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Src eoe SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Metintd. Wlartle 28.1935 _ EXPLORATIONS AND FIELD-WORK OFTHE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION IN 1933 (PUBLICATION 3235) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1934 c. rei ét a i oe < Me ; in mt air Simhe apatite as tye SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION EXPLORATIONS AND FIELD-WORK OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION IN 1933 SMITHSON ae SEP 04 1987 UBRARIES (PUBLICATION 3235) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1934 The Lord Baltimore Press BALTIMORE, MD., U. S A, PREFACE The annual Smithsonian exploration pamphlet serves as a prelimi- nary announcement of the achievements of the year’s field expeditions. When the material and data collected have been studied and classified, the scientific results are published later in one of the technical series issued by the Institution. Most of the Smithsonian scientific investi- gations depend largely on field-work for their “ raw material ”’, so that upon the success of the expeditions herein briefly described hinges to some extent the satisfactory progress of the Institution’s research program in astrophysics, geology, biology, and anthropology. The expeditions are financed in one of the following ways: Through Congressional appropriations to one of the Government bureaus under Smithsonian direction; through allotments from Smithsonian private funds ; through funds made available for specific field-work by friends of the Institution interested in some particular phase of its research work; or through cooperative arrangements with other scientific institutions. Owing to the necessity for economy, this year’s pamphlet has been cut to the barest minimum, and much interesting detail has had to be omitted from each article. Enough is presented, however, to indicate the nature and scope of Smithsonian field-work. Wo Po [Rue Editor, Smithsonian Institution. 7a ood! GONTENTS PAGE Abbot, C. G. Establishing a new solar observing station on Mount St. Keatheninemmotna tele nimstlceeetrsys atc ki .waes oie viticisvero tenets ei nayareiens easton eels I Bartlett, Capt. R. A. Norcross-Bartlett Arctic expedition, 1933............ DS Bartsch, Paul. The first Johnson-Smithsonian Deep-Sea Expedition to the AEG LOM Catiea lO) CED rreeia serena seser chal al ua ohetesci sr ohoke weciernh cotere cusenisioanenaeiens / Densmore, Frances. Studying Indian music in the Gulf States............ 57 Harrington, John P. Rescuing the early history of the California Indians... 54 Hough, Walter. Investigations on ancient canals in southern Arizona...... 32 Kellogg, Remington. The search for extinct marine mammals in Maryland.. 15 Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr. An Arizona village of a thousand years ago..... 4t Schmitt, Waldo L. Hancock Galapagos expedition, 1933.............+---- 18 Setzlerebrank Vi Cave burials im southwesternm Dexass.o.-5-5- cc. 01s 35 Setzler, Frank M. A phase of Hopewell mound builders in Louisiana...... 38 Smitha enaghe Mes Zoolosicalacollecting im) Siambecs scien tees se ce ek 28 Strong, W. D. Hunting ancient ruins in northeastern Honduras.......... 44 Strong, W. D. An archeological cruise among the Bay Islands of Honduras. 49 ey SNAG Nye Bo 7 -Aaasie is o* ats ae =. BoORARLISHING A NEW SOLAR OBSERVING STATION GM MOUN Sm. KATHERINE, SINAL PENINSULA By C. G. Appot Secretary, Smithsonian Institution In the years 1925-26 an observatory for measuring the sun’s radia- tion in cooperation with the Smithsonian observatories in California and Chile was located in South West Africa by the aid of a grant from the National Geographic Society. This station on Mount Brukkaros was occupied from the autumn of 1926 to the autumn of 1931. Owing to the variableness of the atmospheric clearness caused by high winds which drove clouds of dust over Mount Brukkaros, the results de- rived there on the intensity of the sun’s heat outside our atmosphere were not as accurate as those derived in California and Chile, though almost equally numerous per year. As indicated in a paper entitled “ Weather Dominated py Solar Changes ”’,’ there seems to be an important influence produced on weather by variations from day to day of the sun’s output of radiation, even when such changes are of an order as small as 0.5 percent. athere is very great difficulty in obtaining results of sufficient accuracy to reveal and evaluate these small daily solar changes, owing to the inter- ference due to changes in the transparency of our atmosphere. If additional observing stations as satisfactory as our station in Chile were available we might hope to overcome this obstacle. The outcome we might then hope for would be a prediction of weather changes for a week or 10 days in advance. Until values of solar variation of higher accuracy than those as yet available can be obtained, we cannot test this anticipation, or know whether it is exaggerated. In a paper given at the National Academy of Sciences meeting in Cambridge on November 20, 1933, the writer pointed out evidence of a 23-year master cycle of periodicity in a group of solar changes, to which the weather responds in a manner to tend to repeat itself both as to temperature and precipitation each 23 years. This seems to promise long-range forecasting of the approaching seasons and of future years. The solar observations referred to above are not re- quired for it, but rather for the attempt to improve relatively short- range weather forecasting. 1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 85, no. 1, 1931. ho SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION oy Ooo oe ? 