or band upon the calyx. The injury occurred upon small immature buds and also upon buds that were opening. It was so slight, however, that it did not appear to affect the quality of the flower. Observations upon a disease of carnations are noted on page 549. In order to control red spider upon American Beauty roses, a spray, consist- ing of a mixture of fish-oil soap and blackleaf 40, was used. This was used at the rate of 130 gm. of fish-oil soap and 3 gal. of water to which was added 1 fluid ounce of blackleaf 40 to 300 fluid ounces of water. It was observed that some of the foliage was burned by the application. Subsequent spraying with the fish-oil soap alone caused the same injury, hence it is concluded that the tobacco extract did not cause the damage. In view of the considerable damage done by insects and diseases of the apple in the State during the past season, an outline of the spraying treatment applied to the college farm orchard is here given, including the special treatment for the control of green aphis or plant lice upon apples. [Report of botanical investigations], B. D. Halsted et al. {Xctv Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 537-588, i)ls. 12). — Inheritance studies of various crosses of sweet, pop, and flint varieties of corn and of peppers (E. S. R., 30, p. 342) were continued in 1913. Starchy and sweet grains from different corn crosses were grown and data are given with reference to the transmission of such characters as length of stalks, number and weight of ears, and color and texture of the grains. Fs grains of Country Gentleman crossed, with Squaw were selected from 10. 12, 14, and 16 rowed ears as well as from zigzag ears. There was some evidence of inheritance of row character to the extent that the greater the number of rows in the parent ear the greater the tendency to pro- duce many-rowed and zigzag ears. The proportion of zigzag ears was greatest when taken from a zigzag parent ear. The 12-rowed ear was dominant in all of the plantings. A test was also made of the viability and vigor of starchy and sweet grains selected from the same set of ears. The results show that when the starchy grains are heavier and larger but without any marked difference in specific HORTICULTURE. 537 gravity, tlie viability of the starchy >;rains is very uuiforuily higher, as are also the weights of the seedlings. Plantiugs were made at depths of 1. 2, and 3 in. The uiesocotyl for the starchy grains was shorter for the 1-in. plantings and nearly the same for the 2 and 3 in. depths. The range of variation in length of the mesocotyl was usually less with the starchy than with the sweet grains. In the work with pepi>ers some 14.000 plants were grown, a large proportion of which were of the second generation. Tabular data are given for the fruit of a large number of these crosses showing average weight, volume, length, and breadth, as well as the range in length and breadth, the average number of locules. and the range in number of locules. Data are also given showing the averages of weights, lengths, and breadths of Fx and F- fruits and the rehition of number of locules to size in Fa fruits. Observations on pendency and up- rightness in pepper fruits suggest that the position of the fruits follows the ordinary Mendelian segregation, with pendency dominant. With reference to the inheritance of deciduousness of pepper fruits it appears that deciduousness is dominant to persistency in Fi, the latter appearing again as a recessive in F-. Observations on the inheritance of shape in the calyx for a number of crosses indicate that there is no well-defined segregation in the form of the calyx. Some general observations are given on pepper crosses with reference to spotted leaved, sterile, and dull fruited plants, plants with peculiar maturing colorations and with yellow foliage, and the best crosses commercially con- sidered. Report of progress, P.. H. A. Groth (Neio Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 615- 621, pis. 5).— In continuation of previous work (E. S. R.. 30, p. 343), about 4,500 plants of the third generation of tomato crosses were grown in 1913. All of the lots had been selected from F- generation plants in order to shed further light on the heredity of characters of size and shape. The results in detail are to appear in a subsequent bulletin. The work has not demonstrated thus far a strict Mendelian inheritance of size or shape characters. It has been found that the size characters of the fruits behave differently in the first generation from those of the leaves and stems. In certain crosses the greater vigor of the Fi plants is lacking in all of the F- plants, while in other crosses it is maintained even in the F3 plants. The average fruit size of a F- generation agrees fairly well with the average of the parent Fi generation, except in the crosses with long fruits. In one "Pear" cross the vegetative parts of F2 plants averaged smaller than those of Fi while the fruits averaged much larger. A strong correlation has been found to exist between shape and the larger number of locules in the fruit. In crosses of flat fruits with long ones there was a correlation between absolute size and shape. Likewise the slaty foliage color of "Peach" tomatoes and the dull surface of their fi'uit skins were correlated with flabby interior of the fruit and invariably accompanied by a poor filling of the locules, although this latter condition may exist independently of the other characters. In some crosses it was easy to reproduce the absolute size of the parent fruits in F: and F3; in others the fruits of the lai'ger parent were not even approxi- mated. Some of the Fs lots of " Ponderosa " crosses bred true to a very light- green foliage color. One Fo block of " Peach-Pear " crosses bred true to a pear shape of greater relative and absolute length than was found in either parent. Other F3 blocks bred true to a factor for simultaneous ripening and cessation of flowering after this riiTening period. Among the F3 lots of " Currant " crosses some seemed to be heterozygous and some homozygous for an exceedingly tough 538 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. skill. In the PonderosaX Dwarf Stoue crosses of bolli F- and Fs isolated plants were found that surpassed any tomato known to be on the market in solidity of the interior combined with absence of core and smooth round shape. Further selections of many-celled and 2-celled fruits in the prairie berry failed to show any connection between cell number in the parent and in the progeny. The prairie berry has been crossed with another variety of the black nightshade with the view of determining whether fn.sciated fruit could be iso- lated by crossing in this manner. Several F2 plants of this cross have appeared in which the fluctuation in cell number of the prairie berry I'eappears but not in which fasciatod fruits are the rule. Certain dwarf plants were secured from this cross, w^hereas no dwarf plants have thus far ajipeared in the breeding work with prairie berries. The sap circulation experiment outlined in the previous report (E. S. R., 30, p. 343) gave inconclusive results and is to be repeated under more favorable cir- cumstances. The study of the effect of various chemicals on plants was continueounds in Bordeaux mixture and of the question as to whether the alkaline mixture is free from soluble copper, the author states that when concentrated milk of lime is poured vei*y rapidly into a dilute solution of copper sulphate the visible result is the blue color of stable copper DISEASES OF PLANTS. 545 hydrates, but that when the lime watei* is poureil very slowly the green color of basic copper sulphate is seen. The alkaline mixture in process of applica- tion is said to contain abundance of dissolvofi copper for fungicidal purposes. Further observations on the fungicidal action of Bordeaux mixture, B. T. P. Barkkb aud C. T. Gimingham (Ahs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1913, p. 767). — This gives briefly the substance of a contribution already noted from another source (E. S. R., 32. p. 243). The physiological effect of the absorbed copper on the treated plant is also under investigation. Seed treatment to prevent diseases in field crops, O. A. Thompson and J. H. Shepperd (North Dakota Stu., Rpt. Edgclcy Substa., 1905, pp. 19, 20).— Direc- tions are given for the treatment of cereals, flax, and r>otatoes with formalde- hyde solution for the prevention of the various diseases. Foot disease of cereals, Schkibaux (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 74 (1914), No. 4y PP- -'fi'^--'i-^3). — ^Tests were made in 1913 with a number of wheat varieties, also some hybrids thereof, both in test plats and in the open field, as regards susceptibility to foot or stalk disease. One of -these A-arieties, Poulard d'Aus- tralie. seemed almost entirely resistant, this variety being later than native wheats and showing a less rank vegetative growth in early spring. In general, plats from seed of a given variety sown experimentally in both fall and spring showed fewer affected plants from the spring sowing. It is claimed that moderate vegetative growth and free access of sunlight are unfavorable to development of foot disease of cereals. A cabbag'e disease, W. B. Grove (Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soc, 40 (1914), No. 1, pp. 76, 77, fig. i).— The author gives a brief description and the life history of a cabbage disease prevalent in the Isle of Wight, Cornwall, and elsewhere during the past winter. The perfect stage, known as Mycosphwrclla brassicicola, is said to be some- what rarely found in that section, but the pycnidial stage occurs more com- monly and abundantly and does considerable damage. This stage is said to have been described formerly as Asteroma brassicw, but the author claims it should be classed as a Phyllosticta and he describes this form under the name P. brassicicola n. comb. The only view given regarding remedial treatment is that such measures would probably prove to be of more expense than benefit in this case. A note on celery leaf spot disease, F. J. Chittenden (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 (1914), ^0. 2, pp. 204-206). — The author states that he has been able to demon- strate the infection of seedlings from seeds diseased by adhering spores of Septoria petroselini apii which may be found, it is said, on about 90 per cent of the celery seed offered for sale. The fungus also attacks celeriac. The disease appears to spread more slowly during the seedling stage than later in the season. Bordeaux mixture is said to afford satisfactory protection. Diseases of peas (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1914), ^'O. 5, pp. 418-423. pi. 1). — Powdery mildew of peas (Erysiphe polygoni), said to attack also many weeds, is controlled by early spraying with liver of sulphur, 1 oz. to 4 gal. of water. Mildew (Peronospora victor), attacking many cultivated and wild legumes, requires employment of rotation, with Bordeaux mixture where out- breaks occur. Rust (Uromyces fabw), which also attacks many members of this family, is most satisfactorily controlled by the destruction of the teleu- tospores, preferably by burning the vines. Black root rot (Thielavia basicola), said to be almost omnivorous and described as attacking young jjoa soervision of G. W. Martin to determine whether finely pulverized sulphur and powdered arsenate of lead can be dependtxl upon to protect the potato foli- age from insect injury and fungus disease. Four powdered preparations were used and comparisons made with Bordeaux mixture, Paris green, Pyrox, and two other commercial preparations. It is concluded from the tests made that a mixture of pulverized sulphur and arsenate of lead is practicable and effi- cient in controlling the Colorado beetle. The most striking results obtained showed the economy of Bordeaux mixture and also the .short time i-equired to apply powders. Under the conditions of the experiment the cheapest and most efficient preparation used was a dust mixture composed of three parts of sul- phur and one part of arsenate of lead. Storag'e rots of potatoes and other veg'etables, W. P. Fraser (Ann. Rpt. Quebec Soc. Protec. Plants [etc.], 6 (1913-lJt), pp. 50, 51). — Brief descriptions are given of black and blue mold rots, late blight rot, dry rot, and soft rot of potatoes. Control measures include crop rotation, careful harvesting in dry weather, and storage in clean, moderately dry cellars at not above 40° F. The biolog'y of the apple canker fungus, S. P. Wiltshire {Abs. in Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1913, p. 714)- — Nectria ditissima is said to be a genuine wound parasite, succeeding only in case of injury deep enough for the fungus to reach the wood before it is shut off by the formation of a layer of phellogen. The fungus traverses the intercellular spaces of the cortex, breaks through the cell walls of phloem and cambium, and traverses the woody elements via the pits in the walls, the medullary i-ays offering no special means of access to the interior. The host reacts by the formation of i»hellogen, of abnormal wood cells resem- bling those of the medullary rays, and of wound gum in the wood vessels. The mycelium normally does not spread greatly. Inoculation usually occurs by means of injuries due to frost or aphids. Relatively immune varieties of apple may be infected through injuries under suitable conditions, the determining factors being mostly physiological. Observations on the life history of the American gooseberry mildew, E. S. Salmon (Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 {191Jf), No. 2. pp. 177-182). — The author, referring to his previous article (E. S. R., 31, p. 545), gives results of a further examina- tion of material, concluding that some of the perithecia of the American goose- berry mildew (SplKerotheca mors-uvce) which are produced in England either do not reach maturity or do not survive the winter. It is claimed that no case of primary infection by ascospores from overwintered material still present on the shoot has been established. It is thought that ascosiK)res from mature perithecia lodged in bark crevices, bud scales, etc., may possibly be the ones which become the source of the early infection noted. The control of American gooseberry mildew, G. C. Gough (Gard. Chron., 3. ser.. 56 (1914), Nos. 1J,5J,, pp. 303, 30 J, ; lJf55, p. 3i9).— Giving the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of dealing with American gooseberry mil- 548 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. dew as shown by experience in many tj-jncal cases and in representative parts of England for some years past, the author states that the order of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries requiring the destruction of all diseased bushes has been withdrawn, although destruttion is still recommended w^here bushes are old and badly diseased. Owing to the habits of the fungus as described, spray- ing has proved impracticable in a large number of cases, and it is thought to be of value only in cases where the disease has api>eared recently and is noted in time (soil infection being slight or absent), or where the object is to keep the fruit free from disease for marketing. No definite or uniform success has attended soil treatment. The value of pruning If done early and properly is said to be decided, but to have its own disadvantages, which are outlined, chief among these being its usually late or imperfect accomplishment. Banana disease on the Clarence Biver {Agr. Gaz. 'N. 8. IFrt/es, 25 (1914), No. 9, pp. 809, 810). — For the past two or three years a new disease has been noted among bananas on the Clarence River. It is known locally as pear top, bunch top, blight, or rust. Investigation has not shown it to be caused by bacteria or fungi and it is thought to be of physiological origin. Soil exhaustion is suggested by the facts that it appears only on old plantations and that sugar cane on such soils shows a similar habit. Remedies suggested are thinning, rotation, and fertilizing according to for- mulas given. Cacao canker and its control in Java, C. J. J. van Hall (JJcded. Proefstat. Midden-Java, No. 6 {1912), pp. 11). — The author, referring to the claim of Rorer (E. S. R., 27. p. 750), confirmed by Rutgers (E. S. R., 29, p. 248), that PhytophtKora fateri is the cause of both cacao canker and black or brown pod rot of cacao, notes the facts that in artificial cultures P. faberi is quickly over- grown by Fiisarium colorans associated therewith, and may disappear from the margins, easily giving the impression that F. colorans is the primary cause of the trouble, which is really due to P. fabcrl. Control measures recommended include the removal of all cankered fruits or of spots on the tree, the production of unfavorable life conditions for the parasite (as by better control of shading, involving attention to both the cacao trees and others growing therewith), and the prevention of infection or or spread in case of incipient attack, as by the use of such fungicides as Bordeaux mixture. Notice relating to citrus canker, E. S. Tucker (Louisiana Stas. Crop Pest Notice 1 {191Jt), pp. 2). — Attention is called to the occurrence of the citrus canker in Louisiana and a plea is made for the prompt cooperation of citrus growers to secure its eradication. CofEee leaf disease, W. Smai,l {Uganda Dcpt. Agr. Circ. 1 {1914). pp. 8).— This disease (due to Hemileia vastatrix) is said to to be endemic in Uganda, having been present on practically every tree of native coffee for many years, but to have been only recently recognized definitely as to species and impor- tance. It is said to be known now in all coffee-growing countries of the Old AVorld. In 1913 losses on areas of recent planting amounted to 30 per cent in many instances, but on some of these areas the trees afterwards showed new shoots and foliage and some promise of good crops. Such preventive measures are recommended as give access of sunlight and wind. These include planting iti dry localities with wide spacing, the plats so arranged that the prevailing winds may sweep them crosswise rather than lengthwise. Destruction of all fallen and visibly diseased leaves is considered important. Careful selection of material for planting, appropriate manuring, supervision of native trees, etc., are measures relied uixm to reduce the amount ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 549 of the disease, whicli is expected to appear sooner or later on every estate of cnltivated coffee in Uganda. Diseases and pests of Hevea in the Federated Malay States, A. A. Lu Rutgers (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies'^, Meded. Afdeel. Plantcnzivkicn, Xo. Jf (1913), pp. 8-16). — Tliis is mainly a discnssion of ITevea as affected by canker in relation to weather, particularly rainfall ; spacing In planting, also interplanting with other growths; pruning; and employment of water in connection with tapping operations. Fomcs scntitostits, the cause of a root mold, is also briefly discussed. Observations upon a disease of carnations, M. A. Blake (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 168-170, fig. 1). — The author reports having noted at different times a disease of carnations in which there was a red spotting of tlie leaves of red varieties and of some dark pink varieties. The light pink, white, or yellow varieties may be affected by the spots, but less commonly and tlie spots are more translucent. The injured leaves on all varieties gradually turn brown, giving the plants a sickly and dying appearance. Various theories have been advanced as to the cause of this trouble. The author states that experiments have shown that considerable injury often fol- lows the setting of carnation plants in soil that does not dry freely. Excess of moisture does not appear to be one of the important factors in the matter, but it seems to be a soil condition. It is thought that if proi^r cultural conditions are maintained the amount of injury may be I'educed. Cuttings from diseased plants have been propagated without showing any sign of the disease. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Animal communities in temperate America as illustrated in the Chicago region. — A study in animal ecology, V. E. Shelford (Geogr. Soc. Chicago Bui. 5 (1913), pp. XIII-\-362, pi. 1, figs. 315). — The author defines ecology at present as " that branch of general physiology which deals with the organism as a whole, with its general life proceses, as distinguished from the more special physiology of organs, and which also considers the organism with particular reference to its usual environment." The several, chapters of this work deal with the subject under the headings of man and animals; the animal organism and its environmental relations; the animal environment, its general nature and its character in the area of study ; conditions of existence of aquatic animals; animal communities of large lakes (Lake Michigan), streams, small lakes, and ponds; conditions of existence of land animals; animal communities of the tension lines between land and water, of swamp and flood plain forests, of dry and mesophytic forests, and of thickets and forest margins; and prairie animal communities. A bibliography of 214 titles and author and subject indexes are included. Preliminary report on the mammals of North Dakota, V. Bailey, W. B. Bell, and M. A. Brannon (North Dakota Sta. Circ. 3 (1914), PP- 20).— Follow- ing a brief discussion of life and crop zones, habits of animals, and prepara- tion and care of si)ecimens, the authors present brief accounts of some SO sjiecies of mammals known to occur in North Dakota. Studies in the comparative size of the red blood corpuscles of birds, Chi TSAU Wang (Jour. Ent. and ZooL, 6 (191.'/), No. Jf. p. 22i).— Studies of the erythrocytes of 17 species are reported upon. Entomology, A. W. Morrill (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 270. 277).— Par- ticular attention is said to have been given the harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex harbata) and the alfalfa seed chalcis fly (Bruchophagus funebris). Through 550 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tlie use of sheet-iron covers inclosing circular areas 4 and 10 ft. in (liameter, respectively, it was found that a maximum dose of 2 oz. of carbon bisulphid, costing approximately 1 ct, completely eradicated the ant colony when the ground was still quite wet following irrigation. With soil insufficiently moist the results were not dependable even with much larger doses. The author con- siders it practicable for an individual possessing an outfit of ten or more such covers to take contract work on a large scale. In Arizona, the alfalfa seed chalcis fly, also known as the clover seed chalcis fly. is one of the most destructive pests, not only on account of direct injury, but through its keeping many alfalfa growers, who would otherwise be interested, from attempting to make a seed crop. A trap crop experiment was carried on during the year, in which a border of some 40 ft. all around a 10-acre field was left uncut at the time of the second regular hay cutting on May 5. when the remainder of the field was cut and the hay stacked . This border was allowed to bloom and set seed which attracted the seed flies in the vicinity, it being the only alfalfa having seed available for the ovipositiou of the eggs. This border crop was cut and the hay removed from the field before the insects had sufficient time to reach maturity. While it is believed that the bordering trap crop actu- ally afforded considerable protection, the practical results appeared to be mostly negative since the crop from the field averaged 210 lbs. per acre, which was not more than would be expected under ordinary conditions. It is pointed out, how- ever, that the experiment was conducted under unfavorable conditions since a nearby grain field infested with bur clover produced myriads of the seed flies of the first brood which spread over the surrounding fields. Report of the entomolog'ist, T. J. Headlee (Xetv Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 633-7S9, pis. If, figs. 3). — The insects of the year briefiy noted, information relat- ing to which is largely based on correspondence, include various species of plant lice, scale insects, the false apple red bug (Lygidea mendax), rhododendron lace bug (Leptobyrsa explanata), flea-beetle {Epitrix cucumeris), which proved to be the worst insect enemy of the potato during the year, fruit bark beetle (Scolytus rngulosus), which attracted attention by its work on peach, hickory bai'k beetle (S. quadrispinosus), etc. In.sects mentioned as of special interest, either because new to Xew Jersey records or because of the danger of their introduction, include an undetermined buprestid borer on Rosa nigosa nursery stock, a pine scolytid {Myelophilus piniperda), which bores out the tips of the central shoots of Scotch firs, a sawfly (KaUosysphinga doJirnii) new to New Jersey found doing considerable damage to alders in the nursery, etc. In order to determine the relative value of a dusting mixture as compared with the normal liquid treatment, a series of orchard and potato tests were made. The dust was composed of 20 per cent powdered " Electro " arsenate of lead and SO per cent very finely divided sulphur. Eleven and one-fourth lbs. of paste, consisting of the same finely divided sulphur with about 50 per cent water, and If lbs. of the powdered lead arsenate were used to each 50 gal. of water. Application of the dust treatment to peaches at Glassboro is given credit for exerting a better control of the plum curculio than the paste or self-boiled lime-sulphur, and consequently for holding a much larger percentage of the total set on the entire tree. The results of similar peach tests at Vineland indicated "(1) that either dust or paste applied with sufficient frequency will give reasonable control of plum curculio and scab fungus, (2) that when dust or paste are applied no more frequently than self-boiled lime-sulphur arsenate of lead they are not so efi'ective as the standard wash (3) that the paste sul- phur and lead, which are much easier to make up and apply, are almost as efficient in insect and scab fungus control as the self-boiled mixture, (4) that ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 551 the (lust must have nioro frequent iipplicatiniis than either the self-boiled or paste to pro pp. 265-335, pis. 2, figs. 7). — An anatomo-cytological study of plants and coccids and aphidids. A bibliography of 65 titles is apijended. Phylloxera galls affecting pecan trees, E. S. Tuckeb (Louisiana Stas. Crop Pest Notice 2 (1914), pp. 8, fig. 1). — ^This is a brief account of the occurrence and nature of galls on pecan trees iu Louisiana caused by Phylloxera caryce- caulis, P. (levastatrix, and P. perniciosa. The oak scale and its control (Lecanium quercifex), W. F. Turner (Ala- bama Col. Sta. Circ. 28 (1914). PP- 105-110, fig. i).— The oak scale is the source of considerable injury iu Alabama and the other Gulf States to oaks, several species of which, particularly the water oak (Quercus nigra), are the principal street and shade trees. The injury, while not confined to the young trees, is much less apparent on the older ones. The pest is becoming more and more abundant every year and constitutes a very serious problem in the care and maintenance of shade trees. At Auburn, Ala., egg deposition commences early in April and continues for about three weeks. Counts made of the eggs deposited by three females gave 2,245, 5,(X)0, and 5,262, respectively. The incubation period was found to be about 26 days. The young are very active and may travel considerable distances before settling, which occurs principally along the main or larger lateral veins of the leaf. They may remain active for a considerable length of time even after they reach the leaves. After settling they remain on the leaves until fall, apparently remaining in the first stage throughout the summer. Migration to the small twigs, where they remain dormant throughout the winter, takes place the last of September. In February when the sap begins to flow growth com- mences which continues until the last of March when it becomes very rapid and. they soon attain their full adult size. The natural enemies of this species include two undetermined hymenopterous parasites and several lady beetles of which Chilocorus oivulncrus is the most important. Spraying experiments have shown Schnarr's insecticide 1 : 20 and emulsions of Junior Red Engine and Diamond paraffin oils when applied in March to kill about all of the scales with which they come in contact. The emulsions are made by using 2 gal. of either oil to 1 gal. of whale oil soap and 50 gal. of water. The control of the moth borer, J. J. Quelch (Abs. in West India Com. Circ, 29 (1914), ^^0. 421, pp. 536, 537). — In this paper the author reports studies on the control of the small moth borers (Diatrcea saccharalis and D. canclla). 554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. which cause much damage to sugar cane in liritish Guiana. Egg parasites of these pests are said to be particuhu'ly effective, at times as high as 95 per cent of the eggs in the field being parasitized. A wood-boring moth {Agr. ^^ews [Ii(irhado)i], 13 (19 Vt), No. 325, p. 328).— This is a discussion of Diiomitiis punvtifcr, an account of which is included in the paper by Bovell and Nowell previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 547). The larva of this moth is injurious to a wide range of trees and shrubs and is generally distributed in the Lesser Antilles. It tunnels in the whitewood tree (Tecoma Icucoxylon) in all directions in the larger branches and through the middle of the smaller ones even to fine twigs. Its life history is said to resemble closely that of the leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina). Relation between the larvas of vine moths (Cochylis ambiguella and Poly- chrosis botrana) and the weeds of vineyards and other plants, G. Llstneb (Ztschr. Wciiibau u. WcinheUandl., 1 (lOUf), No. 1, pp. 3-35; aba. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome}, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (lOl-i), No. 6, p. 826). — In experiments carried out in the fall Cochylis larvae were observed to be distinctly polyphagous, even devouring euphorbiaceous plants. Experiments with Polychrosis larv£e conducted in the spring showed them to be equally polyphagous. Contribution to the study of the biology of Hyponomeuta malinella in Roumania, G. Fintzescou (Rev. Sci. Bourbon., 27 (1914), No. 3, pp. 78-80; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (191^), Ser. A, No. 9, p. 56J,).— The author, who has studied this lepidopteran for many years, reports that there are three genera- tions each year in Ronuiania. The bacterial diseases of caterpillars, R. W. Glaser (Psyche, 21 (1914), No. 6, pp. 184-190). — ^This is a brief review of the literature relating to the subject. The author states that while there seems to be a considerable amount of collateral evidence that caterpillars are subject to bacterial diseases, he is not familiar with a single case where this has been conclusively proved. It is pointed out that many of the authors reviewed agree that the flacherie-like diseases are primarily intestinal affections and that the bacteria concerned are found outside of the intestine, in the body cavity, only during the later stages when the alimentary canal ruptures. " While it therefore seems possible that some of the caterpillar diseases nov/ grouped under the name of flacherie are intestinal disturbances caused by toxic products liberated within the alimentaiy tract by specific bacteria, it is not at all unlikely that other diseases affect other parts of the body, such as the disease described by I'icard and Blanc [E. S. R., 29, p. 855]. The entire subject, however, is still one for controversy." A bibliography of 14 titles is appended. [Cecidomyiid flies attacking willows] (Bui. Soc. Nat. Acclim. France, 61 (1914), No. 1, pp. 24, 25). — The habits of two cecidomyiids, Rhabdophaga rosaria and R. pulrhil, which are at times a source of serious injury in oseries are briefly considered. Salix purpurea, S. depressa, vS. aurita, and S. cinerea are the species that suffer most from their attack. Economic and biologic notes on the giant midge (Chironomus (Tendipes) plumosus), A. C. BuRRiLL (Bui. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc.. n. ser., 10 (1913), No. 3-4, pp. 124-163). — This paper deals at some length with the life history and habits of this midge, its natural enemies, economic importance, and remedial measures. An annotated bibliography of 14 pages is appended. Mosquitoes and sewage disposal, F. Knab and A. Busck (Amer. Jour. Trop. Diseases and Prev. Med.. 2 (1914), No. 5. pp. 333-338) .—The authors point out that, certain species of mosquitoes, particularly Culcx pipiens and ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 555 C. quinqucfaficiatus, multiply most rapidly in the presence of highly polluted water, and discuss an outbreak investigated that had its origin at sewage- disposal plants. Stomoxys calcitrans, A. Rutherford (Trap. Agr. [Ceylon], /,2 (191.'t), No. 3, pp. 222-225). — This comprises notes on the stable fly (.S. calcitrans) with quotations from the literature. The born fly {HccmatoMa serrata) also occurs in Ceylon On a larva of a species of MuscinEe, living in the nest of Passer griseus in the Kongo, J. Rodhain {Rev. Zool. Afric. [Brussels], 3 (lOl/f), pp. 213-217, fig. 1; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. B, No. 4, p. 69).— Larvae and pupse of a fly belonging to the subfamily Muscinte were taken from the nests of the gray-headed sparrow (P. griseus) and upon examination the larvfe were found to contain avian blood. Inheritance of the length of life in Drosophila ampelophila, R. R. Hyde {Proc. Ind. Acad. Sri., I'JIS, pp. 113-124, figs. 5).— The conclusions drawn from the author's investigations with the pomace fly are in part as foUow'S : " Hybrids between the truncate stock and the inbred stock are more vigorous than either parent, as .shown by the fact that the hybrid lives 47 days while . . , the flies from the truncate stock , . . live 21.4 days, the females live 18.4 while the males live 26.4 days. The flies from the inbred stock live 37.4 days. The females live 34.5 days while the males live 40.5 days. The shortened length of life of the truncate stock reappears among the grandchildren after skipping a generation wlien crossed to the inbred stock. . . . Those descended from the truncate grandmother lived 29.5 days. The males lived 32.8 days and the fe- males lived 25.9 days. The flics descended from the truncate grandfather lived 29.3 days. The males lived 31.1 days, while the females lived 27.3 days. It seems not improbable that the length of life and the coming to maturity of the germ cells may be in some way physiologically connected." Cane grub and muscardine fungus at Cairns, H. Tryon (Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 2 (1914). No. G, pp. 402-405).— The author states that Metar- rhizium anisopliw is indigenous to Queensland. [Keport of] division of entomology, H. T. Easterby (Ann. Rpt. Bur. Sugar Expt. Stas. [Queensland], 1914, pp. 55-57). — A brief statement is presented by A. A. Girault of the results of work with the so-called grub pest or cane beetle (Lepidiota alhohirtum), details relating to which will be published later as a bulletin. Wireworms attacking cereal and forage crops, J. A. Hyslop ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 156 (1915), pp. 34- figs. S). — In an introduction the author gives a brief account of the feeding habits of the true wireworms (Elateridie), and also of the false wireworms (Tenebrionidie). Several hundred species of Elaterid.ie, which vary enormously in their habits, occur in North America ; the majority attack the roots of plants but some live in dead and rotten wood (Alaus, Elater, Adelocera, etc.) and still others (Alaus, Hemirhipus, Adelocera, etc.) are pre- daceous. Some species abound in heavy moist soil filled with humus (^Nlela- uotus, Agriotes, etc.), some prefer well-drained soils (Corymbites), and still others (Horistonotus) are most destructive on high sandy land which is very poor in humus. It is stated that the large luminous elaterid of the West Indies (Pyrophorus luminosus) is a decidedly beneficial insect, since it feeds on the Lachnosterna larvje in the sugar cane fields. Brief accounts are given of the life history, habits, injury, occurrence, and remedial measures for some of the more important species, including the wheat wirew^orm (Agriotes mancus), the corn and cotton wireworm (Horistonotus uhlerii), the inflated wii'cworm (Corymiites inflatus), the dry-land wireworm 87235°— 15 5 556 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. {C. noxius), corn wirevvornis {MelanotUH cotniniui'iK, M. fi-ssilis, aiul J/, rribulo- sus), aud a large nuiiibfr of species of minor iaiportance. In an account of natural enemies, wliicli follows, it is stated that birds are probably the most important factor in keeping wireworms in clieck. A list of the birds known by examination of the crops and stomachs to feed on Elateridte, as compiled by the Biological Survey of this Department, is given. Other enemies mentioned are a small lizard (Phri/no.soma doitglasii (loiiglasii) found in the desert regions of the Northwest, and locally known as the sand toad; several species of mites; a dipterau {Thcrcvn cgrcHsn), the larva of which attacks and feeds upcm wire- worms; and the fungi PcniciUium animpHw and Mrtarrhiziiim aiiisoplicr. ReuKxlial measures are discussed under the headings of treatment of seed, soil treatment, and cultural methods. It is stated that thus far cultural meth- ods alone have proved to be of much practical value. The wavy striped flea-beetle (Phyllotreta sinuata), E. M. Dupobte (Canad. Ent., ^6 {Wl.'i), No. J 2. pp. .'iS3-.'i3-'). pan. J). — The author records observations of this pest in Quebec in 1914, where it was found feeding on radish, turnips, audcabl)age. It is often found associated with the turnip flea-beetle {P.vitiata^. The occurrence and danger from Pantomorus fulleri in Italy, A. Kazzauti {B(jI. Lab. Zool. Gen. c Agr. R. Scuola ^iip. Agr. roriici, 7 {I'JIS), pp. 113-124, figs. 7; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 6, pp. 3.',6, 347).— A sum- marized account of Fuller's rose beetle P. (Aramigus) fulleri, including de- scriptions of its several stages, geographical distribution, food plants, and methods of control. This pest, first collected in Italy in Ligui'ia in 1898, has since been found at Leghorn, and at Palermo, Sicily. The strawberry root weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus) in British Columbia with notes on other insects attacking' strawberry plants in the lower Praser Valley, JX. C. Tseherne {Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 18 {1014), 2. ser., pp. 44, figs. 9). — This is a more detailed account of the author's investigations of O. ovatus than that previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 30, p, 58). Among the other pests upon which brief notes are given are 0. sulcatus, which apparently does not occur, in the Northwest in sufficient numbers to cause marked injury to strawberries: a lepidopterau {Ari-'stotclia sp.), larvae of which attack the crowns of strawberry plants, which has been a source of some injury in the vicinity of Vernon; the bronze flea-beetle {Haltiea evicta), which was abundant on strawberry leaves at Nelson in 1910; a carabid Harpalus sp., adults of which devour the ripe fruit ; wireworms, which are commonly found in a strawberry plantation ; the western lined June beetle iPolyphylla deeemlineata), which has been repoi'ted to be a source of injury; a geometrid {Mesolcuca trimcata), the larva of which has been recorded as de- structive to the strawbeny; cutworms. Scopelosoma trixtigniata and the black cutworm; aud the western strawberry crown borer {Tijloderma foveolatuin), an account of which has been previously noted (E. S. II., 10, p. 866). Fourth annual report of the state inspector of apiaries, B. N. Gates {Agr. of Mass., 61 {1913). pp. 269-284, i^^"*- ~^).— This is a brief report of the work of apiary inspection during the year. Articles on (1) Soft Candy for Bees. The So-called " Fuller Candy " for Queen Cages, Transixirtation of Combless Colo- nies, and Stimulative and General Feeding; and (2) An Inquiry into the Spray- ing Laws of North America in Their Relation to Beekeeping Interests, are appended. Bees visiting Helianthus, T. D. A. Cockerell {Canad. Ent., 46 {1914), ^^0. 12, pp. 409-415). — The author reports up!)n the bees that visit species of annual and perennial sunflowers of the genus Helianthus, Andrena helianthi being thought to be the most important. It is pointed out that the common sun- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 557 flower, IlcUanthus aiinitus, is wholly sterile with its owu ix)lleu aud has to be visited by iusects in order to produce seeds, and that presumably the same is true with other species of the geuus. A species of Megastigmus reared from larch seeds, S. Marcovitch (Canad. E)it., Jf6 {l'Jl.'f), ^^0. J 2, pp. 4.i5-ji38, figs. 8). — Megastigmus laricls, a chalcidid reared from seeds of the larch. {Larix kiricina) at Ithaca, X. Y., in Septem- ber, 1913. is described as new to science. The insect galls of Cedar Point and vicinity, P. B. Hears (Ohio Nat., 15 (1914). No. 2, pp. 377-.392, pgs. 63). — A synonymic list with brief descriptions aud peu illustrations of Go galls, many of which are common throughout Ohio. Three new Hymenoptera, J. C. Crawford (Iru^ecutor Inscitiw Mcnstruus, 2 (lOl.'f), No. 3, pp. 3()-38). — PacJnjneuron hammari, reared from codling moth material at Koswell, N. :Mex. ; Cgrtogastcr gJasgowi, reared from puparia of Brachydcutcra argcntafa at Urban, 111.; and Pleurotropis tcfitaceipc^, reared from a leaf miner on an undetermined plant at Batesburg. S. C, are described as new. A revision of the braconid genus Urosigalphus, J. C. Crawford (Insecutor Insciiiw Menstruus, 2 (19H), No. 2, pp. 22-27). — In his revision of this genus of parasites the author presents a table for the separation of 13 species of which S are describeer proportion to use with HO gal. of water. By the use of cactus solution as an adhesive not only do the arsenicals give better and more lasting results, biit considerable expense may be saved through the use of the powdered form. Copper sulphate may be used as a preservative for the cactus solution. The author's experiments show that the beetle can be best controlled by spraying with zinc arsenite or with Paris green. The other arsenicals employed. 558 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. while effecting a control In most cases, did not g^ive as liigli mortality as these two. The use of cactus solution is applicable to regions where i)rickly pear is easily obtainable and for the treatment of insects of related habits, such as the striped and twelve-spotted cucumber beetles, etc. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Text-book of the chemistry, bacteriolog'y, and technology of foods and condiments for students, veterinaries, food chemists, physicians, and phar- macists and for use in technical and agricultural high schools, A. Kossowicz (Lehrbuch dcr Chcmie, Bakterioloffie, und Technologie der Nahrungs und Ge- nussmittel fiir Studierende tierdrztlicher, technischcr, und landivirtschaftlicher HncJischuIeu, yahfunffsinitfclchcmiker, Medisincr, nnd Pharmazeuten. Berlin: Borntraciier Bros., 191.'/, pp. yi-\-557, figs. 225). — As tlie title implies, this book is designed as a text-book for the study of foods from the standpoints of chemi- cal composition, manufacture, preparation, and i)reservation. In addition to the chemistry and bacteriology of the subject, the mechanical aspect of food prepa- ration is also considered somewhat at length, and a great many illustrations are given of different machines employed in the food industries. The most important food materials considered are the following: Meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fats and oils, cereals and cereal prod- ucts, fruits and fruit products, sugar, chocolate and chocolate products, and tea. coffee, and other beverages, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic. Household chemistry, J. Klein {('hemic in Kiiche nnd Eons. Lcipsic: B. 0. Teuhner, IOI4, 3. rd., pp. VI-\-136+16). — This book presents briefly the funda- mental principles of general chemistry and treats somewhat at length of the chemistry of foods and cooking, together with the biochemistry of fermentation, preservation, and disinfection. There is also a chapter on heating and light- ing which discusses the chemistiy of these subjects. The pure food cookbook, Mildred Maddocks (Xew York: HearsVs Interna- tional Library Co., 191^, pp. YII 1+^17, figs. 85). — In addition to a large num- ber of recipes, this book contains sample menus and a chapter on the planning of meals. An introductory chapter by H. W. Wiley, with notes on foods and food values by the same author, is also included. A chapter is devoted to advice regarding the selection and making of coffee. The physical character of the curd of milk from, different breeds. — Curd as an index of the food value of milk. — Studies of the proteid content of milk, S. S. Buckley (Maryland Sta. Bui. 18', (WU), PP- 2 27-2. ',2). —The greater part of this publication consists of a report of an investigation of the protein re- actions with precipitating reagents in the case of milks from Holsteins. Ayr- shires, Jerseys, and Guernseys. Some comparative tests were also made with milks of other species (human, mule, .and goat) and with abnormal cow's milk. A discussion of the relation of this study to the digestion and assimi- lation of raw milk by infants concludes the report. In this connection the fol- lowing quotations are of interest: " Milks may have been found to have been produced under perfect conditions as far as the food of the cow and the i)roper care of the milk are concerned: both may have been shown to contain normal amounts of the several constitu- ents ; in fact, they may have tested alike in the content of fat and other solids, yet the results of feeecially for their content of sulphurous acid and sulphites, sometimes added to produce the desired whiteness. The quantity of sulphurous acid present in no case exceeded 1 part in 2.000 by weif:ht. which is regarded as harmless to health. A sanitary code for bottlers {Pure Products, 10 {WlJf), No. 11, pp. 't.'fC- 5-^9). — The text is given of a code issued by the Agricultural Commission of (he State of Ohio for the conduct of places where soft drinks are prepared. Concerniug nickel cooking vessels {Pure Products. 10 {1914), No. 11, pp. 543, 54-i)- — This note states that the solubility of nickel varies according to its method of manufacture. The following figures show the quantities of nickel per square meter of sur- face dis.solved by sulphuric acid: Rolled nickel. 15.5 to 1G.9 mg. ; cast nickel. 25.5 to 28.8 mg. ; electrolytic nickel. 30.G to 30.8 mg. : drawn nickel, 33.1 to 39.0 nig. : and ]nire nickel. 01.4 to G5.5 mg. The diet, its composition, and influence on the health, with special refer- ence to the mineral constituents, R. Berg {Die Nahrungs und Genussmittel, ihrc Zusammcnsctzung ttnd ihr Einfluss auf die Gesundhcit, mit hesonderer BeruclcsicMtgung der Aschenhestandteile. Dresden: Holze d Pahl, 1918, pp. 60; rev. ill Zenthl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 17 {191^), No. 3-4, p. 15&). — This book contains data regarding the ratio of the acid and basic mineral constituents of foods and is based on the theory that the diet should contain more than enough inorganic bases to neutralize the inorganic acids. Some of the data is the re- sult of original work, but the greater part has been compiled from various sources. The derangement of the skeletal system by a diet poor in phosphorus, M. Masslow {Biochem. Ztschr., 64 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 10G-110).—ThQ results of a microscopical examination of bones strengthen the author's conclusions, drawn from previous work (E. S. R., 30. ]i. GG9), that a deficiency of phosphorous in the diet play.s a definite part in pathogenic disturbance of the bones. The distribution of phosphorus in striated muscle, A. E. Rabbeno (ArcJi. Farmacol. Spcr. c Sci. Aff., 18 {1914), ^'0. 3, pp. 97-106) .—From the examina- tion of several samples of straine^l muscle, from both human and animal sources, the author concludes in part that the inorganic phosphorus makes up about 65 per cent of the total phosphorus content of the muscle. The nucleo portion of organic phosphorus is greater than the portion outside the nucleus. Maintenance of mice on a diet composed of simple foods, P. Roiimann {Biochem. Ztschr., 64 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 30-62, figs. 23).— X series of experi- ments was conducted to determine the relative nutritive values of protein con- taining pho.sphorus and phosphorus-froe ])rotein. A large amount of experi- mental data is given, from which the following conclusions are drawn. Phosphorus-containing protein is not absolutely necessary in the diet. Such com- pounds found in the body cells may be synthetized in the animal organism. Purin bases such as lecithin may be similarly formed. The relations of vitamins to lipoids, Evelyn A. Cooper {Bioehem. Jour., 8 {1914), ^0. 4- PP- 347-354). — The results are reported of investigations regard- ing experimental beri-beri from which the conclusion is drawn that vitamins do not enter into the constitution of the lipoids of brain and muscle but may be absorbed by them and stored until needed by the organism. The deleterious effects of lipoid-free diets observed by some workers are attributed by the author to mechanical removal of vitamins by alcohol-ether extractions rather than to a deficiency of lipoids. Studies of a qualitatively insuflacient diet, S. Oseki (Biochem. Ztschr., 65 {1914), ^0. 1-2. pp. 158-176). — Feeding experiments with laboratoiT animals 562 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (mice) carried out to contribute to the linowledge of vitamins and lipoids may be summarized as foiiows: Rye bread prepared with water was found to have a greater nutritive value than bread prepared from fine wheat flour and water. The nutritive value of the wheat bread was greatly increased and in some instances made to equal that of rye bread by an addition of niillj, pressed lees, rye 1)ran, wheat bran, or ex- tracts prepared from army bread. Since these constituents of rye bread, which are necessary for the maintenance of life, dissolve readily in water but can not be extracted with alcohol and ether, they can not l)e identified with the lipoid- like nutrients of millv. Study of the diet of laborers in a district of Spain, I. G. Colmenabes (Bol. Agr. Tec. y Econ., 6 (lOUf), No. 69, pp. 83.3-838).— The author reports the results of observations regarding the diet of laborers. This diet is found to be deficient in protein, in fat, and in carbohydrates. [Army rations] {Pure Products, JO {IDl.'t), No. 11. pp. 54o, 5^6). — Notes are given of the minimum daily rations supplied to the French, German, and Belgian soldiers. Subsistence Supplies Branch [Office of U. S. Quartermaster General] {War Dept. [U. 8.], Rpt. Quartermaster Gen., 191.',, pp. 12-18).— On the basis of experience some information is given regarding the use of dehydrated vege- tables. Field bread, rolling kitchens, cooking outfits for Philippine scouts, and field cooking utensils are discussed. Statements are made regarding the exten- sion of schools for army bakers and cooks. Brief reference is also made to studies of emergency rations undertaken for the War Department by the Nutrition Investigations of the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. It is pointed out that digestion experiments with an emergency ration of which chocolate was a component led to the conclusion that it was not suitable for this purpose. The ration was, therefore, discon- tinued, and experimental studies are being made with a view to finding a substi- tute which will fulfill the necessary conditions. The specific dynamic action of foods, S. Cserna and G. Kelemen {Biochem. Ztschr., 66 {191-',), No. 1-3, pp. 63-7Ji). — Intravenous injection into eviscerated animals (dogs) of substances such as urea, sodium chlorid. and dextrose pro- duced an increase in gaseous metabolism. The authors state that this increase can not be due to the increased work of the kidneys or to acceleration of the heart action, as has been suggested by others, since different substances in- jected in the same quantity of liquid produced this increase in different degrees. In the light of these experiments it also appeared that the gaseous metabolism is not proportionately increased with the work of the intestines. The authors believe that tlie increased metabolism produced by these substances depends upon their stimulative action on the cells whereby their metabolism of matter and energy is increased. The influence of the spleen in nutrition, C. Richet {Jour. Physiol, et Path. (J6n:, 15 {1913), No. 3, pp. 579-583; ahs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 2J, {1914), No. 9, p. 530). — According to the author's observations, laboratory animals (dogs) with the spleen removed required more food to maintain unchanged weight than normal animals. Therefore he concludes that the spleen plays a very important part in nutrition, aiding in the complete utilization of nutritive material. The influence of early removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands upon nitrogenous metabolism in the sheep, A. Hunter {Quart. Jour. Expt. Physiol., 8 {191J,), No. 1, pp. 23-32). — The following conclusions were drawn by the author from the results of a study of three laboratory animals (sheep) from which the thyroid and parathyroid glands had been removed : FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITIOX. 563 "These animals excrete during a fast ratlier more nitrogen and rather more purin derivatives, in relation at any rate to body weight, than do normal animals; are liable, although by no means certain, to succumb very early to the effects of inanition; may fail to exhibit such signs of hunger acidosis as a high output of ammonia, and the elimination of aceto-acetic acid ; excrete while fasting urine which is generally alkaline and never acid; invariably react to the withdrawal of food by the excretion of creatin in excess of creatinin ; exhibit in the relations of the purin catabolites no evidence of diminished oxidative power; and have a degree of sugar tolerance which is almost certainly above the normal." The intestinal absorption of fats, K. Nakashima {Pfliiger's Arch. Physiol., 158 (1914). Xo. 6-S, pp. 288-306).— The mechanism of fat digestion was studied in a series of normal feeding and injection experiments carried out with labora- tory animals (mice). An examination of the blood after the injection of milk fat into the rectum and large intestine failed to indicate any absorption of the fat by the blood. Milk fat fed normally per mouth, however, appeared in the blood. Absorption of fat in the peritoneum, K. Nakashima (Pfluger's Arch. Physiol, 158 {1914), Ko. 6-8, pp. S07-342).—In extending the work noted above, experiments were can-led out in which milk fat was iujecteil into the peri- toneum. From subsequent examinations o^ the blood the following conclusions were drawn : The fat is taken in corpuscular form from the peritoneum into the blood stream, the resorption taking place both in the case of cold- and warm-blooded animals. Casein is absorbed still more easily than the fat, but both appear in the blood within 20 minutes after ingestion and traces of the fat remain for 24 hours. Lecithin is absorbed slowly. Resorption of fat from the peritoneum takes place through the lymphatics. The relation between energy metabolism and protein metabolism under fasting- conditions, P. HAri {Biochem. Ztschr., 66 (1914), A'o. 1-3, pp. 1-19). — The results of a large number of experiments with fasting dogs are reported in which the heat production was measured both directly and indirectly. From these results the author draws the following conclusions: The energy metabolism computed per square meter of body surface at dif- ferent temperatures varies during the first eight days of the fasting period, between 700 and 1,000 kilogram-calories. This value is independent of the body weight, but varies directly with the amount of body protein. The increase of energy production depends not only upon increased protein consumption but also upon a greater combination of fat, which could be designated as the specific dynamic action of the body protein. The suggestion is offered that possibly the decomposition products of body protein in some way accelerate the combustion of the fat. The total energy requirement in disease as determined by calorimetric observations, E. F. Du Bois (Jour. Amer. Med. .issoc, 63 {1914), No. 10, pp. 827-830, figs. 5). — Results which are of general interest are here x-eported of a series of experiments carried out to determine the influence of a number of diseases upon metabolism. For this purpose a respiration calorimeter of the Atwater-Rosa type, and equipped with a bed, was used. The fact is emphasized " that the nutrition of a patient depends absolutely on the relationship between his energy production and his food supply. If the organism fails to obtain food from without, it will draw on its own glycogen stores, fat depots, and supplies of body protein." A contribution to the study of experimental beri-beri, R. McCarrison {Indian Jour. Med. Research, 2 {1914), No. 1, pp. 369-374, pl- l).—ln a labora- 5G4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tory sUuIy of experiinojilnl beri-beri in pigeous, the ]n-csoucc of certain bacteria was noted in the internal organs of tlie animals developing the disease. Inocu- lation of the animals with cultures of this organism produced symptoms which were indistinguishable clinically from typical polyneuritis gallinarum. The treatment and prevention of pellagra, J. Goldbebgkr, C. IL Waring, and D. G. WiLLETs {Pub. Health Rpt^. [U. S.], 29 (JOVf), No. 43, pp. 2821-2825).— An extended study of this disease tends to strengthen the conclusion that it is neither infectious nor contagious, but essentially due to some fault in the diet in which the proportion of animal or leguminous protein is abnormally small and the nonleguminous vegetable component abnormally large. Experience shows that pellegra does not develop among those who consume a mixed, well- l)alanced, and varied diet. The prevention of the disease depends upon the substitution of a mixed, well-balanced diet for the one-sideeriod of 6 hours at a temperature of 21° C. (70° F.) and in an atmos- phere of 54 i)er cent humidit.v. Another group of animals was kept under con- ditions of humidity as high as 89 i>er cent at temiwratures as high as 33°. Under these conditions, which were comparable with those of a hot and humid summer day. the body temperature rose on an average of 0.5° during the 6-hour period. At the end of this time stimulation of certain muscles of the animals showed that they were able to perform only an amount of work which was 14, 18, and 20 per cent less than was the case with animals of the first group which had been kept under more favorable atmospheric conditions. A diminution of 13 iier cent in the blood sugar was also noted. Further experiments are being carried on along this line. [Report of the work of the] nutrition laboratory, F. G. Benedict (Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, 12 (1913), pp. 241-254). — Notes of changes and improvements of equipment, brief general descriptions of the various metabolism experiments in progress, and brief reviews of the publications issued during the year 1913 are given. International catalogue of scientific literature. Q — Physiology. QR — Serum physiology (Inteniat. Cat. Sci. Lit, 10 (1914), pp. yiII+1155, V+182 + S6).— This volume, like the preceding ones (E. S. R., 20, p. 1168), contains references to scientific articles on subjects regarding general physiology, includ- ing among other subjects those of respiration, heat production, digestion, absorption, and metabolism. 566 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. [Animal production], von Ollech (Jahresber. Landw., 28 (1913), pp. XXVI- XLI, 299-/(96). — A compilation of abstracts of German articles on various phases of animal production and dairying published during 1913 and previously reported from other sources. Record of proceedings of the annual meeting, December, 1913, of the American Society of Animal Production (Atiicr. Soc. Anim. Prod. Proc. 1913, pp. 39, figs. 6). — This gives the proceedings of the annual meeting held in (.'hicago, December 3, 1913, previously referred to (E. S. R., 30, p. 99). Acidosis in omnivora and herbivora and its relation to protein storage, H. Steenbock, y. E. Nelson, and E. B. Hart {Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 (1914), No. 3, pp. 399-419). — The authors summarize the results of their studies as follows : "Acid rations fed to swine (omnivora) or calves (herbivora) occasion a rise in urinary ammonia with a compensative fall in output of urea. Presumably on a normal level of protein intake a jjart of the ammonia produced either in the intestine or liver combines with acids and is excreted as the salts of these acids. This power to help maintain neuti'ality by the production or use of ammonia is apparently very general in all mammals. Ammonia production, under conditions of exogenous protein metabolism, does not occasion an Increased nitrogen excre- tion or an interference with protein storage. "In herbivora (calves) approximate endogenous nitrogen metabolism, accom- panied by mineral acid ingestion, likewise occasions a rise in urinary ammonia, but does not, on the level of acid used, cause a rise in protein catabolism, as has been observed with dogs and swine. This may be due in this experiment to a greater dilution of the ammonium salts incident to -i large consumption of water by this class of animals. "Data are also given on calcium and phosphorus metabolism during both neu- tral and acid, periods of low nitrogen intake, as well as on a period of high nitrogen intake. Very probably the skeleton was not drawn upon for calcium during the period of lowest acid ingestion. Only on a high acid ingestion did it appear probable that decalcification of the bones began and then only a with- drawal of calcium carbonate. " From the records submitted on growth and reproduction, it is believed that natural acid rations, if otherwise satisfactory, are as effective for growth or reproduction as those of basic character. However, until it has been shown conclusively that less vigorous individuals will tolerate acid rations with per- fect impunity, we are not warranted in maldng too sweeping conclusions." The value of acorns, horse chestnuts, and beech, mast as food for stock (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londoti], 21 {191J/), Xo. 6, pp. 511-528). — ^A general summary of material collected from other sources on the value of these products for stock. Calcium phosphate in the rations of domestic animals. J. Denayre ( Handel. Vlaamsch Xatuur en Gcnecsk. Cong., 11 (1913), pp. 218-222). — Data are cited tending to show that the addition of calcium phosi)hate to the ration increases the height, weight, and general conformation of young growing horses. The feeding value of pastures. — An experiment with different grass-seed mixtures, J. Hendrick and W. M. Findlay (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. scr., 26 (1914), pp. 195-211). — Four pasture lots were calculated to contain 59.3. 64.5, 67.1, and 40 per cent, respectively, of white clover. In addi- tion lot 1 had 37.9 per cent perennial rye grass; lot 2. 25.S per cent perennial rye grass and approximately 9 per cent cocksfoot and timothy : lot 3. 19.5 per cent cocksfoot and 10.4 per cent timothy ; and lot 4, 18.7 per cent cocksfoot, 11.2 per cent timothy, and 20.9 per cent tall oat grass. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 507 During 1912 these plats were pastured with sheep. The average weight of sheep carried ver acre on the several plats was 440, 460, 489, and 441 lbs., re- spectively, and the average increase per sheep in 16 weeks was 43.9, 45.2, 51.5, and 42.6 lbs. During 1013 these plats were jia.stured to cattle in the early part of the sea- sou and sheep in the fall. The average increase per acre for the 3-months' cattle feeding was 233, 271, 254, and 295 lbs., respectively. The average weight of .sheep carried per acre was 239, 189, 184, and 188 lbs., and the average in- crease i>er sheep during 10 weeks pasturing was 11.5, 16.8, 15. and 12.6 lbs., respectively. The total value of produce per acre for the one year of haying and two years of pasturing was £15 69. lid., f 16 5s. Id., £16 7d., and £14 16s. 7d. The results obtained from these plats for the three years show, as a whole, that a heavy seeding with rye grass, such as was given plat 1, is not superior to a lighter seeding, such as was given plat 2, or to a mixture without rye grass, such as that of plat 3. Chemical composition of moor hay causing excessive licking in cattle, H. VON Feilitzen {Svcnska AlosskuUurfdr. Tidskr., 28 {1914), ^^o. 2, pp. 155- 161; abs. in Inteniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Dis- eases, 5 (1914), ^'o. 8, pp. 1002, 1003). — Samples of moor hay which cau.sed an excessive desire to lick in cattle were analyzed and found to contain a larger quantity of sodium and chlorin than other hays, thus no doubt furnishing salt de.sired by the cattle. Modern silage methods, W. L. Wright {Salem, Ohio: The Silver Manufac- iuring Co., 1914, 10. ed. rev., pp. 264. figs. 77). — General information on methods of ensiling crops and their feeding to farm animals. The ensiling of beet tops with lactic acid bacteria, D. Meyek (Landw. Wchn^schr. Sachseti, 16 {1914), No. 26, pp. 231, 232).— In experiments in which beet tops were ensiled for 160 days, with and without the use of a lactic acid culture, it was found that the loss of nutrients was in all cases greater in that material ensiled without the use of the culture than that to which it was added. The addition of the culture improved the aroma and palatability of the silage. The ensiling of potatoes with a lactic acid culture, D. Meyer {Landio. Wchmchr. Sachscn, 16 {1914), A'O. 12, pp. 106, 107).— It is stated that potatoes may be ensiled with less fermentation loss by the use of lactic acid culture. It is estimated that the loss in diy matter is 4.9 per cent, in protein none, in nitro- gen-free matter 5.6 per cent, and in fiber 21.8 per cent. The ferment used for this purpose is Baeillus delhriieki in the case of steamed potatoes, and for raw potatoes and roots B. cueumens fcrmentati. The ensiled product is high in sugar content and is valuable for all kinds of stock. Ensiling potatoes {Ztscln: Landw. Kammer Sehlesien, 18 {1914), ^os. 38, pp. 1485, I486; 39, pp. 1505. 1506). — Directions are given for the ensiling of both raw and cooked potatoes. A lactic acid culture is added to hasten the fer- mentation process. It is stated that horses, cattle, and sheep can use 40 kg. of this material per 1.000 kg. live weight per day. while fattening hogs use a smaller quantity. The utilization of marc for the feeding of cattle, L. Degrully {Prog. Agr. et Tit. (Ed. VEst-Cenfrc), 35 (1914), Xo. 37. pp. 300-303).— \ summary of data based largely on the work of Fabre previously noted (E. S. R.. 21, p. 667). It is suggested that from 10 to 12 kg. per day may be fed to horses and mules together with bran and a small quantity of water, 20 to 25 kg. to cattle, 5 to 6 kg. to sheep, and 5 to 10 kg. to swine. Molasses and molasses feeds, J. E. Halligan (Baton Rouge, La.: Bd. Agr. and Immifir. [1914]- PP- 2-12, fig. 1). — An account of the composition and feed- ing value of cane and sugar-beet molasses, and of various molasses-mixed feeds. 568 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. There are also included analyses of rice polish, rice Ijraii, rice straw, and rice hulls, together with suggestive rations containing rice products for fattening cattle, dairy cows, hogs, mules, and horses. Commercial feeding- stuffs of Pennsylvania in 1913; their chemical and microscopical examination, J. W. Kellooo {I'enn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 2JfO (1913), pp. 189). — Analyses are given of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, dried brewers grains, gluten feed, middlings, mol;isses feeds, dried beet pulp, corn chop, beef scrap, malt sprouts, buckwheat products, rye prod- ucts, alfalfa meal, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. Breeds of beef cattle, AV. F. Ward (U. >S. Dept. Ayr., Fanners' Bui. (U.! (1915), pp. 23. figs. 18). — This bulletin is a discussion of the breed character- istics and utility value of the several breeds of beef and of dual-purpose cattle. The inheritance of twin calving in cattle, E. Uhlmann (Deut. Laiidic. Tierzucht, 18 (191Jf), No. IJf, pp. 163, 161f). — In connnenting on the inheritance of twin calving in cattle, an instance is given in which a cow gave birth to twins. In the third generation, of the four heifers born, two gave birth to six pairs of twins, and in the fourth generation two pairs of twins were bom. Corn silag-e compared with hulls for fattening steers, E. R. Lloyd (Mis- sisftippi 8ta. Bui. 167 (lOl-i). pp. 3-8). — Four lots of .-^ix 4 to 5-year-old native grade steers were fed 142 days, beginning December 1, as follows: Lots 1 and 2, cotton-seed meal, Johnson grass hay, and com silage; lots 3 and 4, cotton-seed meal, Johnson grass hay, and cotton-seed hulls. Lots 1 and 3 were confined under shelter, lots 2 and 4 had the run of the paddock. The average daily gains per head were 0.77, 1.1, 1.13, and 1.38 lbs., respectively; the shrink in shipping 4.65. 4.05, 5.42, and 5.42 per cent ; the cost per pound of gain 18.81, 11.12, 14.06, and 14.06 cts. ; the dressing percentage 59.32, 59.32. 59.01. and 59.01 per cent; and the profit per steer (manure not included) .$12.25, $15.87, $18.92, and $22.07. The manure from the silage-fed steers analyzed as follows : Moisture 74.78 per cent, nitrogen 0.69, potash 0.76, and phosphoric acid 0.63; that from the hull-fed steers, 78.5, 0.57, 0.61, and 0.38 per cent, respectively. That from the former was estimated to be worth $4.32 per ton and that from the latter $5.41 per ton. Two lots of twelve 4 to 5-year-old steers of grade Jersey blood were fed silage and cotton-seed meal and hulls and cotton-seed meal, respectively. The average daily gains per head M-ere 1 and 1.19 lbs. ; shrinkage in shipping, 3.23 and 3.58 per cent; cost per pound of gain. 13.14 and 12.38 cts.; dressing per- centage, 58.05 and 58.4 per cent; and profit per steer, $18.42 and $19.50, respectively. The feeding and care of dairy calves ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Offiee Sec. Spec. [Circ.'], 1914, Dec. 19, pp. .}). — Popular suggestions on calf feeding, with special reference to cotton-belt conditions. Sheep grazing on ditches infested with Johnson grass, F. W. Wilson (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 268, 269). — From experiments conducted in coop- eration with the LT. S. Reclamation Service it was found that the grazing of sheep on irrigation ditches infested with Johnson grass lessened the stand of grass ; the ditch banks were well packed ; the gopher holes and gophers seem- ingly had disappeared ; the sheep had been maintained : the expen.se of controlling the seeding of Johnson grass was cut to a minimum ; and the cost of ditch cleaning was decreased. Producing sheep on southern farms (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ.], 1914, Not\ SO, pp. 3). — General suggestions are given. ANIMAL PBODUCTION. 569 Swine investigations, F. C. Minki.kk (Xciv Jcrsfi/ sia. Rpt. 1913, pp. Itil- 199, pis. 5; Circ. 40 {W14), pp. 3-21, pis. 5).— This treats of the breeding, feed- ing, care, and nianagomeuv of swine under New Jersey conditions. In trials to determine the adaptability of alfalfa for pasturing and growing swine, it was found that 2i acres of alfalfa, not in average condition, furnished forage for 10 head of brood sows and 79 pigs from May 1 to October 1. The sows suckling pigs were fed in addition a ration made up as follows: Corn meal, 100 lbs.; tankage, 12; wheat bran. 10; and oil meal. 4. The pigs were fed limited quantities of skim milk and started on a grain mixture of I'ed dog flour. 100 lbs.; crushed oats. 100; and tankage, 10. with a small quantity of soaked shelled corn. The sows gained slightly in total weight during the sea- son, while the pigs aA'eraged gains of 1.12 lbs. per day from birth until removed to the fattening i)ens. Without allowing for tlie hay harvested, the mainte- nance of the 10 brood sows, and deducting the cost of grain and value of the milk fed, the alfalfa was responsible for approximately 460 lbs. of pork per acre. Two lots of 7 14S-lb. fall shouts each were fed for 30 days beginning May 1 as follows: Lot 1. corn meal and steamed kidney-bean meal, with alfalfa pas- ture; lot 2, corn meal and bean meal, with skim milk. Lot 1 made an average daily gain per head of 1.63 lbs., lot 2, 1.14. The cost per pound of gain was. for lot 1, 4.3 cts., for lot 2, 7.1 cts. Ou this basis the forage value of the alfalfa eaten was estimateil to be $21 per acre per month. The alfalfa-fed pigs, which were in a later experiment confined in a dry pen, continued to make more rapid gains than those of lot 2. Ten 112-lb. pigs were turned into a half-acre of corn to hog down. They cleaned up the plat in 16 days, making an average daily gain per head of 2.27 lbs. Kape and red clover had previously been seeded in the corn and furnished forage for the iJigs. On this basis the corn was estimated to be worth $68.20 per acre. Six lots of 2 pigs each, weighing approximately 200 lbs., were selected for use in an exiieriment to determine the palatability and feed value of the refuse product known as garbage tankage. They were fed for 40 days as follows : Lot 1, corn meal and skim milk, 10:25; lot 2, corn meal, molasses, and skim milk, 6:5:25; lot 3, corn meal, molasses, and garbage tankage. 4:2:9; lot 4, corn meal, garbage tankage, and skim jnilk, 4 : 9 : IS; lot 5, corn meal, molasses, garbage tankage, and skim milk, 4 : 2 : 9 : 18 ; and lot 6, corn meal, garbage tank- age, and molas.ses, 4:8:3. It was necessary to neutralize the acid condition found in the garbage tankage by means of bicarbonate of soda or lime water. The average daily gains per head for the respective lots were 1,72 and 1.5, 1.37 and 1.57, 1.37 and 1.57, 1.1 and 2, 1.4 and 1.72. and 1.65 and 1.64 lbs. ; the cost per pound of gain, 7.7, 7.5, 4.2, 5.7, 5.6, and 3.5 cts. The garbage tankage product analyzed as follows: Moisture. 61 per cent, protein. 8.13; carbohydrates. 25.00; and ash, 5.S1. Eations for swine are suggested. Swine-feeding experiments with heated and unheated skim milk and with dried yeast, Klein {ililchw. Zenlbl, J,3 {WW, No. U, pp. 3St-38.',) .—In these experiments with 7-week-old pigs it was demonstrated that heated skim milk fed in addition to potato flakes and barley bran slightly increased the daily gains during a 12-week period over pigs feil unheated milk, while with pigs fed a similar ration, but in which a portion of the unheated milk was replaced by dried yeast, the daily gains were materially lower. Fattening pigs on cassava, A. GoriN and P. Andouard {BiiI. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, llf (191^), No. 4, pp. 481-483). — It was demonstrated that in the case of pigs fed milk in addition to cassava it took only 3 lbs. of cassava to produce 570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. a gain in live weiglit of 1 lb. On substituting for the niilli ration 1.1 lbs. of rice gluten and 2J oz. of bone meal, wbich are estimated to be the equivalent in nutrients of 1 gal. of separated milk, there was required to produce a gain of 1 lb. live weight only 2.9 lbs. of cassava. While in former experiments (E. S. R., 30, p. 174) the cassava bad been fed to the pigs in slices, cooked and crushed, in these experiments it was fed raw, although chopped fine. How southern farmers may get a start in pig raising (U. S. Dept. Agi:, Office ^cc. Hpcc. \('irc.\, 191 'i, Nov. .lo, pp. -'/). — Geiienil suggestions are given. Horse and mule raising in the South {U. »S\ Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ.], 191 Jf, Nov. 25, pp. Jf). — General suggestions are given. Poultry production, W. A. Lippincott (Philadelphia: Lea d Feblger, 191^, pp. VII I -{-17-47 6, pi. 1, figs. 205). — This deals with the breeding, feeding, care, and management of poultry, together with a chapter on preparing poultry products for consumption. Suggestions on poultry raising for the southern farmer ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 191/,, Nov. 30, pp. 4)- Beport of the poultry husbandman, II. R. Lewis and A. L. Clabk (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 211-228, 234-259, 271-276, 279-290, pis. 18).— A test made in April to determine the efficiency of a 3,000-egg capacity incubator gave a percentage of hatch of fertile eggs of 77.4, and a percentage in July of 85. Comparing compartments run dry with those run wet it was observed that the latter gave a much higher percentage of hatch as well as an increase in the weight of the chicks, the average weight for the dry being 1.2 oz. and for the wet 1.25 oz. Four brooders of 100 week-old chicks each were fed for nine weeks, two lots receiving a regular chick ration and the two other lots receiving in addition all the sour skim milk they would consume. The fii'st two brooders made a total gain of 48.62 lbs. and 42.35 lbs., and the mortality was 71 and 73, re- spectively, while the last two brooders made a total gain of 82.22 and 81.94 lbs., and the mortality was 28 and 28, resi>ectively. It was found to require 3.6 qt. of skim milk to produce a pound of body weight. It is stated that the skim milk-fed chicks represented a more uniform flock than those not so fed. It is thought that skim milk has the power to kill the organisms which cause many poultry diseases, the bacilli being destroyed by the dilute acid of the sour milk. A brief discussion of the ash and protein factor in poultry feeding, previously reported from another source (E. S. R., 31, p. 568), is given. The gasoline colony brooder, outdoor lamp-heated brooder, adaptable hovers, the underneath-pipe system, and the overhead-pipe system of brooders are de- scribed. It is thought that for the general farm flock the colony brooders or adjustable hovers are best, while for the egg farmer either of these two meth- ods is suitable, or either of the pipe systems in a long house. In trials with three lots of Leghorn pullets, hatched February 26, April 8, and June 10, respectively, the yearly egg production was 140, ISO. and 95 eggs, the feed cost per bird $1.32, $1.64, and $1.25. and the profit per bird above feed $1.98, $2.99, and $1.53, respectively. It was found that soy beans would pro- duce a continuous supply of succulent green feed from August 15 until Novem- ber, and that owing to their luxuriant growth they produced a liberal amount of shade for the growing chickens. The soy-bean pods were not eaten by the birds, thus probably making it possible to reseed by disking and rolling. The value of mangels as a winter feed for poultry is discussed. The lower leaves of the mangels were slipped three times during the summer and furnished a large amount of green material. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 571 One lot of hens fed for 12 months on a I'ation consisting of 25 per cent of meat gave an average yearly egg production per bii'd of 140 eggs, the feed per bird costing $1.32, and the profit per bird above feed being $1.08, while another lot fed a similar ration with 10 per cent meat scrap gave an average of 96.7 eggs per bird, costing $1.27 for feed and yielding a profit of $1.10 i)er bird. It has been observed that a close relation exists between the degree of vigor present In the individuals at breeding time and the vigor of the offspi'ing. Natural vigor may be decreased and increased in young stock by care, feeding, and management while it is growing. Layers and breeders, as well as male birds, are usually lacking in vigor during long periods of excessively hot weather and after periods of continuous heavy laying or intensive use in the breeding pen. Some of the characteristics by which the vigor and vitality of an individual may be judged are the color of the comb, the brightness of the eyes, the strength of the beak, the breadth of the back, the depth of the body, color of the shanks and skin, and the activity of the individual. An account is given of a White Leghorn hen which yielded in her first year's production 246 eggs weighing 29.5 lbs. She consumed 118.5 lbs. of feed, or 92 lbs. of dry matter, costing $1.79 and yielded a net profit of $4.72. During the second year this hen laid 221 eggs weighing 21.6 lbs., or a total of 467 eggs in 730 days. It is said that this hen is one of 20 birds which are the product of definite breeding for high fecundity and whose average yearly production for the first season's laying is over 190 eggs. The results attendant upon special mating indicate that it is through the male progeny primarily that the egg-producing propensities of any given female are transmitted. In crossbreeding experiments the occurrence of barred chicks from a sup- posedly pure-bred White Leghorn male of known breeding is noted. These barred pullets show throughout the Leghorn carriage, and nearly all of the Leghorn characteristics are present with the exception of the plumage pattern. With a view to determining the mode of inheritance of common variable factors in different breeds, namely, plumage pattern, color of ear lobe, shank, egg, beak, and feet, body shape and shank feathering, reciprocal crosses were made between standard-bred White Leghorns and Black Langshans. In the Fi generation nothing but white birds were obtained, none of which, however, were pure white. No barred feathers were apparent, but black feathers were quite common. It appeared from an analysis of the Fi generation that in " the case of shank and eye color, the factor of sex limitation was present; the female progeny inherits from the paternal parent only, while in the case of shank feathei'ing the presence of this character is in each case dominant over its absence, no sex limitation being apparent." A crossbreeding experiment with Muscovy ducks, which produce eggs requir- ing five weeks of incubation to hatch, with Pekin ducks, whose eggs hatch in four weeks, is reported. The eggs from the Pekin duclcs and a Muscovy drake required about two days longer than the pure-bred Pekin ducks for hatching, while the eggs from Muscovy ducks and a Pekin drake were thought to require nearly the full five weeks. All of the 30 ducklings hatched from White Pekin females and a White Muscovy male were nearly black in color, resembling quite closely that of the colored Muscovys. The young hybrid ducks seemed to be equally as vigorous as the pure-bred ducks of either kind. They grew faster, however, than the young ducks of either pure variety. "The crossbred ducklings presented much the same appearance as did the Muscovy ducklings, there being more meat in proportion to the total weight of 87235°— 15 6 572 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tlie carcass tlian on the I'ekius. They both had a bright yellow skin and the J)renst was well covered with meat. The unevenuess in size, which is always pi-esent with Muscovy ducks in respect to the sexes, was not so apparent with the hybrid ducklings. ... As the hybrid ducks matured almost no difference was apparent between them as indicating one sex or another. The Pekins' characteristic sex features are the curled feathers upon the tail and the peculiar voice. The characteristic sex features of the Muscovys are principally those of size. AV'ith the hybrids no curled tail feathers appeared ; in size all remained quite equal, and the voice seemed to be much like that of the Muscovys. Upon examination only two of the hybrid ducks could be found that were apparently males; these two in size and other outward appearances were almost identical with the rest. All of the rest but one seemed to have both male and female organs. One seemed to show genuine female characteristics, and the hermaphro- ditic chai'acters were not present." Records kept of nine breeds give for the "White Leghorn breed a total per- centage of the theoretical production for the year of 31.37, for the Rhode Island Red 29.36, for the Barred riymouth Rock 27.06. for the Buff Orpington 25.17, Black Langshan 22.29, White Orpington 20.33, White Wyandottes 29.44 (eight months), White Plymouth Rock 22.96 (nine months), and the Light Brahma 12.72 (three months). The average percentage of the theoretical pro- duction by months was as follows : November, 1912, 5.65 ; December, 14.1 ; January, 1913, 20.28 ; February, 25.66 ; March, 41.61 ; April, 49.72 ; May, 48.63 ; June, 42.68 ; July, 42.69 ; August, 29.22 ; September, 18.49 ; and October, 9. Tests were made to determine the efficiency of the parcel-post method of shipping eggs. It was found that the cost of shipping eggs was in all cases less than shipping by express, and proportionately much less in near-by than in long hauls. Of the shipments 20 per cent arrived in excellent condition, 40 per cent had some eggs cracked, and 40 per cent one or more completely broken. It seemed to be a question of care in handling rather than of kind of package. It is concluded that parcel post does not offer a reliable method of shipping eggs for hatching or for table purposes and that the violent shaking to which the eggs ai'e subjected in some cases caused a rupture of the shell membrane and destroyed their hatching power. Poultry rations and methods of feeding, H. R. Lewis (Xew Jersey Stas, Circ. 39, pp. 3-8; Rpt. 1913, pp. 228-233).— K reprint of a portion of Bulletin 265, previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 568), in which rations for laying hens, chicks, and broilers are suggested. The establishment of a new breed of chickens on the basis of Mendelism, A. HiNK (Dent. Tierarztl. Wchmchr., 22 {1914), -Vo. 26, pp. .',09, 4/O).— Experi- ments are reported in which Wyandottes and an Italian breed were crossed for several generations, resulting in the formation of a breed having a partridge color, a small rose comb, a vigorous constitution, good laying qualities, and other desirable characteristics. From a study of the rose-comb characteristic it was evident that inheritance followed the ordinary Mendelian rule of inheritance. On inheritance of weight in poultry, R. C. Punnett and P. G. Bailey (Jour. Genetics, 4 (1914), Xo. 1, pp. 23-39, pJs. 2. figs. 9).— The two breeds selected for these breeding experiments were the Gold-penciled Hamburgh and the Silver Sebright Bantam, the object being to learn something about the trans- mission of weight in poultry. It is concluded that " the facts of breeding offer a clear indication that weight may depend upou the presence or absence of definite genetic factors segregating from one another in gametogenesis on lines with which students of these matters are already familiar." A scheme is sug- DAIEY FARMING DAIRYING. 573 gestetl by wliich the phenomena observed in these experiments may be inter- ])retecl in tornis of genetic factors. Size inheritance in rabbits, E. C. Macdowell (Carnegie Imt. Washington Pub. 1D6 (IDlJf), pp. 55, figs. 9). — The author explains the theory and gives examples of multiple factors. In experimental work upon rabbits in which comparatively small and large races were crossed a study was made of skeletal measurements and of adult weight, from which observations it was concluded that " whether on the basis of the comparison of the ranges of litters of the first filial generation with those of their corresponding back crosses, or whether on the basis of the relative vai'iability of the two generations as shown by the standard deviations of the coefficients of size, or by the distribution of fre- quencies in relation to the parents or grandparents, or, finally, by their body weights, there is found a consistently greater diversity of sizes in the back cross than in the first hybrid generation. Characters occur among the second generation that are smaller than the corresponding characters in the small parent ; others that are above the modes of the first generation large parents." The general law is stated as follows: " The second generation of a size cross shows greater diversity than does the first generation or the parental lines. Size characters that are inherited in a Mendelian fashion are included in the above statement." An extensive bibliography is included, and a prefatory note and appendix by W. E. Castle. Oyster propagation observations for 1913, J. Nelson {yew Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 4S0-53Jf, pis. 6). — ^These studies include the usual climatic data as to the amount of sunshine and rain, temperature, and winds, and observations on the temperature and saltness of the water, and the tidal ebb and flow, the progress of spawning by the oysters, the distribution and rate of growth of the embryo or larval oysters ("fry"), and the setting of the spat (E. S. R., 30, p. 374). DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Beport of dairy husbandman, A. S. Cook (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 293-333, 355-365, pis. 3). — Two lots of eight cows each, of practically uniform weight and production, were fed by the reversal system for two periods of 40 days each (10 days preliminary feeding intervening) on the following daily rations : Lot 1, an average of 3.42 lbs. of soy-bean meal ; lot 2, 3.44 lbs. of cotton- seed meal, in addition to the regular basal ration of oats and pea hay. alfalfa hay, silage, green feed, beet pulp, and corn-and-cob meal, both lots receiving prac- tically the same total amount of nutrients. The production of milk was practically the same on each ration, there being a difference of only 275 lbs. in favor of cotton-seed meal in the entire period. The soy-bean ration produced 27.7 lbs. more of milk fat than the cotton-seed meal ration. The weights of cows during the experiment had the same uniform- ity as the milk produced, there being a difference of only 100 lbs. in favor of cotton-seed meal in the total weights of the two groups. " The cost of milk was 2.2 cts. per quart on the cotton-seed meal ration and 2.3 cts. on the soy-bean meal ration. Results of this experiment indicate that when the price of cotton-seed meal is $33 [per ton] the dairyman can afford to pay $41 for soy-bean meal." The average yearly milk yield for the 33 cows in the station herd was S,547 lbs. per cow, the average milk fat yield 319.1 lbs; the average cost of roughage, figured at market price $61.81, or when figured at the cost of production $34.56; the average cost of grain $51.54 ; the average profit with milk at 5 cts. per quart 574 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. $91.80; the average returns per 100 lbs. expended for lee<] $1.80; and the aver- age cost of feed per quart of milk 2.8 cts. Complete records are given of the feed consumed and cost of feed, together with the weight and average gain in weight per day for eight calves, for a period of six months. All of the calves were removpil from the dam immediately after being dropped, and were fed whole milk during the first 30 or 40 days except two of the calves which were put on skim milk soon after birth. It was found that the average daily gain in weight was practically the same when the calves were fed skim milk as whole milk. The grain ration consisted largely of bran, gluten, and Ajax flakes. Grain was placed before each calf when they were about three weeks old and they were allowed to consume both grain and alfalfa at will. It was found that when a small amount of oat meal and soaked beet pulp was added to the grain ration for the calves during the first few weeks they would consume more than when the straight grain mixture was fed. Another satis- factory mixture was found to be corn-and-cob meal, bran, and linseed meal, 8:4:1. Data are given on the average daily rations, production, feed cost, and profit of cows of the various breeds as determined by records obtained in advancel registry work. [Dairy husbandry], C. T. Ames {Mississippi 8ta. Bui. 165 (1914), PP- 23- 26). — At the Holly Springs substation the estimated cost of keeping a cow for 12 months was $47.33, which included 150 days winter feeding at 15.5 cts. per day and 210 days of summer feeding at 4.8 cts. per day. It is stated that if the value of the manure is allowed to offset the cost of labor in running the dairy, each cow produced a net average of about $65.16, which does not take into account the skim milk fed to pigs and calves nor the calves themselves. Feeding the farm cow in the South ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ.}, 1914, Dec. IS. pp. 4)- — General suggestions are given. Advantages of dairying in the South (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1914, Dec. 18, pp. 4)- — -^ discussion of the advantages of dairying to the southern farmer. Do you keep a cow? (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1914, Dec. 16, pp. 4)- — General information on dairying, designed for the cotton-belt farmers. Milk records and cost of feeding cows in Berkshire, 1913, J. M.\ckintosh (Univ. Col. Reading, Dept. Agr. and Ilort. Bui. 19 [1913^, pp. 56).— Data are given, collected from 12 farms in Berkshire. England, on the cost of winter and summer feeding of dairy cows. A great variation was found among the several farms, and it is concluded that a material lowering of the cost of production could be effected if farmers would keep milk records and feed records and act on the information thus obtained. [Milk production] {Mark Lane Express, 112 {1914), ^'o. 43S9, p. 5S9, fig. 1).— In connection with investigations carried out on a number of farms in Yorkshire. England, it was found that though high yield and low fat content and low yield and high fat content do not invariably go together, yet in the case of cows yielding under 400 gal. of milk, the milk contained an average percentage of 3.92 of fat. The percentage decreased with an increased milk production, and the milk of cows yielding over 1.000 gal. contained only 3.48 per cent fat. The importance of milking at regular intervals was shown by the fact that of the 18 samples containing less than 3 per cent fat in the morning milk, no fewer than 13 were contributed by a farm where the intervals were very unequal. It w^as observed that while the lengthening of the night interval tends to raise the yield of milk and lower the percentage of fat in the morning milk- DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 575 lug as conipared with the evening milking, it has little effect on the total weight of fat given at each milking. On the law relating' milk flow to age in dairy cattle, R. Pearl (Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 12 (191/,), No. 1, pp. 18, 19).— The author finds that, contrary to the general assumption, the relation between the two variables milk flow and age is a strictly linear one. " The amount of milk protluced by a cow in a given unit of time (7 days, 1 year, etc.) is a logarithmic function of the age of the cow." The law may be stated in the following way : " Milk flow increases with increasing age but at a constantly diminishing rate (the increase in any given time being inversely proportional to the total amount of flow already attained) until a maximum flow is reached. After the age of maximum flow is passed the flow diminishes with advancing age and at an increasing rate. The rate of decrease after the maximum is, on the whole, much slower than the rate of increase preceding the maximum." In general the law applies to the absolute amount of fat produced in a given time as well as to the amount of milk. General rules and reg'ulations regarding the conduct of advanced registry tests in New Jersey, A. S. Cook (Xcw Jersey Stas. Circ. 38, pp. 3-7). — This gives general directions to breeders and supervisors regarding the conduct of advanced registrj- tests in New Jersey. The production and care of milk and cream ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ.], 1914, Dec. 31, pp. 4). — A ix)pular discussion. Handling milk in pint bottles, E. Kelly {Hoard's Dairyman, 48 (1915), No. 25, p. 145). — In surveys made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture of the relative number of milk bottles handled by milk dealers in five cities, it was found that a surj^risingly large number of pint bottles are used. With 74 deal- ers an average of 1.39 pints was handled for each quart, and these constituted 41 per cent of the entire bottled milk. It is believed that because of the small profit made in some cases on milk handled in pints, it would be well for dealers to encourage the quart trade in every jiossible way. The pasteurization of milk in the final package, B. W. Hammer and A. J. Hattser {Imva Sta. Bui. 154 (1914), pp. 321-356, figs. 6).— In the work reported an effort was made to determine the most favorable vat temperature and time of exposure for final package pasteurization. The points considered in the determination were bacterial efficiency, creaming ability, and the heated flavor produced. It was found that " the method of final package pasteurization must be regarded as a modified holding method because of the slowness with which the bottleendix is included which deals with the growth substances and the cancer problem. A chapter bearing on the possible relation of the vitamins to " stijfziekte " and " lamziekte " (Theiler) in horses is also included. Discussing the subject the author points out that investigations are necessary to prove this relation. Experimental study of the Abderhalden test, A. H. Bunce (Abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 62 (1914). No. 19, p. 1499).— Out of 34 tests for pregnancy 16 were positive and 17 negative. In no case was a negative reaction obtained in a proved pregnancy. In the preliminary work contradictory results were obtained, but this was due to faulty technique, such as taking serum from patients soon after meals, when the blood was charged with much amino acid. The method may also serve as a valuable aid for subtantiating and strength- ening clinical results in doubtful cases. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 579 About a new skin reaction for diagnosing pregnancy, E. Engelhobn and H. WiNTz (Miinchen. Med. Wchnschr., 61 (1914), No. 13, pp. 689, 690, fig. 1; ahs. in Jour. Amer. lied. Assoc, 62 (191^), No. 19, p. 1514). — The reaction is conducted in a manner similar to tlie tuberculin and luetin reactions, viz, by injecting the alien protein Into the sliin. In the test an extract of the placenta, termed " placentin," was used. " In 70 pregnant women a reaction in the skin was constantly obtaineeutic value. But in view of the accumulated evidence, we can say that the addition of other feedstufifs to a diet of unpolished rice is essential to meet the normal nutritive requirements of the body." [Foot-and-mouth disease] {Cornell Vet., 4 {1915), No. 5, pp. 221-259, pis. 8, figs. 3). — A number of articles are here presented which relate to foot-and- mouth disease, namely. The Outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, by P. A. Fish (pp. 221-223) ; History of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, by J. Law (pp. 224-230) ; The Nature of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (pp. 231-234), Economic Significance and Methods for Control (pp. 247-250), and What Animal Owners Should Do to Prevent Foot-and-Mouth Disease (pp. 256-258), by V. A. Moore; Etiology and Morbid Anatomy, by C. P. Fitch (pp. 235-239) ; Symptomatology, by R. R. Birch (pp. 240, 241) ; Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis, by D. H. Udall 580 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (pp. 242-240) ; and Foot-and-Moutli Disease in New York State. 1914. by J. G. Wills (])p. 251-2.55). The foot-and-mouth disease, what it is, what it does, how to fight it, and how to prevent it (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Page d Co., 191Jf, pp. 19, figs. 6). — This pamphlet embraces several articles, namely, Every Farmer's Duty in the Present Foot-and-Moutb Crisis, by V. A. Moore (pp. 3-7) ; Foot- and-Mouth Disease, Its Nature, Symptoms, Effects, and Treatment (pp. 8-16) ; and Historical Notes and Data Concerning the Disease in This Country and Abroad (pp. 17-10). Foot-and-mouth disease [in the United States] {Amer. Vet. Rev., ^6 (1915), No. 4, pp. 380-397). — This is a discussion of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease that have occui'red in this country. About the utilization of the conglutination reaction as a diagnostic test for glanders, C. W. Andersen (Ccntbl. Balct. [etc.], 1. Aht., Orig., 72 (1913), No. Jf-5, pp. 394-398; abs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 7, p. 124). — The conglutination reaction (E. S. R., 28, p. 478) was studied with the sera from 225 horses. Parallel tests were run with the complement fixation method. Fourteen of the sera reacted positively, and in 13 of the horses on section glanderous lesions were noted. In the fourteenth horse some old nodules were found in the lung. The complement fixation and the mallein tests showed posi- tive in the latter case. Four sera gave partial fixation in the complement bind- ing test but negative findings with the conglutination test. The four horses were found sound on autopsy. Two hundred and one sera gave negative com- plement fixation and conglutination reactions. The author believes the con- glutination test is more sensitive and specific for diagnosing glanders than the complement fixation test. This work supports the findings of Sti'anigg. The ophthalmic test in the diagnosis of glanders, F. Favero (J/0(f. Zooiatro, Parte Sci., 25 (1914), No. 2, pp. 49-63; abs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (1914), No. 3, pp. 207-269).— "The ophthalmic test does not always clearly indicate the existence of glanders. A positive ophthalmic test is specific. It is essentially a muco-purulent secretion which persists for at least 24 hours. In doubtful cases the ophthalmic test reiieated at a sliort interval gives confirma- tory results. In a positive reaction there is a high percentage of neutrophile polynuclear leucocytes in the conjunctival exudate, but this character Is not specific." An ophthalmic mallein eye dropper, W. Wilson (Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 (1914), ^0. 1, p. 62, figs. 3). — The apparatus consists of an ordinary medicine dropper with the point drawn out and bent at right angles. The tip of the dropper is fitted into a notch made in a camel's-hair brush just next to the hair, and the dropper is fastened by means of a clamp made from a thin piece of sheet copper. " By filling the dropper with mallein. which easily holds 10 to 20 doses, it may be squeezed out into the brush and placed into the eye, and any remaining in the dropper after the testing is completed may be returned to the bottle without being badly contaminated." Simultaneous method of inoculating cattle and carabaos with serum from animals that have been recently immunized, A. R. Ward and F. W. Wood (Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. B. 9 (1914), No. 1. pp. 125-135. pis. 5).— Experiences with the simultaneous inoculation method utilizing blood dra\\Ti in the field have demonstrated " that there is no necessity for maintaining an expensive permanent laboratory and herd for the production of artiriuderi)est serum from hyperimmunized animals. A radical reduction in the cost of serum production has been effected, and in consequence the possibility of extensive employment of simultaneous inoculation in combating rinderpest has been demonstrated," VETERINARY MEDICINE. 581 A note on surra in camels, H. E. Cross {Lahore, India: Govt., 1914, pp. 8). — A brief jurount with tliroctions for the diagnosis of the disease through a study of the Mood. s.vin])t()nis. and post-mortem appearances; the treatment, etc. Wholesale handling of bovine tuberculosis in Colorado, W. W. Yard (Amer. Yet. Rev., Jf6 (1914), ^o. 1, pp. 56-59). — A statement al)out the occurrence of tuberculosis amongst bovines and pigs on a farm owned by one of the richest men in Colorado, and illustrating some of the difficulties which may be en- countered by an official veterinarian in eradicating tuberculosis from a herd in which the support of the owner is not given. Stock worth $75,000 was destroyed. The diseases of the internal generative organs in relation to dairy inspec- tion, W. L. Williams (Rpt. X. Y. State Yet. Col., 1912-13, pp. 193-200) .—Thin is a general discussion of the diseases of the internal generative organs that are of importance in dairy inspection. A study of infectious abortion in cattle, V. A. Moore and C. P. Fitch (Rpt. X. Y. State Yet. Col., 1912-13. pp. 82-114).— This article discusses the cause, channels of infection, experimental infection, elimination of the causative organism, diagnosis, treatment, immunity, and control. A more recent report on this disease by Williams has been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 779). A bil)liography of 67 titles is appended. Experiments on the control of warble flies in Germany, Schottler and Glaseb (ilitt. Ausschusses Belcdmpf. Dasselplage, No. 6 (1914), pp. 1-31; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rojne], Ho. Bui. Agi: Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 9, pp. 1189, 1190).— This report of the work of the Warble Control Committee carried on during 1913 in the district of Xeuhaus on the Oste is in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. GO). Of the 3,892 head of cattle treated, 75.4 per cent were freed from warbles, an average of 16.2 larvie per head being removed. In a second part of the paper a campaign against warbles in a district in the grand duchy of Oldenburg is reported upon. An exi>erinient in which ten steers were kept under exactly the same conditions, five being freed from warbles and the others not, indicated that the loss in flesh caused by warbles amounts to more than the loss caused through damage to the hides. The effect of the cattle tick upon the milk production of dairy cows. T. E. Woodward, W. F. Turner, and C. Curtice (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 147 (1915), pp. 22, figs. 6). — This bulletin reiwrts upon an experiment undertaken with a view to definitely determining the direct effect of the cattle tick (Margaropus atinulatus) on the milk production and body wei'^ht of dairy cows. In conducting the experiment, twenty grade Jersey cows of average dairy quality and in fair condition of flesh, all being immune to ordinary attacks of tick fever, were selected in the early part of their lactation periods. They were divided into two groups of ten animals each, one being freed from ticks and kept free, the other being kept tick-infested by applying seed ticks at regular intervals. The experiment began May 21. 1913. and lasted during a period of 140 days. The milk of each cow was weighed and a sample taken at every milking for a composite fat test at the end of each ten-day period. The body weights were taken for ten consecutive days at the beginning of the work; thence once every ten days until the last period, when they were taken for ten consecutive days as at the beginning of the work. The investigations show that the cattle tick has a decidedly injurious effect upon supposedly immune dairy cattle, the extent of the injury being largely dependent upon the degree of infestation. The effect is more pro- nounced upon the milk production than upon the body weights when a suffi- cient supply of food Is given. 582 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "At the beginning of the test the tick-free and ticli-infested groups gave practically the same amounts of milk; at the close the tick-infested gave only 65.8 per cent as much as the tick-free. The tick-free group gained 6.1 per cent in body weight ; the tick-infested 3.6 per cent. " Spraying or dipping tick-free cattle in an ar.senical solution causes a marked though temporary decrease in milk flow. In this experiment there was an average reduction of 6.1 per cent from the normal milk flow for a period of five days following each of the four applications of the arsenical solution. " Resistance of cattle to infestation by the tick is a variable quality. Of the ten animals in the tick-infe-sted group, four became grossly infested ; two more so than the average, and the remaining four but lightly infested. " The death of cow 15, due to excessive tick infestation, and various recur- rences of fever in the other animals, emphasizes the extreme hazard of cattle being continuously subjected to these losses by the tick. Cow 15 was one of the best of the tick-infested group and represented at least a 10 per cent loss from the capital invested in tick-infested cows. Furthermore, the losses observed In this experiment were sustained on rations sufHcient to main- tain body weights. It is thought that had there been but a scant supply of food, as sometimes occurs when cows are on pasture, the tick-infested cattle would have suffereerly described as ameboid, nor yet as molecular." " Omitting the smallest bodies too minute to allow recognition of their shape these bodies occur in three distinct forms: (1) As roimd or short oval slightly biconcave flattened disks; (2) as long oval or rice grain-like bodies; (3) as crescentic or horseshoe-like forms. All of these forms may be found in the sarao blood sample. Usually the disk form is most abundant. It also exhibits the most active motility and the greatest diversity in size." The crescentic or horseshoe shaped forms are the most sluggish in motion. " The erythrocytes in which these bodies occur may be of normal size or slightly larger or smaller than the average and are not commonly otherwise distorted. Most frequently they occur singly in the cell, but doubles are nearly as common and six or eight may be found. Those cells which carry such numbers are generally smaller than the average, and I have only found them in cholera- infected blood." The cells in which these motile bodies are present are not obviously deficient in hemoglobin. " Between the cells in pigs' blood and more numerously in infected blood, a variety of minute quivering or dancing bodies may be seen, the origin and nature of which I do not know." These may be offshoots of erythrocytes and are increased some hours after collecting the blood. "In diseased blood (cholera infected) the Intercellular or plasma granules are usually more numerous than in normal blood. In all pigs' blood they are greatly more numerous than in the blood of man." Spirochetes as observed by King (E. S. R., 30, p. 383) were not found. In stained specimens of pigs' blood small round solidly stained bodies were seen within the erythrocytes. Only one of these coccoid bodies is usually present and it is eccentrically placed in the blood cell. " With methylene blue or Jenner's stain they are colored blue, with Giemsa, a dark ruby red. As to the erythrocytes, in which they occur, they are, with the exception to be noted, not otherwise abnormal. In the blood of some infected animals in which marked anisocytosls was present with diminished red cell count, most of these bodies would be found within enlarged cells (megalocytes) with deficient hemoglobin. In the same preparation, however, bodies would be seen within microcytes or cells of normal size. Unusual numbers of these bodies in any specimen were found quite generally associated with such abnormalities in the erythrocytes. Erythroblasts may be found in preparations from the blood of normal or noninfected pigs. They are often more abundant in the blood of cholera-infected animals, especially at a late stage of a chronic form of the 584 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. disease, but lire never sufflcicntly abimdaut iv form a feature of cholera infection." Although intracellular bodies are increased as a rule quite markedly by an infection, this is not invariably the case. They are in some way connected, according to the author, or associated at least with conditions which give rise to malnutrition and anemia, and when a marked increase in number takes place, there is a corresponding decrease in the number of red cells. The blood of three suckling pigs, four or fire weeks old and farrowed by a mother which had been inmiunized for antiserum production, showed anemia, especially the fattest of the three, although all of the animals were apparently healthy in appearance. In all .three the intracorpuscular bodies were unusually abundant. The bodies in pigs' blood are regarded as identical with the Jolly bodies of other workers and bear a close relation to the figures of Theiler's anaplasma. the reputed cause of gall sickness of South African cattle. Attempts to transfer these bodies to the guinea pig were unsuccessful. In a small percentage of cases of acute hog cholera blood films treated with Giemsa or Wright stain showed the presence of ring-shaped forms. These had the appearance of being plastered over the surface of the red cells, some pro- jecting beyond the margins, and even lying intercellular. " The rings are colored by the nuclear staining component of the stain various shades of purple to red. As already said, these ring forms are apparently absent or so rare as to escape observation in most samples of cholera blood, but in some cases they are ex- ceedingly numerous. They appear in all preparations made from the same blood sample and are absent from others similarly treated for comparison, hence are attributable to the condition of the blood and not to defect in staining." Although these forms have never been noted in the blood of noninfected animals, they have not been sufficiently studied to allow of the suggestion that they are characteristic of cholera. They bear no resemblance to bacteria in either stain- ing, properties, or shape. According to the author's i>resent opinion they are foreign organisms of some kind, if not bacterial probably protozoal. " Hog-cholera infection gives rise at an early stage to a pronounced leucopenia, M'ith the appearance of numerous atypical mononuclear or transitional leuco- cytes. "When inflammatory complications occur a polymorph leucocytosis ap- pears. The destruction of red corpuscles is not a prominent feature of the disease." [Hog cholera in New Jersey], F. C. Minkler (New Jersey Stas. Circ. 40 (Wllf), pp. 21-29; Rpt. 1913, pp. 199-207) .—The author describes the nature of hog cholera and preventive and remedial measures. A number of outbreaks were encountered in the State during 1913. Atlas of equine anatomy, R. Schmaltz (Atlas de Anatomic des Pferdes. Berlin: Richard Schoetz, 1914, pt. 3, pp. 20, pis. i^).— This third pait of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 24. p. 485) deals with the position of the viscera as based upon studies of frozen subjects. Colored illustrations of twelve cross sections made of the trunk show the organs in situ. The common colics of the horse, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, H. C. Reeks (Chicago: Alexander Eger, 1914, 3. ed., pp. XVI+369, ■figs. 32). — An enlarged edition of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 922). Dourine in Nebraska, L. C. Kigin (Amer. Yet. Rev., 46 (1915), No. 5, pp. 563, 564). — This article records the discovery of the occurrence of dourine in Nebraska during the fall of 1914. It is thought to have entered the State in a shipment of horses from Wyoming. [Poultry diseases], H. R. Lewis and A. L. Clark (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913. pp. 276-279). — The authors report upon an outbreak of vent gleet among RURAL ENGINEERING. 585 recently purchased Buff Orpiugtous at the poultry plaut ou the college farm, as a result of which the average egg production for the year was but 25 per cent of the theoretical. The percentage of fertility of the eggs was low, about 60, although apparently good vigorous male biixls were used. The disease was found to be very hard to overcome and it is concluded that in dealing with it the best method lies in the destruction of the affocted fowls. In an attack of roup that broke out at the plant in January about the only birds affected were those in the pens laying the heaviest. Control measures consisted in the isolation of affected fowls as soon as detected. Most of the affected birds were treated and recoveiy resulted in a week or ten days. The necessity of meat inspection of poultry, with, especial regard to tuberculosis, A. Breueb {Ilusszemle, 8 {1913), No. 11, pp. 81-83; abs. in Berlin. Tierarzil. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 12, p. 206). — The importance of examining the viscera of poultry, in addition to other parts, is pointed out. Where this is not done great danger exists of spreading the disease. At the Budapest abattoir 8,337 head of poultry shipped from Servia were examined, and of this number 1S8 were tubercular, of which 183 were diseased only in a few organs, espe- cially in the digestive tract. In the Budapest market tuberculosis in fowls is said to be present to the extent of from 6 to 13 per cent. RURAL ENGINEERING. Wood pipe for conveying' water for irrigation, S. O. Jayne {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 155 {1914), pp. 40, pis. 4, pjs. 7).— This bulletin deals with the de- sign, construction, durability, possibilities, and limitations of continuous and machine-banded wood pipe f-or several classes of service and is intended to be of interest to irrigation engineers, owners of irrigation works, water power com- panies, and water departments of municipalities. The studies reported included the inspection of many pipe lines throughout several western States, interviews and correspondence with manufacturers, builders, and operators of wood pii^e, and a review of published data on the subject. As regards the durability of wood pipe, data are presented to show that the length of time any pipe will last can not be accurately predicted without a thorough knowledge of all the conditions involved. '' With pipes buried in the ground the wood will endure longest where the air is most nearly excluded either by a high internal pressure which completely saturates it or by a deep covering of very fine soil. ... In contact with the soil wood pipe decays more rapidly under a light head than it does under heavy pressure, and other things being equal, it usually decays more rapidly in a porous open soil, such as sand or gravel, than it does in a fine soil of silt or clay, because the finer soil is more effective in excluding the air. Experience appears to indicate also that wood decays more rapidly in a loamy soil, rich in humus or partially decayed organic matter, than it does in one containing little or none. . . . " The life of exposed pipes may be prolonged by promptly stopping all leaks as they develop and by keeping the exterior diy. The decay of buried pipes has also in some instances been arrested by removing the covering and leaving them exposed. . . . Where pipes are to be placed in contact with the soil, and where the internal pressure is not sufficient to insure complete saturation of the staves, it is probable that their durability may be increased by treating with some preservative. . . . " Contrary to the theories commonly held thirty years ago, it has been found that the durability of wood l)ipe is usually dependent on the life of the wood rather than ou the life of the bands. . . . Corrosion of the bands . . . usually occurs most rapidly where pipes are buried and the backfill is wet, under con- 586 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ditioiis which, as a rule, are most favorable for the life of the wood. Corrosion is greatly accelerated by the presence of alkali In the soil. . . . Under such conditions the bands almost invariably fail at the bottom of the pipe. . . . " With so many influences affecting the life of wood pipe no attempt should be made to strike an average of durability except in cases where attending con- ditions are kn(nvn to be the same. Where pipes are fully exposed and supported free from all contact with the soil the conditions are much less variable than otherwise, and a life of at least twenty years may be quite reasonably expected for either fir or redwood if properly maintained. If placed in the ground or in contact with the soil, the life of wood pipe may, under very favorable conditions, be much greater than twenty years, otherwise it may be a great deal less. In contact with soil the durability is nearly always a matter of some uncertainty." Irrigation investigations, G. E. P. Smith and A. L. Engee (Arizona Sta. Rpt., 1913, pp. 280-285). — Further experiments with reinforced concrete caisson curbs (E. S. R., 29, p. 484) demonstrated their effectiveness for developing shallow wells. Measurements of the surface flow of Sabino Canyon in the vicinity of Tucson from 1904 to 1912 indicate that the available supply is sufficiently large, but that *' the remarkable disparity between the discharges of such years as 1904 and 1910 and those of 1905 and 1907, together with the fact that there is a tendency for several lean years to come together, necessitates much greater storage capacity for a reservoir project than would be the case if the rainfall, and hence the run-off, were more evenly distributed." Experiments as to the necessary slope of the land in border irigation indicated that " under ordinary conditions it is best to run the borders down the steepest slope, or nearly so, and thus reduce the cost of grading the land to a minimum, and then to adjust the width and length of the lands to the head of water. The effects of silts in river irrigating waters must be considered, inasmuch as these silts tend to settle out at the head ends of the lands, making those ends more impervious to water than the lower ends. These deposits, also, produce a slope lengthwise of the land. The tightening effect of the silt blanket must be counteracted so far as possible by the various methods of cultivation in use. The amount of desirable slope is influenced further by the kind of crop, alfalfa requiring more than crops which are irrigated between rows. But with clear or moderately clear water lands should never be graded entirely level." Relations between physical constitution of soils and the distribution of irrigation waters, A. MiJNTZ and E. Lain^ (Min. Agr. [France], Ann. For^ts, Hydraul. [etc.]. No. U (1912), pp. 1-130, pis. 7, figs. 9).— In continuation of previous studies on the relation of the physical properties of the soil to irri- gation (E. S. R., 24, p. 522) the authors extended their investigations to include the module, and time, method, and amount of irrigation most favorable to crops, with particular reference to the design of irrigation works. The permeability of the soils used in the experiments varied from an infiltra- tion of 0.5 to 60 cm. (0.2 to 23.4 in.) per hour. In the module experiments it was found that for the less permeable soils the module should be such that the flow through the diversion gate is about 0.3 liters per second per meter of width of the irrigated parcel. For soils of average permeability this should be from 1^ to 2 liters per second and for extremely permeable soils should exceed 0 liters per second per meter of width of the irrigated parcel. It is also con- cluded in this connection that the improper choice of module is one of the main causes of failure in irrigation. Irrigation experiments with hay crops showed that the most economical amount for an irrigation is an amount just sufficient to reach the extremities RURAL ENGINEERING. 587 of an irrigated plat, which amount sliould be predetermined for each plat on the basis of the physical i)roperties of its soils. A greater amount than this is concluded to be a waste of water and more or less of an injury to the soil. On the soils of varying permeabilities in-igation was found to be on the average most effective and practical when ap])liee difficult. In its stead a 4-channel plan was adopted. The estimated cost of the excavation was $1,155,000. Comparative steam and electric power layouts for a drainage pumping plant (Engin. and Contract., 42 (1914), No. 18, pp. 412-414, fi9^- 5). — Compara- tive plans and bidding prices for the two types of jnunping plant are given with EURAL ENGINEERING. 589 descriiitioiis of tho essential striulural features. The steam iJiinipiug plant bid was awarded the contract. Building levees with the hydraulic dredge, J. M. Allen {Engin. Neics. 12 i)1914), No. 18, pp. 891-893, Jigs. S). — A description of the plant and methods used in building levees with hydraulic dredges on different rivers is given with rest data of the operation of a typical plant. See also a previous note by Yarnell (E. S. R., V>2, p. 1ST). Some methods and costs of cleaning drainage ditches, S. Dean (Engin. and Contract., 42 {191^), No. 18, pp. 415, 416). — ^A hydraulic jib outfit for removing silt from a drainage canal is described and cost data are given. Cost data are also given for the use of a small drag line excavator for the same purpose. Country roads in southeastern Wisconsin (Engin. Rec, 70 (1914), No. 17, pp. 4-i8-4'jO, figs. 5). — This article deals with state aid road construction, including innovations in Ihe way of clay-bound macadam, high earth shoulders on narrow roads, and increased thickness of conci'ete of a richer mixture. Blasting cultivation on moor soil, W. Bersch (Ztschr. Moorknltur n. Torf- verwcrt., 12 (1914), J^^o. 4, PP- 140-14^, figs. 5). — In a review of various blast- ing experiments it is stated that soil breaking and. drainage ditch digging in moor soil by means of explosives are unsuccessful owing to the fact that the circumference and depth of activity are too great and can not be so well cou- trolleens. Another section, in which there are two rows of stalls with the cows facing in, is devoted to milch cows. A third section contains the milking room and medicine room. The first floor equipment consists of iron pipe stanchions and partitions, both in the stalls and in the pens. The stanchion is of the swinging chain type and the stalls are 3 ft. 6 in. wide. The mangers are of galvanized iron and may be raised or lowered. A litter carrier is installed to carry the manure to the pit but feed is handled on truck.s. Conveniences for handling' the farm cow and her products ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Kec. Spec. [Circ], 191.'f, Dec. 31, pp. 6, figs. 10). — This circular, by means of discussion and diagrammatic illustrations, gives popular information regarding the cow stall, calf stanchion, milk cans, milk room and cooling box, water heater, and equipment for washing dairy utensils. Worth and uses of silos and silag-e (Quart. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 33 (1914), No. 129, pp. 110-380, figs. 36). — Pi'actical information is given on the value, making, and use of silage, the materials therefor, and features for the con- struction of the silos most approved. Details of construction and cost of vitrified tile silo, A. S. Cook [New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 334-34i, pl>^. 5). — The details of construction of the vitrified tile silo are described and illustrated and cost data given. This type of silo is considered to be one of the most substantial and eflEicient of the types used at present. The total cost of such a silo erected at the station, 12 ft in diameter and 32 ft. high, was $603.83. Steam power versus electricity for filling silos (Elect. World, 6^ (191.'f), No. 19, p. 914, figs. 3). — A rural community found that the daily rent, including cost of energy consumption, of a 15-horsepower electric motor with trans- formers mounted on a truck when used for filling silos was considerably less than the expense of using a traction engine. The electrical outfit was rented for $5 per day, while the actual total cost of steam-engine drive was about $12.50 per day. The average energy required per ton for silo filling was said to be 1.17 kilowatt hours. The effects of the acid of silag'e on concrete, A. S. Neale and W. S. Corsa (Concrete-Cement Age, 5 (191Jf), No. 3, pp. 125). — Both experimenters claim to have observed no injurious effects on the walls of concrete silos due to acids in the silage. It is stated that in case any bad effects are noticed washing with neat cement or coal tar dissolved in gasoline will overcome them. Further studies in poultry house construction, H. R. Lewis and A. L. Clark (New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1913, pp. 259-271, pis. 4, fig. 1). — This report desci'ibes and diagrammatically illustrates the so-called type L poultiy house, known also as the New Jersey multiple unit laying house, developed at the station, and gives the results of studies of this and five other houses which are designated by the letters J, K, M, R, and P, and w^ere described in a previous report (E. S. R., 30, p. 389). Tjiie J house is of the half monitor construction with an entire glass front in the peak and with the front left entirely open two feet above the ground and RURAL ENGINEERING. 591 covered with inch mesh wire. Tyjie K liouse is of the half monitor construction witli glass front and no muslin curtains. Type M house is of the shed roof tji'c S ft. 2 in. high in front and 5 ft. 2 in. at the back and is built of 12 by 12 in. Natco hollow tile. Type R house is intended for a cheap shelter and is of the shed roof type 7^ ft. high in front and 4 ft. in the back. Each unit of the type L house is a square house 20 by 20 ft. and gives a capacity of 100 hens. The house is only single boarded on all four sides except at the rear and above the dropping boards and perches. About this si)ace sheathing boards are also closely nailed to the side of the back studs and rafters. The front of the house i.s largely taken up by the curtains and windows, the former being hinged at the top and the latter at the side. A distinct feature of the house is a large dry mash hopper i^laced every 40 ft. The studies were made for the purpose of securing data on cost of material, temperature variations, moisture conditions, food consumption, egg production, and total net profit. It was found that a type resembling house L meets more nearly all the ideal conditions and that type K represents everything which is undesiral)le. As a result of the studies the liouses are classed in the following order of excellence: L, R, J. P. M, and K. In addition, the Xew Jersey portable breeding house is described and diagram- matieally illustrated. Cooking-boilers on poultry farms, J. Hadlington (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 25 (1914), No. 10, pp. 898-900. figs. .J).— These are briefly described and illus- trated diagrammatically. Ice houses and the use of ice on the dairy farm, J. T. Bowen and G. Mu Lambert {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Fanners' Bid. 6.1S {191.5). pp. 2-',. figs. /,S).— This discusses the use of ice on the dairy farm for the keeping of milk and cream and gives plans and specifications for ice liouses. It is pointed out that wherever ice is abundant the cost of harvesting and storing is usually very small. " The dairyman should consider both the cost of construction and the cost of the ice in selecting the type [of house] most suitable for his requirements." As regards insulation it is stated that "an air space 1 in. wide is i)ractically as good as one 12 in. wide. Air circulation is valuable, however, between the insu- lated ceiling and the roof of an ice house in order to break up the heat radia- tion through the roof. No entrance or exit of air should be allowed to take place in a room where ice is stored, especially at or near the ground line, as the cold currents of air at the bottom will filter through. . . . The building should be so constructed that there will be a circulation of air through the outer walls and at the eaves to the ventilator on the roof, as these air currents tend to break up the heat radiation through the walls and roof. . . . " Ice should never be placed directly on the ground, soil being a fairly good conductor of heat, esiiecially when wet. ... In houses that have the floor below the level of the ground, sufficient drainage usually can bi obtainefl through the soil, especially if the soil is porous. It may be necessary, however, with a clay soil, to excavate a foot or two and fill in with cinders or gravel, and to place a 3-in. porous tile under the floor. This drain should be properly trapped or sealed to prevent warm air from entering the building through the floor. . . . '• It is of the utmost importance that brick, concrete, and wooden buildings be waterproofed. Brick and concrete work may be rendered waterproof by- painting the outside of the wall with white lead and oil or by coating the walls with a preparation of paraflin or asphalt. . . . "About 40 cu. ft. of space should ordinarily be allowed for a ton of ice. . . . 592 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. " Under general conditions about 1 lb. of ice will be required to cool and keep I lb. of cream in good condition until delivered to tbe creamery wben deliverias are made three times a week. When storing ice about 50 per cent more should be packed than is actually needed. This amount allows for a heavy shrinkage and for household uses. The dairy farmer should provide annually ^ to 1 ton of ice per cow for cooling cream only and I A to 2 tons per cow if whole milk is cooled, depending upon the locality and other factors. If a cake of ire is kept floating in the w'ater surrounding the cream cans when the ordinary cooling cans are used, the temi:)erature will remain at about 40° F. Good ice- wator tanks can usually be constructed for from $5 to $20." Ventilation of farm building's, J. H. Gbisdale and E. S. Archibald (Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 78 (WU), pp. 32, figs. 2.3).— This bulletin deals with the ventilation of cow and horse barns and piggeries and reports comparative studies t)f several systems of ventilation, including the Rutherford and King systems. For the horse and cow barns it is stated that tbe Rutherford system has proved much superior to any other tried, while for piggeries the Rutherford and the modified Rutherford systems were both found to be uniformly satis- factory. The essential features of the systems recommended are described and diagrammatically illustrated. Cooling- two rooms in a country residence, A. M. Feldman {Heating and Ycntilaimg Mag., 11 (1914)' No. 3, pp. 33, 3Ji, figs. 2). — Two rooms in a country residence were cooled by installing a cork-insulated box in the attic imme- diately above the rooms. The top of the box was connected with a short duct to the roof for taking in fresh air and the bottom was connected to tbe ceiling registers of tbe two rooms. Fresh air enters the top of the box, is cooled by coils from a small refrigerating plant for the pantry and kitchen, and drops by gravity through the registers to the floor of the rooms. EURAL ECONOMICS. A rural survey in southwestern Ohio, P. L. A'ogt (Miama [Ohio] Univ. BuL, II ser.. No. 8 (1913). pp. 93, figs. 11). — According to the author, among the jnincipal problems awaiting solution in the areas studied are the decrease in church membership, especially among young persons, a nonresident ministry, a lack of organized rural recreation, inadequate rural school equipment and teaching force, and the breaking up of the homogeneity of rural population through the growth of tenantry, increase of foreign iwpulation, and change in type of farm labor. Among the constructive tendencies noted were the gradual increase in rural culture and in interest in the problems of rural life and co- operative enterprises. The author suggests, as some of the changes to be Itrought about, the reorganization of the church and rural school system, the encouragement of farm organizations, the development of pride in rural life and institutions, and the provision for social and recreational life of the rural conmiunities. The Minnesota Crop Improvement Association (Ann. Rpts. Minn. Crop. Improv. Assoc, 8-11 (1911-191^), PP- 91. figs. 14)- — This report contains ab- stracts from addresses made before the association, and relates principally to the effects of seed selection upon profitableness of farming and to the various agencies tending toward the improvement of rural conditions. Practical community studies (Bttl. Univ. Ga., No. 228 (1914), pp. 4-i)- — This outline contains a limited syllabus of educational and social topics planned for elementary and preliminary studies in specific localites. The subjects are divided into those primarily urban and rural and those relating to general social problems and to sociological theory. RURAL ECONOMICS. 593 Social and civic work in country communities, Ellen B. McDoNAr.D, Ros v M. Cheney, and G. F. Comings ([Wis. State Supt. Pub. Jtifitr.] Bui. 18 [1013), pp. 138, figs. 20). — This bulletin is the report of a subcommittee appointed to iuvestigiite conditions in the rural schools of Wisconsin and treats of the relationships between the home, the school, and the community, and outlines methods for making these relationships effective and helpful along the lines of community improvement. Agricultural survey, 1913, F. O. Nunnick {Com. Consew. Vanada Rpt., 5 (lOlJf), pp. l42~17Jf, pis. 4). — The committee on lands of the Canadian Commis- sion on Conservation conducted agricultural-survey work in 20 districts in Canada and noting the crops grown, rotations followed, seed selection, manures used, insect and plant diseases, fuel, power and water supjily, antl live stock and labor conditions. These pages give the details by districts. Full report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture {Btit. Columbia Rpt. Roy. Com. Acjr., 191/,, pp. IX+39S, figs. S).— Part 1 of this report discusses conditions in British Columbia as they relate to the public and private lands, land and public improvements, taxation, labor, agricultural credit, marketing and cooperation, and agricultural education, and contains a summary of the hearings held by the commission in various points in the Province. Part 2 describes the agricultural conditions and types of farming in British Columbia and cooperation and agricultural credit in European and other countries. Annual report on the working of cooperative societies in the Bombay Presidency, 1914 (Ann. Rpt. W07'Jc. Coop. Soc. Bombay Pres., 1913-lJi, pp. II+78-\-3). — ^This report reviews the progress made and outlines the working of the central societies and unions of the agricultural and nonagricultural societies and other forms of cooperation in the Bombay Presidency. Statistical tables are given showing membership, receipts and disbursements, assets and liabilities, and profit and loss of individual societies. The farmers' elevator movement, I, II, O. N. Refsell (Jour. Polit. Econ.. 22 (1914), Nos. 9, pp. 812-895; 10, pp. 969-991)1— The author describes the various methods of selling grain through elevators and track buyers, the allegetl methods used by line elevator companies to drive the independent farmers' elevators out of business, and the methods that have been devised to meet their competition at Rockwell, Iowa. The farmers at this place formed an elevator company, the by-laws of which contain a penalty clause which provides that members are to pay into the treasury of the company * per cent bushel for every bushel of grain sold either to the company or to its competitors. By the means of this payment the company has been able to exist in spite of all ontside competition. This system became somewhat of a model for other farmers' elevator companies. Later, it is stated, boycotted commission firms, because of the harmful effect produced on their business by the work of the regular grain trade, began to cooperate actively with the farmers' elevator companies to bring about a more rapid spread of the movement. State asso ciations were formetl which accelerated the building of this kind of elevator and gave additional strength to the individual company. The author points out various methods said to have been used in attempting to force the new type of company out of business. Farmers' market bulletin (Farmers^ Market Bui. [A\ C], 2 (115), No. 1. pp. 26). — This is a continuation of the series previously mentioned (E. S. R.. 31, p. 894) and contains a partial list of merchants who purchase produce outside of the State and the commodities handled by each, and a partial list of farmers with farm products for sale indicating quantity and Kind. 594 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Money crops in place of cotton, E. K. Konk (Tcsas Dept. Agr. liiiL, n. scr.. No. 13 (1914), pp. 27, pi. 1). — This bulletin outlines a system of farming for the different sections of Texas designed to give the farmer practical money crops and a source of revenue which may be in part a substitute for cotton. Cost of grain production in Canada, 1013 (Census and Slotifi. Mo. [Canada], 7 {191Jf), No. 76, pp. .iin}-.j()6). — A special inquiry, conducted through the crop- reporting correspondents, as to the cost of grain growing in Canada is reported. Avith data as to the cost of the various items for fall and spring wheat, oats, barley, liax. ami corn in the various Provinces. The movement of prices during recent years, A. Mabiotti {Atti. R. 1st. Incorof/g. Napoli, 6. scr., 65 {191 ^), pp. 183-250). — The author compares the index of prices of the principal agricultural products in England, Germany, France, Belgium, the United States, and in the city of Naples. The principal part of the discussion relates to changes since 1!)00. Return of prices of crops, live stock, and other Irish agricultural products {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Staiis. 1913, pp. 79, pis. 17, fig. 1).— This report contains information along the lines previously noted, but with reference to 1918 (E. S. R., 30, p. 297). The agricultural outlook {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 645 {1914), PP- 45, figs. 2). — ^This issue contains the final estimates in detail for the crop year 1914. The total area harvested for 14 crops for which estimates are included was 300,782,000 acres and comprised 92 per cent of the entire cultivated area of the United States and being 0.1 per cent larger than in 1913 and 2.4 per cent larger than in 1912. The total production was 10 per cent larger than during 1913 and 6 per cent smaller than for 1912. The average value i^er acre of these crops was $16.44 for 1914. $16.52 for 1913, and $16.15 for 1912, and the total values were $4,946,000,000. $4,966,000,000, and $4,759,000,000. respec- tively. The estimated value of all crops was $6,044,480,000, $6,132,750,000. and $5,842,220,000, respectively, and of animals and their products $3,828,456,000, $3,656,866,000, and $3,500,570,000, respectively. It is estimated that the cotton States on the average produce 46 per cent of their total wheat requirements, 86 per cent of their corn. 75 i>er cent of their oats, and 79 per cent of their hay. To produce the remainder would requii-e 15,000,000 acres. The pur^'hasing power of the farmer is discussed by X. C. Murray. It is estimated that from 1899 to 1909 the money value of one acre of the farmer's crops increased 72.7 per cent but in the same period the money value of the articles usually purchased by the farmer increased 12.1 per cent. In 1913 the value of one acre of the farmers' crops averaged about 1.2 per cent higher than in 1909. but the value of articles purchased by the farmer has advanced in the same time about 5.7 per cent. Among the other phases of crop statLstics discussed were the winter wheat and rye sowing and condition, the apple crop, a forecast of sugar production in Louisiana, onion and cabbage statistics, trend of farm prices, shipments of California barley to New York, cold-storage holdings of apples, and the wheat crop of the southern hemisphere. Statistical tables are included showing the estimated acreage, yield per acre, total production, average price and value December 1 for the principal crops for 1914, with comparative data for earlier years. Additional statistical tables are included relating to subjects discussed in the text. Agricultural statistics of Denmark {Statis. Aarhog Danmark, 19 {1914), pp. 26-29, 36, 44-52). — This yearbook contains information along the lines previously noted regarding agricultural work and the number of farms in Den- mark, including data for 1913 concerning the use of land ( E. S. R.. 30, p. 392). AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 595 Census of agriculture in Greece (lieceii-'ic. Aijr. Grdce, 1911, pts. j. /j/j. XVl-\-l-Ul ; 2, pp. VJJI+l.'fS-iOy). — ^These reports give statistics showing by Provinces the area in crops for 1911 for Tliessaly, Arta, and tbe louiau Islands. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education, R. II. Forbes and A. M. McOmie (Ari:^ona Sta. Rpi. 1913, pp. 286-296). — An account is given of tbe scheme of agricultural educa- tion in Ai'izona, comprising academic courses in high and normal schools and the state university; extension instruction, including a demonstration train, a two weelvs' farmers' short course held annually at the university, and farmers' institutes; and advisory relations, including corresiK)udence between the station staff and farmers, and a farm management service in process of organization. Fifth annual report of the eleven district agricultural schools of Georgia, J. S. Stewart (.BuI. Ga. State Col. Agr., 2 {191J,}, \o. IS. pp. 35, figs. ^).