™blic library TltDEN FOUNDATl^!!! FACING ^^ THB TWENTIETH CENTURY ®ur Country: Ifts power anb peril The POWER of Our Country, generated by Anglo-Saxon civilization and made effective through the American institutions of State, Church, and School. ' The PERIL of Our Country, manifest in the claims of Politico- Eccle- siastical Romanism to universal dominion, and in its relations to political parties, politicians, platforms, legislation, schools, charities, labor, and ivar. The Republic FACES the twentieth century ivith the power to avert the peril when both power and peril are recognized. PEUBENS FUTURI QUI TAGET CONSENTIT BY JAMES M. KING General Secretary National League for the Protection of American Institutions NEW YORK AMERICAN UNION LEAGUE SOCIETY 1899 THENEW YORK PlIPLICLIBRARY 280167 A£TOR, LENOX AKO i9oa Copyright, 1899, BY JAMES M. KING. All rights reserved. AUTHOR'S TREFACE. The Republic, with the momentum secured in making more than a century of glorious history, is about to move into the twentieth century and work out its manifest destiny in extending civil and religious liberty to the millions which come under its benign rule. Without attempting an elaborate discussion of any one of the themes here considered, I have essayed to give a brief survey of the sources of our civilization, of the institutions which conserve and promote this civilization; of the peril which menaces these institutions, and of the legal, organic, and moral forces Avhich may be depended upon to protect them. I hope to contribute a mite in producing that disposition of mind and poise of Judgment among citizens which are indispensable to a people confronted with difficult problems for solution, and who have great responsibilities to meet and priceless liberties to perpetuate. I desire to reach that honest citizen on the farm, in the workshop, in the factory, and in the different departments of industry in city and village, who does his own thinking and voting, and who counts one in the class of citizens who give character to American citizenship and vigor to American patriotism. I seek to inspire that kind of patriotic pride of country, which is based upon an intelligent conception of the cost and character of our institutions, and Avhich is jealously alert against the insidious approaches of any foe that would either compromise or undermine our constitutional liberties. We are living in a seriously interesting and instructive period of both national and international history. The men 8 4 Author\3 Preface. who created the Republic faced their responsibilities effectively and magnificently. We shall have both the courage and ability to face our broader responsibilities if we adhere to the principle that the safe method of procedure is for a nation to act from high-minded and unselfish motives. New York, January, 1899. NOTE. In a word I desire to record my gratitude for all the assistance I have received in the preparation of this volume. Those who have aided me in any measure have one and all requested that no mention be made of their names. Their request is com- plied with, but their help is appreciated. Conscious of the imperfect presentation I have made of the information imparted to me fnmi many sources, I am thiuikful for the valuable and authentic facts, and trust that the readers will weigh these facts and bear with the inadequate method of their array. J- M. K. CONTENTS. PART I. The Sources of American Republican Christian Civilization. PAGE The Hollander, 13 The Pilgrim, 19 The Puritan, 28 The Huguenot, ........•• 38 Tiie Quaker, 53 The Scotch, 56 The Cavalier, 57 The English Roman Catholic, 59 Other Mention, 6^ PART II. American Institutions. The ^tate. Liberty and Law, 62 Tiie State and Its Power, 66 Nationality and Sovereignty, 66 Sources of the Powers of the State, 68 Historic Origin of the Republic, 69 Material Resources and Strength, 72 The Church. The Relations of Civil and Religious Liberty, . . . . ^^ Sphere and Function of Church and State, . . . . • 79 Limitations of Civil and Religious Liberty, ..... 80 Separation of Church and State, ....... 81 5 6 Contents. PAGE Dangers from the Union of Church and State, .... 82 Historic Statenioiit of the Origin of Religious Liberty in America, 84 America's Contribution to Religious Liberty, .... 90 Religious Resources, . . . . . . • • .93 The School. Free Common-School System, 96 Higher Education Accessible to All, 106 Education Out of School, HO The Free Press as an Educator, 112 PART in. Anglo-Saxon and Latin Civilizations. Spain in History the Representative Latin Type, . . . .121 America's Early Escape from the Grasp of Latin Civilization, . 133 American Populations and Civilization Essentially Anglo-Saxon, . 