7 - Pe ae Se awe eh Tay eet : 2 a eS SS ee Fic. 1—The St. Katherine Monastery on Mount Sinai, one of the oldest in Christendom. Itc. 2——Transporting material for the observatory on Mount St. Katherine up the new trail built by the monastery for the Smithsonian. SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 3 Having in a measure failed in our attempt to obtain sufficiently accurate solar-radiation measurements at Mount Brukkaros, A. F. Moore, director of our field station at Table Mountain, Calif., and Mrs. Moore spent many months in 1931 and 1932 in testing the fav- orableness of numerous stations in Africa. This expedition was sup- ported by John A. Roebling. Failing to find a satisfactory location in West or South West Africa, Mr. and Mrs. Moore spent over 100 days in the months March to July of 1932 on Mount St. Katherine near Mount Sinai in Egypt. Mount St. Katherine is about 8,500 feet in height and about 10 miles from the monastery of St. Katherine on Mount Sinai (fig. 1). The ground is very rough—a veritable wilderness of rocks. During Mr. and Mrs. Moore’s occupation the great majority of the days were calm and cloudless, but during the months prior to July, high haze was prevalent, which was somewhat disappointing. Nevertheless, there ap- peared to be no rapid alterations of its density, such as had ruined the prospect at Mount Brukkaros. On the whole, after more than 100 days of expert examination, Mount St. Katherine seemed to promise a better station than ours at Table Mountain, Calif., and perhaps almost as good as our station at Montezuma, Chile. Advised of these findings, John A. Roebling made a grant to the Institution of funds to build and maintain for 3 years a station on Mount St. Katherine. The Archbishop, Porphyrios III, and the monks of the ancient monastery at Mount Sinai welcomed the project and undertook to construct trails (fig. 2), buildings, and water facili- ties. Later they undertook also the transportation of supplies by camel train from Tor, a port on the Red Sea, to the observatory, a 3-day journey. They have always been cordial and helpful to Mr. and Mrs. Moore and to the permanent staff of the expedition. Having repaired and enlarged the outfit returned from Mount Brulk- karos, Harlan H. Zodtner, field director, and Frederick H. Greeley, assistant, sailed from New York on March 4, 1933, for Port Said. After the completion of the dwelling quarters on the Gebel Zebir, a spur of Mount St. Katherine, they were joined in the autumn by Mrs. Zodtner and her two young children. A big camel train carried the boxes of apparatus and supplies, nearly 100 in number, from Tor to the monastery, where they were stored pending the erection of the observatory at the Gebel Zebir. A contract was made with Archbishop Porphyrios III, acting for the monastery, to build the station, the trail, and a protection to the water source. The architect employed by him completed and modified certain rough SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Fic. 3.—Smithsonian solar observatory, Mount St. Katherine, 8,500 feet altitude. Sun rays reflected into the basement laboratory are observed with the bolometer, an electrical thermometer sensitive to a millionth of a degree. Fic. 4.—The coelostat for reflecting sun rays constantly northward horizontally into the observing laboratory. SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 "SIOATOSGO 9Y} JO SIOqYsI9u IvdU ‘UOS puB YIEYs qvuiy To) anil eS Ry ‘Q0URYSIP 94} UI }IWILUNS 94} UO AJOWAIISGS "YRIS SulAtasqo 9y} jo Sdo}ienb SUTIMP sy], “OULIyeY “YS JUNOPY—'S ‘oly PO SP is 6 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION sketches and specifications which the Institution furnished. The ob- serving structure was built on the summit of Gebel Zebir, and the observers’ quarters on a comparatively level place somewhat lower. All the structures are of stone. The observatory, like our other ob- servatories, is arranged with the spectro-bolometer and galvanometer mainly under ground to insure a steady temperature. The sun rays are reflected in from a coelostat outside. (See figs. 3, 4 and 5.) Figure 6 illustrates some of the unusual types of neighbors. The following extract from Mr. Moore’s letter of May 8, 1932, gives an interesting account of high mass at the monastery : We spent last Sunday, the Greek church Easter, at the monastery. The monks were very anxious that we should do this rather than pack up the mountain on that day. (We arrived at the monastery the afternoon previous.) They showed us marked honor by inviting us to their Easter high mass and even had one monk from Suez who speaks a little English read part of the service in English for us. The monks, headed by the Archbishop, were dressed in gorgeous robes, and the Archbishop wore a gold crown studded with precious stones. They asked me to photograph them in their robes and I also took a movie of their procession. The mass lasted an hour and a half and was held in the beautiful church of the Transfiguration built by Justinian early in the sixth century. In the morning they had us attend the breaking of their 4o days’ fast in the monks dining room. The table in this room has rich carving underneath and is a great many hundred years old. We drank grape wine out of exquisite silver goblets hundreds of years old (I mean the goblets). In the late afternoon we had dinner with the Archbishop and monks in the garden adjoining the monastery. I forgot to state that during the afternoon mass and also at a similar mass beginning at midnight the night before there were firings of cannon, followed by a vociferous ringing of bells. The observers were ready for regular work about October 1, but it proved that the two bolometers carried by the expedition had both been injured