— This report confciins reports of these schools, including an outline of the course of study, and tables showing the enrollment, expenses, equipment, farm products, etc. The training and certification of teachers for agricultural, industrial, and household arts subjects in the public schools of Indiana, W. F. Book (Dept. Pub. Instr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 5 {191Jf), pp. 56).— The author discusses the need of trained teachers for pre-vocational work, the general character and aim of the work, qualifications and training of teachers and agencies available for training them, and standards that must be met by schools offering training courses in pi-e-vocational subjects, and outlines summer school work, profitable courses for principals and suj)erintendents, and teachers' training courses in domestic science and industrial arts. Tentative course of study in industrial subjects for the public schools of Indiana (Dept. Pub. Bistr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 2 {WIS), pp. 205).— This bulletin discusses the aim, scope, and problems of vocational work in the public schools of Indiana ; offers general suggestions and helps in conducting this work in the grades from the kindergarten through the high school and in special departnionts and schools, and tentative outlines for work in agriculture, domes- tic science, and industrial arts; and gives lists of suggestive references on voca- tional and industrial e<^lucation and of equipment. Bepoit of agriculture in the high schools of Michigan, W. H. French (Mic-h. Agr. Col., Dept. Agr. Ed. Bui. 13 (191/f), pp. IJ,, pi. 1, figs, a).— This bulletin gives brief reports on the agricultural work in Bay City. Escanaba. Maniste'^, and Muskegon, home projects, the Houghton Township School, the effect of teaching agriculture on the school and community, boys' and girls" club work, and general suggestions as to means and methods of improving the work in agricultural instruction in the high school. A statistical table shows that 31 high schools offered one or more years of agricultural work to 1,000 boys and 30G girls, and approximately 500 boys and girls worked at home proj- ects during the summer of 1914. Seventeen schools offered one-week courses for farmers and 10 had a total of 31 boys' and girls' clubs. Twenty-first annual report of the inspector of state high schools of Min- nesota, G. B. AiTON {Ann. Rpt. Insp. State High Schools Minn., 21 {1914), PP- 51). — For the year ended July 31. 1914, 119 high schools received a total state aid of .$237,853 for instruction in agriculture. Agriculture was taught in 134 high schools, cooking in 165, and sewing in 179 to 4,053, 5,799, and G.080 students, respectively. The total expenditure for agricultural equipment was $40,558. 596 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. aud for cooking and sewing equipment $55,144. Statistical tables show the enrollment aud expenditures for agriculture and home tconomics instruction. Vocational education in Pennsylvania (Penn. Dept. Pub. Instr., Vocational Div. Bid. 1 {1913). pp. 21). — This bulletin contains the text of the law enacted in 1913 providing state aid for vocational, industrial, agricultural, and house- hold arts schools and departments, an interi^retation of the law, rules and regu- lations to 1)0 apiilicd, methods of iiutting the new statute ii'to effect, etc. Agricultural schools and departments {Penn. Dept. Pub. Instr., Vocational Div. Bui. 2 {191S), pp. 15). — This bulletin discusses conditions and require- ments with reference to organization, qualifications of teachers, courses of study, project work, .summer employment of teachers, i-.se of land, rooms and equipment, etc.. governing agricultural schools and departments desiring to qualify for state aid. Household arts schools, departments, and evening classes {Penn. Dept. Pub. Instr., Vocational Div. Bui. Jf {1913). pp. 18). — This bulletin considers in detail those parts of the vocational education law of Pennsylvania that relate to household arts education, including suggestive outlines and. a description of 4-year, 2-year, and evening courses, and a plan of procedure for organizing evening classes. Correlating agriculture with the public-school subjects in the Southern States, C. H. Lane and E. A. Miller {V. S. Dept. Agi: Bui. 132 {1915), pp. Jfl, figs. 9). — The authors present a scheme by means of which the rural or public ."^ichool teacher may utilize clubs in correlating agriculture and farm-life problems with the regular school work. For the pui-pose of this scheme public school classes are divided into two groups, including grades 1 to 5 and 6 to 8, respec- tively. The subject matter outlined is arranged according to a monthly sequence plan. 9 months' work being provided for. Directions are included for organiz- ing boys' and girls' clubs, securing literature, selecting, storing, and testing seed, planning school gardens, and making school exhibits, including score cards. Suggested problems in arithniotie are added. Course of study in agriculture for the public schools of Oregon, F. L. Griffin {Salem, Greg.: State Dept. Ed., 191^-15, pp. 79). — An agricultural course for the eighth grade is outlined in seasonal sequential order. It com- prises a series of lessons of fi'om 20 to 30 minutes each a day in orchard, field, and garden crops, beneficial and injurious insects, plant diseases, weeds, poultry husbandry, dairying, animal husbandry, farm management and machinery, foi'estry, and the country home and its surroundings. The lessons are accom- panied by suggestions and directions for practical exercises, at least one for each week. A list of references is included. Outlines of nature study and elementary agriculture, :m. J. Abbey {Salt Lake City: Univ. Utah, 1913, pp. 103). — In this bulletin the author discusses the correlation of nature study with other school subjects, and outlines the work in nature study aud elementai-y agriculture, including typical lessons from the first to the eighth grades, inclusive. The course in elementary agriculture for the seventh and eighth grades may also be used, with slight modifications, as an elementary high school course. Agriculture in elementary schools (Augusta, Me.: Dept. Ed., 1911f, pp. 28). — This circular contains an outline for tlie study of school and home gardening, together with laboratory exercises, exercises in soils aud plant growth for the rural schools in Maine, and suggestions concerning the organization of boys' and girls' agricultural clubs. Helps for teachers in agriculture: Soils, M. L. Fisher {Purdue Univ. Dept. Agr. Ext. Bui. 31 {191 Jf). pp. 12). — ^The author outlines soil studies for the seventh and eighth grades of the Indiana public schools for 1914-15. AGRICULTUEAL EDUCATION. 597 Helps for teachers in ar-Ticulture: Farm crops, M. L. Fisher (Purdue Univ. Dept. Agr. Ext. Bui. 30 {191.'/), pp. 12, figs. 7). — Corresponding to the above, this bulletin gives a brief discussion, with suggestions for laboratory and field work, of wlieat seeding-, nodules of legumes, wheat stooling and the Hessian fly, rotations, cowpeas and soy beans, oats, potatoes, and corn growing. Helps for teachers in agriculture (Dcpt. Puh. Instr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 12 (1914), Vocaiional Ser. 7, pis. 1, pp. 1^; 2, pp. 14). — ^This bulletin comprises two leaflets which contain detailed outlines for the months of September to December, inclusive, on Soils and Poultry, prepared by Z. M. Smith. Horticul- ture and Dairying, by J. D. Harper, and Animal Husbandry and Crops, by F. M. Shanklin. No one teacher is expecte (E. S. R., 29, p. 665) and the text of the lime-inspection law. Reports of the Edgeley, North Dakota, substation. 1905-1913, O. A. Thompson and J. H. Shepperd (North Dakota Sta., Rpts. Edgeley Siibsta. 1905. pp. 20. pis. 2; 1906. pp. 30, pis. 5; 1907, pp. 38. pis. 9; 1909, pp. 55, figs. 6; 1910, pp. .'{7, figs. 15; 1912, pp. 50; 1913, pp. 20).— These reports give data as to temperature and rainfall and brief summaries of the lines of work at this sub- station during the periods indicated. The experimental work reiwrted is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Annual Reports of the Langdon, North. Dakota, substation, 1909—1913, E. D. Stewart and J. H. Shepperd (North Dakota Sta., Rpts. Langdon Siiista. 1909. pp. 12; 1910, pp. 19, figs. 4; 1911, pp. 29. figs. 5; 1912, pp. 32. figs. 6; 1913, pp. 26, figs. 4)- — These reports give brief summaries of the lines of work at this substation during the periods indicated. Those for 1911. 1912, and 1913 also contain meteorological data. The experimental work reported is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-seventh Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1914 (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 33). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director on the work and publications of the station, a financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1914, and departmental reports, of which that of the hoi-ticulturist and the botanist and plant pathologist arc abstracted elsewhere in this issue. The report of the association agronomist contains brief cultural notes on cotton. Fulghum oats, Sudan grass. Abbruzzi rye. and beardless barley. NOTES, Connecticut College. — According to a note in AVfr England Homestead, n requirement of at least three months of actual farm work of approved grade before graduation has been adopted. Paul W. Graff, a graduate of tne college, has been appointed assistant in botany. Kansas College. — A scholarship of $300 per year has been offered by L. M. Crawford, of Topeka. The scholarship is to be in the division of general science, the donor's preference being that its holder elect courses chiefly in agriculture, if a man, and in home economics if a woman. Massachusetts College. — A major in rural journalism has been authoi'ized, beginning with the fall semester. The enrollment at the winter school reached ISO. Of these 25 per cent had attended or graduated from other colleges. Minnesota University and Station. — The appropriations requested for the uni- versity for the ensuing bieuuium aggregate $3,212,450, of which 35 per cent is for the agricultural work. Among the items is one of $45,300 to enlarge and equip the new home economics building, which is already proving inadequate to accommodate the 515 students registered. Howard R. Smith, professor of animal husbandry and animal husbandman, has resigned to become live-stock lecturer and .specialist for a national bank in St. Paul. Nebraska "University and Station. — Under an act passed by the last legislature about $700,000 will be available for the erection of agricultural buildings and equipment during the next four years. Plans for a dairy building have been completed, and an agricultural engineering building approximately 200 feet square is under consideration. The agricultural science group in the college curriculum has been super.seded by a general agricultural group, the first two years of which are prescribed and the remainder largely elective. Beginning next September students may take the entire college course at the university farm, or, if preferred, the academic and general science studies may be taken at the university. The agricultural prac- tice group has also been rearranged and shortened to two years by the elimina- tion of practically all nonagricultural subjects. A certificate of proficiency in farm practice is to be awarded at the completion of this course to students suffi- ciently experienced in practical farm work and to others on complying with practice requirements on farms. It is expected that this change will make it unnecessary for high-school graduates to enter the .school of agriculture, and by providing pr;ictical farm training at once will greatly increase the registra- tion in the college of agriculture. Dr. Charles Edwin Bessey, head of the department of botany and head dean and distinguished as a leader in botanical education and research for many years, died February 25 at the age of 70 years. Dr. Bessey was born on a farm at Milton, Ohio, and graduated from the Michigan College in 1869. He received the M. S. degree in 1872 from the same in.stitution, that of Ph. D. from the State T'niversity of Iowa in 1879, and that of LL. D. from Iowa College in 1898. He also studied two years with Dr. Asa Gray, of Harvard University. Dr. Bessey's long career as a teacher began in 1870, when he was appointed professor of botany at the Iowa State College. He remained in this position 599 600 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. until 1884, also serving for a lime as acting president. In that year lie went to Nebraslia as professor of botany, also serving as acting chancellor at various periods and as bead dean since 1909. In addition to these duties Dr. Bessey was botanical editor of the American NaturaliM from ISSO to 1897 and of the same department of Science since 1897. He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1910-1911; the Botanical Society of America, 1895-1896; Society for the Pro- motion of Agricultural Science, 1889-1891; the Department of Natural Science of the National Education Association, 1895-1896; and the American Micro- scopical Society in 1902; and was a member of a long list of other associations. He was the author of several books, including Botany for High Schools and Colleges, 1884; Elementary Botanical Exercises, 1892; Elementary Botany, 1904; and Plant Migration Studies, 1905, as well as of a large number of scientific papers and reviews. Dr. Bessey's services to the university were of unusual importance, and have had an enduring influence on its development. He was a strong believer in the necessity of the broadest essential preparation of agricultural workers. In his long service he trained many botanists of prominence in tliis Department and elsewhere, and as a recent tribute states " their achievements form the greatest monument that can be erected to his memory. Present-day students will do well to remember that the success of his students is in large part due to the scientific spirit with which he has imbued them." New Jersey College and Station. — Recent appointments include Erwiu C. Van Leer as assistant herdsman in the dairy department, vice John W. Bartlett, who has been made field assistant in horticulture in place of Joel P. Sherman, re- signed, Roscoe W. De Baun as extension specialist in market gardening, and Winifred N. Cowgill as field assistant in horticulture. The death of the college and station treasurer, Irving S. Upson, is noted. Pennsylvania College. — The Penn Stuie Farmer announces that a farmer's week held in Philadelphia was attended by over 800. A similar program for Pittsburgh is under consideration. South Carolina College and Station. — The legislature has elected B. H. Bawl of the Dairy Division of this Department, to succeed W. D. Garrison, resigned, as a member of the board of trustees. W. W. Fitzpa trick, formerly of the farm improvement department of tlie Southern Railway, has been appointed assistant dairyman in charge of field c'emonstrations in South Carolina, with headquarters at the college. As one of its Smith-Lever projects, the extension division is organizing co- operative cream routes in near-by counties. The cream is shipped to the col- lege, manufactured into butter, and marketed for the farmers. The plan has proved successful in its first six months, and recently egg gathering has been begun on the routes. The dairy equipment has been increased by the iustalla- llon of a churn of 600 lbs. daily capacity. Tennessee University and Station. — The will of the late Colonel Benjamin Rush Strong, a resident of Knoxville, contains bequests to the university of !i;?>5.000 for the purchase of additional laud for the station, $30,000 for a girls' dormitory, and a business house in Knoxville, the income from which is to constitute a medal fund for the university and certain other institutions of learning. It also provides that the residue of the estate from these and many other bequests is to be given to the university as a trust fund for loans to deserving students of the agricultural department. The amount available for this loan fund is not definitely known, but is estimated at from $200,000 to $400,000. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PE0CT7EED FROM THE StJPEEINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVEENMENT FEINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY SUBSTEIPTION PEICE, PEE VOLUMK OF Nine Numbers AND Index, SI EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Edilor: E. W. ALLEN, Pii. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITOKIAL IIEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Ohemistrj^ and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers/^ "i?" m^^^" ■^- ' ' \R. U . TliULLINGER. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^^- ^ • f ^^0"^' ^^' ^' Field Crops— G. I\r. Tucker, Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. [0. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., I). Sc. Foods and Human Nutrition'dered tai'taric acid, and the mixture is shaken thoroughly. If no potassium (or ammonium, rubidium, or c.-iesium) is present the solution re- mains perfectly clear. If the solution contains 0.2 per cent or more of the potas- sium ion the reaction occurs only after one to two minutes. It is advisable to conduct a control test with a solution of sodium chlorid or distilled water. The reaction can be employed for potassium chlorid. bromid. iodid, nitrate, chlorate, sulphate, etc., and the organic compounds of potassium, with the exception of tartar emetic. With alum the reaction is less sensitive. » Hoppe-Scyler's Ztschr. rhyslol. Chem., 27 (1899), No. 1-2, pp. 95-108; 29 (1900), No. 2, pp. 136-145. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 609 Detecting potassium with tartaric acid, II. RfX'KLEBEN (Ztschr. Angcw. Chcm., 26 {1913), No. 49, Aiifsatztcil, pp. 375, 376). — In discussing tlie metliod proposed by Winkler (see above) it is pointed out that when the concentrations are not properly controlled the potassium hydrogen tartrate is dissolved or the tartaric acid remains undissolved despite the fact that the potassium ion may be absent. The test also loses its force when the necessity exists for making a blind test, as proposed by Winkler, with distilled water or a sodium chlorid solution. For a number of years the following i)rocedure has been used, espe- cially for beginners in the laboratory: To the solution, which should not be too dilute, is added a fairly concentrated solution of sodium bitartrate. If it is desired to employ tartaric acid it should be utilized as a solution of tartaric acid containing sodium acetate, and with the precaution that the latter is not employed in a large excess. If no pre- cipitate results on gently rubbing the walls of the vessel with a glass rod, the glass rod with its adhering fluid is put on a watch glass holding a few drops of a 10 nor cent solution of a potassium salt, and when crystallization lias set in the glass rod with its adhering fluid is replaced in the solution to be tested. The author believes this method is better than the one proposed by Winkler. The micro-chemical detection and distribution of aluminum in the plant kingdom, E. Ivkatzmann (Sit;:ber. K. Akad. Wiss. [Vicnnal, Math. Naturw. Kl., 122 (.1913), I, No. 2, pp. 811-336, figs. 6).— The methods for the micro- chemical detection of aluminum in plant tissues recorded in the literature were •studied and Cs-SOi was the only reagent found satisfactory for detecting it as Al::(S04)3.Cs2S04. The sensitiveness was 0..3 microgram. A modification of the method was necessary, however, in order to be able to work more rapidly. One hundred and thirty plants representing various families were examined for the presence of aluminum. The results indicate that aluminum is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and some plants might justly be termed " aluminum plants." Many cryptogams show a marked accumulation of alumina iu the sporophylls, and the blossoms of angiosperms contain more aluminum than the other parts of the plant. The clay bodies described by Radlkofer could be found only in a few varieties of symplocos. It has not been definitely settled, however, that these bodies consist of clay only, and they probably contain silica. When aluminum is present with silica it is hard to detect, even with the Thenard blue test. Some plants possess a sfieciflc selective affinity for aluminum. The determination of the lime requirements of the soil, H. B. Hutchinson and K. MacLennan {Chcm. News, 110 {191.',), No. 2854, pp. 61, 63).— The various methods heretofore proposed for determining the lime requirements of soils, including those of Loew and Jones, are critically discussed. A'eitch's method (E. S. R., 14, p. 418) was found to give results closely corresi>onding to the actual but it is claimed to be a very tedious process and difficult of adoption on a large scale. " It appeared, therefore, that a closer investigation of the action of certain carbonates on the soil might give a measure of prevailing acidity, and would possibly conform more closely to natural conditions than some of the compounds hitherto employed." As preliminary work with sodium carbonate and bicarbonate gave unsatis- factory results, the use of calcium bicarbonate was pi-oposed. The solution is prepared " by passing a current of carbon dioxid into a suspension of calcium carbonate in distilled water, or by means of a ' Sparklet ' or refillable soda water syphon, vrhere bulbs of compressed carbon dioxid are used. The latter method is the more convenient, and permits of the preparation of a saturated solution within quite a short time. A large excess of carbonate must be used GIO EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. iu order to provide fiu abuudauco of small particles which readily pass into solution; the contents of the syphon may be diluted with one-third its volume of distilled water before filterinj?, and this will result in the formation of a solution of approximately fiftieth-normal strength. " For a determination of acidity, or lime requirement, 10 to 20 gni. of the soil is placed in a bottle of 500 to 1,000 cc. capacity together with 200 to 300 cc. of the approximately fiftieth-normal solution of calcium bicarbonate, and the air in the bottle is displaced by a current of carbon dioxid in order to insure against possible precipitation of the calcium carbonate during the period of determination. The bottle is tlien placed in a shaking machine for three hours, after which time it is opened, the liquid is filtered, and a portion of the filtrate equal to half of the original amount of bicarbonate solution is titrated against tenth-normal acid, using methyl orange as indicator. The difference between this final titration and that of the initial solution represents the amount of cal- cium carbonate absorbed, each cubic centimeter of tenth-normal acid being equal to 5 mg. calcium carbonate. " This method has been tested on a number of different soils, the behavior of which has been ascertained bacteriologically and chemically in the laboratory. A few of these results are summarized, in w^hich tlie production of ammonia and nitrates and plant growth in untreated and limed soils is given. . . . " In addition to its value for practical agricultural work, the method will possibly be of use iu various ecological pi'oblems, Avhere the relations between plant and soil require more accurate determination." Method of determining- tlie lime requirement of soils, C. U. Jones {Aiiicr. Fcrt., 39 (1913), No. 11, pp. 28, 29).— "Take 5.6 gm. soil, add 0.5 gm. calcium acetate (tested reagent), place in a S-in. mortar, and mix with pestle. Add sufficient water (room temperature) to make a fairly stiff paste. Pestle for 20 seconds, add. 30 cc. water, and continue mixing for 30 seconds. Wash into a 200-cc. flask, and keep bulk down to about 100 cc. Let stand, with occasional shaking, for 15 minutes. Make up to bulk of 200 cc, mix, and filter through a dry filter. Discard first 10 to 15 cc, which may be cloudy. Titrate 1(X> cc of the clear filtrate, using pheuolphthaleiu as an indicator with decinormal NaOII. This reading multiplied by 2 gives the cubic centimeters of decinormal alkali required to neutralize the acetic acid in 200 cc. of the solution. This figure times the factor l.S times 1,000 equals the pounds of lime (CaO) required i^er 2.000,000 lbs. of soil." The calculation may be shortened by multiplying the number of cubic centimeters of decinormal sodium hydroxid used by 3,600. " The factor l.S is a tentative one only, it having been secured on a relatively small number of samples representing Rhode Island. Massachusetts. Vermont, and New Jersey soils. The method is extremely rapid, one man easily making 50 determinations in a day." See also a previous note, Loew (E. S. 11., 20, p. S15). A new method for the determination of soil acidity, E. Truog {Science, ii. ser., 40 {1914), No. 1024, PP- 246-248).— One of the most serious drawbacks in the study of soil acidity is the lack of a suitable qualitative and quantitative method for its determination. While the litmus paper test when performed properly is a fairly satisfactory qualitative test its reaction with carbonic acid is confusing. With the view of securing a more reliable method the zinc suli^hid test was devised, which depends upt>n the evolution of hydrogen sulphid when acid soils are boiled with zinc suljihid and water. " Ten gm. of soil is placed in a 300 cc. Erlenmeyer flask and to this is added 1 gm. calcium chlorid, 0.1 gm. of zinc sulphid, and 100 cc. water. This is thor- oughly shaken and then heated over a flame. After the contents have boiled one AGKICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGEOTECHNY. Gil liiinule, a strip of moistened load acetate paper is placed over the moutli of the tlask and the boiling continued two minutes more, when the paper is removed. If the soil is acid the paper will be darkened on the underside in proportion to the degree of acidity. If it is nonacid, no darkening will occur if the test has been performed as just outlined." Calcium c-hlorid. which is added for the purpose of making the test much more scnsilive, reacts with the comparatively insoluble soil acids and forms a small amount of hydrochloric acid wliich readily lil)erates the hydrogen sulphid from the zinc sulphid. The test is said to detect much smaller amounts of soil acids than the litmus paper test. " The test has been applied to a considerable num- ber of soils and also other materials of known reaction and as yet not a single objection to the test has arisen. As a quantitative method, an effort is being made to measure tlie degree of acidity by titrating with standard iodin solution the hydrogen sulphid which a soil will liberate. Whether this will worii with all soils has as yet not been determined. • By using this test for the end point in the A'eitch lime water method for acidity or lime requirements, the present Veitch method is considerably shortened and made far more accurate." Inasmuch as the test can be made approximately quantitative and still require only vei-y simple apparatus and very little time (10 to 15 minutes), it makes a valuable field procedure. "The principle of this quantitative method, depends upon the fact that for any particular class of soils the degree of acidity is closely proportional to the intensity of color produced on the paper when the test is conducted as previously outlined. The color on the test paper needs only to be compared to a standard color scale and from an accompanying table the degree of acidity or lime requirements is read off directly. This standard color scale is now being prepared and checked up with standard, soil acids made by new methods."' A shaker for the mechajiical analysis of soil, F. Ward (Jour, Indus, and Engin. Chcm., G (1914), No. 2, pp. llfl, lJi8, fig. 1). — ^A description of a homemade device. " The writer believes that hi.s method is better than the one used by the Bureau of Soils in tv\'o respects. In the first place the machine is simple. and inexpensive. A greater advantage is the saving of time. Clean separations can be effected in three hours, and in some cases two hours; this is a saving of at least four hours over the Bureau method. If the quantity of the water used in the bottles is reduced one-half, a clean separation results in much less than three hours, but there is a tendency for the grains to suffer some abrasion." A shaker for the mechanical analysis of soils, C. C. Fletcher {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 6 {WL',), No. 6, pp. 517, .178).— It is pointed out that although the machine mentioned in the abstract above is simple and inexpensive it carries only IG bottles while that of the Bureau of Soils holds 4S. It must also be run at a fixed si^eed to be efficient. The length of time required by the Bu- reau of Soils apparatus is not so great as stated, since a majority of soils, especially sandy soils, do not need seven, hours' shaking. " The length of time of shaking does not result in any loss of time to the operator, as the analyst merely keeps 48 soils shaking on the machine all the time and can not com- plete the analyses rapidly enough with a force of three men to keep the machine cleared of samples ready for analysis. If more samples should be required, all that is necessary is to run the machine during the night, and thus the capacity of the machine would be doubled." New investigations on the determination of citric acid-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag powder, M. Popp (Chcm. Ztg., 37 (1913), No. 109, pp. 1085-1087, fig. 1).—In this article the Popp method (B. S. R., 30, p. 809) is 612 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. describetl in full, and tho results obtiiiiifHl with (he ]nc4hod and othor nietliods and slaf^s of widely varyii'n conii'osilion are ^iven. The figures given by the I'upp method conijtared well witii those by the other methods. Some work conducted at other experiment stations Avith the new iron citrate method and other methods (old iron citrate, hydrochloric acid, Naumann, and von Lorenz methods) is also reported. The results in general confirmed the author's conclusions in regard to injurious silicic acid. The new iron citrate method, when compared with the Naumann and hydrochloric acid methods, seemed to give the best result. The von Lorenz method on the average (100 analyses) gave 0.28 per cent less phosphoric acid than the Ts'aumann method, and 0.2r) ])er cent less than the hydrochloric acid method. A field method for determining' dissolved oxygen in water, J. ^Iilleb {Jour. 8oc. Cheni. Indus., 33 (lOIJ/), No. -'/, pp. 185, 186). — The method adopted is as follows: "To 50 cc. of the water contained in a 100 cc. Nessler cylinder is added 5 cc. of alkaline tartrate such as is used for Fehling's solution and one drop of phenosiifranin solution (1 in 2,000 of water), then from a 10 cc. graduated pipette a solution of ferrous sulphate (0.22 gm. of pure FeSOi and 1 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid in 100 cc.) is run in just below the surface of the liquid, stirring gently with the pipette until the color is discharged, looking through the cylinder horizontally. The ferrous sulphate is added 1 cc. at a time until the color begins to fade, then in additions of 0.5 cc. to the end. There is a slight coloration at the surface of the liquid, but if the stirring is not too vigoi'ous this does not interfere. The outlet hole of the pipette should not be more than 1 mm. in diameter to minimize diffusion. " The pipette reading gives the cubic centimeters of oxygen per liter. Theo- retically 1 cc. ferrous sulphate of above strength does not equal 1 cc. oxygen per liter working on 50 cc. of sample (0.25 per cent FeSOi is theoretical strength), but under the conditions stated I have fomid that the above strength gives correct results. " Each experimenter should standardize his ferrous sulphate against water of known oxygen content, say distilled water shaken with air until saturated, taking the temperature and referring to Roscoe and Lunt's table (Sutton's Volumetric Analysis, page 2G0) for the amount of dissolved oxygen present." The results obtained compared well with those given by the AYiukler method. The detection of extracted paprika, G. Heuser and C. IIassleb {Ztschr. Unlcr.'oicJi. Nahr. u. acHUssnitL, 27 {1914), No. 1-3, pp. 201-209).— For deter- mining whether paprika has been extracted the iodin number is considered satisfactory on account of the ease and rapidity with which it can be deter- mined. The ether extract is, however, a better constant for judging paprika than the alcohol extract. For simplifying and shortening the time necessary for extraction a modification of the Rose-Gottlieb method is suggested. A field test for lime-sulphur dipping baths, K. ^Nf. Chapin {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 163 {1915), pp. 7, fig. 1). — The object of this paper is to describe a portable testing outfit devised and employed by the Bureau of Animal Industry for determining the strength of lime-sulphur dipping baths used in the official dipping under regulations now in force. " This method, however, is intended only for field use; It can not replace in the laboratory the more accurate methods of analysis approved by the Association of Official Agricultural Chem- ists. . . . " The test here described employs the well-known reaction between soluble sulphids and iodin in neutral solution, whereby sulphur is precipitated and a metallic iodid is formed. It therefore directly estimates, not sulphur, but the AGRICULTURAf. CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 613 niotal — in this case eulciuiu — couibiiiod willi sulpLur in the form of sulphid or polysulphid. ... Briefly, the method of test involves tlie addition of standard jodin solution to a measured quantity of bath until the resulting liquid no longer gives cohu- with a dilute alkaline solution of sodium nitro-prussid, show- ing that calcium polysulphid has been entirely decomposed. The amount of iodiu added to reach this point is then a measure of the amount of ' sulphid sulphur ' in the bath." The outfit used is illustrated and tables showing quantities of concentrated dip to be added to each 100 gal. of bath to restore it to the standard strength (1.5 to 2 per cent sulphid sulphur) are given. About some seeds which, have rarely been examined and their oils, A. DiEDRicns {Ztschr. Vntersuch. Xahr. u. OenussmtL, 27 {1914), ^o. 1-3, pp. 132- l.'/l). — This gives data in regard to the China orange, lemon, Imlia butter tree (liassid hut 1/1 area), Stillingia, and Calotropis or akoon (C. f/ifjdnteii). Agricultural alcohol: Studies of its manufacture in Germany, E. Kremers (U. *S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 182 (1015), pp. ,];j).— These data collected in Germany deal with the topic under the following headings: History; the economic situ- ation; mash-capacity taxes, 1S20- and 1868; taxes on the finished products, 1887 ; tax refunds on industrial alcohol, 1879 and 18S7 ; increase in technical applications of alcohol; distillation of tax of 1895, 'and bonus on industrial alcohol; increase in potato culture; cooperation in marketing; organization of the central association; success of the central association; voluntary regulation of i)roduction ; the potato the principal source of alcohol; the distillery as a factor on the market; distilleries on the larger estates and domains; distil- leries on small farms; cooperative distilleries; and a report of visits to agri- cultural distilleries at Dahlem, Dahlewitz, Dominium Neuguth-Heinzenburg, Treben, Weihenstephan, and Perlach. Osage orang'e. — Its value as a commercial dyestufE, F. W. Kressmann {Jour. Indus, and Engln. Chem., 6 {1914), A'o. 6, pp. JfG2--'i64). — This is a study of the utilization of Osage orange mill waste. As a rule the trunk of an Osage orange tree is small in size, misshapen, and generally defective as a saw log, "and, although because of the valuable properties of the wood (for wagon felloes especially) closer utilization will scarcely be found in the use of any other wood, comparatively large amounts of waste are produced annually. " Osage orange has long been used in Texas in a small way as a dyewood. The roots, bark, and wood are chipped and boiled with water and a more or less permanent yellow is obtained from the extract." As a result of the investi- gation it was found that the quality and quantity of the dyestuff present is almost identical with that of fustic. "Osage orange may be employed as a dyewood in all cases where fustic wood is used at present. The yellows produced by direct dyeing or by aluminum and tin mordants are too fugitive to be of commercial value. But the orange- yellows, old gold, deep tan, olive, and chocolate shades obtained with chromium and iron dormants are equal to, if not better than, those obtained with fustic and are of sufficient fastness to be of commercial value. "A domestic source of a yellow dyewood has been found that can advantage- ously replace a foreign material used at present. The mill waste alone from the pi'esent manufacture of osage orange amounts to over 25,000 tons annually ; and if this waste could be set down in the East for $10 or .$12 per ton it is believed that it could compete successfully with fustic, both from cost of pro- duction and quality of color produced on dyeing." 614 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. METEOKOLOGY. Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., J,2 (IDlJf), Nos. 9, pp. 519- 559, plH. S, figs. S; 10, pp. 561-608, pis. 2Jh figs. 6).— In addition to notes on weather forecasts for September and October, 1914, river and flood observations, lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteor- ology, notes from the Weather Bureau library, the weather of these months, a condensed climatological summary, and climatological tables and charts, these numbers contain the following articles: -^0. 9. — Solar Radiation Intensities at Mount Weather, Va., During July, August, and September, 1914, by H. H. Kimball ; Notes on Observing the Zodi- acal Light, by M. Hall; Shooting Stars Reveal a Higher Atmosphere; Influence of Terrestrial Rotation on the Condition of the Atmosphere and Ocean (illns.), by J. W. Saudstrom; Daily March of the Meteorological Elements in the Panama Canal Zone, by J. von Hann; The Function of the Atmosi)here in [Wire- less] Transmission (illus.), by J. Erskine-Murray ; Rainfall after Battle, by H. M. Chittenden; The Hourly Frequency of Precipitation at New Orleans, La. (illus.), by E. D. Coberly; Forecast Distribution (illus.), by G. W. Smith; and Heavy Rainstorm at Kansas City, Mo., by P. Connor. No. 10. — Frost Protection (illus.), by W. J. Humphreys; Utilization of Frost Warnings in the Citrus Region near Los Angeles, Cal. (illus.), by F. A.. Carpen- ter; Frost and Frost Prevention, by J. W. Garthwaite; Air Drainage in the Vicinity of the Corona District, Cal. (illus.), by F. A. Caiiienter and J. W. Garthwaite; Frost Warnings and Orchard Heating in Ohio (illus.), by J. W. Smith; Air Drainage Explained, by C. F. Marvin; Protection Against Frost in Georgia, by C. F. von Herrmann; Protection from Frost in Utah, by A. H. Thiessen; Notes on Frost Protection in the Vicinity of Knoxville, Tenn., by J. F. A^oorhees; Frost Forecasts and Protection in Oregon. Washington, and Idaho, by E. A. Beals; Frost and Frost Protection in Florida, by A. J. ilitchell; Frost Protection in Arizona, by R. B. Briggs; Frosts and Frost Protection in Texas, by M. Sprague; and Frost Protection by Irrigation in Southern Texas, by J. L. Cliuo. Climatological data for the United States by sections ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 1 {191Ji), Nos. 11, pp. 224, pis. 2, figs. 8; 12, pp. 236, pis. 2, figs. 7). — These numbers contain binef summaries and detailed tabu- lar statements of climatological data for each State for November and Decem- ber, 1914. respectively. Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostrandeb and R. E. McLain {Massachusetts Sta. Met. Buls. 313, Sl.'f (1915), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudi- ness, and casual phenomena during January and February, 1915, are lu-esented. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. [Meteorological observations], D. A. Seeley (Ann. Rpt. Sec. Bd. Agr. Mich., 53 (1914), pp. 185-198). — Daily and monthly summaries of temperature (maxi- mum, minimum, and mean), precipitation, cloudiness, and sunshine, and monthly summaries of pressure (maximum, minimum, and mean), wind move- ment, and miscellaneous phenomena (frost, hail, thunderstorms, fog, auroras, and halos) are given for the year ended June 30, 1914. Meteorological records for 1913 (Xcw York State Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 789- 801). — Tables are given showing tridaily readings at Geneva, N. T., of standard air thermometers for each month of the year ; daily readings of maximum and minimum thermometers at 5 p. m. for each month of the year; a monthly sum- METEOKOLOGY. G15 mary of maximum, minimum, and standard tliermometor readings; montlily and yearly maximum and minimum temperatures from 1SS3 to 1913, inclusive; average monthly and yearly temperatures since 1SS2; and rainfall by months since 1SS2. Response to rainfall in India, L. O. Tackard {Bui. A)ne>\ Gcoor. l^oc, )ft {191'j), Ko. 2, pp. 81-99, figs. 3). — This article discusses the factoi's controlling distribution and variation of rainfall in India and its relation to irrigation, crop production, and man's welfare. The relation to rainfall A^ariation of topogra- phy, extra-tropical cyclones, summer monsoons \vi(h their accompanying cyclones, and proximity to the sea with . long-continued sea winds is briefly explained. Among crops which require heavy rainfall or irrigation are named rice, jute, tea, and coffee. Sugar cane is also grown in the wet areas. "Jute, tea, and coflee differ from sugar and rice in that their areas are not extended by irriga- tion but are limited to those regions in which water is supplied wholly by rain- fall. . . . Crops requiring less water are wheat, millets, pulses, and cotton. Wheat and cotton are injured by heavy rains, especially during the later stages of growth. For this reason cotton, although a summer crop, is limited to those provinces having a comparatively light rainfall, as in parts of northern India and in the northern and central parts of peninsular India. . . . "Two crops a year are raised in many parts of India, although in many cases the poor soils, combined with primitive methods of cultivation, do not permit two crops to be raised upon the same land in a given year." However, " in most parts of the country the rainfall, in favorable seasons, is well adapted for two crops per year. . . . " For the reason that rainfall is always scanty in certain parts of India, and that nearly all parts are subject to seasons of light rain, or of unsatisfactory dis- trilmtion of rainfall, irrigation systems have been developed throughout the country. The regions receiving heavy rainfall, and consequently those in which chances of failure are remote, are Bengal and Assam and the strip of territory west of the Western Ghats." Irrigation is secured by means of canals and wells, the latter supplying water for only small areas (1 to 20 acres). Nitrog'en compounds in rain and snow, F. T. Shutt {Proc. and Trans. Roij. »Sfoc. Canada, 3. ser., 8 {191^), Sect. Ill, pp. 83-87). — In continuation of previous reports (E. S. li., 32, p. 419), this article records the results of studies on this subject during the seven years ended February 28, 1914. The average amount of nitrogen brought down by the precipitation during this period is shown to have been G.1S2 lbs. per acre. Approximately 70 per cent of this was in the form of free and organic ammonia and 30 per cent nitrates. Approximately two-thirds of the total precipitation was rain and this supplied very nearly 85 per cent of the nitrogen. The observations show that the rain is decidedly and invariably richer than snow in nitrogen compounds. It was observed that the prevalence of bush or forest fires increased the ammonia content of the precipitation to a marked extent. A light rainfall after a period of hot, dry weather was especially rich in nitrogen compounds, Rain during thunderstorms was always found to be rich in nitrogen, but this is attributed more to an increased amount of dust in the air than to nitrates pro- duced by electric discharges. In these studies every precipitation of rain or snow that was sufficient for analysis was chemically examined, it having been observed that results from composite samples representing the rain of a week or a month were not reliable. " The collection of the samples of rain was made on a leaden tray or basin. 616 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. placed about 20 ft. from the ground, which for some distance around is lawn and shrubbery. It is approximately GO by 30 in. The water as it falls is con- ducted from the bottom of the basin by means of a glass tube into a glass jar, from which the sample for analysis is taken at the end of each rainfall." Nitrogen and chlorin in rain and snow, W. K. Knox (CJiem. Neios, 111 (1915), ^A'o. 2880, pp. 61, 62). — In continuation of previous studies by "Wiesner (E. S. 11., 30, p. 815) the author reports determinations of the nitrogen and chlorin content of 3G samples of rain and 7 of snow collected at Mount Vernon, Iowa, from October 4, 1913, to June 12, 1914. The snowfall during the period amounted to 11.5 in., equivalent to 0.95 In. of rain. The rainfall was 17.75 in. It is estimateil from the determinations that the total precipitation during the period named carried down to the soil 3G.85 lbs. of chlorin per acre, 1.54 lbs. of nitrates. 0.01 lb. of nitrite. 3.09 lbs. of free ammonia, 2.79 lbs. of albuminoid aminonia, and 0.13 lb. of suliihate. SOILS—FEKTIUZERS. Soil survey of Goodhue County, Minnesota, W. G. SMixf^ kt al. (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bur. Soils, 1913, pp. 3Jf, fig. 1, map 1). — ^This survey, issued February 3, 1915, deals with an area of 490.880 acres in southeastern Minnesota, consisting of rolling to hilly upland which drains eastward into the Mississippi River. The soils of the area consist mainly of dark brown to black silt loams with relatively small areas of stony gravelly soils, and are grouped naturally into upland, high river terraces, and overflow bottom land. Twenty-five soil types of ten series and two miscellane- ous types are mapped. The Knox silt loam, covering 43 per cent of the area, is the most important and extensive upland t3'pe, the Waukesha silty clay loam is the most extensive river terrace tyi^e, and the Wabash soils are the most important of the botttom land types. It is fetated that an excessive acreage in small grain and too little in clover has materially reduced the producing power of the naturally strong soils of the county and that a I'eorganized cropping practice is necessary. The soils of Pennsylvania, C. F. Shaw {Pennsylvania 8ta. Bui. 132 {191Jf), pp. 209-2^2, fig. 1). — This bulletin summarizes the results of a reconnoissance survey of the soils of Peimsjivania made by the Bureau of Soils of this Depart- ment in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State College. The State is naturally divide!)2.320 acres in southeastern Texas, the topography of which varies from level to rolling. Drainage is said to be generally good. The soils of the area are of residual and alluvial origin and range from a heavy waxy clay through a loam and sandy loam to a loamy sand and fine sand. Five series, comprising eleven types, are mapped. The Houston types cover about two-thirds of the county and of these the black clay is the most extensive. It is stated that, although the agriculture of the county is generally prosi)erous, little attention is given to the adaptation of soils to crops and no system of crop rotation is followed. Better crop adaptations for the different types of soil are suggested. Farm manure is generally used with very beneficial results. " There is a general need for more thorough tillage, deeper plowing, and the conservation of soil moisture." Soil survey of Boone County, West Virginia, W. J. Latimer ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Advance Sheets Field Operations Bxir. Soils, 1913, pp. 26, fig. 1, map 1). — ■ This survey, made in cooperation with the West Virginia Geological Survey, was issued February 10, 1915. It deals with an area of 323,840 acres in southwest- ern West Virginia, the topography of which is rough and broken. Only about 25 Iier cent of the area is cleared. The northeastern part is drained by the Coal River and the remainder mainly by the Little Coal River and its tributaries. The soils of the county are grouped as upland or residual soils, terrace or second bottom soils, and first bottom or overflow land. Eleven soil types, comprising four series, and two miscellaneous types are mapped, of which the Dekalb stony silt loam is the most extensive, covering 85.2 per cent of the county. The prin- cipal crops grown are corn, oats, hay, potatoes, and vegetables. Very little com- mercial fertilizer is used and no general system of crop rotation is practiced in the county. The properties of soil grains and the plasticity of soils, A. Atteeberg {KoUoidehem. Bcihefte, 6 {1914), No. 2-3, pp. 55-89, figs. 3; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 {191^), Xo. 623, I, p. 1120).— The author takes the position that mechanical analysis alone is not adequate for distinguishing the properties of different classes of soils. It is deemed also necessary for this purpose to have knowledge of the physical properties (hygroscopicity, pore space, capillar- ity, water capacity, I'elation to root hairs, flocculation, Brownian movement, etc.) of the different grades of soil particles. Moreover, many soils are rich in ultramicroscopic bodies and the i)roperties of such soils will be determined largely by the nature.and properties of the colloid bodies present. G18 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD. The author proposes and explains a system of classifying such soils by their varying degrees of plasticity. For this purpose the ordinarily accepted classifi- cations of soil particles do not go far enough into the microscopic and ultra- microscopic particles, but he approves of the proposed international classification (E. S. R., 31, p. 417). Ordinarily it is necessary for a rational classification to take account only of particles 2 mm., 0.2 mm., 0.02 mm., and 0.002 mm. and less in diameter. The author's apparatus and methods for mechanical analysis of soils, especially for the separation of the very fine microscopic and ultramicro-zT^ scopic particles, are described. ^ C?»V(«y 0.i)2^m.] Soils containing more than 50 per cent of coarse sand (2 to ^SiHfxo.m..') are con sidered dry sandy soils fit only for forestry. Soils containing more than 50 per cent of fine s:ind (0.2 to 0.02 mm.) or silt (0.02 to 0.002 mm.) may be classwl as loamy clay, normal loam, or loamy sand. Soils containing more than 50 per cent of colloid particles (0.002 mm. or less) are very heavy, highly plastic clay soils. The importance and value of determining the degree of plasticity in the latter class of soils are especially emphasized, and simple methods of determining the limits of (1) fluidity, (2) "rolling out," and (3) sticky plasticity are described. Two natural classes of clay soils based on such determinations are di.stin- guished, (1) highly plastic (sticky) clays containing more than 50 per cent of colloid particles, and (2) less plastic soils containing more than 50 per cent of fine sand or silt. The determination of plasticity of clays is preferred to mechanical analysis because it is very simple and much more rapid. Further study of the colloid substances which determine the plasticity of soils is in progress. The course of denitrifi.cation in soils of different water content, O. Lem- MERMANN aud J. L. WicHEKS {Ceuthl. BaJd. [etc.], 2. AM., 4I {1914), ^0. 18-23, pp. 608-625, fig. 1). — The authors review work of others bearing on the subject and report comparative studies of thi'ee soils of different water-holding capaci- ties with reference to the intensity of the denitrification process. With the same relative water content with reference to the total water capacity entirely different results as regards nitrate reduction were obtained with the three soils. The most nitrates were destroyed in all three soils when the water content corresponded to the total water capacity. The formation of elementary nitrogen decreased with decreasing water content, but was not always the least with the least water content. This is thought to be due to the influence of other bacteriological processes on the denitrification pi-ocess. The chemistry of soils: Evolution of purins, G. Chardet {Rev. G^n. Chim., n {1914), ^^0. 10, pp. 154, 155; ahs. in Chrm. Zcnthl., 1914, II - A'o. 10, p. 655).— In continuation of a previous article (E. S. E„ 31, p. 515) the author briefly discusses certain theoretical considerations involved in the breaking down of nucleo-proteids with simultaneous formation of purin bodies. It is concluded that the purin bases occur in tlie soils either as nucleic acids derived from vegetable alkaloids or formed from the nucleo-proteids of dead micro-organisms. They occur in very small amounts in soils and it is not likely that they exert any considerable influence on plant gi'owth. The effect of deciduous and evergreen trees on the soil and its vegetation, A. Koch {Ccnthl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Aht., 41 {1914), A'o. lS-23, pp. 545-572. /)/.<(. 4). — The author reviews the work of others bearing on the subject, and reports studies of the humu.s of pine and beech forest soils and of the volatile oils and other products of conifers with reference to the germination of seeds, the growth of plants, and the life and activity of yeasts and soil and other bacteria. Buckwheat and cabbage plants and beech and pine seedlings grew much better in the beech humus than in the pine humus. Both kinds of humus were SOILS FERTILIZERS. G19 fonnd to be better stocked with pbint food tban a productive field soil. Tlie pine liumiis reacted weakly acid and liming slightly improved growing con- ditions. Turpentine and carveue wlieu applied to a loam soil retarded the germina- tion of corn, but this effect was apparent only during germination. No efl'ect was observed with these products when used in the presence of tannin. Silver pino-needle oil slightly retarded germination and chlorophyll formation. The addition of ground pine needles to soil, while apparently not affecting germina- tion, retarded the growth of the plant, which effect the author attributes to the favorable influence of the pine needle cellulose on the activity of denitrifying bacteria rather than to poisonous secretions. Formic acid strongly retarded germination. Carvene and turpentine were both temporarily but increasingly toxic to corn plants. The vapors of a number of the volatile conifer products were found to be more or less toxic to Impaticns sultanii, rape, and cresses. The volatile products also retarded the formation and activity of soil fer- ments, were more or less toxic to soil and milk bacteria, and, with one excep- tion, more or less retarded the formation of nitrates from the ammonia of urine. The oxidation of ammonium sulphate in beech humus was marked, while in pine humus it was either small or negative. Comparative studies of the effects of decomposing beech leaves and pine needles on the reduction of sodium nitrate showed them to be about equally active. The volatile products had little retard- ing influence on the reduction of sodium nitrate but markedly retarded the bacterial decomposition of cellulose. It is concluded from these studies that the most of the different coniferous products tested are toxic to higher plants, yeast, and bacteria, and that the humus of pine forests, in contrast to the humus of beech forests, has a generally unfavorable efi'ect on plant growth. A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. Field test with toxic soil constituent: Vanillin, J. J, Skinnek (TJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 164 (1015), pp. 9, pis. 4). — Pot and field experiments on the effect of vanillin, a soil constituent (E. S. R., 30, p. 610), upon plant growth are reported. In pot experiments using a loam soil clover was stunted in growth and its green weight reduced 53 per cent when 100 parts per million of vanillin was present. In pot experiments with wheat using an infertile sand, an infertile sandy loam, and a fertile loam vanillin in concentrations varying from 100 to 500 parts per million was harmful in the two infertile .soils and had no effect in the fertile soil. The negative effect in the fertile soil is attributed to its stronger oxidizing power. In field exiieriments on an acid silty clay loam with cowpcas, string beans, and garden peas the harmful effect of the vanillin when added at the rate of 285 lbs. per acre was noticeable from the beginning and throughout the experiments. Six months after application this soil still contained vanillin, and when used in pot experiments was harmful to wheat, cowpeas, string beans, and garden peas. The number and growth of protozoa in soil, J. M. Siikrman {Ccnibl. Balct. [r/c], 2. AM., 41 ilOlJf), No. 18-23, pp. 625-630; ahs. in Internal. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), '^o. 9, pp. 1165, 1166). — Studies, using the dilution method, on sixteen soils representing various types under vr.rious treatments as to cultivation indicated that the normal fertile soil has a protozoa content approximating 10.00<) per gram. "The flagellates constitute the greater portion of the i)rotozoan fauna of the soil, and not the ciliates nor amoebie. Colpoda eucullus appears to be the most widely distributed ciliate in soil, and may occasionally be found in numbers api)roximatiug 1,000 620 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. per gram. The amoebai do not ordinarily occur in numbers nearly as great as do the flagellates. Certain forms of the soil protozoa are active under normal, and oven subnormal, conditions of moisture. The active protozoan inhabitants of most soils are probably restricted to the flagellates. C. cucuUus is ijrobably active whenever the moisture content is much above normal, but does not appear to be so ordinarily." Methods of soil sterilization for plant beds and greenhouses, A. D. Selby and J. G. Humbert (Ohio Sta. Circ. 151 {1915), pp. 65-7/f, figs. 2).— This circu- lar describes the jierforated pipe and inverted pan methods of steam steriliza- tion and the formalin method of sterilization for plant beds and greenhouse soils, gives cost data for the different methods, and notes reports on practice in sterilizing soils. The estimate of costs of oi>eration by the different methods is $15.40, $12.20, and $21, respectively, to treat a house 3,000 sq. ft. in area. As regards soil sterilization, it is stated that " in general, a sandy soil will require less time to be thoroughly heated to the desired depth than will a silt- loam soil or one of heavier clay. ... A dry soil, and particularly one contain- ing a high percentage of humus, will be very apt to suffer some injury, especially in that portion next to the steam pipes. Light soils, and those rich in humu.s, would better be steam treated with the iian method. ... In practice soil should be wetted to the extent of a little less than good growing conditions when steamed either by pipes or by the pan method ; this condition will generally be found satisfactory in using the formaldehyde drench. . . . Great caution must be observed that a recently steamed soil is not overwatered, thus giving it the water-logged structure which prohibits or greatly retards growth of plants. . . . Beds treated with formaldehye (3 pints to 50 gal. of water or stronger) should be stirred every few days to rid the soil of fumes poisonous to young plants, and such beds should not be seeded or planted for a period of ten days after the drench is applied." The present position of the science of manuring- in Germany, ;M. Hoffmann {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome^, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 8, pp. 976-984)- — It is stated that while "the weightiest problem of the science of manuring, namely, how to find out, rapidly and surely, the manurial requirements of a given iiiece of land before a crop is put into it," has not yet been solved, considerable progress in this direction has been made possible by the work of Konig on the treatment of soil by steam under pressure, by Mitscherlich on the use of solutions of carbon dioxid, and by Gerlach on the use of 2 per cent citric acid as means of determining the available plant food of soil, and by the work of Wagner and Pfeiffer on plant analysis. It is stated that AVagner's conclusion that meadows, the air-dried hay of which contains less than 2 per cent of potash, 0.7 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 1 per cent of lime, need applications of these substances has been repeatedly confirmed, and attempts are being made to establish similar standards for cereals. Gen- erally, however, field and pot experiments are still to be considered the best means of determining the fertilizer requirements of soils and crops. In default of such experiments " soil statics," or keeping account of income and outgo of soil fertility, is recommended as a useful guide in fertilizing. Another guide is furnished by the fact that in normal plants, with the possible exception of Leguminosie, the relative proportions of plant food constituents are approximatelj' nitrogen 100, phosphoric acid 50, potash, 150, and lime SO. "The farmer who reckons out his stock of the principal plant foods per acre for each piece of arable land on the basis of an up-to-date and complete soil analysis, and from this subtracts the quantity of plant foods contained in the forthcoming crop at harvest (allowing about 1 per cent for wastage) on the SOILS FERTILIZERS. 621 above ratio, will be able to measure approximately, before tbe annual crop sowin.ir, the quantities of manui'e which he must still apply to his land. In doing this, however, he must take into consideration the average coetlicients of utilization of the said plant foods and all the other factors which influence the productive capacity of the soil." It is recognized that while these suggestions may be extremely helpful, " there exists at present no method at once rapid and entirely free from objection, of determining the manurial requirements — not the plant food requirements — of a soil, and there is not likely to be one until the biological and colloido-chemical actions taking place in the soil have been more clearly defined." In dealing with questions of fertilizing it is useful to keep in mind the law of minimum as defined by liebig, or the law of physiological relations as defined by Maz6 and Mitscherlich, and here it must also be borne in mind " that cer- tain factors formerljr regarded as being present in excess, for example, carbonic acid, are now suspected of being present only in the minimum quantity." Ac- count must be taken of the variation in assimilating ix:)wer of different plants, as explained in Strakosch's " law of the variation of work done by plants " and in his idea of assimilative effect (E. S. R., 30, p. 332). As shown by Schulze and von Seelhorst, with the roots and stubble or even the whole plant of leguminous crops turned under, the soil can not be depended upon to produce maximum crops. Only about 30 per cent of the nitrogen of green manures has been shown by von Seelhorst (E. S. R., 80, p. 24) to be utilized by a three-course rotation. To get the best results solid and liquid manures should be stored separately. " The liquid manure should be kept from contact with the air in a tank with a lid, and should also be covered with a layer of petroleum or oil." Experiments which have been carried on for TO years on a farm at Wingen- dorf near Freiberg, Saxony, seem to show that complete replacement of farm manures by commercial fertilizers " can not be continued through several decades without fundamentally impairing the yield, except on good soils con- taining plenty of humus, and even then, only when the remains of the roots and stubble are allowed to accumulate for the enrichment of the soil." How- ever, it is shown that the great increase in the systematic and scientific use of fertilizei's in Germany has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in crop yields. In the author's opinion " the quintessence of human art in agriculture lies ... in the correct application of fertilizers to well prepared soil, and in sowing productive varieties." Some facts about commercial fertilizers in New York State, L. L. Van Slyke (New York i^tate Sta. Bid. 392 (1014), PP- 585-625) .—This bulletin (1) calls attention to differences in cost of plant food in commercial fertilizers sold in New York, with suggestions as to the more economical purchase of such plant food, (2) discusses the relation of guarantied to actual composition, and (3) shows that the present state fertilizer law " needs amendment in order to limit more carefully the amounts of deficiencies that are absolutely exempt." It is shown among other things that " the tendency among farmers at the present time appears to be in the direction of purchasing more high-grade mixtures, [but that] in complete fertilizers as well as in other mixtures and unmixed materials, the variation in .celling price is often wholly out of pro- portion to the amount of plant food present. . . . Plant foor/p.s-(c; B. (J. Trubiicr, 191.'h PP- VIII-\-555, figs. 381). — This book, prepared by collaboration of the 15 authors named, is intended to bring together such information, directions, and suggestions as may prove helpful to instructors or students in any one of several branches of natural science. It is divided into sections partly corre- sponding to the usual divisions and the main requirements of such work in the field, laboratory, and museum, but partly groupiug together features of more general ai)plicMtiou and common technique, as in photography. The arrangement, ]u-eparation, care, and use of the hiboratory, specimens, materials, and instruments, covering a wide range of studies, are treated in more or less detail. Lists are given of related scientific and pedagogic litera- ture, and the work concludes with an index. Culture media for use in the plate method of counting soil bacteria, 11. J. Conn (Xew York titntc Sta. Tcvh. Bui. 3S (191',), pp. 5//).— The author describes the use of two culture media, one of which is a soil-extract gelatin and the other an agar medium containing no organic matter except the agar, dextrose, and sodium asparagluate. The soil-extract gelatin is recommended for use when the plate method is employed as a preliminary procedure in a qualitative study of soil bacteria. The chief advantage of the asparaginate agar is said to be that it contains no substance of indefinite composition except the agar itself. This, it is thought, would allow compai'able results to be obtained by its use, even though the work was done in different laboratories by different individuals. Four other media that have been recently discussed were compared with the media mentioned above, but for qualitative work they were all found to be inferior. For quantitative work they are said to be undesirable because they contain substances of indefinite composition. The chemical dynamics of living protoplasm, W. J. V. Ostekhout {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 101,8, p. 17Ji). — The author claims it is possible, by means of electrical measurements, to follow reactions in living jirotoplasm without interference with the progress of the reaction or injury to the proto- plasm. It is also considered possible to determine the order of the reaction and to ascertain whether the reaction is reversible. In many cases it appears that the reaction is reversible up to a certain point, but beyond this it is irreversible. The mechanism of exchange between plants and external media, P. Maze {Coinpl. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 (1914), No. S. pp. 27i-27.J).— Claiming to have shown previously (E. S. II., 31, p. 221) that the elaboration of a given weight of vegetable matter requires the use of a constant volume of nutritive solution of definite composition and concentration (this law dominating the whole economy of the plant and regulating excbanges with its external me- dium), also that roots excrete mineral and organic substances, this fact disa- greeing with the hypothesis of a pi-otoplasmic semipei'meable membrane, the author gives tabulated results of a study on the role of osmosis in this connec- tion as exemplified by maize growing in sun or shade and supplied with a ' nutritive medium including from 2 to 5 per cent of sugar. The conclusion is drawn that the law of osmosis does not operate in any important degree to affect exchanges occurring between roots and nutritive solutions. The plant, it is held, constitutes a system permeable to water . and to substances in solution or in colloidal suspension therein, but its per- 626 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. nioability is essentially regulable not alone in the organs whicti are in relation with the external inediiini, but si ill more within the comj)onent tissues. Evaporation and plant succession in southeastern Washington and adja- cent Idaho, J. E. WjiAVKB {I'lant World, 17 {IHIJ,). Xo. 10. pp. .>l.i-.i'.>J,. flijs. 10). — A preliminary study, as detailed, of the differences of rates of evapora- tion in the various plant formations and associations in this region is con- sidered to show that these differences are sufficient to be important factors in causing succession, at least through the earlier stages, where light values are usually high. The effects of acid and alkaline solutions upon the water relation and the metabolism of plants, A. Dacunowski {Anier. Jour. Hot., t {V,)lJf), So. 8, pp. -'il2--'i3D, //f/.s. Ji). — In extension of i)revious work (E. S. R., 31. p. G25), experi- ments are detailed as carried out to ascertain the possible importance of hydro- lytic reactions in determining the amount of water absorbed and retained by plants during germination and growth, these experiments employing corn and bean seeds and tomato cuttings. The results, which are given at length, are thought to justify the general con- clusion that the variation in the water content of seeds can not be brought about solely through the concentration of acids and alkalis within the cells and tissues, and that the alterations here noted may be explainable on the hypothesis that hydrolytic changes are taking place whereby the water content in the seeds varies more and more as complete hydrolysis is approached. It is suggested that this work may aid in developing further the conception of antagonistic rela- tions among salts, A bibliography is appended. Root habits of desert plants and the reaction of roots to soil temperature, W, A. Cannon {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., Jfl {1915). No. lOJfS, pp. 113. II-',)-— According to the author there are three well-marked types of roots of desert perennials, those which never penetrate the ground deeply, tho.se which pene- trate the ground but have few or no roots near the surface, and those which are intermediate between these extreme forms. The relation of these different types of root systems to the temperature of the soils is discussed. It is thought that differences in temperature response, coupled with differences in soil tem- perature, are the definitive factors which bring about the characteristic dis- tribution in the soil of the roots of the species studied. Electrolytic determination of exosniosis from the roots of anesthetized plants, M. C. Merrill {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., Jfl (1915), No. lO^S. p. 176). — The author subjected growing plants of Pisum sativum to the influence of illuminating gas and ether vapor to determine their effect on exosmosis from the roots. Where the roots were exposed directly to the anesthetics the resulting exos- mosis was more rapid than where the roots were kept in water during the exposure. In the former case the root turgor decreased greatly, while in the latter case the tops were affected but the roots remained normal in appearance even though the exosmosis was abundant, thus indicating a disappearance of mineral nutrients from the tops. With older plants the increased conductivity was less than with younger plants, indicating a greater resistance to the anes- thetics. The germination of belladonna seed, A. F. Sievers (Amcr. Jour. Pharm., 86 (191J,), No. 11, pp. 1,83-505, figs. 10). — ^Detailing studies as carried out, the author states that freezing accelerates germination, that seed size shows no influence (but high specific gravity indicates high germinability). that color has no meaning in this connection, and that sulphuric acid treatment has no great AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 627 value as a means of iucreasiug germiuabilily. Scratcliiug the seed coats with powdered glass or emery, while helpful, does not pi'oduce so good results as does treatment with hydrogen peroxld, which was of material benefit, the effect i-eacliing the maxiniuiu at GO per cent strength of the solution when applied to the seeds for not over IS to 24 hours. Pollen development in the grape with special reference to sterility, M. J. DoRSKY (Minnesota Sta. Bui. UfJi (191Jf), pp. GO, pis. Jf). — A report is given of an investigation conducted to determine the cause of sterility in grapes and whether it can be controlled. As a basis of the investigation studies were made of the variety Brighton, which is said to be typical of a number of sterile or nearly sterile cultivated varieties of grapes. Comparisons are also made with the parent varieties frou) which Brighton was derived, as well as a number of other species and varuMies. The factors bearing ui>on the i)henomenon of sterility were found capable of being divided into two classes, those inherent to the plant and those resulting from an unfavorable environment. In the grape the inherent cause of sterility was found to be due to the pollen rather than the pistil. Cytological studies of the pollen showed that sterile pollen in the grape results from degeneration processes in the generative nucleus or arrested development previous to mitosis in the microspore nucleus. Aborted pollen is found in varying quantities with both sterile and fertile pollen. It occurs in pure forms as well as in hybrids, but is usually moi'e abundant in the latter. Since pollen is produced in abun- dance by the grape, aborted pollen is relatively unimportant from the stand- point of fertilization or the setting of fruit. As a practical deduction from his investigations, the author states that as both fertile and sterile hybrids occur among the cultivated varieties of Amer- ican grapes, hybridity is not necessarily a cause of sterility. It is evident that the cause of sterility in the grape is deep-seated and intimately connected with the functional activity of ix»llen. and can not be overcome by cultural condi- tions, but will have to be avoided by mixing varieties in the vineyard at plant- ing time. A bibliography is given. Injury and abscission in Impatiens sultani, F. E. Lloyd (Ann. Rpt. Quebec Soc. Protec. Plants [etc.], 6 (1913-14), PP- 72-79, figs. 11).— After noting con- tributions by others, the author gives results of his own studies with /. svltani. Injury does not seem to cause abscission. The abscission layer lies just above the base of the internodes, but it is not strictly limited to any particular position, the ixiint of its occurrence being determined physiologically. There is no special abscission tissne, the immediate cause of abscission being, it is claimed, the hydrolysis of the middle lamella, no disintegration of tissues occur- ring in any other sense. Increased turgor is claimed to play no part in this connection. Some relations of plants to distilled water and certain dilute toxic solu- tions, M. C. Merrill (Ahs. in Krienee. n. ser., J,l (1915), No. IO4S, p. 176).— A de- termination was made of the interval during which pea seedlings could be left in redistilled water and in certain toxic solutions and then recover when later placed in a full nutrient solution. Horse beans (Yicia faba) were more marked than pea seedlings in their behavior toward the renewal of distilled v,-ater. those in which the distilled water was renewed showing more than double the growth. Bacterial and fungus action was found to be undoubtedly ;in important factor, and the evidence obtained indicates that there are several factors entei'iug into the so-called harmful action of distilled water. G28 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. A study of vanadium and the action of vanadates in vegetables, . E. C. liAMfREz; {Datos /'.-239). — In this report F. A. Sprogg notes that two strains of winter barley have been developed to withstand Michigan winters satisfactorily. The improvements of wheat, oats, corn, and alfalfa as results of breeding and selec- tion work are also briefly noted. Data are given showing results in fertilizer experiments with wheat and corn, and in rotation experiments. It is stated, however, that the.se experi- ments have not been carried on long enough to justify conclusions. [Experiments with field crops], P. Van Hoek (Vcr.slag. en Meded. Dir. Landb. Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel, No. 3 (lOUf), pp. Jfl-lS-'f). — Results of a variety test of potatoes for starch manufacture and of table potatoes are given, the latter being grown on both clay and sandy soils. The starch content of the former kinds ranged from 15.7 to 16.15 per cent. The data show a considerable increase in yield, especially of marketable size tubers, as a result of seed selections. Results of spraying with Bordeaux mixture showed large increases, especially in the marketable sizes of the sprayed crops. In tests of the use of from 400 to 900 kg. per hectare (356 to SOI lbs. per acre) of nitrate of soda, covering the years 1908-1912. it was found that about 600 kg. gave the most profitable results. Variety tests of sugar beets covering the years 1907-1911 are reported. Studies of the influence of the application of from 200 to 600 kg. per hectare of nitrate of soda on the sugar content of beets for the years 1910-1912 showed a lack of uniformity. The I'esults of variety and manurial tests with mangels and turnips, cereals, beans, peas, flax, and of a test of inoculation of legumes and spraying for weed destruction are given. In several years' experiments with grass lands a top-dre.ssing of kainit and slag meal gave no results the first year. Kainit alone nearly doubled the yield, slag meal alone gave no increase, while 2 parts (1.000 kg. per hectare) kainit and 1 part of slag meal proved better than 1 part kainit and 2 parts of slag meal. An application of sand to grass plats in the dry year 1911 caused an increase in yield in general on various fertilizer plats and improved the quality of the growth. In manurial tests complete commercial fertilizer on grass lands during 1899-1912 gave better results than barnyard manure or loam dressing. Varietal tests 1914 — ground nuts, maize, and rice, F. A. Stockdale (Dept. Agr. Mauritius, Gen. Ser., Bui. 3 (WU) [English Ed.], pp. iO).— This bulletin reports yields and analyses of several varieties of peanuts and maize and yields of several varieties of rice. On the plant food absorption and growth of Agropyrum repens, H. BuKMESTER {Filltliiig's Landw. Ztg., 63 (191^), No. 16, pp. 547-556, fig. 1). — This article describes pot expeiiments designed to determine to what extent A. repens suffers by deep covering of the rhizomes, to what extent it withdraws plant food from soils of varying fertility, and to what extent a crop suffers in its presence on soils of varying fertilily. The following results are given : When the rhizomes of A. repens are covered to a depth of about 12 in. they die. Repeated removals of the leaves of the plant above groimd so weakens it FIELD CROPS, 631 that it will soon die; A. repens withdraws abundantly available plant food in proportion to the fertility of the soil, but without appreciable increase in growth of its top. A crop of good stand (oats) prevented A. repctu from withdrawing appreciable large quantities of plant food from a fertile soil and was little in- jured by its presence, and scarcely any more plant food was removed from the soil by the association than by oats alone. Cultivation and composition of conifrey (Symphytum asperrimum) (C///- /»;■«. 2^; (IDlJf), Xo. .Uf), pp. .JG2-3GG). — This article briclly discusses the culti- vation of this crop, and gives analyses and yields of a Caucasian variety, har- vested at different dates throughout the season. The results of this work, per- / formed at the seed-control station at Wageningen, are given in tabular form. // Corn judging', R. A. Moore (Wisconsin 8ta. Circ. 8 (1913), 2. rev. eel., pp. "* 23. figs. J J). —A revised and enlarged edition (E. S. R., 22, p. 233). Variety work with corn and cotton, C. K. McClelland (Georgia Hfa. Bitl. lis (1915), pp. 2^/9-256, figs. 2). — Data showing the number of 2-eared stalks, number of barren stalks, and the yield and percentage of corn to ear from 14 varieties of corn for 1914 are given and briefly discussed. The yields ranged from 16.1 to 23.9 bu. per acre, and the percentage of corn to ear from 80.5 to 90.9. The highest yielding variety. Velvet Cob, produced ears averaging 88.5 per cent corn. The results of testing 32 varieties show yields of seed cotton per acre ranging from 842 lbs. to 1..295 lbs. and the percentage at first picking from ,33 to 77. The variety Sawyer Improved, producing the highest yield of lint. 442 lbs. per acre, showed 37 per cent lint and 56 per cent at first picking. The variety Perry Im- proved, showing the highest percentage at the first picking, gave a yield of only 278 lbs. of lint per acre. Cowpeas in the cotton belt, W. J. Morse ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Off. 8ec. 8pec. [C'/y-f.], 1915, Feb. 13, pp. 5). — This gives cultural methods and uses. The dasheen, a root crop for the South, R. A. Young (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Doc. 1110 (191Jf), pp. 11, pis. Jf). — A revision and extension of a paper previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 336). Report of experiments with oat varieties at the Stockholm experiment fields for the period 1908—1912, S. Rhodin (Meddel. Ccntralanst. Forsoksr. Jordhruksomnnlet, No. 100 (1914), PP- 16; K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 53 (19U), No. 6, pp. 435-J, 48). —This article gives results obtained with 15 varieties of early, medium, and late maturing oats. Tabulated data include the yield of grain and straw, days to maturity, dry weight, green weight, weight per hectoliter, and percentage of hull. The average yields of grain for the different varieties for the period ranged from 2,835 kg. (2,523 lbs. per acre) to 3.779 kg. per hectare, while the per- centage of hull varied from 25 to 31.6 per cent. The percentage of hull showed no correlation with the grain yield. The best yielding variety showed the highest percentage of hull, thus making It in actual value the most inferior of all the varieties tested. Hom.e-mulched vs. northern seed potatoes for eastern Nebraska, R. A. Emerson (Nebr(i.ika Sta. Bui. 146 (1914), PP- 5-36, fig. 1). — " Exiwriments car- ried on at this station show clearly that it is possible to increase the produc- tiveness of potatoes by proper methods of breeding. But potato breeding can not be carried on successfully unless the same stock of potatoes can be kept indefinitely. This can not be done in southern and eastern Nebraska with ordinary methods of culture. The importance of producing improved strains of potatoes for this region makes it desirable to devise a method of producing strong seed tubers at home. 632 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. " Since rather low and fairly uniform soil temperatures seem to be essential to the production of high-class seeil tubers, the use of a mulch of straw or other coarse material about the plant suggested itself. This method has been under test at the station for eight j'ears, and during that time 22 separate tests have been conducted, all with the Early Ohio variety. In evei'y test a uniform stock of tubers was divided into two lots, one grown by ordinary cultivation and the other one mulched. The seed tubers produced on the two plats were kept under identical conditions over winter. The next spring both were planted in the same way on adjoining plats of as uniform soil as could be had, and both were given the same cultivation throughout the summer. Differences in yield the second year of tbe test are, therefore, attributable to the difrorent methods of culture by which the seed tubers were produced In the first year of the test. Tests wei'e also made of the effect of different num- bers of years of mulching and cultivation. " In ten comparisons of seed tubers grown one year under a mulch with seed tubers of the same stock grown one year by ordinary cultivation, for each 100 lbs. of tubers produced from mulched seed the cultivated .seed produced 02, 68, 70, TO, 7G, 80, 82, 83, 88, and 93 lbs., respectively, or an average of 77 lbs. The other 12 tests compared from two to eight years of mulching with the same number of years of cultivation. The results from all the 22 tests are that for each 100 lbs. of marketable tubers grown from mulched seed the average yields of marketable tubers from cultivated seeds were: Cultivated 1 year (10 tests). 77 lbs.; 2 years (4 tests), 68 lbs.; 3 years (1 test). 74 lb.s. ; 4 years (1 test), 68 lbs.; 5 years (1 test), 66 lbs.; 6 years (2 tests), 61 lbs.; 7 years (2 tests), 49 lbs. ; 8 years (1 test), 54 lbs. " Continued cultivation in southeastern Nebraska results, then, in a pro- nounced though somewhat gradual deterioration of potato stocks. One year of mulching, however, restores the normal vigor of the stock, as is indicated by two tests as follows: Mulched 6 and 7 years, 100 lbs.; mulched fi and 0 years and cultivated 1 year, 82 lbs. ; cultivated 6 and 7 years, 67 lb.s. ; cultivated 5 and 6 years and mulched 1 year, 100 lbs. " Comparisons of home-grown mulched stocks of Early Ohio potatoes with northern-grown stocks of the same variety have been made in five of the eight years. For each 100 lbs. produced on the average by mulched seed tubers, the northern-grown seed tubers yielded an average of 98 lbs. " Northern-grown seed tubers ordinarily retail for about 25 per cent more than home-grown tubers. The estimated cost of producing seed tubers by mulching is $10 to $12 an acre more than the cost of producing them by cultivation, but a mulched seed plat will ordinarily yield about 25 per cent more soeil tubers an acre than will a cultivatetl seed plat. The cost i>er bushel is, therefore, not greatly different for the two methods. The grower can pro- duce high-class seed tubers at home by mulching at a cost somewhat less than he can buy northern-grown seed of equal quality. " It is recommended to mulch a few rows of potatoes along one side of the field to furnish seed for the next year's crop. The mulch should be about 4 hi. deep after settling and may consist of hay. straw, stable litter, or other coarse material free from grain and noxious weed seeds. It is best applied before the plants come up and must be spread by the time the new tubers begin to develop. To insure that the plants are strong enough to push up through the mulch and to produce as large a yield as possible for a given amount of mulching, large seed pieces from 4 to 6 oz. should be planted. The depth of planting should be the same as in the rest of the field, about 4 in." The use of Paris green and Bordeaux on the farm, J. W. Ince (Xorth Da- kota .S7a. Spec. Bill., 3 {1915), No. U,, pp. 239, 2^0).— This article briefly de- FIELD CROPS. G33 scribes these and other spray mixtures, the methods of application, and the effect on the potato crop. The fractional liquefaction of rice starch, F. J. Wartii and D. B. Darabsktt (Mem. Dcpt. A;;): India, Cliciii. So:, 3 {191.',), No. 5, pp. 135-l.'iG, pi. 1. fig. 1).— This paper doscribos a method of fractional liquefaction of rice starch and its application in dilTcront latins seven varieties of rice. The method involves a wet grinding of the grain and fractional liquefaction of the starch in water at different temperatures for definite periods of time and a conversion secured with malt extract. The samples showed decided degrees of liquefactions at the various periods and uniformity for the same variety. Field tests of soy beans, 1914 (Conncclicut State Sta. Bui. 185 {1915), pp. 8-17). — This bulletin briefly discusses the uses of the soy bean as a cat<'h croj). green manure crop, seed crop, silage crop, and for hay for Connecticut farmers, and gives results of tests of ]!>l-4 that were planned and carried out by H. K. Hayes and C. D. Hubbell, showing analytical data and comiwsition in comparison with corn and alfalfa. Data of 19 varieties grown as forage show the total yields to range from 5,389 lbs. to 21.240 lbs., averaging 1G,949 lbs. per acre, and the dry matter to range from 1,247 lbs. to 6,287 lbs. The protein ranged from 2.7 to 7.1 per cent with an average of 4.8, fat from 0.7 to 2.0 with an average of l.G, nitrogen-free extract from 8.8 to 15.5 with an average of 11.7, and fiber from 4.9 to 12.3 with an average of 8.6. The highest yielding variety in grain produced 32.5 bu. per acre. Analyses of the grains show the protein to range from 36.8 to 45.5 per cent, fat from 14.1 to 19 per cent, ash from 5.2 to 8.6 per cent, nitrogen-free extract from 26.2 to 32.9 per cent, and fiber from 4 to 6.5 per cent. The composition and digestible nutrients of soy beans, cotton-seed meal, and linseed meal are compared. Methods of planting soy beans are discussed briefly. The Hollybrook variety is recommended for Connecticut conditions as a crop for soiling, hay, or green manure. Physiological changes in sweet potatoes during storage, H. Hasselbring and L. A. Hawkins (f/. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1915), No. It, pp. 331-3.'f2). — The results of the investigations conducted at Washington, D. C, with Jersey Big Stem and Southern Queen sweet potatoes are summarized as follows : " During its growth the sweet ix>tato root is characterized by a very low sugar content. The reserve materials from the ^ines are almost wholly depos- ited as starch. " Immediately after the roots are harvested there occurs a rapid transforma- tion of starch into cane sugar and reducing sugars. This initial transformation .seems to be due to internal causes and is largely independent of external condi- tions. Even at a temperature of 30° C. (86° F.) both cane sugar and reducing sugars accumulate during this initial period in excess of the quantity used in respiration, while during subsequent periods the quantity of reducing sugar diminishes at that temperature as a result of respiration. These initial changes seem to be associated with the cessation of the flow of materials from the vines. " In sweet potatoes stored at a temperature of 11.7 to 16.7° the moisture con- tent remains fairly constant. There is a gradual disaiipearance of starch dur- ing the lir.st of the season (October to March) and j)i'obably a re-formation of starch accom])anied by a disappearance of cane sugar during the latter part of the season (March to June). The changes in retlucing sugar are le.ss marked than those in cane sugar. The changes in starch and cane sugar appear in a general way to be correlated with the sea.sonal changes in the temperature. 634 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. " In sweet potatoes kept in cold storage (4° C.) there is a rapid disappearance of the starch and an accompanying increase in cane sugar. These changes do not attain a state of equilibrium at that temperature, as the sweet potatoes invariably rot by the action of fungi before the changes have reached their maximum. At both high and low temperatures cane sugar is the chief product formed by llie conversion of starch in the sweet potato. The quantity of invert sugar in the root at any time is comparatively small." A bibliography of cited literature is api^ended. On the spike form of wheat, L. Dctzicl ( Filh ling's Landw. Ztg., 63 {1914), No. 17, pp. 561-572). — This article discusses the different forms of spikes of wheats, the arrangements of the spikelets, and the factors which cause the different forms. Statistical data of different type forms are given and the X 100 application of the formula D = — + 1 in which D represents the thickness, y X the number of spaces between the spikelets on one side of the spike, and y the length of the si)ike axis is explained. Is the present system of grading wheat equitable? E. F. Ladd (North Da- l:otu ^ta. Spec. Bid., .3 {1915), No. 1.',, pp. 233-239) .—Thin article criticizes the present market grades of wheat and presents data, compiled as joint cooperative work of the station and tliis Deijartment, to show that millers, on the basis of their net returns for flour and by-products, could pay more for the lower grades and thus return a large sum to the growers. Boot atlas, B. Schulze {Wurzelatlas. Berlin: P-aul Parey, 1911, vol. 1, pp. 86, pis. 36; 1914, vol. 2, pp. 42, pis. 29). — Volume 1 contains 36 plates from photographs, showing the root systems at different stages of growth of winter and spring rye, winter and spring wheat, oats, and barley, and volume 2 con- tains 29 coi'responding plates for peas, horse beans, white lupine, red clover, and winter rape. Each volume also contains statistics showing the length and weiglits of roots, length and weights of tops, and ratios between I'oots and tops for the individual plants, and a text discussing the work. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 31, p. 733). The longevity of some common seeds, A. Eastham {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 (1914), No. 7, pp. 544-546)- — This paper gives results of gemiination tests of seeds of timothy, red clover, and alsike clover, that had been stored 10 years, aud of oats that had been stored 13 years. For timothy it is noted that " the average germination of the 25 samples 1 year after harvest was 95 per cent; 5 years after, the average was 90 per cent; after that, however, a steady loss of vitality was shown, although at the end of 10 years an average germination of 54 per cent was still shown. It is interesting to note that, contrary to general opinion, the timothy seed retained its vitality somewhat better than either red clover or alsike." For red clover " the average germination of 24 samples 1 year after harvest was 97 per cent, while 10 years after, only 44 per cent was capable of germination." For alsike clover " the average germination of 24 samples 1 year after harvest was 93 per cent, and 10 years after. 45 per cent, or a loss of 48 per cent during that period." For oats "the average of the 180 samples when first tested in 1903 was 95 per cent, while the average of 156 samples (the supply of seed in 24 samples having become exhausted) when 10 years old was still 95 per cent. Further- more, the average germination of .53 samples 13 years old was 91 per cent, an average loss of only 4 per cent during that period, a very slight loss when we remember that in ordinary germination work a variation of 5 per cent is allow- able between tests on identical lots of seed." HORTICULTURE. 635 Report of seed analysis, Bebtha A. IIollisteb (Ann. Rpt. Sec. Bd. Agr. Mivli. 53 (19l.'t), pp. 168-182, figs. 6). — This gives the results of the purity analyses of iijrrioultural seeds under a new law, and the text of the roj^ulation for seed testing. First annual seed laboratory report, 1913—14, W. L. Oswai.ij (Minnesota Sta. Bui. l-'il {1915). pp. 5-20. figs. 6). — This bulletin discusses the Minnesota seed law and its effect upon the seed indtistry of the State, points out the func- tions of the educational, experimental, seed testing, and seed inspection divi- sions of the seeti laboratory, and gives results of seed testing for germination and purity for 1913-14. Results of seed tests for 1914, F. W. Taylor (New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 174 (lOl-'f)' PP- 20, fig. 1). — This gives results of purity and germination tests of 126 samples of seeds examined from September 1, 1913, to September 1, 1914, with brief notes. Wisconsin seed inspection law, A. L. Stone (Wisconsin Hla. Circ. Inform. 4 (1911), 2. cd., pp. 10, fig. 1).—A slightly revised edition (E. S. R., 22, p. 236). The new seed inspection law, A. L. Stone (Wisconsin Sta. Circ. Inform. If (1913), Sup., pp. 3). — A brief discussion of the changes made in 1913 in the above law. HOKTICULTURE. [Report of horticultural investigations], F. Garcia (New Mcrico Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 58-67, 72-74, figs. 3). — This comprises brief statements of the progress made with the various horticultural projects in 1913, and in pai't noted in a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 30, p. 839). Experiments with Yinifera grapes have shown plainly the benefit derived from covering the vines during the winter. Uncovered vines in both irrigated and nonirrigated plats were badly winter injured, the canes being l^illed back to the ground. Data are given for 1913 showing the yields on the various grape plats. A table is also given showing the comparative growth made during the season of 1- and 2-year-old apple grafts planted in 1912. The fertilizer experiments with peach trees were continued, and the results as measured by tree growth during 1912 and 1913 are briefly recorded. In the orchard cover crop experiment plantings of various croi:>s were made on October 15 and December 1, 1913. and on January, February, and March 1, 1914. A diagram is given showing the height of these various plantings when plowed under on May 11. Of the various peas planted on October 15. sweet peas alone passed through the winter unin- jured and the amount of vine growth in May was equal to that of the various pea plantings made on December 1. Some data are given on cultural and variety tests of spinach and cauliflower. Breeding exi)eriments with the Mexican chili were continued. A number of promising strains were secured and are here illustrated. Data are given show- ing the yields of fresh, red, and green chilies, together with the estimated yield per acre of good dried red chilies secured from the various strains in 1913. Fertilizer tests on onion lands, A. G. B. Bouquet (Oregon Sta. Bicn. Crop Pest and Hort. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 7-24, flffs. .'/). — The results are given of cooper- ative fertilizer experiments with onions conducted on a number of farms in the upper Willamette Valley during the seasons 1913 and 1914. The results thus far show in general that expenditures for medium heavy to heavy applications of fertilizer are not always accompanied by resulting crop increase. Each farm is an individual problem and in few cases can a definite rule of fertilization be economically applied to all. The exi3eriments are being continued. 636 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tomatoes, II. 1'. Stlckky [iUoryia ,SI(i. Hiil. ll.i {1'J15), pp. 20'J-2J,S, Jigs. i//).— A revision of Bulletin 90 of the station (E. S. K.. 2(5, pp. 640. 048). His- torical references and variety tables are either condensed or omitted in the present bulletin and the descrii)tion8 of varieties are omitted entirely. Some additional data on tests of early varieties, noted in Bulletin 106 of the station (E. S. li., .'i1, \). 4;}S), together with directions for the control of insect pests and fuii^'iis diseases, have been added to bring the subject matter ui) to date. Tomato growing' in the South, II. C. Thompson iU. *S'. Dcpt. Ayr., Fanners' Bid. (i'/.i (l!)15). pp. l.i, fujs. 0). — A popular tnsitise on toniatcds of caiuiing clubs and those who grow toma- toes for home use. It discusses the starting of tomatoes in hotbeds and cold frames, soils and their preparation, manures and fertilizers, planting, cultiva- tion, pruning and staking, rotation, diseases and their control, varieties, cost of growing, yields, and returns. Greenhouse tomato investigations, A. G. B. BouQUE'r {Oregon Hta. Jiien. Crop Pest and IJort. lipt. lOl.i-lJ/, pp. 25~3Jf, figs. 3). — A i)rogress reix)rt on the station's investigations with tomatoes (E. S. li., 29, p. 145) in which the results obtainefl from crops produced during the years 1912-1914, inclusive, are discussed. The results in general show that tomato varieties differ quite largely in the amount of fruit produced during various stages of the bearing season. In the three years of test Bonny Best, Jewel, Earliana, and Sutton Al in the order named have been the most desirable varieties from the standpoint of early and prolific production. Early yields of tomatoes are greatly influenced by pollination. Both hand pollination and shaking the vines resulted in profitable net increases over plants that were left untouched. The total amount of tomatoes for the season is largely decreased w'here no assistance is given in pollinating the vines. Actual counts were taken of a large number of flower clusters of various varieties, and it was found that nearly 50 per cent of the blossoms remained unfertilized. The prolific bearing habits of varieties appear to be affected by the number of blossoms ordinarily produced on clusters. Data are given showing the variations in this respect of the varieties tested, together with a general summary of variety characteristics. Ringing fruit trees, G. II. Howe {Neiv York State Sti. But. 391 {lOlJf). pp. 575-58.i, pi. 1). — In some previous investigations conducted at the station (E. S. R., 19, p. 37) it was found that ringing herbaceous plants was so deleterious to their growth that it could not be advocated for general practice. The object of the experiments here reported was to determine the extent to which fruit trees can be ringed without permanent injury and to what degree the operation induces and stimulates fruitfulness. Apples, pears, plums, and cherries were used in the work which was started in 1910 and carried on during the three succeeding years. The results as a whole indicate that under certain conditions ringing may induce and possibly increase fruitfulness of apples but it rarely has these favorable effects on other fruits. The practice of ringing stone fruits should never bo followed, the experiments indicating almost 100 per cent loss in the life of the trees. Only young and very vigorous aiiple trees and possibly now and then pear and cherry trees can survive ringing. There are no regular and successive increases in productiveness and ringing had no apparent influence upon the size, color, or maturity of apples. The general effect of ringing on the roots of trees was to increase their size, and number and to lessen their vigor. The results obtained are not favorable to ringing fruit trees as a general practice. HORTICUJ.TURE. 637 Binging an unsafe stimulus to fruit bearing, F. II. Hall {,Veiv York tslalo Sia. Bill. S91, poinilar cd. (UU.'i), pp. Jf). — A popular edition of the above. Spraying- farm orchards by the club plan, R. I). Jay and W. M. Cook (Ohio Stii. Circ. t.'/S {IDl-'/), pp. -}.7-5^). — Tliis ciiciilar de.scribes a cost account- in;^' oxiicriniout conductwl by the station in cooperation with the Greene County Improvcnicnt Association in order to secure data relative to the community s[)rayiMfj: of orchards by one man. An itemized account is j;ivon of the over- head charges connecteil with the work, together with an Itemized statement ears, and peaches, particularly the powdery mildew of the apple (Podospliccra oxycanthw), and some truck crop diseases, one of which, Fusarium wilt, is said to cause considerable damage to tomato crops. The blight of peppers is thought to be influenced by damp weather, as the disease spi'eads much more I'apidly under such conditions than where the season is dry and free from heavy rains. So far no causative organism has been iso- lated. In the studies on chlorosis of the foliage of orchard trees, plugging and spray- ing them with 1 per cent solution of ferrous sulphate were compared. The use of the material as a spi'ay was found to benefit the trees greatly. Notes, observations and minor investigations on plant diseases, H. S. Jackson (Oregon ma. Bien. Crop Pest and Hort. Rpi. lOlS-lJf. pp. 261-283, fi'js. 15). — Notes are given of observations and investigations on a considerable number of diseases of economic plants due to fungi, etc. Fungus diseases of Swedish melons and cucumbers, J. Eriksson (/v. Landthr. Alcad. Ilandl. ocli Tidalcr., 52 (1913), No. J,, pp. 233-253, figs. 9; Mcddel. Centralanst. Fdrsokv. Jordhruksomrddet, No. 76 (1913), pp. 23, figs. 9). — Tho following fungi causing diseases are described and discussed in the paper: Cladosporium cucumerinutn, Cercospora melonis, and CoUctotrichum lagenariiim. A Coiatribution to the study of foot rot of cereals, P. Bertii.\ult (Rev. G6n. Bot., 25 />/-i" (IDJ'f), pp. 2D-3-'i). — Reviewing reports and discussions of studies on this disease of cereals, and reporting on his own examination of diseased wheat stems sent in from several portions of France during lOlo. the author states that while he did not find Leptosphicria hcrpotrichoidcs on these speci- 642 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. mens, Ophiobolus graminis was abundant. Fusarium ruhiginosum, it is claimed, is almost consfjiutly present in this disease. It is thonglit tliat foot rot of cereals may be considered due to tlie attack of such fungi as Ophiobolus and Leptospha-rla on the one Jiand and to various species of Fusarium on the other. Some discussion of the fructification of these fungi is also given. Rust in the interior of graminaceous seeds, J. Bkauvkrie (Rev. G6n. Bot., 25 his (1914), pp. 11-21, figs. 10). — In continuation of work previously refwrted (E. S. R., 30, p. 241), the author states tliat within the seed coats of several wild or cultivated grains he has found the fruiting bodies and the mycelium of rusts. This occurrence is very frequent in certain species, as Puccinia glumarum in barley, and other rusts in Agropgron spp., Br achy podium pinnatum, etc. P. graminis is soniotiuies found in this relation on wheat. Fung'us diseases of cotton, Jj. Smith (Rpt. Agr. E.rpt. Sta. ^t. Croix, 1912-13, pp. 59, 60). — It is stated that while tlie usual attacks of angular leaf spot, round spot, rust, and mildew of cotton are observed to do but little harm here, a much more serious case is that caused by a fungus which attacks young bolls almost to the time of their maturity. The trouble is thought to be due to a Macrosporium, possibly M. nigricantium, which is said to be associated with black rust of cotton in the United States. A disease causing a blistered and torn appearance of young leaves and abor- tion and blackening of young flower buds is thought to be practically identical with tliat described by Cook (E. S. R., 29, p. 47) as causing a physiological dis- order of cotton in the United States, differences in details as to manifestations being ascribed to differences in local conditions. Spraying of peanuts for leaf rust (Agr. News [Barbados], 13 (1914), No. 328, p. 380). — Bordeaux mixture sprayed, on twice (63 and 77 days after plant- ing) under 80 lbs. pressure is considered to have given an increase of 42 per cent in tlie sprayed as compared with the unsprayed plat in the case of the Gambia variety of peanuts affected with Uredo aracliidis. Notes on miscellaneous potato diseases, F. D. Bailey (Oregon Sta. Bien. Crop Pest and Hort. Rpt. 1913-14. pp. 2^5-256, figs. 9). — Notes are given on investigations of various potato diseases in Oregon. Among these are several storage rots, the powdery dry rot due to Fusarium trichothecioides, dry rot due to F. cwruleum, and jelly-end rot caused by F. orthoceras. Notes are also given on silver scurf, early blight, Verticillium wilt, mushroom root rot, and Rhizoc- ionia violacea, with suggestions for their control. Brief accounts are also presented on the curly dwarf and internal browning of tubers due to nonparasitic causes. Potato spraying experiments, F. D. Bailey (Oregon Sta. Bien. Crop Pest and Hort. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 251-2G0, fig. 1). — Accounts are given of spraying experiments for the control of late blight of potatoes, which is said to be occa- sionally a serious menace in the western part of the State. The results of the use of Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead for the con- trol of this disease anti insect pests show in one instance an increased yield of 44.4 per cent where no late blight was present. Experiments for two years in another locality showed that the late blight could be effectively controlletl by Bordeaux mixture. When blight appeared a month before harvest, the yield was increasetl in one case 4G bu. per acre and in another 203 bu. when the plants were sprayed. Leaf roll of potato, VIH, G. KoCK, K. Kornaxjth. and O. Broz (Ztschr.' Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr., 17 (1914), No. 5, pp. 270-300) .—This continues recent reports on the study of potato leaf roll by the committee, as noted by these authors (E. S. R., 30, p. 243) and by Reitmair (E. S. R., 30, p. 48). DISEASES OF PLANTS. 643 It is staled that tliis disease is associated witli species of Fusariuni in soutliern, and of Verticilliuiu in nortlieru, regions. Tlie primary infection takes place from the soil, which, it is thought, may retain the fungus in an active condition for at least live j-ears. Tuhers from shoots not attacked on diseased plants will be sound, while those from infected shoots may be more or less per- meated by the mycelium or may be simply weakened by its presence in the vascular system of the stolon. From an infected seed tuber the mycelium may (though apparently it seldom does) grow into the forming shoots (.secondary infection), or the .seed tuber may give rise to descendants which are simply wealvened as an after-result of the disea.se. Resistance as regards varieties differs greatly, but no coini)letely iunnune varieties are mentioned. Control measures reconunended include su.s])ension of potato culture for at least five years on fields which have shown leaf roll ; careful selection of seed, with particular reference to climate and soil; suitable fertilization of the soil to increase vigor in the crop; and careful elimination of plants showing leaf roll (luring growth. A bibliograi)hy of contributions for 191'i is added. Occurrence of silver scurf of potatoe-s in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, P. J. O'Gara {ScU'itce, n. ser., Jfl {HU'j), Xo. lO'tl, pp. 131, 13:i).—The author calls attention to the occurrence of silver scurf {BpondijlocJadium. alrovirens) on jiotatoes in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah. From the investigation of the source from which the seed tubers were purchased, it is believed, that this disease is widespread among the iutermoimtain States, particularly in Utah and Idaho. An endophytic endodermal fungus in Solanuni tuberosum, E. M. Wilcox, (i. K. K. Link, and Florence A. McCormick (Abs. in Sciowe, n. ser., /fl {1915), No. 10 is, p. 171). — A preliminary account is given of investigations on an endophytic fungus found in .S'. tuherosum. This fungus, it is said, may be found throughout the whole plant, but is confaied to the endodermis. In the usual vegetative propagation of the potato it proceeds from the tuber throughout the shoots to the daughter tubers. The possible relation of this fungus to tuberiza- tion is discussed. [Diseases of sugar cane on the island of St. Croix, 1913], L. Smith (Rpt. Agr. Expt. fita. St. Croix, 1912-13, pp. ^5, Ji6). — Marasniiu.'i sacchari is said to cause considerable damage to sugar cane all over the island. Fructifications have been reported from one plantation. The chief remedies recommended include planting tops from laud known to have been free fi'om the disease for 8 or 10 years, the employment of Bordeaux mixture for soaking the cane tops 20 minutes befoi-e planting, and rotation, preferably with cotton followed by legumes or these with corn. Red rot of the leaf sheath, which does some damage here, has been identified, it is said, with a fungus disease which is common in Java. Effect of dilution upon the infectivity of the virus of the mosaic disease of tobacco, H. A. Allard (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Arjr. Research, 3 (1915), No. Ji, pp. 295-299). — Experiments are reported that were conducted with the idea of determining the effect of dilution ui)on the infective power of the virus of the mosaic disease of tobacco. A quantity of expressed snp from diseased leaves was passed through filter paper and all dilutions accurately determined, and Inoculations immediately made from these to young vigorous tobacco plants growing in a greenhouse. It was found that the virus of the mosaic disease, when diluted to 1 part in 1,000 of water, is quite as effective in producing infection as the original nndi- luted virus. It was observed that adenualion of the virus was indicated when dilutions of 1 part in 10.(X)0 were made. At greater dilutions infection is not considered likelv to occur, The author claims that the evidence iit hand indi- 644 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. cates that there is something present in the virus of mosaic disease which is extraneous to the protoplasmic organization of healthy plants, and, In his opin- ion, parasitism offers by far the simplest and most reasonable explanation of its origin. A fruit spot of tomato, II. 1'kuotti and U. Cristofoletti (Staz. Sper. Agr. JUiL, 7/7 {191/,), Ko. 3, pp. 169-216, pis. 3, figs. 9).— Reporting a study of the fruit rot said to be pec-uliar to a small, pear shaped A-ariety of tomato, tlie author states that this rot is associated with the presence of the fungus Clado-^porUnn herbarum and of a bacterium described as a new species, Pscudomonas poly- ci'omigena, the latter being noni)arasitic and apparently dependent upon the diminution of acidity in the fruit by its associated fungus. Frequently the same spots show also the presence of another fungus, consid- ered also as parasitic and described as a new variety, Oosporn (Oidium) lactis solani. It is thought that C. herhanun is hindered by the presence of the other organisms, also that since not over 5 to 10 per cent of the fruits are attacked by C. herharum, the development of a more resistant variety need not be very difficult. Fruit pit studies in the Willamette Valley, C. I. Lewis {Oregon Sta. Bien. Crop Pest and Ilort. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 35-37, fig. 1). — The author reports three years' work conducted on a study of the fruit pit in the Willamette Valley, the disease being locally known under a number of names. It is believed that the trouble may be due to some physiological disturbance, no definite cause having been determined for it. The general appearance of fruit affected by this trouble is indicated by spots, which may be only on the surface, and finally cause a depression in the skin, or the pits may not show on the outside, but be scattered throughout the flesh. Occasionally the trouble takes the form of a dry rot around the core. The effect of various fertilizers on controlling this disease was Investigated without conclusive results. The author comments on the effect of cold storage in retarding the disease. Apple rust and die-back, Jl. M. Nicholls {Agr. Oaz. Tasmania, 22 {1914), No. 9, pp. 351-360, figs. 6). — It is claimed that apple rust, cracking, die-back, and leaf spot, besides possibly other disorders of more or less obscure character, are due to the presence and activity of the fungus Coniothecium chomatospo- rium in some of its several stages or forms, which are briefly discussed. It is stated that the activity of this fungus is favored by exposure to strong light, also by use of Bordeaux mixture, and that it is carried over winter largely on dead leaves, and spread probably by omitting to disinfect pruning tools between trees. Poor drainage also, it seems, may sometimes play a part, as may any condition tending to check normal growth of the trees. No fungicidal preparations yet tested have proved entirely successful and safe. Cedar rust on the apple, W. M. Scott {Rpt. Md. State Uort. Soc, 15 {1912), pp. 91-105). — This is a report with discussion on recent experience with apple rust, ascribed mainly to Gymnosporangium macropus, though it is thought to be producible also by G. globosum and G. clavipes. Destruction of all cedars in the locality is the remedy most favored. When this is not practicable the use of such a fungicide as lime sulphur is found help- ful. This is to be applied just before the blossoms open, again as soon as the petals fall, and twice later at intervals of about 10 days. There is also a dis- cussion of resistant apple varieties. Bacterial gummosis or bacterial canker of cherries, H. P. Barss {Oregon Sta. Bien. Crop Pest and Hori. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 224-2J,0. figs. 7).— A progress report is given of an investigation previously noted (E. S. R.. 29. p. 154). DISEASES OF PLANTS. 645 The bacteria causing the disease have beeu isolated and artificial inoculatious made which indicate that they are the cause of the trouble in question. Some varieties were found to be naturally immune, and the planting of such is ad- vised. There appear to be two slightly difl'erent kinds of bacteria concerned in this trouble, and in addition to blighted buds and spurs, cankers are formed on the branches, limbs, and trunks of trees. The method of dissemination of the trouble is unknown, but indications point to the possibility of sucking in.sects being among the carriers of the bacteria. The most serious infection is believed to take place in the autumn, the new infection developing slowly at first, and late in winter and early in spring becoming of very rapid growth. Wound parasites and wood rotting fungi fre- quently enter at the cankered spots and extend the injury originally caused by the bacteria. A similar canker disease has beeu found on prunes, peaches, and apricots, and pathogenic bacteria apparently identical with the organisms found on cherry trees were isolated. Suggestions are given for the control of the disease, which include the plant- ing of resistant stocks to be later grafted to commercial varieties, and cutting out of all diseased material. Experimental spraying' of prunes for control of brown rot, F. D. Bailey (Oregon 81a. Bicn. Crop Pest and Hort. Rpt. 1913-lJf, pp. 2Jfl-2.'fJ,).— The results of spraying experiments carried on in 1913 and 1914 for the control of the brown rot of stone fruits are given. In 1913 four spray mixtures were tested, Bordeaux mixture. Burgundy mix- ture, self-boiled lime sulphur, and commercial lime sulphur. Two applications were given of all except the Burgundy mixture. The results seemed to indicate that for the earlier attack Bordeaux mixture gave the best results, while the second record showed a greater loss than with the check in all cases except where self-boiled lime sulphur was employed. In 1914 the work was repeated, and comparing the results obtained both sea- sons it is considered probable that Bordeaux mixture will be found as satis- factory as any spray for the control of this disease. The best time of appli- cation of the fungicides was found to vary with conditions that are not clearly understood. A Pacific Coast rust attacking pear, quince, etc., H. S. Jackson (Oregon Sta. Bien. Crop Pest and Hort. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 204-212, figs. 3). — This is a detailed account of the attack of Oymnosporangiuni hJasdaleanum on quinces, pears, etc., a preliminary notice of which has already been given (E. S. R., 32, p. 51). A bibliography is given. Varietal resistance of the gooseberry against mildew and the effects of sulphur treatment therefor, G. Kock (Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr., 17 (1914), ^0. 6-7, pp. 634-637).— Ot about 100 varieties of gooseberry tested, about 16 proved to be susceptible to American gooseberiy mildew, while 56 proved to be susceptible to injury from treatment with powdered sulphur for the pre- vention of the disease. Fungus diseases of coffee in Porto Rico, G. L. Fawcett (Porto Rico Sta. Bui. 17 (1915), pp. 29, pis. 8). — A discussion is given of the commoner and more destructive diseases of coffee in Porto Rico, among which are the leaf rot or thread blight due to Pelliculana koleroga, the leaf spot caused by Stilbella flavida, root diseases due to RoseUinia sp. and Dematophora sp., and berry spot caused by Cereospora coffeicola. These diseases are described at considerable length and the results of investigations for their control are given. 646 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In addition to the above, notes are given ou leaf spot due to Cephalosporium sp., a root and trunk disease associated with the presence of Fusarium sp.. and the attaclc of nematodes {llcterodera radicicola). For the leaf rot no satisfactory method of control has been found, although spraying with I'.ordenux mixture will lessen the disease to a considerable extent. For the leaf spot Bordeaux mixture is usually found quite effective if thoroughly applied. For the control of the spot on berries the author recommends pro- viding adequate shade, as this not only renders the action of the fungus less harmful, but also impi-ove the quality of the coffee. For the root diseases ditch- ing about the trees, together with the use of unslaked lime, sulphur, or other substances about them is recommended. Black root disease of limes (Agr. News [Barhados], 13 {191Jf), No. 327, pp. SG-'i, 365). — This is the mycologist's report, continuing observations of South (E. S. R., 26, p. 245; 28, p. 149), on Rosrllinia hunode?. altacking lime trees in Dominica. This important disease is said to be different from one somewhat similar on cacao. It appears only on estates with fairly recent forest clearings, ajiparently preferi'ing trees growing under very good conditions. New roots which often appear above the wound on the collar may remain healthy for a time and lead to partial recovery of the tree. The fungus remains active on roots and branches in the soil, attacking new roots and following these to the collar, and extending up the tree if dampness and shade are abundant. Spores of two forms occur on the above-ground portions (the later form being the more resistant), but it is thought that infection usually occurs by contact of live portions with dead roots bearing the fungns. The wet weather of the year is thought to account in part only for the serious- ness of the situation, the natural spread of the roots playing an important part. Remedial measures suggested include the use of carbon bisulphid emulsion as adA'ocated by Bordnz (B. S. R., 31, p. 549), isolation by means of trenches, ventilation, destruction by fire of all affected wood, and budding on sour orange, which is said to be immune to this fungus. Black knot of birch, G. Massee {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform. No. 9 (1914), pp. 322, 323, fig. 1). — It is stated that Plmcrightia virgultorum is the cause of a disease found on birch trees in parts of Scotland. England, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, and Germany. The disease is described, in its several stages. Removal of infected branches is the only remedy suggested. The relationship of Endothia parasitica and related species to the tannin content of the host plants, M. T. Cook and G. W. Wilson {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., Jjl {1915), No. lO.'/S, pp. 171, 172). — Two strains of E. parasitica (one American and the other Chinese), E. radicalis, and E. radicalis niississippirnsis were grown in culture media to ^^■hich different percentages of commercial tannin and special extracts were added. The results of the experiments indicate that the commercial tannins are variable and probably not pure tannin ; that ordinary commercial tannin and pure tannin extracts are not the same; and that the form or quantity of tannin or tannin-like substances with which the fungus comes in contact in the host plant is not known. The food supply influences the vigor of the fungns and its power of resistance. High percentages of tannin usually cause a retardation of germination, frequently followed by an abnormal growth of aei'ial mycelium. E. radicalis mississippiensis was found most resistant, E. parasitica second, and E. radicalis third, and the American strain of E. parasitua was more resistant than the Chinese strain. DISEASES OF PLANTS, 647 E. parasiiica may feed to some extent on tannin. Specially prepared pure tannin extracts were less toxic to tlie funf,'us than the commercial tannin. Color- ing materials which are usually estimated as tannins were toxic. Tannic acid is toxic to many parasitic funsi, but there are other compounds associated with it that are more toxic and may be more iniyiorlant in the economy of the host plant. A new filbert disease in Oregon, II. P. Barss (Oregon Sta. Bien. Crop Pest and Hart. Rpt. J913-1J,. pp. 21S-223, figs. 9). — A description is given of a serious filbert disea.se, which is said to be prevalent in western Oregon, that is charac- terized by the blighting of the buds and new shoots, spotting of the leave's, girdling and brealving down of smaller brandies, and the formation of cankers on the larger branches and trunks. Bacteria have been associated with this disease, but while they are believed to cause it inoculation experiments have not completely demonstrated the relation that they bear to the trouble. Cer- tain varieties of filberts were found more resistant to the disease than others, and for prevention and control the author recommends the growing of filberts in tree form, selecting resistant varieties, and spraying throughout the spring to reduce the number of infections. Beport on cultures with foliaceous species of Periderniiuni on pine made in 1914, G. G. Hedgcock and W. II. Long (Ahs. in Science, n. .scr., Jfl (1915), No. lOJfS, p. 111). — A summary is given of experiments with P. acicohim, P. carneiiin, P. clclicaliihim, P. inconspicuiim, P. intermedium, and P. montaniim, all taken from species of pine. A total of 712 inoculations were made with these species, and with the species of Coleosporium with which they were asso- ciated as alternate forms. The results of the experiments indicate that at least four of these species and the related species of Coleosporium lielong to a single polymorphic species, and that the transfer from one herbaceous host to another is accomplished through the fecial forms in the pines. Injury by disinfectants to seeds and roots in sandy soils, C. Hartley ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 169 (1915), pp. 35, pi. 1. figs. 2). — ^The results of several seasons' investigations on the control of damping-off of pine seedlings are given, a pre- liminary report of which has already been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 647). The author found that sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids, and copper sulphate used in disinfection of seed-bed soil caused injury to the roots of pine seedlings and prevented the development of many species of weeds. Many of the injured seedlings later resumed root growth and recovered. The injury is considered due to the concentration of the disinfectant in the surface soil, due to the capillary rise of the soil solution and the evaporation of water from the soil surface. It was found in a sandy soil that all injury could be prevented by frequent watering during a germinating period. It could also be prevented by an addi- tion of lime shortly after treating the soil with disinfectant. The use of lime, while undesirable in the case of growing pine seedlings, is believed to be the only way in which injury to angiospermous .seedlings can be prevented. Acids also, it was found, could be applied to seed beds at the time of sowing without injury to dormant pine seed. Formaldehyde and corrosive sublimate solution in sufficient strength for disinfection should be used several days before sowing the seed, as they are liable to kill dormant pine seed in the soil. Formaldehyde applied at or before seed sowing was never found to cause the injury to germi- nating pine seed that was caused by acids and salts, 648 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Extermination of ground squirrels, gophers, and prairie dogs in North Dakota, W. B. Bell and .S. E. I'ipkr (Xorth Dakota Hta. Circ. 4 (1915), pp. 11, figs. 6). — It is estimated that the annual loss to farmers in North Dakota from the depredations of six species of rodents amounts to more than a million dolhirs, and in dry years this loss is probably more than doubled. The Richard- son ground squirrel or flickertail, commonly called "gopher" in the State, is the most conspicuous offender. In January, 1914, an investigation was started by the station in cooperation with the Biological Survey of this Department, the field work commencing early in April and continuing into September. It was found that the Richard- son ground squirrel, like the California ground squirrel, is killed more readily by strychnin absorbed through the cheek ix)uches from properly prepared strychnin-coated grain than through the stomach, only one-fifth as much poison being required to kill when thus taken directly into the circulation. The authors give directions for the preparation of a formula which has given excellent re- sults in exterminating the Richardson ground squirrel, and state that it is equally as effective in destroying the Franklin or gray ground squirrel and the striped or thir teen-lined ground squirrel. In tests made the average cost of treating 1,528 burrows in 135 acres, including poison, grain, and labor, was slightly over 2i cts. per acre. Methods of destroying prairie dogs and pocket gophers are also briefly de- scribed. Preliminary census of birds of the United States, W. W. Cooke (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 187 (1915), pp. 11, fig. J).— This is a reix)rt of work carried on during the summer of 1914 for the purpose of ascertaining approximately the number and relative abundance of the different species of birds occurring in this country. Such information has been found necessary in administering the federal law relating to the protection of migratory game and insectivorous birds as a basis for determining the adequacy of the protection now afforded them. Nearly 200 reports were received from observers, mainly from the section of the United States north of North Carolina and east of Kan.sas. " The census covered 58 of the 108 acres of the average farm of the North- eastern States and revealed on this area a bird population of 69 nesting pairs, and on the remaining 50 acres it is estimated that there would be about one pair to the acre ; in all, 114 nesting pairs to the 108 acres of farmed land. On the 46 acres of wild land existing for each 108 acres of farmed land it is safe to assume that there would be fewer birds than on the census-covered area. " The results of the census show that the numbers of birds are too few. and it is believed that with adequate protection and encouragement they can be materially increased. The record for density comes from Chevy Chase. Md., where 161 pairs of 34 species were found nesting on 23 acres. " This preliminary census shows that the most abundant bird on farms of the Northeastern States is the robin; that the next is the English sparrow; and that following these are the catbird, the brown thrasher, the house wren, the kingbird, and the bluebii'd in the order named." Some common birds useful to the farmer, F. E. L. Beal (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 680 (1915), pp. 27, figs. 28). — Brief popular accounts of the more important birds of the farm, particularly as relates to their food habits. Food of the robins and bluebirds of the United States. F. E. L. Beal ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 171 (1915), pp. 31, figs. 2). — This bulletin presents in detail the results of investigations of the food of five species of American robins and blue- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 649 birds. The species of iusects ami otber auiiual aud vegetable substances takeu from the stoinacbs of a large nuniber of individuals have lieen identified and are listed for each of these species. Summariziui; the. results of studies of the common robin {PUtncHiicu^ iniyra- lorius and subspecies), the author concludes that while in all probability it is to-day doing much more good than harm it must be acknowledged, that the bird is potentially harmful since its diet contains a large percentage of fruit, in- cluding many varieties. Investigations of the varied thrush, or Oregon robin (fj'oreus tKevius and subspecies) indicate that it is not likely to do much mis- chief by eating useful insects since a good proportion of its animal food consists of such as are of no economic significance. Since this bird does not at present spend the breeding season in a well settleil and cultivated country farm prod- ucts are not fed tipon. The eastern bluebird {Hlalia sialis and subspecies) does not prey upon any product of husbandry or in any way render itself in jurious or annoying. During the spring and early summer when small fruits are at their best It subsists on insects to the extent of five-sixths of its food, and during the late fall and early spriug when insects are scarce only waste fruit is available. The western bluebird (&'. mexieana subspecies) is found to he an eminently useful species. The mountain bluebird (S. currucoides) has probably not yet come in contact with the products of husbandry extensively enough to demonstrate its real propensities, but the nature of its food does not iudicate tliat there is much to be feared from it. Quassiin as a contact insecticide, W. B. Paekee {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bill. 165 (1914), PP- 8, fig. 1). — Quassia wood (Picrasma excelsa), a native of Jamaica that is available in considerable quantities, has for many years been employed In the preperatiou of spray solutions for the control of the hop aphis (Phorodoti Jiumuli). The percentage present of quassiin, the active principal in the chips, varies somewhat and does not appear to be definitely known. If the percentage be 0.75, as given by one author, in order to use it at an effective rate of 0.4 gm. to 2,000 cc, only 1.5 lbs. of chips to 100 gal. of spray would be required. The author states that if twice the amount of chips calculated to be necessary were used, in order to be on the safe side, and 3 lbs. of whale-oil soap added, the cost of material for 100 gal. of the spray would amount to but 24 cts. In an attempt to determine its iusecticidal value the author compared the ac-tion of quassin with that of a standard contact insecticide, namely, nicotin sulphate solution, standardized to 40 per cent, and used at the rate of 1 : 2.000. Since whale-oil soap even at the greatest dilution at which it has any spread- ing effect was found to kill a certain percentage of aphidids, a soap bark' solu- tion was used at the rate of 2 lbs. to 100 gal. of water. In conducting the ex- periments prune twigs infested by the hop aphis (P. humuli) and the prune aphis ( Ryalopterus pruni) were brought from the field and after being sprayed with the solutions were set in moist sand. The results presented in tabular form show that " quassiin used at the rate of 0.4 gm. to 2,000 cc, or 6.5 oz. of 40 per cent solution to 100 gal., was almost as efi'ective against the hop aphis and the prune aphis as nicotin suli)hate, 0.4 gm. to 2,000 cc. The difference is approximately 3 per cent, while quassiin, 0.4 gm. to 1,000 cc, is fully as ef- fective." The author is of tlie opinion that quassiin has possibilities as a commercial insecticide and that it can be cheaply prepared and profitably sold at a lower price than some of the materials that are now on the market. It is pointed out, however, that the exi»eriments were conducted under conditions existing at Sacramento, Cal., and that the etficacy of this insecticide should be determined alsa for a more humid climate before a commercial recommeudatiou is made, 650 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Para-dichlorobenzene as an insect fumigant, A. B. Duckett (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 167 {liur,}, pp. 7, pis. 2). — Pani-tliclilorobenzene is a colorless, crys- talline substance that volatilizes very readily as a colorless vapor with a lieculiar ether-like odor, aud which has been known for many years but only recently used as an insecticide. The vaiK>r is harmless to man and domestic animals under ordinary conditions, but in many instances it is a specific poison for insects. The greatest advantages which it possesses ai'e absolute uoninflam- mabillty and its comparatively low cost, and the disappearance of the ether- like smell upon exposui'e of the fumigated substances to the open air. It is stated that it can be us«l in closed or occasionally opened cupboards and even in sitting rooms without causing any inconvenience whatsoever. Fumigation exi>erinients with stored product insects conducted during the spring of VJ14. here reported in tabular form, show it to have destroyed all of ten species of beetles exposed when used at the rate of 2 lbs. to 100 cu. ft. of .space at a warm temi>erature but only 70 per cent were killed when exposed at a low tem- perature. Flies and aphidids were destroyed when it was used at the rate of S oz. to 100 cu. ft. of space. The author concludes from the observations and experiments that ]iara- dichlorobenzene is an excellent fumigant against stored product insects, case- bearing clothes moths, roaches aud ants, museum pests, and miscellaneous house insects. It is also an effective substitute for potasium cyauid in collecting bottles. An account of the chemical and physical properties of this chemical, pre- pared by the Insecticide aud Fungicide Laboratory, is appended. A method of fumig'ating' seed, E. R. Sasscer and L. A. Hawkins ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 186 (1915), pp. 6, figs. 2).— The need of a reliable method for destroying insects present in seeds imported into this country, without injury to the seed, led the authors to conduct experiments with a vacuum chamber into which some gaseous insecticide could be introduced. The construction of the apparatus devised, which consists of a fumigation chamber of iron tubing 36 in. long by 12 in. in diameter and an air pump, is described. The air pump, driven by a motor aud capable of reducing the air pressure to the equivalent of about 0.05 nun. of mercury, is used to secure an almost complete vacuum of the fumigation chamber, which is fitted with a vacuum gauge, etc. The results of the experiment in M'hich hydrocyanic acid gas was intro- duced into an air-tight chamber from which the air had been practically ex- hausted, here presented in tabular form, show the method to be effective for various seeds, insects, and conditions. In an experiment with ten avocado seeds infested with larvne of Conotrachelus sp. and the broad nosed grain weevil in all stages, an exposure of gas genei'ated from 4 gm. of sodium cyanid for one-fourth hour was effective, fifty insects of different stages having been killed aud all the seeds having germinated. Two gm. of sodium cyanid were effective when the exposure was increased to one-half hour. It is stated that further experiments with special reference to the use of carbon bisulphid will be conducted. Report of the entomologist, R. H. Pettit {Michigan St a. Rpt. 1914. PP- 232, 233). — A brief statement of the work of the year including the occurrence of several insect pests of considerable economic importance. The carrot rust fly (Psihi ros(r) appears to have become established at Sault Sainte Marie where it injured a small area of table carrots in 1913. It is pointed out that in addition to carrots it attacks celery, parsnips, and perhaps other vegetables, and that in Europe it has proved to be a difficult pest to con- trol. The clover snout beetle {Sitoncs hispidulus) is reported to have been ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 651 the source of cou.siderable injury to alfalfa, and two species of apple red bugs were found in considerable numbers. The occurrence of a snout beetle (Ana- metris grisrii) on a[tple for the first tiuje in Michigan, a tree hopper (Ceresa) in young apple orchai'ds where it killed the twigs, and the clover seed cater- pillar (Enarmonki intcrstinctaiw) which injured June clover heads in a re- stricted area after a rest of some 20 years, is reported. Report of the department of eiitomolog-y {Oregon Sta. Bicn. Crop Pest and Uort. Rpt. J913-IJf, pp. 95-202, figs. 98). — This second report, prepared under the Crop Pest and Horticultural Law of 1911 (E. S. R., 29, p. 158) contains a statement of the investigations carried on during the years 1913 and 1914, ;ind summarized accounts of important insect pests, including the nature of their injury, life history and habits so far as known, technical description, methods of control, and references to the literature thereon. The insects thus discussed are the fruit tree leaf Syneta (Syneta albida) i'ud the eye-spotted bud moth by H. F. Wilson and G. F. Moznette; the fruit tree leaf roller {Archips argyrospila), the peach twig moth (or peach and prune twig borer), an apple leaf miner iPhyUonoryctcr (Lithocollctcs) cratcegclla), a new cherry pest {Siniplcmphytus pacificiis), injurious gall mites [the pear- leaf blister mite, the grape leaf mite (Eriophyes vitis), the walnut leaf mite {fj. tri.stratus crinea), and the filbert bud mite (E. avellena-)], insect pests of stored products [the Indian meal moth and the saw-toothed grain beetle [Silvatius surinamensis)], the thistle butterfly (Vanessa cardui), grasshoppers in Oregon, insecticide investigations of 1911, and minor insect pests [the Prionus beetle (Pnonus calif ornicus) , the bud weevils {ticiopithes ohscurus, Paraptochiis scUatus, and Thricolepis inornata), the bud click beetle {Limoniiis discoideus), the blossom fly (Bibio nervosiis), a peculiar undetermined apple insect which mines under the skin, the black cherry aphis (Aphis ccrasi) on nursery stock, two •ipple and pear membracids (StictocepJiala incniiis and Cerasa basalts), and the spotted Diabrotica (D. soror) as a fruit pestj, by H. F. Wilson; the variegated cutworm, ami the olive green cutworm (Dargida procinctus), the rose curculio (Rhyncliites bicolor), injuring blackberry buds, the radish weevil — a new pest (Cleonus sparsus), clover seed injured by midge (Dasyneura leguminicola) , nematode gall worms or eelworms (Heterodera radicicola), tiiiulid work in pruue wood (Ctcnopfiora angustipennis), and tomato worms, by A. L. Lovett; the antique or rusty tussock moth (\otoIopIius antiqua), by L. G. Gentner; the brown lace-wing (Hemorobius pacificus), by G. F. Moznette; the alfalfa looper (I'lusia califoruica) as a truck crop pest, by L. Childs; and the rose leaf hopper as a fruit pest (Empoa rosw), by H. F. Wilson and L. Childs. The fruit tree leaf Syneta, which has never been recorded outside the Pacific Northwest, is the source of considerable injui-y to fruit trees, including the apple, pear, cherry, prune, etc., through the feeding of the larvfe upon the fibrous roots and the adults upon the flowers, foliage, and fruits. It is stated that cultural methods are not at the present time of any avail and that spray- ing thus far has not been found profitable in its control. Spraying experiments conducted against the bud moth led to the conclusion that oil sprays as ordi- narily used are not effective. The fi'uit tree leaf roller is said to be found quite generally throughout the Willamette Valley. Investigations have led to the recommendation that a 10 per cent crude oil emulsion be applied about the time the buds are opening, or earlier if the eggs are found to be hatching earlier. Should the oil fail to kill the eggs, an application of arsenate of lead 2: 50 should be made just before the blossoms open. The apple leaf miner is said to be quite common throughout the orchards of western Oregon, though not serious enough at the present time to warrant special applications of spray. 652 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. A new sawfly (W. paciflcus), first observed iu the winter of 1913, is reported to be ttie source of some damage to cherry trees. The larvse of the radish weevil (C. sparsus) tunnel about inside the radish, devomnng the whole interior of a small plant, and rendering it unfit for food. Tipulid larvje (C. angwiti- prnnis) were observed tunneling in the decayed wood of prune trees in an orchard near Corvallis, and the injury, while secondary in nature, is said to he fairly serious since it shortens the life of tlie infested trees. Tomato insects, root knot, and "-white mold," J. R. Watson (Florida Sla. Bill. 125 (1914), pp. 55-78, figs. 1/f). — A brief popular account is given of the more Important insect enemies of tomatoes in Florida and of root knot and white mold and means for their control. Three cornered alfalfa hopper. V. L. Wildermuth (U. .S'. Depf. Agr., Jour. Agr. Rvsmrch, S {J915), No. J,, pp. 3Jf3-362, flg. i).