140 The Spanish-American War of Civilizations, .... 146 Our New Possessions, . . . • . • • • .163 PART IV. The Menace to American Institutions from Politico- Ecclesiastical Romanism. Preliminary, . . . . . • • • • • .175 Claims. Concerning Universal Dominion in both Spiritual and Temporal Affairs, 18V Concerning the Essential Character of Civil Liberty, . . 208 Concerning Religious Liberty and the Relations of Church and State, 218 Concerning the Voter as a Responsible Sovereign, . . . 230 Helations. To Party Politics and to Politicians, 250 To Legislation, 287 Contents. Y PAGE To Judicial Administration, 308 To Executive Administration, 311 To Education and the Schools, 319 To tlie Press and Literature, 358 To Charitable, Reformatory, and Penal Institutions, . . .371 To Labor and other Organizations, 392 To the Boycott and the Boss, 403 To "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion," 409 To the Government of the Commercial Metropolis of the New World, 418 To the Spanish-American War, 461 MetJiods. To Make Condescending Concessions to American Institutions, . 477 Concerted Action as Romanists; Promoting Isolation and Soli- darity, and Obstructing Assimilation in Citizenship, . . 481 Declme. Decline in Numbers and in Political Power throughout the World, 501 PART V. Powers to Protect American Institutions. Constitutional Intrenchment of American Principles and Institu- tions in the Organic Laws of the Nation and of the States, . 518 The National League for the Protection of American Institutions, 519 The Free Common Schools. The Free Principle Must Be De- fended. Patriotic Platform for the Defense of the Schools, 544 The Recognition and Nurture of the New Patriotism, Manifested in the Multiplication of Patriotic Organizations. Organiza- tions Based upon Revolutionary Ancestry or Patriotic Heredity, . 549 Organizations Based upon Consciousness of Present Perils from Ecclesiasticism, . . . . . . . . .561 The Safe and Rational Restriction of Immigration, . . . 567 8 Contents. PAGE Safeguarding the Ballot, ........ 509 A Perfected Civil Service, ........ 572 The Spoils System and the Merit System, . . . . . 573 The Principles of Unseclarian Christianity the Basis of Our Civil- ization, and the Guarantee for Its Perpetuit}'^, . . . 579 PART VI. Manifest Destiny, 585 PART VII. Appendix, Memorable Events in American Historj^ 1492-1899, . . . 595 Some Ecclesiastical Definitions: Elements of Ecclesiastical Law, ...... 602 Gladstone on the Vatican Decrees, . . . . . .612 Some Chronological Records of the Pope's Relations to the Span- ish-American War, . . . . . . . . .614 Vatican and Papal Authorities Friendly to Spain and Hostile to the United States during the Spanish-American War, . .619 The Pope's Letter on " Americanism "; the Submission of Arch- bishop Ireland and the Paulist Fathers, . . . . .621 Immigration Statistics from the Foundation of the Government, 625 Qualifications for Voting in each State of the Union, . . . 626 The Flag, 628 Index, 629 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Alfonso, King of Spain, 169 Duke of Alva, .......... 121 Americus Vespucius, . . . . . . • . .136 augustin, ........... 160 Birthplace of the National Flag, ...... 68 Blaine and Burchard, 409 Blanco, . .160 H. F. Boavers, 664 Captain Boycott, 401 George Ernest Bowman, 550 J. B. Brondel, 293 John R. Brooke, ......... 160 Schley's Flagship "Brooklyn," 162 William Allen Butler, ........ 528 Camara, 129 The Capitol, Washington, . 1, 73 John F. Carroll, 457 Caravels of Columbus, ........ 136 Cervera, ........... 129 Charles V., 121 Charles IX., 121 R. L. Chapelle, 293 United States Coat of Arms, ...... 1 Columbus, . . . . . . . . . . .136 Congressional Library, ........ 73 Michael A. Corrigan, 301, 457 Country School House, ........ 104 Richard Croker, ......... 457 J. L. M. Curry, 544 Edward S. Deemer, . • 564 Chauncey M. Depew, • 550 George Dewey, , . 129 Mrs. Mary Lowe Dickinson, . 559 Morgan Dix, .......... 550 9 10 List of IlhisPi'ations. DoRMAN B. Eaton, Faneuil Hall, Federal Hall, Ferdinand, United States Flag, Benjamin Franklin, . Franklin Press, James Cardinal Gibbons, William W. Goodrich, A Graded School Building, Ulysses S. Grant, Frederick Grant, Samuel Eberly Gross, John Gutenberg, Edward Hagaman Hall, J. C. Hardenbergh, Benjamin Harrison, J. A. Healy, Henry IV., Patrick Henry, . Hoe's Press, 1899, Henry E. Howland, . Independence Hall, John Ireland, Isabella, John Jay (Huguenot), John Jay (National League), James M. King, Richard Henry Lee, Robert E. Lee, Fitzhugh Lee, Linares, Monument to Luther at Worms, Monument to Faith, Macias, Battleship " Maine," . Wreck op the " Maine," Mrs. I. C. Manchester, Mrs. Daniel Manning, Sebastian Martinelli, M. Marty, List of IlliiMrations. 