ie @. rAMILIAK FLOWERS
OF FIELD AND ~ GARDEN
7. Schuyler Mathews
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FIELDS.
IN THE
FAMILIAR FLOWERS Ofe TIELD AND GARDEN
DESIERIBE D -ANID? [LEE U Si RALED
BY F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS
WITH OVER TWO HUNDRED DRAWINGS
WEW YORK SOTANWICAR
<4 rn pet:
NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1895
. + CopyYRIGHT, 1895, a [By oD. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
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INTRODUCTION.
Faminrariry with a flower does not always in- clude a knowledge of its name and family. This little volume is intended properly to introduce many familiar characters. We are better pleased to know the golden-rod, virgin’s bower, and blood-root by their titled names—Arguta Solidago, Clematis of Vzir- ginia, and Sanguinaria of Canada. But the book goes a step further and supplements the introduction with a little friendly gossip based on personal experi- ence. Alas! personal experiences are all more or less different, so I must be pardoned for occasionally ap- pearing to disagree with those whose wide experience, profound research, and scientific training entitle them to acceptation as unquestionable and final authorities. But opportunity is often the means whereby one may arrive at truths not always in the possession of the most learned; and the fact that I have seen the Atamasco lily in bloom in May and even earlier in-
clines me to the belief that the same opportunity was a ageetd
iv FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
not afforded to Dr. Asa Gray. Aster ericoides I do not find confined to southern New England; it is common in northern New Hampshire. It is also the fact that certain variations in type are unrecorded in -botanical books to which I have referred ; such variations appear in a few of my drawings. The environment of a flower and the length of time in which it blooms are also recorded here with some variation from that according to Dr. Gray. In such instances I have relied upon my own personal expe- rience. Regarding the colors of flowers, I take the liberty of saying that no authority has appeared to be perfectly satisfactory from my particular point of view, and I regret to add that certain records in Dr. Gray’s books seem to point to the fact that he was at least partially color-blind.
To any artist who is a colorist it is almost incon- ceivable that crimson should not be distinguished from scarlet. When it is possible for him to produce fifty distinct variations of red between these two colors, it will be easily understood why he should look on the color-blind person as an eighth wonder of the world!
Color terms are best considered as relative to each other—for instance, blue-violet, violet, violet-purple, purple, purple-magenta, magenta, magenta-red, ete. The name rose-purple is quite indefinite. I suppose it means pink-purple ; but pink-purple is anomalous. It
INTRODUCTION. Vv
is a combination of a tint and a hue, and should read either pink-lilac, as a tint, or magenta-purple, as a hue. Now, as these colors are entirely dissimilar, I am left in complete doubt as to which one the bota- nist refers in using the term rose-purple.
The color of a flower is an important factor in its identification, and I have exercised great care in the selection of an adequate name for it; at the same time, a few popular color-names have been retained when these seemed to be sufficiently near the truth, although certainly not exact. But flowers vary in the presentation of a certain hue; two specimens of Lilium Philadelphicum are likely to show two dis- tinct tones of red. Magenta-pink, crimson-pink, and pure pink are varieties of pink common in the Orchis family. Habenaria jimbriata is apt to vary from a tint to a light hue. Cypripediwm acaule is also a variable crimson-pink flower.
By constant reference to Dr. Gray I mean to draw attention to him as our highest botanical author- ity. The Manual and Meld, Forest, and Garden Botany furnish a scientific background, so to speak, for this volume. A late revision of the Manual fur- nishes a full, detailed description of certain wild flow- ers; but a later revision, by Prof. L. H. Bailey, of Field, Forest, and Garden Botany, recently published, will undoubtedly prove the more useful book of the
yi FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
two for those who are inexperienced in botanical research. In Prof. Meehan’s Flowers and Ferns of the United States I have found a valuable authority on the habits and characters of our more Western flowers, and Prof. Goodale in his Wild Flowers of America has supplied me with many interesting facts connected with some of our common Eastern flowers. This selection of familiar wild and garden flowers in- cludes those which have seemed most familiar or in- teresting or even homely to one who spends a great deal of time in the garden and fields surrounding a hillside studio. Most of the Western and Southwest- ern wild flowers (now in cultivation) grow in this gar- den, and these, with others of the woods and fields near by, were sketched on the spot. Still other speci- mens (many of which grew in the Arnold Arboretum near Boston) of various localities were likewise drawn directly from Nature. What the character of the message is which a wild flower brings to the observant lover of Nature depends largely upon disposition of the individual. This one is susceptible to no suggestion; that one sees a vis- ion of the beautiful beyond the conception of the unimaginative; another hears the music of Nature and sees the beautiful as well. Let us hope that there are few Americans of whom Wordsworth
might say:
- Seer,
INTRODUCTION. vil
“A primrose by a river’s brim A yellow primrose was to him, And it was nothing more.”
But, on the other hand, who of us can truly say
“To me the meanest flower that blows can give Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears” ?
There is no doubt in my mind as to what Beet. hoven was thinking of when he wrote the lovely Scherzo of his Heroic Symphony. The music is brimful of the woods and fields of springtime. We do not know exactly what Chopin imagined when he composed his Impromptu Fantasia, but its exu- berant music suggests the joy and freedom of the birds and flowers in the woods and meadows of June.
A little more familiarity with Nature will lead us to a better understanding of her message—a message she surely has for every one who will but listen.
F. Scauyter Martuews.
Eu Furerpis, Buarr, Campton, N. H., October, 1894.
FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
CHAPTER I.
MARCH AND APRIL. Arbutus to Spring Everlasting.
Trailing Arbutus, Amonca the favorite flowers of spring,
or Mayflower. the Pilgrim’s Mayflower seems to hold
Epigea repens. — ‘the first place in the heart of a loyal New-Englander. It has even been suggested as a national flower for our country. But the trailing
arbutus is too local to stir the enthusiastic in-
terest of our Western and Southern fellow-countrymen; and not long ago, when the subject of a nation- al flower was agi- tated, a most decid- ed preference was expressed by vote
for the golden-rod. However, the sweetness and quiet beauty of the trail- ing arbutus deserve the highest consideration, and it
is at least the representative New England wild 1
9 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
flower. The Englishman does not need to ask us, “Where are your fragrant flowers?” John Bur- roughs says: “Let him look closer and penetrate our forests and visit our ponds and lakes. . . . Let him compare our matchless, rosy-lipped, honey- hearted, trailing arbutus with his own ugly ground ivy (Wepeta Glechoma).” We can make our own comparison if we choose, for the ground ivy has be- come naturalized here, and it may be found in shady places creeping and spreading over the waysides ; its flowers are light blue and its leaves kidney- shaped; it can be seen in Prospect Park, Brook- lyn, in May. But the ground ivy is not to be men- tioned in the same breath with our sweet Mayflow- er. We must pass what the poet Whittier has to say about it for lack of space, and turn our attention to its natural environment. I have found the love- liest blossoms not in Massachusetts, but in a hilly, wet pasture on the southern slopes of the White Moun- -tains. Here the largest and pinkest blossoms were gathered among damp moss and withered leaves not two feet away from the remains of a winter’s snow- drift; this was on the 25th of April. It must be re- membered that snowdrifts frequently remain on the southern gorges of the White Hills as late as the mid- dle of May. But the arbutus does not mind the cool breath of a tardy New England spring; on the con-
MARCH AND APRIL. 3
trary, it thrives best not in sunny pastures where the sun is doing its warmest work, but in the chill and shadowy retreats of little dells, and in hollows be- tween rocks and groups of stunted firs, where the hillside is wet and cold with patches of melting ice and snow. The starry blossoms are ineffably sweet, and have a frosty, waxy look, and a dainty pink at the edge of the petals, more attractive than the deli- cate coloring of many a highly prized garden flower. The fresh petals have a taste not unlike muscatel grapes. The flower grows plentifully on the southeastern coast of Massachusetts, and is annually seen for sale in the streets of Boston.
If we call the Mayflower the represen tative
Snowdrop.
Galanthus nivalis.
wild flower of New England, then the snowdrop may be
called the representative spring flower of Old England! It is
not as familiar an object in
our own meadow borders as we would wish; yet it grows easily, and thrives in the bleak air of a New England spring. There are several old houses
4 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
in Roxbury whose front yards are brightened by this seemingly pathetic, drooping little flower as early as the frost will permit it to appear. It is amazing to see the courageous little thing hanging its dainty head over patches of ice and snow which linger into the middle of March! When the snow and the flower are seen thus together, we are startled by the incongruity of the situation: death and life side by side on the dawn of the deving year. The 1st of January, New- Year’s day, is but a name; the real birthday of the year is marked by the first snowdrop which lifts its head above the winter’s snow.
The flower is full of interest, and even under the glass it reveals a new beauty; its inner divisions are short and notched at the end, and are tipped with green; the coloring inside is extremely deli- cate. The snowdrop belongs to the Amaryllis family.
Scilla, or Squill. The pretty blue
Scilla Siberica, or scilla, which ap-
amend,
pears in the grassy plots of our parks and gardens in early spring, is a welcome visitor
MARCH AND APRIL. 5
from Siberia, come to stay in our country. It is
perfectly hardy, and its refreshing blue in among
the new grass blades is peculiarly harmonious with
the background of green. We have one native variety ealled S. Frasert, or wild hyacinth ; this is common on moist banks and prairies from Ohio westward; it grows about ten inches high, and its flowers are pale violet-blue, a color not so pretty as the purer blue of the cultivated Siberian variety, which may be seen in early spring dot- ting the greensward of the Public Garden, Boston. The bulb of S. Maritima, a Medi- terranean variety, is officinal, and Sirup of Squills is used for bronchial troubles.
Skunk Cabbage. The — earliest
Symplocarpus harbinger of tidus. : 2 Jeni the spring is
the skunk cabbage. This
most suggestively repellent plant is about as attract-
ive in odor as it is in name! Yet, aside from this
6 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
little misfortune, Nature has given the odoriferous cabbage a very interesting though not a beautiful appearance, and its very peculiarity invites attention. — There is something startling in the fact that the dark, livid-colored thing is related to the spotless calla (what a contrast !), and to the sturdy and happy- looking Jack-in-the-pulpit! But the appearance of the brown-purple spathe must be attractive to ani- mated Nature, otherwise it would not contain so many relics of “a ball that is over.” Many insects must have led quite a lively dance inside the spathe, for when we look within its folds we see plenty of remains—honeybees, small flies, bugs, spiders, beetles, and the like. Somehow, I never see a skunk cabbage, with its company of buzzing insects, without thinking of Tam o’ Shanter: the little witches are having “a high old time ” within, and one can not help feeling somewhat ungracious over the knowledge that beau- tiful Nature does show herself disgusting once in a while; why, in the name of all that is sweet, do dainty honeybees want to visit such a malodorous character? Thoreau says, “ Lucky that this flower does not flavor their honey.”
The marsh marigold is another flower Marsh Marigold.
which is found for sale in the streets Caltha palustris.
of Boston in spring. It seems a pity that wrong names should attach themselves to our
MARCH AND APRIL. ¢
wild flowers, and occasion some confusion regarding their family relations. This flower is not related
either to the garden calendula (pot marigold) or to the English cowslip; yet it often goes by the latter name (without the English). The flower rather dis-
8 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
tantly reminds one of the buttercup, to which it is related ; but it is thick and stocky-looking, and de- serves some interest on its own account. It will be found in early April beside the brooks as they wind through the meadows, and in springy ground. It is common also: in Italy, where we would hardly look for it. The calyx is golden yellow in hue, and the dark-green, thickish leaf is like a rounded kidney in shape.
Liverwort. Hepatica triloba is one of the earliest Hepatica triloba. of our spring flowers, and perhaps one of the most beautiful. It is often described as a
MARCH AND APRIL. 9
blue flower, but I must object to this on the ground
that its blue is only a qualifying condition of its pur- ple. Often the blossoms are nearly white, but as a rule they are blue-purple of extraordinarily delicate quality. The leaves come out later than the flowers, and by the end of summer they are strong and thick, dark green in color, and leathery in texture. They remain green all winter. The flower grows on the edge of the wood, and often in sunny pastures; at least this is so in the Eastern States. A distinguish- ing point in the Lepatica is its hairy flower stem. It is not too early to look for it immediately after the snow has disappeared ; in fact, it is contempora- neous with the arbutus, whose blossoms one may often gather within a few feet of a lingering snowdrift !
There is no reason why the adder’s-
Dog’s-Tooth Violet, or Adder’s-Tongue. is really a lily; and so far as the re-
tongue should be called a violet; it
pe trontum semblance in shape between the white Americanum.
root of the plant and a dog’s tooth is concerned, that is too trifling for serious considera- tion. There is a snaky look to the prettily mottled leaf, but nothing to remind one of the snake’s tongue. I have found this flower growing beside a little brook as it issued from the border of the wood as late as the 10th of May. The blossom is usually russet yel-
low, and the upright leaves, spotted with a darker 2
10 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
color in delicate pencilings, are readily distinguished from the surrounding green. But we may find some specimens without the slightest trace of this mottled color; so we must remember that Nature, frequently ec- centric, refuses to fol- low a rule unless it is connected with some great underlying prin- ciple of creation. This dainty little lily grows as cheerfully on the slopes of Mount Wash- ington, at an altitude
of over two thousand feet, as it does in some of the wooded dells of Staten Island. It is an early flower, and may be looked for in April. Pansy. That the pansy is a Rs . Dog’s-tooth Violet. Viola onicalen——-\ op enta eavorite pir. Out country is demonstrated by the fact that a seedsman tells me he alone sells over two hundred thousand packages of the seed ina year! The flower is really a large party-colored variety of the violet, and it
MARCH AND APRIL. fT.
appears in such variegated colors that it would be difficult to describe even the commonest types. In one strain there are specimens which approach as near to a black flower as it seems possible. I con- ‘sider the French pansies of M. Bugnot by all odds the finest. But this is a matter of opinion which I am not disposed to urge. Cassier’s Odier is a variety of large size and fine color, usually three or five spotted. The pansy should be treated as a biennial; if we wish fine flowers we must raise them from seed each year; they bloom from early spring to mid- summer. The Sweet Violet (V. odorata), a relation of the pansy, comes from England and Italy, and is not hardy in our gardens of the North. The double-flow- ered varieties do not seed.
The tulip comes Tulip.
to us from Asia Tulipa Gesneriana.
Minor, but indi- rectly from Holland. In Ara-
bian ornament, particularly in decorative painting, the flower is frequently repre- sented. Our finest tulips come from Haarlem, Hol-
12 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
land, where there are extensive farms devoted to the culture of the splendid flower. In 1634, and three years after, all Holland was crazy over the tulip! - This so-called tulipomania was finally ended by State interposition. At one time a collection of fine bulbs of one Wouter Brockholminster sold for $44,100. The first tulip, it is said, came to Europe from Per- sia, by way of Constantinople, in 1559. The taste for tulips did not reach its height in England until the close of the seventeenth century. The flower ranges without restriction through the chromatic scale, but excepts blue, although it suggests it in the variety named Bleu Celeste. The varieties are sim- ply endless. They flower successively through spring. The tulip is a member of the Lily family.
Biobd:root, About the latter end of April, in the Sanguinaria valley of the Pemigewasset (the river Canadensis.
which gathers its crystal waters from the southern slopes of the Franconia Mountains), be- side the road, on the brink of the river, in moist pas- tures, and beside the woodland brook, may be found the beautiful, broad white flowers of the plant which furnishes a famous specific for coughs and colds. Long before I became acquainted with the plant I had taken many drops of its orange-red blood on lump sugar. It is surprising that in three botanical
books I found the juice described as crimson; for
MARCH AND APRIL. 13
crimson is a biue-red, and this color will not apply in any respect to blood-root. If a bit of the stem of a leaf is squeezed, it will exude an _ orange-col- ored juice, which stains everything it comes in contact with. The blood-root leaf grows circling about the ris- ing flower stem, and does not attain its full size of about five inches across until the flower is quite gone. Alas! it goes quickly enough. This is the reason why some of our most beau- tiful wild flowers are not cultivated by the florists; it does not pay -to spend much time over such _ ephemeral lives. The _ blood-root is like a butterfly; it comes and goes in a day, like the poppy, to which it is related. The blossom is as lovely and white as a lily, and has a golden center.
14 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
NY Aus
y Se?
< 1 ~S\\ +
Yeu ’ Th \\
Spring This is an insignificant Everlasting. ; 5 . white, cottony - stemmed Antennaria plantaginifolia. plant, which lacks beauty ~
altogether; yet it is so common in the meadows and pastures of the hill country that one must know what it is on account of its conspicuousness in early spring. There are great patches of straggling white seen in the meadows through April, and one wonders, from the distance of a car window in the swiftly passing train, what the “ white stuff” is—leastwise, I But it is only Antennaria, and scarcely merits
have been asked such a question.
attention, unless one wishes. to examine its peculiar fuzziness through a little mi- croscope.
The so-called Calla Lily (it
Ethiopian Calla, . : : is not a lily, nor a true
Richardia Africana. é calla either) is a beautiful,
But it is not hardy and must be considered
white relative of Jack-in-the-Pulpit. more of a house plant. It comes from Africa, and blooms in spring. The new dwarf variety, Little Gem, is an abundant
bloomer.
CHAPTER II.
APRIL AND MAY.
To Flowering Wintergreen.
Bellwort. Tue flower of the bellwort is rather Cakesia sessilifolia. 4 insionificant, attenuated _ little thing, which one would hardly notice unless the plant was picked, and its hidden _ side (whence depends the bell) turned imtoy view... The flower is cream- color, the upper surface of the leaf- age is pale green, and the under sur- face bluish green. The plant is not
often more than
Seed-pod of the
eight inches high Bellwort.
as it grows in Bellwort. 15
16 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
the White Mountain woods. The green, three-sided seed pod — looks like a beechnut. Uvularia perfoliata is a very near rela- tion to the flower under consideration, with differences which Prof. Goodale fully explains in his book entitled Wild Flowers of America. It is sufficient here to say that in this variety the stem seems to pass through the*base of each one of the leaves. The bellwort
flowers in April and Anemone nemorosa. May.
Wood Anemone, Lhe wood anemone or Windflower. really belongs in Anemone nemorosa.
the half-lit woods of spring, when the foliage is un-
developed and its shade is thin and
APRIL AND MAY. 17
flower beside the road, and as late, too, as the mid- dle of May. This was among the mountains, where the altitude is apt to retard the advance of spring. The blossom is frail, with five or more white sepals (not petals) sometimes suffused with a delicate crimson pink. The leaves are character- istically wedge-shaped,
and on this account there is no excuse for confusing the plant with Zhalictrum anemo- noides, or rue anemone. ‘The leaves of the latter are like those of the meadow rue. Rue Anemone, Lhe dainty rue Anemonella anemone is often oe leita confused with the anemonoides. anemone just de-
scribed. A glance at my two
drawings will at once discover
the wide difference between the two little plants. Besides the difference in leafage, A. nemorosa is a one-flowered plant, while A. thalictroides bears quite a cluster of blossoms having six or more white se-
18 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
pals; sometimes these are pinkish. Gray says from five to ten sepals, but the majority of specimens I have gathered seemed to bear six. This flower does not rank as an anemone, and Gray states the reason why ; but for me it bears a_ sufh-
SX. cient and un- ie mistakable fam- ily likeness in its leaf- Se age to rue or Zhaliec- trum. It blooms in May. Spring Beauty, Lhe little pink Claytonia spring beauty Virginica. : . is a favorite ao Zz with every one who loves wild ) hy \, flowers. Who would ever suspect \ } /* Br it was a kind of pusley? The flow- A pring ; Beauty. er stem, bearing several blossoms, sprawls outward from between two broad, grasslike, dark-green leaves. The flower is delicately veined with a deeper pink, and has five petals and two sepals. Sometimes it is quite white with pink veining. Like a great many other delicate wild flowers, it has a disappointing way of closing as soon as it is picked; but a tumbler of water and
iy? or Ge
APRIL AND MAY. 19
sunlight soon work a change in the shy flower, and we need not throw it away as hopelessly withered. I have found the flower on Long Island, and in New Jersey, in April and May. It is quite com- mon in moist places in Prospect Park, Brooklyn. The pretty little plant called
Dutchman’s Breeches.
; Dutehman’s breeches is common Dicentra Cucullaria.
about New York and Brooklyn, and its dainty white flower tipped with yellow may be found in the leaf-mold localities of thin woods, where shade and sunlight are evenly distributed. From its similarity in structure to the familiar Bleed- ing Heart of the garden (Dicentra spectabilis), it will at once show its near relationship with the lat- ter flower. I have never found the Dutchman’s breeches in the woods of New Hampshire. It blooms in April and May, and is a low-growing, ornamental-leaved plant of a rather delicate appear- ance. Early Saxifrage, he early saxifrage which flowers in Saxifraga April and May is not by any means eg conspicuous plant. We will find it nestling among the rocks in the pastures and in shady places beside the wood. The singularly orna- mental arrangement of the fresh leaves when the plant is young can not fail to attract notice; they spread around in an even circle like a rosette. But
20 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
the tiny white flow- ers are rather insig- nificant ; they are five-pointed, like a
star, with a touch of yellow in the center; later on, when the pods appear, they contribute a bit of rich brown to the little plant. Gray says purple, but the color is rather a madder-brown. The name means rock-breaker.
The large
Large White Early Saxifrage. Trillium. white trilli- Trillium um is considered the finest of all the
randiflorum. Aaa be ° Pan trilliums ; it is certainly a lovely
waxy white in color, but inclined toward a pinkish tint as it grows older. It is distinctively a woodland lily, which keeps clear of the mod- erate sunshine of April. The flower has three long white petals without the marking shown in
my drawing of the
APRIL AND MAY. 91
painted trillium. The leaves are broader than those of the following plant. Painted The painted
“Trillium. ttrillium is Trillium
not as lar erythrocarpum. : Be
as the pre- ceding _ variety, but to my own taste it is more beautiful. The edges of the pet-
Painted Trillium. als are wavy, and
the sharp V-shaped crimson color at the center of the flower is worth a close study under the magnifying glass. It will be noted that Gray says pink; but it is well to remember that he is not | always reliable in his color descriptions. | The fact is, there are many people who, whether color-blind or not, are incapable \) of distinguishing subtle variations of \ color; and the confusion of crimson with pink in the present instance is a ff demonstration of the fact. The charac- "ter of the red on the petals of this trillium is crimson—a matter too easily proved by the science of color to admit of any discussion here.
92 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
The plant is about eighteen inches high, and the flower is two inches across. Sometimes the leaves show a bluish bloom on the surface, and the stems are stained with a ruddy brown color two thirds of the way down. I have picked handsome speci- mens beside a woodland road, as late as May 20th, near Campton Village, N. H.; but the flower may be looked for in April, farther south. Birthroot, or Here, again, Gray is rather inaceu- Wake Robin. rate regarding color, for he calls the Britian erectum. th yoot dark, dull purple. There is only a trace of purple in the flower. It is dull mad- der-red in color, sometimes pale, but generally pretty strong. I might explain that brown and purple mad- der are shades of red approaching maroon in tone, with a greater or less influence of purple. But this by no means guarantees the term purple, any more - than the expression “a red face” indicates one of an unqualified scarlet hue. This birthroot is one of those pretty esthetic red flowers whose color reminds one of certain chrysanthemums. Of the three tril- liums mentioned, this seems least attractive; but it is nevertheless a handsome wild flower, which can be proved by arranging it carefully in a vase before one of those black silk Japanese screens which are com- mon in many households. The trilliums are poison-
ous to taste. I recollect an instance where a would-
APRIL AND MAY. 93
be young botanist, ignorantly mistaking trillium for Indian turnip, chewed a bit of the root and gave some to the young lady accompanying him in his walk ; the consequences were rather serious, and the young people soon had occasion to consult the nearest
physician. dase lower. The tiny star-flower may be readily Trientalis found in woods that border the pas- Americana.
tures in the hilly country of our East- ern States. It grows in moist places besides the pur- ple violet ( Viola cuculata) and the foam-flower. Its leaf is not unlike that of the lemon verbena, but it is broader, and grows from the top of a short stem in sets of six and seven, or more, as my drawing accu- rately represents; it is very shiny and delicate-look- ing, and of a pale yellow-green color. The perfect, little, starlike flowers are dainty to a fault; they should be studied under a magnifying glass, where their extreme daintiness can be seen to the best ad- vantage. Ido not think it is possible to become ac- quainted with the charming beauty of flower forms and colors without the aid of a botanist’s microscope. It is all very well to gather wild flowers for the pur- pose of becoming acquainted with their family con- nections and interesting habits, and cast them away when these facts are obtained; but this is something very far short of intimate acquaintance. Only the one
7 44
94 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
who closely observes the frosty, waxy form and color of stamen, pistil, anther, and petal through the mag-
7 >=
SST fy Spbhily Pigs
nifying glass can know anything of the fairylike beauty which a flower possesses. So this little star- flower must be seen under the glass, otherwise it would be passed, as likely as not, for an insignificant
APRIL AND MAY. 25
character. In Campton it is in its prime about the 10th of May. The foam-flower grows wilt
Foam-Flower,0r beside the little star- a xe False Mitrewort. RRS so Davee iscordafolin. flower, and blooms yy" about the same time. BEN Hop: All through August and September : wy we may find the fuzzy-surfaced, un- a] evenly colored green leaves of the | plant, in shape similar to small, nar- | row maple leaves, growing thickly on the forest floor near some babbling ' brook. Years ago, when a boy, the symmetrical leaves attracted my eye, and I carried a number of the plants from the White Mountains to my
home in Brooklyn, where they were planted in the back yard. Here they flourished fair- ly well, and I first be- came acquainted with the fuzzy little blossoms in the following spring. Al- though there is nothing especially attractive in the flower, it is dainty, and
common enough in the Foam-Flower. 3
= Ata by ¢
96 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
wooded hills of New Hampshire to command our attention. It is nearly related to the true mitrewort, and has a somewhat similar appearance. Its tlower stem rises about eight inches above the ground. The mitrewort, or Bishop’s cap, is Mitrewort, or : 2 : Bishop’s Cap. apt to be found growing beside its Mitella diphylla, false-named relative; and if we are and nuda. , fortunate enough to find the two to- gether, there will be a fine opportunity for compari-
son, as the flowers are altogether
different in construction ; this
3) will easily be seen if we pa- oe al tiently examine each under ab : a glass. The starlike blos- es ? som of the true mitre- es wort is fringed in a
ah fit remarkable manner,
reminding one of the conventional rays sur- rounding the five- pointed figure of a star. The flowers of M. nuda grow sparse- ly on an upright stalk about four or five
inches high ; they are Mitella nuda. small and_ greenish
APRIL AND MAY. 27
white. J/. diphylla is a taller plant, bearing a greater number of white flowers. The names for the false and true mitreworts, Ziarella and Mitella, have a perfectly evident origin; the seed pods look like tiny bishops’ mitres. I can hardly agree with Gray, who speaks of the Z%arella thus: “ Name, diminution of tiara, a turban, not very appropriate.” The word tiara for centuries has been applied to a crown, par- ticularly to a bishop’s crown, which was cleft from side to side; the Asiatic turban has little to do with the case. The ancient tiara was a round, high cap encompassed by three crowns added by the popes. The King of Persia wore a tiara-shaped crown, adorned with gold and jewels. The word mitre, synonymous with tiara, applies to the pope’s triple coronet, the badge of his civic dignity as distin- guished from his ecclesiastical rank which the keys represent. With these facts in view, the 7’%arella is certainly well named. My drawing of the IWttella nuda was made from a specimen found in the woods of Vermont in early summer.