— This membracid {Stictoce- phaia fesiinu), first described in 1831 by Say, has become of economic impor- tance to alfalfa crops in the irrigated valleys of the .southwestern United States and to alfalfa and cowi>eas in the Southern States. Injury is due to the sucking of plant juices by both adults and the larvse and the development of a feeding scar which often takes the form of a ring or girdle and which is usually accompanied by a gall formation. In this paper the author deals with its specific identity, distribution, and food plants; presents descriptions of its several stages; and reports studies of its life history and habits, seasonal history, damage to alfalfa and other plants, natural enemies, and preventive measures. " Plants of the legume family constitute the favorite food. The eggs are de- posited in the stems of the food plants, usually back of the sheath leaves or below the surface of the ground. In cowpeas the eggs are deposited in pockets on the stems. The egg period in Arizona occupies from 12 to 41 days and the five stages of the nymphal period from 22 to 69 days. The average combined length for both periods is about 50 days. In southern Arizona there are four generations annually and during extremely mild winters the adult insects are active thi'oughout the season. During colder winter the .species hibernates in both the egg and adult stages. " The alfalfa hopper is little affected by natural enemies and is only reduced in numbers by the variable winter temperatures. The Sonoran redwing [Agelaius phceniceus margineJIa] was found to feed upon the species. The cleaning up of places of hibernation and the eradication of weeds, rubbish, etc., is the only known system that will reduce the numbers of the pest." A bibliography of 11 titles is included. Control of green pea aphis in 1914 (Macrosiphum pisi), L. B. Smith (Vir- ginia Truck. 8ta. Bui. 13 (191.',), pp. 301-312. fig. 7).— This is a report of exi^ri- ments with control measures for one of the most troublesome and destructive insects with which truck growers in tidewater Virginia have had to contend. The results of spraying experiments lead the author to recommend the use of either of the following formulas: Blackleaf 40 10 oz., whale-oil soap 4 lbs., and water 50 gal. ; or whale-oil soap 5 lbs. and water 50 gal. The spray should he applied within one or two days after the aphidids are found on the pea vines and two or three sprayings may be necessary especially if the aphidids are very numerous. The second spraying should come about one week after the first. The growing of clover, especially crimson clover, in the vicinity of the pea field should be avoided if possible since this species passes approximately eight months of the year on clover. The life history and habits of the corn earworm (Chloridea obsoleta), H. Garman and H. H. Jewett (Kcuturki/ Sta. Bui. 187 (19^), pp. 513-591, p/v. 13, figs. 3). — Observations of the boUworm or com earworm in Kentucky were ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 653 commenced by the senior author in 1S89 in which year it was very common and has since remained so. It is not as common in some seasons as it is in others; it may be difficult to find in a locality one summer and appear in very great numbers in anothei*. In 1803 it was observed working on tobacco and has since been found constantly present where tobacco is grown next to corn. The authors' observations indicate that tomatoes are not the favorite food, but that the worms feed upon them when corn becomes too ripe or none is to be found. In 1907 plantings of several widely dilTerent varieties of corn, including Held and table varieties, were made with the view of determining its prefer- ence, if any, and the time at which corn is most subject to injury. The results which are presented in tabular form show an increase in the injury with the advance of the season, the early plantings, without rogai'd to variety, generally showing less injury than those planted later. " Sirup baits constantly used with a view to showing when the moths were abroad in the field failed to attract a single one. Electric lanterns of excellent quality also failed to attract the moths though kept in some cases in the midst of corn. Larvje of the second brood were secured in August, and on the twelfth to the nineteenth of the month left the corn for pupation. Adults from these pupa? emerged in early September (August 2S to September 9) in con- fined examples, and on the eleventh eggs were found attached to the silks. Larvfe hatched from some of these eggs September 14, and pupated October 17. Adults of one or another brood were abi'oad during all this period, apparently. On September 11 eggs were found attached to silks. On October 9 . . . corn planted August 5 was found to have eggs on every ear, sometimes six or eight on the silks, occasionally one at the edge of the husks. They were noted as abundant again on the nineteenth and twenty-second. On the twenty-fourth they were noted as hatching, and individuals of the brood were confined and followed to maturity." A record is given of 1G5 moths reared in the laboratory from eggs that were laid from September 7 to 11, the first adults emerging on September 28 of the same year and the last on August 14 of the following year. Hearings showed that the minimum time required for complete devel- opment from egg to adult was about one month and three or four days. " The fact is patent that the corn earworm begins its injuries in the spring as soon as it finds suitable food and continues producing broods at the rate of about one a month until severe frost destroys its food again in the fall." "Taking the average period of a brood as about 32 days, from egg laying to egg laying, and beginning with the brood represented by the example secured June 13 and emerging July 11, ending with that reared in September and Octo- ber, it appears that three broods developed as follows: (Brood 1) egg about June 10, pupa June 26, adult July 11; (Brood 2) egg July 13. pupa July 28, adult August 12; (Brood 3) egg August 14, pupa August 29, adult September 12; (Brood 4) egg November 3. Brood imperfect owing to frost." Observations made in 1913 at Hickman, the only region in which cotton is grown in Kentucky, are reported. The life periods as observed in 1913 are detailed in tabular form. In observations made in Novemher, 1911, in plats planted in corn, pupre were taken from the soil at depths varying from 1 to 7 in. and at distances from the nearest corn stalk varying from 4 in. to 2 ft. 4 in. .Tests of the value of arsenate of lead paste and powder in 1914 in the con- trol of the pest on corn failed to justify the exi^ense involved. Mention is made of a bacterial disease observed in the fall of 1911. Biological notes are presented upon seven different in.sect enemies observed during the course of the work. Tnchn(jnim»m prrfiosa parasitized 81 of 1,661 bollworm eggs collected in 1913. The larva of a telephorid beetle, perhaps 654 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD Oluiuliognathufi marginatus, is said to follow tlie worms into their burrows and during some seasons devour large numbers of them. The common lady beetle MeyiUa niaculata of which there are at least three broods during the season in Kentucky is said to be a constant frequenter of corn where it feeds upon tlie egg. Records of the reai-ing of three broods in the insectary are detailed in tabular form. Ilippodamiu convcrgcnn frequents corn silli and feeds uix)n the eggs of the bollworm, at Hickman it having been found on corn in about equal numbers with M. maculata. A true bug, Coriscus fcrus, of which two broods were reared in the insectary, is said to have proved to be a useful check in the increase of the pest. The insidious flower bug (Triphlcps insidiosus) , while appearing to feed to some extent on plant juices, is common among corn silk and is very useful because of its destruction of the egg. It was found to ovi- posit in the tender corn silk and rearing studies reported show four molts to occur before it reaches maturity. The average time passed in development of the eggs to maturity was 15 days, 3J hours. The lace-wing fly Chrgsopa oculata, a common enemy, was reared through three broods in 1912, the number of eggs deposited by a single individual varying from 27 to 56. The illustrations include colored plates which show the color variations of the adult and larva. A monograph of this pest by Quaintance and Brues of this Department has been previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. IGO). [Codling moth investig'ations], F. Gakcia (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 67-77, figs. 3). — Experiments conducted to determine the attractivity of electric lights of various colors placed in the orchard brought out the fact that a large proportion of the first brood of moths, developing from wintered-over larvae, are either males or infertile females. Charts are given which show the time of emergence of the maximum number of wintered-over codling moths, irregularity of emergence of the larvae of the different broods, and the time at which the larger number of larvte occurred. The results of spraying work, based upon a- life history study, as shown in tabular form, is thought to have been very satis- factory. The European pine shoot moth; a serious menace to pine timber in America, A. BuscK {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 110 {1915), pp. 11, pis. 6).— This is a more detailed account of Evctria huoliana than that previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 251). The author deals with the history of the species in Europe, food plants, intro- duction and distribution in America, life history, character of injury, descrip- tion of the several stages, allied American species, natural enemies, and method of control. Survey investigations made during the summer of 1014 have estab- lished the fact that the species has been repeatedly introduced on European nursery stock and that it has become established in nurseries and parks in sev- eral localities scattered over nine States, namely, Massachusetts, Connecticut. Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and Illinois. It is stated that in none of these localities, except on Long Island, has the species existed for more than the last two years, and in most of them it has become established only within the last year. As yet the jiest has been found only in nurseries and private parks supplied by these infested nurseries. In no case has it yet been found on forest trees in America. It is confined to pine and does not attack other coniferous trees. It is pointed out that the species attacks mainly young trees between 6 and 15 years of age, but it is often ex- cessively destructive to younger plantings and seedlings and injurious also to older trees, though trees of 30 years or older are rarely seriously affected. The full life history of the species in America has not been ascertained. While in the main it is the same as in Europe, a very distinct difference has ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 655 already been noticed, due to the longer and warmer summer and fall in this country. The author expresses the opinion that at the present time it is pos- sible to eradicate the pest from this country. A list of literature relating to the subject, consisting of 13 titles, is appended. The Mediterranean fruit fly in Bermuda, E. A. Back ( U. S. Dept. Agi: Bui. 161 (I91.'f), 2)1). S). — This paper, based upon an investigation made by the author in Bormuda during December, 1913, discusses the history of the fruit fly in Bermuda, its life history, host fruits, and the possibility of eradicating it from those islands. For nearly fifty years the peach industry of Bermuda has been ruined by this pest, which is thought to have gained entrance in 1865 in a cargo of fruit from the Mediterranean region bound for New York which storms forced to discharge there. Since that time it has spread over the islands, which consist of 19i scpiare miles of rolling country, and has long since ruined the excellent peach industry enjoyed by Bermuda in the early days and caused such discouragement among prospective fruit growers that at the present time native-grown fruit in Bermuda is a luxury. To the 47 fruits listed by Winter in the bulletin previ- ously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 656) as attacked by the Mediterranean fruit fly in Bermuda, the author adds the ball kamani (CalophylhDJV iiiophyUum), the prickly pear (Opuntia sp.), and the acordia. It is stated that while at the present time Bermuda is probably a source of comparatively small danger to the United States as a source of infestation by this pest, both on account of trade relations and the climatic conditions sur- roundiug New York, its extermination in these islands will be decidedly to the advantage of both Bermuda and the United States. It is pointed out that the topography of these islands is such that they can be easily inspected ; that the trees and shrubs, the fruits of which are subject to infestation, are compara- tively few numerically; and that a large proportion of the uncultivated land supports little that is subject to attack. Experience in all countries where clean cultural work has been undertaken, but especially in the city of Honolulu, has shown that no lasting beneficial results will follow such work as has been carried on in Bermuda unless extermination is the object in view. " The value of the fruit grown in Bermuda is not sufficient to warrant work being carried on with any other object. In no country where the fly now exists could work of extermination be undertaken with such assurances of success as in Bermuda. If clean cultural work were supported continuously by adequate legislation and undertaken by a person sufficiently conversant with the problem and eager to make a unique record in the entomological world, the Mediterranean fruit fly could be exterminated from Bermuda within three years, without the expendi- ture of a prohibitive amount of mone3'." Susceptibility of citrus fruits to the attack of the Mediterranean fniit fly, E. A. Back and C. E. Pemberton {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {1015), No. 4, pp. 311-330, pis. 3, figs. 3). — The authors here report the results of investigations conducted in the Hawaiian Islands which tend to show that even if Ceratitis capitata should obtain a foothold in the warmer portions of the United States, it probably would not be the serious pest to fruit that previously published literature would indicate. The paper includes a historical review and discussion of host fruits, liabits of the fly, proportion of ei;a: punctures con- taining eggs, mortality of eggs and larvte, persistent attack leading to infesta- tion of the pulp, secondary attack of citrus fruits by insects other than the fruit fly and by fungi, and effect of attack of the Mediterranean fruit fly upon citrus crops of California and Florida. 90853°— No. 7—15 5 656 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The authors point out that citrus fruits are not the favored host fruits of V. capiiata that the earlier writers thought. " While grapefruit, oranges, lemons, and many limes may become quite badly infested with well-grown larvae if allowed to remain on the tree long after they become sufficiently ripe for the market, nature has so well equipped them to withstand attack that larvae are seldom found in their pulp until they are much overripe. Oranges and grapefruit are generally eaten and found uuinfested if gathered as they ripen." The oil of the cells ruptured in the formation of the egg cavities kills a large percentage of the eggs and newly-hatched larvae. " LarvtB that succeed in en- tering the rag from the egg cavity are able to reach the pulp in astonishingly small numbers because of the iraperviousness of the rag. It is only the per- sistent attack of successive lots of larvae hatching from different batches of eggs laid in the same puncture in which the oil has become inoperative that finally breaks down the barrier between the young larvae and the pulp. " The Mediterranean fruit fly is quickly affected by low temperatures. A temperature of about 56° F. has lengthened the time required by the fly to pass from the egg to the adult stage from 14V2 to 91 days. A temperature ranging from 50 to 55° will either seriously check development or kill large numbers of the immature stages of the fly. The winter monthly mean temperatures of California and Florida are so similar to those of the citrus regions of southern Spain and Italy and of Sicily that it is to be expected that the fruit fly if in- troduced to the mainland would not become a serious pest to Citrus spp. It happens that the very cold temperature necessary to bring citrus crops to that degree of perfection in which they are most susceptible to fruit fly attack like- wise renders the fly so inactive or sluggish that it may be disregarded as a pest for that period of the year. " In addition to the assistance of adverse climatic conditions during that part of the j^ear when tliey are most needed to protect citrus crops, the growers of California and Florida are still further protected — and most admirably so — from attack by the very scarcity of wild host fruits that can not be destroyed. It will be found a practicable undertaking to remove such a number of noncitrus host plants at present growing about commercial citrus orchards that the suc- cession of fruits in which the Mediterranean fruit fly can breed during the large portion of the year when citrus fruits are unavailable for attack because of their greenness will be reduced to a minimum, if not entirely done away with. It is under conditions such as can be secured in California and Florida that the excessive mortality occurring in the rind will become a valuable factor in preventing infestation or establishment of the pest, as each fruit will in reality become a trap for stray females. The scarcity of host fruits will also make spraying with poisoned baits a practical undertaking, should it become necessary to resort to artificial methods of control." A bibliography of 7 titles relating to the subject is appended. [Serious outbreak of Haltica foliacea] (New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1914, P- 82). — An outbreak of this fle;i-beetle upon grapes and young fruit trees is said to have been checked through the use of powdered arsenate of lead applied at the rate of 1% lbs. to 50 gal. of water. This mixture is said to keep the beetles off the foliage for the most part and to prevent damage if applied in time. Observations on the life history of Agrilus bilineatus, R. N. Chapman (U. S. Dept. Afff., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1915), No. 4, pp. 283-293, pis. 2).— It is stated that at the present time the two-lined chestnut borer (A. bilineatus) is commonly associated with the death of many oaks (Quereus alia, Q. waero- earpa, Q. niljra, and Q. cocciiwa) in the southern part of Minnesota. In the neighborhood of St. Paul aud Minneapolis large numbers of oaks, many of them ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 657 on valuable residence property, have been killed during recent, years and their deadi has been commonly attributed to this pest. In some of the outlying dis- tricts areas of several acres in extent have been completely devastated, leaving the land treeless. In this paper the author presents the results of work commenced in the fall of 1913 at the University of Minnesota and continued during 1914 at the Minne- sota Station. Members of the black oak group are said to be slightly moi'e susceptible to attack than those of the white oak group, but in localities where infestation is severe none of the species is exempt. It has oftv?n been found that the shoe- string fungus (Armillaria meUea) has apparently been the cause of the weak- ened condition of the trees and that the borers have followed it. In 1914 adults were first observeil on June 17 and increased in numbers until thej^ reached their greatest abundance about July 1. The females were oviposit- ing from June 19 to July 13, the eggs being deposited in deep cracks between ridges of the bark on the trunks and larger limbs and especially near the ground. Oviposition is said to have lasted from 1 to 5 minutes, from 1 to 10 eggs being laid in a cluster. In the laboratory they hatched in from 10 to 13 days. The newly-hatched larvre, which measure from 1 to li mm. in length, were found capable of reaching the cambium layer in 24 hours by burrowing for 2:1 nim. " Observations show that burrows made during the first instar often go obliquely across the grain of the wood or with the grain, the larvte being indif- ferent as to whether they go up or down the tree. . . . The burrows measured showed that the larva? had burrowed for a distance of 60 to 135 mm. when the first molt took place. . . . The burrows made during the second Instar meas- ured about 900 fi in width and took about the same course through the cambium layer, but they were about twice as long. At the beginning of the third instar quite a different course was usually found, especially in green bark on the trunks of ti'ees, wliere the burrows were almost always transverse to the grain of the wood. The burrows of the fourth instar were about 2 mm. in width and often attained the length of 500 or 600 mm. Where the bark was thick these burrows were quite generally transverse to the grain of the wood. This condi- tion, as well as the oblique course of some of the smaller burrows, is well shown [in a plate accompanying this article]. "At the close of the fourth instar the larva burrows out into the bark, if it is thick enough, and constructs a cell in which it hibernates. Here pupation takes place in the spring. These cells are found in the ridges of the bark on the trunk and larger limbs of the tree and in the wood on small, thin-barked trees and limbs. In constructing the cell the larva burrows out to within a few milli- meters of the surface of the bark, withdraws itself 2 or 3 mm., then turns about to one side and excavates around the posterior portion of its body until an oblong cell has been constructed. . . . From the point where the larva entered the bark to the place it emerged from the wood after the first molt the burrow measures G9 mm. in length and 270 fi in width." While the author has not thus far determined the duration of the instars, larvse were found in the first stage from July 21 to August 13, and mature larvae were found in their pupal cells as early as August 7, while the intermediate stage was found throughout this period. It was found that when larvse were so numerous that they confront each other, one or the other is eaten through as if it were merely cambium tissue. Attention is called to the " wide distribution of the burrows on the tree, from the small branches less than an inch in diameter and between 40 and 50 ft. from the ground down even to the roots, where in one case a larva was found constructing a pupal cell 11 in. below the surface of the ground." 658 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tbc jai]);il stage which was studiod In the hiburalory was found to last about 10 days. Observations indicate that in Minnesota the insect normally pupates during the latter part of May and emerges from the cell about the middle of June. Two parasites were observed, one l)elonging to the genus Atanycolus, tlie other an undetermined trichogranimid. As regards control measures it is stated that the cutting and hui'ning of infested trees before the emergence of the adults in the spring heretofore recommended is an effective method and needs emphasizing. The need of other methods is thought imjierative. The trunks and large limbs were sprayed during the egg-laying season with an iron sulphate and lime-sulphur mixture and others witli a Bordeaux mixture as a preventive measure. The results indicate that .it was successful in preventing much oviposition. Contributions toward a monograph of the scolytid beetles. — II, Prelimi- nary classification of the superfaniily Scolytoidea, A. D. Hopkins ( U. H. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 11, pt. 2, tech. sci: {1915), pp. VI +165-232, pU. S, figs. 11). — This second jjart of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 557) discusses the taxonomy and presents a preliminary classification of the families and subfamilies of the scolytid beetles of the world. The discussion and classification are said to be based upon a study of representatives of about 122 described and undes(:>ribed genera and about 1,000 species of North America and other countries in the collections of the U. S. National Museum and cer- tain other museums and institutions of this country. Following a brief introduction, a discussion of the position of the Scoly- toidea and tJie general anatomy, the taxonomy, including morphological chai'ac- ters, physiological characteristics, geographical distribution in its bearing on taxonomy, etc., is dealt with at considerable length (pp. 169-216). A brief discussion of the species, the genus, nomenclature, types of genera, and a description of a new genus and species {WehMa (liptcrocarpi) from the Philip- pines follow. The author's preliminary classification of the .superfamily is presented in the form of keys to the families and subfamilies, four of the former, Ipidfe, Scolytidfe, Scolytoplatypodidre, and Platypodidte, and twenty of the latter being recognized. A list is presented which shows the position of the principal described genera in the preliminary classification. A bibliography of the literature relating to the subject consisting of four pages is appended. Descriptions of some weevils reared from cotton in Peru, W. D. Pierce (U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 102 {1915), pp. 16, pis. 2. figs. 6').— This paper presents descriptions of a number of species reared by C. IL T. Townsend from cotton stalks, squares, and bolls in Peru. Two genera and seven species, namely, Slylahris pcruanus n. sp., Padnihruchus verticdlis n. sp., Spcr)iiopJtagns piurce n. sp., EustyJomorphns squamipuncfatus n. g. and n. sp., Mcncli/pus raricgatus n. sp., SiMnia peruana n. sp., Gasterocercodes gossypii n. g. and n. sp. are thus described, and notes on two additional species, namely, Anthonomiis testitus (E. S. R., 25, p. 763) and Geraeus perscit'us, are included. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Pood industries, H. T. Vulte and Sadie B. Vanderbilt {Easton. Pa.: The Chemical Publishivg Co., 1914, pp. VIII +309, figs. 78).— The authors have in- corporated in this text-book the material collected as the result of many years' experience in lecturing on the manufacture of foods and food products. The essential steps of the manufacturing processes are described without going to FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 659 any great extent into a discussion of the physics and clieniistry involved. One chapter is devoted to water supplies and describes briefly the various methods employed for their purification. Other subjects dealt with are the manufacture of cereal products including flour and bread, the nmnnfaeturo of leavening agents, the sugar industry, the starch industry, ;iiiini:il foods ;iiid the packing industry, the production of milk and milk ])rodut"ts, the i>resorvation and can- ning of foods, and the ])roduction of tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, and condiments. Food and diet, Jkan P.. I'f.acock {Dci>t. Agr. 'New Bniiifurick Bui. JO, pp. 12). — A ]Ki])ular presentation of fundamental principles of nutrition. Foods and sanitation, Edith II. Forstee and Mildrkd Wkiolf.y {Chicago: Row, Peterson Co., 191 J/, pp. 396, figs. 82). — This book is intended for use as a laboratory manual for courses in domestic science. It considers the funda- mental principles involved in the economical nse of fuel, the processes of sterilization, cooking, and other methods for the preparation of food and food I)roducts, and the selection and choice of foods. The subject matter is illustrated by a large number of ex])ei'iments. The second part of the book is devoted to sanitation in the home and presents briefly data regarding the causes of the more common diseases, together with hints as to how they may be avoided. In this connection chapters are devoted to a discussion of ventilation, heating, lighting, plumbing, water supply, sewage and garbage disposal, and fire protec- tion in the home. The preservation and care of food, Jican B. Peacock (Dcpt. Agr. New Brunswick Bui. 9, jrp. 12). — A popular presentation of princii)les of sanitation as applied to the care of food in the home. Bread cereals and bread, M. P. Neumann {Brotgetrcidc und Brat. Berlin: P. Parey, 191 Jf. pp. VII -{-615, figs. 181).— This book is intended for use as a text-book in technical and agricultural high schools and in experiment stations, and considers the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the various cereal grains. A part of the book is devoted to a discussion of the storing of grains with special reference to the organisms which bring about spoiling. Another part deals more in detail with the bread-making cereals, i*ye and wheat. Both the chemical and biological factors in the preparation of flour and bread making are considered at length. Attention is given to the mechanical side of this question, and the various mechanical processes are described in detail, as well as illus- trated by numerous figures and diagrams. Milling and baking qualities of Victorian wheat, A. E. V. Richardson, P. R. Scott, and F. G. B. Winslow (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 {1914), No. 9, pp. 538-545, figs. 4). — ^The wheats grown in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia, during the season 1913-14 were compared as to physical proi)erties, chemical analysis, and baking qualities. Rope in bread, Zeckendouf {Nat. Assoc. Master Bakers [Proc], 16 {1913), pp. 66-78). — This paper summarizes experiments i)erforined for the purpose of testing what constitutes " rope " in bread. Several species of rope bacteria were isolated which proved very sensitive to acids, but whose spores had great capacity for resisting heat. These bacteria were traced to the flour and not to the yeast. The addition of lactic acid to the dough proved very efficient in preventing the development of rope. Several sanitary reconnnendations are also made. The paper is followed by a discussion. Report on bread wrapping {Nat. Assoc. Master Bakers [Proc], 16 (1913), pp. 161-193). — This report embodies the results of a chemical and bacteriologi- cal study of the question of bread wrapping carried out by commercial cliemists 660 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. for the National Association of Master Balcers. Aualj-tical data are presented from wbicb the following eonelusions in part are drawn: The wrapping of Ijread in waxed or parafDn paper is not recommended, as it holds the moisture upon the surface of the bread /ind produces injurious effects upon the quality of the product. It is stated that the wrapping of bread in porous paper, which allows a gradual loss of moisture and ventilation, may be used with satisfactory results in most cases, except in the cases of Vienna and rye bread, the wraiii)ing of which impairs the crispness and flavor of the crust. Fenugreek seed, M. Wunschb:ndorff {Jour. Pharm. et Chiui., 7. set:, 10 iJOlJ/), No. J/, pp. 152-151). — Because of its high nitrogen and phosphorus con- tent this grain should possess great nutritive value. The results of experiments here reported indicate that its disagreeable and intensely penetrating odor and flavor, w'hich prevent its use in medicine, may be removed by germination of the grain and subsequent treatment with boiling alcohol. All about milk, M. J. Rosenau {[Tslew York^: Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 1914, pp. 35, figs. 22). — ^This pamphlet, which is distributed by the Metro- politan Life Insurance Company to its policy holders, points out the dangers from contamination of milk, gives advice regarding the care of milk in the home and the precautions which should be taken in its use, and reviews briefly the relation of milk to infectious diseases. Viscose — a new casing' for sausag-es, W. P. Cohoe, E. C. Fox, and A. J. Acton {Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 33 {1914), ^o. 19, pp. 947, 948).— It is stated that this artificial sausage casing, prepared from w'ood pulp, consists only of cellulose (hydrate), moisture, glycerin, and a trace of ash. The advantages claimed for this product over the natural casings are that it is cheaper and does not furnish food for the growth of molds and bacteria. It is further claimed that the prod- uct is in part at least digestible, and that when eaten it involves the ingestion of a smaller percentage of cellulose than many of the breakfast foods prepared from whole wheat. Are hardened fats suitable for human food? K. B. Lehmann {Chem. Ztg., 3S {1914), No. 75, pp. 79S, 799). — Hardened products made from peanut, cotton- seed, and sesame oils showed on chemical examination a nickel content of from 0.07 to 6.1 mg. per kilogram. Feeding experiments with dogs led to the con- clusion that an ingestion of 2 mg. of nickel per kilogram of body weight is harm- less. The author concludes that hydrogeuated oils contain inappreciable amounts of nickel and that there is no objection to the use of such fats as foods. Ice cream studies in Cincinnati, C. Bahlman {Amer. Jour. Put). Health, 4 {1014), No. 11, pp. 1009-1015). — Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the effect of the gelatin, eggs, sugar, vanilla powder, and cream used upon the bacterial content of ice cream. From the results it appeared that the great majority of the bacteria were derived from the cream, comparatively few being contributed to the finished product by the other ingredients. It was also apparent from these investiga- tions that the colon bacillus will generally be pi-esent in 10 cc. samples and occa- sionally in 1 cc. samples owing to the widespread occurrence of this organism. Proper pasteurization of the cream reduced the bacterial content of the ice cream, and pasteurization of the mixture just before freezing caused a still greater reduction. The taste of the ice cream was not affected by the pas- teurization. The uses of fruit in the household, A. Ethel Dunbrack {Dept. Agr. New Brunswick Bui. 5 {1914), PP- S). — Recipes and directions for the household canning of fruits are given. On the analysis and composition of some proprietary foods for infants, J. L. Bakek {Rpts, Local Govt. Bel. [Ot. Brit.], Pub. Health and Med. Subjs., n. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 661 ser., No. 80 (1914), PP- 49-83). — ^Analytical data are given regarding a number of dififerent kinds of these products. From these results the foods are classified as follows: Those consisting of dried cows' milk mixe<.l with hydrolyzed starch products or malt flour; foods consisting for the most part of ground meals such as wheat flour, lentils, oat- meal, or arrowroot, and in which no alteration of the starch, other than that caused by heating, haa taken place during manufacture; foods consisting of ground meals but mixed with a proportion of malt flour or malt extract, (these foods when prepared for use containing the starch In a gelatinized condition) ; foods In which the starch Is altered, during the process of prepara- tion according to directions; and partially or wholly altered starch foods, in which the starch or some of it has been converted into soluble products during the process of manufacture. IMost of the foods examined showed a deficiency in fat and had a protein content approximately equal to that of average wheat flour. On the use of proprietary foods for infant feeding, F. J. H. Coutts (Rpts. Local Girvt. Bd. [(It. Brit.], Pub. Health and Med. Sul)js., n. set:, No. 80 {1914), pp. 3-Jf9). — From this digest of data regarding the nature, chemical composi- tion, and preparation of a large number of proprietary infant foods the general conclusion is di'awn that many of such products are not only unfit for the feed- ing of infants under seven or eight months of age but may cause serious injury. This injury may be caused by the presence of either a greater or less amount of starch or of an excess of carbolij-d rates in relation to protein and fats or else by a deficiency of fats. A number of recommendations for remedy- ing this condition are made, the most important of which is an argument for proper labeling. The appendixes contain extracts from the laws of other coun- tries regulating the manufacture and sale of proprietary infant foods, and a lubliography. Increasing the fat content of infants' food, A. Niemann (Jahrb. Kinder- lieilK:, 19 {191 J,), No. 3, pp. 214-281, figs. 4; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 62 {1914), ^'0. 16, p. 1291).— The author claims that substitutes for mother's milk contains too little fat and that there is a tendency to increase carbohydrates and decrease fats. Such injury as may result from too high fat content is attributed to the presence of lower fatty acids. It is recommended that this iliSiculty be overcome by adding to the food butter which has been thoroughly and repeatedly washed with cold water until it has lost all its acid reaction. Enough butter should be added to bring the fat content of the food up to that (if normal mother's milk. The food should be warmed and, after the butter is added, shaken thoroughly to form a fine emulsion. [Food analyses and pure food and drug topics], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. .ToHNsoN {North Dakota ma. tipec. Bui., 3 {1915), No. I4, pp. 240-248).— In addi- tion to analytical data regarding samples of foods and drugs inspected, general and specific iuformatiou is given with reference to patent medicines. [Inspection and analysis of foods and feeding stuffs], B. L. Purcell {Quart. Rpt. Dairy and Food Conir. Va., 1914, June-Sept., pp. 43). — This report reviews the work carried out under the state food and drug laws, and gives data regard- ing the inspection of dairies, bakeries, slaughterhouses, hotels, restaurants, and other places where food is packed, prepared, or handled. Analytical data are included regarding a number of samples of a wide range of food products. Sanitary standard for bakeries adopted by the National Association of Master Bakers {Nat. Assoc. Blaster Bakers [Proc.], 16 {1913), p. 2). — ^The text of a sanitary code is given. Home economics as applied to the choice and preparation of food, Jean B. Peacock {Ayr, New Brunawick Dcpt. Bui, 8, pp. 12). — General information is 662 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. given rogarding the iutroductiou of labor-saving devices and economy in the selection, choice, and i>rei>aration of foods. The art of good living — French cookery from the 14th to the 20th cen- tury, conii>iled and edited by E. Kichakuin (L'Ai't du lien manger — La amine francaise du XIV mi, XX^ sidcle. Paria: Editions d'Art et de Litterature, 1914, 5. t'd., cnl., pp. XLVI+9Jf6, pis. 27, figs. 113). — Besides over 2,000 recipes, some of them taken from old manuscripts, some collected in remote parts of France, and some contributed by well-known professional cooks and also by distin- guished writers, this volume contains reproductions of old paintings represent- ing the preparation and serving of foods at different periods, and an article by the editor in which are sunnnarized data on the food preparations characteristic of different sections of France. Principles of cooking, Emma Conley (New York: American Book Co., 1914, pp. 206, pi. 1, figs. J/l). — ^This book presents for the student of domestic science fuudaniontal princijiles of the choice, selection, cooking, and serving of food. Eeducing the cost of living, S. Nearing (I'ltiladclphia: G. W. Jacobs d Co., 191.'/, pp. 343). — A summary and discussion are given of important factors influencing the cost of living. Chapters are devoted to the economical consid- eration of the changing form of American living, the increa.sing demands for service and luxuries, and a number of causes of the advance in prices. A part of the book is devoted to a discussion of remedial measures suggested by the author, among the more important of which are the adoption of simpler methods of living, social education, increased efBciency in food distribution, better con- servation of resources, and an increase in the efficiency of labor. Second Congress of Alimentation, Liege, October 1-4:, 1911 (2. Cong. Ali- ment. Li6ge, 1911, pt. 2, pp. Jf99, pis. 2, figs. 9). — A. report of the proceedings of the congress is given which includes the transaction of routine business as well as more technical discussions. A number of papers upon various subjects relating to foods and nutrition in addition to those contdined in the report of proceedings are included. Among these are the following : What Kinds of Veal Should be Rejected as Human Food, by E. Lonhienne ; Food Value of Sugar, by Aulard; Food Value of Sterilized and Preserved Milk, by A. Weymeersch; Arti- ficial Feeding and Digestive Disturbances in Infants, by A. Weymeersch ; The Economy and Food Value of Fish, by Koettlitz ; and Fermented Milks, by J. Effront. Biochemical catalyzers in daily life and in the industries, J. Effront (Les Catalyseurs Biochimiques dans la Vie et dans VIndiistries. Paris: II. Dunod & E. Pinat, 191^, pp. XI-{-772). — This volume, which might serve both as a text- book and as a reference woi-k, deals chieflj^ with the preparation and properties of the enzyms associated with the processes of digestion and metabolism. The industrial application of enzyms is also considered under such topics as the role of proteolj'tic onzyuLS in the keeping of flour and in bread making, ferments occurring in the manufacture of cheese, etc. Vitamins, H. W. Bywaters {8ci. Prog. Twentieth Cent., 9 (191^), No. 3.',, pp. 225-250, pis. 5, figs. 10). — ^A summary and digest of data which deals chiefly with the importance of the vitamins in the diet and the relations which they bear to such diseases as beri-beri, pellagra, scurvy, and rickets. The importance of these substances for growth is also considered. Attention is called to the necessity of quality as well as quantity in the diet. Continuation and extension of work on vegetable proteins, T. B. Osborne and L. B. Mendel {Carnegie Inst. ^Yashington Year Book. 12 (.1913), pp. 299- 305). — This work has been previously referred to from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 460). FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 663 The effect of air breathed upon the metabolism of protein and carbohydrate food, M. Bache and W. Aukl (Miinchcn. Med. Wch^m-hi:, 61 {IdlJf), No. 16, pp. 868-870). — The results of a series of animal experiments are here presented and discussed. The following conclusions are drawn: Breathing air deficient in oxygen prudtiros a nitrogen retention wliicli is probably to be regarded as resulting from the storage of protein. A deficiency of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxid in the air breathed produce glycosuria in the case of well-nourished animals. An increase of carbon dioxid diminishes ])hk)ridzin diabetes and increases the blood sugar content. A lack of oxygen in the air breathed has no effect upon phloridziu glycosuria. The influence of excessive water ingestion on protein metaboiism, J. B. Our {Bioclicm. Jour., 8 (IBl.'t), No. 5, pp. 5.30-5.'i0). — From the results of a series of experiments in which varying quantities of water were ingested, both during and between meals, the author draws the following conclusions: "The excessive ingestion of water produces an increased excretion of urinary nitrogen which is most marked on a low protein diet; a retention of nitrogexi on the return to normal consumption of water in the case of excessive protein intake; an increase in the percentage of total nitrogen excreted as urea ; a marked increase in the excretion of creatin, [and] a decrease in the fecal nitrogen which is interpreted as indicating a more complete utilization of the food protein. " It is .suggested that the results indicate that the influence of the increased water consumption is to accelerate both the catabolic and the anabolic jihases of protein metabolism." Gastro-intestinal studies, III (studies on water drinking', XXI). — Direct demonstration of the stimulatory power of water in the human stomach, O. Bergeim, M. E. Rehfuss, and P. B. Hawk (Jour. Biol. Chcin., 19 {1911,), No. 3, pp. 3.'i5-371, figs. 15). — Men were subjects for experiments in which varied amounts of water were introduced into the stomach by drinking through a Rehfuss tube, and specimens of the stomach contents were then removed at intervals and analyzed for total acidity, free acidity, and peptic activity. As small a volume as 50 cc. caused in every instance a very distinct stimu- lation of the gastric glands, as evidenced by increases in both acidity and euzym value. Since water stimulates the gastric glands to activity when no food is present in the stomach as well as when there is a digestive task to complete, it would seem a waste of " glandular energy " to drink water between meids. The excretion of creatinin by human individuals on a prolonged creatin- free diet, A. I. Ringer and G. W. Raiziss {Jour. Biol. Clicm., 19 {19J.'f), No. Jf, pp. 4Sy-'i92). — Experiments are reporteook, which is one of the Rural Text-book Sei'ies, gives practical instruction in methods of judging live stock. Stock breeding in Belgium, J. 1j. Frateur (Vie Agr. ct Ruralc, 3 (lOlJf), No. 2-'i, pp. 666-612, figs. 2). — This includes data on the importation and exporta- tion of horses, cattle, sheep, and other classes of farm stock in Belgium, and an account of the status of live stock breeding in that country. The cattle of Demonte, E. Mascheroni (Indus. Latt. c Zootec., 12 (Wllf), No. 19, pp. 292-295, figs. 5). — ^An account of the origin, breed characteristics, and utility value of the breed of cattle indigenous to Demonte, Italy. Cattle feeding on the plantation and farm, W. H. Dalrymple (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 151 (1915), pp. 3-13, fig. 1). — This bulletin is a general discussion of the opportunities for successful cattle feeding in Louisiana, especially on the sugar plantation where molasses and cane-top silage may be used to advantage. The expei-ience of one feeder is cited in which 49 lbs. of com silage, 6 lbs. of blackstrap molasses, and 5 lbs. of cotton-soed meal per head i>er day were fed 111 days, a net profit of $0.52 per head being realized. Digestion and metabolism of a steer when placed on a continuous ration of corn silage, P. Y. Ewing and C. A. Wells (Georgia Sta. Bui. 109 (1914), PP- 145-15S, figs. 3). — In a digestion experiment with a 14-month-old Shorthorn steer in which eight 10-day trials, with periods of about seven days intervening, were made, and in which he was fed all the silage he would eat twice daily, this being regarded as about a maintenance ration, average digestion coef- . flcients were obtained of 61.3 per cent for dry mutter, 27 for nitrogen. 51 for fat, 62.4 for nitrogen-free extract, 60 for fiber, and 42.2 for ash. It was demon- strated that " when an animal is placed on a low plane of nutrition it does not more completely digest the feed given it as time goes on. The tendency seems to be slightly in the opposite direction. Not only is digestion quite uniform in its intensity in different individuals of the same species, but with the same animal it remains fairly constant when taken over a rather long period of time. " The digestibility of the feed is somewhat retarded in an animal after hav- ing been on a low plane of nutrition for a time, which is probably the result of a general retardation of the digestive functions. The maintenance ration of a steer does not decrease as time goes on through the steer's ability to take more of the nutrients from the feed given him, but by virtue of his physiological behavior the steer puts the digested nutrients supplied him to a more economical use. " Silage alone is an unsatisfactory feed because of its deficiency in nitrogen, and a steer placed on this ration is forced to draw on his stored nitrogen to meet the demands of the body for nitrogen. While the animal was eating all the silage its appetite would permit, there was every indication that it could have digested more silage if it could have consumed it. The appetite seems to act in some way as a check on the efficiency of the animal. " Water consumption seems to be very greatly influenced by the moisture content of the feedstuff, and it is possible for the water of a succulent feed, such as silage, to supply all the water required by a steer for at least a num- ber of days. The disposition of an animal is materially affected by being placed on a low plane of nutrition, as indicated by restlessness, nervousness, inclina- tion toward viciousness, a very abnormal appetite, constant grinding of the ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 669 teeth, and a drawn or liuruped attitude when standing. After having been starved or stunted for a period this animal was apparently able to overcome the effects, which suggests that an animal has the capacity to increase its rate of gain for a short period of time, at least, in order to compensate for a low rate at some previous period." [Feeding preserved milk to calves], U. A. Brown (Michigan Sta. Rpt. VJlIi, pp. 206-210). — In trials to determine the advisability of using formaldehyde as a preservative for skim milk fed to 4 to 7-week-old calves for 24 weeks, 7i cc. of 40 per cent formaldehyde being used to each 100 lbs. of milk, it was found that in general the calves suffered no deleterious effects from the preservative, and as compared with calves fed sweet milk or sour milk, made slightly greater gains at somewhat lower cost. From records kept of the after development of these calves it was found that those which had been fed the preserved milk continued to make the cheapest gains, followed by the sweet milk fed calves and the sour milk fed calves. For the entire experiment the calves fed sweet milk made a total gain of 1.997 lbs., costing 5.41 cts. per pound; those fed sour milk 2,489.4 lbs., costing r>.43 cts. per pound; and those fed the preserved milk 2,5o7 lbs., costing 5.23 cts. per pound. It is concluded, however, that the work should be carried on with a large number of calves before definite conclusions can be drawn. The characteristics of the hybrid zebu, C. Pucci (Agr. Colon. [Italy], 8 (1914), No. 10, pp. 613-619), pis. 3). — Experiments are reported in crossing the zebu on various Italian and European breeds of cattle. The hybrid showed greater resistance to disease, earlier maturing qualities, and more marked beef qualities. Rations for breeding ewes, H. Hackedobn (Missouri Sta. Bui. 120 (1914), pp. 31-57. figs. 9). — Lots of 2 to 4-year-old Colorado ewes, weighing approxi- mately 86 lbs., were fed during the winter season with the results shown in the following table : Siiniinanj of ewe-feeding experimetits. Ewes. I.ambs produced. VeeA?-. d 2: — tc. Daily rations. O It < ti (3 o 1 1 > < i c h4 .s .•a < 1 Clover hay and grain Timothy hay and grain Grain and clo- ver hay Clover hay Corn s i 1 a g 0 and grain Corn stover and grain Com s i 1 u g 0 and clover M 15 10 10 21 26 23 27 20 24 Lbs. 92.75 91.73 81.69 79.72 83.36 86. 17 86.75 84.80 88.24 87.89 Lbs. 0.33 .35 .56 .43 .503 .45 .397 Lbs. 2.99 2.91 2.94 3.27 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 6.53 -7.67 3.21 -3.20 1.18 -.83 -2.03 -2.06 4.26 - .31 16 11 10 9 20 26 25 24 24 23 Lhs. 8.98 8.48 8.98 8.16 9.37 9.29 S.62 8.27 8. 69S 9 Lbs. 0 534 2 5 1 1 4 4 1 3 1 ...... 2 1 .447 3 .319 4 .204 5 C 3.42 6.16 2.32 2.3.5 .389 .388 7 1.87 2.31 2.079 1.86 2.30 2.09 .308 8 Com stover and clover hav .308 9 10 Cora" silage, clover hay, and grain — Corn stover, clovor hay, and grain.'... .398 .384 670 . EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. The results are summarized as follows: " Clover hay and grain proved more efficient as a ration for breeding ewes than timothy hay and grain. Clover hay alone was sufficient to maintain pregnant breeding ewes up to lambing time. After lambing, the addition of grain to the ration proved advisjible. " Corn sil;ige when fed with clover hay, with grain, and with both clover hay and grain, ])roved a slightly better roughage than corn stover fed with the Siinie combination of grain and clover hay. Moldy or extremely sour corn silage is a dangerous feed for sheep. Eleven ewes were lost in this experi- ment in one week from accidentally feeding moldy silage. A ration of corn silage, clover hay, and grain proved to be the most efficient means of utilizing silage. "A ration of grain and corn stover gave very satisfactoiy results when suffi- cient and pi'oi)er kinds of concentrates were used. Corn stover, clover hay, and grain jirovod to be the most satisfactory method of utilizing stover. Corn silage and stover both proved to bo bettor roughages than timothy hay when fed with grain." A table Is given showing the capacity for sheep feeding of silos ranging in capacity from 45 to 314 tons. A survey of sheep and lamb production in 1914, R. M. Murphy {Tennessee Sta. Bui. 110 {I'.n.',), pp. P48-26Jf, figs. 2).— This bulletin is a general discussion of the sheep industry in Tennessee and includes sections on the extent of the industry, causes of increase and subsequent decline, kinds of sheep and sources of supply, system of management, marketing the crop, clipping and marketing wool, lamb and wool clubs, dogs, needs of the sheep industry, and a suggested dog law. Silag'e for horses and mules, E. A. Trowbridge (Missouri Sta. Circ. 72 (1914), pp. 29-32, fig. 1). — ^Ten yearling mules, weighing approximately 650 lbs. each, were fed for 90 days an average daily ration of 6.5 lbs. of ear corn, 8.6 lbs. of mixed hay, and 4 lbs. of corn silage. The mules made a gain of only 4.8 lbs. during the period. No ill results w^ere seen from the use of the silage but the mules did not consume large quantities of it. This it is thought may have been due to the fact that the silage was made from rather immature corn. Successful experiments in feeding silage to horses and mules, conducted at the North Cai'olina and Pennsylvania stations ( E. S. R., 15, p. 901 ; 28, p. 172 ; 29, p. 773) are cited. It is advised that corn silage should always be fed in combination with other feeds, and that under no circumstances should spoiled silage, either moldy or rotten, be fed to horses and mules. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — VIII, On some physiological effects of ligation, section, or removal of the oviduct, R. Pearl and Maynie R. Curtis (Jour. Expt. Zoo?., i7 (ifli.}), iYo. 3, pp. 395- Jf24)- — The authors summarize the results of their studies as follows: " Neither the ligation, section, nor entire removal of the oviduct causes the degeneration or prevents the further growth of the ovary. The pressure of the inclosing funnel is evidently not necessary to ovulation since yolks are ovulated into the body cavity after the ostium is sewed or ligated or after the entire duct is removed. Internal pressure due to continued yolk formation is probably the most important factor in the normal rupture of the follicle, since closing the funnel or removing the duct apparently does not greatly delay ovulation. There are cases of unoperated birds with normally functioning ovaries, and oviducts apparently capable of functioning which do not produce eggs because of some anatomical or physiological condition of the mouth of the oviduct which prevents the entrance of the yolk. ANIMAL PHODUCTION. 671 "The fate of yolks or eggs set free in the body cavity depends apparently upon the physiological vigor of the bird. First, they may cause serious meta- iiolic disturbances which result in the death of the bird; second, they may be absorbed rapidly from the general peritoneal surface; or third, they may be walled off by the peritoneum and then absorbed. The material from the re- sorbed yolks or eggs is a})parently utilized in body metabolism since all such birds which were in good health at the time of autopsy were very fat. The removal of the greater portion of an oviduct does not cause the atrophy of any remaining portion. The whole or any remaining part of an oviduct sewed at the funnel, ligated at any level, or with parts removed, passes through growth and cyclic changes coordinated with changes in the ovary exactly as an unop- eratod duct. "The stimulation of the advancing egg is necessary for the discharge of the secretion of the duct, since a duct closed at any level functions only to the point where the passage is interrupted. When any iwrtion of the ventral ligament i.s removed it Is not replaced but all remaining portions develop. The forward portion of the ventral ligament is necessary for the reception of the yolk by the funnel. The muscle bundles which arise from the muscular cord in the ventral ligament along the uterus are probably an important part of the normal appa- ratus which expels the egg." Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — IX, On the effect of corpus luteum. substance upon ovulation in the fowl, R. Pearl and F. M. Surface {Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 {1014), ^'o. 2, pp. 263-278).— In these studies it was shown that " the desiccated fat-free substance of the corpus luteum of the cow, when injected in suspension, in proper dosage, into an actively laying fowl immediately inhibits ovulation. The duration of this effect varies with different birds from a few days up to two to three weeks. After the bird begins ovulating again the laying goes on unimpaired. The same effect is pro- duced by the injection of extracts of the lutear substance, either intravenously or intra-abdominally. The active substance in producing the inhibition is in- activated by boiling." It is stated that these results are of interest zoologically as well as physiologically. It suggests the possibility of finding a chemical sub- stance which will stimulate or activate the ovulation mechanism. Also, " the fact that the same chemical substance inhibits ovulation in mammals and birds, which latter do not possess any organ corresr)onding to the one which produces the substance in mauunals (the corpus lut(>um) suggests that natural selection probably had nothing to do with the evolution of either the organ or the function in the mammals." Studies on inheritance in poultry. — II, The factor for black pigmentation in the White Leghorn breed, P. B. Hadley {Rhode Island 8ta. Bui. 161 {1014), pp. 449-460, pi. 1). — This is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 71). The author demonstrates that the White Leghorn carries in itself all the factors necessary for the production of black pigmentation in the F^ and later generations of crosses with any nonblack ra.ce. In these experiments the stock used was pure White Leghorn and White Plymouth Rock, line-bred for many generations. The crosses were made in only one direction, White Leghorn male X White Plymouth Rock females. The majority of the birds were raised to five months of age, and some were kept until they were mature. On the basis of the hypothesis that the White Leghorn does not carry the factor, or factors, for black pigmentation, but contributes only one of two necessary factors, while the White Plymouth Rock contributes the other, there was a wide departure in the actual results from the expected results; while on the 00S53°— No. 7—15 6 672 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. basis of the hypothesis that the White Leghoi-n carries in itself all the factors for black pigmentation, the actual and expected results corresponded veiy closely. The results of this study indicate that the admixture of 'Leghorn blood can not be made without introducing complexities in either pattern or color. Seaweed for packing birds, M. Dekobka {Nature [Paris], J,2 {101 Jf), No. 2134, pp. 339-340, figs. 5; al)s. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bid. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 7, p. 918). — ^A new method of packing birds is described, which consists " in placing the body in a natural bag formed by the lamina of a certain seaweed occurring in islands off New Zealand. Birds can be kept in good condition for several years in this way." DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Beport of the dairy husbandry department, O. F. Hunzikee {Indiana Hta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 37-47) I — In continuing Avork previously noted (E. S. R., .30. p. 575) three lots of five cows each were fed for six months corn silage and alfalfa as roughage and a grain rating as follows: Lot 1, corn meal, wheat bran, and cotton-seed meal 4:2:1 by weight ; lot 2, ground corn and wheat bran 1:1; lot 3, ground corn and oats 1 : 1. The gains in weight per head were, respec- tively, 19.64, 19.8, and — 7.56 lbs., the milk yields approximately 1,435. 1,400.7, and 1.430 lbs., the milk fat yield 57.6, 56.72, and 56.86 lbs., the total dry matter consumed per pound of millv 0.97, 0.99, and 0.94 lb., and the average daily cost of feed 21.1. 20.7, and 20.5 cts. per head. The cost per pound of fat was 22.1, 22.2, and 22.5 cts., respectively. It is concluded that the use of wlieat bran or ground oats in a dairy ration Is to be recommended, although the selection should depend largely upon its availability. In an experiment in which three lots of six or seven calves were fed for 42 weeks as follows: Lot 1, an average of 11.2 lbs. skim milk per head per day; lot 2, 1.41 lbs. per day of home-mixed calf meal consisting of hominy meal, linseed meal, red dog flour, and dried blood equal parts by weight; and lot 3, 1.06 lbs. per day of a commercial calf feed, all of the lots receiving whole milk until gradually displaced by the other feeds, and also receiving a dry mash and a roughage feed of alfalfa hay and silage, the average daily gains per head were 1.26, 1.04, and 0.78 lbs., the average daily cost of the ration 7.1, 7.4, and 9.67 cts., and the cost per pound of gain 5.6, 7.2, and 13.6 cts., respec- tively. This experiment is being continued. In ox'der to determine the accuracy of the different methods of sampling milk, including daily samples, composite samples with aliquot portions or equal portions, samples every second day, every third day, every fourth day. and evei'y fifth day. tests were made of 4,900 of samples taken by these methods. The averages of the percentages of fat and pounds of fat of all samples and for the entire 14 days show " a remarkable uniformity of results secured by the several methods." Beport of an experiment on the feeding' of dairy cows, T. ^Milbubn and R. Richardson {County Council Lancaster. Ed. Com., Agr. Dept., Farmers^ Bnl. 28 {1915), pp. 13). — An analysis of palm-nut cake is given as moisture 12.29. pro- tein 18.79, fat 6.87, carbohydrates 48.84. fiber 9.51, and ash 3.7 per cent. Two lots of six cows each were fed by the reversal method for two months a basal ration of roots, meals, and hay, lot 1 receiving daily in addition from 4* to 5 lbs. of decorticated cotton cake, and lot 2 from 6J to 7* lbs. of jxilm-nut cake. The cotton-cake fed lot yielded a total of 8,852 lbs. of milk during the DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 673 experimental period, while the palm-nut cake fed lot yielded 8,743.25 lbs. In every case whore there was a change to palm-nut cake a drop in yield occurred, whereas in cases of changes to cotton cake there were two increases and two decreases. The change in feed did not materially affect the composition of the milk, and the palm-nut cake, though fed in fairly large quantities, had no unde- sirable effects on the butter produced. It is stated that palm-nut cake is a perfectly safe feed for milch cows, and might give better results if fed as a part of the cake portion of the ration (2 to 3 lbs.) than were obtained in this experiment where one cake only was intro- duced. Murne Cowan, new world's champion [cow], II. G. Mukphy (Hoanrs Dairy- man, .',!) (1915), No. 7. p. 2.',7, figs. J).— An account of the 10-year-old Guernsey cow. IMurne Cowan, which has recently completed her year's record of 24,008 lbs. of milk containing 1,098.18 lbs. of fat. Her largest milk yield in 24 hours was 82.3 lbs. In seven days she produced 565.8 lbs. of milk containing 24.44 lbs. of fat and in one month she produced 2,361.5 lbs. of milk and 102.02 lbs. of fat. It is said that ]\Iurne Cowan weighs 1,320 lbs., 100 lbs. more than when the test was begun, and that to all appearances the. making of this record has not in- jured her in the least. Experiments with the Sharpies mechanical milker, J. J. Hooper and J. W. Nutter {KrniHckji Sta. Bui. 1S6 (WlJf), pp. Jf7o-510, figs. 12).— In tests with milking machines at the Kentucky Station it was demonstrated that there was no appreciable or permanent decrease in the milk production during a 30-day period when the cows were becoming accustomed to the mechanical milker. At the Elmendorf farm, Lexington, Ky., it was found that 25 cows milked with the machine decreased 10.5 per cent in their milk yield in INIay as com- pared with their production in February, while 25 other cows during the same period milked by hand decreased 18.5 per cent. The machine-milked cows pro- duced less milk during Mai'ch than during April. After the machine at the station had been in use for seven months, it was discontinued for two weeks and the cows during that period were milked by hand. The cows did not as a rule respond with a larger milk yield when hand milked. The cows were stripped by hand after being machine-milked, the average strippings amounting to less than one pint. The average percentage of decrease in milk yield for each period of 30 days was found to vary from 3.4 per cent in the second month to 21.5 per cent in the twelfth month. This decrease is somewhat larger and was not so uniform as was found in 323 animals at the Wisconsin Station (E. S. R., 28, p. 272). An average of 71 milkings showed that the time consumed by a unit in milking a cow was 3.99 minutes, the time to strip 0.83 minute, the weight of strippings 0.92 lb., and the milk produced with strippings added 11.67 lbs. It was found that two men operating four units can milk 28 cows, strip and feed them, and carry the milk to the dairy room in 43.4 minutes. With hand milking this same operation performed by two men required 1 hour and 20 minutes. The total time consumed in washing the parts of the machine each day was 75 minutes. Salt brine and sal soda solutions were found unsatisfactory in cleaning the parts of the milking machine. A solution consisting of unslaked lime and water 1 : 9 is now used and found to kill practically all bacteria. Bacteriological tests made of the various solutions showed that whereas those using brine and sal soda contained a large number of bacteria, limowater con- tained from 0 to 130 bacteria i>er cubic centimeter. Bacteriological tests made of milk produced with the machine showed an average of 3.657.6 bacteria 674 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Iier cubic centimeter, and where tlie strippiugs were added, an average of 12.221.5 bacteria per cubic centimeter. Tests on average milli from the station dairy showed 10.020 I)acteria. A comparison of hand and niacliine niillv sliowed a .'^omfwhat lower bacterial content in tlio latter. In comparing the tests of milk drawn with the niachine from many different cows it appeared that some cows produced milk that con- tained a large number of bacteria, but ordinarily the milk was almost free from bacteria as it came from a healthy udder. It was found advi-sable to draw a stream of milk from each teat before the cups are applied as this milk contains a large number of bacteria. A high bacterial count followed lapses in scrujHilous cleanliness in handling the machine and its i)arts. Development and present situation of milk recording and bookkeeping associations in Denmark, A. C. Duisoiu; {Ahs. in Intcnidi. Inst. A'jr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (lOUf), No. 9, pp. J 2.Pf-l 2.36). —An account of the work of the milk-recording associations in Denmark. [Prices paid to farmers for milk] (Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 3 {1915), No. 6, pp. 2-3, 2.'i, fig. 1). — From statistics compiled by the Daily Division and the Bureau of Crop Estimates of this Department it is estimated that the average price paid to farmers for milk in 1913 was 3.S49 cts. per quart, and in 1912, 3.565 cts. The price decreased from 4.2 cts. in January to 3.3 cts. in June and then gradually increasing to 4.3 cts. in December. It appears that milk was at its highest in New England, the average price for the year being 4.571 cts. It was lowest in the east North-Central States, the year's average being 3.503 cts. The greatest range in prices was found in the Middle Atlantic States, where the December price was 4.187 cts. and the June price 2.912 cts. Studies on milk, R. Windisch (Kis6rlet. Kozlem., 17 (191^), No. 2, pp. 221- 223). — In these studies a variation in the dry matter in the milk of morning and evening milkings from 0 to 0.1 per cent was noted in 75.47 per cent of the cases, from 0.1 to 0.2 in 21.69 i>er cent, and greater than 0.2 per cent in 2.81 per cent of the cases. The Ackermann refraction was found to be a fairly accurate method of distinguishing the milk from cows of fresh lactation from those well along in the lactation period. Bacillus abortus in market milk, Alice C. Evans {Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5 {1915), No. J,, pp. 122-125). — A method by which B. abortus may be isolated and identified is described as follows : "The milk is plated on ordinary lactose agar, to which there is added just before pouring into the plate, at a temperature of about 50° C, 10 per cent of sterile blood serum. After incubating for four days at 37°, a certain area of the plate, large enough to include several colonies of B. abortus, should they be present, is selected, and the colonies are transferred to a nutrient broth con- taining 1 per cent of glycerin. Colonies from a similar area arc transferred to tubes of whole milk containing litmus. " The growth in the glycerin broth is quite characteristic. There is a medium amount of growth in tiny, compact, spherical masses which settles to the bottom of the tube and does not cloud the broth. In litmus whole milk there is an abundant growth in the cream layer, with a gradual development of acid. Cultures in litmus milk from which the cream has been removed grow spar- ingl}^ with no apparent effect. On plain infusion agar slopes the growth is in very small, separate colonies, which are .scattered over the whole surface of the slope, if it hapi:)ens to be moist at the time of inoculation ; or the colonies are confined to a ribbon-like growth, along the line of inoculation, if the agar is comparatively dry when inoculated." Tlie incidence of tuberculosis in childhood. — The prevalence of tubercle bacilli in the Edinburgh milk supply, A. P. Mitchell {Jour, iitatc Med., 23 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 675 (1915), No. 2, pp. Ji4-5'i). — Samples of milk collecteil from Edinburgh milk shops show a high incidence of tubercle bacilli, which fact is thought to account for the prevalence of bovine tubercular infection of chiUlron in that city. More stringent inspection and regulation of dairy farms is urged. The viability of the typhoid bacillus in sour cream, C. Krumwiede and W. C. Noble (Amcr. Jour. Pub. Health, J, {1!)14), No. 11, pp. 1 006-1008). —Thin investigation tends to show that the acids i)roduced in sour cream gradually kill the typhoid bacillus, at a rate pi"oiK)rtional to the degree of acidity and the number of organisms present. "With a moderate contamination, the typhoid bacilli are killed in about four days. With a heavy contamination or where initial multiplication has taken place, a longer time may be required. For this reason a clean cream which soured slowly would be more dangerous if contaminated, as an initial multipli- cation of the typhoid bacilli would occur and a longer time would be required to destroy the bacilli." An investigation into the keeping- properties of condensed milks at the temperature of tropical climates, AV. W. (). Beveridge (Jour. Roj/. Army Med. Corpi^, 22 (li)l'i). So. 1, pp. 1-8). — The author C(mcludes from his observations that " the change in color of certain kinds of condensed milks in tropical cli- mates is presumably 4ue to brown color being developed by reducing sugars in solution at a certain temperature, and is likely to be more marked with an increase of acidity due to bacterial fermentation ; the presence of iron in the ferric state also plays a part in the production. In sterile condensed milks, chiefly found an)ong those brands which contain no added sugar, changes are not noticeable. Sterile uncondeused tinned milk also shows no change even after incubation at 37° C. (98.6° F.) for many months. "The increase of acidity is brought about by bacterial activity resulting from the increased temperature, and hydrolysis of the sugar follows. The bac- teria concerned in the change are spore-bearing bacilli which produce an acid fermentation of the proteins. In milks containing only Gram-positive staphylo- cocci a brown color is probably never produced. It would seem that the depth of the Jirown color is dei)endent on the amount of reducing sugar produced or of iron present, and is likely to l)e more intense in sweetened milks, owing to the reduction of the added cane sugar. "The increase in consistency, noticed in connection with the brown colora- tion in sweetened milks, is also due to bacillary fermentation, and some of the protein is consequently rendered insoluble." [Butter analysesj, J. C. BRiJNNiCH (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Sloclc [Qucen.s- 7.ff«rf], 1913-l-'f, pp. 6.T, 66). — Analyses of a large number of butter samples gave an average moisture content of 14.97 per cent for salted butter and 15.09 per cent for unsaltcd. There was 0.14 i>er cent of boric acid in the salted butter and 0.27 ])er cent in the unsalted. Moldiness in butter, C. Thom and R. H. Shaw (U. .S*. Dept. A[;r., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1915), No. J,, pp. 301-310, fig. i).— From mycological and chemical examinations made of characteristic samples representing the range of condi- tions and appearances found in commercial butter obtained through the in- spection service of this Department, the authors conclude that " mold in butter usually takes three forms, viz, (a) orange-yellow areas with a submerged growth of mycelium are pro<^Iucetl by O'idium htetis; (b) smudged or dirty green areas either entirely submerged or with some surface growth are produced by species of Alternaria and Cladosporium ; (c) green surface colonies are produced by species of Penicillium, or, more rarely, A.spergillis, either upon the butter, caus- ing decomposition, or upon the container or wrappings, injuring tbe appearance of the sample in the market. 676 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " Species of Oidium, Alternaria, aud Cladosporium can not develop in butter coulaiuiug 2.5 per cent of salt. The occurrence of any of tbese forms In a sample of butter indicates low salting. Excess of curd favors mold growtb. Well-washed butter is less subject to mold. Leaky butter, i. e., butter from which water of buttermilk exudes and collects in the wi'appings or in the con- tainer, furnishes the best conditions for the beginning of mold growth. From these wet areas colonies may spread to the butter itself. " Wet surfaces, wet wrappings, or high humidity, are es.sential to mold growth in butter. Mold will not grow upon the surface of a piece of butter exi^osed to humidities of 70 per cent or lower. The water in the butter is thus not suffi- ciently available to the mold to support the development of a colony, unless evaporation is reduced liy high humidities. In clo.sed packages, wet or damp cellars, or carelessly packed masses with cracks or fissures in which moisture collects, mold may seriously injure the appearance of butter packages or actually induce great changes in the butter itself. Salt up to 2.5 to 3 per cent in butter is sufficient to eliminate mold or reduce it to negligible amount. This is equivalent to the use of a 12 to 15 per cent brine," A bibliography of ten references is given. VETERINARY MEDICINE. A system of veterinary medicine, edited by E. W. Hoaee (Chicago: Alexan- der Eger, 1915, vol. 2, pp. XVIII-\-162S). — This second volume of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 476) deals with general diseases and includes a section on parasites and parasitic diseases. An index to the two volumes is given. Report of the veterinary department, R. A. Ceaig (Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 72-76). — During the year 38 per cent more of antlhog-cholera .serum was prepai'ed than in any previous year. In the field work all healthy hogs wei'e vaccinated by the serum-simultaneous method and the cholera hogs were given the serum alone. Many deaths resulted amongst the vaccinated healthy hogs due to infection of the vaccination wound at the time of vaccination or shortly afterward. A few of the simultaneously vaccinated herds lost their imnnniity in from six weeks to six months post vaccination. In nearly every case the pigs that lost the immunity received only 0.5 cc. of hog cholera blood. " Field ex- perience indicates that it is not advisable to administer less than one cc. of virus, or simultaneously vaccinate pigs that weigh less thap 50 lbs., especially if the mother is actively immune." In the hog cholera investigations hog cholera blood and virulent normal salt solution were studied with the ultramicroscope and various culture media such as milk, hay, and meat infusions, bouillon, and sugars were used in combina- tion with filtrates of virulent blood. More than 60 germ-free filtrates were studied. For the purpose of determining variations in the virulence of hog cholera blood at different periods in the disease, virus was secured by tail bleeding a cholera hog four and six days after it had been inoculated. Twelve pigs given the four-day virus lived an average of 24 days while those given the six-day virus lived only 21 days. A mixture consisting of one part hog cholera blood and two parts normal salt solution was incubated at a temperature of 37.5° C. for 24 hours. The different lots of virus were then heated from one to two hours in a water bath at temperatures ranging from"" 60 to 65°. Of 62 pigs inoculated with VETERINARY MEDICINE. 677 the heated virus, 60 of the pigs died of acute hog cholera, while of 2::5 pen exposure checks, 21 died of hog cholera. Inoculation by the intravenous method was found to yield a less potent antiserum than that given when the inoculation of virus is made intramus- cularly. Ten hog cholera cures (nine proprietary and sodium cacodylate) were tried, but no preventive or curative properties were found. " Samples of the different antihog-cholera sera sold by the commercial firms have been bought and tested for both potency and purity. The bacterial counts of the different makes of serum have varied from 30,000 to 125,000,000 bacteria to the cubic centimeter. Forty tests for potency have been made. Thirteen of these tests proved unsatisfactory, one or all of the pigs in the different tests that were vaccinated by the simultaueous method dying of hog cholera." From a large number of post-mortem examinations of birds from different poultry farms in the State and the reported losses, it is concluded that mixed septicemia causes more loss to poultrymeu than any other one disease. An attempt to control this Infection on one poultry fai'm by the use of a bacteriu failed. Report of the bacteriologist, W. Giltneb {Micliigan 8ta. Rpt. 191.'t, pp. 210- 225). — In a study of the milk of animals infected with contagious abortion organisms having a close resemblance to the BaciUus ajjortus were isolated from the stomach of an aborted calf and from the milk of a cow after abortion. As to the comparative virulence of avian, human, and bovine types of B. tuber- culosis, the results of a rabbit experiment " would lead one to believe a close relationship exists between the avian and bovine types as regards the degree of virulence. Furthermore, if the type of disease produced in rabbits is indicative of tlie type that might be produced by the application of the same methods in calves, the use of living cultures of avian tubercle bacteria in bovine vaccina- tion is unsafe and unwarranted." In studying contagious epithelioma or " sore head " in chickens, a vaccine was prepared " from the diphtheritic membrane which developed in the mouth of the diseased birds. This material was ground in a sterile mortar, susijended in salt .solution, and heated at 60° C. for two hours. Injections of 1 cc. were made into the muscles of the leg in some cases and the breast in others. Twelve birds were treated and one not treated was placed in a pen with those treated. This untreated bird died later and an autopsy showed a diphtheritic condition of mouth, larynx, and pharynx. Those birds which were sick when treated all recovered with but one exception. One of the sick treated birds was kept in the pen and later the disease redeveloped, about two months after apparent re- covery. This would indicate an immunity of short duration." • In work on contagious abortion, an additional experiment was made to study the effects of dead and living cultures of the abortus bacterium upon the mor- phological blood elements " and blood reactions, both in open females and dur- ing pregnancy, a study of the pathologic anatomical changes as a result of these culture injections." It was found from a comparative study of the agglutina- tion and complement fixation test that little can be determined from these tests about the probability of an individual aborting, nor can anything be predicted as to the probability of the reacting animal becoming a source of danger to sus- ceptible animals. " The complement fixation test will pick out more reactors than will the agglutination test but on the other hand animals may react to the agglutination test and not to the complement fixation test. . . . The use of living cultures of the abortus bacillus on open females and dead cultures on pregnant females has been applied to a few herds with the object of observing their immunizing effects. The results of this work can not be fully appreciated as 678 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOBD. yet but they are not encouraging, on the other hand they lead to the belief that these injections may result injuriously in some cases and henelicial in others." Annual report of the Bengal Veterinary College and of the Civil Veterinary Department, Bengal, for the year 1913—14, A. Smxth and P. J. Kerr (Ann. Rpt. Bengal Vet. Col. and Civ. Vet. Dcpt., 1913-1/t, pp. 6+///+y+r///+3).— This is the usual annual rei)ort (E. S. II., 30, p. 778). E. Merck's annual report of recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry and therapeutics (Merck's Ann. Rpts., 21 (1913), pp. 589). — This is a review of the literature pertaining to these topics for the year 1913. Siiecial articles on nucleiu and nucleic acid and preparations used for radiographic examinations are included. A bibliographic index is al)pended. Bacterial antiferments. — Studies on ferment action, XVII, J. W. Jobling and W. I'KTKKSEN (Jour. Expt. Med., 20 (191',), No. .5. pp. .)r)2-J,Gl, figa. 2).— This work was done with several kinds of bacteria, including (he tuliercle bacillus. Intact bacteria are said to resist digestion by trypsin because no protein substratum is exposed. Dried organisms resist digestion in a degree proportional to their content of unsaturated lipoids. Lipoidal extractives were found to I'educe the resistance to tryptlc digestion. "The extracted lipoids (saponified) are antitryptic in a degree proportional to their unsaturation. The inactivation of the antiferment in Gram-negative organisms is probably due to changes in the degree of lipoidal dispersion. Bac- teria adsorb lipoids from the serum when incubated at 37° C. Such organisms when dried are found to be more resistant to tryptic digestion than untreated organisms." Lipoids as inhibitors of anaphylactic shock. — Studies on ferment action, XVIII, J. W. Jobling and W. Peiersen {Jour. Expt. Med., 20 {WW, No. 5, pp. Jf68-i76, fiff. 1). — "The antitryptic titer of the serum can be increased by .subcutaneous injections of serum lipoids (antitrjiJsin) and of the liiwids from egg yolk. Animals so injected show a relative immunity to acute anaphylactic shock (two minimum lethal doses). Extraction of lipoids contained in antigens increases the toxicity of the antigen when injected into a sensitized anijnal. Sublethal doses of soap solutions injected simultaneously with the antigen (purified horse serum albumin) prevent anaphylactic shock. The refractory state following anaphylactic shock is related in part to an increase in the antitryptic tiler of the serum." An anomalous strain of Bacillus paratyphosus (B) and its source, 11. J. HuTCHENs and W. J. Tulloch (Ahs. in Jour. Path, and Bact., 18 (1914), ^'o. 3, pp. 431, Jf32). — ^An organism was Lsolatetl from brewers' yeast which had been used as a feed for various siiecies of farmyard animals in which it appears to have produced symptoms of acute enteritis. The organism exhibited the usual mon>hological and biochemical characteristics of the Salmonella group but dif- fered in its agglutination reactions. Report on the investigation of four cases of sudden death which took place at the Athens State Hospital, E. R. Hayhxjrst and E. Scott (Mo. Bui. Ohio Bd. Health, J, (191//), No. 10, pp. l-'f07-U21, fig. i).— Autopsical findings are presented for four men, patients with minor degrees of psychoses at the Athens State Hospital, and 31, 56, 56, and 67 years old. respectively, who were suddenly asphyxiated within five minutes after entering a new metal silo being filled with corn silage. The men were employed to tramp down the silage, and were waiting for work to begin. In spite of efforts at resuscitation, including hypodermic injections of stimulants, it was impossible to revive any of them. On (he morning following the accident tests were made in the silo with guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs, which succumbed in a few minutes. About half VETERINARY MEDICINE. 679 an hour later, one of the investigators entered l)nt could detect nothing ix^culiar until his head was about a foot above the silage, when pungent, warm, slightly alcoholic gas was noticeable. The odor of the gas gave no suggestion of bitter almonds, garlic, or rotten eggs. A second investigator discovered at about 10 in. above the general level of the silage, and from there to the silage the same almost irrespirable gas, which had an immediately irritating effect upon the mucous membrane of the nose, throat, and trachea. Analysis of a sample of the gas collected from the silo showed carbon dioxid 38.15, oxygen 38.75, and nitrogen 48.1 per cent, while that of a sample olilained from a neighboring silo showed carbon dioxid 0.22, oxygen 20.0, and nitrogen 79.22 per cent. No test was obtained for carbon monoxid, ammonia, hydro- cyanic acid, or methane. A crisis in the foot-and-mouth disease situation (Illinois Sta. Circ. 178 (1915), PI). Jf). — A discussion of the foot-and-mouth disease situation prepared by a connnittee of the station which emphasizes the fact that it is " the plain duty of all who have the welfare of the live stock interests at heart to unite in supporting the efforts of the federal and state authorities to eradicate the disease from this country." Immunity ag'ainst tuberculosis in cattle, A. Calmette and C. Gu^rin (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 28 (1914), ^o. 4, PP- 329-337; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (1914), ^^o. 3, pp. 263-265). — This is in continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 30, p. 482) in regard to determining what part the sub- stances which comprise the bacillus, i. e., the lij)oids, the tuberculins, and the bacillary protoplasm, play in the production of immunity. The lipoids appear to play no part in immunity, and the injection of tuber- culin, either crude or precipitated, sensibly retards the development of tubercu- losis produced by the test inoculations. The effect of intact bacilli killed by heat and washed was studied for the purpose of determining whether the slight protective power attributed to dead bacilli depends upon the tuberculin ' inclosed within the bodies of the bacilli. "An S-month-old calf was inoculated Intravenously with 20 mg. of bacilli heated for 36 minutes at 65° C. and then washed with salt solution. Three months later the animal was tested with tuberculin and gave a very i)ronounced reaction. It was slaughtered on the same day. and at the post-mortem the lesions of chronic, slowly progressive tuI)ereulosis were found." "The intact bacillary protoplasm obtained from dead bacilli which are devoid of tuberculin possesses no immunizing action at all. Lasting tolerance pos- sessed by bovines to infection with, tuberculosis is due to the presence in their systems of living bacilli. The saprophytic existence of tubercle bacilli in the system leads to the production of soluble imniuni-zing substances different from those obtained in artificial culture media." The twenty-eight hour law and the animal quarantine laws annotated, compiled by H. Coding (Washinyton: U. 8. Dcpt. Ar/r., Office ^oliritur, 1915, pp. 52). — An annotation of the act of Congress approved June 29, 1906, com- monly known as the " Twenty-eight Hour Law," and the Animal Quarantine Acts of May 29, 1884, February 2, 1903, and March 3, 1905. All of the deci- sions of the courts contained in the publication of October 2, 190S, entitled " The Twenty-eight Hour Law Annotated," all decisions under the Twenty- eight Hour Law reported since that publication was issued, and all decisions reported under the animal quarantine laws ai*e included. Sterility in bovines and equines, J. J. Wester (Tijdsehr. Veeartsenijl:., 4I (191.',), No. 1, pp. 13-16; ahs. in Vet. Rec, 27 (191 J,), No. 1362, pp. 109, 110; Cornell Vet., 4 (1915), No. 4, pp. 212, 213).— Thin article deals with endemic sterility which has been frequently encountered during certain years. 680 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Dehorning cattle, P. V. Ewing {Georgia Htu. Jiiil. Ill {191.'t), pp. 193-201i, I'KJK. 7). — A i)0])iil;ir illustrated accouut. The warble flies: Fourth report on experiments and observations as to life history and treatment (Dt'ijt. Ayr. and Tccli. I)usir. Irclund Jour., 15 (lyiJf), No. 1, pp. 105-132, pis. 4, fiffS. 2). — This is a report of investigations, conducted in continuation of those previously noted (E. S. Pi., 24, p. 61), which have extended up to the summer of 1914. In the first part of the report New Facts in the Life History (pp. 105-119) are presented by G. H. Cari)enter, T. li. Hewitt, and T. K. Reddin. It is pointed out that while Ilypoclerma lineatum lays her eggs on the hairs in i-ows and must, therefore, cling on for a few minutes while depositing them, //, havis lays her eggs singly and quickly, thus causing the animals to get veiy excited. Studies of the external reproductive organs of H. lineatum and II. hovis show that they may be distinguished by very definite structural characters (E. S. R., 31, p. 2.54). Up to the summer of 1913 the first-stage larva of the warble fly had not been observed outside the egg, but during that summer it was seen by Glaser in Ger- many (E. S. R., 32, p. GO) and by the authors in Great Britain. The so-called first-stage maggots mentioned by various authoi's as found in the gullets of cattle are in reality early second-stage larvte. "The newly-hatched maggot, though only 0.8 mm. (^ in.) long, is dis- tinguished by the relatively immense strength of its mouth hooks, and of the spiny armature in transverse rows across its segments especially on the ventral aspect. . . . The whole aspect of this little larva suggests that it could bore as readily through the skin as through the mucous coat of the gullet. That it does bore into the skin we are convinced as the result of the muzzling experiments and of the direct observations that we have been able to make." Muzzling experiments indicate that there is no protection from warbles for those calves which can not lick themselves, and confirm the opinion derived from the early muzzling experiments that the maggot usually enters the host's body through the skin. The experiments indicate that the tongue, far from aiding the parasite in its career, rather inhibits its progress and reduces the number of maggots found in animals that can lick themselves. In an experi- ment conducted during the summer of 1913 three of six calves kept housed and never allowed outside where they would be exposed to warble flies were feiroplasmosis in different degrees of severity were treated by the author through the use of trypanblue, it being administered subcu- taneously in 20 cases in doses of from 1(X» to 160 gm. of the solution, both with and without pilocarpine, and intravenously in three in doses of 100 gm. with COS gm. of pilocarpine. Nineteen of the cases responded to the treatment. The author ]K)iiits out that with all four animals that succumbed the drug was administered suhcutaneously. A text-book of the topographical anatomy of the horse, W. Ei.i.knbf.rcer and n. Baum {LeJuhuch dcr Topograplnschcn Anatomic ties Pferdes. Berlin: Paul Pare]/, 1914, PP- IX-\-427, figs. 215). — This text-boolc has been prepared from the author's large 3-volume work on the subject (E. S. R., 9. p.' 594) for use as a handbook by the veterinary student. The text of this work is shorter than that of the 3-volume work, but the number of figures remains the same, and a largo number are in color. Ophthalmic mallein for the diag'nosis of glanders, J. R. Mohler and A. EicHiiouN {U. H. Dcpt. Ayr. Bui. 166 {1915), pp. 11, pi. 1). — ^The mallein eye reaction is considered the most appropriate test for the use of the practicing veterinarian for the diagnosis of glanders. The combined agglutination and complement fixation method is considered a good laboratory test, as a check on the field tests and as a last resort in the diagnosis of doubtful reactors. The oi>htha]mic test, wliich is simple to conduct, has been used with much success in Europe, especially in Austria. The reaction commences in from five to six hours after the instillation of the mallein, and lasts from 24 to 36 hours. The e.s.sential factor in obtaining satisfactory results is to use the proper kind of mallein. The mallein employed by the Bureau of Animal Industry was in concentrated form (raw mallein) and prepared by the Biochemic Division. The method of preparation is described. Dry mallein may also be used for the test but the solution for instillation must be prepared fresh each day. This form of mallein is used in the State of Pennsylvania for official work. The method of applying and interin-etiug the mallein test is described in detail and the description is accompanied by a copy of Quarantine Division Form 69, Record of Ophthalmic Mallein Test, used l>y the Bureau of Animal Industry. The effect of the test on glandered and healthy animals is discussed. Four reproductions of photographs are included to show the varying degrees of reactions. The report of the special committee of the American Veterinary ^Medical As- sociation and its conclusions, which are in accord with the findings of the bureau, ai"e j)resented. Contagious pneumonia. — Its treatment by neosalvarsan, R. Bunsow (Blood- stock Breeders' Rev., 3 (191J,), No. 1, pp. 40-43; ahs. in Yet. Rcc., 27 (191.',), No. 1358, pp. 41, 4^)- — This article calls attention to the recent advances made in the treatment of pectoral influenza of equines through the use of neosalvarsan, which has much the same properties as snlvarsan (dioxydiamidoarsenobenzol). Hog cholera as a result of vaccinating" against erysipelas, Mulleb (Berlin. Ticrarztl. Wchnfichr., 30 (1914), No. 13, Beilagc, pp. 21-24). — A culture of ery- sipelas bacteria suspected of being the cause of hog cholera was tested upon 7- to S-week-old shoats. Some were given the culture and others the filtrate from the culture, while another lot received blood serum, filtered and unfiltered. and organ pastes from affected animals. RURAL ENGINEERING. 683 The animals receiving tlie filtered and uiifiltered cultnros became affediHl with lioj: cholera, bnt the others did not. A nnmber of the pij;;^ which remained sound and some controls were fetl with orjians from the pi.ys whlcli died from hog cholera and as a result of treatment with erysipelas culture, and others were jilacod In the infectetl stable. In l)oth instances the animals ])ecame alfected with hog cholera. The symi)loiu.s and pathological tindings are briefly stated. The curative action of autolyzed yeast against avian polyneuritis, E. A. Cooper (Biochem. Jour., 8 (191.',). No. 3, pp. 2.50-252).— " By the autolysis of Itrewers' yeast a solution can be obtained which possesses as niarl^ed curative properties toward avian polyneuritis as the original yeast. The solution retains its curative power for at least eight weeks and when given orally to birds in doses ten times as great as the minimum curing dose has no toxic action. Air- dried yeast retains its curative power after storage for two years in a dry tin, and still autolyzes after storage for four months." House disinfection with formaldehyde, W. Lowenstein [Zi-^chr. Jfi/f/. n. Infehtionskrank., 78 (.191J,), No. 2, pp. 363^38.',) .—When formaldehydt; was used for disinfection in the neighborhood of heated bodies the bacteria were killed with difficulty. Moist test objects were killed quicker than dry substances. Threads dipped in and saturated with bouillon cultures were more resistant to formaldehyde disinfection than agar cultures suspended in w"iter. Formalde- hyde acted in a similar manner on moist and dried bouillon culture test objects. RURAL ENGINEERING. Some measuring devices used in the delivery of irrigation water iCali- fonii.a ,St(i. Bui. 2//7 (1915), pp. 111-180, pi. 1, Jif/s. .?/).— This bnlleliu, prei»ared under a cooperative agreement between the Irrigation Investigations of this Office and the University of California, describes the testing station at Davis, Cal., which is used for the purpose of examining, testing, and demonstrating the jn-incipal irrigation water measuring devices so far developed, and de.scribes, illustrates, and points out the relative accuracy of some of the devices that have already become standard or that have been in use for a sufficiently long time or on a sufficient scale to warrant their installation at the laboratory. Three me.MSuring hydrants for underground distribution systems were tested. The Aznsa hydrant pi'ovides for measurement through one or more oriliee.s on the center of which a pressure head of 4 in. is maintained by means of a sheet iron spill crest set at right angles to the orifice plate. The hydrant is in the form of a concrete box placed over the supply pipe line and the area of the openings in the orifice varies from 10 to 50 sq. in. The average of all tests made on this hydrant showed "the amounts in inches being carried through the openings to be 1 per cent more than their area in square inches," includ- ing all errors in measurements. All openings or combinations of openings were equally accurate. It is thought, therefore, that the box will meastu'e as accu- rately as is required. The Gage hydrant consists of a main box of 2-in. mortar, the bottom of which is cast separately and the top cemented to it in the field. The weir crest consists of 4-in. by li-in. iron cemented to the sides, giving a final opening of 10 in. wide and 10^ in. high. In the tests of this hydrant it was found that the amount of w-ater discharged for any given depth was greater than with a standard 10 in. weir, owing to the nearness of the sides of the box to the sides of the weir and to the velocity conditions in the box. " The amount of this difference increases as the head increases, being as much as 35 per cent at the 684 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. higher heads." It is stated that the principal source of error in using this box in practice will be the difficulty in measuring the depth over the weir closely. The Iliverslde box consists of a shallow box set over the end of the delivery pipe line. The water enters through the bottom of the box and is measured out through an adjustable cast-iron mea.suriug plate in the end. In tests of this device the average difference between the number of inches actually received and the area in square inches of the opening was about 2 per cent. For all tests the area in square inches of the opening averaged 1 per cent greater than the inches actually received. It is thought that where care is used to adjust the width of the opening to the amount running this box will measure water very closely. In tests of the Foote inch box the amount of water supposed to have been passed averaged 4 per cent greater than was actually run and the error did not vary with the amount of discharge. " From these tests it appears that the slide can be set within an average 4 per cent of correct if care i^ used. This box will measure water up to 150 in. satisfactorily under conditions to which it is adapted, although it is not in general an economical box to use." A general discussion of different types of weirs in use is given, including weir tables which are in general use. Submerged orifices are also described and tables developed by the U. S. Reclamation Service for determining their flow under different conditions are given. Tests of a submerged orifice 2 ft. wide and 1 ft. high gave a coefficient of 0.61 which agrees with that determined by the Reclamation Service. In tests of a submerged orifice gate under two conditions it was found that the mean of all measurements using the level board gave a mean coefficient of 0.8 while the measurements on the gate gave a mean of 0.72. " From these results it is seen that the coefficient for such measuring gates varies with the type of gate. . . . Where the lack of sufficient fall for the use of a better measuring device makes the use of this type of submei'ged orifice necessary, a standard size and structure should be adopted, and special discharge tables prepared. This should then be rated under the condition in which it will be used." Three mechanical devices for measuring and registering the total flow were tested. The Dethridge meter consists of a wheel or drum to which projecting pieces of sheet metal are fastened. The drum is placed with its axle horizontal and is so set that the projecting blades are in the current' of the ditch to be measured. A special box is built around the wheel so that all water in pass- ing has to strike against the blades. The tests of this device showed the meter to be quite accurate under constant ditch conditions between rates of flow of from 1 to 3.5 second-feet. For both larger and smaller discharges the meter passed more water than it did between these limits. " The amount of water going through the meter varies with the depth of drov\-ning. A meter set high in the ditch will discharge less water per revolution than one set low. Check- ing up the ditch below a meter so that the depth is increased at the meter may increase the discharge by as much as 10 per cent in some cases. . . . The Dethridge meter of this size is adapted for accurate measurement of streams varying from 1 to 3 or 4 cu. ft. per second." The Graut-Michell meter consists of a wheel turning in a horizontal circular opening through which the water is made to pass. The meter consists of four flat blades set so that the water in flowing through the circular opening strikes against them at an angle. On the upper end of the shaft carrying the wheel is a counter which records the number of revolutions of the wheel. Tests made of the 21-in. meter showed that for discharges of over 2 second-feet and up to 6.5 second-feet the meter makes one revolution for every 6.1 cubic feet of RURAL ENGINEERING. 685 water passed. More water is passed per revolution on lower rates of discliurge. Tlie tests show that the meter will probably register within 2.5 per cent of the true quantity. The fall required in the ditch varies with the rate of flow from about 1 in. for a discharge of 3 second-feet to 4 in. for a discharge of 5 second- feet. The high cost of this meter is said to be against its general use. The IIlll meter consists of a circular horizontal opening in the floor of a box through which the water to be measured is made to pass. The meter consists of curved vanes on a central drum. It sits in the center of the opening and is turned by the water as it strikes against the vanes on rising through the open- ing. The turning of the meter drives the gears of a counting device which records the water passed in acre-feet. Tests of a 12-in. Hill meter showed that this size of meter apparently registers the quantity passed within 1.5 per cent for discharges of from 1 to 3.5 second-feet. For discharges of less than 1 .second- foot more water passed the meter than was registered and for discharges of 3.5 second-feet the water boiled up through the opening so as to submerge tlie counter. The loss of head of fall in the water required for this meter varied from 1 in. when carrying 1 second-foot to 6^ in. when carrying 3.5 second-feet. "The Hill meter seems adapted to use under the usual conditions of irrigation practice. It is simple and has few^ wearing parts. The head required for the different sizes is less than that needed for the use of weirs. The record of the total quantity of w'ater passed can be read in units of 0.001 acre-foot." The data of the tests are given in an appendix. Stream gag'ing by titration: Comparative tests of new chemical and stand- ard miechauical methods of gaging stream flow, L. W. Collkt et al., trans. by G. Blaauw and R. E. Ward {Engin. and Contract., 42 (Wl-'f), No. 12, pp. 270-273, figs. 3). — This article explains the method of stream gaging by chemi- cal means, describes the preparation of the solution, and the computation of results. The process is based on the theory that if a constant quantity of concentrated solution of sodium •clorid be injected into a stream and samples of water taken at a certain distance from the poiBt of injection into the stream, the discharge may be determined by the fact that the ratio of the discharge of the initial solution to the discharge of the final solution is inversely proportional to the ratio of their concentration. The conditions necessary for the success of this method of gaging are (1) a constant rate of flow of the initial solution, (2) perfect mixing, and (3) accurate titi'ation of the salt solution. Comparative tests made in Switzerland of the chemical method with the cur- rent metei*, curtain, and weir methods are described, from which it is concluded that the titration method is rapid and exact, permits the easy determination of a discharge of high head turbines, is applicable in certain cases to test low head turbines, and may be used in gaging Alpine streams whore otlicr methods are considered inaccurate. The hydraulics of irrigation, drainage, and other channels, L. Schmeeb {Engin. and Contract., 42 {1914), No. 13, pp. 284-290, figs. 4).— The author briefly reviews the history of channel flow formulas, deduces an equation for circular conduits running full, discusses the practical application of formulas for conduits under pressure, and deals in more or less detail with formulas governing the flow of water in open conduits, covered aqueducts, and egg-shaped conduits. Ground-water supplies, O. Smreker (Dns Grundivasser, Seine Erscheinungs- fornien, Bcwcgung.'igcsctzc, und Mcngenbestivimung. Leipsic: W. Engelmann, 1914. PP- 67, figs. 27; rev. in Engin. News, 72 (.1914), No. 21, p. IO46).— This book is divided into seven sections which embrace a review of the principal 686 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. theories of the foriuatiou of ground water, the interchange of surface and sub- soil waters, the law of resistance to tlie motion of water through the ground, the efliciency of different methods of obtaining a water supply, the determination of the shape of the cone of depression of the ground-water surface by means of experiments with pumps, and the determination of the discharge of a stream of ground water tlirougli a given basin or cross section. Economic factors involved in road construction in strictly rural sections {Hmjin. and Contract., Jf.l (IDi-'t), No. 11, pp. 2.7.5-2.58). — This article considers the economics of country road construction from the standpoint of the general welfare of the community, discusses the relative permanence of construction and structural details, and describes methods of financing. It is considered fundamental that any outlay of money be made in such a manner that it will result in a paying investment to the community. With this in view it is concluded (1) that no road should be improved without some pro- vision for its maintenance, (2) that all unprofitable work and works " de luxe" be avoided within certain limits, (3) that all improvements not actually and positively needed be omitted or postponed, (4) that the choice of kinds of pave- ment the durability and ease of maintenauc of which have not been ascertained in practice be avoided as much as possible, and (5) that unnecessary experi- ments be avoided. The relation of farm produce hauling to permanent road improvements (Engin. and Contract., }fi (1914), No. 9, pp. 215-217, figs. ,?).— This arti<-!e dis- cusses economic questions relating to the classification of highways, hauling radius, apportioning of aid. supporting areas of cities, and cost of distributing food products, treating these subjects as fundamentals to economic road design imder Ontario, Canada, conditions. Concrete highway bridge construction as standardized by Iowa commis- sion, C. B. McCuLLOuGH (Eni/in. Rec, 10 (191-'f), No. 19, pp. ')l.'t-5n, figs. 6). — The author, in describing the process by which the Iowa Highway Commission has arrived at its standards for concrete highway bridges, states that topograph- ical conditions markedly influenced the selection of designs for different parts of the State. The cantilever type of abutment has been chosen for the general standard, but to meet conditions of scarcity of concrete materials in the Kansan drift area the pedestal or integral approach span type is being developed. The box type of culvert is said to have proved in general the solution of the culvert problem except in cases of very deep ravines requiring excessive fill, when the arch culvert is used. Specifications and permissible stresses in material are given, and the standard superstructure plans were designed for the following loadings: (1) Dead load- ings of earth fill at 120, concrete at 150, and brick masonry at 150 lbs. per cubic foot ; treated timber at 5 and untreated timber at 3^ lbs. per foot, board meas- ure; and (2) a uniformly distributed live load over floor and sidewalk surface of 100 lbs. per square foot or a concentrated live load consisting of a 15-ton traction engine with weight on the rear axle of 20.000 lbs. and on the front axle of 10,000 lbs., distance between axles 11 ft., distance between the rear wheels 6 ft, and width of the I'ear wheels 22 in. "Where the floor slab supporting this concentration is relatively thin, as in the deck girder floors, each of the rear wheels is assumed to distribute over an area 4 by 4 ft. Where the slab is 12 in. thick or over the lateral distribution is increased to 6 ft. for each wheel or 12 ft. for the entire rear axle load, and the longitudinal distribution is taken as 5 ft. The culvert loadings are taken the same as the foregoing with the addi- tion that below 1 ft. the wheel load concentration is assumed to distribute through the earth fill in four directions at the rate of ^ horizontal to 1 ver- RURAL ENGINEERING. 687 tical." The details of the desij;us of various standard structures, including deck and through girders, are further discussed. Notes on using kerosene, J. A. Kino (loicu Engineer, 15 (lOUt), No. 2, pp. ■■,(>-58). — The author ct)nrhules that the best results are obtained today with kerosene as a fuel for internal combustion engines when one uses a thoroughly t'tticient carburetor in connection with a water spray and on a throttle-governed engine. Dynamics of a plow, J. I\i;ik (Jour. Aor. [Seiv Zeal.], S {191.'/), No. 6, pp. 507-606, figs. IZ). — The author, in endeavoring to explain the dynamics of a plow, deals with the single furrow lever plow of the New Zealand type having three wlieels. lie points out in conclusion that a great deal of misappreheusitm regarding the relative draft of light and heavy plows exists among farmers and plowmen. The draft of plows running on wheels on level land, he states, is not appreciably aft'e<-ted by the dead weight of the plow. " The draft of every plow is almost entirely due to the work done on the furrow, and will vary with the width and doitth of furrow, and condition and quality of the land. While a light plow is easier to handle for the man. within reasonable limits and on level land, it makes hardly any difference to the horses." The strength and design of washers in reference to the bearing on wood, L. R. RoDKNiiisEB {Cornell Civ. Engin., 23 (1014), No. 2, pp. .'tl-45, figs. 6). — Investigations are reported with four different types of structural timber to determine (1) the safe bearing value and ultimate strengths of different w-oods under different washers, and (2) the economic size of washers in order to make the safe bearing value and ultimate strengths as high as possible and yet keep tlie weight of the washers down to a minimum. The main conclusions reache.Iass.. from among the list of " spot niarlcets." Government crop reports ( f/. 8. Dept. Apr., Bitr. Crop Estimates Circ. 17. rev. {lUlo), pp. 27). — This circular discusses the origin, value, scope, raetliod. and bases of the crop estimates and gives a table showing the scope of wnrlv in- volved in the preparation of the several croi> reports by months, and the details involved in making the final estimates. Statistical atlas of the United States, 1914 (Bur. of the Census [U. 8.], 8t(i1is. Atlas U. 8., 1914, PP- 99-\-XII, pis. 503). — ^TMs volume contains maps and diagrams to illustrate the statistical tables of the Thirteenth Census, and includes diagrams and maps x'elating to rural population, agriculture, manufac- turing, and those gainfully employed. Annual statistics of Chile {An. Estad. Chile, 10 {1912-13), pp. 221).— Th\> vo]un;e contains statistical data showing the area and production of the prin- cipal agricultural products and the number of live stock by provinces. Report on the agriculture of Saxony for 1913 {Jahrcsbcr. Landw. Konigr. Sachs., 1913, pp. VI+3Jf3). — This report gives information concerning agricul- tural credit, labor, trade, and education, and the inspection of foodstuffs, fer- tilizers, and seeds, the cultivation of land, animal industries, and live stock sanitation. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Proceedings of the Conference on Rural Education, February 10, 1913 {Proc. Cunf. Rural Ed. [Mass.], 1913, pp. 45). — Among the papers and addresses included in the proceedings of this conference are the following : Rural Educa- tion from the Standpoint of the Agricultural College and Teacher, by W. R. Hart: Rural Education from the Standjioint of the Rural Citizen, Taxpayer, and Parent, by E. E. Chapman: The Betterment of Rural Schools, by E. T. Fairchild: Educational Possibilities in the Rural High School, by R. W. Stim- son : Educational Possibilities of Improved Social Conditions, by H. N. Loomis; Two TyiX's of Agricultural Education, by D. Sneddeu; and Needs and Possi- bilities of Education in Rural Communities, by P. P. Claxton. Present status of agricultural education in Canada, S. B. McCrilady {Inter )>at. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, ami Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), ^^o. 5. pp. 571-578). — The author gives an account of the jurisdiction of the fetleral and provincial governments, the agricultural instruction act of 1913. and the present organization of agricultural instruction in the various Provinces of the Dominion. Annual report of the state director of industrial education to the super- intendent of public instruction, Manette A. Myers {Ann. Rpt. State Dir. Indus. Ed. [N. Hex.], 1913. pp. 152, figs. 70). — This report contains (1) a copy of the act approved June 10, 1912. empowering the New Mexico board of edu- cation to prescribe a course in industrial education, including agriculture. 690 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. domestic science, and inauual trainiufj lor the public scliools, and to appoint a state director of industrial education, and of the 1912 county high school law, providing that manual training and domestic science, agriculture, and com- mercial science shall be added to the course of county high schools; (2) brief roi>orts on the first and second contest of the boys' and girls' industrial club in 1!)12-13, and ])lans for farm crops, ])oultry, and housekeepers' contests for 1914; and (3) notes on agricultural and domestic science instruction in the various counties of the State. Vocational schools, A. D. Dkan (Univ. State X. V. liul. 560 (liHJ,), pp. 76). — The author discusses the operation, spirit, and purix)se of the law giving state aid to vocational schools; the principles underlying state aid; the meaning and controlling pui-poses of vocational education ; the rules and regulations of the commissioner of education covering organization, courses of study, and content of instruction; the five types of vocational schools, including the schools of agriculture, inechaiiic arts, and home malciug; a description of the progress of agricuultural teaching in the Hancock High School as an illustration of the viewpoint of the community toward this work and of difliciilties to be overcome; part-time or continuation schools and evening vocational schools in which instruction is given in the trades and in industrial, agricultural, and homo eco- nomics subjects; the training of teachers for vocational subjects; and the movement for vocational guidance. Typical agricultural, industrial, and draw- ing programs are given for use of state conferences of teachers, principals, and supervisors engaged in vocational instruction in state-aided schools. Elementary science courses, Ora M. Cakrol iXatitrc-Stiuly Rev., 10 (191.^), No. 7. pp. 253-260)^ — This is a discussion of the i)resent status of instruction in nature study in normal schools, mainly in the Middle West, and in agricul- tural colleges and universities. The teaching of agriculture in the high school, J. G. Hickox (Ohio Teacher, S5 (1914), No. 4, PP- i51, 152). — The author briefly discusses the aim of instinic- ti(m in agriculture, in what schools it shall be offered, what pupils shall study it, the length and content of the course, laboratory work, and apparatus. Should normal schools offer a special course for the training of rural school teachers? A. E. Maltby (Proc. Bd. Priiic. State Normal Sehools Penn., 1913, pp. 4-12). — In this paper the author discusses the necessity of increasing the efficiency of the rural school by bringing it into closer touch with the life of the people, their work, and their interests. In his opinion the rural school under a teacher properly prepared for the work may become a center that will influence every farm and home in the district, hence the normal school should train teachers in agriculture and other rural arts as well as household and manual arts. The work in agriculture should embrace text-book study, infer- ence work, lectures, demonstrations, laboratory experiments, observation of field work, planting and care of school gardens, etc. A certain area of the school ground should be set aside for field work, and poultry yards with necessary equipment might be established, as well as an orchard for demonstration pur- poses. Two outlines are given of suggested 2-year courses for rural teachers. Home economics in the agricultural college, Jessie M. Hoover {Jour. Home Econ., 4 (1912), ^0. 2, pp. 150-155). — The author gives an account of what the home economies departments of agricultural colleges are doing to give instruc- tion in home economics by means of regular courses and extension work. Home economics extension work in Kansas, Mary P. Van Zile (Jour. Home Econ., 4 (1912). No. 2. pp. 155-158). — An account is given of the extension work in home economics conducted by the Kansas College, including the women's auxiliary to farmers' institutes, girls' home economics clubs, movable schools, correspondence courses, and state farmers' institutes. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION". 691 The extension work of the College of Hawaii, V. MacCauohey (Co/. Hatcaii C'in: .;i (IDL'i), pp. HO). — An account is liivcu of the object and organization of tlic exlt'iisioii work of the College of Hawaii. Agricultural and household science extension schools and community federations, A. W. Nolax and K. E. Hieronymus (Agr. Col. E.rt. I'nir. HI.. Form 21 (Ji)Ly), pp. I'l, figs. //). — The author.s give a description of the organiza- tion and work of agricultural and household science extension schools, includ- ing typical programs conducted by the College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois, together with suggestive topics and an outline of a con.stitutiou for coDMiuuiity fe(l. Edwards (Xaturc-i^tudg Rev., 10 (1914)- No. 7, pp. 263-270, figs. .3). — This is a description of the .second annual nature-.study exhibition of the Los Angeles city schools, held June 6. New course of study (Xeuer Lehrplan, Proskau, Germany: Konigl. Lchranst. Obst. u. Gartcnbau, 19lJf, pp. 27). — This is an outline and description of the new 2-year course of study, including a schedule of hours, of the Royal Insti- tute for Pomological and Horticultural Instruction in Proskau. Pre- vocational agricultural work in the public schools of Indiana (Dept. Puh. Instr. [/«(/.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 8 (IDl.'i), pp. 3/).— The purpose of this bulle- tin is to give suggestions on what the schools are expected to do in pre-voca- tional agricultural work and how the work should be done in 1014-15. by means of type studies based on the state course of study in agriculture. Lists of agri- cultural books and api:)aratus for the seventh and eighth and high school grades are included. [Rural school agriculture] (Rural School Agr. [Unir. Minn.], 2 (1913), Xos. 5, pp. h fig. 1; 6, pp. Ji, fig. 1; 7, pp. Jf, fig. 1; 8, pp. 4. fig. 1; 9, pp. 4. fid- 1 ; ^> (1913). Xos. 1. pp. 4, fig. 1; 2, pp. 4, fig. 1; 3, pp. 4, fig. 1; Sup. pp. 4; 4, pp. 8. figs. 5; 3 (191.',), Xos. 5, pp. 8, figs. 7; 6, pp. 8, figs. 5; 7, pp. 8, figs. 2; 8, pp. 8, figs. 2; 4 (1914), Xos. 1, pp. 8, figs. 2; 2, pp. 8, figs. 2). — These circulars treat in 692 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. uioutbly sequence of tlie study of corn, poultry, nature study, the organization of boys' and girls' clubs, dairy cattle, farmers' clubs and cooperation, farm horses, bread making, sewing, cooking, swine, the acre yield corn contest for 1914, bread making contests, planning a garden, outlines of work for 1914 and 1915, and warm lunches for rural schools. Elements of forestry, F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown (New York: John Wiley d- Sunx, 19JJf, pp. Xyil+3'J2. figs. 65). — This general text-book on forestry de- fines and explains forestry, and discusses its need in the I'nited States and its development here and abroad; the tree, its parts, functions, characteristics, growth, etc. ; silvics ; silvicultural systems of management ; imin-ovement cut- tings; artificial regeneration; forest protection and mensuration; lumbering; wood utilizations, technology, and ])reservation ; and forest economics and finance, followed by regional studies. An apiiendix gives the original and pres- ent forest areas in the United States, uses of the principal American species, log rules, etc., and a glossarj- of terms in forestry and logging. Helps for domestic science work in seventh and eighth grades, September- October (Dcpt. Piih. Iiistr. [Ind.], Ed. Pubs:, Bill. 13 {lillJ,), pp. 2.5).— Sugges- tions are given to village and rural teachers for introducing and carrying on domestic science woi'k, and lessons are outlined for each week in the months of September and October in cooking and the study of foods, sewing and the study of clothing and textiles, and shelter, including projects and problems relating to home and personal hygiene, care of the homo, home furnishing, decora- tion, etc. Shumw^ay agricultural high schools: Suggestions for laying out and plant- ing the school farm {Lim-olii, Xclir.: Drjjt. J'lib. Jiistr.. IDlJf. pp. 23, figs. 2).^ Suggestions are given for laying out and planting the Ti-acre farms secured by the high schools giving instruction in agriculture under the Shumway Act. The plans are considered under the main headings of fertilizer contests, crop roto- tions, continuous cropi>ing, a crop museum, a few simple tests with crops, cul- tural field studies, the orchard, the family garden, and pathological demonstra- tions. Some experiments for the garden, J. VV. Emery {Naturc-Stiidij Rev.. 10 (1914), Xo. 7, pp. 2S1-2S7). — According to the author an endeavor is being made in Ontario to meet the chief obstacles to successful school gardening — scarcity of laud, neglect during the long sunnner holidays, lack of broad knowledge on the part of the teacher, and apathy or even active opposition on the part of the trustees and parents — with home gardening, summer courses for teachers, and the sending out of capable young men from the agricultural college to visit every rural section, enlist the sympathies of the pai-ents, and give the teacher a start in the work. The economic side of school gardening is to be emphasized, and in this way it is hoped to find the solution to the jiroblem of rural depopu- lation. The advantages of the introduction of systematic experimental work as a sort of compromise between the purely cultural and the purely agricultural aims of nature study are enumerated, and experiments outlined which have l>een found to work out successfully in the neighborhood of the normal school at Stratford, Ontario, and which are deemed possible in the poorest equipped school. Should school gardens be made to show financial gains? E. S. Skll (Xatiire- (■^tiidy Rev., 10 (/.''/)), Ao. 7. pp. 273-275).— The author calls attention to an experiment he is making at the State Normal School at Athens. Ga.. to test the theory that gardens should lie run in such a manner as to show financial gains when ix)ssible. He maint.iins that it has been demonstrated " that a school garden can be made to better serve the purpose when records are kept that MISCELLANEOUS. 693 involve the profits and losses." This method creates an increased interest by students in tlie j^arden work and seems to vitalize and make it more of a definite jirobleni. Nature study and school gardens, II. Findlay (Bui. N. Y. Slate School Agr. Morritii-ilh' [/.''/-{]. pp. 7). — This bulletin jtoints out the value of nature study and offers sufri-'estions on making; gardens and caring for them. Suggestions and regulations on the work of corn clubs, J. F. Eastman (Bui. N. y. State School Ayr. MorrLsrille [191^], pp. 8).— This bulletin cctotains reasons why boys and girls of the rural schools should be helped to form clubs or other organizations for studying agriculture and improving the farm practice of their community, a suggested model club constitution, and directions for corn culture. MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1914 (Indiana St a. Rpt. I'.il.'i. pp. 88, tif/x. ^). — This contains the (^irganizatiou list, reiwrts of the director and heads of departments, the experimental features of which are for the most part abstractere\-iously noted or abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 191-f. Thirty-second Annual Report of New York State Station, 1913 (Xcw York Stoic Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. Sl.^. pix. J.J. pgs. .7.J). — 'i'liis contains the organization list ; a financial statement as to the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, and as to the state funds for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1913; reprints of Bulletins 357-372. Technical Bulletins 27-31, Circulars 20-25, and liojiular editicms of Bulletins 3.57-359, 301-305. 367, .308 and 309, and 370, all of which have been previously noted; a list of the periodicals received by the sta- tion; and meteorological observations noted on page 614 of this issue. Farmers' Day guide {Delaware Sta. Circs: 7 (1912), pp. 26; 8 (1913), pp. 26; 9 (191Jf), pp. 26). — These circulars, prepared for distribution at the annual Farmers' Day. furnish a key to the experimental plats and live stock in June, 1912, 1913, and 1914, respectively. Laws applicable to the United States Department of Agriculture, compiled by O. H. Gatks (Wa.shiiigton: U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Solicitor, 1915, 2. Sup., pp. 128). — This publication represents a revision of that jireviously notetl (K. S. R., 29, ]>. S90). embracing legislation enacted from August 28, 1912, to October 24, 1914. inclusive. NOTES Alabama College and Station. — Dr. F. L. Tliomns has been appointed assistant professor of ontouiolos.v and :issist;u)t entomologist. E. A. Vaugban has suc- ceeded (1. W. Ells as field assistant in entomology. Arkansas University and Station. — The extension service of the college of agriculture has been much develojted during the last two years and has brought the institution before tlie ])eople of the State to a degree not obtained hereto- fore. Calls for information through corre.siKjndence alone have at least doubled in the last six months. New appointments in the board of trustees include J. K. Mahoney, vice W. H. Askew, deceased; Z. L. Reagan, of Fayetteville, vice Dr. Charles Richardson; and J. K. Browning, of Piggott, vice T. A. Turner. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station. — Paul S. Burgess, assistant professor of soil bacteriology at the University of California and assistant soil bacteriologist in the station, has been appointed chemist, succeeding S. S. Peck, resigned. Idaho University and Station. — Dr. M. A. Brannon has tendered his resigna- tion as president. E. J. Iddings, vice dean of the college of agriculture and animal husbandman, has been appointed dean of the college of agriculture. J. S. Jones has been appointed director of the station. The legislature has discontinued appropriations formerly given for extension work, granting only an amount suflieient to meet the Smith-Lever increases, Iowa College and Station. — The department of chemistry has occupied the new building which replaces that destroyed by lire about two years ago. The new building is a three-story and basement structure. 244 by 162 ft., of brick, stone, and concrete, and cost about $200,000. Dr. P. L. Blumenthalhas resigned as assistant chemist in the station to take effect June 1. Maine Station. — Recent appointments effective Jlay 1 include Emery J. Theriault, assistant chemist, and C. Hari-y White and Walter E. Curtis as scientific aids. Maryland College. — Miss Katharine A. Pritchard, of Teacher's College, Colum- bia University, has been appointed state agent in women's demonstration work. Michigan College. — The new veterinary building for clinical, hospital, and surgical purposes has been completed. The building is of doric design. 174 by 78 ft., and includes a wing for stabling large and small animals, operating rooms, laboratories, and oflices. A special feature is the operating room for large animals, 30 by 30 ft., containing a horse operating table controlled by hydraulic power and connected with a recovery stall so that animals may be removed before recovery from anesthetics. Minnesota University and Station. — As a result of a recent conference con- cerning substation work, the following general principles have been adopted: All experimental work at substations and experimental farms is to be organ- ized on a project basis, and foi'mulated, approved, and reported in the same manner as are central station projects. Two types of studies may be carried on at sub.statious, (a) regional problems, organized with substation men as leaders 694 NOTES. 695 and with scientists from the central station as cooperatnrs or advisors if iitHvled. and (b) state-wide prol)lems. orjianized with central station men as leaders, and with siil)station men as cooperators In case it is desired to nse the snbstation as a tield laboratory for a i)ortion of the investigation. E. W. Major has resignetl as associate professor of animal nntrition, to take ihai-.i;e of a large dairy farm in southern California. Stephen Anthony has resigniil as chemist in animal niitritition to enter the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Deiiartnient. C. W. Cehvaud has been appointed assistant professor of dairy husbandry, etfective March 1. Missouri University and Station. — The 1915 legislature made a total appro- pri.ititin (if .t;iOS.2(J.s for extension work. Of this sum, .$t>5,2().S goes to offset tlie Smith-Lever federal appropriation, $35,000 is for county agents, and ^.s.dOo is for branch short courses. Increased appropriations were also madi» for the two-year winter course and the soil survey, and an appropriation of Si:.j.(MK> for the erection of a new lieating plant for the buildings used for u-achiui,' purposes on the farm campus. Apiu-opriations were made for the tirst time for the uiniulenance of instruction in soils, entomology, and poultry husbandry. Thomas J. Wornall and Charles E. Yeater wei-e succeedeaniel. of Springtield. who.se terms will expire in 1921. F. W. Faurot has been appointed extension assistant professor of horticulture and has been succeetled as farm advisor for Buchanan County by E. \'. Crnndall. Other iippointments include W. H. liawrence. horticulturist at the xVrizona Univer- sity and Station, as profes.sor of horticulture, Addie D. Root, of the Kansas College, as extension instructor in home economics and supervisor of girls' club work, and F. E. Longmeyer as farm -advisor for Knox County. E. W. Ivnsk. farni advisor for Audrain County, has resigned. Nebraska University. — H. F. Williams, of this Department, has been appointed in charge of farm management work in the State in cooperation with .this De- partuiiMit. K. R. Stafford and E. L. Godfrey have been appointed assistants. Nevada Station. — The recent legislature segregjited the quarantine and in- spection work, the director of the station no longer being cbairman of the state quai'antine board. The station bacteriologist has been made chief quar- antine otHcer and all expenses of his ofhce are to be defrayeil from special state funds. An appropriation of $2,000 was made for the use of the station farm. The new laboratory for animal diseases has now been completed and is occu- pied by the dejiartmeuts of bacteriology and veterinary science. New Jersey Stations. — Science states that Dr. B. H. A. Groth has resigned as plant iihysiologist to become director of the experiment station of the Republic of Panama, beginning April 15. Cornell University and Station. — A plan of procedure has recently been formulated by the dean of the college of agriculture with reference to the atti- tude of the college to cooperative enteri>rises. The princii)al purpose sought at the present time, it is announced, will be to ascertain the facts as to the prac- tical workings of cooperative enter!)rises. this study being deemed essential be- fore the making of specific recommendations. In no case, however, is there to be particijiation by the institution in the administering of any cooperative enterprise or the handling in any way of its finances or business. Thus in the case of lime, it is believed that the college may advocate its use, give inform;i- tion as to the best formulas, the time of application, and similar points, and. under proper conditions, even suggest that farmers m.iy comliine advan- tageously for cooperative purchases. This stage, however, will under the pres- 696 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ent policy end the functions of the college, and correspondence to obtain the lime or handling of the funds involved must be taken up by others. The new soils building has now been occupied. It is a large four-stor\' build- ing of buff tapestry brick with white stone facings. enuii>i»ed with laboratories, classrooms, lecture rooms, etc. Xew courses are being offered in vegetable gardening and agricultural jour- nalism. The former course, beginning in the sju-ing of the Soi)homore year, includes a sunnner of i)ractical work with vegetable growers followed I)y throe consecutive terms at the university, much of which is spent in outdoor labora- tory work, two terms of advanced work, and graduation in September. Al- though attendance in the agricultural joui'nalism cour.se is not open to lower classmen and no credit is given, the opening lecture was attended by about Ho students and instructors. The Farmers' Week attracted a registration of 3,877, which is believed to be the highest yet recorde(^l in this country and an increase of about ."><• \*ev cent over 1914. Charles S. Wilson, professor of jtomologj' and pomologist, has been appointed State Commissioner of Agriculture. Asa C. King, a fruit gi-ower of Trumans- burg, was appointed April 1 professor of farm practice. He will eng-age in certain forms of extension teaching, and his work will further consist of bring- ing about close relationships between the college and its former students. Oregon College and Station. — A course on extension work has been provided for the benefit of seniors who wish to specialize in the work of county agents or other forms of extension service. Lectures are to be given by si>ecialists of the various extension sections and demonstrations made by several college and station departments. The poultry exhibit at the Panama Pacific International Exjx>sition has taken the form of a model poultry plant which shows yard, feeding, house and trap- nest methods of poultry operations, and gives information on the results of selective breeding. An automatic picture device in the upper .section of the exhibit furnishes about 50 views of famous layers and other not»xi fowls, gives feeding rations, and presents other points of interest in connection with jioultry husbaiidi'y. Mechanical birds and attendants imitate closely the operations of the plant. Texas Station. — New members of the board of trustees include W. C. Breihan, of Bartlett, J. F. Kubena, of Fayetteville, W. A. Miller, jr., of Amarillo, and A. B. Davidson, of Cuero. L. J. Hart, J. S. Williams, and W. A. Miller, jr.. have been appointed as the station committee of the board. W. L. Boyett. sujier- visor of the feed control service, resigned April 15. James Sullivan has been ai^poiuted executive .secretaiy of this service and is to be in charge of the work under the direct supervision of the director of the st.-ition. Vermont University. — The Vermont legislature, just adjourned, made perma- nent the annual state appropri.-ition of .$8,000 for extension work, v.iiich will take care of the increments for A'ermont from the national funds for four years to <-ome. It also passed a law requiring towns to assist in the financing of county agent work in counties where these agents are located. Virginia Truck Station. — F. E. Miller, assistant horticulturist since 1012. has resigned to take up horticultural work with this Department. Washington College and Station. — W. A. Eitz. of Walla Walla, and K. T. Coninn. of SpokaTie. have been ai>i)ointed to the board of control. C. A. M;igoon has been appointed to the position of pathologist in the station. Miss Florence Ward, of the State Teachers' College of Iowa, has been appointed associate profe.ssor in rural education and assistant to the state leader in boys' and girls' club work. NOTES. 697 The legrisliitiire at its receut session made the nocessiiry ;ii>y)ropriatioiis for the duplication of tlie Sniilh-Levor fund. National Academy of Sciences. — The Prorcciliiiffs uf the National Academy of Sciences are being jjublished monthly beyinninji; wiili January. 1915, by an editorial board of which Arthur A. Noyes is chairman and Edwin B. Wilson, managing editor. The Proceedings will constitute the official organ of publica- tion of the Academy, and will contain reports of its business and scientific sessions and of its other activities. It is also intendtnl to serve as a medium for the prompt publication of brief original papers by members of the Academy and other American investigators. Its aim will be to furnish a comprehensive survey of the more important results of the scientilic research of this country, supplementing those in special scientific journals. With this end In view the pai)ers will, in general, be much shorter and less detailed than those pub- lished in these journals. The Proceedings will aim especially to secure prompt- ness of publication, wide circulation of the results of American research among foreign Investigators, and fuller recognition of the advances made in the separate sciences by per.sons more directly interested in other sciences. The annual meeting of the Academy was held at Washington, D. C, April 19-21. Among the papers of agricultural interest were the following: Tvocaliza- tion of the Hereditary Material in Germ Cells, by Thomas H. Morgan; Stimula- tion of Growth, by Jacques I.oeb ; Sjiecific Chemical Aspects of Growth, by T.afayette B. Mendel ; Basal Metabolism during the Period of (Growth, by Eugene F. DuBois; and The Forests of Porto Rico, by Nathaniel L. Brittou. Agricultural Education in Canada. — The total student enrollment in Canadian agricultural and veterinary schools for the present academic year is reporte. The Summer Rural Science School for Teachers held under the supervision of tlie director of elementary agricultural education at Woodstock, N. B., in 11)14, was attended by (58 teachers, 6 inspectors, and 1 normal school instructor. Instruction was given in nature study, horticulture, agriculture. j)hysica} nature, farm mechanics, and rur.-il domestic science, supplemented by a series of lectures on insects, field crops, soil imjn-ovement, and practical instruction In milk testing. Since the beginning of the organization of women's institutes in Nova Scotia in July, 1913. 14 institutes have been organized with an average mem- bership of 25, and the first convention of women's institutes has been held with an attendance of 27 delegates. The 1914 legislature appropriated $5,000 a year for the encouragement of this work. A feature of the Nova Scotia Ilural Science School, held in Truro in July, 1914, was a model school fair for which the teachers provided and arranged the exhibits. The latter included collections of grasses, weeds, and wild flowers, mounted insects, samples of chemical elements necessary to plant growth, a home canning outfit, samples of butter from the agricultural college, dairy apparatus, various fibers, samples of sugars, etc. The total appropriations in Ontario for agricultural work carried on through the departments of agriculture and of education for the year ended October 31, 1914. amounted to $1,311,632.75. of which .$395,658 was for the agricultural college, and $41,200 for institutes. A new two-story and basement poultry building at the Ontario Agricultural College has been completed, and will be used for administration and instruction purposes. To bring educational work in closer touch '^•ith agriculture, the Province of Prince Edward Island has been divided into 10 districts, in each of which an inspector has been given charge of the educational work. These inspectors will be assisted by the county representatives of the department of agriculture and by the supervisors of women's institutes. A course in nature study has been prepared for the public schools, so amplified as to be of assistance to teachers and in a general program of work for the year. The three maple sugar making schools in Quebec, located respectively at Beaueeville, Ste. Louise, and Minerve. had a total attendance of 17 students and manufactured 1.192 gal. of sirup. 555 lbs. of sugar, and 600 lbs. of sugar wax. The schools were in session 37. IS. and 9 days, respectively. In the Province of Saskatchewan $6,500 of the grant under the agricultural instruction act is exi^ended by the department of education for the introduc- tion of agricultural and domestic science courses into high schools and collegiate institutions, and the training of teachers in agiiculture at the provincial normal schools. The remainder of the money is about equally divided between the college of agriculture at Saskatoon and the provincial department of agriculture at Regina. The university will spend its grant almost wholly in salaries of instructors in research, teaching, and extension, the appointments made amounting during this year to $16,400. Instruction was given to 101 students ill the regular course of the college of agriculture, to 12 men in the degree course, .and to 10 registered in agriculture from other colleges of the university. The department of education of the Province of Saskatchewan is arranging for the appointment of agricultural instructors at each of the normal schools. a part of whose duties will be the training of teachers in school gardening. NOTES. 