11 York," FOR THE Protection of United States, President McKinley and the War Cabinet, William McKinley, Hugh McLaughlin, Catherine de Medici, Wesley Merritt, Nelson A. Miles, MONTOJO, Thomas J, Morgan, Sampson's Flagship, "New New Roman Catholic Lobby, Officers of the National League American Institutions, Old Roman Catholic Lobby, Dewey's Flagship, "Olympia," Papal Apostolic Delegates for the Pando, William H. Parsons, . Wheeler H. Peckham, William Pexn, Philip IL, Pope Leo XIIL, Pope Pius IV., Population of Each State and Number of Persons to the Square Mile, ....... Possessions of the United States, 1899, Presidents of the United States from 1789 to 1850, Presidents of the United States from 1850 to 1899, Ralph E. Prime, ....... Queen Regent of Spain, ..... S. Lansing Reeve, ....... Patrick W. Riordan, ...... Roman Catholic Population in Each State and Proportion OF Roman Catholic Members to All Other Denomina- tions, ..... Rulers of Greater New York, "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion," Patrick J. Ryan, Sagasta, Prime Minister of Spain, William T. Sampson, E. W. Samuel, .... Francis Satolli, PAGE 147 1 457 121 160 160 129 261 162 301 520 293 162 193 160 520 528 13 121 188 121 585 593 64 64 550 169 564 293 499 . 457 . 409 293, 301 . 169 . 129 . 564 . 193 12 List of Ilhistrations. Charles T. Saxton, WiNFiELD S. Schley, . Mrs. May Wright Sewall John Server, William T. Shafter, Charles D. Sigsbee, . Charles R. Skinner, Mrs. Le Roy Sunderland Smith, Mrs. Henry Sanger Snow, Spain's Possessions at the Height o Spain's Possessions in 1899, A State Normal, J. A. Stepuan, William Strong, Peter Stuyvesant, Treasury Building, Robert A. Van Wyck, John H. Vincent, Wainwright, George Washington, Washington Monument, William Wayne, Alexander S. Webb, Weyler, Joseph Wheeler, Henry B. Whipple, White House, Stewart L. Woodford, F Her Power PAGE 544 129 559 564 160 15G 544 559 559 472 472 104 301 520 13 73 457 544 156 1 73 550 550 148 160 550 73 550 John IVinthrop iPnt itan^. Peter Stityz'esant (Hollander'). Patrick Henry (^Scotcli). IVtlliatn Penn iQuaker). John Jay (Huguenot). Richard Henry Lee (Cavalier). SOME LEADERS IN SHAPING AMERICAN CIVILIZATION. FACING THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. PART I. THE SOURCES OF AMERICAN REPUBLICAN CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION. THE HOLLANDER. The first dim outliues of knowledge concerning the region now called Holland have been set before us in Caesar's accounts of the battles and marches of his conquering legions. A region it might have been called then, yet not a land. The words terra jirina would scarcely apply to a vast expanse of morass and thicket, often all but submerged by the furious waves of the stormy, ever threatening sea. As the child is father to the man, so, in the first faint dawnings of the history of a people may be discerned some characteristics which distinguish that people, as the story of later generations is rounded out and recorded. That quality in a race which held it steadfast while fighting against nature for a home so uncertain in its conditions that it was sometimes land and sometimes water ; which enabled it, though often overpowered and almost swept out of existence by giant physical forces, to slowly but cer- tainly overcome after centuries of combat, has marked that people through all the years of its history. Patiently, slowly, with untiring labor and constant vigilance, they drove back the waves and set a bound to the ocean. But while they were toiling to wrest this Low Land, this Hollow Land from the sea, they were also developing and strengthening within themselves that power which enabled them to convert a marsh 14 Facing the Twentieth Gentury. into a rich and fruitful garden; to Ijuild witliin its limits wealthy and powerful cities, where science, art, and music went hand in hand with progress in material industnes, while they swept the broad bosom of their ancient enemy with fleets of merchantmen and war vessels. Nor was this power to achieve success in these directions, great as it was, their most prominent characteristic. Motley says: "In the development of the Netherland nation during sixteen centu- ries, we have seen it ever marked by one prevailing character- istic, one master passion, the love of liberty, the instinct of self-government. " The succession of Charles V. to the sovereignty of the Netherlands, and the dawn of tl\at religious movement called the Reformation, two events which occurred early in the six- teenth century, gave the signal for the beginning of a long and terrible struggle. The history of this reign was marked at every stage by rapacity and political oppression. These rich