in the camel transportation from Tor to Gebel Zebir. One was indeed installed and tried out, but proved to be out of order. No means of repair being available, two other bolometers were sent out from the Institution at different times through diplomatic channels, of which the first reached the station in November. A Christmas note from Mr. Greeley says: We expect to spend our Christmas out here by Sinai among the Bedouins. The isolation of this place is no myth, and bright lights are hard to get to. Chickens are easy to obtain for a Christmas dinner, but nobody ever heard of cranberry sauce. Our little household does not complain much, but it makes us appreciate our homes at this time of the year. We are fairly well settled and hope to start regular observing in a few days. CEE shiRS) JORNSON-SMITHSONIAN DEEP-SEA EXPEDITION L©® THE PUERTO RICAN DEEP By PAUL BARTSCH Curator, Division of Mollusks and Cenogoic Invertebrates, U.S. National Museum Early in October 1932, Mr. Eldridge R. Johnson, of Philadelphia, offered the use of his palatial yacht Caroline to the Smithsonian Insti- tution for marine exploration in the tropical Atlantic. Mr. Johnson’s tender carried with it generous provision for financing the expedition and supplying the necessary equipment. The project was delegated by the Secretary of the Institution to the writer. Owing to the limited time available for the cruise, it was deemed wise to confine this first effort to a comparatively small area, the Puerto Rican Deep, the Atlantic’s greatest deep, which extends from north- east Hispaniola east to the Anegada Channel; it is about 235 miles long and one third as wide, with Puerto Rico rising steeply from its south-central reach. The time between the last of October 1932, and January 21, 1933, was spent in gathering the needed equipment and making the neces- sary alterations in the ship to render her thoroughly fit for the under- taking, which was to be an all-around oceanographic expedition, taking into account the physical, chemical, and biological problems of the region to be investigated. Little work had been done in the region, owing probably in part to the rough seas and in part to the unusually rough conditions of the bottom, which render dredging difficult and hazardous to the gear. Then, too, few vessels have been properly equipped to undertake collecting in the profound deeps. The Caroline proved to be well suited to the task. Briefly, we may say for her that she was designed by Henry J. Gielow of New York, and built by the Bath Iron Works, Maine, in 1931. She has a length of 279 feet 10 inches, a beam of 38 feet, anda depth of hull of 27 feet. She is equipped with two 8-cylinder 1,500 hp. Cooper-Bessemer Diesel engines, and her twin propellers drive her at a speed of 15 nautical miles per hour. She carries enough oil to give her a cruising radius of 10,000 miles. Auxiliary engines furnish power for her Sperry gyroscopic stab1- lizer, which weighs more than 50 tons and keeps the ship’s roll down / 8 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Fic. 7—The Caroline, Mr. Johnson's yacht, 279 feet 10 inches long, with a 38-foot beam, whose large size and gyro-stabilizer enabled her to work in all kinds of weather. Fic. 8—Mr. Johnson, the sponsor of the expedition (left), and Dr. Bartsch, its director. SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 9 Ftc. 10.—Mr. Fenimore Johnson (right) and Mr. Brown taking a sounding. With this method a depth of 400 fathoms (2,400 feet) could be ascertained in one second. Fic. 11.—The coring machine. This weighs about 200 pounds, and when it is dropped swiftly, nozzle first, on the ocean floor, it penetrates to a varyins depth. Valves are then closed, and the core is brought up for analysis. 1O SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION to a couple of degrees, thus making it possible to work under all con- ditions of the sea. These engines also actuate the gyro steering gear and the radiobeacon finder, the latter enabling us to plot our stations more accurately when out of sight of land than was possible previously when such aids were not available; they also furnish power for the wireless equipment, the sonic sounding machine, and the hydrographic and dredging winches. We modified an aft section of the ship from side to side to serve as winch room on the first deck, and changed the smoking room on the boat deck into a laboratory with aquaria and running salt and fresh water ; here the recording part of the sonic sounding apparatus was installed. A dark room was also provided for the photographer im- mediately abaft the laboratory, and the boat deck was modified to serve as the base from which most of our investigations were conducted. Thanks to the cooperation of many men and institutions we were able to set out with a feeling of completeness seldom experienced. We are particularly indebted to the United States Navy, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the United States Bureau of Fisheries, the United States Department of Agriculture, the Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the New York Zoological Society, Bergen Nautik, Norway, Richter and Wiese, Berlin, Dr. Sverdrup, of Oslow, Norway, and the Hamburg American Steamship Company, as well as to individuals too numerous to be mentioned here. Capt. Andrew Peterson and his force of 42 officers and men were as able, efficient, and eager as the nine carefully selected members of the scientific staff, which was augmented by Mr. Johnson, his son Fenimore, Mr. Douglass and his family, and Dr. Darby. Besides the biological work, meteorological, physical, and chemical investigations were carried on. Air temperatures were taken with both wet and dry bulb thermometers, and a pilot balloon was flown every morning and evening and its flight recorded with a theodolite. Water temperatures at the sea surface were taken, and at several sta- tions serial temperatures were recorded at definite depths from the surface to 3,200 fathoms, with both protected and unprotected ther- mometers. Simultaneously, water samples were obtained at these sta- tions by means of Nansen water bottles, and these have been analyzed for their saline and gaseous contents. A number of cores of ocean bottom were obtained with the 2-inch coring machine. More than 900 sonic soundings were recorded. These consisted of three lines through the long axis of the deep, each 235 miles long, with stations 5 miles apart. A connecting line from shore to the SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 TT Fic. 12.