699 Experimental and permanent plats will he established iu connection witli each normal school. At the Trovincial Normal School, Regina, approximately 10 acres have been set aside for a iiuxlcl rural school garden. Agricultural Education in the West Indies. — A school of agriculture has been started at Arteniisji. Cuba, where pupils fi'oni the district schools will receive preparatory instruction in modern scientific farming. The ground, which has been donated to the school for agricultural uses, will be aprK)rtionwl in small lots to individual students and seeds and fertilizers will be furnished. The department of agriculture proposes to found similar schools at different places throughout the Republic. A tract of 100 acres near Camagiiey has recently been purchased. An agricultural school for boys over 12 years of age has been established at Las Mercedes plantation, near the city of San Jose. Costa Rica, with the object of training practical farmers. It is under the direction of Prof. Gustavo L. Michaud, an experienced Costa Rican agrononust and educator. The instruction will be theoretical and practical, the latter including the use of agricultural machinery, elementary cari>eutering, blacksmithing, and brick laying. The board of agriculture of Qnezaltenango, Guatemala, has taken steps toward the establishment of an agricultural school in the vicinity of the city of Quezaltenango. National Agricultural Institute in Colombia. — The establishment of a National Institute t)f Agriculture and ^'eterinary Science, at Bogota, with an experiment farm attached, and an auxiliary school of agriculture and animal husbandry to be located elsewhere, was authorized in December, 1914. Besides the regular 4-year course the institute will offer .special normal courses in technical instr.uc- tion and courses In horticulture, floriculture, arboriculture, and the cultivation and manufacture of raw materials for textiles. One scholarship will be granted by the government to each deiiartment of the Republic and 6 scholarships at large will be awarded by the minister of agriculture and commerce. New Chinese School of Forestry. — A school of forestry has been established in the X^niversity of Nanking. Three scholarships in the school have been pro- vided by the forestry fund committee of Shanghai, and the Philippine Bureau of Forestry has offered the services of exi)erts in arranging the cour.se of stiTdy, delivering lectures, and otherwise assisting in the work of organization. New Journals. — The Annals of Applied Biology is being issued monthly as the official organ of the Association of Economic Biologists to cover the field in applied biologj- not now covered by special journals such as those dealing with agricultural science, parasitology, genetics, and medical science. The initial number contains the following articles: Impending Developments in Agricultural Zoology, by F. W. Gamble; The Action of Bordeaux INIixture on Plants, by B. T. P. Barker and C. T. Gimingham; Notes on the Green Spruce Aphis (Aphis- abictina), by F. X. Theobald; Pollination in Orchards, by F. J. Chittenden; Life History of Pcgomyia hyoscyami, by A. E. Cameron; Caterpillars Attacking Oaks iu Richmond Park, by R. H. Deakin; A Bacterial Disease of Fruit Blos- som, by B. T. P. Barker and O. Grove; and On the Preparation of Coccidie for Microscopical Study, by E. E. Green. The United States Public Health Service has recently begun a series of jiopu- lar publications on health and hygiene. These appear at intervals as Public Health Report Supplements. In size and manner of presenting information they are .similar to the Farmers' Bulletins of this Department, and like them they are for general free distribution in the United States and are also sold by the Sui>erintendent of Documents at a uniform price of five cents iier copy. Each number contains a concise and popular discussion by an expert of some 700 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. topic* pertaining to health or hygiene, and the series should iirove of special value and interest to teachers and students. JiitcnHitio)inJe Zcitschrift filr PliynikdliscIi-CheiiiixrUr Hiolof/ic is being pub- lished at Lcipsic and Berlin under the editorshij) of Dr. J. Traube. Among the articles in the initial number may be mentioned that on the History and Development of Physico-chemical Investigations in Biology, by H. .7. Ham- burger; Further Studies of the Physiology of Anabolism in the Living Plant Cell, by F. Czapeli. and The Catalytic Effect of Alkaloids under Various Physical and Chemical Conditions. Annali de Chimica is being publishelication, Takamine 710 Studies on enzym action. — XI, Castor bean urease, Falk and Sugiura 710 Determination of proteolytic activity of panci eas preparations, Long and Barton 710 Inversion of saccharose by asparaginic acid, Radlberger and Siegmund 711 The preparation of raffindse, Hudson and Harding 711 Blood pigment and chlorophyll. — Their close relation, Damm 711 The constituents of Clematis vitalba, Tutin and Clewer 711 Organic phosphoric acid of rice, Thompson 712 Presence of a glucose in the sunflower, Zanotti 713 The chemistry of tobacco resins, von Degrazia 713 The arsenates of load, Tartar and Robinson 713 Estimation of sulphuric acid, sulphates, potassium, and calcium, Ledoux 714 A new method for quantitative estimation of potassium, Marshall 714 I n CONTENTS. Page. The microscopy of cereals and its application in brewing, Winton 715 The examination of Belgian varieties of honey, Ledent 715 A new method for delcrininint,' the total solids in wine, Njegovan 715 The specific heat of milk and milk derivatives, Hammer and Johnson 715 A rapid method for determining crude fiber, Kalning 716 Colorimotric test for nric acid in the urine. Host 716 A source of error in the Clerget polarization, Stanek 717 Comparative value of germic'ides for cane sugar factories, Owen 717 METEOROLOGY. Temperature rec-ords, Thomp.son 717 Ohio weallier for iOlS, Smith and Fatten 717 Meteorological summary for the year 1913 717 Salient features in the geological history of Australia, Woolnough 718 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The present status of soil chemistry, Jodidi 718 On tne origin of the loes.s of southwestern Indiana, Shaw 718 Composition and origin of some South Russian soils and subsoils, Nabokikh 718 Value of excavated subsoil for the improvement of upland moor soils, Tacke. . . 719 A simple method for determining the critical moisture content of soils, Davis. . 719 Two equipments for investigation of soil leachings, Wooers and Maclntire 719 Ammonification and nitrification in Hawaiian soils, Kelley 719 The lime-magnesia ratio, I and II, Kelley 720 Influence of arsenic on nitrogen fixing powers of soil. Greaves and Anderson . . . 720 Bacteriological effects of green manures, Briscoe and Earned 721 Effect of applying stable manure with green manures, Lemmermann and Einecke 721 [Investigations on soils and fertilizers in Hawaii], Wilcox and Kelley 721 Radio-active fertilizers 722 Dogfish and how it is made into fertilizer, Martell 722 The fertilizing value of feathers, Pilz 722 Substitutes for rab. Knight .-. . . 722 Germany's artificial fertilizers 722 Air nitrate, Jurisch 722 Red soils and phosphatic manures, Ari6 723 The white phosphates of Tennessee, Hook. 723 Phosphatic feJilizers and the deposits of apatite of Freirina, Briiggen 723 American imports of potash salts 723 The economic value of Paci fie coast kelps, Burd 723 The relation of sulphur to soil fertility, Shedd 724 The action of salts of manganese on the growth of plants, Andouard 725 [Inspection of fertilizers in Alabama], Ross 725 [Inspection of fertilizers in Florida], Rose and Wilson 725 Inspection and analysis of fertilizers, 1914, Mumford and Trowbridge 725 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The evolution of sex in plants. Coulter 725 Mode of inheritance of semisterility in offspring of hybrid plants. Belling 725 Plant chimeras, Popenoe 726 Heredity in chimeras, Chapin ' 726 Bud variations in Coleus, Stout 726 Inheritance of certain seed characters in corn, Harper 726 Inheritable variations in the yellow daisy, Blakeslee; 726 Oenothera lamarckiana and the CEnotheras of Fontainebleau. Blaringhem 726 A study of the genus Panicum, Belov 727 Coloration of glumes, in Panicum miliaccinn, Arnold 727 The relationships of root bacteria in the Legumiuosa>. Simon 727 Isolation of Bacillus radicicola from soil. Lipman and Fowler 727 Physiological studies of Bacillus radicicola of soy bean, Wilson 727 Influence of certain salts on nodule production in vetch, Kno 727 Assimilation of elementary nitrogen by yeasts and mold fungi, Kossowicz. . . . 728 Distribution of nitrates in Phytolacca, Spallino 728 The role of calcium in forest vegetation, Chancerel 728 CONTENTS. Ill Pagi'. Growth of plants in a medium rich in carbon dioxid, lierkowski 728 On the nature of antai^onism, Osterhout 728 Senile changes in leaves of Vitis vidpina and other plants, Benedict 728 Effects of kerosene and other petroleum oils on Zca mays, WHiitten 729 Injuries to plants by smoke, gas. and ashes, Miiller et al 729 FIELD CROPS. Report of the agronomy department, McClelland and Sahr 729 Agronomical investigations. Wilcox 730 Report of eastern Oregon dry farming branch station, Moro, 1913-14, Stephens. 730 Variety testing 731 Grasses and forage plants of Hawaii, McClelland 731 Forage crop studies, Thompson 731 Brachysm, a hereditary deformity of cotton and other plants, Cook 731 Crimson clover: Seed production. Westgate 732 Fertilizer experiments with corn in sonth Alabama, Duggar and Williamson... 732 Fertilizer experiments with corn in north Alabama, Duggar and Williamson. . . 733 Selecting and breeding corn for protein and oil in South Dakota, Hume et al. . 733 Cotton experiments, 1914 7.34 Express cotton, Ewing 735 Cowpea culture, Churc'liill 7.36 Kaoliang, a new dry land crop, Hume and Champlin 736 Variation and correlation of oats (Avcna sativa), I. Love and Leighty 7.36 Variation and correlation of oats {Arena sativa), II, Leighty 737 Irish potatoes. Price 738 Selection and preparation of seed potatoes, Hume and Oakland 739 Sudan grass, Karper 739 The commercial production of sugar beet seed in Utah, Harris 740 Sweet potato growing in the cotton belt, Thompson 740 Types and varieties of Maryland tobacco, Garner and Brown 740 The cjuality of grass and rape seed found in Maryland markets in 1913, Smith. 740 [Seed in.spections], Atkinson and ^Vl^itlock 740 Seed tests made at the station during 1914, Munn 741 Purity of farm seeds in 1914, Hall 741 -\gricultural seed. Burns 741 Suppression of weeds among pineapples by arsenite of soda spray, Krauss 741 HORTICULTURE. [Horticnltural investigations in Guam], Thompson 741 Report of the acting horticulturist, Hunn 741 Report of the superintendent of the rubber substation, Anderson 742 The home garden in the South, Thompson 743 Alaska's pomological resources and outlook, Georgeson 743 The present status of Canadian pomology, Macoun 743 Fruit in the North, Buchanan 743 [Report of the] division of horticulture 743 Winter work in orchards. Somes 743 Does spraying pay? Somes 744 [Orchard heating], Cook 744 Apple growing in California , Weldon 744 "Iowa 403," a new seedling apple. Beach 744 The technical description of apples, Shaw 744 The varieties of plums derived from native American species, Wight 744 Plum culture in Ontario. Clement 744 The native persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), Fletcher 744 Studies on native fruits. — I, Grapes, Puig y Nattino 744 Studies on nati\-e fruits. — II, Peaches, pears, and plums, Puig y Nattino 745 A basis for the future classification of the mango, Popenoe 745 The handling of Porto Rican oranges, grapefruit, and pineapples, Mann 745 [The applicability of cold storage to various tropical fruits], Wilcox 745 Tropical fruits in the Philippines, Wester 745 [Cacao investigations at River Estate], Carmody 745 Cocoa. Van Hall 745 Report of the coffee testing gardens at Bangelan, Wurth 746 IV CONTENTS. Page. [Thn influeii(,-e of fruit Uit-s on the (jiuility oi colfee], Wilcox. 746 The pahns cultivated in the open air in tlie jjardens of Italy, Roster 746 The present status of the different varieties of walnuts, Fitzgerald 746 The use of commercial fertilizers in growing carnations, Dorner et al 746 FORESTRY. Foiirth annual report of the state forester, 1914, Elliott 747 Report of the forest branch of the department of lands, 1914 747 Report on state forest administration in South Australia, 1913-14, Gill 747 The utilization of chemical locality factors by forest plants, Bauer 747 A montane rain-forest of Jamaica, Shreve 748 A conspectus of North American firs (exclusive of Mexico), Lamb 748 Forest planting in Arizona and New Mexico, Pearson 748 Reforestation of brush fields in northern California, Boerker 748 Charcoal as a means of solving some nursery problems, Retan 748 Organization of forest fire-control forces, DuBols 748 Tables for determining profits in forestry, Sterrett and Barrows 748 A practical system of logging cost accounting. Detwiler 748 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the experiment station for plant diseases, 1913, Miiller et al 748 Mycological notes, Bolland 749 Fungi causing disease in Surinam, Kuijper 749 A review of some Philip])iue ])laut diseases, Baker 749 A new Xorth American Endophyllum, Arthur and Fromme 749 Studies in the genus Entorrhiza, Ferdiuaudsen and \\'inge 749 Effect of temperature on Glomerella. Edgerton 749 Cultures of Uredinese in ] 912, 19] 3. and 1 914, Arthur 750 Disease in oat seedlings, Voges 750 A test of Indiana varieties of wlieat seed for fungus infection, Hoffer 750 Resistance of different varieties of wheat to rust, Scurti and Sica 750 Beet rust, Eriksson 750 Irish potato scab as affected by sulphates and chlorids, Conner 750 Report of pathologist, Rose 750 Methods for controlling fungus diseases of the apple in New York, Reddick 751 The cause of bitter pit: Its contributing factors, McAlpine 751 Respiration in leaves infected with Gymnosporangium, Reed and Crabill 751 Some effects of brown rot fungus on composition of the ])each, Hawkins 751 [A banana disease in Hawaii], Wilcox .• . 751 [Panama disease of banana] 752 [Banana disease], Ashby 752 The extension of Marsonia rosse in rose culture, ChifHot 752 Influence of the medium on development of Lophodermiuvi nei'visequum, Mer. . 752 Pyropolyporus everhartii as a wound parasite, Hoffer 752 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. The animal enemies of agricultural plants, Neveu-Lemaire 752 The pocket gopher, Yocora 753 Report of the entomologist, Fullaway 753 Fifteenth report of the state entomologist of Minnesota, Washburn 753 Entomologist's report, Somes 753 Twelfth annual report of the state entomologist of Montana, Cooley 754 [Destructive insects in 1913] 754 Entomological notes 754 Insect pests of some leguminous plants, Rutherford 754 Pests and diseases of the coconut palm, Froggatt 754 The transmission of swamp fever, Scott 754 The control of chicken mites and lice, Sherwood 754 Cyanid of potassium in trees, Surface 754 How to collect and preserve insects, Lutz 755 Biology of the termites of the eastern United States, Snyder 755 " Thrips " in orchards. — A warning to fruit growers, Gurney 755 Dioppis pentngova and Prospnltdla hcrlcsei in Venice, 1913, Berlese 755 CONTENTS. V Page. Aphida on grain and cantaloups, W'oodworth 755 Two clover aphids, Patch 755 Our common butterflies, Lutz 756 Some notes on the life history and habits of Lauron vinosa, Jones 756 The Hessian lly, Webster 756 The Mediterranean fruit fly and parasite introduction, Back and Pemberton. . 756 Reconnoissance of fruit-fly parasites, Giffard 757 Sheep maggot flies, Froggatt 757 The i)arasite of the slieep maggot fly (Xasonia brevicomis), Froggatt 757 The eradication of the sheep tick. Swingle 757 List of Tachinida; from the Province of Quebec, Tothill 757 Criie hen flea (SarcopsyUa gallinacea)], Wilcox 757 ist of generic names and their type species in the Scolytoidea, Hopkins 758 Classiflcation of Cryphalinse with new genera and species, Hopkins 758 Xyleborus compactus, borer of tea and coffee, Rutherford 758 Plants other than tea from wliicli X . fornicatus has been taken, Rutherford 758 The n>Tuenoptera of the Georgetown Museum, III, IV, V, Cameron 758 The mason bees, Fabre 758 Apiary work, Thompson 758 Recent experience and progress in bee keeping in Germany, Gerstung 759 Biology, and importance of Noscma bombi n. sp., Fantham and Porter 759 Life history and bionomics of the knapweed gall fly, Wadsworth 759 The anatomy and life history of Agchylostoma duodenale, II, Looss 759 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Second Congress of Alimentation, Liego, October 1^, 1911 760 Belgian publications on nutrition and hygiene, Vandevelde and van Beresteyn. 760 Physiological bibliography 760 The nutritive value of ossein and its use in the diet, Mauris 760 Meat poisoning and meat-poisoning bacteria, Pfeiler and Engelhart 760 The food value and toxicity of fungi, Selan 760 Some Colorado mushrooms, Longyear 760 Barley 760 Milling and baking studies, Atkinson and Wliitlock 760 The use of sugar in bread making, Herzf eld 761 Uses of cassava, Caracciolo 761 The manufacture of cassava farine, Brunton 761 The composition of Hawaiian fruits and nuts, Thompson 761 Evaporated apples, McGill 762 Iron in tomatoes, Brautlecht and Crawford 762 Influence of glucose on temperatures of candy sirups, Daniels and Troxell. . .. 762 Influence of glucose on cooking temperatures of candy sirups, Daniels 762 Strained honey, McGill 762 Olive oil and salad oil, McGill 762 Rancidity of olive oil and oxidation of oleic acid, Canzoneri and Bianchini 762 Coffee and coffee substitutes, McGill 762 Egg albumin in baking powder, Jackson 762 "Food and drug analysis], edited and compiled by Stallings 763 Preliminary report of dairy and food commissioner], Foust 763 Food inspection and analysis] , Foust et al 763 Food and drug inspection and analysis], Ladd and Johnson 763 housewives retail market prices, edited by Foy 763 The commercial food container, Dudderidge 763 Nickel cooking utensils, Vuk 763 Chinese-Japanese cook book, Bosse and Watanna 763 The \itamins and subjective factors in eating, Sternberg 763 Flavors and vitamins 764 Influence of a diet poor in calcium on growing bones, Weiser 764 Metabolism of lecithin and cholesterin with reference to trimethylamin, Patta. . 764 Metabolism of creatin and creatinin, Scaffidi 764 Creatinin and creatin during fatigue, Scaffidi 764 Gastro-intestinal studies, IV, Rehfuss and Hawk 764 Elimination of water under different conditions of normal respiration, Azzi. . . 764 Energy metabolism and muscular activity, I, Brezina and Reichel 765 Energy metabolism during marching, II, Brezina and Kolmer 765 "VT CONTENTS. Page. Energy metabolism in marching, 111, Brezina and Reichel 765 Studies of the blood after muscular work, Cohnheim 765 Action of temperature and humidity on the orj^anism, Lee and Scott 765 Qualitative relation between temperature and metabolism in animals, Krogh. . 766 A micro-respiration apparatus correction, Krogh 766 ANIMAL P]?ODl(TION. Pattern development in mammals and birds, Allen 766 Fittin;.^ logarithmic curves by the method of moments, Miner 766 [Aiiinial husbandry], liarber and Thompson 767 Inoculation of ensiled roots willi germ culture, Zscheye 767 Feeding of sugar-containing feed materials, Zuntz 767 New inquiries concerning the feeding of sugar-containing feed stuffs, Zuntz. . . 768 Calf- and pig-feeding experiments with milk, Wellmann 768 Steer-feeding experiments , 768 Alfalfa silage for fattening steers, True, WoU, and Dolcini 769 Prickly-pear experiments, Horn 769 Feeding experiments with ensiled and dried beet pulp, Moser 770 [Digestibility of "Wyoming-grown hays], Hepner 770 Uses of screenings, Dymond 770 Report of the wool specialist. Hill 770 The policy in respect to the sheep industry', Arkell 771 The ]\Iarv'land hog ". 771 Fattening and improving the hog, Escobar 771 Stallion enrollment.^ — II, Service liens and sale of bred mares, Thompson 771 Stallion enrollment. — III, Report of enrollment to October 31, 1914, Thompson. 771 Stallion enrollment.— Ill, Renewals for 1915, Thompson 771 Which stallion and why? 771 Relation of simultaneous ovulation to production of double-yolked eggs, Ciutis . . 771 Crooked breast in fowls, Stewart 772 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. The pi'oduction and consumption of dairy products, Merritt 773 International Union of Municipal Dairies 773 Value of vetch hay for milk and beef production, Wibberley 773 Palmnut kernel cake, Murray 774 Prolificacy of [the Guernsey] breed 774 The performance of breeds of cattle kept in Saxony, Ebbinghaus 774 Profitable and unprofitable cows, Wolcott 774 Testing and handling of milk and cream, McCann 774 The encouragement of clean milk production, Cook 775 Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteiu'ization, Ayers and Johnson, Jr 775 A bacteriological study of blue milk, Hammer 775 Use of Bacillus bidgaricus in starters for cheese, Doane and Eldredge 776 Influence of flora of cheese rind, Gratz and Szanyi 776 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Synopsis of parasitology' of man and the domestic animals, Gedoelst 777 Handbook of veterinary obstetrics, Franck 777 Regulations governing meat inspection of U. S. Department of Agriculture 777 Guide for meat inspectors, Ostertag, trans, by "Wilcox 777 Handbook of meat inspection, von Ostertag 778 Stock poisoning plants of California, Hall and Yates 778 Some observations on arsenical dipping fluids, Cohen 778 [First biennial report of the office of state veterinarian], Lytle 778 Proceedings under the diseases of animals acts, 1912 and 1913 778 Determination of protein content of serum by refractometry, Csonka 778 Anthrax or charbon.- — Points of popular interest, Morris 778 Foot-and-mouth disease •. 778 Dealing with foot-and-mouth disease, Hartman 778 A study of the specific reactions for diagnosis of glanders, Moore and Fitch 779 The insect carrier and reservoir of the virus of oriental sore, Sergent et al 780 New serum and liver substances' as levuloses in trypanosomiasis, Schern 780 CONTENTS. VII Page. Physical examination and clinical diagnosits in tuberculosis in cattle, Moore. . . 780 The intrapalpebral and intraderuiic palpebral tuberculin tests, Moussu 780 Avian tuberculosis, Jones 781 Actinomycosis or lumpy jaw, Dykstra 781 Brisket disease (dropsy of hi^'h altitudes ), Clover and Newsom 781 [A disease of cattle in Guam which resembles Texas fever], Thompson 781 Diseases of swine, Buckley 782 Hog cholera, Lewis, Shuler, IMcElroy, and Hitter 782 Serum as a factor in inter-herd control of hog cholera in New York, Birch 783 Notes of the hog cholera conference at Purdue University, 1913, Clink 783 Report of veterinarian, Cary 783 New pig disease in Ireland, Frost 783 Canine medicine and surgery, Saunders 783 Infectious coryza of fowls, Vallillo 783 Coccidiosis in'poultry and game birds, Fantham 784 UURAL ENGINEERING. Engineering geology, Ries and Watson 784 The principles of irrigation practice, Widtspe 784 Underground water resources of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, Stephenson et al. . 784 (leology and water resources of Tularosa Ba.'^in, New Mexico, Meinzer and Hare. 784 The iise of surface water free from bacteria as drinking water, Haupt 786 The chemical disinfection of water, Phelps 786 Profile surveys in Willamette River Basin, Oregon 786 Profile surveys in Wenatchee River Basin, Washington 786 Land drainage in Maryland, Haswell 787 Concrete in drainage and irrigation, Libberton 787 Progress report on cause of disintegration of cements by alkaUs, Steik 787 Permeabilily tests on gravel concrete 788 Wooden gang mold for concrete posts, Ives 788 Recent road improvements in Hawaii, Adams 788 Harper's gasoline engine book, Verrill 788 Tests of substitutes for gasoline, Moyer 788 Motor plowing competition of the North Kent Agricultural Association 789 Standardization of farm wagons. Parsonage 789 A cheap and effective homemade plank drag, Krauss 789 Imports and exports of agricultural machines into and out of Germany in 1913. . 789 The manufacture of agricultural machines and implements in Russia in 1911. . 789 Methotls and benefitsof gi-ading and gleaning grain, Horton 790 The explosil)ility of gi'ain dusts. Price and Brown 790 Disposiil of tannery waste. Roth 790 The design of permanent farm buildings. Fowler 790 Brief instructions for building a pit silo, Larsen 790 RURAL ECONOMICS. Farm costs on the Colorado Agricultural College farm, Keyser 791 Land tenure, Johnson and Foard 791 [Insanit V among farm people] _. - . - 791 Institutions for insurance against sickness and accidents in rural districts 792 Farmers must be cooperators, Drayton 792 Cooperative organization business methods, Kerr and Nahstoll 792 [Among the egg and poultry societies of England] 792 Report of the Agricultural "Organization Society, 1914 792 piarketing of agricultural products in Queensland] 793 First annual report of the bureau of farm development , 1914 793 First report, department of dr>' land demonstration and experiment, 1914 793 Report of Missouri Country Life Conference, 1914 793 The economic organization of England, Ashley 793 • AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Important features in nu^l school improvement, Hodges 793 Vocational education and the State, Davenport. 793 Menominee Countv Agricultural School and what it does, Wojta 794 VTII CONTENTS. Page. [Agricultural ecluciiliuu iu CaniidaJ 794 Annual rc])ort of agricultural education and research in the year 1913-14 794 Agricultural education and research 794 Present atale of agricultural education in Germany, von Riimker 794 Anniversary of the Agricultural Institute of the University of Halle, Ennker. . 794 The inaiigxu-ation of the Royal National Higher Forestry Institute 794 Danish rural schools with some reference to training teachers, Foght 794 Agriculture in elenienlary schools, McLennan 795 [ Reading courses in agricult ure and home economics] 795 Finding time for agriculture, Wilson 795 Methods of instruction in soils in the high school curriculum, Bode 795 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report s of the Depart nient of Agriculture, 1914 795 Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Alal)ama College Station, 1914 795 Annual report of the director for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914 796 Annual Report of Guam Station, 1914 796 Annual Rei>ort of Hawaii Station, 1914 796 Biennial Report of Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station, 1913-14 796 Dii'ector's report for 1914, Jordan 796 Thirty-third Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1914 796 Twenty-fourth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1914 796 Report of West Virginia Station, 1913 and 1914 796 Twenty-fourth Annual R,eport of Wyoming Station, 1914 796 Appropriations asked for the bienniura ] 915-16, 1916-17 796 Press bulletins 796 Preparation of articles for the Journal of Agricultural Research 796 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United Slates. Alabama College Station: Page. Bui. 181, Dec, 1914 732 Bill. 182. Dec, 1914 733 Bui. 183, Jan., 1915 738 Twenty-seventh An. Rpt. 1914. 783, 795 California Station: Bui. 248, Feb., 1915 723 Bui. 249, Mar.. 1915 778 Cii-c. 124, Jan.. 1915 769 Circ. 125. Jan., 1915 755 Colorado Station: Bui. 201. Nov., 1914 760 Bui. 202, Nov., 1914 774 Bui. 203, Dec, 1914 791 Bui. 204, Jan., 1915 781 Delaware Station: Bui. 107, Jan. 15, 1915 (An. Rpt. 1914) 796 Guam Station: An. Rpt. 1914 717, 731,741,758,767,781,796 Hawaii Station: Bui. 3G. Feb. 20, 1915 731 Bui. 37, Feb. 25, 1915 719 Press Bui. 48, Jan. 12, 1915. . . 741 Tress Bui. 49, Jan. 18, 1915. . . 789 An. Rpt. 1914 721, 729, 730. 741. 742. 745, 746. 751, 753. 757, 761, 796 Illinois Station: Bui. 176, Nov., 1914 746 Indiana Station: Circ. 45, Oct.. 1914 771 Circ. 46, Nov., 1914 771 Circ. 47, Dec, 1914 771 Circ. 48, Jan.. 1915 783 Iowa Station: Research Bui. 14. Oct., 1913. . 715 Research Bui. 15, Feb.. 1914.. 775 Research Bui. 16, July, 1914.. 710 Circ 18, Apr., 1914 744 Circ. 19, July, 1914 754 Kansas Station: Circ. 41 781 Circ 42 771 Circ. 43.... 753 Kentucky Station: Bui. 188, Dec, 1914 724 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 152, Feb.. 1915 778 Bui. 153, Feb., 1915 717 ^^arvland Station: "Bui. 1S5, Aug., 1914 771,782 Bui. 180, Oct., 1914 787 Bui. 187, Nov., 1914 774 Bui. 188, Dec. , 1914 740 Bui. 189, Jan., 1915 740 Slationsin the United States — Continued. Massachusetts Station: Page- Bui. 159, Dec, 1914 744 Mississippi Station: Bui. 168, Jan., 1915 721 Bui. 169. Dec, 1914 7.34 Circ, Express Cotton, Jan., 1915 735 Missouri College Station: Bui. 121, Dec, 1914 791 J^il. 122, Jan., 1915 725 Missouri Fruit Station: Circ. 7, Dec, 1914 743 Circ. 8, Dec. 1914 744 Bien. Rpt. 1913-14 750, 753, 796 Montana Station: Bui. 101, Oct., 1914 740, 760 Bui. 102, Dec, 1914 754 N(iw York Cornell Station: ^remoirS, Aug., 1914 736 Memoir 4, Sept., 1914 737 Necially collected for the purpose. Preliminary tests showed 712 EXPEIUMKXT ftTATIOX K?:CORD. the absence of any alkaloid and that only a trace uf volatile material was Itresent. An alcoholic extract of the dried and ground material yielded, in addi- tion to mnch clilon>]ihyil and resin, the following definite compounds: (1) 3:4 dihydroxycinnamic acid; (2) caulosapoKonin. C^HocOr,. identical with the sub- stance recently Isolated by Power and Salway from C'ly the fact that phosphoric acid occurs in the rice gi-ain as phytin and is therefore not comi)letely hydrolyzed. It was decided, therefore, to give some study to the organic phosphoric acid of rice." In attempting to obtain the pure tribarium salt of phytic acid from rice by the methods of Anderson (E. S. R., 27, p. 712 ; 28, p. 17 ; 31, p. 707), it was found that the substance was partially hydrolyzed very easily and difficulty was expe- rienced in eliminating impurities such as other phosphoric acid esters of inosit. In the work special attention was paid to the methods for the determination of the barium and phosphoric acid in the salt. "The total phosphorus was determined in samples of rice bran and impolished and polished rice. The following determinations were duplicated to within 0.02 per cent: Phosiihorus in rice bran, 2.291 per cent; in unpolished rice. 0.321 per cent; in polished rice, 0.14 per cent." Phytin was determined in rice bran by extraction with a 0.02 per cent hydro- chloric acid solution and precipitating with alcohol. The amount found was 8.22 per cent. Attempts to obtain it in polished rice were unsuccessful. Two preparations of barium phytate, one from rice bran and the other from unpolished rice, were made by Anderson's i)rocedure. " The salts thus obtained were practically free from chlorids and inorganic phosphates. Nitrogen was :ilso absent. All the material of the first preparation was used in making repeated determinations of barium, phosphorus, carbon, and hydrogen, but the phytin obtained from the bran was analyzed also for ash constituents other than barinm. In 0.6 gm. of this material an unweighable trace of calcium was found, but no iron, manganese, magnesium, or potash. The residue on pre- cipitating out the barium and igniting the phytic acid thus left amounted to a few milligrams and was composed mostly of unvolatilized phosphoric acid. Xo nitrogen was found in the salt." The salts contained less phosphoric acid and barium than found by Anderson for tribarium-inosit-hexaphosphorlc-acid. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHXY. 713 It could not Ije stati'd with certainly wlietluT tlie liariuni phylato obtained was composed of a single salt of inosit. " Inosit was prepared from the barium phytate of rice bran by heatint; in sealetl tubes to 150° C. about 2 t^m. of the salt with 20 cc. of 30 per cent sulphuric acid for five hours. The suli)huric acid was prec-ipitated with barium hydroxid, tlie excess of barium removed by carl)on dioxid. and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The residue was extracted with hot water and filtered. The inosit was precipitated by ether and alcohol and recrystalized three times as minute needles. These gave the Scherer reaction and melted at 223° uncorrected." Presence of a glucosid in the sunflower, A. Zanotti (BoL Cliim. Farm., 53 (1914), pp. 4, 5; (lbs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 {lOlJf), No. 621, I, pp. H13, Ol.'f). — In the leaves of tlie sunflower a glucosid of the probable formula CnHi904N2 was found. The substance, however, has not yet been completely purified. The chemistry of tobacco resins. J. von Degrazia (Fachl. Mitt. Osterr. Tahakregic, 13 {1913), No. 3, pp. 109-117; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {191Jf), No. J,l, Rcpcrt., p. 189). — Haid, in the sixties of the past century, noted three different constituents of tobacco resin, viz, kentuckylinic acid, CssHioOs, kentuckynoleic acid. C:2H340c. and kentuckynie acid, C2:H4oOr, as well as a neutral resin. Ci2H2o02, and an essential oil. Some of these results were verified by the author. A method for purifying the resinous constituents is given. The following were noted: a-Tobaccenic acid (probably identical with Ilaid's kentuckynie acid), a brittle, dark brown, odorless mass: (3-tobaccenic acid, a dark green brittle mass (prob- ably contaminated with chlorophyll) ; 7-tobaccenic acid, a thick, brownish fluid substance; tobacco-resinol. the resin alcohol of tobacco, which in a pure state consists of colorless needles having the composition (CcH,oO)x: and tobacco- reseue, a reddish, thick, brown fluid mass having an odor like honey and an empirical formula of CssHmO^ The essential oil which was found had a yellow color, a verj^ ])leasant odor, and a refractive index of 1.48S2. No conclusions were drawn as to whether the essential oil is the carrier of the tobacco aroma. The arsenates of lead, H. V. Tartae and E. H. Kobinson {.Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc., 36 {191-'f), No. 9, pp. 18/(3-1853). — "Taken as a whole, the literature indi- cates that there are at least two common lead arsenates, lead hydrogen arsenate and lead orthoarsenate ; that these two compounds are the main components present in ordinary commercial lead arsenate: that lead pyroarsenate may j>ossibly be present in the commercial salts; and that there is very little accu- rate knowledge of the preparation and the chemical and physical properties of the pure compounds. See also a note by Holland and Reed [K. S. R.. 28. p. 30S]." In this work a reliable method has been devised for the preparation of pure lead hydrogen arsenate, but all attempts to jirepare pure lead orthoarsenate were unsuccessful. " Fairly pure lead hydrogen arsenate is prepared by use of the reaction between lead nitrate and disodivnn hydrogen arsenate." Lead pyroarsenate was prepared and a new basic lead arsenate of apparently constant composition was obtained. " The specific gravity of lead hydrogen arsenate and basic lead arsenate have been determined. The difficulties attend- ing the accurate determination of the solubility of the comjiounds prepared have been pointed out. The tests made, however, show these substances to be relatively insoluble." According to the authors there is at the jn-esent time no method for estimat- ing the amount of lead hydrogen arsenate in commercial arsenate of lead. It was found that " since the basic arsenate may be considered as insoluble from 714 EXPEJtlMEKT STATION HECORD. the usujil aujilytic.'il staudpoiiit, lead Liydro^eu arseimle in mixtures with tlio l)asie arsenate can be easily detei-iiiiiied by flip folknA-ius described method: "Take a convenient amount of the finely powdered sample (;} to 10 gm.), depending upon the amount of the acid salt present, which has been dried at 1(X)°, and add 200 cc. of a 5 i)er cent solution of carbon dioxid-free ammonium hydroxid. Allow to digest with occasional shaking for a few liours at room temperature, when the reaction should be complete. The supernatant liquid is then filtered bj' suction from the insoluble basic salt by using a Buchner funnel prejiared with a pad made of two sheets of filter paper with a layer of asbestos between. The upper paper slmuld be a hardened filter. The filter is finally washed thoroughly with recently ))oiled distilled water luitil free from soluble salts. The final washings may be tested with lead nitrate solution to ascort.iin the completeness of the removal of the ammonium arsenate. The filtrate should be perfectly clear. In case there is difficulty in obtaining a clear solution it may be overcome by refiltering through a Gooch crucible having a thin layer of carbon black on an asbestos pad. The final filtrate obtained is made up to convenient volume and an aliquot taken for the determination of arsenic. After free ammonium hydroxid is removed by boiling, the arsenic is determined by the modified Gooch and Browning method. The amount of arsenic in the total filtrate calculated as As-Os and then multiplied by the factor 7.G034 gives the amount of lead hydrogen arsenate present in the original mixture. " This method has been tried out on a number of mixtures of known compo- sition and in each case has given good results." " The results show that the precipitates obtained from the i-eactions of lead acetate and lead nitrate with disodium hydrogen arsenate under certain con- ditions are mixtures of lead hydrogen arsenate and the basic lead arsenate." The estimation of sulphuric acid, sulphates, potassium., and calcium, L. Ledoux (Abs. ill Bui. 8oc. Chini. Bely., 28 (1914), No. 2, pp. 51, 52; Cliem. Ztg., 38 {19J4), No. 54, p. 575).— To 200 cc. of solution 10 cc. of concentrated hydro- chloric acid and 50 cc. of a 2 per cent barium ehlorid solution are added for the precipitation of the sulphates. The mixture is then shaken for one hour in the cold. Calcium is precipitated with ammonium oxalate, and the potas.sium is obtained as potassium platinic ehlorid and reduced when Avarm with mag- nesium. Studies upon a new method for the quantitative estimation of potassium, F. Makshall iCheiU: Ztg., 38 {1914), ^'os. 55, pp. 585-587; 58, pp. 615, 616).— Of the known methods for determining potassium quantitatively the platinic ehlorid and perchloric acid methods are the most frequently iisetl. although both methods, but more especially the first named, have objectionable features. In the method proposed an aliquot of the solution containing the alkalis only as chlorids and representing about 0.05 gm. of potassium oxid is placed in a beaker and evapoi'ated to dryness on the water bath. The residue is dissolved in as little water as possible (2 to 3 drops is usually sufficient), and an excess? (20 cc.) of a 2 per cent alcoholic solution of tartaric acid (one which has stood for several days over solid potassium bitartrate and has been repeatedly shaken and then filtered) is added. After the precipitation is complete, from 10 to 20 cc. of a bitartrate-containing alcohol (06 per cent) is added and boilel.'f), Xos. 5, pp. 23J,-2S6, figs. .5; 6, pp. 29Q-292, p(!H. Jl: 7, pp. H.',l-.i.',.], flua. 9; 8, pp. J,02, 40.i, flcjs. 6).— A lecture on the subject, which is illustrated with photomicrographs of the histological structure of various cereals and starches. The examination of Belgian varieties of honey, It. Ledent {liuL Soc. ('hint, liclg., 28 {191.',), Xo. .i, pp. 73-77; ahs. in Chcm. Zig., 38 {19U), No. 54, p. .775). — The author finds that the method.s of Fiehe and Jaeserschmidt will de- tect invert sugar. The degree of adulteration can be estimated from the amount of protein, determined by Lund's method. A new method for determining the total solids in wine, V. Njfxiovan iZtxcJir. Analgt. Chcm.. 53 (19U),.Ko. 3, pp. 160-165; ahs. in Chcm. Ztg., 38 (191/,). No. 35. Report., p. 157). — Five gm. of water-free sodium sulphate is weighed in a weighing bottle and 5 cc. of tlie wine under examination is added. After the sodium sulphate has become fully solidified the glass and its contents are placed open in a vacuum desiccator which contains about 15 cc. of sulphuric acid for each 5 cc. of wine dried, and exhausted to about 15 to 20 mm. pres- sure. After 12 to 14 hours diy air is allowed to enter the desiccator, and the Weighing flask is then stoppered and weighed. As sodium sulphate retains a little water a control test is made without wine for the purpose of obtaining the correction necessary. The method yields g()f)d results with dry wines. See also previous notes (E. S. R.. 32, pp. 608, 609). The specific heat of milk and milk derivatives, B. W. Hammeb and A. R. JoiiNSOX (Joica t<1n. Research Bill. U (1918), pp. 1,51-1,63, figs. 6).— A better knowledge of the specific heat of milk and milk derivatives is deemed of the greatest importance in the conduct of various processes (pasteurizing, refrigera- tion, manufacturing and storing butter, and manufacturing ice cream) in the dairy industry. Two methods for determining the specific heat were evolveecific lieat of milk or cream, without paying any attention to the temperature range over which the material is to be heated or cooled. This is obviously wroog, because the range plays a very important r'!trt from the standpoint of the apparent specific heat value, and for that reason the above table was prepared, although it is recognized that certain of the values may be in error because of the assumptions that have been necessary. In addition to giving the values at certain temperatures, the table gives the values over various ranges; these were obtained by averaging the values for every 3° C. . . . Butter fat is com- posed of a number of constituents which melt at different temiK>ratures, and the abnormal values for specific heats include the latent heats of fusion of the components of the fat." The highest si)ecific heat found over a wide temi)era- ture range is in close agreement with the variations in the results that have been obtained for the melting i)oint for butter fat by various investigators. " For many practical purposes the apparent specific heat is of as great value as the true specific heat, jtrovided the value obtained for a particular tempera- ture interval is obtained while applying the heat at such a rate that all of the material meltable in tliat particular range becomes entirely melted and equi- librium is established. . . . The values near the freezing ix)int of water are* of importance in their bearing on the question of the relation of the specific heats of ice cream mixes to the elTect on the palate. An ice cream very rich in fat would not only have a low specific heat at low temi>erature, but, as is apparent from the very great slopes of the specific heat curves and the high maximum reached, it would adsorb heat rapidly with an increase in tempera- ture. From the data obtained and disregarding other factors it appears that an ice cream carrying considerable fat, when first coming in contact with the warm palate and tongue, would give a sensation that was not disagreeably cold. Then as the temperature increased because of the adsorption of heat by the fusion of the fats the mass would be automatically maintained cold longer than it otherwise would I'emain. In short, there is no sensation of extreme coldness, but still the mass remains cold for a longer time than if smaller amounts of fat were present. On the other hand, with low fat ice creams and sherbets there is a sensation of extreme coldness when the material is first taken into the mouth, but the mass soon warms np." The specific heat values for milk and milk derivatiA'es collected from the dairy literature are tabulated. A rapid method for determining' crude fiber, IT. Kalxixg (Ztscltr. Gcsam. Gctricdcw., 5 {1913), No. 1, pp. 6-8; «?>.s\ in Chem. Ztff.. 38 (191J,), No. 11, Repert.. p. 48). — The method is a modification of Weender's. It consists of diluting the mixture with water after each boiling, and, after settling, filtering the supernatant fluid through gauze. The residue in the flask is placed in a folded filter, and after the fluid has been filtered off it is retransferred to the dish and finally placed in a tared folded filter and weighed after drying. See also a previous note by Stiegler (E. S. R., 82, p. 314). Colorimetric test for uric acid in the urine, II. F. Host (Xorsk Mag. TArgcvidemk. Med. Sclsk. Kristiania, 15 {1914). -Vo. 7, pp. 783-791. fig. 1; ab.<<. in Jour. Amcr. Med. A.ssoc. 63 {1914). No. 8. p. 714). — A tabulation of the author's "findings with simultaneous application of the various color tests in vogue. They show that the Riegler method" is esiiecially simple and reliable when the technique is slightly modified, as he describes, to render the reagent more durable. It is a 1 per thousand solution of uric acid made by dissolving 0.1 gm. uric acid in a little distilled water in a 100-cc. graduated flask: adding " Ztschr. Analyt. Chcm., 51 (1912^. No. T-S. pp. 4G6-470. METEOROLOGY. 7l7 10 cc. of a 0.4 per cent solution of Htliium carbonate; and heating for ten or fifteen minutes; until tlie uric acid is dissolved. Then the vessel is filled up to the mark. This solution keeps for a week. lie precipitates the uric acid as anunonium urate. Otherwise the techni(pie is the same as Kiegler's." A source of error in the Clerget polarization, V. Stanek {Ztschr. Ziiekcr- indus. Bohtiieit, ,iS (I'Jl.'i), ^'o. C. pp. ^S!i-..':t8; o&.s. in Chctti. Ztff., 3S (V.lUi), iVo. Jft, Rcpcrt., p. 22i).— Ilerzfeld's figure. 132.GG, for the half-normal weight at 20° C, is noted five minutes after filling to the mark. If, however, the solu- tion is allowed to stand for from 10 to 35 minutes the constant obtained is 0.4 per cent higher, since the rotation, as Gubbe .showed in 1884, requires a certain time to arrive at a maximum, and consequently a definite time must elapse before the reading is taken. The author requests the International Conuuis- sion. which is engaged in a .study of the constant, to pay particular attention to this factor. The comparative value of various germicides for use in cane sugar fac- tories. "W. L. Owen (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 153 (19J.5), pp. 5Jf). — These studies were made with fresh and fermented juices, sirup, and deteriorated sugar. Formaldehyde was found to be superior to calcium hypochlorite, ammonium tluorid, sodium fluorid, milk of lime, bisulphite of lime, and bisulphite of soda for disinfecting sirup tanks or in removing the micro-organisms causing de- terioration in sugars. Milk or chlorid (hypochlorite) of lime may be substi- tuted for formaldehyde for cleaning tanks at a reduction of cost per unit of etficiency. " In cases where the efficiency of the germicide involves any great i^enetrating power, as, for example, where gums are to be removed, chlorid of lime is a more economical germicide than formaldehyde. Since the efficiency of all germicides is greater at elevated temperatures, they should always be applied hot in cleaning sugar factories. The comparatively high germicidal efficiency of milk of lime, combined with its very low cost and the fact that it is always on hand in sugar factories, renders it particularly suitable as a sugar factory germicide." A bibliography is appended. METEOROLOGY. Temperature records, J. B. Thompson (Guam Sta. Rpt. 191.^, pp. 17, IS, figs. 2). — Maximum and minimum monthly temperatures at the Guam Station during the year ended June 30, 1914, are shown in tables and diagrams. Ohio weather for 1913, J. W. Smith and C. A. Patton (Ohio Sta. Bui. 277 {I'Jl'f). pp. 331-^06, figs. 5Jf). — The temperature and precipitation throughout the State during each month are shown in charts. The usual summary tables are given showing temperature and rainfall at Wooster and throughout the State (18.88 to 1913). The mean temperature for the year at Wooster was 50,6° F. ; for the State, 52.3°. The highest temperature at the station was 9(5°, June 30 and August 17; for the State, 105°. June 30. The lowest temperature at the station was —2°, February G; for the State, —15°, February G. The annual rainfall at the sta- tion was 51.18 in. ; for the State, 44.75 in. The number of rainy days at the station was 134; for the State. 120. The prevailing direction of the wind was southwest at the station and in the State at large. Meteorological summary for the year 1913 (Wi/oming Sta. Rpt. 191It, pp. J66-no). — Monthly sununnries are given of observations at Laramie. Wyo.. during 1913 on temperature, ju'essure, pre<'ipitation. hunndity. sunshine, cloudi- ness, and wind movement. A record of soil temperature at depths of 3, 6, 12, 718 EXPEKIMENT .STATION KECOKD. 24, y(>, jind 72 in. during; 101.'} is hIwj given. Tlie growing season of 191o was somewliat longer, tlie itrec-ipitatlon greater, and the %\-ind velocity less tlian normal. Tlie first killing frost occurred September 17, wliich is later than usual. A summer frost occurred the night of July 31. The highest temperature was 89° I'\, July C; the lowest, — 30°, January 7. The total precipitation was 13.01 in., as compared with a 20-year average of 10.21 in. The lowest relative humidity was 15 per cent. July 2. The greatest velwity of wind was 60 miles per hour. Juno 11. Salient features in the geological history of Australia, with special ref- erence to chang'es of climate, W. G. Wooi.noi'oii {Off. Yearbook A«v/., 7 (1901-1913), pp. 56-58). — The evidences of climatic variations during the different geological ages in Australia are briofiy summarize*!. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The present status of soil chemistry, with particular reference to organic compounds, H. I^. Jodiui (Laiidir. ^'e)•f<. stdt.. So (JHUf), No. S-Jf. pp. S.')9-391}. — This article is based mainly on investigations conducted l)y the author at the Iowa and Michigan experiment stations (E. S. K., 22, p. 61S; 25, p. 622; 26, pp. 320, 615, 616; 28, p. 813; 29, pp. 124, 316, 723; 30, p. 122). The topics discussed are the sulphur compounds of the soil, the influence of meteorological and biological factors on the soil nitrogen, the older and the more recent theories regarding the nature of humus and its behavior with cer- tain reagents, genetic relations between the chemical compoimds in soil and those in plants and animals, the nature of nitrogen comiKjunds in the soil, the organic nitrogen compounds of the soil, the separation of the nitrogen com- pounds in sulphuric-acid extracts of the soil, cleavage products of nucleo-pro- teins, lecithin products in the soil, pyridin derivatives in the soil, the ammoni- fication of amino-acids and acid amids In the soil, the occurrence of carbon dioxid, alcohols, and aldehydes in the soil, and soil organic acids. A list of 71 references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. On the orig'in of the loess of southwestern Indiana, E. W. Shaw {Science, n. ser., J^l {1915), No. lO.'fG, pp. lO'f-lOS). — The author concludes from a study of the loess areas of the United States " that the so-called marl loess of south- western Indiana consists of wind-deposited true loess, stream-laid valley filling, and dune sand, and that the true loess part of it. together with the ' common loess,' corresponds to the well-known loess of other parts of the Mississippi basin." Composition and origin of different horizons of some South Russian soils and subsoils, A. I. Xauokikii {iiclsk. Khoz. i Lu'Hor.. 2.n {1911), Nov.. pp. 367-379; 238 {1912), Jan.. pp. 3-17; Mar., pp. 399-JilJt; .i39 {1912). May. pp. 3-14; June, pp. 159-180, fig. 1; July, pp. 289-305; «/>.s. in Zhiir. Opytn. A(/ron. {Ruvs. Jour. Expt. Landw.), IJ, {1913), No. 4. pp. 3. '(2-.] -',7). —The author deals mainly with the varying humus content of the soils as determined by the pemianganate method. A so-called isohnmic zone of forest soils containing from 1 to 2 per cent of humus embraces the Governments of Kiev and Yolynsk. The adjoining border- land of loess iX)dzol clays contain not less than 2 jier cent, often more than 3 per cent of humus. The soils intermediate between forests and steppes vary in humus content from that of the forest soils on the north to that of the cher- nozem steppes of the south. The stepjies soils are divided into (1) those of the north covered with typical chernozem with 5 to 9 per cent of huiiius; (2) the brown soils of the coast steppes containing not more than 3 per <-eat of SOILS FEHIILIZEKS. 710 humus, but which are frequently rich iu alkali (chlorids, sulphates, aud carbonates) ; and (3) tlie intermediate chestnut soils containing 3 to 5 per cent of humus. The value of excavated subsoil (Kuhlerde) for the agricultural improve- ment of upland moor soils, B. T.vcKt; (Mitt. Vcr. Fonl. MoorkiiJtiir Unit. Ix'ciche, .i.i [H'l.'f). Xo. .Li. pp. .ii).l-.',07). — The author brietiy describes the i)rocess of excavatinj; and mixing the deep subsoil with the surface soil of the upland moors in northwest (Jermany and reports crop experiments with oats, rye, and potatoes on these soils with different manurial treatments. He states that the moor soils are acid and poor iu plant food, but that the subsoils are well stocked with plant food, which is made more or less available when intimately mixed with the moor soil and subjected to proper manurial treatment and cultivation. This process apparently ivquires several years time, however, as is shown by nine years' of cropping experiments, but in the end important quantities of potash and phosphoric acid are made available for plants. A simple method for determining' the critical moisture content of soils, K. O. E. Davis (Jour. Iiidua. and J-Jii(jin. Chcm., 6 (1014), No. 12, pp. 1008-1010, figs. 2). — The method proi)osed depends upon the rise of water by capillarity a short distance in a column of dry soil and the subsequent distrll)Utiou of the water in the soil. A brass tube 1 ft. long aud 1 in. iu diameter is tilled with the soil and sus- pended in water until the water has risen several inches in the tube. The tube is then removed and held in a horizontal j>ositiou until capillary move- ment practically ceases, then moisture is deteiiuined iu the inch of soil at the extreme iJoint to which water has advanced. The percentage so found is taken to be the critical moisture content. To facilitate the operation the brass tubes are split iu half, so that they can be separated and the entire soil column obtained for examination, and have a slit covered with celluloid to permit of observation of the movement of the water in the soil. The method is considered simpler and more accurate than older methods for the purpose. Two equipments for investigation of soil leachings, C. A. Mooers and W. IT. MacIntire (Tennessee Sta. Bui. Ill (1915), pp. S, plx. //).— Two types of equipment for investigating soil leachings are described, and illustrated. The first, a pit equipment, consists of an oblong covered cement pit 81.5 ft. long, 5.3 ft. wide, and 6.5 ft. high. Thirty-four heavy galvanized iron soil drainage tanks are sunk in the ground on both sides of the pit. These are 1. 2, 4. and 6 ft. in depth, and are provided with block tin outlets which pass through the pit wall and empty the drainage water into galvanizod-iron cans inside. The second, a hillside equipment, is based upon a 6-ft. perpendicular concrete wall built again.st the side of a terrace in which the soil drainage tanks are .sunk. The tanks are made of 14-gage galvanized ingot iron, strengthened at the top by means of a 3/10 by 3/4-in. wrought-irou band, and having a surface area of 1/20,000 acre. There are two sets of these tanks, viz. 21 12 in. deep, embedded 8 in. in the soil, and 23 24 in. deep, embedded 20 in. in the soil. Block tin tubes connected with the bottom of the tanks pass through the retaining wall and empty the drainage water into containers arraugeil along the wall in a covered subway. This subway is open on the side opposite the retaining wall, but is so arranged that the containers are protected from direct sunshine and other extreme weather conditions. Ammonification and nitrification iu Hawaiian soils, W. P. Kixt.ey (Haiiaii Sta. Bui. 37 (1915), pp. 52). — This bulletin rei)orts studies on ammonification and nitrification in Hawaiian soils under a variety of couditions. 720 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOBD. It was fouud that, as a rule, nitriflcatloii was uot very active in untilled soils. Amuioniflcatiou was much more active than nitrification in such soils. The inactivity of nitrification in the uucullivatc'd soils was uot due to acidity or lack of organisms, but largely to deficient aeration. Tillage improved the aeration and thus stimulated nitrification as well as ammonification. Sterilization by heat did uot promote nitrification but increased the production of ammonia. Partial sterilization stimulated ammonification for a short time, usually about two weeks, after which there was a decline in ammonification. Nitrification was temporarily inhibited by partial sterilization, but later recovered its activ- ity, lielnoculation of the partially sterilized soil with untreated .soil stimulated nitrification without checking ammonification. Partial sterilization caused .-i permanent increase in available nitrogen (nitrates and ammonia) in certain soils and a temporary increase in others. Calcium carbonate produced considerable stimulation of ammonification of dried blood and soy-bean meal in certain soils; in others it had little effect iu this respect. Magnesium carbonate, on the other hand, produced marked stimu- lation In the majority of cases. Dolomitic and calcareous lime.stones produced much the same effects as calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate stimulated nitrification in certain soils and was without effect in others. Magnesium carbonate was toxic to nitrification in the majority of cases. Nitrification was as active in the manganiferous and titaniferous soils as in the others studied, but magnesium carbonate was especially toxic to nitri- fication iu these soils, this effect being more marked iu the case of soy-bean meal than iu the case of dried blood. Dolomitic and calcareous limestones and cal- cium carbonate produced similar effects as regards nitrification. The results regarding the effect of the lime-magnesia ratio on ammonification and nitrification were inconclusive. In general, the exijeriments emphasize the importance of maintaining the best aeration possible In Hawaiian soils. The lime-niag'nesia ratio. — I, The effects of calcium and magnesium car- bonates on ammonification. II, The effects of calcium, and mag'nesiuni car- bonates on nitrification, "W. P. Kelley {Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 42 (1914), Xos. n-lS, pp. 5W-526; 21-22, pp. 577-^82).— The experimental results con- tained in these two articles are reported for the most part in the above. The general conclusion is reached that the Hme-magnesia ratio is not of great impor- tance to the ammonifying and nitrifying flora of the soil. The concentration of magnesium in solution and its relations to the concentration of the other constit- uents are of more importance. The influence of arsenic upon the nitrog'en-fixing' powers of the soil, J. E. Greaves and II. P. Anderson {Centhl. Bukt. [etc], 2. Abt., 42 {1914), No. 10-L'i. pp. 244-254. fig. 1). — In continuation of previotis studies on the influence of arsenic compounds on the soil flora (E. S. R., 30, pp. 423. 424) the authors found that arsenic when applied to a soil in the form of lead arsenate, sodium arsenate, arsenic trisulphid, or zinc arsenite, stimulates the nitrogen-fixing powers of the soil, this effect being greatest with lead arsenate and least with zinc arsenite. Paris green did not stimulate in any of the concentrations tested :ind became ver5' toxic at a concentration of 120 parts per million. Sodium arsenate became toxic at a concentration of 40 parts per million and at 250 parts per million nitrogen fixation was entirely stopped. Lead arsenate was not toxic even at a coucentration of 400 parts iier million, and the toxicity of arsenic trisulphid and zinc arsenite was very small at this coucentration. " The stimulation noted ... is uot due to any inherent peculiarity of the soil used, for soils which vary greatly in physical and chemical properties had their nitrogen-fixing powers greatly increased when arsenic was applied to them. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 721 Soils high in orgauic matter tixed as umuh nitrogen iu the presence of arsenic and in the absence of mannite as they did in the presence of mannite and absence of arsenic. The stimuhition is greatest when the water-soluble arsenic content of the soil is about 10 i)arts per million; this quantity exceeds that found in most soils, so it is likely that arsenic will stimulate in place of retard bacterial activities of .soil. " Only one type of Azotobacter was isolated which was stinmlated by arsenic. and in this case the stimulation was due to the organism utilizing more econonu- cally, in the presence of arsenic, its source of carbon than it did in the absence of arsenic. Arsenic does not act as a source of energy to the organism. Part of the stimulation noted in the soil with its mixed flora is probably due to the arsenic inhibiting injurious si^ecies. A quantity of arsenic which acts as a stimulant to bacteria when jilaced in soil may become very toxic when tested by the Keiny solution method." Bacteriolog'ical effects of green manures, C. F. Briscok and H. H. Haknicd (Mi^si.ssiiJixi St(t. Bui. 168 {1915), pp. 20, figs. 7). — This bulletin gives a general discussion of the relation of humus to soil bacteiua and reports a series of ex- periments in stone jars which was designed primarily to test the effect of green manures and stable manure on the rate of nitrification in soils. One series of jars was arranged for the bacteriological tests and the other was cropped with oats as a check on the bacteriological tests. The results iudicatetl a direct relation between the bacterial count and the amount of organic matter added to the soil. There was a very unifoi'm agree- ment between the bacteriological and the vegetative tests. It was found that a light dressing of stable manure with green manure produced marked effects as shown both by the crop tested and the bacterial count. The use of a bacterial cultui'e with the green manure had as pronounced an effect as the addition of a light dressing of stable manure, indicating that the benefit from the use of the stable manure was due largely to the addition of the bacteria contained in the manure. The addition of organic matter to the soil gave not only a larger growth but a better quality of oats as shown by determinations of nitrogen in the straw. The effect of appljring stable manure with green manures, O. Le)mmermann and A. Einecke (Mitt. Dcut. Landw. Gesell., 29 (1914), No. 52, pp. 702-70.'f).— Contrary to a generally accepted view the experiments with sugar beets reportement of the manufacture by electrical means of nitrates from the free nitrogen of the air by the Birkeland and Eyde and especially the Schonherr processes is reviewed and an extensive bibliography of references to literature and patents is given. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 723 Red soils and phosphatic manures, J. Akik (BoI. Ayr. [Udo Paulo], 15. -ser., No. 6-7 (1914), PP- o.i')-5'j5, figs. 2). — ^The author cites analyses of 48 samples of red soils which show that these soils are generally deticieut in phosphoric acid. He points out that although they rapidly absorb soluble phosphatic fer- tilizers, the latter usually coinbiue with the irou nud aluniiuuni of the soils to form insoluble comiiounds. He further reports exi)erinients to sliow that the absorption of phosphoric acid in red soils is considerably increased by the presence of lime and humus and that the solubility of the phosphates of aluminum, iron, and shig in solu- tions of so-called alkaline humates increases with the concentration of the solution. It is thought that the humus prevents the formation of insoluble phosphatic compounds in red soils by couibining with the iihosphoric acid and forniiug easily soluble so-called humo-phosjiliates. The value of liming on red soils is attributed niainly to its favorable influence on bacterial activity and on the solubility of potash. It is concluded that superphosphate may be jirofitably used on red soils if accompanied by liberal additicms of organic matter and lime. The white phosphates of Tennessee, J. S. Hook (Resources Tenn., 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. 23-33, figs. Jf). — The character, geological relations, origin, and dis- tribution of the white phosiJhate deposits occurring in Perry and Decatur coun- ties, Tennessee, are discussed. Sufficient investigation has not yet been made to determine definitely the extent of these deposits. The deiwsits are so irregular and uncertain in character that no reliable postulations can be made as to the extent and size of the individual deposits, Phosphatic fertilizers and the deposits of apatite of Freirina, J. Brxjggen (Los Ahonos Fosfatudos i los Yaciniicntos cic Apatita de Freirina. Santiago dc Chile: Soc. Nac. Min., 1914, PP- 12, pJ. 1). — This article discusses briefly the sources, character, and fertilizing value of various phosphatic fertilizers, and describes in some detail what appear to be large deposits of high-grade apatite occurring in the Department of Freirina, Chile. A considerable part of this apatite contains from 25 to 29 per cent of phosphoric acid and some of it as much as 35 per cent. American imports of potash salts {U. 8. Dept. Corn., Com. Rpts., No. 17 (1915), p. 293).— The import into the United States during December, 1914, of muriate of potash was 8.313 tons, sulphate of potash 2,204 tons, other salts 503,349 tons, as compared with 28,619, 6.459, and 695,373 tons, respectively, during December of the preceding year. The economic value of Pacific coast kelps, J. S. Burd (California 8ta. Bui. 248 (1915), pp. 183-215, figs. 3). — This bulletin reports in part the results of an extensive series of studies on the chemistry of kelps, discussing these results from the standpoint of their bearing on the commercial utilization of kelp. The following are the general conclusions reached: "The giant kelps contain potassium, iodin. and nitrogen in amounts which will possibly justify com- mercial recovery. Estimates of potash yields which are based on analyses of leaves and stems and do not take into account the larger proportion of leaf to stem in the growing plant are likely to be higher than can be exjiected in the avei'age run of commercial recovery. Exact determinations of the moi.sture con- tent of the more common of the giant kelps, hei-e presented for the first time, show that weight for weight of fresh kelp Macroci/stis pyrifrra contains more of each important constituent than does Nereocgstis luetkeana. " The efflorescence of potash salts when kelps are slowly dried can not be utilized to advantage in the commercial preparation of potash if a large yield of high-grade salts is desired. No technological difficulties are involved In prepar- 93681°— Xo.'S— 15 3 724 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD ing high-grade potash salts uud iodin from kelp, but exact costs of production can only be arrived at from data obtained on a large scale, as in actual factory practice. Apparently, however, extraordinary profits are not to be expected owing to the limited value of the product and the lar^e amount of manipulation involved in the various methods of recovery. "Air-dried kelp will furnish a low-grade potash fertilizer comparable to kainit and containing in addition over 1 per cent of nitrogen and 50 per cent of organic matter capable of furnishing humus to the soil. Objections to the use of dried kelp because of the presence of sodium and chlorin are untenable, because this material contains less sodium and chlorin than most of the commercial potash salts now being used and is but little inferior in this respect to the highest grades of muriate." The relation of sulphur to soil fertility, O. M. Sheud (Kentucky Stn. Bill. 18S (Wl.'i), pp. 5D'j-G.W). — Determinations of sulphur in a large number of vegetables and fruits and other materials are reported showing widely varying but, in certain cases, considerable amounts of this constituent. For example, of 31 varieties of tobacco grown in Kentucky only two contained less sulphur than phosphorus. The larger proportion contained considerably more sulphur than phosphorus; in some cases twice as much. The average sulphur content of all the varieties examined was 0.458 per cent, the phosphorus content 0.302. The addition of sulphur (100 and ofK) lbs. per acre) or gypsum (equivalent to 100 lbs. of sulphur per acre) to fertilizers containing only nitrogen, potas- sium, and phosphorus produced a decided increase in yield in pot experiments with tobacco on a soil containing 240 lbs. of sulphur and SCO lbs. of phosphorus per acre. There were decided gains in the gro'n-th of soy beans with applica- tions of sulphur, ammonium sulphate, pyrite. and ferrous sulphate and smaller gains with calcium, potassium, barium, magnesium, aluminum, and sodium sul- phates on a soil containing 600 lbs. of sulphur and 3,04<:) lbs. of phosphorus per acre. The best results were obtained with the element sulphur. Pyrite and fer- rous sulphate were applied at rates furnishing 6 lbs. of sulphur per acre; the other materials in amounts supplying 100 lbs. of sulphur iier acre. The sulphur content of soy beans which responded to sulphur fertilization was in all cases higher than that of beans which had not been fertilized with sulphur. The sulphur fertilizers were also found to increase materially the growth of turnips following soy beans on the same soil. Clover was not benefited by sulphur fertilizers on soil from the same source as that used in the experiments with soy beans. In a series of experiments with cabbage on soil, from the same source, to which were added in small amounts ferrous sulphid. disulphid. and sulphate and ferric sulphate and oxid. sulphates and carbonates of nickel, copper, cobalt, chromium, manganese, and lithium: ammonium, iwtassium. and sodium sulphocyanid : and flowers of sulphur none of the sulphur compounds except potassium sulphocyanid proved beneficial. A few of the substances used had no effect, while several were harmful. In simi- lar experiments with mustard following the cabbage good gains in yield were obtained with several of the sulphates. With radishes following mustard the results were more irregular, but indicated benefit from sulphur fertilization in some cases. Experiments with alfalfa in sand cultures showed that this plant readily utilizes different forms of sulphur. The best results were obtained with magnesium, ferric sodium, potassium, and ammonium sulphates. Good results were also obtained with elementary sulphur. In nine out of fifteen cases the sulphates gave better results than the carbonates of the same element. It was found that when sulphur was added to the soil it was rapidly oxidized to the sulphate (60 to 80 per cent in four months), the oxidation proceeding more rapidly in a fertile soil than iu a poor soil. Sulphur was also oxidized AGEICULTURAL BOTANY. 725 in sjind cnltnros. but not to the same extent as in soil. The oxidation of the sulphur resulted in an increase of acidity. The orfj:anic sulphur of horse manure was slowly oxidized to suljihaie. The work of otlier investiirators on the subject is briefly reviewe; j)ollen grains and embryo sacs in three species and one variety of Stizolobium. After discussing the particular and general effects of crossing in each of three generations, the author states that six families of the fertile plants have been grown on a large scale in the fourth and tifth generations, and all proved fertile, three of the lines obtained being of agricultural value. He l)resents a working hji)Othesis claimed to account for all facts at present known in this coiniectiou. Plant chimeras, P. Popenok (Jour. Heredity, 5 {I'Jl.'f), Xo. 12, pp. 521-oS^, figs. !>)■ — This is a discussion of so-called graft hybrids, including mention of early cases observed and later cases studied, recent exr)eriniental production of these chimeras with explanations of their behavior as regards chlorophyll characters and chromosome numbers, and mention of what is possibly the only genuine graft hybrid (Solanum dancinianum) now known. Heredity in chimeras, W. S. Chapin (Jour. Heredity, 5 (1914), ^o. 12, pp. 533-5. 'iG, fiiis. 7). — This is an account of the study of the progeny of a si)ecimeu of AmaranthuH rctroflexus which possessed variegated leaves and was regarded as a sectorial chimera. The offsi)ring consisted of green, white, and a few variegated seedlings. Only green offspring were jiroduced from green stn^d- lings or green branches, and white brandies when self-fertilized (cross-fertiliza- tion not being tried) produced only white offspring. It is thought that the heredity of this plant belongs to the tyi)e of variegated chimeras, the variegated plants coming from a cross between green and white gametes. Bud variations in Coleus, A. B. Stout (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., Jfl (1915), .A'q. lO'iS, p. 178). — The author states that plants propagated vegetatively through six generations develop two types of changes, fiuctuations and muta- tions. Although the different patterns which arose were remarkably constant in vegetative propagation, each exhibited further changes in the epigenetic development and distribution of the red pigmentation. The phenomena asso- ciated with the apix^ai'ance and subsequent behavior of the different bud variations are quite similar to the phenomena of variation, mutation, and alternative inheritance in a seetl progeny of hybrid origin. Inheritance of certain seed characters in com, R. A. Harper (Ahs. in Sci- ence, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. 10J,8. pp. 177, 178).— The author states that the various pigmentations of the integument, aleuroue layer, and endosperm are metidentical characters, that is. the same in the cells as they are in the tissues or kernel as a whole. The pattern in the case of streaked or mottled grains is a character of the tissue as a whole. The form of the dent kernels is a character of the kernel due to the nature and distribution of the starch and other elements in the tissues. The wrinkled form of the kernels of sweet corn is more nearly identical with the shrinkage of the individual cells of the endo- sperm. By crossing these different forms intermediates may be obtained be- tween any two contrasting characters, and selection tends to develop tixity of type, although the range of variation may at first be even higher than that of either iiarent. Inheritable variations in the yellow daisy, A. F. Blakeslee (Abs. in Science, n. ser.. Jfl (1915), No. 10J,8, p. /78).— From a study of the yellow daisy (Rudheckia hirta) the author has foimd a large number of I'ay char- acters, such as absence, reduplication, length, color, constriction, transforma- tion of rays into tubes, and differences in shai>e, size, and color of disk, as well as vegetative characters, such as height, branching, leaf character, fascl- ations, etc. (Enothera lamarckiana and the (Enotheras of the forest of Fontainebleau. L. Blaringhem (Rev. Gen. Dot., 25 his (1914). pp. 35-50. fig. 1). — The author AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 727 concludes an account of studies carried out on a-^nothera by stating that there may be found in a wild state In France at least four distinct species of the j^roup Euoenothera. namely (in order of frequency of occurrence) OJ. hicnniK, OH. suaveolens, CR. hienni.s intrvi flora, and CE. muricata, (E. longiflora not belonging to that group. CE. lamarckiana is probably not found growing spon- taneously in France. A study of the genus Panicum, S. A. Belov (Trudy Bfiiro Prild. Bot. (Bui. Aiiffcic. Bot.). 7 (1914), No. 5. pp. 306-324, figs. 37).— Studies In water require- ment as related to development at the agricultural station of Samara are said to show that P. miUaccuin starts its main growth after wheat has passed Its maximum, the principal root development of this millet corresponding with the latter part of stalk growth and with the early period of panicle formation. Several other species of Panicum studied are said to fall naturally into three groups, in one of which there is considerable development of conducting tissue as compared with a given stomatal area, in a second, like development of conducting tissue with smaller stomatal area, and in the third, corre- spondence of stomatal area with development of conducting tissue. Coloration of glumes in Panicum miliaceum, B. Arnold (Trudy Bmro Prild. Bot. (Bui. Angew. Bot.), 7 (1914), No. 5, pp. 293-305, pi. 1, fig. i).— This is an account of a series of comparisons made by the section for plant breeding at the Saratov Experiment Station regarding coloration of glumes in 265 pure strains within 23 varieties of millet, which were carried out with colors era- ployed there as standards. It was found that each variety of so-called red, yellow, and gray millet has a prevailing color tone, others showing lower degi'ees of conformity to type. The relationships of root bacteria in the Leguminosae, J. Simon (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 41 (1914), ^^0. 11-17, pp. 470-479).— A study of the rela- tionships of nodule bacteria through their interaction with the leguminous hosts is said to divide the bacteria into groups, each form reacting with a cer- tain number of hosts, which are indicated. The root bacteria of the Legumi- nosse, it is held, are to be considered as more or less constant adapted forms of the species Bacterium radicicola. Isolation of Bacillus radicicola from soil, C. B. Lipman and L. W. Fowler (Science, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. 1050, pp. 256-259). — A method is described by which the authors claim to have i.solated B. radicicola from soil in which there had grown for several years a large si^ecimen of Vicia sicula. The organism was isolated, and inoculation experiments showed that in 21 out of 44 instances bacteria isolated from soil gave positive results, as shown by the presence of nodules on the roots of plants as grown in cultures. This is believed to be the first recorded instance where B. radicicola has been isolated directly from the soil. Physiological studies of Bacillus radicicola of soy bean, J. K. Wilson (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. IO48, p. 180). — ^This investigation is said to confirm other earlier work regarding the influence of nitrates on nodule production, and indicates that sulphates in relatively weak concentration in- hibit the process. Chlorids and phosiihates stimulate nodule production, while ammonium salts are inhibitory. It was determined that while nodule develop- ment was prevented by the presence of nitrates, sulphates, and ammonium salts, yet the organism retained its vitality in the presence of these salts. Whether the effect of the salt is upon the root, such as to make it more resistant, or uix)n the organism has not been determined. Influence of certain salts on nodule production in vetch, Kno (Abs. in Science, n. .s-rr., 41 (1915). No. IO48. p. 180). — The author claims that calcium salts are essential for nodule production in vetch, although the substitution of 728 EXPERIMENT STATIOX KECORD. barium or strontium permits nodule development to a limited degree. The relation of a balanced solution to nodule production has also been investigated. The assimilation of elementai-y nitrogen by yeasts and mold fungi, A. KossowK'z { liii.clicin. ZlNfhr., 6'.J {I'JUi), No. l-.i, pj). 82-8'>). — The author has followed u)) investigiitions previously rei)orted (E. S. R., 2S, p. 35; 31. p. 223), and claims that the yeasts and mold fungi tested are able to utilize nitrogen compounds existing in the air, but not the free nitrogen thereof. He considers it doubtful whether yeasts or mold fungi exist which can utilize such atmos- pheric nitrogen. Distribution of nitrates in Phytolacca, R. Spallino (Ann. Chim. Appl. [Rome], J (V.)Vi). Xo. 11-12, pp. ')02-,')0.'>. pi. 1). — A preliminary study of the nitrate content in growing portions of Phytolacca at different .stages is con- sidered to show that nitrates in this plant have the character of reserve mate- rial, a relation being noted between the degree of leaf activity at a given stage and nitrate distribution iu the plant. The role of calcium in forest vegetation, L. Chanceeel {Rev. G6n. Bot., 25 bis {lOlJf), pp. 83-89, pi. 1). — Giving a brief account of tests of the influence of several compounds uiwn the development of a number of common forest trees, the author states that calcium salts exercise an accelerating influence (not com- pletely nutrient, but probably strongly stimulant) on a number of forest growths, jiroducing notai)le results without injury iu some instances. The maritime pine was found to accommodate itself to a high projjortion of calcium and to show much greater vigor than in a siliceous medium. Chestnut was cultivated in a saturated solution of either sulphate or carbonate of calcium, which exercised a favorable influence on this plant. In general, while other conditions are influ- ential, calcium compounds, particularly as sulphate or as phosphate, exercise V most important influence in silviculture. Growth of plants in a medium rich in carbon dioxid, W. Berkowski (Gar- trmcclt. 17 {lUlS). Xo. 51, pp. 707-709, pjs. 2; 18 (191/f). Xo. .13. pp. U5. U6, figs. 3). — Reporting experiments on several plants, the author states that increase of carbon dioxid iu the atmosphere did not improve the appearance, flowering, or body weight of the plants tested. On the nature of antagonism, W. J. V. Ostebhout (Science, h. set:, 41 (1915). Xo. 1050. pp. 255, 256). — The author presents a hypothesis formulated as a result of his investigations on the permeability of protoplasm, by which one may predict what substances will antagonize each other and what degree of antagonism will exist between any two substances. Substances which alter the permeability of protoplasm, it is said, may be divided into two classes. (1) those which cause an increase, but not a decrease, of permeability, and (2) those which can produce a decrease of permeability. As a result of his investigations the author claims his hn^othesis offers a rational explanation of antagonism by showing that salts antagonize each other because they produce opposite effects on the protoplasm and indicates definitely what the effects are. From this it is possible to ]iredict. both qualitatively and to a considerable exteut quantitatively, the effect of combinations of salts, but this may also be extended to organic compounds and to show that nonelectrolytes which decrease permeability can also antagonize such substances as sodium chlorid. This indicates that the hypothesis may be applied so as to include both electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. Senile changes in the leaves of Vitis vulpina and certain other perennial plants, H. M. Benedict (Ahs. in Science, n. set:, 41 (1915). Xo. IO48. p. ISO).— Through investigations extending over a period of seven years, the author has found that leaves of V. vulpina and other plants exhibit evidence of senility. Leaves of old plants have a higher percentage of vascular tissue than leaves of FIELD CROPS. 729 youug plants, and consequeully they are less efl5cieut as photosynthesizing organs. He obtained a formula showing means for determining the age of 1". rulpina from its veinage, as the age (age being reckoned from the last repro- duction from seed) of a plant of V. riilinna determines the character of its velu- age. The juvenile veinage is restored only after sexual reproduction. The effects of kerosene and other petroleum oils on the viability and growth of Zea mays, J. II. Whittkn (liitL III. Stale Lab. Nat. IIM., 10 (1914), .1/7. 5, pp. 245-27S, pi. 1, fig. 1). — The author reports on several series of studies with Zea mays as affected by kerosene imder different conditions. Grains of corn were not injured by immersion in kerosene for from 10 to 20 days if they were then freed from adhering oil and given very little moisture during germination and initial growth. Dry, uninjured membranes were im- permeable to kerosene, but moist membranes were not. While some uninjured grains of corn may remain in icerosene for eight years without detriment, mechanical injury to the membranes permits destruction of life in the embryo by kerosene within 75 days. Kerosene, while harmless in small i)roportions, was above those injurious to germinating grains in proiwrtion to length of time of immersion and increase in water content of the soil above the minimum required for germinaiicn. Older seedlings absorbed safely larger quantities of kerosene. The injurious effects of petroleum oil on germinating seed corn seemed to vary inversely as the volatility of the respective oils. It is not considered advisable to treat seed corn with kerosene unless the water content of the soil is under control. Injuries to plants by smoke, g'as, and ashes, II. C. Muller et al. (Ber. Agr. Chem. Kontioll u. Vers. Stat. Pflanzcnkrank. Prov. Sachsen, 1913, pp. 21-23). — This is a brief report on the chemical or physical injuries to various classes of useful or ornamental plants by gaseous and solid emanations from locomotives, electric ])lauts, and other .sources of abundant combustion products. The in- juries due to nematodes, etc., attacking the plants weakened by the action of such ])roducts are included. FIELD CROPS. Beport of the agronomy department, C. K. McClelland and C. A. Sahr (Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 36-42, pi. 1). — In a test with rice, a Japanese vari- ety, Bezembo, and a Chinese variety, Long Nyah Yin, are noted. " In an exi)eriment with a sweet sorghum, a nonsaccharin sorghum, and Japanese cane for yields of forage over a long period, the sweet sorghum has yielded in four cuttings 47.1 tons per acre and the nonsaccharin variety 49.8 tons in three cuttings. The Jajtanese cane, cut for the first time, yielded 102 tons of forage per acre 4.53 days after planting." Sudan grass planted November 22, 1913, is noted as yielding 31 tons of green forage at the first cutting, March 9, 1914, and 30 tons at the second cutting, May 8. Sudan grass seems to be much superior for lower and Tunis grass for higher elevations. Among other grasses " Mitchell grass (-4sfre&?rt triticoides), Judd grass (Lcptochloa' Hrgata), Pa.'ipaluui stolonifentm. molasses gra.ss (Melinis minuti flora), P. rirgatum, Phalaii.s hitlbosa, and Texas blue grass are worthy of mention. The American 'Buffalo grass' (Biilhilis dactyloides) from Kansas seed started very slowly but is making much better growth as the summer months come on." Three varieties of saltbushes are montioneil as having shown desirable quali- ties as sturdy, long-period cover crops, namely, Atriplex nummularia, A. lep- tncarpa, and A. halimoides. Trials with buckwheat, flax, and rape show these to be crops of value for Hawaiian conditions. 730 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. The trials of lesnmes include Lujniias hartncf/ii, which yielded tit the eud of 84 and DO days, icspectivoly, H.8 and lS.fi tons green manure and 1G.5 bu. seed per acre, Trifoliiiia uJciandriniun, Desiitodiinn tort iios ion, Snnf/nisorha minor, Ci/tisus proUfciUH, OiiohrncJiift sdtiva, and Lotus c(JinicuUttu.'i. Agronomical investigations, E. Y. Wilcox {Hawaii .S7(/. Rpt. 1914, pp. 17, 18, li), 20). — This outlines tlie general scope of the agronomical work of the stixtion, discussing tlie rice experiments, the unsatisfactory growth of cereals, the favorable prospects for Sudan grass, Giant Bermuda grass, teff grass, and saltbushes as forage plants, an unsatisfactory attempt to grow potatoes on account of blight, the excellent results with buckwheat and flax as farm crops, the increasing use of algaroba meal, and tlie increasing use of dynamite in im- proving soil conditions. The great value of the use of arsenite of soda as a spray to destroy weeds is also noted. The effect of arsenic on the soil is being studied. Report of the eastern Oregon dry farming branch experiment station, Moro, Oregon, 1913-14, D. K. Stephens {Oregon Sta., Rpt. East. Oreg. Dry Farming Xta., Moro, lOIS-Uf, pp. Jf2. figs. l.'i). — This bulletin embraces brief notes on the establishment of the eastern Oregon dry-farming substation at Mori), its equii>ment. and the climatic and soil conditions found there, including meteorological data. liesults of experiments that ha\e been carried out along the lines of variety tests, tillage experiments, and crop rotaticms are given in detail and sum- marized as follows : " Improved strains of the Turkey winter wheat, in a 4-year period, have averaged S bu. an acre more than the local Fortyfold. For a 3-year period the Kharkov winter wheat has exceeded the best local Turkey wheat by 4.6 bu. an acre. Early Baart spring wheat and selections from Koola, Karun, and C. T. No. 2495 have given yields from 4 to 5 bu. an acre higher than the Se1e<-'ted Bluestem, the best local spring wheat. . . . "The average yield of G3.000 acres of sj>ring and winter barley in the Colum- bia Basin counties of Oregon in 1909. according to the U. S. Census, was 15.5 bu. an acre. The 4-year average yields of the Mariout, Hannchen. and Swan- neck spring barleys on the branch station farm have been 26 to 29 bu. an acre. . . . For a 4-year average the leading oat varieties have been Kherson, Cana- dian, Siberian, and Sixty Day. A selection of the Sixty Day in 1914 out- yielded the best local oat variety by 20 bu. an acre. Tests with winter and spring enmier indicate that this crop will not likely supplant oats and bnrley for stock feed in eastern Oregon. That field peas can be grown with profit on eastern Oregon dry lands has been demonstrated. The Carletou variety on the same ground in 1912, 1913, and 1914 averaged 19.3 bu. an acre, at present prices worth about $35. . . . " The best corn varieties for eastern Oregon conditions have been found to be Walla Walla White Dent. Northwestern Dent. Minnesota No. 13, Windus White Dent, and Yellow Flint. Corn varieties grown for a number of years and .selected at the bi'auch station have always given higher yields an acre than corn grown "from seed of the same varieties obtained from distant localities. "Alfalfa in cultivated rows has given promising rosulls on the dry upland soils. The Baltic and Grimm varieties are recommended as best suited to eastern Oregon conditions. " The permanency of the agriculture of eastern Oregon will depend upon the adoption by the farmers at some time of a crop rotation scheme that will increase and maintain the fertility of soil that is being depleted by continuous grain growing. Eighteen different croj) i-otation schemes ai-e being tried at the FIELD CROPS. 731 branch station ; and, though further truUs are needetl before it can be decided which systems will be most profitable for farmers to adopt, results already obtained indicate that sncli croi)s as held peas. corn, and alfalfa in cultivated rows can. in a large measure, be substituted for sununer fallow. In an exten- sive te.st of diffei'ent cultivation methods for winter wheat under tlie summer fallow system it has l)een found that from 4 to 10 bu. an acre is gained l>y plowing the ground earlier in the si)ring than is the common practice." Variety testing (Wui^hingtoii Sta. Bui. 118 (19Vf), pp. 18-22. fitj. i).— Data are given regarding variety tests of winter and spring wheat, winter and spring barley, oats, and field peas. Grasses and forage plants of Hawaii, C. K. McClbxlano (Hawaii Sta. liiil. :{G' (I'Jl')). pp. -J.i, pis. it). — This bulletin gives a detailed idea of the present status of forage plants on the various Hawaiian ranclies. Tables .show the average annual and monthly precipitation at some Hawaiian ranches and other points for periods ranging from 5 to 27 years ; analyses and compiled data as to the comixisition of Hawaiian feeds; the Hawaiian, conmion, and botanical names of the more important grasses and leguminous and miscella- neous forage plants; the names of grasses introduced for range improvement but not yet established; and undesirable and poist)nous i)lants. Descriptions of many of the forage plants are given and recommendations for planting are offered, together witli brief notes on the management of range lands. Forage crop studies, J. B. TnoMi\soN {Guam. Sta. Rpt. IVL't, pp. 15, 16, pi. 1). — This notes the pi'oductinn of Para grass, Paspalum (Ulatatum, Guinea grass, sorghum, and peanuts for soiling and pasture crops. Brachysm, a hereditary deformity of cotton and other plants, O. F. Cook (f/. 8. Dcpt. Ayr., Jour. Ayr. Rcxmrcli, 3 (1915), Xo. J, pp. 387-399, pis. 10).— In this article the author discusses facts discovered by observations of the cot- ton plants under the headings of special features of brachysm in cotton, inde- jiendent origins of brachytic variations, different degrees of brachysm, shorten- ing of internodes by drought, retention of blasted buds in brachytic varieties, morphol?:^' of decurreut pedicels, brachysm accompanied by fasciatiou and adhesion, analogy between brachytic variations and hybrids, brachysm and homoeosis. and agricultural defects of '• cluster " cottons. In conclusion it is stated that " brachysm is a term proposed to designate the shortening of the vegetative internodes of plants. It is a hereditary abnormal- ity, indicating degeneracy, that has appeared in independent mutative variations in many distinct families of plants, including many cultivated forms. Brachytic variations are of frequent occurrence in cotton, giving rise to the so-called •cluster' and 'limbless' varieties, and afford uiuisually favorable ojiportunities for learning the nature and physiological significance of such variations. " The shortening of the internodes of the cotton plant is usually confined to the fruiting branches without affecting the main stalk or the vegetative branches. Brachytic variations occur independently in different species and varieties of cotton and do not constitute a natural group with a common ori^n. "Brachytic varieties of cotton usually show other abnormalities of the inter- nodes, leaves, and involucral bracts. There is also an increased tendency to abortion of the floral buds, and the blasted buds often remain attached to the plant, because of the absence of well-differentiated absciss layer at the base of the pedicel. " Though brachytic variations arise by mutative changes in the expression of the characters and show alternative Mendelian forms of inheritance, they afford no additional support to the general theories of mutation and Mendelism as explaining evolution. Such variations represent reduced .specialization or 732 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. intermediate expression of cbiiraoters and are degenerative in nature. Tliey are not to be considered an examples of normal heredity or of the evolution of new characters. The aI)normalities of brachytic variations are analogous to those found among hybrids and are likewise accompanied by tendencies to sterility or abortion of buds. " Bi-achysni i.s to be associated with other forms of intermediate expression of characters, representing a general class of metaphanic variations. A more definite recognition of this class of variations is desirable in connection with the investigation of general problems of heredity and evolution. "The agrcnltural value of brachytic varieties of cotton is impaired by the tendency to abnormal variations and sterility and also by the fact that the clus- ter cottons are more severely affected by unfavorable conditions. Hence, brachysm is to be avoided in the breeding of superior varieties of cotton." Crimson clover: Seed production, J. M. Westgate (U. ^. Dept. Agr., Farmers^ liiil. (>'/(! {I'.il.j'). pp. /.J, flgs. IS). — This describes methods of harvesting the seed of crimson clover and also describes devices for gathering the seeds, known as comb strii)pers and rotary brush strip])ers. lirlof notes are given on the commercial growing of crimson clover seed and how to grow a good crop of seed, and the money values of a seed and hay crop are compared. The weeds to be avoided in a crimson clover field are mentioned and illustrated. Because of the uncertainties of the foreign supply of seed, it is suggested the individual farmer may readily arrange to save his own seed for re.seeding, although the commercial production of seed in this country is handi- capped by frequent untimely rains. Local fertilizer experiments with corn in south Alabama in 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914, .T. F. Duggar and J. T. Williamson i Ahilxuiid Col. t^in. HiiJ. 181 (191-'t), pp. 15S-1S2). — The chief object of these local fertilizer experiments is given as to ascertain tlie best combination of fertilizers for corn production on each of the principal soils of the southern half of Alabama. " From these experiments, most of which were conducted on poor land in dry seasons, it appears that under these conditions reliance should not be placeil chiefly on commercial fertilizers in growing corn. Commercial fertilizers h;ive proved, much more effective and profitable for cotton than for corn. On nearly all experiments nitrogen, whether employed as cotton-seed meal or as nitrate of soda, afforded a fair increase in the yield of corn. In 60 per cent of these separate experiments the increase from applying 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal alone per acre was sutiicient to afford a profit, even under these unfavorable con- ditions of soil and climate. Acid phosphate used alone, and in various combina- tions, usually afforded a small increase in the yield of corn, but this increase was usually not sufficient imder these unfavorable conditions to afford a profit. For corn, kainit was even less effective and more generally unfavorable than was acid phosphate. " When 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, api>lied before planting, was compared wi|^ 1(X) lbs. of nitrate of soda, applied when corn plants were several feet high, nitrate of soda afforded a larger increase. Nitrate of soda afforded, on the average, and in most experiments, a profitable increase in yield. In the.se ex- periments commercial fertilizers usually increased the yield to at least as large an extent on land capable of producing 25 to 30 bu. of corn without fertilizer as on poorer land ; this suggests that it was the supply of moisture in the richer soils, rather than the fertilizers, which determined yield in these unfavorable seasons. This argues for the plowing under of organic matter in connection with the use of only moderate amounts of commercial fertilizers for corn. FIELD CROPS, 733 " Consiileriuj? otlier experinieuLs, us well as thesf, the writers make the fol- lowing general rec'oiumeuda lions regarding the fertilization of corn: That so far as i)raeticable stable manure and the remains of soil-improving i)lants, sucli as cowpeas, velvet beans, and crimson clover, be preferred to most kinds of commercial fertilizers. That the amounts of commercial fertilizer be limited. That most of the money invested in fertilizers be used in the jiurchase of nitrogen. That where a pound of nitrogen can be bought in nitrate of soda at the same or at a lower price than in cotton-seed meal, the preference be given to nitrate of soda as a fertilizer. '• That in view of results of unpublished experiments to determine the best time of applying nitrate of soda it is reconmiended that it be ai)plied as a side application when the corn plants are between 2* and 4 ft. high. That on soils known to be deficient in phosphoric acid, and especially where heavy aitplica- tions have not been applied to preceding crops, a moderate amount of acid phosphate be employed. That no investment be made in potash as a fertilizer for corn, especially at the high prices which will doubtless prevail in 191."), ex- cept whej-e experience has shown the need of it. " For the farmer wishing to make only a small investment in the fertilization of corn the following forumla. for corn grown under average conditions, is sug- gested: 1(X> lbs. acid phosphate, before planting or by the time plants are 2 J ft. high; GO to 100 lbs. nitrate of soda, api)lied when the plants are 22 to 4 ft. high; or, 120 to 2o0 lbs. cotton-seed meal, applied at the same time as the phosphate, may be substituted for the nitrate of soda." Local fertilizer experiments with corn in north Alabama in 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914, J. F. Duggar and J. T. Williamson (Alabama Col. Sta. Bui. J82 (1914), PP- 185-211). — This bulletin gives detailed data of experiments cor- responding to the above on each of the princii)al soils of the northern half of Alabama. The general conclusions noted above are repeated, except as follows: "On about half of the experiments nitrogen, when employed as cotton-seed meal, gave an incre.ase sufficient to be profitable. Acid phosphate, like cotton-seed meal, gave small increases in most cases, l)Ut under the conditions of the unfavorable seasons these increases were profitable in only about 50 per cent of the experiments. • "Nitrate of soda, applied when the corn plants were 2 to 3 ft. high, and on plats which had previously received acid pho.sphate and kainit afforded, in 72 per cent of these experiments, a profit above the cost of the nitrate. Moreover, the complete fertilizer containing 100 lbs. of nitrate soda, 240 lbs. acid phos- phate, and 100 lbs. kainit afforded a profit in 71 per cent of these exix^rimeuts ; but when nitrogen in a complete fertilizer was supplied in the form of cotton- seed meal, the resulting increase was sufiicient to afford a profit in only 39 per cent of these experiments. "In most of these experiments kainit at the r.ite of 200 Ib.s. per acre was the least profitiible of the fertilizers tested. While this amount of kainit was usually unprofitable when used alone or with only one other fertilizer, yet in many of the experiments it proved slightly profitable as a part of a complete fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphate, and potash. Selecting and breeding corn for protein and oil in South Dakota, A. N. Hume, M. Champlin, and H. LooMis (South Dakota Sta. Bui. 153 (1914), PP- 59-78, fig. 1). — This bulletin gives results of selection of cora for high and low protein and for high and low oil content of kernels, covering a period from 1910 to 1913, inclusive. 734 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Comparative average yields of hiylt protfin and uf Itnc prottin corn. liUO-liUS, in hiishels per acre, and pounds of protein per acre. High protein com. lM\y protein com. Year. Yield per acre. Protein in seed planted. Protein in com har- vested. Yield of protein per acre. Yield per acre. Protein in seed planted. Protein in com har- vested. Yield of protein per acre. 1910 1911 1912 1913 Bushels. 44.6 26.1 53.7 58.5 Per cent. 13.14 13.09 13.91 13.48 Per cent. 13.11 13.91 12. .H9 12.83 Pounds. 379. 13 212.09 411.83 439.50 Bushels. 39.2 34.4 46.3 51.5 Per cent. 13.14 11.11 11.07 11.98 Per cent. 11.20 11.07 12.46 11.22 Pounds. 284.98 223.35 343.27 331.62 Average 45.7 13.18 360.64 42.8 11.49 295.80 The .strain of corn selected for high oil content lu-odnced in 1911 an average of 86.83 lbs. of oil per acre and in 1912, 216.97 lbs. The percentage contents were 3.47 and 6.1, resijectively. The strain selected for low oil content pro- duced 61.59 lbs. of oil per acre in 1911 and 170.66 lb.s. in 1912. The percentage oil contents were 3.15 and 5.66, respectively. As a result of a study to determine the intlueuce of degree of maturity on an oil content of corn it was found that corn harvested on August 15, Septem- ber 4, and September 19 contained 3.272, 4.982, and 5.523 per cent, respec- tively, an average composite sample of 40 ears each. It is suggested that the degree of maturity at harvest may account for the wide differences in oil con- tents of the 1911 and 1912 crops above citetl. Cotton experiments, 1914 (Mis.sis.^ippi. Sio. Bill. KW (lUL't), pp. 16). — This bulletin gives results of cotton experiments similar to those previously noted (E. S. R.. 29, p. 35; 31, p. 136). Itesults from tlie central .station are reported by E. C. Ewing and J. R. Kicks. A table shows the monthly temperatures and rainfall for 1914. A table giving the results of a variety test shows four early, short staple varieties to range in yield of seed cotton from 1.287 to 1.570 lbs. I)er acre, eight medium early, big boiled, short staple varieties to range from 1.303 to«1.5S9 lbs. per acre, and four long staple varieties to range from 1.154 to 1.430 lbs. per acre. In regard to the values of the different varieties for local production of cotton it is stated " that under average conditions on ix)or thin land or land of medium fertility, with the boll weevil present, the medium early, big boiled varieties such as Wannamaker Cleveland, Cook, Half and Half (a selection from Cook), and Miller will give better results than the very early, quick maturing varieties, which suffer worse from drought and rust and quit growing early under such conditions. Besides, there does not seem to be as much dif- ference in earliness between the earliest and the latest varieties on thin land as there is between the earliest and the latest varieties on rich land. On rich bottom lands in the presence of the boll weevil, one of the early maturing varieties that does not make too much stalk will be the most satisfactory. In this class there are no better varieties than Trice and Dodd Prolific. In most tests in this State Trice has given better results than Dodd Prolific. " We regard Express as the best available long staple variety for boll weevil conditions. It is an early inch and three-sixteenths cotton that has given splendid results in the Delta. Unknown is another good early variety that runs from an inch and an eighth to an inch and three-sixteenths." The results of a test on wilt-infested land are reported, which show that " the wilt-resistant varieties generally gave the be.st yields in 1912 and 1913. but fell FIELD CHOPS. 735 beluw tht' susceiJtiblc varieties in U»14. Tliis is on aocoimt of the oflects dT the boll weevil. The wilt-resistant varieties are all late and can not be successfnlly grown where weevil damage is heavy. At the same time the early varieties that we have found all seem to be rather susceptible to wilt, so the combination, where both wilt and weevils are present to a serious extent, makes cotton grow- ing out of the question. The Covington-Toole wilt-resistant variety has yielded more cotton than any of the other wilt-resistant varieties in all tests that have been made with it at this station." Cotton planted in rows spaced .3, 3^, 4, 4^, and 5 ft. apart yielded at the rate of ] ,600, 1,336, 1.220, 1,200, and 1,176 lbs., respectively, of seed cotton. Cotton spaced 32. 24, and 36 in. in rows 4 ft. apart yieldetl at the rate of 1,553, 1,403, and 1,153 lbs., resi^ectively, of .seed cotton. " The weevils seemed to have gotten all of the squares after August 10." In tests to prevent rust it was found that a plat receiving no treatment yielded at the rate of 4S4 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, one receiving ,300 lbs. of kainit per acre yielded 1.732 lbs., one receiving 10 tons of barnyard manure in 1911 .i elded at the rate of l.SOS lbs., and one receiving 10 tons of barnyard manure in 1913 yielded 1.830 lbs. of seed cotton per acre. A test of 16 varieties of cotton at the Holly Springs substation, which is reported by C. T. Ames, gave yields ranging from 1.845.2 lbs. to 2.562 lbs. of seed cotton per acre. Cook Alabama Station variety produced the highest yield of seed cotton per acre and was second in percentage of lint (40 per cent), but the staple was only | in. in length, the estimated valuation per acre being $80.95. The highest valuation per acre, $96.79, was produced by Durango. with a total estimated yield of seed cotton of 2,111.2 lbs. per acre. Of this, 33.5 per cent was lint having a staple length of li^ in. The longest staple, 1:^ in., was produced by Sunflower, which yielded at the rate of 2,161 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, producing only 28.7 per cent of lint and having a total valuation of $74.40 per acre. Half and Half produced the highest percentage of lint, 44.2. measuring J in. in length, but yielded only 2,304.4 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, which brought the estimated valuation to $78.40 per acre. Tabulated results of fertilizer experiments which have been continued for nine years are given. "The u.se of both nitrogen and phosphorus, either alone or in combination, has given very satisfactory results. Phosphorus hastens maturity. The use of potash, either alone or in combination with the other elements, api^ears to be unnecessary in these soils. On thin upland the use of 200 to 300 lbs. of an equal mixture of cotton-seed meal and acid phosphate per acre, placed about 3 in. deep under the seed, should give very satisfactory results. On the more fertile soils the quantity of phosphorus may be increased to advantage. "After leguminous crops phosphate alone at the rate of from 200 to 400 lbs. per acre can be used to profit. Where leguminous crops are to be grown, from 300 to 400 lbs. of rock floats can be used to advantage. Where rock floats is mixed with manure the results are most satisfactory." Variety tests at the Delta substation, reported by G. B. Walker, showed Express variet.y to be the most valuable producer. Express cotton, E. C. Ewing (MifisiHslppi Sta. Ciic, 1915, Jan., pp. 8, figs. 2). — This bulletin gives the origin, history, and various characteristics of this variety of cotton. It is noted as being a rather vigorous grower, but not a .storm-proof variety, and rather free from fungus diseases. One of the most distinctive characteristics is its earliness. The length of staple is given as about 1 li' in., and the percentage of lint as about 28. 736 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOHD. Cowpea culture, O. O. Chukchill (Okhihoma Hta. liul. 105 (191.'f}, pp. 3-22, figs. H). — This bulletin describes inetbods of production suitaljle to Oklahoma conditions and reports results of variety tests for the years 1911, liJ12, and 1913. in whicli the yields of grain ranged from 0 to 10.14 bu. per acre. Notes give characteristics of several varieties dui'ing the growing ])eri(jd of 1913. It is stated that the Spec-kled Crovvder. Whippoorwill, and New lOra varieties are considered the best for general jjurposes in Oklahoma. Kaoliang, a new dry land crop, A. N. Hume and M. Ciiamplin (South Da- kota 8ta. Bill. 136 (VJlJf), pp. 115-127, fiys. 5). — A brief history and description of the r)lnnt is given. Results of tests show that at " Highmore the average yield for the five years from ]1K)9 to 1913. inclusive, has l)een lO.ij bu. of S. D. 289 and 13.8 bu. of S. D. 290. The highest yield of S. D. 289 was 19.2 bu., in 1910, and the lowest was 10.3 bu., in 1911. The average yield of Minue.sota No. 13 yellow dent corn for tliis same jjeriod is 12.6 bu.. showing that the climatic conditions were decidedly severe. At Cottonwood in 1912 kaoliang yielded an average of 23.7 bu. per acre as compared with 22.5 bu. per acre for Minne.sota No. 13 corn. In 1913 the season was so severe at Cottonwood that both kaoliang and corn failed to produce grain, but the kaoliang produced 440 lbs. of dry fodder per acre to 260 lbs. for the corn. In another test kaoliang yielded 2 bu. of grain and 766 lbs. of dry fodder, whereas corn yielded no grain and 687 lbs. of fodder, thus proving its value in an extremely severe season." Methods of production suited to South Dakota conditions are described. Variation and correlation of oats (Avena sativa). — I, Studies showing the effect of seasonal changes on bionietrical constants, H. H. Love and C. E. Leighty {Sew York CorueU Sta. Mem. 3 (1914). pp. 70, figs. 6l.— This bulletin describes in detail and gives the results of studies carried out by the station in cooperation with this Department to discover what characters, if any. may be used as a basis for selection and the status of correlation of characters of the oat plant. The variety Sixty Day was used. Data were gathered during 1908 to 1912, inclusive, and indicate, in regard to the relation of the correlation factors and oat production, that " the growth factors influence the developing plants in such a way that tall plants and high yield of grain are found together. ... It is also interesting and im- portant to note that as the plants tend to increase in height, the number of culms also increases. At the same time it is shown also that the average yield per culm increases as the height of plant increases. This shows the possi- bility of obtaining plants with many culms that may be high in production, which is rather important, since it is sometimes thought th;it the average yield of culm would tend to decrease as the number of culms on the plant inci'eased. "Another important fact brought out by this study is the relation between average weight of kernels and height of plant, and average weight of Icernels and total yield. This has an important bearing on the practice of seeding oats. . . . One of the writers has sown hand-picked seed of a number of varieties of oats, and found that in every case the larger yield was obtained from the heavy seed. In another test with oats, in which large and small kernels from the same head were compared, the large seed gave a greater yield." From the data presented the following conclusions have been drawn : " Environmental conditions such as exist in different years cause changes in the means. Conditions that genei-ally result in reduction of plant yield also result in reduction of height, number of kernels, and number of culms, but in increase in size ot kernels. Yield is reduced by decrease in number of kernels FIELD CROPS. 737 produced, rather thau by docrease in their size. A'ariability decreases with decrease in the means. " Correlations are more or less responsive to environmental conditions, and may be divided into fluctuating and stable, according to their behavior under differing environments. There are high, positive, and fairly stable correla- tions between average height of plant and (a) total and average yield, (b) total and average number of kernels produced, (c) average number of spikelets per culm; the correlations between average height of plant and (d) average weight of kernels, (e) number of culms, are fluctuating, being high or low on occasion. There are high, positive, and stable correlations between total yield and (a) culm yield, (b) total ;uid average kernel production, (c) spikelet production, (d) culm production. " The average kernel weight is not correlateil closely and consistently with any other character here cousidereer spikelet is greatest in the Sixty Day and .•^malle-st in the Early Champion variety. The proportion of straw to grain differs in the different varieties. Considerable difference is found in the amount of variability of different characters of the varieties. The greatest A-ariability, in all characters but one, is found in the Welcome variety, while each of the others is least variable in one or more characters. The coefficients of correlation are usually fairly close together for the different varieties, but some dift'erences occur that may be due to varietal causes. " The third division of this study is a comparison of biometrical constants determined for oat plants grown in hills and in drills. Regarding all char- acters here studied, the means are greater for plants grown in hills than for plants grown in drills. The least difference In the means occurs in the cases of average height of plant and average weight of kernels per plant. There is greater variability in average yield of culm per plant and average weight of straw in plants grown in hills, but much less variability for plants so grown in average height and average weight of kernels. The variability in number of kernels and number of spikelets is slightly greater for the plants grown in hills. Rather large differences occur in the same variety between the co- efficients of correlation determined for the plants grown in the two ways. AYhenever large differences in the coefficients of correlation occur, those for the plants grown in hills are always the smaller in amount. The differences due only to the growing condition may amount to more than any varietal differences observed in this work. The constants, then, obtained by different investigators are comparable only in so far as the conditions of growth are comparable. " The fourth division of this study deals with the effect of different degrees of crowding on biometrical constants of oats. Oat plants grown in very crowded conditions produce but one culm to a plant, but, as more room is given, more than one culm are produced by many plants. The development of plants in most characters is greater in less crowded than in more crowded conditions. Variability decreases with increase in crowding for yield, number of kernels, number of spikelets, and breaking strength of straw ; but for height the least variability occurs when crowding is least. In every case when sipiifl- cant differences exist in the correlations between characters in plants grown under different conditions of crowding, there is an increase in correlations produced by more crowded conditions, but there is sometimes a decrease beyond a certain degree of crowding. It has been shown that environmental condi- tions may influence the degree of correlation of certain characters to a marked extent. Such conditions of environment may make of no significance the so- called varietal and other differences obtained by several investigators." A bibliography of cited literature is appended. Irish potatoes, J. C. C. Price (Alabama Col. 81a. Bill. 183 {1915), pp. 3-16, figs. 2). — This bulletin describes cultural methods that may be used in Alabama, touching upon soil, varieties, fertilizers, culture, insects and diseases, harvest- ing, and shipping and storing, both for the early crop and for the fall crop, and also gives results of fertilizer experiments for the years 1911. 1912, and 1913, and of variety tests for these years and 1910. The best yield was ob- I'JELU CROPS. 739 Mined with Bliss Triuin|ih in I'.Ml^, uMiiicly ;iit4 l»ii. per acre. Irish Cobbler yiekhnl l-'nO.oT bu. per aero in 1!»11. In the fertilizer tests the i)lat receiving a complete fertilizer aiiplicatlon in which dried blood was usetl as a source of nitrogen i)rodncc,'est yield, with cottou-seed meal plus acid phosphate, second. Of the single fertilizers the hiirhest yield was obtained with cotton-seed meal, with dried blood second. Selection and preparation of seed potatoes, size of seed piece and bud variation, A. N. Hume and I. S. Oaki.anu (Huuth Dakota Sta. Bui. 155 {19U). pp. 100-llt. fifln. -J). — This continues (he report of work previously noted (E. S. R.. 29, p. 37). A comparison of yields from seed i)ieces taken from selected tubers and from culls of two varieties showed in an average of nine cases an increased -yield of 5.53 bu. per acre in favor of the selectetl seed, the average total yield per acre being 114.2 bu. In this test the tubers were cut into quarters, so that the culls represented smaller seed pieces. Early Ohio selected tubers averagd G.15 oz. and the culls l.SS oz. in weight. Carmen No. 3 selected tubers averaged S.4 oz. and the culls 2.0s c.z. A test of the Influence of size of seeil piece on yield consisted in iilanting small, medium, and largo seed pieces taken from the same tuber. It is noted that from Early Ohio seed, the average yield from seed pieces of 0.35 oz. was 183.S bu. per acre, from pieces weighing 1.4 oz., 272.53 bu.. and from seed pieces weighing 2.G0 oz.. 2ns.,59 bu. With Carmen No. 3 seed, the use of seed pieces of 0.35 oz. weight protluced an average of 1G5.()(> bu., those of 2.1 oz. weight produced 270.9 bu., and those weighing 4.4 oz. produced 298,23 bu. As a result of a snuly of the influence of culls and selected seed upon type and size of progeny it is statetl that "under the conditions of this experiment, the use of sizeable seed produced a greater proi)ortion of potatoes of desirable size than the use of culls. The type of potatoes produced from culls used as seed is measurably smaller in the first generation than those i)roduced from selected seed tubers. The results of this experiment furnish quantitative evidence that the use of ' culls ' for seed causes potatoes to ' run out.' " " Not only is the type of tubers produced from selected seed larger than from culls, but also the average weight of tubers produced is greater." A table shows the comjiarison of frequencies and weights of tubers produced from culls and from selected seed tubers. Sudan grass, R. E. Karpeh (Oklahoma Sla. Bui. 103 (1915), pp. 3-lJ,. figs. 3). — This bulletin describes metlnHls of production of Sudan grass suitable for Oklahoma conditions, together with some data on cultural tests. The results of planting on eleven different dates, between April 15 and July 6. 1914, show early May. from the sixth to the fourteenth, to be the most favorable time to plant Sudan grass for hay. " It will be observed from the data given that the 6-in. rows gave larger yields than the 21-in.. and the 42-in. rows gave by far the largest yields. The increase of the 6-in. rows over the 21-in. rows was due to the fact that the crab grass and other weeds grew up on the 21-in. plat and the rows were not of sufficient width to permit the use of the cultivator to keep them down, while the G-in. rows were close enough together to smother out the majority of the weeds. The 6-in. and 21-in. plats did not come on again after the first cutting was made on account of lack of moisture. The plats of 42-in. rows made two cuttings, which also helps account for their larger yields." In testing the projier time to cut Sudan grass for seed production larger yields were obtained by cutting on July 28 than on July 14, 17, or 22, the largest yield 9.3681°— No. 8—15 4 740 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOBD. being 350 lbs. per acre. Wide spacing between rows, namely, 42 in., produced larger yields of seed than 6-in. spacing. A table reports analyses of Sudan grass and other forage crops generally grown In Oklahoma. The uses and value of the Sudan grass crop for soiling and silage, pasture, catch croj), rotation crop, and forage are briefly noted. The commercial production of sug-ar-beet seed in Utah, F. S. Harris ( Utah Hta. Bui. 136 {1!>15}, pp. //7-.58, fiy-H. (!). — In describing the meth(Kls for the production of sugar-beet seed in Utah the topics covered include getting the " mother seed," siloing, planting, caring for the crop, harvesting and threshing, cleaning, yield, and cost. Data from crops grown in 1912, 191.3, and 1914 show that beets from home-grown seed were higher in sugar content than the beets from imported seed, although the yield from the imported seed was somewhat higher. The average weight of seeapayas had been changed to fruiting trees by cutting the tops off the male trees. Such an experiment was conductetl at the station by y. H, Holt during the past summer, in which the tops were removed from 22 sterile stannnate trees selected from different varieties. Two of these trees, which had been selected from the above-noted type which yielded 95.37 i>er cent fruit-bearing trees, did become fruit-bearing trees when the top grew out again. In lieu of more definite knowledge this ])henomenon is attributed to the preponderant tendency to fruit bearing in the tyi>e from which the two trees w^ere selected. Data have been accumulated showing the various types of trees in the mango and avocado orcliards. The average age and time of bearing of niaugo seedlings was G years 3 mouths; budded mangoes, 3 years 8 montlis; inarched mangoes, 2 j^ears 10 months; avocado seedlings, 7 years; and budded avocados, 2 years 11 months. Heavy paper bags have been used with success in protecting ripening fruit from the attacks of the Mediterranean fruit fly. The individual fruits ripen more uniformly, but lack the color of those exposed to the sun. Several varie- ties of the Indian mango have been found to be practically immune to tlie attacks of the fruit fly. The work of breeding ornamental hibiscus plants (E. S. li., 30, p. 838) lias been continued. A number of new varieties has been secured, one of which. a yellow variety, is described. A description is given of a spineless cactus which was collected by the station several years ago in Honolulu and which is be- lieved to be worthy of attention as an ornamental hedge and as a fodder jdant. The wampee (Clausena lansium), a tree whose edible berries are highly esteemed by the Chinese, is also described. About a dozen of these trees are in bearing in Honolulu. A further report is given on two lots of pineapple seedlings which were se- cured from a single fruit in each case (E. S. R., 30, p. 838). The plants con- tinue to show a great variation in height, spread of foliage, color, and other characters. A number of these plants give promise of developing into superior plants, and the best of the seedlings are to be grown under field conditions to determine the character of tlie fruit. Report of the superintendent of the rubber stlbstation, W. A. Anderson (Hawaii aS7«. Ri)t. IDlJf. pp. 5J-56). — An experiment was started in 1912 to determine the feasibility of transmitting high yielding proi>erties of individual Ceara rubber trees through cuttings. Cuttings of good yielding trees plautetl in February, 1912. and grown under cultivation with companion crops of broom corn and roselle were tapped with a single cut in January. 1914. The new growth on these trees, 1 ft. above the original cutting, averaged lO.S in. in cir- cumference. They yielded 10 oz. of washed rubber from one tapping of one cut per ti'ee. This yield compared favorably with the average reported from 6-year-old unselected trees, tapped in 1912. The yield from the different trees was more uniform than on the plantations as a whole. The results thus far secured indicate that iiropagation by cuttings will assure more desirable latex- yielding qualities than propagation by seedlings. The work on roselle as a companion crop with rubber shows that large yields can be obtained. To be pi'ofitable. however, the fre.sh fruit should sell for from 3 to 4 cts. a pound, whereas the highest i>rice now paid for drying purposes in HORTICULTURE, 743 a limltecl market is at the rate of 3h cts. j)er pound. Precautious must be used apainst cutworms and some means of artificially drying the fruit must be pro- videossiltle to continue some of the plants for a second season's crop. Fertilizer experiments conducted witii a thousand rubber trees, in which nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash were used both alone and in combination, are reported. The best results, both in yield of latex and growth of trees, were obtained by using sujierphospliate and potassium sulphate without any nitrogen. At the same time the results are not sufficiently pronounced to indi- cate that fertilizers can be used with profit on rubber trees in Nahiku, the district where the tests were made. The home garden in the South, II. C. Thompson ([/. /v. S(), fliiH. 10). — In continuation of the above work data are here presented for different varieties of poaches, pears, and plums relative to their sugar, acid, protein, and ash content, the average weight of fruit, and the projxirtion of waste material. Outline drawings are given showing the general shape of many of the varieties. A basis for the future classification of the mango, F. W. Popenoe (Proc. Aiiivr. PoiiioJ. »9ot'., 1913, pp. 41-^7, pix. 2, fig. 1). — In this paper the author presents suggestions relative to the description and classification of mangoes, togetlier with a bib!iofj;ra])hy of literature dealing with mangoes. The handling' of Porto Rican oranges, grapefruit, and pineapples, C. W. Mann (/'o/-/o Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. t^ta. Bui. 7 [1914), pp. 59, figs. 2.^).— During the shipping season of 1913-14 the losses from decay in cargoes of oranges, grapefruit, and pineapples shipped from Porto Kico to New York were so severe that the U. S. Department of Agriculture conducted an investigation in behalf of Porto Rican growers to determine the causes of this decay. Some data are presented showing the percentage of decay found in several lots of grapefruit and oranges, and an account is given of an inspection made in Porto Rico rela- tive to methods of handling the fruit in groves and packing houses and in transportation to the steamers, together with recommendations for improving these practices as well as improving the methods of handling fruit during transiwrtatiou and in New York. The results of the investigation as a whole indicate that as with the work in California and Florida (E. S. R., 20, p. 43; 30, p. S41) there is a close relation between the occurrence of decay and the character of the methods employed in picking, packing, and transporting fruit. Statistical data covering several years are given showing the growth of the citrus and pineapple industries in Porto Rico. [Experiments on the applicability of cold storage to various tropical fruits], E. V. Wilcox {Haiiuii /S7rt. Rpt. 1914, P- 23). — A brief statement of progress. The work has been noted more in detail from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 439). Tropical fruits in the Philippines, P. J. Wester (Proc. Amer. Pomol. Soc, 1913, pp. S8-91). — A short account of the more important fruits and the present status of fruit growing in the Philippines. [Cacao investigations at River Estate], P. Carmody (Bui. Dept. Agr. Trini- dad and Tobago, 13 (1914), No. S4. pp. 312-319). — Data are given showing the comparative yields for a 4-year period of 100 individual cacao trees. The results, as a whole, indicate an inherent productivity for individul trees. Data are also given showing the yields on the various cacao manurial plats for the 4-year period 1910-11 to 1913-14. Cocoa, C. J. J. VAN Hall (London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1914, PP. XVI + 515, figs. 14O). — A handbook on cacao in which the successive chapters discuss the history of the cocoa industry; geographical distribution and climatic con- ditions; the chemistry of cacao and cacao soils; the botanical characteristics of the cacao plant ; varieties of cacao ; the cultivation of cacao ; fermentation, wa.shing, and drying; diseases and enemies; cacao growing countries; com- merce ; and notes on the cocoa and chocolate industry. 74() KXI'KJlIAJE.Nl SIAIIOX l'.K( ( >I{1>. Report of the coffee testing gardens at Bangelan, T. WrRTii (Jaarh. Dcpt. JjtDiilli.. MJr. Ill llinidcl \ rdcilaiiil. Jiitlii'\ I'.iJ.i. jti). //.J— >7, pis. 3). — A jiroKress reix>rt on culturiil .iiid selection studies with various kinds of coffee. Diila secuHMl willi reference to the sterilitj' or self-fertility of coffee lilooms indicate tliat a certain amount of fruit was set when the blossoms were pro- tected fronj outsi(U' judlination. Tests are to be conductt^l further to determine whether the seed from close pollinated fruit is viable. Data are given on the yields secured in 1011. 1912. and 1013 from seedling ]»lants selectefl from various mother trees. A test whidi has been conducted for three seasons to determine whether Kobusta and Quillou coffees can be grown better as single-stem plants or as nuiltiple-stem plants has thus far shown very little difference in yield. In some topping exjieriments with these two varieties the trees were headed back at different heights ranging from (» to 12 ft., and the results indicate that the higher the trees ai'e toppwl the greater the yield of coffw. For the three years of tests untopi)ed trees gave somewhat better yields than toppeorts agreed that the sample from the infested fruit was slightly insipid and ix)or in quality, while that from the fruit not quite ripe was best in quality. The deterioration in quality in ripe coffee berries is attributed to the fermentiitiou of the whole cherry which rapidly develops a putrefactive odor. A further test was made to determine whether infestation with the fruit fly might cause a loss of weiglit in coffee. It was found that the weight of 1 terries from infested coffee cherries immediately after pulping was 5 per cent less than that of berries from uniufestetl fruit. When tlie coff'ee came to a constant weight and was considered dry, however, the weights of the two lots were the same. Hence it appears that little or uo loss in the weight of the coffee berry is caused by infestation by the fruit fly. The palms cultivated in the open air in the gardens of Italy, O. Roster (Bill. R. Soc. Toscana Ort., 3. set:, 18 (1913), Aos. 2-^, pp. 36-1,6; J,, pp. 82-93. fiO. 1 : 0, pp. 101-113, pi. 1; 6. pp. 131-135, pi. 1 : 7. pp. 153-158. pL 1 ; 8, pp. 178-181; 9, pp. 19.'i-200; 10, pp. 218-225, pi. 1; 12, pp. 265-269. pi. 1; 19 {191.)), Nos. 1, pp. 13-17, pi. 1; 3, pp. 54-61, pi. 1; 5, pp. 110-113; 6. pp. 12.'f-129. pi. 1; 7. pp. 150-155; 8, pp. 169-176; 9, pp. 191-193; 10. pp. 213-22J,, pi. 1; 11. pp. 23!l-2J,.'i; 20 (1915), Nos. 1, pp. 12-19; 2, pp. 32-//S ) .— This comprises an enu- meration of those species of palms which are cultivated in Italy under open garden conditions. A sunnuary is given of the more important vegetative char- acters of the different species. Only those species are considered at length which have been observed growing in more than one locality. The present status of the different varieties of walnuts, W. W. FiTzr.rRvr.D (Mo. Bnl. Com. Hort. Cah, 3 (191Jf), No. 12, pp. 1,93-^00, fig. i).— Notes are given on the varieties of walnuts grown in California with reference to their general characteristics, bearing h.ibits, commercial value, blight resistance, etc. The use of commercial fertilizers in growing carnations, H. H. Dokner, F. W. ^IrNciE. and A. H. Nehbling (HUiioi.s ^7(/. BuL 176 (191.',), pp. 365-386, FORESTRY. . 747 fids. S; Hill. 116, Ahs. (I'Jl.'i). pii. .J).^Tbt' oxiierinients here reported in detnil were conducted to deterniine the feasibility of the complete or partial siibsti- tiitiou of commercial tertilizt>rs for nianuro as a source of plant food for carna- tions. In the first oxperiment, exlendinj; over a period of three years, commercial fertilizers in various proportions and amounts \A-ere applied to different sections of benches in the greenhouse anhate to a nitrogenous fertilizer will cause a still further increase in production and an imjirovement in quality as well. The quality of flowers produced with commercial fertilizers as measured by various factors is equal to that of those grown with manure. The time of maximum crop production was indei>endent of the liind of fer- tilizer used and its time of application. Injury from overfeeding results from the excessive use of potassium sulphate and dried blood. On the other hand, large quantities of acid phosphate seem to improve the quantity and quality of the flowers. FORESTRY. Fourth annual report of the state forester to the governor, 1914, F. A. Elliott (Ann. Rpt. State Forester Orcg., 4 {191J,). pp. 63, figs. 10). — A progress report on forest administration in Oregon. The introductory chapter briefly reviews the forest resources of the State. The succeeding chapters deal with forest taxation, organization of protective work, fire losses, improvement work, slash disix)sal, federal cooperation under the Weeks Law, compulsory patrol law. association and state patrols, rec-ommendations for improving protective work, and financial statements. Report of the forest branch of the department of lands for the year ending December 31, 1914 {Brit. Cohimhi-a Rpt. Forest Branch Dept. Lands. 1914, PP- 6.1 pis. 6, figs. 3). — A report on forest administration in British Columbia in which information is given relative to forest organization, forest revenues, timber sales and leases, forest reconnoissance, the lumbering Industry, includ- ing exix)rt and imiwrt statistics, minor forest industries, railway permits, re- generation and yield studies, land classification, grazing, forest protection, etc. Annual progress report upon state forest administration in South Aus- tralia for the year 1913-14-, W. Gill (Ann. Rpt. State Forest Admin. So. Aust., 1913-14. pp. 11, pis. 7). — A brief progress report on state forest administration in South Australia, including a financial statement for the year ended June 30, 1914. Data are given showing the area of forest reserves and plantations, areas inclosed for planting operations, the year's planting and other forest operations, and revenues and expenditures, including a comparative statement for the past 37 years. The utilization of chemical locality factors by forest plants, H. Baukr (Forstw. CenthL, n. ser.. 36 (1914), Nos. 11, pp. 549-578; 12, pp. 610-S21).— In this article the author reviews the knowledge relative to the utilization by plants of residual chemicjil soil nutrients and of supplementary fertilizers, with 748 experime;nt station record. siKjcial reforence to bis work aud that of Rauiaun, dealing with the variation in time of nutrient assimilation among forest trees (E. S. R., 26, p. 443; 27, p. 630). Results of recent analytical studies of red alder and elm trees are pre- sented in tabular form and discussed in connection with previous investigations. A montane rain-forest. — A contribution to the physiological plant geog- raphy of Jamaica, F. Shrkvk ((Jarncgu: Inst. WfiKhinfftoti Pub. li)9 {191.'/), pp. 110, pU. 29, flfiH. 18). — In this work the author presents the results of a study of the general physiological plant geography, as well as investigations on transpiration and growth in typical rain-forest forms occurring in the Blue Mountains in Jamaica. A conspectus of North. American firs (exclusive of Mexico), W. II. I.amb (Proc. »S'oc. A))icr. Foresters, 9 {19U), No. J,, pp. 52S-.'}38. flfjs. 15). — The pur- pose of this paper is so to define and illustrate the distinguishing characteristics of North American firs that the grou]) may be easily distinguished by forest officers. A bibliography of reference literature is ai)i>endeii. Forest planting in Arizona and New Mexico, G. A. Pearson {Proc. Sac. Amer. Foresters, 9 (1914), A^o. 4. PP- -J57-478). — This article embraces the results at present available from the efforts toward solving the reforestation problem on the National Forests in the Southwest. The data here presented are based on general planting operations in the Southwest and intensive experiments at the Fort Valley Experiment St^ition aud at the Fort Bayard Nursery. Reforestation of brush fields in northern California, K. H. Boebkeb (For- estry Quart., IS (1915), No. 1, pp. 15-2.'f). — A descriptive account of reforesta- tion operations conducted on the Lassen National Forest, northern California, including information relative to costs of reforestation. Charcoal as a means of solving .some nursery problems, G. A. Retan (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 1, pp. 25-30). — An experiment conducted in the nursery at the Penn.sylvania State Forest Academy in the use of charcoal as a dressing for forest seed beils is described. Included in the experiment was a comparative test of charcoal and commercial fertilizer. Beds treated with charcoal gave a larger germination percentage than un- treated beds. A constant observation of the beds seemed to indicate that where the proportion of charcoal in the bed is large there is less " damping-off." Thus far no definite results have been secured with reference to the comparative value of charcoal aud the commercial fertilizer. Organization of forest fire control forces, C. Du Bois (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 9 (1914), ^^o. 4, PP- 512-521). — A discussion of methods of organizing and directing fire protective bodies. Tables for determining profits in forestry, W. D. Stebrett and W. B. Barrows (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 1, pp. 12-14)- — A table is here given and discussed which aims to show for quite a wide range of yields and stump- age prices what will be the net profit and corresponding compound interest rate on a number of different initial investments. . A practical system of logging cost accounting, S. B. Detwileb (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 1, pp. 8-11). — A logging cost accounting system is de- scribed which was used by the author with satisfactoi-y results and is believed to be adapted to nursery work and other lines of forestry. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the experiment station for plant diseases. 1913, H. C. MiJXLEB et AL. (Ber. Agr. Chem. Kontroll u. Vers. Stat. Pflanzenkrank, Prov. Sachsen, 1913, pp. 63-73). — This contains brief notes of plant diseases as reported by DISEASES OF PLANTS. 749 correspondents, and of invesiigations at the experiment station for the province of Saxonj\ referring to diseases of cereal, root, and tulier crops; also of tests made with funjdcidal applications and apparatus for their employment. A list of 1913 publications is also given. Mycological notes, B. G. C. Bolland (Agr. Jour. Egypt, 3 (1913), No. 2, pp. 123-1 2t>). — 8ih.h1 wheat soaked in copper sulphate solution of 0.5 to 10 per cent strength for periods varying from 1 to 30 minutes and germinated showed the increasingly injurious effects of concentrations greater than 0.5 i)er cent, and ot exi)osure for longer periods than 10 minutes for the weakest solution and of 5 minutes or even 1 minute for higher concentrations. A fruit spot on apples originating at Constantinople and examined at Alexandria was diagnosed as due to Cylindrosporium pomi. Fungi causing- disease in Surinam, J. Kuijpeb {Rec. Tra/v. Bot. N^erland., It {liH.'i), Xo. 1, pp. Jf.'t-i'>3, figs. 9). — Noting briefly Cercospora cojfeicola spot- ting leaves and aborting grains in Coffea, Lcptosphceria coffeicola in brown leaf spots on coffea MycosiplKercUa coffcw causing less leaf damage than ffirmerly in the same plant, and M. eriodendri, described as a new species on young plants of Eriodendron anfractiiosum. the author also mentions as saprophytic or more or less parasitic, Spficerotheca pannosa on roses, Pfiyllo- sticta tlicohrouiw on cacao leaves, P. coffeicola as a secondary fungus in leaf spots on coffee, Ascocliyta atropa on leaves of Phnseolus mungo, Ccrcospora personata on leaves of Arachis hypogisa, C. rosicola on roses Imjwrted from Kuroi)e, and C. riticola on leaves and fruits of grape. A review of some Philippine plant diseases, C. F. Bakkb {Philippine Agr. and Forester, 3 (1914), Xo. 7, pp. 157, 16^). — ^The author briefly notes the oc- currence, distribution, and in some instances the effect produced by fungi :it tacking a considerable number of cultivated plants in the Philippines. A new North American Endophyllum, J. C. Arthur and F. D. Fromme (A&.s. in Science, n. ser., 1,1 (1915), No. 101,8, p. 172).— The authors describe a species of Endophyllum which is reported as occurring on species of Callirhoe. Sidalcea, and Althfea in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming. This is believetl to be tlie first North American rust which is assigned to the genus Endophyllum, as shown by germination tests. Studies in the genus Entorrhiza, C. Febdinandsen and O. Winge {Danak Hot. Arl-ir. 2 (191^), Xo. 1. pp. 13, figs. 8). — According to the authors the genus Entorrhiza has been generally considered a near relative to the Ustilagi- ueje. although Brefeld (E. S. R., 27, p. 746) has advanced the opinion that it belongs to the Ascomycetes, the ascus form of which is unknown. As a result of their studies they have come to tlie conclusion that Entorrhiza belongs in the neighborhood of the Ustilagineaj and may be consideretl as a primitive type of this group. All of the species are said to live in the soil and spread their spores by aid "of the water, while the genuine IJstilaglneae are adapted to aerial life. Different sjiecies of Entorrhiza have been recognized which are parasitic on the roots of different species of Juncacese and Cyperaceae. A bibliography is given. Effect of temperature on Glomerella, C. W. E^gebton (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 1,1 {1915), Xo. 10-',8, p. 17.',). — The author reports on the fii)ecies or strains of the genus Glomerella which respond differently to different temperatures. One form, the one found on bean, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Is very sus- ceptible to high temi)eratures. growth ceasing at about a temperature of 31° C (87.8° F.). This, It is believed, will explain why this form Is not prevalent during the hot part of the summer or In warm climates. The different strains of Glomerella are said to fall into several classes in regard to the temperature 750 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. factor. Nearly r»<> (liflercul cultnros hnvo ))oou jjrowu at tem])eratnros ranging from 14 to 37° C. Cultures of Uredineae in 1912. 1913. and 1914, J. ('. Artiuk ( Myeolofjia, 7 (1015), No. 2, pp. 61-89; uhx. in Hciencc, n. set:, J,l (191.5), Xo. lOJfS, p. 172).— In continuance of previous investigations (E. 8. IJ., L'G. p. 645) the author has reported a large number of trials made, in which about 70 successful infections were produced, involving about 30 species. About half the successful cultures confirm previous work with the same species. A large number of the remainder extended knowledge regarding the species, some showing that what had been considered valid siiecies may be reduced to synonymy, while a few cultures demonstrated the full life history of species never before cultured. Disease in oat seedlings, E. Voces (Deut. Landw. Prcsxc, Jfl (191^), Nok. 6^. pp. 77.J, 77//. fifju. .?; 65, p. 782). — A study of nematodes in oats, also of a fungus (Fu-sariu)ii didymum) found in the lower portions of the stem, is said to show that the former cause comparatively little damage to the crop, but that in the younger stages the latter may cause considerable injury when its presence is associated witli bad soil conditions as regards texture, drainage, and balanc- ing of fertilizers. A test of Indiana varieties of wheat seed for fungus infection, G. X. IIoFFER (Proc. Ind. Acad. *S'r/.. 