provinces had their treasuries emptied to support the Em- peror's ambitious projects, had their industries hampered and their liberties restricted. Above all, he sought to extinguish their religious freedom. To repressive edicts were added the terrors of the Inquisition, and by the time Charles abdicated, passing the sovereignty into the hands of his son, Philip II., upward of fifty thousand of the inhabitants of the Nether- lands had suffered death for their religious opinions. But if the reign of Charles was rigorous and harsh, that of his son was marked by relentless cruelty. Religious persecution was carried on with redoubled vigor, and the infamous Alva was sent, at the head of thousands of Spanish troops, to crush the rebellious provinces. It was inevitable, considering the tem- per of the people, that a rebellion should i-ipen into a war, which drew the Prince of Orange to the front as their leader, and that the Abjuration, the Declaration of Independence of the Dutch Republic, should ultimately follow. A few years later these people saw their beloved Prince and leader fall by The Sources of American Civilization. 15 the assassin's hand, but with indomitable energy they marched forward, while others of that princely family arose to perpetu- ate and embellish the name by heroic deeds for a noble cause, until an exhausted enemy held out the flag of truce and was forced to acknowledge the Low Countries free. In this memorable year of 1609, when the Dutch republic took its place among the nations, events were quietly occur- ring in another part of the world which wei-e to be an active factor in founding, at a later era, a greater republic, which, in its turn, would, for liberty and right, meet in the clash of arms the ancient enemy of its Netherland prototype. The voyage of the celebrated Half Moon, under the command of her equally celebrated captain, Henry Hudson, has taken its deep significance from later events. It was but a small vessel, manned by a crew of twenty, making her first cruise along an unknown shore, cautiously feeling her way through strait and bay, past wooded islands to the broad surface of a noble river, traversing many miles of its shining waters, and returning with its cargo of furs and its story of adventure, to the home port in Holland. Yet this little boat was the pathfinder for a world's traffic, and on those wooded slopes was to rise a great city where all nations and tongues would congregate. For some years Hudson's discovery was only fruitful in pointing out the way for the beginnings of a profit- able trade in furs with the Indians of the islands and shores which he visited. A fort was built near the site of the pres- ent city of Albany, as a trading post to reach the natives of the interior, a few rude buildings erected at the extremity of Manhattan Island, and the name of New Netherland given the region. However, there was no definite project for colo- nization until after the establishment of the West India Com- pany with many rights and privileges, one of which was exclusive trade with America. Under their charter Peter Minuit was appointed the first governor, and he arrived at Manhattan in the spring of 1626, authorized to buy land 16 Facing the Twentieth Century. from the Indians, and construct a fort, warehouse, and other necessary buildings. On the 6th of May, two days after liis arrival, the Governor made that celebrated purchase from the natives, Avhereby Manhattan Island came into his possession at the price of twenty-four dollars. The fort, warehouse, and buildings were soon constructed, and an upper story in one of the latter was fitted up for religious worship. They had no minister as yet, but two persons were appointed to read the Bible and lead in devotional exercises every Sabbath morning. Other colonists shortly arrived, and before the end of the year their number was nearly two hundred. AVith the habits of thrift and diligence in which they had been trained, it is not sur- prising to learn that " they had all their grain sowed by the middle of May, and reaped by the middle of August." Two years later we find that " the learned and energetic John Michaelius was employed to officiate at religious meetings and instruct the children." Thus from the first these Dutch colonists built a strong foundation for education and religion. In order to give greater impetus to colonization and extend it throughout the province, an offer was made by the company to any of its members who should found a colony of fifty adults, by which they would receive large grants of land, special privileges, and the title of patroon. In this way set- tlements were planted along the Hudson Kiver and in sections now included in Delaware and New Jersey, though the aris- toci'atic and feudal features of the plan were not favorable to the best growth of the province. After a few years Minuit was succeeded by Van Twiller as governor, and with him arrived the first minister, named Bogardus, for whom a church was shortly built. This was a plain wooden struc- ture, without architectural beauty, but historically interesting as the first church edifice on Manhattan Island. Under this administration the island village received the name of New Amsterdam. But the path of these Dutch governors was not The So2ircest of Amfrican Civilization. 