—The tangle goes overboard. With it we would sweep the ocean floor for about 20 minutes and then comb the tangle for the animals caught in its meshes. A Fic. 13—The dredge comes in with about a ton of soft, oozy mud composed of the minute skeletons of marine animals. Fic. 14.—A Chesapeake Bay oyster dredge was found to be a useful tool on rough bottom, where the chain links of the bag prevented tearing. A = I2 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION farthest parallel was also run, with a similar interval. The three parallel lines were 20 miles apart, and the deepest sounding recorded, using a 400-fathom per second standard, was 4,400 fathoms. This Ir-second interval was twice recorded. It should be stated that the depth here provisionally recorded will eventually be considerably higher—more than 4,600 fathoms—when corrections for salinity and temperature have been applied. In addition to these soundings, many readings were taken before and during dredging operations. We also carefully sounded out a 5-mile square in Mona Island passage in order to learn the contour of the bottom and shape our dredging activities accordingly on this exceedingly rough bottom. The speed with which records of this kind can now be accurately obtained makes sonic sounding a vast improvement over the wire sounding methods used on all my previous cruises on the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. Instead of taking a sounding at the beginning and end of a dredge haul, we were able to keep a constant record of the depth and plot the contour of the bottom as we passed over it. A pressure chamber devised by Fenimore Johnson was tried at intervals to a depth of 3,000 fathoms, and it is intended to use this for light registration and photography and possibly as a luminous bait for traps on the next cruise. The biological collecting was done with a variety of implements. When the bottom was too rough to stand nets, we employed a tangle, a 6-foot length of 2-inch pipe from which frayed loops of hawser 8 feet long were suspended. With such a swab the ocean floor was swept for 20 minutes, and in its tangled threads many bottom-living forms were enmeshed. When it was possible, we used a dredge consisting of a heavy iron frame with the long sides slightly flaring, from the rear end of which was suspended a net protected on the outside with a canvas sleeve. We soon learned that nothing larger than a 4-foot element could safely be employed on account of the roughness of the bottom. Samples of bottom mud, made up largely of the skeletons of minute creatures, were preserved undisturbed. On very rough bottom we found the Chesapeake oyster dredge with its linked chain bag very serviceable. On smoother bottom we used the 6-foot or the 9-foot reversible beam trawl, which consists of two U-shaped steel runners 4 inches wide and 4 feet long held apart by tubes of the desired length. To the four open ends of the loops is attached the long net with its lead line at the mouth end. The bag is kept open by hollow glass spheres suspended on the inside. SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 13 Fic. 15.—Ena Douglass with a bou- I*tc. 16.—The viper fish, [diacanthus, quet of sea lilies, which was obtained which has on its sides and under parts in depths ranging from 300 to 400 256 phosphorescent organs and a real fathoms. flash bulb at the end of its chin whisker. Fic. 17—With the Johnson bucket Fic. 18—A tiger shark weighing dredge, 1 by 5 feet, the deepest haul 460 pounds, containing 39 young, each was made in 3,200 fathoms. about 2 feet in length. 14 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION In intermediate depths and on fair bottom the large otter trawl of 35-foot aperture was used to good effect. In this the net is kept open by two weighted boards, which are so hitched to the net and towing line that when the latter is pulled, they take and keep an outward slant, thus holding the net open. This is a very effective trawl, and on our next cruise we will employ much larger nets. For intermediate work we employed a young-fish trawl, which we soon replaced with a 1-inch ring 6 feet in diameter carrying a 15-foot conical bobbinet net. This instrument we used to advantage on our hydrographic line with 1,200 to 1,500 fathoms of line out. The deepest bottom haul was 3,200 fathoms, made with a bucket dredge designed by Mr. Johnson. It consisted of a ring 1 foot in diameter with a hinged loop connecting two sides, carrying a loop in the middle for the cable attachment and suspending a_ protected bobbinet net 5 feet long. In addition, we fished at night, while the ship was at anchor, with dip nets at the gang plank, using a submarine light and strong cargo lamps. Frequently, too, the cargo light and circular intermediate net were thus employed. These methods yielded many shallow-water ani- mals that would otherwise not have been obtained. Our hand lines and shark