191.i. pp. 97, 98). — ^The author, reporting investi- gations of 34 varieties of seed wheat, states that 14 wei*e free from fungi. 13 were infected with a Fusarium. 4 showed the presence of a Macrosporium. and 3 contained both these fungi. Resistance of different varieties of wheat to rust, F. Scurti and A'. Sica (Ann. R. Stas. Chim. Agr. Sper. Roma, 2. sei:, 7 (191.',), pp. 33-56).— The authors, reporting on experiments continued for three years on varieties of wheat, state that the results thus far tend to confirm the conclusions announced by Comes (E. S. R.. 30. p. 242) regarding a general relation between decrease of acidity in tlie cell sap and diminution of x'esistance to disease in plants which increases under cultivation. Beet rust, J. Eriksson (Rev. Gen. Dot., 25 his (1914), pp. 247-2-58, figs. 2).— The author holds that TJromyces hetcr, which causes beet rust (decreasing the sugar content of the root) may remain latent during the winter in the form of intracellular mycoplasm. Exclusion of seed originating in districts not known to be free from this disease is recommended. Irish potato scab (Oospora scabies) as affected by fertilizers containing sulphates and chlorids, S. D. Conner (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1913, pp. 131- 137, fiffs. o). — Observations were made regarding the influence of certain fer- tilizing agents on scab. It appeared that very little scab lived through the winter in a loamy soil, while in soils of more open texture, as i>eat or sand, the spores survived. Sul- I)hur (but not sulphates) apparently has a marked influence in reducing scab, but chlorids increase the amount of that disease. Report of pathologist, D. H. Rose (Missouri Fruit Sta. Rpt. 1913-14. pp. 19-32, pis. 2). — A report is given of diseases of fruit trees and other plants, some of which have been subjected to definite study, while others are merely reported as having been observed. Among the apple diseases studied are said to be a pimple canker or measles, several kinds of fruit six)t, ring rot or blossom-end rot due to SphcFropsis malorum after frost injury, curly leaf, cankers, bitter rot, etc. The study of the pimple canker of apples has shown that it is the same as that described in Arkansas Station Bulletin 112 (E. S. R.. 29. p. 649). While numerous inocula- tions have been made, using three different organisms obtained in cultures, no positive results have been secured. Among the fruit sjwts studied are the DISEASES OF PLANTS. 751 Jonathan spot, a red leutuel spot on sovonil varieties of yellow and {.Teen apples, and a green sunken spot on the varieties Ben Davis and Shannon. From the first two sijots a species of AUernaria has been uniformly separated, while from the third several fungi have been obtained which are to be investi- gated further. For the control of the bitter rot the author has found four sprayings with Bordeaux mixture necessary in case of severe infection. Studies of poach diseases have shown that both the bro^A-n rot and scab may be controlled by tlie use of self-boiled lime sulphur. A study of grape diseases has shown the presence of three diseases not pre- viously reported from the station, a bitter ripe rot due to Melanconium fuli- tjiiHUin, necrosis or dead arm caused by Cryptosjyorella viticola, and a leaf spot due to a spec-ies of Pestalozzia. The report concludes with an account of the cooperative work of the station with spraying, pruning, fertilization, and cultivation of fruit, principally ap- [►les, peaches, and strawberries. Methods for controlling fungus diseases of the apple in New York State, 1). Ri:ddick (Conn. PomoL .s'or. Proc, 22 U91S), pp. .^0-.} 6). —This is a dis- cussion of apple scab and its control, also brief mention of fruit six)t, and blotch, bitter rot, rust, canker, collar rot, fire blight. Baldwin spot, and sun scald. The cause of bitter pit: Its contributing factors, together with an investi- gation of susceptibility and immunity in apple varieties, D. McAlpine (Prog. Rpt. Bitter Pit Invest. [Aiixt.], 2 (1912-13), pp. 22.'t, pis. 62).— In continuation of a previous report (E. S. R., 31. p. 244). the author discusses the causes of bitter pit and those factors which contribute to its development. From experi- mental evidence it Is concluded that temperature and humidity induce bitter pit. and it was found that if apples are stored at a temperature of from 30 to 32° F. in dry air the development of hitler pit is retarded. Respiration in apple leaves infected with Gymuosporangium, H. S. Reed and C. H. Crabill (Ahs. in Science, n. scr., Jft (1H15), No. 1048, p. 180).— The authors found that diseased leaves nniformly produce more carbon dioxid than healthy leaves, various factors influencing the proces,s. Some effects of the brown rot fungus upon the composition of the peach, L. A. Hawkins (Amer. Jour. Bot., 2 (1915), No. 2, pp. 71-81; Ahs. in Science, n. ser., ^1 (1915), No. lOJfS, p. 179). — ^The results are given of several series of experiments on the effect of the brown rot fungus on certain carbon com- pounds in the peach fruit. In the experiments one-half of the peach was inoculated with a fungus while the other was kept sterile under the same moisture and temperature conditions. At the end of two or three weeks the different portions were analyzed and it was found that in the rotted portion the pentosan conteTit was practically the same as in the sound half. The acid content was increased ; the amount of alcohol-insoluble substance which reduces Fehling's solution when hydrolyzed with dilute hydrochloric acid was decreased; and the total sugar content was decreased, while the cane sugar practically disappeared. [A banana disease in Hawaii], E. V. Wilcox (Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 23, 24). — A brief account is given of a disease of banana that has been under observation in Hawaii for several years, and which has been confused with the Panama disease. An examination of infested leaves, by a pathologist of'the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station, showed the presence of a Fusarium. and at the border line between healthy and diseased material a bacterial organism was found. The disease has not been reproduced by inoculation, so the cause can not be definitely assigned. The most obvious symptom of the disease is the death and 752 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. decay of the terminal j'oiniK loaves and the production of narrow, yellow, wrinkled leaves. The bunches of fruit are also much distorted. Spraying with fungicides has not proved effective for the control of this disease, but if the diseased plants are cut out and destroyetl by fire as soon as observed, it is held under control. The disease seems to be confined chiefly to the Chinese banana. [Panama disease of banana] (Jour. Jamaica Agr. Hoc, 18 (lOlIf), No. 11, pp. .'i')0-Ji ').'>). — This is a report, with discussion,' of a special committee on Panama di.sease discovered in 1U12 and now api)earing in new places on .several estates in parts of Jamaica. It is s;iid to be si)read by planting suckers from diseased plants, also probably through dissemination of spores by laborers on tools, clothing, earth from diseased roots, etc. The disease is said to be controllable, when found in any given .spot, by the destruction of all the plants in the Immediate neighborhood, and by drainage of the flood water therefrom into pits treated with lime. In Jamaica the disease has seldom reajjpeared after thorough treatment. [Banana disease], S. F. Ashby {Jour. Janmk-a Agr. Hoc, 18 (1914), No. 11, p. 451). — This is a rei)ort by the government microbiologist on disease(^l l)anana ma- terial sent for examination from Glengoffe. lioot galls are described as due to a Heterodera. A bud rot yielded two undetermined bacteria which closely re- sembled that causing the bud rot of coconut. The extension of Marsonia rosae in rose culture, Chifflot (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 15!) (1914), No. //. pp. .W6-.3.3S).— Reporting observations on M, rosw the author states that this fungus, formerly thought to be confined to the subcuticular portions of the leaves, may, in ca.se of certain rose varieties, extend itself to deeper cell layers and to any aerial portion of the plant. The mycelium is thought to be i>erennial and capable of transmission through grafts. Removal of all di.seased or fallen leaves and thorough spraying with fungi- cides is recommended. For this purpose Burgundy or Bordeaux mixture may be employed at from 0.8 to 1 per cent strength, adding 0.05 per cent of gelatin previously dissolved in liot water to augment its spreading and adherent qualities. Influence of the medium on the development of Lophodermium nervi- sequum, E. Meb (Rev. G6n. Bot., 25 his (1914)^ pp. 511-521). — Having investi- gated further (E. S. R., 27, p. 854) the factors in the evolution of L. nervi- sequum on fir, the author states that the conditions of the medium (including not only weather, etc., but also conditions internal to the host) are very influential in this connection. The fungus is thought to attack only those branches whose foliage is not in full vigor. Improvement of living conditions and emiiloymeut of copper fungicides, it is thought, may prevent serious damage fi-om this fungus, which is not con- sidered as necessarily very injurious. Pyropoljrporus everhartii as a wound parasite, G. N. Hoffer (Proc. Ind. Acad. Set., 1913, pp. 99-101, figs. 4)- — Reporting observations on P. everhartii, thought to be of considerable economic importance in Indiana, the author adds Quercus alba to the list of its hosts as given by Hedgcock (E. S. R., 27, p. 653). ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The animal enemies of agricultural plants, M. Neveu-Lemaire (In Para- sitologie des Plantes Agricolcs. Paris: J. Lamarrc <(• Co., 1913. pp. 261-655. figs. 194)- — 111 this work the author presents a brief discussion by orders of the ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 753 more important animal enomios of plants and includes a list of these pests under the crops attacked, and of their natural enemies. The pocket gopher. II. K. Yocom (Kaiisd.s Sta. Circ. Jf.i. pp. Jf). — This is a resumf' of Bulletin 172, jireviously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 254). Report of the entomologist, D. T. Fullaw.vy {Hawaii Uta. Rpt. 1914, PP- >i3-50). — On account of the author's detail to work with parasites of the Mediterranean fruit fly for the territorial goveniment of Hawaii and for the Philippine government for i)eriods totaling 8 months, but little entomological investigational work was conducted. The report consists largely of accounts of insect pests of vegetables, par- ticularly those affecting cabbage, turnip, radish, lettuce, etc. The three most Important pests of crm-ifers in Hawaii, the imported cabbage worm, the cabbage webworm, and the diamond-back moth are considered at some length. The cabbage i>lant lice (Aphis hrassicw and Myzus pcrsicce) are at times of consider- able importance, while the serpentine leaf miner, cutworms, and other cater- pillars of general feeding habits, as well as grasshoppers and thrips. are pests of minor imiiortance. • Fifteenth report of the state entomologist of Minnesota, F. L. ^VAS^BURN (Rpt. Htatc Ent. Minn.. 1.5 (l'.> 1.^-1 -',). pp. XVI J^ 101+100, pU. 16, pga. 26).— This report consists of papers on T'seful Birds Found in Minnesota (pp. 1-19) and a Report on Inspection of Minnesota Nurseries and of Imported Nursery Stock and Ornamentals 1913-14 (pp. 20-51). by F. L. Washburn; Spraying in Minnesota (pp. 52, 53) and Some Imix)rtant Tree Insects (pp. 54-56). by A. G. Ruggles; Some New Suggestions in Fly Control (pp. 57-60) and Warble Flies (pp. 61-<)3). by C. W. Howard; Truck Crop Insects, by W. Moore (pp. (54-08; Wirewonns. by W. Williamson (pp. 69-72); Preliminary Notes on the Odouata of Southern Minnesota, by A. D. Whedon (pp. 77-103) ; and a com- plete index to volumes 1 and 2 of the jwpular publication known as Insect Life. A .syuoi»sis on the Acridiidie of Minnesota, by M. P. Somes (pp. 7-100), jH-eviously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 650), is appended. Entomologist's report, M. P. Somes (Missouri Fruit 8ta. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 4-19, pis. 2). — This report deals with the occurrence of and work with the more important enemies of orchard and small fruits for the period from Sep- tember, 1913. to January, 1915. The grape tiger moth (Apantcsis urge), apparently unrecorded heretofore as of economic imi>ortance. was the source of severe loss at several points. The eggs, which were first observed June 23 on grape twigs and petioles in num- bers varying from 70 to 280 each, hatched on June 27. The larvie which are voracious feeders had all pupated by August 26 and adults emerged September 2. Arsenate of lead paste 2 lbs. to 50 gal. of water applied July 2 is said to have been a satisfactory means of control. Jahjsiis spiuosus. a small bug belonging to the family Berytldae, which has never been recorded as of economic importance, is said to have been a serious enemy of the tomato in all parts of the State and even as far north as Sioux City. Iowa. The eggs deposited on tomato stems in cages on July 27 hatched August 1. The nymphs and adults feed upon the juices of the tomato by puncturing the stem, branchlets, and in .some cases the fruit itself. In southern Missouri there appear to be three or more broods each year. In addition to grape it has been observed on oak, hazel brush, sumac, peach, com. alfalfa, and horse nettle. Though a difficult pest to control by contact insecticides it was found that by spraying late in the afternooTi and early in the morning while the bugs were sluggish, good results could be obtained from the use of either kerosene emulsion or blackleaf 40. 754 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tli(' chrysoiiielid beetle Orsoducna utni, another insect nut previously re- corded .IS a fruit jiest. was found tlirougbout soiitberu Missi>- J91-208. fit/. /).— The author pre- sents brief notes on the occurrence of the inoic iinportanl insect i)ests during 1914. [Desti-uctive insects in 1913J (lid. Ayr. and Fi-Hliciian [London'^, Ann. Rpt. //o/7. liidnch, I'JI.i-I.'i. ijjj. '>'>-77). — Tlie occurrence of and worlc with the large larch sawtly ( f.m/annentatitx erlchftonii) , the small ermine moths (Ilypo- nonientu spp. ), and diseases of bees are discussed at some length. Entomological notes {Vijitnis Jour. \o. S-l (/.9i.'/). pp. SOoSOl). — ^The notes here presented relate to injury to the grape by JEolothrip>^ vitis; the steps to be taken in the destruction of Cccidomyia ceratonice* which, causes stunted fructification of the carob, pepi)er, and caper; and the damage done by the cotton bolhvorm,*the loss in some cases amounting to 50 j)er cent of the yield. A. vitis causes a characteristic scar or spot ui)on the grai>e and also produces a curling of the tender shoots and a stunted development of the growth of twigs, stems, and leaves. Insect pests of some leguminous plants, A. Rutherford (Trop. Apr. [Ceylon], 43 (1914), No. ^, pp. 319-323). — This article consists of miscellane- ous notes on the insect enemies of leguminous plants in Ceylon. Pests and diseases of the coconut palm, W. W. Froggatt (Dept. Agr. X. S. Wales, >S('i. Bui. 2. 3. cd., rev. and cnl. (1914), pp- 63. fign. 4^). — ^A revised and enlarged edition of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R.. 20, p. 60). The transmission of swamp fever, .1. W. Scott (Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 180-188). — This is in continuation of the work b.v Swingle, previously notetl (E. S. R., 30. p. 687). The work of the year was devoted to a study of the .ogents that might be concerned in the external transmission of the infection. By elimination it w^as concluded that the agent or agents must be bloodsucking and that only certain mosquitoes and biting flies have the broad geographical distribution characteristic of swamp fever. For the pui'pose of testing these insects a screened cage of 10-mesh wire. 22 ft. long by 20 ft. wide, was con- structed. The experiments, which are describetl in detail, have led to the conclusion that swamp fever can be, and under natural conditions probably is. trans- mitted by biting insects. In the investigation conducted the infection was trans- mitted either by the stable fly (Stonioj-ys calcitrans) or by certain mosquitoes, or both, the author being of the opinion that the stable fly was the agent re- sponsible. The control of chicken mites and lice, R. M. Siikrwood ( loica .Sf/o. Circ. 19 (1914). pp. 2). — A brief description is given of these common fowl parasites and means for their control. Cyanid of potassium in trees, H. A. Surface (Science, n. -scr., 40 (1914), No. 1041. pp. 8-'>2, 853). — Replying to an article by Sanford relating to the subject, pi-eviously noted (E. S. R., 32. p. 152). the author calls attention to observations of the use of cyanid of potassium, chlorate of potash, and sulphate of iron. Hundreds of trees treated by an agent of a company engaged in the btisiness upon examination showed no infestation by the San Jose scale, while on others the scale had not been injuriously affected. A large number of the trees are said to have been killed by the treatment. The author concludes that while some chemicals may be taken up in the trees, and may even destroy some insects, it is evident that they may be in- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGV— ENTOMOLOGY. 755 jurious to the trees and should he applied with great care and only after con- siderable experimentation. How to collect and preserve insects, F. E. Lurz (Atiier. .U//,s\ Xat. Ilixt. Guide Lc((flct J!) (/.''/'/). pp. 21. pn-H. hi). — This paiier furnishes information for those interested in the collection and preservation of insects. Insects injurious to forests and forest products. — Biology of the termites of the eastern United States, with pi-eveutive and remedial measures, T. E. Snyukb (U. ii. Dvpt. Ayr., Bur. Ent. Bui. il-i, pt. 2 (hno), pp. V-\-13-85, pin, 15, figs. 11). — This account is based largely upon investigations conducted by the author during 1910 and 1911 as to the character and extent of damage to teleiJhoue and telegraph poles and mine props by wood-boring insects as de- scribed in Part 1 (E. S. R., 25, p. 51), together with additional experiments conducted during the past three years. Termites, commonly known as white ants, are among the most destructive insects of North America to both crude and finisheS. Wales, 2o {V.)U), No. 8, pp. 685-687).— In 1913 thrips destroyed a large percentage of the apple crop, and also attacked pear and other blossoms, causing very heavy loss to many growers. This outbreak is thought to have been the worst to take place for many years. The early flowering forms are said to escape very much damage, the late blossoming apples being those chiefly injured. ThripH tubaci is thought to be the siiecies concerned. Diaspis pentagona and Prospaltella berlesei in the Province of Venice at the end of 1913, A. Bkrlese (Redia, 9 {l'J13), No. 2, pp. 235-283, figs. 20).— This pai)er reviews at some length the progress made up to the end of 1913 in the control of the mulberry or West Indian peach scale (Aulacaspis penta- gona) by P. berlesei. A previous account of the benefits resulting from the work of this parasite has been noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 854). Aphids on grain and cantaloups, C. AV. Wood worth (California St a. Circ. 125 {1915), pp. It, fig. 1). — A popular account of the oat and cotton aphids (Aphis avemc and A. gossypii). Two clover aphids, Edith M. Patch (U. S. Depl. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1915), No. 5, pp. Jt31-Jf33, figs. 3).— This paper discusses the long-beaked clover aphid (Aphis brevis) and the short-beaked clover aphid (A. bakeri), which have been rather generally confused in collections under the latter name. The range of both species extends nearly all, if not quite, across the continent. A. brevis leaves the hawthorn, the leaves of which it causes to curl, during June and early July and returns late in the season before producing the sexual generation. Fall migrants were taken on cultivated plum (Prunus spp.) by the author, but no spring collections have as yet been made from that host. Ap- 936S1°— No. 8—15 5 756 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. parontly the same siiecie.s was collected in June and July fnjui the twigs and terminal loaf curls of the Japan quince iCydonia japonica). In transfer tests during 1!)12 .1. hrcvin was found to accept both alsilie and other clover (Tri- foUuiii spp.). Migrants placed on alsike and white clover produced nymphs that fed with apparent satisfaction on the test plants. Sweet pea iLathyruH odora- tiis) vines were found to be infested by this species in August. A. baJcerl was talien from Trifolium pratense at Orono, Me., about the middle of August. It is found upon shepherd' s-purse (Capsella hurm-pastnrifi) in the fall and early spring, but whether there is a migration between shepherd's-purse and clover has not been determined. Specimens from hawthorn in Oregon were examined, and it is reported to occur on apple (Malun .spp.) in Colorado. The author made a single collection of a fall migrant on hawthorn at Orono on Octo- ber 1. 1014. Our common butterflies, F. E. I.utz (Aiiia: Mus. Xnt. HM. (Juide Lenflct AS {IHt'f), pp. 25, jigs. JfO). — A popular account. Some notes on the life history and habits of Lauron vinosa, T. H. Jones (Insccutor liiscitiw Menstruus, 2 (1914), No. 7, pp. lOS-llJ).— The larva of this lepidopteran is said to cause the death of Heliotropium indicum, which occurs as a weed in and about the sugar-cane fields at Rio Piedras, P. R. The Hessian fly, F. M. Webster {U. S. Dept. Afft:, Fanners' Bui. 640 {1915), pp. 20. figs. 17). — This is a revision of Circular 70 of the Bureau of Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. KW). Life history of the Mediterranean fi-uit fly from the standpoint of parasite introduction, E. A. Back and C. E. Pemberton (t7. -S'. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {1915), No. 5, pp. 363-374, />'«• 2).— The authors first describe meth- ods for rearing fruit flies which developed during the course of their work. During warm weather nearly all puparia ai*e formed in from one to two hours. The minimum length of the pupal stage is 6 days when the mean temperature ranges from about 76 to 79° F., but even during the warmest weather in Hono- lulu the larger proportion of any lot of pup;e required from 9 to 11 days before yielding adults. The period may be increased to at least 19 days when the daily mean drops to about 69 to 71°. The authors have found that the fly can pass from egg to adult if kept in the dark in cold storage at 56 to 57°. and that at this temperature practically all pupte yield adults from 37 to 41 days after pupation. " Pupse placed in cold storage in the light at a temjierature varying between 58 and 62° were apparently unaffected by the cold, except that the length of the stage was increased to from 29 to 31 days for pupje which were about three hours old when placed in cold storage. In carrying pupae from place to place for rearing purposes a temperature of less than 56 to 60° is not advised, as great mortality occurs. Thus, from about 300 pupse 1 day old placed in cold storage at about 50° on June 2 and removed to a normal summer temperature at Honolulu on July 22, only S adults emerged dui'ing the i>eriod from July 24 to 26." Well-fed ^Mediterranean fruit flies were kept alive in jars when fed on sweetened fruit juices for more than 5 months, although 50 per cent usually dip within two mouths after emergence. Oviix)sition was found to take place in Hawaii as early as five days after emergence during very warm weather, but not for about 10 days when the temperature ranged between 68 and 72°. Records kept of females showed that during the first 18 weeks of the life of one female more than 499 eggs were deposited, at the end of which time she was in a thrifty condition. Two other females during the same period deix)sited 416 and 336 eggs, respectively, while a fourth female living but 80 days deposited 312 eggs. The authors point out differences in habits between the adult Meiliterrauean fruit fly and the adult melon fly {Bactrocera cucurhita), the latter being far more ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY' ENTOMOLOGY. 757 hardy and int^re iiTeguIar in habits of ()viiK)silion. Jh'fails ivlatinj; to the obser- vations re])()rted are jtrosented in tabular form. Keconnoissance of fruit fly parasites, W. M. Giffard {Ilawuii. Forester and Ayr., 11 (I'Jl.'i). \o. 11. p/>. .Il'f-,i37). — Investij?ations made in tlie I\ona district on the island of Hawaii during October by the author and E. A. Bacli, of the Bureau of Entomoioj:y of this Department, show that tlie braoonid ]iai"a- sites Oi)iiis huniUi.1 introduced from Soutli Africa and DidcJiasind fri/diti from Australia by Silvestri have be<:'ome established and are increasinj? in nmubei's. It was found that the infestation of coffee berries by the fruit fly in this dis- trict durinj; the year was at least 'A> per cent less than in 1913. Sheep maggot flies, W. W. Frocgatt {Aijr. Gaz. y. H. Wales, 25 (191Jf), No. !), pp. 1/56-758. pi. 1). — This is a description of the more common sheep maggot flies, accompanied by a colored plate, with the eight si>ecies described. The parasite of the sheep maggot fly (Nasonia brevicomis). W. W. Frog- GATT (A (jr. Qaz. y. -S. Wales, 25 (191.',), Xo. 9, pp. 759-1 6 J,). —Thin chalcidid. originally described from Illinois in 1009 (Vl S. K., 23. p. IGl). where it was reared from pupne of dift'erent species of Dijitera and since recorded from Chile, is reported by the author to have been discovered in Now South Wales and Queensland, and to be a common parasite of the imparia of the blow flies, there known as ''sheei)-maggot flies." In breetliug exi)eriments in which all kinds of blow flies and maggots were used it was found that the parasite showed a preference for the smooth, thin- skinned pupifi of CaUiphora rillosa, C. oceaniw, and C. erythroccphala, and infested the stoutly-spined pupse of C. rufifacies only when the others were unobtainable. The very noticeable decrease within a few years of the common yellow blow flies and Ophi/ra nigra in the Northwest during the summer months leads the author to think that these parasites first attacked the pupte of those blow flies with smooth pupse and have only recently turned their attention to the harder spiny pupte of the " hairy maggot " of C. rufifacies. Ten generations of this parasite are said to have been produced in the course of six months from a few hundred of parasitized pupie originally collected at Brewarrina. The eggs hatch in about three days' time, seven days are required for the development of the larvie, and about five days are passed in the pupal stage. The eradication of the sheep tick, !>. D. Swingle (Wyonihig Slta. Bui. 105 (1915), pp. 27-.'i7). — This is a report of experiments with a number of dips for controlling the sheep tick, a life-history study of which has been previously noted (E. S. R.. 29, p. 756). It appears that one dipping can not invariably be de- pended upon to eradicate the tick, while two dippings, with an interval of 24 days during warm weather and 26 days in the spring or fall, either with coal- tar products or with Cooper's Powder will absolutely destroy them. Early fall appears to be the best time for the dipping. List of Tachinidce from the Province of Quebec, J. D. Tothill (Ottawa Nat.. 28 (1914), No. 9. pp. ll.i-1 16). —Forty -nine species of this family of dip- terous parasites are listed as occurring in the Province of Quebec. [The hen flea (Sarcopsylla gallinacea)], E. V. Wilcox (Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1914, P- ^4)- — This pest made its appearance in Honolulu during the year and is said to be spreading rapidly. In a test of several insecticides it was found that a single application of kerosene killed about 75 per cent of the fleas. All of the fleas were killed by an application of carbolated vaselin (2 per cent carbolic acid) and by a 3 per cent solution of carbolic acid in glycerin and water. Zenoleum in a 3 per cent solution was about as effective as kerosene. The trouble is said to be so serious that ix>ultry raisers should thoroughly spray 758 EXPERIMENT STATION KEUOKD. infested yards, and since rats may also carry tliese Heas an atteuipi sliould be made to eradicate them. List of generic names and their type species in the coleopterous super- family Scolytoidea, A. I). Hopkins (I'roc. U. »S'. Sat. Mas., Jf8 (I'JlJf), pp. 115- l.M)). — 'I'liis is tli(! second contrihiiUnn toward a nionojjraph of the scolytoid beetles. An alphabetical list is given of the generic names, including the author, the original reference, the type species, the author of the species, and if not mono- basic the authority for the designation and tli<; locality or counti-y from which the type is described. No attempt is made to indicate the synonyms and no distinction is made between generic and subgeneric names, but the generic and subgeneric names in tlie superfamily that have been published to December 2, 1912, liave been included. An ali>habetical list is given of tlie names of tyi)e species, including the nanu's of tlie authors, the names of the genera of which the species were originally described, and the names of the genera of which they are the type. Classification of the Cryphalinae with descriptions of new genera and species, A. D. Hopkins (C/. S. Dept. Agr. Itpt. l)i) (1915), pp. 15, pU. k, fi9- l)-~ This is the fourtli contribution toward a monograph of the scolytoid beetles, of which the first and third have been previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 557; 32, p. 658) and the second is noted above. The subfamily Cryphalinje of the family Ipidse includes a group of ambrosia beetles, also known as pin-hole borers and timber beetles, which are exceedingly detrimental to crude forest products, wine and beer casks, and other similar products; a sjjecies destructive to the tea plant in Ceylon; and many seed-infesting insects, especially those of the date palm. Numerous new .species are described and genera erected. Xyleborus compactus, a borer of tea and coffee, A. Ruthebfobd {Trop. Agr. [Ceylon], 42 (1914), No. 2, pp. 131, 132).— This is a report of studies of a borer, widely distributed in Ceylon, which resembles the shot-hole borer of tea (X. fornlcatun), but woi'ks in a different way. It is reported to attack both coffee and tea plants, as high as On per cent of the plants in a tea nursery at Watte- gama having been injure. S, pp. 623-638, pi. 1).— ''N. homhi n. sp. is piirasitlc in the aliinentary canal and Mal]tiRhian tubules of various species of humble (or bumble) bees, BonihiiH aes due to the action of Y. homhi has resulted in less red clover seed in certain districts. The possibility of the contraction of micro- sporidiosis of bumblebees by hive bees is also not without significanee. "Preventive measures from the economic standpoint take two main fonus: (a) Destruction by burning of all dead bumblebees found and of the nests of moribund bees when they are detected, (b) Prevention of the thoughtless destruction of healthy nests, more especially by children. The destruction of the diseased and i)reservation of the healthy bumblebees are both in the in- terests of agriculturists." Some observations on the life history and bionomics of the knapweed gall fly (Urophora solstitialis), J. T. Wadsworth {Ann. Appl. Biol., 1 {191Jf), No. 2, pp. Iff2-169, pis. 2, fig. 1). — A discussion of the life histoiy and bionomics of the trypetid gall fly U. solstitialis in connection with the literature relating to it. The anatomy and life history of Agchylostoma duodenale, II, A. Looss {Rcc. Eijiipt Govt. School Med. Cairo, 1911, pp. 163-613, pis. 9; rev. in Jour. Econ. Biol., 7 {1912), No. 1, p. 27; Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps. 19 {1912), No. 1, pp. .^2-^5. figs. 22). — Following a brief introduction the author gives a general account of the comparative anatomy, classification, and development of nema- todes, with special consideration of those points which have led earlier authors into erroi'. This is followed by a detailed account of the development, in which the egg, its shell, contents, and stage at which the eggs are laid, are dealt with, also the eggs of other nematodes, which have been, or might be mistaken for the eggs of the species treated of. The consideration of fertilized and unfer- tilized eggs, the embryonic development, the hatching of the embryos, etc., form a second section, and separate sections are devoted to the consideration of the conditions necessary for the development of the eggs and larvee; the biology of the mature larvpe; modes of infection; the migration of the larvae; the symptoms produced by the migration of the larvae in man; and the com- parative frequency and practical significance of the two modes of infection, i. e., oral and dermnl. An extensive bibliography, index to authors quoted, and a list of the genera and species referred to are included. 760 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Second Congress of Alimentation, Liege, October 1—4, 1911 (2. Cong. Alitnoit. Lir(/c, I'.ltJ, pt. 1, pp. .]'.>.]). — In (his roiiDi't of tlu' scHi-ond food congress, lield at Lic'ge. October 1-A, 1011, are included a nunil)er of pai)ers presented to the congress which relate to various subjects under food and nutrition, such as milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, fatty foods, cereal foods, beverages, condiments, physiology, etc. The following may be mentioned: f'hanges Undergone by Canned Meats, by G. Mayer; Quantitative Analysis of Cereals as an Index of their Bread-making Value, by R. Ledent ; Pastry and Hygiene, by J. B. E. Haeffele; Composition and Uses of Artificial Honey, by (J. Konnberg; The Influence of Several Different Foods upon the Digestion of Each, and upon the Extent of their Utilization, by E. Zunz; Effect of Cooking on the Digestion of Foods, by E. Zunz; and Drieerceutage of absorption and the weight, volume, color, and texture of the loaf. It was found that the highest protein and gluten content do not neces- sarily give the best loaf. Red Russian and Minnesota 188 gave the best general results. Baking tests of patent, straight, and clear flours from spring and winter wheats showed the highest grade in voluino. color, and texture of the loaf from spring patent flour. The use of sugar in bread making, A. Herzfeld (Deut. Ziicka-indns., 89 {IDlJt). No. .'{8, pp. 960, 961). — Bread prepared with the addition of molasses and other sirups, according to the author, proved very satisfactory. The taste was good and the crumb retained its moist condition. The use of sugar in this form is recommondetl as a means of increasing its consumption. Uses of cassava, H. Caracciolo (Bui. Dcpt. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, l.i (191Ji), No. S3, pp. 278, 279). — Notes are given on the utilization of cassava in the home. The manufacture of cassava farine, L. A. Bbunton [Bui. Dcpt. Agr. Trini- dad and Tobago, 13 (Wl-i), No. 83, pp. 277, 278).— The technique employeil in cleaning, grading, draining, sifting, and drying the product is described. The composition of Hawaiian fruits and nuts, Axice R. Thompson (Hodcaii Sta. Rpt. 191//, pp. 62-73). — To secure information regarding their chemical composition, analyses were made of normal and fully ripe samples of a large number of fruits and nuts commonly occurring in Hawaii. Among the tropical fruits included were the mango, avocado, banana, breadfruit, Jack fruit, papaya, and guava. A bunch of Chinese bananas was i)icked while the fruit was very green and allowed to ripen in the laboratory. Analyses of the fruit were made when very green, when slightly yellow, and when entirely ripe. Papayas were analyzed on the day they were picked from the tree and samples of the fruit were examined in several stages of ripeness, ranging from fmiit which was immature and undersized to that fully ripe. During the rii>ening process of the banana it was found that the total solids decrease■ PP- 4S2-4H4. p(j. i).— Methods of determining the temperature of cane sugar alone and cane sugar with glucose are given. See also the above. Strained honey, A. McGill (Lah. Inland Rev. Dcpt. Can-ada Bui. 289 (1914), pp. 27). — Definitions of honey are given and the results reix)rted of the analysis of 104 samples purchased chiefly as strained honey. One hundred fifty-nine of these samjiles met the requirements of existing standards. Olive oil and salad oil, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 294 (1914)- PP- I-')). — This bulletin is a report of the analysis of 114 samples of edible oil sold as salad oil or olive oil, of which S.5 were found to be genuine olive oil and 29 to con.sist entirely or in part of cottonseed oil. The rancidity of olive oil and the oxidation of oleic acid in the presence of solar light, F. Canzoneri and G. Bianchini (Ann. CJiim. Appl. [Rome], 1 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 24-32). — This paper presents analytical data bearing on the chemical constitution of fatty acids. Coffee and coffee substitutes, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 290 (1914), pp. 37). — The results are given of the inspection and analysis of 3.39 .samples purchased as cofTee or colTee substitutes. Of these, 199 samjiles were found to be genuine. The remainder consisted entirely or in part of chicory and roasted cereals. Egg albumin in baking powder, H. L. Jackson (Jour. Indus, and Euffin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 12, pp. 998-1001). — ^This paper summarizes the results of three series of comparative baking tests in which baking powders with and without egg albumin were used. This work, in the opinion of the author, does not show any usefulness of egg albumin in baking powder when bakings are carried out under normal conditions, " and esi)ecially in the very small quantity usually present, i. e., from 0.1 to 0.2 of 1 per cent. When the tempera- ture of the oven Is too low for baking biscuits properly, egg albumin seems to aid in producing a better biscuit. When the dough is allowed to stand several hours before baking a much better biscuit is produced by the powder to which egg albumin has been added." FOODS HUMAX N I TRITIOX. 763 [Food and drug analysis], edited aiul t'oiiii>ileerature ujwn metabolism a distinction must be made between the influence upon the central nervous system and the influ- ence upon the reaction velocity of the metabolic processes in the tissues them- selves. According to the author, when animals are studied imder standard conditions — all nervous influences being abolished — the influence of temperature 766 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. on the metJibolisiii nf .in .iiiiinal is regular and <-(;ii.staiil and can ha exi)ressed in a definite furve. A micro-respiration apparatus correction, A. Kkogii ( Bioclieni. Ztschr., 66 {191.'/), No. 6, p. 512). — Fornuilas and values jjiven in a previous article (E. S. R., 32, p. 67) are corrected. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Pattern development in mammals and birds, G. M. Allfn {Amcr. Xat., 4H (1914), Nos. 511. pp. SH5-412; 512, pp. J,Gt-m; 57.3, pp. 550-566. figs. 62).— The author summarizes the principal ix)iuts of this paper as follows: " In mammals and birds that normally are completely pigmented there are certain definite iwints of the body from which as centers the tendency to de- velop pifrnient in the epidermal struotui'es may become less and less. Outward from each of these centers pijinient formation spreads to include very definite areas which in wholly pigmented animals overlaj) slightly at their borders or are at least contiguous. "A reduction in the area covered by any of the^e primary' patches results in a white mark at the line of junction of two contiguous color patches, where no pigment is produced. These white marks between the primary patches are spoken of as primary breaks. " Through a study of the breaks in jiied individuals of domesticated species of mammals and birds the boundaries of the primary patches have been deter- mined. These are homologous in the two groups and subject to a certain amount of variation in different types. They are: A median crown patch, un- paired, and five paired patches on the opposite sides of the body, which are named from the general areas they cover, the ear, neck, shoulder, side, and rump patches. Their limits are more precisely defined under the different species treated. " These patches are physiologically independent of each other and may be differently colored in the same individual. " Pied patterns among many wild species have been brought about through the areal reduction of these pigment patches in a definite way. so that the white markings resulting as breaks between the reduced patches have become fixed and form a permanent part of the normal pattern. " In several wild species this development of white markings is shown to be even now taking place, but the amount of pigment reduction is still fluctuating so that the white markings vary much in extent with different individuals. " Tlie development of such white markings takes place probably by little and little, so that the departure from type is not so great as to arouse antagonism against the varying individual on the part of others of its species. Also, the gradualness of the change allows the species to become accommodated to any disadvantage that miifht concomitantly arise. "The converse of this centripetal style of pigmentation is present in many species, and results in pigmentation (commonly black) at the extremities or along lines where primary breaks occur in the centripetal fot-m, namely, at the tip of the nose, ears, tip of the tail, or the toes: possibly the black dorsal stripe is due also to centrifugal pigmentation. Patterns may develop, as in certain antelopes, by a white break between patches of the two types." Fitting logarithmic curves by the method of moments, J. R. Miner (U. S. Dcpt. .if/r.. Jour. Agr. Research, S (1915). No. 5, pp. Jfll--'i2.3). — In this paper. which includes an introductory statement by R. Pearl on the u.se of logarithmic curves in biological and agricultural investigations, the author attempts to im- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 767 ifrove Oil the preseiit method of littins^ loKarithink' curves bj- the least-squares method, by brin,i,'in,i; this class of curves into the f,'eneral system of curve fitting; worked out by I'earson and known as the " method of moments." The method is worketl out on the assuniption that "if we equate the area and moments of a theoretical curve to the area and moments of a series of observations we shall fiet a reasonable tit of the curve to the observations." A bibliography of 23 references is included. [Animal husbandry], L. B. Barbeb and J. B. Thompson (Guam 8ta. Rpt. JOI4, pp. 7, 8, 18-22, 25-27, pU. .3).— It is stated that the mating of a pen of single-comb Brown Leghorn hens with a native black-fleshed cock resulted in nine ]uillels which had dai'k green legs and black flesh, resembling in these; features the male parent, and the remaining nine had dark green legs resem- bling the male parent, with white skin and flesh of a normal color resembling more closelj' that of the Brown Leghorn. From 2o cockerels out of the same breeding pen all had white skin and flesh resembling that of the Brown Leg- horn, 20 had white legs, one had one white leg and one of a dark greenish hue, and the remaining two resembled each other in having one white leg with a black patch on the other leg. In this work a strong tendency is shown for the color characteristics to be tran.smitted by the jia rents to the progeny of the op- posite sex. In horse breeding experiments it has been demonstrated that foals from native mares and an imported stallion inherit size and (piality from their superior sire, while they seem to retain in a full measure the hardiness and vitality of their native dams. Successful crossbreeding experiments with na- tive hogs and imported Berkshires are reported. It is stated that goats of an inferior and degenerate type which were proba- bly introduced from Mexico are now bred on the Island. These have been occasionally crossed with a milch type, and tlie superiority of this cross over the native animal is well marked. It is stated that goats are reasonably hardy and free from disease in Guam, and a number of conditions exist which would indicate the adaptability of the milch goat, both in relation to the coun- try and to the people. The station flock of Plymouth Rocks and Brown Leghorns shows a tendency toward loss of vigor thought to result from inbreeding. Hens obtained from crossing either of the introduced brewls on the native fowl are reported to be belter layers than the latter and with the hardiness of that parent not greatly reduced. In experiments with Brown Leghorn chickens, ordinary natives, native black meat fowls, and a cross between the latter and the Brown Leg horn, it was found that other things being equal all are equally susceptible to chicken pox. Inoculation of ensiled roots with germ culture, Zscheye (Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Ziickerindus., No. 703 (WI4), II, pp. 668-671). — Successful experiments are re- ported in inoculating ensiled roots with a lactic acid bacteria culture, resulting in a lowering of the injurious acids, acetic and butyric, as well as the am- monium nitrogen, the femientation product of the protein material. The optinumi temperature for growth of these bacteria appears to be about 35° C. The inoculated silage was of a clear color, with a clean sour smell, and in no case showed indications of spoiling, while the uninoculated silage was darker in color, showed indications of molding, and a decayed smell. In the inocu- lated silage there was a 24 per cent loss in the silage mass, in the uninoculated, 32 per cent. Feeding of sugar-containing feed materials, Zuntz {Ztschr. Vcr. Deut. ZuckeriiKjKs.. Xo. 701 (1914). II, pp. //S5--}9S). — These were respiration exiieri- ments with ruminants, in which straw, molasses, turf molasses, and sugar 768 EXl'EKIMENT STATION KECOKD. Iieets were fed in different proportions and the energy balance estimated. Afco a comparison was nrade of the energy value of dried turnip tops and of ensiled lurnip tops in whieli had been introduced a lactic acid culture, in which a greater amount of coail)ustible gases developed in the body of the animals fed the ensiled i)roduct than the dried, the i)rotein retention was greater with the . 7. pp. 5-'f6-o-'i!K fii/.i. .i). — II is stated that the methods of assisting sheep raisers used by the live-stock branch of the Canadian Department of Agriculture are "(1) the loaning of pure-bred sires to associations of farmers living in districts where it is difficult to obtain first-class animals or where their financial status is such that they can not afford to pay the necessary purchase price. (2) provision of the services of exi)ert wool graders to classify and prepare in a marketable condition the wool of mutual organizations of sheep raisers, (li) prosecution of instructional and practical demonstrations by experts of the branch in the various phases of sheep husbandry, with siiecial stress upon the most elTective methods of caring for wool, which are supplemented by an exhibit containing samples of many types of wool raised in this and other countries, together with their products of manufacture." A table is given showing the correlation of American, British, and Canadian grades of wool and their distinctive terms. There is also included a complete classification of Canadian wool. The Maryland hog' (Mari/Jand »Sf«. Bui. 185 (lOlJf), pp. 58. p'yu. 27).— This includes a discussion by C. L. Oppermau of the status of the swine industry in Maryland, and of methoils of housing, feeding, care, and management of hogs and the curing of pork, and a description of the various types and breeds by R. H. Iluffner. Fattening and improving the hog, N. P. Escobar (Estac. Ayr. Expt. Viuda4 Juarez, Chihuahua, Bol. .'iS {1913), pp. 41, pis. 7).— This is a general bulletin treating of the different breeds of hogs and their adaptability to Mexican con- ditions, together with a discussion of methods of fattening and of butchering. Stallion enrollment. — II, Stallion ser^dce liens and sale of bred mares, D. O. Thompson {Indiana Sta. Circ. 1,5 {191),), pp. -'/, fig. 1). — This circular gives the text of the sections of the Indiana stallion enrollment law relating to stallion service liens and the sale of mares and foals, with a brief discussion of them. Stallion enrollment.— Ill, Report of stallion enrollment work to date of October 31, 1914, with lists of stallions and jacks enrolled and a brief study of some phases of the stallion and jack situation in Indiana, D. O. Thompson {Indiana Sta. Circ. .',6 {1914), PP- ■^■J''*' /'.'/•«• J9). — This circular gives the text of the Indiana law relating to the enrollment of stallions and jacks kept for public service; a rerwrt on work under the law; and lists showing the distribu- tion of stallions and jacks by counties. Stallion enrollment. — III, Renewals for 1915, D. O. Thompson {Indiana iSta. Circ. Ifi {1914), pp. 4). — This circular explains the methods for veterinary examination of public service stallions and the renewal of enrollment. Which stallion and why? {Kansas Sta. Circ. 42, pp. 4)- — This circular is in- tended .MS a stimulus to the raising of better horses in Kansas. It discusses the importance of the use of a sui>erior stallion during the breeding season and gives a list of registered stallions. Relation of simultaneous ovulation to the production of double-yolked eggs. Maynh': R. Curtis {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, ,3 {1915), No. 5, pp. 375-385, pis. 7). — This is a continuation of work previously notetl (PI S. R., .*>1. p. 170). The author summarizes her observations as follows : "Double-yolked eggs with normal separate yolks may have all the egg envelopes common to the two yolks, or they may have some separate and some common envelopes. They may be classified with reasonable accuracy into three groups: 936S1°— No. 8—15 6 772 expp:kiment station kecokd. (1) Double-yolked eggs having the entire set of egg envelopes common ta the two yolks; (2) double-yolked eggs having separate chalaziferous layers but all or part of the thick albvimin couimou to the two yolks; (3) double-yolkeer cent of the eggs of type 3 are single eggs. It seems probalde that many of them have re- sulted from the delay of the first egg in the oviduct. The ovary of each pullet which had just laid a double-yolked egg as her first egg contained two normal separate follicles which had separate blood supplies. In these cases, however, the doubling of the egg had occurred near the end of the .albumin-secreting region. " In a case in which there was evidence from the structure of the egg that the two yolks had passed the entire length of the oviduct together the two fol- licles were aLso quite distinct, with separate blood supplies. This, together with the fact that in only a small percentage of double-yolked eggs is there any evidence of simultaneous ovulation, indicates that the fusion of follicles and a resulting common blood supply is by no means the usual cause for the production of a double-yolked egg. A simi)le normal follicle furnished the yolk with two germ disks; hence, the fusion of the oocytes (if this was the origin of the two germ disks) must have occurred before the formation of the follicle." From these observations it is concluded "(1) that double-yolked eggs some- times represent a heightened rate of fecinidity and .sometimes an abnormally low i)hysiological tone of the oviduct, (2) that even in cases in which the rate of fecundity is high the ovulations are not always simultaneous. (3) from the above it is ai)parent that the production of a double-yolked egg can seldom be explained as a result of simultaneous ovulations, and (4) in cases in which we have the best of reasons for suspecting simultaneous ovulations the two fol- licles may be quite distinct. " It seems quite possible that a heightened rate of fecundity may result in every conceivable shortening of the i>eriod between ovulations consistent with the daily rhythm in the general phy.siological activities of the bird. Whether it results in the formation of a double-yolked egg is no doubt determined by the actual length of the i)eriod .and the following response of the oviduct." Crooked breast in fowls, C. D. Stewart (Ann. Sci. Bui. Roij. Agr. Col. Cirenccnter. Xo. Jt-5 {1912-1 J), pp. 97, 98). — Investigations on this subject were made w-ith the object of testing the effect of inbreeding. DAIRY FAHMIXii — DAIRYING. 773 It is concluded that " heredity swiiis ruled out as a cause of crooked breast, for all the chickens apiK'ared perft'ctly normal when 10 weeks old, even though they were bred from stock selecte,(XH) lbs. in 1870 to 1.620,000,000 lbs. in 1910; chee.se production from l(;:l.(»(i<).(KM) to :^.21 ,000.000 lbs. When geographic divi- sions are considered individually the increase for those east of the Mississippi Kiver has not been so rapid as the increase for those west of that river, due pri- nnirily to the undeveloped condition of the West prior to 1870. The number of cows per 1.000 population was 224.3 in 1910 and 225.5 in 1900 : the average production of butter per capita was 17.6 lbs., which was a decrease of 2 lbs. as compared with the production in 1900; the average production of cheese per capita was 3.5 lbs., which was 0.4 lb. less than the production in 1900. In butter production the greatest per capita output is in the North Cen- tral divisions followed by the Pacific division. The greatest per capita cheese production is in the P^ast North Central division followed by the Middle At- lantic and Pacific divisions. From replies to inquiries sent out to cro]) correspondents, it is estimated that the avei'age person in a farm household consumes about J qt. of milk per day. or a total yearly consumption of nearly 8,000,000,000 qts. for all farms reporting dairy cows. The daily butter consumption is At lb. per person, and the total yearly consumption of farm families nearly 900.000,0(X) lbs. The average number of quarts of milk required to make a pound of butter is estimated to be 9.0. varying from 8.1 to 10.7. From replies furnished by boards of health it is estimated that the average Iier capita milk consumption in cities of 2,5(X) inhabitants or over is 112 qts. i>er year, and was slightly higher in cities of 25.000 inhabitants or over than in smaller cities. There was apparently less variation in milk consumption by months in the large cities than in the smaller ones. The fluctuations were generally less than 10 per cent. International Union of Municipal Dairies (Mollc. Ztg. [HikleshGim], 28 (lUl.'i). Xo. Ji9. pp. O'/l, 9.'t2). — An account of the first general meeting of the recently founded International Union of ^Municipal Dairies held in conjunction with the Sixth International Dairy Congress at Berne, June. 1914. Stockholm was selected by the meeting as the headquarters of the Union, which has for its object the general advancement of municipal dairying and the advising of its members as to methods of improving their business. Value of vetch hay for milk and beef production, T. AVibberley (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'], 21 {191-',), No. 8. pp. 101. 70S).— It is reported that for winter milk production, a daily i-ation consisting of 14 lbs. oat and vetch hay. 14 lbs. meadow hay. and from 70 to 84 lbs. gi.ant rai)e or hardy greens was equal to 21 lbs. meadow hay. 56 lbs. roots. 3 lbs. corn meal, and 3 lbs. de- 774 EXPEKIMEXT STATION RECORD. c-orticated cottou cake. MctlHHl.-; of lariii^' Un- the oat aud vetch hay are described. Palmnut kernel cake, J. A. Murkay {Jour. lid. Aijr. ILondon], 21 (1914), No. 8, pp. 697-701}. — Metliod.s of iiiauufacturing this product are described aud its composltiou aud utility value for feetling purposes discussed. It is said that for feeding railch cows, palmuut kernel cake is a very good substitute for liuseed cake. Cows may receive up to 5 lbs. per bead per day. Prolificacy of [the Guernsey] breed {Guernsey Breeders'' Jour., n. aer., 7 {1015), No. 2, p. 17). — It is stated that of over 3.5 j-early official records that have been made by cows of the (iuernsey breed, 30.G per cent were made by heifers with their first calves, the average production being 8.G41.91 lbs. of milk and 432.28 lbs. of milk fat, with an average percentage of fat of over 5. It was found that 310 cows had produced over .aGU lbs. of milk fat, and 63 over 700 lbs. The greater proi>ortion of these records were made after the cows had carried their calves four or five mouths, which fact is brought for- ward to refute any claims made against the breed regarding the fecundity of the high producers. Comparative investigations into the performance of the breeds of cattle kept in the Province of Saxony, Prussia, H. Ebbinghaus (Deut. Lundic. Tierzucht, 17 {1913), Nos. JfO, pp. //7J-//76'; ///, pp. J,90-J,93; ahs. in Internat. Innt. Agr. [Rome], J/o. Bui. Ayr. Intel, and Plant Discafics, 5 {191Jf), No. 1, pp. 99-101). — In comparing the ►Simmental with the Lowland breeds of cattle it was found that with the former the live weight and gain in weight at the same age are the greater, that the yearly yield of milk is lower than in the Black- and Red-spotted Lowland cattle, but higher than in the Harz and cross- bred animals, that the fat content and the quantity of fat produced are greater than in the other breeds, and that the food consumption if expressed in Kell- ner's starch-values is essentially the same as in the other breeds. The relative milk yield is lower, but the milk-fat yield and increase of live weight are greater than in the other breeds. Profitable and unprofitable cows, G. E. AVolcott {Maryland Sta. Bui. 187 {1914), pp. 115-13Jf. figs. 10). — From records kept for the past three yeiirs of three Maryland cow-testing associations comprising more than 1.100 cows it is found that " the first year's records show that there was a wide variation in production between the individuals of the herd ; some made large yields, while others were kept at a loss or barely paid for their feed. The records for the second year prove that by disposing of low producing cows, the average production of the herd was increased. In a number of herds iucreaseroce«lure under the State laws relative tn licenses, examinations, and inspections is als) explained. The encouragement of clean milk production, L. li. Cook (Mdfts-. Bd. A(/r. Circ. ,"W (HUo), pp. 9). — The author contends that the pnKluotion of clean milk may be most readily encouraged by obtaining for the milk ]»roducer a reasonable margin of profit. It is shown that the average price paid for milk has not kept pace with the inci'easing cost of feeding stuffs. The grading of milk and the paying of jirices according to grade would be an inducement along this line. Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteurization, S. II. Aykks and W. T. Johnson. Jr. {U. ,s'. Dcpt. Afn:. Jour. At/r. Research, 3 (ID 15). No. .5, /)/). J/Ol- 410, fig. 1). — The authors summarize the results of their studies, which are a continuation of work previously notetl (E. S. K.. 20. p. 78). as follows: "The thermal death point of 174 cultures of colon bacilli isolated from cow feces, milk and cream, human feces, flies, and cheese showed considerable varia- tion when the cultures were heatejie(l a more intense folor than slerilized milk, and in some Ciises (apitarently inflnenced largely by tlie oi-f^anisms snrvivinj; iKislcnrization) the color developed approximated that deveUtped in raw nulk. It was noticed that pasteurized milk which curdled quite rapidly, due to the production of aroduce a blue color in pieces of old cheese by the inoculation of the organism from agar slopes were unsuccessful. A historical sketch of investigations of this organism is given, together with a bibliography of 12 references. Tlie use of Bacillus bulgaricus in starters for miaking Swiss or Emmental cheese, C. F. I)o.\ne and H E. Eldredge ilL ,S'. Dept. A1>- 108-240) ; and educational requirements for inspectors (pp. 241-254). All material not applicable to American conditions has been omitted. Some 80 pages relating to German laws, regulations, and diseases which do not occur in the I'nitod States have thus been replaced with American laws, regula- tions, and ediicalional nMpiircnients for insjiectors, and matter relating to dis- eases not discussed by the author. The most recent regulations of this Depart- ment governing meat insi)ection are noted al>ove. Handbook of meat inspection, It. von Ostkutag (JI and b tick drr FlciHih- heiichuu. atuttgart: Ferdinand Enlce, 6. rev. and enl. cd., vol. 2, pt.i. 1 {1910), pp. T//+//7.2, figs. 120; 2 {1913), pp. XVl-\-890, pis. 3, figs. 258).— The sixth revised and enlarged edition of this work (E. S. R., IG, p. 06), Stock poisoning- plants of California, II. M. Hall and II. S. Yatj:.s {Cali- foniia »s7(/. liitl. 2.'i!l {191.',). yp. 219-2'/7, fiu-s. 7). — Among the more important ])oisonous plants here dealt with are the water hemlock (Cicuta sp.), death camas {Ziigadc^ius rcncwo.sf/.s). larkspurs ( Dclphiniiirn spp.). milkweeds ( As- clepias spp.). lupines {Lupinii.^ spP-). 5i)ended to the reix>rts. Determination of the protein content of the serum of domesticated ani- mals by refractometry, G. Csoxka {Kozhni. O.'^szeliasonl. I'Aet cs Kortnn Korebol, 10 {1913), No. 7S, pp. 257-292, figs. 2; al)S. in Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 29 {1913), No. 46. p. 820). — The refraction coefficient of the blood .'-•eruni of sound animals is very variable, but between 1.345 and 1.35185. An abnormal increase in the refraction occurs when the animals receive too little water or lose much water, as in the dysentery noted in intestinal forms of hog cholera. An abnormally low coefficient is noted in cardiac and renal insuffi- ciency, in anemic and cachectic conditions, especially in distomatosis of sheep. The refraction is a sensitive method for detecting hydramuia. In heart dis- eases it is possible by the method to note the variation in the utilization of feed- .stuffs by the circulating blood and also to determine the variation in velocity of the circulation. The cryoscopic method is jireferable for determining the degree of renal insufficiency. Anthrax or charbon. — Points of popular interest, H. Morris (Louisiana 8tas. Bui. 152 {1915), pp. 3-11. figs. 3). — This bulletin answers in brief form questions regarding the nature and control of anthrax. Foot-and-mouth disease {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1915). No. 10. pp. 873-S77. pis. 2). — A brief sununarized account. Dealing with foot-and-mouth disease, W. J. Hartman (Breeder's Gaz., 67 {1915). No. 7. pp. 331, 832. figs. 9). — It is pointed out that while the disease VETERINARY MEDICINE. 779 may nut be fatal in lonun unities wliere corn silape. roots, and other soft twds can be fed. this is not true in tlie western States wliere cattle subsist on dry, hard feed throuf;;h the winter. The author states that more than 30 of some IKK) infected cattle died of the disease in the stockyards at Glendive, Mont., dur- ing the tirst 30 days' prosiress of the disease in November. In sheep and hogs, of which more than 200 of the former and about 30 of the latter were infected at Glendive, tlie disease was imich more severe than in cattle. A study of the specific reactions for the diagnosis of glanders, V. A. Moore and C. P. Fitch (Rpi. X. Y. State Vet. Vol.. 191t-12. pp. .7/-6".0).— Because of the discrepancy sometimes observed in the diagnostic tests it seemed necessary to make a careful investigation of the different methods and to determine so far as ])ossible their relative value. The work was carried on with the coonera- tion of the New York State Department of Agriculture. The discrepancies which are reported from different laboratories with the agglutination test for glanders are believed to be usually due to the test fluid used in one or the other laboratory. Thus it is that cultures isolated from dif- ferent sources show a marked difference in their agglutinating properties, and, furthennore, some cultures that agglutinate satisfactorily later lose their agglutinating properties. There are also cultures of Bacillus mnllei which will agglutinate with the serum from healthy horses. No advantage could be noted in using a test tiuid ]ire]*>"ii'crei)are pure cultures of a I.ei>tomonas which resembles that obtained from cultures of oriental sore (Biskra boil, tropical ulcer), lieferences are given to the literatui-e on the subject. New serum and liver substances as levuloses in trypanosom.iasis, K. SciiERN (Jour. Med. Rcfteanli, ,W (I'.H.'f). No. 3, pp. 5,^3-5J,0). — Previously noted from another soiu'ce (K. S. II. , .'{O. [). ysi). The value of physical examination and clinical diagnosis in the control of tuberculosis in cattle, V. A. Mookk {Rpt. N. Y. Hlate It/. Vol., l'Jll-12. pp. 169-17')). — The author concludes that a physic:il examination will enable a skilknl examiner to detect advanced cases of tuberculosis in cattle and the presence of lesions in less advanced cases so that the suspected animals can be removed. If properly carried out, it will also detect from SO to 90 per cent of the animals which are actually spreading the virus and a large percentage of those about to become spreaders but which have not elimin;ited the specific bacteria. It wnll not, however, detect more than from 1 to 5 per cent of the Infected animals at any one time, and can not be relied uix»n to detect all infected cattle. For this reason its value is verj^ largely restricted to the intra- herd control of the disease, while in interherd control tuberculin is the only dingnostic agent we have. The intrapalpebral and intradermic palpebral tuberculin tests, G. iloussu {Rec. M6d. V6t., 91 (1914), A'o. 13, pp. 425-434, figs. 5; abs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and TJicr., 27 (1914), No. 3, pp. 265, 266). — The objections which may be raised to the nse of the subcutaneous tuberculin test are discussed at some length. From the practitioTier's standjioint are mentioned the amount of trouble involved in taking the temper;) tures; the possibility of noting temperatures in- correctly; the difficulty of interpreting irreguhir results: the necessity of keep- ing the animals indoors, which is in itself sometimes su.fficient to cause a rise of temperature; the impossibility of applying the te.st to animals in a febrile condition; and the necessity of carrying out the test at certain hours at the risk of making serious errors. These are not objections to the method itself, but are due to conditions under which the test is carried out. On the side of the owners of cattle the following objections may prevail : (1) A reduction in the milk yield; (2) danger of specific mastitis; and (3) danger of aggravating the general condition of the diseased animals. In view of these objections the local tests, intradermic and intrapaljiebral. are con- sidered more useful, more practical, and more economic from the owner's ixiint of view and more remunerative than the subcutaneous method from the jirac- titioner's point of view. There is no difl3culty in applying the test. pro\ided a suitable syringe is used; " this should have a capacity of 1 cc. The needle should be about 1^ cm. in length and 7 mm. in diameter. The barrel of the syringe should be graduated into tenths, and the piston rod should have a traveling stop on it. It is advised that 0.1 cc. of ordinary tuberculin should be used, special tuberculin of any kind not being requireil. "When the test has been proi)erly carried out ;i little swelling should be formed in the subepidermic tissue, about the size of a large lentil, where the tuberculin is injected. Reactions are said to make their api>earance more rapidly and more clearly the more recent and the more limited the lesions. VRTEHIXARV MEDICINE. 781 After 36 to 48 hours the eyelid beciniies swollen, eileiiiatous, and slightly tense, and the eye ain>eiU's sunken. The tissues lose their supjileness, the skin is rigid and sometimes reddish and moderately sensitive. There may be slight lachrymation. Even a moderate reaction is rendered quite obvious by com- parison with tlio opposite eye. " When the ])alpebral and caudal tests are carried out simultaneously they agree exactly, and should one of the tests have heen improperly carried out the other gives a positive result. An important practical point is that tlie tests are complementary, or they correct each otlier. For those wlio lind-tlie intradermic paljjebral test too delicate a manipulation, a sulx-utaneous injection of J to i cc. or more, of tul)erculin may be made into the upi)er or lower eyelid, this yielding a local reaction as characteristic as the intraderm.il test. The author li;is carried out tests upon about (>0 animals, using different doses of tuberculin, and he has found that as good I'esults can be obtained witli i cc. as with 4 cc. If, however, the larger dose be used, the test approximates to the subcutaneous method in th:it it is likely to produce a temperature reaction with the accom- panying disadvantages. The method of testing is held to be free from all the objections that have been raised above against tlie subcutaneous method." The author's practice is to make an injection into both eyelids. Avian tuberculosis, F. S. Jones (Rpt. X. Y. Htate Vet. Vol., 1911-12, pp. tSO-lG-'f, pis: .')). — A review of the literature with a history of ;i recent outbreak in New York State. The autopsical findings with a White Leghorn pullet are given in detail with rejiroductions of photographs of the affected organs. Actinomycosis or lumpy jaw, li. 11. Dykstra (Kansas Sta. Circ Jfl, pp. 3). — A popular account. Brisket disease (dropsy of high altitudes), G. H. Glover and I. E. Nkwsom (C'llonitlo Sta. Hid. 20.'f (1915). pp. 2'/. figs. 5). — This is a preliminary repoi't of studies of a disease which occurs in cattle at high altitudes in Colorado, the princi])al syni])tonis of which are swelling of the brisket and the loose tissues under the jaw. usually diarrhea, and a moist cough, with gradual emaciation and death. The disease which is chronic in character is fatal in practically all cases. On autoi)sy the most marked symptoms are general dropsy, enlarged and hard liver, and dilated heart. Reports are presented of 31 ca.ses un. L. T>EWis, W. P. Shxjleb, O. H. McElroy, and L. B. Ritteb (Oklithotna ,Sta. Bill. lOIf (lOJJf), pp. 30, flg.'i. 10). — Following a general statement relative to hog cholera in Oklahoma and a description of the disease and its distribution, the findings on post-mortem, and methods of producing and using antihog-cholera serum, some experimental data collecte. 131-139).— A brief discussion of the serum and serum simultaneous method of treatment, the factors instru- mental in spreading hog cholera in the State, especially the feeding of garbage, and the desirability of permanent immunity in hogs. It is pointed out that " serum treatment is a valuable aid to sanitation, but is not a substitute for it. Conditions in New York suggest that the sooner active measures are taken to suppress hog cholera the cheaper and more effective these measures will be." " Correct diagnosis is important. Especially njust the disease be differentiated from food poisoning." Notes of the hog cholera conference at Purdue University, December 18, 1913, C. II. Clink (Indiana Sta. Clrc. //S {19ir)), pp. 27. fig. 1).—A detailed account of the meeting, including the questions asked and the answers given. Report of veterinarian, C. A. Cary (Alabama Col. Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 17, 18).— In the work carried on during 1914, particular attention Avas given to the kidney worm (Stei)}iannrus dentattis). It was found in the kidneys, kidney fat, and lumbar muscles in every hog that was examined which had paraplegia. It is stated that at present no remedy can be given that will eliminate these worms from the aft'ecteti parts. New pig disease in Ireland, W. Frost ( U. S. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No. 19 (191~)), p. 333). — A disease of swine known locally as " purple fever" which recently apiieared in ^Nliiyo and Sligo Counties, Ireland, is thought to be a form of swiiie erysii)e]as. Canine medicine and surgery, C. G. Saunders (Chicago: Amcr. Jour. Vet. Med., 1915, pp. 249, figs. 8). — A work intended mainly for the use of senior students and practitioners of veterinary medicine. It presumes a knowledge of pathology, histology, and anatomy, and aims to deal only with the clinical aspect of the various diseases. The first part (pp. 7-170) deals with diseases; the second part (pp. 180-242) with surgical operations. Infectious coryza of fowls, G. Vallili.o (Clin. Vet. [Milan], Rass. Pol. Sanit. e Ig., 37 (1914), ^'0. 3, pp. 93-111, figs. 2; ahs. in Vet. Ree., 21 (1914), No. 1363, pp. 121, 122). — This disease of fowls has prevailed for a number of years in the Lago di Lecco district of Itsily. It takes the form of a catarrhal infection of the upper air passages, and in consequence of its high mortality, especially among the younger birds, causes considerable loss to poultry breeders. The disease is said to be caused by a short ovoid bipolar bacillus which is often united in chains of two or three together. To all appearances it is a variety of Bacillus avisepticus. As a rule the disease ends with death after a duration 784 EXPERIMENT STAI lOX liKCOKD. uf frum six weeks to three inuiiths. Only adult, stroiit^, ami well-uourisbeil birds recover without serious injury. Coccidiosis in poultry and game birds, II. B. Fantuam {Jour. Bd. Agr. l/jjiidon], 21 (JDlo), Xo. 10, pp. HH!>-H'J'J. figs. 2). — A summarized account, in- cluding preventive measures. RURAL ENGINEERING. Engineering geology, II. Ries and T. L. Watson (Netc York: J. Wiley roducts; coal; petroleum, natural gas, and other hydrocarbons; road founda- tions and materials; and ore deposits. The principles of irrigation practice, J. A. WroxsoE {Xew York: The ilae- tiiillan Co., 191Jf, pp. A'AT'/-|-//.'*6', figs. 179). — This popular treatise represents an attempt to develop the principles underlying the correct use of water in irrigation for the use of farmers. It contains the following chapters : The meaning of irrigation ; soil moisture ; the soil as water reservoir ; saving water by cultivation ; soil changes due to irrigation water ; conditions determining the use of soil moisture by plants ; the water-cost of dry matter ; crop development under irrigation ; the time of irrigation ; the method of irrigation ; crop com- position; the use of the i-ainfall ; irrigation of cereals; alfalfa and other forage crops and pastures; sugar beets, potatoes, and miscellaneous ci'ops; fruit trees, other trees, and shrubs; the duty, measurement, and division of water; overirrigation and alkali; irrigation in humid climates; Iri'igation tools and devices; the history of irrigation; and permanent agriculture under irrigation Underground water resources of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, L. W. Ste- phenson, J. O. Veatch, and R. B. Dole {U. 8. Gcol. Surrcg, Water-Supply Paper 3/fl (1915), pp. 539, pis. 21, figs. 4). — This reixni: embodies the results of studies of the geology and underground water resources of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, the latter being discussed for each county in the area, including various analyses. Geology and water resources of Tularosa basin. New Mexico, and adjacent areas, O. E. Meinzer and R. F. Hare (U. 8. Geol. Survey, Watcr-Supply Paper 3fi3 {1915), pp. 317, pis. 19, figs. 51). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the New ^Mexico Experiment Station, deals with the physiography, geolog.v, and water resources of an area of approximately 6.0). — This bulletin is baseil upon the work of the Drainage Investigations of this Ofiice in the State of Maryland. Its purpose "is to show briefly what properly constructed drainage improvements have accomplished and will accomplish in developing farm lands in the State, and to offer sugges- tions that may assist in the proper application of drainage in all parts of Maryland." There are 517 square mih's of swamp and marsh land in the State, the greater part of which occurs in the 2.(i."iO square miles of coastal plain. Under " bcnetits of drainage" the results obtained in different localities in the State are briefly reported. The author also takes up briefly land drainage for mos- quito control. In an appendix is given the text of the Maryland drainage law. Concrete in drainage and irrigation, P. T. Libberton (Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., 7 (1913), pp. 135-l.'i5, figs. 6). — The author discusses the use of concrete in irrigation and drainage structures and points out that its successful use iu these depends largely on the proper selection, proportioning, and mixing of materials. Progress report on cause of disintegration of cements by alkalis, K. Steik (Wijdiiiing Std. Rpt. 1914. PP- ^-'/<'^-/''^'. figs. 11). — In the course of this work the following comiwunds have been isolated: (1) Calcium sulphate, (2) calcium hydroxid, (3) calcium carbonate, and (4) one silicate of which the composition has not yet been determined. " The calcium sulphate hydrated salt was found to be a reaction product between cement and the sulphates of magnesium and sodium. This salt was found deposited in crystalline form from solutions of varying strength, from 1 per cent to 10 per cent. The crystals were iu all cases found on the surface of the blocks of cement, deposited either as single crystals or as groups of crystals X'adiating from a center. ... In some cases the sulphate of calcium was deposited in amorphous form. This was more noticeable in cements low in lime content. The microscopic examination of the cements which had a great abundance of crystals on the surface did not show their presence inside the cement blocks. The same was found to be true in case of the other com- pounds mentioned. . . . " The calcium hydroxid was obtained from cement immei'sed in solutions of chlorids of magnesium and sodium, also from solutions containing both these chlorids. Also this compound was deposited on the surface in ci'ystals about i in. wide and about 1.64 in. thick. . . . " The calcium carbonate was obtained iu amorphous form only from cements iu solutions of sodium carbonate." Further studies were made of the effect of alkali salt solutions on the strength of cements. It was found that high silicia cement when immersed in a 5 per cent solution of equal parts of sodium carbonate, sodium chlorid, and sodium sulphate was reduced in tensile strength 3.5 per cent after 12 months and 14.2 per cent after 20 months and was increased in compressive strength 10 per cent after 12 months and 1G.3 i>er cent after 2G months. The tensile strength of neat Portland cement when immersed in a 5 per cent solution of sodium chlorid, sodium sulphate, magnesium chlorid. and magnesium sulphate was increased 101.3 per cent after 12 months and decreased 13.3 per cent after 26 months and the compressive strength was increased 46 per cent after 12 months and decreased 25.7 per cent after 2G months. In a similar set of tests increases in strength were observed in all cases. 93681°— No. S— 15 7 788 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The tensile strength of a mixture of 1 part cement and 3 parts sand im- mersed in sodium carljoiiate, sodium sul])liate, and sodium chlorid was decreased 0.7 per cent after 12 months and 2.7 per cent after 26 mouths and the com- pressive strength was increased GO.l per cent after 12 months and decreased 17.2 per cent after 2G montlis. A similar mixture immersed in a solution of sodium chlorid, sodium sulphate, magnesium chlorid, and magnesium sulphate was considerably reduced in strength after 12 months and could be crushed between the fingers after ^6 months. A mixture of 1 part cement to 1 part sand immersed in a solution of sodium carbonate, sodium chlorid, and sodium sulphate increased in strength in all cases except in tensile strength after 2G months. The same mixture immersed in a solution of sodium clilorid, sodium sulphate, magnesium chlorid, and mag- nesium sulphate exiierienced a decrease in strength in all cases except in tensile strengtli after 12 mouths. Permeability tests on gravel concrete {Engin. Rcc, 70 {1914), No. 13, pp. 355, 356; aJ)s. in Indus. Engin. and Engin. Digest, 14 {1914), No. 10, p. 411). — In tests made at the University of Wisconsin to determine the permeability of concrete to water it was found that tlie proportions of mixture, time of mixing, socpience of placing materials in the mixer, and method of curing are vital factors w^hen an impervious concrete is required. It was also found that permeability of lean concrete in a direction normal to the pouring is greater than in the direction of pouring. Wooden gang mold for concrete posts, F. W. Ives {Farm. Engin., 2 {1914), No. 5, p. 85, figs. 5). — ^The construction and use of this mold is described and illustrated. Recent road improvements in Hawaii, M. J. Adams {Engin. Rec, 10 {1914), No. 13, pp. 342^34 'h flU'^- 5)- — This article describes road construction in territory where rainfall is excessive and where the soil is from G to S ft. in depth, over- lying lava rock. After one and one-half years of service the puddled macadam surface was covered with a bituminous carpet, using two grades of asphalt and two grades of asphaltic oil. The design of culverts and bridges and the necessary road construction equipment are also described. Hai-per's gasoline engine book, A. H. Vebrill {New York: Harper & Bros., 1914, pp. XX+292, figs. 226; rev. in Engin. News, 12 {1914), No. 21, pp. IO45, 1046). — This book is intended for mechanics, farmers, and automobilists. It is written in popular form and takes up in tuni the construction of the engine, its use at home and elsewhere, and its oi^eration and maintenance. Tests of substitutes for gasoline, J. A. Moykb {Power, 40 {1914), No. 16, pp. 569-572, figs. 4)- — Comparative tests of kerosene, alcohol, motor spirit, and mixtures of kerosene and gasoline as substitutes for gasoline in a farm gas engine are reported, the primary object being to determine the maximum power and fuel consumption for each of the fuels used with and vrithout water injection. The tests showed that the maximum horsepower of the engine is considerably increased, especially with kerosene as fuel, but that the fuel consumption per horsepower-hour is considerably greater with water injection. For purposes of comparison similar tests were made with gasoline without water injection, ■which shov\ ed that the fuel cost per brake horsepower-hour was greater in all cases than with the other fuels. Tests with the so-called air injection devices showed that the economy of tlie engine is considerably improved when air is injected into the manifold. The cause of the so-called preignition in kerosene engines, which is dis- tinguished by sharp pounding at the connecting rod, is said to be probably not RURAL ENGINEERING. 789 preignition at all, but is thought to be due to a '•cracking" of the heavier portion of the kerosene. Motor plowing competition of the North Kent Agricultural Association (Iinpl. and Mach. Kcr., 39 {1913), No. 7/67,, ;jp. 10H9-1092; ahx. in Intcnuit. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {19W, No. 6, pp. 800, 801). — Results of a motor plowing comi>etition in which four machines com- peted are reported. Three, four, and six furrow plows were used. The portions of land assigned to each machine wei-e substantially of identical character. The depth of the plowing was in all cases approximately 7 in. and the quality of the work was fair. Considering all the usual factors a 20-horse- power motor and a 3-furrow plow made the highest scores. Standardization of faiTO. wagons, E. E. Parsonage {Trans. Amcr. Sac. Agr. Emjin., 7 {1913), pp. 120-130). — The author points out the inefficiency of the present system of manufacturing and selling of farm wagons to farmers from the standpoint of their construction, and makes recommendations as to methods for bringing about standardization of wagon equipment. These are based on the standardizing and simplifying of the sizes of wagons and wheel heights and the standardizing of the track of wagons and the tire widths and thick- nesses. A cheap and effective homemade plank drag, F. G. Keauss {liaivaii Sta. Press Bui. ^9 {1915), pp. Ji, figs. 2). — This bulletin illustrates, describes the construction of, and gives a bill of materials for, a plank drag to be used on Hawaiian soils. It is stated that the plank drag is most valuable when the soil breaks up "cloddy" and harrowing fails to pulverize it. "Unless the land is too moist, the plank drag should follow the harrow immediately. ... In going over the ground with the drag a half lap should always be taken, and if necessary, the ground should be cross dragged. The drier and harder the clods the greater should be the weight applied. . . . Care should be taken not to add too much weight when the soil is moist since in so doing the soil may become compacted to an extent far greater than any beneficial results that might othei-wise have accrued." Imports and exports of agricultural machines and implements into and out of Germany in 1913 {Maschinen Ztg., 12 {191Jf), No. Jf, p. ^5; ahs. in Inter- nat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 6, p. 806). — Tabular data are given showing the exports to have been greatly in the majority excepting in the case of mowers and reapers, of which about eight times as many were imported as exported. The manufacture of agricultural machines and implements in Russia in 1911 {Landw. Masch. u. Gcrdte, IJf {1911f), No. 13, pp. 15-22, 40; abs. in Inter- nat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 6, pp. 803-805). — It is stated that this industry in Russia has developed of late years to such an extent that in 1911 it was in a position to place on the home market £6.502,400 (i?31.64.3.920.G0) worth of machinery and implements. About 820 factories built agricultural machinery, of which 66.5 were situated in Euro- pean Russia, 110 in Poland, 37 in the Caucasus, and S in Siberia. The total output amounted in 1911 to f.5.320.017, which was distributed among the va- rious groups of machinery as follows: Tillage implements £9.54,530. sowing machines £804,500, harvesting machines £1,312,321, threshing machines £713,360, cleaning and grading machines £239,796. machines for preparing fodder £146.225, gins and transmissions £298,053, power motors £324,062, and other machines and implements and duplicate parts £527,170. 790 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tlie consumption of afiricultural niuchinery is said to have risen during the last 30 to 35 years from £S35,840 to £12,581.870. Methods and benefits of grading and cleaning grain, II. E. Houton (Trans. Auki: »S'of. A{j>'. I'jnyin., 7 (I'Jl.i), pp. J/l-aO, fujs. Jf). — Attention is called to the loss to farmers due to weeds, and methods of grading and cleaning grain are described with tests. It is shown that the cleaning machine removes the chaff, dirt, and light part of the seed, the blast machine sorts the grain according to weight, and both machines remove some of the w^eed seed. To remove all the weed seed the so-called trieur, which consists simply of a metal cylinder lined with cells of various depths and diameters, is necessary. The trieur separates pieces of broken grain and w-eed seed corresponding to the insert in use in the machine, separates grain berries according to size, and separates one grain from another. Other machines for grading and cleaning grain described are the grain <'eatrifugal, the snail separator, the oscillating table, the revolving cylindrical sieve, and the endless belt. It is pointed out in conclusion that in order to secure the best seed grain the grain should be subjected to a painstaking examination with sieve, scale, and microscope. The explosibility of grain dusts, D. J. Price and II. II. Brown (*Sct. Amer. Sup., 78 {19 J. 'f), No. 2031, p. 308). — The results of a cooperative study of the explosibility of grain dusts and of methods pertaining to the prevention of such explosions are reported. The following causes have been assigned to rnany of the explosions in milling plants in this country and abroad: (1) Use of open lights or naked flames, such as lamps, torches, gas jets, lanterns, candles, matches, etc., (2) property fires, (3) introduction of foreign material in grinding machines, (4) electric sparks from motors, fuses, switches, and lighting systems, and (5) static electricity produced by friction of pulleys and belts, grinding machines, etc. The investigation has indicated that a large number of the recent ex]>losions and fires have been caused by the introduction of foreign material into grinding machines. Disposal of tannery waste, A. Roth (Jour. Amer. Leather Clicm. Assoc, 9 {1914), No. 12, pp. 512-522).— The results of tests of different methods and equipment for the disposal of tannery wastes are reported. A continuous-flow tank for sedimentation is said to give the best results. It should be batlled at the inlet and outlet and should have ample sedimentation and sludge capacity and good sludge-removing facilities. Sedimentation by the aid of a chemical coagulant was found to be uneconomical in such systems. The sludge was best disposed of by drying on sand beds and using as a fertilizer. The low average rate for the irrigation of tannery sewage is said to limit the use of sewage farming as a means of final disposal to very small tanneries or to tanneries where a large acreage of land is available. Intermittent sand filtration was found to be the best method of final disposal. The design of permanent farm buildings, E. S. Fowler (Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., 7 (1913), pp. 106-117. figs. 4). — The author draws attention to the economic importance of permanent farm buildings and describes and illusi- trates the design of an all-concrete barn, which includes horse and cow stalls and a haymow. Brief instructions for building a pit silo, C. Larsen (SoittJi Dakota Sta. Bui. 154 (1914), pp. 83-96, figs. 4). — This is a popular bulletin describing the construction and use of the pit silo and methods for hoisting the silage out of the pit. In four experimental pit silos no trouble was encountered from poison- ous gases. Analyses of the silage from these and the college farm are reported. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 791 RURAL ECONOMICS. Farm costs on the Colorado Agricultural College farm, A. Keysfr (Colorado Sta. Bui. 20.i (im.'i), pp. .i-.')l!, /iij. 1). — Tliis report outlines the system of cost accounting estal)lished for tlio college farm, and reports data as to the cost of farm machinery and of man and horse labor for a series of years in growing and harvesting various crops, and of the drayage, livery, carpenter worlc, and miscellaneous services rendered to the different departments by the college farm force !is a service bureau. Land tenure, O. R. Johnson and AV. E. Foard {Missouri Sta. Bui. 121 (1014), pp. 59-110, figs. 10). — This report presents the results of a farm management survey in four townships of John-sou County. Mo., from the staiidijoint of land tenure. Some of the striking points noticed were that in this locality the tenant grew more grain crops and sells a larger proportion of those grown than did the owner. He kept one animal unit for every 5* acres of ground, while the owner had one animal unit for every 3J acres. The tenant farmed more land with a given labor equipment. He got lower yields from grain crops and about the same from hay crops. His labor income was .^.'jOI. as against $440 for the part owner and $.''>14 for the owner, and his family living expenses were $354, as compared with .$413 for the owner. With the same capital the tenant made the largest labor income, the part owner ranked next, and the owner made the smallest labor income. The tenant usually put in more hours labor than did the owner and obtained a larger labor income for the same amount of work units. The data show that 43.5 per cent of the tenants remained on the same farm two years or less. Nearly SO per cent of the tenants moved in less than five years. Tenants living on the same farm from six to ten years made the largest labor income. Farm owners with more than a rural school education made nearly $G0O more' than those who stop with the rural school. The man with a higher education apparently remained a tenant only from one-half to one- fourth as long before becoming an owner as did those who stopped with the rural school. [Insanity among- farm people] (Bur. of the Census [U. 8.], Insane and Fechlc-Mindcd lusts. 1910, pp. 1-119, figs. 10). — ^This report contains statistical data showing by States and geographic divisions the number of insane in hos- pitals and the number admitted in 1010. The following table shows admissions in 1910 by sex and geographic divisions : Nuinhcr of insane admitted to hospitals in 1010 per 100,000 population. Geogi-apb.ic divisions. Urban community. Rural community. Male. Female. Male. Female. 111.1 90.5 gti.l S3. 1 110.4 S2.8 5fi.9 124.2 9.5.2 101.8 82.3 72.7 66.1 82.4 52. 5 55.1 67.3 62.8 92.7 49.9 56.9 55.0 35.2 35.2 28.1 44.0 53.4 91.1 Micldlo Atlantic 40.8 49 6 Wp,4- North Central 43.6 Sout h A llantic 31.5 F.I.St South Central 31.0 West South Central 23.1 16.9 Pacific 32.4 Total 91..3 77.5 45.2 37.3 792 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. The report also shows tlint the rate per 100.000 population from urban com- munities was 73.7 for native whites, ajrainst 122.1* for foreign born au'l 7S for negroes. The corresponding rate for rural communities was 40 for native whites. 78.4 for foreign born, and 20.9 for negroes. The higher rate for foreign born is partially due to the large proportion of the total foreign born population being in the mature age groups. The rer)ort indicates that 21 per cent of the insane admitted in 1910 from urban communities had general paralysis or alcoholic psychosis, whereas a similar percentage for those from rural communities was 10.4. This report also contains a summary of the laws relating to insanity. Institutions for insurance ag'ainst sickness and accidents in rural districts {Pubs. Sec. Suisse Paysans, No. Jf7 {UlUt), pp. 17/+y.'/i).— This report de- scribes the Swiss institutions for insurance against sickness and accidents, and the principal kinds of sickness and accidents connected with agriculture as compared with other professions. A model constitution for insurance organiza- tions is included, together with a number of statistical tables showing the frequency of accidents or sickness for various causes by ages and sex. Farmers must be cooperators, C. O. Drayton (Greenville, III.: The Equitij Union Puhlishing Co., 191 Jf, 3. ed., pp. 188, fifjs. 16). — ^This book consists of a large number of articles relating to the principles imderlying farmers' equity unions and contains a copy of the national constitution and by-laws for a local equity exchange. Cooperative org'anization business methods, W. H. Kerb and G. A. Xahstoll {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 118 {1915), pp. 24)- — Suggestions are offered as to the business methods of cooperative organizations. According to the authors, among the essential requirements for a system of accounting records for a cooperative marketing organization are a complete set of financial records showing the business transactions and the results obtained and a record of each member's transactions with the organization. They should be capable of taking care of a maximum amount of business during the shipping season and of returning to the members the proceeds from their products within a reasonable time ; should show clear pooling records when kept, so that any discrimination can be indicated quickly. There should also be auxiliary records which will give statistics and useful information for the con- duct of the business. Since no two cooperative organizations are exactly alike, it is necessary that a system be devised to fit the business for which it is intended. Every cooperative organization should have an accountant who is thoroughly familiar with the business. Every organization should keep minutes in proper form of all stockholders' or members' and directors' meetings. The extent of depreciation should be estimated as closely as possible and pro- vided for, and cooperaitve organizations should make arrangements to set aside specific amounts, or a percentage of profits, for the increase of working capital. The organization should have both an internal and external audit. Auditing circles can be effectively formed where several cooperative organizations are in the same territory. A bibliography is appended. [Among' the egg" and poultry societies of Eng-land] (Co-operation Agr. [London], 9 {1915), No. 2, pp. 25-30, figs. 6). — These pages contain a brief de- scription of the methods of carrying on the sale and distribution of eggs and poultry by a number of local organizations. Report of the Agricultural Organization Society, 1914 (Rpt. Agr. Organ. Soc. [London], lOl-'f, pp. IX +129). — This report outlines the aims of this society. I AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 793 discusses the priucipal lines of woric carried ou and the results obtained, and gives a brief histoi-y of the branch organizations. [Marketing' of agricultural products in Queensland] (Ann. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. ana Stock [Qucemluml], 1913-14, pp. 13-10, 25-30, pis. 5). — This section calls attention to the various problems connected with the marketing of meat, fruit, and dairy products, and with the development of agricultural production In Queensland. First annual report of the bureau of farm development, 1914 {Wfi.shing- ion Sta. Bill. 120 (.1915), pp. 36, fhjs. 6), — This report sets forth, by counties, the results of the work for the calendar year 1914. The principal lines of ex- tension work taken up were the control of blow soils and weeds, introduction of forage crops, successful methods of summer fallow tillage, the building up of the hog and dairy industries, the control of orchard pests, and the reclama- tion of tide flat lauds. There were also a number of farm management demon- strations and boys' and girls' clubs formed. The text of the act establishing the bureau (E. S. K., 28. p. 900) is apiiended. First annual report, department of dry land demonstration and experi- ment, 1914 (Washington 8ta. Bui. 119 (1915), pp. i6).— This report sets forth the efforts to improve the agricultural practices in the " dry belt " of Washing- ton. It contains a brief survey of the climatic conditions and agricultural prac- tices and outlines the methods to be used in improving the agricultural condi- tions in this area. A number of field tests are to be made to determine the best methods of plowing and cultivation and the best crops to be grown. An attempt will be made to distribute trees for windbreaks, to introduce pure live stock, to improve the social and living conditions, to introduce silos, to examine soils, and to collect data regarding rainfall. (See also a previous note, E. S. R., 30, p. 497.) Report of Missouri Country Life Conference, 1914 (MissouH Bd. Agr. Mo. Bill., 12 (1914), No. 4, pp. 138, figs. 34). — This report contains a series of ad- dresses concerning the farmer and his family, the country schools, the country church, and other ])hases of the rural life movement. The enonomic org'anizatiou of England, W. J. Ashley (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1914, pp- VIIT-{-213). — This book contains a series of eight lec- tures, among which are the English agrarian system, with the manor as start- ing point; the beginnings of modern farming; the break-up of the manor; and agricultural estates and English self-government. AGRICTJLTUEAL EDUCATION. Important features in rural school improvement, W. T. PIodges (U. S. Bur. Ed. Bui. 599 (1914), pp. 55). — This bulletin contains extracts and sum- maries of reports of rural superintendents of schools as to plans for improving the schools under their sui>ei'\'ision by means of better administration, courses of study, methods of teaching, buildings and grounds, and closer cooperation of home and school. A study of the reports fi'om which these abstracts am taken reveals that " there is a feeling that the country child will be best edu- cated for whatever life he may lead, whether in the city or in the country, if taught in terms of country life," and that practical subjects, such as agriculture, cooking, sewing, etc., add vitality and interest to the courses of study. Vocational education and the State, E. Davenport (School and Home Ed., 34 (1914), Xo. 4y PP- 131-133). — In this discussion of the separate system of vocational schools, the author outlines as some of the disadvantages the result- ing stratification of society, the need of new and si>ecial teachers, and the In- 794 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. creased financial outlay. He believes that the proper goal in secondary educa- tion is the cosmopolitan high school supported by a community and subsidized both by the State and the Federal Government. Menominee County Agricultural School and wliat it does, J. F. Wojta (Mich. Fanners' Imls., hist. Bui. 20 (1014), pp. 321-328, figs. 3).— The author outliuos the provisions of the Act of 1007 and amendments thereto under which county scliools of agriculture may be established in Michigan, and gives an account of the work of the Menominee County Agricultural School. [Agricultural education in Canada] (Agr. Oaz. Canada, 1 (1914), ^'o. 7, pp. 5VJ-r,,i2, 52.',-529, 551-558. 563, 5HD, 570, 503, figs. //).— These pages include statements of the benefactions for agriculture in Canada and of the Federal ap- propriations; a detailed account of the buildings and equipment, instruction, etc., of Macdonald College, by F. C. Harrison ; notes on school gardens in Nova Scotia and Quebec ; and an article entitled Consolidation Favorable to Agricul- tural Education, by S. B. McCready. Annual report of the education branch of the distribution of grants for agricultural education and research in the year 1913-14 Hid. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Ann. Rpt. Ed. Branch, 1913-14, pp. Y III +149, pi. i).— The form of this report has been recast in this issue, and in addition to a summary of the progress of the year chapters are devoted to descriptive notes on agri- cultural education and extension work in each of the 11 educational provinces of England and Wales, notes on agricultural research institutions, investiga- tions aided by special research grants and miscellaneous grants, grants from the Development Fund paid through the board, and publications. Eight ap- pendixes contain tabulated infonnation concerning grants awarded for agri- cultural education and research in 191^-14, research scholarships in agi'icul- tural science, organization lists, other statistics, etc. Agricultural education and research (Rpt. Bd. Agr. Scot., 2 (191.3), pp. XXII-XXXII) .—This is a report of progi-ess for the year 1913 in the agri- cultural education and research work under the control of the board of agri- culture of Scotland. Present state of agricultural education in Gei-many, K. voN Rumkeb (Inter- vat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), -^o- 5, pp. 578-597). — The author gives an account of the present status of agricul- tural education in Prussia, including statistical data on attendance, results of examinations, and expenses of the institutions of various grades and of other types of agricultural instruction, together with a discussion of this data, and a table of similar information for the various other States of Germany. The anniversary of the Agricultural Institute of the University of Halle, O. Ennker (Dent. Landw. Tierzucht, 18 (1914), No. 24, pp. 282-284. figs. 3).— Notes on the development of the Agricultural Institute of the University of Halle, established 50 years ago, and a description of its equipment are given. The inauguration of the Eoyal National Higher Forestry Institute (Alpe [Italy], 2. ser., 1 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 3-27, pi. 1). — This account of the inaugura- tion of this institute, at Florence, Italy, contains in addition to several ad- dresses an outline of its functions and a description of the 2-year course. Tho institute takes the place of the Royal Forestry Institute at Vallombrosa, which has been discontinued. Danish elementary rural schools with some reference to seminaries for the training of rural teachers, H. W. Foght (TJ. S. Bur. Ed. Bui. 598 (1914), PP- 45, i)ls. 5. figs. 4). — This bulletin gives a detailed description of the elementary rural schools of Denmark, including their organization, management, course of study, architecture, school gardens, playgrounds, and maintenance; the otBce MISCELLANEOUS. 795 and tenure, training, salaries, and old-age pensions of rural teachers; and a brief summary of the author's impressions, with some applications to American life. Agriculture in elementary schools, J. P. McLknnan (Ed. CI a::;, and Teachers' Aid, IdlJf, June 29, Sup., pp. 19, pgs. 6). — The author outlines worli in agricul- ture for elementary schools in Victoria, Australia, including theoretical instruc- tion and laboratory and i)lat ex]ieriments in soils, plants, crops, and forestry. Appendixes relate to work suitable for daii-ying, fruit growing, wheat growing, and irrigation districts, raising trees from seed at state .schools, and the vege- table garden. [Reading courses in agriculture and home ecouomics] (Cornell Reading Courses, 2 (191S), Xos. J,0, pp. l.',5-156, figs. 6; J,2, pp. 157-18J,, figs. 6; J,!,, pp. 185-200, figs. 10; JfG, pp. 201-219. figs. 7; J,8, pp. 221-2J,0, figs. 11; 3 (1913), Nos 50, pp. 1-28, figs. 18; 52, pp. 29-J,-',, figs. 8; 53, pp. 73-8J,. figs. 2; 3 (191Jf), Nos. 57, pp. 105-1.',G. fig. 1; 59, pp. 11,9-187, figs. 27; GO, pp. 117-131, pis. /,, fig. 1; 61, pp. 189-204, pi. 1, figs. 21; 62, pp. 133-161,, figs. 4; 63, pp. 205-212, figs. 3; 64, pp. 165-212, figs. 33; 65, pp. 213-254, figs. 30; 66, pp. 213-228, figs. 8; 67, pp. 257-264, figs. 3; 68, pp. 229-248, figs. 13; 69, pp. 265-284, figs. 6; 70, pp. 249-271, figs. 11; 71, pp. 285-295, figs. 9; 72, pp. 273-291, figs, i/,).— These bulletins offer instruction in the following subjects : County, town, and village forests ; tilth and tillage of the soil; methods of breeding oats; feeding and care of the horse; culture of the cherry; nature, effects, and maintenance of humus in the soil; culture of the blackberry; the Christmas festiA'al ; a syllabus of lessons for extension schools in home economics; sewage disposal for country homes; farm butter making; attic dust and treasures; methods of determining the value of timber in the farm woodlot ; the young woman on the farm ; the rural school and the community; farmhouse amusements for girls and boys; meadows in New York ; canning clubs in New York State — organization, principles, and methods of canning, and canning equipment; improving the potato crop by selection; soil moisture and crop production; and culture of the grai>e. Finding time for agriculture, G. M. Wilson (Iowa Agr., 15 (1914), No. 4, pp. 242-244).— In this article the author illu.strates, taking arithmetic and spelling as examples, how time may be .saved for instruction in agriculture, home economics, and manual training, by omitting useless or obsolete material in other subjects. Methods of instruction in soils in the high-school curriculum, H. Bode (Eiihn Arch., 5 (1914), pp. 4'--^-450). — ^The author discusses methods of instruc- tion in soils as a fundamental pnncii)le in (1) soil cultivation and plant food and (2) land valuation in the higher agricultural education institutions of Germany, and suggests an outline of subject matter for the winter and summer semesters. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, 1914 (U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpts. 1914, PP- V-\-359). — This contains the reports of the Secretary and heads of bureaus and other administrative officers. The various reports are also issued as separates. Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1914 (Ala- hama Col. Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 38). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, and reports of the director and heads of departments on the work and publications of the station during the year. The report of the veterinarian is abstracted on page 783 of this issue. 796 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Annual report of the director for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914 {Delaware .S7«. Bui. 101 {191.5), pp. I.'j). — ^This contains the organization list find the rerxnt of tho dirwtor on tlie work nnd jiulilifation.s of the station. It includes a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914. Annual Beport of Guam Station, 1914 {Gunin Hta. Rpt. l'Jl.'i, pp. 27, pis. 5, figs, fi).— This contains a suiiiiiiary of investi.i|:itions by the special agent in ch.'irge. for the ujost part iilistrMcted els(nvhore in this IsSue. Annual report of Hawaii Station, 1914 {Hauaii 8ta. Rpt. lOl.'t, pp. 13, pis. 3). — This contains the organization list, a summaiy by the special agent in charge as to the investigations of the year, and reports of the chemist, acting horticulturist, agronomist, entomologist, and superintendents of the substations. The experimental work recorded in these reports is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue, as is also a special article on The Composition of II;iw:iiiun Fruits and Nuts (p. 7G1). Biennial Beport of Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station, 1913—14 {Missouri Fruit Sta. Rpt. 191,3-lJf, pp. 32, pis. 6). — This contains the organiza- tion list, a brief report of the director for the biennium ended December 31, 1914, and reports of the entomologist and pathologist abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Director's report for 1914, W. II. Jordan {New York State Sta. Bui. 303 (lOl-'f), pp. 6.i7-Gol). — This contains the organization list and a review of the work and publications of the station during the year. Thirty-third Annual Beport of Ohio Station, 1914 {Ohio Sta. Bui. 218 {lOlJf), pp. XXV, pi. 1). — This contains the organization list, a financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1914, and a report of the director sum- marizing the work and publications of the station during the year. Twenty-fourth Annual Beport of Washing'ton Station, 1914 {Washington Sta. Bui. 118 {1914), pp. 45, fiffs. 13). — This contains the organization list, a report of the work and publications of the station during the year, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914. The experimental work reported is for the most part abstracted elsewhei'e in this issue. Beport of West Virg'inia Station, 1913 and 1914 {West Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. ■^7, pis. 6. fig. 1). — This contains the organization list; a report of the director on the work, publications, and needs of the station ; and a financial statement for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1913, and June 30, 1914. Twenty-fourth Annual Beport of Wyoming- Station, 1914 {Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 119-194, fiffs. 11). — This contains the organization list; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 ; reports of the director and heads of departments, the experimental work recorded being for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue; meteorological observations noted on page 717 of this issue; an article entitled The Transmission of Swamp Fever, by J W. Scott, abstracted on page 754 of this issue ; and a reprint of a press bulletin on Plant Enemies. Appropriations asked for the main station and substations, biennium 1915-16, 1916-17 {Terns Sta. Circ. 5, n. ser. {1915), pp. 32, figs. 3).— Esti- mates for state appropriations are presented and discussed in detail. Press Bulletins {Ohio Sta. Bui. 278 {1914), pp. 407. .)08).— Reprints of press bulletins on the ox-warble fly and dipping tick-infested sheep. Preparation of articles for the Journal of Agricultural Besearch {Wash- ington: U. S. Dept. Agr., 1914. pp. 8). — ^This outlines the general procedure followed in the selection of manuscripts for the Journal, and the rules for their preparation. NOTES Florida Station. — A state plant act was signed by the governor April 30. It carries an appi'opriation of $195,000 for the ensuing biennium, of whicli .$12.5,000 is to be used for citrus canker eradication. Tlie state board of con- trol having charge of the institutions for higher education in Florida has been designated as the plant board to carry out the provisions of the act. It is proposed to organize the work under departments of citrus canker eradication, plant pathology, insect jiests, and nursery inspection. The board is given, authority to cooperate with this Department, the State Department of Agri- culture, the station, and other agricultural agencies. Idaho "University and Station. — Plans for a building to house the department of farm engineering has been approved, and the building v/ill be erected dur- ing the summer. Extensive improvements to Morrill Hall will also be made to increase the facilities of the departments of farm crops and horticulture. The new work of the station includes animal nutrition investigations and ex- periments with silage from crops not as yet commonly grown in the North- west for silage purposes. Both projects are to be carried on cooperatively by the departments of animal husbandry and chemistry. E. P. Taylor has resigned as field horticulturist to engage in private work in Utah. G. J. Downing, assistant horticulturist, has been detailed to take active charge of the project formerly in his charge on the determination of the water requirements of apple crops and the effect of varying amounts of irrigation water on the keeping properties of apples. T. H. Parks has resigned as field entomologist to engage in private work. H. P. Fishburn, assistant professor of agricultural chemistry, has been granted a years leave of absence for graduate work at the University of Chicago. Frank Lafrenz of the class of 1915 will become superintendent of the Sandpoint substation in June. Minnesota University. — Twenty-six courses in agriculture and home economics are announced for the summer session of the college of agriculture. Missouri University and Station. — The department of farm management will conduct a farm survey in several parts of the State during the coming summer. R. IT. Besse has resigned as assistant to the state leader of farm advisers to become state leader of county agents for Wyoming. T. J. Talbert, exten- sion entomologist at the Kansas College, has been appointed extension assistant professor of entomology. Miss Carrie L. Pencost, extension instructor in home economics, and A. H. Hollinger, now assistant in entomology, deputy inspector of nurseries. Montana College and Station. — Leo Faust has been appointed to the state board of education vice O. W. McConnell. C. N. Arnett, professor of animal husbandry in the Iowa College, has been appointed head of the animal hus- bandry department beginning soon after .Tune 1. New Jersey College and Station. — Irving L. Owen, associate agronomist in the fetation and manager of the college farm, has resigned to become county farm demonstrator for Middlesex County and has been succeeded by Charles S. Van Nuis. Miss Marion T. Pleasants, laboratory assistant in bot.lny. and 797 798 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. Willis II. Poar.son, assistant cLieuiist, have resigned. Miss Fannie F. Cooper Las been appointed assistant in extension worls in home economics, and W. Itaymnnd Stone orchard foreman. North Carolina Station. — C. W. Mitchell, of Anlander, has succeeded K. W. Barnes as a nicuilior of the ;iovorning board of the station. North Dakota College and Station. — The recent legislature passed an act which provides for a board of regents to have charge of all of the higher institutions of learning in the State, including the normal schools, liecent appointees to the board of trustees of the college and station include "Walter Reed of Ameuia, F. Kindred of Hillsboro, and August Hanson of Fargo. Ohio State University and Station. — ^Arrangements have now been completed with eight other colleges of the State for the five-year combination arts-agri- cultural course (PI S. li., 30, p. 397), and several other institutions have the plan under consideration. A bill is pending in the legislature for the establishment of a branch experi- ment station on the university fanu with the dean of the college of agriculture as associate director. The bill provides for experimental work in connection with the courses given by the different departments, duplication of the station work at Wooster being avoided. The expenses of the substation would be defrayed from the university fund.?. Dean H. C. Price of the college of agriculture has resigned, effective July 1. George Livingston, assistant professor of agronomy since 1911. has I'esigned to become specialist in grain marketing in the Office of Markets of this Department. Oklahoma Station. — Recent appointments include A. G. Weigel, assistant chemist at the Massachusetts Station as assistant chemist, effective March 1, and D. Glen Morgan as assistant chemist in the feed and fertilizer division. Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition. — J. W. Park, assistant in animal nutrition since 1912, has resigned to accept a position with the Office of Markets of this Department. Virginia Station. — Dr. IT. S. Reed, plant pathologist and bacteriologist since 1908, has resigned to accept a similar position at the Citrus Station at River- side, Cal., and has been succeeded by Dr. F. D. Fromme, assistant botanist at the Indiana Station. Virginia Truck Station. — II. H. Zimmerly, instructor in horticulture in the Pennsylvania College, has been appointed assistant horticulturist beginning June 1. J. A. McClintock has been appointed assistant plant pathologist beginning June 15. Seventh Graduate School of Agrieultiire. — The next session of the Graduiite School of Agriculture, imder the auspices of the xissociation of the American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, will be held at the Massachu- setts Agriculturiil College, Amherst, Mass., in July, 1916. The headquarters of the school will be in the large agricultural building which is now being erected on the campus. Agricultural Education at The Southern Conference for Education and Indus- try.— The Southern Conference for Education and Industry, organized by the merging of the forces represented by the Southern Educational Association and The Conference for Education in the South, held a 4-day meeting at Chatta- nooga, Teun., beginning April 27. The departments and special eoufei'ences of the preceding organizations were organized into a small number of working bodies, such as committees of the Southern Educational Council, and community, agricultural education, grain growers', and live stock, fruit growers', bee culture, marketing, artisans', college, teachers', country church, and teacher training conferences. NOTES. 799 At a joint conference of the college representatives, superintendents, and tciichers, home work with school ci'edit was discussed. The leader of this joint conference, J. F. Marsh, of West Vlrginin. submitted a general home-project plan aiming to give outside activities sullicient cultural value to warrant school credit and thus bring about a closer I'olation between the home and the school. The plan set forth methods for using the home, the garden, the farm, the shop, and the factory as laboratories, thus making the school a factor in community progress. The Southern Educational Council considered (1) whnt the school is, and (2) what it shall undertake. Under these general propositions one of the topics considered was what should be the relation of the country teacher to the home and extension work in agriculture and home making. Among the topics con- sidered by the teachers' conference m:iy be mentioned a plan for making the club an integral part of the work of both town and country schools, including (1) a boys' corn club, (2) a girls' gardening club, (3) an arts and crafts club, with related exercises in reading, writing, drawing, etc. The theme for discussion at the college conference was The lieadjustment of Ideals, Courses, and Methods to Develop Leaders. In discussing The Relation of the College Curriculum to Human Life and Work, Dr. A. C. True, of this Office, said among other things : " In a general way agriculture, mechanic arts, commerce, and the household arts are the general terms under which the industries may be grouped. In the elementary school the child can easily be brought into contact with materials and principles dealt with in the industrial world through simple objective in- struction in nature study, elementary agriculture, wood and metal working, cooking, sewing, playing at store-keeping, etc. In the secondary school he can go further in the technique and principles of the more fundamental arts. In the college he should leam something of the great diversity of the industries, the opportunities they offer for the application of scientific principles and for original research, their relations to each other and to the professions and fine arts, and the economic, sociological, ethical, governmenral and other factors involved in their proper development, or in general their true place and func- tions in the body politic. " In such studies agriculture, the most fundamental of the arts and much more comprehensive la its range of activities and relations than most people think, may well have a prominent place. The narrow way in which most college men, including those brought up on farms, think and speak about agriculture is to me very interesting and deplorable. It seems to mean to them merely the raising of a few crops, e. g., corn, hay or beans, or a few animals, e. g., pigs or cows. They seem never to have considered the wide range of even American agriculture, the many sciences to which it is closely related, the great economic, governmental, and sociological interests involved in the development of our agriculture and our rural communities. Or if they have incidentally thought of some of these things they have little appreciation of their real importance and significauce. And this nai-rowness of outlook of college men pertains also to other industries." Necrology.— Elisha Wilson Morse, editor of the sections of animal production and dairying of Experiment Station Record from 1908-1013, and subsequently engaged in editorial work in the Dairy Division of this Department, died at Washington, D. C, April IS. Professor Morse was born at Brockton, Mass., Axjril 20, 1S66, and attended the Massachusetts Agricultural College for a short time. He was graduated from the Bussey Institution of Harvard Uni- versity in 1S97, and remained there until 1908 as instructor in natural history. 800 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. leaching a wide range of subjects but especially animal husbandry and dairying. In his various activities he acquired an unusual acquaintance with the literature of these subjects, particularly as regards animal nutrition and genetics and the history of domestic animals. He gave a course of lectures at the fourth and fifth Graduate Schools of Agriculture, and his preliminary studies as to the ancestry of domesticated cattle, in which he had become a recognized authority, were published in the report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1910 (E. S. R., 27, p. 172). Henry E. Van Deman, well known for his writings and other activities in pomology, died at Washington, D. C, April 28. Professor Van Deman was the first professor of horticulture at the Kansas College and the first head of the division of pomology of this Department. He resigned in 1S93 to take up horticultural, editorial, and other work and has been a contributor to many periodicals and has served as a judge of exhibitions of fruit in nearly every State. The death in the European War on ]S'ovember 3, 1914, is reported of Otto Maurei", associated about 1911 with the bacteriological studies on eggs at the Kansas Station. He was educated in Germany and the University of Wisconsin and was 26 years of age. Charles H. Martin, who had been working in collaboration with the Roth- amsted Experimental Station on soil protozoa, and had published several contributions on the subject and on the cecal parasites of fowls, was killed iu the European War May 3. Miscellaneous. — The Ohio Agricultural Commission was abolished by the recent legislature, being succeeded by a state board of agriculture of 10 members appointed by the governor to serve without compensation and with an executive secretary. All of the powers of the commission will devolve upon the board except the control of the Ohio Station, for which a separate body is provided, and the agricultural extension work, including farmers' institutes, which is placed in the charge of the Ohio State University. Breeder's Gazette notes that W. G. Scholtz has been appointetl director of farm markets in Idaho under a new law effective May 8. His duty will be to cooperate with producers and consumers in plans of distribution, to investi- gate alleged frauds in the sale of real estate to homeseekers, regulate adver- tising pertaining to colonization, maintain a farm labor employment bureau and lists of farm property for sale for the use of prospective buyers, and otherwise improve farm life conditions. \ ADDITIONAL COPIES OF Tins PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ■WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, Per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, SI / EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Asmtant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and FertiUzersj^; ^^; ^J^lunger. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology -j-^y' ^' g^yo ' Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. Foods and Human Nutrition] H. L. Lang. IC. F. Walton. Zootechny, Dairying, and Diiiry Farming — H. Webster. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. Veterinary MedicinejJJ •^^; ^et^zeI^' LIBRARY Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. NEW VOJt*v.i Agricultural Education— C. H. Lane. »v« AMCAL Indexes— M. D. Moore. ^AKi)jfci«. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXII, NO. 9. Page. Recent work in agricultural science 801 Notes , 900 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — AGROTECHNY. Yearbook of chemistry, edited by Meyer 801 The hydrogen ion concentration, Michaelis 801 The glycerids of fats and oils, IV-VIII, Bomer et al 801 Linseed mucilage, Neville 802 The amount of water-soluble carbohydrates in flaxseed, Van Kampen 802 Studies on enzym action, XII, Falk and Sugiura 803 The thermoregeneration of sucrase, Bertrand and Rosenblatt 803 Relationship between the protein substances of yeast and sucrase, Thomas 803 Soy bean urease. — Effect of dilution, acids, alkalis, and alcohol, Marshall, Jr. 803 The mode of action of urease. Van Slyko, Zacharias, and Cullen 804 Preparation of "neutral" ammoniumcitrate, Eastman and Hildebrand 804 Cause of en-or in precipitation of ammonium-magnesium phosphate, Quartaroli. 804 Determination of phosphorus in fertiUzers and feeds, Dusserro and Chavan 805 The estimation of phosphates in soil extracts, Prescott 805 Determination of carbon in soils and soil extracts, Ames and Gaither 805 Improvement in electrical method of determining salt in soil. Beam and Freak. . 806 A modified Kjeldahl flask for determining soil nitrogen, Noyes 807 Methods for the examination of water, Emnurling 807 Hypotlietical combinations in water anal>si.s, Dole 807 Methods of estimating carbohydrates. — 11, Starch, DaA-is and Daish 807 The chlorin number a new constant for fat, Zlataroff 808 I n CONTENTS. Page. Quantitative estimation of the salt-soluble proteins in wlieat flour, Olson 808 An investigation of tho presence of furfurol in cider vinegar, Anderson 808 Analysis of maple products. — IIF, Range of variation in sirups, Snell and Scott. . 808 The reductase (fermenlalion rtnluctase) tx-st. Dons 809 Manufacture and use of unfennented grape juice, Uusmann 809 Some abnormal factors of so-called farmers' cider vinegars, Diggs 809 Hop investigations 809 METEOROLOGY. ■Report of the chief of the Weather Bureau, 1914 810 Monthly Weather Review 810 Wliy some winters are warm and others cold in east United States, Humphreys. . 811 Predicting minimum temperatures for frost protection. Smith 811 Climate and meteorology of Australia, Hunt 811 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soil erosion in the South, Davis 811 Analysis of Florida muck soils. Rose 811 Geography of the soils of Georgia, Merrill 811 Composition of the soils of the different glacial drift sheets, Alway 812 Soil survey of Orange County, New York, Crabb and Morrison 812 Soil analysis 812 The distribution of swamp land in the Kingdom of Bavaria 812 Studies of an acid soil in Assam, Meggitt 812 The colloid chemistry of humus, Oden 813 Soil colloids and the soil solution, Cameron 813 Soil water in relation to plant growth, Colebatch 813 Effects of variations in moisture content on soil and wheat, Harris 814 The evaporation of water from soil, Keen 815 Partial sterilization of soil by volatile and nonvolatile antiseptics, Buddin 816 Increased nitrate content of a soil subjected to temporary dr>ing, Buddin 817 Ammonification studies with soil fungi, McLean and Wilson 817 A contribution on tlie nitrogen problem, Scheerlinck 818 Soil bacteriological investigations 818 [Soil inoculation] 818 The results of some experiments with farmyard manure. Berry 818 Results of two years' work on London Soil E.xperiment Field, Roberts 819 Peat moors with special reference to the air-nitrogen question, Benetsch 820 The utilization of peat in Italy, Rossi 820 German and other sources of potash supply, Macdowell 820 Investigation of sources of potash in Texas, Phillips 820 Potash from kelp, Cameron 821 Radium as a fertilizer, Hopkins and Sachs 821 Fertihzer inspection 822 AGRICULTUR.\L BOTANY. Plant breeding, Bailey and (Gilbert ". . . . 822 (Enothira graiulijlora of the herbarium of Lamarck, De Vries 822 Experimental variations in Tricholoma midiivi, Matruchot 822 The presence of Orobanchc minor on Pdargonium zonalc, Scheerlinck 822 Parasitic specialization, Heske 822 Chondriosomes in fungi, Janssens 822 Morphology of the barley grain, Mann and Harlan 823 Direct absorption and assimilation of carbohydrates by green plants, Knudson. 823 The chloropliyll compounds of the peach leaf. Reed and Stahl 823 Studies on lycopin and its relations with chlorophyll, Lubiiucnko 824 Absorption and excretion of electrolytes by Lupinus albus, True and Bartlett. 824 Absorption and excretion of electrolytes by Lupinus albus, True and Bartlett. 824 The process of anthocyanin pigment formation. Combes 824 Relation of transpiration to the composition of white pine seedlings. Bums 824 Function of water reserves, du Sablon 825 The translocation of materials in aging leaves. Swart 825 Anatomical structure of roots under abnormal tension, Jaccard 825 Effects of compression on root structure, MolUard 825 CONTENTS. ni Page. Deformation of heath on the seashore, Devaux 825 Monstrosities of germination in cauliflower and cabbage, Dubard and Urbain. . 825 Injury to vegetation by coal tar and other vapors, Ewert 826 Studies on smoke injury to vegetation in Ratibor-Plania, Otto 826 The pathological action of tar on plants, von Gabnay 826 The vegetation of south Florida, Ilarshberger 826 FIELD CROPS. Forage plants and their culture, Piper 827 [Report of] department of agi'onomy 827 The physical characteristics of soils and their grain-producing power, Stempel. . 827 Fertilizers and the production of cereals, Palladius 827 The small grains in Tennessee, Mooers 827 Turf, Hutchinson 828 Grading and baling Philippine fibers, Edwards 828 Description of the standard grades of abacd (Manila hemp), Saleeby 828 The rejuvenation of depleted abacd fields, Nickles * 828 Alfalfa farming in America, Wing .• 828 Alfalfa culture, Jennings, Burley, and F'airfield 828 Alfalfa, Clarke 828 Fertilizer experiments with beans in the valley of Mexico, Calvino 828 Bur clover seed; means of hastening their germination, Duggar and Tisdale. . . 829 Anatomical coefficients of maize, its height and nitrogen content, Moskvichev. 829 Effect of the submersion of corn, Marchettano 829 Fertilizer experiments with maize, Calvino 829 The modern cultivation of corn, Dominguez 829 Cotton cultivation in the West Indies, Nowell and Ballou 829 [Cotton experiments], Macdonald 829 Preliminary work with hybrids of cotton, Herrmann 829 Influence of some chemical reagents on sprouting of potato tubers, Nicklisch. . 829 Group classification aJid varietal descriptions of American potatoes, Stuart. . . . 830 Improvement of the seed potato, Martinet 830 Utilization of potatoes in Europe, Skinner 830 On the pollination and crossing of rice, Ikeno 830 The correlatiA^e relations of the internodes of a stalk, Plahn-Appiani 830 [Soy beans], Gill 830 Spacing experiments in sugar beet cultivation in Hungary in 1913, von Jancso. . 830 Drilling fertilizer experiments with sugar beets in Hungary in 1913, Gydrfds. . 830 [Seedling canes and manurial experiments], d'Albuquerque and Bovell 831 [Fertilizer on sugar cane], Easterby 831 Experiments and ol^servations on Helianthv^ annuus, Satsyperov 831 Sweet clover, Cunningham 831 Sweet clover, Cook 831 Deli tobacco, a mixture of races, based on differences in leaf-breadth. Honing. 831 Experiments on the manuring of turnips in 1909, 1910, and 1911, Wyllie 832 Correlation and variability relations in wheat, Oetken 832 The flowering and pollination of some forms of spring wheat, Shitkowa 832 Spacing, depth of seeding, and tillering in spring wheat, Rabomnova 832 Wheat production in Georgia, Fain and Vanatter 833 Washington wheats, Schafer and Gaines 833 Nitrogen content of the wheats of southeastern Russia, Tuliakov 833 A new sterilization stopper and method of storing seeds, Plaut 833 Seed inspection 833 Forty years of seed control work, Heinrich 833 Thirty-sixth report of Swiss Seed Control and Experiment Station, Stebler 833 Weeds of barley fields in the forest area of European Russia, Malteev 833 HORTICULTURE. How to send living plant material to America, Fairchild 833 The use of hotbeds and cold frames on the farm, Dacy 834 The farmer's vegetable garden, Werner 834 Inheritance and selection by vegetative propagation of garlic, Vogler 834 Orchard and garden spraying. Crane 834 Spraying calendar for 1915, Melander and George 834 [Report on the] section of fruit breeding 834 rV CONTENTS. Page. Pruning, Morris 835 Effect ol" various dressings on pruning wounds of fruit trees, Howe 835 Pruning wounds need no protection, Hall 835 Soils of Massacluisctts and Connecticut for apples and peaches. Wilder 835 Eliminating unproCitablc trees from the apple orchard, Fletcher 836 Further experiments in dusting and spraying apples, Reddick and Crosby. . . . 836 Dusting tlie apple orchard, Reddick 837 Inifluencc of the axillary shoot on the peach, Manaresi and Draghetti 837 Native American species of Prunus, Wight 837 Pruning stone fruits, Whipple 837 Ampelographical studies, Marques de Carvalho 838 Olive culture and production of olive oil in Austria, Slaus-Kantschieder 838 The loquat, Condit 838 Mamirial experiments on cacao, 1913-14, De Verteuil 838 The composition of the coffee V)erry and its relation to manuring, Anstead 838 Thenewgenus,Fortunella, comprising four species of kumquat oranges. Swingle. 838 Windbreaks, hedges, and ornamentals for eastern Oregon, Allen 839 Flower gardens. — A selected list of books 839 The care of house plants 839 Geraniums 839 FORESTRY. [Report of] forestry investigations, Cheyney 839 Forest conditionsof Mississippi 840 Possibilities of municipal forestry in New York, Brown ' 840 The height growth of trees, Bernbeck 840 Growth studies in forest trees. — II, Pinus strobus, Brown 840 Forest fires; their prevention and control, Lundberg 840 Forest valuation, Chapman 840 Forest products of Canada, 1913. — Lumber, lath, and shingles, Lewis et al 841 Tests of wood preservatives, Wei.ss and Teesdale 841 DISEASES OP PLANTS. Annual report of botanical experiment station at Proskau for 1913, Ewert 841 Observations on diseases in nursery and orchard, Schindler 842 Recent studies at the Agricultural Botanical Institute at Munich, Hiltncr 842 Second contribution to the mycological flora of Tunis, Maire 842 New species of CoUetotrichum and Phoma, O'Gara 842 The control of root knot, Bessey and Byars 842 The conidial form of Ophiobolus herpotrichus, Voges 843 Control of stem rust of rye, Miiller and Molz 843 Leaf spot of beans, Appel 843 Eggplant rots. Wolf 843 Further studies on the spread and control of hop mildew, Blodgett 843 Stem rot of sweet potato. Barter and Field 844 Black rot, shed burn, and stem rot of tobacco, Johnson 844 The yellow blight of the tomato, George 844 Fire blight, Cardiff 844 Life history of a new species of Sphserella, Higgins 844 Roncet of grape, Bernatsky 844 [Two fungus parasites of conifers in Scotland], Somerville 844 Withortip of iir in Sweden, Lagerberg 844 The mode of infection of larch canker and means of preventing it, Hiley 844 A disease of pine shoots 845 A leaf cast of pines in Sweden, Lagerberg 845 A disease of oaks in Westphalia, Hey 845 A timber rot accompanying Hymenochxte rubiginosa, Brown 845 Studies in dry rot, V, Wehmer 845 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Handbook of medical entomologj'-, Riley and Johannsen 846 Entomology, or the study of insects, and its importance. Tucker 846 Habits and instincts of insects, Renter 846 Cyanid of potassium in trees 846 CONTENTS. V Page. [Report of] department of entomolos:}', Withycombe 846 Report on injurious insects in Finland, 1911 and 1912, Renter 847 Report of the imperial pathological entomologist, Howlett 847 [Annual report of the government entomologist of Uganda], Gowdey 847 Proceedings of the German Association, edited by Escherich and Schwangart. . 847 Insect enemies of the beet root in the south of France, Picard 848 Insect enemies of locusts in Ruasia. — I, Coleopterous enemies, Portchinsky... 848 The pea thrips, Gaumont and Vuillet 848 Maine aphids of the rose family. Patch 848 The woolly apple aphis. Baker 848 The host plants and habits of Aphis nimicis, Davidson 849 Preliminary notes on damage to apples by capsid bugs. Fryer 849 Life history and habits of pear thrips in California, Foster and Jones 850 The San Jos6 scale and its control, Quaintance 850 The San Jos6 scale insect (^Aspidiotus peniioiosus) , Melander 850 Monograi)h of tlie bombycme moths of North America, II and III, Packard. . . 850 A new phycitid injurious to pine, Dyar 850 Caterpillars attacking oaks, with account of spraying with lead chromate,Deakin . 850 Control of the gipsy moth, O'Kane 850 Causes and symptoms of flacherie and polyhedral disease, Fischer 851 Biological notes on the larva of Tipula oleracea in the spring of 1914, D^soil. . . 851 Ceratopogoninse sucking the blood of other insects, Knab 851 A new tachinid parasite of Diapheromera femorata, Walton 851 Lucilia scricata attacking a live calf, Hudson 851 Two new species of Strepsiptera parasitic on cane insects, Pierce 851 Effect of turpentine and paraffin on germination of turnip seed, Corbett 851 Alfalfa attacked by the clover-root curculio, Webster 851 The cotton boll w«evil in Cuba, Wolcott 852 A braconid parasite on the pine weevil, llylohius abietis, Munro 852 Revision of North American species of Habrobracon, Cushman 852 Descriptions of new chalcid flies, Girault 852 Some notes on Xylebonis fomicatus (shot-hole borer), Rutherford 852 Descriptions of two parasitic Hymenoptera, Rohwer 852 Third annual report of state bee inspector of Iowa for 1914, Pellett 852 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Fricks 853 Mites of the genus Tarsonemus causing disease on Gramineae, Corbett 853 A revision of the cestode family Proteocephalidae, La Rue 853 POODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Lectures on food chemistry, compiled by Kerp 854 A study of foods, Wardall and White 854 The food industry, edited by von Buchka 854 New food preparations, Wagner 854 The egg from the point of \ievr of nutrition, Delaye 854 [Examination of shellfish] 854 Notes on flour, Thomson 855 Bulbs of very doubtful value as food. Murphy 855 Comparative cooking qualities of some Oregon apples, Milam and Gardner 855 Honey and its uses in the home. Hunt and Atwater 855 Ice cream 856 Mat6 tea, Brieger 856 Drugs 856 Miscellaneous food materials 856 Value and purpose of animal experimentation in meat examination, Miiller. . . 856 The bacteriology of paper dishes, Dudderidge 856 A study of fruit jar caps, Stapp 856 Experiments in cheap catering. Sellers 856 A shop-girls' restaurant. Sellers 857 Food for polar explorers 857 The diet of working men and the principles of nutrition, Hirschfeld 857 What are the proximate principles in nutrition? Hough 857 The use of boiled milk in infant feeding, Dennett 857 Tri-calcium phosphate as a bone former for nursing infants, Schloss and Frank . 857 Etiology of beri-beri with reference to phosphorus metabolism, Schaumann. . . 858 Etiology of beri-beri, II, Schaumann 858 Review of literature of phosphorus in metabolism, Forbes and Keith 858 VI CONTENTS. Page. Value of the calcium balance as an index of calcium metabolism, Schoorl 858 Influence of melting point of fats on rate of leaving the stomach, von Fejer 858 Contributions to the physiology of the stomach. — XXI, Carlson 858 The ferments of the pancreas, III, Melknby and Woolley 858 The ferments of the pancreas, IV, Mellauby and Woolley 859 Influence of sugar injections on heat regulation, Freund and Schlagintweitt. . . 859 The influence of salts on respiratory metabolism. Milder 860 Metabolism under decreased partial pressure of oxygen breathed, Bache 860 The kinetic system, Crile 860 Respiration incubator for study of energy metabolism of infants, Murlin 860 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Live stock genetics 860 I Bibliography on animal breeding] 860 'repotency, Wentworth 861 Variability of cattle, Reimers 861 Effect of lead on germ cells of male rabbit and fowl, Cole and Bachhuber 861 The ovarian factor in recurrence of estrus cycle, Marshall and Runciman 861 Studies in the blood relationship of animals. III, Thompson 861 Studies in the blood relationship of animals, IV, Briggs 861 Weights of newborn calves, sheep, goats, and pigs, Richter and Baurer 862 Texas feeding stuffs; their composition and utilization, Fraps 862 Sugar as a feed stuff, Lehmann 862 [Fish as a cattle food] 862 The use of fish as cattle food, Wood 862 The question of the digestibility of turf, Goy 862 [Analyses of feed stuffs]. Rose 862 Commercial feeds, Pickel 862 [Report of] department of animal husbandry 862 Efficiency for growth of nitrogen of alfalfa hay and corn. Hart et al 863 Steer- feeding experiments, Tomhave and Hickman 864 Cotton-seed meal for feeding beef cattle. Ward 865 Jersey-Angus cattle, Kuhlman 865 Shorthorn cattle in Missouri, Cowan 865 The present status of the cattle industry in Canada, Arkell 865 Cattle raising in the Belgian Kongo, Kolbe 865 The value of castration of Deccan bullocks. Knight 865 The breeds of sheep of the central Pyrenees, Girard 866 Corriedale sheep in United States 866 The sheep-killing dog, Mc\Miorter 866 The age of goats according to their teeth, Scheunpflug 866 The digestibility of maize consumed by swine, Guernsey and Evvard 866 [Swine-feeding experiments], Popp and Felling 867 The swine-raising industry in Canada, Spencer 867 Swine, Day 868 The breeds of horses in Norway, Wriedt 868 [Report of] poultry section 868 [Report of] poultry husbandry department 868 Experiments on egg laying in different breeds of poultry 868 Winter egg production, Whitaker 869 How to care for the little chick, Andrews 869 Experimental studies of hvbridization among ducka and pheasants, Phillips. . 869 Hints on goose culture, W*nitaker 869 Factors affecting weight, composition, and hatchability of hen eggs, Atwood . . 869 Relation of chemical composition of eggs to \atality of the chick. Cross 869 An abnormal hen's egg, Chidester 870 The interior quality of market eggs, Benjamin 870 The community egg circle, Bassett and Kerr 870 Sodium silicate as an egg preservative 870 Fur farming in Canada, Jones et al 870 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Dairy farming, Reed 870 Dairying in Switzerland, Wright 870 On the importance of meadows and pastures for the dairy establishment, Laxa . . 870 CONTENTS. VII Page. Efficiency for milk of nitrogen of alfalfa and corn, Hart and Humphrey 871 Feeding experiment with niilrh cows, or the value of beer yeast, Ilennor 871 Effect of repeated injections of pituitrine on milk secretion, Simpson and Hill. . 871 A Danish cow testing association, Dunne 871 Rules and regulations go\erning the operation of the Babcock test 871 Coming standards of market milk, Nol)le 871 The bacteriological control of public milk supplies, Frost 871 Bacteriological inquiry on sterile milk sold in Brussels, Kufferath 872 Streptococcus lacticus and the acid formed in milk and cream, lleinemann 872 Milk poisoning due to a t>-pe of Staphi/Iococcus alhits in a healthy cow, Barber. 