17 an easy one, and in 1638 Van Twiller retired to make way for Kieft. lie chose as counselor Dr. La Moiitacjne, a man of high breeding and varied learning, a French Ilugnenot, who had fled from religious persecution and settled at Manhattan the previous year. Thus we may already get a glimpse of the cosmopolitan character of the future metropolis. During Kieft's rule the company adopted a more liberal policy, which had the effect of increasing the number of new settlers, and the greater religious freedom attracted people from New Eng- land, who made settlements on Long Island and in West- chester, while others became inhabitants of the thriving village of New Amsterdam. In 1647 arrived the last and the greatest of the Dutch governors, Peter Stuyvesant. He was a man of stern, proud appearance, military bearing, of great energy and decision of character, of severe morality, yet kindly, sympathetic, and large-hearted. He found many discouragements in the condi- tion of affairs in the province. Before this time there had been many misunderstandings with the English settlements, owing to conflicting patents and indefinite boundaries. The patroon system, with its special privileges, was a sonrce of perplexity and annoyance. Above all, injudicious treatment of the Indians had been followed by disastrous and shock- ing results. Beside these questions which confronted the Governor, his attention was at once drawn to the necessity for improvement in the condition of the town, and under his energetic direction many changes for the better were inaugurated. Though the Dutch were earnest and serious, they did not manifest a sour severity ; and though they evinced a keen commercial spirit, they were not mercenary or miserly. So far as circumstances permitted the people lived generously, and there was much pleasant social intercourse among the settlers. In New Amsterdam the Christmas festi- val was especially observed, as was also the custom of New Year visits. In 1653 New Amsterdam was made a munici- 18 Facing the Twentieth Century. pality and suitable officials were appointed. In 1656 its popu- lation had reached one thousand. But events were impending which were to place the control of the province in other hands. In 1664 it was seized by the English. New Amster- dam became New York, and Fort Orange was called Albany. But, though it was lost forever as a Netherland possession, the Dutch had taken firm root in the soil and made an indelible mark, to be discerned through all the future history of the province. That country, whose rich and flourishing cities were brought low by the hand of tyranny and wasted by fire and siege, was to see them reproduced again, when its children founded the metropolis of the West. The descendants of a people which, with wonderful persistence in the face of repeated defeats, rescued a country from the waves and made it fertile and flourishing, had the happy privilege of founding, in the New World, a great State upon \vhich nature had bestowed every bounty. Throughout its length and breadth the Dutch name is preserved. The important families of New Nether- land have their lines perpetuated by distinguished descend- ants, and the race which Cyesar could not conquer is repre- sented in the New World by a long list of brave, steadfast, God-fearing men. These men have ever been active in foster- ing those rights and privileges for which their forefathers fought with such unyielding determination, such unexampled bravery. That right of free and fearless speech, and that high standard of morality, in civil as well as religious matters, which permitted the first Dutch preacher to rebuke from his pulpit the Governor in his pew, are still manifest in the life of the State. Her press, her schools, her laws are all signifi- cant of her origin. The declaration in favor of complete religious toleration, which the Netherlanders incorporated in the Act of Abjuration in 1581, is repeated again when New York, two centuries later, in her first constitution, declares that "the free exercise and enjoyment of religious pro- fession and worship, without discrimination or preference, Th