The flower of the white baneberry is White Baneberry.
fuzzy and white like the foam-flower Actea alba. : 2
but not particularly interesting. It is seen in May. The berries, which appear in late summer, are far more apt to attract notice; they are waxy white, with a purple-black spot, and ovate in
98 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
shape ; the stems which bear the fruit are very thick,
and turn red when the berries are fully ripe. The
baneberry is a very familiar object in the moist, rich
woods of the White Mountains.
Black Snakeroot, - Ought not to pass a near relative
Cimicifuga of the white baneberry, called black raceme snakeroot, or bugbane (Cimicifuga
racemosa). This blooms in summer, and its tall
Fruit of the Baneberry.
spikes of fine white flowers appear better than they smell. The Latin name means, to drive away bugs;
APRIL AND MAY. 29
but, strange as it may seem, the plant has become useful in a far better way: it is quite efficacious in driving away neuralgic rheumatism, and doctors pre- scribe an extract of the root for that purpose. = Although the wintergreen flowers as Checkerberry, late as July, itsdark green, roundish Gaultheria leaves and bright scarlet berries are procumbens. ae rE : 3 - familiar objects in the woods in spring when there is little that is green scattered over the woodland floor to hide the pretty shiny plant from view. The ber- ries grow so_plenti- ful in southeastern Massachusetts that they are picked and brought to Boston, where they may be found for sale in many of the fruit stores. The berries
remain on the ever-
green plants all win- ter; in spring they are found in plenty on the foothills of the White Mountains. The flower is tiny and waxlike, and tastes as strongly aromatic as the berry does.
380 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Flowering The flowering win- Wintergreen,
or Fringed j ; Polygala, little plant, is no
Polygala paucifolia. yelative of the
checkerberry ; the latter belongs to
tergreen, a delicate
the Heath family, and the former to the Polygala family. The flower- ing wintergreen bears a conspicuous crimson-pink blossom, perhaps three quarters of an inch long, with a fringed crest ; the leaves are crowded at the summit of the slender stem, and from among these the pretty
flower looks out. The plant is Winter, hardly four inches high, and blos- soms in May and June; the speci-
men from which my drawing was made grew on the edge of the Dismal Pool in the Crawford
Notch, N. H.
CHAPTER III.
MAY.
Yellow Violet to Pitcher Plant.
Tue yellow vio- Yellow Violet.
] Viola pubescens. et, commonly
called the downy yellow violet, grows on the
edge of the wood where sunlight _ |} Downy Yellow and shadow are mixed. I am |} Violet.
best acquainted with the smooth — || variety, which can be found in a certain locality in the Pemi- 1S gewasset Valley, and is a never- ending source of delight to me in late spring. I know of no other spot for miles north and south where there is more. This particular patch is broad and thick, and about the 10th of May one may gather hundreds of blossoms without moving
beyond a space ten yards square. I never found 31
39 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
this flower, as Bryant says, “in forest bare,” nor could I ever discover the “faint perfume”; and, although the valleys of the White Mountains hold many a drift of snow as late as May, not a sign of snow is ever seen about the patch I have alluded to. Nor does the little flower seem to bend its “gentle eye” earthward. My drawing certainly tells the exact truth, as it was made on the spot where the violets grew, and was taken from a single speci- men. These two little yellow beauties held their heads pretty high—something like ten inches above the ground. But we must not take the poet on any grounds of scientific accuracy ; the truth he aims for is spiritual and not material; the last three verses of Bryant’s poem are the best ones to judge it by. The yellow of this flower is golden in character, but considerably paler than dandelion yellow, and is veined with brownish purple. The blossom is very small, and springs up from between a pair of leaves which start from a bare stem abouteight or nine inches tall.
The specimen which I have drawn of
Purple Violet. ‘ ce ee the purple violet (commonly called
Viola cuculata. blue, but I prefer the truer purple)
was gathered on the 25th of May, in a very wet spot not more than a hundred yards away from the yel-
low violet patch just mentioned. It makes a great
MAY. 33
differencein regard to its personal
appearance where a flower happens to grow. This specimen was reared exactly under the most advanta- geous conditions for a high develop- ment; the flower measured over an inch and a quarter in length. We all know that there are plenty of violets to be found sprinkled over hillside and pasture which do not attain even a moderate size; but if one wishes to gather some really fine specimens, they must be sought in cool, shady dells, where the soil is rich and there is plenty of spring water. Purple Violet.
The pronounced type of slender leaf- Bird-foot Violet.
Ficla pedata. 8° belonging to the bird-foot. vio-
let is in astonishing contrast with the heart-shaped leaf which we are accustomed to associ- ate with violets; this instance of unlikeness in a flow- er family is a demonstration of the fact that super- ficial appearances count for very little in botany,
384 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
which often finds among hidden things that which is essential for the establishment of scientific truth.
Thus it is that the ovaries and stigma of the rue anemone (Anemonella thalictroides), and not the leaf, decide that the flower is not a true anemone. But nothing is more attractively symmetrical in plant form than this particular violet’s leaf ; pressed flat on a piece of paper, its delicate outline is an interesting study for one who loves the decorative side of Nature.
MAY. 35
The flower is rich in blue-purple color, and some- times the two upper petals are a strong violet-purple. The little touch of orange-yellow in the center is ex- tremely effective. In the sandy soil of Nantucket, and on the borders of Buzzard’s Bay, this violet blooms with spendthrift prodigality, its great clumps of light blue-purple bloom decorating the springtime meadows as far as the eye can reach. The blossoms droop sadly after being picked, but revive at once on being placed in a glass of
las
water. I have found the <o) . . e . +. CB 1 fr J) flower in its prime in Nan- | Ke
tucket on the 25th of May. Sweet White Violet, The sweet Viola blanda. white violet has the faintest and most deli- cate perfume imaginable. I should think Bryant had thzs flower in mind when he wrote about the yellow violet, for besides its “faint perfume” it is readily found in the “bare forest.” The blossom
is tiny, but extremely pretty under the microscope, the lower petal showing pur- ple striping in delicate hair lines. It is very com- mon in the woods of the White Mountains in May.
86 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
: , wre ; Solomon’s Seal, S0lomon’s seal is easily indentified,
Polygonatum as’ it grows beside some woodland biflorum.
leaves, and its long, gracefully curved stalk, from which
depends on the under side a series of tiny, greenish or creamy-white flowers always arranged in pairs. In September the flowers are replaced by deep violet- blue berries. The charm of Solomon’s seal is the graceful curve of its stalk; its flowers are unattract- ive, and are somewhat similar in form to winter- green blossoms. The name had its origin in the pitted appearance of the root, which bears a round sear left by the broken-off old stalk; this is so unlike the impression of a seal in shiny red wax that it requires the utmost stretch of imagina-
road in early May, by its light green
MAY. 37
tion to be reconciled to the questionable resem- blance.
There is a great deal in pure imagination—more than some of us are willing to take any part in. For instance, who ever saw any resemblance between a
>]
Sa 7 a cc hs big dipper” and a “big bear”? yet these are both one series of celestial, im- aginative outlines which are
intimately associated with
tli ine of Pet the north star! But Solo- poge'tecuh, ot bos’s'Toott Violet.
mon’s seal is a suggestive
name, and we should not quarrel with it. As a sim- ilarity of outlines is suggestive, however, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the petal of the dog’s-tooth violet closely resembles a canine tooth; but, strangely enough, this is not the reason why the flower was so named, as the previous descrip- tion of it will explain.
False Solomon’s Lhe false Solomon’s seal is in my Seal.
Smilacina racemosa.
estimation even more beautiful than the true. Its spike of fine white flowers is like the Spirwa Japonica ; besides, its wavy, bright green leaf with the parallel veining is particularly graceful. Most wild flowers, like the true Solomon’s seal, have rather insignificant blos- soms; but there is nothing meager about the bloom
Aa
za/ |
38 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
Smilacina Racemosa.
MAY. 39
of this little plant. It deserves cultivation, and, in truth, if it is transplanted to a position in the garden similar to its natural environment, it will flourish most satisfactorily. It is a shame that any aspersion of falsity should attach to it; why should not a plant so deserving have its own good name? We might as well call a Frenchman a false English- man! There is such poverty displayed among names that we may find a Bald Knob and Black Mountain in nearly every mountain district of our Atlantic States. It seems as though our nation was lacking in beth originality and imagina- tion! The false and the true Solomon’s seals will be found
growing on the edge of the
AS Wi wood together; but the latter NY Mf is a trifle earlier in bloom. WS. Qf] racemosa has a pale reddish ber- i] ry speckled like a bird’s egg. fh
cS NU
oat Smilacina stel- Smilacina stellata. } lata is another
so-called false Solomon’s seal, m which also deserves a name of —_ Smilacina Stellata. its own. It grows not quite as high as 8. racemosa,
and it is not so pretty. I found it thickly spread
40 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
over the bank of the Pemigewasset River, where it seemed to grow with more l]uxuriance than it did in the shady pasture near the wood. Its starry flow- ers are white, and the berries are small and_black- purple in color. It is in its prime about the middle of May. Aet en ete The variety BE se seal named Smilacina trifolia is about six inches tall and has two larger lower leaves and one smaller upper one, which at their bases sheath the stem; the few flowers which are clustered at the ter- mination of this stem are small and white. The plant grows in cold, wet places, and is common in some parts of the White Hills; it flowers in June or early July. Maianthemum Maianthe- Canadense, or mum Can- Smilacina bifolia. gtoanae MS still another but smaller false Solomon’s seal. This delicate little character,
growing not much over
five inches high, fairly car- pets the thinner woods where they adjoin the pas-
MAY. 41
ture. The leaves are bright green, but the short raceme of flowers is rather insignificant. The flow-
42 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
ers are in their prime about the latter end of May in the North. The little spike of translucent, red- dish berries is seen in the latter end of summer. S PER Bis. Clintonia borealis is a pretty little
pale straw-yellow lily whose only fault, it seems to me, lies in its weak and uncertain coloring. Sometimes the half-matured flowers look decidedly green, again the full flower appears a deep ereain-color. If the horticulturists could only force it into a good white and increase its size, there might be a future before our dainty Clintonia. The flower was named for the Governor of New York, for what reason nobody knows. Its green leaf is smooth and shiny, and about the same in shape, color, and char- acter as that of the lily-of-the-valley. Perhaps the color of the mature flower might more exactly be ealled a pale, dull Naples yellow. The flower is in bloom about the end of May northward, and can be found in moist rich woods. The berries are seen in late August; they are a beautiful Antwerp-blue color.
Jack-in-the-pulpit is a happy-looking
Jack-in-the-Pulpit, : :
or Indian Turnip. flower—if a flower can be said to look
Arisema happy—and its striped suit reminds triphyllum.
one of the conventional, funny circus clown. It is too bad to make such a comparison ; but I must let it stand, because there are few other flowers (at least wild flowers) which are so suggest-
MAY. 43
Fruit of Jack-in- i" the-Pulpit. Jack-in-the-Pulpit.
ively humorous. Certainly, the poet who wrote the verses about Jack in Lilliput Levee found something delightfully fresh and sprightly in his character. What is particularly boyish about this plant is the odd way it hides the prettily striped suit of
4 0) See + ae
44 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
brown-purple and white beneath its panoply of six gay green leaves. It reminds one of some little eight- year-old romper peeping out from behind a door, just a bit shy because he has nice clean clothes on. Jack is rarely seen at a careless glance—he is mostly hid- den beneath the six leaves—and we have actually to take hold of him in order to investigate his novel clothing. The pretty little brown club inside the spathe reminds one of a miniature Bologna sausage ; the way the top of the flower hangs over the cup sug- gests a wallet with perhaps some gold inside; but that is the pity of it, there is no gold there! All the yellow metal belongs to Jack’s cousin, the spotless white calla. This is the only thing about Jack which we can find fault with; he might have pleased us bet- ter with a little gold in his pocket. However, in late summer he leaves behind him a cluster of splendid scarlet berries like my sketch.
Some of the plants have pale green flowers with whitish stripes, while others are extremely dark in coloring. I have found a few of the lightest specimens in a pasture where there was plenty of sunlight, but the darkest ones seem to grow beside a wet, springy dell, within a stone’s throw of my cottage. It would not seem springtime to me if there was not at least one Jack in a majolica jar in my studio. The plant flow- ers in May and early June. The root has a sharp,
MAY. 45
stingy taste, without a reminder of turnip about it. There are plenty of Jack-in-the-Pulpits to be found in the vicinity of Silver Lake, Staten Island, or, in fact, almost any wet, shady place.
Pitcher Plant. The odd, tubular-shaped leaves of Sarracenia purpurea. the pitcher plant deserve close at-
46 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
tention. It is said that the decomposed insects which we may find at the bottom of the “pitchers” con- tribute to the nourishment of the plant. Inside of the leaves there is a sweet secretion which attracts insects ; after they crawl in through the mouth, escape is well- nigh impossible, as the hairy sides of the tube impede their flight and render the walking anything but easy. The flowers are oddly colored with green and brown- ish purple, and come to maturity about the end of May and the beginning of June. The plant is always found in boggy places where the sunshine is partly obscured ; and with this environment, it must be admitted, its
appearance is rather uncanny.
Gs Ms J
FA
CHAPTER IY.
MAY AND JUNE.
Robin's Plantain to Cranberry.
Robin’s Plantain. THE robin’s Erigeron bellidifolius. plantain is a A deceptive-looking character ; it is easily Mistaken for an aster. The yellow center, the blue- | purple rays, and the size and iW shape of the flowers remind ; one of the autumn flower which has prematurely come _ into QW bloom. Of. course, it is a near \ l relative of the aster, but its ap- pearance is marked by a great many differences. It grows about a foot high ; sometimes less, sometimes more. The large leaves I have drawn at the foot of the plant frequent-
ly lie prone on the ground. Robinta Pinatall. 47
48 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
There is a hairy look to stem and flower, which is not altogether aster-like; the leaves are small and far between, and the stem is thick and juicy. The Howers come about the 1st of June, and are seen in plenty beside the road and in damp places.
Of all the dainty, tiny flowers that Bluets.
Houstonia cerulea.
bloom in late spring, the little bluets is perhaps the daintiest. What is satisfactory, too, about the flower is the fact that it does not shut up and wilt immediately after being picked. It is such an attractive little thing that Mr. W. Atlee Bur- pee, the horticulturist, has intro- duced it to the public as a culti- vated garden flower. The flower is barely half an inch across; it is a simple-looking, four-rayed co- rolla, sometimes white, but oftener pale-purplish blue, with a dainty spot of golden yellow around its eye. In Campton the roadsides
and meadows are starred all over
cia i with little bunches of this dainty vem. From the middle of May to the end of June the flower continues to bloom in sunshine and shadow; in fact, it grows everywhere except in the dark, wild forest. The flower was named for Dr.
MAY AND JUNE. 49
Houston, an English physician, who was interested in the flora of Mexico.
Blue-eyed Grass, 1 ought to have said blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium was the only flower daintier than eiampeaees bluets, if one is to speak from his own point of view; yet this is hardly fair, because the blue-eyed grass is a bolder and larger flower, just reminding one of a violet. Unfortunately, it shuts up at once on being picked, and unless there is plenty of sunlight it refuses to open its eye at all; its color is purplish ultramarine blue, darker to- ward the center, where there is a touch of pure gold. There is a curi- ous notch in each one of the six di- visions of the perianth, from which protrudes a little point, in shape like a thorn. The leaves are narrow, and look like blue Kentucky grass. The flower stands about ten inches
high, and is generally shut in the
afternoon ; sometimes there are three
buds on a stalk, but I never found more than one open at a time. The flower grows in clumps on the meadow, in the pasture, and at the edge of the wood, but generally in moist places.
2 ae ne
50 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
I have transplanted it successfully to the grounds in front of my cottage, where it flourishes and spreads from year to year. It reaches its prime about the 1st of June. It is a relative of the iris. Yellow Star-grass. | Star-grass is a pretty little yellow Hypoxys erecta, flower with apparently six pointed petals (in reality the six divisions of the perianth), which blooms almost anywhere (in the meadows) in May and June. The flower stem, about six inches tall, terminates in two or three flowers as broad as a nickel, perhaps one in full bloom and two others in bud. The outside of the flower is greenish; the leaves are grasslike and hairy. It belongs to the Amaryllis family, and is closely related to the nar- cissus. Common Cinquefoil. The very common cinquefoil is Potentilla Canadensis. foynd beside the country high- ways aud by-ways, and in pasture, meadow, and woodland. It is so often mistaken for a yellow- flowered strawberry that I must at once show the difference. Notice in my drawing of the strawber- ry that the stems of the leaves are hairy ; the stems of our cinquefoil are brown and as sharp and clean as a piano wire. Also notice that the cin- quefoil has five leaves, or rather divisions of a leaf, and the strawberry has three; the latter little plant never goes beyond a three-divisioned leaf, but
MAY AND JUNE. 51
devotes all the rest of its strength to strawberries. Furthermore, there is only one yellow-flowered straw- berry (Fragaria Indica), and this is not very com-
mon; I found it once in Staten
Island some years ago, and have not seen it since. The common cinquefoil blooms from June to September. But there is a three-leaved cinque- foil, and, for the sake of com- parison, I have carefully drawn it. Norway Cinquefoil. The N orway Potentilla Norvegica cinquefoil is a tall branching plant with a leaf of three divisions and a very hairy appearance. It has a yellow flower similar to P. Canadensis ; but, after all, the similarity is shght if my drawings are care- fully compared. i found this plant bloom- ing in early August within three feet of my studio window; it
did not seem to be in Gomaronleanqaenotl
Bo
52 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
ly needs mention here.
any of the fields in the same vicinity. The shrub- by cinquefoil (P. fru- ticost) is common in wet grounds northward, grows about three feet high, and has five to seven leaflets and loose clusters of yellow flowers similar in character to
those of the common va-
riety. Wild Strawberry. Our wild Fragaria strawber- Virginiana. i ry 18 60
well known that it scarce- It grows luxuriantly in
pasture and wood in the foothills of the White
Mountains.
sides
I never pick the berries on the hill- and, I must confess, fight the mosquitoes at
the same time—without thinking of the
“Barefoot boy, with cheek of tan,
With thy red lip, redder still Kissed by strawberries on the hill.”
Whittier does not say a word about the bare legs
and mosquitoes.
In the hills of New Hampshire,
MAY AND JUNE. 53
at least, the mosquito and the wild strawberry are inseparable !
The little flower called moss pink is Moss Pink.
j common in some parts of New York Pilox subulata.
and New Jersey, and in the vicinity of Philadelphia in May and early June the hill- sides are stained crimson with the pretty flower. I
found a thick patch of it in the Pemigewasset Val-
54 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
ley, but confined to one locality. It seems certain that it spread and ran wild from a cemetery in the vicinity, where a certain lot is noticeably covered with it. The plant flourishes in some parts of Cen-
tral Park, and it only needs a hint of transplanting to run wild over everything in the neighborhood where it is placed. The stems are low and creep- ing, as my sketches show; altogether the moss pink has a mossy look, and is well named.
Wild Columbine, lie scarlet and yellow columbine is Aquileyia one of our most beautiful wild flow- Canadensis. ane Tt ig my experience that certain flowers have favorite haunts which are exclusively held by them year after year, without a shadow of change. There are three spots I know of in the pas- ture land of Campton where the pretty columbine may always be found; a search for the flower any-
a
MAY AND JUNE.
55
56 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, -
where else for two miles around has always proved useless. Nothing is daintier or more beautiful than the color effect of this graceful blossom among the gray rocks of a hillside pasture. The flower is in its prime about the Ist of June, and is nearly always found beside some lichen-covered rock in the com- pany of young, velvety mullein leaves which have just pushed themselves above ground.
Moccason Flower, Lhe pink moccason flower is anoth- Cypripedium er one of those exclusive characters aeaule. \ ich prefers the limitations of some moist and shady locality ; it can not be found, as the violet is, under a variety of conditions. The flower is very handsome; in fact, it does not look like an ordinary wild flower, but rather like an expensive, cultivated orchid. I never found it, as Gray sug- gests, under evergreens, but among the withered leaves that lie under birch, beech, poplar, and maple. But this is a matter of individual experience which may be added to some other quite different ones; it only points to the fact that Nature is not always regular in her habits. The point of beauty in the flower is its crimson-pink pouch or sac, which is delicately veined with a deeper pink, and its purplish brown and green sepals and petals. The two light- green leaves are parallel-ribbed, but otherwise in
appearance are like those of the lily-of-the-valley.
MAY AND JUNE.
57
58 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
The plant flowers in early June. The name Cypripedium in English would be Venus’s slip-
per.
Yellow The small- Lady’s Slipper. T Cypripedium ef Jo
parrviflorum. lady’s slip- per, sister to the flower just described, is found in similar situations where the ground is moist, and has the ad- dition of a slight per- fume. The sac is small, and is a deep-toned yel- low; the sepals are a sienna brown. Another larger yellow variety (C. pubescens), one of our commonest orchids, has a lighter-colored sac, and is without perfume; but I consider the smaller variety more beautiful. The time of flowering for both is early summer.
MAY AND JUNE. 59
Snake's Mouth, Lhe snake’s mouth is a pretty little
Pogonia orchid of a most deli-
eS eae pure pink color, which may be found in swampy places if one does not mind getting the feet wet—no swamp, no snake’s mouth ; that is my experience. The prettily formed lit- tle flower has a sweet smell, is about an inch long, or less, and should be examined under a glass. It blooms in June.
Calopogon Lhe Calo-
pulchellus. — nogon pul- chellus belongs to the same family group
(Orchis) as the mocca- son flower, arethusa, and snake’s mouth; in- deed, the latter is its boon companion ; the two are most likely to
be found in each other’s
company. The flower
60 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
pink, and its lip is bearded with white, yellow, and crimson blunt-tipped hairs; its leaf is narrow and grasslike. It may be found in wet bogs during the early summer. Prof. Goodale says, comparing the moceason flower with the Calopogon: “The labellum in Calopogon appears to be upside down, while that of the moccason flower is properly pendent; but the fact is, it is only by a twist in the ovary, or perhaps in the pedicel, that the latter flower has assumed this position.” But unerring Nature does not do any- thing wrong end up, and both flowers appear stand- ing on their feet! peeaiea re Late in spring the purple azalea will Pinxter Flower. be found in swampy places in the Rhododendron East, and its lovely crimson-pink Se ecdlon te charming foil for the pale- green tints of May which the French artist Corot de- | lighted in painting. The wild azalea and the rhododendron are likely to be somewhat confused in our minds, so I must draw attention to some dis- tinguishing differences. The true azaleas have deciduous leaves, and the |
rhododendrons have evergreen leaves.
The azaleas are characterized by a funnel-shaped tube with an irregular edge; there are about five stamens in each tube, while the rhododen-
MAY AND JUNE. 61
dron, as a rule, has double that number. The flow- ers of the azalea appear with or precede the leaves; the rhododendron flowers later, in early summer, and usually grows on the mountain side. Emerson’s rhodora (Phododendron rhodora) is a low-growing shrub about two feet high, with hardly any other superfi- cial appearance to distinguish it from PR. nudiflorum, except it be the superiority of its ma- genta-pink color, its small co- rolla which is three-lobed above and two-lipped below, and its shorter stamens. I never was fortunate enough to find either
of these varieties in New
Hampshire among the hills.
In Massachusetts both are quite common. The strik- ing resemblance of the rhodora to honeysuckle will be at once perceived; but they are not related to each other.
The rhododendron is not so common
Great Laurel, or Rhododendron. Rhododendron plentiful among the Alleghany Moun-
MALIMUM.
in our Eastern States; it is far more
tains, where it grows luxuriantly un- der the softened light of the half-lit woods. It is evidently too cold for the shrub in the woods of the
62 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
White Mountains, where the thermometer frequent- ly registers 30° below zero. Gray’s description of
the flower is sufficiently simple for any one to un- derstand: “ Pale rose, or nearly white corolla, one inch broad, greenish in the throat, on the upper side more or less spotted with yellow or else reddish.” But the cultivated flowers bloom (in great clusters) in the Public Garden of Boston, in magenta and pinkish- white tints, and attain a size of over an inch and a half
MAY AND JUNE. 63
in diameter.* The leaves hold their olive-green color all winter. The time of flowering is early summer.
Cranberry, Large, he large cranberry grows in boggy Vaccinium places from New Jersey to Maine,
MOORES and may be found in bloom in early summer. The berry is ripe in early autumn; the finest one is dark red in color, and comes from the boggy districts of Cape Cod. Nantucket also has its cranberry bogs, and the season of picking is quite an important event for the island- ers. The plant is small, the wiry stems usually reaching a length of about eight or nine inches ; but sometimes they develop a length of two feet or more. It is curious to find ‘that such totally different-look- ing plants as the rhododen- dron and the cranberry are
relatives; they belong to the Heath family, Cranberry.
* The cultivated varieties (hybrids), arise generally from R. Catawbiense, R. Ponticwm, and the tender R. arboreum of the Himalayas.
CHAPTER V.
MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. Rattlesnake-Plantain to Indian Poke.
Rattlesnake-Plantain. THE rattle- Goodyera pubescens.
snake - plan- tain is a most interest- ing character. Its pe- culiar wavy-edged, dark- green leaves are covered with a network of fine white lines. The flow- ers are small, white, and waxy-looking, and the leaves are circled below in a rosette figure; they
are evergreen. In win-
ter one may find the lit- tle plant nestled in some out-of-the-way woodland nook, where it would not so easily be discovered in summer. It flowers in July. Another variety (@. repens) is smaller, and flowers in a loose, one-sided
spike; this is common in the White Mountains. 64
MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 65
Arethusa, Arethusa is an elu- Anethusa bulbosa. sive nymph of whose whereabouts one is never quite cer- tain. As I have searched for and found the flower only within the White Mountain district, it may be without my knowledge a familiar object in other parts of the country. But I know of only two wet, boggy spots where it grows, and half the time I do not succeed in capturing it even in these locations. Certainly it is one of the loveliest of our or- chids, and is well worth a tiresome search and inevitably wet feet. The slim stem is about eight inches high, and the pretty crimson-pink flower, in profile, reminds one of a hand with the five fingers held loosely upward. The time of flowering is late spring and early summer, but I have found a specimen as late as the 1st of August.