872 Premature curdling of milk during a thunderstorm, Wernicke 873 Clarification of milk, Wright 873 Cows' milk for infants in Saxony, Thompson 873 Goat's milk and its uses 873 Making whey butter at Cheddar cheese factories, Sammis 873 Ice cream standards, Barney 873 Effects of condensing and drying processes in preservation of milk, Delepine. . 873 Experiments relating to the creamery and dairy, Burr 874 Rei)ort [of] marketing conference held in Chicago, October 29, 1914 874 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Farm animals in health and disease, Machens 874 Collected papers of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine 874 Biology of the blood cells with a glossary of hematological terms, Gruner 874 Comments on Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary, Motter and Wilbert 875 Biological products 875 The formation of antibodies in rats fed on pure vegetable proteins, Hektoen. . . 875 Serodiagnosis of pregnancy, Abderhalden and Fodor 875 Diagnosis of pregnancy in horses, cows, and goats hj^ dialysis, Rehbock 875 Use of Abderhalden's test for diagnosing pregnancy in animals, Schattke 875 Experience with the Abderhalden serum test for pregnancy, Rosenbloom 875 Specificity of placental proteins in skin reactions, Falls and Bartlett 875 Protective value of aqueous extract (Hiss) of leucocytes, Youland, Jr 876 Intraspinal injections of serums wdth and without preservatives, Auer 876' Presence of agglutinins for Micrococcus melitensis in serum, Kennedy 876 Revised regulations for diseases affecting live stock in Georgia, 1912, Bahnsen. 876 Foot-and-mouth disease, Proescher 876 Foot-and-mouth disease and the number of live stock 877 Foot-and-mouth disease, Melvin and Mohler 877 [Foot-and-mouth disease in] the National Dairy Show cattle, Spann 877 Tick paralysis, Todd _ 877 Is detection of tubercle bacilli in the blood of value in diagnosis? Baetge 878 Determination of tubercle bacilU in the urine, Gautier 878 Tuberculous infection in children, Eastwood and Griffith 878 Distribution of tuljerculous infection in children, Griffith 878 Analysis of the reaction to tuberculin, Klemperer 879 An aid to prognosis in pulmonary tuberculosis, Metzger and Watson 879 Curative tests against tuberculosis, Velasko 880 The destruction of the vitality of Cysticercus bovis by freezing. Ransom 880 Division of veterinary science, Reynolds 880 The standardization of antihog-cholera eerum, Haslam and Franklin 880 A contrilnition to the slioat tyi^hoid (Ferkeltyjihus) problem, Weidlich 881 The present state of knowledge of swine fever. Greenwood, Jr 881 Sacks as earners of swine fever, Tutt 881 Report on investigation of infectious anemia of the horse 881 The use of artificial sera for strangles in horses, Sustmann 882 The pathology of pseudotuberculosis of rodents, Messerschmidt and Keller 882 RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation development in Montana, Harding 882 Drilling 30-inch wells for irrigation. Park 882 Solving the silt problem, Hill 882 Water for irrigation and stock, Briinnich 883 Economical duty of pumps. Carter 883 Keclaiming overflowed landd along Big Black River, Miesissippi, Jones et aL . . 883 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Reclamation of the swamp and ovorflowcd lands of North Carolina, Pratt 884 Preventing erosion in Piedmont drainage districts 884 Topographic Burveys for drainage difitricts, Iknvman 884 Cost of excavating drainage ditches with Bteam and electric machines 884 tSul)Soiling demonstration witli explosives, Turner 884 Location and construction of liighways in mountain country, Harris 884 Bituminous macadam roads in Rhode Island, Patterson 884 Standard email culverts recommended Vjy the Illinois Highway Commission. . . 884 Steel l)ridge standards of the Iowa Higlnvay Commission, Kelley 884 Experiments on road dust prevention, Thain 884 Ontario liiglnvay laws : 885 Notes on the tests of some large reinforced concrete pipe, Schlick 885 Farm surveying. Smith 885 Alcohol as fuel, Jenkins 885 Electricity in rural districts, AMiite 885 Small motor applications for farm work, Rohrer 885 Farm experience with the tractor, Yerkes and Mowry 886 An efficient alfalfa ditcher, Lampson and Hunter 888 The trade in agricultural machines in France, Coupan 888 How to erect small concrete farm buildings 888 The wooden hoop eilo, Zinn 888 The shower-hath system of sheep dipping 888 A house for sixty hens, J'rudden 888 Air-cooled apple storage houses, Hutt 888 [Construction of creameries and cheese factories], Farriugton and Beukendorf.. 889 The disposal of creamery sewage, Farrington and Davis, Jr 889 Design of two residential sewage treatment plants, Greeley 890 RURAL ECONOMICS. Needs of American farm women] 890 Economic history of the United States, Bogart 891 York State rural problems, II, Bailey 891 [Problems of production in agriculture]. Hall. 891 Ownership, teniu'e, and taxation of land, Whittaker 891 Land revenue, administration, and tenures in British India, Noyce 891 Cooperation in agriculture, marketing, and rural credit, Austin and "Wehrwein. . 892 Rural credits, Henick and Ingalls 892 How farmers may improve their personal credit, Thompson 892 Cotton crop mortgage credit, Bennett 892 Farm credit in \\ isconsin, Hibbard and Robotka 892 The Jewish Agiicultural and Industrial Aid Society 893 [Societies for agricultural production and distribution] 893 [Organization of creameries and cheese factories], Farrington and Benkendorf . . 893 Farm records and accounts, Currier 893 The agricultural outlook ■ 893 Thirty-second annual report of chamber of commerce, Minneapolis, Minn. , 1914 . 894 Report of the Board of Grain Commissioners for Canada 894 Llonogi'aphs relating to conditions in rural parishes of Portugal 894 Agiiculture in Egj'pt] 894 Agiiculture in Madagascar] 894 Agriculture in Java and Madura] 894 Agriculture in Japan] ; 894 Expenditure for living in urban and country districts in Australia], Knibbs. . 894 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Progress of agricultural education in 1912-13, Jenks and Lane 895 [Contributions to the history of the New York State College of Agriculture] 895 Record of the alumni of the Kansas State Agricultural College 895 Preliminary outline of courses in agriculture for North Carolina, Hodson 895 Division of agricultiu^l extension, Wilson 895 The Oka Agricultural Institute, Liguori 895 Report of the schools' division of the experimental union, McCready 896 School gardens 896 The third continuation course in forestry at Heidelberg 896 The General Education Board, 1902-1914 896 CONTENTS. IX Page. Agricultural teaching _ 896 Use of land by hi^li schools teaching^ agriculture, Stimson 896 Use of land in agricultural teaching in elementary schools, Ivins 896 Agricultural education for teachers, Bricker 897 Courses in agriculture for the secondary schools of Texas, Doughty et al 897 Course of study in agriculture and domestic science for rural schools 897 [Agriculture and home economics in schools of New Hampshire], Wliitcher. . . 897 Helps for domestic science work in seventh and eighth grades 897 Fundamentals of physics, chemistrj', and Vjacteriology in agriculture, Miller. . 898 Principles and practice of plant propagation, Howard 898 Program of County Organization Day for boys' corn club, Duncan and Kerlin. . 898 Elementary flora of the Northwest, Frye and Rigg 898 The story of a kernel of corn, Nolan 898 An industrial study of cotton in the eighth grade, Gist 898 Seed collections, Comstock 898 Rope and its uses. Burger 898 Preparation of teachers for nature study and civic biology, Hodge 898 Birds and nature study, Trafton 898 Directions for field studies in agricultural nature-study, Trafton 898 Suggestions for winter nature-study, Reynolds and Trafton 899 Indian school gardens in eastern Oklahoma, Brown 899 School gardening in Portland, Oregon, Joyce 899 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-second Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1914 899 Twenty-seventh Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1914 899 Report of Oregon Station, 1913-14, Withycombe 899 Report of Eastern Oregon Branch Experiment Station, 1913-14, Withycombe. . 899 Annual report on work under the local experiment law in 1914, Duggar 899 List of bulletins 899 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Alabama College Station: Page- Circ. 29, Sept., 1914 829 Circ. 30, Dec, 1914 898 Circ. 31, Feb., 1915 899 California Station: Bill . 250, Mar . , 1915 838 Circ. 87 (reprint) 828 Illinois Station: Bui. 177, Jan., 1915 821 Kansas Station: Circ. 44 831 Circ. 45, Jan., 1915 870 Kentucky Station: Results of Two Years' Work on London Soil Experiment Field... 819 Louisiana Stations: Crop Pest Notice 3, Feb., 1915. 846 Maine Station: Bui. 233, Nov., 1914 848 Off. Insp. 61 856 Off. Insp. 62, Oct., 1914 822 Off. Insp. 63, Nov., 1914 856 Off. Insp. 64, Dec, 1914 833 Off. Insp. 65, Dec. 1914 856 Off. Insp. 66, Jan., 1915 854 Minnesota Station: Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1914. 812, 834, 839, 868, 870, 880, 895, 899 Montana Station: Bui. 103, Jan., 1915 882 Circ. 43, Feb., 1915 893 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 270, June 1, 1914 817 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 351, Sept., 1914 812 Bui. 352, Sept., 1914 814 Bui. 353, Nov., 1914 870 Bui. 354, Jan., 1915 836 Twenty-seventh An. Rpt. 1914 899 New York State Stations: Bui. 395, Feb., 1915 843 Bui. 396, Feb., 1915 835 North Carolina Station: Bui. 228, Aug., 1914 888 North Dakota Station: Circ. 5, Feb., 1915 834 Ohio Station: Bui. 5, tech. ser., Mar., 1914. . 858 Oregon Station: Bui. 124, Feb., 1915 855 Bui. 125, Feb., 1915 839 Rpt. 1913-14 809, 812, 818, 827, 846, 862, 868, 899 Rpt. East. Oreg. Sta. 1913-14. 899 z Stations in the United States — Continued. Pennsylvania Station: Page. Bui. 133, Nov., 1914 864 Tennessee Station: Bui. 112, Jan., 1915 827 Texas Station: Bui. 170, Nov., 1914 862 Washington Station: Bui. 121, Feb., 1915 833 Popular Bui. 76, Dec, 1914... 869 Popular Bui. 77, Jan., 1915. . . 834 Popular Bui. 78, Jan., 1915. . . 850 Popular Bui. 79, Feb., 1915. . . 835 Popular Bui. 80, Feb,. 1915.. . 844 Popular Bui. 81, Feb., 1915... 888 Popular Bui. 82, Mar., 1915. . . 844 Popular Bui. 83, Mar., 1915. . . 869 West Virginia Station: Circ. 8, June, 1914 888 Circ. 9, June, 1914 869 Circ. 10,, May, 1914 899 Circ. 11, July, 1914 869 Circ. 12, Aug,. 1914 834 Circ. 13, Feb., 1915 834 Circ. 14, Mar., 1915 831 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 244, Mar., 1915 889, 893 Bui. 245, Feb., 1915 889 Bui. 246, Jan., 1915 873 Bui. 247, Jan., 1915 892 Research Bui. 32, June, 1914 . . 844 Research Bui . 33, June, 1914 . 863, 871 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Bui. 140, Soils of Massachusetts and Connecticut with Especial Referenc9 to Apples and Peaches, H.J. Wilder 835 Bui. 145, Tests of Wood Preserv-a- tives, H. F. Weiss and C. H. Teesdale 841 Bui. 173, The Life History and Habits of the Pear Thnps in California, S. W. Foster and P. R. Jones 850 Bui. 174, Farm Experience with the Tractor, A. P. Yerkes and H. H.Mowr^' 886 Bui. 176, Group Clasaificationa and Varietal Descriptions of Some American Potatoes, W. Stuart 830 Bui. 179, Native American Species of Prunus, W . F. Wight 837 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. XI U. S. Department of Agriculture — Coiitd. Page. Bui. 180, Soil Erosion in the South, R. O. E. Davis 811 Bui. 181, A Report on the Methods and Cost of Rechiiininji; Over- flowed Lands Along the Big Black River, Miss., L. A. Jones, W.J. Schlick, and C. E. Ramser. 883 Bui. 183, Morphology of the Barley Grain with Reference to its Enzym-secreting Areas, A. Mann and H. V. Harlan 823 Farmers' Bui. 644, Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape Juice, G. C. Husmann 809 Farmers' Bui. 648, The Control of Root-knot, E. A. Bessey and L. P. Byars 842 Farmers' Bui. 649, Alfalfa Attacked by the Clover-root Curculio, F. M. Webster 851 Farmers' Bui. 650, The San Jos^ Scale and its Control, A; L. Quaintance 850 Farmers' Bui. 651, The Agricul- tural Outlook 877, 893 Farmers' Bui. 652, The Sheep- killing Dog, V. O. McWhorter. . 862 Farmers' Bui. 653, Honey and its Uses in the Home, Caroline L. Hunt and Helen W. Atwater 855 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Paec. Farmers' Bui. 654, How Farmers May Improve Their Personal Credit, C. W. Thompson 892 Farmers' Bui. 655, Cottonseed Meal for Feeding Beef Cattle, W. F. Ward 865 Farmers' Bui. 656, The Community Egg Circle, C. E. Baseett and W.H.Kerr 870 Rpt. 100, Potash from Kelp, F. K. Cameron 821 Rpt. 101, The Woolly Apple Aphis, A. C. Baker 848 Rpt. 103, Social and Labor Needs of Farm Women 890 Rpt. 104, Domestic Needs of Farm Women 890 Rpt. 105, Educational Needs of Farm Women 890 Rpt. 106, Economic Needs of Farm Women 890 Bureau of Plant Industry: How to Send liiving Plant Material to America, D. Fairchild 833 W^eather Bureau: Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 42, Nos. 11-12, Nov.-Dec, 1914.. 810, 811 Rpt. 1914 810 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUIiLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, $1 V EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXII. Abstract Number. No. 9. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Yearbook of chemistry, edited by R. Metcr (Jahrb. Chem., 23 (1913), pp. Z//+6//2).— A retrospect of the more important progress made in the realm of pure and applied chemistry during 1913, including among others sections on Physical Chemistry, by II. Freundlich ; Inorganic Chemistry, by K. A. Hof- mann; Organic Chemistry, by E. Hjelt; Physiological Chemistry, by P. Rona; Pharmaceutical Chemistry, by H. Beckurts ; Chemistry of Foods and Condi- ments, by H. Beckurts; Agricultural Chemistry, by A. Morgeu and C. Beger; Technology of Sugars, by A. Herzfeld and K. Zabliusky ; Tlie Fermentation Industry and Starch Manufacture, by M. Delbriick and O. Mohr; Fats, Waxes, and Mineral Oils, by D. Holde; and Tanning, by M. Nierenstein. The hydrogen ion concentration, L. Michaelis (Die Wasscrstofflonen- Konzentration. Berlin: Julius Springer, 19U, pp. XIIl+210, figs, .^i).— This deals with the significance of the hydrogen ion concentration for biology and sets forth in detail the methods of measuring it. It is divided into three parts, namely, theoretical significance of tlie hydrogen figure, the hydrogen figure of various fluids in the living organism, and the measuring of the hydrogen figure. The volume is the first of a series of monographs intended to cover the field of plant and animal physiology. It is issued by M. Gildemeister, E. Godlewski. C. Neuberg, F. Czapek, and J. Parnas, and edited by the two last named. Contribution to our knowledge of the glycerids of fats and oils. — IV-VIII, A. BoMEB ET AL. {ZtscJir. TJntcrsucli. Nahr. u. Gcnussintl., 25 (1013), No. 6, pp. 321-S86, figs. 2; 26 (1913), No. 10, pp. 569-61S, figs. 10; 21 {19L'f), No. 1-3, pp. 153-172, figs. 2). — By repeated fractional solution in ether, pure glycerids of saturated fatty acids were obtained from lard. Tristearln, present in beef and mutton fat, was absent in lard. The insoluble glycerid of lard is not hepta- decyldistearin as believed by Kreis and Hafner (E. S. R., 16, p. 332) but is a palmityldi.stearin. It differs in its melting point and crystalline structure from the palmityldistearin noted in mutton tallow, and in all probability exists in the two as the a and /3 forms. Lard also contains a dipalmitylstearin but whether this is identical or iso- meric with a stearyldipalniitin present in mutton tallow could not be estab- lished. The melting point of .stearyldii)almitin and a-iialniityldistearin was not affected by melting the crystals. In the lards examined the amount of stearyl- dipalniitin was about 2 per cent and of a-palmityldistearin about 3 per cent 801 802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In the preparation of a-disterimental results draw attention once more to the use of the term " soluble carbohydrates " in connection with feeding stuffs. In the usual routine analysis of feeds many different compounds are grouped under this heading and are necessarily assigned one feeding value. The amount of water-soluble carbohydrates in flaxseed, G. R. Van Kampen (Landw. Vers. Stat., S3 {1914), ^'o. 5-6, pp. Jt71--',76).—The sugar content of flaxseed and linseed cake was determined. The amounts found in the seeds varied from 2 to 2.5 per cent and the cake coming therefrom contained about 3 to 4 per cent. The sugar may come from either the glucosids or mucilage present in the seed but only glucose could be detected. Sugar could be detected in the flaxseed coat with copper sulphate and potassium hydroxid. On heating a section of the seed a precipitation of cuprous oxid was very noticeable. The deposition of copper oxid was found to be of less degree in the parenchymatous and sclerenchymatous cells and absent in the innermost parts of the endosperm and the cotyletlon. From the fact that the greater part of the sugar is found in the seed coat and is lost through germination, it is concluded that it does AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 803 iiot serve as a resei'vo mnteriiil. The irsultH also have a direct practical bearlnj; in deterniiiiiiij; \vlietlier a molasses feed with a liaseed base has added sugar or not. A reaction for j)rotein was jjiven in the cotyledons, and it was very definite in the aleurone grains. Studies on enzym action. — XII, The esterase and lipase of castor beans, K. G. Falk and K. Si'ciura (Jour. Ainvr. Clinn. ,S'oo., 37 {1915}, No. 1, pp. 217-230). — The results regarding extraction, describely between 'reverted' and 'available' phosphate by means of neutral am- monium citrate solution." Cause of error in the precipitation of ammonium-magnesium phosphate in the presence of ammonium citrate, A. Quartaroli {Staz. Sper. Agr. Itah, JfG {1913), No. 5, pp. 322-328). — It is believed by some that ammoniuni-jn.'ig- nesium phosphate is not entirely insoluble in a strong solution of ammonia, and that danger also exists of the i)recipitation of magnesium oxyeitrate. In these investigations it is shown that when either ferric chlorid or aluminic chlorid ".Tour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 35 (1913), Nos. 7, pp. 847-871, figs. 15; 10, p. 1538. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 805 is present the precipitation of anmioniuiii-nuinnosiiini ]tliosphate is suuiewliat inhibited. Investigations on the determination of phosphorus in fertilizers and feeding stuffs, C. Dusserbe and P. Ciiavan {Mitt. Lcbcnsm. Uniersuch. u. llyg., Schwciz. (l.smUitnamt.. ^ {1013), No. //, /)/;. 261-267; abs. in Clicm. Ztg., 37 {1913). Ko. S7. p. S77).— It is statotl that tlio romborton method (E. S. R.. 0. p. SG5), when slightly modified, yields results which are comparable with the method usually used, and is ra[)id, inexpensive to conduct, and has other great advantages. As a result of determining the phosphorus content of meadow hay from various lots harvested in different years, it is said that of each 100 parts of phosphorus from 4 to 9 parts are present as phosphatids, 55 to 74 parts in inorganic combination and as phytin, and 21 to 40 parts as nucleoproteins. By fertilizing with phosphorus the yield and i)hosphorus content of the plant ere increasetl, especially that inorganically combined and the phytin fraction. For determining phosphorus in organic substances (hay extracts) Neumann's method is recommended, but it yielded higher results than the ashing method. The estimation of phosphates in soil extracts, J. A. Pbescott {Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 111-120). — A series of experiments made with the object of determining the best conditions under which the Pemberton procedure may be used. The method fiually adopted, inclusive of reagents, is as follows : Reagents — concentrated ammonium nitrate, 500 gm. of ammonium nitrate, in 1 liter of water; ammonium mo-lybdate solution, 150 gm. ammonium molj-bdate dissolved in 1,000 cc. of water and poured into 1,000 cc. of nitric acid (specific gravity 1.2) ; 2 per cent sodium nitrate. "A measured volume of soil extract containing 5 to 10 mg. P:Os is evaporated to dryness on a gently heated sand bath and the residue ignited at a dull red heat for 15 minutes, as in Neubauer's method. The residue is taken up with 50 cc. of 10 per cent sulphuric acid and digested for half an hour on a sand bath. The extract is diluted if necessary, filtered, and the residue washed with hot water; filtrate and washings amounted to 110 cc. This procedure is found to extract all the phosphate, when the amount of the original solution is not more than 100 cc. in the case of an HCl extract. For soil extracts containing much silica it is necessary to heat the residue from the evaporation for two hours at 120° to 160°, the silica interfering otherwise with the subsequent manipulations. " To the solution prepared as above, 25 cc. of the concentrated ammonium nitrate is added and the mixture brought to 55°. Twenty-five cc. of the am- monium molybdate, previously brought to the same temperature, is then added and the mixture stirred, allowed to cool, and filtered after standing two hours. The supernatant liquid is decanted through a filter paper and the precipitate washeer cent salt solution." An investig'ation of the presence of furfurol in cider vinegar, Agnes A. Anderson (Jour. Indus, and Engln. Chcm., 6 (1914), No. 3, pp. 214, 215). — Pure cider vinegar may contain furfurol as a natural constituent ; therefore its pres- ence can not be taken as indicating that either wood acetic acid or caramel has been added. Cider vinegars may give a test for caramel by the Ronuet method without containing furfurol or added caramel ; hence the method is not reliable. The analysis of maple products.- — III, The range of variation of analytical values in g-enuine maple sirups, J. F. Snell and J. M. Scott (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm.. 6 (1914), No. 3, pp. 216-222). — Continuing the work pre- viously noted (E. S. R.. 31, p. 611), the author reports the results of examining 126 samples of genuine Canadian maple sirup. The range of conductivity value, in these sirups is determined for 20° and 25° C, and the range of the various analytical values in genuine maple sirups is compared with reference to the.se results and to those of Bryan (E. S. R., 24, p. 266), Jones (E. S. R., 17, p. 1038), and McGill (E. S. R., 26, p. 661). " The values of narrowest range are the conductivity value, the alkalinity of the soluble ash. the weight of the total ash. and the Winton lead number. A scheme of rapid analysis is proposed, embracing determinations of the afore- said values and of the Canadian lead number." •Jour, rrakt. Chem., 33 (1886), No. 1-2, pp. 154-160. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 809 The reductase (fermentation reductase) test, R. Dons (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt.. JfO (IHIJ,), A'o. IS, pp. i:i2-lM; nU. in licrUn. Tirrdrztl. Wrhnschr., 30 (J9J.'/), No. 22, p. 3S8). — The author eoncludos that the reductase test can not serve as a substitute for the counting (plat in?;) of micro-organisms. In the decolorization of the dye the organisms grown at 38° C. were very active, and the results varied with pure cultures according to whether raw, pasteurized, or sterilized milks were tested. He believes that the micrococci and streptococci which form lactic acid probably decide the outcome of the reductase test. Bacteria of the coli aerogenes group reduced methylene blue as i-apidly as true lactic acid bacteria, but more slowly in milk which had been pasteurized and sterilized. The test, however, will not decide how many bacteria are present. Bacteria which do not grow at 3S°, or do so only sparingly, reduce methylene blue only when they are present in large numbers. An addition of human or horse feces to ordinary milk did not (even in large amounts) influence the reductase test when the milk had stood for two hours after adding the excre- ment. Milk which had been heated for a long time at 100° or for a short time at 135° was capable of reducing methylene blue. JMilk heated 10 minutes at 08 to 70° still produced the reductase test as in raw milk. The presence of a small amount of methylene blue in milk will check the development of bacteria, and the use of the reductase test in conjunction with the fermentation test was not tested by the author because it seemed to be of no value from a hygienic stand- point. Manufacture and use of unfermented grape juice, G. C. Husmann ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 6U (1915), pp. 16, figs. /.'/). — "It is the purpose of this publication to state briefly the way in which unfermented grape juice is made and px'eserved, both for commei'cial and .domestic use, as well as the funda- mental i)rocesses and principles involved, and to offer practical suggestions." The subject is dealt with under the following headings : Composition of the grape; analyses of grape must; causes of fermentation; methods of preventing fermentation; flavor and quality of grape juice; home manufacture of grape juice ; valuable appliances for home use ; commercial methods of making must ; and the use and food value of unfermented grape juice. A few thoroughly tested recipes prepared with unfennented grape juice are included. Some abnormal factors of so-called farmers' cider vinegars, J. C. Diggs (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Clicm.. 6 (lOlJf), ^'o. 3, pp. 215, 216). — This gives the results of examining 18 samples of cider vinegar which were entered in an apple product exhibit of an apple show held in Indiana. " The results of these analyses show the uncertainty of unscientific methods In the manufacture of vinegar. Pernicious practices exist among farmers who put vinegar on the market. Fraudulent vinegars are often sold as farmers' cider vinegars." Hop investigations {Oregon 8ta. Rpt. 191S-H, pp. 17, 18). — From a study made of the chemical changes of hops due to treatment with sulphur dioxid fumes the following conclusions are drawn: " There is nothing to indicate that sulphuring in the bleaching process affects the bitter resins. The resin of the ' sulphured ' hop contains no sulphur. The sulphur dioxid does not combine with the essential oil of the hop. The * unsulphured ' hop contains .sulphur in the sulphate form, but no sulphur which is volatile by the ordinary steam distillation. Different samples of ' sulphured' hops contain different amounts of sulphur, both total and volatile with steam. There seems to be no definite proportion between the volatile sulphur and the total sulphur. The amount of sulphur present in the unsulphured Oregon hop is practically constant. The analytical methods which have been in use for the 810 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (sstiniation of the uincuut of 'sulphuring' are unreliable. Methods for deter- mining quantitatively the different forms in which sulphur is found in the ' sulphured ' hop have been worked out." See also work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 534; 30, p. 115). METEOROLOGY. Eeport of the chief of the Weather Bureau, 1914 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Rpt. 1914, pp. 256, pis. J/). — This contains an administrative report on work during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, and includes also tables giving a general summary of the weather conditions in the United Stales by months during the year 1913, an annual summary of climatological data at the Canadian stations for 1913, a list of observing stations and changes therein during 1913, sunshine in 1913, details of excessive precipitation in 1913, monthly and annual meteorological summaries for 1913, monthly and annual amounts of precipitation in 1913, and monthly and seasonal snowfall in 1913-14. The administrative report notes, among other things, the inauguration during 1914 of a new special service for reporting the daily weather conditions over the principal range region of the West as affecting the live stock interests; the extension of snow surveys at high altitudes in some of the western States with reference to water supply, and of the use of a new form of snow scale or stake for this puri)0se; the extension of observations to secure better data for fore- casting frosts in the citrus districts and in the orchards of the Northwest; and the improvement of the flood warning service. Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 42 (1914), ^'os, 11, pp. 611- 646, pis. 8; 12, pp. 647-702, pis. 43). — In addition to weather forecasts and river and flood observations for November and December, 1914, lists of addi- tions to the Weather Bureau Library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology, the weather of the month, a condensed climatological summary, and climatological tables and charts, the numbers contain these articles: No. 11. — Remarks on the Nature of Cyclones and Anticyclones, by J. Hann ; Halos and Precipitation at Wauseon, Ohio, by J. M. Kirk; Light Pillars, by Pernter and Exner; Halos, by C. S. Hastings; Systematic Explorations of the Upper Air with Estimates of Cost, by M. W. Harrington; Extracts from the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory ; The American Meteor Society, by C. P. Olivier ; The Di'exel Aerological Station ; A Method for Classifying Winters, by A. Angot; Washington and Paris Winters, by C. Abbe, jr. ; A Method for Classifying Summers, by A. Angot ; Drought at New York City, by C. D. Reed ; Notes on Ice and Mercury ; and Meteorological Observa- tions in Germany. No. 12. — Solar Radiation Intensities at Washington, D. C, During October, November, and December, 1914, by H. H. Kimball; Photometric Measurements of Daylight Illumination on A Horizontal Surface at Mount Weather, Va., by H. H. Kimball; Heat from the Stars; E. Kron on the Extinction of Light in the Ter- restrial Atmosphere in the Region of the Ultraviolet, by W. Schmidt: Present Status of Our Knowledge of the Causes of the Diurnal Changes in Temperature. Pressure, and Wind, by J. M. Pernter ; Thunder, by W. Schmidt ; The Place of Forestry Among Natural Sciences, by H. S. Graves; Why Some Winters are Warm and Others Cold in the Eastern United States, by W. J. Humphreys (see p. 811) ; Do Clouds Yield Snow Easier than' Rain? by D. F. Manning; Foreign Distribution of the Monthly Weather Revieio during 1914 and 1915, by C. F. Marvin; Floods in New England Rivers, by A. J. Henry; and Seis- mology, by W. J. Humphreys. This number also contains a new section on seismology containing seismological reixtrts for October, November, and December, SOILS FERTILIZERS. 811 Why some winters are warm and others cold in the eastern United States, W. J. IIUMiMiKiCYS (Mo. Wcutlicr Rev., J,> {IDUf), Xo. 12, pp. 6'72-(;7V7).— Auioug the general facts and conclusions of this iiaper are the following: "(1) Some winters in the eastern United States are unusually mild and others exceptionally cold. (2) During mild winters this part of the country temporarily has a marine climate, during cold ones a continental climate. (3) The type of winter climate, marine or continental, in this section is largely determined by the presence or absence of the Bermuda 'high.' (4) Persistence, during winter, of the Bermuda ' high ' gives to the eastern United States a marine and, therefore, for it, an unusually mild climate. Continued absence of this 'high' during winter, allows a continental climate and, therefore, exceptionally low temperatures, to extend quite to the Atlantic coast. (5) The cause of the Bermuda ' high ' seems to be a cold-water surface, a minimum sur- face temperature, along the belt of highs. (6) This low surface temperature in the region of the Bermudas may depend upon the temperature and strength of the Labrador current." Predicting minimum temperatures for frost protection, J. W. Smith (Ohio Nat., 15 (1915), No. 3. pp. Jt05-40S, fig. 1). — This article explains a method by which the fruit grower can closely estimate the probable minimum temperature at critical periods. The method is based upon the average afternoon median temperature. Explicit rules to follow in the use of the method under different conditions are given. Climate and meteorology of Australia, H. A. Hunt (Off- Yearbook Aust., 7 (1901-1913). pp. 59-S5, figs. 9).— As in previous years (E. S. R., 30, p. 511) the more important meteorological and climatic features of Australia are de- scribed, and detailed data for temperature, pressui'e, precipitation, evaporation, and other phenomena for 1912 and preceding years are tabulated. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soil erosion in the South, R. O. E. Davis (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 180 (1915), pp. 23, pis. 9, fig. 1). — This bulletin discusses the conditions affecting soil erosion as observed in a field study through the States of Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. It is stated that owing to climatic, economic, and soil conditions, and the type of agriculture practiced, the South is especially susceptible to excessive erosion. " Methods of prevention should be practiced wherever hilly land is used for crops. Terracing is the best and most efficacious method, but should be supple- mented by deep plowing and the incorporation of organic matter when permissi- ble. The agricultural problem involves the adoption of proper crop rotation in connection with preventive methods best suited to soil conditions and crop pro- duction. The reclamation of eroded land is possible, but requires careful atten- tion and patience. The use of such land for forestry is commonly advisable. Nature effects reclamation, but the process is slow and tedious." See a previous note by the author (E. S. R., 31, p. 316). Analysis of Florida muck soils, R. E. Rose (Ann. Rpt. State Chem. Fla., 1914, pp. 21i-33). — The results of analyses of saw grass muck soils of the St. John's Valley, in St. Lucie County, are discussed with observations on the fertility of Everglade soils In general. Geography of the soils of Georgia, F. A. Merrill (Ga. State Normal Sehool Bui., pp. 13, figs. 3). — This buUetin discusses the geographical distribution of the soil-forming rocks of the State of Georgia. In the Appalachian highlands argillaceous and calcareous shales and lime- stones abound, the former producing red and brown loams and the latter a gray 812 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. gravelly soil. In the I'ioer culm, as well as the length of culm and of head." The number of kernels of wheat per pot and the quantity of straw increased with the fertilizei's, and with the soil moisture up to 37^ per cent, above which it decreased. The number of kernels per head was gi-eatest on the soil with a medium amount of moisture but the weight of 100 kernels was greatest on the very dry soil and least on the very wet. There was proportionately more grain than straw when the soil moisture was low during the early stages. Proportionately more of the dry matter in wheat had been produced by the boot stage in the dry soil than SOILS FERTILIZERS. 815 in the wet, after which the weight of roots which could be washed out de- creased to maturity. The greatest transpiration was in the plants producing the most dry matter. In relation to dry matter produced, water was trans- pired most economically with a medium degree of soil moisture but was used most economically in the production of grain when the soil was kept comparatively dry up to the boot stage and then kept wet until maturity. The total dry matter in the plant as a whole, however, was produced most economically when the soil was kept wet until the five-leaf stage and drier from then until maturity. The percentage of nitrogen in both grain and straw was highest on the driest soil and gradually decreased as the moisture increased up to 37* per cent, but as the soil approached siituratiou the percentage of nitrogen in the grain slightly increased. Tlie condition that gave the highest percentage of nitrogen both in the grain and straw was where the moisture was low up to the boot stage and high from that stage to maturity. The lowest nitrogen was found where the moisture was high during all periodw. The high nitrogen fertilizer always increased the nitrogen content of the crop. While the percentage of nitrogen was not so great in the crop produced with complete fertilizer as with no fertilizer, the total weight of nitrogen was much greater, due to the larger crop. The decrease in the percentage of nitrogen from the boot stage to maturity was greater in the crops on the wet soil than in those on the dry soil. The percentage of crude ash, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphoric acid was lower in wheat stx-aw grown with high moisture than in that grown with low moisture. " These experiments bring out clearly the facts that the moisture relations of plants are greatly affected by the fertility of the soil, and that the effect of a fertilizer is dependent on the amount of soil moisture. They emphasize also the fact that fertilizer experiments, in order to be of value, must be made under widely varying moisture conditions, and that exi)eriments with the use of moisture by plants, in order to be conclusive, must Include a number of fer- tility conditions." A list of references to related literature is appended. The evaporation of water from soil, B. A. Keen {Jour. Agr. Set. [England/], 6 (1914), iVo. 4, pp. Jt5G-Jfl5, figs. 8). — Studies on water evaporation from the fine sand and clay soil fractions, from china clay, and from soils, with particu- lar reference to the factors governing evaporation in soils, are reported and the apparatus and methods used described. It was found that the evaporation of water from the soil fractions, from china clay, and from ignited soil is a phenomenon readily explainable by the known laws of evaporation and diffusion. In the soils, on the other hand, the evaporation was more complex, indicating the presence of a factor which causes a more intimate relation between the soil and the soil water. The removal of the soluble humus from the soil by means of 2 per cent caustic soda did not appreciably affect the evaporation, and ignition of the fine sand and silt made no appreciable difference in the evaporation from these fractious, thus largely eliminating any possible etfect of the insoluble organic matter. Destruction of the colloidal ])roperties of the clay fraction completely altered the evapora- tion curve, which became identical with that given by sand or silt. It is concluded, therefore, " that the colloidal i)roperties of the clay fraction are in part, if not mainly, responsible for the characteristic shape of the evapo- ration curve from soil." In a mathematical study of the rate of evaporation from soil (the first differ- ential of the experimental curves) two factors were distinguished which oper- 816 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOBD. ated over practically the whole range of water content dealt with iu the experi- ments, one expressing the effect of the gradually diminishing water surface on evajmration and the other giving an empirical measure of the influence of the vapor pressure of the moist soil. The following equation for rate of evapora- tion from soil was developed : ^^=^/^+lV2.303 \o{r,„{w+K)-]ogeK], where ^=rate of evaporation. i(;=pereentage of water present by weight. s=specitic gravity of the soil. A and A'=constants. Partial sterilization of soil by volatile and nonvolatile antiseptics, W. BunmN {Jour. Agr. Sci. [IJtigland], 6 (191J,). No. J,, pp. J,n-J,5L fiys. 4).— Supplementing previous experiments by Russell and IIutchins<^)n and others (E. S. R., 31, p. 27) further tests were made by the Russell and Hutchinson method on two soils, one high and the other low in nitrates, to compare a wider range of substances including benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, pentane, hexane, heptane, chloroform, ether, acetone, formaldehyde, alcohols, phenol, cresol. hydroquinone, pyridin, calcium sulphid, sulphur, sulphur dioxid, .sodium fluorid, and .sodium chlorid. The object of these tests was to determine whether the phenomena observed in the earlier experiments in the case of toluene and a few other substances are generally true of antiseptics, including (1) those which are completely volatile and disappear entirely from the soil when their work is done and (2) those which remain in the soil for a considerable time or else leave decomposition products and so exert a prolonged action upon the bacterial flora of the soil and upon the plant. It was found that the characteristics of true partial sterilization are com- mon to a large number of antiseptics, and consist in an initial decrease in bacterial numbers followed by a large sustained increase, the killing of pro- tozoa and nitrifying organisms, an initial increase in ammonia followed by a considerable increase in the rate of ammonia production, and no change in the results obtained following an increase in the dose in any pai'ticular chemi- cal when once true partial sterilization has taken place. True partial steriliza- tion w^as obtained only with the easily volatile or removable antiseptics, the dose of the more important of these necessary for this purpose being as fol- lows: Benzene, below 0.15 per cent by weight of dry soil; toluene, 0.09; cyclo- hexane, 0.17 ; pentane, 0.7 ; hexane, 0.17 ; heptane. 0.1 ; chloroform, below 0.24 ; ether, below 1.5 ; and acetone, 5.8. " Substances not completely removable from the .soil have some lasting influ- ence on the flora. With the weaker doses two or three special species of bac- teria characteristic of the chemical used multiply temporarily to an enormous extent, but the organisms do not produce ammonia, consequently there is no gain in ammonia and nitrate as the result of their action. The higher doses permanently suppress all microbiological action in the soil. " It appears to be a general rule that a simple flora can attain extraordinarily high numbers, while a complex flora, such as prevails after normal partial sterilization, does not attain to higher numbers than the comparatively low level of about five times those in the untreated. " It is possible to trace a certain relationship between the action of all the substances used. The intensity of the effects shades off gradually from that of the powerful nonvolatile antiseptics through cresol and formaldehyde to the more and less potent volatile anti.septics respectively, till finally the action of merely spreading out the soil iu a thin layer is reached [see abstract below]." SOILS FERTILIZERS. 817 The author concludes that " volatile antiseptics are undoubtedly effective in increasing the productive capacity of a soil under laboratory and ix>t culture house conditions, but are unsuitable for application on tlie larger scale. An ethcient solirocess of fermentation organic nitrogen takes part in the for- mation of ammonia. Soil bacteriological investigations (Oregon Stn. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 18. 19). — It has been found that lime seems to increase the ammonifying and nitrifying efficiency of the soils of western Oregon in a marked manner. The effec-t is less noticeable on eastern Oregon soils. [Soil inoculation] (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 19, 20).— Direct benefit was derived in 69 per cent of the cases in which cultures of bacteria, sent out by the station in 1912 for the inoculation of legumes, were used. The results of some experiments with farmyard manure, R. A. Berry (West of Scot. Agr. Col. Bui. 65 (1914), PP- 111-251, figs. 4).— Experiments extending over a number of years on the storage of manure under cover and in the field, on the storage of different kinds of fresh manure in heaps in the field, on the treatment of manure during storage, and on times and methods of applications of manure, and comparing fresh v. rotted manure and large v. small applications of manure are reported. When stored for four months in well trodden heaps the indoor manure lost 17.5 per cent in weight and the outdoor manure 20.6 per cent, with an average annual rainfall of 39.32 in. The indoor manure lost 20.4 per cent of its nitrogen and practically none of its phosphoric acid and iwtash. while the outdoor lost 28.4 per cent of its nitrogen. 21.1 of its phosphoric acid, and 28.3 of its potash. The rotted manures were in each case poorer in total and available nitrogen than the fresh, the losses in this respect being greater in the outdoor than in the indoor manure. The greatest loss was in ammoniacal nitrogen, amounting to from 70 to 80 per cent of that of the fresh manure, 18 per cent of the total nitrogen of which was in ammoniacal form. There was a slight increase of amid and of insoluble nitrogen in the rotted manure. There was no loss of phosphoric acid and potash where there was no drainage. The average increase of crop (potatoes and turnips) in favor of manure stored under cover was 7 per cent. The average loss in weight of horse manure with peat moss and with straw litter, cow manure, steer manure, and pig manure stored in the open for four months (December to March) was 22.3 per cent. With the moss litter the loss from horse manure was much less than with straw (12.6 and 14.9 per cent, respectively). The two fresh manures richest in nitrogen, namely, those from fattening steei's and from horses (with peat moss litter), were left poorer in this constituent after rotting, while the fresh manures relatively poor in nitro- gen, namely, those from cows, pigs, and horses (with straw litter) in the order named were left slightly richer in total nitrogen after rotting. In the rotted manure on the average 4 per cent of the total nitrogen was ammoniacal and 82 per cent insoluble as compared with 15 and 72 per cent, respectively, in the fresh manure. Forty-four per cent of the phosphoric acid and 71 per cent of the potash in the rotted manure was soluble in water as compared with 53 and 76 per cent, respectively, in the fresh. "The average loss of manurial constitu- ents in the five manures during rotting was: Total nitrogen, 29.6 per cent; total phosphoric acid, 12.2 per cent: total potash, 33.5 per cent." Rotting in every case lowered the fertilizing value of the manure as measured by its power of supplying available fertilizing constituents. This was borne out by experi- ments with potatoes and turnips. SOILS FERTILIZEES. 819 "Of the substances added to the nmmire to fix ammonia, gypsum and sodimn acid sulphate were the most efhcieut. but superphosphate of lime, kaiuit, and carbonate of lime increased the loss of nitrogen. Of the antiseptics added to check fermentation, chloroform acted best, followed by bleaching powder and formalin. The reduction in the loss of nitrogen, where such occurred, was, however, not sufficient in any case to repay the cost of the substance used. The most effective method of preserving the manure from losses of nitrogen was to trample the manure and to cover it with a 3-in. layer of soil." Fresh and rotted manure was applied broadcast and in drills in autumn and spring on two rotations, (1) potatoes, wheat, grass, and oats, and (2) turnips, barley, grass, and oats, with the result that fresh manure applied in drills in the spring gave unifonnly the best results both with the root crops and for the whole rotation. "About 9 per cent of the increase for root crops of the drilled manures was due to the method of applying the manure in drills over that of broadcasting. In the case of the autumn application of manure, when the manure was applied to turnips, there was a 5 per cent increase in favor of plowing in the manure at once compared with leaving the manure on the surface some time before plowing it in. When the manure was appliofl to potatoes there was not much to choose between the two practices." In the potato rotation about 50 per cent of the total increase due to the manure was accounted for in the first crop (ix»tatoes) and the manurial residue was not exhausted at the end of the rotation. In the case of the turnip rotation 65 per cent of the total increase was accounted for in the first crop (turnips) and the manurial residue was practically exhausted by the second crop. " Farmyard manure yields, when applied in drills in spring to potatoes, about 60 per cent, and to turnips about 80 per cent, of its total manurial value for the rotation, compared to a yield of about 40 ijer cent with potatoes and about 50 per cent with turnips when the manure is applied broadcast in the autumn. Small dressings of manure, of about 10 tons, produce proportionately a better return with the first crop than large dressings of about 20 tons, but the latter leaves proportionately a larger i-esidue than the former." From comparative tests of fresh v. rotted manure applied at rates of 20 tons per acre in drills in the spring it was concluded that the relative efficiency of the manures depends largely upon the amount of available nitrogen which they are capable of yielding to the crop, although, as a rule, short rotted manure produces better results on light soils than long fresh manure. Large applica- tions (20 tons per acre) of manure to potatoes left a manurial residue in the soil which produced a notable increase on the fourth crop following the applica- tion of the manure. With turnips the residual effect was hardly visible after the second crop. Small applications (10 tons per acre) produced no effect after the second crop. The addition of superphosphate, potassium sulphate, and ammonium sulphate to the manure did not affect this result, showing that the artificial fertilizers were exhausted by the crop to which they were applied. The article gives numerous analyses of different kinds of manure, especially a series of analyses of cow manure from 12 typical dairy farms which showed total nitrogen, 0.237 to 0.462, average 0.346 per cent; ammoniacal nitrogen, 0.024 to 0.129, average 0.064 per cent; phosphoric acid, 0.170 to 0.428, average 0.266 per cent; and potash, 0.263 to 0.497, average 0.3S1 per cent. Results of two years' work on London Soil Experiment Field, G. Roberts (Kentucky Sta. [Circ], pp. 3). — (Comparative tests of different fertilizers on a rotation of corn, wheat, and cowpeas on a fine sandy loam, especially deficient in nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and calcium carbonate, but containing a fair pro- portion of potash, showed that the most profitable method of improving such a 820 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. soil is to use phosphate, limestone, and manure in connection with a crop rotation similar to that followed in the exporiniciits rejMirttHl. The economic importance of peat moors and water powers, with, special reference to the air-nitrogen question, A. Benetsch (Die volksvoirtschaftliche licdciituuff Ucr Torfiiioorc und Wati-scvlcrdfte unter hcsonderer Bchicksiclitigung der Luftsticksioff-Frage. Berlin: F. Siemenroth, 1914, PP- V+229, pis. 7, figs. 11; abs. in Ztschr. Mnorkultur u. Torfvctnoert., 12 {1914), No. 5-S, p. 214). — This book is divided into a general introduction and three parts, dealing, among other things, with (1) the economic importance of peat and peat moors from both industrial and agricultural viewpoints, containing a discussion of the manufacture of illuminating gas and ammonia from peat by the Mond-Frank- Caro processes as well as the use of moor soils for agricultural purposes; (2) the development and use of water power, especially for the production of electric power; and (3) the electrical production of nitrogen compounds from the free nitrogen of the air, dealing also with the question of the production of nitrogenous and other fertilizers and discussing particularly the calcium cyanamid and nitrate industry as developed in different countries. The author holds that the nitrogen question has been satisfactorily solved by the electrical fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. A bibliography of 212 references to the literature of the subject as well as a list of German patents relating to the electrical fixation of nitrogen are given. The utilization of peat in Italy, U. Rossi {Bol. Quind. f^oc. Agr. Ital., 19 (1914), No. 10, pp. 356^61; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 8, pp. 1005, 'l006; Mitt. Ver. Ford. MoorkuUur Dcut. Reiche, 32 (1914), ^o. 20, pp. 373, 376).— It is stated that there are a large number of workable peat beds in Italy, and that some attempt has been made at different times with little commercial success to utilize the peat for fuel and other purposes and to use the peat land for agriculture. The most Important industrial development with reference to the utilization of peat is, however, the establishment of plants at Orentano and Codigoro for the manufacture of illuminating gas and ammonia by the Mond process. It is stated that these plants are able to manufacture ammonia at somewhat less than half the market price of this product. German and other sources of potash supply, C. H. Macdowell (Bui. Anier. Inst. Mining Engin., No. 98 (1915), pp. 103-114; Chem. Engin., 21 (1915), No. 2, pp. 45-50). — The German deposits and mining methods are described, with data on cost, commercial conditions, and consumption. Other possible sources are also briefly discus.sed. Among the latter are the deposits near Kalusz in Galicia. Austria, and the recently discovered deposits in Spain, which seem to be of commercial im- portance; deposits of nitrate of potash in Peru; the potash .salts which may be obtained from sugar-beet waste, from wool scouring, and as a by-product in the manufacture of cement; the potash obtainable from kelp, alunite. feldspar, leucite, and from brines obtained from alkali lakes and ponds and from borings in Texas. As far as the United States is concerned, it Is stated that " up to now Searles Lake is the only nearby producer on the map." Further exploration and investigation of methods of utilizing the sources of potash named is urged. Investigation of sources of potash in Texas, "W. B. Phillips (Bill. Amer. Inst. Mining Engin., No. 98 (1915), pp. 115-127, figs. 3).— This article deals particularly with the potash brines obtained at Spur, Tex. (E. S. R., 28, p. 522), and with the occurrences of small amounts of potassium and sodium SOILS FERTILIZERS. 821 nitrate in sandstones and other rocks and of small amounts of nitrates derived from bat guano in caves. The conclusion is that the only hopeful outlook for the existence of workable beds of potash salts in Texas is in the brines as found at Spur and in the almost wholly unknown region southeast of and bordering New Mexico. Potash from kelp, F. K. (^amkkon iJL .S'. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 100 (1915), pp. 122, plff. 40, figs. 2, maps 3.'f). — This consists of a series of reports, accompanied by detailed maps of the kelp groves of the Pacific coast and islands of the United States and Lower California, on the following subjects: Pacific Kelp Beds as a Source of Potassium Salts, by F. K. Cameron ; The Kelp Beds from Lower California to Puget Sound, by W. C. Crandall; The Kelp Beds of Puget Sound, by G. B. Ripg; Tlie Kelp Beds of Southeast Alaska, by T. C. Frye; and The Kelp Beds of Western Alaska, by G. B, Rigg. These reports and maps are the result of careful surveys of all of the commercially available kelp beds from Cedros Lsland to Cape Flattery, about half the beds available in south- east Alaska, and the major i)art of the beds on the southern slopes of the Alaska Peninsula. On the basis of a large number of analyses which show that the Pacific coast kelps, in a dry state, contain about 16 per cent of potash, corresponding to about 25 percent of potassium chlorid, it is estimated that the 390 square miles of kelp beds already mapped on the Pacific coast are capable of producing annually 59,300,000 tons of fresh kelp, equivalent to 2,266,000 tons of potassium chlorid. " What it would cost to obtain the pure potassium chlorid from kelj) can not be stated, as sufficient experience is not yet accumulated to justify exact esti- mates. It should be easier to extract the iwtassium chlorid from kelp than from the Stassfurt salts. But the cost of harvesting the kelp as well as the subsequent manipulation is, at the present time, s-peculative. It is easy to show by 'paper calculations' enormous profits in obtaining pure potassium chlorid, iodin, and possibly other products from the kelp. Since, however, the dried kelp will average more than 25 per cent potassium chlorid, since the organic matter decomposes very readily, and there is present nitrogenous matter equiva- lent to about 2 per cent nitrogen and some phosphate, it seems i)robable that kelp in the dried state, either alone or in mixture with other materials, such as fish scrap and standard phosphate carriers, is the form in which it is most likely to find at first a market as a fertilizer. " It is also impracticable to give any close estimate of the value of the possible kelp harvest. Assuming that all the potassium chlorid were extractetl and marketed as such, the value at present prices would be approximately $90,000,000. whereas if the crop were all re^luced to driod kelp and sold at current figures for both potash and nitrogen content, the value would be in excess of $150,000,000." The general conclusion from the investigations already made is "that the commercial production of potash salts from American sources and in quantities sufficient to meet the growing needs of the Nation is quite practicable." Radium as a fertilizer, C. G. Hopkins and W. H. Sachs (Illinois 8ta. Bui. 177 (1915). pp. SS9-'i01). — Experiments by others on this subject are reviewed, and field experiments with corn and soy beans in which tlie radium fertilizer was used at rates furnishing 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg. per acre are reported. The soy beans followed the corn on the same land without additional appli- cation of the radium fertilizer. Of six trustworthy average results with corn, three were for and three against radium. Of eighteen averages with soy beans, nine were for and nine against radium. In all cases the average variation 94863°— No. 9—15 3 822 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. from the check was so slight and so evenly distributed for and against " as to lead only to the conclusion that radium applied at a cost of $1, $10, or $100 per acre produced no effect upon the crop yields either the first or second season." Attention is called to the fact that even if the radium fertilizer were to in- crease the crop yields " the effect would be that of a stimulant and the increase would be secured at the expense of the soil. Thus the soil would not be enriched in fertility, but actually impoverished by such treatment." Fertilizer inspection (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 62 (1914), pp. lOS-lJ/O). — Analyses of samples of fertilizers collected under- the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture of Maine during 1914 are reported with a summary of the require- ments of the state fertilizer law. Notes are also given on the valuation of fertilizers, the question of the potash content of fertilizers for 1915 in view of the present shortage of potash, the use of farm manure, and certain special results of the fertilizer inspection, including a statement by A. M. G. Soule. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Plant breeding, L. H. Bailey and A. W. GrLBEET (New York: The Mactnillan Co., 1915, rev. ed., pp. XVIII+J^1J^, figs. ii5).— This is a revision of the work by Bailey, the fourth edition of which has been noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 1144). The work of revision has been largely done by the junior author and consider- able new material has been added, bringing the subject up to date. Appendixes are given defining the terms used, with a bibliography of important con- tributions to plant breeding that appeared between 190.5 and 1912. and laboratory exercises to be used in conjunction with teaching plant breeding. (Enothera grandiflora of the herbarium of Lamarck, H. de Vbies (Rev. 06n. Bot., 25 bis {191^), pp. 151-166, fig. 1). — The author concludes an account and discussion of his comparative study of preserved and of natural specimens made in 1S95 and repeated in 1913, with the statement that since the time of Lamarck this species has been growing on the dunes near Liverpool in the same form as at the present, and that the original specimen described by Lamarck as (E. grandiflora (the name having been changed by Seringe about 1828) agrees with the form now generally known as CE. lainarclciana. Experimental variations in Tricholoma nudum, L. Matruchot (Rev. Gin. Bot., 25 his (1914), pp. 503-509. pi. l).—lt is stated that T. nudum, cultivated in darkness with normal humidity at 11° C. (51.8° F.), grows as vigorously as under natural conditions, but that it loses progressively certain of its char- acters, such as the violet pigment characteristic of the species and the gill sinus characteristic of the genus. These changes were noted in the specimens without exception, while the odor and other characters were not sensibly altered. The presence of Orobanche minor on Pelargonium zonale, H. Scheerlinck (Handel. Vlaamsch Natuur en Geneesk. Cong.. 17 (1913), pp. 194. 195). — Having found O. minor on P. zonale (it having strayed, supposedly, from clover grow- ing near) to present certain anomalies as regards color and structure, the author grew this parasite on Geranium rohertianum and obtained somewhat similar peculiarities. Parasitic specialization, F. Heske (Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdic, 46 (1914), ^o. 5, pp. 281-289). — ^This is mainly a theoretical discussion of some recent con- clusions by several authors regarding the chemical relations between the hosts and the fungi, with their collaborating enzyms. Chondriosomes in fungi, F. A. Janssens (Handel. Vlaamsch Natuur en Geneesk. Cong., 17 (1913), pp. 14I-I48, fig. 1). — Giving some results of obser- AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 823 vatious made on the forms, arrangements, distribution, etc., of chondriosome elements alleged to exist in yeasts and in fungi studied in early stages of development, the autlior states that choudriosomes are abundant in fungi and are characterized by much the same appearance and peculiarities as in animals and higher plants. Morphology of the barley grain with reference to its enzym-secreting areas, A. Mann and H. V. Haklan (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 183 {1915), pp. 32, pis. 8, figs. 7). — A special study has been made of the barley gra^i with a view to improving its quality. The authors give a report on the morphology of the grain, having investigated it both at rest and in germination. It is claimed that the integuments of the ripe barley, with the exception of the investing membrane of the uucellus, are only protective. The membrane surrounding the nucellus develops into a semipermeable membrane, which has remarkable selective powers. In the development of the barley grain the endo- sperm is said to develop earlier and more rapidly than the embryo. At maturity the starch is less dense about the periphery of the endosperm than In the center, and the epithelial layer is not functional until near maturity. The con- version of the endosperm is effected by enzyms secreted by the epithelial layer of the scutellum. The conversion proceeds from the proximal end toward the distal end, working more rapidly through the layers immediately beneath the aleurone layer. Cytase and diastase, it Is claimed, must both proceed from the scutellum, and the proteolytic ferments most probably owe their origin to the same organ. Small-berried barleys were found to have a greater diastatic power, due to the secreting area being proportionately larger. The efficiency of conversion is said to depend upon the shape and composition of the grain and upon the relative quantity of diastase secreted. The ideal barley grain, it is claimed, should be broadly oval with a scutellum extending well over the edges of the adjacent endosiDerm. If large yield of malt is desired, the size of the grain should be large. If diastase is the main consideration, the size of the grain should be smaller. Direct absorption and assimilation of carbohydrates by green plants, L. Knudson (Abs. in Science, n. ser., J/l {1915), No. 10^8, p. ISO). — Confirming the work of Molliard and others (E. S. R., 21, p. 126), the author has found that a variety of plants are able to absorb and assimilate various sugars, including lactose. Lactose was found utilized by vetch, radish, and onion, but not by timothy. For maize the sugars in order of preference by the plant are glucose, levulose, cane sugar, and maltose, while for vetch they are cane sugar, glucose, maltose, and lactose. Experiments on the influence of concentration of sugar, and also of the influence of sugars in enzym production, are said to be In progress. A preliminary study of the chlorophyll compounds of the peach leaf, H. S. Reed and H. S. Stahl {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. lOIfS, p. 180). — Investigations were undertaken with special reference to the chlorophyll con- tent of peach leaves, the trees producing which were affected by the disease yellows. The chlorophyll compounds were extracted and separated by the use of inactive solvents. The diseased leaves were found to differ from healthy ones both in the qual- ity and quantity of the chlorophyll derivatives extracted. Among the deriva- tives found in healthy peach leaves were chlorophyll a, chlorophyll ft, phyto- rhodin, chlorophyllin, phteophytin, phjephorbid, ' methyl-phaeophorbid, methyl- chlorophyllid, phytochlorin, carotin, and xanthophyll. As the disease advanced"ictivity, .•i. Bui. 12') {191')), pp. .l-2.'i. fiecial kinds of gardens; individual plants, flowers, shrubs, and trees; gardens of various countries; the pleasures of a garden ; children's and school gardens ; and miscellaneous garden topics. Books on wild flowers are not included. The care of house plants {Mis.^ouri Bot. Gard. Bui., 3 (191^), No. 2, pp. 25-31). — This ]>aper points out the usual causes of failure In growing house plants, and indicates in a general way the plants and flowers best adapted for the home during the winter months. Geraniums (Missouri Bot. Gard. Bui., 3 (1915). No. 2. pp. 81-33). — During the summer of 1914 the Missouri Botanical Garden made careful observations on 307 varieties of geraniums with reference to heat and drought resistance; profusion of flowers; color, shape, and size of flower clusters; character of foliage, etc. A list is given of 76 varieties for which favorable growth and sat- isfactory flower production have been recorded. FORESTRY. [Report of] forestry investigations, E. G. Cheyney (Minnesota f^fn. Rpt. 1914, PP- 55-59). — This comprises a brief statement of progress made in various lines of work at the Cloquet Forest Experiment Station, silvicultural studies at Itasca Park, and prairie tree planting investigations at Morris. Partial data are given in connection with a planting test conducted at the station. It was found that the cost of planting 1.000 trees in a gravelly situa- tion with a wedge spade was $2 as compared with a cost of $4 per thousand where the holes were dug with a mattock. Ninety-one per cent of the spade- jilanted trees were alive in the fall as compared with SO per cent of those l»lanted with a mattock. In other situations, however, the wedge spade was not so satisfactory. Among the exotic hardwoods and shrubs being tested several varieties of poplar and willow from China received from the Department of Agriculture are making good growth and give promise of surpassing the native si^ecies. Experiments to determine the success of seed trees for restocking cut-over areas show that only in very favorable situations will reproduction be quick and even then the price of the luml)er left in the seed trees would go a long way toward paying the cost of planting the land uniformly. 840 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. A test of butternut and black walnut seedlings from Minnesota seed which is being made in Itasca Park shows that the butternut can withstand the winter successfully but that the black walnut is severely injured. Experiments in late seeding for the purpose of preventing " damping off " in coniferous stock have shown conclusively that during an average season white and Norway pine sown as late as July 12 have developed into sturdy seedlings capable of resisting the winter. The seedlings showed no trace of "damiiing off." In connection with the prairie tree planting investigations the work done so far shows that reliable data with reference to the best species of trees for farm planting, methods of planting, cultivation, etc., can not be obtained from the study of the groves now in existence, their history being too incomplete. Forest conditions of Mississippi (Miss. Geol. Survey Bill. 11 (WIS), pp. 166. pis. Jf, flys. 2). — ^This bulletin consists of reprints of Bulletins 5 and 7 of the same series (E. S. R., 23, p. 344; 24, p. 739), together with a statistical supplement by E. N. Lowe containing data on forest products of Mississippi based on the U. S. Census of 1910. A note on the flora of the forest regions of Mississippi by the same autlior has also been added. Possibilities of municipal forestry in New York, N. C. Brown (2V^. Y. State Col. Forestry, Syracuse Univ., Scr. XIV, No. 2 (d) (1914), pp. 19, figs. 8).— The author gives an account of the Syracuse Municipal Forest, calls attention to other similar activities in the State and to successful municipal forests in Europe, and points out the value of municipal forests from the scenic, sanitary, and economic points of view. The height growth of trees, Bernbeck (Bot. Jahrh. [JJngler], .50 {1914), No. 5, Beiblatt 11 Jf. PP- 19-2 Jf). — ^A brief discussion of the influence of soil, atmos- phere, and light on the height growth of trees. Growth studies in forest trees. — II, Pinus strobus, H. P. Brown {Bot. Oaz., 59 {1915), No. 3, pp. 197-2Jfl, pis. 2, figs. 2).— In continuation of a growth study of the pitch pine (P. rigida), previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 49) the results are given of a similar study of the white pine (P. strodus). The important phases discussed include the microscopical characters of the xylem ; winter condition of secondary cortex and cambium, awakening of secondary growth, rapidity and intensity of growth, irregularity and termina- tion of secondary growth, and differentiation in the annual rings in aerial parts; primary growth in aerial and underground parts; and secondary growth in underground parts. A bibliography of cited literature is appended. Forest fires; their prevention and control, G. Lundberg (Skogsvdrdsfdr. TidsJcr., No. 2 {1915), pp. 113-156, figs. 26). — An account of various types of forest fires and methods of preventing and controlling them. Forest valuation, H. H. Chapman {Neiv York: John ^YiIcy cC- Sons, 1915. pp. XVI-\-310). — A text-book and popular guide to that part of the subject of forest finance usually termed " forest valuation." Forest statics, the other part of forest finance, is discussed in a single chapter. The first four chapters of the work are devoted to a summary of economic subjects and tenets, such as values, outlay and income, interest, and valuation of assets. Chapter 5 deals with formulas of compound interest. The succeeding chapters discuss investments and costs in forest production, the valuation of forests, forest statics — the balance sheet — profits, the appraisal of damages, forest taxation, stumpage values, future value of forest products, risks, field appraisals of timber stumpage, and comparison of forest values with agricultural values. The appendix contains summaries of formulas of compound interest and in forest valuation, definitions of symbols, and tables of compound interest and logarithms. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 841 Forest products of Canada, 1913. — Lumber, lath, and shingles, R. G. Lewis, \V. E. Dexter, and W. G. II. Bovce (DciJt. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. ^S (1915). pp. 55, pi. 1).— This is the UKiial report (E. S. R., 30, p. 46) on the quantities, kinds, and values of lumber, lath, and shingles manufactured in the Dominion and in the various Provuices for the calendar j-ear 1013. The total value for the year was $70,644,362, of which lumber represents $65,796,438. Tests of wood preservatives, 11. F. Weiss and C. H. Teesdale (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 145 (1915), pp. 20, pis. 6, fig. 1). — This bulletin describes experiments conducted to determine the practical value as wood preservatives of some thirty- compounds and chemiciils. The experiments were performed by E. Bateman. C. J. Humphrey, Ruth Fleming, and R. E. Prince. The preservatives tested in- clude coal-tar creosotes of various fractions, water-gas-tar creosotes, wood tar and creosote, copperized oil, fuel oil, kerosene, zinc chlorid, zinc sulphate, sodium silicate, sodium fluorid. and other preparations of similar nature listed under trade names. The methods of conducting the tests are described and the results are pre- sented in a series of tables. The data given show the physical and chemical properties of the preservatives, penetrance of the preservatives and their effect on the strength of wood, permanence of the preservatives after injection into wood, inflammability of treated wood, toxicity of preservatives to Fames annosuft and /'. pinicola, corrosive action of the preservatives, and discolora- tion of wood treated with preservatives and painted. The experiment shows in general that highly viscous oils do not readily pene- trate, while oils with low viscosities penetrate wood readily. To secure the best results, both the wood and the preservative should be sufficiently heated during the pressure period and the treatments should not be made too rapidly on account of the low thermal conductivity of w^ood. With water-soluble salts these precautious are not important. Judging from the toxic values secured in this work there is, in practice, being forced into wood about one and one-half times as much zinc chlorid and from ten to twenty times as much coal-tar creo- sote as is necessary to prevent decay. It is believed that more economic results, especially when decay is accompanied by mechanical deterioration, can be secured by diffusing the preservative more thoroughly through the wood than by saturating the outer fibers and attempting to retain in the wood the more toxic volatile constituents through admixtures of nonvolatile constituents. In the case of zinc chlorid the factor of safety is very low. To secure the best results the injection of from 0.4 to 0.5 lb. per cubic foot now commonly used should be increased. Wood treated with oils in every case ignited at lower temperatures than un- treated wood. Prolonged seasoning of such wood, however, raises considerably its ignition temperature. It seems advisable to season such treated timber before placing it in positions subject to fire. Wood treated with water-soluble salts was in general less diflicult to ignite than untreated wood, nevertheless the presence of such preservatives usually renders the wood slow burning and easily extinguishable. The results of the tests made indicate that woods treated with zinc chlorid, sodium fluorid, and other water-soluble salts might be successfully painted. No definite conclusions can be drawn in regard to this point until the results of tests in cooperation with the National Paint Manufacturers' Association become available. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Annual report of the botanical experiment station at Proskau in 1913, R. EwEBT (Ber. K. Lehranst. Obst it. Gartenbau Proskau, 1913, pp. 135-150, figs. 3). — The author notes that young Fertility peai* trees this year, as pre- 842 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. vlously. set fruit in case of fro.st-liilled pistils as well as of uninjured ones, and a considerable proportion of such fruit was still developing on Au;^st 15. Cronartiurn rihicolu, whicli is said to attack black currants mainly through the stomatu of the lower leaf surface, was largely checked by an application of 1 per cent Bordeaux mixture to that surface (the case of Fusicladiura on pear giving similar results from the same treatment), but the fruits were unfavorably affected in growth and appearance by this treatment. Red currants were amply protecteer aeration. In order to control this disease regulation of warehouse conditions so as to keep down the moisture content and provide proper temperature is recom- mended. Fumigation with formaldehyde may also be adopted where the disease has i)reviously been very prevalent. The author states that the difference between shed bum and stem rot, which are due to one or more fungi, among them a species of Fusarium, appears to be one of location rather than a difference in causal organisms. If the midrib is attacked, the resulting decay is called stem rot. while if the leaf tissue is de- cayed it is called shed burn. These diseases may be controlled by regulation of temperature and humidity in the curing shed in connection with proi:)er ventilatiop- The yellow blight of the tomato, D. C. George (Washington Sta. Popular Bill. 82 (1915), pp. 4)- — This is a popular bulletin based largely upon a previous publication of the station (E. S. R., 32, p. 444). Fire blight, I. D. Cardiff (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 80 (1915), poster). — This i)ublication is intended to call attention to the prevalence of the fire blight of pears, apples, etc.. and gives brief suggestions for control. Life history of a new species of Sph^rella, B. B. Higgins (Mycol. Centbl., 4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 187-193, figs. 2). — A fungus, said to be new and to cause a disease of Primus pennsylvanica, is described under the name Mycosphwrella mgerristigma. The name S. mgerristigma is, howevex', preferred. Roncet of grape, J. Bernatsky (Ztsclir. Pflanzenkrank., 24 (1914), ^'O. S, pp.' 129-139, figs. 2). — The author, discussing this phenomenon and allied ab- normalities describes the internal appearance of the deformed regions in cases studied, and suggests possible causes, which it is said may differ considerably as to character and mode of action. [Two fungus parasites of conifers in Scotland], W. Somerville (Quart. Jour. Forestry, 9 (1915), No. 1, pp. 68, 69, pi. 1). — Chrysomyxa aWetis and C. rhododendri are said to have been noted one or more times previously on conifers at points in Scotland, and a watch for these fungi is recommended. Withertip of fir in Sweden, T. Lagerberg (Meddel. Stat. Skogsforsoksanst. (Mitt. Forstl. Vers. Anst. Scliivcdens), No. 10 (1913), pp. 9-44, I-IV. figs. 19).— This is substantially the same as a report already noted from another source (E. S. R., 30, p. 453). On the mode of infection of larch canker and the possible means cf pre- venting it, W. E. HiLEY (Quart. Jour. Forestry, 9 (1915), No. 1, pp. 7-17. pis. 3). — Among the Vv^ays in which Dasyscypha (Peziza) calycina may infect larch are mentioned wounds made by frost, hail, the larch aphis (Chcrmes ahietis), or abrasions due to movements of men, animals, or air, though the dangers from such sources has, it is thought, been overestimated. Owing to the death of young branches the cankers of most direct importance to foresters are those induced after the first two or three years of growth. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 845 Examinations of anatomical and pljysiological data are not decisive as to whether the mycelium passes from a dead branch to the main axis through the vrood or just outside it. Death of dormant buds is considered as a possible means of infection of the stems, but probably this is of no great imixtrtance. It is held that the most important source of infection are the dead limbs left on the stems, this suggesting removal of affected branches before they are dead, preferably during dry mouths when spores of this fungus are not being given off. A disease of pine shoots (Quort. Jour. Forcstrif, 0 (1915), No. 1, pp. 6.'t, 65). — A fungus, said to be more common on the Corsican pine than on Scotch pine and some other conifers, has been identified as Cenatuiuim abietis. Infection occurs in late autumn or winter. The leaves begin to fall rapidly in early sum- mer, the shoots of the previous year's growth often being completely defoliated. The bud of an infected shoot rarely expands at all. Both ascosiwres and one to three celled conidia in large quantities are said to be produced by the fungus. A leaf cast of pines in Sweden, T. Lagb31bebg (Mcddel. Stat. Skoffsforsoksanst. (Mitt. For.rtl. T"c/-s. Annt. SchwedetK^), No. 10 {1913), pp. 139-180, XVII-XXII, figs. 8). — A leaf disease of pines is described in its several stages and as to its effects on the foliage and trees. It is said to show jiycnidia corresiwnding to those borne by Leptostronia pinastri, the conidial stage (Lophodermiuni pinitstri) being already known. A bibliography is given. A disease of oaks in Westphalia, Hey {Ztschr. Forst ti. Jagdic, 46 (1914), No. 10, pp. 595-598). — The author cites facts recently observed by himself which are held to indicate that AnHiUaria mellea is the cause of the dying out of oak trees and also of beech in one case noted. A timber rot accompanying' Kymenochfete rubig-inosa, H. P. Bkown (My- cologia, 7 (1915), No. 1, pp. 1-20, pis. 3). — The author describes the results of inva- sion by IT. luhiginosa and its saprophytic activity in case of decorticated chest- nut (also, but more rarely, of oak) near Ithaca, N. Y.. and also the development and habits of this fungus. The fi'uit bodies are annual and xerophytic, spores being shed intermittently during moist periods for several months. A superficial p<>ripheral type of decay usually accompanies the typical decay due to this fungus. Studies in dry rot, V, C. Wehmer (Mycol. Centbl., 4 {1914), Nos. 5, pp. 241- 252, fly. 1; 6, pp. 287-299, pis. 2).— In continuance of previous reports (E. S. R., 31, p. 248) the author gives detailed results of f;tndies on conditions as favorable or unfavorable to development on structural woods, etc., by Merulius, including the influence of previous sterilization, of impregnation with nutritive substances, and of lowering the temperature during the tests. Air-dry or dampened, but not strictly sterile, fir wood was not severel.v attacked by detached mycelium of Merulius, even in a moist chamber, the ex- I>eriments indicating a high degree of sensitiveness of this fungus to conditions as regards both nutritive materials and the presence of other organisms (bac- teria, yeasts, and other fungi). Other experiments with strictly sterile moist heartwood or sapwood gave a growth the luxuriance of which was in close relation with the degree of moisture present in the materials attacked (moisture of the air showing little if any influence). Spore development was not obtained on either air-dry or dampened wood. Attached mycelium, however, proved much less sensitive to conditions hindering growth in detached portions. The liability to extension by Merulius appeal's, therefore, to be in practice somewhat limited by the tendencies above noted. 846 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Handbook of medical entomolog'y, W. A. Riley and O. A. Johannsen (Ithaca, N. Y.: The Comstoclc Puhlishiny Co., 1915, pp. /Z+3//8, pi. l,figs. 174).— The object of this work, as stated by the authors. " is to ?fford a general survey of the field, and primarily to put the student of medicine and entomology in touch with the discoveries and theories which underlie some of the most impor- tant modern work in preventive medicine." In an introduction tlie authors discuss early suggestions regarding the trans- mission of disease by insects and the ways in which arthropods may affect the health of man. The subject is then taken up under the lieadings of arthro- pods which are directly poisonous; parasitic arthropods affecting man; acci- dental or facultative parasites; arthropods as simple carriers of disease germs, as direct inoculators of disease germs, as essential hosts of pathogenic organ- isms, and as essential hosts of pathogenic protozoa; some possible but imi)er- fectly kuovra cases of arthropod tiansmission of disease, Lnd keys to the arthro- pods noxious to man. In an appendix the use of hydrocyanic acid gas against household insects with the details relating to household fumigation and lesions produced by the bile of the black fly are dealt with. A 14-page bibliography and a complete subject index are included. Entomolog'y, or the study of insects, and its importance, E. S. Tuckee (Louisiana Stas. Crop Pest Notice 3 (1915), pp. 3-S). — This is a popular intro- duction to the subject. The author points out the importance of a knowledge of insects in order that the detrimental and beneficial ones may be distinguished and that control measures may he intelligently applied. Habits and instincts of insects up to the growth of the social instincts, O. M. Reuteb (Lebcnsgcwolmhciten and Instinlcte der Insekten his zum Er- wachcn der sozialen Instinkte. Berlin: R. Fricdldndcr and Sohn, 1913, pp. XVI-\-Jf48, figs. S.'t). — This work is separated into 20 chapters in which the author deal-s at length with the bionomics of insects. Cyanid of potassium in trees (Agr. Neics [Barbados}, 14 (1915), No. 332, p. 26). — The accounts previously noted (E. S. R., 32, pp. 152, 754) having come to attention several tests were made by the Imperial Department of Agriculture to determine what effect cy;iiiid has on certain plants. Three trees wei'e used, namely, a small mulberry (Morns alba), king of flowers (Lagerstroemia indica), and a red gum (Biirscra gtmnirifcra), the cyanid being applied in a hole i in. in diameter, bored into the trees to a depth of about l* to 1^ in. The holes were then filled with finely crushed cyanid of potassium and plugged with paraflin v/ax on October 21, 1914. In each case the trunk of the tree was considerably injured aud the method ih considered liable to result in serious injurj' to the ijlants. [Report of] department of entomolog'y (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1913-1914. pp. 13-17). — The common eastern lady beetle (21egiUa tuaculata) has been intro- duced from the East aud is being reared in confinement. The results of insecticide investigations have been summarized in part as follows: "Lime-sulphur plus arseuite of zinc, lime-sulphur plus arsenate of lead (acid), and lime-sulphur plus arsenate of lead (nonacid), in all strengths caused serious burning. If anything, the nonacid injury was slightly the worst. Lime-sulphur caused considerable injury, but not one-half as much as in the combination sprays. Arseuite of zinc alone and in all strengths caused considerable burning. The burning was different, however. fi"om that of the combination aud lime-sulphur sprayed trees. With the combination sprays the entire leaf was destroyed or else the injury covered a distinct portion, all parts of which were discolored. Scab spots on the leaves appeared black, ordinary ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 847 leaf tissue brown. . . . Arseuate of lead (acid) and arsenate of lead (non- acid) did not cause injury in any case when used alone. In experiments with ar.senite of zinc, etc., where injury did occur, the injury did not begin to show up badly for about 5 days, when suddenly, overnlnht, it appeared at its worst. The check trees, sprayed with water, did not show injury. . . . "Arsenite of zinc is u quicker-acting poison than arsenate of lead, acid or nonacid, and remains in suspension much better. Acid arsenate of lead is a quicker-acting iH)ison than the nonacid and remains in suspension better. Non- acid arsenate of lead is slow in its action, but is satisfactory in that death finally occurs. Lime-sulphur in the experiments conducted has not proved to have much value as a stomach poison. Lime-sulphur with arsenicals seems to retard to a more or less extent the action of the x»oison, and it is possible for larvje to feed on foliage sprayed with weak strengths of lime-sulphur plus arsenate of lead and recover, if transferred to fresh foliage within a few days. . . . Lime-sulphur probably acts as a repellent to biting insects in the same way that Bordeaux does against the potato flea-beetles." The larvto of tent caterpillars {llalacosoma crosa and .1/. i)liiviaUs) were used in the experiments. Beport on injurious insects in Finland, 1911 and 1912, E. Reuteb (Landtbr. Sti/r. Mcddcl. [FiiilaiuU, Nos. S7 {191J,), pp. 18; 93 {WW, pp. i.'/).— These aiuiual rei)orts of the entomologist of Finland discuss the occuri'ence of the more imiwrtant insect enemies of crops during the years 1911 and 1912. Report of the imperial pathological entomologist, F. M. Howlett {Rpt. lilt: Research In^st. utid Col. Fusa, 1912-13, pp. 78-83). — A brief report of the work of the year with ecto-parasites, fruit flies, etc. [Annual report of the government entomologist of Uganda], C. C. Gowdey (.-inn. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. Uf/anda, 191 Ji, pp. .3(]-o8). — The author here reports oh the more important insect enemies of the principal crops of Uganda, particu- larly of coffee and cotton. The yellow-headed coffee borer (Dirphya [Nitocris] princeps) and the coffee-berry borer {Steplnmoderus coffccc) which attack coffee, and the spiny bollworm {Earias insuUina), Oxycarcnus hyalinipennis, and the leaf-footed plant bug {Lcptoglossun memhranacem), which attack cot- ton, are given particular consideration. Proceedings of the German Association of Economic Entomology, edited by K. EscHERiCH and F. Schwangart (Ztsehr. jinycw. Ent., 1 {191.'i), No. 1, pp. 2.'i0. pis. 3. fi'js. 61). — The papers presented at the first annual meeting, held at Wiirzburg, October 21 to 24, 1913, include the following: The Aims and Prob- lems of the German Society of Economic Entomology, by K. Eseherich (pp. 14-19) ; The Fight Against the Grapevine Phylloxera in Prussia, by E. H. Eiibsaamen (pp. 20-19) ; The Vine Phylloxera in Franconia, by Orth (pp. 50- 58) ; Experimental Demonstration of a Biological Race Difference in the Phylloxera from Lorraine and from Southern France, Peritymbia (Phylloxera) fitifoUi pcrvasidtrix, by C. Borner (pp. 59-07) ; Economic Entomology in Italy, by R. Heymons (pp. 0S-S3) ; Economic Entomology in Germany, by L. Reh (pp. 84-94) ; Economic Entomology in the German Colonies, by G. Aulmann (pp. 95- 136) ; The Royal Institution for Bee Keeping, Investigations at Erlangen, by E. Zander (pp. 137-140) ; The Biology of the Tsetse Flies, by E. Teichmanu (pp. 147-159) ; A Kew Grain Pest in Hungary (Halmeule: Tupinostola inuneulo.'ia), by J. Jablonowski (pp. 160-171) ; The Habits of Dipterous Parasites of Cater- pillars (Raupenfliegen), by H. Prell (pp. 172-195) ; The Mulberry or West Indian I'each Scale and Its Control by Parasite.s, by J. BoUe (pp. 190-213) ; Economic Entomology and Bird Protection, by K. Haenel (pp. 214-222) ; and The African Silkworms and Their Agricultural Importance, by A. Schultze (pp. 223-231). A list of the members is ai)i)ended. 848 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Insect enemies of the beet root in the south of France, F. Picakd (Tie Agr. ct Rurale, 3 (191^), Xo. Iff. pp. 390, 391). — A brief discussion of the more important beet pests. Insect enemies of locusts and of noxious acridians in Russia. — I, Coleop- terous enemies, I. A. I'obtchinsky (Trudy liiiiio Ent. [St. I'ctenh.l, 11 (1014), No. 1, pp. 68, pis. 2, fifjs. 22; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Her. A, No. 7, pp. 473-475). — In this paper the author deals at length with the beetles which destroy the eggs of Orthoptera. IG belonging to the genus Mylabris and 3 to the genus Epicauta. The pea thrips, Gaumont and Vuillet (Bui. »S'oc. Nat. Ayr. France, 74 (1914), No. 2, pp. 168-173). — This article relates to FninklinieUa robii.stn (Thrips pisivora) which is a source of considerable injurj' to peas in France. In 1913 this thrips was abundant on peas, beans, and sweet peas in the Aisne. It is said to occur in abundance in the blossoms of trefoil at Bourg-la-Reine, De- partment of Seine, in May, and individuals have been found in the blooms of crown vetch and lucern at Beaune, Ajuya reptans at Chaumont-en-Vexin, and Echalliuiii ciaterium at Marseille. Thus it appears that this thrips is very widely distributed in Frame and that it can survive at le.'ist temporarily on other plants than peas and beans. Maine aphids of the rose family, Enrrti M. Patch (lluine tSta. Bui. 233 (1914), PP- 253-280, pis. 3, figs. 6').- -This paper gives brief descriptive accounts and drawings of those aphids found in Maine upon members of the rose family (Rosacese). The most serious of the apple aphids has been previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 548), but the plum aphids have not previously been worked up. The species considered are the woolly aphid of hawthorn leaf, Prociphilus corrugatans on Juneberry (Amelanchier) and Crataegus; Schizoncura lanigcra, Macrosiphutn cratwgi. Aphis aveiice, A. brevis, and A. halceri on Crataegus; Myzus porosus on strawberry; Myzus cerasi, A. fiircaia n. sp., Myzus pcrsica', A. ccrasi- foliw, and A. tuberoulata n. sp. on cherrj-; A. cerasifolice, A. prunorum, A. cardtii, Phorodon humuli, and Hyalopterus arundinis on plum; S. lanigera on mountain ash; S. lanigera, A. avencc, A. pomi, A. sorM, and M. persicw on apple; A. brevis on Pyrus japonica; Macrosiphum rosce, M. solamfoUi, M. dirhodum, and Myzus rosarum on roses; A. rubiphila n. sp., and Macrosiphum rubicoia on raspberry; and A. spirwcola n. n., A. spinephila n. sp.. and Macrosiphum spircecola n. sp., on Spiraea. Brief notes on aphid control and a list of the literature cited are included. The woolly apple aphis, A. C. Bakeb (U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 101 (1915), pp. 55, pis. 15, figs. 3). — ^This is a report of studies of Eriosoma (Schizoneura) lanigera commenced in the spring of 1912. In experiments conducted it was found that the species does not migrate to Ribes as is the case with E. iilnd in Europe. The results of the author's ex- periments did not agree with those of Dr. Patch (E. S. R.. 2S, p. 251), who reports transferring from elm to apple the species which she considered as E. americana, in that the species which he considered americana would not feed upon apple; they did agree, however, in that the elm was proved to be the winter host of E. lanigera, so that he credits her with having first dis- covered that the woolly aphis migrates from the elm to the apple in the spring and in the fall returns to the elm. The negative results obtained from experi- ments with Ribes indicate that three species develop on elms, namely, E. ulmi, americana, and lanigera. The subject is taken up under the headings of early history; name, in- cluding synonymy ; methods of study ; forms of the species, including technical descriptions ; and a detailed study of the structure, habits, etc., of the species, including molts, digestive system, injuries, body fluids, muscles, movement, ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 849 migrations, reproduction, wax secretion, respiration, and nervous system. Under reproduction the autlior treats of tlie reproductive system, parturition, number of young, and courtship. The life history of this species is .summarized as follows: "The egg is laid, as a rule, upon the baric of elm in crevices, though occasionally it is laid upon other trees. In the spring, toward the first of April, it hatches, and the young stem mother so produced migrates to the base of a bud. Here she may remain for some days before the btid opens. Upon opening, the leaves curl or ' rosette' about the insect, and in this house she produces her young. This second gen- eration is wingless and lives within the curled leaves or upon the tender twigs. The generation matures late in Ai)ril or in early May. It in tuni produces a third generation, which is present upon the elm leaves from about May 1 until early June. An insect of this third generation is winged and is known as the spring migrant. It flies from the elm leaves to apple or related plants, settling upon the leaves, twigs, and water sprouts. Here it produces the fourth generation, which is wingless and which is the first generation on apple of the well-known woolly aphis. About July 1 this generation is mature and is giving birth to another generation, the fifth, which is exactly like it. Many individuals of this fiftli generation migrate to the roots, but others remain upon the twigs. Those which remain above ground produce a generation of winged forms, the sixth generation, which is mature about the middle of September. These fall migrants may be found upon the trees until late autumn, but they nearly all migrate to the elms. Here they settle upon the bark and produce the sexual forms, males and females, small wingless, beakless individuals. These mate, and the female, known as the oviparous female, then deposits her solitary egg in a crevice of the bark, where it passes the winter to hatch as a stem mother the following spring." A list of tho literal ure referred to in the text is appended. The host plants and habits of Aphis rumicis, with some observations on the migration of, and infestation of, plants by aphides, J. Davidson (Ann. Appl. BioL, 1 (lOlJ,), No. 2, pp. II8-I4I, fig. i).— The author reports upon investigations of the habits of aphidids. made during the year, which failed to furnish sufficient data upon which to base any definite conclusions, although many of the observations have suggested certain lines of inquiry. In the latter part of the paper he briefly discusses some of the factors which may underlie the questions of the migration of aphidids nnd the infestation of ))lants by them. Preliminary notes on damage to apples by capsid bugs, J. C. F. Fbyee (Ann. Appl. Biol.. 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 107-112, pis. 2).— This is a brief review of the literature on the sub.iect and a report of observations made In English orchards. The distribution of the capsid attack in England is very local and is not known to be widespread in any district ; at present it is known to occur .sporadically in Kent, Suffolk, Nottingham, Worcester, and Hereford. The injured fruit is said to be almost unsalable and oi'chards were vi.sited where from 30 to 50 per cent of the crop was affected, no account being taken in this estimate of fruit so damaged that it fell off before reaching maturity. Inves- tigations of Lyguii pratensis, PsalluK ambiguus, Atractotonius mali, Plesiocoris rugicollin, and Orthofpliis marginalis show +■"""'■ ' ' er of the two last named, or both, are responsible for the injury. An experiment was conducted b.v an orchardist which consisted in excluding the larva^ of these two si)ecies from a number of trusses and in inclosing them with others. The results show that the trusses from which the two species were excluded developed sound fruit, while the apples inclosed with them sus- tained typical capsid damage. 850 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " The only treatment that can be suggestetl is a spray of soft soap and nico- tin, or possibly soft soap and quassia, bnt success will depend on a nice estima- tion of the exact time to apply the wash, and the thoroughness with which the application is made." The life history and habits of the pear thrips in California, S. W. Foster and r. R. Jones (11. .S'. De}tt. Agr. Hid. J73 {I'Jir,), pp. .j^, pis. 5, figs. IJ,).— This is a detailed account of (Euthrips) Tccniothrips pyri. based in part on studies previously noterl (E. S. R., 24. p. 455). The subject is dealt with under the headings of the history, economic importance, character of injury, descrip- tion, .systematic position, anatomy, life history and habits, and natural enemies. The San Jose scale and its control, A. L. Quaintance (TJ. 8. Dept. Agr.. Farmers' Bui. 650 {1915), pp. 27. figs. 17). — This is a revision of Circular 124 of Ihe Bureau of Entomology, previously noteeriments. The bacteriology of paper dishes, Mary Dtjdderidge (Houseicives League Mag.. 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 12-15. figs. 3). — This article embodies the results of a study of wood, wood pulp, and water-proof paper food containers. Special attention was given to the study of the bacterial and mold content of these containers. A study of fruit-jar caps, Gail M. Stapp {Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd. Health, 17 {1914)- No. 9, pp. 100, 101). — ^The results are reported of a comparative study of the old style glass-lined zinc caps which close the jar by pressing tightly on a rubber ring placed on the shoulder of the jar, and a newer style cap in which the rubber ring is placed on the edge of the glass neck of the jar so that the closure is made by the inside glass lining of the cap. Into jars sealed with the old style caps were placed 100 cc. of each of the following solutions : One- half per cent of phosphoric acid. 1 per cent of phosphoric acid : i per cent of tartaric acid. 1 per cent of tartaric acid; i per cent of acetic acid, 1 per cent of acetic acid ; and * per cent of nitric acid and 1 per cent of nitric acid. Other jars of the same kind but sealed with the new caps contained like amounts of the same solutions. After all jars had been inverted and allowed to stand for 6 months it was noted that all the old style caps were corroded. The contents of 5 out of 7 of the jars sealed with the old caps were turbid, showed a decided loss in vol- ume, and contained zinc. The contents of the jar sealed with the newer style caps showed no loss in volume and no turbidity, and contained no zinc, and the caps were not corroded. Experiments in cheap catering, Edith Sellers {Nineteenth Cent, and After, 76 {1914), ^^0. 453, pp. 1123-1137). — This article desc-ribes two low-priced restau- rants or food shops, one in Christiana and one in Vienna. The Norwegian establishment has been gradually developed since 1857, when a group of business men started a restaurant to provide wholesome food for laboring people at a price which would pay the total cost of buying, preparing, FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 857 and serving the food, plus a reasonable return on the capital invested. It was not a success until a department was introduced fur the sale of food, both raw and cooked, to be oousumed at home, which made possible the purchase of all supplies at wholesale rates. Since then the patronage has steadily increased until over 1,500 persons get their dinners there, 700 go to the cooked-food de- partment, and several hundred others take minor meals in the caf6 or purchase luicooked provisions. Table d'hote dinners are served at noon in the dining room at the rate of 13.5 and 9 cents. The People's Kitchens in Vienna have been in operation since 1872 and have served as the models of the Alexandra Trust Dining Rooms in London and similar organizations elsewhere. They now operate restaurants and food shops all over Vienna and serve low-priced, well-i)re]>ared meals to 22,000 per- sons daily, besides providing 5,420 lunches for school children and selling food to several thousands who eat at home. The business, which is entirely self- supporting though managed by a philanthropic association, is so organized that it can at short notice cater to 10,000 unexpected persons. The association is called out in emergencies, such as inundations, epidemics, or other disasters in any part of the country, to take charge of the feeding of the district affected, and is al>le to res])ond immediately to such demands. A shop-girls' restaurant, Edith Sellers {Cornhill Mag., n. ser., 37 {1914). No. 221, pp. C).')6-G65). — ^The establishment described in this article is in the heart of the business center of Copenhagen and serves low-priced meals to from 1,200 to 1,800 shop girls, besides selling cooked food. It occupies two floors of a large building, the lower devoted to h la carte service and the upper to table d'hote dinners. The proceeds are sufficient to cover all expenses, in- cluding rent and reasonable returns to the two women who have been entirely responsible for the management, but do not allow of further profits. Food for polar explorers {8ci. Amer. 8i(p., 79 (1915), No. 2037, pp. 36, 37).— An abstract is given of an article by Sir Ernest Shackleton in which data are given regarding the food supply and diet of explorers in polar regions. The diet of working men and the principles of nutrition, F. Hirschfeld (Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., 51 (1914), No. 42, pp. 1721-1725).— A summary and digest of data which considers princii)ally the use of protein and carbohydrate in the diet. What are the proximate principles in nutrition? T. Hough (Va. Med. Semi- Mo., 19 (1915), No. 19, pp. 471-475). — A summary and digest of data with par- ticular reference to the importance of amino acids and vitamins in the diet. The use of boiled milk in infant feeding, R. H. Dennett (Jour. Anwr. Med. AsKOc, 63 (,1914), No. 23, pp. 1991-1995). — Clinical observations are reported upon infants fed with boiled and unboiled milk. The conclusions drawn by the author are in part as follows: " The prolonged use of boiled milk if properly administered does not neces- sarily cause nutritional disorders such as rickets, anemia, malnutrition, or poor musculature. Scurvy may be avoided when boile^. in 858 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Zentbl. Physiol., 29 (lUU,). \o. 3. p. /.^?).— Acoordiug to the authors, children, both naturally and artificially fed, were able to utilize tri-calciuni phosphate taken with cod liver oil. The etiology of beri-beri with reference to the total phosphorus me- tabolism, li. SciiAUMANN (Arch. Schiffx u. Tropcn Hyg., 14 {1910), Beihefte H. pp. 397, pis. 12, figs. 2). — In this hook the work of others is extensively reviewed and summarized, and the author presents a larsre amount of original experimental data. Various theories regarding \\\c^ etiology of the disease are briefly presenteepsin and hydrochloric acid. Trypsin has no effect on enterokinase or trypsinogen. Enterokinase has no effect on trypsin, but activates trypsinogen. Pepsin is de- stroyed by the alkali of pancreatic juice." The ferments of the pancreas. — IV, Steapsin, J. Mellanby and V. J. Wooi> LEY (Jour. Physiol, 48 {1914), ^o. /,. pp. 281-302). — Continuing the above work, the authors report experimental data which may be summarized as follows : " The stability of steapsin in alkaline solution is similar to that of trypsin." The loss of steapsin by fresh pancreatic juice increases rapidly with an in- crease in temperature above 40° C, all of it being destroyed within five minutes at 60°. The stability of steapsin in acid solution depends upon the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution, it being stable in the presence of large amounts of higher fatty acids but quickly destroyed by small amounts of free mineral acids. " Steapsin can not exist in the presence of free trypsin. Therefore, when pancreatic juice is activated by enterokinase, as trypsin develops steapsin disappears. This fact affords an explanation for the presence of trypsinogen rather than trypsin in fresh pancreatic juice." Steapsin is protected from destruction by the addition to activating pan- creatic juice of serum or egg albumin. "The action of steapsin on fat is greatly augmented by bile and bile salts. Electrolytes, such as neutral salts, have no influence on the reaction . . . " From a consideration of the properties of steapsin and its relation to trypsin it appears that steapsin consists essentially of protein ; that the de- struction of trypsin in alkaline solution is not due to autodigestion but to its inherent instability ; that although the conditions in the small intestine which favor trypsin production are inimical to the continued existence of steapsin, yet the presence of protein in a dietary may facilitate fat digestion by virtue of the capacity of the protein to absorb the first formed trypsin." The influence of sugar injections on heat regulation, H. Freund and E. ScHLAGiNTWEiT {Avch. Expt. Path. u. Pharmakol., 76 (1914), No. 5-6, pp. 303- 310; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol., 29 {1914), No. 2, p. 94).— The authors conclude from experimental data that the nervous systems for heat regulation and for sugar combustion are entirely independent. 860 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The influence of salts on respiratory metabolism, W. Madeb ( Unter- suchungcn iiber den Einfluss von Salzen auf den respiratorischen Stoffwechsel. Imiug. Diss., Giessen, 1913, pp. 31; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol, 29 (1914), No. 2, p. 89). — The values are given of respiratory quotients determined for diets containing various inorganic salts. Metabolism experiments carried out under decreased partial pressure of the oxygen in the air breathed, M. Bache (Stoffkoechselveisuche bei Herab- aetztmg dcs Saucrstoff-Partiuldruckes in der Respirationsluft. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Halle, 1913; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol, 29 (1914), ^o. 2, p. 8S).—A decreased partial pressure of oxygen produced changes in metabolism. Long-continued maintenance in this atmosphere induced a certain nitrogen retention, wliich continued, however, only under these conditions. Maintenance for a few hours each day in oxygen-poor air led to a prolonged disturbance of protein metabolism. The kinetic system, G. W. Ceile (Proc. Amer. Phil Soc, 53 (1914), A'«- 215, pp. 263-286). — On the basis of a large amount of clinical and experimental data the author has formulated a theory to explain the conversion of latent energy into kinetic energy. Quotations follow : " To become adapted to their environment animals are transformers of energy. This adaptation to environment is made by means of a system of organs evolved for the purpose of converting potential energy into heat and motion. The principal organs and tissues of this system are the brain, the suprarenals. the thyroid, the muscles, and the liver." " The brain is the great central bat- tery which drives the body; the thyroid governs the conditions favoring tissue oxidation; the suprarenals govern immediate oxidation processes; the liver fabricates and stores glycogen ; and the muscles are the great converters of latent energy into heat and motion. . . . Each is a vital linli — each plays its particular I'ole and one can not compensate for the other. A change in any link of the kinetic chain modifies proportionately the entire kinetic system, which is no stronger than its weakest link." A respiration Incubator for the study of the energy metabolism of infants, J. E. MuRLiN (Amcr. .Jour. Diseases Children; 9 (1915), No. 1. pp. 43-58, figs. 7). — ^An apparatus is described which is designed for the study of the metabolism of infants. The respiration chamber is large enough to contain an infant one year of age and is maintained at constant temperature by use of an electric heater and cooling coils contained in the air space which surrounds the chamber. Ventilation and measurement of the respiratory quotient are accomplished by a closed system for removing the water vapor and carbon dioxid produced. Oxygen, to replace that consumed by the infant, is admitted automatically by magnetic devices operated by a spirometer. The muscular activity of the infant is measured by means of tambours connected by rubber tubing with recording devices. Control experiments with diabetic dogs and alcohol expermients showed an average error in the respiratory quotient for all of the daily averages of 1.8 per cent. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Live stock genetics (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 1, pp. 21-31. figs. 5). — This is a review, by the research committee on animal breeding of the Amer- ican Genetic Association, of the work in experimental animal breeding now under way at the various state experiment stations. IBibliography on animal breeding] (Ztschr. Induktive Abstant. u. Terer- bungslchre, 13 (1914), No. 1-2. pp. (12)-(21), (23), (24)).— A. bibliography of new literature on animal breeding, heredity, anatomy, and physiology. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 861 Prepotency, E. N. Wentwobth {Jour. Hereditij, 6 {1915), No. 1, pp. 17-20). — The author contends that the first essential of prepotency is homozygosis in a dominant character. This is opjwsed to the general belief that prepotency is a quality belonging to individuals rather than characters. He states that " as a matter of fact it is highly improbable that there ever occurred the ideally prepotent animal described by the breeder; that is, one which is able to impress most of his characters upon his progeny in spite of the females to which he is mated. . . . Prepotency is never a property of the individual, but belongs to a certain few characters that are part of the hereditary makeup of the individual, and their condition as to homozygosis or heterozygosis is the entire determining factor. The degree by which one animal is more ' strongly hved' for a character than another animal is this wide degree of purity or hybridity." The author believes that prepotency is not entirely a property of the male sex, as many breeders contend, but exists in both sexes. It is thought that the linkage or coupling of separate factors in heredity explains observed pre- potency and the difference between "breeders of breeders" and "breeders of performers." Variability of cattle, J. H. W. T. Reimeks {Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 9 {1914), pp- 1S2-162, figs. 6). — This reports a biometrieal study made of the body measurements of 300 Holstein cows from 2J to 3 years old. The effect of lead on the germ cells of the male rabbit and fowl as indi- cated by their progeny, L. J. Cole and L. J. Bachhuber {Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 12 {1914), No. 1. pp. 24-29). — In these studies it was demon- strated that the offspring produced by male rabbits which have been poisoned by the injection of lead acetate into the alimentary tract have a lower vitality and are distinctly smaller in average size than normal offspring of unpoisoned males. Similar results were obtained with fowls. On the ovarian factor concerned in the recurrence of the estrous cycle, F. H. A. Marshall and J. G. Runciman {Jour. Physiol., 49 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 17-22, figs. 2). — ^The authors conclude from their experiments that "the occurrence of 'heat' (proestrum and estrus) in dogs does not depend upon the presence of mature (or nearly mature) Graafian follicles in the ovaries. It is equally evident that it is not dependent upon corpora lutea. It must be sup- posed, therefore, that the ovarian factor in tlie recurrence of 'heat' resides in some other ovarian element or combination of elements. The ovarian interstitial cells are possibly concerned in the process, but cyclical changes in the condi- tion of these cells have not so far been observed in the dog's ovaries. " The view which has generally been maintained that the ripening of the Graafian follicles and the onset of menstruation or heat stand to one another in the relation of cause to effect, must be finally abandoned. It is probable that both series of changes are effects of some more deep-seated ovarian phe- nomenon." Studies in the blood relationship of animals as displayed in the composi- tion of the serum proteins.— Ill, A comparison of the sera of the hen, turkey, duck, and goose with respect to their content of various proteins, W. B. Thompson {Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-6). — In continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 875; 30, p. 68), the author has deter- mined the average percentage of insoluble globulin, total globulin, and totnl albumin in the sera of the hen, rooster, turkey, duck, and goose. Studies in the blood relationship of animals as displayed in the composi- tion of the serum proteins. ^IV, A comparison of the sera of the pigeon, rooster, and guinea fowl with respect to their content of various proteins 862 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. in the normal and in the fasting condition, R. S. Briggs (Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 (1915), No. 1, pp. 7-11). — This continues the above, giving the average percentage of the various proteins in the sera of the pigeon, rooster, and guinea fowl during normal and fasting j^eriods. The weights of newborn calves, sheep, goats, and pigs, J. Richteb and A. Bkaueb (Jahrb. Wis.s. u. I'rakt. Ticrzucht, 9 (191 J,), pp. 91-131, pis. 2). — This article reports studies made of the weights of newborn calves, sheep, goats, and pigs, comparing the initial weight with their aftergrowth. A bibliography of 42 references is included. Texas feeding stufEs; their composition and utilization, G. S. Fbaps (Texas 8ta. Bui. no (1914), PP- 34). — This bulletin contains a discussion of the com- position of Texas feeding stuffs, their utilization and values, the calculation of balanced rations, and tables showing the composition, coefficients of digesti- bility, and feeding values. Sugar as a feed stuff, F. Lehmann (Ztschr. Landw. Kammer Braunsch/weig., 83 (19U), Nos. 34, pp. 360-362; 35, pp. 367-369; abs. in Mitt. Ver. Deut. Schweineziichter, 21 (1914), No. 23, pp. 398-401). — Successful experiments are repoited in which swine were fed from 0.25 to 0.5 kg. of sugar per day, together with a grain ration. It is estimated that the sugar effected an average gain of 0.332 kg. per kilogram of sugar fed. It is thought that the sugar raises the digestibility coefficient of the entire ration. [Fish as a cattle food] (Nature [London], 94 (1914), No. 2355, p. 430). — It is stated that in Shetland and Iceland, dry salt fish is fed to cattle, sheep, and horses. Early experiments by Lawes are cited which demonstrated that fish-fed pigs were fat and well ripened. Heifers which had been on fish diet for six months showed an average increase of weight of 54 lbs. per head as against 70 lbs. for normally fed animals. The use of fish as cattle food, R. C. Wood (Agr. Jour. India, 9 (1914), A'o 4, pp. 356-361). — It was demonstrated that the addition of f lb. of ground fish to a basal ration of rice bran when fed to heifers increased their weight prac- tically as much as an ordinary feed. No ill effects followed the addition of fish to the ration for cattle and after a little time no trouble was experienced in getting the cattle to eat it freely. As a fattening feed, it was found not to compare favorably with peanut meal. The question of the digestibility of turf, S. GoY (Landu: Jahrb.. 46 (1914), No. 3, pp. 403-408). — The author reviews investigations on the digestibility of turf and shows vi^herein it has a depressing influence on the digestibility of the nutrients, the ferments being rendered less efficient when a large quantity of this material is fed. [Analyses of feed stuffs], R. E. Rose (Ann. Rpt. f^tate Chem. Fla., 1914. pp. 107-135). — Analyses are i*eported of cotton-seetl meal, beef scrap, bran, mid- dlings, dried beet pulp, velvet beans, oats, chops, wheat. Para grass hay. dried distillers' slop, shipstuff, molasses feed, alfalfa meal, shorts, linseed meal, rice meal, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. Commercial feeds, J. M. Pickel (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 35 (1914), ^'O- ^0, pp. 73). — Analyses are reported of wheat bran, middlings, shorts, red dog flour, shipstuff, molasses feed. corn, cracked corn, corn chops, corn bran, gluten feed, beet pulp, rice meal, rice polish, rice bran, wheat, oats, wheat screenings, floor sweei^ngs, and various mixetl and proprietary feeds. [Beport of] department of animal husbandry (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1913-1914, pp. 21, 22). — In an experiment comparing skim milk and tankage as supple- mental feeds for swine, equal nutrients being fed, lot 1 made a total of 669 lbs. gain, consuming 2.72 lbs. of barley and 6.31 lbs. of skim milk per pound of ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 863 gain; and lot 2, 60S lbs. gain, consuming 3.31 lbs. of barley and 0.35 lb. of tankage per pound of gain. The cost r)er pound of gain in lot 2 was 5.84 cts. The value of skim milk for each pound of gain in lot 1 as comitarod with lot 2 was 28.20 cts. Two lots of pigs fed a ration of crushed wheat, bran, and tankage. 5:4:1, lot 1 being self-fed on dry feed and lot 2 hand-fetl on soaked feed, required per liound of gain 5.12 lbs. and 4. 88 lbs., respectively. In a second trial lot 1 consumed 4.18 lbs. of feed and lot 2. 5.37 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. In tliis experiment the self-feeder lot ate more feed daily and gained more rapidly at a small cost of nutrients tlian did the hand-fed lot. Two Duroc Jersey sows with 7-day-old ])igs consumed during the time of suck- ling the pigs 1.220 lbs. of a fee. 0 0 73 0 . f^.a t-. bo a> 0 " » Lot. 1 o o .3 Si •S < 1 a 3 1 i e s 73 =3 -a — a 0 li 4.3 0 1 P4 ►3 I 1 2.78 1.31 1,6s. P. 70 9.66 Lbs. £6s. Lbs. 3.27 4.09 i5s. 9.94 Lhs. Lbs. i6s. Lbs. 1.71 1.69 1.88 1.81 1.50 1.80 1.62 2.05 1.6C 1.97 Lbs. 12.55 13.21 9.25 11.53 11.27 11.94 10.17 10.89 10.67 11.62 Cents. 11.80 \. .. Cents. 2 "47.I9 30.63 40.42 25.58 19.47 19.81 37.58 21.37 12.33 '2."3i 2.75 13.?9P-=*^ ll: 62,} 1-02 ^•^^i\2 16 8.16\ 1 n- ii.8i!r-"^ 8.29l\ . 2.-? 12.72 f *-^^ 37.3 TT 1 2 all. 91 611.99 63.6 TTT 1 4.S5 4.9G ""4."37 4.78 2 a 12. 07 611.98 ^y 1 9.89 5.06 2.30 2.C9 2.29 2.69 y 2 1 0 12.04 'ai2."6i 6 11.98 Vii."94 63.3 2 ' o 56 days. 6 28 days. It is concluded that " corn silage at $3.50 per ton is slightly more economical when used as the sole roughage for steers, than a combination of mixed hay and silag:e in which the silage is limited to 20 lbs. per head daily when hay. co.sting $12 per ton, is freely fed. "A ration of mixed hay and corn stover as roughage, with broken ear corn, or eorn-and-cob meal, and brands grain, when fed throughout the entire feed- ing period, is not economical in Pennsylvania. The cattle fed this ration through the entire feeding period produced 100 lbs. of gain at an average cost of $12.97, while those receiving no grain during the first 56 days except cotton- seed meal and what grain was present in the silage, made 100 lbs. of gain at the average cost of $10.48. ^Yheat bran as a source of protein at $25 per ton is nnich more expensive than cotton-seed meal at $84 ])er ton. The additional cost of grinding corn is not repaid by greater gains from steers. "Alfalfa hay at $15 per ton, when fed at^ the rate of 5 lbs. per 1.000 lbs. live weight, in combination with corn silage, is not so efficient as a source of pro- tein as 21 lbs. of cotton-seed, meal per 1,000 lbs, live weight daily at $34 per ton. The feeding of 5 lbs. of alfalfa hay with 24 lbs. of cotton-seed meal i>er 1,000 lbs. live weight daily as a source of protein in a ration of corn silage and ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 865 coru is not now economical. Alfalfa bay fed in combination witb corn silage during tbe first 56 days, witb corn added to tbe ration for the balance of tbe period, reduced tbe cost of gains, but also decreased tbe rate of gain as com- pared with tbe ration differing by tbe addition of cotton-seed meal. "Corn silage at $3.50 per ton as tbe sole rongbage is more economical tbau corn silage and alfalfa bay combined wben alfalfa bay costs $15 l)er ton. "Tbe cost of producing a pound of gain was considerably less during the first period, when roughage only was fe ter. Pro- tein. Perct. 88.86 88.05 87.20 87.22 85.91 Perct. 78.18 76.00 76.24 76.60 70.50 Ether ex- tract. Perct. 72.42 73.85 62.87 59.40 67.91 Nitro- gen- free ex- tract. Perct. 93.59 93.16 92.78 92.88 92.11 Cmde fllTer. Perct. 43.80 45.42 45.17 42.00 38.92 Ash. Perct. 20.50 7.36 7.32 10.92 -5.29 It i.s stated that these figures are in close agreement with those obtained in similar experiments at the Ohio Station (K. S. R., 31, p. 268). In the 1909-1910 series of experiments a correlation between the digestibility and time required for digestion was found, which was shown by the average length of time required for charcoal to traverse the digestive tract. For the light-weight hogs the average time required with the respective feeds was 70.5, 54, 48, 57. and 40.5 hours, the average digestibility of the dry matter being 90.96, 88.8. 88.09. 88.4, and 84.52 per cent, respectively. For the heavy-weight hogs the average time required was 38, 48, 36. 36. and 50 hours, respectively, and the average digestibility of the dry matter was 86.29, 87.04, 84.97, 86.46. and 88.61 per cent, respectively. The 1911 series of experiments do not corrobo- rate these results and hence they are not taken as conclusive. These digestion trials agree fairly well with former feeding trials (E. S. R., 22. p. 174) which demonstrated that light-weight hogs weighing less than 200 lbs. make the most rapid gains with whole corn on the cob. in the natural state, while heavy-weight swine make the most rapid gains with the soaked shelled and soaked ground grain. [Swine-feeding experiments], M. Popp and W. Felling (Dent. Landw. Presse, 41 (1914), No. 82, pp. 901, 902).— In an effort to find suitable substitutes for barley in the fattening ration, 8 lots of 110-lb. pigs were fed 80 days as follows: Lot 1, fish meal and barley meal, lot 2, fish meal and barley meal with steamed potatoes, lot 3, corn-blood feed and barley meal with steamed potatoes, lot 4, yeast and barley meal with steamed potatoes, lot 5, yeast, sugar feed, and barley meal, lot 6. fish meal, barley meal, and a proprietary feed, lot 7. fish meal, barley meal, a proprietary feed, and potatoes, and lot 8, fish meal, barley meal, and rye meal. Considering the gains made, the cost of gain, the quality of the flesh, and the feed requirements, the lots ranked as follows: 2, 7, 3, 8, 6. 1, 5, 4. The swine-raising industry in Canada, J. B. Spencer (Intcrnat. In.st. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 9, pp. 1154- 1159). — This is a statistical account of the swine-raising industry of Canada, discussing the early development of the industry and the present status of the export trade, especially of bacon. It appears that there has been a decline in exports, due largely to the in- creased consumption in Canada. The ex])orts of hog products have until quite recently been almost entirely to Great Britain, but with the throwing open of the markets of the United States increased quantities of Canadian bacon, hams, 868 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and pork have come to this country. There has been a marked increase in the pedigree registration of the bacon breeds of hogs and a material decrease in the fat-hog breeds during the past few years. Swine, G. E. Day (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 225 (1914), pp. 80, figs. 28).— A general treatise on the feeding, care, and management of swine. The breeds of horses in Norway, C. Wbiedt (Abs. in Internat. Imt. Agr. \_Rotne'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant DiseaseH, 5 (1914), No. 9, pp. ll'DJ^- 1196). — An account of the origin, development, and breed characteristics of the horses of Norway, one being the native breed known as Fjord, the other a special breed developed in eastern Norway and known as Gudbrandsdal. IReport of] poultry section {Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 191Jf, p. 37). — From feed- ing records kept of a flock of ducks " it would appear that in flocks of 20 or more the feeder would realize about 25 cts. per hour for his time, with in- creased returns as the number is increased. Ducks, when fed unstintingly, are retidy for market in from 9 to 11 weeks." Records kept of the cost of growing the chick during the fattening age " in- dicate that at this, the most expensive period of production, the cost of feed exceeds one-half the lowest market price, which in this locality is usually about 16 cts. per pound live weight for prime young stock." A flock of White Leghorns kept on range and fed by the hopper method doubled in weight in 57 days at a feeding cost of less than 7 cts. per pound gained. "At the low average price of 20 cts. per dozen for the eggs produced, a flock of 39 White Leghorns shows receipts of over 30 per cent above the maxi- mum feeding cost. That a younger flock and one that had been confined for a shorter space of time would have shown a larger egg yield is certain." [Report of] poultry husbandry department (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1913-1914, pp. 22-24). — It has been found that the humidity surrounding eggs during incubation has a highly important function to perform and that this, taken in connection with ventilation of the incubator and the supply of oxygen, is prob- ably the factor to be reckoned with in solving the problem of losses in connec- tion with the hatching of chickens. Results of crossbreeding experiments with Plymouth Rocks and Leghorns indicate that it is possible to produce a bird with a higher egg yield than the average of either parent, while the meat quality is also such as better to meet the needs of the consumer. Experiments on egg laying in different breeds of poultry (Abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 9, pp. 1199, 1200). — In these trials conducted at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College at Copenhagen, of the 7 breeds represented the Leghorns took first place for both number and total weight of the eggs. Most hens laid the greatest num- ber of eggs during the first or second year, but there were some that produced more in the third year. As for summer and winter laying, there was no large difference between Plymouth Rocks and Leghorns, the former laying a slightl.v greater percentage of their eggs during the winter months than the latter. The older hens laid a smaller percentage of their eggs during the winter months than the younger ones. The weight of individual eggs was greater for Minorcas and Leghorns than for White Wyandottes and Houdans. and appeared to increase with the age of the hens. The weight of the birds increased with age, but only up to the end of the third year, when they were fully grown. There appeared to be a growth from autumn to spring and a sinking from spring to summer. This was especially noticeable in good layers, the body weight of which decreased to a greater extent than that of poor layers during the spring months when egg laying was more active. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 869 Broodlness, which was more frequent auioiig Plymouth Rocks than among Leghorns, was most pronounced in the best layers. It was found that IG days after mating the hens still laid fertile eggs. When mating was repeated after a period of more than 16 days, the first fertile egg was generally laid 3 days and sometimes 4 days later. It was found iw.ssible to influence the color of the eggshell by pairing a cocls of a breed which has yellow or brown eggs with a hen of another breed that lays white eggs, or vice versa, the breed of the hen alone being responsible for the color of the eggshell. Winter egg production, Helen D. Whitaker ( Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 76 (1914), pp. 15). — This gives general information on the selection, housing, care, feeding, and management of poultry for winter egg production. How to care for the little chick, E. L. Andrews (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 11 (1914), pp. -'()■ — General information on the care of young chicks. Experimental studies of hybridization among ducks and pheasants, J. C. Phillips (Jour. Expt. Zool., 18 {1915), No. 1, pp. 69-143, figs. 9).— This article reports hybridization experiments in which a study was made of the plumage characters in wild species of birds, this being almost wholly an investigation into the inheritance of male secondary sex-characters. It was found that characters often apparently clear-cut and antagonistic do not segregate clearly. " There is some evidence that in closely related geo- graphical races there is a nearer approach to orthodox Mendelism, but this is never reached, even in back crosses, except occasionally in isolated characters or in the more undifferentiated plumages of the female sex. In species with unrelated character complexes there are only slight tendencies to a greater variation In F2 than in Fi, as is shown in the pintail X mallard cross, or the Australian X mallard cross. Such variation, comparable to that seen in size characters, may be explained as the manifestation of factor c^mplexes, out- wardly expressed in plumage characters, but not by any means necessarily specific units for these epidermal structures alone. . . . " Sex-linked inheritance is probably a feature of domestic races in birds. In wild species thus far examined there is no clear evidence of unequal trans- mission by the sexes. Both sexes can carry the characters of the opposite sex through several generations without an additional 'dose' of the character in question." Hints on goose culture, Helen D. Whitaker (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 83 (1915), pp. .}). — General information on the feeding, care, and management of geese. Some factors affecting the weight, composition, and hatchability of hen eggs, H. Atwood (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 9 (1914), PP- 4)- — ^This is a popular account of material previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 270). A study of the relation of the chemical composition of hens' eggs to the vitality of the young chick, L. J. Cross (Thesis, Cornell Univ., 1912, pp. 16). — In this work the author attempted to determine the relation of the vitality of the chick to the chemical composition of the egg, and to control the composition of the egg. The results are summarized as follows: " The work on the coloring of the parts of the eggs by feeding dyes to the hen indicates that the fat found in the albumin region of the incubated egg is derived not wholly from the yolk, but from another source, the albumin itself. The percentage of fat in the yolk of the weak chick is in some cases less and sometimes more than in the yolk of the strong chick. The weak chick is equally as rich in phosphorus as the strong chick. The phosphorus content of the egg varies but little. There is no increase in the phosphorus content of the egg 94863°— No. 9—15 6 870 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. when the heu is fed inorganic phosphorus. Hens on range do not i)roduce eggs different in composition from those on bare yard. " There is a variation in the eggs of individual hens in the content of protein and in the content of fat, Ijut the eggs produced l)y each individual are quite constant in composition. The sum of the percentiige of the fat and of the protein in eggs varies but little. In feeding a ration high in fat, or a ration high in protein, there is no material change in the characteristics of the hen as regards the amount of fat and protein in the egg. There seems to be no relation between the protein or fat content of the egg as regards its hatching power or the vigor of the young chiclj." An abnormal hen's egg', F. E. Chidester (Amer. Nat., Jf9 {1915), No. 511, pp. 49-51, figs. 2). — (V description is given of a "gourd-shaped" egg having a constricted yollc surrounded by apparently normal albumin. This particular abnormality is tliought to have been caused by a constricted oviduct rather than from the fusion of two eggs during apposition, induced by antiperistalsis. The interior quality of market eggs, E. W. Benjamin {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 353 {1914), pp. 46, pU. 8, figs, i^).— Topics discussed in this bulletin are the physiology of egg production; the structure of the normal egg; the interior quality of a normal fresh egg ; the internal and external factors affect- ing the interior quality of eggs; and suggestions to producers, dealers, and con- sumers. A bibliography and several colored illustrations of market eggs are included. The community egg circle, C. E. Bassett and W. H. Kebr ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bid. 656 {1915), pp. 7). — This bulletin contains general information on cooperative egg marlieting and gives forms for use in organizing, managing, and auditing a community cooperative egg association. Sodium silieate as an egg preservative {Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 26, 21). — It is concluded from two seasons' work that eggs are not appreciably affected within a much larger range of alkalinity than that exhibited by market samples of sodium silicate solution. Deposition of silicate from solution is dependent upon the exposure to air and the amount of carbon dioxid present. Deposited silicate may be redissolved by boiling with a little lye, and such solutions are equal in every respect to fresh solutions. Fur farming in Canada, J. W. Jones et al. {Ottawa: Com. Conserv., 1914, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. lX-\-218, pis. 28). —A revised and enlarged edition of this work, previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 373). DAIRY FARmNG—DAIRYING. Dairy farming, O. E. Keed {Kansas Sta. Circ. ^5 {1915). pp. 26, figs. 9). — This circular contains general information on the dairy breeds, the selection, feeding, care, and management of the dairy herd, together with directions for making the Babcock test. Dairying in Switzerland, W. Wright {Jour. Agr. [New Zeal.], 10 {1915), No. 2, pp. 14O-I4I. figs. 2). — An account of several of the prominent dairy farms and manufacturing concerns of Switzerland, together with a description of the method of manufacturing Emmental cheese. On the importance of meadows and pastures for the dairy establishment. O. Laxa {Milclnv. Zentbl, 43 {1914), ^o. 6, pp. 145-153).— The author show3 wherein the geological character of the laud influences the mineral content of its vegetation and how in turn this affects the mineral content of the milk and its value for cheese making. It is further shown that although the bacterial content of the milk of pasture-fed cows is much lower than that of stall-fed • DAIRY FARMINO DAIRYING. 871 COWS, the bacteria that the milk does coutaiu are of a deslral)l(' kind, favorably influeucing the flavor ami character of the dairy ])roducts. The comparative efficiency for milk production of the nitrogen of alfalfa hay and corn grain. H B. Haut and (i. C IIumphkky ( Wisconsin Stu. Research Bui. 33 (I91.'f), pp. 108-119, figs. 3). — This material has been previously reported from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 74). Feeding experiment with milch cows, or the value of beer yeast, V. Rennkb (Wchnschi: Brau.. 31 (WlJf), No. ^9, pp. 7/73-^76). — In this experiment fresh beer yeast when fed in quantities of from 12 to 17 kg. (26 to 37 lbs.) per head per day as a supplementary feed to milch cows increased both the milk yield and the milk fat percentage over that obtained by a ration in which either rape seed cake or palm kernel cake was usetl. The composition of the yeast is given as water 87.92, protein 6.48, f;'.t 0.06, nitrogen-free extract 4.56, fiber 0.14, and ash 0.84 per cent. The effect of repeated injections of pituitrine on milk secretion, S. Simpson and R. L. Hill (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 36 {1915), No. 3, pp. 3 -i7-351).— This ma- terial has been noted previously from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 268). A Danish cow testing association, J. J. Dunne (Hoard's Dairyman, 49 {1915), No. 11. p. 4~4)- — From data presented in the annual report of the cow testing association on the Island of Funen, Denmark, the author concludes that it cost more to produce 1 lb. of milk rich in fat than it did to produce 1 lb. of milk poor in fat, but that 1 lb. of butter was more cheaply produced from the milk rich in fat. The average Jersey cow consumed about 1.000 feed units less than the aver- age red Danish cow, and yielded 22 lbs. more of butter per year. The Jersey was the more economical butter producer, but the red Danish with a 3.3 milk fat percentage was the more economical as a milk producer. In milking a cow on different occasions and from different teats it was found in a single milking the first streams contained 0.25 per cent of fat, this increas- ing until the last few streams tested 9.4 per cent. Data are presented showing the i-emarkable improvement that has been made during the past ten yeai'S in the producing capacity of the dairies under the stimulus of the cow testing association. Rules and regulations governing the operation of the Babcock test {Iowa Dairy and Food Com. Bui. 11 {1915), pp. 6). — General information on the use of the Babcock test. Coming standards of market milk, G. L. Noble {MilJc Dealer, J^ {1915), Nos. 5, pp. 32-35; 6, pp. 14-18). — A discussion of the milk standards of the various cities and the tendency toward more rigid municipal control. The bacteriological control of public milk supplies, W. D. Frost {Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 17 {1914), pt. 2, No. 6, pp. 1305-1365, pis. 2, figs. 8). — ^After a detailed description of the bacteriological methods of milk analysis used, the author discusses the results of his studies of the different grades of milk obtained from various sources. Under winter conditions the raw milks had an average bacterial content of 2,000,000 per cubic centimeter, those pasteurized in bottles 532,000, inspected milk 159.560, and certified milk 20,000. The number of colonlike bacteria, i. e.. those fermenting lactose with the formation of gas, were found in the various grades of milk in the order: Raw milk, ins?pected milk, certified milk, and pasteurized milk. Bacterium welchii was found to be present in considerable numbers in raw milks, 3.2 being the average number found to each 20 cc. It was found with practically equal frequency in pasteurized milks, less frequently in inspecte- 25. p. 572. figs. 5). — Drawings and tables of quantities for concrete culverts used by the Illinois State Highway Commission are given. Steel bridge standards of the Iowa Highway Commission, E. F. Kelley (Engin. Rec, 70 (1914), No. 24, pp. 631, 632, figs. 5).— The types of structure adopted by the commission are : I-beam spans with 16, IS, and 20 ft. roadways for spans from 16 to 32 ft., inclusive ; pony trusses with 16 and IS ft. roadways for spans from 35 to 100 ft., inclusive ; and through trusses with 16 and 18 ft. roadways for spans from 100 to 150 ft. Expansion is provided by sliding or rocker shoes. Experiments on road dust prevention, W. A. Thain (Ann. Sci. Bui. Roy. Agr. Col. Cirencester, No. 4-5 (1912-13). pp. 102-104) .—Tests of granular cal- RURAL ENGINEERING. 885 cium chlorid led to the conclusion that it appears to be a particularly suitable, effective, and cheap dust preventive for estate and farm roads. Ontario highway laws (Toronto: Comr. Jlif/hwaijs, 191 '/, pp. l-'t~i). — The text of these laws is j^iveu. Notes on the tests of some large reinforced concrete pipe, W. J. Sciilick (lotca Engineer, 15 (1914), No. 3, pp. lOJ-ltO, figs. 5). — Tests of the supportini? strength of a number of reinforced concrete bell and spigot tile in 8-ft. lengths and with diameters of fi'om IS in. to 48 in. are reported. The reinforcing in the 3G-in. and 48-in. pipe was of i-in. bars spaced 3 in. and 3| in., respectively, with §-in. longitudinal bars to which the circular rings were wired. Triangular mesh reinforcing was used fur the other three sizes, No. 4 mesh being used for the IS-in. pipe and No. 23 mesh for the 24-in. and 30-in. sizes. In the bar reinforced pipes cracking, esiiecinlly on the sides, was confined to a few main cracks, while in the mesh reinforced pipes the cracking in the sides was much more distributed and regular. In all cases cracking in the top and bottom was confined to a fewer number of cracks than in the sides, and there was apparently no fixed relation between the load at which cracking be- gins and the maximum load. "All difference in the character and number of cracks seems to be traceable to the amount, kind, and location of the rein- forcing." Corrugated reinforcing was no more effective than smooth rein- forcing. The elongation of the horizontal diameter of the pipe at the critical load averaged from 0.05 to 0.75 in. " For lateral extension of 0.01 in. to 0.05 in. the ditch filling would not be sufficiently compressed to give any lateral support. ... It seems evident that some method of anchoring the reinforcing at the top and bottom would have made the steel more effective. The develop- ment of the principal side cracks so near to the point where the reinforcing crosses the neutral axis indicates that the reinforcing would have been more efficient had it been so located as to cross the neutral axis of the pipe wall at the 45-degree point. Although no definite turning point was evident during the tests, the data show that the stife load for these pipes was somewhat less than one-half the ma.ximum load." Farm surveying, R. H. Smith (Farm Engin.. 2 (1914), Xo. 5. pp. 83-85, figs. 5). — This article describes and illustrates the process of leveling with homemade instruments. Alcohol as fuel, B. O. Jenkins (Set. Amer., Ill (1914), No. 25, p. 509).— In summarizing the relative positions of the possible sources of cheap industrial alcohol, particularly for use in farm gas engines, it is stated that colonial-grown maize stands first in importance, followed by wood sawdust. " With the present information available, neither potatoes, beets, nor peat appear as favorable as is generally supposed." Electricity in rural districts, J. L. White (Jour. Electricity, 34 (1915), No. 1, pp. 10, 11). — ^^This article gives suggestions as to the means whereby central stations can increase the use of electric current in rural districts. Small motor applications for farm work, C J. Rohrer (Trans. Amer. 8oc. Agr. Engin., 7 (Wl.i). pp. 151-176, figs. 15).