lines also yielded catches, the sharks ranging upward from 34 feet in length, and up to 460 pounds in weight; with them we caught specimens of the sucker fish and pilot fish. Land collecting also was done in Puerto Rico, Mona Island, Santa Domingo, and the Virgin Isles. The biological specimens obtained filled some 2,000 containers, rang- ing in size from 2-ounce vials to 16-gallon tanks. It would require far more space than is allotted to this note to give even the briefest sketch of our catch, but I feel safe in saying that no expedition of similar duration ever returned with larger collections than the Johnson-Smithsonian Deep-Sea Expedition. The material obtained at the 109 stations, mostly below 200 fathoms, has been segregated and transmitted by the United States National Museum to specialists, and even at this writing, reports by them upon animals new to science are coming in and are being printed under the Johnson Fund in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. In closing I wish to express my thanks to Mr. Johnson, not only for his generosity that permitted the equipping of the Caroline, but for many helpful suggestions and for his stimulating presence. To our guests I am grateful, for they were in reality an addition to the scientific staff. For my staff I have that feeling of gratitude which can come only when every man has given the fullest measure of his ability. For me the expedition was a dream come true. THE SEARCH FOR EXTINCT MARINE MAMMALS IN MARYLAND By REMINGTON KELLOGG Assistant Curator, Division of Mammals, U.S. National Museum For years investigators in many parts of the world have been study- ing the anatomy of present-day whales and porpoises as well as the fossil remains of extinct species in the effort to trace the steps in their adaptation to the life in the water. Fortunately, in so far as the Smith- sonian Institution is concerned, there exists in nearby Maryland and Virginia a deposit of marine sediments of considerable areal extent that contains well-preserved remains of fossil cetaceans, pinnipeds, and sirenians. This formation is known as the Calvert formation and is considered to represent the upper or later part of the Miocene period. Near Fairhaven, Md., some 60 feet of diatomaceous clays form the basal part of this formation, but are replaced farther south near Chesapeake Beach by about 62 feet of bluish-green sandy clays. Overlying these clays are 12 recognizable strata or zones, consisting of greenish and yellowish sandy clays, which form the upper part of this formation. These exposed strata form the major portion of the cliff along the western shore of Chesapeake Bay between Fairhaven and Calvert Beach, Md. Field-work during 1933 was limited to two weeks’ investigation of these cliffs. The party consisted of a volunteer assistant, Raymond M. Gilmore, Dr. C. Lewis Gazin, and the writer. The exposures have been under observation by members of the staff for more than a quarter of a century. In 1905 the late Dr. Frederick W. True began work along the Calvert cliffs. Beginning in 1908 and continuing through subsequent years, he was assisted by William Palmer, Norman H. Boss, and David B. Mackie. The writer first visited the Calvert cliffs in 1922 and since then at favorable intervals has continued the search for remains of these fossil marine mammals. The fossil bones found in this formation are soon freed from the matrix by a skilled preparator, and the preservation of the skulls is such that the minute details of their construction can be studied as readily as those of recent cetaceans. Among the fossil cetaceans found in these exposures, none is more unusual than the aberrant porpoise, Zarhachis flagellator. The skull of this porpoise is nearly 4 feet long, and the rostrum is fully five times as long as the braincase. The extreme stage in the lengthening of the 15 16 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Fic. 19.—Fossil-bearing strata in cliff on western shore of Chesapeake Bay, in which are found the bones of various sea-living mammals. SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 17 rostral part of this skull may represent the culmination of this sort of development in the long-snouted type of porpoise. The vertebral column is sufficiently well known for one to reconstruct the entire skeleton and thus determine the length of the porpoise as approxi- mately 16 feet. Other kinds of long-snouted and short-snouted por- poises are found in these deposits, some of them more frequently than others. Associated with these small-toothed whales was an extinct sperm whale, less than one third as large as the living species. In the same seas lived several kinds of extinct whalebone whales, and with one exception all were noticeably smaller than the smallest of the living mysticetes. These early whalebone whales do not possess teeth in their jaws but have two lengthwise rows of bladelike plates of ZARHACHI S FLAGELLATOR Towar Lemern -I5Feer- 8 Incnes Calvert Miocene — Maryland 0] / : ae ar ne ~ omen 5 SES at Rapparees ar serene h Fic. 20.