Fringed-Orchis. [ should call the Arethusa. Habenuria jimbriata. flowers of the fringed-orchis ma-
genta pink, though undoubtedly they may present
some variations of this hue. It is a very beautiful
66 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
plant, and consequently at-
tracted the attention and ad-
miration of the eccentric
Henry D. Thoreau, who speaks of it as a beauty “who has never strayed be- yond the convent bell.” His remark, it seems to me, applies rather to Avethusa, who is certainly much more of a recluse; but in A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers he says, “ Nature seemed to have adorned herself for our de- parture with a profusion of fringes and curls, mingled with the bright tints of flowers.” Now, this orchis is the very perfection of Nature’s fringing in bright flower tints, and in my mind Thoreau’s words some-
how connect themselves
with this lovely flower. It blooms in wet meadows in early summer. There are
MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 67
three other orchises common in the foothills of the White Mountains—H. psycodes, small but sweet- scented magenta flow- ers; H. lacera, home- ly pale greenish flow- ers; and ZZ. virescens, a spike of dull green- ish flowers; these have been found in bloom in more or less . wet ground from June 20th to July 24th.
Showy Orchis. The showy orchis,
eoiie Gray says, is the only spectabilis. tye orchis we have. It is a pretty flower, the upper part purplish pink, and the lower lip white ; there are few blossoms on a stem—not more than three or four. The two leaves are not Showy Orehis. unlike those of the lily-ofthe-valley. The flower seems to me rather rare, as I have found but few specimens in the woods of the White Mountains. It generally grows in rich black soil made up of de- cayed leaves, and seems to prefer the deep and shady forest. Its time of flowering is May and June.
68 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
Golden Senecio, or he golden senecio, or ragwort, has Ragwort. a delightfully bright color which illu- Senecio aureus. Wines the meadows where the flower — happens to grow with an amber light such as we may see in some of the paintings of the old mas-
aay ter, Claude Lorraine. There Zz
SS is something very beautiful
SS | sya in this mixture of golden yel- Se. a low with the misty - toned NA \ green of the meadows in qs July when the senecio is in
full bloom. The flower re- sembles an aster in form, but the leaves have an individu- ality of their own; they are also variable in type; per- haps the commonest leaf is
heart-shaped. The plant gets
its name from its hairy ap- pearance (certain of the species have a cottony look), or from the downy effect of the flower head when it has passed the period of bloom. Thoreau says in his journal, July 2d: “I see the downy heads of the senecio gone to seed, thistlelike, but small. The Gnaphaliums” (everlasting flowers) “and this are among the earliest to present this appearance.” The word senecio is derived from senex, an old man, and
MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 69
the flower at this period, in my opinion, merits this appropriate name. The plant attains a height of from one to three feet. Shin-Leaf. The eupho- Fyrola elliptica. nious name shin-leaf was tacked on the pretty Pyrola for a reason which one may readily guess;—the leaves were used as a cure for bruises. From the days of my early youth the name “ shin-plas- ter” has been familiar as it must be to every New York boy of some years ago. I remember that my father called court-plaster, or in fact anything of the kind, without discrimina- tion, either shin-plaster or sticking plaster. So the pretty flower suffers by rea- son of an old custom. The
Pyrola grows about six inches high, is found in woody dells, or damp, shady byways, and flowers in June and July. Its leaves are olive-green, and the blossoms are greenish white.
70 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Pipeline The pipsissewa is a sweet-scented lit-
Chimaphila tle woodland flower, which is common umbellata.
it plentiful in the famous “ Pine” district of New Jersey, in Saddle River Valley in the same State, and in the pine woods
cil/ - of New Hamp- >| Ge shire. The flow- GOSS? ers are waxy and
YC flesh - colored, and the leaves are
they keep their (72, color even in win- ter. It flowers in June and July. There is a variety, common in the White Mountains, with white-spotted leaves toothed on
the edge like asaw.
This is named C. maculata. It is interesting to examine the blossoms urider a magnifying glass, where the beauty of the frosty pink flower with its purple anthers will prove quite a revelation.
in all dry, sandy soils. I have found —
shiny olive-green; -
MAY, JUNE, AND JULY.
Yellow Wood-Sorrel. ‘The little yellow wood- Onalis siricta. sorrel ig extremely common in meadow, woodland, and pas- ture, and the tiny clover-like leaf may be recognized anywhere snuggling in the grass from May to October. The flower is rather insignificant, and of a pale but- tercup yellow. White Wood-Sorrel. Lhe crimson - veined Ovalis Acetosella. white wood-sorrel is quite a different character, and is alto- gether lovely. Each of the five white
Oxalis Stricta.
petals are veined with about half a dozen delicate
red lines, which give the flower a decorative appear-
ance ; in fact, I have often used it in decorative designs where delicate color- ing was employed. Fra Angelico and Sandro Botticelli painted this flower in the foregrounds of their pictures, and it is evident that it looked the same over four hundred years ago as it does to-day. All around the edge of Profile Lake in the Franconia Notch this pret- ty flower can be found about the end of June and the first of July. It likes the damp woodland best, and can be found on many of the White Moun-
72 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
tains at an altitude of two thousand feet. Some
people mistake the flower for an anemone; but so
pronounced a cloverlike leaf is enough to upset any
such random conjecture. The flower stem, which
grows about three inches high, bears but one blossom.
Sheep Sorrel. Sheep sorrel is a Rumex Acetoseila. wretch of a weed, which will flourish in sandy or sterile ground, and is the bane of the farmer who tries to raise clover for his cattle. Sorrel seed is so much like clover seed that the two get mixed up sometimes, to the utter discouragement of the farmer. I think the plant ought to be called farmer’s- bane. It belongs to the Buckwheat family, and so can claim no relationship with wood sorrel, which belongs to the Geranium family. I have seen a whole field as ruddy-looking as though it were filled with honest, ripe buckwheat, yet the pretty ter- ‘ra-cotta color was produced by the
flowering of this miserable sheep sorrel. The weed
is so common everywhere that my drawing is suffi-
cient without further description for its identification.
MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 73
Blue Flag. The larger blue flag grows in the
Iris versicolor. — swamp of some rich meadow, or be- side the sluggish stream, and shows its lovely vari- egated, blue-violet flowers in June or early July. The charm of the iris lies in the delicate rich veining of the pale pur- ple-blue petal, or, cor- rectly speaking, larger perianth division ; for the iris, or fleur-de-lis, is a tube-shaped flower like the morning-glory, and has no petals. Un- der the microscope its coloring is marvelous- ly beautiful; the bold
staining of the waxlike
lips, the soft gradation Blue Flag.
of yellow and white, and the rich purple veining are glorious be- yond description. No wonder the handsome, decorative flower at- tracted the early atten-
7
tion of a Frenchman, ! Fleur-de-lis. - ;
all a oe
44 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
although how and when still remain historically un- certain; but as early as the time of Charles IV
the fleur-de-lis began to appear on the banners of
France. I have drawn the conventional form of the flower, so our wild specimen may be compared with it. However, the French emblem was copied from a cultivated species whose inner perianth di- visions were large and stood in a nearly perpen- dicular position; our wild specimen lacks this im- portant climax to its beauty, and slightly resembles the Kempferi (Japanese) iris, which is quite flat in figure. The iris is admirably adapted to decora- tive design, and the wonder is that some of our artistic young ladies who are so skillful with the needle do not employ it oftener in embroidery ; the opportunity here for a charming harmony of blues and greens is immeasurable. Blue wild flow- ers are not plentiful, and the perpetuation in our memories of this one seems to me especially de- sirable.
There is a slender blue flag (2. Virginica), with very narrow leaves, which is also common in swamps. It must be remembered that blue flag is not Calamus, although the latter is called sweet flag; this belongs to the Arum family, and is therefore a relation of Jack-in-the-pulpit. Its botanical name is Acorus
Calamus.
MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 765}
Arrow-head, The little water plant called arrow- Sagittaria variabilis. head blooms in summer beside streamlets and good-sized rivers, where it chooses a locality of a secluded and muddy nature ; consequently it is rather inaccessible. It is too beautiful, though, to neglect on account of its surroundings; the extreme delicacy of its three-petaled blos- som can scarcely be equaled by any other wild flower. It is well adapted to decorative design, and one of the handsomest effects of coloring may be produced in silk embroidery by representing the beautiful leaf in various shades of green on a water-blue ground, with the graceful, white flower- spikes plentifully woven in_be- tween the leaves.
Sabbatia. One of our most Sabbatia chloroides. beautiful Kastern wild flowers is Sabbatia chlorov- des ; its corolla is magenta-pink, and commonly has eight divisions. It frequents the edges of ponds,
and blooms in summer. Arrow-head.
76 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Sundrope, or The evening-primrose is a four-
Evening-Primrose. petaled, pale-yellow flower which
Enothera pumila. one may generally find on the road- ©
side in early summer, or later. The variety @ pumila I find very common on the meadows of Campton in June. I have drawn a small piece of the plant, to show what is the general appearance of the flowers; they are small and not nearly so pretty as the blos- soms of the later-blooming variety we most often meet beside the road.
Evening-Primrose, The larger even- Cmothera tennis. ing — prin rosa common beside the road and in the pasture. It has a very lovely, pale, pure yellow blossom without a trace of orange on its petal. The peculiarity of this flower is
that it opens about sunset, gives
out a faint perfume, and then when broad daylight returns looks limp and with- ered; this is true also of the charming WVicotiana affinis (tobacco). Of course, on cloudy days the primrose looks in better condition ; but its only fault lies in its frailty. As a garden flower it is satisfac-
MAY, JUNE, AND JULY.
tory just as portulaca is; but neither the evening-primrose nor the bright-hued portu- laca are satisfactory flowers to pick. The tall, straight- stemmed plant has an aver- age height. of three feet. It blooms all summer. Wild Geranium, Ihe wild ge- Geranium ranium, which eres the English usually call wild cranesbill, is a pale purple flower about as delicate in character as the evening-primrose ; some bot- anists do not hesitate to call its color pink. But Gray is right—it is light purple. I found it growing by the road- side, its dainty purple flow- ers in company with the yel- low blossoms of the pretty einquefoil. The plant grows about fifteen inches high ; its leafage is light green, with portions spotty and brownish- looking, and the unopened
(a
78 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
green buds are quite fuzzy. Under a magnifying glass the flowers are very beautiful; the tiny anthers,
instead of being the usual orange-color, are peacock- blue. Seen through the microscope, this blue pollen is quite a curiosity. The plant is in its prime in early June.
MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. "9
Herb Robert. | _Lhere is another variety of the ge- Geranium ranium called herb Robert (G. Lo- Hobertianum dertianwm). This is also common, and blossoms in June, continuing through the sum- mer. The flowers are nearly magenta color—that is, a deep purple, brownish crimson. The stems of the plant are ruddy.
Tniian Poke, 6 About the end of May or the begin-
False White ning of June large masses of light Hellebore,
green, corrugated leaves are seen in Veratrum viride.
the hollows of the meadow, which have a tropical look. This plant is the Indian poke, and we learn from the farmers that it is poisonous; sheep and pigs have been killed by eating the leaves. Gray says the roots yield the acrid poisonous veratrin. A Campton farmer told me that in his boyhood he innocently fed his father’s pigs with some of the plants, and on the following morning they were found “stone dead.” The leaves bear a distant resemblance to those of the Funkia (a relative of the poisonous plant); but beyond its leaves it does not interest us; the green flowers are borne on a weedy, pyramidal spike. In later summer the whole plant withers, blackens, and disappears. We are reminded of the ungodly man in David’s psalm: “JT went by, and lo, he was gone: I sought him, but his place could nowhere be found.”
CHAPTER VI.
MAY, JUNE, JULY,.AND AUGUST. Hobble-bush to Phlox.
Hobble-bush. Tue hobble-bush is a very familiar Viburnum object of the summer season in the fantanoidés. oods of the White Mountains. On
the slopes of Mount Osceola, in Waterville, the bush occupies whole acres of ground, and as a forest under-
growth scarcely twenty inches high, its round ovate leaves and hydrangealike flowers form an ideally dec-
orative feature of the woods in May. In August the 80
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 81
bushes are quite as beautiful when the blossoms are replaced by the coral-red berries; and they are the cheery companions of my long tramps through the hills. But I have never experienced the annoyance of being tripped up by the loops which Gray says are formed by the reclining branches taking root at the end ; this is the reason why it is called hobble-bush. Bunch-berry. The bunch-berry is one of the most Cornus Canadensis. eonspicuous and beautiful objects which meets one’s eyes, when, after a weary climb, the mountain top is at last gained. The bunches of bright scar- let berries encircled by a cluster of about six light green, ovate pointed leaves are irre- sistibly attractive, and one must leave the
path to gather some. In early June the pret- Pane Tey:
ty little flower is quite interesting for several rea- sons; what seem to be four white petals, two of which are smaller than the others, are not petals at all, but involucre leaves. The flowers are tiny little greenish things with black dots in between. An examination of the flowers under the microscope
os
82 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
will at once make the tiny forms clear. The scar- let berries are quite insipid to the taste.
Partridge-berry, 1m a certain spot on the slope of a Mitchella repens. hill, and covering a bowlder im- bedded in the swamp which is encircled by a group of hemlocks, I always find a splendid mass of partridge-berry vines, too lovely for rude hands to disturb, somewhere about the Ist of May. Then the pretty double berries of a brilliant shiny scarlet are plentifully dotted over
the dark-green leaves just for-
saken by the winter’s snow! It is not until June that the little twin blossoms ap- pear; these are sweet-scented and pink-tipped, and remind one somewhat of at- tenuated arbutus blossoms. Goldthread. Goldthread is Coptis trifolia. — nopular among
Blossoms of Partridge-berry.
the New England farmers’
wives, who use the slender yellow roots for medici- nal purposes. But this fact is scarcely as interest- ing as the bright and shiny dark-green leaf which holds its color all winter, and in summer carpets the wet woods. The flowers are small and anemonelike,
and appear in early spring; but the leaves are sym-
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 83
metrical and beautiful, somewhat wedge-shaped, and in three divisions. The wiry, yellow roots make identification perfectly easy. Shepherd’s-Purse, The shepherd’s-purse is, as Gray says, Capsella the commonest kind of a weed, yet I Bursa Pastors. ust say that in all my extended rambles through the White Hills it was not found! Never having instigated a search for the insignificant weed, possibly it would take but a little while to secure a specimen ; but what I say remains true in reference to certain localities in the New Hampshire hills—the weed is not common there! I remember as a boy that at Hastings-on-the-Hudson it grew everywhere, and we used to call it peppergrass because it had a stingy taste. The small white flowers hardly deserve attention, but the seed pod is interesting on account of the triangular, pouch-shape which gave rise to the common name. This weed blooms all summer. Our beautiful garden candytuft is its rich relation—that is, the riches lie in the flowers, and not in the “ purse ” ; but the similarity of the seed pods of these two plants is apparent at a glance. Wild Mustara, Lhe wild mustard, generally called Brassica (or black mustard, with small, pale, pure a are yellow flowers, is a familiar object in nearly all the fields of Campton. It is quite common,
and its straggling, spreading stems are in bloom all
84 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
summer, but is scarcely interesting enough to de- serve attention while so many other more beautiful flowers are in our midst.
Stagger-bush. The stagger- inife. pt Andromeda Mariana. ysh grows in L/, ff & eo +] si IM: low ground eastward and YT ra
south, but I have never found it in New Hamp- shire. The tiny flowers, less than half an inch long, are cylindrical in shape, and are sometimes tinged faintly with pink. So dainty a flower must surely attract those to whom it is not a famil- iar object; the blossom slightly resembles the wintergreen or checker- berry flower, to which it is closely related, and
the glossy olive - green : leaf is said to be poi- ai aia sonous to lambs and calves. The flowers will be found in late spring and early summer, on the slender woody stems
of a bush about three feet high. The shrub, has
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 85
lately been cultivated for purposes of garden adorn- ment.
Mountain Laurel. The mountain laurel is not strictly Kalmia latifolia. eonfined to mountain districts; on the contrary, if my experience is like that of others, the most beautiful specimens are oftenest gathered from flat land like that of Long Island and_ the “Pines” of New Jersey. There = does not seem to be any in the Pemigewasset Val- ley in the White Mountains; and the supply on the shores of Squam Lake in the south- ern district of the
hills is very lim- ited. Certainly Kalmia latifolia is the most conventionally beauti-
ful wild flower we possess, yet it is rarely if ever a success transplanted to cultivated grounds. Un- less its natural environment is exactly repeated in its new quarters, it invariably pines away and dies.
86 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
It certainly will not endure the savage violence of a New England coast climate; it prefers the equa- ble temperature of the pine district of New Jer- sey. In some parts of the latter State the bushes grow to a height of ten feet or more, and in the mountains of Pennsylvania they grow fully twenty feet high. The perfect, waxlike flower is arranged on the plan of a wheel, with the stamens represent- ing the spokes; these are arched, and are so elastic that when the tips are re- leased from the little notch in the corolla
(the anther is held there temporarily) the pollen is fired right or left, as a boy would sling a green apple from the sharpened end of a supple stick; this is an ingenious bit of Nature’s artifice by which she secures cross-fertilization. Of course, a visiting insect experiences a perfect bombardment of yellow pollen when it alights on a flower, occa- sioned by its walking on the stamens and knock- ing them out of place; then, powdered over like a dusty miller, it visits another flower, and Nature’s little scheme is carried out to perfection! It is worth while to spend a few minutes in a garden watching a clumsy bumblebee; the process of pollen transfer will then be easily understood. As a boy, I found it amusing to liberate the stamens of a Kal- mia blossom with the point of a pin, and watch the
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 87
yellow pollen fly. Nothing is more beautiful then the golden forms of the dainty pollen specks under the microscope. The flowers are in their prime in June, when they will tinge a whole hill- side with pinkish white. The full flower is usually pure white, and the undeveloped, orna- mental bud a very pronounced pink. Kalmia = glauca (common in the North) is a varie- ty with small lilac- colored flowers.
Sheep Laurel. The sheep laurel is not nearly as
Kalmia angustifolia. large as the mountain laurel, nor
is it as beautiful; but the blossoms are decidedly
pink, and are daintily formed. I find it in bloom
88 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
as late as the end of June in Campton; but it is so very uncommon there that it can only be found in
two places, so far as my knowledge extends. New
Hampshire certainly is not rich in Aalmia, for when one has to hunt for a flower it can not be called common. As Gray calls its color crimson-purple, I must draw attention to the fact that there is never any purple in it, but that the true color is a delicate crim- son-pink. It grows in the poor soil of rather low grounds.
Candytutt. The cheery garden Iberis umbellata. candytuft is a mem- ber of the Mustard family, and a near relative of the common weed, shepherd’s-purse. It is a captivat- ing little flower which is in constant bloom from June until October, winning every heart by its untiring courage in meeting all conditions of weather with fresh relays of its dain- ty white or purple flowers. It is
astonishing to note in advanced au- Dobbie’s Double tumn that the little plants have not SNE yet spent all their energy; all they ask is that their flowers should be picked, and a new
supply takes the place of the old. I find that the
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 89
most satisfactory variety is Dobbie’s Double Spiral; the Rocket is also good, but it does not produce such large flower-heads as the former variety. Candytutt comes to us from Europe, and gets its botanical name from Iberia, the old name for Spain. I have found a very beautiful variety of the flower growing wild on the rocky slopes of Gibraltar. There is a white pe- rennial variety called /. sempervirens ; L. Gibraltica is the same under cultivation; its flowers are white, crimson, and rose-color. Some of us may be sur- prised to learn that Gibraltar has an extensive flora ; it is far from being a barren rock. In the short climb up the path from the town to the fortifications I picked as many as fifteen specimens of unfamiliar wild flowers besides a dozen or so which I recognized as old friends; this was on the first day of March, too! Dr. Henry M. Field says: “ Gibraltar is not a barren cliff; its very crags are mantled with vegeta- tion, and wild flowers spring up almost as in Pales- tine. Those who have made a study of its flora tell us that it has no less than five hundred species of flowering plants and ferns, of which but one tenth have been brought from abroad; all the rest are native.”
Sweet Alyssum, Sweet alyssum is like mignonette Alyssum maritimum. in one respect—its qualities surpass
its charms. It has small, white, honey-scented flow- G
Ph iin > nS
90 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
ers with an odor like that of buckwheat; it comes to us from Europe ; a variety common in garden borders has small, ornamental, pale-green leaves white-edged. Alyssum is also a member of the Mus- tard family, and is closely allied to candytuft and shepherd’s-purse. It blooms all summer.
Cornflower, or The bluest of all blue flowers, the Bachelor’s Button. ¢cornflower or bachelor’s button, vies Centaurea Cyan"s. it), the gentian which Bryant seems to consider a most perfect blue; but a flower of the true blue does not exist; it is only suggested by the forget-me-not. There is too much purple in the corn- flower for us to indulge in praises of its blue. For all that, its color is still charming, and in Germany (the flower originally came to us from that country), where it grows wild in the wheat fields, the harmony of its blue with the straw-yellow is sesthetically per- fect. But the cornflower shows us other colors than blue; there are light and deep crimson-pink, purple and violet, both these colors striped with white, lilae, and white with pink or with blue center. Its foliage is a soft, silvery, whitish green, and its bloom is continu- ous and prolific through the early summer; it blooms quite as well if planted later in the season, and is an annual highly prized in old-fashioned gardens. A comparison of the Centawreas with ironweed and
blazing-star, which are distant relatives, is interesting,
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 91
as there are some curious points of resemblance in the general appearance of the flowers. C. odorata (sweet sultan) is closely allied to the cornflower, and it bears yellow as well as pink and purple flowers. C. moschata, a musk-scented variety, has magenta- pink and white flowers. C. sauveolens.is a beautiful, pure yellow flower which assumes showy proportions under greenhouse care. All these are annuals and natives of Asia. The dusty miller, which is so com- mon as a white-leaved plant for garden borders, is a perennial variety which is again separated into vari- eties named C. candidissima, CU. clemented, and C. gym- nocarpa. These possess no important distinguishing differences which are of interest here.
Mignonette. Our common garden mignonette Reseda odorata. eomes from the Levant, and is an annual cultivated for the sweet scent of its tiny, rusty and greenish-white flowers—it is the anthers which are rust-color; the rest of the rather unin- teresting flower assumes a variety of greenish tints, which are quite beautiful under the microscope. There is one relative of the mignonette in this coun- try which grows wild along the roadsides, but it is not very common; it is named P. luteola. It is a tall weed with lance-shaped leaves and a long spike of small, dull-yellowish flowers which slightly remind
one of the white golden-rod. In Italy, among the
92 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
mountains, and in Gibraltar there are two wild species of mignonette, each tiny in figure but having the un- mistakable family look; they are 2. sesamonides and PR. glauca. Mignonette is an annual with the happy faculty of blooming all summer long; it wastes its sweetness, not “on the desert air,” but in the farm- house kitchen and the fashionable drawing-room. It is a simple flower with the charm of perfect sweet- ness, a quality quite lacking in many a showy flower, and the sandier the soil is, the sweeter it grows. Phlox is the Greek name for fire, Phlox Drummondii, Annual. and, although all the phloxes are Phlox decussata, not fiery-hued, there are many of Perennial. Sine them brilliant and red enough to deserve the name. They are North American plants, and the annual variety comes from Texas. The range of color in the Drummond phlox is extraor- dinary. There are cream-white, pale yellow, pale salmon-pink, deep pink, crimson-pink, magenta, pur- ple, lilac, pure red, crimson, and solferino. But there is no orange nor scarlet. The five divisions of the corolla are often starry-eyed, and sometimes they are striped; in the varieties cuspidata and fimbriata they are slashed and toothed in a remarkable way. The star-shaped flowers are curiously marked with color, and the corolla is often so deeply incised that the flower is no longer recognizable as the sober flat-
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 93
disked phlox of bygone days. In truth, I might add that star phlox (called Star of Quedlinburg) is one of the curiosities of the modern garden. The seed is slow to germinate, and the little plants take a long time to grow, but eventually they reward us with a plentiful and continuous bloom which is more than a liberal payment for the small amount of care bestowed upon them. They begin to flower in June, and about the last of October Jack Frost claims the last lin- _ gering blossoms. PP. decussata, the perennial variety under cul- tivation, is not quite so brilliant in coloring, but it is refined and delicate, and has the advantage of permanency. Its strongest and best hues are crimson, ma-
genta, and pink. P. maculata
is a wild variety of the South
and West, with a pyramidal clus- > ‘ White Phlox Drummondii.
ter of pale magenta or white
flowers, and purple-brown spotted, lance-shaped lower
leaves; it flowers in summer. P. divaricata is a
graceful variety which is found in the same part of
the country, but in moist localities, and has loose
94 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
spreading clusters of large lilac and bluish lilac flowers which appear in late spring; it has been crossed in cultivation, and is found in the garden in larger figure and finer colors. 2. glaberrima and P. Carolina are pink and pale-pink varieties which are com- mon in the near West and South, and flower in early summer. The five lobes of the corolla are round. The former variety has slender
stems, long lance-shaped leaves,
and loose flower clusters; the lat- ter, stout stems, ovate or even heart-shaped leaves, and crowded flower clusters. P. subulata is a low-creeping little plant, so entirely different from the foregoing varieties that I have given it separate consideration elsewhere. These wild phloxes are all perennials, and they have been more or less introduced into the garden, where they appear in so many varied types that they are not easily recognized. The most satisfactory color in the perennial flowers is white; the pale magenta tints of some others are not very beautiful.
CHAPEEE. VAI.
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. aay v Eee
Caraway to Indian 3 Bye Cucumber Root.
Caraway. THE caraway has Carum Cari. tound its way into the fields and pastures from thie kitchen garden, and has really be- come a very familiar wild flower in many parts of the country. It might possibly be mistaken for wild carrot on account of the similar gray-white flowers, but the resemblance is too superficial to deserve attention. My drawing
q) shows the superior delicacy of the | NY) . RN // Je= caraway flowers; indeed, they are —\ WA Say (1 . as beautiful as some varieties of ne
Spirea. The plant grows about
twenty inches high, and blooms 95
Caraway.