— The author deals with the use of electricity on the farm. He points out that electricity is being used for over 325 different farm operations, of which there are 50 in the farm home, 20 in the dairy, and 30 for farm and field machineiy. It is stated that 1 cent's worth of electricity at 10 cts. per kilowatt-hour will operate a 6-lb. flatiron for fifteen minutes, drive an electric vacuum cleaner long enough to clean 450 sq. ft. of carpet, lift 100 gal. of water 100 ft., keep a heat- ing pad hot for from two to three hours, or run a sewing machine two hours, a 12-in. electric fan two hours, or a buffer ard grinder 1} hours. 94863°— No. 9—15 7 886 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Tests made on an eight-macliine milking equipment driven by a 3-horsepower motor indicate that the power cost is about 2 mills per cow with electricity at 10 cts. per kilowatt-hour. The average load on the motor was 2.3 horsei)ower and the vacuum maintained by the pump was 15 in. A test of a feed grinder running at 650 revolutions per minute and driven by a 5-horsepower motor showed the power consumi)tion when grinding corn to be 0.433 kilowat-hour per bushel. Tests on another grinder driven by a 15-horsepower motor showed a current consumption of 0.411 kilowatt-hour per bushel. Results secured with a small thresher having a 2S-in. cylinder and a 42-in. sepai'ator and driven by a 15-hor.sepower electric motor showed that the ix)wer consumption incident to threshing a ton of oat straw averaged about 2.G2, of barley 2.36, and of wheat 2.27 kilowatt-hours. The power consumption per bushel of oats averaged 0.07, of barley 0.108, and of wheat 0.16 kilowatt-hour. The sizes of motors suggested to be used for different farm operations are given in the following table : Sizes of )notors to use on different machines. Machine. Household machines: Sewing machine Buffer and grinder. . . Vacuum cleaner Ice-cream freezer Washing machine Meat grinder Water pump Dairy machines: Water pump Cream separator Churn Milking machine, vacuum system.. . . Refrigeration Farm machines: Feed grinders (small) . Feed grinders (large). Silage cutters Shredders and busk- ers Threshers, 19-in. cylinder.... Horsepower of motor. Mini- mum. Maxi- mum. Size most com- monly used. Both. hi i hi 15 15-20 Horsepower of motor. Machine. Mini- mum. Farm machines— Contd. Threshers, 32-in. cylinder Corn shellers, single hole Power shellers Fanning mills Grain graders Grain elevators Concrete mixers Groomer, vacuum system Groomer, revolving system Hay hoists Root cutters Cordwood saws Wood splitters Hay balers Oat crushers 30 2 Maxi- mum. Size most com- monly used. rarm experience with the tractor, A. P. Yerkes and H. H. Mowry ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 174 (1915), pp. U). — This bulletin reports data based on the experience of a large number of both successful and unsuccessful u.sers of tractors west of the Mississii)pi River, as well as replies to a circular sent out to bankers in that section. Attention is called to the fact that the data represent a record of a machine in the process of development and not of a completed and perfected outfit. " Most of these tractors have been operated by men who were not properly trained and equipped to handle them efficiently, and during the first few years of the development of the gas tractor the machines placed on the market were mainly large outfits, which were necessarily expensive, and failure meant a heavy financial loss. " It is generally recognized that the gas tractor was of great value in rapidly breaking up large areas of prairie sod in the West at a time when horses were RURAL ENGINEERING. 887 not available, but after the sod was broken they proved an unprofitable in- vestment for the individual fanner in a large percentage of cases. A few owners have found the tractor a very profitable investment, doing its work more satisfactorily and uuich cheaper than could be done with liorses, while a great many discontinued its use after a trial. The percentage of owners reporting favorably regarding the tractor decreases with the length of time they have used their outfit, due partly to the fact that the older machines were not as good as the later ones, but mainly to a better realization of the tractor's value in their work. . . . Owners who report unfavorably regarding the tractor ob- tain poorer average results than those who state that the tractor is a good investment. . . . " The average life of a tractor as estimated by owners in North Dakota is about six years, while the average life as estinnited by owners in States other than North Dakota is about eight years. To judge by the small i)ercentage of reports received for tractors three or more years old, it would appear that a large number of outfits three, four, and five years old are no longer in use, indicating that tlie average life is even less tlian six years. The plowing done with tractors has been little, if any, deeper than that done with horses. Com- bination work is not practiced to a great extent, and usually is limited to har- rows or drags after the gang plow. The percentage of tractors which are op- erated at night is comparatively small, varying from 11 to 14 per cent, al- though the tractor's efficiency at night is very good. No injurious packing of the soil is caused by the tractor's wheels if the soil is in proper condition to] be worked. The item of repairs has been one of considerable importance i connection with the use of farm tractors, but the data indicate that a large percentage of such repairs have been caused by inefficient operation. " The necessity for the operator of a gas tractor being thoroughly trained for his work, if a tractor is to prove a success, is obvious. . . . " The tractors which have been operated by kerosene show, as a whole, slightly better average results than those operated by gasoline, indicating that the heavier fuels can be burned at least as satisfactorily as the lighter ones. The amount of kerosene used per unit of work, however, is usually slightly more than for gasoline, which would appear to indicate that the combustion of the kerosene is generally not as perfect as that of the gasoline. This is partly due to tiie fact that many owners are burning kerosene in tractors equipped with ordinary gasoline carburetors. . . . " The data apparently show that the tractors with drawbar ratings of 15 horsepower are giving slightly better results than either the larger or smaller sizes. The tractor has not, as a rule, displaced its equivalent in work horses as regards either power or value. Its purchase, therefore, usually increased the investment in power, as well as in certain kinds of equipment. The necessity for a large acreage, if the invested capital per acre is to be kept within a safe limit, is very apparent, although in many farming communities a tractor may prove profitable on a small acreage, provided the owner can obtain some lucra- tive custom work for the tractor when it is not required on the home farm. , . . The modern gas tractor of 10 or more horsepower has thus far. within its limited area of use, proved to be an auxiliary of the farm horse rather than a substitute. . . . "Up to the present time the tractor appears to have made for itself no important place in the agricultural economy of this country. In a few limited localities in the West where conditions especially favov its use large tractors are used by some men with apparent profit. The general situation, however, indicates that the large tractor is not to be a factor in increasing farming by extensive methods and on a large scale, for a few years at least. Instead EXPERIMENT STATTOX KECORD. there are indications tliat tbe tractor of tlie future must make possible more intensive agriculture on farms of moderate size, ttiougli the hirge outfits will probably continue to be used on some of the exceptionally large farms in the West. It is worthy of note that some of the successful users of tractors were able to reduce the number of their farm horses. This fact suggests that there may be a field for farm reorganization to make possible the economical utiliza- tion of the tractor." An efficient alfalfa ditcher, L. M. Lampson and I'.. Hunter {Washington Sta. Popttlar Bui. 81 {1915), pp. Jf, figs. 3). — A ditcher for cleaning out the furrows in furrow-irrigated alfalfa is described and illustrated. It consists essentially of a single-shovel plow and a slide drag attached to a wooden tongue. The I)low pulls against a 10-in. coil spring on the end of its beam. It is claimed that with tliis device the furrow can be cleaned out to within 7 ft. of the head ditch on account of the doubletree being hitched behind the plow instead of to the end of the plow beam. It is also claimed that the draft of this ditcher is approximately one-thii'd less than that of the ordinary ditcher and that the weight of the driver upon the slide is sufficient to hold the plow in position. The trade in agricultural machines in France, G. Coupan {Vie. Agr. ct Rurale, 3 {1914), No. 18, pp. 469, 470, fig. 1; abs-. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui Agr. Intel, and Plant Disea.scs, 5 {1914), No. 6. pp. 805, 806, fig. 1).— The greatest quantity of agricultural machines and implements imported into France is said to have come from the United States, namely. 55 per cent in 1895 and C9 per cent in 1912. The next most important country in this connec- tion is the United Kingdom, followed by Germany. Mowers, reapers, and binders are the most extensively imported. French machines are exported chiefly to the French colonies and protectorates. How to erect small concrete farm buildings {Cement Era, 12 {1914), No. 12, pp. 40, 41j fiffs. 3). — Methods of the construction of small concrete farm buildings without the aid of mechanics are briefly described. The wooden hoop silo, W. D. Zinn {West Virginiu Sta. Circ. 8 {1914). PP- 4- figs. 2). — A brief description of the construction of the wooden hoop silo is gi^-en. The shower-bath system of sheep dipping {Impl. ami Mach. Rev., 39 {1914), No. 468, p. 1660; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 6, pp. 809, 810, fig. 1). — This system is described and illustrated. It consists of a shed 40 ft. long by 12 ft. wide, the roof of which is of flat perforated iron sheets. The dip is pumped by a 3-in. centrifugal pump from a tank to the roof and falls through the perforations onto the 200 sheep beneath, the shower lasting about seven minutes. This method, it is stated, is proving entirely satisfactory, enabling four men to dip 1,000 sheep per hour. A house for sixty hens, W. E. Fkttdden {Amer. Thresherman, 17 {1914). ^o. 8, pp. 74, 75, figs. 3). — A house for sixty hens built on the open but closable front plan is described and diagrammatically illustrated. Air-cooled apple storage houses, W. N. Hutt {Nortli Carolina Sta. Bui. 228 {1914), pp. 3-31, figs. 23). — It is the pui'pose of this publication to point out the essential features m the construction of air-cooled apple storage houses and to illustrate both in plan and section typical storage houses which exem- plify approved methods of construction and of ventilation. It is stated that the efficiency of any form of fruit storage house depends on the insulating of a chamber with walls of such material and of sufBcieut thickness that the temperatui-e within will be affected as little as possible by fluctuations of temperature without. Cement concrete is considered to be one of the best materials for the construction of storage houses. It is further l)ointed out that in the construction of inexpensive but efficient orchard storage RURAL ENGINEERING. 889 houses it is iinporlnnt to i:ikt' ;i(lv;uit,i;r(> of tlu> insuhitin.t,' quiilitios of earth and dead air. Apertures for ventilation and the intake of cool air are considered neces- sary for air-cooled storage houses, but windows and doors should be reduced to the smallest possible number and size consistent with convenience. It is stated that the exposed side of the house should face the north, where it avoids the direct sun in the daytime and draws in the coldest air at night. Ilyirro-tliermograiihic records taken in a storage house of approved construc- tion showed that in comparison with an, outside variation of 37° in tempei'ature the storage chamber showed a total variation of only 11°. Similar records taken in another house showed the same uniformity in temperature, which is considered essential to the success of the storage. As- regards the management of an air-cooled apple storage house, it is stated that in preparation for the crop advantage should be taken of every cool night to lower the temperature of the storage chamber as much as possible. The ventilators should be opened after sundown and the whole house closed tightly before sunup, so as to keep out the warm air. The fruit should be allowed first to cool overnight and then 1)0 placed in the storage before sunup. As the weather becomes cooler advantage should l)e taken of it to lower the temi>era- ture and cool down the fruit as much as possible. When all the fruit is in, the house should be opened as little as possible and the fruit left wholly undis- turbed. It is stated that the general consensus of opinion among practical cold- storage men indicates that apples should be stored at a temperature of 30 to 40° F. and pears 33 to 36°. [Construction of creameries and cheese factories], E. H. Faerington and G. ir. Benkendorf (Wisconsin 8ta. Bui. 2U {1915), pp. 20-52. figs. i6).— This deals with the location and general features in the construction and arrange- ment of creameries and cheese factories and illustrates and discusses six differ- ent creamery plans which are considered to exemplify good practice. An inspec- tion score card is included. The disposal of creamery sewag'e, E. H. Farrington and G. J. Davis, Jr. {^yis<■onsin Sla. Bui. 2.'t5 {1915), pp. 20, figs. 9\. — It is the purpose of this bulletin to describe and illustrate suitable arrangements for the purification and disposal of creamery .sewage. It is stated that creamery sewage is not so quickly purified as city sewage owing to the fact that the curd, oil, and sour milk decompose slowly and the lactic acid from sour milk has a tendency to suppi'ess the growth of purifying bacteria and thus retard the liquefaction and gasification of the solid matter. For this reason where a sedimentation tank is used the waste acid from testing milk and cream should not be allowed to run into the drain. Clean water used for cooling puii:>oses should also be excluded. The septic tank, it is stated, should be large enough to hold at least three days' sewage. "The flow maybe estimated (1) by assuming that the amount of sewage from a creamery will be from 1 to 1* gal. for every pound of butter made, or (2) by calculating the amount of water pumped per day or by meas- uring the capacity of the supply tank and deducting from the total water pumix^d the amount used for cooling purposes and not allowed to run into the floor drain." Some of the special features to be ob.served in the construction of a septic tank suitable for the digestion of creamery sewage are given as follows: "The cover should be provided with a manhole so that occasionally the sludge at the bottom of the tank may be removed. A grease trap may be placed in the drain between the factory and the tank for the purpose of collecting machine oil and 890 EXPERIMENT STATIOX RECORD. large lumps of suspeuded curd. . . . The inlet tu the tauk should, consist of a 6-in. pipe ending in a*tee supported by IJ-in. gas pipes set in the concrete wall of the tank so that the inlet will be submerged. A wooden baffle placed across the end of the tank and extending about 2 ft. below the surface of the sewage will distribute the liow across the tank and will reduce to a minimum the dis- turbance due to the entering water. At the outlet end of the tank the discharge t;ik<'s iiliice in a thin sheet flowing over a weir, which may be made of angle iron set on the top of the concrete wall. ... A wooden baffle similar to the one at the inlet end should be placed about* 6 in. from the weir wall to prevent the scum from passing over or clogging the weir. Preferably the tank should be divided into two or three compartments by baffle walls iierforated with a num- ber of holes, so arranged as to distribute the flow uniformly throughout the cross section of the tank." Openings are provided in the baflle walls by placing a number of drain tiles through the forms. " To prevent scum from going through, the upper row of openings should be IS in. below the surface and to be above the level of the sludge the lower row should be about 2 ft. above the bottom. The walls should have an opening under them near the center for the purr)ose of flushing the sludge to the sludge drain." The depth of the tank, it is stated, should be great enough to provide for a considerable depth of scum and .sludge and still leave room for the passage of the wastes at a very slow rate, which will require a depth of from 4 to 7 ft. below the level of the water surface. The dimensions of the tank should be so proportioned as to make the length two to three times the width. A filter bed should be provided for final treatment of the sewage after it comes from the tank. The depth of filter should not be less than 30 in. and preferably from 36 to 48 in., and the area should be such that the rate of appli- cation of the settled wastes will not exceed 25.000 gal. per acre in twenty-four hours. A dosing chamber fitted with an automatic siphon for intermittent dis- charge is considered an essential part of the septic tank. A two-story sedimentation tank of the Imhoff type in which the solid mntter in the sewage drops through slots in the floor of the sedimentation chamber into the lower compartment is described and illustrated as being a suitable device for the digestion of creamery sewage. For the suppression of odors from tlie filters the addition of chlorid of lime to the tank effluent about an hour before it is discharged from the dosing chamber is recommended. The necessary amount will vaiy with the seasons, but it is stated that from 1 to 5 lbs. of chlorid of lime to 1.000 gal. of tank effluent will ordinarily be sufficient. Design of two residential sewage treatment plants, including settling' tanks of Imhoff type, S. A. Greeley {Engin. and Contract.. 42 (1914). ^o. 25, pp. 565-567, figs. 5). — One of these plants, designed for twenty-five people, con- sists of a settling tank, covei'ed sprinkling filter, and a small secondary set- tling basin. A tipping bucket drops the dose vmto a splash plate, thence to the filter. The second plant consists of a settling tank and a subsurface irriga- tion system in sandy soil. RTJRAL ECONOMICS. [Needs of American farm women] (U. ^. Dcpt. Agr. Rpts.. 1915, Xos. 103, pp. 100; 104, PP- 100; 105, pp. 88; 106, pp. ^00).— These four reiwrts consist mainly of extracts from about 2,0(X) letters receivelems of their production and distribution. [Agriculture in Java and Madura] (Jaarc. Konink. Xcderlanden, Kolonien. 1912, pp. 60-70). — This portion of the annual report gives the total area in cultivation and the production of the principal crops. The data are given by nativity of the operator and for a series of years. [Agriculture in Japan] (Japan Year Book, 1914- PP- 337-357). — These pages of the yearbook contain detailed statements regarding arable land, farming population, tenant farmers, farm products, live stock, and special crops. The text is amplified by a large number of statistical tables. [Expenditure for living in urban and country districts in Australia], G. H. Knibbs (Commoniccalth Bur. Census and Statis. Aust., Labor and Indus. Branch Rpt. 4 {1913), pp. 32-34). — Although the cost of living was practically the same AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 895 in both districts, the amoimts spent under the different Items varied widely. For the nrbnn districts 17.17 i^r cent of the total was spent for housinpc, .3S.02 lor food. 12.90 for clothing, 4.40 for fuel and light, and 27.42 for other items. The distribution for countrj- districts was 8.50. 43.5L 14.:}2, 4.59, and 29.08 per cent, respectively. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Progress of agricultural education in 1912—13, F. B. Jenks and C. II. Lane (Rpt. Comr. Education [C7. S.] 1913, 7, pp. 2Ji-233)-.— This is a review for 1912-13 of the loadinij: features of progress in agricultural education in this country and abroad, inchiding the principal items of interest concerning the agricultural colleges and normal, secondary, and elementary schools in the Unitetl States in which agriculture is taught, educational work of the Graduate School of Agriculture, tlie U. S. Department of Agriculture, the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, the American Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching, the r>epartment of Superintendence of the National Education Association, the Conference for Education in the South, and of other conventions, and the principal develop- ments in agricultural oducntion in other lauds. [Contributions to the history of the New York State College of Agricul- ture] {Cornell Couninjman, 12 U^lJ^), Ko. 3, pp. 167-258, fujs. JfO). — This num- ber contains the following historical articles: The Relation of Ezra Cornell to the College of Agriculture, by A. D. AAHiite; Pioneer Days in Agriculture, by I. P. Roberts; The Later Financial and Physical -Development of the College of Agriculture, by L. H. Bailey; The New York State College of Agriculture in Its Relation to Agricultural Progress in the United States, by A. C. True ; The Development of the Faculty, by A. J. Lamoureux ; The Development of the Experiment Station, by J. H. Comstock ; The Development of the Courses of Instruction, by G. N. Lauman ; Develoi)ment of the Graduate Work, by W. A. Riley; The Development of the Land and the College Farms, by J. L. Stone; The Extension Work at the College, C. H. Tuck ; Home Economics in the College of Agriculture, by Martha Van Rensselaer; Reminiscences of Early Cornell Days, by W. R. Lazenby; and Some Cornell Boys I have Known, by B. T. Galloway. Record of the alumni of the Kansas State Agricultural College {Manhat- tan: Kans. State Agr. Col., 191^, PP- 308. fujn. 28). — In addition to the alumni record a history is given of the administrations of five of the presidents of the college and of the present one to date, the courses of study, changes in college life, and attendance. A preliminary outline of the courses of study in agriculture and minimum of required equipment for the farm-life schools of North Carolina, E. A. HoDSON {RaJeifili, y. C: State Supt. Pub. Instr., 19U, pp. 78).— This bulletin also contains suggested additional equipment, text and reference books, and lists of publication for the libr;u*y. Division of agricultural extension, A. D. Wilson {Minnesota. Sta. Rpt., 191Jf, pp. 59-68). — This is the annual progress report on the work of the division of agricultural extension, comprising farmers' institutes and clubs, special trains, rural school work, county agricultural agents, short courses, demonstra- tion farms, coimty fairs, special meetings, publications, aid to cow-testing and live-stock shipping associations, and the production of the " Back to the Farm " play. The Oka Agricultural Institute, J. M. Liguori {.igr. Gaz. Canada, 1 {1914), A^o. 11. pp. 901-912. figs. 6). — A description is given of the equipment, courses of study, and staff of the Oka Agricultural Institute at La Trappe, Quebec. This v/ 896 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. institute, which is nearly 30 years old, has been recently converted into a scientific agricultural institute, affiliated with Laval University, and now grants the B. S. A. degree. It possesses nearly 2.000 acres of land, half of which is until led. Report of the schools' division of the experimental union, S. B. McCkeady {Ann. /ij)t. Ontario Afjr. and Expt. Union, 35 (1913), pp. oS-oS). — The director of elementary agricultural education of Ontario reviews the origin and aims of the .schools' division, discusses its relation to the rural problem and the weakness of the rural schools, and gives an account of the 191.3 distribution of plant material to about 400 schools. School gardens (Agr. Gaz. Canada, 1 (1914), No. 10, pp. 823-832, figs. 4).— Brief accounts are given of the present status of school garden instruction in the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec. Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The third continuation course in foresti-y at Heidelberg {For.'stw. Centbl., n. ser., 36 (1914), Nos. 8-9, pp. JfGS-Jf78; 10, pp. 520-5.30).— A detailed description of the course is given. The General Education Board, 1902-1914 (Neio York: Gen. Ed. Bd.. 1915, pp. XV +240, pis. 32, figs. 31). — This is an account of the activities of the General Education Board from its foundation in 1902 to June 30, 1914, includ- ing farm demon.strations and boys' and girls' agricultural clul)s. Agricultural teaching {U. 8. Bur. Ed. Bui. 601 (1914), pp. 87).— This bulletin contains the papers presented at the fourth annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching in 1913, and for the most part previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 9S) or abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Appendixes contain data on summer pi'acticum work at the Northwest School of Agriculture, Crookston, Minn., the use of land by high schools teach- ing agriculture, the cooperative use of equipment and illustrative material in teaching agriculture, and incomes of pupils from farm work during attendance at school in 1913 in ]Massachu setts. Use of land by high schools teaching agriculture. R. W. Stimson ( U. S. Bur. Ed. Bui. 601 (1914). pp. 50-6:2).— This paper is a part of the report for 1913 of the committee on the use of land in connection with agricultural teach- ing of the American Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching. Replies to a questionnaire sent to high-school teachers of agriculture indicate that in 1913 G3 high schools in 35 States reported the use of land at their schools, chiefly for demonstration purposes. The size of experimental or dem- onstration plats varied from one one-hundred-and-twentieth of an acre to 10 acres. Fifty high schools reported agricultural production on home farm land or on other land apart from the school premises, with more or less attention paid by the agricultural instructors to the home enterprises of their pupils. Replies from individual schools are given, illustrating the differences of opinion as to what should be the scale of operations on school laud and what may be done with land by high schools, and illustrating the correlation of class-room instruc- tion with home work and systematic supervision. In conclusion the committee strongly favors the utmost utilization of the home land of the pupils, the closest possible correlation of agricultural class-room instruction with home farm activities, and suitable provision for systematic and efficient supervision through- out the producing season. The use of land in connection with agricultural teaching in elementary schools, L. S. IviNS (U. 8. Bur. Ed. Bui. 601 (1914), pp. 62-76".).— This paper, also a part of the committee report referred to above, is based on replies to a questionnaire. The author gives replies describing the work in the 33 States, the District of Columbia, and Porto Rico, reporting the use of land at or near AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 897 one or more of their schools, at the home of the pupil, or iu connection with regular school work. It is recommended that there be better supervision over home plat work, that land used at or near the school be for demonstration purposes rather than for experiments, that iu training teachers of agriculture or school gardening more attention be given to instruction in the use of land, that simple records of work ho kept wliere land is cultivated, and thiit if laud is use and bacteriology in agriculture, F. W. MiLLEB {Columius, Ohio: Dept. Puh. Instr., 191Jjf, pp. JfS, figs. 17). — In this ele- mentary work the author aims to develop and describe the most essential principles of these sciences as preliminary to a course in agriculture, especially in the his;h school. Principles and practice of plant propagation, W. L. Howard (Columbia, Mo.: Univ. Mo., lOlJf, pp. 02). — These discussions and lessons are given in the classes in plant propagation in the University of Missouri and have been de- veloped gradually since 1902. The lectures are intended to cover 15 or 16 1-hour periods or 1-2 year and the laboratory exercises one 2-hour period weekly for 15 or 16 weeks, or one semester. Program of County Organization Day for boys' com club, L. N. Duncan and I. B. Keklin (Alabama Col. Sta. Circ. 30 (WlJf), pp. 119-122).— This is an outline of a program for the observation of Organization Day and of a sug- gested constitution, by-laws, and rules for a county corn club. Elementary flora of the Northwest, T. C. Frye and G. B. Rigg (New York: American Book Co., I'Jl'i. pp. 256). — This book was written for the schools of the Northwest and geographically covers Oregon, Idaho. Washington, and the coastal region of southwestern British Columbia. ]\Iost of the distinguishing characteristics of the plants are given in the keys, which are complete so far as they go, thus enabling teachers to hand out for analysis plants they do not themselves know. The story of a kernel of corn, A. W. Nolan (yature-Stiidy Rev., 10 (IDl.'i), Ko. S, pp. 307-31 't, fi(js. G). — ^The life history of a kernel of corn is described. An industrial study of cotton in the eighth grade, B. Gist (Atlantic Ed. Jour., 10 (lOL'f), No. -'i, pp. 13-15). — The author presents statistics of cotton production and consumption by countries, references to literature on cotton, teacher's outlines, arithmetical and other problems on cotton, and. correlated spelling. Seed collections, Anna B. Comstock (Nature-Study Rev., 10 (191.'t), Xo. S, pp. 292-29-'f, fig. 1). — An outline is given for the study of weed seeds. Rope and its uses, A. A. Burger (Iowa State Col. Agr. Ext. Bui. 24 (1914), fp. .'/S, /?()'.§. 196). — This bulletin contains general information on rope and its care and directions for making knots, hitches, splices, halters, and tackles. Preparation of teachers for nature-study and civic biology, C. F. Hodge (Nature-Study Rev., 10 (1914), No. 8, pp. 294-307).— The author points out the necessity of the adequate reorganization and equipment of normal schools with laboratory, greenhouse, and garden facilities, and of helping teachers already in the work through educational journals, state nature-study and biologj' leaf- lets, and practical and inspiring lectures in institutes and summer schools. " Nature-study and civic biology should be the corner stone of national vigor and health conservation." Birds and nature-study, G. H. Trafton (Bloomington, III.: J. G. Coulter [1914]. pp. 16). — This pamphlet for the use of teachers gives a list of refer- ences to literature helpful in bird study and suggests work for the children in the schoolroom and out of doors, field work for both the teacher and children, type studies of birds in primary, intermediate, and grammar grades, and an outline and problems for bird study arranged by grades and seasons. Directions for field studies in agricultural nature-study, G. H. Trafton Mankato, Minn.: State Normal School [1914], pp. 16). — Directions for field studies of birds, flowers, gardening, insects, pond life, shrubs, spiders, soils, trees, vines, and weeds are given, together with topics for fall coliectious. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 899 Suggestions for winter nature-study, IIklen M. Reynolds and G. H. Tuaf- TON (ilankato, Minn.: State Nonnal School [lOUi], pp. 8). — This contains suggestive outlines for holiday, home, health, and weather studies, types of lessons on insect homes, an outline of a plan for teaching, with the dog as sub- ject, and references to nature literature and songs. Indian school gardens in eastern Oklahoma, J. B. Brown (Red Man, 6 (191. 'i). ]\'o. 10, pp. .'i3'i-'i37). — The author gives an account of Indian school gardening work in Oklahoma and suggests important elements entering into successful school g.-irdeniiig. School gardening in Portland, Oregon, Alice V. Joyce (Nature-Study Rev., 10 (Idl.'t), No. 7, pp. 275-281, figs. 2).— The author gives an account of the establishment and activities of school gardens in Portland, Oreg., and calls attention to some valuable results from the gardens. MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-second Annual Report of Minnesota Station, 1914 (Minnesota Sta. Rpt. 191.'/, pp. 72). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, and for the state funds for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1914, and a report of the director sum- marizing the work of the station and its substations. The experimental work recorded is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-seventh Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1914 (New York Cornell Sta. Rpt. 191.',. pp. CLXXXII+llGl, ph. //.], figs. 315, map 1).— This contains the organization list, reports of the director of the station and heads of departments, a financial statement as to the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1914. and as to the state funds for the fiscal year ended September 30. 1914, and reprints of Bulletins 336-350, :Memoirs 3 and 4, and Circulars 21-26, previously noted, and Bulletins 351 and 352 abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Report of Oregon Station, 1913-14, J. Withy'combe (Oregon Sta. Rpt. 19 13-1. 'f, pp. 30). — This contains the organization list and a report of the director on the work of the station during the biennium, including synopses of depart- mental reports, and notes on the substations. The experimental work recorded is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue Report of the Eastern Oregon Branch Experiment Station, 1913—14, R. Withycombe (Oregon Sta., Rpt. East. Oreg. Sta., 1913-1.',, pp. 15, figs. 11). — An account of the history, development, and present facilities of the substation at Union, Oreg.. with a discussion of its object and importance. Annual report of the director of the experiment station on work done under the local experiment law in 1914, J. F. Duggar (Alabama Col. Sta. Circ. 31 (1915). pp. 31). — This includes a report by the director on the progress of the work under this law (E. S. R., 24. p. 400), a financial statement for the year, and reports from heads of departments, including detailed reports of boys' and girls' club work. List of bulletins (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 10 (191J,), pp. 4)- — A list of the .station bulletins, inspection bulletins, and circulars, and of the extension bulle- tins, available for distribution. NOTES Georgia Station. — A horse und uiule barn of concrete construction, 80 by 59 feet, lias l)eon completed. Iowa College. — A si>eclal convocation was held May 14 in honor of those mem- bers of the faculty who had been in service for at least a quarter of a century. The guests of honor were Vice-president E. \V. Stanton, in .service since 1874, Gen. J. R. Lincoln, commandant, Herman Knapp, secretary, both in service since 1883, A. A. Bennett, professor emeritus of chemistry, in service since 1885, and Dr. L. H. Pammel, professor of botany and botanist, in .service since 1889. Kansas College. — A new state law effective July 1 provides for the formation of county farm bureaus for the employment of a county agent and other demonstration work. A bureau must enroll 25 per cent of the bou.-i fide farmers of the county under a constitution approved by the college and must raise at least $800 for equipment. Bureaus complying with these provisions may receive from $800 to $1,800 per annum from state and federal funds toward the salary of a county agent and a like sum from the county funds for salary and expenses. Adjoining counties in the western part of the State may organize joint bureaus under substantially the same conditions, and bureaus already organized which comply with the requirements and provide the necessaiy equipment may he utilized. The county agents are to be selected by the executive board of the bureau and must have had at least 5 years' experience in practical farm work. All expenditures are to be made subject to the approval of the extension department of the college. A three-day meeting for the Pottawatomie Indians at their reservation in Jackson County was held by the extension staff April 26-28. Nevada University and Station. — Some interesting results have recently been obtained in the studies of certain biological questions connected with the life history of Heterodera rudicicola, the potato eelworm. It is hoped that from these a new method may be suggested for controlling this pest. The extension division is to revive the publication of Better Farming, formerly issued by the station as a means of bringing it into contact with the farmer. Many requests for the continuance of the publication have been received and the station will have access to its columns much as in the past. Oregon College. — G. Y. Copson, now specializing in dairy bacteriology in the University of Berne, has been appointetl instructor in pathological and dairy bacteriology. Wisconsin University. — Ray H. Roberts has been appointed instructor in extension work in horticulture. Wyoming University and Station. — Henry G. Knight, dean of the college of agriculture and director of the station, Dr. O. L. Prien. veterinarian, and J. E. McWilliams, acting animal husbandman, have been granted a year's leave of absence beginning September 1, to be spent in study at the University of Illi- nois, Northwestern University, and the Michigan Agricultural College, respec- tively. President C. A. Duniway will act as director of the station during this period. 900 o ■ INDEX OF NAMES. Abbe, C. 810. Abderhalden, E., 112, 178, 262, 270, 87.5. Abbey, M. J., 494, r>QC,. Acton, A. J., 600. Adams, I>., 95. Adams, E. L., 64. Adams, F., 279. Adams, .T. W., 190. Adams, M, .T., 788. Adams, R. L., 436. Adams, R. S., 268. Adolph, W. H., 257. Agar, W. E., 448. Agee, A., 598. Agee, J. H., 610. Agg, T. R., 188. Agulhon, H., 200, 500. Ahrens, F. B., 474. Alnslie, G. G., 250, 449. Ainsworth, R. M., 228. Alnsworth, W. T., 228. Aiton, G. B., 595. Akemine, M., 130. Albuquerque, J. P. d', 436, 831. Alder, B., 73. Aldrich, J. M., 60. Alexander, A. S., 171, 469. Alexander, C. P., 153. Allan, G. R., 37. Allard, H. A., 427, 643. Allen, A. A., 151. Allen, E. W., 13. Allen, F. M., 474. Allen, G. M., 766. Allen, J. A., 447. Allen, J. M., 589. Allen, R. T., 214. Allen, R. W., 124, 332, 337, 839. Allen, W. J., 45, 142, 509. Allison, H. O., 69. Allison, Le R. W., 485. Almeida, J. E. C. d', 345. Almgren, A., 183. Alsberg, C. L., 294, 297, 300. Alway, F. J., 812. Ames, C. T., 514, 526, 541, 574, 735. Ames, J. W., 295, 805. Amos, A., 121. Ampola, G., 700. Andersen, C. W., 580. Anderson, A. A., 808. Anderson, A. C, 174, 261. Anderson, B, G., 133, 137. Anderson, F. E., 395. Anderson, H. P., 720. Anderson, II. W., 54. 440. Anderson, O. IL, 198. Anderson, P. J., .390, 440. Anderson, R. J., 17. Anderson, T. .T., 347. Anderson, W. A., 742. Andouard, P., 362, 509, 725. Andre, G., 12'8. Andres, A., 449. Andrews, E. L., 869. Andrews, F., 391, 435, 438, 455, 490. Andrews, F. M., 237. Andrews, J. W., 395. Angerhausen, J., 507. Angot, A., 810. Annett, II. E., 136. Anstead, R. D., 838. Anthony, S., 695. Aoki, K., 374. Appel, O., 443, 843. Appiani, 11. P., 830. Appleman, C. O., 129. Archer, R. T., 399. Archibald, E. S., 401, 470, 592. Arctowski, H., 509. Ardern, E., 387. Ari6, J., 723. Ariizumi, M., 560. Arisz, W. H., 522. Arkell, H. S., 805. Arkell, T. R., 170, 771. Arloing, F., 271. Armington, J. H., 211. Armsby, H. P., 9, 90, 98, 198. Armstrong, E. F., 523. Armstrong, J. A., 395. Arndt, G., 170. Arndt, K., 308. Amett, C. N., 797. Arnold, B., 727. Arnold, J. H., 293. Aron, n., 256. Aronson, II., 285. Arpin, M., 505. Arthur, J. C, 749, 750. Artmann, P., 115. Ashby, S. F., 752. Ashley, W. J., 793. Askew, W. H., 094. Aston, B. C, 420. Astruc, A., 028. Athauassof, N., 173, 471. Athcrton. L. O., 494. Atkin.son, A., 200, .^."..'i, 740, 7(;0. .\ttprborg. A., 017. Atwater, H. W., 855. Atwood, G. G., 344. A I wood. II., 809. Aupl, W., 063. Aucr, .T., 876. Aulard, 002. Aulde, J., 358. Aulmann, G., 847. Aune, B., 430, 438, 440, 409. Aureggio, E., 409. Austin, C. B., 892. Ayers, S. H., 415, 775. Ayres, B., 11. Az6mard, 348. Azzi, A., 704. Babasinian, V. S., 109. Babcock, E. B., 46, 234, 338, 389. Babcock, H. L., 54. Babes, V., 271. Bache, M., 663, 800. Bachhuber, L. J., 801. Back, E. A., 452, 655, 756, 757. Bacot, A. W., 348, 452. Baetge, 878. Bagnall, R. S., 348. Bahlman, C, 600. Bahnsen, P. F., 876. Bailey, C. H., 63, 159, 300, 432. Bailey, E. II. S., 353. Bailey, F. D., 50, 042, 645. Bailey, H. C, 257. Bailey, L. H., 14, 101, 102, 822, 891, 895. Bailey, P. G., 305, 399, 572. Bailey, P. L., 394. Bailey, V., 549. Bain, .1. B., 397. Baker, A. C, 848. Baker, C. F., 749. Baker, II. D., 46. Baker, H. .T., 293, 396. Baker, .1. L., 060. Baker, T. A., 95. Baldwin, M., 317. Ball, C. F., 179. Ball, E. D., 73. Balla, v., 272. Balland, 252. Ballard, W. K., 141, 901 902 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Ballou, F. H., 325. Ballou, H. A., 56, 829. Balls, W. L., 123, 319. Bfin, J., 379. Bancroft, C. K., 336. Bancroft, W. F., 244. Banzliaf, E. J., 372. Baquedano, R. E., 542. Barber, L. B., 767. Barber, M. A., 872. Barger, G., 201. Barker, B. T. P., 148, 243, 545, 099. Barnard (Lord), 100. Barnard, H. E., 254, 354, 357, 487. Barnes, K. W., 798. Barnes, R. B., 395. Barnett, E., 397. Barnett, R. J., 141. Barney, W. B., 65, 356, 873. Barontini, G., 228. Barr, G. H., 270. Barre, H. W., 543. Barrett, O. W., 46. Barrowcliff, M., 420. Barrows, A., 65, 98. Barrows, H. R., 263. Barrows, W. B., 748. Barss, A. F., 638. Barss, H. P., 644, 647. Barthel, C, 433, 508. Bartholomew, E. T., 503. Bartlett, F. K., 875. Bartlett, H. H., 824. Bartlett, J. M., 298. Bartlett, J. W., 600. Barton, A. W., 710. Bassett, C. E., 870. Bassett, H. L., 203, 220, 428. Bassett-Smith, P. W., 276. Basu, S. K, 443. Batchelor, L. D., 498. Bateman, E., 841. Bateman, H., 25. Battle, J. S., 340. Baudiseh, O., 223. Baudrexel, A., 168, 258. Bauer, H., 747. Bauer, J., 312. Baum, II., 682. Baumberger, J. P., 244. Baur, E., 505. Bausman, R. O., 198. Bayliss, W. M., 19. Beach, S. A., 397, 744. Beal, F. E. L., 648. Beal, W. H., 11. Beals, C. L., 259. Peals, E. A., 614. Beam, W., 800. Bean. W. J., 337, 339, 440. Bearce, H. W., 471. Beaulne, J. I., 151. Beauverie, J., 63, 642. Beaven, E. S., 399. Beck, M. W., 214. Becker, G., 67. Beckurts, II., 801. Bedford (Duke of), 444, 511. Beery, J., 263. Beesley, R. M., 123. Beeson, M. A., 497. Beger, C, 471, 801. Beljerlnck, M. W., 514, 523, Bell, G. A., 262, 894. Bell, H. G., 325. Bell, W. B., 549, 648. Bellasis, E. S., 481. Bellet, A., 114. Belling, .!., 426, 725. Belov, S. A., 727. Beltran, L. A., 185. Benedict, F. G., 165, 461, 565. Benedict, H. M., 728. Benetsch, A., 820. Benjamin, E. W., 870. Eenkendorf, G. H., 889, 89.T. Bennetch, P. B., 498. Bennett, A. A., 900. Bennett, R., 88. Bennett, R. L., 892. Beresteyn, II. W. J. van, 760. Berg, P.. 507. Berg, R., 561. Bergeim, O., 663. Berger, E. W., 345. Bering. F., 271. Berkowski, W., 728. Berlese, A., 755. Bernard, 424. Bernard, C, 46. Bematsky, J., 844. Bernbeck, 840. Bernhardt, G., 84. Bernstein. R., 281. Berry, R. A., 818. Bersch, W., 589. Berthault, P., 641. Bertoni, M. S.. 45. Bertrand. G., 206, 506, 803. Bertrand, J., 445. Besse, R. H., 797. Bessey, C. E., 194, 599. Bessey, E. A., 641, 842. Besson, I.., 210. Betts, G. H., 391. Beurmann, de, 271. Bevan, L. E. W., 81, 278. Beveridgo, W. W. O., 675. Bexell, J. A., 494. Beythien, A., 102. Bezold, W. von, 210. Bezssonoff, 428. Bianchlni, G., 700, 762. Bidwell, G. L., 300. Bififen, R. H., 544. Bigelow, W. D., 110, 298, 350. Bijl, P. A. van der, 344. Billings, G. A., 294. Binckley, G. S., 509. Biolettl, F. T., 117, 142, 207, 208, 209, 234, 245. Birch, R. R., 579, 783. Biro, G., 472. Bishop, H. E., 354. Blaauw, G., 085. Blackmore, E. H., 551. Blair, A. W., 519. Blair, R. E., 225, 232, 539. Blair, W. R., 24, 210. Blair, W. S., 540. Blake, M. A., 510, 534, 549. Blakeslee, A. F., 726. Blank, S., 489. Blaringhem, L., 726. Blessing, G., 271. Blizzard, W. L., 498. Blodgett, F. M., 843. Bloodgood, E., 495. Bloomer. G. T., 477. Bloor, W. R., 312. Blumenthal, P. L., 094. Bode, G., 314. Bode, H., 795. Bodin, E., 271. Boehncke, K. E., 78. Boerker, R. H., 748. Bogart, E. L., 891. BOhme, R., 23. Bohutinsk^, G., 131. Boing, W., 552. Boland, E. N., 368. Bolland, B. G. C, 749. Bolle, J., 847. Bolley, H. L., 135. Bolton, E. R., 312. Bumer, A., 801. Bommes, A., 256. Bonhote, J. L., 172. Bonine, C. A., 323. Bonsteel, .1. A.. 310, 317, 512. Bonton, B. M.. 479. Boog-Scott, J. E., 498. Book, W. F., 595. Boomer, J. F., 64. Bordas, F., 76. Bornand, M., 311. Bornemann, 322. Borner, C, 847. Bose, J. C, 222. Boss, A., 294. Bosscha, K. A. R., 46. Bosse. S., 763. Bosshard, E., 116. Bosworth, A. W., 606, 607. Boudreau, F. G., 473. Boughton. A. C, 458. Bouquet. A. G. B.. 635, 636. Bourgfes, ISO. Bournot, K.. 19. Bouska, F. W.. 473. Bovell. J. R.. 436. 831. Bowen, J. T., 591. Bowie, E. H., 316. INDEX OF NAMES. 903 Bowman, J. S., 884. Boyce, W. G. H., 144, 238 841. Boyett, W. L., 696. Boynton, W. H., 479. Brackctt. R. N., 219, 294 300. Bradbury, C. M., 298. Braddon, W. L., 1G3. Bradford, L. J., 485. Bradley, J. H., 695. Branch. L. V., 187. Brand, C. J., 91, 106. 194. Branford, R., 272. Brannon, M. A., 426, 549, 694. Branson, R. A., 480. Brauer, A., 862. Braum, H., 78. Brautlecht, C. A., 319, 762. Bray, C. I., 285. Bray, W. J., 499. Breihan, W. C, 696. Breinl, A., 376. Bremer, W., 854. Brenchley, W. E., 121. Brenner, W., 327. Bretigniere, L., 290. Bretseh, E., 170. Bretschneider, A., 345. Bretton, P., 265. Breuer, A., 585. Brewster, C. S., 95. Brezina, E., 765. Brlcker, G. A., 492, 494, 897. Bridgman, P. W., 417. Brieger, R., 856. Briggs, L. J., 127, 200. 399. Briggs, R. B., 614. Briggs, R. S., 862. Briscoe, C. F., 185, 721. Brittain, W. H., 551. Brittlebank, C. C, 239, 347. Britton, N. L., 697. Britton, W. E., 637. Brooks, (Mrs.) B. B., 498. Brooks, C, 343. Brooks, C. E. P., 118. Brooks, C. P., 25. Brooks, F. E., 248. Brooks, F. T., 54, .341. Brooks, R. P., 489. Brooks, W. P., 321, 322, 332, 335, 337. Brown. C. N., 76. Brown, D. E., 740. Brown, E., 38, 200. Brown, F. C. L. C, 340. Brown, F. L., 495. Brown, G. \., 6G9. Brown, H. B., 396. Brown, H. H., 790. Brown, H. P., 840, 845. Brown, J. B., 899. Brown, J. II., 577. Brown, J. L., 408. Brown, L., 275. Brown, L. P., 357. Brown, M. E., 598. Brown, N. C, 692, 840. Brown, P. E., 211, 212, 216. Browne, W. W., 210, 211. Browning, C. H., 272. Browning, J. K., 694. Bro2, O., 642. Briiggen, J., 723. Briino, F., 132. Brun.'f, R., 149. Briinnicii, J. C, 675, 883. Brunton, L. A., 701. Bruscliettini, A., 183. Bryan, E. A., 11, 95. Bryan. T. J., 300. Bryant, II. B., 340. Bryant, L. S., 358. Bryant. R., 82. Biibak. F., 150. Buchanan, D. W., 743. Buchka, K. von, 854. Buck, F. E., 541. Buckley, J. S., 200. Buckley, S. S.. 558, 782. Buckman, H. O., 28. Buckton, 247. Buddin, W., 816. 817. Bugbee, C. H., 480. Bull, M. L., 358, 691. Bunce, A. H., 578. Bunker, J. W. M., 205. Bunsow, B., 682. Bunzel, II. H., 508. Burcham, D. S., 480. Burchard, E. F., 324. Burd, J. S., 72.3. Burdick, R. T., 587. Burger, A. A., 898. Burgess, A. F., 398. Burgess, H. J., 253. Burgess, P. S., 320, 694. Burke, A. K.. 95. Burke, E., 510. Burkett, C. W., 494. Burley, R. J., 828. Burmeister, H.. 263. Burmester, H., 630. Burnett, E. A., 11. Burnett, S. H., 84. Burns, C. A., 498. Burns, G. P., 741, 824. Burns, W. S., 485. Burr, A., 874. Burrill, A. C, 554. Burritt, M. C, 293. 388. Burrows, G. T., 559. Busck, A., 251, 450, 554, 654. Bushnell, L. D., 172. Butler, J., 150. Butler, O., 242, 243. Butterfleld, K. L., 9, 98, 190, 285. Buttrick, P. L., 237. Byars, L. P., 49, 842. Byers, W. C, 121. Bywaters, II. W., 662. Caesar, L., 51. Caillaud, 476. Caldwell, R. E., 265. Call, L. E., 200. Calmette, A., 78, 271, 679. Calvin, II. W., 98, 398. Calvino, M.. 434, 828, .S29. Cameron, A. E., 351, 699. Cameron, F. K.. 813. 821. Cameron, P., 758. Cameron. S. S.. 399. Campbell. H. W., 215. Campbell. L. II., 597. Campbell, R. E., 57. Campbell, W. J., 700. Camus, J. S., 40, 252. Cannon, W, A., 34, 626. Canzoneri, F., 700, 762. Capps, J. A., 269. Capus, J.. 149. Caracciolo. H.. 761. Cardiff, I. D., 386, 844. Cardon, P. V., 525. Cardoso, A., 366. Carey, J. M., 498. Carlson, A. J., 858. Carlyle, W. L., 95. Carmody. P., 745. Carpenter, F. A., 25, 614. Carpenter, G. H., 680. Carpenter, P. H., 236. Carpiaux, E., 167, 310. Carrero, J. O., 427. Carrier, L., 133, 534. Carrol, O. M., 690. Carruth, F. E., 300. Carter, F. H.. 883. Carvalho, J. M. de, 837. Carvallo d'AImeida, J. E., 345. Carver, T. N., 107, 194, 287, 488. Cary. C. A., 783. Case. G. O., .30. Castle, W. B., 325, 573. Cates, J., 255. Cathcart, C. S., 624, 667. Cat heart, E. P., 359. Catlin, C. N., 504, 511. Cauda, A., 42. Cauthen, E. F., 137. Cavazza, F., 450. Chambers, P., 476. Champlin, M., 533, 733, 736. Chancerel. L., 728. Chand. 11., 340. Chandler, W. H., 42, 139. Chapin, R. M., 76. 612. Chapin, R. W., 200. Chapin. W. S., 726. Chapman, A. C, 502. Chapman, E. E., 089. Chapman, H. H., 339, 840. 904 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Chapman, R. N., G5C. Chardet, G., 618. Charles, V. K., 14G. Charmoy, D. d'E. de, 56, 448, 449. Chaumier, 271. Chausse, r., 181, 274. Chavan, P., 805. Cheney, R. M., 593, 691 Cherry, T., 399. Chevalier, P. H., 117. Cheyney, E. G., 839. Chi Tvsau Wang, 549. Chidester, F. E., 870. Chlfflot, 752. Childs, L., 651. Chittenden, F. J., 545, 699. Chittenden, H. M., 614. Chouchak, D., 328. Chrestian, J., 443. Christensen, F. W., 99, 467. Christie, E. B., 481. Christie, G. I., 14, 196. Chuard, E., 137. Churchill, O. O., 335, 497, 736. Cieslar, A. von, 290. Ciuca, A., ISO. Clark, A. L., 570, 584, 590. Clark, E. E., 256. Clark, G., 498. Clark. J. A., 333, 433. Clark, T., 190. Clark, W. M., 175. Clarke, F. W., 281. Clarke, G., 16, 18. Clarke, H., 372. Clarke, W. T., 288, 828. Class, C. F., 192. Claxton, P. P., 11, 689. Cleland, J. B., 377. Clement, F. M., 744. Clewer, H. W. B., 309, 711. Cline, J. L., 614. Clink, C. H., 198, 783. Clinton, G. P., 637. Clinton, L. A., 97. Clouston, D., 37. Coats, R. H., 490. Coberly, E. D., 614. Coblentz, W. W., 210, 221. Cochel, W. A., 98, 100. Cockayne, A. II., 335. Cocke, R. P., 133. Cockerell, T. D. A., 556, 850. Coffey, G. N., 200. Coggeshall, G. W., 324. Cohen, L., 778. Cohnheim, O., 765. Cohoe, W. P., 660. Coit, J. E., 236. Cole, L. J., 169, 861. Colebatch, W. J., 813. Coleby, H. J., 87. Coleman, W., 564. Collet, L. W., 685. Collet, O. J. A., 236. Collins, G. N., 133, 134. Colmenares, I. G., 562. Coman, E. T., 696. Combes, R., 824. Comings, G. F., 593, 691. Compain, 218. Comstock, A. B., 898. Comstock, J. H., 56, 895. Comstock, L., 597. Concepcion, I., 67, 579. Condfe, F. de, 589. Condit, I. J., 838. Congdon, L. A., 162. Conley, E., 394, 662. Conn, II. J., 33, 625. Conner, A. B., 199. Conner, S. D., 750. Connor, A. J., 25. Connor, P., 614. Connors, C. H., 534. Conway, W. T., 397. Cook, A. J., 744. Cook, A. S., 573, 575, 589, 590. Cook, I. S., 831. Cook, Li. B., 775. Cook, M. T., 50, 547, 646. Cook, O. F., 434, 731. Cook, W. A., 486. Cook, W. M., 122, 637. Cooke, M. C, 100. Cooke, W. W., 55, 648. Cooledge, L. H., 19. Cooley. G. W., 385. Cooley, M. S., 89. Cooley, R. A., 398, 754. Cooper, E. A., 163, 561, 683. Cooper, F. F., 798. Cope, H. F., 388. Copeland, E. B., 339, 393. Copson, G. v., 900. Ccrbett, G. H., 851, 853. Cordemoy, H. J. de. 365. Corduan, G., 252. Corner, G. W., 378. Corniglion, 476. Cornwall, J. W., 557. Corsa, W. S., 590. Costa Lima, A. da, 352. Coulter, J. L., 194. Coulter, J. M., 425, 725. Coupan, G., 888. Courmont, J., 474. Court, D., 130. Cousins, II. H., 229. Coutts, F. J. II., 661. Cowan, B. O., 865. Cowgill, W. N., 600. Cowley-Brown, F. C. L., 340. Cox, n. J., 211. Crabb, G. A., 513, 812. Crabill, C. II., 751. Craig, ,T. F., 578. Craig, R. A., 676. Cramer, W., 199. Cnindall. B. R., 492. Craudall, L. Y., 695. Crandall, W. C, 821. Crane, II. L., 834. Craven, J. A., 487. Crawford, G., 762. Crawford, J. C, 557. Crawford, L. M., 599. Crawley, II., 353. Cridor, F. J., 2p4. Crile, G. W., 860. Cristofoletti, U., 644. Crocker, W., 221. Cromer, S. S., 198. Cromie, T., 316. Cromwell, M. A., 480. Crookos, II., 272. Crosby, C. R., 836. Cross, II. E., 83, 184, 581. Cross, L. J., 869. Crucss, W. v., 208. Crumbine, S. J., 456. Cserna, S., 562. Csonka, G., 778. Cuff, A. J., 354. Cullen, G. E., 804. Cumming, II. S., 253. Cunningham, A., 320. Cunningham. C. C, 831. Cunningham, G. C, 546. Currie, J. N., 77, 175, 176, 177. Currier, E. L., 893. Curry, B. E., 126, 169, 624. Curtice, C, 581. Curtis, H. E., 219. Curtis, M. R., 670, 771. Curtis, R. II., 211. Curtis, R. S., 260, 468. Curtis, W. E., 694. Curtiss, C. F., 9, 13. Cushman, A. S., 324. Cushman, R. A., 852. Cutler, C, 169, 300. Czapek, F., 700, 801. Dacanay, J., 253. Dachnowski, A., 626. Da Costa Lima, A., 352. Dacy, A. L., 834. Dadant, C. P., 852, 853. Dadisman, S. II., 290. Dahlborg, R. C, 436. Daingerfield, L. II., 25. Daish, A. J., 112, 807. D'Albuquerque, J. I'.. 436, 831. Dallimoro. W., 339. D'Almeida, J. E. C, 345. Dalrymplc, W. II.. 68, 668. Damm, O., 711. Damon, S. C, 622. Daniels, A., 762. Dantony, E., 243, 544. Darabsett, D. B., 633. Darling. S. T., 181. Darnell-Smith. G. P., 240, 443. Darrow, G. M., 639. INDEX OF NAMES. 905 Barton, N. H., 384. Dash, J. S., 551. Daugherty, C. M., 490. Davenport, C. B., 367. Davenport, E., 9, 98, 191, 194, 195, 793. Davenport, R. W., 382. Davidsohn, H., 20. Davidson, A. B., 69G. Davidson, J., 849. Davidson, J. B., 284. Davies, G. W., 289. Davis, B. M., 32G, G28. Davis, D. J., 174, 269. Davis, D. M., 165. Davis, G. J., jr., 889. Davis, J., 289. Davis, J. J., 247. Davis, M., 3G0. Davis, R. O. E., 719, 811. Davis, W. A., 112, 807. Dawson, W., jr., 64. Day, G. E., 170, 262, 868. Day, W. H., 483. Dealiin, R. II., 699, 850. Dean, A. D., 690. Dean, II. J., 383. Dean, S., 589. Dean, W. K., 124. De Baun, R. W., GOO. De Beurmann, 271. De Carvalho, J. M., 837. Decliambre, P., 366. De Charmoy, D. d'E., 56, 448, 449. Decker, 66. De Cond^, P., 589. De Cordemoy, H. J., 365. De Flacourt, M., 229, 433. Degrazia, J. von, 713. Degrully, L., 567. Deiss, E., 207. De Jong, A. W. K., 41, 217. Dekobra, M., 672. De Lapparent, 169. De la Rosa, G. F., 286. Delaye, M. L., 854. Delbruek, M., 801. Delepine, S., 472, 873. Del Guercio, G., 453. DeLoach, R. J. H., 97. D'Emraerez de Charmoy, D., 5G, 448, 449. Demoussy, E., 128. Denayre, J., 5G6. De Nieuwburg, P., 760. Dennett, R. H., 857. Densch, A., 423. De Raczkowski, 7G. Derby. W. B., 409. Dem, 220. Desjardlns, A., 391. D6soil, P., 851. Detwiler, S. B., 748. Detzel, L., 634. Deuss, J. J. B., 46, 111. Deussen, A., 384. Deutschland, A., 258. Devaux, II., 825. D6v6, P., 271. De Verteuil, J., 236, 838. De Vries, H., 822. Dewberry, E. B., 370. Dewey, P. S., 282. De Whalley, J. J. A., 259. Dexter, ^Y. E., 841. Deycke, 182. Diakow, M., 169. Dick, J. H., 339. Didlake, M., 327. Diedrichs, A., 613. Diekmann, G. P., 84. Dietrich, R., 170. Dietrich, W., 70. Diggs, J. C, 487, 809. Dillard, M. E., 98. Dinsmore, W., 589. Dinwiddie, R. R., 582. D'Ippolito, G., 35. Dix, 220. Doane, C. P., 776. Dock, H., 340. Dodd, A. P., 348, 454. Dodson, W. R., 11. Doerr, R., 78. Dohme, A. R. L., 254. Doidge, E. M., 50, 146, 342. Dolcini, V. P., 769. Dole, R. B., 784, 807. Dominguez, Z., 131, 829. Domracheva, E. A., 415. Donath, E., 424. Dons, R., 809. Dorner, H. B., 746. Dorr, G., 370. Dorsett, E. B., 98. Dorsey, M. J., 627. Doten, S. B., 13. Doughty, W. P., 897. Downing, G. J., 797. Downs, P. L., 498. Dox, A. W., 366. Draghetti, A., '837. Drake, J. A., 192. Drake, R. IT., 378. Drayton, C. O., 792. Drost, J., 505, 560. Drouin, 180. Dubard, -M., 825. Dubois, C, 271, 748. DuBois, E. P., 563, 564, G97. Duborg, A. C, 674. Duckett. A. B., 650. Dudderidge, M., 763, 856. Dudgeon, G. C, 156. Duffleld, P. A., 257. Duggar, B. M., 203, 204. Duggar, J. P., 93, 137, 194, 732, 733, 829, 899. Dumas, 246. Dunbar. P. B., 110. Dunbrack, A. E., G60. Duncan, .T. D.. 681. Duncan, L. N., 93, 898. Duniway, C. A., 900. Dunlap, P., 47. Dunn, C. W., 65. Dunne, J. J„ 471, 871. DuPorte, E. M„ 151, 544, 556. Durand, E., 337. Durham, H. E., 1.39. Durst, C. E., 151. Du Sablon, L., 825. Dusserre, C, GG5, 805. Dutt, II. L., 57, 58. Duvel, J. W. T., 200. Dvorachek, II. E., 168, 189, 395. Dyar, H. G., 850. Dykstra, R. R., 781. Dymond, J. R., 770. Earnshaw, P. L., 244. Earp, E. L., 388. Easterby, H. T., 555, 831. Easterling, A. B., 517. P^astham, A., 634. Eastham, J. W., 441. Eastick, J. J., 259. Eastman, E. D., 804. Eastman, J. P., 693. Eastwood, A., 878. Eaton, B. J., 48. Eaton, E. II., 447. Ebbinghaus, H., 774. Eckerson, S., 222. Eckles, C. H., 18, 666. Eddy, E. D., 200. Edgerton, C. W., 241, 749. Edmonds, C. R., 81. Edwards, C. L., 691. Edwards, C. W., 260. Edwards, H. T., 828. Effront, J., 662. Ehle, H. N., 220. Ehlers, 187. Ehlers, J. H., 639. Ehrenberg, P., 218. Ebrlich, P., 503. Eichliorn, A., 682. Einecke, A., 721. Ekholm, N., 25. Elbert, J. J., 125. Eldredge, E. E., 776. Eliot, C. W., 102. Elkins, M., 82. Ellenberger, W., 682. Ellett. W. B., 158. Elliott, P. A., 237, 747. Elliott, M. A., jr., 460. Ellis, C, 416. Ellis, L. W., 400. Ellis, W. O., 156. Ells, G. W., 395, 694. Elmore, L. W., 853. Elsdon, G. D., 64. Elser, W. L.. 135, 198. Emerson, R. A., 631. Emery. .7. W.. 692. Emery, W. 0., 300. 906 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Emley, W. E., 324. Emmel, V. E., 377. Einmerez de Charmoy, D. d', 5G, 448, 449. Emmerich, R., 161, 373. Emmerllng, 0., 807. Emmes, L. E., 165. Emmctt, A. D., 69, 71, 72, 299. Engolhardt, F., 760. Engclhardt, L., 181. Engolhom, E., 579. Engeln, O. D. von, 28. Enger, A. L., 586. Engledow, F. L., 365. Ennkcr, C. 794. Eriks.son, J., 100, 641, 750. Erlweln, G., 87. Ersklne-Murray, J., 614. Escherich, K., 151, 847. E.scobar, N. P., 771. Espe, K., 396. Esten, W. M., 118. Eswlne, H. E., 597. Etherton, W. A., 293. Eustace, H. J., 637. E:vans, A. C, 175, 674. Evans, G., 37. Evans, I. B. P., 146. Evans, M. C, jr., 492. Evvard, J. M., 99, 170, 262, 284, 366, 866. Ewart, A. J., 223. Ewert, R., 826, 841. Ewlng, E. C, 397, 734, 735. Ewing, H. E., 63, 156. Ewing, P. v., 174, 666, 668, 680, 687. Exner, 810. Faber, F. C. von, 327. Fabre, J. H., 758. Fain, J. R., 833. Fail-child, D., 96, 97, 306, 833. Fairchild, E. T., 11, 689. Fairfield, W. H., 828. Falk, K. G., 710, 803. Falls, F. H., 875. Famulener, L. W., 372. Fantham, II. B., 759, 784. Farley, A. J., 534. Farmer, J., 272. Farnham, G., 205. Farrington, E. H., 889, 893. Fauchfere, A., 142. Faurot, F. W., 695. Faust, L., 797. Favoro, F., 580. Faville, A. D., 468. Fawcett, G. L., 346, 398, 645. Feder, E., 252. Feilitzen, H. von, 320, 567. Fejer, A. von, 858. Feldman, A. M., 592. Felling, W., 867. Fendler, G., 457. Ferdinandsen, C, 749. Ferenczhazy, J., 278. Fernald, II. T., 153, 245, 349, 398. Fernandez de la Rosa, G., 286. Ferris, E. B., 266. Fetzer, L. W., 99. Feuerleln, 115. Feytaud, J., 156. Fiblger, J., 353. Ficker, M., 78. Fidanza, F., 560. Field, E. C, 50, 844. Fielding, A. E. B., 393. Figee, J. M., 481. Flncke, II., 328, 506. Findlay, H., 693. Findlay, W. M., 566. Fingerling, G., 170, 368. Fink, D. E., 353. Fintzescou, G., 554. Fippen, E. O., 127, 218. Fischer, E., 476, 851. Fischer, G., 188. Fischer, K., 854. Fish, P. A., 579. Pishburn, H. P., 797. Fisher, H. C, 459. Fisher, M. L., 228, 596, 597. Fisher, O. S., 26. Fiske, G. W., 488. Fitch, C. P.. 374, 579, 581, 779. Fitz, G. W., 461. Fitz, L. A., 200, 300. Fitzgerald, F. F., 298. 356. Fitzgerald, W. W., 746. Fitzpatrick, W. W., 600. Flacourt, M. de, 229, 433. Flaksberger, K., 231. Fleischmann, F., 110. Fleming, R., 841. Fletcher, C. C, 611. Fletcher, S. W., 836. Fletcher, W. F., 744. Flora. S. D., 25. Flowe, B. B., 480. Fliigge, 268, 269. Flury, P., 144. Foard, W. E., 791. Fodor, A., 112, 875.' Foex, E., 150. Foght, H. W., 493, 794. Folin, 0., 359. Follansbee, R., 279. Foord, J. A., 292, 294. Forbes, E. B., 100, 299, 601, 858. Forbes, R. H., 513, 595. Forbush, E. H., 447. Ford, W. W., 268. Forrester, D. R., 285. Forster, E. H., 659. Fortier, S., 380. Fortier, V., 469, 470. Foster, S. W., 850. Foster, W., 853. Foth, G., 315, 364. Foubert, C. L., 427. Fourton, L., 231. Foust, J., 763. Fowler, E. S., 790. Fowler, G. J., 88. Fowler, L. W., 727. Fox, E. C, 660. Foy, P. Q., 763. Fraenkel, M., 466. France, B. L., 497. Francis, C. K., 300. Franck, L., 777. Franck, O., 262. Frank, G., 115. Frank, L., 857. Friinkel, E., 179. Franklin, II. .T., 52. Franklin, O. M., 880. Franz, F., 164. Fraps, G. S., 96, 200, 219, 296, 862. Frary, G. G., 357. Eraser, J. S., 395. Eraser, W. P., 543, 547. Frateur, J. L., 668. Frayser, M. E., 66, 495. Freak, G. A., 800. Prear, W., 294, 325. Freckmann, W., 390. Freeman, G. P., 532, 540. Freeman. W. B., 383. Freeman, W. G., 445. French, H. L., 100. French, W. H., 595. Freund, II., 859. Freundlich, H., 801. Fricke, K., 500. Pricks, L. D., 853. Friedberger, E., 78. Friedrich, A., 87, 290. Friemann, F., 80. Friend, L. L., 492. Friis, H., 278. Froggatt, W. W., 377, 754, 757. Frohner, E., 79. Fromme, F. D., 341, 749, 798. Frost, J. N., 479. Frost, W., 783. Frost, W. D., 871. Frothingham, E. H., 542. Frudden, W. E., 888. Fruwirth, C, 430, 432. Fry, W. H., 419. Frye, T. C, 821. 898. Fryer, J. C. F., 849. Fuertes, L. A., 447. Fujiwhara, S., 210. Fullaway, D. T., 557, 753. Fuller, C, 347. Fuller, E. S., 587. Fuller, F. D., 169. Fuller, G. D., 128. INDEX OF NAMES, 907 Fuller, J. G., 171. Fuller, J. M., 498, 576. Fuller, S. M., 498. Funder, L., 370. Funk, C, 67, 257, 3G0. 578. Funk, W. C, 487. Fyles, F., 436. Gabel, C. E., 253. Gabnay, F. von, 826. Gadamer, J., 327. Gage, G. E., 396. Gaines, E. F., 398, 833. Gaither, E, W., 805. Gale, W. H., 64. Galloway, B. T., 194, 895. Galpin, C. J., 289. Gamble, F. W., 699. Gamble, J. L., .359. Gandier, S. II., 392. Cans, R., 420, 421. Garcia, F., 635, 654. Gardner, F. D., 624. Gardner, H. B., 855. Gardner, J. A., 565. Gardner, V. R., 639. Garman, H., 327, 3.37, 652. Garner, W. E., 388. Garner, W. W., 427, 740. Garrad, G. H., 289. Garrison, W. D., 600. Garthwaite, J. W., 614. Gasser, G. W., 36. Gaston, J. A., 395. Gates, B. N., 556, 853. Gates, O. H., 693. Gates, R. R., 326, 426. Gattermann, L., 109. Gaucher, L., 66. Gaumont, 848. Gaut, R. C, 343. Gautier, E., 878. Gavronsky, J. O., 270. Gay, C. W., 668. Gay, F. P., 79. Geake, A., 608. Gedoelst, L., 777. Gehrand, G. W., 695. Geisert, B. F., 397. Gennadius, P. G., 219. Centner, L. G., 651. George, D. C, 834, 844. George, L. R., 198. Georgeson, C. C, 25, 31, 35, 45, 54, 743. Georgia, A. E., 232. Gerber, C. W., 397. Gerlach, 385. Gerlacb, R., 422. German, P. E. E., 117. Gero, v., 413. Gerstung, F., 759. Gettemy, W. A., 597. Gibson, A., 151. Gibson, R. B., 67, 579. Gibson, R. J. H., 520. Giddings, N. J., 416. Glffard, W. M., 757. Gigault, G. A., 98. Gilbert, A. W., 822. Gilbert, J. H., 120. Gilbert, W. W., 342. Gilbey, W., 400. Gildemeister, M., 801. Glle, P. L., 427. Gill, N., 830. Gill, W., 747. Gillette, C. P., 151. Giltner, W., 677. Gimingham, C. T., 121, 215. 243, 545, 699. Glrard, 866. Girault, A. A., 246, 852. Girola. C. D., 142. Girons, F. St., 178. Gist, B., 898. Givens, M. G., 106. Glaser, 581. Glaser, H., 60. Glaser, R. W., 247, 554. Glasser, K., 83. Glatz, J., 48. Glover, G. H., 781. Godbille, P., 457. Godbole, S. S., 86. Goddard, L. H., 135, 293, 481. Godfrey, E. L., 695. Goding, H., 679. Godlewski, E., 801. Goetz, E.. 211. Gohlert, V., 92. Goins, J. B., 65. Goldberger, J., 67, 255, 564. Gelding, J., 399. Goldschmidt, II., 367. Gonehalli, V. H., 324. Gornelli, P., 310. Goodall, A., 273. Goodey, T., 321. Goodnow, E. H., 297. Goodrich, C. L., 293. Goodwin, W. H., 246. Gorbing, J., 161. Gore, II. C, 297, 455. Gorham. R. P., 147, 392. Gorinl, C, 363, 472. Gortner, R. A., 35. Goss, W. L., 200. Gossard, H. A., 637. Gothe, F., 504. Gottschalk, W., 272. Gougerot, 271. Gougb, G. C., 547. Gough, L. H., 151, 152, 156. Gouin, A., 362, 569. Goujon, 178, 559. Gould, H. P., 338. Gow, R. M., 251. Gowdey, C. C, 847. Goy, S., 504, 862. G6zony, L., 82. Graf zu Leiningen, W., 2G. Graff, P. W., 599. Graham, G., 257. Graham, U., 83. Graham-Smith, G. S., 312. Grande, J., 75. (Jranderyc, L. M., 117. Grandi, G., 250, 453. Grant, II., 394. Grantham, A. E., 42, 424. Gratz, O., 175, 473, 776. Graves, A. H., 640. Graves, H. S., 237, 810. Graves, S. S., 310. Gray, C. E., 380. Gray, D. T., 13, 69. Gray, G. P., 243. Graybill, II. W., 59. Greaves, .T. E., 21G, 720. Greeley, S. A., 890. Green, A. W., 41. Green, E. E., 57, 699. Green, II., 399. Green, H. II., 514. Green, W. J., 637. Greene, L., 229, 230, 540. Greenwood, M., jr., 881. Gregg, W. R., 210. Gregoire, A., 167. Gregotti, G., 230. Gregotti, P., 230. Greig-Smith, R., 399, 523. Gressel, M., 376. Griffin, C., 231. Griffin, P. L., 596. Griffith, A. S., 878. Griffith, F., 878. Grimme, C, 167. Grimmer, W., 173, 411. Grindley, H. S., 69, 70, 71, 99. Grisdale, J. H., 418, 431, 461, 470, 484, 592. Grls.som, J. T., 158. Grob, W., 116. Grotenfelt. G., 577. Groth, B. H. A., 537, 695. Grove, O., 148, 699. Grove, W. B., 545. Groves, J. P., 221. Gruber, C. M., 664. Gruner, O. C, 874. Grupe, 116. Grutzner, R., 505. Gschwendtner, C, 01. Gude, K.. 113. Gudima, A., 125. Guercio, G. del, 453. Gu^rin, C., 679. Guernsey, S. C., 366, 396, 866. Gullllermond, A., 524. Gurney, W. B., 755. Giissow, n. T., 441, 470. Gustin, J. D., 853. Guthrie, P. B., 374, 399. Guye. P. A., 117. Gwinn, C. A., 254. Gyfirffis, J., 133, 230, 830. 908 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Ilaan, P., 278. Haber. F., ?,:'.. Haekodorn, II., 669. Iladlcy, F. B., 479. Iladlcy, P. B., 82, 671. HadliDKton, J., 591. Iladwfii, S., 551. Ilacckor, T. L.. 09. Ilaoffc'lC-, J. B. E., 760. Ilaenc'l, K., 847. Ilaglund, E., 414. HaKtnann, J., 188. Ilainps, II. II., 144. Hall)prkann, J., 20. Ilalbfass, W., 84. Halo, A. J., 217.* Hall, A. D., 30, 120, 121, .^99. 523, 891. Hall, C. J. J. van, 235, 236, 445, 548, 745. Hall, E. C, 513. Hall, F. H., 52, 622. 637, 741, 835. Hall, H. M., 778. Hall, L. D., 69, 99. Hall, M., 25, 614. Hall, M. C, 185. Hall, M. R., 382. Hall, O. E., 391. Hall, R. A., 205, 294. Hall, W. E., 382. Halligan, J. E., 567. Halstead, A.. 64. Halsted, B. D., 510, 520, 536. Ham, A. H., 391. Hamburger, H. J., 700. Hamer, W., 217. Hamilton, H. C, 80. Hamilton, J., 11. Hamm, A. H., 62. Hammer, B. W., 575, 715, 775. Hammond, J., 465. Hammond, J. W., 99, 408. Handley, E., 493. Handsehuh, O., 415. Hann, J. von, 614, 810. Hansen, D., 36. Hansen, J., 170, 266. Hansen. P., 87. Hanson, A., 798. Hanzawa, J., 515. Hara, T., 264. Haralson, C, 338. Harbison, E. G., 255. Harcoiirt, R., 252, 300. Harden, A., 607. Harding, S. T., 882. Harding, T. S., 711. Hare, C. L., 21, 111. Hare, R. P., 296, 784. Hargreaves, J. R., 285. H.lri, P., 563, 664. Haring, C. M., 271. Hariot. P., 346. Harlan, H. V., 38, 823. Harned, H. 11., 721. Harper, J. I)., 597. Harper, M. W., 494. Harper, R. A., 726. Harrington, I. S., 98. Harrington, M. W., 810. Harris, D. L., 180. Harris, F. S.. 740, 814. Harris, F. W., 884. Harris, J. A., 3.5, 521, 628. Harris, J. E., 29, 30. Harris, W., 81. Harrison, C. W., 297. Harrison, F. C, 148, 794. Harrison, J. B., 330. Ilarshberger, J. W., 826. Hart, E. B.. 74, 410, 506, 803, 871. Hart, L. J., 696. Hart, W. R., 689. Harter, L. L., 50, 844. Hartley, C, 647. Hartman, W. J., 778. Ilartmann, B. G., 297. Ilartwell, B. L., 622. Harvey, L. E., 95. Harvey. T. W., 198. Ilaskins, H. D., 32, 294, 520. Haslam, T. P., 880. Ilasselbring, H., 633. Hassler, C, 612. Haste, R. A., 215. Hasterlik, A., 854. Hastings, C. S., 810. Hastings, E. G., 275. Hastings, S. H., 332, 337, 539. Haswell, J. R., 787. Hatch, K. L., 15, 196. Haupt, 786. Haupt, H., 182. Ilanser, A. J., 575. Hawes, A. F., 237. Hawk, P. B., 460, 663, 764. Hawker, H. W., 513. Hawkins, L. A., 633, 650, 751. Hawley, L. F., 48. Hawthorn, H. W., 293. Hayes, F. M., 271. Hayes, H. K, 94, 633. Hayes, M. L., 897. Hayhurst, E. R., 678. Haynes, W., 466. Hays, M. E., 497. Haywood, J. K., 200. Headlee, T. J., 60, 550. Ileald, F. D., 55, 95, 346. Heath, J., 89, 763. Hecke, G. H., 191. Hecke, L., 54. Heckel, E., 434. Iledgcock. G. G., 150, 647. Hedrick, U. P., 45, 2.34. Heering, W., 167. Ileide, R. von der, 169. Ileilner, E., 178. Heimburger, H. V., 329. Ileinemann, P. O., 872. Heinrich, M., 8;;.'i. Ileise, F. H., 275. Ilektoen. L., 875. Helbig, M., 215. Ilcldr-r, G. K., 40, 68. Holler, L. U., 270. Ilelly, K., 270. Helyar, J. P., 200, 534. Hempel, H., 162. Henderson, J. B., 412. Ilendrick, H. B., .396. Ilendrick, J., 566. Henneberg, W., 111. Henri, (Mme. ) V., 475. Ilenriques, V., 261. Henry, 278. Henry. A., 180. Henry, X. J., 25, 810. Henry, M., 374. Henry, Y., 235. Henseler, H., 365. Ilenshaw, F. F., 279, 587. Ilcpner, F. H., 770. Ilerbertson, A. J., 25. Hermes, A., 364. Ilerrick, C. T., 253. Herrick, G. W., 398, 449. Ilerrick, M. T., 892. Herrmann, C. F. von, 614. Herrmann, J., 829. Herzfeld, 115. Herzfeld, A., 761, 801. Ileske, F., 822. Hetzel, R. D., 11. Heuser, G., 612. Hewitt, C. G., 448. Hewitt, J. L., 49. Hewitt, T. R., 680, 681. Iley, 845. Heymons, R., 847. Hibbard. E. H., 892. Hlbbard, R. P., 35. Hickman, C. W.. 864. Hickox. J. G., 690. Hidinger. L. L., 588. Hieronymus. R. E., 691. Higgins, B. B., 844. Higgins. C. H.. 480, 481. Higgins, W. W., 287. Iligginson, A., 115. High, M. M., 557. Hildebrand. J. H., 804. Hiley. W. E., 844. Hill. A. v.. 257. Hill, D. H., 12. Hill, J. A., 770. Hill, J. McK., 500. Hill, L. C, 882. Hill, R. L.. 268, 871. Hills, F. B., 368. Hills, J. L.. 11, 194, 520. Ilillyer, W. E., 356. Ililtner, L., 842. Hilts. R. W.. 298. Ilimmelberger. L. R., 497. Hindman, E., 46. INDEX OF XAMES. 909 Hinds, W. E., 62. Hine, G. S., 175. Hines, C. W., 315. Hlnk, A., 572. Hinselmann, E., 316. Hintzc, C. J., 20S. Hintze, H., 173. Hirschfeld, F., 857. Hirst, S., 353. Hiss, P. H., 371. Hissink, D. J., 421. Hitchcock, A. S., 133. Hite, B. H., 416. Hjelt, E., 801. Hoagland, R., 454. Hoare, E. W., 676. Hobby, W. P., 498. Hobdy, J. B.. 93. Hodge, C. F., 898. Hodges, L., 489. Hodges, W. T., 793. Hodgetts, P. W., 392. Hodgson, E. R., 133. Hodson, E. A., 895. Hof, H., 218. Hoffenreich, E., 358. Hoflfer, G. N., 750, 752. Hoffmann, M., 620. Hoffmann, R., 318. Hofmann, K., 232. Hofmann, K. A., 801. Holcomb, H. K., 25. Holde, D., 801. Hole, R. S., 144, 432. Hollinger, A. H., 797. Hollls, W. S., 455. Hollister, B A., 635. Holloway, E., 687. Hollrung, M., 57. Holmes, A., 410. Holmes, G. K., 91. Holmes, J. D. E., 81, 82. 476. Holterbach, H., 184. Holtmeier - Schomberg, H., 364. Homans, J., 180. Honcamp, F., 363, 665. Honing, J. A., 240. 520, 831. Hook, J. S., 723. Hooper, J. J., 673. Hoover, J. M., 690. Hope, G. D., 236. Hopkins, A. D., 658. 758. Hopkins. C. G., 26, 127, 821. Hopkins, F. G., 201. Horn, E. W., 367, 769. Hornaday, W. T., 447. Home, A. S., 239, 342. 546. Home, W. T., 241. Horton, G. D., 380. Horton, H. E., 790. Hortvet, J., 297, 298, 300. Host, H. F., 716. Hough, T., 857. Houston, D. F., 194. Howard, A., 30. Howard, C. W., 453, 753. Howard, L. O., 97, 250. Howard, L. P., 507. Howard, W. L., 898. Ilowarth, W. J., 254, Howe, F. B., 212, 317. Howe, G. H., 636, 835. Howe, P. E., 400. Howitt, J. E., 48. Hewlett, F. M., 847. Hubbell, C. D., 633. Hudelson, R. R., 321. Hudig, J., 442. Hudson, C. S., 711. Hudson, H. F., 851. Hughes, F., 123. Hughes, J., 116. Hughes, J. L., 141. Hukam Chand, 340. Hull, M., 663. Hulme, W., 112. Humbert, J. G., 620. Hume, A. N., 533, 733, 736, 739. Hummel, W, G., 288. Humphrey, C. J., 841. Humphrey, G. C, 74, 863, 871. Humphrey, H. B., 444. Humphreys, TV. J., 24, 25, 614, 810, 811. Hungerford, C. W., 51. Ilungerford, DeF., 198. Ilunn, C. J., 439, 450, 741. Hunt, C. L., 458, 855. Hunt, H. A., 118, 811. Hunt, T. F., 11, 193, 494. Hunter, A., 166, 562. Hunter, B., 888. Hunziker, O. F., 672. Hurd, W. D., 97, 195. Hurst, C. B., 126. Ilusmann, G. C, 809. Huss, H., 474. Hutchens, H. J., 678. Hutcheson, T. B., 231. Hutchinson, C. M., 828. Hutchinson. H. B., 32, 121, 399, 609. Hutt, W. N., 888. Hutyra, F.. 371. Hyde, R. R., 555. Hyslop, J. A., 246, 555. Iddings, E. J.. 694. Ikeler, K. C, 468. Ikeno, S., 830. Illingworth, J. F., 350. Imms, A. D., 448. Ince, J. W., 138, 158, 109, 435, 632. Ingalls, R., 892. Ingram, G. L. Y., 273, 277. Inouye, K., 20. Ippolito, G. d', 35. Isaachsen, II., 75. Isabolinsky, M., 375. Israel, II., 488. Ives, F. W., 788. Ivins, L. S., 392, 896. Iwanoff, N., 710. Iwanowski, D., 19. Jablonowski, J., 847. Jaccard, P., 825. Jachlmowicz, F., 290. Jack, R, L., 486. Jackson, II.. L., 762. Jackson, H. S., 51, 641, 645. Jackson, H. V., 231. Jackson, J. W., 498. Jacobs, B. R., 300, 355. Jacobsen, H. P., 589. Jacobson, C. A., 410. Jacobson, H. O., 230. Jacoby, M., 78. Jacoulct, 180. Jacqueroz, E., 481. Jadin, F., 628. Jaenichen, E., 589. Jaffa, M. E., 206. Jager, F., 453. Jancs6, B. von, 830. Janka, G., 543. Janse, J. M., 221, 523. Janssens, F. A., 822. Jardine, D. S., 681. Jardine, W. M., 13, 169. Jfirmai, K., 373. Jarrell, T. D., 295. Jarvis, C. D., 15. Jarvis, E., 53. Javillier, M., 128. Jay, R. D., 637. Jayne, S. O., 585. Jeffrey, E. C, 521. Jehle, R. A., 241. Jelmoni, E., 323. •Jenkins, A. E., 146. Jenkins, B. 0., 885. Jenkins, E. H., 194, 496, 519. Jenks, F. B., 895. Jennings, H. S., 665. Jennings, P. J., 828. Jensen, H. I., 374. Jensen, O. F., 624. Jepson, F. P., 448. Jewett, H. H., 652. Jobling, J. W., 274, 678. Jochmann, G., 78. Jodidi, S. L., 718. Johannsen, O. A., 846. Johns, C. O., 300. Johnson, A. K., 162, 456, 661, 763. Johnson, A. R., 715. Johnson, C. W., 46. Johnson, G. E., .347. Johnson, J., 844. Johnson, J. W. H., 552. Johnson, O. R.. 292, 791. Johnson, S. K., 200. Johnson, T. C, 540. 910 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Johnson, W. T., jr., 415, 775. Johnston, S. C, 386. Johnston, S. J., 399. Jona, T., 412. Jones, C. II., 294, 300, 610. Jcnes, D. F., 94. Jones, D. H., 33. Jones, F. S.. 781. Jones, G. B., 26. Jones, J. M., 261. Jones, J. S., 694. Jones, J. T. S., 278, Jones, J. W., 870. Jones, L. A., 883. Jones, L. L., 198. Jones, L. R., 444. Jones, P. R., 850. Jones, R. H., 65. Jones, T. H., 756. Jones, W., 201. Jones, W. J., 200. Jcnes, W. J., jr., 169. Jones, W. N., 524. Jong, A. W. K. de, 41. 217. Jordan, E. O., 220, 371. Jordan, W. H., 11, 194, 796. Jorgensen, I., 486. Joseph, W. E., 69, 71, 73. Jost, L., 520. Joyce, A. V., 899. Jssleib, 56. Judge, A. I., 210. Judy, D. D., 25. Junack, M., 181. Jungkuuz, R., 508. Jurisch, K. W., 722. Juritz, C. F., 166. Jurney, R. C, 214. Kajamis, B., 130. Kalbfus, J., 47, 150. Kalnlng, H., 354, 716. Kamerling, Z., 522. Kampcn, G. R. van, 802. Kantschieder, G. S., 838. Kantschieder, J. S., 92. Kappen, H., 125. Kapteyn, J. C, 237. Kai-per, R. E., 739. Kasmeier, J., 429. Kastle, J. 11., 83. Katayama, T., 259. Katz, N. E., 308. Kauffmfin, T., 597. Kaupp, B. F., 79. Keen, B. A., 815. Keilin, D., 59. Keir, J., 687. Keith, M. H., 601, 858. Keithley, J. R., 198. Keitt, T. E., 423. Kelemcn, G., 562. Keller, 882. Kellerman, K. F., 10, 515. Kellcy, E., 10. Kelley, E. F., 884. Kelley, W. P., 129, 719, 720, 721. Kellner, 258. Kellogg, J. II., 458. KoUogg, J. W., 568. Kellogg, R. S., 459. Kelly, E., 473, 575. Kelly, E. O. G., 60. Kempster, H. L., 173. Kempton, J. H., 134. Kennedy, J. C, 163, 876. Kennedy, W. J., 170. Kenny, J., 131. Kenoyer, L. A., 853. Kepner, B. H., 63. Kerlin, I. B.. 898. Kerp, W., 854. Kerr, E. W., 282. Kerr, J. W., 457. Kerr, P. J., 67S. Kerr, R. H., 298. Kerr, R. R., 267. Kerr, W. H., 792, 870. Kershaw, J. B. C, 77, 269. Kershaw, J. H., 88. Ketel, B. A. van, 577. Keyser, A., 791. Kidd, F., 328. Kieffer, 450. Kiehl, A. F., 323. Kiessling, L., 130. Kigin, L. C, 584. Kildee, H. H., 170. Killam, S. D., 25. Kimball, H. H., 24, 25, 117, 210, 614, 810. Kindred, F., 798. King, A. C, 696. King, C. M., 231. King, E. F., 450. King, F. G., 99. King, J. A., 687. King, J. L., 349. King, W. E., 378. Kinghorn, H. M., 181. Kinsley, A. T., 378. Kirk, J. M., 810. Kittredge, M. H., 358. Klein, 169, 569. Klein, J., 558. Klein, L. A., 79. Klemperer, F., 879. Kliem, W., 184. Klieneberger, C, 374. Klimmer, M., 33, 79. Klinck, L. S., 400. Kling, A., 207. Klostermann, M., 205. Klunker, 77. Knab. F., 60, 554, 851. Knapp, 11., 900. Knibhs. G. H., 894. Knight, H. G., 900. Knight, J. B., 367, 722, 865. Knight. N., 120. Kno, 727. Knoch, R., 284. Knorr, F., 36, 223, 233. Knox, W. K., 616. Knowles, N. S., 597. Knuchel, IL, 144. Knudson, L., 823. Kober, P. A.. 310, 474. Koch, A., 618. Kocher, R., 564. Kochmann, M., 310. Kock, G., 343, 642, 645. Kodama, H., 374. Koettlitz, 662. Koernicke, M., 220. Kcihler, A., 170. Kohlstock, A., 378. Koketsu, R., 130. Kolbe, F., 865. Kolle, W., 78. Kolmer, W., 765. Kone, E. R., 594. Konge, W., 376. Konig, J., 21. Kornauth, K., 642. Kossowicz, A., 558, 728. Kovessi, F., 327. Kratzmann, E., 609. Kraus, R., 78. Krauss, F. G., 741, 789. Kreidl, A., 503. Kremers, E., 613. Kressmann, F. W., 613. Kretchmer, E., 853. Kretzschmar, H., 161. Kreutz, A., 854. Krocher, C, 84. Krogh, A., 67, 765, 766. Kron, E., 810. Kronfeld, E. M., 440. Kropat, K., 313. Kropf, L., 87. Kriiger, 230. Kriiger, R., 33. Kriiger, W., 324. Krumwiede, C, 675. Kubelka, A., 47, 48. Kubena, J. F., 696. Kufferath, H., 872. Kiihl, H., 414. Kuhlman, A. H., 865. Kuhn, C, 437. Kuijper, J., 235, 749. Kulisch, P., 323. Kunerth. W., 487. Kunze, M., 543. Kutovogo, v., 125. Kuttenkeuler, H., 109. Labayen, S. D.. 41. Lackey. E. E., 290. Lacroix, A., 511. Ladd, E. F., 162, 294, 300, 356, 456, 634, 661. 763. Lafrenz, F., 797. Lagerberg, T., 844, 845. Lahy, J. M., 664. Laidlaw, W., 341. Lain6, E., 586. INDEX OF XAMES. 911 Lalnjr, J. T. C, 476. Lalim, A., 75. Lamb, A. R., 410. I.amb, G. N., 339. Lamb, W. A.. 279. Lamb, W. H., 748. Lambert, G. M., 591. Lamon, II. M., 264. Lamoureux, A. J., 895. Lampart, J. B., 201. Lampson. L. M., 888. Lamson, R. A., 198. Lamson, R. W., 175. Lanchestcr, W. F., 270. Landmann, A., 171. Landsteiner, K., 78, 178. Lane, C, 474. Lane, C. H., 197, 596, 895. Lanfranchi, A., 374. Lange, 178. Lange, F., 503. Lange, II., 220. I.angenbeck, K., 127. Lanman, T. H., 664. Lapparent, de, 169. Laroche, G., 178. Larsen, C, 576, 790. Larson, W. E., 691. La Rue, G. R., 853. Lathiop, E. C, 217. Latimer, W. J., 214, 617. Latshaw, W. L., 396, 409. Latta, R. W., 497. Lauder, A., 399. Lauman, G. N., 105, 390, 895. Lavoie, J. H., 392. Law, J., 475, 579. Lawes, J. B., 120. Lawrence, W. II., 695. Lawson, L. M., 481. Laxa, O., 473, 870. Lazenby, W. R., 397, 895. Leather, J. W., 419. L^caillon, 351. LeClerc, J. A., 300, 355. Ledeboer, F., 485. Ledent. R., 715, 760. Ledoux, L., 714. Lee, C. H., 509. Lee. F. S., 565. 765. Leeden, R. van der, 311. Leetham, C, 565. Lehenbauer, P. A., 334. Lehmann, F., 862. Lehmann, K. B., 660. Leighty, C. E., 336, 53.'J, 736, 737. Leiningen, W. Graf zu, 26. Lemaire. G., 780. Lemaire, M. N., 752. Lemmermann, O., 321, 618, 721. Lenk, E., 503. Leonard, L. D., 853. Leonard, M. D., 56. Leonard!, G., 449. Lester, F. E., 397. Letard, 180. Lettecr, C. R., 226. Lcwin, L., 20. Lewis, C. I., 644. Lewis, H. R., 99, 570, 572, 584, 590. Lewis, I. M., 53. Lewis, J. II., 279. Lewis, L. L., 782. Lewis, R. G., 144, 238. 841. Lhommedieu, D. E., 853. Libberton, P. T., 787. Liebcnberg de Zsittin, A. U. T., 290. Liebig, J. von, 109. Llgni^res, J., 183, 271. Liguori, J. M., 895. Lincoln, J. R., 900. Lind, G., 117. Lindet, M., 63. Lindsey, J. B., 68, 363, 666. Linfleld, F. B., 13, 96. Link, G. K. K., 643. Linossier, G., 460. Linthicum, J. C, 251. L:pman, C. B., 96, 141, 199, 296, 320, 727. LIpman, J. G., 514, 516, 518, 519, 533. Lippincott, W. A.. 570. Lipschutz, A., 668. Lissone, E, G., 54, Livermoro, K. C, 292, 293. Liverseege, J. F., 64. Livingston. G., 798. Llewellyn, M. O., 397. Lloyd, E. R., 396, 568. Lloyd. F. E., 627. Lloyd, J. T., 153. Lloyd, J. W., 140. Lloyd, 0. G., 390. Lochhead, W., 56, 151. Locke, E. A., 358. Lockett, W. T., 387. Lodge, F. A., 340. Loeb, J., 697. Loeffler, F., 272, 375. Loew, E. N., 840. Loew, O., 161, 324, 373. Lohnes, H. R., 66. Lohnis, F., 124. Lommel, W. E., 198. Long, C. M., 86. Long, D. D., 513. Long, J. H., 710. Long, W, H., 150, 647. Longmeyer, F. E., 695. Longyear, B. O., 760. Lonhienne, E., 662. Lonsdale, T. W., 423, 435. Loomis, H., 733. Loomis, H. M. 560. Loomis, H. N., 689. Looss, A., 759. Lord, N. W., 325. Lorenz, W. F., 255. Lory, C. A., 11, 12. Lotrionte, G., 344. Lotsy, J. I'., 220. Lounsbury, C, 214. Love, II. IL, 40, 736. Lovott, A. L., 051. Lovewell, J. T., 487. Lowenstcin, W., 683. Lowthor, G., 436. Loyguo, P., 252. Lubarsoh, O., 270. Luberg, 93. Lubimonko, W., 824. Lucas, K., 257. Lucet, A., 153, 180. Ludwig, C. A., 343. Lumet, G., 86. Lumsden, D., 140. Lundberg, G., S40. Lusliington, .V. W., 340. Lusk. G., 359. Lnstig, A., 78. Liistncr, G., 246, 534. Lutman, B. F., 546. Lutz, A., 450. Lutz, F. E., 755, 756. Lyle, G. T., 454. Lyle, W. G., 474. Lyman, J. F., 162. Lyman, T., 210. Lynch, C. F., 277, 480. Lythgoe, H. C, 298, 369. Lytle, W. 11., 778. Maas, O., 399. McAdie, A. G., 120. Macallum, A. B., 360, 607. McAlpine, D., 751. McAtee, W. L., 347. McCann, R., 774. JlcCannel, A. J., 456. McCarrison, R., 563. McCartney, H. E., 498. MacCaughey, V., 691. McCaustland, E. J., 279. McClain, J. H., 681. McClelland, C. K., 631, 729, 731. McCIintock, J. A., 52, 641, 798. McCloskey, A. G., 494. McCollum, E. v., 360. McConnell, O. W., 797. McCool, M. M., 420. McCormick, F. A., 643. McCready, S. B., 689, 794, 896. McCubbin, W. A., 441. McCullough, C. B., 686. McCullough, E., 484. McDaniel, H. B., 695. McDonald, E. B., 492, 593, 691. MacDonald, G. B., 853. Macdonald, G. G., 829. Macdonald, J. S., 257, 258. MacDonald, M, B., 491. 912 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, MfDonnoll, II. B., 200. MaoDoiigal, D. T., 429, 511. Macdowell, C. H., 820. McDowell, C. S., jr., 305. Macdowell, E. C, oT.i. McDowell, M. S., 19C. McElroy, C. II., 782. McFadyean, J., 271, 475. McGlll, A., 64, 25;j, 5G0, 7G2. MacGillavry, E. E. L., 235. McGinty, R. A., 140. McGlashan, li. D., 587. M'Gowan, J. P., 276. McGregor, E. A., 251. MacGregor, M. E., 450. McGuire, G. W., 254. Mucha, W., 261. Machens, A., 874. Mclndoo, N. E., 352. Maclntire, W. II., 123, 296, 622, 719. Macintosh, J., 399. McKee, R., 38. McKee, W. M., 365. Mackensen, B., 338. Mackie, F. P., 59. McKillop, A. T., 449. Mackintosh, J., 574. McLain, R. E., 118, 418, 614. McLean, II. C, 29, 817. McLendon, W. E., 28. McLennan, J. P., 795. MacLennan K,., 32, 399, 609. M'Leod, J. W., 179. Macmillan, II. F., 45, 85. McMillan, M., 458. McNalr, A. D., 293. M'Nee, J. W., 179. McNeill, R., 597. McNutt, J. C, 99. McOmie, A. M., 526, 541, 595. Macoun, W. T., 437, 539, 743. Macpherson, H., 95. McWhorter, V. O., 866. McWilliams, J. E., 900. Maddocks, M., 558. Mader, W., 860. Magnan, A., 367. Magoon, C. A., 696. Magruder, E. W., 298. Mahoney, J. A., 397. Mahoney, J. K., 694. Malllard, L. C, 19. Maire, R., 149, 443, 842. Major, E. W., 695. Maltby, A. E., 690. Malte, M. O., 532. Maltsev, A. I., 833. Malvezin, P., 114. Manaresi, A., 837. Maney, T. J., 229, 230, 240. Mangin, L., 145, 341. Mann, A., 823. Mann, C. W., 715. Mann, H. n., 76. Manning, D. F., 810. Manson, P., 177. Manuelll, C, 125, 217. Muqucnne, L., 128. Marchadler, 178, 559. Marchand, L., 271. Marchettano, E., 829. Marcovitch, S., 557. Marek, J., 371. Marino, L., 310. Marioth, 81. Marriott, R. A., 417. Mariotti, A., 594. Maris, P. V., 190. Markl, 358. Marlatt, C. L., 353. Marmu, N., 121. Marques de Carvalho, J., 837. Marre, F., 324. Marsh, C. D., 474. Marsh, J. F., 799. Marshall, C. J., 273. Marshall, E. K., jr., 165, 803. Marshall, F., 100, 714. Marshall, F. 11. A., 861. Marshall, F. R., 174. Marshall, H. T., 276. Marshall, R. B., 279, 382, 588, 786. Martel, 180. Martoll, L. IL, 722. Martin, C. H., 800. Martin (Mrs.), C. L., 197. Martin, E., 389. Martin, E. G., 664. Martin, G. W., 547. Martin, H. L., 395. Martin, O. B., 492. Martinand, V., 446. Martinet, G., 830. Martinez, M. C, 92. Martiny, B., 75, 281, 486. Marvin, C. F., 210, 614, 810. Mascheroni, E., 668. Maschhaupt, J. G., 215. Mason, C. F., 348. Mason, C. J., 118. Mason, D. T., 542. Mason, M. L., 355. Massee, G., 640, 646. Massee, I., 344, 443. Massey, A. B., 53. Massey, W. F., 127. Masslow, M., 561. Masters, H., 354. Matenaers, F. F., 434. Matheson, K. J., 175, 176, 177. Mathewson, E. H., 137. Mathewson, W. E., 297. Matignon, C, 116, 125, 209. Matruchot, L., 822. Matthews, J. M., 308. Matthews, S. A., 359. Matthews, W. S., 252, 253, 356. Maublanc, A., 238. Maurantonio, L., 252. Maurer, O., 172, 800. Maurit\ E., 760. Mausl)crg. A., 31. Mavor, .1., 489. Maw, P. T., 237. Mayor, E., 223. Mayor, G., 760. Mayer, M., 279. Mayes, W., 640. Maze, P., 625. Meacham, F. T., 260. Mead, E., 481. Meadows, W. R., 229. Means, J. II., 359. Meeks, J. R., 497. Meggltt, A. A., 812. Meinzer, O. E., 383, 384, 784. Melander, A. L., 834, 850. Melchcrs, L. E., 149. Mcldert, L. van, 262. Mcllanby, J., 858, 859. Mellet, R., 1.''.7. Mcllis, C, 682. Mclvin, A. D., 12, 877. Mendel, L. B., 164, 165, 359, 460, 662, 697. Mendenhall, W. C, 587. Mer, E., 752. Mercer, W. B., 121. Merck, E., 678. Merkel, F., 37. Merklen, P., 278. Merl, T., 507. Merrell, E. C, 300. Merrill, F. A., 811. Merrill, M. C, 204, 626, 627. Merritt, E., 773. Messerschmidt, T., 882. Meston, L. A., 412. Mestrezat, W., 114. Metre, T. W. van. 90. Metschnikoff, E., 78. Mettam, A. E., 475. Mettler, G., 422. Metz, C. W., 351. Metzger, J., 879. Meyer, A. II., 214, 236, 617. Meyer, A. W., 82. Meyer, D., 127, 216, 567. Meyer, K. F., 475. Meyer, L., 457. Meyer, R., 801. Michaelis, L., 801. Michaud, G. L., 699. Middleton, T. U., 444, 445, 542. Mifege, 321. Miege, E., 218. Miessner, 178. Miessner, II.. 82. Milam. A. B., 560, 855. Milburn, T., 343, 672. Miller, C, 534. Miller, E. A., 596. Miller, F., 33. Miller, F. A., 143. INDEX OF NAMES. 913 Miller. P. E., 509, GOG. Miller, F. W., 898. Miller, G. 11., 45. Miller, J., 612. Miller, J. C, 92. Miller, J. J., 435. Miller, M. K, 321. Miller, N. H. J., 121. Miller, W., 143, Miller, W. A., jr., G9G. Miltner, R., 392, Minchin, E. A., 399. Jliuer, J. R., 700. Minkler, F. C, 5G9, 581. Misner, E. G., 95. Mitcliell, A. J., 614. Mitchell, A. P., 477, 674. Mitchell, C. W., 798. Mitchell, J. F., 271. Mitchell, O. W. II., 477. Mitscherlich, E. A., 421. Moescr, L., 115. Mofflt, E. L., 109. Mohlor, J. R., 682, 877. Mohr, O., 801. Moleswortb, G. L., 188. Molcsworth, n. B., 188. :\Iolinas, E., 246. Mollor, M., 25. Molliard, M., 427, 825. Molliex, P., 64. Molz, E., 145, 248, 341, 843. Monahan, A. C, 488: Monell, 247. Monroe, J. F., 141. Montesoro, E. G., 136. Montgomery, C. W., 122, Montgomery, E. G., 200. Mooers, C. A., 132, 719, 827. Moomaw, C. W., 91, 894. Moon, F. F., 192, 692. Moore, R. A., 631. Moore, V. A., 374, 579, 580, 581, 779, 780. Moore, W., 753. Morales, R., 59. Morgan, D. G., 798. Morgan, E. L., 10. Morgan, H. A., 13. Morgan, R., 98. Morgan, T. H., 697. Morgen, A., 801. Morgenroth, J., 78. Morison, C. G. T., 121. Morot, C, 271. Morrill, A. W., 549. Morris, H., 778. Morris, O. M., 835. Morrison, C. E., 85. Morrison, F. B., 100, 863. Morrison, T. M., 26, 812. Morse, E. W., 99, 100, 799. Morse, W. J., 147, 533, 631. Mortensen, M., 874. Mortimer, E., .396. Morton, G. E., 99. Moser, O., 770. 1115°— 15 3 Mosher, F. II., 349. .Mosier, J. G., 26. Moskvichev, S., 829. MoKsman, R. C, 25. Motter, M. G., 875. Mottier, D. M., 142. Mouilleron, 180. Moulton, C. R., 311. Moussu, G., 477, 780. Mowry, H. 11., 886. Moyer, A., 484. Moyer, J. A., 788. Moznette, G. F., 651. :Muc1i, 182. Miiller, 6S2. Miiller, II. C, 145, 341, 729, 748, 843. Miiller, K., 145. Miiller, M., 266, 856. MuUer, T., 37. Milliner, II., 36.3, 665. Jliimford, F. B., 10, 12, 725. Mnmford, II. W., 69. Miimma, E. W., 83, 396. Muncie, F. W., 746. Munn, M. T., 741. Munro, J. W., 852. Miintz, A., 586. Muriel, C. E., 640. Murlin, J. R., 257, 860. Murphy, D. I., 855. Murphy, R. G., 673. Murphy, R. M., 670. Murray, A., 368. Murray, J., 25, 400. Murray, J. A., 258, 399, 774. Murray, J. E., 614. Murray, N. C, 287, 434, 455, 594. Murschhauser, H., 166. Mus.selman, H. H., 400. Mutchlcr, F., 197. Myers, C. N., 455. Myers, J. D., 517. Myers, M. A., 689. Myers, W. I., 95. Na?)okikh, A. I., 718. Nahstoll, G. A., 792. Nakamura, K., 210. Nakashima, K., 563. Narabe, K., 266. Nash, E. H., 597. Nattino, J. P. y, 744. 745. Neal, J. W., 36. Neal, R. T., 494. Neale, A. S., 590. Nearing, S., 662. Needham, J. G., 40.3. Neely, R. C, 395. Negley, N. A., 86. Negri, L., 271. ' Nehrling, A. IT., 746. Neidig, R. E., 503, 710. Neil, M. H., 253. Nelson, C. F., 359. Nelson, E. K., 300. Nelson, J., 573. Nelson, J. B., 533. Nelson, J. W., 28. Nelson, S. B., 183. Nelson, V. E., 566. Nesblt, O. E., 597. Neuberg, C, 801. Neufeld, F., 78. Neumann, M. P., 356, 659. Nevermann, 577. Neveu-Lemaire, M., 752. Neville, A., 802. Newman, C. C, 538. Ncwsom, I. E., 781. Newton, R., 392. NichoUs, II. M., 644. Nichols, C. S., 188. Nichols, F. G., 494. Nichols, J. B., 66. Nickles, F. P., 828. Nicklisch, E., 829. Nicoll, W., 377, 399. Niemann, A., 661. Nleronstein, M., 474, 801. Nieuwburg, P. de, 760. Nightingall, V., 65. NilBSon-Ehle, H., 220. Nisbet, J., 237, 400. Njegovan, V., 715. Noack, O. G., 473. Noble, G. L., 871. Noble, W. C, 675. Noffray, E., 150, 241. Nolan, A. W., 496, 691. 898. Nolte, O., 218. Norcross, C. A., 471. Nordin, J. G., 41. Norlind, A.. 418. Norris, G. W., 371. Northrup, Z., 61, 62. Norton, J. B. S., 147, 641. Nottbohm, F. E., 370. Nowell, W., 829. Noyce, F., 891. Noyes, A. A., 697. Noyes, II. A., 319, 422, 807. Nunnick, F. C, 593. Nurenberg, L. I., 299. Nuttall, G. II. F., 274. Nutter, J. W., 673. Nystrom, E., 320. Oakley, R. A., 432. Oakland, I. S., 739. Gates, W. II., 395. Obecny, J. S., 535. O'Callaghan, M. A., 399. Od^n, S.. 813. Oefele, 309. Oohme, M., 38. Oelkers, 144. Oetken, W., 832. OCfermann, 81. O'Gara, P. J., 643, 842. Ogllvle, C. P., 399. Ogle, G. L., 198. Ohler, W. R., 476. 914 INDEX OF NAMES. Ohno, T., 80. Okada, T., 25. O'Kane, W. C, 153, 850. Olivier, C. P., 810. Ollech, von, 5GG. Olson, G. A., 409, 808. Ondracek, P., 182. Ong, E. R., 245. Onslow, H., 3G1. Opitz, H., 205. Oppcnhcimer, C, 201. Opperman, C. L., 771. Orr, J. B., 663. Orth, 847. Orton, B., jr., 104. Orton, W. A., 241. Ortt, F., 354. Osborne, J. B., 64. Osborne, T. B., 164, 165, 460, 662. Oseki, S., 561. Oshima, K., 560. Osmaston, B. B., 155. Osterhout, W. J. V., 223, 625, 728. Ostermayor, A., 393. Ostertag, R. von, 270, 777, 778. Ostrander, J. E., 118, 418, 614. Oswald, W. L., 200, 635. Otis, C. H., 426. Otis, D. H., 292. Otto, R., 78, 826. Overton, P., 448. Owen, E. J., 538. Owen, E. W., 317. Owen, I. L., 527, 797. Owen, W. L., 22, 717. Packard, A. S., 850. Packard, L. O., 615. Paddock, W., 397. Padgett, H. D., 279. Padhye, R. G., 41. Paechtner, J., 168. Paget, R., 390. Palladius, 827. Palmer, A. H., 210. Palmer, L. S., 18, 19, 299, 313. Palmer, R. C, 48. Palmer, T. S., 244. Palmer, W. W., 359. Palmgren, G., 184. Paltauf, R., 78. Pammel, L. H., 200, 231, 853, 900. Pangburn, W. S., 853. Panisset, L., 474. Paranjpye, S. R., 41. Park, F. W., 882. Park, J. W., 798. Park, W. H., 372. Parker, C. D., 95. Parker. J. R., 153. Parker. T. B., 98. Parker, \V. B., 649. Parker, W. H., 42. Parks, 248. Parks, T. II., 797. Parlin, A. B., 319. Parnas, J., 801. Parow, E., 23, 117. Parrott, P. J., 449. Parsonage, E. E., 789. Parsons, E. R., 4.30. Parsons, J. L., 85. Parsons, T. S., 430. Passchal, A. L., 94. Patch, E. M., 755, 848. Patel, 184. Paton, D. N., 163. Patrick, G. E., 298. Patta, A., 764. Patten, A. J., 294, 295, 624. Patten, C. J., 399. Patterson, I. W., 884. Patterson, J. W., 399. Patton, C. A., 717. Patton, W. S., 61, 557. Patzewitsch, B., 375. Paul, A. E., 297. Paul, A. M., 481. Payne, A., 184. Peacock, J. B., 659, 661. Pearce, R. M., 80. Pearl, R., 172. 575, 665, 670, 671, 766. Pearson, F. A., 292. Pearson, G. A., 748. Pearson, K., 163, 362. Pearson, R. A., 9. Pearson, R. S., 48. Pearson, W. H., 798. Pease, 272. Peck, F. W., 688. Peck, S. S., 125, 694. Peers de Nieuwburg, 760. Pellet, H., 41, 110. Pellett, F. C, 852. Pemberton, C. E., 452, 655, 756. Penck, A., 118. Pencost, C. L., 797. Peneveyre, P., 45, 338. Pensa, A., 428. Perard, 181. Perkins, A. E., 413. Perl, 272. Pernter, J. M., 810. Perotti, R., 644. Perroncito, E., 271. Perrot, E., 339. Pescheck, E., 667. Peters, C. A., 507. Petersen, W., 274, 678. Peterson, H., 598. PetAson, W., 28, 199. 217. Pethybridge, G. H., 239, 442, Petit, G., 271. Petroff. S. A., 275. Pettit, J. H.. 26, 94. Pettit, R. H., 650. Pfeifer, M., 560. Pfeiffer, H., 79. Pfeiler, W., 378, 760. Pflug, 220. Phelps, E. B., 254, 786. Phillips, 248. Phillips, E. P., .398, 852. Phillips, J. C, 809. Phillips, W., 498. Phillips, W. B., 820. Picard, P., 245, 848. Pickel, J. M., 862. Pickens, E. M., 373. Pickering, S. U., 444, 511. IMckering, W. II., 210. Pierce, C. H., 382. Pierce, W. D., 658, 851. Pietsch, W., 248. Pilz, P., 722. Pinckney, R. M., 510. Pinoff, E., 113. Piper, C. v., 97, 199, 533, 827. Piper, S. E., 648. Pittauer, 144. Plahn-Appiani, 11., 830. Plaut, M., 833. Pleasants, M. T., 797. I'limmer, R. II. A., 201. Plumb, C. S., 267. I'oensgen, P., 178. Polimanti, 0., 564. Pool, B. E., 161. Popenoe, P. W., 745. Popenoe, P., 142, 726. Popp, M., 611, 867. Poppe, K., 81. Porodko, T. M., 128. Portchinsky, I. A., 848. Porter, A., 759. Porter, C. E., 161. Porter, E. A., 279, 382, 587. Portheim. L. von, 437. Potts, R. C 397. Poulton, G. II., 257, 399. Powell, G. II., 191, 287. Powell, H., 141. Power, F. B., 501. Power, W. M., 380. Powers, W. L., 185. Pozerski, E., 472. Prange, (Mrs.) X. M. G., 219. Pratolongo, U.. 115. Pratt, D. S., 46. Pratt, J. H., 884. Prausnitz, C, 79. Prell, II., 847. Prescott, .T. A.. 805. Pfibram, E.. 78. Price, D. J., 790. Price, H. C, 194. 798. Price, J. C. C, 738. I'ridham. J. T., 399. Priego, J. M., 236. Prien, O. L.. 900. Priestley, J. H.. 486. INDEX OF NAMES. 915 Prince, R. E., 841. Prlngsheim, E. G., 428. Prior, E. M., 242. Pritchard, K. A., 694. Prochaska, M., 290. Proeseher, F., 876. Proulx, E. G., 169. Pryor, J. C, 268, 269. Pucci. C, 669. Pulg y Nattlno, J., 744, 745. Pulslfcr, J., 458. Punnctt, R. C, 572. Purcell, B. L., 661. Purvis, J. E., 312. Putnam, G. A., 98. Quaintance, A. L., 850. Qiiartaroll, 116. Quartaroli, A., 804. Quaylc, E. T., 118. Quayle, H. J., 56. Quolch, J. J., 553. Qulnlan, D., 272. Quinn, C, 138. Quinn. G., 241. Quisumbing, F. A., 37. Rabak, F., 300. Rabbeno, A. E., 561. Rabomnova. O. D., 832. Rachel, F., 506. Raczkow.skl, de, 76. Radlbcrger, L., 711. Raebiger, IT., 184. Raiziss, G. W., 663. Rakshlt, J. N., 414. Ramirez, E. C, 628. Ramon, 181. Rampazzo, F., 231. Ramsay, A. A., 374. Ramsbottom, J., 341. Ramser, C. E., 883. Ramsey, H. J., 234. Ramsower, H. C, 87, 190, 281. Ramult, S. R. v„ 92. Ranck, E. M., 185. Rand, F. V., 241. Rane, F. W., 95, 397. Rankin, W. H., 54. Ransom, B. H., 153, 880. Rappin, 271. Raqnet, II.. 3G4. Rather, J. B., 300, 709. Raudnitz, R. W., 173. Rautenberg, M., 578. Rawl, B. II., 600. Rawson, n. E., 522. Razzautl, A., 556. Reach, F., 258. Reagan, Z. L., 694. Reavis, G. W., 94. Reckleben, H., 609. Records, E., 95. Reddlck, D., 52, 751, 836, 837. Reddln, T. K., 680. Reed, C. D., 810, Reed, H. S., 33, 751, 798, 823. Reed, O. E., 870. Reed, W., 798. Reed, W. G., 25, 315. Reeks, II. C, 584. Reese, C, 505, 560. Refsell, O. N., 593. R<;gamey, R., 442. Regel, R., 216. Reggianl, E., 41.3. Reh, L., 847. Rehbock. F., 875. Rehfuss, M. E., 66."?, 764. Reichel, H., 765. Reichert, E. T., 501. Reid, II. E., 397. Reimers, J. II. W. T., 861. Reinhardt, F., 170. Relnsch, A., 854. Reisch, E., 266. Remington, R. E., 298. Remlinger, 271. Remn, T., 364. Remy, T., 138, 220. Renner, V., 871. Rennie, T., 373. Retan, G. A., 748. Renter, E., 847. Renter, O. M., 846. Revis, C, 312. Reynier, 187. Reynolds, H. M., 394, 899. Reynolds, M. II., 880. Rhodin, S., 631 . Rice, H. H., 86. Rice, W. E., 265. Rlchardin, E., 662. Richardson, A. E. V., 399, 659. Richardson, C, 694. Richardson, R., 672. Rlchet, C, 562. Richet, C, jr., 178. Richmond, II. D., 501. Rlchter, J., 474, 862. Ricks, J. R., 396, 734. Rldewood, W. G., 452. Rlehm, E., 145. Ries, F., 665. Ries, H., 784. Rlesenberg, E., 253. Riffart, H., 413, 576. Rigg, G. B., 821, 898. Riggs, W. M., 9, 11, 194. Riley, J. G., 297. Riley, W. A., 846, 895. Riley, W. E., 393. Rlngelmann, M., 86. Ringer, A. I., 663. Ritchie, J., 472. Rltter, L. B., 782. Ritter v. Liebenberg de Zsit- tln. A., 290. Rltz, W. A., 696. Roach, W. W., 458. Roadhouse, C. L., 268. Roark, R. C, 296. Robb, .1. B., 298. Robblns, E. T., 170. Robert, S. A., 132. Roberts, G., 200, 819. Roberts, I. P., 895. Roberts. R. II., 900. Robertson, J. B., 361. Robertson, L. S., 198. Robertson, T. B., 79. Robertson, W., 273. Robinson, B. I., 93. Robinson, C. S., 213. Robinson, J. II., 265. Robinson, L. G., 391. Robinson, R. II., 713. Robinson, W. J., 98. Robotka, F., 892. Rodenhiser, L. R., 687. Rodhain, .1., 555. Rodzianko, V. N., 156. Roemer, T., 220. Roever, W. H., 24. Rogalski, B., 216. Regan, C, 498. Rogers, C, G., 640. Rogers, L. A., 175. Rohland. P., 318. Rohmann, F., 561. Rohrer. C. J., 885. Rohwer, S. A., 852. Rolf, A. F., 95. Rolf.s, P. H., 11. Rommel, G. M., 12, 498. Rommel, W., 92. Rona, P., 801. Ronnberg, G., 760. Roop, J. n., 169. Rocs, L., 219. Roosevelt, T., 495. Root, A. D., 095. Rordam, K., 331. Rosa, G. F. de la, 286. Rosam, A., 393. Rose, D. H., 750. Rose, R. C, 51. Rose, R. E., 219, 725, 811, 862. Rosenau, M. J., 660. Rosenbaum, J., 343. Rosenblatt, M., 803. Rosenbloom, .T., 875. tlosengren, L. F., 473. Rosenthal, W., 578. Ross, B. B., 725. Ross, H., 49. Ross, n. E., 173. Ross, T., 392. Ross, W. n., 324, 511. Rossi, v., 820. Rost, E., 164. Roster, G., 746. Roth, A., 790. Roth. F.. 46. Roth, P., 105. Rothenfusser, S., 20. 916 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Rubnor. M.. 06, 308. Riibsaamen, E. II., 847. Ruddick, J. A., 473. Rudnick, P., 294, 409. Ruffnor, R. II., 771. Ruggles, A. G., 753. Riihle, J., 20. Rullmann, W., 70. Ruml)old, C, 34. Riimkor, K. von, 704. Rumsoy, W. E., 398. Runc'iman, J. G., 861. Rusk, E. W., 695. Rti.Snov, P. von, 47. Rii.ssell, D. G., 373. Russell, E. J., 121, 138, 218, 423. Russell, n. L., 11. Rutgers, A. A. L., 242, 549. Rutherford, A., 350, 352, 555, 557, 754, 758, 852. Rutter, W. R., 238. Ruys, J. D., 87. Ryan, W. C, jr., 457. Sablon, L. du, 825. Sacharov, N., 59. Sachs, n., 78. Sachs, W. H., 821. Sackett, W. G., 96. Sacquepee, E., 252, 559. Sadler, W., 148. Sahr, C. A., 729. Sa in t-G irons, P., 178. St. John, A. D., 509. Saint-Scrnin, A., 116. Salceby, M. M., 828. Salmon, D. E., 83. Salmon, E. S., 148, 547. Salter, C, 25. Salway, A. H., 501. Samford, T, D., 395. Sammis, J. L., 873. Sampson, A. W., 227. Sanders, J. G., 398. Sanderson, E. D., 95, 195. Sanderson, T., 763. Saudles, A. P., 98. Sandsti-ijm, J. W., 614. Sanford, F., 152. Sanson, 262. Sapozhnikova, A., 125. Sar, M. E., 212, 396. Sargent, F. L., 520. Sasscer, E. R., 650. Satsyperov, F. A., 831. Saulnier, J. M., 340. Saunders, C. G., 783. Savage, E. S., 99. Savage, W. G., 311. Savelli, M., 148, 149. Sayre, L. E., 161. Scaffldi, v., 764. Scarborough, R. J., 214. Scarpltti, G.. 471. Schafer, E. G., 833. Schander, R., 342. Schattke, 875. Schaumann, II., 858. Scheerlinck, II., 818, 822. Schenk, A. 161. Schern, K., 780. Scheunpflug, 866. Schieck, F., 181. Schledt, R. C, 360. Schlflf, E., 112. Schindler, O., 842. Schjerning, II., 23. Schlagintweit, E., 859. Schleimer, A., 354. Schlick, W. J., 883, 885. Schloss, E., 857. Schlossmann, A., 166. Schmaltz, R., 584. Schmeer, L., 685. Schmid, B., 625. Schmidt, G., 374. Schmidt, R., 534. Schmidt, W., 810. Schneider, F., 311. Schneidewind, 216. Schneidewind, W., 29. Schober, W. B., 109. Schoenleber, F. S., 184. Schofield, F. M., 79. Scholtz, W. G., 800. Schomberg, II. H., 364. Schonborn, E. von, 257. Schoorl, N., 858. Schotte, G., 339. Schottelius, M., 80. Schottler, 581. Schottler, W., 47. Schribaux, 545. Schryver, S. B., 174. Schroder, J., 412. ' Schuberg, A., 552. Schubert, B., 579. Schulte, F., 287. Schultze, A., 847. Schulze, B., 319, 634. Schumann, K., 509. Schutte, W. M., 187. Schuyten, M. C, 458. Schwangart, F., 847. Schwappach, 144. Schwarz, E., 271. Schwarz, J., 474. Schweiger, M., 266. Schwennesen, A. T., 383, 384. Schwyzer, F., 80. Scoates, D., 597. Scotland, D. W., 227. Scott, E., 678. Scott, E. L., 765. Scott, J. M., 808. Scott, J. W., 754, 796. Scott, L. B., 439. Scott, P. R., 659. Scott, W. M., 644. Scovllle, G. P., 293. Scudder, II. D., 131, .398, 494. Scurti, F., 750. Seale, A., 63. Sear.s, F. C, 394. Scars, P. B., 557. Sebor, J., .328. Secrest, B., 440. Sedgwick, L. J., 37. Seeker, A. F., 298. Seeley, D. A., 614. Seller, 376. Selan, U., 760. Selby, A. D., 620, 637. Seligmann, C. G., 264. Sell, E. S., 692. Sellers, E., 856, 857. Semichon, L., 447. Senevet, G., 780. Senn, G.. 221. Sergent, E., 780. Sernin, A. St., 116. Setchell, W. A., 220. Severln, H. C, 153. Severin, II. H. P., 153. Scverson, B. O., 98. Shackleton, E., 857. Shamel, A. D., 4.39. Shanklin, F. M., 198, 597. Shannon, F. L., 252, 298. Shantz, II. L., 127. Shapovalov, M., 147. Share-Jones, J. T., 278. Sharp, R. G., 376. Sharpies, A., 347. Shattock, S. G., 264. Shaw, C. F., 616. Shaw, E. W., 718. Shaw, F. J. F., 149. Shaw, G. H., 457. Shaw, H. L. K., 66. Shaw, J, K., 338, 744. Shaw, N. E., 398. Shaw, P. J., 392. Shaw, R. II., 675. Shaw, v., 173. Shaw, W. N., 315. Shear, C. L., 53. Shear, TV. Y., 136. Shedd, O. M., 724. Sheldon, S., 480. Shelford, V. E., 222, 549. Shepard, S., 492. Shepperd, J. H., 527, 528, 529, 530, 538, 542, 545, 598. Sherbakoff, C. D., 146. Sherman, D. II., 66. Sherman, J. M.. 619. Sherman, J. P., 600. Sherwood. N. P., 456. Sherwood, R. M., 754. Shitkowa, T., 832. Shoemaker, A. n., 86. Shoesmith, V. M., 231, 630. Shook, G. A., 309. Shook, L. W., 260. Sborey, E. C, 215. Shreve, F., 748. Shuey, R. C, 502. Shuler, W. P., 782. INDEX OF NAMES. 917 Shull, G. H., 35, 521. Shutt, F. T., 419, 424, 4;57, 465, 469, 487, 615. Sica, v., 750. Siebold, E., 184. Siegmund, W., 711. Slevers, A. F., 626. .Silvestri, F., 453, 454. Silvestri, G., 335. Simon, J., 727. Simmons, W. H,. 396. SImms, S. F., 210. Simpson, II. II., 467. Simpson, Q. I.. 466. Simpson, S., 268, 871. Singli, P., -144. Sinz, E., 330. Sisson, S., 78. Sjollema, B., 577. Slielly, W. R., 198. Sliiba, 178. Sliinner, E. B., 893. Sl£inner, J. J., 619. Sicinncr, R. P., 830. Skinner, W. W., 297. Slaus-Kantscliieder, G., 83S. Slaus-Kautschieder, J., 92. Sleeswijlj, J. G., 87. Slingerland, M. V., 56. Small, M. E. L., 358. Small, W., 548. Smedley, E., 458. Smetham, A., 665. Smith, (Miss) A., 397. Smith, A., 678. Smith, C. B., 14, 97, 294. Smith, C. P., 740. Smith, E., 486. Smith, G., 62, 222. Smith, G. E. P., 586, Smith,G. P. D., 240, 443. Smith, G. S. G., 312. Smith, G. W., 614. Smith, II. B., 261. Smith, H. E., 400. Smith, II. L., 354. Smith, H. M., 165. Smith, H. R., 599. Smith, J., 476. Smith.J. C, 64. Smith, J. W., 614, 717, 811. Smith, L., 642, 643. Smith, L. B., 652. Smith, P. H., 259, 666. Smith, P. W. B., 276. Smith, R. E., 238. Smith, R. G., 399, 523. Smith, R. H., 885. Smith, T., 477, 478, 577. Smith, T. O., 126, 1C9, 624. Smith, W. G., 616. Smith. Z. M., 597. Smoot, C. C, III, 424. Smreker, O., 685. Smulyan, M. T., 451. Snedden, D., 689. Snell, J. F., 808. Snodgrass, M. D., 36. Snyder, T. E., 755. Sobel, L., 206. Sobotta, 390. Somermeier, E. E., 325. Somerville, W., 331, 429, 844. Somes, M. P., 743, 744, 753. Soad^n, K., 508. Sorauer, P., 344. Soule, A. M., 9. Soule, A. M. G., 822, 856. Soxhlet, F. von, 472. Spallino, R., 728. Spann, W. R., 877. Sparks, E. E., 194. Spears, II. D., 607. Spencer, D. A., 498. Spencer, J. B., 867. Spieckermann, A., 238. Spiers, C. W., 207. Splittgerber, A., 41."., 57(!. Spragg, F. A., 630. Sprague, M., 614. Spring, F. G., 3.39. Spring, H. M., 495. Stackhouse, II. M, 219. Stafford, R. 11., 095. Stahl, H. S., 823. Stiihler, A., 109, 125. Stakman, E. C, 51. Stallings, R. E., 200, 703. Stangk, v., 717. Stanford, R. V., 20. Stange, M., 379. Stanton, E. W., 900. Stapp, G. M., 856. Starke, E., 79. Starring, C. C, 94. Stau, B., 363. Staub, W., 111. Stcherbakov, T., 59. Stebbing, E. P., 351. Stebler, F. G., 833. Stedman, J. M., 98. Steenbock, II., 566. Steeves, R. P., 493, 495. Steffen, M. R., 578. Steik, K., 398, 787. Steimaun, A., 495. Stempel, G., 114, 827. Stenstrum, O., 582. Stenhouse Williams, R., 399. Stephan, C, 79. Stephens, D. E., 730. Stephenson, L. W., 784. Sternberg, W., 703. Sterrett, W. D., 748. Steiickart, C, 434. Stevens, G. C, 587. Stevens, H. E., 345. Stewart, C. D., 772. Stewart, E. D., 529, 530. 598. Stewart, H. C, 498. Stewart, J. S., 595. Stewart, P., 476. Stewart, R., 28, 199. Stewart, R. L., 497. Stiegler, H., 314. Stiles, C. W., 61. Stiles, P. G., 67. Stimson, R. W., 689, 800. Stine, J. W., 853. Stirling, F., 345. Stirm, K., 308. Stockdale, F. A., 441, 630. Stockman, S., 475. Stockman, W. L., 100. Stocks, G., 350. Stoddart, C. W., 501. Stoklasa, J., 328, 329. Stomps, T. J., 131. Stone, A. L., 6:55. Stone, G. E., 338, 342, 428. Stone, .T. L., 895. Stone, R. W., 323. Stone, W. R., 798. Stoner, D., 57. Stordy, R. J., 373. Storer, F. II., 294. Storer, T. I., 244. Storey, G., 152. Stout, A. B., 329, 726." Strauss, H., 262. Street, J. P., 519. Strigel, A., 22, 415. Strohmer, F., 22. Strong, B. R., GOO. Strong, W. W., 322. Stuart, A. T., 501. Stuart, W., 830. Stiiber, W., 457. Stuckey, II. P., 636. Studhalter, R. A.. 55. Stupart, R. F., 510. Sngiura, K., 710, 803. Sullivan, A. L., 297. Sullivan, J., 690. Sullivan, J. J., 397. Sullivan, M. X., 320. Sundararaman. S., 149. Surface, F. M., 071. Surface, II. A., 754. Sustmann, 882. Sutton, A. W., 326. Swaine, J. M., 551. Swanson, C. O., 26. Swart, N., 825. Sweet, A. T. 21.3. Swingle, L. D., 757. Swingle. W. T., 838. Symons, S. T. D., 366. Szanyi, I., 776. Szanyi, S., 175. Szulewsky, 379. Szymanski, J. S., 565. Szymoniak, B., 497. Tacke, B., 363, 719. Tadokoro, T., 318. Taeusch, C. F., 192. Taft, A. B., 388. Taft, T.. R., 98. Takamiue, J., 710. 918 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Talbert, T. J., 797. Talbot, r. B., 401. Tammes, T., 521. Tanret, C, 559. Tarbox, F. G., jr., 431. Tarchetti, A., 41. Tartar, II. V., 713. Tassllly, E., 114. Taubonhaus, J. J., 51, 446. Taylor, A. E., 257. Taylor, E. P., 797. . Taylor, F. W., G35. Taylor, G., 118. Taylor, G. B., 357. Taylor, W. H., 437. Taylor, W. J., 271. Taylor, W. S., 897. Teesdale, C. II., 841. Teichert, 414. Teichmann, E., 847. TcnBroeck, C, 477, 478. Ten Eyck, A. M., 42. Tbain, W. A., 884. Thannhauser, S. J., 250. Thatcher, H. K., 497. Thatcher, R. W., 300. Theller, A., 274, 380. Thelsz, G., 274. Theobald, F. V., 57, 699. Theopold, W., 577. Theriault, E. J., 694. Thienemann, A., 205. Thlessen, A. 11., 614. Thorn, C, 175, 176, 177, 442, 675. Thorn, W. T., 424. Thomas, E., 80. Thomas, F. L., 395, 694. Thomas, G. C, jr., 339. Thomas, II. II., 232. Thomas, P., 803. Thomas, R. H., 264. Thompson, A. R., 173. Thompson, Alice R., 712, 761. Thompson, C. W., 892. Thompson, D. O., 771. Thompson, E. W., 873. Thompson, F., 410, 424. Thompson, G. L., 498. Thompson, II. C, 636, 740, 743. Thompson, J. B., 717, 731, 741, 758, 767, 781. Thompson, O. A., 527, 528, 5.38, 542, 545, 598. Thompson, R. B., 95. Thompson, W. B., 861. Thompson, W. 0., 8, 11, 12. Thomson, R. T., 855. Thornber, J. J., 532, 540. Thorne, C. E., 14, 31, 96, 97, 200, 325. Thornton, H. G., 222. Thrash, J. A., 395. Throckmorton, R. I., 121. Tice, W. G., 357. Tiffany, 11. 0., 481. Tillmans, J., 413, 576. Tillotson, C. R., 541. Tisdale, II. B., 829. Titlow, C. R., 11, 14. Titze, C, 183. Tobin, E. J., 492. Tobler, F., 328. Toch, F., 41. Tochidlovskli, I. Y., 419. Todd, F. D., 551. Todd, J. L., 877. Tollens, B., 116. Tolman, L. M., 356. Tolslrup, M. R., 175. Tomhave, W. II., 804. Torquati, T., 112, 115. Tothill, J. D., 757. Townsend, C. II. T., 248, 350, 658. Townsend, C. O., 50. Trabut, L., 40, 149. Tracy, M., 256. Tracy, S. M., 68. Trafton, G. II., 496, 898, 899. Tranzschel, W., 145. Traube, J., 700. Traut, R., 260. Treadwell, F. P., 501. Treherne, R. C, 551, 556. Trenthardy, E. L. P., 298. Triay, J. E., 358. Trimble, W. J., 389. Tritschler, 220, 341. Trivett, J. B., 316. Trotter, A., 49. Troup, R. S., 340. Trowbridge, E. A., 670. Trowbridge, P. F., 311, 725. Troxell, M. A., 762. Troy, O. E., 480. True, A. C, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 194, 197, 799, 895. True, G. H., 259, 266, 769. True, R. H., 824. Trufifaut, G., 34. Trumpler, G., 505. Truog, E., 610. Tryon, H., 555. Tschermak, E. von, 131. Tuck, C. H., 97, 895. Tucker, E. S., 548, 553, 846 Tufts, W. P., 637. Tulaikov, N., 833. Tulloch, W. J., 678. Tunmann, O., 308. Tunstall, A. C, 346. Turner, D., 884. Turner, J. D., 667. Turner, T. A., 694. Turner, W. F., 553, 581. Turpin, G., 73. Turrentiue, J. W., 519. Tutin, F., 309, 711. Tutt, J. F. D., 881. Tattle, E. M., 494. Tuxford, A. W., 256. Twichell, D. C, 181. Twort, F. W., 273, 277. Udall, D. II., 579. Uglow, W. A., 138. Uhlmann, E.. 568. UUmann, F., 308. Ullsperger, II. W., 31. I'nderwood, L. M., 121. Uphof, J. C. T., 532, 540. Upson, I. S., 600. Urbahn.s, T. D., 454. Urbain, A., 825. Vail, T. N., 500. Valladares, J. F., 278. Vallillo, G., 78.3. Valvassori, V., 117. Van Alstyne, E., 97, 98. Vanatta, E. E., 295. Vanatter, P. O., 833. Van Beresteyn, II. W. J., 760. Van Deman, H. E., 800. Van der Bijl, P. A., 344. Vanderbilt, S. B., 658. Van der Leeden, R., 311. ^ an der Wolk, P. C, 440. Vandevelde, A. J. J., 760. Van Duzee, E. P., 247. Van Dyke, E. C, 152. Van Fleet, W., 143. Van Hall, C. J. J., 235, 236, 445, 548, 745. Van Hoek, P., 630. Van Kampen, G. R., 802. Van Ketel, B. A., 577. Van Leer, E. C, 600. Van Meldert, L., 262. Van Metre, T. W., 90. Van Norman, II. E., 288. Van Nuis, C. S., 797. Van Rensselaer, M., 895. Van Slyke, D. D., 372, 804. Van Slyke, L. L., 606. 607, 621. Van Suchtelen, F. II. H., 29, 396. Van Winkle, W., 280. Van Zile, M. P., 690. Vas, K., 473. Vassillev, I. V., 452. Vasters, J., 138. Vaughan, E. A., 694. "^avilov, N. I., 420. Vayssi&re, P., 57, 349. Veatch, J. O., 784. Veihmeyer, F. J., 50. Velasko, 880. ^'enema, T. A., 552. Verda, A., 207. ■\'ermoesen, 345. Vermorel, V., 243. 544. Vernon. H. M.. 664. Verrill, A. H., 788. Verteuil. J. de, 236, 838. Viale, G., 300. INDEX OF NAMES. 919 Viehoever, A., 298, 300. Vierhapper, F., 237. Vilikovsk;^, W., 114. Vinall, n. N., 533. Vincent, G. E., 12. Vincent, J., 24. Vinograd, M., 372. Vinson, A. E., 504, 511. Vital, E., 392. Vivian. A., 325. Voaden, J., 394. Vogel, 47. Vogos, E., 750, 843. Vogler, r., 834. Voglino, P., 145, 146, 147. Vogt, E., 129. Vogt, r. L., 388, 592. Volhard, J., 109. Voller, A., 122. Voltz, W., 168. 258. Voorhees, J. F., 614. Voorhces, J. II., 541. Voflte. C, 236. Vries, II. de, 822. Vrijburg, A., 475. Vrooman, C, 10, 97, 105. Vuillot, A., 100, 553, 848. Vuk, M., 763. VultiS II. T., 658. Waby. J. P., 236. Wadsworth, J. T., 759. Waggaman, W. H., 126, 218, 323. Wagner, H., 201, 854. Wagner, J. E., 400. Wagner, J. P., 63. Wahl, B., 350. Wahl, C. von, 145. Walcott, F. C, 447. Walker, G. B., 735. Walker, L. S., 294. Walker, W. O., 413. Wallace, H., 193. Waller, A. D., 522. Wallis, B. C, 119, 315. Wallis, T. E., 112. Walters, E. H., 215. Walther, A. R., 263. Walton, G. P., 300. Walton, R. C, 346. Walton, W. R., 851. Wang, C. T., 549. Warburton, C, 448. Warburton, C. W., 200, 533 Ward, A. R., 580. Ward, C. E., 396. Ward, F., 611. Ward, Florence, 696. Ward, R., 336. Ward, R. DeC, 25. Ward, R. E., 685. Ward, R. T., 85. Ward. W. F., 09, 568, 8G5. Wardall, R. A., 854. Wardle, R. A., 352. Waring, C. H., 564. Waring, G. A., 587. Warren, G. F., 89, 293. Warth, F. J., 633. Washburn, F. L., 753. Washburn, II. I., 86, Washington, H. L., 64. Wassermann, A. von, 78. Wassermann, M., 78. Watanna, O., 763. Waters, U. J., 11, 97, 195, 200. Waterstradt, F., 100. Watkins, J. A., 358. Watkins, W. I., 213. Watson, E. B., 317. Watson, J. D., 88. Watson, J. G., 94. Watson, J. R., 349, 652. Watson, S. H., 879. Watson, T. L., 784. Watts, F., 227, 229. Watts, R. L., 195. Waugh, F. A., 388. Weakley, C. E., jr., 416. Weaver, J. E., 626. Webber, H. J., 233, 238, 395. Webber, R. T., 349. Weber, A. O., 63. Webster, F. M., 353, 553, 756, 851. Webster, R. L., 57, 259. Weed, C. M., 393. Weedon, T., 288. Wehlburg, 441. Wehmer, C, 150, 308, 845. Wehrwein, G., 691. Wehrwein, G. S., 892. Weibull, M., 123. Weichardt, W., 79. Weidlich, H., 83, 881. Weigel, A. G., 798. Weightman, R. H., 316. Weigley, M., 659. Weigmann, 576. Weigmann, H., 269, 270, 414. Weil, A., 178. Weil, E., 179, 379. Weinberg, M., 271. Weir, J. R., 51, 52, 54. Weir, W. W., 31. Weiser, S., 465, 764. Weiske, F., 364. Weismann, A., 400. Weiss, H. B., 449. Weiss, H. F., 841. Weitzel, A., 164. Weizsiickcr, V., 257. Welch, J. S., 628. Welch, J. T., 325. Weld, L. D. H., 688, 874. Weldon, G. P., 744. Wellington, R. G., 389. Wellmann, O., 7G8. Wells, C. A.. 068. Wells, 11. G., 78, 17'.'. Wenner, .T. J., 346. Wentworth, E. M., 874. Wentworth, E. N., 861. Werner, II. O., 834. Wernicke, R., 878. Wessels, P. H., 398. West, .T. T., 494. West, O., 95. Wester, J. J., 679. Wester, P. J., 64, 142, 560, 745. Westgate, J. M., 432, 732. Wetmore, A., 265. Weymeersch, A., 662. Whalley, J. J. A. de, 259. Whatmough, W. A., 46. Whedon, A. D., 75.^. Wheeler, B. I., 3, 9. Wheeler, II. J., 97, 127. Wheldalo, M., 202, 203, 220, 428. Whipple, G. C, 205. Whipple, O. B., 837. Whitaker, H. D., 481, 8G9. Whitcher, G. II., 897. White, A. D., 895. White, C. II., 694. White, E. N., 854. White, F. M., 400. White, G. R., 277, 378, 578. White, J. L., 885. White, O. C, 530. White, T. H., 141. Whiting, C. F., 874. Whitley, C. F., 267. Whitlock, B. W., 740, 7G0. Whitmarsh, R. D., 247. Whitney, L. A., 453. Whitson, A. R., 31. Whitson, J., 143. Whittaker, T. P., 891. Whitten, J. II., 729. Whittier, A. C, 410. Wiancko, A. T., 029. Wiancko, T. A. F.. 473. Wibberley, T., 773. Wichelhaus, H., 109. Wichers, J. L., 618. V.'idtsoe, J. A., 784. Wiegner, G., 421. Wiggor, A., 75. Wight, W. F., 744, 837. Wilbert, M. I., 875. Wilcox, E. M., 340, 643. Wilcox, E. v., 439, 450, 721, 730, 745, 746, 751, 757, 777. Wilder, F. A., 127. Wilder, II. J., 835. WJldermith, V. L., 57, 652. Wile, I. S., 458. Wiley, H. W., 162, 200, 294, 558. Wilhelm Graf zu Leiningen, 26. Wilk, L., 259. \Vi!l.-t;s, D. G., 564. Williams, C. B., 136, 297. Williams, C. G., 96. 920 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Williams, II. P., G95. Williams, H. P., 492. Williams, H. S., 143. Williams, J. B., 56. Williams, J. C, 495. Williams, J. K., 76. Williams, J. S., 696. William.s, It. II., 71, 72. Williams, R. J., 143. Williams, R. S., 399. Williams, W. L., 82, 581. Williamson, J. T., 732, 733. Williamson, W., 753. Willis, J. C, 227. Willis, L. G., 622. Wills, J. G., 580. Wlllson, C. A., 99. Willstiittor, R., 309. Wilson, A. D., 9, 98, 895. Wilson, C. S., G96. Wilson, E. B., 697. Wilson, E. 11., 440. Wilson, F. T., 219, 725. Wilson, F. W., 568. Wilson, G. M., 795. Wilson, G. W., 29, 442, 646, 817. Wilson, II. F., 352, 651. Wilson, J., 193. Wilson, J. K., 727. Wilson, M. L., 134, 135. Wilson, T., 551. Wilson, W., 580. Wilson, W. M., 118. Wiltshire, S. P., 445, 547. Wiltsie, J. I., 853. Wlndiscli, R., 674. Wing, J. E., 373, 828. Winge, 6., 749. Winkler, L. W., 608. Wlnslow, C. E. A., 210, 211. Winslow, F. G. B., 659. Winslow, R. M., 392. Winston, R. A., 513. Winter, O. B., 624. Winters, R. Y., 135. Winton, A. L., 715. Wintz, H., 579. Wislicenus, H., 524. Withers, W. A., 300. Withycomhe, J., 95, 899. Withycombe, R., 899. Witte, II., 854. Wlodeck, .1., 622. Wlokka, A., 314. Wohsii, 664. Wojta, J. F., 794. Wolbach, S. B.. 579. Wolcott, G. E., 774. Wolcott, G. N., 352, 852. Wolf, C. G. L., 66. Wolf, F. A.', 53, 150, 546, 843. Wolff, 258. Wolff, A., 270, 577. Wolff, .T., 129. Wolfsl)frtr. 0., 256. Wolk, P. C, van der, 440. Won, F. W., 291, 769. Wood, B. D., 381. Wood, F. W., 580. Wood, P. 0., 317. Vrood, R. C., 862. Wood, S. A., 238. Wood, T. B., 166. Woodcock, E. F., 329. Woodhouse, E. J., 58. Woodhull, A. A., 460. Woods, C. D., 11, 13. Woods, W. C, 350. Woodward, R. S., 303. Woodward, T. E., 581. Woodworth, C. W., 244, 755. Woolley, V. J., 858, 859. Woolman, H. M., 145. Woolnough, W. G., 718. Woolsey. T. S., jr., 339. Worcester, E. L., 64, 560. Works, G. A., 492. Wornall. T. J., 695. Worst, J. II., 11, 196. Worthington, E. F., 396. Worthington, W., 436. Wriedt, C, 868. Wright, A. H., 335. Wright, B. R., 873. Wright, P. A., 313. Wright, R. C, 515. Wright, W., 870. Wright, W. L., 567. Wiilzen, R., 263. ^^■uuschendorff, M., 660. Wiirth, T., 746. Wyllio, J., 832. Yard, W. W., 581. Yarnell, D. L., 187. Yates, II. S., 778. Yea tor, C. E., 695. Yerkes, A. P., 886. Yocom, II. B., 753. Youland, W. E., jr., 876. Young, C. C, 365. Young, E. E., 424. Young, R. A., 631. Young, S. W., 270. Young. W. J., 141. Yothers, W. W., 60. Youngblood, B., 199, 226, 2G1. Yule, G. U., 166. Zablinsky, K., 801. Zacharewicz, E., 149. Zacharias, G., 804. Zacher, F., 340. Zaepffel, E., 221. Zaitschek, A., 465. Zander, E., 847. Zanotti, A., 713. Zaribnicky, F., 478. Zavitz, C. A., 49. Zdobnicky, V., 328. Zeckendorf, 659. Zellers, M. T., 42. Zimmer, J., 489. Zimmerly, H. O., 798. Zingle, M., 83. Zinn, W. D., 888. Zinsser, H., 270, 371, Zlataroff, A., 808. Zohren, F., 116. Zscheye. 707. Zuntz, N., 168, 169, 564, 767, 768. Zunz, E., 256, 760. Zweigelt, F., 553. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Note. — The abbreviations "Ala. Colloge," " Conn. State," " Mass.," etc., after entries refer to the publications of the respective experiment stations ; "Alaska," " Guam," " Hawaii," and " P. R." to those of the experiment stations in Alaska, Guam, Hawaii, and Porto Rico ; " Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada ; and " U.S.D.A." to those of this department. Page. Abacfi, culture and grading SiiS Abattoirs. (See Slaughterhouses.) Abderhalden serum test, quantita- tive application 372 Abortion, contagious — in cows 82, 581 in cows, Mich 677 Abrin and its antitoxins 78 Acacia spp., analyses and digestibil- ity 167 Acari on brown rats 353 Acetamid, nitrification rate 124 Acetone, sterilization of soils by 816 Adiorutcs viaticus, biology 552 Acid — amids, ammoniflcation in soils- 718 phosphate. (See Superphos- phate.) Acidity, determination in milk, N.Y. State 60G Acidosis in omnivora and herbivora_ 5G6 Acids — amino. (See Amino acids.) detection in cheese 313 fatty, chemical constitution 762 fatty, of feeding stuffs, Tex 709 organic, in soils 718 volatile fatty, effect on milk se- cretion 471 Acorns, feeding value 566 Aeremonhim alternatum, notes 843 Acridiaus, insect enemies of 848 Acridiidffi of ^Minnesota 753 Acroplcroii rufipcs, notes 352 Acroi>tiluit picris, notes. Can 4.'>6 Actinomi/ces chromogcnus, studies, Vt. 546 Actinomycosis, notes, Kaus 781 Adenin in hops 502 Adenosin, metabolism of 256 JEcidium myricatum and Oymnospo- rangiiim clUsii, identity 341 JUgilops ovata, relation to cultivated wheat .' 131 Jtlolothrips i-i1is, notes 754 Afforestation. (See Forestation.) African coast fever, immunization 273 Agaves, frozen, as affected by rapid thawing, Mo. 43 Afichylostuma iluodcnalc, anatomy and life history 750 Page. Agelaius phceniccii.9, environment, life history, and ecology 151 Agglutination, notes 78 Agrarian system in England, treatise- 793 Agricultural — chemistry. {See Chemistry.) college in Alaska 499 colleges, appointment and ten- ure of instructors in 195 colleges, botany in 393 colleges, cost of instruction in 12 colleges, extension work in__ 195, 196 colleges, home economics in 690 colleges, laws concerning, U.S. D.A 496 colleges, military instruction in II, 191 colleges, relation to rural and secondary schools 11 colleges, relation to U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture 194 colleges, retiring allowances for_ 195 (Sec also Alabama, Arizona, etc.) commerce, instruction in 393 conditions in Great Britain and Ireland 193 cooperation in Bombay Presi- dency 593 cooperation in British Columbia- 593 cooperation in Minnesota, Minu_ 688 cooperation in North Carolina- 489 cooperation in Ohio, Ohio 192 cooperation, notes 892 cooperation, notes, Cal 191 cooperation, treatise 792 cooperative as.sociations in New York 287 cooperative associations, organ- izing 287, 489 cooperative organizations, U.S. D.A 792 courses for secondary schools.- 897 credit association in North Car- olina 489 credit, bibliography 389,489 credit in British Columbia 593 credit in Germany 287 credit in Ireland 286, 391 0 of tropical fruits, Hawaii 439, 745 warehouses, inspection in New Jersey .'ioT Coleophora lariceUa, notes, Can 448 Coleoptera injurious or beneficial to forests in India 351 Coleusporiuiii spp. on pine, inocula- tion experimc'Dts 647 Colcus, bud variations in 726 Coli bacillus. {See Bacillus coH communis.) Colic in liorses, treatise 584 Colleges. {Sec Agricultural colleges.) Colletotrichum — falcatum, notes 442 lagenaHum, notes 641 lindemutJiiaiium as affected by temperature 749 lindemuthianum, treatment 843 n.spp., descriptions 842 apinaciw, studies 147 Colloids — determination in soils 311 in immunity 78 in soils 318,813 metallic, bactericidal propei'ties- 272 soil, adsorptive power 318 treatise 308 Collops vittatus, prodaceous on al- falfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A 58 Colon bacilli, survival of pasteuri- zation by, U.S.D.A 775 Color- development in mammals and birds 766 inheritance in horses 361 inheritance in pigs 466 Colorado River basin, hydrography — 279 Colorimeter, dilution, description 20 Colors, comparison 20 Colostrum bodies, biology 80 Colpoda cue«??M«, prevalence in soils. 619 Combretum spp., analyses and digest- ibility 167 Comfrey, culture and composition — 631 Commerce, internal, of United States. 90 Com,miphora africatia, analyses and digestibility 167 Community service week in North Carolina 388 Complement fixation test, antigens containing cholesterol for 272 Compression, effect on root structure. 825 Concrete — Page, as affected by alkali, U.S.D.A__ 381 as affected by alkali, Wyo 787 as affected by silage 590 construction, manual 188 culverts, plans 485,686,884 farm buildings, construction 888 gravel deposits in Iowa 188 highway bridges, const ruction. _ 686 lining for irrigation canals 481 lining for irrigation canals, U.S.D.A 380 permeability tests 788 pipe or tile. {See Pipe and Tile.) posts, mold for 788 proportioning aggregates for 484 sand for 484 use in drainage and irrigation.- 787 use on farms 86 work, forms for 86 Condiments, chemistry of, progress in 109 Confectionery, analyses 253,560 Conference on Rural Education in Massachusetts 689 Congress of Alimentation at Li6ge_ 662, 760 Conifers, culture experiments 542 Coniothedum chomatosporutn, notes. 344, 644 Coniothyrium fuckelii, notes 544 Connecticut — College, notes 599 State Station, notes 94 State Station, work of 496 Storrs Station, report 291 Conotrachelus sp., fumigation ex- periments, U.S.D.A 650 Convection, diurnal system, U.S.D.A. 24 Vonventzia hageni, parasitic on red spider, Oreg 157 Cookery — French, treatise 662 instruction, cards for 495 Cooking — boilers for poultry farms 591 book 255, 394. 495, 558, 662, 763 by electricity 65 Chinese and Japanese, recipes 763 Creole, manual 358 effect on digestibility of foods.. 760 fireless, notes 495 text-book 394 utensils, field, notes 562 utensils, nickel, solubility 561, 763 Cooperative organizations, sugges- tions for, U.S.D.A 792 Coots, North American, distribution and migration, U.S.D.A 55 Copper — determination in conserves 114 determination in sprays 114 sulphate and chloral hydrate, antagonistic action on peas — 35 sulphate, effect on germination of wheat 749 944 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Copper — Continued. Page, sulphate, effect on growth of barley 121 sulphate, effect on sprouting of potatoes 829 sulphate, production and use In 1013 425 Copperas. (See Iron sulphate.) Copperlzed oil as a wood preserva- tive, U.S.D.A 841 Copra, preparation 236, 315 Coriscus ferns, notes, Ky 654 Corn — analyses 862 and cob meal, analyses, N.J 667 and rye, analyses. N.J 667 anomalies of 131 as a feeding stuff 97, 200 as a substitute for rice In Philip- pines 64 as affected by kerosene 729 as affected by submersion 829 biennial cropping, U.S.D.A 226 bran, analyses 862 bran, analyses, Ind 169 bran, analyses, Ky 667 breeding experiments, N.J 536 breeding experiments, Greg 827 breeding for protein and oil, S.Dak J___ 733 canned, examination 161 canning industry in United States 210 chop, analyses 568, 862 chop, analyses, Ky 667 club work In Kentucky 197 clubs in Philippines 495 clubs in rural schools 693 clubs in Southern States 492 clubs, notes, Ala.College 898 cost of production 594 cost of production, Minn 688 cost of production, Ohio 135 cracked, analyses 862 cracked, analyses, Ky 667 culture, Tenn 132 culture, Tex ^ 226 culture experiments, Ariz 526 culture experiments. Can 431 culture experiments, N.Dak 529, 530 culture experiments, Oreg 132 culture experiments. U.S.D.A 430 culture for silage, Wyo 431 culture In Mexico 131 culture in Montana, Mont 134 culture, treatise 228, 434, 829 digestibility 866 earworm, life histoi-y and habits, Ky 652 earworm, remedies, N.J 551 effect on succeeding crops, U.S. D.A 224 feed meal, analyses, Ky 667 feed meal, analyses, N.J 667 fertilizer experiments 217, 434, 820 fertilizer experiments, .Ala.Col- lege 732, 733 Corn — Continued. Page. fertilizer experiments. Can 431 fertilizer experiments, Ind 629 fertilizer experiments, Ky 819 fertilizer experiments, Mich 630 fertilizer experiments. Mo 321 fertilizer exporiments, S.C 423 fertilizer experiments, Tenn 132 fertilizer experiments, Tex 226 flakes analyses, Ind 169 fodder, analyses, N.Dak 169 for silage, seeding experiments. Can 530 for sllago, varieties, Oreg 827 for silage, varieties, U.S.D.A 333 germ meal, analyses, Ind 169 germ meal, analyses, Ky 667 germ meal, analyses, N.J 667 grades of 138 grinding for steers, Pa 864 ground, digestibility. 111 69, 70 growth as affected by carbon di- oxid 422 growth at different tempera- tures, U.S.D.A 334 heredity of seed characters in 726 hogging off, U.S.D.A 224 hybrids and parents, compari- son, U.S.D.A 133 improvement, Mich 630 improvement by selection 433 Irrigation experiments, Oreg 186 irrigation experiments, U.S. D.A 37,225 judging. Wis 631 kernel, life history 898 liming experiments, Ohio 31 liming experiments, Tenn 132 meal, analyses. Mass 259 molds, notes, Ky 337 Moqui Indian, culture experi- ments, Ariz 526 oil as a constituent of olive and cotton-seed oils 161 ordinary threshing machine for. Mont 134 pollination experiments 228 preservation by pressure, W.Va- 416 products as human food 560 proteins, nutritive value 164 radium fertilizer for. 111 821 relation oi anatomy to height of stalk and nitrogen content 829 rootworm, western, notes 250 school lessons on 494 school lessons on, U.S.D.A 197 seed, maggot, notes, Can 448 shock, for silage. Mo 666 silage. (See Silage.) spraying i;. dusting, N.J 551 stover, amylolytlc activity 503 sugar content as affected by de- tassellng 434 tables for wagonloads 42 r. alfalfa hay for cows 74 r. alfalfa hay for cows, Wis. 863, 871 varieties 630 INDEX OF SUBJECTS, 946 Corn — Continued. Page. varieties, Can 431,532 varieties, Ga 631 varieties, Miss 520 varieties, N.Dak 527,528,529 varieties, Oreg 730 varieties, Tex 226 varieties, U.S.D.A __ 224, 332, 333, 430 water requirement, Oiila 335 water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 wilting coefficient, Okla 335 wireworm, notes, U.S.D.A 555 yield as affected by hybridiza- tion, U.S.D.A 133 yield as affected by source of seed, Tex 226 Cornell University, notes 95, 397, 695 Cornstalk borer, larger, notes, U.S. D.A 449 Corpus luteum, effect on ovulation In fowls 671 Corrosive sublimate as a milk pre- servative 576 Corticium — salmonicolor or C. javanicum on rubber 54 vugum, pathogenicity, Del 446 vagum solani, studies, Me 147 Corymbites inflatus, notes, U.S.D.A_ 555 Coryza, infectious. In fowls 783 Cosmetics, treatise 162 Cost of living — in Australia 894 in Baltimore 254 reducing 662 Cottages for rural districts ' 687 Cotton — anthracnose, Investigations, S.C_ 543 aphis, notes, Cal 755 as a host plant of red spider, Oreg 157 biennial cropping, U.S.D.A 226 boll weevil In Cuba 852 boll weevil, notes, Ala.College 62 bolls, dropping 49 bollworm in Cyprus 754 bollworm, life history and hab- its, Ky 652 bollworm, parasites of 156 bollworm, pink, remedies 152, 449 bollworm, predaceous on al- falfa, U.S.D.A 58 bollworm, seasonal variation ln_ 152 bollworm, spiny, notes 847 brachysm in, U.S.D.A 731 breeding for higher oil and protein content of seed 111 breeding, review of investiga- tions 40 cost of production, U.S.D.A 434 crop mortgage credit in Texas — 892 culture, S.C 598 culture, Tenn 132 culture experiments 227 culture in India 131 culture In Mexico 131 1115°— 15 5 Cotton — Continued. I'age. culture In West Indies 829 culture on alkali soils, U.S.D.A. 225 culture, single-stalk method, U.S.D.A 434 destruction by cockroaches 348 diseases, bacterial, S.C 543 diseases in Brazil 238 diseases in St. Croix 642 diseases, notes 340 distance e.\poriments 829 distance experiments. Miss 735 distance experiments, U.S.D.A__ 332 express, notes. Miss 735 fertilizer experiments 37, 227 fertilizer experiments, Miss — 526, 7.j5 fertilizer experiments, S.C 423 fertilizer experiments, Tex 226 Futures Act, rules and regula- tions, U.S.D.A 689 hybridization 829 improvement by seed selection, N.C 135 insects affecting 340, 847 leaves, effect on soils 319 liming experiments, Tenn 132 marketing, U.S.D.A 91 marketing cooperatively. U.S. D.A 435 mill picker dirt, analyses, Mass. 32 of Cambodia 229 physiological disturbances, S.C_ 543 production in 1914. U.S.D.A— 435 pruning experiments 829 root knot, notes, U.S.D.A 342 rust, prevention, Miss 735 school lessons on 898 Sea Island, price In 1913, U.S. D.A 229 stalks, conversion into charcoal- 449 substitute crops for 594 treatise 434 varieties 37, 227, 229, 829 varieties, Ga 631 varieties. Miss 526,734 varieties, Tex 226 varieties, U.S.D.A 332 volunteering experiments, U.S. D.A 226 water requirements, U.S.D.A. 127, 226 weevils in Peru, U.S.D.A 658 wilt, notes. U.S.D.A 342,543 wireworm, notes, U.S.D.A 555 yield as affected by source of seed, Tex 226 Cotton seed — chemistry of 111 cold-pressed, analyses, Ind 169 feed, analyses, Ind 169 feed, analyses. Mass 666 formation of oil in, U.S.D..\__ 427 hull bran, analyses. Mass 666 hulls, analyses, Ind 169 hulls, composition and digesti- bility. Mass 666 hulls V. silage for beef cattle.. 260 hulls V. silage for steers. Miss 568 946 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. Cotton seed — Continued. i'age. meal, ammoniflcation studies, N.J 817 meal, analyses 568,862 meal, analyses, Ind 1G9 meal, analyses. Mass 250 meal, analy-ses, N.II 1(50 meal, analyses, N..I 0('" meal and feed, analyses, Ky 667 meal and hulls, analyses, N..I — 067 ileal, compositiou and digesti- bility, Mass 666 meal, effect on calving ability of cows 98 meal, feeding value as affected by added hull bran. Mass-- 666 meal for beef cattle 99 meal for beef cattle, U.S.D.A— 865 meal for corn, Ala. College 732 meal for potatoes, Ala.College — 739 meal, toxicity 80 meal v. soy-bean meal for cows, N.J 573 oil, composition 313 Cottonwoods, change from radial to bilateral symmetry 426 Cottony cushion scale — notes, U.S.D.A 56 remedies 152 Country — communities, social and civic work in 691 homes, cooling 502 life clubs in Illinois 496 life development, Louisville con- ference 488 life development, research and publicity in 102 County experiment farms, discussion 96 Cover crops — for orchards, N.Mex 635 notes, Mass 332 notes, S.C 431 Cow — champion dairy 3G8, manure, effect on decomposi- tion of green manure, N.J sheds, construction and care stalls, notes, U.S.D.A testing association in Denmark- testing associations in Mary- land, Md testing associations, notes, Minn Cowpea wilt, notes, S.C Cowpeas — as a cover crop. Mass as a green manure as a green manure, U.S.D.A culture, Okla culture, Tex culture, Wyo culture in the cotton belt, U.S. D.A culture in western Nebraska, U.S.D.A 67;; 514 370 590 871 774 895 543 332 423 225 736 226 431 631 224 Cowpeas — Continued. Page. fertilizer experiments, Ky 819 fertilizing value, Ind 029 fertilizing value. Mo 321 liming experiments, Tenn 132 nodule bacteria of, Ky 327 varieties. Miss 527 varieties, Okla 736 varieties, Tex 226 water recjuirement, U.S.D.A __127, 226 wilting coefficient, Okla 335 Cows — body weight and milk yield, relation 267 bone growth, horn development, and performance in 266 cost of keeping 574 cost of keeping, Miss 574 feeding 173 feeding experiments 74, 168, 258, 367, 672, 773, 871 feeding experiments, Cal 266 feeding experiments. Can 470 feeding experiments, Ind 672 feeding experiments, Kans 68 feeding experiments, Mass 68, 666 feeding experiments, N.J 573 feeding experiments, Ohio 265 feeding experiments. Wis 871 feeding in the South, U.S.D.A— 574 Guernsey, records of 774 handling, U.S.D.A 590 milk flow in relation to age 575 milking capacity, transmission- 174 milking tests 75 records. (See Dairy herd rec- ords. ) rice-gluten meal for 266 school lessons on 494 sterility pnd abortion in 82 testing. N.J 575 Coyote parasites, notes 185 Coyotes, spreading disease among — 480 Cranberries — acidity HO fertilizer experiments, N.J 541 Scandinavian, desiccation 117 standard barrel for 499 Cranberry diseases, treatment 52, 53 Crane flies. North American, biology- 153 Cranes, North American, distribution and migration, T'.S.D.A 55 Cream — acidity, studies 872 care and handling, S.Dak 576 care on the farm 473 effect on bacterial content of ice cream 060 expansion of, U.S.D.A 471 grading, Kans 175 marketing in the South, U.S.D.A- 577 production and care, U.S.D.A 575 separators, care, S.Dak 576 separators, distribution of bac- teria by, Cal 268 separators, operation 874 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 947 Cream — Continued. Page, sour, viability of typhoid bacil- lus In 675 apeclflc heat, Iowa 715 storage 350 testing 874 testing and handling, Colo 774 Creameries — construction, Wis 889 cooperative, in Minnesota, Mlnn_ 688 cooperative, orfranization. Wis — S9.3 for southern farmers, U.S.D.A 577 inspection in Indiana 254 inspection in New Jersey 254 Creamery — equipment, operation 874 sewage, disposal, Wis 889 Creatin — behavior during fatigue 764 determination 505 determination in meats and meat extracts 299 excretion during starvation 257 metabolism of 764 Creatinin — determination in meats and meat extracts 299 elimination and basal metabol- ism, relation 359 excretion by women 256, 663 excretion during starvation 257 excretion on creatin-free diet 663 in legumes 560 in muscle 764 metabolism of 764 Creeping bent grass, growth on vol- canic ash, Alaska 36 Creosote as a milk preservative 576 Creosotes as wood preservatives, U.S.D.A 841 Crescograph, description 222 Cresol, sterilization of soils by 816 Crimson clover. (See Clover, crim- son.) Crocus bulbs as food 855 Cronartimn ribicola, treatment 842 Crop^ production, maintenance 14 production, text-book 393 reports, U.S.D.A 90, 287, 490, 594, 689, 893 residues, fertilizing value 319 rotations. {See Rotation of crops.) yields and prices, relation, Ill__ 191 Crops — cost of production, Colo 791 fertilizer requirements, deter- mination 620 hogging off in the corn belt, U.S.D.A 192 mutual Influence in relation to nitrogen 515 prices in Ireland 594 school lessons on 597 water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 Crotalaria — I'age. diversistipula, analyses and di- gestibility 167 saltiana, fertilizing value, Ha- waii 722 Crotln and its antitoxins 78 Croton fjrdtinHimiis, analyses and di- gestibility 167 Cruciferous plants, culture, Mass 337 Crude fiber, (^'ee Cellulose.) Cryplialina>, classlflcation, U.S.D.A__ 758 Cryptorhynchus mantjiferw, notes__ 352 Ciyptosporella viticola — studies, Mo.Fruit 751 studies, N.Y. State 52 C'rytoblabes (inidieUa, notes 151 Ctenoccphalus felis as a host of In- dian kala-azar parasite 61 Ctenophora angustipennis, notes, Orpg 651 Cucumber — beetle, belted, remedies, U.S.D.A- 557 diseases in Sweden 641 downy mildew, notes. Mass 342 Cucumbers, water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 Cucuinis prophetarum , analys-^s and digestibility 167 Culiclda?. {See Mosquitoes.) Cultivation, mechanical, in Europe 485 Culture media for counting soil bac- teria, N.Y.State 625 Culverts, concrete, specifications 485, 686, 884 Cunila mariana, ice fringes on, U.S.D.A 221 Curbs, concrete caisson, for shallow wells. Ariz 586 Curculionidae in bamboo stems 352 Currant — diseases, studies. Can 441 pollen, viability, N.J 534 rust, notes 241 Currants — acidity 110 crossing experiments, N.J 535 culture experiments, Ariz 540 varieties, N.Dak 538 variety tests and culture, Md 141 Custard apple as a stock for cheri- moya and atemoya 143 Cutworm, variegated, notes, Oreg 051 Cutworms — injurious to strawberries, Can_ 556 notes, Can 448 notes, Hawaii 753 notes. Mass 349 olive green, notes, Oreg 651 remedies 246 Cyanamid — decomposition, seasonal varia- tion 514 works at Niagara Falls 622 Cyanid^ effect on plants 846 effect on scale-Insect eggs, Cal__ 245 948 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Pago. Cyathula hereroenais, analyses and digestibility 167 Cyclohexane, sterilization of soils by. 816 Cyclones, nature, U.S.D.A 810 Cydla pomoneUa, egg parasites of — 59 CyUndroaporium — juglandis n.sp., description 150 pomi, notes 749 Oynodon dactylon — analyses and digestibility 167 as a lawn grass 828 Cyperus usitatua, analyses and di- gestibility 167 Cyrtogaatcr glaagoici n.sp., descrip- tion 557 Cyrtospcrmums, culture and analy- ses 37 Cysticercvs bovis, destruction by freezing 880 Cyatopua candidua on white mus- tard 544 Cytisus proUferua, culture in Ha- waii, Hawaii 730 Cytology, index catalogue 166 Dactyloctenium agyptiacum, analyses and digestibility 1G7 Dacua — cucurditcB, life history, U.S.D.A. 452 olece, notes, U.S.D.A 56 Dafifodil fly, life history 350 Daffodils, manual 143 Dairies, Inspection — in Indiana 254 In New Jersey 254 in New Orleans 357 in Virginia 661 Dairy — bacteriology, treatise 577 barn, description, N.J 589 barns, plans, Can 470 chemistiy, treatise 501 conveniences, U.S.D.A 590 farming, factors of success in, N.Y.Cornell 89 farming, notes, Kans 870 farms, ice for, U.S.D.A 591 herd records 267 herd records, Can 470 herd records, Md 774 herd records, N.J 573 herd records, value 399 herds, care and management. Kans 870 industry about Elgin, Illinois-- 192 industry in Bombay 367 industry in Denmark 471 industry in United States, U.S.D.A 773 machinery, tests 480 products, Inspection In Canada- 473 products, marlseting In Queens- land 793 products, production and use, U.S.D.A 773 products, testing and handling, S.Dab 576 Page. Dairy — Continued. products, transportation 874 utensils, washing, U.S.D.A 590 Dairying — in Nevada 471 in south Mississippi, Miss 266 in Switzerland 870 in the South, U.S.D.A 574 laboratory guide 173 municipal, notes 773 review of literature 173, 566 school lessons on 597 treatise 258, 291 Daisy, yellow, variations in 726 Daldinia concentrica, fruiting forms 341 Daphnia obtnsa, heredity in 448 Dargida procinctua, notes, Oreg 651 Darkness, intensity just before dawn, U.S.D.A 211 Dasheens — ciillrre; and analyses 37 culture in tho South, U.S.D.A__ 631 Daayneura leguminicola, notes, Oreg- 651 Daayscypha {Peziza) calycina, stud- ies 844 Date palms — origin 142 ornamental, culture in Arizona, U.S.D.A 233 Dates — culture in Arizona, U.S.D.A 232 varieties, U.S.D.A 232 Davicsia latifoJia, constituents of leaves and stems 501 Daylight illumination, measurement, U.S.D.A 810 Death camas — description, U.S.D.A 474 notes, Cal 778 Delaware Station — Farmers' Day guide for 693 report 49G, 796 Delphacinse of North and South America 247 Delphinium spp., notes, Cal 778 Dematophora — necafrijc, studies 149 sp. on coffee, P.R 645 Dendroctonus — hrevicoviis. {Sec Western pine beetle.) monticolw. (See Mountain pine beetle.) mtirrayanw. (See Lodgepole pine beetle.) oieaus. (See Sitka spruce beetle.) pseudotaugw. (See Douglas flr beetle.) vaJcns. (See Turpentine beetle, red.) Dendrophoma marconii, notes 146 Denltrlflcatlon — in soils of different water con- tent 618 rOle of enzyms in 112 INDEX OF SUBJECTS, 949 Page. Deodar, witches' brooms on 340 Department of agriculture. {See United States Dcpartmentof Agri- culture.) Dermacentor tenustus — {andersoni) , eradication 853 notes, Can 448 Dermanys8U8 sp., transmission of spirochetes by 279 Deschutes River, Oreg., utilization 279 Desmcdiuni tortvosum, culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 730 Deudorix livia, notes 151 Dewberries — culture, U.S.D.A t>39 culture in southern Texas, U.S. D.A 539 Dextrin, production and use 117 Diabetes — and glycosuria, treatise 474 experimental, in cats 180 DiahroUca — halteata, remedies, U.S.D.A 557 soror, notes, Oreg 651 Diachasma tryoni In Hawaii 757 Diaportlie batatatis, notes 343 Diarrhea, white, in chicks, treat- ment 380 Diaspis pentagona, remedies 755 Diastase — in red algae 503 of alfalfa, investigations 502 Diatrwa — canella, remedies 553 saccharalis. (See Sugar cane borer. ) Dibenzoylglucoxylose, notes 502 Dlcalcium phosphate, determination. Wash 409 Dicoma anomala, analyses and diges- tibility 167 Diet— amino acids and vitamins in 857 and vitamin, quantitative re- lationship 163,164 as a cause of ineflBciency in school children 458 effect on growth 256 effect on secretion of digestive ferments 256 Importance of flavors, spices, etc 764 in typhoid fever 564 of Alaskan Eskimos 358 of laborers in Spain 502 of sailors 358 of workingmen 857 principles of 659 protein and carbohydrates in 857 qualitatively insufficient, studies. 591 relation to pellagra 255,564 treatise 561 vitamin-free, effect on carbohy- drate metabolism 257 (See also Food.) Dietaries, statistical study of 163 Page. Dietetics, history 66 Digestion experiments — with Equidse 262 with pigs 868 with pigs, ni 70 with sheep 167,168 with sheep, Mass 68,667 with sheep, Tex 709 with sheep, Wyo 770 with steers, Ga 668 with steers, 111 69 with steers, N.Mex 467 Digestive tract as affected by diet 265,366,367 Digitalis, improvement by selection. 143 Diospyros virginiana, seedless fruits of 142 Dlpalmitylstearin in lard 801 Diphachne ftisca, analyses and di- gestibility 167 Diphtheria, human and avian, re- lation 271 DiploJxtcillus capsulatuSj notes 178 Diplodia natalensis on citrus 346 Diplodhiium- ccaudatum, morphology and new forms of 376 Dipping vats, concrete, construction, Ark 251 Diptera — bloodsucking, of British Colum- bia 551 North America, biology 153 Dirphya (Xitrocris) princeps, notes_ 847 Diseases — and insects, paper on 151 and malnutrition, correlation-. 358 caused by nematodes, treatment- 578 effect on metabolism 563 of animals. (See Animal dis- eases.) of plants. (See riant diseases.) transmission by insects 552, 846 Dishes, paper, bacteriology 856 Disinfectants — determination of antiseptic power 509 injuries to seeds and roots by, U.S.D.A 647 standardization 80 Disinfection, notes, N.Dak 456 Distemper, canine or dog. (See Dog distemper.) Distillers' grains — analyses, Can 465 dried, analyses, Ind 169 dried, analyses, Ky 667 dried, analyses. Mass 259 dried, analyses, N.H 169 dried, analyses, N.J 667 Distillery — slop, dried, analyses 862 waste, digestibility 168 Ditches — cleaning 589 cost of excavating 884 950 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Ditches — Continued. Page. cost of excavating, Ohio 481 digging with explosives 589 Dittany, Ice fringes on, U.S.D.A 221 Diuresis, effect on milk secretion — 74 Dog- distemper, treatment 84 flea as a host of Indian kala- azar parasite 61 Dogfish — fertilizer and oil from 424 scrap, analyses. Can 424 utilization 722 Dogs — destruction of sheep by, U.S. D.A 866 inbreeding and line-breeding in_ 466 Dolichos hihlah — culture, Tex 226 culture experiments 227 Domestic art or science. (See Home economics.) Douglas fir beetle, notes. Can 552 Dourine — immunization 374 in Nebraska 584 Drag, homemade, for soils, Hawaii — 789 Drainage — concrete in 787 districts, topographic surveying for 884 ditches, cleaning 589 ditches, cost of excavating 884 ditches, cost of excavating, Ohio_ 481 ditches, digging with explosives- 589 in Maryland, Md 787 law in Maryland, Md 787 notes 814 of overflowed lands, U.S.D.A___ 883 project along Big Black River, Miss., U.S.D.A 883 project in Mississippi Co., Ar- kansas 588 pumping, steam v. electric power for 588 tile. (See Tile.) water, composition, seasonal variation in 123 water from unmanured and un- cropped land 121 Drexel aerological station, U.S.D.A — 810 Dried blood — ammoniflcation studies, N..T 817 analyses, Ind 169 availability as affected by com- position of soil, N.J 516 fertilizing value 831 fertilizing value, N..J 516 for potatoes, Ala. College 739 for sugar cane 336 Dropsy in cattle at high altitudes, Colo 781 Drosophila ampelophila. (See Pom- ace fly.) Drought at New York City, U.S.D.A- 810 Drug — law in Tennessee 357 Drug — Continued. laws and regulations sas legislation, manual Drugs — analyses inspection, U.S.D.A— inspection in Georgia. in Kan- Page. 254 05 763 254 763 inspection in Indiana 254, 357 inspection in Louisiana 357 inspection in Maine, Me 856 inspection in New Jersey 357 inspection in North Dakota, N.Dak 162, 456, 661. 763 inspection in Pennsylvania 763 Inspection in Tennessee 357 Dry farming — experiments, Ariz 526 experiments. Oreg 730 experiments, U.S.D.A 525 experiments. Wash 793 in Australia 399 in Oregon 494 in Oregon, Oreg 131 treatise 430 Dry matter in mixed rations, digesti- bility, 111 70 Ducklings, cramp disease in due to diet 278 Ducks — crossbreeding experiments, N.J- 571 feeding experiments. Minn 868 hybridization 869 scrum proteins of 861 variations in due to feeding stuflfs 367 wild, seasonal changes in testes and plumage 264 Ductless glands, chemical pathology of 78 Duomitus pv.nctifer, notes 554 Duralumin for household utensils 457 Durian, asexual propagation 142 Durio zibethinus, asexual propaga- tion 142 Durra — culture experiments. Ariz 526 culture in Jamaica 229 Dust prevention experiments 884 Dusting V. spraying, N.J 550 Dynamite — subsoiling with 884 use in improving soils, Hawaii- 730 Dynamiting — effect on yield of cereals, N.Dak_ 528 effect on yield of oats, U.S.D.A- 430 for tree planting. N.J 535 Dysentery, chronic bacterial. {See Johne's disease.) Earias insulana — notes 847 seasonal variation in 152 Earthworms, remedies 246 Earwigs, feeding habits 246 East coast fever. (See African coast fever.) Echinococcosis, alveolar and hydatid. 