—a, restoration of extinct porpoise (Zarhachis flayellator Cope), which is based on fossil remains found in the cliffs along Chesapeake Bay, Md. 8, skull and lower jaws of Zarhachis flageNator Cope. Collected by Norman H. Boss, roar. baleen or whalebone, which hang from and are attached to the roof of the mouth and serve as a seine when the animal is feeding on crustaceans and small fish. In spite of the extraordinary remodeling of the skull, these archaic whalebone whales have retained many primi- tive features that are no longer found in the toothed whales. The skulls of most of them are more or less alike in general appearance, but differ from one another in the details of their construction. From the fossil remains that have been found in these deposits, it can be shown that several lines of development are represented, and a study of these types in conjunction with other kinds from earlier and later formations enables one to trace some of the steps in the geologic history of these warm-blooded marine mammals. HANCOCK GALAPAGOS EXPEDITION, 1933 By WALDO SCHNMIE Tt Curator, Division of Marine Invertebrates, U.S. National Museum It was my privilege to serve as a member of the scientific staff of Capt. G. Allan Hancock’s expedition of 1933 to the Galapagos Islands, an expedition that in addition to its main purpose—scientific collect- ing—combined all the elements needed to make it a memorable cruise— beautiful cruiser, tropic seas, isles of romance, and an equator crossing. With a heavy collecting outfit and a light heart, therefore, I left New York, on January 5, 1933, to join the cruiser at Panama. On January 13 we arrived at Balboa, Canal Zone, where I was met by Captain Hancock and his associate, W. Charles Swett, who is also first officer aboard the Velero I/I. The cruiser is a trim and graceful craft, approximately 200 feet long, with 30-foot beam and 1,000-ton displacement ; of especially seaworthy construction of the steel hull cruiser type, following as nearly as possible navy standards, and pow- ered by two Winton reversible Diesels capable of driving the vessel at 14 knots. She is especially noteworthy for her electrical and mechani- cal equipment, navigational aids being of the latest and most approved patterns. She was fully and luxuriously equipped for extended cruis- ing, carrying sufficient supplies of all kinds to enable her to make a 10,000-mile trip without replenishing any stores. After leaving the Canal Zone, we arrived on the morning of the 16th at Malpelo Island, a forbidding, precipitous rock which rises sheer from the ocean floor some 2,000 fathoms below. It is im- possible to anchor off this island, and landing is uncertain and fre- quently unsafe. Good fortune was with us, however, and the low tide during the forenoon enabled us to land for a few hours. We collected an extensive series of the Malpelo land crab, of which only one speci- men had heretofore been taken. January 17 found us off La Libertad, Ecuador, in the vicinity of which we spent five days collecting. The only accident of the entire expedition occurred off Salanga Island. In coming out through heavy surf, our boat was swamped, but with the help of two native fishermen who came up,at the time, we dumped the water out of the boat and shoved off safely, having suffered no ill effects other than having been thoroughly soaked. 18 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 19 Fic. 21.—Cruiser Velero III, Capt. G. Allan Hancock, director and sponsor of the expedition, commanding. Fic. 22—Examining results of a haul with the tangle in 56 fathoms off Charles Island, Galapagos. Two specimens of a rare ophiuran were taken in this haul. fies nnd iad eed EME CAS Pi ee Sa om a aie _ Feo eR = Fic. 23——Giant Manta with a spread of 14 feet. This huge fish subsists largely on minute shrimplike animals. 20 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Fic. 24.—Wafer Bay, Cocos Island, the Treasure Island of history. California fishing boats in the offing. - Z efits Due we es ee ema mete =< "sgh tae eo ess nd net _— smear git eee are 4 ea a — ee a CA nae ee “sie. ie Fic. 25.—Dr. Schmitt receiving coral clumps from native divers, Bahia Honda, Republic of Panama. A number of very interesting crustacean finds were made in these coral clumps. ‘a, "a . a “Ane Pt Fic. 26.—One of the characteristic features of the Galapagos fauna, a rare iguana nearly 4 feet in length. SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 2T On the morning of the 24th we made our first stop in the Galapagos, at Gardner Bay, Hood Island, where we remained collecting until the 26th, when we got under way for Charles Island. On this island there are now three establishments, comprising nine persons in all, who have come here in order to live their lives as they see fit, un- hampered by the conventions of civilization. They seem to be living quite contentedly, although they are obliged to do a tremendous amount of work in order to provide themselves with even the barest necessities Fic. 27.—Staff of the expedition. Standing, left to right: C. B. Perkins, Capt. G. Allan Hancock, Waldo L. Schmitt, H. M. Wegeforth, Fred C. Ziesenhenne. Front row: Ray Elliott, Jr., Louis Filley, George Hugh Banning, Sterling Smith, Hermann Marsh, John S. Garth. Executive officer W. Charles Swett does not appear, as he took the photograph. of existence. On Indefatigable Island is another little group of settlers, consisting of two families and two or three Norwegian and Ecuadorian fishermen. One settler is an architect from the States who, when the depression brought him low financially, came here with his wife. He preferred to live where he could establish a home and plantation by his own efforts rather than to starve or live on charity in the big cities. Altogether, we visited 12 of the 16 islands accredited to the Gala- pagos group, spending from one to six days at each stop. Intensive bo bo SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION collecting was carried on at all times, and we obtained what will un- doubtedly prove to be the most comprehensive single collection of Crustacea ever brought away from those islands. Probably the most outstanding finds were the fresh-water Crustacea found in rain-filled lava crevices and fresh-water streams on various islands. Preliminary surveys of all the material collected reveal so far three new species of crabs, a new species of starfish, a new