96 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
about the middle of June. Its aromatic seeds are
used plentifully to flavor the —
shins <ahpy5t 3 ae wine = Ses ee EES familiar New York New-
Year’s cake.
Wild Meadow Lhe wild mead-
Parsnip. ow parsnip is
Zivia aurea. ot ag common as caraway, but it will be a | gf familiar object to many who pass through the cultivated fields of New England in May or June. The fine flow-
ers, similar in appearance to
the caraway, are pale golden yellow, and the leaves are twice compound. The stem of the plant is grooved, and the leaves, toothed at the edges, are dark green. The common wild parsnip (Past-
naca sativa) has similar flow-
ers, but the stem is heavier and deeper grooved, and its leaves are simply compound. i Bush Honsywnekla: The bush-hon- Wild Meadow Parsnip. Diervitla trifida. eysuckle will
be found beside the road and in the hedges, where
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 97
it may be recognized at once by its small honey- yellow flowers rather than by its leaves, which are not different from a great many others with whose company they are pretty sure to be well mixed. There is only a slight re- semblance to the culti- vated honeysuckle in this wild variety ; and beside the magnificent pink blos- soms of the D. Japonica, that beautiful shrub which comes to us from Japan, our native variety dwin- dles into utter insignifi- eance. It blooms in ear- ly summer. ee On the top Sandwort. of Mount Arenaria Washington, Grenlandica. 5 seeking shel-
ter in the crevices of the
storm - beaten rocks, one
may find in early sum- mer plenty of the dainty little Alpine plant called mountain sandwort; it is sometimes called mountain
98 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
daisy by the people of that locality. The flower
grows about three inches high on a fine stem, and
is tiny and dainty ; each petal is notched at the end,
ary ies IW oe 2 yp and is translucent white in AT) 6
N Ay \ <0 ane color. Little specimens of
x : 7Y\ the plant are tucked into
e Nye Ve) ’ small birch-bark baskets and A/S sold to the visitors on the
/ My mountain. Of course, it 47 [Af
1, x ets its name by its arctic Wige preferences ; for the cold wv) AZ fog, snow, and ice of Green-
land are its natural environ- Mountain Sandwovrt. . ment. Still, we are sur- prised at finding such a delicate-looking little thing on the bleak, desolate summit of the great New Eng- land mountain.
Indian Pipe. Gray’s description of the Indian Monotropa uniflora. pipe is so simple that I can not do better than quote what he says: “Common In- dian pipe, or corpse plant; in rich woods, smooth, waxy-white all over, three to six inches high, with one rather large nodding flower of five petals and ten stamens.” These are what might be called the bare facts of its existence. But there is more that is really interesting about it: the queer, little, un-
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 99
canny thing flourishes on decay; it grows parasit- ically on the roots of other plants, and we may find it oftenest beside the decayed stump of some forest giant, where its pearly whiteness is relieved against a background of decaying, moss-covered wood. The flower sometimes has a faint pink flush on its face, but is oftenest as pale as death. There is something weirdly sug- gestive in its deathliness: why should it have been named Indian pipe? It occurred to me_ once, when I was climbing the slopes of South Mountain in the Catskills and came across a pretty group of the ghostly little pipes, that they were wrongly named ; they should have been called the Pipes of Hudson’s Crew. Those
of us who have seen the
ghostly crew in Jeffer- son’s Rip Van Winkle
ean easily imagine the gnomelike creatures smoking
pale pipes like these. But the weird little plant is as curious in death as it is in life, for immediately
100 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
after being picked it begins to blacken, and (most curious contradiction) a pressed specimen of the pearly white flower eventually becomes “as black as your hat.” Indian pipe grows in the deep woods Wig § in early summer. J/ono- tropa LEHypopitys, or false beech-drops, closely related to the pale Indian pipe, ey has a ruddy complexioned, J “GS fragrant, and small (gener- sy ally four-petaled) flower \ which blooms in the pine woods in summer. Common Day-Flower. [he day - flower Commelina Virginica. 1g COMMON in our Eastern seaboard States from New York to Florida, and blooms in summer,
It has light violet-blue Common Day-Flower. ° ° flowers, irregular in shape, and three-petaled; three stamens project considerably beyond the petals. The flowers seem to grow out from an upper spathelike leaf, and the leaves are lance-shaped and contracted at the base. The plant is a near relative of the spiderwort, and like the
latter has a peculiar mucilaginous juice.
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 101
Spiderwort. The spiderwort, somewhat more fa- Tradescantia miliar to us in the old-fashioned gar-
rgine den than growing wild, is neverthe- less common in some of the moist places of western New York and the South. It is an at-
tractive little, three-petaled, purple-blue
flower with orange-yellow anthers, which unfortunately has a very short life. There are so few blue wild flowers that the delicate blos- som is beautiful for this rea- son if for no other. The little blue clusters snuggled at the bases of the narrow green leaves form a very pretty bit of color harmony. The plant blooms in early summer. Star of Bethlehem. Gray Bays the star of Ornithogalum Bethlehem is an old gar- wmbellaiwr. den flower which has es- caped to low meadows. The leaves ee iieerort: are long and grasslike, and the flower, like that of Wicotiana affinis, is white within and green without; but, exactly wnlike the latter flower, it opens in sunshine. It is common
in some localities and absent in others; it grows,
102 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
for instance, in the fields around Morristown, N. J., and also in Prospect Park, Brooklyn; but I have never found it in the meadows of New Hampshire. It is a near relative of the dog’s-tooth violet, but blooms much later, in early summer. It belongs to the Lily family.
Buttercup. The child’s favorite yellow wild flow- Ranunculus repens. ey, the buttercup, does not need any hints or facts recorded here for its identification ; yet I wish to draw a closer attention to the flower. Those artistically inclined young people who like to paint the familiar buttercup frequently lose sight of its simple elements of beauty; I allude to the shape of the leaf and the burnished color of the flower. The leaf is one of the most charming in- stances of symmetry in Nature. Examine it closely, and, for the sake of better acquaintance, spread a large perfect specimen flatly on a piece of paper, trace around its edge with a sharp-pointed pencil, and note the conventional, decorative beauty of the out- line thus obtained. There are not many flowers which can boast of such a beautiful leaf. Then the brilliant yellow of the corolla is almost beyond the power of pure water color to reproduce. The only way one can adequately represent it is to use the purest yellow, and leave, for the dazzling touches of
light, spots of the clean white paper beneath. The
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 103
finest buttereups frequent moist meadow land, and they are in their prime in June and July. R. fas- cicularis is an early variety of the buttercup, which grows in rocky pastures and is about six inches high.
Dendsiion, The common dandelion, which stars Taraxacum the meadows in May and June with Pensleonis. +5 padiant circles of gold, would be a garden favorite were it less common. But this prodigality of gold unfortunately fails to arouse the interest of older people; only children appreciate this kind of riches. They must study the heart of the flower who would see the gold in its depths. A big dandelion placed under the magnifying glass is one of the grandest studies in golden yellow that can be imagined. The richness of color which is occasioned by the crowding together of such a number of brilliant yellow florets (for it must be remembered that the dandelion is a group of indi- vidual flowers) is beyond description. Yet we pass the common flower with perfect indifference; but there was one man who did not. It was Lowell,
who said:
“ Dear common flower, that grow’st beside the way, Fringing the dusty road with harmless gold, First pledge of blithesome May, Which children pluck, and, full of pride, uphold,
104 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
High-hearted buccaneers, o’erjoyed that they An El Dorado in the grass have found, Whiclk not the rich earth’s ample round
May match in wealth—thou art more dear to me
Than all the prouder summer blooms may be.”
This is the first verse of the only poem which per- fectly celebrates the magnificent golden color of the dandelion. It is indeed childhood’s favorite flower, and the beautiful lines express the feeling in the heart of every true flower lover, old or young. What the world might call common was something infinitely more to Lowell. Only a poet could so perfectly esti- mate the wisdom of a child who looks “ on the living pages of God’s book,” while grown-up people pass them by.
The largest and handsomest dandelions I have ever seen grow in Nantucket; the farther north one goes the smaller the flower grows. There is another dandelion, a fall flower (Leontodon autumnale), which will be noticed further on. I must not omit to men- tion the Cynthia dandelion (A7igia dandelion), which is common from March to July in moist ground from Maryland west to Kansas, and from there south- wardly to Texas. Prof. Meehan says: ‘The flowers are open before the frosts are wholly gone; and be- fore March has departed the yellow buds break forth in all their spring beauty and clothe the meadows with their brilliant flowers.” It is well to know that
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 105
the common dandelion is not a native of our country, but was brought here by the white man, with whom it soon made a home on the red man’s lands.
Ox-eye Daisy, Lhe familiar daisy which is so much Chrysanthemum beloved of the children is really a Se ae chrysanthemum, very closely related to the magnificent golden flower of Japan, which has reached such gigantic proportions through cultiva- tion. In early summer the fields are white with the flower, and its presence in the grass is so annoying to the farmer that it has been called farmer’s curse. Still, for all that, the golden-eyed, white-rayed little thing is wsthetically perfect, and artists as well as children love the flower for its own sweet simplicity. The little pink English daisy is only cousin to our daisy ; in fact, it is not a chrysanthemum, and it does not grow wild in our country as it does in England and on the Continent. The ox-eye daisy, like the dandelion, was brought to this country by the white man. It blooms in early summer. A near relative of the daisy, which flowers in June, is the pyrethrum (CO. Parthenium), which has run wild, especially in New York, from old gardens. It has loose clusters of crimson-pink or white flowers, in form resembling the ox-eye daisy. The variety under cultivation called Roseum supplies us with the well-known Per-
sian insect powder. C. parthenioides, or double- 3
“a
a ce
106 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
flowered feverfew, is another relative of the ox-eye daisy. Its pure white, rounded flowers, about the size of a nickel, are commonly seen in our gardens in summer and early autumn. They resemble the
English daisy (Leldis) in form, but have no pink
tinge. muaisteons The beautiful, sweet-scented helio- Heliotropium trope comes from Peru and Chili.
Peruvianum. : , : ; It is a perennial held in high esteem
by all; hardly a farmhouse window which holds a few flowering geraniums is without its treasured pot of heliotrope ; and the conserva- tories might all boast of many fine specimens. The name comes from the Greek, and means turning to the sun. There are several variations of its color, from light to dark purple, and even white ; but the darker colors are most beautiful. M. Lemoine, of France, has raised some of the
finest varieties. An essence of
heliotrope is used as perfum- ery; but among our flowers the most fragrant ones,
strange as it may seem, are the least available for
MAY, JUNK, JULY, AND AUGUST. 107
their perfume; in such a case a “fixing scent,” such as neroli, vanilla, orris, or musk, is generally em- ployed, and this is supposed to strike the same “key” on the olfactory nerve as the real essence, and also to change its volatility to permanence ; thus vanilla is used as a basis for heliotrope perfume. There are great flow- er farms in the south of France devoted to the interests of French perfumery. Violets are imitated by attar of almonds, tuberose, and orris; orris is obtained from the Florentine iris (J. Florentina). Heliotrope blooms from early summer on- ward.
_ Atamasco Lily, Lhe Atamasco Amaryllis Atamasco. lily, sometimes ealled zephyr flower, or zephy- ranthes, is a native of the South, common in low grounds, and is now cultivated in the garden,
where it blooms in early sum-
mer; its flowers are pure pink,
or white. In my garden I no- tice they seem to bloom hurriedly or not at all.
~ ~
108 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
The flower appears (quite as soon as the broad, grasslike leaves) in the Carolinas and southward from March to June, according to the locality. It is a relative of the yellow star-grass and the snow- drop. To this family also belong the common Eng- lish daffodil (VV. Pseudo-Narcissus), the jonquil (XV. jonquilla), and the Warcissi poeticus and polyan- thos ; this last, a variety of tiny flowers in clusters, I have found growing wild in Switzerland near the St. Bernard Pass, in May; it is the parent of the cultivated variety named WV. Ta- zetta, or Polyanthus Narcissus. But these are more successful as hot-house plants, although some are quite hardy in gardens south of Boston.
Milkwort. Milkwort is a com- Polygala sanguinea. mon weed which gen- erally grows in wet sandy ground and bears pinkish-crimson flowers in a head somewhat similar to clover, but smaller. It grows not more than nine inches high, and is common in Massa-
chusetts and in the pine district of
New Jersey, in the vicinity of Lake-
wood. Its name was derived from two Greek words, meaning much milk; not that the
plants yielded milky juice, but it was thought that
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 109
in pasturage they increased the milk of cows. The milkwort flowers all summer. Seneca Snakeroot. Senega, or seneca snakeroot, is anoth- Polygala Senega. er member of the Polygala family, which is common in the West. Its flowers are white and small, and are clustered in a simple ter- minal spike. The plant is about ten inches high, and the lance-ovate leaves follow the stem in alter- nate positions; the flowers appear in late spring. Senega is used for medicinal purposes, and is often given in the form of a sirup foracough. P. poly- gama is still another common variety of milkwort, which is found in sandy places. Its insignificant erimson-pink flowers, of a deep hue, are hardly as handsome as Gray would lead us to suppose. But the useful, fertile flowers of this plant are borne on short underground runners, and are still less con- spicuous. The little plant blooms all summer. P. lutea is an orange-yellow variety common in sandy swamps southward. Its leaves grow alternately on a low stem which is terminated by a single flower head. tian The Indian cucumber-root, which re- Cucumber-Root. ceives its name from the taste of the Medeola Virginiea. ty beyous, horizontal, and white root stalk, flowers in early summer; but the blossom is very unattractive, and it is only in September, when the beautiful dark purple berries appear in clusters of
Bee eS ney :
110 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
three, that our attention is attracted to the plant. It grows in the woods, and has a simple stem with a circle of six or seven thin, parallel-ribbed, bright green leaves; close up to the berries are three smaller
leaves.
‘ .
CHAPTER VIII.
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST.
Nasturtium to Purple-flowering Raspberry.
Wasturtium, or THe nasturtium is perhaps one of the |
Indian Cress. most satisfactory of all the garden an- ae cert nuals; it produces an immense num- ber of flowers with a small amount of attention from the gardener, and it withstands drought and the intense heat of midsummer better than any other denizen of the garden. The flower comes to us from South America, chiefly from Peru and Chili. No wonder that it is well adapted to a climate subject to hot waves and drought. Although the fruit is pickled, and finds its way to our
tables as an agreeable condiment,
the flowers oftener appear there as
-a midsummer decoration. What a glory of color it
brings us!—golden yellow, palest straw-color, the 111
112 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
same tint with ruby eyes, rich maroon, burning s¢ar- let, intense red, scarlet pink, delicate salmon, russet- orange, bright orange, esthetic old gold, and gray- purple in silky sheen, peach-blow pink, streaky bronze and gold, ruby-eyed gold, and a host of variations of all these colors which I never could adequately de- scribe in twenty pages. The varieties which seem to me most attractive are, in order, as follows:
Prince Henry, Streaked scarlet and straw-yellow. Empress of India, Intense red, dark foliage.
Aurora, Salmon and orange-buff.
Pearl, Pale straw-yellow.
Rose, Deep scarlet-lake pink.
Edward Otto, Pale brownish lilac.
King of Tom Thumbs, Intense scarlet, dark foliage. Asa Gray, Straw-yellow, striped with dull red.
For a really beautiful dark flower the King Theo- dore, clothed in velvety maroon, must command our admiration, but the darker and richer Black Seabiosa (mourning bride) is handsomer than the deepest-hued nasturtium. The Crystal Palace Gem, straw-yellow with maroon eyes, is dainty in coloring, but not so delicate in effect as the pale Pearl. What is remark- able about these nasturtiums (all except Edward Otto and Asa Gray belong to the dwarf division, which does not climb) is their prodigality of bloom. From six dozen plants one may gather during the height of
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST.
bloom fully three hundred flow- ers each day fora period of two weeks ; the picking of about four thousand flowers during so short a time, it is needless to say, would keep one pretty well oce- cupied.
But such results are not to be obtained under any other than favorable conditions: the nastur- tium wants all the sun it can get, plenty of water, and nothing but sandy loam to grow in; any
richer ground, or
produce nothing how quickly the
lesser sunlight, will make the plant but leaves. It is curious to note little plant responds to the right kind of treatment: if we wish many flowers, we must not fail to pick each blossom as soon as it appears; if the flowers are allowed to remain on the plant, the latter concludes that they are not wanted, and soon ceases to produce any more; as fast as the flowers are gathered, others begin to make their appearance ; whereas, if the
plants are left to themselves, there
Le _ 4 ie oe
114 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
is a grand display of color for a very short season and then no flowers at all. The nasturtium is one
of the earliest annuals to reward us with its flowers, —
and it is amusing to see how soon the little hum- ming bird discovers the whereabouts of the first blossom, and how he lingers over it, taking repeated sips of honey, reluctant at last to leave. I have watched one little fellow visit flower after flower, when later in the sea- son they were very plentiful, and, ‘still loath to leave such a paradise of sweets, rest awhile on the wire screen which sup- ported the sweet peas, preening his feathers contentedly, and then make a final round as.
though he was bent on obtaining a square meal before leaving a certainty for an uncertainty.
There are three divisions of the nasturtinm group which are different in habit of growth: the dwarf, which does not climb; the Zobbianum, which runs over the ground and climbs very little; and the major, Which attains a height of ten feet or more. The dwarf is the most prolific bloomer, but the Lob- bianum has a larger and more perfect flower; the
*
“7
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 115
major is a splendid variety for climbing over fences, and so forth, and its foliage is of ranker growth. Of these three varieties the dwarf seems most satisfactory, as it requires the least attention, takes the least amount of space, and insures the
largest returns; with a hundred
plants, carefully set out, one
should be able to gather a thon-
sand blossoms a day at the height of the season ; this would not be possible with either of the other varieties.
Tropeolum peregrinum is a very near relative of the nasturtium, and is a beautiful-leafed vine, with rather small, pure yellow flowers; from a fancied re- semblance of the blossom to the canary, it is some- times called canary-bird flower. The vine climbs by means of the leaf stem, which develops a sort of kink in the effort to catch on something and draw itself upward. The leaf is deeply lobed, white-veined, and of a soft, light-green color. The flower has five petals, with the three lower ones fringed. The vine is in bloom all summer. The water-cress (Vastur- tiwm officinale), whose botanical name is somewhat misleading, is a member of the Mustard family, and is therefore unrelated to our garden nasturtium.
116 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
Balsam, A close relation of the jewel weed,
or Lady’s Slipper. the garden balsam, or lady’s slipper, Impatiens Casain® Yaar a striking resemblance to the wild species; but only the single flowers look like the jewel weed ;
the double ones
rather resemble the
Camellia Japonica.
Nowadays the hor-
ticulturists give us
a splendid double
‘flower which has little likeness to the
single lady’s _ slip-
pers of our grand- mothers’ gardens. The variety named Malmaison is a favorite of mine; it has the most delicate blush- pink color imaginable, and certainly looks like the rose it was named for. The balsam comes to us from India. It blooms throughout the summer. Garant. The name Pelargonium is from Pelargonium. the Greek word meaning stork, and was suggested by the shape of the seed pod, which resembles that of the bird’s beak. The wild gera- nium carries the English name crane’s-bill for the same reason. Our Pelargoniums are natives of
the Cape of Good Hope, and they are so mixed up
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 117
through crossing in the process of cultivation that only a few species may be identified with the help of botanical descriptions. The following are common in our gardens:
Peppermint P. (P. tomentosum).—The leaves are large, round, heart-shaped, with five to seven lobes, and are velvety-hairy on both sides. The insignifi- cant flowers are white. By gentle pressure the leaf will emit a peppermint odor, by which the plant can be easily identified.
Rose-scented P. (P. capitatum).—The leaves are velvety, rounded and moderately lobed, and the little flowers, scarcely half an inch long, are of a magen- ta-crimson color; there are many flowers in a head ; the foliage is unmistakably rose-scented.
Pennyroyal P. (P. exstipulatum).—This variety has an altogether different leaf from the foregoing ; botanically speaking, it is palmately three-parted—i. e.. in figure like the triple leaf of the clover, but, unlike the latter, these divisions are close together and wedge- shaped with toothed edges; it is also small, perhaps half an inch wide, and is soft and velvety; it has a strong aromatic smell like pennyroyal. The flowers are very small and white.
All three of these varieties are commonly culti- vated by the farmers’ wives throughout New York
and New England.
.
118 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
Ivy-leaved P. (P. peltatwm).—This variety has an ivy-shaped, smooth, five-lobed leaf, sometimes with a dark zone, and is easily recognized. The flowers are generally of crimson or cherry tones of color, with a variety of pink tints and also a pure white. I know of only one or two scarlet varieties, and these are of recent introduction.
Horseshoe P. (P. zonale) and Stained or Sear- let P. (P. inguinans) are two varieties which have become inextricably mixed ; the former has a dark horseshoe mark or zone on the leaf, which, however, is sometimes wanting, and the latter has a
lighter green leaf without the
zone. Both varieties have
A round scalloped leaves, which have a “fishy smell.” To these ot ae Ne two classes belong the infinite variety of bright-colored and
delicately tinted flowering geraniums which are so common as bedding plants. A notable white variety with double flowers is called La Favorite; a lovely salmon-pink one is the Beauté Poitevine. Nearly all these geraniums have received the close atten- tion of French horticulturists, and in the continuous
process of cross-fertilization we have quite lost sight
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 119
of some of the original species. The common sweet- scented geraniums, with small inconspicuous crim- son-pink flowers, general- ly belong to the variety ealled P. Radula.
Asa rule, all the mixed, showy - flowered Pelargoniums are called Lady Washington gerani- ums; this name does not apply to any individual variety. One of the most beautiful of the light- leaved geraniums is called Madame Salleroi; the leaf is almost white, and is
generally zoned with a
ale vreen. ton)
It is interesting to know that the wild geranium, herb Robert, wood sorrel, garden geranium, nasturtium, canary-bird vine, jewel weed, and lady’s slipper (balsam) all belong to the Geranium family. It is seldom the case that a family circle includes so many attractive and beau- tiful individuals who are distinguished by such a marked contrast in character; how widely different
the wood sorrel is from the scarlet geranium !
120 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
Pirtulaca Portulaca comes to us from South
Portulaca America. Its brilliant flowers, in
tl as shape closely resembling a wild rose, are found snuggled close to the ground in nearly every country garden. The foliage is narrow like fir-needles, but of a thick and pulpy nature; the stems are also thick and are ruddy in color. There is a great variety of colors among the flowers—crimson, pure pink, scarlet-pink, magenta, scarlet, pale and deep yellow, buff, and orange. The double variety, in my estimation, is not as beautiful as the single. A troublesome weed of the garden resembling portulaca, but having a broader and blunt leaf, is called P. oleracea, purslane, or pus- ley. Charles Dudley Warner, in My Summer in a Garden, has drawn particular attention to this omnipres-
ent weed; it is a great nuisance to
the amateur gardener, but he can console himself with the thought that it was handed down to him from his ancestors; they brought it with them from the old country, and it once sup- plied the table with a much-relished dish of greens which has since been displaced by spinach and young beet-tops. Portulaca is an annual which flowers all
summer,
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 121
tears The amaranth, or amarantus, is really
A. caudatus,and a Cultivated weed—a weed with a igs ahaiaea college education, as some one has said of the cauliflower as distinguished from common cabbage. The two varieties, A. caudatus (Prince’s Feather), erect flowering, and A. melancholicus (Love- lies-bleeding), with pendulous flower stems, are most common. The flowers in both varieties are generally crimson; both come from India. Another variety, with flowers in an erect blunt spike (A. hypochon- driacus), is cultivated from Mexico. There is a wretched garden weed of exactly the same figure as the cultivated amarantus, named A. retroflecus, com- monly called pigweed. Its flowers are green. Celo- sia, the garden cockscomb, is another near relative of the amarantus; it also comes from India. Its flower crest is generally fan-shaped. These flowers all bloom throughout the summer. Sheubby St. John’s-wort is very common in St, John’s-wort. New Jersey, and it may also be found Hypericum in more or less plenty north and densiflorum. south of that State. Its flowers are small and golden-yellow, and grow in dense clusters, from which fact it received its botanical name. My drawing is taken from a specimen which grew in the “Pines” of New Jersey. This variety of the flower
is a distinctively American one, as H. perforatum, 9
122 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
Shrubby St. John’s-wort.
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 123
which has small and opposite leaves, although com- moner in New England, is, as Gray says, “the only one not indigenous.” There is no possibility of con- fusing the two varieties, as one is shrubby and the other has an upright, much-branched stem. The flower gets its name from the superstition that on St. John’s day, the 24th of June, the dew which fell on the plant the evening before was efficacious in pre- serving the eyes from disease. So the plant was col- lected, dipped in oil, and thus transformed into a balm for every wound. In fact, superstition gathered about the plant in such a variety of forms that the Scotch in olden times carried it about in their pockets as a charm against witchcraft. St. John’s-wort can hardly be called beautiful, and it is considered a great nuisance in farming-lands. The shrubby va- riety grows about three feet high and flowers in June. The /. perforatum is an herb which grows one or two feet high and flowers all summer. Purple-flowering Lhe purple-flowering raspberry is Raspberry. not purple at all. This is a popular Rubus odorate. — yame without any truth in it. The flowers are crimson-magenta in color, and look some- thing like wild roses; the leaves are somewhat like maple leaves in shape, but are even larger. The fruit looks like a common raspberry, but it is flat, and of a weak red color, There are no thorns on the stems,
124 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
and, but for this cireumstance and the fact that the leaves are so big and strange-looking in the company | of the rather striking flower, we might easily mis- take it for some kind of a rose. It blooms in June and July.
CHAPTER. 2X2
JUNE, JULY, AND
Field Lily to Clematis.
i ‘ . y UP AUGUST.
Yellow Field Lily. Tun yellow
ite ee ned Lily be: gins to hang its golden-yellow buds over the meadows in June, and in July the pretty bells are in their prime. I need not say a word in praise of the grace- ful flower; several poets have already exhausted upon it a long category of admiring phrases. But we must admit it has a pretty badly freckled face, which perhaps is the reason it hangs its head; however this may be, the graceful droop adds still another charm to the
decorative form, and one ought 125
126 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
to be alone satisfied with such a wonderful perfection of curved outlines. The plant reaches an average - height of three feet. There is another handsome variety, cto similar to the one just described, called Turk’s-cap lily, whose color is richer, and whose graceful flower divisions are more strongly curved backward. This lily is common on Cape Cod and all along the coast of New England. Its leaves are perhaps less reg- ularly arranged in circles, but the stalk grows taller; at times it reaches a height of six feet. I have made a little drawing of the symmetrical seed vessel which in late summer assumes a beautiful bronze
hue. It is astonishing to see the number
of seeds packed in close layers that just Seed-pod of é i
Lilium Su- one pod contains. How prolific in life Nature sometimes shows herself to be! Each one of those tiny seeds contains a hidden life. Think of the yield of which one plant is capable! Wild Red Lily, 1m my estimation the wild red lily, Lilium which always grows in shady places Pailadeiphicun. yostly in or on the edge of the woods), is the most beautiful one of all the wild spe- cies. Its color is a splendid red of a vermilion cast.