271 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 951 Page. Economics, rural. (See Rural eco- nomics.) Eotoedemla phleophaga n.sp., de- scription 450 Education — agricultural. (See Agricultural education.) vocational, In Ponnsylvania_" 596 Eelworms — anatomy and life history 341 notes. Can 448 Egg- abnormal, description 870 albumin. (See Albumin, egg.) associations, cooperative, or- ganizations, U.S.D.A 870 conserves, methods of analysis. 109 diet, ftnaphylaxis due to 178 laying in different breeds of poultry 868 production, breeding for, Me 172 production in winter. Wash 869 production of different breeds, N..T 572 production, physiology, N.Y.Cor- nell 870 production, studies, Utah 73 societies in England 792 Eggplant fruit rots, studies 843 Eggplants, heredity in, N..T 588 Eggs- bacterial content and keeping quality, Kans 172 care on the farm 763 changes in during storage 854 composition in relation to vi- tality of the chick 869 desiccating 264 double-yolked, production, U.S. D.A ^ 771 effect on bacterial content of ice cream 660 factors affecting weight, compo- sition, and hatchability, W.Va 869 food value 854 frozen, examination 357 handling and marketing 252 Incubation experiments, Oreg 868 marketing cooperatively, U.S. D.A 870 methods of analysis 109 preservation 854 preservation, Minn 870 preservation experiments, Can_ 470 prices In Chicago 490 shipping by parcel post, N..T 572 storage 356 structure and composition 854 structure and quality, N.Y. Cornell 870 Eggshells in fowls as affected by male parent 263 F.lirctia liottcntotica, nnalyses and digestibiiily 167 FAmeria spp In rabbits ISO Page. Elnkorn, varieties, N.Dak 528 Elderberries, culture experiments, Ariz 540 Electrical Injuries to trees, Mass 428 Electricity — effect on absorption by plants 328 fixation of nitrogen by 125 for cooking and heating 65 for pumping 87 for rural districts 885 for threshing 282 relation to threshing machine flres 86 sterilization of milk by 77, 269 use on farms 589,885 V. steam power for filling silos 590 Electroculture experiments, distri- bution of overhead discharge wires in 486 Electrolytes, absorption and excre- tion by lupines 824 Electromotive phenomena in plants. 522 Eleocharis jpalustrts, digestibility, Wyo 770 F.lcusinc coracana, culture experi- ments 227 Elevators — cooperative grain. In Iowa 593 farmers' cooperative, in Minne- sota, Minn 688 grain, in Canada 894 Elm leaf beetle, reproduction in 351 Elms, nutrient absorption in 748 Emmer — culture experiments, Ariz 526 culture experiments, N.Dak 529, 5.30 culture experiments, Oreg 132 culture in eastern Oregon, Orog_ 730 varieties. Can 43i varieties, N.Dak 527,528 varieties, U.S.D.A 334 Empoa rosw as a fruit pest, Oreg, 651 Emulsin In alfalfa 411 Enannonia interstinctana, notes. Mich 651 Endometritis, effect on milk 479 EndophyUum n.sp., description 749 Endothia — parasitica, ascospore expulsion in 346 parasitica, dissemination by birds, U.S.D.A 55 spp.. relation to tannin content of host plants 646 Energy — latent and kinetic, conversion in animals 860 metabolism and protein metalio- lism, relation 563 metabolism as affected by mal- nutrition 664 metabolism during muscular work 765 requirement in disease 563 Engineers, handbook for 188 952 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Engines— Page- Diesel, tests 485 gas, tests 281 gasoline, for pumping 87 gasoline, treatise 788 internal combustion, kerosene for 687 Internal combustion, lubricating oil for 86 steam v. internal combustion, for farm power 589 Enteritis, chronic. {Sec Johne's dis- ease.) Enterohepatitis, Infectious. (See Blackliead.) Enterokinasp, properties 858 Entomological — problems in South Africa 56 Society of British Columbia— 551 Entomology — applied, scope and aims 448 economic, and bird protection — 847 economic, in Barbados 551 economic, in German Empire.- 847 economic, in Italy 847 economic, manual 56 economic, progress in 97 forest, text-book 151 importance of, La 846 medical, treatise 846 I'^ntomophthorese, parasitism 245 Entorrhiza, studies and bibliog- raphy 749 Enzym — action, studies 710,803 action, treatise 19 reactions of milk 299 Enzyms — coagulating, action on caseino- gen 607 diffusion from rind toward inte- rior of cheeses 175 Importance in medicine and sur- gery 474 in alfalfa 410 in Aspergillus oryzw 710 in mammary gland and milk — 411 intracellular, studies 112 plant, studies 523 protective, appearance after in- jection of foreign substratum. 112 r61e, in dentrification 112 text-book 662 {See also Ferments.) Epheatia cauiella, notes 151 Epilobium anpustifolium, textile fibers from 509 Epiphytes, osmotic pressure of 221 Epithelioma, contagious, in chick- ens, Mich 677 Epitrix cucuvierls, notes, N.J 550 Equines, sterility in 679 Eragrostis — atyssinica, analyses, Can 465 spp., analyses and digestibility- 167 Erethiates lateralis, notes 352 Ergot — Page. notes, Can 441 note.s, Ky 337 Eriocera spp., biological and syste- matic studies 153 Eriophyes — pyri. (Sec Pear-leaf blister- mite. ) sp. on apples, apricots, and plums 551 spp., notes, Grog 651 Eriosomn {Schi;:oneura) lanigera, studios, U.S.D.A 848 lOrmlne moths, small, notes 754 I^rodium, liacterlal disease of 53 Erysiphe polygoni, treatment 545 Erythrocytes, nonnucleated, origin 377 Eskimos, Alaskan, standard of liv- ing 358 Esterase of castor beans 803 lustrous cycle, ovarian factor in 861 Ether- extract of feeding stuffs, Tex 709 sterilization of soils by 816 EvhaUidaya severinii n.g. and n.sp., description 851 Eupachylomina rileyi, parasitic on spring grain aphis 353 Euphonias, development of stomach in 265 Euproctis chrysorrhwa. (See Brown- tail moth.) Eupteromalus sp. parasitic on lo- custs, U.S.D.A 60 EurymvH eurytheme, studies, U.S. D.A 57 Eurytoma amygdalis, biology and remedies 156 Eiistylomorphtis squamiptinctatus n. g. and n.sp., description, U.S.D.A- 658 Euthrips pyri. {See Pear thrlps.) Euxoa — (Agrotis) segetum, biology 59 ochrogaster, notes, Can 448 Evaporation — and plant succession in south- eastern Washington and ad- jacent Idaho 626 and rainfall in eastern Penn- sylvania 34 relation to plant succession 128 Evetria liuoliana- — occurrence on Long Island 251 studies, U.S.D.A 654 Ewes — breeding, rations for. Mo 669 cull, for early market lambs, Greg 863 Exercise, severe, in cold weather at high altitude 564 Exoa^cus deformans, treatment 241, 842 Exosmosis from roots of anesthetized plants 626 Experiment — farm at Ottawa, Can 490 station work, constructive ideals in 603 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 958 Experiment — Continued. Page, stations, nd%'ancing selentiflc character of work 13 stations and agricultural exten- sion work, relation 06 stations in Norway 392 stations, laws concerning, U.S. D.A 496 stations, project plan of admin- istration 13 stations, relation to United States Department of Agri- culture 194 stations, retiring allowances for- 195 stations, rural economics in 701 stations, salaries and distribu- tion of service in 19.5 stations. (See also Alabama. Alaska, etc.) Explorers, polar, foods for 857 Explosions in milling plants 790 Explosives, use in agriculture. 85, 589. 884 I'Jxtenslon work. (See Agricultural colleges and Agricultural exten- sion work.) Fallowing — experiments. Can 531 experiments, U.S.D.A 525 summer, Wasli 793 Family budgets — In Chicago stockyards district 163 of laborers in lioUand 163 Faiinia scaJari^, relation to myiasis of urinary passages 450 Farcy. (See Glanders.) Farm — accounts, keeping 292, 494 animals. (See Live stock and Animals.) buildings, concrete, construction- 888 buildings, permanent, design 790 buildings, ventilation, Can 592 bureaus in New York 388 colonies, bibliography 490 crops, cost of production, Minn_ 688 demonstration work in Kentucky. 197 development bureau, report. Wash 793 homes in United States, own- ership 193 homes, plan, equipment, and management, U.S.D.A 891 kitchen as a workshop, U.S.D.A- 65 laborers. (See Agricultural la- borers.) life schools in North Carolina. 895 machinery. (See Agricultural machinery.) management, notes 292,389 management survey in Johnson Co., Mo 791 management, treatise 393 mechanics for agricultural high schools, U.S.D.A 597 people. Insanity among 791 products. (See Agricultural products.) Farm — Continued. Page. records and accounts, Mont 893 supplies, purchasing 287 surveying, notes 885 tenancy. (See Agricultural ten- ancy.) VN-omen. needs of, U.S.D.A 890 r'armers' — clubs, organizing 287 elevator movement in Iowa 593 improving personal credit, U.S. D.A 892 in United States, age of 390 institutes in Minnesota, Minn 895 Institutes, papers on 97 institutes, relation to organized extension agencies 14 institutes, use of Smith - Lever funds for 14 institutes, women's auxilliary clubs of 197 living, part furnished by the farm, U.S.D.A 487 organizations in the past 691 Slavic, In the South 489 small, training at home 289 tenant, compensation for dis- turbance 286 union warehouse company in North Carolina 489 Farming- factors of success in, N.Y.Cor- nell 89 in eastern Oregon, Oreg 131 intensive, in India, treatise 131 system for the corn belt, U.S. D.A 192 treatise 291, 429 (See also Agriculture.) Farms — cost accounting for, Colo 791 electricity for 886 for sale in Connecticut 390 natural history of, treatise 493 penal, bibliography 490 school, laying out and planting. 692 use of tractors on, U.S.D.A 886 water supply for 281 water supply for, Can 487 Fasclation in plants, notes 426 Fasting, studies 460 Fat- changes In during cooking 354 determination in butter 508 determination in cheese 414 determination in cheese, cream, and butter 813 determination in milk 270, 299, 312 determination in milk and cream, S.Dak 576 determination in milk and Its products 298 determination in milk, tables for 270 glycerids of 801 hardened, suitability for human food 660 954 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Fat — Continued. Page. In mixed rations, digestibility, 111 69, 70 Intestinal absorption 563 methods of analysis 314 new constant for 808 production, inheritance In cows_ 369 rate of leaving the stomach — 858 Fatigue — physical and mental, effect on blood pressure 664 poisons of 79 studies 360 Fatty acids. {See Acids.) Feathers, analyses and fertilizing value 722 Feces, bacteria in 1G5, 175 Feed cakes from millet 117 Feeding — effect on morphological and physiological condition of the animal body 365 experiments, standardization 99 (See also Cows, Pigs, etc.) men in logging camps 459 of cattle, treatise 258 of dairy cows 173 of live stock. La 68 standards, harmonizing 90 standards, starch equivalent theory 166 Feeding stuffs — acidity 259 adulterated, detection 300 analyses 568, 578. 661, 665, 862 analyses. Can 465 analyses, N.Dak 169 as a source of bacterial infec- tion of milk 472 bacterial flora of 75 composition and digestibility, Tex 862 containing fats, methods of an- alysis 312 damaged, relation to disease in animals 200 effect of quantity on digestion 96 effect on developing fetus 366 effect on flavor of butter 270 effect on lard 21 effect on wool, Wyo 770 ether-soluble constituents of, Tex 709 inorganic constituents, impor- tance 465 inspection and analyses, Ind 169 inspection and analyses, Ky 667 inspection and analyses. Mass 259 Inspection and analyses, N.H 169 inspection and analyses, N..T 667 inspection in Pennsylvania 568 inspection in Virginia 661 law in Indiana. Ind 169 law in Kansas, Kans 169 law in New Hampshire, N.H 169 nitrogen-free extracts in 21 production value, estimating 368 Feeding stuffs — Continued. Page, sugar-containing, energy value. 767 valuation 368, 665 (See also specific kinds.) Feeds. {See Feeding stuffs.) Feldspar as a source of potash 126, 324 Fcltia {Agrotis) exclamationis, bi- ology 59 I'rnce, dog-proof, description, U.S. D.A 866 Fenugreek — nodule bacteria of 33 seed, deodorizing 660 Ferment action, studies 678 Fermentation as affected by fluorin_ 308 Ferments — in tuberculous caseous material- 274 protein-cleaving, in blood during starvation 178 {See also Enzyms.) Fertilization, effect on surface area of soils 318 I'ertilizer — experiments, Ky 819 experiments. Mo 321 experiments, environmental fac- tors in .321 experiments, factors affecting results 216 experiments, field v. laboratory. 515 experiments, lime - requirement factor in, R.I 623 {See also special crops.) from dogfish 424. 722 from fish wastes, U.S. D.A 519 industry in Southern States 219 industry in United States 424 law in Alabama 725 requirements of soils. {See Soils.) supply in south India 424 Fertilizers — analyses 219,325,725 analyses. Can 424 analyses. Mass 32 analyses, N.Dak 169 analyses. N.Y.State 325,621 as affected by soil moisture, N.Y.Cornell 814 as affected by water supply 813 effect on composition of grasses. 665 effect on composition of wheat. 252 effect on oil content of seeds, U.S.D.A 428 effect on potato scab 750 effect on production of cereals. 827 effect on soils 31 effect on soils, Hawaii 721 home mixing 325,725 in Germany 722 inspection and analyses. Conn. State 519 inspection and analyses, Ky 219 inspection and analyses, Mass.. 520 inspection and analyses. Me 822 Inspection and analyses, Mich — 624 inspection and analyses, Mo — 725 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 955 Page. Fertilizers — Continued. inspection and analyses, N.H — 624 Inspection and analyses, N.J — 624 inspection and analyses, S.C-- 219 inspection and analyses, Tex — 219 Inspection and analyses, Vt — 520 inspection in Alabama 725 Inspection in Florida 219, 725 Inspection In Ohio 325 inspection in Pennsylvania 325 inspection in Saxony 689 nitrogenous. (Sec Nitrogenous fertilizers.) phosphatic. (See Phosphates.) potash. (See Potash.) processed, nitrogen of, U.S.D.A. 217 production and use in 1913 425 purchase and use 325 purchase and use, N.Y. State — 621 radio-active, tests 722 radio-active, tests, N.J 519 r. manure for carnations. 111 747 valuation. Me 822 (See also specific materials.) Fescue — growth on volcanic ash, Alaska 36 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A. 224 tall, digestibility 168 Feterita^ — culture experiments, Ariz 526 culture in Arizona, U.S.FXA 226 Fiber- crude. (See Cellulose.) plants of Philippines 37 Fibers, Philippine, grading and bal- ing 828 Field- crop diseases, tieatment, N.Dak- 54.5 crops, cost of production, N..T__ 527 crops, culture experiments, Alaska 35 crops, insects affecting. Can 448 crops, school lessons on 597 (See also special crops.) experiments, error in 121 experiments, methods, U.S.D.A- 333 peas. (See Peas.) Figs- cold storage of, Hawaii 439 culture in Arizona. U.S.D.A 232 culture in southern Texas, U.S.D.A 539 varieties, U.S.D.A 232 Filbert — bud mite, notes, Oreg 651 disease In Oregon. Oreg 647 Fingerhuihia africana, analyses and digestibility 167 Fir- Douglas, density and porosity. U.S.D.A 47 Douglas, plantation, girth Incre- ment in 237 Douglas, thinning experiments- 47 withertip in Sweden 844 Fires, forest. (See Forest fires.) Page. Firs of North America, characteris- tics 748 Fish- as a cattle food 862 as a source of oil and manure-. 219 edible, of Chile 161 feeds and fertilizers, analyses 219 food value and use 662 fresli water, respiratory ex- change 565 importance as food 251 laws, handbook 150 meal, analyses. Mass 259 meal, pathogenic bacterium in_ 178 ponds, fertilizer experiments 217 preservation In the Tropics 63 scrap, analyses, Ind 169 scrap, analyses, N.H 169 scrap, fertilizing value 219 scrap industry on the Pacific coast, U.S.D.A 519 scrap, preparation and analyses, U.S.D.A 519 Fishery products, preservation in the Tropics 63 FInx — as a nurse crop for alfalfa, U.S.D.A 430 cost of production 594 cost of production. Minn 688 culture and harvesting, Mont., N.Dak 135 culture experiments, N.Dak 529, 530 culture experiments, Oreg 132 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 430 culture in Australia 399 culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729 diseases, treatment, N. Dak 545 effect on succeeding crops, U.S.D.A 224 fertilizer experiments 136, 630 hybrids, Mendelian segregation in 521 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A- 430 meal, analyses, Can 465 of East Africa Protectorate 229 shipments and prices In Minne- apolis 894 shives, composition and digesti- bility. Mass 666 stem fiber and waste, determi- nation 415 varieties 630 varieties. Can 431 varieties, N.Dak 527, 528 varieties, U.S.D.A 334 water rciuirement, U.S.D.A 127 Fiax.seed, water-soluble carbohy- drates in - 802 Flea- beetle, bronze, notes. Can 556 beetle, notes, N.J 550 beetle, wavy striped, notes 556 beetles injurious in Quebec 151 larvae, morphology 452 Fleas, rat. (See Rat fleas.) 966 EXPEMMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Flies— biting, in the Punjab— — 184 biting, relation to swamp fever, Wyo 754 biting, relation to verruga 248 control in New .Jersey, N.J 551 house. (See House fly.) remedies 753 Floods — at Los Angeles, U.S.D.A 25 In New England rivers, U.S. D.A 810 relation to forests 287 Flora — of the Northwest, handbook 808 relation to surface and climate in California 34 Floriculture in vicinity of Dresden — 232 Florida Station, notes 797 Flour — acidity 855 analyses 64 baking tests 252 baking tests, Mont 761 bleached, use, N.Dak 456 bleaching 855 decline of gluten in 63 feeding, analyses, Can 465 feeding, analyses, N.J 667 from different grains, com- pounding 559 from Italian hard wheat, anal- yses 252 gluten content, diminishing 252 low-grade, analyses, Ind 169 methods of analysis 505 Mexican, composition and qual- ity 63 red dog, analyses 862 red dog, analyses, Ind 169 red dog, analyses, N.H 169 sulphates and lime in 855 sweepings, analyses 862 variation in weight during stor- age, N.Dak 763 Flower — bug, insidious, notes, Ky 654 bulbs. (See Bulbs.) color, formation 524 gardens, bibliography 839 pigments of Antirrhinum majus- 202, 203, 220 structure and color, investiga- tions 522 Flowers — coloring matters of 309 culture experiments. Can 438 culture indoors 839 Flueggea obovata, analyses and di- gestibility 167 Fluorin, effect on micro-organisms 308 Fly— larvse and pupse in nest of gray- headed sparrow 555 repellents, tests, U.S.D.A 59 white. (See White fly.) Page. Fodder plants of South Africa, anal- yses 166 Fodders — amylolytlc activity 503 analyses. Can 466 Tomes — fomentarius on apples 51 igniariua in black knot cankers. 52 igniarius pomaceus, fruiting forms 341 semitnstus, notes 549 Food — analyses G61, 763 analyses, N.Dak 456 and Drugs Act and decisions, U.S.D..\ 254 bacteriological examination 311 chemistry, bacteriology, and technology, text-book 558 chemistry, progress in 109 chemistry, treatise 854 congress at Li6ge 662, 760 containers, absorption by 763 containers, paper, bacteriology. 856 digestion as affected by cooking. 760 effect on secretion of digestive ferments 256 effect on stomach development of birds 265 flavors, importance of 714 for polar explorers 857 imports and e.^ports of various countries, U.S.D.A 455 industries, text-book 658 inspection in Dresden 162 Inspection in Georgia 763 inspection in Indiana 254, 357 inspection in Iowa 65 Inspection in Louisiana 357 Inspection in Maine, Me 856 inspection in New Jersey 357 Inspection in North Dakota, N. Dak 162,456,061,763 inspection in Pennsylvania 763 inspection in Tennessee 357 inspection in Virginia 661 instruction, cards for 495 laboratory course in 494 law in Tennessee 357 laws and regulations in Kan- sas 254 legislation, manual 65 methods of analysis 312 mixed, effect on digestion of each 760 nitrogen-free extracts in 21 nitrogenous, metabolism 359 poisoning bacilli, growth in meat 559 poisoning, relation to fowl ty- phoid bacillus 478 preparation 661 preparation and service, trea- tise 65 preparation in hotels 357 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 957 Food — Continued. Page. preparation, storage, and distri- bution 255 preservation and care 659 preservatives. (See Preserva- tives.) prices, retail, digest of data — 763 principles of 659 products, analyses 65, 162, 357 products, analyses, N.Dak 162 products, source, chemistry, and use, treatise 353 products, Syrian, notes 455 products, transportation 76, 686 products, variation In vreight and measure 356 reforms, modern, treatise 66 school lessons on 597 selection and preparation, labor saving devices In 661 shops, low-priced. In Christiana and Vienna 856 specific dynamic action 359,562 supplies in railway stations and trains 456 supplies, present and future 162 supply, increasing 45 text-brtoli 394, 558 treatise 162, 353, 659, 854 values, education in 255 {See also Diet.) Foodstuffs — factors affecting increased cost- 255 Inspection in Saxony 689 prices in Bern 162 Foot-and-mouth disease — effect on milk 479 effect on milk and butter 76 In Dutch East Indies 475 In England 271 in Europe and South America 373 in National Dairy Show cattle. 877 in United States 580, 877 In United States, U.S.D.A 877 Investigations 475, 876 notes 273, 579, 580, 778 notes, 111 679 transmission to man by milk — 374 Forage — crops, analyses, Iowa 171 crops, cost of production, Iowa_ 171 crops, culture, Wyo 430 crops, culture experiments, Can_ 532 crops for pigs. Iowa 170 crops, Introduction, Wash 793 (See also special crops.) plants and their culture, text- book 827 plants, frost Injuries, Ariz 532 plants of German Southwest Africa 107 plants of Hawaii, Hawaii 731 yields, error in determination-- 38 B^orest — administration In Bavaria 144 administration In British Co- lumbia 747 Forest — Continued. Page. administration in Dutch East Indies 441 administration in 4ndia_ 237, 340, 640 administration In Oregon 747 administration In Saxony 237 administration In South Aus- tralia 747 administration in various col- onies 47 conditions in Mississippi 840 fire control forces, organization- 748 fires, prevention and control 840 insects In British Columbia, Can 551 insects in Central Europe, text- book 151 Insects in India, treatise 351 laws in Pennsylvania 47 measurements, phototheodolite for 340 nurseries, fertilizer experiments- 47 planting In Arizona and New Mexico 748 planting In eastern United States, U.S.D.A 541 products of Canada 841 seed beds, charcoal for 748 seedlings, normal growing stock In 144 seeds. (See Tree seeds.) stands as affected by light and heat 144 stands, mixed, growth behavior- 144 trees. (See Trees.) valuation, text-book 840 veg'^tation as affected by cal- cium salts 728 working plans, preparation 46 Forestatlon of waste lands 237 Forestry — continuation course at Heidel- berg 896 cost accounting system 748 In Massachusetts 95 in Miunesota, Minn 839 in Ohio, Ohio 440 in Oregon 237 in Russia 237 in Saxony 47 in Sudan 238 in Uganda Protectorate 238 in Vermont 237 Institute at Florence, Italy 794 Instruction in Austria 290 instruction in Austria and Ger- many 392 instruction in University of Nanking 699 laws, handbook 150 laws in Pennsylvania 47 manual and bibliography 46 municipal, in New York 840 papers on 238 place among natural sciences 237 place among natural sciences, U.S.D.A 810 968 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. l\)restry — Continued. Page. tables for determining profits — 748 text-book 692 Forests — . Insects affecting, Can 448 national, appraising stumpage on, U.S.D.A 340 of Porto Rico 697 rain, in Jamaica 748 relation to floods 237 Forflcula auricularia — feeding habits 246 in Rhode Island 247 T'ormaldehyde — detection 506 house disinfection with 683 preserved milk for calves, Mich_ 669 sterilization of soils by 816 sulphurous acid, detection 507 Formalin. (See Formaldehyde.) Formic acid — detection 506,507 determination 115 determination in preservatives- 299 Fortunella n.g. and n.spp., descrip- tions 838 Foul brood, notes 853 Fouquieria splendens, density of cell sap 35 Fowl — cholera immune serum, action 379 typhoid bacillus, studies 477,478 Fowls — breeding experiments, Guam 767 breeding for egg production, Me_ 172 crooked breast in 772 crossing experiments 172 crossbreeding experiments, Oreg_ 868 eating of alfalfa caterpillar by, U.S.D.A 58 physiology of reproduction in, Mo G70 serum proteins of 8C1 shank color, histological basis, Me 263 telegony in 263 vitality as affected by lead 861 White Leghorn, black pigmenta- tion in, R.I 071 (See also Poultry.) Ftunkliniella rohusta, notes 848 Freezing^ — effect on Cysticercus bovis 880 effect on surface area of soils 318 Freight rates on inland waterways, U.S.D.A 391 Frogs of Long Island 448 Frost — effect on forage plants, Ariz 532 glazed, formation, U.S.D.A 25 protecting citrus groves from, Ariz 541 protection, notes, Ohio 811 protection, papers on, U.S.D.A- 614 Fruit- bark beetle, notes, N.J 550 blossom bacterial disease, notes- 148 Fruit — Continued. Page, canning industry in New Jer- sey 65 culture, manual 337 culture, text-book 394 diseases, notes 344 diseases, studies, Mo. Fruit 750 dishes, preparation 560 exhibits, preparation, Wash 141 flies, effect on quality of coffee, Hawaii 746 flies in I'usa 847 flies, natural enemies of 454 fly, Mediterranean, cold storage of, Hawaii 450 fly, Mediterranean, investiga- tions, U.S.D.A 56, 655 fly, Mediteri'anean, life history, U.S.D..\ 756 fly, Mediterranean, parasites of, Hawaii 753 fly, Mediterranean, relative at- tractiveness of oils for 153 fly parasites in Hawaii 557, 757 jar caps, studies 856 jellies, examination, N.Dak 162 juices, methods of analysis 109 pit, studies, Greg 644 products of Uruguay 744 storehouses, construction and management 338 tree leaf roller, notes, Greg 651 tree leaf Syneta, notes, Greg 651 trees, ringing experiments, N.Y. State 636 Fruits — acid content 110 blooming dates, N.J 535 breeding experiments 338 breeding experiments. Can 437, 539 breeding experiments. Minn 834 bush, pruning, S.C 234 canning 253, 660 citrus. {See Citrus fruits.) coloring matters of 297, 309 culture, Mo. Fruit 751 culture experiments. Can 437, 539 culture experiments, U.S.D..\ 337 culture in California 28 culture in Canada 743 culture in East Africa Pro- tectorate 141 culture in France 338 culture in Philippines 745 deciduous, culture in Arizona, U.S.D.A 232 domesticating and improving 45 dried, manufacture 117 for identification, directions for sending, Mass 338 handling and storage 141 hardiness In. Minn 834 Improvement by bud selection 439 Insects affecting, Can 448 irrigated, keeping quality. Wash- 743 marketing 287 marketing in Queensland 793 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 959 Page. Fruits — Continued. methods of analysis 109 oak fundus disease of 241 of Hawaii, composition, Hawaii- 761 of Uruguay 744 orchard, chlorosis of, N.Mex 641 orchard, culture. Alaska 45 orchard, culture In Alaska 743 orchard, dry-land cultur<'' S.'JS orchard, enemies of. Mo. Fruit 7o."} orchard, killing by freezing, Mo_ 4- orchard, pruning, S.C 234 orchard, sap studies. Mo 139 orchard, spraying. Wash 834 orchard, tree fillings and wound dressings for, Ohio 037 orchard, wood decay of, Cal 238 ornamental, economic use 339 packing 392 preservation 509 preservation by pressure, W.Va_ 416 prices in Bern 162 protection against fruit fly, Hawaii 742 pruning, Wash 835 pruning-wound dressing for, N.Y. State 835 small, culture experiments, Md_ 141 small, culture In Alaska 743 small, enemies of. Mo. Fruit 753 spraying, W.Va 834 standard barrel for 499 stocks for 234 stone, pruning 837 storage on the farm 486 tropical, cold storage, Hawaii- 439, 745 tropical, shield budding 142 varieties. Can 437 varieties, U.S.D.A 337 varieties for Ontario and Que- bec, Can 539 Fuel oil as a wood preservative, U.S. D.A 841 Fungi — and hosts, chemical relations 822 chondriosomes in 822 development in relation to food supply 428 entomophytic, utilization 63 food value and toxicity 760 in wheat seed 750 mold, assimilation of elementary nitrogen by 728 mold, nitrogen nutrition of 327 oxidation of manganese by 514 peptolytic enzyms in 130 saprophytic, parasitic activity 640 soil, ammonifying efficiency 29 soil, ammonifying efficiency, N.J 817 treatment 447 wood destroying, notes 54 Fungicides — analyses. Can 438 analyses, N.Dak 169 and insecticides, compatibility- 243 Page. Fungus parasites of man and ani- mals 271 Fur farming in Canada, treatise 870 Furfurol in cider vinegar 808 Furniture, disinfection, N.Dak 456 F near turn — batatatis, description 51 colorans, relation to cacao canker 548 didymum, notes 750 laihyri n.sp., description, Del 446 li/copersici, description and treatment, Md 147 orohanvhus, pigments of 428 oxysporum, notes 239 oxysporum, notes, Cal 136 rul)irjinosum, notes 642, 843 solani, notes 546 sp. affecting alfalfa caterpil- lar, U.S.D.A 58 sp. on bananas 751 sp. on coffee, P.R 646 sp. on rubber 347 sp. on tobacco. Wis 844 spp. on potatoes, Oreg 642 spp. on sweet potatoes 50, 343 spp., relation to tomato blight. Wash 444 rasinfectum on cotton, U.S.D.A- 342 Fusicladium — dendriticutn. (See Apple scab.) pirinum, relation to weather 842 sp. on pears, treatment 842 Gabis, culture and analyses 37 Galenicella luteola, reproduction in_ 351 Gall mites, injurious, notes, Oreg 651 Gallinules, North American, dis- tribution and migration, U.S.D.A 55 Galls, Insect, of Ohio 557 Game — laws for 1914, U.S.D.A 244 laws, handbook 150 protection and propagation 447 Garbage tankage — analyses. Mass 32 for pigs, N.J 569 Garden crops. Insects affecting. Can- 448 Gardening — in public schools 492 landscape, notes, 111 143 notes 289 notes, N.Dak 834 treatise 232 tropical, handbook 45 Gardens — and garden design, bibliogra- phy 839 home, in the South, U.S.D.A— 743 home, notes 494 insects affecting, Colo 151 school. (See School gardens.) spraying, W.Va 834 Garget. (See Mammitls. ) Garlic, selection experiments 834 Oaruleum blpinnatum, analyses and digestibility 167 960 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Gas — Page. analysis of small quantities 117 effect on plants 524 Injury to plants 729 tractors for farm use, U.S.D.A__ 886- Gaseous — exchange In fresh water fish 565 metabolism In infants 4G1 Gasoline substitutes, tests 788 Oaeterocercodcs gossypii n.g. and n.sp., description, U.S.D.A 658 Gastric juice— of constant acidity, secretion 7G4 secretion as affected by bitter tonics 858 Geese — care and management. Wash 869 serum proteins of 861 Gelatin — effect on bacterial content of ice cream S60 food preparations from 854 Oelechia gossypiella, remedies 152, 449 General Education Board, activities of 89G Generative organs, internal, dis- eases of 581 Gentian violet, effect on protoza and growing tissues 373 Geology — engineering, treatise 784 of southeastern Texas coastal plain 384 of Tularosa basin, New Mexico- 784 Georgia — College, notes 395 Station, notes 395,900 Gephyramceba delicatula n.g. and n.sp., description 321 Oeraeus perscitus, notes, U.S.D.A 658 Geraniums, varieties 839 Germ cells, hereditary material in__ 697 German Association of Economic En- tomology 847 Germicides, comparative value in sugarhouse work. La 717 Germplasm as a stereochemic sys- tem 501 Ginger — culture experiments 227 ground, analyses 253 Ginseng diseases, notes, Mich 641 Gipsy moth — remedies! 850 sex development in 349 Girls'— canning club work in Kentucky- 197 clubs in Nebraska 598 clubs in rural schools 693 clubs, organization 692 clubs, organization, U.S.D.A 596 demonstration work in Southern States 492 industrial clubs In Oregon 394 Glaciation, effect on agriculture in Ohio 317 Glanders — Page. diagnosis 81, 180, 374, 580, 779 diagnosis, U.S.D.A 682 In England 271 nodules and parasitic nodules, differentiation 374 Glecoma hederacca, poisoning of horses by 278 Globin caselnate, antigenic proper- ties 79 Gloeosporhim — {CoUetotrichum) Ilndemuthi 6 Page. Grapes — Continued. culturi- in southern Texas, U.S. D.A 5.39 culture in Uruguay 744 pruning, Cal 142 pruning, S.C 234 Rotundifolia, propagation, S.C- 539 sterility in, Minn 627 stocks for, U.S.D.A .— 337 variety tests and culture, Md — 141 Vinifera, protection from frost, N.Mex 635 wine and by-products yielded by, Cal 208 Grapevines — node canker of 149 pruning experiments, Cal 234 (Jrass — culms, development 432 lands, fertilizer experiments- 331, 630 lands, top-dressing with potash fertilizers, N.II 126 mixtures, tests 566 seed in Maryland markets, Md- 740 seeds, germination tests 331 Grasses — changes in during curing 110 composition as affected by fer- tilizers 665 composition at different stages- 331 culture, Tenn 132 culture, Wyo 430 culture experiments, Oreg 132 culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729 growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 3("i irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A. 224 meadow, first year development- 330 of Ahmadabad and Surat 37 of German Southwest Africa 167 of Hawaii, Hawaii 731 pasture for irrigated lands, Idaho 628 text-book 133 varieties. Can 481 wild, breeding experiments, Can- 532 (See also specific ki7i(ls.) Grasshoppers. (See Locusts.) Green- bug. (See Grain aphis, spring.) manures, applying barnyard manure with 721 manures as a source of energy in nitrogen fixation 515 manures, bacteriological effects, Miss 721 manures, decomposition as af- fected by cow manure, N.J 514 manures for Oregon, U.S.D.A — 333 manures for sandy soils, Oreg _ 124 manures, use of carbon dloxid with •"22 manuring experiments 210 manuring experiments, Hawaii- 722 manuring experiments, Tenn_ — 132 962 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Green — Continued, Page. nianuring, notes 423 manuring, notes, Mass 332 Greenliouse — crops, insects affecting, Can 448 Investigations, variable factors In, N.J 5C.5 soils, sterilization, Ohio 620 Greenliouses — - construction 386 fumigation experiments, N..T 1)36 Greicia spp., analyses and digesti- bility 167 Grignon, France, college and experi- ment station, history 290 Grocery stores, inspection, N.Dak 162 Ground squirrels. (See Squirrels, ground.) Groundnuts. (See Peanuts. Growth — amino acids in 460, 662 as affected by diet 256 chemistry of 360, 697 in animal organisms 165 stimulation 697 Guam Station, report 796 Guanosin, metabolism of 256 Guar, culture, Tex 226 Guavas — analyses, Hawaii 761 budding 143 strawberry, cold storage of, Ha- waii 439 Guinea — corn, culture experiments 227 corn, culture in Jamaica 229 com, varieties 435 fowls, serum proteins of 861 grass, culture in Guam, Guam_ 731 pigs, immunization against tu- berculosis 275 Gum — asafetida, lead number of 300 red, distillation value, U.S.D.A_ 48 weed, water requirement, U.S. D.A 127 Gymnosporanfiium — MasdaJeanum, investigations 51 'blasdaleanum, notes, Oreg 645 myricatiim n.comb., desci-iption_ 341 spp. on apples 644 Gymnosporangium, effect on respira- tion in apple leaves 751 Gypsum — analyses, Can 424 determination in soils 806 industry in 1913 127 uses 127 Habrobracon n.spp., descriptions 852 Hadronotus javensis n.sp., descrip- tion ^ 348 Hcematchia serrata. (See Horn-fly.) Ilmmogamasus oudemansi n.sp., de- scription 353 Hairs and hair pigments, physiologi- cal character 361 Halos, notes, U.S.D.A 25,210,810 Haltica — Page. evicta, notes. Can 556 JoUacea, outbreak, N.Mex 656 Hardwoods, destructive distillation, U.S.D.A 48 Ilarpalus sp., notes. Can 556 Hawaii — College, notes 395 Station, report 796 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station, notes . 694 Hay- as affected by long storage 363 culture on granitic soils, N. II 126 digestibility 167, 363 fever toxins and serum 79 marsh, digestibility 363 moor, causing excessive licking In cattle 567 moor, digestibility 363 native, digestibility, Wyo 770 (See also Alfalfa, Clover, Tim- othy, etc.) Haze of May, 1914, U.S.D.A 25 Health — administration, cooperative, in small towns 254 laws and regulations in Kansas- 254 regulations in towns and cities of United States 357 Heat- effect on rinderpest-immune bodies 476 effect on soils, Hawaii 721 effect on trees 144 from the stars, U.S.D.A 810 production of the human body 664 radiation, nocturnal 419 regulation as affected by sugar injections 859 (See also Temperature.) Heath deformation on the seashore- 825 Heating by electricity 65 Hedges, culture, Oreg 839 Iledysarum coronarium as a forage crop 41 Heeria mucionata, analyses and di- gestibility 1G7 Heifers, feeding experiments, Wis 863 Helinus ovatua, analyses and digesti- bility 167 Heliophila unipuncta. (See Irmy worm.) Helioihis obsoleta. (See Cotto i bol.- worm.) Helm inthosporiu m gram in en m — notes 544 treatment 145, 341 Hematology of normal and cholera- infected bogs. Ark 582 Hematoxins of bacteria 78 Hemerobius paciflcus, parasitic on red spider, Oreg 157 Bemileia rastatrix, notes 548 Ilemileucidffi, monograph 850 Hemlock, eastern, studies. U.S.D.A__ 542 Hemoglobin and chlorophyll, relation. 711 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 963 Page. Hemolymph nodes of sheep 82 Hemorobiiis pacificus, notes, Oreg 651 II»morrhaj;ic septicemia. (See Sep- ticemia.) Hemp — culture in Arizona. U.S.D.A 226 culture in Jamaica 229 fungus disease of 140 Manila, culture and grading 828 water requirement, U.S.D.A 226 lien flea, notes, Hawaii 757 Henbane, improvement by selection- 143 Iletulersonia hcrpotricha, notes 843 Hens — average productive life of, Utah- 73 determination of age 470 feeding exp(>riments, N..J 571 forced molting of. Can 409 serum proteins of 861 Heptane, sterilization of soils by 816 Herbs' of Southern Circle of Central Provinces 144 Hereditary material in germ cells 697 Heredity — bibliography 800 in Amaranthus retroflexus 720 in beans 130 in beans, Ariz 540 in corn, N.J 536 in ducks and pheasants 869 in fowls 172 in fowls. Guam 767 in fruits, Minn 834 in garden plants, N.J 538 in garlic 834 in horses, Guam 707 in melons, N.H 140 in CEnothera 628 in pepper, N.J 536 in pomace fly 555 in poultry, N.J 571 in poultry, R.I 671 in sunflowers 831 in tomatoes, N.J 537 in yellow daisy 726 of chlorophyll content in ce- reals 220 of coat color in horses 361 of coat color in pigs 406 of fat production in cows 369 of leaf coloration in Melan- drium 35 of milking capacity in cows 174 of plant hairs 426 of seed characters In corn 726 of semisterility in plant hybrids- 725 of size 325 of size in poultry 399, 572 of size in rabbits 573 of twin calving in cattle 508 of waxy endosperm in sweet corn 134 of wool characters in sheep 99, 399 problem in immunity 78 pure line theory 325 Page. Jlermannia aiJlnis tenella, analyses and digestibility 167 Jlerpetomonas phlebotomi n.sp., de- scription 60 Herpetomoniasis, relation to dog flea 61 Hessian fly, notes, U.S.D.A 756 Ileterodcra radivicola — affecting sweet peas, Del 446 anatomy and life history 341 culture 49 injurious to coffee, P.R 646 life history, Nev 900 notes, Oreg 651 on cotton, U.S.D.A 342 treatment, U.S.D.A 843 Ilevea hrasiliensis. (See Rubber, Para. ) Hevea canker, notes 242 Hevi, asexual propagation 142 Hexane, sterilization of soils by 816 Hibiscus, breeding experiments, Ha- waii 742 IHckory — bark beetle, notes, N.J 550 distillation value, U.S.D.A 48 Hides, cattle, supply of, U.S.D.A 91 Ilieracium spp., notes, Can 436 Highways. (See Roads.) Hippodamia convergens, notes, Ky 654 Hippuric acid, formation in pigs 262 Histidin — detection 20 in hops 502 Hog cholera — as a result of vaccinating against erysipelas 682 control in Indiana, Ind 676 control in Kentucky, Ky 83 control in Minnesota, Minn 880 control in New York 783 cures and preventives, tests, Minn 880 immunization 83, 184, 378, 480 immunization, N.Y.Cornell 783 in England 271 notes 479,480 notes, Cal 271 notes, Ind 783 notes, Mich 278 notes, N.J 584 notes. Wis 479 prevention and control, Kans 184 review of investigations 83 studies 83, 378 studies, Ark 582 studies, Okla 782 treatise 277 Hog erysipelas, immunization 375 Hogs. (See Pigs.) Hollyhock rust, notes, Can 48 Home economics — clubs, notes 197,597 clubs, programs for 495 courses for high schools 394 964 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Home economics — Continued. evening classes in 596 extension work in Canada 92 extension worlc in Illini)is C91 extension work in Kansas 690 extension work in Minnesota 691 In agriculturai colleges 690 in Cornell University 895 in extension work 10 in high schools 404 in public schools 897 in University of Illinois 288 in village and rural scliools 49") instruction iu Alaska 49:: instruction in Missouri liigh schools 499 instniction in Netherlands 92 instruction in New Mexico 690 instruction in seventh and eighth grades 092 instruction in state colleges 491 lectures on 394 reading courses in 79.j relation to farmers' institutes 98 schools in Denmark 498 schools in Pennsylvania 596 study classes, organizing 488, 597 text-book :594 ti'eatise 05, 495 Homekeepers' clubs, organizing and operating 495 Homes — decoration and furnishing 597 for rural laborers 687 Hominy — feed, nnalyses, Ind 169 feed, analyses, Ky 607 feed, analyses, N.H 169 feed, analyses, N..J 667 meal, analyses, Mass 259 meal, analyses, N.J : 667 Hondroi beans, culture experiments- 227 Honey — analyses 161, 702 and its use in the home, U.S.n.A 855 artificial, composition and uses_ 700 bees, scent producing organ 352 Belgian, examination 715 definition 762 gray, properties 500 marketing 853 methods of analysis 109 plants of Iowa 853 strained, analyses 702 Hood River basin, Greg., hydrology- 382 Hop — aphis on Rosacea;, Me 848 aphis, remedies, U.S.D.A 649 mildew, studies, N.Y.State 843 Hops — as a host plant of red spider, Greg 157 chemical changes in during sul- phuring, Oreg 809 nitrogenous constituents 502 Page. Horistonotua uhlerii, notes, U.S.D.A- 555 Horn fly, notes 555 Horse — bean seeds, germinating, nitro- genous substances in 112 beans, hybridization experi- ments 130 beans, liming experiments 127 chestnut, feeding value 566 Horses — anatomy of, treatise 278, 682 as afifecte'l by environment 263 breaking and training, treatise- 263 breeding .^61 breeding experiments, Guam 767 breeding in east Prussia 171 breeds in Norway 868 color inheritance in , 361 determination of age 366 digestion experiments 262 draft, breeds of, U.S.D.A 262 draft, judging. Wis 469 feeding, experiments. Can 462 fish for 862 grape marc for 567 history of in South America 366 immunization against strangles- 882 immunization against trypano- some diseases 81 improvement in Kansas, Kans 771 in Belgium, importation and ex- portation 66S in North Africa 469 insurance in England 489 measurements 262, 263 of South Oldenburg 26."^ poisoning by ground ivy 278 poisoning by St. John's wort — 278 raising in the South, U.S.D.A— 570 school lessons on 494 V. tractors for farm power 589 winter ration for. Can 462 Horseshoeing, handbook 185 Horticultural instruction in Pros- kau 691 Horticulture — encyclopedia 436 in New Zealand 437 school lessons on 597 Hotbeds — construction and management, Colo 140 construction and management, W.Va 834 Hotels — inspection 357 inspection in Virginia 661 House fly — control In New Jersey, N.J 551 notes. N.J 60 Household exhibits, suggestions for- 597 Household insects — hydrocyanic acid gas for 846 remedies, U.S.D.A 050 treatise 449 Housekeeping schools in Norway 92 INDEX OF SUBJECTS, 965 Houses — Page. disinfection, N.Dak 456 disinfection witli.formaldeliyde_ 683 liousewivos, cooperation among 89 Iluclilebeirios, acidity 110 Human nutrition, treatise 603 Humic substances, formation 19 Humidity, effect on tlie organism TGf) Humus — • as a source of energy in nitro- gen fixation 51.") colloid chemistry of 813 forest, effect on plant growth 618 forming substances, role in soil absorption 319 nature of, theories concerning 718 relation to soil bacteria, Miss__ 721 IlliaJopterus — arundinis on Rosacea?, Me 848 pruni, remedies, U.S.D.A 649 Hybridization and mutation as inde- pendent phenomena 326 (See also IMant breeding and Animal breeding.) Hybrids, graft, rotr-s 726 Hyduum coraUoidcs, fruiting forms_ 341 Hydraulic rams, installation and op- eration 87 llydrocliloric acid, etiect on sprout- ing of potatoes 829 Hydrocyanic acid — determination 300 gas as a soil fumigant, Cal 245 gas, use against household In- sects 846 Hydrogen ion concentration, treatise- 801 Hydrogenation of oils, treatise 416 Hydrometer for latex 48 Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.) llydroquinone, sterilization of soils by 816 lljdroxyl ions, effect on clay 318 Ilygii ne — bibliogi'aphy 760 veterinary, treatise 79 Ifylemyia coarctata, notes 350 Jlylohius abietis, notes 852 JJ ymcnochwtc — aggJuiinanx, parasitism 640 ruhifjinosa, studies 845 Hymenoptera of Georgetown Mu- seum 758 Uypamblys aJbopictus, life history 352 j/yperuum perforatum, poisoning of horses by 278 Hypocotyl, studies, N..I 520 Hypoderma — hovis, life history and remedies- 153 boins, notes, Can 448 spp., life history 60 Ifyponomeuta — malincUn, biology 554 spp., notes 751 Hypoxanthin in hops 502 Ice — and mercury, notes, U.S.D.A 810 cream, analyses 357 Ice — Continued. Page. cream, analyses, Me 856 cream, analyses, N.Dak 162 cream factories, inspection in New .Tersoy 254 cream, investigations. Can 253 cream, manufacture 253 cream, marketing 874 cream, standards 254, 356, 873 cream, standards, Me 856 cream, storage 356 cream, studios 660 cream, viability of streptococci in 174 exudation from plant stems, U.S. D.A 221 houses, construction, U.S.D.A 591 infectiousness 253 storms of New England,U.S.D.A_ 210 supplies in railway stations and trains ; 456 use on dairy farms, U.S.D.A 591 Icerya purchasi. (See Cottony cush- ion-scale.) Idaho — Station, notes 694, 797 University, notes 694, 797 Hex paraguayensis, culture 142 Illinois — Station, notes 94 T'niversity, notes 94, .395 Immunity — reactions, chemistry of 78, 178 treatise 578 Immunization — methods for 78 (See also Anthrax, Tuberculosis, etc.) Immunologj', terms used in 475 Inipatiens sultant, injury and abscis- sion in 627 Inbreeding — formulas for 665 studies 665 Incubation experiments, Oreg 868 Incubators, large, tests, N.J 570 India rubber. (See Rubber.) Indian meal moth — notes, Oreg 651 remedies, Cal 245 Indiana Station — notes 198 report 693 Industrial — clubs .and contests in Oregon 394 training in public schools of Indiana 595 Infant foods — increasing fat content of 661 proprietary, composition 660 proprietary, use , 661 Infants — adaptation of gastric juice to diet of 66 artlQcial feeding and digestive disturbances 662 boiled milk for 857 966 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Infants — Continued. Page, dried milk for T60 feeding and clotliing 66 gaseous metabolism in 461 goat's V. cow's milk for 66 milk for 873 new born, energy requirements- 257 respiration Incubator for 860 tricalcium phosphate for 857 Infection and resistance, treatise 270 Influenza, equine — pectoral form 278 treatment 184, 379, 682 Infusorial earth, analyses. Can 424 Inheritance. (Sec Heredity.) Inoslt monophosphate in wheat bran, N.Y.State 17 Insanity among farm people 791 Insect — egg parasites, hosts of 246 eggs as affected by spraying mixtures 449 galls of Ohio 557 pupfe, temperature - metabolism curve R7, 766 Insecticides — analyses, Can 4.38 analyses, N.Dak 169 and fungicides, compatibility 243 tests, N.Dak 158 tests, Greg 846 ((S'ee also specific forms.) Insects — and disease, paper on 151 biting, relation to swamp fever in horses, Wyo 754 bloodsucking, salivary secretion- 557 collection and preservation 755 forest. (See Forest insects.) habits and instincts, treatise 846 household, hydrocyanic acid gas for 846 household, remedies, U.S.D.A 650 household, treatise 449 injurious — control in various coun- tries 340 in Barbados 551 in Bengal Presidency 449 in British Columbia 551 in British East Africa 347 in Canada, Can 448 in Fiji 448 in Finland 847 in Hawaii, Hawaii 753 in Mauritius 449 In Michigan, Mich 650 in Minnesota 753 in Montana, Mont 754 in New Jersey, N.J 550 in Oregon, Oreg 651 in Busa 847 in Quebec 151 in Uganda 847 remedies 447 to alfalfa, Ariz 532 to beets 848 Insects — Continued. Page. injurious — continued. to cereal products, rem- edies 246 to citrus fruits, U.S.D.A___ 56 to coconut palm 754 to forests in Central Eu- rope 151 to forests in India 351 to gardens, Colo 151 to leguminous plants 754 to locusts 848 to nursery stock 449 to orchards 449 to orchards and vineyards, remedies 56 to peanuts 348 to stored raisins, Cal 245 to strawberries. Can 556 to sugar cane 56 to tomatoes, Fla 652 to tomatoes, Ga 636 to trees 753 to tropical plants 340 to truck crops 753 longevity as affected by tem- perature, Cal 244 parasitism by Entomophthorea?_ 245 relation to cherry gummosis or canker, Oreg 645 scale. (See Scale insects.) study of, importance, La 846 transmission of diseases by — 552, 846 underground, destruction 246 wood boring, investigations, U.S. D.A 755 (Sec also specific insects.) Institute for Fermentation and Starch Manufacture in Berlin 92 Insurance — against sickness and accidents in Switzerland 792 companies, cooperative, in Min- nesota, Minn 088 International — catalogue of bacteriology 578 catalogue of physiology 565 Congress of Comparative Path- ology 271 Congress of School Hygiene 457 Union of Municipal Dairies 773 Intestines, absorption of fat in 563 Invalids, goat's milk for 873 Invertase — • from yeast, hydrolyzing prop- erties 803 in alfalfa 411 lodin, determination in organic sub- stances 505 Iowa — Beekeepers' Association, pro- ceedings 852 College, notes 396, 694, 900 Station, notes 396, 694 Iron — colloidal, assimilation by rice, U.S.D.A 427 INDEX or SUBJECTS, 967 Page. Iron — Continued. determination in water 504 in Florida soils 319 in tomatoes 762 sulphate, injection Into trees 754 Irrigation — bibliography 588 border, slope of land in, Ariz 586 canals, concrete lining for 481 canals, concrete lining for, U.S. D.A 380 canals, silt problem in 882 concrete In 787 drilling wells foi- 882 effect on water table in Eg3'pt 123 experiments, Cal 279 experiments, Oreg 827 experiments, U.S. D.A 3(5, 224, 430 experiments in eastern Oregon, Oreg 131 experiments in Madagascar 187 experiments in western Oregon, Oreg iS5 experiments with pears, Oreg 638 frost protection by, U.S.D.A— _ G14 in America 481 in Australia 399 in Bihar and Orissa 84 in British India 481 in Germany 385 in Uocob Norte 481 in India 615 in Montana, Mont 882 in Snake River basin 279 in the Great Plains 384 in Tularosa basin. New Mexico- 785 in Vermont, Vt 587 in vicinity of Enid, Oklahoma. 383 investigations, Ariz 586 law of minimum in 481 near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma- 384 notes, U.S.D.A 333 relation to soil permeability 586 treatise 784 water. (See Water.) Isosoma orchidearum, life history and remedies 453 Ivy, ground, poisoning of horses by 278 Jack — bean, culture, Tex 226 fruit, analyses, Hawaii 761 Jacks, registration, Ind 771 Jalysus spinosus, notes, Mo. Fruit 753 Jams, preparation 253 Japanese cane. (See Sugar cane.) Jellies — detection of added acids in, N.Dak 162 examination, N.Dak 1G2 preparation 253 Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society 893 Johne's disease, treatise 273 Journal of Agricultural Research, preparation of articles for, U.S. D.A 796 Page. Jowar, sweet, as a source of sugar. 136 Juglans californica quercina, origin- 46 Jujubes, culture in southern Texas, U.S.D.A 539 Juncus balticus, digestibility, Wyo- 770 June beetles — bacterial disease of, Mich 61 western lined, notes. Can 556 Kafir — corn as a feeding stuff, Kans-_ 68 corn, culture, Tex 226 corn, culture and use, Ivans 40 corn, culture experiments, Ariz_ 526 corn, culture in Arizona, U.S. D.A 226 corn, grades of 138 corn smut, description and treat- ment 146 corn, water requirement, Okla 335 corn, wilting coefficient, Okla_ 335 melon, analyses 166 Kainit — fertilizing value 630 for corn, Ala.College 732 use against cotton rust, Miss 735 use against weeds, N.Dak 138 Kala-azar, canine and human, rela- tion 61 Kalanchoe paniculata, analyses and digestibility 107 Kale- culture experiments, Oreg 132 fertilizer experiments, Va. Truck 540 irrigation experiments, Oreg 186 seed selection, Oreg 827 thousand-headed, culture, Tex_ 226 thousand-headed, v. marrow cab- bage, Oreg 827 Kaliosysphinga dohrnii, notes, N.J 550 Kansas — College, alumni record 895 College, notes 396, 599, 900 Station, notes 396 Kaoliang — culture experiments, Ariz 526 description and culture, S.Dak- 736 Kaong, culture and use 46 Kelp — as a source of potash, U.S.D.A 821 chemistry of, Cal 723 Kentucky Station, notes..., 396, 497 Kerosene — as a substitute for gasoline 788 as a wood preservative, U.S.D.A. 841 effect on corn 729 for farm tractors, U.S.D.A 887 for internal combustion engines. 687 Illuminating power 487 Ketchup. (See Catsup.) Kidney worm in hogs — in Philippines 479 notes, Ala.College 783 Kinghead, analyses, N.Dak 169 Kitchens — equipment, U.S.D.A 65 rolling, notes 562 968 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Kjoldalil flask, modiflod, description- 807 Knapp Afrricnltural Day, notes 496 Knapweed, life lilstory and bionomics- 759 Kocliia salsoloMcs, analyses and di- gestibility 167 Korra, culture experiments 227 Kroo beans, culture experiments 227 Kulthi bean, culture, Tex 226 Kumquats, .-lassiflcation 839 Kyllinyia albn, analyses and digesti- bility 167 Kymograph for study of small ani- mals 505 I>ablab, culture experiments 227 Labor in British Columbia 59:1 Laboratories, small, for research work 306 Laborers — Danish, standard of living 66 diet for 857 diet of in Spain 562 farm. {See Agricultural labor- ers.) food shops for in Christiana 856 standard of living in Chicago stockyards district 16."> standard of living in Holland-- 163 Lace-wing — brown, notes, Oreg 651 fly, notes, Ky 654 Lachnodius greeni n.sp., notes 57 Luchnostcnia spp., bacterial disease of, Mich 61 Lactase in alfalfa 411 Lacteseence in plants 130 Lactic acid — bacteria, formation of p-oxyphe- nylethylamin by 503 bacteria, use in silage making- 567, 767 determination in organic sub- stances 114 Lactochrome, investigations, Mo 19 Lactose, utilization by green plants. 823 Lady beetle — common eastern, introduction, Oreg 846 common, notes, Ky 654 Lwlaps echidninus, notes 353 Lambs — feeding experiments, N.H 261 quarter, analyses, N.Dak ICO quarter, water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 winter production, Ohio 468 (See also Sheep.) Land — clearing. Can 4S4 clearing of stumps 589 grant colleges. (See Agricul- tural colleges.) Grant Engineering Association- 8 injured by volcanic ash, recla- mation, Alaska 31 ownership, tenui-e, and taxa- tion, treatise 891 plaster. (See Gypsum.) Page. Land — Continued. settlement in America 481 taxation, bibliography 389 tenure and administration in British India 891 use by schools teaching agri- culture 896 value, factors in 286 I-andlord and tenant, contract be- tween 390 lands — irrigated, pastures for, Idaho — 628 judging. Mass 321 logged-o£C, reclamation 485 overflowed, reclamation 884 overflowed, reclamation, U.S. D.A 883 public and private, in British Columbia 593 public, in United States 389 scouring, of Somerset and War- wickshire 213 swamp, in Bavaria 812 swamp, reclamation 884 tide flat, reclamation, Wash 793 waste, reclamation 30 Landscape gardening, notes. 111 143 Larch — canlcer, notes 544, 844 case bearer, notes. Can 44S longicorn beetle affecting 155 sawfly, large, notes 754 sawfly, large, parasites of 352 Lard — adulterated, detection 802 as affected by feeding stuffs 21 Larkspur — description, U.S.D.A 474 notes, Cal 778 seed fluid extract, Insecticidal value 56 Latex — hydrometer, use 48 physiological studies 328 Lath industry in Canada 841 Lauron vinosa, life history and hab- its 756 Law of minimum, application in irri- gation 481 Lawns, management 828 Lead — arsenate, analyses, N.Dak 169 arsenate, chemistry of 713 arsenate, insecticidal value, N. Dak 158 arsenate, insecticidal value, Oreg. 847 chromate, use against caterpil- lars 850 determination in baking pow- ders 298 determination in water 505 effect ou germ cells of male rab- bits and fowls 861 Leaf- bug, dusky, affecting potatoes — 57 fall, studies 825 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 969 Leaf — Continued. Page. miner, serpentine, notes, Ha- waii 1- 75;? mold, analyses, Conn. State ~>'20 temperature, review of litera- ture 640 Leather, methods of analysis 314 Leaves — aging, translocation of mate- rials in 825 as a cause of soil deterioration- 310 composition at different periods of growth 12S leaching of nitrogenous and min- eral matter from 128 role in soil absorption 319 senilit.v in 728 Lecanium quercifex, studies, Ala. College 553 Lecithin — food, preparations from 854 ioss from grass during curing. _ 111 metabolism of 704 products of soils 718 Leeks, thrips affecting 553 Legumes — and nonlegumes, associative" growth 432 creatinin in 560 LeguminossB, nodule bacteria of 727 Leguminous plants — culture, Wyo 430 culture in Mexico 131 fertilizer experiments 37 inoculation 423 inoculation experiments 630 inoculation experiments, Oreg 818 insects affecting 754 potash fertilizers for 228 treatise 432 varieties 37 Lemon — diseases, investigations, Cal 238 gumming disease, notes 53 seeds, notes 613 Lemons — fertilizer experiments, Cal 233 grafting experiments, (^al 233 Lentils, digestibility 1G8 Lcpicliola albohirium, notes 555 Lepidosaphes — beckii. {See Purple scale.) olivina n.sp., description 449 Leptobyrsa cxplnnaia, notes, N. J 550 Lcptochloa viroata, culture in Ha- waii, Hawaii 729 Lepioglossus memtranaccus, notcs__ 847 Lepiomyxa n.g. and n.spp., descrip- tions 321 Leptosphwria — coffeicola, notes 749 herpotrichoides, notes 641 iritici, notes 843 Lepiosiroma pinastri, notes 845 Lcptothyrium asparagi n.sp., descrip- tion 140 Lespedo.za. {Fee Clover, Japan.) Lettuce — Page, frozen, as affected by rapid tliawing. Mo 43 insects affecting. Hawaii 753 precooling and handling 234 Leucas pechuclii, analyses and di- gestibility 107 Leucocyte ferments . and antifer- ments, notes 78 Leucocytes, protective value in ani- mal diseases 876 Leucospliwra baiiiesii, analyses and digestibility 167 Leucoternies spp., investigations,U.S. D.A 755 Levees — Iniilding by hydraulic dredge 589 construction and maintenance- 187 Lice, poultry, notes, Wash 481 Liebig, .1. von, biographical sl^etch 109 Light- effect on growth and develop- ment of trees 144 extinction in atmosphere in re- gion of the ultraviolet, U.S. D..\ 810 Lightning flashes, notes, U.S.D..\ 210 Lime — analyses, Conn.State 520 126, 127 399 as a fertilizer caustic, effect on soil fertility effect on ammonifying and nitri- fying efficiency of soils, Oreg_ 818 effect on plant growth, R.I 022 for acid soils 812 for flax 136 indu.stry in United States 324, 424 magnesia ratio, effect on nitro- gen transformation in soil 720 magnesia, ratio in soils 324 magnesia ratio, review of in- vestigations 218 niter. {See Calcium nitrate.) nitrogen. {See Calcium cyana- mid.) refuse, analyses. Mass 32 requirement of soils, determina- tion 290, 311, 609, 010 soil concretions due to 215 sources for plants ' 622 sterilization of soils by 32 use. Pa 624 use in agriculture, Del 424 use In agriculture, N.Y.Cornell- 218 use on Iowa soils, Iowa 212 water as an egg preservative, Can 470 Lime-sulphur — dips, field test for, U.S.D.A 612 mixture sludge, analyses. Conn. State 520 mixtures, analyses, N.Dak 169 mixtures, composition, Del 410 mixtures, fungicidal value, N. Dak 158 mixtures, insecticidal value, Oreg 846 970 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Lime-sulphur — Continued. Page, mixtures, preparation and use, Mass 338 Limekiln ashes, analyses, Can 424 Limes — black root disease of 646 fertilizer experiments 46 Limestone — analyses. Can 424 analyses, Conn. State 520 magnesian and nonmagnesian, comparison, N..T 518 Liming experiments — N.J 518 Ohio 31 Pa 624 Tenn 132 Limnerium n.sp., parasitic on al- falfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A 58 Limonius discoideiuv, notes, Oreg 651 Linoleic acid as tetrabromid in cot- ton-seed oil 313 Linseed — cake, acidity 259 meal, analyses 568, 862 meal, analyses, Ind 169 meal, analyses, Ky 667 meal, analyses. Mass 259 meal, analyses, N.J 667 meal, digestibility, 111 69 mucilage, studies 802 oil, raw, specifications 416 Liogma nodicornis, biological and systematic studies 158 Lipase — in alfalfa 411 of castor beans 803 of Chelidonium seeds 19 lipoids — as inhibitors of anaphylactic shock 678 in immunity 78 relation to vitamins : 561 Liquids, turbid, flocculation by salts — 121 Lister Institute of Preventive Medi- cine, papers 874 Lrtliocolletes cratwgella, notes, Oreg_ 651 Live stock — breeding in Belgium 668 dipping for ticks 81 diseases, control in Georgia 876 feeding, La 68 in health and disease, treatise — 874 industry in Argentina 364 industry in Chile 689 Industry in Saxony 689 judging, text-book 668 prices in Ireland 594 shipping associations, Minn 688, 895 (See also Animals, Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Liver, rOle in metabolism of creatin and creatinin 764 Lobster refuse, analyses. Can 424 Loco weed — description, U.S.D.A 474 disease in sheep 276 notes, Cal 778 Locusts — Page. injurious to alfalfa, U.S.D.A— 553 insect enemies of 848 notes, Oreg 651 sarcophagid parasite of, U.S. D.A 60 Lodgepole pine beetle, notes, Cal 552 I eg slides, velocity determinations 48 Logarithmic curves, fitting by method of moments, U.S.D.A 766 Logging, cost accounting system 748 Long scale, notes, U.S.D.A 56 I ongicorn larvae, remedies 246 Lophtdium chamceropis n.sp., de- scription 842 Lophodermium — nervisequum , investigations 752 pinastri, notes 845 Loquats, studies and bibliography, Cal 838 Lotus corniculatus, culture in Ha- waii, Hawaii 730 Lotus, nodule bacteria of 33 L(>uisiana University, notes 396 Iioxostege sticticalis, notes, Mont 153 Lubricants for internal combustion engines 86 Lucern. (See Alfalfa.) Lucilia sericata attacking a live calf 851 Lumber — industry in British Columbia — 747 industry in Canada 841 industry in United Slates 48 (See also Timber and Wood.) Lumpy jaw. (See Actinomycosis.) Lupine — chlorosis, treatment 842 radicles as affected hy metallic salts 128 Lupines — absorption and excretion of elec- trolytes by 824 description, U.S.D.A 474 fertilizing value 216 inoculation experiments 433 nodule bacteria of 33 white, root system 634 Iiupinus — harticegU, culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 730 spp., notes, Cal 778 Lycopersicin, formation in tomatoes- 203 Lycopin and its relation to chloro- phyll 824 Lygmonematus erichsonii, notes 754 Lygidea mendax, notes, N.J 550 Lygus pratensis. (See Tarnished plant bug.) Machinery. (Sec Agricultural ma- chinery.) Macrocentrus spp. in Great Britain. 454 Macrosiphum — antherinii, heredity in 448 pisi, remedies, Va. Truck 652 spp. on Rosaceae, Me 848 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 971 Page. Macrosporium — solani In tomato seed 344 solani, notes 342 sp. on cotton 612 tomato, notes 240 Magnesia, sources for plants 622 Maine Station, notes 694 Maize. (See Corn.) Malacosoma — americatia. (See Tent caterpil- lar.) erosa, notes 551 fragilis in California 152 spp., notes. Can 448 spp., remedies, Oreg 847 Maladie de colt. (See Dourine.) Malaria and mosquitoes in eastern North Carolina 61 Malic acid, determination in fruit juices 297 Mallein — eye dropper, description 580 use 180 Mallow rust, biology 54 Malnutrition — and disease, correlation 358 effect on energy metabolism 664 Malt— extracts, commercial products from 854 metbods of analysis 314 sprouts, analyses 568 sprouts, analyses, Ind 169 sprouts, analyses. Mass 259 sprouts, analyses, N.J 667 Malta fever, diagnosis 276 Maltase in alfalfa 411 Maltose, determination in presence of other sugars 112 Mammals — coat pattern in 466 game, protection 447 of North Daliota, N.Dak 549 pattern development in 766 Mammary gland, enzyms in 411 Mammitls — effect on milk 478 treatment 184, 479 Mamon as a stock for cherimoya and atemoya 143 Man — calorlmctric experiments 257 fungus parasites of 271 insects affecting, Can 448 mechanical efficiency 258 metabolism during rest 165 variations in body temperature- 564 Mandarin black spot, treatment 445 Manganese — carbonate, oxidation by mi- crobes 514 effect on plant growth 129 in vegetable food products 628 salts, fertilizing value 725 soil concretions due to 215 sulphate, effect on growth of barley 121 Page. Mange, parasitic, in England 271 Mangel diseases, notes 544 Mangels — analyses 166 analyses, Can 465 analyses and feeding value, Can_ 461 as a winter feed for poultry, N.J 570 composition during storage 121 cost of production, Can 530 culture exporiments. Can 431 culture experiments, Oreg 132 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 430 fertilizer experiments 630 fertilizer experiments, Can__ 431, 5.32 ('. sugar beets for western Ne- braska, U.S.D.A 224 varieties 37, 130, 630 varieties. Can 431, 532 varieties, N.Uak 528 Mango weevil, notes 352 Mangoes — analyses, Hawaii 76I classification 745 cold storage of, Hawaii 439 culture experiments, Hawaii 742 propagation by inarching, Guam_ 741 salt as a fertilizer for 324 Manioc. (See Cassava.) Manure — analyses 819 application 818 barnyard. (See Barnyard ma- nure.) effect on retention of bases by soils 121 fertilizing value, Ind 629 secondary action on soils 121 spring V. winter application, Can 532 storage experiments 818 V. fertilizers for carnations, 111 747 (See also Cow, Poultry, Sheep, etc.) Manuring, science of in Germany 620 Maple — distillation value, U.S.D.A 48 products, methods of analysis 808 sirup, variation of analytical values 808 sugar, density and porosity, U.S.D.A 47 sugar making schools in Quebec- 698 Marabuntas of Georgetown Museum- 758 Maraschino cordials, notes 297 Marasmius — sacchari, notes 043 sp. on sugar cane 442 Marc, feeding value 567 Marfjaropus atmulatus. (See Cattle ticks.) JIarguerite fly, studies, Mass 451 Marigold, water requirement, U.S. D.A 127 Marine animals as a source of oil and manure 219 972 EXPEKIMEKT STATION RECORD. Market — I'agc conditions In New York City SO pardoning In vicinity of Dres- den -•^- prlcoR, retail, digest of data 703 Marketing organization, coopera- tive, U.S.D.A 71)2 Marl, analyses, Can 424 Marmalades, preparation 253 Marrow cabbage v. thousand-headed kale, Greg 827 Mars, atmosphere of, U.S.D.A 210 Marsh — cat-tail, ecology of 151 mud, analyses. Can 424 near Madison, Wis., flora of 329 soils. {See Soils, marsh.) Marshmallows, analyses 560 Marsonia rofne, notes 752 Maryland College, notes 497, 694 Mason bees, treatise 758 Massachusetts — College, notes 198, 396, 599 Station, notes 198, 396 Station, report 291 Mastitis. (-See Mammitis.) Mate tea, analyses 856 Mayetiola destructor. {See Hessian- fly.) Meadow hay as affected by long storage 363 Meadows — ■ culture, treatise 38 importance of in dairying 870 wild hay, flora of 329 {See also Grasses.) Meals — low-priced, in Christiana and Vi- enna 856 low-priced, in Copenhagen 857 planning 558, 597 Measles of domestic animals, paper on 271 Meat — and bone meal, analyses, Ind — 169 canned, changes in 760 canning industry in United States 210 examination, animal experimen- tation in 856 from slaughterhouses, bacteria in 358 growth of (Jiirtner type bacilli on 559 in the diet 354 inspection in British East Africa 373 inspection in Germany 578 inspection in Oregon 778 inspection, regulations, U.S.D.A. 777 inspection, treatise 777, 778 marketing in Queensland 793 markets, inspection, N.Dak 162 meal, analyses, Ind 169 meal, analyses, N.J 667 methods of analysis 109 Meat — Continued. Page. packing establishments, inter- state, sanitary conditions in_ 457 poisoning, causes 84 poisoning, detection 375 poisoning, determination 856 poisoning organisms, studies 760 prices in Bern 162 prices in Munich 91 production in Argentina 12 production in the South 13 production in United States 12 production on high-priced corn lands 12 products, methods of analysis 109 products, water content 252 protein, cooked, digestibility 256 purchasing and use, treatise 354 salted, coloring matter in, U.S. D.A 454 scrap, analyses, Mass 259 scrap, analyses, N.Dak 169 supply in United States 98 Mechanical colleges. {See Agricul- tural colleges.) Medic, black, nodule bacteria of 33 Mcdicago oMcuIaris, culture, Tex 226 Medicines, subcutaneous administra- tion 272 Megastigtnus laricis n.sp., descrip- tion 557 MegiUa maculata — introduction, Oreg 846 notes, Ky 654 Melanconium — fuliginvum, studies, Mo.Fruit 751 sacchari, notes 442 Melandrium, inheritance of leaf col- oration in 35 MeJanopIus spp. injurious to alfalfa, U.S.D.A 553 Mclanotus spp., notes, U.S.D.A 556 Melilotus as a green manure for citrus, Cal 23^ Melin is minutifloru — culture in Hawaii. Hawaii 729 for dairy cattle 471 Mellen's Food refuse, composition and digestibility. Mass 666 Melon — diseases in Sweden 641 fly, life history, U.S.D.A 452 lice, I'emedies, 111 151 Melons, Mendelism in, N.H 140 Melophagiis ovinus. {See Sheep tick.) Mcmythrus polistiformis. {See Grape root-borer.) Mendellan segregation, exception to_ 521 Mcnetiipus varicgatus n.sp., descrip- tion, U.S.D.A 658 Meningo-encephalitis, paper on 271 Menominee County Agricultural School 794 Menus for logging camps 459 Mcrodon cqiicstrls, life history 350 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 973 Merullus — Page. as affected by fluorin 308 studies 845 Merulius lacri/maus — germination studies 150 resistance of oali wood to 150 Meseiitbriantliemuin rupicola, anal- yses and digestibility 167 Mcsolcucd Iruncata, notes, Can 556 Metabolism — • abnormalities in 78 and energy of men, treatise 663 as affected bj' air breathed 663 as affected by disease 563 as affected by malnutrition 664 as affected by muscular work 67 basal, during growth period 697 basal, relation to creatinin elim- ination 350 chemistry of 399 during fasting 166 energy and protein, relation 563 energy, during muscular w^ork 765 experiments at Carnegie Insti- tution 565 experiments under decreased partial pressure of oxygen 860 experiments with cattle 98 experiments witli men and women at rest 165 experiments with pigs 170 in animals as affected by tem- perature 765 of creatin and creatinin 764 of lecithin and cliolesterin 764 of nitrogenous food 359 of phosphorus, review of litera- ture, Ohio 601 of plants as affected by acid and alkaline solutions 626 of protein 359 of protein after excessive water ingestion 663 of purin in ungulates 166 respiratory, as affected by salts- 860 Metallic colloids, bactericidal prop- erties 272 Metanhizum anisopliw in Queens- land 555 Meteorological — conditions, effect on propaga- tion of sound, U.S.D.A 25 observations, Alaska 25 observations, Conn.Storrs 118 observations, Mass 118,418,614 observations, N.Dak 598 observations, N.J 510 observations, N.Y. State 614 observations, Ohio 717 observations, U.S.D.A 24, 118,210,316,614,810 observations, Wj-o 717 observations at Wlsley, England- 211 observations in Canada, 25, 510 observations in Canada, Can 418 observations in Germany, U.S. D.A 810 Meteorological — Continued. Page. observations in India 419 observations in Michigan 614 observations in New South Wales 316 observations in Saskatchewan.. 316 {i^ee also Climate, Kain, Weather, etc.) Meteorology — agricultural, wireless telegraphy In 117 at Lick Observatory, U.S.D..\ 25 bibliography. U.S.D..\ 810 in I'anama Canal Zone, U.S.D.A. 614 of Australia 811 progress in 315 treatise 24 Methyl alcohol in silage 410 Methylamin sulphate, nitrification rate 124 Methylene blue, use against mastitis. 479 Michigan — College, notes 694 Station, report 693 Microbes in indoor and outdoor air, I'.S.D..\. 211 Microbiology • of animal diseases, treatise 474 Micro-chemistry, plant, treatise 308 Micrococcus — melitensis, agglutination by nor- mal milk 276 iiielitensis agglutinins in milk and blood serum of cows 876 inelitensis in France 271 nUjrofaciens affecting white grubs, Mich 61 Micro-organisms— as affected by poisons 308 as affected by pressure, V/.Va 416 determination in milk 809 in fermenting tea 111 in sugar-house products. La 22 • pathogenic, handbook 78 (See also Bacteria.) Mici'o-respiration apparatus, descrip- tion 67 Microspira carcinopwus, description. 442 Middlings — analyses 64, 568, 862 analyses. Can 465 analyses, Ky 667 calcium content 64 (7.S, 041 treatment, Mich 041 treatment, U.S.D.A 84:! Nemaiits crichsonii, parasites of 352 Xeocosmospora vasinfecta, studies, Ala.College Neosalvarsan, use against contagious pneumonia Nephelometry in study of nucleases. Nephroparatyplioid and nephroty- pboid, notes 374 Nerve degeneration in fowls fed on unhusked rice 570 Nevada — Station, notes 94, 397, 095, 900 University, notes 94, 397, 900 New Jersey — College, notes GOO, 797 Stations, notes 600, G95, 797 Stations, report 598 New Mexico — College, notes 497 Station, notes 397, 497 54 ( 082 310 report- 693 Station New York — Cornell Station, notes 695 Cornell Station, report 899 State College of Agriculture, tiistory 895 State Station, notes 95 State Station, report 693, 796 State Vegetable Growers' Asso- ciation 688 Newark Housekeepers' Insurance Company 489 Nezara hilar is injurious to peaches_ 247 Nickel- cooking vessels, solubility 501 solubility 763 Nicotin — as a by-product of tobacco cul- ture 137 determination in insecticides 296 extracts, preparation on the farm, Va 158 Nidorella citriculata, analyses and di- gestibility 107 Niter spots in cultivated soils, Utah_ 29 Xitocris princcps, notes :; 847 Nitrate — content of dried soils 817 ferment, studies 523 Norwegian. (See Calcium ni- trate.) of lime. {See Calcium nitrate.) of soda. (See Sodium nitrate.) Nitrates — assimilation 22.'I detection in sewage 115 Nitrates — Continued. Page, effect on nodule production in soy beans 727 manufacture, inefficiency'ln 322 production in Chile 517 yUrihacilliis — itlitiotroplius, notes 523 polytrophus, notes 523 Nitric — acid, determination 115 nitrogen in country rock, Utah- 28 Nitrification — as affected by lime-magnesia ralio 720 in acid soils 121 in Hawaii soils, Hawaii 719 investigations 320 rate of 123 relation to soil fertility 96 seasonal variation 514 Nitrites — assimilation 223 detection in drinking water 311 detection in sewage 115 in calcium cyanamid 217 Nitrogen — assimilation by higher plants 121 atmospheric, assimilation by plant hairs 327 atmospheric, assimilation by soil organisms '. 29 atmospheric, assimilation by yoasts and mold fungi 728 atmospheric, fixation by boron com,pounds 125 atmospheric, fixation by elec- tricity 125, 722 atmospheric, utilization 820 compounds in rain and snow 615 compounds of fundamental rocks 121 compounds of soils 718 content of milk 207 determination 294, .309, 310 determination in caustic soda 300 determination in meats and moat extracts 299 determination in soils 807 digestion as affected by sugar 362 fixation as affected by humus 515 fixation in soils 124, 514 fixation in virgin and cultivated soils 216 fixation, seasonal variation 514 free extracts in feeds and foods_ 21 in clays and marls 121 in growing pigs as affected by protein consumption, 111 73 in processed fertilizers, U.S.D.A- 217 in rain and snow 120 lime. (See Calcium cyanamid.) loss from grass during curing 111 loss from manure 818 minimum in fever and during work 564 nutrition of mold fungi 327 1115°— 15- 978 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Nitrogen — Continued. Page, of alfalfa hay and corn, com- parative tflaciency, Wis 863 organic, availability. Mass 520 organic, In soils, Hawaii 721 organic, rOle in ammonia forma- tion 818 oxidation 322 synthetic, status of industry 622 Nitrogenous fertilizers, comparison- 323, 330 Nitrous acid, detection In presence of ferric salts 115 North Carolina Station, notes 70S North Dakota — College, notes 198, 397, 79S Edgeley substation, reports 598 Langdon substation, reports 508 Station, notes 798 Nosema bombi n.sp., biology and rem- edies : 750 Notodontidne, coloration and protec- tive attitudes 850 Notwdrcs 7Huris, notes 353 Notolophtts aiitiqua, notes, Oreg 651 Nucleic acids — notes 678 treatise and bibliography 201 undigested, determination 311 Nucleln, notes 678 Nucleoprotelns^ — as antigens 179 bacterial, notes 78 cleavage products of 718 Nucleosids, metabolism of 256 Kupscrha apicalis, notes 347 Nursery — inspection in Canada, Can 448 inspection in Mauritius 46 inspection in Minnesota 753 inspection, uniform state law 398 stock. Insects affecting 449 Nursing, lectures on 394 Nutrients for retarded children 458 Nutrition — animal. (See Animal nutrition.) bibliography 760 chemistry of 854 coefficient in Antwerp school children 458 digest of data 359, 857 investigations of United States Department of Agriculture 255 laboratory of Carnegie Institu- tion 565 papers on 760 plant. (See Plant nutrition.) principles of 659, 663 rOle of carbohydrates in 359 writings of J. von Llebig 109 (See also Digestion, Metabolism, etc.) Nuts — culture in Arizona, TJ.S.D.A 232 culture In southern Texas, U.S.D.A 530 Nuts — Continued. Page, of Hawaii, composition, Hawaii- 761 varieties, U.S.D.A 232 Nuttallia equi in equine biliary fever In India 278 Oak- canker, description 442 disease in Westphalia 845 heart rot, distribution, U.S.D.A- 150 Oidium, notes 150 phylloxera, life history and habits 57 red, density and porosity, U.S.D.A 47 scale, studies, Ala. College 553 wood, resistance to dry rot 150 Oaks- destruction by A(jrilus biline- atus, U.S.D.A 656 distillation value, U.S.D.A 48 Oat— and pea hay, cost of production, N.J .'527 aphis, notes, Cal 755 grass, tall, digestibility 168 grass, tall, irrigation experi- ments, U.S.D.A 224 hay, analyses, Can 465 hulls, analyses, N.J 067 loose smut, notes. Can 48 loose smut, treatment. Can 49 seedlings, distribution of sto- mata in 221 sickness in soils 442 Oats- adjustment to light 522 analyses , 862 analyses. Can 465 analyses, Iowa 171 biennial cropping, U.S.D.A 226 correlation in, N.Y.Cornell 736, 737 cost of production 594 cost of production, Can 530 cost of production, Minn 688 cultivated, origin 131 culture, S.C 598 culture, Tenn .* 132 culture, Tex 226 culture experiments, Alaska 36 culture experiments, Ariz 526 culture experiments. Can 431 culture experiments, N.Dak 528, 529, 530 culture experiments, Oreg 132 culture experiments, U.S.D.A — 430 culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A- 533 culture in Mexico 131 dynamiting aud subsoillng ex- periments, N.Dak 528 effect on companion crop of wheat 432 effect on succeeding crops, U.S. D.A 224 fertilizer experiments, Can 431 grades 138 green manuring experiments, Miss 721 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 979 Oats — Continued. Page. ground, analyses, Mass 259 growth lu vertical illumination. 129 growtli on volcanic asb, Alaslca_ 36 improvement, Micli G30 irrigation experiments, U.S. D.A 37,225 liming experiments 812 liming experiments, Ohio 31 liming experiments, Tenn 132 nematodes affecting G41, 750 production in Bohemia 827 ratio of straw to grain 40 rolled, analyses, Ky 667 root system 634 seed, longevity 634 seeding experiments. Can 531 seeding experiments, N.Dalt_ 528, 530 variation in, N.Y. Cornell 730, 737 varieties 37, 631 varieties, Alaska 36 varieties, Can 431 varieties, N.Dak— 527,528,529,530 varieties, Oreg 730, 827 varieties, Tenn 827 varieties, U.S.D.A 224,333 varieties. Wash 731 varieties resistant to smut, Can_ 49 water requirement 813 water requirement, Okla 335 water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 wild, analyses, N.Dak 169 w'iltlng coefficient, Okla 335 yield as affected hy dynamiting, U.S.D.A 430 Odonata of southern Minnesota 753 (Enothera — hiennis, parallel mutations of_ 131 (jrandiflora of herbarium of La- marck 822 spp. in forest of Fontainebleau- 726 Q'lnothera — geneticai studies 326 hybrid contamination in 521 hybrids, studies 628 mutation in 426 negative correlation in 521 Ohio — State University, notes__ 198, 397, 798 Station, notes 397, 798 Station, report 796 O'idium — lactis solani n.var., description- 644 (Oospora) lactis, growth in pres- ence of salt, Conn.Storrs 176 sp. on sweet peas, Del 446 Oil from dogfish 424,722 Oils- attractiveness for fruit flies 153 edible, analyses 762 glyccrids of 801 bydrogenated, analytical con- stants 416 bydrogenated, as human food 6G0 hydrogenation of, treatise _ 416 lubricating, for internal com- bustion engines 86 Oils — Continued. Page. methods of analysis 314 physical constants 300 Oka Agricultural Institute, Quebec 895 Oklahoma — College, notes 95,397,497 Station, notes 95, 397, 497, 798 Okra, lieredity in, N.J 538 Oleander scale, notes, U.S.D.A 56 Oleic acid, oxidation in sunliglit 762 Oleomargarine, sale in l'ennsylvania_ 763 Olcthreutes fii Osyris alujssinica, analyses and di- gestibility lt>7 Otiorhynchus- — • ovatits, notes. Can 448, 556 spp., parthenogenesis in 250 sulcaitis, notes 156 sulcatus, notes, Can 556 Ovaries as affected by Iloontgen rays 4(;6 Oviducts, effects of ligation, section. or removal 670 Page. Ovulation in fowls as affected by corpus luteum 671 Ox warble fly — control in (Germany 581 life history 60, 15.3,680 notes 733 notes, Can 448 notes, Ohio 796 remedies : 153, 680 Oxen, feeding experiments 166, 363, 770 Oxidase apparatus, description 508 Oxycarenud hyalinipennix, notes 847 Oxygen, dissolved, determination in water 612 p-Oxyphenylethylamin in normal cheese 503 Oyster mud, analyses. Can 424 Oysters — examination. Me 854 propagation, N.J 573 water content 252 Ozone, purification of wator by 87 Pachybruchi'.s verticalis n .sp., de- scription, U.S.D.A 658 Pachyneuron hamrnari n.sp., descrip- tion 557 Paddy. (See Rice.) Paille flnne grass, analyses and use. La 68 Palm-nut cake — analyses 672 composition and feeding value. 774 Palmityldistearin in lard 801 Palms — culture, open air, in Italy 746 sugar, culture and use 46 weeping fan, culture in Arizona, U.S.D.A 233 Pan-American Scientific Congress 498 Pancreas — ferments of 858, 859 of pigs, structure and growth 378 preparations, proteolytic activ- ity 710 Panicum — altissimum, distribution of sto- mata in 221 licmitomtiin, analyses and use. La 68 wJZiflcewjHj coloration of glumes- 727 spp., analyses and digestibility. 167 spp., studies 727 Pantomorus fiiUeri, notes 556 Paparer orientaJe, alkaloids in 327 Papaya fruit fly, investigations, U.S.D.A GO Papayas — analyses, Hawaii 761 breeding experiments, Hawaii — 741 cold storage of, Hawaii 439 Paper dishes, bacteriologly 856 Pappophornm spp.. analyses and di- gestibility 167 Paprika, extracted, detection 612 INDEX OF SUBJECTS, 981 Para — Page, grass, culture in Guam, Guam — 731 grass hay, analyses 862 rubber. (See Rubber.) i'ura-dichlorobenzene as a fumigant, U.S.D.A 650 Paraffin — destruction by bacteria and molds 523 effect on turnip seed 851 raraptochus scUaius, notes, Oreg 651 Parasites. (See Animal parasites, etc.) I'arasitic specialization, digest of data 822 I'arasitology of man and domestic animals, treatise 777 Parathyroid gland, effect on nitro- genous metabolism in sheep 502 Parcel post for shipping eggs, N.J — 572 Paris green — * analy.'^es, N.Dak IGO Insecticidal value, N.Dak 158 methods of analysis 296 use, N.Dak 632 ParkinsoHia africana, analyses and l^bliography 167 Porlatoria zizyphus. notes, U.S.D.A_ 56 1 arthenogenesis, heredity in 448 Pafipalum — lUlatatum, culture in Guam, Guam 731 spp., culture in Hawaii, Hawaii- 729 stolonifcrum, distribution of stomata in 221 Passiflora latirifolia, cold storage of, Hawaii 439 Passiflora, teratological variations in 35 Paste and pastry, methods of anal- ysis 505 I'asteurization, colon test of effi- ciency, U.S.D.A 775 Pastry and hygiene, paper on 760 Pastures — fertilizer experiments 368 for irrigated lands, Idaho 628 for the cotton belt, U.S.D.A 534 grass mixtures for 566 importance of in dairying 870 in southeastern England, nutri- tive value and fertility 121 Patent medicines, notes, N.Dak 661 Pathology, treatise 78, 270 Pavetta spp., symbiosis with bac- teria S27 Pea — aphis, green, remedies, Va.Truck_ 652 blight, notes 544 diseases, treatment 545 mildew, notes 544 thrips, notes 448,848 Peach — aphis, green, notes, Hawaii 753 borer, lesser, life history 349 horer, remedies, N..I 551 brown rot, studies , 751 I'each — Continued. Page. cankers, notes, N.Y.Cornell 241 curl, notes 544 diseases, notes, N.Mex 641 diseases, studies. Can 441 diseases, studies, Mo.Fruit 751 diseases, treatment, Can 51 industry around Vineland, N.J_ 534 leaf curl, treatment 241 leaves, chloropliyll compounds of 823 pollen, viability, N.J 534 scale. West Indian, notes 847 scale. West Indian, remedies 755 soils of Massachusetts and Con- necticut, U.S.D.A • 835 twig moth, notes, Oreg 651 yellows and little peach, studies 344 Peaches — acidity 110 composition as affected by brown rot 751 culture, Mo.Fruit 751 culture, U.S.D.A 338 culture in southern Texas, U.S. D.A 539 culture in Uruguay 745 effect of axillary shoot on de- velopment and composition. _ 837 fertilizer experiments, N.Mex — 635 killing by freezing. Mo 42 planting with dynamite, N.J 535 preservation by pressure, W.ya_ 416 pruning 837 spraying v. dusting, N.J 550 stocks for, U.S.D.A 337 Peanut — cake, acidity 259 diseases, studies, Ala. College — 546 leaf rust, treatment 642 meal, bacterial flora of 75 Peanuts — as a green manure 41,423 culture, Tex 226 culture experiments 227 culture in Guam, Guam 731 formation of oil in, U.S.D.A— 427 insects affecting 348 varieties 227,630 varieties, Tex 226 varieties, U.S.D.A 333 Pear — blossom bacterial disease, notes. 148 canker, description, Cal 238 diseases, notes, N.Mex 641 fire blight, notes. Wash 844 Are or twig blight, treatment, Can — 51 leaf blister mite, notes, Oreg 651 rust, notes, Oreg 645 seedling, description, S.C 539 thrips, life history and habits, U.S.D.A 850 Pears — acidity HO as affected by moisture supply, Oreg 638 982 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Pears — Continued. cooking qualities of dlflferent varieties 500 culture in southern Texas, U.S.D.A 5-">f> culture In Uruguay 745 culture In western Nebraska, U.S.D.A 233 from frost-killed pistils 841 frozen, as affected by rapid thawing. Mo 43 Le Coute, somatic segregation of characters in, Greg 637 preservation by pressure, W.Va_ 410 ringing experiments, N.Y. State- 636 stocks for, U.S.D.A 337 Peas — analyses, Iowa 171 and oats for hay or silage, Wyo_ 430 culture experiments, N.Dak — 529, 530 effect on companion crop of barley ' 515 fertilizer experiments 630 fertilizing value 216 field, as a cover crop, Mass 332 field, as a green manure in southern Texas, U.S.D.A 539 field, culture experiments, Ariz_ 526 field, culture experiments, N.Dak 528,529 field, culture experiments, Greg- 132 field, culture in eastern Oregon, Greg 730 field, culture in southern Texas, U.S.D.A 332 field, culture in wcstei'n Ne- braska, U.S.D.A 224 field, varieties 37 field, varieties, Greg 730 field, varieties. Wash 731 field, water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 garden and field, origin 327 garden, nodule bacteria of 33 hybridization experiments 326 partridge, as a green manure 423 preparation and use 253 preservation by pressure, W.Va- 416 Tangier, culture experiments, Greg 132 varieties 630 varieties, Can 431 Peat — analyses, Conn. State 520 lands or soils. (See SoiLs, peat.) moors and water powers, eco- nomic Importauce 820 moss as a feeding stuff 259 utilization in Italy 820 Pecan rosette, investigations, U.S. D.A 241 Pecans — culture in southern Texas, U.S. D.A 539 phylloxera galls affecting, La — 553 Pectlnase in alfalfa 411 Page. Peganum harmala, density of cell sap 35 Pcgomya — fusciceps, notes, Can 448 hyoHcyami, studies 351 Pelargonium, bacterial disease of 53 I'ellagra — cause and prevention 255 etiology 67 treatment 255, 564 Pellicularia koleroga, notes, P.R 643 Peltophorum ap'icanum, analyses and digestibility 167 Penicillium — • ammonifying power 29 conidium production in 442 Penicillium — maculans n.sp. on rubber 347 spp., growth in presence of salt, Conn.Storrs 176 spp., notes 343 Pennisetum ciliarc, analyses and di- gestibility 167 Pennsylvania — College, notes 193, 398, 600 Institute of Animal Nutrition, notes 798 Station, notes 198 Pentane, sterilization of soils by 816 Pentoses, determination in presence of other sugars 113 Pepper — blight, notes, N.Mex 641 breeding experiments, N.J 536 breeding experiments, N.Mex 635 Peridermium — cedri, notes 346 spp., inoculation experiments 647 Peridroma saucia. {See Cutworm, variegated.) Perilampus iiyalinus, parasitic on lo- custs, U.S.D.A 60 Periplaneta australaMw as a cotton pest 348 Peritoneum, absorption of fat in 563 Peritymhia (Phylloxera) vitifoliiper- vastatrico, notes 847 Peronoplasmopara cuheiisis, notes. Mass 342 Pcronospora — n.spp., notes 442 parasitica on Arabis Iwcigota-- 54 schachtii, notes 544 trifoliorum, notes 543 I'iciw, treatment 545 Peronosporacese, notes 544 Peronosporales, North American, studies 442 Peroxidase — in alfalfa 411 In mammary gland 412 reactions of milk 412 Parsimmons — acidity HO culture .ind use 744 INDEX or SUBJECTS. 983 Persimmons — Continued. Page, culture in soutliern Texas, U.S. D.A 539 seedless fruits of 142 stocks for, U.S.D.A 337 Pe8talo::zia — Junerea, morphology and life history 346 sp. on grapes, Mo. Fruit 751 Petalidium spp., analyses and di- gestibility 167 Petermann's solution, preparation — 116 Petroleum oils, effect on corn 729 re::ixa cali/cina, studies 844 PhwoplUon spinosum, analyses and digestibility 1G7 Phagocytosis, principles of 7S Plialaiis bulbosa, culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729 Phanurus flavus n.sp., description — 454 Pharmaceutical chemistry, review of literature 678 Pharmacognostic tables, boolc 79 Pharmacopoeia of United States 875 Pheasants — hybridization 869 transmission of secondary sex characters in 264 Phenol — as a milk preservative 576 sterilization of soils by 816 Phleiotomtis — minutus ajricanus, relation to oriental sore 780 minutus, flagellate infection of_ 60 papatasii, relation to " three days fever " fiO verrucarum, relation to ver- ruga 248. .350 PhoBJiix canariensis, culture in Ari- zona, U.S.D.A 23.", Phoma — cookei rectispora n.var., descrip- tion 149 rostrata n.sp., description 842 Phorocera claripennis, parasitic on alfalfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A 58 Phorodon humuli. (See Hop aphis.) Phosphate — Bernard, fertilizing, value 323 calcined, analyses. Mass 32 deposits in Chile 723 deposits in Montana 323 deposits In northern Utah 217 deposits in Tennessee 723 for spinach, Va. Truck 540 of lime. {See Calcium phos- phate.) rock, aissolved. (8ee Super- phosphate.) rock, fertilizing value, N.J 518 rock, production and consump- tion in 1913 126,425 rock, production in United States 424 rock, raw, fertilizing value 325 rock, raw, fertilizing value, Ind_ 629 Phosphates — Page. comparison 323, 325 comparison, Hawaii 721 comparison, N.J 518 determination in soil extracts — 805 effect on nodule production in soy heans 727 fertilizing value 723 for forest nurseries 47 residual effects 331 sources 723 use on red soils 723 (See also Superphosphate.) I'hosphatic — slag, fertilizing value__ 323, 630, 831 slag, fertilizing value, N.J 518 slag, production and use in 1913 425 slag, solubility 116 Phosphomolyhdic acid as a reagent for saffron 207 Phosphoproteins, loss from grass dur- ing curing 111 Phosphoric acid — availability in fertilizers. Wash- 409 citric soluble, determination in Thomas slag powder 611 citric soluble, production and fertilizing value, U.S.D.A___ 218 determination 115,294,409 determination in haked goods, etc 206 determination in beer 297 determination in fertilizers 203 loss from manure 818 organic, of rice, U.S.D.A 712 organic, of wheat bran, N.Y. State 17 Phosphorus — compounds in animal metabo- lism, Ohio , 601,858 deficiency, effect on bones 561 determination in fertilizers and feeding stuffs 805 distribution in striated muscle — 561 in casein, N.Y. State 606 in growing pigs as affected by protein consumption, HI 72 inorganic, determination 299 Photosynthesis — and low temperatures, review of literature 640 in submerged land plants 329 Phototheodolite for forest measure- ments 340 Pliyllonorycter (LithocoUctes) cratce- gella, notes, Oreg 651 Pliyllosiicta — brassicicola n.comb., description- 545 sp. on citrus, Fla 345 spp., notes 749 Phyllotreta sinuata, notes 556 I'hylloxera galls on pecans. La 553 Phylloxera — quercus, life history and habits- 57 vastatrix. {See Grape-phyllox- era.) vitifolii pervastatrix, notes 847 984 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rhysiolofry — Page. bibliography 860 index catalogue 166, 5(jTi writings of J. von Liebig 109 rhynoderma scw-maydis on corn, S.C_ 543 I'hytin, studies 16 I'hijtomyza chrysantheml, studies. Mass 451 I'hyionomus posticuH, notes, Wash — 150 Phytophthora — arecw on potatoes 34:! erythroseptica, notes 2;'0 faberi, notes 345 faberi, relation to cacao canker- 548 tnfestans. (See Potato late blight.) Phytophthora, studies 442 Phytosterol — detection in animal and vegeta- ble fats 208 in plant fats 206 Picker dirt, analyses, Mass 32 Pickles, recipes 560 Pickling, treatise 253 Picrasma excelsa as an insecticide, IT.S.D.A 649 I'ig — disease, new, in Ireland 783 diseases, notes, Md 782 diseases, treatise 83, 277, 378 houses, movable, description, Iowa 284 Industry in Canada 867 industry in Maryland, Md 771 Pigeon — grass, analyses, N.Dak 169 peas, culture experiments 227 Pigeons — determination of age • 470 serum proteins of 861 treatise 265 Pigmentation — in animals, studies 360 in mammals and birds 766 Pigments — flower, of Aniirrhinum majus 202, 203, 220 formation in plants 523, 52V hair, physiological character 361 of Fusarium 428 plant and animal, bibliography. Mo 18 plant, formation 824 red, of tomatoes 203 Pigs — as affected by feeding stuffs 305 breeding, N.J 569 breeding experiments 466 breeds and types, Md 771 care and management 868 care and management ivid 771 care and managemak 528, 529, 530 culture experiments, Oreg 132 culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A 533 culture in east Siberia 138 feed, analyses, Ky 667 flour, baking tests 252 Fusarium disease, treatment 842 grades of 138 grass, culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A 534 grass, English, digestibility 168 grass, growth on volcanic ash. Alaska 36 grass, irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 224 grass, Italian, digestibility 168 grass seed industry in New Zea- land 335 grass, western, breeding experi- ments, Can 532 grass, western, culture experi- ments. Can 431 grass, western, culture experi- ments, N.Dak 529 grass, western, seeding experi- ments. Can 531 growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 36 meal, analyses, Mass 259 middlings, analyses, Ind 169 middlings, analyses, N.J 667 production in Bohemia 827 products, analyses 568 root system 634 stem rust, treatment 843 straw, bending and breaking tests 830 varieties. Can 431 varieties, N.Dak 528 varieties, U.S.D.A 224, 334 water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 Saccharin, use, N.Dak 456 Saccharose, inversion by aspara- ginic acid 711 Sacks as carriers of swine fever 881 994 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rage. Saffron, adulterated, detection __ 207 Sage, mountain, water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 Sagrotan as a disinfectant 80 Sailors, diet of 358 Sainfoin, nodule bacteria of 33 Saissetia — nigra. (Sec Black scale.) olcw. (Sec Black scale.) Sal, ecology of 144 Salads, sandwiches, and chafing- dish dainties 560 Salicylic acid, detection in cheese 313 Salsola apliylla, analyses and digesti- bility 167 Salt- bacteriological analyses 209 determination in foods and feeds 22, 413 determination in soils 806 effect on availability of soil pot- ash, N.H 120 effect on flavor of cheese, Conn. Storrs 176 effect on plants 223 effect ou sprouting of potatoes- S29 fertilizing value 324 sterilization of soils by 810 Saltbushes as cover crops, Hawaii — 729 Salton Sea, studies 429 Saltpeter, Chile. (See Sodium ni- trate.) Salts- alkali, effect on bacteria 320 antagonism 35, 223, 320, 728 condition of in milk, N.Y.State_ 007 effect on respiratory metabolism- SCO flocculation of turbid liquids by- 121 metallic, effect on lupine rad- icles 128 Salvarsan, use against dog distem- per 84 San Jose scale — notes, Can 448 notes, U.S.D.A 850 notes, Wash 850 parasites of 245, 449 remedies 754 Sand- application to grass lands 630 dunes, spits, and wastes, treat- ise 30 flies, flagellate infection of 59 for concrete, specifications 484 spurry, growth ou volcanic ash, Alaska 36 Sandwiches, salads, and chafing-dish dainties 560 Sandy River basin, Greg., hydrology- 382 Sanguisorta miner, culture in Ha- waii, Hawaii 730 Sanitation — in canning factories 64 treatise 659 Sanitinoidea exitiosa. (See Peach borer. ) Page. Santonin, determination in Levant wormseed 300 Sap — descent, studies 523 poisoning as a remedy for San .lose scale 754 poisoning as a remedy for tree scale 152 studies. Mo 139 Saponin, use, N.Dak 456 Saponins — detection 20 poisonous and nonpoisonous, differentiation 20 Sarcocystia — itiuris, biology 353 n.spp., descriptions 353 Sarcuphaga kellyi n.sp., description, U.S.D..^ 60 Sarcophagida?, parasitic, review of literature, U.S.D..^ 60 Sarcopnylla galUnucea, notes, Ha- waii 757 Sarcosporidiosis, relation to scrapie in sheep 276 Saturniidse, monograph 850 Sausage — bacteria of 252 viscose as a casing for 660 Scale — insect eggs, action of cyanid gas on, Cal 245 insects, notes, Can 448 insects, notes, N.J 550 insects, preparation for micro- scopical study 57 San Jose. (See San Jose scale.) Scallops, examination. Me 854 Sclii~oneura lanigera. (See Apple aphis, woolly.) Schmidtia spp., analyses and di- gestibility 167 School — children, feeding 358 children, medical inspection and nutrition of 458 children, nutritional index for 256 dietitian, training 458 districts, rural, social surveys of, Wis 289 exhibits, preparation, U.S.D.A 596 exhibits, suggestions for 597 farms, laying out and planting- 692 gardens, bibliography 839 gardens, financial gains from 692 gardens in Canada-, 896 gardens in Nova Scotia and Quebec 794 gardens in Ontario 692 gardens in Portland, Oreg 492, 899 gardens, Indian, in eastern Oklahoma 899 gardens, notes 289, 492, 495, 693 gardens, planning, U.S.D.A 596 gardens, suggestions to teach- ers 493 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 995 School — Contiuued. Page. hygiene, papers on 457 lunches in Vienna 857 lunches, notes 358, 458, 692 restaurants, notes 457 Schools — agricultural. {See Agricultural schools.) country, relation to the home and farm 49:2 elementary, agriculture in 290, 596, 795 extension, for teachers 492 farm life, in North Carolina 895 folk high, in Denmark 492, 493 high, agricultural extension work in 490 high, agriculture in 492,595,600 high, homo economics in 494 high, lunches in 458 home economics instruction in 495 Knapp Agricultural Day pro- gram for 496 negro rural, practical training in 289 normal, training of rural teach- ers in 690 public, agriculture in 392, 493, 596, 897 public, agriculture in, U.S.D.A- 590 public, home economics in 897 public, industrial training in 595 public, nature study in 403 rural, agriculture in 601, 807 rural, betterment 689 rural, bibliography 389 rtiral high, possibilities 689 rural, home economics in 807 rural, hygiene of 190 rural, improvement 70;J rural, in Denmark 794 rural, in Ontario 898 rural. In Wisconsin 691 rural, lunches for 692 rural, soil study in 494 rural, treatise 391 secondary, agriculture in 897 use of land in connection with agricultural teaching 806 vocational, in Massachusetts 288 Science courses, elementary 600 Sciopithes obscurus, notes, Oreg 651 Sclerotinia — cinerea, apothecial stage, Can__ 49 friictigena, notes, N.Y.Cornell 241 fructigena, treatment 148 libertiana on sweet peas, Del 446 sclerotiorum, treatment 239 trifoliorum, notes 543 Sole rot ium — iatatlcola, description 51 rolfsii, studies, Ala.College 546 ScolothHps sexmaculatus, parasitic on red spider, Oreg 157 Scolytold beetles — monograph, U.S.D.A 658 studies , 758 studies, U.S.D.A 758 Scolytoidoa — Page. monograph 758 studies and bibliograpliy, U.S. D.A 658 Scolytus — quadrimpinoHUS, notes, N.J 550 riujuloHus. (See Shot- hole borer.) Scopclosdina tristigmala, notes, Can_ 556 Score cards — for creameries and cheese fac- tories. Wis 889 for fruits. Wash 141 Scrapie in sheep, investigations 276 Screenings — analyses, N.Dak 160 for sheep 770 use in mixed feeds 770 Scgmnus spp. parasitic on red spider, Greg 157 Seaweed — for packing birds 672 mucilage, use against fruit pests 56 Secale montanum, relation to culti- vated rye 131 Seed- control station at Rostock 833 control station at Zurich 833 law in Maryland, Md 740 law in Vermont, Vt 741 law in Wisconsin, Wis 635 Seedlings, forest. (See Forest seed- lings.) Seeds — analyses, N.J 534 biological method of identifi- cation 42 determination of life duration 221 factors affecting oil content, U.S.D.A 427 fumigating, U.S.D.A 650 germinating, enzymatic pepto- lysis in 130 germination as affected hy car- bon dioxid 328 germination as affected by color- 144 germination as affected by salt_ 223 germination as affected by vola- tile conifer products 618 germination studies 329 graminaceous, rust in 642 hydrolytic changes in 626 imports, U.S.D.A 628 injuries by disinfectants, U.S.D.A 647 inspection in Maine, Me 833 inspection in Michigan 635 inspection In Minnesota, Minn 635 inspection in Montana, Mont 740 inspection in New Hampshire, N.H 635 Inspection in New York, N.Y. State 741 inspection In Saxony. 6S9 inspection in Vermont, Vt 741 longevUy 634 methods of analysis. N.Y.State. 741 996 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Seeds — Continued. Page, purity and germination tests, Iowa 231 storing in glass bottles and other containers 833 weed, school lessons on 898 Seepage from canals, U.S.D.A 380 Seismology, bibliography, U.S.D.A 810 I'ieius pomi, parasitic on red spider, Greg 157 Separators. (-S'ee Cream' separators.) Septic tanks for creamery sewage, Wis 889 Septicemia — hemorrhagic, iu cattle, treat- ment 82 hemorrhagic, structure of ba- cillus 82 pluriformis ovium, immuniza- tion 184 Septoria — hataUcola n.sp., description 51 h/copersici, description and treatment, Md 147 petroselini apH, notes 239, 544, 545 pisi, notes 544 sp. on cereals 843 Berancjium (jiffardi n.sp., description- 453 Serological investigations, error in__ 178 Serology, index catalogue 578 Serpentine, fertilizing value 622 Serradella — fertilizer experiments 842 fertilizing value 216 nodule bacteria of 33 Serum — anaphylaxis in bovines 178 of domestic animals, refraction coefficient 778 proteins of different animals, composition 861 sensitization, relation to anti- toxin dosage 372 Serums — antitoxic and bactericidal, notes_ 78 diagnostic, inspection in Oregon. 778 infusion apparatus for adminis- tering 272 intraspinal injections of 876 preparation and sale in United States 875 protective and curative, valua- tion 78 Sesame — cake, acidity 259 meal, bacterial flora of 75 Sesamum indicuvi, culture experi- ments 227 Setaria — italica, culture experiments 227 rerticillata, analyses and digest- ibility 167 Sewage — disposal, biology 552 disposal fov country homes 87 disposal iu unsewered districts^. 387 Sewage — Continued. Page. disposal plant for Torrance, California 88 disposal plants, residential, de- sign 890 disposal, relation to mosquitoes- 554 fly, biology 552 oxidation witliout filters 387 purification and disposal 88 purification and utilization 87 sludge, analyses 88 sludge as a fertilizer 88 Sewing, school lessons on 394, 598 Sex evolution in plants, treatise 725 Shallu, culture experiments, Ariz 526 Sheep — as affected by summer shearing. 260 breeding experiments, Tex 261 breeds of central Pyrenees 866 caracul, in Argentina 261 caracul, origin 365 Corriedale, in United States 866 digestion experiments 167, 168 digestion experiments, Mass 68, 667 digestion experiments, Tex 709 digestion experiments, Wyo 770 dipping, shower-bath system 888 feeding experiments 166, 258, 259, 363, 667 feeding experiments, Can 463 feeding, experiments, Mo 669 feeding experiments, Oreg 863 feeding experiments, Wyo 468 fish for 862 grape marc for 567 grazing on .Johnson grass in- fested diicbos. Ariz 568 hemolymph nodes of 82 in Belgium, importation and ex- portation 668 Industry in Australasia 261 industry in Canada 771 Industry in Tennessee, Tenn 670 inheritance of wool characters in 99, 399 killing dogs, U.S.D.A 866 louse, biting, notes 377 maggot flies, description 757 manure, analyses, Conn.State 519 manure and wool waste, anal- yses, Mass 32 new born, weights 862 pasturing experiments 567 plague, immunization 184 raising on southern farms, U.S. D.A 568 scab in England 271 screenings for 770 tick, eradication, Wyo 757 tick-infested, dipping, Ohio — 796 tick, notes 377 treatise 365 Shellfish- examination. Me ... — - 854 industry in New Jersey 357^ Shingle industry in Canada 841 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 997 Shlpstuflf — Page. analyses 862 analyses, Ky 667 Shoat typhoid, relation to hog cholera 83, 378, 881 Shoddy- dirt, analyses, Mass 3U fertilizing value 325 Shorea roiusta, ecology of 144 Shorts — analyses 862 analyses, Can 465 analyses, Ky 667 Shot-hole borer affecting tea 852 Shoyu, preparation 560 Shredded wheat, analyses, N.J 667 Shrew, short-tailed, feeding habits 54 Shrubs — Chinese ornamental, notes 440 culture experiments, N.Dak 542 culture in western Nebraska, U.S.D.A 234 hardy, of the British Isles, treatise 337 of Southern Circle of Central Provinces 144 ornamental, culture experi- ments. Can 437 Sibinia peruana n.sp., description, U.S.D.A 658 Silage — analyses. Can 465 analyses, N.Dak 169 bacteriological studies 363 cost of production. Can 530 cost of production, N.J 527 digestibility, Ga 668 effect on concrete 590 for horses and mules. Mo 670 for sheep, N.H 201 formation, chemical changes in, Iowa 710 from dry shock corn. Mo 666 from pit silos, analyses, S.Dak. 790 inoculating with lactic acid bac- teria 364, 767 making and feeding, Colo 168 manual 567 methyl alcohol in 410 notes, Ga 666 spoiling in metal silos, Okla 285 V. cotton-seed hulls for beef cattle 200 V. cotton-seed hulls for steers, Miss 568 Silica, r51e in nutrition of cereals 121 Silicates v. carbonates as sources of lime and magnesia for plants 622 Silkworm — experiments with 399 flacherie and polyhedral disease of 851 muscardine, notes 63 Silkworms, African, agricultural im- portance 847 Silos — Page. and silage, notes 590 asphyxiation in 678 concrete, construction, Colo 190 construction 80 construction, Ga 687 gas from, analyses ., 679 notes, Ala. College 86 notes, Colo 189 notes, Okla 285 pit, construction, Colo 190 pit, construction and use, S.Dak_ 790 power for filling 590 sheep-feeding capacity. Mo 670 vitrified tile, construction, N.J_ 590 wooden hoop, construction, W.Va 888 Silt problem in irrigation 882 SUvanus — surinatnensis, notes, Greg 651 S'urtnamensis, remedies, Cal 245 Simocephalns spp., heredity in 448 Siniplemphytus paciflcus, notes, Oreg_ 651 SimuUum spp., life history 82 Sirups for soda fountains, storage and care 356 Sitka spruce beetle, notes. Can 552 Bitona humeralis, morphology and biology 453 Sitones hispiduhts — affecting alfalfa, U.S.D.A 851 notes, Mich 650 Skim milk — and tankage for pigs, Oreg 862 digestibility 768 for pigs 170 for pigs, Can 464 heated v. unheated, for pigs 569 sour, for chicks, N.J 570 specific heat, Iowa 715 Slag. (See Phosphatic slag.) Slaughterhouses — butchers' goods manufactories for 457 inspection, N.Dak 162 inspection in New Jersey 357 inspection in Virginia 661 Slavs on southern farms 489 Slingerland, M. V., writings of, N.Y, Cornell 56 Slugs, remedies 246 Smartweed, analyses, N.Dak 169 Smelter wastes, fertilizing value 199 Smoke — acids in rain water 422 injury to plants 524, 729 problem, meteorological aspect 117 Smynfhurus sp. injurious to truck crops 353 Snake River basin, hydrography 279 Snohomish River basin, hydrography- 588 Snow — fertilizing value. Can 419 nitrogen content 120, 615, 616 998 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Snowfall— Pag*', in eastern United States, U.S. D.A 25 in 191.V14, U.S.D.A 810 Soap bark, use, N.Dais 45tj Society for the Promotion of Agri- cultural Science 8,95 Soda — fountain equipment, care and cleaning 350 replacement of potash by as a fertilizer for sugar beets 2'iO, 324 water, hygienic notes 356 Sodium — acetate for ruminants G67 arsenite, use against weeds, Ha- waii 730,741 arsenite, use against weeds, N.Dak ^— : 13S benzoate, effect on the animal organism 164 carbonate, effect on availability of soil potiiSh, N.H 126 chlorid. {See Salt.) cyanid as a soil fumlgant 246 cyanid, industrial synthesis 116 fluorid as a milk preservative — 576 fluorid, effect on animal body — 80 fluorid, sterilization of soils by_ 816 nitrate as a top-dressing for beets - 323 nitrate, availability as affected by composition of soil, N.J 516 nitrate, effect on availability of soil potash, N.H 126 nitrate, effect of long-continued use 121 nitrate, fertilizing value 323, 336, 630, 831, 832 nitrate, fertilizing value, Can — 532 nitrate, fertilizing value, N.J 516 nitrate for corn, Ala.CoUege 732 nitrate, production and use 425, 516,517 nitrate, time of application, Tenn 132 phosphate, fertilizing value, N.J_ 518 salts as wood preservatives, U.S.D.A 841 salts, effect on plants, N.J 538 silicate as an egg preservative, Minn 870 Soft drink bottlers, sanitary code for_ 561 Soil- acidity, determination 30, 610 acidity, investigations, Mich 29 acidity, neutralizing 812 acidity, studies, Iowa 212 bacteria and fungi, ammonifying power 29 bacteria and soil productiveness, relation 124 bacteria as affected by alkali salts 320 bacteria as affected by barnyard manure, Iowa 216 bacteria as affected by calcium- .">•" Soil — Continued. Page, bacteria as affected by protozoa. 321 bacteria as affected by volatile conifer products 618 bacteria, counting, culture media for, N.Y.Stato 625 bacteria, relation to humus. Miss 721 carbonates, decomposition, U.S. D.A 123 chemistry, status 718 colloids, studies 813 concretions due to manganese or lime 215 constituents and ammonium salts, interaction 121 erosion in the South, U.S.D.A 811 erosion, injurious effects 30 erosion, prevention 884 erosion, prevention, Miss 514 fertility, accumulation 121 fertility as affected by glacia- tion .317 fertility, factors in 30 fertility, maintenance 725 fertility, maintenance, Ohio 31 flora as affected by arsenic com- pounds 720 fungi, ammonifying efficiency, N.J 817 grains, properties 617 leachings, equipment for investi- gation, Tenn 719 moisture, conservation 30 moisture, conservation, U.S.D.A- 525 moisture, determination 216, 719 moisture, effect on fertilizers 813 moisture, effect on fertilizers, N.Y.Cornell 814 moisture, effect on wheat, N.Y. Cornell 814 moisture, relation to plant growth 813 moisture, relation to plant suc- cession 128 nitrogen, meteorological and bio- logical factors affecting 718 organisms, destruction of paraf- fin by 523 organisms, factors affecting growth 222 organisms, nitrogen-fixing power. 29 particles, distribution 511 permeability, relation to irriga- tion 586 protozoa, studies 320, 619 solution, method of obtaining 29 survey in Florida, Pinellas Co., U.S.D.A 26 survey in Georgia, Habersham Co., U.S.D.A 513 survey in Georgia, Jeff Davis Co., r.S.D..A 317 survey in Georgia, Jones Co., U.S.D.A 513 survey in Georgia, Talbot Co., U.S.D.A 513 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 999 Soil — Continued. Page, survey in Illinois, McDonough Co., Ill 26 survey in Iowa, Bremer Co., U.S.D.A 317 survey In Kansas, Shawnee Co., Kans 121 survey in Minnesota, Goodhue Co., U.S.D.A 616 survey in Missouri, Ralls Co., U.S.D.A 21!! survey in Nebraska, Cass Co., U.S.D.A 214 survey in New York, Orange Co., N.Y.Cornell Sli; survey in North Carolina, For- syth Co., U.S.D.A 214 survey in South Carolina, Bam- berg Co., U.S.D.A 28 survey in South Carolina, Orangeburg Co., U.S.D.A 616 survey in South Carolina, Union Co., U.S.D.A 214 survey in Texas, Washington Co., U.S.D.A 617 survey in Virginia, Henrico Co., U.S.D.A 214 survey in West Virginia, Boone Co., U.S.D.A 617 surveys, paper on 121 Soils — absorption and solution phe- nomena in 421 acid, in Assam 812 acid, nitrification in 121 acid, of Japan, colloidal prop- erties 318 alkali, methods of analysis 296 alkali, reclamation, U.S.D.A 36 analyses, Kans 122 analyses, paper on 121 analyses, value of. Mass 321 analysis by means of the plant_ 121 as affected by arsenic, Hawaii- _ 730 as affected by calcium 33 as affected by caustic lime and chalk 399 as affected by fertilizers 31 as affected by fertilizers, Hawaii- 721 as affected by heating, Hawaii- 721 as affected by smoke 422 bacterial toxins in 399 bacteriology of, Iowa 216 blasting 85 blow, control, Wash 793 chemistry of 618 classification 200, 618 clay, as affected by hydroxyl ions- 31 8 Clyde series, U.S.D.A 316 coconut, of Malay States, analy- ses 420 colloids in 318 cultivated, niter spots in, Utah- 29 denitriflcation in 618 determination of critical mois- ture content 719 Soils — Continued. I'age. determination of lime require- ment, Mich 30 dried, increased nitrate content- 817 effect on sal seedlings 144 evaporation in 815 fertilizer requirements, determi- nation 620 fixation of fertilizers by, Ha- waii 721 frozen, bacteria of, N.Y. State— 33 fumigation 246 fumigation with cjanid gas, Cal 245 grain-producing power 827 granitic, of New Hampshire, N.H 126 greenhouse, temperature and moisture studies, N.J 535 gumbo, analyses, Iowa 212 inoculation 320, 399 inoculation experiments, Oreg 818 judging. Mass 321 lime requirements :i96, 311, 609, 610 loess, of southwestern Indiana- 718 loess, of southwestern Ohio, Ohio 122 mapping 26 marsh, improvement, V>'is 31 mechanical analyses 120 mechanical analysis, shaker for- 611 methods of analysis 295, 311 Miami series, U.S.D.A 317 moor, blasting experiments 589 moor, improvement 719 muck, of Florida, analyses 811 muck, utilization, Mich 213 niter spots in, origin 199 nitrifying power as an index to fertility 96 nitrogen metabolism of 514 nitrogenous compounds of, Ha- waii 721 of Florida, iron content 319 of Georgia, geography 811 of glacial drift sheets, composi- tion, Minn 812 of Great Interior Valley of Cal- ifornia 28 of Hauraki Plains, analyses 420 of Hawaii, nitrogen transforma- tion in, Hawaii 719 of Hood River Valley, analyses, Oreg 812 of Iowa, analyses and fertility, Iowa 211 of Java, fertilizer needs 217 of Kansas, analyses, Kans 26 of Madagascar and West Africa. 512 of Massachusetts and Connecti- cut, U.S.D.A 835 of Netherlands 215 of New York 28 of Oregon, studies 420 of Pennsylvania. I'a 616 of Scania, Sweden, nitrogen content 123 1000 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Soils — Continued. Page, of semiarid region, manage- ment 215 of South Russia, humus content- 718 of Tularosa basin, New Mexico- 785 outline for study 494 peat, analyses, Iowa 212 plasticity 617 red, analyses 723 red, colloidal properties 318 rubber, of Malay States, analy- ses 420 sandy and clayey, oat sickness in 442 sandy, improvement, Oreg 124 Sassafras series, U.S.D.A 512 school lessons on 596, 795 sterilization 321, 423 sterilization, Ohio 620 sterilization by antiseptics 816 sterilization by lime 32 virgin and cultivated, bacterial activity 216 volcanic, petrography 419 Solangustin, isolation and proper- ties 309 Solarium — angustifolium, constitutents of_ 309 darivtnianum, notes 726 incanum, analyses and digesti- bility 167 Uiberosum, endophytic endoder- mal fungus in 643 Solar— halos, notes, U.S.D.A 25 radiation intensities and air temperature, relation, U.S. D.A 24 radiation intensities at Mt. Weather, U.S.D.A 614 radiation intensities at Wash- ington, U.S.D.A 810 Soldier bug, green, injurious to peaches 247 Solids, determination in wine 715 Soot deposit in Indianapolis 254 Sore — head in chickens, Mich 677 throat, relation to infected milk- 269 Sorghum — culture, Tenn 132 culture, Tex 226 culture experiments, Ariz 526 culture experiments, Oreg 132 culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A- 533 culture in Guam, Guam 731 grain, culture and use, Okla 335 grain, varieties, U.S.D.A- 226, 332, 334 smut, notes 240 sweet, of India, analyses 136 varieties, Hawaii 729 water requirement, Okla 335 water requirement, U.S.D.A 127, 226 Soursop as a stock for cherimoya and atemoya 14.i South Carolina Station — Page. notes 600 report 598 South Dakota Station, notes 199 Soy bean — food products, preparation 560 meal v. cotton-seed meal for cows, N.J 578 Soy beans — analyses. Conn. State 633 and alfalfa hay for milk pro- duction, Ohio 265 as a cover crop. Mass 332 as a green feed for chickens, N.J 570 commercial products from 854 composition and food value 64 cost of production, N.J 527 culture, Tenn 132 culture, Wyo 431 culture and use. Conn. State 633 culture experiments 227 culture experiments, Oreg 132 culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A- 533 fertilizing value, Ind 629 formation of oil in, U.S.D.A 427 growth as affected by sulphur, Ky 724 microscopical anatomy 112 nodule bacteria of 33, 727 nodule bacteria of, Ky 327 radium fertilizer for. 111 821 urease of 803 varieties 830 varieties, Conn. State 633 varieties, Miss 527 varieties, Oreg 827 varieties, Tex 226 water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 Spelt- culture experiments, Ariz 526 varieties, Can 431 Spermophayus piurw n.sp., descrip- tion, U.S.D.A 658 Sphacelotheca noryhl, notes 146, 240 Spharella nigcrristigma n.sp., de- scription 844 Sphwronema fimhriatum, notes 343 Sphwropsis malorum, studies. Mo. Fruit 750 Sphwrothecu — mors-uvw, life history 547 pannuf;a, notes 749 Sphingidte, phylogeny 850 Spices — adulteration 161 methods of analysis 109 Spider, red — geographical distribution 63 notes 251 notes, U.S.D.A 56 remedies, N.J 536 studies and bibliography, Oreg_ 156 Spinach — as affected by radio-active sub- stances 34 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1001 Page. 635 540 147 635 279 378 570 353 502 142 Spinach — Continued. culture experiments, N.Mex fertilizer experiments, Va.Truck_ fungus disease of varieties, N.Mex Spirochwta — galUnarum, transmission by mites suis, studies Spirochetes, filterability and biol- ogy ispiroptcra n.sp., relation to cancer in rats Spleen, influence in nutrition Spondias cytherew, asexual propa- gation Spondylocladium atrovirens — notet:- 50, 239, 443, 643 notes, N.J 547 Spongospora — scabies, notes 544 solani, notes 546 suMerranea, notes 239 Sporoholus spp., analyses and di- gestibility 167 Sporotrichoses of animals 271 Sporotrichuin globuliferuin, notes, Can 448 Spotted fever tick — eradication 853 notes. Can 448 Spraying — calendar, Conn. State 637 calendar. Wash 834 calendar, W.Va 834 calendar for orchards, Ohio 637 cooperation in, Ohio 637 mixtures, effect on insect eggs_ 449 mixtures, notes, N.Dak 633 mixtures, preparation. Conn. State 637 mixtures, spreading and ad- herent, notes 243 notes. Mo. Fruit 743, 744, 751 550 836 587 353 57 448 448 47 132 127 648 278 V. dusting. N.J p. dusting for apples, N.Y.Cor- nell Springs in California Springtails injurious to truck crops- Spruce — aphis, green, notes aphis, notes budvi'orm, notes. Can seedlings, fertilizer experiments- Squashes — culture experiments, Oreg water requirement, U.S.D.A Squirrels, ground, destruction, N.Dak St. John's wort, poisoning of horses by Stable fly- notes relation to anthrax and strep- tococci 552 Stable fly — Continued. Page, relation to swamp fever in horses, Wyo 754 Stables, arrangement 86 Stallion enrollment law in Indiana, Ind 771 Stallions — distribution. Wis 171 registration, Ind 771 Staphylococcus albus in udder of healthy cow3 872 Star-apples, cold storage of, Hawaii- 439 Starch — crude, determination in cocoa — 298 determination 109 determination in plants 807 determination in potatoes 114 identilicatu n 559 industry in Germany 23, 315 methods of analysis 505 microscopy of 715 sugar, treatise 109 use in canning corn IGl Starters, use in butter making 370 Statistical theory, notes 665 Statisticians, tables for 362 Steam power v. electricity for filling silos 590 Steapsin, properties 859 Steers — alfalfa silage for, Cal 769 composition at various stages of growth 99 digestion experiments, Ga 668 digestion experiments. 111 69 digestion experiments, N.Mex — 467 feeding experiments 768 feeding experiments, Cal 259, 769 feeding experiments. Can 462 feeding experiments, Kans 68 feeding experiments. Miss 568 feeding experiments, N.Mex 467 feeding experiments. Pa 864 stable V. open yard for. Can 462 Stenocranophilus quadratus n.g. and n.sp., description 851 Stenopogon picticornis, predaceous on alfalfa caterpillar, U.S.D.A— 58 IStephanoderus coffece, notes 847 Stephanutus dentatus — effect on pigs 479 notes, Ala. College 783 Stcreum hirsittU7H in black knot cankers 52 t^terigjnatocystis nigra, studies, Wis_ 844 Sterility — in bovines and equines 679 in cattle 82 ty selec- tion 14.3 Strangles in horses, immunization 882 Straw, winter and summer grown, composition and digestibility 665 Strawberries — as a host plant of red spider, Oreg 157 breeding experiments 338 l)reeding experiments, Can 438 breeding experiments, Minn 835 culture, Alaska 45 culture, Miss 541 culture. Mo. Fruit 751 culture under irrigation, Cal 141 hybridization experiments, Alaska 45 insects affecting, Can 556 sterility investigations. Minn 834 varieties, N.Dak 538 varieties in Oregon, Oreg 639 winterkilling, Minn 834 Strawberry — root weevil, notes, Can 448 root weevil, studies. Can 556 soils, management, Cal 141 spot, notes 544 Stream measurements — chemical method 685 formulas for 382, 685 Streptococci — growth and viability in milk and its products 174 transmission by stable fly 552 Streptococcic serum, method of ac- tion 179 Streptococcus lacticus, relation to acidity in milk and cream 872 Streptolysin, immunity to 179 Strontium — determination in water 297 salts, effect on nodule produc- tion in vetch 728 Stump pulling machine, description. 385 Stumps — blasting 85 burning 485 removal 589 Stylops, anatomy and life history 62 Sti/sanus stenionitis, notes . 50 Subsoiling with explosives 884 Sucrase — protein substances of 803 thermoregeneration of 803 Sucrose^ — Page. determination lu beets 110 determination in presence of lacto.se 414 Sud cake, analyses. Mass 32 Suoan grass — analy.ses and use, Okla 740 culture, S.C 598 culture, Tex 226 culture experiments, Ariz 526 culture experiments, Okla 739 culture in Arizona, U.S.D.A 226 culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A— 533 culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729 culture in southern Texas, U.S. D.A 332 Sugar — - added invert, detection in honey 298 apple as a stock for cherimoya_ 143 as a feeding stuff 862 assimilation by pigs 3 70 content of flaxseed and linseed cake 802 decomposition in the living cell_ 201 determination in plant material 113 effect on bacterial content of ice cream 660 factories, germicides for, La 717 food value 662 from millet 117 from sweet sorghums of India_ 136 industry in Mexico 231 injections, effect on heat regula- tion 859 invert, determination 22 methods of analysis 109 palm, culture and use 46 products, methods of analysis 109 reducing, in fresh beets 110 refined, action on Fehling's so- lution 22 r51e in nutrition 362 synthesis by radium emana- tions .328 use in bread making 761 utilization by green plants 823 Sugar beet — curly top, studies, Cal 238 leaf spot, description, U.S.D.A- 50 products, feeding value and pathological effects 99 pulp. (See Beet pulp.) seed, production, Utah 740 webworm, notes, Mont 153 Sugar beets — analyses, Can 431 analyses, N.Dak 435 as affected by spacing 41 culture experiments 136 culture experiments, Ariz 526 culture experiments, N.Dak 435 culture experiments, Oreg 132 culture experiments, U.S.D.A. 225, 430 culture, treatise 436 distance experiments 830 fertilizer experiments 136, 217, 230, 830 INDEX OF SUBJECTS, 1003 Sugar beets — Continued. Page, green manuring experiments- 217, 721 irrigation experiments, TJ.S.D.A. 37, 225 r. mangels for western Nebr., U.S.D..^ 224 varieties 37, 630 varieties, Can 431, .532 varieties, N.Uak 435, 528 water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 Sugar cane — • l)orer, notes, U.S.D.A 449 culture experiments 336 culture experiments, Ariz 526 culture for Bombay market 41 culture in India 131 culture in Mexico 231 determination of ripeness 41 disease in Brazil 238 diseases in Mauritius 442 diseases in St. Croix 643 fertilizer experiments 336, 436, 831 insects affecting 56, 449 insects, egg parasites of 348 Japanese, culture, Tex 226 •Japanese, culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 729 products, bacteriology, I^a 22 varieties 336, 436, 831 Sugarhouse apparatus, tests. La 282 Sulla, Spanish, as a forage crop 41 Sulphate of ammonia. (See Ammo- nium sulphate.) Sulphates — determination 714 effect on nodule production in soy beans 727 Sulphur — compounds of soils 718 dioxid, determination in dried fruits, Cal 206 dioxid, sterilization of soils by_ 816 effect on potato scab 750 fertilizing value, Ky 724 mixtures. (.See Lime-sulphur mixture.) powder for gooseberry mildew 645 production and use in 1913 425 relation to soil fertility, Ky 724 sterilization of soils by 816 use against potato scab, N.Y, Cornell 146 Sulphuric acid — determination 714 effect on sprouting of potatoes- 829 Sulphurous acid — in wine making, Cal 208 titration 116 Summers, classification, TJ.S.D.A 810 Sunflower — seed cake, acidity 259 seeds, formation of oil in, U.S.D.A 427 Sunflowers — glucosid in 713 pollination by bees 556 Sunflowers — Continued. Page. studies 831 water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 Superphosphate — effect on availability of soil potash, N.II 126 effect on composition of grasses. 665 fertilizing value *323, 831 fertilizing value, Ind 629 fertilizing value, N..T 518 for corn. Ala. College 732 in mixed fertilizers, N.J 527 manufacture, U.S.D..\ 323 of ammonia, use on calcareous soils 622 use on red soils 723 Surface caterpillar, notes 58 Surra in camels, treatment 83, 184, 581 Surveying, farm, notes 885 Swamp — fever in hor.ses, transmission, Wyo 754 lands. (See Lands, swamp.) Swede diseases, notes 544 Swedes — for horses. Can 462 growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 36 varieties, N.Dak 528 Sweet clover — analyses, Iowa 171 as a cover crop. Mass 332 culture, Kans 831 culture, Tenn 132 culture, W.Va 831 culture, Wyo 431 culture and use, Mich 231 culture experiments, Orcg 132 culture experiments, S.Dak 533 water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 Sweet corn, heredity of waxy endo- sperm in 134 Sweet pea diseases, studies, Del 446 Sweet peas, treatise 339 Sweet potato — diseases in Indiana 343 diseases, new or little known 51 growers' association in North Carolina 489 haulms, analyses and digesti- bility 259 stem rot, investigations 844 stem rot, notes 50 Sweet potatoes — analyses 41 as effected by chemicals, N.J 538 changes in during storage, U.S. D.A 633 culture and storage. Miss 527 culture In cotton belt, U.S.D.A- 740 fertilizer experiments 217 manual 41 varieties 227 Swine — fever, studies 881 pox in young pigs 379 (See also Pigs.) 1004 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Symbiosis, bacterial, in Rubiacese 327 Syrobombycina, origin 850 Eympheria mnemonics n.sp., de- scription 852 Bymphytum asperrimum, culture and composition 631 Synanth'edon pictipes, life history — 349 Synchitrimn eridobioticum, notes 342 Syneta alhida, notes, Oreg 651 Syssphingina, origin 850 Tabanidas of British Columbia 551 Tachinida; of Quebec 757 Tseniasis, human, relation to measles of domestic animals 271 Twniothrips pyri, life history and habits, U.S.D.A 850 Taka-koji, preparation and use 710 Tallows, plant, of East Indies 201 Tamarix usneoides, analyses and di- gestibility 107 Tanagers, development of stomach in_ 206 Tankage — analyses. Can 465 analyses, Ind 169 analyses, Ky 667 analyses, N.Dak 169 Tannery waste — analyses and use 424 disposal 790 Tannic acid, relation to dry rot re- sistance to oak wood 150 Tannin — determination in cider 207 methods of analysis 314 Tanning materials, methods of anal- ysis 314 Tapeworms, proteocephalid, mono- graph 853 Tapinostola musculosu, notes 847 Tar, pathological action on plants — 826 Tarchonanthus camphonitus, anal- yses and digestibility 107 Tax-nished plant bug, notes 849 Tarsonemus spirifer, notes 853 Tartaric acid, determination in wine and grape juice 297 Tea — analyses 856 culture in India 131 diseases in India 346 diseases, notes 340 examination 64 fermenting, micro-organisms in_ 111 fertilizer experiments 46 insects affecting 340 mites, notes 557 pruning 236 Teachers — agricultural education for 897 preparation for nature study and civic biology- 898 rural, training in normal schools 690 training and certification in In- diana 595 training for rural schools 794 Page. Technology, chemical, of textile fibers 308 Teff grass, culture in Hawaii, Ha- waii : 730 Teff hay, analyses. Can 465 Telegony in fowls 263 Telegraphy, wireless, use in meteor- ology 117 Telenomua n.spp., descriptions 348 Telephone companies, cooperative, in Minnesota, Minn 688 Temperature — as affected by smoke 117 body, in man after muscular work 664 diurnal changes in, U.S.D.A 810 effect on Glomerella 749 effect on growth of corn seed- lings, U.S.D.A 334 effect on longevity of insects, Cal 244 effect on metabolism in animals. 765 effect on the organism 765 high, use against cereal insects- 246 low, effect on anthrax bacillus 81 low, effect on plant tissue, Mo 42 minimum, prediction, Ohio 811 records, Guam 717 Tenant and landlord, contract be- tween 390 Tendipes plumosus, notes 554 Tennessee — Station, notes 398, 600 University, notes 398, 600 Tension, effect on root structure 825 Tent caterpillar — in California 152 notes 551 notes. Can 448 remedies. Can 540 remedies, Oreg 847 Teosinte — culture, Tex 226 water requirement, U.S.D.x^ 127 Tepary bean, culture, Tex 226 Tephrosia purpurea, analyses and di- gestibility 167 Termites in eastern United States, U.S.D.A 755 Terraces, construction. Miss 514 Terracing, notes, U.S.D.A 597 Terrestrial rotation, effect on atmos- phere and ocean, U.S.D.A 614 Tetanus — immunization 274 treatment 476 Tetracarbonimid, studies, U.S.D.A 215 Tetragonolohus purpureus, nodule bacteria of 33 Tetrany chits — spp., notes 557 spp., synonymy, Greg 156 telarius, distribution 63 lelarius, studies and bibliog- raphy, Oreg 156 Tetropiiim gairicli crausJiaylj notes- 155 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1005 Texas — fever, disease resembling, Gnani- (Sce also Plroplasmosis, bovine.) fever ticks. {See Cattle ticks.) Station and substations, appro- priations asked for Page. 781 r90 Station, notes 498,690 291 Station, report Textile fibers — chemical technology of, treatise. from Epilobiiim un(/iistifolium- Textiles, notes Therapeutics — for veterinarians, text-book review of literature Thermal regions of the globe, U.S.D.A Thermodynamics of the atmosphere, U.S.D.A Thermotropism of roots Thielavia basicola — relation to sweet pea streak disease, Del treatment Thiocarbamid, nitrification rate Thistle — butterfly, notes, Oreg Russian, eradication, Mont Russian, water requirement, U.S.D.A Thomas slag. (Sec Fhosphatic slag.) Threshing — machine fires, cause machine fires, notes, Wash with electricity Thricolepis inornata, notes, Oreg Thripoctenus riisseUi in England Thrlps — notes, Hawaii notes, U.S.D.A outbreak in orchards Thrips pisivora, notes Thrips t abaci. (See Onion thrips.) Thunder, notes, U.S.D.A Thunderstorms — effect on milk notes, U.S.D.A Thymol as a milk preservative Thyroid gland, effect on nitrogenous metabolism in sheep Tick — fever. ( See Texas fever, i fever, Rhodesian. (See African coast fever.) paralysis, notes paralysis, studies Ticks — eradication SI, 274 308 509 597 79 678 25 210 222 446 545 124 051 134 127 86 386 282 051 348 753 56 755 848 810 873 24 576 562 274 877 Tile- eradication, Ark salivary secretion (See also Cattle ticks.) clay and concrete, tests- clay and concrete, tests, concrete, tests 251 557 482 483 84 Tile — Continued. Page. drainage, cost, Ohio 481 drains, design and construction- 187 drain.s, tables for computing cost 85 '1 iUeiia tritici, nature and treat- ment 145 Timber — absorption of water by 48 beetles, notes. Can 552 dry rot, studies 845 of Africa and British Guiana.- 47 of British Guiana 144 rot, studies 845 (See also Lumber and Wood.) Timothy — analyses, Iowa 171 breeding experiments, Can 431, 532 cost of production, Minn 688 cost of production, N..I 527 culture experiments. Can 431 culture experiments, N.Dak 528, 529, 5.30 digestibility 168 fertilizer experiments. Can 431 germination studies, Iowa 231 growth on volcanic ash, Alaska- 36 hay, amylolytic activity 503 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A- 224 liming experiments, Ohio 31 rust, wintering in Wisconsin 51 seed, longevity 634 Tin, determination in foods 298 Tiphia — inornata, life history and ecol- ogy 352 parallela, notes 449 Tipula oleracea, notes 851 Tipulid larvae in decayed prune wood, Oreg 652 Tipulidae, North American, biology — 153 Tmetocera ocellanu. (See Bud-moth, eye-spotted. ) Toad, California, economic status 244 Toads of Long Island 448 Tobacco — black rusr, notes 240 breeding experiments, Cal 220 culture experiments, Can 431 culture experiments, Va 137 culture in India 131 Deli, measurements 831 fertilizer experiments 217 fertilizer experiments. Can 431 fertilizer experiments, Va 137 growth as affected by sulphur, Ky 724 improvement 220 Maryland types, Md 740 mosaic disease, infection experi- ments, U.S.D.A 643 resin, chemistry of 713 seed, production. Md 740 spot disease, notes 544 varieties. Can _ ., 431 varieties, Md ^^--i — - 740 varieties, Va — 137 1006 EXPERIMENT STATION liECOKD. Page. Tobacco — Continued. warehouse and curius; house troubles, Wis 844 Tofu, preparation 560 Toluene, sterilization of soils by 816 Q'omato — bacterial wilt, notes 50 black rot, notes 344 black spot, notes 240 blight, studies. Wash 444 blossom end rot, notes 544 blossom end rot, notes. Can 49 blossom end rot, studies ."43 canning industry in United States 1^10 diseases, description and treat- ment, Md 147 diseases, notes, Ga 636 fruit rot, notes. Can 49 fruit spot, studies 644 Fusarium wilt, notes, N.Mex 641 pulp, canning 356 root knot, notes, Fla 652 seed, dried, composition and feeding value 471 white mold, notes, Fla 652 worms, notes, Oreg 651 yellow blight, notes. Wash 844 Tomatoes — acidity 204 analyses 762 as a host plant of red spider, Oreg 157 breeding experiments, Cal 234 breeding experiments, N..J 537 culture, Ga 636 culture, Guam 741 culture, Md 141 culture in the South, U.S.D.A__ 636 greenhouse, investigations, Oreg 636 growth as affected by carbon dioxid 422 heredity in, N.J 538 insects affecting, Fla 652 insects affecting, Ga 636 planting experiments, Md 141 pollination experiments, Oreg 636 preservation by pressure, W.Va- 416 red pigment of 203 varieties. Can 438 varieties, Ga 636 varieties, Md 141 varieties, Oreg 636 Tonics, bitter, effect on gastric se- cretion 858 Tonsilitis epidemics, milk-borne 577 Torirtx — ]umi}erana, notes. Can 448 viridana, remedies 850 Tow4 beans, culture experiments 227 Toxic solutions, effect on plants 627 Toxins — bacterial, in soils 399 preparation and sale in United States 875 verminous, paper on 271 Page. Toxoptera yraminum, parasite of 353 Toxotrypana cuioicuuda, investiga- tions, U.S.D.A 60 Tractors — tests 189 use in Russia 589 use on farms, U.S.D.A 886 V. horses for farm power 589 Trafjus ravemosus, analyses and di- gestibility 167 Transpiration — in plants, regulation 522 relation to composition of pine seedlings 824 Tree — diseases, studies, Cal 238 tailings for orchard and shade trees, Ohio 637 hoppers injurious to apple or- chards 449 planting, use of dynamite in, N.J 535 seeds as affected by locality 3.39 surgery, notes, Ohio 637 Trees — and shrubs of British Isles, treatise 337 as affected by cyanid 846 as affected by light 144 breeding experiments. Can 539 Chinese ornamental, notes 440 cost of planting, Minn 839 culture experiments 542 culture experiments. Can 539 culture experiments, N.Dak 542 culture in South Dakota, U.S. D.A 440 culture in western Nebraska, U.S.D.A 234 desert, transpiration 429 effect on the soil and its vege- tation 618 electrical injuries to. Mass 428 evergreen, accumulation of re- serve food material by in winter 640 forest, as affected by calcium salts 728 growth in drifting sand 47 growth, meteorological factors in 237 growth studies 840 insects affecting 753 insects affecting, Can 448 nutrient absorption in 748 of California coastal climate, root characters 429 of Southern Circle of Central Provinces 144 ornamental, culture experiments. Can 437 planting on prairies, Minn 840 shade, culture, Oreg 839 shade, planting and care, Can__ 541 volume and length measure- ments 543 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1007 Page. Trematodes of Australia 399 Triammonium citrate, manufacture and analyses 205 Tribulus terrestris^ analyses and di- gestibility 107 Tricalcium phosphate — determination, Wash 40!> for infants 857 Tricliodectes sphwroccphalua, notes_ 377 Trichoderma, ammonifying power 29 Trichoderma konin.A 430 culture in Alabama, Ala. College- 137 culture in cotton belt, U.S.D.A— 5.33 culture in east Siberia 138 culture in Georgia 833 culture in India 131 culture in Mexico 131 culture in Montana, Mont 533 culture under dry farming, Oreg_ 731 culture under dry farming, U.S. D.A 525 development of grain 121 diseases in Brazil 238 distance experiments 832 dynamiting and subsoiling ex- periments, N.D.'ik 528 effect on succeeding crops, U.S. D.A 224 fertilizer experiments, Ala. Col- lege 1.37 fertilizer experiments. Can 431 fertilizer experiments, InJ 629 fertilizer experiments, Ky 819 1012 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Wheat — Continued. Page. fertilizer experiments, Mich Q'.iO fertilizer experiments, Mo 822 fertilizer experimons, N.Y. Cor- nell 814 flour. (See Flour.) flowering and pollination of 832 French, gluten content 63 German, composition and baking quality 252 germination as affected by cop- per sulphate 749 grades 138 grading, N.Dak 634 grass, irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 224 grass, slender, culture experi- ments, N.Dak 528 grass, water requirement, U.S. D.A 12T handling in bulk 231 heads, determination of density- 42 improvement, Mich 630 improvement in Australia 399 in northern Turkestan 231 irrigation experiments. Can 531 irrigation experiments, U.S. D.A 37, 225 liming experiments, Ohio 31 Mexican, composition and qual- ity 63 middlings, analyses, Ind 1G9 middlings, analyses. Mass 259 middlings, analyses, N.H 169 middlings, analyses, N.J 667 milling and baking qualities, Minn 159 milling and baking qualities, N. Dak. 160 milling and baking qualities, U.S.D.A , 333 milling and baking tests, Mont_ 760 nematodes affecting 448 products, analyses, N.H 169 rate of seeding tests 42 root system 634 root system, N.Dak 520, 530 Russian, nitrogen content 833 screenings, analyses SG2 screenings, composition and di- gestibility, Mass 6G6 seed, fungus infection of 750 seed selection 231 seeding experiments 832 seeding experiments. Can 531 seeding experiments, Mont 533 seeding experiments, N.Dak 528, 530 seeding experiments, U.S.D.A 525 seedlings, distribution of sto- mata in 221 shrunken, analyses, N.Dak 169 spikes, forms of 634 spring, glume formation in 231 stinking smut, notes 341 stinking smut, treatment 49 stinking smut, treatment. Can 49 stinking smut, treatment, Wash_ 145 Wheat — Continued. Page. tillering 832 treatise 42 unthreshed, loss in stack 138 variation in pure lines 96 varieties 37 varieties, Ala. College 137 varieties, Alaska 36 varieties. Can ^ 431 varieties, N.Dak 527, 528, 529, 530 varieties, Oreg 730,827 varieties, Tenn 827 varieties, Tex 220 varieties, U.S.D.A 224, 333 varieties. Wash 731, 833 varieties for eastern United States, U.S.D.A 336 varieties resistant to foot dis- ease 545 varieties resistant to rust 750 water requirement, U.S.D.A 127 wireworm, notes, U.S.D.A 555 Whey — butter, making, Wis 873 butter, notes 270 specific heat, Iowa 715 White- ants. (See Termites.) fly, citrus, control in Florida, Pla 349 grubs, bacterial disease of, Mich_ 61 grubs, remedies 246 Wild life conservation, treatise 447 Willamette River basin, Oregon, hy- drography ^ 786 Willows- basket, culture, U.S.D.A 3.39 cecidomyiid flies attacking 554 change from radial to bilateral symmetry 426 Wind — diurnal changes in, U.S.D.A 810 effect on plants 823 Windbreaks for irrigated sandy soils, Oreg 839 Windmills for pumping. 87 Wine — determination of solids in 715 distillation residues, utilization- 209 industry in Uruguay 744 making methods, efficiency, Cal- 208 making, notes, Ca! 117, 208 T^.'inters — classifying, U.S.D.A 810 of eastern United States, U.S. . D.A 810,811 of Washington and Paris, U.S. D.A 810 Wire cage for pot experiments, N.J- 514 Wireless telegraphy, use in meteorol- ogy 117 Wireworms — injurious to strawberries, Can_ 556 notes 753 remedies 246 studies, U.S.D.A 555 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1013 Wisconsin — Page. Station, notes 199, 398 University, notes 199, 900 Wollastonite, fertilizing value 622 Women- farm, needs of, U.S.D.A 890 in agriculture 389 in rural districts, small indus- tries among 89 rural organizations for 98 training in state colleges 491 Women's institutes — in British Columbia 392 in New Brunswick 496 in Nova Scotia 698 wooa — ashes, analyses. Can 424 ashes, analyses. Conn. State 520 borers, notes. Can 552 boring insects, investigations, U.S.D.A 755 boring, moth in Lesser Antilles- 554 density and porosity, U.S.D.A — 47 destroying fungi, notes 54 greening, cause 341 hardness, tests 543 oil tree, Chinese, notes, S.C 539 pipe for irrigation water, U.S. D.A 585 preservatives, tests 309 preservatives, tests, U.S.D.A 841 spectrophotometric investiga- tions 144 (See also Lumber and Timber.) Woodlot products, marketing coop- eratively, O'lio 192 Woodlots, notes, Ohio 440 Woodwork, varnishing and finishing, N.Dak 162 Wool— Canadian, classification 771 dynamometer for testing 261 industry in Australasia 261 investigations, Wyo 770 preparation and manufacture 170 quality as affected by fineness — 365 treatise 3G.") waste, analyses. Mass 32 Woolen mill shoddy dirt, analyses, Mass 32 Woolly aphis. (See Aphis, woolly.) Workingmon. (See Laborers.) Worm nodules in cattle 376, 377 Worms, parasitic, of Queensland 399 Wound dressings for orchard and shade trees, Ohio 637 Wyoming — Page. Station, notes 398, 498, 900 Station, report 796 University, notes 398, 498, 900 Xenia in rice 230 Xyleborits — compactus, studies 758 fornicatiis, notes 758, 852 Xylophruridca afjrili n.g. and n.sp., notes, U.S.D.A 250 Yams, culture experiments 227 Yautias, culture and analyses 37 Yeast — as affected by volatile conifer products 618 autolysis, synthetic processes in_ 710 cell, nutritional physiology of 308 effect on fermentation of tea 111 for cows 871 invertase, hydrolyzing proper- ties 803 protein substances of 803 pure, use in wine making, Cal_ 117, 208 Yeasts, assimilation of elementary nitrogen by 728 Yerba mat4, culture 142 Yew, Pacific, density and porosity, U.S.D.A 47 Yokohama bean, culture, Tex 226 Yukon River basin, hydrology 382 Zebu-cattle hybrids, characteristics 669 Zebus in Philippines 260 Zele spp. in Great Britain 454 Zenillia pexops, life history 352 Zinc — arsenite, insecticidal value, N.Dak 158 arsenite, insecticidal value, Oreg 846 compounds, effect on plant growth 121 in glass containers as a source of error in water culture ex- periments 128 salts as wood preservatives, U.S.D.A S41 Zizyphus mucronatus, analyses and digestibility 1G7 Zodiacal light, notes, U.S.D.A 25, 614 Zuider Zee, reclamation 481 Zygadenus, description, U.S.D.A 474 Zygadenvs venenosus, notes, Cal 778 ZyoophyUum afpne inicrocarpum, analyses and digestibility 167 Zyoorhynchus ruUleminii, ammoni- fying power 29 ADDITIONAL COPIES OP THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCUEED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE "WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, ?1 V Issued July 10, 1915. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. XXXII ABSTRACT NUMBER No. 9 EXPERIMENT STATION RECO WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Weather Bureau — C. F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau op Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry — W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau op Soils — Milton Whitney, CIdef. Bureau op Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. ERtabrook, Statistician. Bureau op Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau op Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Office of Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; 3. F. Duggar.a Canebrake Station: Vniontown; L. H. Moore.o Tuskegee Station: Tushegee Imtitute; G. W. Carver.o Alkska— Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.s Arizona— Tucson: R. H. Forbes.a A^KXifS AS— Fay etteviUe: M. Nelson. o California— jBerk«?ej/; T. F. Hunt.o Colorado— J^ori Collins: C. P. Gillette.o Connecticut— State Station: Neiv Haven; 1 j. g- jg^j^jng a Storrs Station: S/orrs; / Delaware— iV««'orfc; H. Hayward." FhonmA—Oainesville: P. H. Rolfs.o Q'EO'RQiA— Experiment: R. J. H. DeLoach.a Gv AM— Island o/Ouam: A. C. Hartenbower.c Hawad- Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.f Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu/B.. P. Agee.o Idauo— Moscoiv : J. S. Jones.a Illinois— Vrbana: E. Davenport.o Indiana— ia Fayttte: A. Goss.o lo'V A— Ames: C. F. Curtiss.o "KAiis A3— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.o Kentucky— ieziTi^on; J. H. Kastle.o LomsiANA— State Station: JSaton iJouje; 1 Sugar Station: Audubon Farli, L,^ ^^ Dodson.o New Orleans; I * ' North La. Station: Calhoun; J Maine— Orono; C. D. Wpods.o Maryland— Co?Ze^« Parle: H. J. Patterson.o Massachusetts— ^mftcrsf; W. P. Brooks.a Michigan— £as/. Lansing: R. S. Shaw.a Minnesota- University Farm, St. Paul: A. F. Woods.o Mississippi- .4^cuZtoroZ College: E. R. Lloyd.a Missouri- College Station- Columbia: F, B. Mumford." Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Evans.a a Director. * Special agent in charge. Montana— £oze7nam; F, B. Linfleld.o Nebraska— imcoZn; E. A. Bumett.o Nevada— iJcTw; S. B. Doten.a New Hampshire- DurAom." J. C. Kendall.a New Jersey— A'ew Brunswick: J. G. Lipman." New Mexico— Stote College: Fabian Garcia.^ New York— State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.a Cornell Station: Ifhaca; B. T. Galloway .a North Carolina— College Station: West RaMgh;\Q -^y j^ug^jg „ State Station: iJa?^i^?i ,• ) ' ' North Dakota— Agricultural College: T. P. Cooper. a Ohio— TT'oos^er; C. E. Thome.o Oklahoma— S