species of pycnogonid, and many new records. The take of foraminifera alone has proved to bea revelation, containing many more new species and records than one could have believed existed in the region. On February 27 we departed from the Galapagos Islands, making for Panama, including on the way a four-day stop at the famed treasure island, Cocos, and on the fifth of March we reached Panama, where the replenishment of stores and other wants necessitated a four-day stay at Balboa. An overnight visit to the Barro Colorado Island Laboratory was made possible through the kindness of Dr. James Zetek, resident director. The journey homeward was as busy a time for all members of the party as had been the earlier portion of the expedition. Collections were made at Bahia Honda, Republic of Panama; Puerto Culebra, Costa Rica; and Tangola-Tangola Bay, Oaxaca, Petatlan Bay, Guer- rero, Tenacatita Bay, Jalisco, Isabel Island, Sinaloa, and Santa Maria Bay, Baia California, Mexico. Such, in brief, was our busy and crowded itinerary. Throughout, all members of the staff of the expedition and the entire crew ren- dered all assistance in their power to make the whole undertaking an unqualified success. Captain Hancock took an interested and active part in all of our several endeavors, and to him, as sponsor, captain of the vessel, and director of the expedition, is wholly due what mea- sure of success we may individually have attained. Equally grateful are we to W. Charles Swett, Captain Hancock’s most able lieutenant, who, in addition to his multifarious duties as first executive officer, was also the ever busy photographer and cinematographer of the expedition. All but one of the photographs adorning this account are the results of his labors. The making fast of the Velero III to her dock at San Pedro, Calif., on March 25 marked the end of this glorious cruise to the Galapagos, except for packing the collections and returning to Washington. NOGRCKOSs-BARTEE TT ARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1933 Ihe (GAP 1 ek, TEVA IIE IS WAP For the past 10 years it has been my pleasure to work in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution each year in furthering scientific studies of the forms of animal and plant life of Arctic lands and waters and their zoogeographic distribution. Particularly rich have been the collections of marine life, chiefly invertebrate, comprising decapod crustaceans, amphipods, isopods, barnacles, copepods, alcyonarians, worms, foraminifera, other bottom organisms and deposits, mollusks ; also fish, birds, and small mammals. Algae and terrestrial plants have been collected, as have also insects. Reports on these groups and others for which specialists are available are either in process of being worked up or are awaiting publication. Incidentally, the only male specimen of the Arctic bumble bee, Bombus hyperboreus Schonherr, in the Na- tional Museum collection was picked up on our 1931 expedition to northeast Greenland. To date, from among the thousands of speci- mens of foraminifera that I have collected, 100 species, representing 64 genera, have been recorded by Dr. J. A. Cushman. Not less than 10 of these proved to be new species. The organization of the present trip was made possible by the gen- erous cooperation of Arthur D. Norcross, of New York City, my associate and companion on other northern expeditions. Early in June 1933, my little Morrissey headed away from New York on her eighth trip to the land of the Great White North. Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, curator of marine invertebrates, United States National Museum, had seen that the collecting equipment was in proper shape. He has been for Io years or more my inspiration, and under his guidance and en- thusiasm I am becoming more and more interested and enlightened in the work and care of the collection. No one knows but myself the great thrill I get when the dredge comes up and its contents are spread out on deck or on the ice floe. Leaving Brigus, we decided to go through the Hudson Strait, up Fox Channel, through Fox Basin to Fury and Hecla Strait; and, if ice conditions were right, to go on through and come out through Lancaster Sound into Baffin Bay and over to Cape York to the site of the Peary Monument. On the way up the Labrador coast I stopped at Turnavik and gave the three families living there enough salt to 23 24 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION a Fic. 28.—Captain Bartlett and one of his Eskimo friends. Frc. 29—Unusual close-up of a walrus off the Labrador Coast. SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 25 cure their catch of cod the coming summer. Turnavik was first visited by my father, then a young man, 65 years ago. He had his own steamer and about 500 men, boys, and girls, with all the supplies to catch and cure the cod, salmon, and trout. He traded with the Nascopie Indians and Eskimo for furs, ete. The cod, when cured by the sun in the fall, was shipped to Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece, in small square-rigged Welsh vessels. The salmon and trout, with the cod- liver oil and furs, went to St. John’s, Newfoundland. It is very sad today to see only a few houses and a store or two, a wharf and a couple of boats—all that is left at Turnavik. Knowing the coast so well and the inland waters, I could carry on, having smooth water and fine weather, all through the 24 hours. Mag- nificent scenery unfolds itself along the Labrador coast, similar to that of the Norwegian fiords. On and on we went, with plenty of field ice to bother us, but fine weather. We saw walruses, polar bears, and birds, and at every chance we used the dredge both on the Labra- dor coast and going into Hudson