The flowers stand erect and resemble tiger lilies turned
Oh! ee ae
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 127
upward. The stalk grows about two feet high, and generally bears but one flower, orange-yellow out- side and vermilion inside, spotted with brown mad- der — hardly the purple color which Gray men- -tions. The flower varies in hue, and is sometimes red-orange instead of ver- milion. It blooms about the Ist of July, in the thin woods, where the ground is more or less sandy. Black-eyed Lhe black- Susan. eyed Susan, Rudbeckia hirta. Re eae dren call it, Gray says is a Western flower which was introduced into our Eastern meadows with clover seed. It is fre- quently called cone-flow- er by reason of the rather
high cone-shaped center
: yl z ‘ ™
(
SS hall ae aa ip isn, ; Deh 4
{28 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
which is usually of a brown-madder color. The
flower rays are a rich golden yellow, and have a
graceful reflex curve ; the flower stems are brownish, — stiff, and rough to the touch, The plant grows about eighteen inch- es high. It blooms
in July. Catchfly. The catchfly is Silene noctiflora. common in
waste grounds, and is easily identified by its two-parted, white petals. The variety I have sketched is called night- flowering, as the little bud opens only toward evening, or on cloudy days. It blooms side by side with the evening primrose, and might easily be taken for a white variety of the latter flower by one who consults his imagination rath- er than his botany. But there is really no point of resem-
blance between the flowers. This catchfly is the most
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 129
beautiful thing imaginable un-
der the magnifying glass; the petals are not so remarkable, but the calyx (the protecting green envelope of the flower) is as delicate as though it were modeled in spun glass; the translucent lines of green and white, the hairy sur- face, and the symmetry of the tiny form, are all worth the closest exam- ination. My pen-and-ink drawing is hard and coarse be- side Nature’s perfect art; if the plant had been formed of the most fragile and delicately colored glass it could scarcely have been more curious or beautiful. There are two other varieties of the catchfly which are common: Starry Campion (Silene stellata) and Bladder Campion (Silene inflata). The petals of the former are cut in a fringe; the stem of the latter ij
is smooth, and its calyx is Silene Noctiflora.
a 1380 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
veined. Gray graphically explains all the minor differences in a way which may be easily understood | by one to whom botany is only slightly familiar. The catchfly blooms in early summer. Field Mouse-ear Lhe field mouse-ear Chickweed. chickweed is one Cerastium arvens. of the commonest weeds which grows by our roadsides in all parts of the country. Prof. Meehan says he found it in Bergen Park, Colorado, at a height of seven thousand feet above sea level. So common is the little gray-white flower that my sketch will be all that is needed for its identifica- tion. It blooms from April to early August. It has an Alpine origin and does not stand the hot
weather well, but with the return
of autumn it resumes “a green moss-like growth which it retains through the winter, ready for the Field Mouse-ear early bloom of spring.” Thus Prof. Meehan describes its char-
acter. The common name has no significance now, as it originated long ago by a fancied resemblance to a certain species of forget-me-not which used to be
at sg
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. ist
called Mouse-ear, because the leaves resembled in form a mouse’s ear. It is not surprising to learn that this flower is a relative of the sandwort (which grows on Mount Washington), and a comparison of my sketches of the two plants will show the close
resemblance. Caminita Common chickweed is very common Chickweed. and troublesome in every garden; it
Cad se aad) 1 Ea damp ground best, and spreads
its weakly stems, covered with fine foliage, all over the garden beds. The tiny white flowers are very insignificant; they bloom through spring and sum- mer. §S. longifolia is another variety with long leaves widely spreading, and numerous flowers. S. bore- alis is a variety common northward in all wet, grassy places, and bears its inconspicuous flowers in the forks of the leafy branches. It may be found border- ing the springs among the hills of New Hampshire.
Verbena. Our charming garden verbenas are, Verbena Aubletia. many of them, indigenous to this country, and may be seen growing wild in Illinois, the Carolinas, and southward. As a rule the flow- ers are purple. Other garden varieties—pink, red, and white—come from South America, generally the Argentine Republic; one of these (V. tewcroides) is exceedingly sweet, vanilla-scented. The verbenas flower all summer.
Cet!
132 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Blue Vervain. Glue vervain is a tall weed with Verbena hastata. tiny homely flowers, that grows in _ waste places and beside the road. There is very little
suggestion of blue about it; the
Ba, dt flowers are decidedly purple, Sf aoc i Ca AGES and so few of them are in Att) Wy 2 be YY bloom at one time that they Sa \ Gy eat vf vy lack color effect. The plant be- Sah \\ AY x + = aN Sv gins to show its tiny blossoms MW Yh YY . . . Mh Yi Hy in July. It isa relative of our WO YW : . ‘I i} beautiful garden verbenas, as its NY 1
name implies.
ater eee: The water arum,
Calla palustris. which is similar in appearance to the cultivated hothouse flower called calla lily (wrongly named, as it does not belong to the Lily family), is common in boggy places north of Pennsylvania. It flowers in early summer, and is certainly
pretty enough to deserve culti-
vation ; but its magnificent rela-
tive, so much superior in size,
evidently precludes the prob- ability of the horticulturist taking interest in the lesser flower. It seems a pity, for the wild calla is
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 133
very beautiful, but not quite so common as we might wish; we have to look for it. Thoreau says, after finding this calla in a certain lo- eality near Con- cord: “ Having found this in one place, I now find it in another.
Many an object
is not seen, though it falls within the range of our visual ray, because it does not come within the range of our intel- lectual ray. So in the largest sense we find only the world we look for.” hey This is in a great measure true re- garding a search for certain wild flowers. They are only to be seen on demand!
Wild Sarsaparilla, The wild sarsaparilla, which must Aralia nudicaulis. not be mistaken for the true sarsa- parilla of soda-water fame, is nevertheless often used as a substitute for the officinal article. Its slender roots, which run horizontally three or four feet in every direction away from the stem, are as aromatic as the mucilaginous twigs of the sassafras tree. But every country boy knows all about sassafras and
* ’ a
if
134 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
sarsaparilla ; any plant which appeals to his sense of taste or his propensity to chew is ‘a component part of the well-digested knowledge he never learned at school. The rather pretty balls of fine greenish-white flowers of unique appear- ance, which bloom in early summer, will easily enable one to identify the plant.
The single long-stalked leaf,
divided into three sections of about five leaflets each, is too symmetrical and pronounced in character to be mistaken for that of any other plant when the peculiar globes of tiny flowers are seen below it. Hedge Bindweed. The hedge bindweed (a larger flower Calystegia sepium. than the European field bindweed), is very common throughout New England. In ap- pearance the flower is exactly like a pinky-white garden morning-glory, to which it is closely related ; but the leaf is quite different; it is not heart- shaped, but looks more like an arrowhead. The pretty vine climbs over the hedges beside the road, and covers the unsightly brushwood with a glory of dainty white flower bells, whose delicate pink flush is unequaled by the tint of many a highly cultivated garden flower. But the bindweed is a
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 135
dangerous character to bring into the garden; it is apt to choke everything it can get hold of, and it spreads with remarkable rapidity from year to year. The fiowers begin to bloom in July. Our garden morning-glory (lpomea purpurea), with a heart- shaped leaf, comes from South America.
Dodder. That most distressing weed which goes Cuscuta Gronovit. by the name of dodder is a plague which, in its disintegrating power, can only be com- pared to sin! It works the greatest mischief if it gets within the confines of the garden. The little vine is parasitic, and it saps the energy of every plant it can fasten itself upon! Celia Thaxter evi- dently had great trouble with it in her island garden. She speaks of it thus: “ The plants emerge from the ground, each like a fine yellow hair, till they are an inch and a half or two inches long; they reach with might and main toward the nearest legitimate-grow- ing plant, and when they touch it, cling like a limpet ; then they draw their other end up out of the ground and set up housekeeping for the rest of their lives. They adhere to the unhappy individual upon which they have fixed themselves with a grip that grows more and more horrible; they suck all its juices, drink all its health and strength and beauty, and fling out trailers to the next, and the next, and the next, till the whole garden is a mass of ruin and despair.”
WY 2 > ae. z mn at *
la
afi 136 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
The slender wiry stems are light yellow-brown in color, and are destitute of leaves; the flowers are | dull white little things which grow in clusters at intervals on the twining stalk. Down East the weed grows in wet places, and covers shrubs and plants with a tangled mass of amber- colored threads which produce a rather pretty effect among the green. It flowers in early summer. It is a near relative of the morning-glory.
Bedstraw. © ‘The little vine called Galiwm triflorum. bedstraw has an in- teresting conventional leaf, but an inconspicuous white flower much less effective than sweet alyssum. The sweet-scented variety is common in the glades of the White Hills and in the thickets which border the rivers
there. The flowers have, in my opin- ion, a sickening-sweet odor which is unpleasant. The vine is a pretty little thing, whose circularly arranged leaves give it a decorative look. The most extraor- dinary thing about bedstraw is the way it catches on everything it touches; the microscope will tell the reason why. In my frequent walks to a secluded spot on the brink of the beautiful Pemigewasset
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 137
River, where one may indulge in a refreshing bath on a hot July day, I pass through a belt of shrubbery so thick with bedstraw that the odor is overpowering, and advance is checked by the sticky vine which at every point catches on one’s clothing.
Poison Ivy. On the meadows which border the Rhus Toxicodendron. same river will be seen, all through the summer, the drooping three-leafed vine called poison ivy, or mercury. Gray says it is a vile pest, and I perfectly agree with his estimate of its character. It poisons some people dreadfully. Al- though I had many a time touched the leaves with my fingers without experiencing any ill effect, at last came a miserable experience: a bit of the wretched plant came in contact with the more sensitive skin, which is very different from the callous cuticle of the finger-tips, and the poison began to act like fire a few days afterward; nothing but cloths saturated with Pond’s Extract (witch-hazel) seemed to be of any use in alleviating the burning, itching sensation. But some persons are poisoned by even passing through a district where the ivy grows; so it is best to avoid it al- together. Curiously enough, an extract of Rhus Towi- codendron is a homceopathic specific for skin diseases. It has a very smooth, fresh green leaf, with an un- varnished surface, which always occurs in threes, and
therefore should not be mistaken for the Virginia 10
a . s es oo 4
138 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), which is a five- leafed vine. In the hills of New Hampshire the cold - winters prevent any woody growth of the poison ivy, and the vine trails at one’s feet over meadow and roadside ; but near Boston I have seen stone walls covered with the woody branches which had attained a tall and shrublike appearance. In autumn the clus- ters of small gray berries are rather decorative, and the leaves turn a pretty red. I have more than once found the witch-hazel (Hamamelis Virginica) grow- ing side by side with the ivy. ed ee The beautiful clematis vine hangs in Virgin’s Bower. festoons from the trees, and covers Clematis the stone walls beside the roads which My" tow the river courses among the hills of New Hampshire. For that matter it grows everywhere, and is quite as common in the Berkshire country and in the vicinity of northern New Jersey. The little flower has four greenish-white sepals which look like petals, and a great number of stamens; it grows in beautiful, graceful clusters. In the fall the gray plumes of the flowers gone to seed are very striking, and the hoary appearance of the vine at this season suggested the name old man’s beard. The vine supports itself by a twist in the leaf stem; it is curious to note the turn of these stems, which actually revolve in as short a space of time as the tips of
JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 139
the morning-glory vine. Certainly clematis is one of the most lovely vines which grow wild on our country highways and by-ways; in August it is covered with dainty clusters of starry blos-
soms, and in October it is ar- rayed in the silver gray of its plumed seed vessels. It will bear transplanting, and flourishes in the cold- est climate. Nothing is prettier than its graceful branches decorating a rus- tic fence. It flowers in midsummer. Mme. Edou- ard Andre is a new variety of the vine in cultivation with handsome reddish flowers. C. graveolens is a variety cultivated from Thibet with yellow flowers.
C. paniculata is a beautiful — ciematis, or Virgin’s Bower.
~ ae , wit
x
140 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
species in cultivation, with flowers somewhat similar
in appearance to the wild variety, but more luxuriant in growth; it comes from Japan. C. Jackmanni is a
violet-blue flowered variety also in cultivation, whose
blossoms are two inches or more broad.
Hoary Plume of the Clematis, or Old Man’s Beard.
CHAPTER X.
JUNE TO OCTOBER. Poppy to Love-in-a-Mist.
The Poppy. THE Poppy family is so large and so
seer: varied in type that a garden filled with all the different varieties would present an as- tonishing picture of contrasting forms and colors from the 1st of June until the middle of October. Yet, notwithstanding this fact, there are few who allow the family a fair representation in their gar- dens. Our knowledge of poppies, therefore, ‘is gen- erally confined to a very few varieties.
Gray says we have no truly wild species; all our poppies come from the Old World; but he mentions a variety (P. dubiwm) which has run wild in fields in Pennsylvania. In England and Scotland, and even in Italy, the graceful, single, scarlet poppy is commonly seen growing wild, especially in fields where wheat is sown. I have gathered quantities of the flowers in waste places within the walls of Rome. It seems
strange that this easy-growing annual has not obtained 141
°— . eo ue pe
142 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
the same strong foothold in our own country. For six years I have picked strong and healthy poppies in | a certain part of my garden, where, after the first sowing, the seed has taken the matter into its own hands; but the flower has not yet consented to the degenerate estate of a weed like its European com- panions—toadflax, chicory, viper’s bugloss, and tansy.
The classification of poppies in the seedsmen’s cata- logues is somewhat confusing ; as a rule, they present three divisions—Ranunculus, Peony, and Carnation. The two last-mentioned varieties may be included under the general name which Gray uses, P. somnif- erum, or opium poppy. The first-mentioned variety may be included under Gray’s name, P. /’hwas, or corn poppy, of Europe. There is also a perennial variety, called P. orientale, or Oriental poppy, which is mentioned by the seedsmen as well as by Gray. Under these three names we may include a/ the commoner varieties of poppies which we may find in the garden.
The less common varieties are P. nudicaule, or Iceland poppy (perennial); P. glauciwm, or tulip poppy; and the more distant family connections, Argemone Mexicana, or prickly poppy, and sch- scholtzia Californica, or California poppy. I might add that our Sanguinaria Canadensis, or blood-root, is a near relative of the poppy.
JUNE TO .OCTOBER.
The seedsmen use the names Ranunculus, Peo- ny, and Carnation merely to distinguish the types of certain flowers; thus, one flower bears a resem- blance to the garden ra- nunculus, another to the peony, and another to the carnation. That these types are very distinct, an examination of the petals will abundantly prove. My drawing of the poppy called Rosy Morn is an example of a pzony- shaped flower; the daintier Mikado and Fairy Blush are examples of carnation-shaped flowers. The Shir- ley and the Double French poppies belong to the Ranun- culus division.
The poppy is an extraor- dinarily beautiful flower; it would be partial for me to recommend any particular vari- ety; but if I were asked which one seemed to be the most beautiful, I think I should be
144 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
inclined to answer, Fairy Blush; but then would come a feeling of regret at the injustice done Rosy Morn, Eider Down, Bride, and New Cardinal. Still, the Fairy Blush is a most perfect beauty, whose creamy white delicately penciled with the purest strong pink is transcendently lovely. I have grown specimens in my gar- den which measured four inches across.* The Rosy
Morn grows even larger, and possesses a wealth of warm pink which rivals many a rose. But I could not exceed Celia Thaxter in her admira- tion for the glorious poppy, and I can not do better than quote what she says in An Island Garden: “I think for wondrous variety, for certain pictur- esque qualities, for color and form, and a subtile mystery of character, Mikado Poppy. POppies seem... the most satisfac- tory flowers among the annuals... .
They are the tenderest lilac, richest scarlet, white with softest suffusion of rose—all shades of rose—
* This Fairy Blush poppy was raised from seed obtained from Mr. W. Atlee Burpee, of Philadelphia.
JUNE TO OCTOBER.
clear light pink with sea-green center, the anthers in a golden halo about it; black and fire-color; red that is deep- ened into black, with gray reflections, cherry-color with a cross of creamy white at the bottom of the cup, and round its central altar of ineffable golden green again the halo of yellow anthers. . . . Oh, these white poppies, some with petals more delicate than the finest tissue paper, with centers of bright gold, some of thicker quality, large shell-like petals, almost ribbed in their effect, their green knob in the middle like a boss upon a shield, rayed about with beautiful grayish-yellow sta- mens, as in the kind called the Bride. Others drift—have thick double flowers, deep-
they call this kind the Snow-
ly cut and fringed at the edges, the most opaque white, and full of exqui- site shadows. Then there are the Ice- landers, which Lieutenant Peary found » making gay the frosty fields of Green- land, in buttercup-yellow and orange and white; the great Orientals, gor- geous beyond expression; and the im-
145 A) \ 1 AN IK/) Z mB vt Ae W/, /_& We, \\ CET LA E) if SSr4 ae =
Shirley Poppy.
— a eS : y ‘ A *
146 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
mense single white California variety. ... As for
the Shirleys, they are children of the dawn, and in-
Ranunculus poppy, seed pod.
is a variety from which every bit of black blood has been eliminated ; so they possess the daintiest and palest tints. The Ice-
land poppies are glorious in yellow and
herit all its delicate, vivid, delicious suffu- sions of rose-color in every conceivable shade. The Thorn Poppy (Argemone) is a fascinating variety, most quaint in method of growth and most decorative.”
It seems as though there was nothing left to say about the color of poppies af- ter this; yet we see the Fairy Blush and the New Cardinal are not mentioned! So great is the variety of individual types that it would be nearly impossible for one to be- come well acquainted with them all. Some specimens of the pretty little globe-shaped variety, called Japanese Pom- pon, look as if they were spun from the most delicate, soft China silk. The single Shirley
Peony poppy
orange, and Umbrosum is a rich scarlet ~“‘seed pod. with a black cross at the base. Argemone
(a Mexican variety) is a dainty white flower with a golden center, and the most delicate transparent flower
JUNE TO OCTOBER. 147
I can think of is the semi-double white poppy belong- ing to the Ranuneulus division; this is as fair as the daintiest wild rose.
The character of the foliage in the two divisions, Ranunculus and Peony (carnation is the same with the peony), is entirely dif- ferent. The leaves of the former variety are grass- green and round-edged ; the leaves of the latter
clasp the stem, are a light eabbage-green, smooth, with sharp- pointed edges, and have an extremely decorative form, not unlike the fa- mous acanthus leaf which furnished inspiration to the Greek artists in the designing of the most beautiful capital for a column the world has ever seen. The opium poppy, which is culti- vated in India and Persia, has white petals and white seeds; I consider the
Flag of Truce Single flower, called Flag of Truce,
PORE typical of this variety. The opium
poppy cultivated in Asia Minor has purplish flowers and black seeds.
The charming California poppy receives its name from a German naturalist by the name of Esch-
148 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
scholtz ; it possesses the most brilliant and perfect yel- low and orange in existence. No flower can equal it in © color, and the artist’s paint box contains no pigment which can approach it within “ hailing distance.” It has a range of bright hues from pure yellow to deep orange, and a cream-yellow white which is exceedingly soft and beautiful. The pe- culiar little pointed calyx rests extinguisher-like on the flaming yellow petals, and is foreed off whole as the flow- er expands. Although the flower is common in Califor- nia and grows there in great abundance as a wild flower without value, it is prized very highly in the East as a
garden annual.
The tree poppy (Dendro- mecon rigidum) of California is six or eight feet high and bears brilliant yellow flowers, not unlike Eschscholtzia, nearly three inches broad. ‘This is re- markable as a shrubby plant belonging to an almost wholly herbaceous family, the Papaveracee.
The poppy is extensively employed in the conven-
JUNE TO OCTOBER. 149
tional ornament of India, and one of the most beauti- ful finial ornaments in Gothic architecture is called the poppy-head.
Argemone is not as familiar an object in the garden as one might wish. The variety called Albiflora is the only one commonly cultivated; this has large white flowers with yellow anthers. The yellow variety pro- duces pretty flowers not as brilliant in color as Esch- scholtzia, and therefore less frequently met with in the garden. But the pity of it is that poppies are such ephemeral characters. Burns says very truly in Tam o’ Shanter :
“ But pleasures are like poppies spread, You seize the flower, its bloom is shed.”
Pot Marigold. Lhe pot marigold, or calendula, is a
Calendula common garden flower which, in my apienalis. — actimation, is not half appreciated. The name calendula is suggestive; it comes from the Latin calende, first day of the month. It is a fact that the calendula will bloom through each month. It has a most extraordinary power of supply, and from July until late in November, if it is protected from frost, it will continue to bloom with unabating vigor. It will also bloom in the greenhouse all win-
ter and through the following spring. Its orange and yellow are superb and vie with the
|
150 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
magnificent hues of the “schscholtzia ; nothing can
Pe
surpass the royal color of the Prince of Orange, and |
no yellow is purer and stronger than that of the lemon or sul- phur calendula. The Meteor is beautifully striped with pump- kin-orange on a yellow ground, and Trianon is a bright-yellow flower with a brown boss in the center. My favorite variety is the pale-tinted Le Proust, which has a dark center and a circle of closely packed, light yellow-buff rays. Like the nasturtium, the ealendula produces an unlimited supply of flowers on the condi-
tion that the blossoms must be
continually picked.
It is a pity that the plant is generally considered an ill-scented one; even Gray mentions this little drawback. But I like the smell of calendulas; it is herby and grateful—at least to my olfactory nerves. Perhaps this may be on account of a long-continued acquaintance with the flower, but it is a significant fact that those who really love Nature’s beautiful things take few exceptions to her peculiarities, and I will admit that the smell of the calendula is peculiar.
JUNE TO OCTOBER. 151
However, if we choose, we may easily cultivate a eatholicity of taste which at least will exempt us from the danger of one which is prudish. The Eng- lish use the calendula to flavor their soups, and the leaves are also boiled down in fat for use as a healing salve. The term oflicinal, it might be well to men- tion just here, is applied to plants which have a com- mercial value, and are commonly on sale. As a rule, _ many plants have officinal roots; this is the case with the true sarsaparilla and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). But the calendula is more beautiful than it is useful, and the double varieties are extremely ornamental in the garden; the petals, or rather corollas, are com- pactly fitted together, and are strap-shaped and resem- ble the close-fitting little feathers on the neck of a bird. What we call the seed of the flower—which is a dry, green, rough, curled-up little thing less than half an inch in length, with a general resemblance to a small green worm—is, botanically speaking, an akene or small, dry, one-seeded fruit which is usually mis- taken for a naked seed. But the akene is evidently more than the seed; it includes the ripened pistil of the flower, and upon cutting it open the seed, with its shell, is found complete within. The akenes of the calendula all belong to the ray flowers; the disk flowers are sterile. In the immense Composite fam- ily of which the calendula is a member, all the so-
152 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
called seeds are akenes. A naked seed is instanced by that of the portulaca in the Purslane family, — where we will find it carefully tucked away with many companions in a tiny box with a lid. Gaillardia, or In the Gaillardia of our gardens we Blanket Flower. really have a cultivated flower which Gaillardia is our own—a native of our country. pulchella. age It originally came from Louisiana, and was first brought into France by M. Thouin, a professor of agriculture in Paris, in 1787. The plant was named for a M. Gaillardet, who was a patron of botany. It is a pretty flower in its single form, slightly resembling coreopsis, but is more highly colored than the latter flower; its hues are varied in reds and deep and pale yellows. There is a handsome double vari- ety named G. Lorenziana, whose flowers are mixed yellow and flame-color, and somewhat resem- ble small chrysanthemums. But
I fancy the single varieties more.
It is frequently the case that a beautiful single flower gains little or nothing by the doubling process. The charming G. amblyodon, of
JUNE TO OCTOBER. 153
a blood-red color, is now cultivated in our gardens, and is a native of Texas, where it grows in profu- sion on the banks of the Brazos. Another beautiful cultivated variety is Aurora Borealis, whose colors are gold, rich red, and white. G. arzstata grows wild in Missouri and farther west, and has also come under cultivation. Its showy rays are either yellow through- out or are dashed with brownish purple at their base. G. lanceolata grows wild south- ward from Carolina, in the pine barrens, has narrow leaves, and flower heads with small yellow rays and brownish-purple disks. The Gaillardias are both perennials and annuals; the varieties G. am- blyodon and G. pulchella are an- nuals. All are summer flowering plants. ie The summer chry- Chrysanthemum, sSanthemum is a Chrysanthemum charming annual wen” Neld in high es- teem by the farmers’ wives, par-
ticularly in New England. In summer Chrysanthe- mum, Burridgeanum.
nearly every dooryard, where there are any flowers at all, we will be pretty sure to see
in summer the Coronarium chrysanthemum. The 11
154 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
single varieties I do not fancy; they are artificial-
looking, but withal rather decorative. The double
flowers are splendid in golden yellow and yellowish
white, and the plants bloom with prodigal liberality. Of the single varieties I consider Burridgeanum, which is white with a crimson band and yellow toward the center, the most attractive.
Love-in-a-Mist, Love-in-a-mist is Nigella Damascena. g peculiar character with wiry or misty foliage—which- ever you please to call it—and white or pale violet-white flowers which curiously nestle beneath the fine foli- age. It is rather a strange than a beautiful flower, but it deserves a
place in the garden for variety’s sake. It blooms
throughout the summer, and is an annual which has long been a favorite with those who have .a
taste for the old-fashioned.
eX
/\ i — CHAPTER XI. SNK JUNH, JULY, AUGUST, AND ae y <¥e SEPTEMBER. aN Loosestrife to Jewelweed. Ses] Se
FourR-LEAVED
Four-leaved 5 Loosestrife. loosestrife, as
Lysimachia distinguished quadrifolia.
from the oth- er common variety, which is called yellow loosestrife, may be identified by its leaves, which generally grow in fours on the stem at regu- lar intervals. The pretty little golden-yellow, — star- shaped flowers, with a touch of rusty color between each point, grow out on a rather long, fine stem from the point where the leaf joins the main stalk. This loose. =<” |
strife grows thick at the Four-leaved Loosestrife. 155
156 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
edge of the thickets which border the meadows of
Campton, N. H. It is not a striking flower, but it:
attracts one by its tiny symmetry and pretty yellow color. It blooms in early summer, and flourishes where the soil is sandy. There is a purple loose- strife (Lythrum Salicaria) which blooms in August, and is not quite so common as the yellow varieties. Its flowers are magenta, and the narrow petals are curved and twisted ; the leaves are lance-shaped. It grows in wet ground.
Common Loosestrife. ‘The common loosestrife grows in Lysimachia stricta. low, wet ground, and may easily be distinguished from the four-leaved variety by its branching habit and its flower cluster which termi- nates the stem; it is also more leafy. The color effect of this flower, growing thickly beneath the scattered groups of low birch and elder-berry which dot the intervales in the White Mountain region, is very beautiful. The yellow color blends softly with the shadowy green of the foliage in July. I re- member no prettier sight than a long belt of loose- strife which skirts the shrubbery surrounding a re- treat to which the boys resort on the warm July days—the popular bathing place. Loosestrife may be found almost anywhere ; not only with the environ- ment just described, but on the banks of the beautiful rivers which wind through the Vermont hills, in the
% ‘
JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 157
valley of the Hudson, beside the streams which flow through the Catskills, and in the immediate vicinity of Boston. It is interesting to
know that the dainty, white star- flower is closely related to loose- strife. They both belong to the ‘Primrose family.
Turtle-head. The turtle-head Chelone glabra. may be found with the same sur- roundings as the loosestrife, or per- haps down close by the river. It is a reserved character, and in this respect resembles the closed gentian in having a shut-up look! Its flowers are white or pinkish, and bloom in August. It is a relative of the gar- den snap dragon. My sketch will be sufficient for its iden- if
tification. | Mirtle hoad:
— ea ¥ 3 a a
ag
158 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Tall Meadow-Rue. ‘T'he beautiful tall meadow-rue be- Phalictrum Cornuti. ging to show its plumes of feathery. white flowers in early summer when the yellow field lily is in full bloom. I call to : nate mind a lovely spot on the mead- ows of Campton, N. H., 7 5 ges, where the graceful lilies —
AS
CH
hang their score of golden bells against a shady background of low birch which is lighted up here and there by the soft, white bloom of the tall mead-
ap
Lf aN Bah af We 7 \} S Y 4 Ya
= ow-rue; such a picture one can not forget; and the sleepy heat of a July day, the hum of insects, the
Mi fe buzz of a lazy bumblebee, wv f r Xda and the rustling of tall grass fa disturbed by the flight of a Te, Tall Meadow- ground sparrow —these are
Rue,
all the living parts of a pic- ture in which the meadow-rue’s tall and graceful figure stands supreme. The ornamental blue-green leaves are well worth close study, as they are charm-
JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 159
ingly decorative ; it is also interesting to notice how like they are to the leaves of the Anemonella thalic- troides.
Early Meadow-Rue, There is another quite common Thalictrum dioicum. meadow-rue (7. diotcum) which, it seems to me, ought to be called wood rue, as it near- ly always grows on the borders of the forest. This variety is about eighteen inches tall, and bears in- significant brownish-green flowers which fail to at- tract one when they appear in late spring.
Thorn-Apple. The thorn-apple, so called on ac- Datura Stramonium. count of its round, green, thorny fruit, is one of the rankest-smell- ing weeds in existence. It is only necessary for one to crush a leaf or stem between the fin- gers to be thoroughly assured of the fact that the weed is repul- sively rank—not attractively rank
like the onion. Memory recalls a certain empty lot next to the house in which I lived in Brook- Ley lyn where there was a rubbish
heap pretty well ornamented with this white-flow- ered Datura. I transplanted some of the weed in my garden, and was ridiculed for the bad taste dis-
played in liking such a rank thing; but the flowers
Se x sy a :
160 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
were beautiful to my boyish eyes, and now the mag- nificent D. cornucopia, which is but a recent highly - cultivated variety of the same flower, is greatly sought after by those who wish to ornament their gardens. The flower has a long, tubular five-pointed corolla set in a long, light-green calyx. It blooms in early sum- mer, and is a familiar object in open lots around New York and the cities of northern New Jersey. I never found it in New Hampshire.
The spreading dogbane is so com-
Spreading p ; Dogbane. mon all over the country in thickets Apocynum and woody dells that one can not fail
androsemifolium.
to find it without the effort of a reg- ular search. It is easy to identify the small, loose clusters of tiny, pinky-white, bell-shaped flowers which resemble lilies-of-the-valley, and grow on a bush that bears smallish, oval, dull, light-green leaves; on breaking off a stem it exudes a sticky milk-white juice, as the milkweed does. The flowers are quite as beautiful as many small garden favorites, and in my estimation they are individually more at- tractive by reason of their delicious dainty pink flush than the lily-of-the-valley. This seems flat heresy, but in defense of the preference for a common wild flower I would venture to predict that if some horti- culturist should succeed in producing a lily-of-the- valley with the dainty pink coloring of the dogbane,
JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 161
such a flower with its charming perfume would be wildly admired by every lover of flowers. Such is the disadvantage of the wild flower that its beauty is discounted if it has not reached an abnormal devel-
opment, and its charms are unheeded if it does not throw out a perfume strong enough to entice the
ia ae Kai
162 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
passer-by. The dogbane blooms
in early summer, and it is often found in the company of the milk weed. Common Milkweed. The com- Asclepias Cornutt. mon milk- weed needs no introduc- tion; its pretty pods of white silk are familiar to every child, who treas- ures them until the time epee comes when the place in which they are stowed away is one mass of bewil- dering, un- manageable white fluff. Then there are vague talks about stuff- ing pillows and all that sort of thing ; but the first attempt to manipulate the law- less, airy down usually - results in disastrous confusion; and whole
JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 163
masses go floating away on the slightest zephyr. Of course, there is more fun in chasing milkweed down than in patiently stuffing a pillow; so the milkweed has its own way and goes sailing off to scatter its seeds hither and thither, and the pillow, perhaps, is filled with the aromatic balsam fir. But, before the last tiny tuft of silk has escaped with its balancing brown seed, we must place it under the microscope and examine the bronze-colored seed and the strange downy sail. Can one imagine any- thing more perfect? Place some bits of white sewing silk beside the sheeny silk of Nature, and the former will look like coarse, white rope. Gray must have been puzzled to know how to! describe the color of the milkweed’s flowers; what a predicament for Na- ture to put a color-blind botanist in! She has evi- dently mixed up all the colors on her palette and painted the beautiful blossoms in absolutely neutral tints. Gray does not stop to analyze the color, but dismisses the matter by labeling the flower “ dull greenish purplish.” Now, if we will take the paint box and mix pure green and pure purple together, and then throw in a tiny bit of black to get the “dull” effect, we will not approach the color of the milkweed’s flower. No, Nature did not produce her color that way; the flower is neither green nor pur- ple, nor a mixture of those colors, but is a neutralized
nat ae
164 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
brown, so we must call it brown, with modifications which fit the case. My modification, then, would be - pale lavender brown, with a few touches of pale- brown lavender. For the in- dorsement of my statement I must refer to the microscope ; under it the colors will show themselves detinitely, and the flower will also prove to be exquisitely formed. The milk- weed is in blossom during the
Milkweed. early part of the summer ; its heavy perfume is cloying ; in other words, it is alto- gether too sweet.
Butterfly Weed. Lhe butterfly weed is a variety of Asclepias tuberosa. milkweed which is very common through New England, particularly in the vicinity of Cape Cod. It grows in dry sandy places, blooms in midsummer, and stains the pas-
{ \
tures with a brilliant orange-color, ~\\\ /
‘ fi 4
——
{ which, I should think, would set a a \ v Eze colorist of the impressionist school eo quite wild. The shape of the flow- wating seed of But- ers is almost exactly like that of the ae common milkweed; but, unlike the latter plant, the stems and stalks when broken do not exude a plenti- ful supply of sticky “milk.” I have drawn the seed
JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 165
pod, which is slenderer than that of common milk- weed, and more interesting ; it bursts later, and holds on its ragged-looking contents bet- ter, thus giving the dried and shriveled plant a weird appearance, suggestive of a wild, gray-haired witch.
Harebell. The dainty harebell, Campanula which looks so frail
rotundifolia. that it seems as though a cold gust of wind might wither its transparent blue and break its delicate stem, is one of
the hardiest of all our smaller wild geed pod of the Butter- flowers. This flower is, in fact, no eae other than the rugged bluebell of Scotland. It will be found blooming in the meadows in early June, and northward it can be gathered on the mountain tops as late as September. I have found perfect specimens on the slopes of Mount Washington and on the edges of the rocky cliffs which flank the southern side of Mount Willard, in the Crawford Notch, as late as the 20th of September. The pretty little blue, pointed bells can be often seen hanging over a precipice and swinging at every passing breeze with a fearlessness which one would expect in a larger flower with a bolder aspect. But goats and bluebells are
166 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
quite at home on rocky preci- pices, and it would take more ~ than a cyclone to disturb the sure footing of either. I have seen a little plant, eight inches high, bend its wiry stem prone beneath the blast, and yet the half dozen flower bells it held were not broken off nor injured. Those of us whose gardens have been vis- ited by the sudden gale which will sometimes precede a thunderstorm know what sad havoe it works among flow- ers which have every appear- ance of strength. But it is the stout oak which falls with a crash in a high wind which only bends the supple reed. The harebell was built to stand the mountain storm. The flower has a beautiful purple color, scarcely ap- proaching blue; this color is
so charmingly graduated Harebell. within the bell that in its
JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 167
depths it is misty-looking. The color of the anthers and the stamens, five in number, are surprisingly pretty when viewed
through a mag- nifying glass; the stems and leaves are wiry and tough; but the tenderer round leaf, from which the plant gets its botan- ical name, springs directly from the root and dies early.
Self-heal. The very famil- wrunetamulgars. ar ashy - cream heads of this small blue (more correctly blue-purple) flower called self-heal are ever present be- side the road and on the edge of
the pasture. All summer long
the tireless little flower blossoms ayes almost anywhere we may hap- pen to look. It is provoking to see a common thing so constantly and yet not to know its name; and I
venture to say there are but few of: us who recognize
168 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
itas Brunella. But one can claim only a scraping acquaintance with a flower who knows it by sight. and by name; Brunella, I think, deserves more at- tention. If a good specimen is placed under the mi- croscope, it will reveal quite a pretty little face. We can not see its perfect form without the glass ; the upper part is hooded over, and the lower has a flange on either side and a lip below which seem to invite the passing bumblebee to step in and take a sip of honey. There is pretty nearly always a yellow-striped visitor hanging on one of these purple flowers of the self-heal; his head is buried up to his ears in the tiny corolla, and we must shake him off if we wish to get a close view of the pretty little stamens and pistil which are encircled by the minia- ture, soft purple throat. The flower is in bloom from June to October. Comma The common meadow-sweet is com- Meadow-Sweet. non enough in some places, but rare Spirea salicifolia. + others. I have never found it in the southern Catskills nor in the northern part of New Jersey, although I dare say it grows in both localities. In m y estimation, a flower is common when you see it without the slight exertion of looking for it. Ihave never /ooked for the flower in the locali- ties mentioned ; but experiences differ, and some peo- ple are fortunate in finding things which are not com-
JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 169
mon, in very common places. One does not need to look for the soft plumes of the meadow-sweet in the moist nooks of the highways among the White Hills during the early summer; they are before one’s eyes everywhere. Damp ground or dry, it is all the same ; there is the pretty bush with its plume of pinkish-white flowers directly before us. J find it, too, quite as com- mon in the Berkshire country; and Dora Read Good- ale says:
“. . . she follows every turn With spires of closely clustered bloom, And all the wildness of the place, The narrow pass, the rugged ways, But give her larger room.
“ And near the unfrequented road, By waysides scorched with barren heat, In clouded pink or softer white She holds the summer’s generous light— Our native meadow-sweet! ”
But it was a New England girl who wrote this, and very true it is so far as New England is concerned ; but look for the flower in the vicinity of Lake George, and the poetry does not apply. Hardhack, or Hardhack, or steeple bush, is another Steeple Bush. Spirwa just a little different from Spinaa tomentosa. yeadow-sweet. The flowers are pink- er, the plume is perpendicular and sharp-pointed, the
under side of the leaves and also the brown stems are 12
170 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
o, and the terminal bloom is
x cottony-looking,
Anes more apt to look brown and faded below shies and fresh above. Gray says the flowers are rose-purple in color; this is not cor- rect, as the term rose-purple is anom- alous; rose-color (if one may be per- mitted to repeat so indefinite a term) is usually pure pink, and pink is re- moved from a purplish tint by an unavoidably intermediate crimson one. So Gray evidently means ma- genta-pink. But the flowers are
t 7% S ) x2 i aie ~=—not this color; they vary in a Rin, ‘ D1 gel 4 Sn. fe range of pink between the ver- i P S| Leet hie ; Sa! milion kind and the crimson
kind. I am absolutely explicit in thus naming the color; the pink never approaches purple nearer than the crimson point. One glance at the tiny haw- thornlike flowers through the magnifying glass is a wonder- ful revelation: we involunta- rily express some surprise that Nature should take so much pains about the detail of such Hardhack. a tiny thing; what a waste of
JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND
l/ fa Jewel-weed, or Touch-me-not.
GY Jewel-Weed. Impatiens pallida. Impatiens fulva.
SEPTEMBER. 171
a “sin-
energy ! gle spike of the fussy, insignifi- eant flowers is transformed into the semblance of a peach tree in full bloom; but there is a family likeness here, for both — hardhack and peach belong to the Rose fam- ily. Thus does the commonplace flower which we
have passed with
indifference all summer long
become interesting.
The jewel-weed is common every- where ; it may
be found beside
the horse trough, or overhanging the spring, or in
some shady dell where a tiny stream flows sluggishly
along through the soft ground. The weed frequent-
ly has some bedstraw clinging to it, and it is always
é — <" 7 J i. ¥ ‘
A ee fant d ~ i? , 4 5 See ws -* 4 - 7 a ini 3 7 ite Mee ; eal | > - Ss
AS ae
172 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN
associated in my mind with the latter sweet-smel] vine, whose perfume is like sweet alyssum. But flower of the jewel-weed is scentless, and is o pretty in color, which is a spotty orange-yellow,
to learn that it is closely related to this favo flower of our grandmothers’ gardens. The vari called 7. fulva is common South, and has deepe r. colored flowers. Both varieties bloom all through the summer. oa
CHAPTER XII.
JULY TO OCTOBER.
Toadflax to Bouncing Bet.
Toadflax, or ToADFLAX is Butter and Eggs.
Piste ouliorie. another pret-
ty wild flower which is common everywhere, in the field and beside the road. The children’s name for it, butter and eggs, so far as colors are concerned, is remarkably appropriate ; the blossom has an egg-orange- colored protuberance in the center with pale butter-col- ored flanges above and below. A full spike of the flower is very symmetrical, and a quan- tity of them closely grouped is a pretty sight indeed. The
flowers have a cheery look, 173
VA \
y Wr N\A
Toadflax.
Uy,
174 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
like the flock of daffodils on the margin of the lake
which Wordsworth sang about; but no one of our.
poets sings the praises of butter and eggs, and their dainty coloring brightens the dullness of waste places beside our highways in vain—yet not quite in vain, for the flower is a great favorite among the chil- dren. It is very common in the Catskills, but rather rare in the heart of the White Mountains. It deco- rates every empty city lot, and yet it is not a native of our country, but was brought here from Europe. It is in bloom from July until late October.
Wild Blue Toadflax. There is another, blue-colored wild Linaria Canadensis. toadflax, common in the Middle States though rarely found down East, which is not nearly so pretty as its orange and yellow relative. It is pale blue-purple in color, has a rather scrawny flower stalk, and frequently lies prone on the ground with the small flowers more or less injured with dust and sand. This variety also blooms until late in October. Toad-flax is first cousin to the beautiful garden snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), which is resplendent in purple, violet-blue, and transparent white. A. maurandioides is a Texan and Mexican variety in cultivation with violet flowers which spring from the leaf axils. A. Orontiwm is a pale purplish flower, and a weed of old gardens; the plant is smaller than the preceding one.
JULY TO OCTOBER. 175
Common Yarrow. Yarrow 1s Achillea the common-
Millefolium. + kind of a common weed, whose gray- white flower heads are utter- ly unattractive even to those who profess to be fond of flowers. But, before passing the weed in disdain, it will be worth our while to pick a small piece and place it under the glass for closer inspec- tion. Ah! what a change! —the uninteresting weed at once assumes an attractive look. The little gray cen- ters, which are: called the flower heads, are minutely and perfectly formed, and are as symmetrically arranged as the markings on what we eall “brain coral.” Around these flower heads are four, sometimes five, white rays.
There is a pretty pink vari-
ety of the yarrow, in which
these rays instead of being Yarrow.
176 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
white are delicately tinted with pink. I found this
variety quite plentiful in an old cemetery in Camp-
ton, N. H. The yarrow blooms from July until Oc- tober. It has a pleasant herby smell. Indian Tobacco. The Indian tobacco (from which is Lobelia inflata. obtained a noted quack medicine) is one of the least interesting of our blue wild flow- ers; it is quite common in some of the poorest fields of New York and Massachusetts. I never happened to meet the plant in New Hampshire—one does not always find everything in one spot, and as the search was confined to a limited region in the latter State, I have no doubt that several varieties of Lobelia might be found there—but there is plenty of Indian tobac- co in the vicinity of Boston. This variety grows about one foot high and bears on the tip of the stem a number of purple flowers which resemble the culti- vated variety called Z. er7nus, which comes to us from the Cape of Good Hope. On the banks of the Pemige- wasset River, in shady places where the ground is wet, will be found the smaller Z. Aalmii; this variety bears pretty little blue-purple flowers—much prettier and bluer than Indian tobacco. L. syphalitica is the largest variety of this flower, but, in my estimation, not the prettiest. Its flowers are pale and purplish ; and, although they are arranged showily on a stalk about twenty inches high, they can not be called
JULY TO OCTOBER. apr
handsome, like their relative the cardinal flower. It is perfectly plain in this in- stance that color is the most important element of beauty in a flower. The Lobelias bloom in midsummer.
Cardinal Flower. The magnificent red Lobelia cardinalis. of the eardinal
Zale mG
flower fully entitles it to its
y
name. There is no other wild
flower which approaches it in color. In August the flower is in its prime, and it will be found in marshy ground and on the edge of the pasture, where the par- tial shade of the neighboring woods relieves the bright red in a very charming fashion. I have found the flower in the Catskills, but never in the White Mountains ; it is com- mon in the Berkshires, and grows here and there over the country in a latitude, generally
speaking, not north of \ Cardinal Flower.
178 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Albany. But, again, I must claim that this is a limi- tation based only upon personal experience. At any rate, I do not consider the flower common, as I have searched for it in vain in many of the moist meadows of New Hampshire. The brilliant blossom is pecul- iarly formed; it has two narrow lateral flanges, and beneath these droop the three broader points of the lower lip; above this the corolla tube sticks straight out with a touch of yellow at its tip. This tube is so narrow and long that the bees have no luck in the hunt for honey; it is very amusing to see how both- ered they are about getting in—of course they have to give it up! Then a humming bird comes along, balancing himself before the slender tube, and easily licks all the honey out with his long tongue.
The beautiful, brilliant flower is so often seen beside a pool of water that Dr. Holmes’s verse exactly describes its environment :
“ The cardinal, and the blood-red spots, Its double in the stream; | As if some wounded eagle’s breast, Slow throbbing o’er the plain, Had left its airy path impressed In drops of scarlet rain.”
Wild Sunflower. | By the middle of summer the wild Helianthus giganteus. sunflower appears here and there beside the road, with its light-yellow disks lighting up the shadows which are cast by the neighboring
JULY TO OCTOBER. eat yc.
trees and brightening for a season the dense leafy growth which fills the nooks and corners of the wayside. The plant grows about four feet high,
and has rather narrow, dark-green leaves which have a rough feeling. The flower is at the most only three inches in diameter ; its center is a deeper yellow than the rays, and often a trifle greenish. My im- pression of the general appearance of this wild sun-
flower is that it is prolific in green leaves and sparing
VEL = a = “4
ae
180 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
in yellow flowers, in this respect showing a great con- trast with its cultivated garden relative (a flower of the same size) called Sut- ton’s Miniature. This last-named variety is as abundant in golden bloom as it is in shiny, birchlike leafage. But, between the two varieties, perhaps the wild sunflower is more dainty and delicate in both color and form; its fault is rather that we
do not see enough of it.
Tansy. Tansy is the Tanacsium ailgare. very Cotte yellow flower which looks like a thick cluster of ox-eye daisies with the white rays all picked Piso off. The name comes from its Ly sf character of durability; it is a corruption of Athanasia, meaning un- tansy, dying. It blooms and smells strong all summer, and, dried, lasts and smells stronger all winter. The plant is gathered by the country folk, who dry it in the kitchen and make a perfectly vile tasting tea of its leaves, which is said
JULY TO OCTOBER. 181
to be excellent in assisting measles “to come out” on the children who are suffering with it in an incipient stage. Alas for the children!—the cure is nearly as bad as the disease. Tansy grows everywhere, and one can easily find it by the road or in the field. It came here from Europe. I
never found any in the
Pemigewasset Valley, but it is common in every village in Massachusetts ; it is also plenti- ful in the region of the Catskill Mountains. Its aromatic smell is far from unpleasant.
Wild Carrot. (The wild carrot,
Daucus Carota. — sometimes called bird’s nest, is a familiar flower of every wayside and _ pasture. Its head of grayish green-white flowers is broad and concave at the top, and before it has
quite reached maturity it is
hollowed exactly like a bird’s nest; so the flower is appropriately named. Under the magnifying glass the tiny flowers at once lose all appearance of confu- sion, and reveal a regularity of growth quite unex-
pected by the casual observer; the little petals are
182 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
more or less unequal, but not enough so to make the flowers look deformed ; on the margin of the cluster -
they are large and more perfect. There is a certain
yo Mullein.
Old World.
intricacy in the details of the plant which makes one think it looks fussy ; but this idea is relinquished as soon as it is examined under the glass, and we are impressed with the fact that Na- ture’s handiwork, when it comes to little things, is simply exquisite. The wild carrot was brought to this country from Europe, and is common in New York State and in many localities down East; but I have found very few speci- mens in New Hampshire. It flowers in midsummer, and its general resem- blance to caraway at once points to the fact that the two plants are closely re- lated.
Mullein. The _ mullein, whose Verbaseum Thapsus. yygeed perpendicular stalk is seen rising from its stony set- ting in a hillside pasture, is a familiar object with every one, North and South. Here, again, is another native of the
It is a strange circumstance that many
of our most familiar summer wild flowers are noé
JULY TO OCTOBER. 183
American, while those that ave do not, as a rule, fre- quent the roadsides or the waste places around our cities. The steeple bush and the cardinal flower, for instance, prefer the open country ; but tansy, chicory, wild carrot, thorn-apple, and toadflax are veritable tramps who keep company with each other on the outskirts of every town and city. But the mullein prefers the pasture land, where, on the edge of some hillock, it often poses for the artist in a picturesque costume of pale yellow and green, with its feet hid- den among the gray stones, and its head relieved by the somber background of a gray thundercloud. Nothing is softer or more delicate in color than the pale-green, velvety leaves when they first appear above ground. The flowers bloom all summer. Chicory. Chicory is one of our prettiest blue Cichorium Intybus. flowers; it is blue enough to call it blue, although I must call attention to the fact that blue in a pure state does not exist on the petal of any flower, wild or cultivated. I might with justice except the familiar forget-me-not, whose quality of color is very nearly a pure one. But chicory some- times shows a very good blue, so we will not quarrel with it. The little flower straps are singularly like those of the dandelion, and this fact betrays its close relationship with the latter flower. Not only these straps, but the center of the flower (the stamens
184 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
and styles) looks very much like
scope the chicory blossom shows a charming misty purple-blue color which one wishes might be oftener seen among our wild flowers. It is common in west- ern New York and in many parts of New Jersey; but Gray says it is “mainly east,’ mean- ing east, possibly, of such a point as Buffalo. However, in many localities north and northeast of Boston it is quite absent. It can be found in almost any empty lot in either Brooklyn or Phila- delphia, but I have never seen it in the hill country south of the White Mountains, or in the vi- cinity of Lake Champlain. It blooms from June to Octo- ber. Endive (C. Endivia), the slightly bitter root leaves of which make an excellent salad, is a very near relative of the blue chicory.
the dandelion. Under the micro-.
M4
JULY TO OCTOBER. 185 Common Everlasting is so well known by Everlasting, : ; ; every one that it needs no descrip- Gnaphalium
polycephalum. tion here; yet the little white flowers are so much like miniature pond lilies under the micro- scope that the resemblance is amus- ing, thing becomes beautiful; but what
and the regularly formed little
appears to be tiny white petals are in reality a number of scales called the involucre, or flower envelop ; the central whitish or yellow part constitutes the flower head. An analysis of this under a rather powerful glass is quite interesting. The plant is conspicuous in every field by its cottony foliage, which is pale sage-green in color. Pearly everlasting (Anaphalis marga- ritacea) has a broader flower cluster, is generally whiter, and grows in dry fields and near the woods.
Bur-Marigold,or lhe bur-mari-
Beggar-ticks, = gold is a wretch-
Bidens fi Sle ; idens frondosa ed weed with
rather pretty conventional leafage, but unattractive
13
186 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
rusty-yellow flowers without rays. The seed vessels are barb-pointed and catch on one’s clothes and in the wool of sheep, and are thus transported to different localities. I remember
spending “oceans” of wy time divesting my woolen & Ww A i ‘\ stockings of the thorny TOYO little objects, which I had <aeo WW
gathered unawares in the
passage through a pasture
on a certain slope of the White Hills. A knicker- bocker suit is undoubtedly best adapted to mountain tramps, but one is a “ tramp” in reality if his stockings en- counter the magic touch of the beggar-ticks. Each separate seed vessel demands individual atten- tion; brushes are of no avail. The bur-marigold blooms in August.
B. chrysanthemoides, which bears pretty yellow-rayed flowers about two inches in di- ameter which resemble coreopsis; the bur-marigold,
in fact, is closely related to the coreopsis and sun-
JULY TO OCTOBER. 187
flower, and the general resemblance of all three may be accounted for as a family likeness. B. chrysan- themoides grows in wet places and reaches a height
of about two feet.
Bouncing Bet Bouncing Bet, & or Soapwort, Comes to us Saponaria from Europe; officinalis.
she is a culti-
vated rather than a wild
character. Still, she has
escaped the confines of the gar- den, and may be found any day | in summer basking in the sunshine an 2 beside the road and in the vicinity of ye =~ some old homestead. The flowers are
Di ' the most delicate crimson pink imagi- y y nable—a tint so light that we might Mf eall it a pinkish white. It is well to
f notice that the joints of the plant have
Bouncing Bet. Cas a swollen appearance; this is a char-
acteristic feature of members of the Pink family, to which the soapwort belongs. The plant grows from one to two feet high.