Strait. Much ice and strong cur- rents were encountered, and at times I would not have given much for the Morrissey’s chances. The ice coming out of Fox Basin between Salisbury Island and the Baffin Island shore prevented our getting north early, so I steamed over to Southampton Island, and on up through Roe’s Welcome, which is the strait between the west shores of Southampton Island and the coast of North America. In this part of the Welcome the whalers from New Bedford, New London, Mystic, and Stonington long ago caught thousands and thousands of right whales. We tried to get out through Frozen Strait into Fox Channel, but ice conditions were too bad, and we had to retrace our journey to the north shore of the Hurd Channel and start over the trail taken by the British sailing ships Fury and Hecla which in 1821, 1822, and 1823 made the first visits in history to this part of the world. England was seeking the northwest passage, and every nook, cranny, and corner trending westward was searched by their ships or their small boats, and when the freeze-up came, they pulled sledges. Against the titanic forces of nature, in terrible storms of wind, fog, and snow, with compass irregularities, and over water that no white man had ever traversed, these heroic souls worked their two little square-rigged vessels up the Melville Peninsula, reaching the Fury and Hecla Strait, which, however, they could not enter owing to ice conditions. We also, working up over the same trail, had bad ice conditions, and we also were stopped in our efforts to go through the Fury and Hecla Strait. INSTITUTION SMITHSONIAN 26 ‘IO]f VI ue JO ISpa 94} ye Ispaip 94} Surjnez{—Il ° oY ‘O01 OY} Ut Lassitso py 94 [—'0€ ‘OIA SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 27 The season was now getting late, and any day the good weather would leave us. At every opportunity we used the dredge, in the mouth of the strait and in the strait, and also in the north portion of the Fox Basin. This will dovetail into our other work of 1927 in the south- east part of the basin and Fox Channel. Leaving here around the mid- Fic. 32—Captain Bartlett preserving specimens brought up by the dredge. dle of September, in blinding snow and with a good westerly wind, in five days we reached Turnavik, Labrador, and on the roth of October we were tied up to our dock at the McWilliams shipyard, Staten Island. All our collection was turned over to Dr. Schmitt at the National Museum, and I understand that the material from 125 different stations comprises more than 2,000 specimens. ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTING IN SIAM By HUGH M. SMITH Adviser and Expert in Fisheries to His Siamese Majesty's Government, and Associate in Zoology, U.S. National Museum At the beginning of the year a protracted tour in northwestern Siam was under way, through a region never before visited on behalf of the National Museum. The expedition started from Chiengmai, the ancient capital of northern Siam, headed northwesterly, crossed a dozen mountain ranges, and reached the remote town of Mehongsoon, on the Pai River, a tributary of the Salwin. The trail was difficult, and transportation was a serious matter ; 33 Lao carriers and 12 pack horses were required to move the equipment of my personal party of five persons who, with four men to look after the pack train and two gendarmes, composed the caravan. The Salwin, which for a long distance forms the boundary between Siam and Burma, was descended in dug-out canoes 20 meters long and 1 meter wide, each managed by seven men provided with paddles and poles. Numerous rapids were “shot ”’, frequent stops were made on both the Siamese and Burmese sides of the river, and every night a camp was established on a sand or shingle bank. When the limit of navigation at this season was reached, pack animals and carriers were resumed, and the expedition finally reached Moulmein, Burma, at the mouth of the Salwin. It should be understood that this trip was primarily undertaken for fishery investigation on behalf of the Siamese Government. Much of the region traversed was primeval forest jungle, abound- ing in tigers, leopards, elephants, gibbons and tailed monkeys, deer, seladang and banteng, bears, etc. Peafowl were common in the river bottoms and, with pheasants and jungle fowl, contributed to the larder, which consisted largely of rice and canned goods. A char- acteristic bird was a forktail (Enicurus), shy, always single or in pairs, haunting the rocks in mountain brooks in dense jungle; six or eight might be seen in a day’s march. In swift, shallow streams in some sections there lived a giant frog, with body over 20 centimeters long, which is a food delicacy of the mountain people; specimens were obtained. The eggs are laid in rapid water, and sand and gravel are heaped over them, making a little mound which the carriers recog- nized ; a mound opened on January 19 contained well-developed eggs. The mountain brooks yielded many peculiar fishes, some of them with gills, mouth parts, and fins strongly modified in form and function 28 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1933 290 Fic. 33.—Typical mountain scenery, northern Siam. There is unbroken evergreen forest (oak, chestnut, etc.) stretching for scores of miles. Fic. 34.—A fisherman and his outfit of basket traps, Eastern Siam. INSTITUTION SMITHSONIAN ‘opsunt JusoR{pe 9} Ul punoge spiedoa] “peze]JOD s1oM Sosy JO soroeds Mou jo Joquinu ke ‘WweIg Usey}iou UT UrejyunoUl ysiy eB Jo aseq oy} ye SUIMOY ‘punoirsyoerq oy} Ul UAOYS WeII}S POI dy} UT “Joltiwo JoyeM ov] W— Ole DUEL ‘SSOP O} jeised A[OWII1}X9 IIB JN ssuleoq UPWUNY 4IP}}e A]otei yotyM ‘spivdoay JOF JACI IPIOAL} VY ‘Weg Utoy}I0U ‘gpsunf{ uleyunow ul YWWS “WOH Gq —se) LET 2