CHAPTER XIII.
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER.
Petunia to Tritoma.
Petunia.
Tue garden annual petunia gets its
P. nyctaginiflora name from petwn, the aboriginal term
and P. violacea.
for tobacco. It belongs to the Night-
shade family, and is a near relative of common to-
Yr
- f Giant of California, Petunia.
bacco. The species P. nycta- giniflora and P. violacea and their hybrids are the common petunias of our gardens. The former variety is white, and may still be obtained from the seedsmen under that name.
e latter variety, with origi- nally purple and magenta flowers, has now become so changed by supercultivation that it is rarely presented in its primitive form. The finest
of all the petunias are called Giants of California;
they are hybrids raised in that country by a lady
188
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 189
whose health demanded outdoor exercise in a warm, sunny climate;* these flowers measure four or five inches across and possess exceedingly delicate and bril- liant hues. Another beautiful petunia is called Green Margin. It is supposed that a green flower does not exist; but I have raised in my garden specimens of this variety showing a broad corolla eighty per cent of which was bright green; the rest was magenta veined with ultramarine. Molucca Balm is another green flower sometimes seen in old gardens. The pe-
tunia is strong in purple-reds and _steel-
blues, colors which are not sufficiently ap- preciated for their sober beauty. There “°"°*P!™ are several paintings by that most spiritual artist, Edward Burne-Jones, in which it is evident he has imitated the petunia’s colors. I might instance the one entitled “The Baleful Head,” where the armor of Perseus is exactly the steel-blue-purple color of the outside of a magenta petunia, Aermesina splendens
is a lovely variety with flowers of a rich crimson-
* This magnificent strain of petunias was discovered among Mr. W. Atlee Burpie’s Defiance petunias (another strain of splen- did color and form) by Mrs. T. Gould, of Ventura, Cal. The Giants of California, which I have cultivated with great success, were raised from seed obtained from Peter Henderson & Co., New York. The varieties were named Aurora, Midnight, Titania, and Rainbow.
e
190 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
magenta hue. The double varieties I do not consider esthetically a success. The plants bloom through. summer and early autumn. Two near relatives of the petunia are WVicotiana af- Jinis, a sweet-scented, white- flowered tobacco, whose blos- soms open toward evening, and WV. Tabacum, with fun- nel-formed, pink-edged flow-
ers which have no perfume ;
the latter variety is hardly
beautiful enough to deserve a place in the garden, and I have banished it from mine. The tobacco blooms in late summer and early
autumn. Larkspur. The larkspur of our gardens comes Delphinium. variously from Europe, Siberia, and
China. It has a lovely spear of deep blue or purple flowers which gracefully waves to and fro in every passing zephyr. It flowers in summer. LD. formo- sum celestinum is a charming large-flowered variety with a soft, light, ultramarine-blue color. . elatum (Bee Larkspur) is cultivated from Europe, and is quite tall, bearing flowers in a great variety of colors, both single and double. These varieties are peren- nial. D. Consolida is a European annual variety
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 191
which has here and there escaped from the garden to the roadside. D. Ajacis (Rocket Larkspur) is a common garden variety like the foregoing, except that the flowers are crowded in a long raceme (stalk), and are more showy; and the spur is shorter. It has something like ten distinct vari- eties of color, mostly ranging through blue, purple, and crimson. There are three varieties native to this coun- try, which are found mostly south and west of Pennsylvania. They are named J). azurewm, with blue or white flowers which appear in spring; D. tricorne, a dwarf variety one foot high with flowers like the foregoing,
but more showy; and DP. exaltatwm,
a tall variety resembling the garden rocket, which flowers in summer. These wild varie- ties are all perennials. A very beautiful blue variety, which grows wild among the Pyrenees, is called D. peregrinum ; this is one of the bluest wild flowers I have ever seen, excepting the gentians of the Alps and Pyrenees. Larkspur is a member of the Crow- foot family, and is therefore related to the butter- cup, nigella, columbine, monkshood, baneberry, and black snakeroot.
192 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
Hollyhock. The old-fashioned hollyhock _ still
Althea rosea. holds its place in the modern gar- den, but the old single variety is rapidly being dis- placed by a new double one which is as full as the fullest rose and quite as beautiful. The colors of these double flowers are rose-pink, salmon, white, primrose-yellow, lilac, magenta, deep red, and ma- roon. Unfortunately, the double variety is not as hardy as the single, but it is more beautiful in point of color effect. For form I still consider the single flower unsurpassed in beauty, and most decorative. The hollyhock comes to us from Syria. It flowers in summer and early autumn. The marsh mallow (A. officinalis), the root of which is used to make marsh mallow paste, is a very near relative of the hollyhock, and grows wild on our Eastern coast. The clusters of flowers are pale crimson-pink ; the corolla is about an inch in diameter. Musk mallow (J/alva moschata), formerly common in old-fashioned gardens but now frequently met with beside the road, is also a rela- tive of the hollyhock; one has only to look the lit- tle flower square in the face to recognize at once a family likeness between it and the .queenly garden favorite. The flowers of musk mallow are white, or extremely pale magenta-pink; the leaves are cut into slender lobes. It blooms in summer. Jf. 7o- tundifolia is a little plant with heart-shaped leaves
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 1938
and pink-white flowers, which is found in similar situations. Scarlet Prof. Meehan calls the scarlet rose- Rose-Mallow. mallow “ probably the most gorgeous Hibiscus coceineus. f ol the plants indigenous to the United States,” and I think he is quite right. A glorious red-scarlet flower it certainly is, and scarlet wild flowers are extreme- ly rare—in fact, it would be difficult for me to think of more than this one. The cardinal flower is not scarlet, but intense red. This scarlet mallow grows in deep marshes near the coast from Carolina southward. It has been cultivated and grows well in the North, if it is placed in the greenhouse during the cold months. The flow-
er has five large petals,
and measures six or eight
inches across. /7. Moscheutos (Swamp Rose-Mallow) is a similar flower with pale-pink petals, which grows -in the North. Both bloom in late summer. JZ.
194 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Syriacus is the name of the shrubby althzea, or rose
of sharon, which has a flower like the single holly-.
hock, and thus unmistakably shows its relationship
with the latter flower. It is a native of the Levant,
and flowers in late summer and early autumn. It is interesting to know that cotton (Gossypium her- baceum) is a member of the Mal- low family, and is therefore a dis- tant relative of the hollyhock. Blazing-Star. The blazing-star is Liairia scorns. a» heantifolosemaae mon wild flower, whose spherical, purple flower-clusters are thickly or thinly, as the case may be, ar- ranged along the tall stem which in New England, in swampy places by the sea, attains a height of four or five feet. Out West the plant does not grow so high, but it is very common, according to ac- counts of Prof. Meehan, in In- dian Territory, and is found as far south as Florida. The purple flowers are very beautiful, and re-
mind one of the garden beauty called mourning bride
(Scabiosa).
The plant is in bloom in late summer.
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 195
Viper’s Bugloss, Along the banks of the Hudson, be-
or Blueweed. side Esopus Creek, and on waste re is ea ae ground, in parts of the country where civilization has its strongest foothold, there the blue-
weed’s seeds have obtained a lodgment ; but
I have not found it yet in the fields of New Hampshire. Gray says it came to us from the old gardens of Europe, and has become a weed in the fields from Pennsylvania to Virginia and south- ward, but I have found it on the banks of the Neponset River near Boston, and it is very common in the vicinity of Hoboken. It pos- sesses a charming esthetic color; the green is soft and silvery, and the blossom is violet-blue when open and crimson-pink when in the bud. The curv- ing lines of the flower-bearing branches are very beautiful. The plant is rough and bristly, grows about two feet high, and
blooms during the early sum- mer and on into September. Lycopsis arvensis (small bugloss), about a foot high, bears smaller blue flowers on a bristly stem. It is rarer than blueweed.
196 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Monkshood. Aconite, or monkshood is a native of Aconitum Virginia, but it finds its way north-— wena ard along the Alleghanies until it reaches New Jersey ; and, although it is not common in the latter State, it can be found here and there beside some little stream, hanging its dark-purple hoods over the grass and neighbor- ing weeds. Its slender stems and loose hang- ing flowers remind one of the columbine, but its manner of growth is almost vinelike; it appears as though it would climb. The top of the flower looks like a helmet. It blooms in summer and in Sep-
tember. Gladiolus. The gladiolus
Gladiolus COMMUNIS,
and psittacinus. favorite of the
is still a great
garden, but it has been so
Monkshood. much improved by hybridiza-
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 197
tion that the old red and pink varieties are supplanted by an infinite number of brilliant-hued flowers, many of which come from M. Lemoine, the eminent hor- ticulturist of France. G. communis comes from Ku- rope, and bears pink and pink-striped white flowers ; G. Byzantinus, of the Levant, bears larger and more brilliantly colored flowers; (. blandus is the parent of some of the white and pale-colored flowers; @. cardinalis is the parent of the intense red variety, some of whose flowers have a white stripe on each of the three lower divisions. These are quite common. G. psittacinus is a tall species with large yellow flow- ers somewhat striped with reddish color; this and @. cardinalis are the parents of G. Gandavensis (com- monly cultivated), from which so many subvarieties have been produced. But the fact is, these three last varieties (excepting G. Gandavensis) it would be diffi- cult for an inexperienced person to identify among so great a host of hybrids. They come from the Cape of Good Hope. The flowers named in the seeds- men’s catalogues are more easily found in the garden. Brenchleyensis is a common, intense red flower ; Le- moine’s Butterfly is beautifully streaked and blotched in a variety of colors; Chrysolora is one of the finest yellow varieties; Madame Monneret is a beautiful rose-pink variety, and Ceres is a combination of white and magenta-pink. There are an infinite number of
de ? . = rt ay ,
198 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
other beautifully colored flowers, but these varieties I mention are “ personally known” to me and are like old friends. I can testify to their beauty. The glad- iolus blooms in late sum- mer and early autumn.
Tiger Flower, The charm- Tigridia Pavonia. ing Tigri- dia, or tiger flower, which
looks like a scarlet or yel-
low iris, comes to us from Mexico. It flowers in sum-
mer and continues some-
times into September. It is a pity the blossoms are so frail; they rarely last after midday. The center of the flower is spotted like an orchid. arxionn The sweet-scented little Mexican Star Flower. star flower is becoming popular in EES Serie garden; as its name indicates, it usually blooms, two flowers at a time; the flower stalk is Y-shaped with a starlike, white blossom on each branch. There are a couple of long, slender leaves that look like grass; indeed, the whole plant is so simple and modest that it can not fail to please those who have the most fastidious taste. Another Mexican flower, Bessera elegans (or coral drops), is a
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 199
frequent companion of the Milla biflora, and has graceful little clusters of pumpkin-orange flowers striped with cream-color; the leaves are also grass- like. Both flowers bloom in summer. The Cyclo- bothra flava is a pretty little russet-yellow flower which I grow with the foregoing in one of the large tubs of my garden, where these dainty characters will show to the best advantage. Its slim stems remind one slightly of carnation stalks; the flowers are shaped like tiny inverted tulips. It is a native of California, and belongs to the Lily family. Gaaniete Bayonet. The yuccas (filamentosa and alot- Yucea filamentosa folia) are Southern plants, extend- eee Hovolen. ing into Mexico, and are cultivated for ornament; they are not quite hardy in the ex- treme North, but in New York and southward they stand the winter cold well. Y. angustifolia and gloriosa are less frequently met with. The flowers are all a beautiful cream-white color; sometimes they are tinged with purple. They bloom in summer. Tritoma. Tritoma is an old-fashioned favorite Tritoma Voaria. which goes by the popular name of red-hot-poker, and warms up the garden by bloom- ing in late summer. It comes from the Cape of Good Hope. The flowers are most peculiarly graded through yellow into dull scarlet, without seeming to
touch orange; they look like exaggerated grape-
900 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
hyacinths (Muscari botryoides) in reddish color in- stead of blue. But the two flowers are related— . they belong to the Lily family. The grape-hyacinth has escaped from the garden to the field; it bears a dense cluster of tiny blue-violet flowers in early spring. Our common hyacinth (/Z. orentalis), which comes from the Levant, is likewise a family con- nection. It is too well known to need any descrip- tion here. The hyacinth presents yellow, red, and blue under modified conditions; it is characteristic of spring, but is more of a hothouse than a garden flower. It seems a pity that the hyacinth and the crocus, the latter a flower of easy cultivation and re- splendent in color, should be less popular in the gar- den than the showy Lady Washington geraniums (Pelargoniums) of the summer season; but such seems to be the case. The Lady Washington gera- niums, I might add (the name is applied without much restriction to the flowering geraniums), are really those varieties with shrubby stems known as P. cucullatum (cowled P.), P. cordatum (heart-leaved P.), and P. angulosum (maple-leaved P.), whose flow-
ers sometimes Measure two inches across.
CHAPTER XIV.
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER.
Coreopsis to Ladies’ Tresses.
Coreopsis. Brigut-EYED coreopsis is one of the Coreopsis tinctoria. cheeriest of our smaller garden flow- ers, and it is another distinctly American character. The variety C. tinctoria, of Arkansas, is the common coreopsis, or calliopsis of all country gardens. It has ex- tremely narrow leaflets, a smooth, waving, and somewhat wiry stem, and numerous flowers, which are small and beautifully variegated with wine-red and golden yellow ; one variety has tubular rays, but it lacks effect. C. Drummondii is a beautiful large golden-yellow flower with a dark-red spot on
each ray, and leaves composed of oval-shaped leaf-
lets; C. coronata is a flower with broad and _ hand- 14 201
*
902 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
some golden-yellow rays whose red spot is very small, and a disk which is yellow instead of brown. The leaves are oblong, with three to five divisions. Both of these varieties come from Texas, and they produce larger and finer flowers in the cultivated state. All three of the varieties mentioned are annuals; there are two perennial varieties which are not quite so common in the garden—they are C. lanceolata and C. auriculata. Both grow wild in the West and South, and both have entirely yellow flowers. The former variety is commonly cultivated by the florists ; the latter is taller and is leafy almost to the top; both flower in early summer. The coreopsis is a very near relative of the bur-marigold, and it closely resembles the variety of that flower named Lidens chrysanthe- moides. In the garden, coreopsis blooms all summer and as late as September. |
Dahlia. The common garden dahlia is also a Dahlia variabilis. ear relative of coreopsis. It comes to us from Mexico. I fear we do not sufficiently ap- preciate the fact that we are indebted to this country and not to Europe for a great many of our most beautiful garden flowers. The tuberose, Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), Tigridia, Milla biflora, Bessera elegans, zinnia, marigold, and yucca all come from Mexico. The dahlia is named for a Swedish botanist, Dahl, a contemporary of the great botanist
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 903
Linneus. Its large, conventional double flowers are, in my estimation, not quite as beautiful as the single ‘ones. It blooms throughout the summer and in Sep- tember. Marigold. The marigold is an old garden fa- Tagetes patula, vorite which has of late years been and erecta. : eset greatly improved by the efforts of the horticulturists. The common single varieties of years ago no longer have a place in our gardens. There are three distinct varieties: the African, T. erecta, the French 7. patula, and ZT. signata. These are again subdivided, on account of their dis- tinct types, as follows: T. erecta. African El Dorado, an immense flower which sometimes reaches a diameter of four inches, African quilled, smaller, with quilled rays. African dwarf double, smaller plants. T. patula. French tall, reaching a height of two feet. French dwarf, not over a foot high. Both varieties double. T. signata. French (Legion d’Honneur), small single yellow
flowers with claret-spotted rays; height not over seven inches.
These types are quite distinct and are therefore readily recognized. The names African and French are misleading ; the plants originally came from South America and Mexico. They are prolific bloomers, and continue in flower from June until the middle
of October, when they are pretty sure of a veto on
204 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
further production by Jack Frost!
I have had a
symmetrical plant in my garden, of the French order, .
which bore at one time seventy-
development.
El Dorado Marigold. freshing in the
midst of sur- roundings altogether modern ; asters of the most approved type, poppies of rousing proportions and rarest colors, sweet peas of the newest varieties, mourning brides in the latest fashion of black, and a host of new annuals which the old-fashioned garden
never saw. But the marigold of
as well as re-
five blossoms in various stages of The dark pinnate foliage, decorative in character, and the rich yellow-orange flow- ers, gave the plant a distin- guished appearance very far re- moved from the commonplace. There was a touch of convention- ality about it which was quaint and old-fashioned
the French order has still an atmosphere of old times —
about~it, particularly if we happen to catch the odor
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 205
of a freshly plucked flower. How quickly the famil- iar strong scent carries us back in imagination to our grandmothers’ gardens! The seed of the marigold germinates in a remarkably short space of time. If it is soaked awhile in very warm water, and then planted an eighth of an inch deep in light soil, in some position where it gets the full benefit of the warm sunshine, the baby plant will push its way to the air above in thirty-six hours; ten weeks should then elapse before the plant begins to bloom; the few flowers which may appear before this time are pre- mature and poorly developed. Young plants forced into early bloom by a beginning in the greenhouse ultimately amount to little.
The colors of the marigold are extraordinary: golden yellow, orange-yellow, pure lemon-yellow, rus- set-red edged with gold, and golden yellow spotted with brownish-claret color—these are all rendered in the purest tones on the gracefully curled rays.
Zinnia. The garden zinnia has only one pal- Zinnia elegans. pable fault: it is unmistakably stiff. Yet, putting aside this little defect, we may certainly consider it a gifted flower. It has an astonishing ‘range of color, which comprehends nearly the whole scale—white, cream, buff, pale yellow, deep yellow, lemon-yellow somewhat toned down, orange, light orange, scarlet, crimson, magenta, the three pink
906 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
tints which are dilutions of these three reds, per-
fectly pure pink, lilac, dull purple, dull violet, ma-.
roon, and, finest of all, an intense deep red generally called Jacqueminot-color.* This last I consider a glorious flower whose full beauty can only be seen -under a bright artificial light. The zinnia, like the marigold, comes from Mexico, and it blooms all sum- mer and throughout September. Besides the colors I have mentioned there are a great number of es- thetic ones of that delightfully subdued quality which we call crushed strawberry, heliotrope, and so forth. The flower grows nearly as large as the largest mari- gold, and is somewhat of the same shape; in one va- riety the rays are curled and twisted,t+ but in all the others they have a uniform reflex curve; it is an an- nual, and grows readily in common garden soil. Mourning Bride, Lhe mourning bride (Scabiosa atro- Scabiosa purpurea) has of late been greatly erpurpwe +n »yroved; it was a favorite of the old-fashioned garden, but the newer varieties are so much larger and finer than the old that it would scarcely be recognized as the same flower. The col-
ors are also greatly improved; they are white, pale
* This variety I have obtained from Peter Henderson & Co., New York.
+ Curled and crested zinnia. This remarkable variety was brought out a few years ago by Peter Henderson & Co., New York.
“4
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 207
rose, deep pink, purple, palest yellow, and rich, dark claret-maroon color. The last-mentioned variety is , ’ most beautiful; it has the effect of a fine piece of beadwork ; the tiny anthers are pale lilac; and the corollas, funnel-formed, are the richest, darkest wine-red color imaginable ; the whole effect of the flower is black, and it is well
named Black Seabiosa. The flower stem is exceedingly long and stiff, as well as bare. The leafage is variously shaped, but in general slightly resembles that of the common wild daisy, except that it is larger and broader. It blooms in late summer. The flower might deceive one as to its fam- ily connection; it looks like a Composite, seiack, but Gray has given it the position of the
latter’s next-door neighbor. It belongs to the Teasel family. The distinguishing differences which separate it from its Composite neighbors are four separate stamens to each corolla (Composites have their five stamens tied together by the connect- ing anthers, which form a tube inclosing the style) and an ovary, which becomes an akene in fruit con- taining a hanging seed. The seeds of the Composites do not hang, but are borne in stout shell-like akenes.
ae
908 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Mourning bride comes to us from the Old World.
Sometimes it is called the pincushion-flower ; the.
light-colored anthers certainly do suggest pinheads. Wild teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) is a weed I have occasionally found along the roadsides in New Hamp- shire, and it is closely related to the Scabiosa. It has rather prickly stems, uninteresting lilac flower heads, somewhat reminding one of Scabiosa, except that they are oblong, and leaves which are united round the stem. This is the nearest approach to Scabiosa among the wild flowers of this country.
Sunflower. The sunflower is distinctly American, Helianthus annuus. and comprises a large, varied, and interesting division of the Composite family. JZ. annuus is the large-flowered variety common in our gardens; but there are many new varieties, some smaller and some double, which are more beautiful. A favorite small flower, about the size of PRudbekia and similar to it in appearance, is called Sutton’s Miniature. <A splendid large, double flower, resem- bling a big yellow chrysanthemum, is named Globo- sus fistulosus; its color is a magnificent golden-yel- low, and its figure is very decorative. Oscar Wilde is an extremely tall variety, with small single flowers, which bloom in great profusion. 7. argophyllus is a native of Texas, and is cultivated for the sake of its
beautiful white foliage; its flowers are large and sin-
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 209
gle. Primrose is a lovely light-yellow flower with a dark center; the flowers are borne along the tall stem from within a couple of feet of the ground. Of the wild species the commonest is //. giganteus. In the pine district of New Jersey and southward is another common variety with long, narrow leaves and small flowers with dark centers, named //. angustifolius. H. occidentalis is a Western variety with flowers whose disks as well as rays are yellow, and leaves which are broad below, but quite narrow above, on a stalk not over three feet high. //. heterophyllus is a Southern variety, which has flowers with dark purple- brown disks and golden rays, and leaves oval and lance-shaped. The flowers are very few and are borne on long stems. Maximilian’s Sunflower is a Western variety under cultivation, whose small flower has a yellow disk. Z. annwus and IT. argophyllus are an- nuals; all the other wild varieties are perennials. The sunflower blooms in late summer and in September. Snow on the mountain, which is a Snow on the Mountain, beautiful plant growing wild east and Euphorbia — west of the Mississippi, is rapidly marginata. : A : coming in favor asa garden orna- ment. It grows about two feet high, and its oval leaves are broadly white-margined; those at the top of the plant are nearly if not altogether white; it is an annual which flowers in late summer. The flower
910 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
itself is inconspicu- ous, but the five white petal-like ap- pendages and _ the white leafage are the interesting part ‘of the plant; Zw- phorbia pulcherrima, or
Poinsettia, is its near rela- tive, which comes to us from Mexico. This variety is characterized by a group of bright scarlet leaves termi- nating the branches. It is most successful as a hothouse plant in the colder climate of the North, and its insig- nificant flowers, surrounded by the vermilion leaves, ap-
pear in the winter. The plant was named for Mr. Poinsett, who was minister to Mexico in 1828 and also secretary of war under President Van Buren.
Fireweed. The fireweed, curiously enough, flour- Great Willow-herb.
Epilobium ‘ : angustifolium. some time burned over. That tract of
ishes on ground which has been at
country which lies between Montpelier and Wells
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER.
River, Vt., is rugged and covered with a wild and tangled forest which has been subjected to the wood- man’s axe. This means (as every one knows who is fa- miliar with the lumber com- panies and their dealings with New England forests) a devastation of the land by fire as well as axe. Conse- quently this particular tract of land I have alluded to is peculiarly rich in fine speci- mens of the magenta-pink fireweed. Beautiful — tall spires of the delicate flower are seen everywhere in the blackened clearings—I say clearings, because they are called such, but in point of fact the fireweed decorates and cheers a wretched-look- ing waste which would more appropriately go by the name of chaos. I know of another spot, in the Pemi-
211
912 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
gewasset Valley, where a sawmill was burned several years ago, and now the site is covered by a luxu- riantly shrubby growth of fireweed, which in August is a glory of magenta-pink color. One may easily understand why it is called Willow-herb, as its leaf is exactly like that of the swamp willow. In Septem- ber the pretty heads of magenta flowers are trans- formed into clusters of curved and twisted seed-ves- sels which are constantly shedding a disheveled mass of stringy white silk, reminding one, perhaps, of the wild gray hair of witches caught in the thicket.
It seems scarcely necessary to call attention to the fact that the fireweed is closely related to the evening primrose: a comparison of the two flowers shows a remarkable similarity between them.
Joo-Pye Weed. Joe-Pye weed, oddly named for a Eupatorium New England Indian doctor, is rather purpwree™ “4 eonspicuous dull pale-magenta flow-
er whose fuzzy head towers five or six feet above the lowlands in late summer and early autumn. The plant will always be associated in my mind with Indian doctors, who, by the way, have not yet finished their “herb cures” among the country folk. There is such a doctor in a New England village but four miles from my summer home, who, I am given to under- stand, does a thriving business—or shall I say com- _ mands a wide practice ?—in a certain locality of cul-
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 913
tured New England! But we will not insinuate any- thing regarding New England culture in connection
with quacks; so we will pass on from Joe-Pye weed and Indian doctors to boneset. es This is a very close relative of the Eupatorium other plant, and is also a favorite pergola Verb among the country folk, for whom it furnishes a popular medicine. Who does
not know all about “ boneset tea,’ and who likes it?
914 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
But boneset taffy (taken for a cough) was quite another thing, and children used to be very tolerant of it for reasons which it is unnecessary to explain. The plant grows about three feet high, has a spreading leaf (more correctly a pair of leaves) through the middle of which the main stem appears to pass, and bears a head of small, fuzzy white flowers which are not bright or attractive enough to look pretty. The plant flowers in late summer and frequents low meadows. Ladies’ Tresses. Toward the end of Spiranthes cernua. symmer and through September the sweet smelling tiny flow- ers called ladies’ tresses may be found in the swamps or in the wet meadows. The little plant is easily identified by the spiral growth of the white blos- soms about the stem, which is not often over eight inches tall. This flower belongs to the Orchis family, and is a near relative of the pink and yellow moccason-flowers which bloom in the spring and early summer. There is another variety of ladies’ tresses, called
S. gracilis, which grows in dry ground
JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 915
or on the side of a hill; this has a slenderer spike with fewer flowers, which are often less twisted than those of the other variety. The rattlesnake plantain is closely related to ladies’ tresses—a fact which is not surprising, as the appearance of the two flower spikes is somewhat similar.
OHA P TER. -xayx AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. Golden-rod and Asters.
Golden-rod. Tue name golden-rod con- initial jures up the thought of an immense family of flowers thirty odd members of which a person with a fair knowledge of botany may easily identity without searching through a wide tract of country, and possibly without wandering but a few yards beyond the highways of | our Northeastern States. In a quarter-mile \ length of a road in Campton, N. H., I have s.Arguta. found no less than fifteen varieties of the
flower, “all well defined” (to quote the words of Coleridge in reference to the simells of Cologne). But this is rather unusual, and a_ short exploration of a field, hillside, shady glen, and un- frequented wayside might result in as good if nota better “find.” There are a few very common varie- ties of the golden-rod which may be recognized at
once by the following characteristics : 216
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 917
S. arguta is perhaps
Pe ii ix ; SSR wee the earliest
golden-rod,
BUN and will be found a “eee sometimes in full W/, %* bloom in the mid- dle of July. Its sharply toothed leaf is feather- veined—that is, the veins spring VW outward from each side of the g middle rib, just as the smaller di- visions of a feather spring from its quill. The main stem is smooth. The slender flower stems, bearing greenish-yellow (in effect) flowers, spread widely apart and droop.
S. altissima, one of the lowest of the common varieties, 1s never over four feet high and resembles S. arguta, but it has a rough, hairy stem and a
very veiny leaf which is broad-lance-
2 shaped and toothed. It has one-sided, eS curved flower clusters which are bright yellow. | S. ulmifolia (elm-leaved golden- S. Ulmifolia. rod) is a similar variety. Gray says,
15
"oe
918 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
“Too near S. altissima—distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin, larger leaves.” Both these. varieties are early-flowering.
S. nemoralis is not over two feet high, and has dense plumes of rich golden-yellow flowers growing on the upper side of their stems; the main stem is grayish, with a cottony look, and is sparingly furnished with dull gray-green leaves. It blooms in early August, and is found most- ly in sterile fields. I consider it the most brilliantly colored of all the golden-rods.
S. Canadensis is coarse-grow- ing, has rough, hairy stems and leaves which are harsh to the touch; the thick clusters of deep- yellow flowers grow in a one- sided way on their spreading stems; the leaves are distinctly
three - veined (more correctly speaking, three-ribbed). This va-
riety will grow from three to five feet high, or may be higher.
S. rugosa is sometimes distinguished by a num-
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 219
ber of smaller branches with little leaves, terminat- ing with small flower clusters loosely grouped. The stocky stem has _ broad leaves, and grows nearly as tall as S. Canadensis. It is an early-flowering species.
S. lanceolata is a va- riety whose tall stem is set with narrow leaves without teeth, and is terminated with a dense flat-topped flower clus- ter, which is greenish yellow in color effect. The plume of this varie- ty is too flat and bunchy to be confused with the gracefully curved ones
of the other varieties.
S. tenuifolia is a va- Three-ribbed : oe fe S. Canadensis. Leaf. riety similar to S. lance- olata but with slenderer leaves and narrower or more club-shaped little flowers. The leaves are one- nerved and rather crowded on the stem; the flower clusters are smaller than those of S. lanceolata. It
grows in sandy ground, and near the coast.
920 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 291
S. sempervirens is a tall seashore variety common in salt marshes and among the rocks. It may be eas- ily recognized by its stout stem, thick, fleshy, lance-shaped leaves, obscurely triple-ribbed, and showy flowers, which, however, are not nearly so yellow as those of S. nemoralis, nor as beautiful. It is common from Maine to Vir- ginia.
S. bicolor is a white or cream- colored variety; my drawing shows how it looks in nine cases out of ten. It is a very common sort to me, as it is plentiful in the White Mountain region; but there are many localities where its whitish flowers are rarely seen. So unlike is it to the popular notion of golden-rod that, upon
picking a specimen one time and
telling its name to an inquiring
friend who was walking with me,
the surprised response came: “What! that thing golden-rod ? Nonsense!” There is just a slight resemblance in the superficial appearance of the flower to mignonette.
_
222 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
S. cesia gets its name from its blu-
ish stem. There is one of the castor- oil plants which also derives its name from its blue stem. But this is not the most important characteristic of this variety of golden-rod; the flowers grow in tiny clusters at each juncture of the feather-veined leaf with the stem. This is also the character of the white variety (S. bzcolor). The blue-stemmed variety likes moist and shady thickets beside the river, or the subdued light of the hillside where the wood adjoins the pasture. It blooms very late, and I have found it in good condition on the 20th of October.
S. latifolia is in all ways nearly like S. cwsia, except that it has a less bluish and _ less branched stem and broader leaves sharply toothed; the three or four rays of the little flowers are bright yellow. It is common northward in shaded places, and
south along the mountains. S Riese. S. odora (sweet golden-rod) has
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 993
fragrant leaves without toothed edges, which slightly remind one of the odor of anise, and are shiny and well formed, but the flowers are not particularly at- tractive. It yields a volatile oil. I found this variety com- mon in the “ Pines” of New Jersey. It generally grows on the edges of thickets in dry, sandy soil.
S. speciosa is not quite as common as some of the other varieties, but it is very hand-
some. It grows from three to six feet high, has large, dark- green, slightly toothed leaves, Brod > Di
and its ample panicle of bloom, formed by a number of erect flower stems (racemes), is bright golden yellow. The little blos- som when placed under the glass shows five or more good- sized yellow rays. The stem of this variety is very stout
and smooth.
These fourteen varieties are commonly met with from Maine southward to the pine barrens of New Jersey. It must be remembered that there are in all
994 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
about seventy varieties. There is always a prepon- derance of a certain variety in a particular locality— for instance, beside the road running parallel with the river in Campton there is a great quantity of the white-flowered variety and little or no SW. rugosa. This last-mentioned flower is commoner in seyeral meadow copses beside the river than any of the varieties whieh Gray mentions as the very commonest. The golden-rod is certainly our representative American wild flower. Not many years ago, when the sub- ject of a national flower be- came interesting, Mr. Louis Prang, of Boston, published a little tract suggesting the ar- butus and golden-rod as com- petitors for the position of hon-
or, and requested an expression
of choice from the people. The
response was decisive; and the vote was cast by an overwhelming majority for the
golden-rod.
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER.
996 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Aster, or Starwort.
Aster.
There are between forty and iifty species of wild asters in our coun-
try, so I can only draw attention to the commoner
ones. Most of these have a distinct individuality,
which it will be impossible for one to mistake who will closely follow the descrip- tions :
A. ericoides bears such tiny white flowers that there is no possibility of confusing it with any other common aster; it is enough to know that the little white rays are like hairs in fineness, and the yellow centers are compact like those of the daisy—in fact, the flower looks like a miniature daisy, and would never be taken for an aster by one whose acquaintance with wild flowers is slight. This variety grows about two feet high, has slender, wiry stems,
and small, narrow, plain-looking leaves. It is found
in partially shady, or open and dry places, and blooms from midsummer until late in October. I
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 297
have found this aster as early as July 8th in the wayside places of Campton.
A. Tradescanti is a smooth variety, slender- stemmed, with small, lance- shaped leaves, and very small white flowers closely encir- cling the upper side of the flowering branches.
A. paniculatus is a vari- ety taller than A. Trades- canti, with pale violet-tinted or white flowers. Its stem is much branched, and bears narrow lance-shaped leaves tapering at the end; those below are sharply toothed. This variety and A. 7rades- canti grow in wet situations.
A. patens, sometimes called spreading aster, is common about the middle of August beside the road and on the edge of thickets,
and usually on dry ground,
but without a sunny ex-
posure. The center of the
flower is greenish yellow A. Patens. ’
998 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
and the rays are purple with quite a curvature; the leaf has an elongated heart-shape and grows close to the stem. The flower grows singly on a very thin
stem which bears a few little leaflets. The main stem, which is about two feet high, is covered below with very minute short hairs.
A. Nove Anglie, the New England aster, is com- mon everywhere, and grows taller than the preceding variety ; perhaps its stem reaches an average height of five feet. The flower is a trifle smaller than that
MG odes aaaieg of A. patens, but it bears many more purple rays ; sometimes these are magenta-purple. A large flower cluster terminates the coarse, hairy stem which is covered to the very end with lance-shaped, dark- green leaves. This variety frequents wet meadows, and blooms about the middle or the end of August. A. cordifolius is a small-flowered variety, whose blue-lavender rays and variable (sometimes reddish,
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 929
sometimes purplish) little flower centers are the best means, in my opinion, for its identification. The stem is very much branched above, and these branches bear numerous flower clus- ters; the leaves are sharp - pointed, heart- shaped, and have slen- der little stems. This variety is common in woodlands and on the sloping banks of the highway. It likes a partially shaded _locali-
ty, and blooms early and late. N RS A. undulatus, or SM eas a) the wavy-leafed aster, is common on the edge
of woodlands, and in
the pastures. The eee aT
ee SN flowers, about as large a [> 4 as a silver quarter, are pt },
Y, ij
lavender - purple with
purple - edged yellow ah eavaieouie
230 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
centers. The wavy-edged leaves have a variety of — forms as they grow along the reddish stem; the lowest ones are heart-shaped, and the upper ones have singularly flaring stems which clasp the main stalk of the plant; and those which adjoin the flower stems are small and sharply pointed. This variety flowers early in August.
A. spectabilis is one of the prettiest of the Aster family, although its flower heads are few. It grows along the coast between New Hampshire and New Jersey, where the sandy soil is quite to its liking. The flower rays are
bright purple and nearly an inch long; although
in many instances much shorter, these beautiful rays, perhaps sixteen to twenty in number, bring the diameter of the flower to a size equivalent to that of a silver dollar. This is a late variety, and flowers from September to November.
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 231
A. longifolius grows about three feet high, has lance-shaped leaves, which are firm and glossy, and a
ZED
QA |ZEA —s WA eS Z Z ‘ aw ie ¥ J BITE <S~)? ) Qos
A. Spectabilis. A. Longifolius.
characteristic flower envelope (involucre), which has many little, curled-over, leaflike scales; the flowers, which are about as large as a half dollar, are light violet. The leaves of this aster are remarkably long ; some of the largest, although narrow, reach a length of four inches. It grows in low grounds, and blooms in September and October.
932 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
China Aster, Lhe botanical name of the cultivated as- Callistephus ter is from two Greek words meaning Chinen. eantiful crown. The flower comes to us from China and Japan. There are so many varieties that I can only mention those of prominent type. The Victoria is an old favorite, whose flow- ers, in a great variety of colors, are soft-rayed and have areflex curve. Truf- faut’s aster is incurved and has a large range of col- ors. Betteridge’s quilled aster has distinct quills or needles, and is a flower of German fame; in this va- riety there is a flower per- fectly yellow in tint which I have obtained from Mr.
W. Atlee Burpee, of Phila-
Comet ae delphia. A yellow aster
seems an anomaly; but there is no question about the color of this particn- lar flower, whose basic tone is white, stained lemon- yellow. The Triumph is a variety with brilliant red flowers. One of the most beautiful newer varieties is the Comet. This is a flower with reflex curling
AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 9398
rays, of a singularly translucent quality of color. The white ones are particularly delicate and alto- gether lovely. There are many new varieties of the aster, but they do not diverge very greatly from the types already mentioned.
The flower blooms in late summer and early autumn ; the varieties forced to bloom in midsummer can not be considered perfectly satisfactory. True blue is not a color peculiar to the flower, and those varieties named blue are, as a rule, strongly satu- rated with purple; nor is there a scarlet aster ; any flower so called is most likely pure red with a crim- son cast.
16
CHAPTER XVI.
SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER.
Tron-weed to Chry- santhemum.
Iron-weed, HE iron-weed
Vernonia has a formi- Noveboracensis. dable Latin name, which in plain English means Mr. Vernon, and “ be- longing to New York,” ' but this fact does not confine the weed to the bound- aries of this State. It grows all along the coast country, beside the river
and the road, any- where from three to five feet high; so it must surely be seen by the most unobserving. Its rather sparing cluster of crimson-magenta flowers shows itself about
the time of the asters, and it might easily be mistaken 234
SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 935
for a variety of the latter flower. But my drawing shows that it is a very different character; the flow- ers are formed remotely like bachelors’ buttons, and have a tubular character, with the involucre (flower envelope) covered with short bristles of a rusty-brown color. The plant was named for Mr. Vernon, an early English botanist. ‘It blooms in August and September. V. altisstma is a tall variety with large flowers which grows west and south of Pennsylvania.
Bitter-sweet. Bitter-sweet is a beautiful, climbing, Celastrus scandens. twining shrub with which every one ought to be familiar who travels over the country road in early fall when the scarlet berries are re- vealed inside of the open orange-colored pods with charming effect amid the autumnal foliage. These pretty berries conjure up thoughts of Dr. Holland’s poem entitled Bitter-sweet, and, may I be permitted to add, sweet cider. Although the climbing shrub with its beautiful berry clusters is a familiar sight beside the cider mills of New Jersey, it has no connection, direct or implied, with that famous bev- erage known as “Jersey lightning ” which, about the time that the berries appear, is being distilled from the juice of the ubiquitous and innocent apple; so we must hope that the cider mentioned in the poem did not have the remarkable strength attributed to this
New Jersey product.
936 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD-AND GARDEN,
Garget. In September the handsome purple Phytolacea decandra. erries of the garget plant appear, hanging their dark clusters against the hazy olive foliage of early autumn. In summer
the rather inconspicuous white flowers, which grow on slender stems and some- what resemble the white lilac, are not apt to attract notice ; but the berries are really beautiful and do not fail to catch the eye. The name Phytolacca is a com- bination of an incorrect Greek word for
plant with the French word Jae (lake), which was derived from the crimson character of the berry juice. The juice has been used for coloring — purposes, but unsuccessfully, as it fades. Garget reaches a height of from six to nine feet, and grows in the thickets where the ground is low.
Closed or Bottle LHe closed or bottle gentian is an
Gentian. inhabitant of the woods northward.
Gentiana Andrewstt. Tts flowers are like tiny thick ten- pins in shape, and are often a very good blue. The blue flower, however, is a creation of the imagina- tion; in reality it does not exist, and the so-called blue is often a decided wiolet of dilute character ;
SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. DSW
this is the case with the violet, harebell, aster, and blue-eyed grass. But the bottle gentian often shows
a decided pale vio- let blue color, which comes within the category of blues; however, I can not see the same blue in the flower that Thoreau talks about ; he says, “‘a splendid blue,. . . bluer than the bluest © sky.” Now, if we will look at that part of the heavens which is ex- actly at right angles with the position held by the sun on a clear day, we will see a color which Ruskin calls “blue fire.” If a piece of white paper is held up so that it receives
the full sunlight and is in juxtaposition with the blue sky, it will be seen that the sky-blue is as bril-
ie:
238 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
liant as the white paper. This is a revelation which, to say the least, is surprising. By no possibility can we obtain a dl/we color which is as bright as white, either in the paint box or on the flower petal. So those who, like Thoreau and Bryant, tell us about flowers as blue as the sky, must be allowed a certain latitude in their descriptions, as these are often poetic without being scientifically true. The bottle gentian, then, is so purplish that we can only call it blue by sufferance; one moment’s comparison of the flower with the blue sky will prove this beyond question. Not only in the White Mountains, but in Pennsyl- vania, it is one of the latest fall flowers. Southern Europe has two splendid varieties of the gentian, colored about as blue as a flower can well be—G. Alpina, which is cup-shaped or vase-shaped with a pointed edge, and G. verna, which is a charming deep blue; the flower eup has five round petal-like divisions. Also, a flower of the Pyrenees shows a good blue (Delphinium peregrinum), but this is not as blue as the last-mentioned gentian. There is quite a difference of opinion among botanists as to whether the closed gentian is subject to cross-fertilization, or simply fertilizes itself; Gray thought the former was the case, and says that he has seen a bumblebee force its way into the corolla; but Dr. Kunze concludes that the flowers derive no aid from insects. This
SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER, 939
only shows how much there is yet to be learned about
a common wild flower.
Fringed Gentian, The beautiful fringed gentian must
Gentiana crinita. ever be
associated in one’s mind with the poet Bryant, who has written such charming lines on it. To him it was the flow- er of hope which comes
POW hen s+ . Shortening days por- tend The aged year is near his end,”
and with sweet and quiet eye looks through its fringes heavenward ; and he thought it was as blueasthe sky. But the blue of the flower is not.as true as its ex- pression of hopeful de- pendence ; there is in- deed a marvelous heay- enward-looking calm- ness expressed by every one of its lines. The
940 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
stem and corolla are both perpendicular, and the “fringed lids” are spread out horizontally like the. extended palms of one who stands a supplicant before Heaven. The flower cup is about two inches long and has four divisions, which turn back flatly at the top; these divisions are opened or closed according to the brightness or dullness of the day. If a burst of sunshine occurs on a dull day the flower expands in a very few minutes. It always closes at night, and it will not open the next day if the sun does not shine. It can by no means be called common ; I have found it in the vicinity of Boston and in one or two localities on Long Island, but I have never succeeded in finding it in the Pemigewas- set Valley. It belongs generally in low grounds, throughout our country, North and West. As it is presumably a biennial plant, one must not be sur- prised if it is not found year after year in the same spot. Prof. Meehan expresses the opinion that the length of its life is still uncertain, and he says, “ Even now the only certain point is that it dies after flower- ing.” The time to look for the flower is in October ; and §. R. Bartlett says:
“T know not why, but every sweet October Down the fair road that opens to the sea, Dear in the wayside grasses tinging sober, Blooms my blue gentian faithfully for me.”
SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER.
Fall Dandelion. ‘The au- Leontodon tumn or
autumnalis. eat cane delion is not nearly so beautiful as its spring relative, as it is lacking in both the size and rich color of the latter flower. Still, the little yellow blossom is pretty, and it is common over hillside pastures and sandy mead- ows from July until No- vember. Its flower stem is bare, long, and scrawny- looking, and has what appears like tiny scales (bracts) regularly —ar- ranged quite a distance downward from the flow- er. The leaves, similar to those of the spring dan- delion, but blunt-toothed, are very small and grow close to the ground. I found this flower plenti- fully scattered over the
241
it
942 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
Clarendon hills south of Boston, but never found
many well developed specimens in the Pemigewasset.
Valley or among the White Hills. In the south- westerly States, from Maryland to Kansas and Texas, there is another flower which closely resembles this fall dandelion, called the Cynthia dandelion ;* this variety may be easily distinguished from the other, as it has naked flower stems (without the tiny bracts), and the lower leaves are sharp-toothed ; there are also long, very narrow, straight leaves, peculiar to this Cynthia dandelion, which will not be found in either of the other varieties. But the Cynthia stops bloom- ing just about the time the fall dandelion begins ; so there is small chance of one flower being mistaken for the other.
Nightshade. About the time when the fall dande-
Solanum lion is blooming and the latest fringed Pulcamara. ~~ sentian flowers close their eyes to the slanting sun of October we may see the thickets which flank the roads just outside of Boston covered with beautiful elliptical red berries, which hang in graceful clusters from the thin protruding branches. These berries possess exactly the same translucent quality of color as the red cherry does—a pure red without a
* Its botanical name is both Cynthia dandelion and Krigia dandelion; the latter is given the preference in Gray’s Manual, revised edition,
ay
SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 243
trace of scarlet. Thoreau was keenly appreciative of color, which he often accurately described ; he says, alluding to the nightshade berries: “I do not know
f Nightshade.
any clusters more graceful and beautiful than these drooping cymes of scented or translucent, cherry-
colored elliptical berries.”
The tall, climbing, woody stems are covered with dull, bluish-green, sharp- pointed, heart-shaped leaves with vari- ations like my sketch, by which one may easily identify the shrub. It
grows in moist ground, and came to
this country from Europe. It is com-
mon in the proximity of our cities, — Halbert Three- = As lobed Leaf.
but I have rarely found it in the
Pemigewasset Valley, and then only beside some old
homestead. The little purple flowers grow in small
944 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
clusters, and appear in summer. It is curious to learn that the nightshade is closely related to the. potato (S. tuberosum), the eggplant (S. melongena), and the pretty ornamental little shrub called Jeru- salem cherry (S. 2?seudo-Capsicum). A comparison of the flowers of these plants will reveal the rela- tionship by their similarity. Winterberry, or At the very close of the season of Black Alder. = flowers in autumn our attention will Mex verticillata. Ye attracted to the brilliant scarlet _berries of the black alder which dot its gray stems and cling to them long after N the leaves have dropped. The ( leaves are light green, sharp- pointed, and elliptical in shape, and have a fine-toothed edge ; they are two inches long. The shrub is certainly very decora- tive, and one wishes it were a little more common; but while it is plentiful in some localities,
it is quite absent in others, and
disappointing on that account. The smooth winterberry (J. levigata) has longer, narrower leaves, shining above, and long - pedun- eled sterile flowers; the smooth alder (Alnus ser- rulata) must not be confused with either of the
SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 245
foregoing species; it is a member of the Birch family, and bears a ealkin, like my sketch, in early spring. It is not surprising to learn that the black alder is a near relative of the Eng- lish holly (Z. Aguifoliwm), to which it bears a slight resemblance; but the holly has that bold, spiny leaf which gives it an additional charm. Our own holly (Z. opaca) is a tree nearly forty feet high, growing in New Eng- land and southward, with oval, wavy- margined, spiny-toothed, evergreen leaves, and red berries. It is not as
beautiful as the English holly. The so-called mountain holly (Vemopan- Smooth Alder thes fasicularis) is not a true holly at
all; its berries are a deep red, with a dullsurface. It is common in the wet bogs northward, particularly in the White Mountain district.
CGoamoa; Cosmos is a beautiful white (or pale- Cosmos bipinnatus. pink) flower which closely resembles coreopsis or the single dahlia in form, and blooms in early autumn. It is an annual which grows six feet high sometimes, and its only enemy in the North is Jack Frost, who appears too early in New Hamp- shire for me to grow the plant successfully in my garden. The dainty white flower comes to us from
946 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
Mexico, and grows wild there as well as in Texas;
it thrives better, therefore, in the gardens of the.
South. The variety called Pearl is considered the best. The flower is cul- tivated by the florists, and is seen in great luxuriant clusters in their store win- dows in New York and Boston during the winter. The Texan ladies who visit Washington wonder
why we value a flower which is a common weed
in their native State. But “a prophet is not without honor save in his own country,” and the only fault of cosmos is, it hap- pens to be too common in Mexico and Texas. For us it is the dearest and the last flower of autumn, excepting the chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum, he chrysanthemum is an Oriental Chrysanthemum flower, which comes to us from et Japan and China; indirectly some of the smaller varieties come from England and France. Bnt the florists have taken almost com- plete possession of the flower, and as their hothouse blooms are perfectly huge as well as gorgeous in col-
SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER, 94-7
or, our garden varieties suffer by comparison and are consequently neglected. The Chrysanthemum family is immense, and numbers some- thing like four hundred distinct varieties ; this number is con- stantly being added to by newer hybrids. But these florists’ chry- santhemums are not hardy ; they are mostly of the Japanese class; it is the older Chinese varieties which stand the cold of our Northern winters best. ‘The pom- pon variety is quite as hardy as
any sturdy-going perennial. In
this class there are Alba perfecta, white ; Gaillardia, brown and yel- nen low mixed ; Golden Circle, golden
orange; Bob, crimson; and Rubra perfecta, magenta. Of the hardy Chinese class there are: Diana, white; King of the Crimsons, deep crimson ; George Glenny, yellow; and Dr. Brock, golden yellow. These varie- ties are recommended by Mr. John Saul, who is an authority on such matters, and I can testify to the excellence of his judgment. The King of the Crim- sons I consider one of the finest of the dark red, hardy chrysanthemums. One of the most beautiful flowers of the anemone class is Princess ; it is white.
=e + He
248 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN. :
In our more southern gardens these varieties will be found blooming as late as Christmas, if Decem- ber should be mild.
The chrysanthemum is indeed the last and most beautiful autumn flower of all Flora’s train; and whatever we may say of the rose, we must acknowl- edge the lovely Golden Flower another queen—the Queen of Autumn. When the summer flowers are gone and the birds have flown southward; when the chill winds come down from the icy regions of the North, when there are no leaves, no blue sky—
“No t’other side the way ”—
then comes our Autumn Queen, and fills our laps with a wealth of bloom the like of which we never saw in June. Oliver Wendell Holmes sweetly sings about the Golden Flower as though she were an angel queen :
“ The fields are stripped, the groves are dumb ; The frost-flowers greet the icy moon— Then blooms the bright chrysanthemum.
“ The stiffening turf is white with snow, Yet still its radiant disks are seen Where soon the hallowed morn will show The wreath and cross of Christmas green ; As if in autumn’s dying days It heard the heavenly song afar, And opened all its glowing rays, The herald lamp of Beth!ehem’s star,
SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. QA9
“Thy smile the scowl of winter braves, Last of the bright-robed, flowery train, Soft sighing o’er the garden graves : ‘Farewell! farewell !—we meet again !’ So may life’s chill November bring Hope’s golden flower, the last of all, Before we hear the angels sing Where blossoms never fade and fall !”
17
A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX OF THE NAMES, COLORS, AND LOCALITIES OF FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF THE UNITED STATES, INCLUDING A FLORAL CALENDAR.
The names with the asterisk (*) are those of flowers not mentioned in this book. The letter on the right of each common name is the initial of the botanical name (or vice versa), also in this index.
Tat Tel Ter 68
P6T G6T
66r FFG Fr PRG
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A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX,
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956 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
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A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX,
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263
A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.
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265
A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.
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18
966 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
16 “ABI | ‘[lOs pooy ‘spunoi3 eune MOT Pt a ed “AVI I6I “ady |'spoom uedQ 8% ‘IG ee ee? Ane O6T ‘oun ‘TLO8 TOI Suny 16r | ‘Arne | ‘Tros qory *SPlOU O6T urels PIO T6r “TOS TORT (7) aa ee aeteencaris ‘[los pooyy 62 ‘THOS pooyy ool weuill avert covery piary a gl mia reeieiateletayelerast?e “AON “‘SopIspRod Ire ‘FOL | —ATDE. |pue smopvoyy Aine *punoas @hS ‘POT | — ABI 4Sloy, ‘sodug sa Mn *‘jusTUOa AU
‘stlap.ies ‘euIyD OVI
pue uvder woiy | pue yur “yLV puew “qan 03
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pues “yeq 07 ‘SIMA | pue ong ‘suopaes ‘ado.ngy WOaT “MOTOR ‘suepaesd “AN[q-JoTOLA ‘uedep Wwo.1, qysvy
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(seydverg S,UBUUyOING vas) DLWD]NIND VAQUaDIT
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sreeessles "(9907 [BOQ ‘Addog vas) wnrprbi4 woorawmoapueg
meses s-9u.l002 wnmrydaq veessesss qunurmbasad unmeydad
sees uunsomsof wnmeydaq
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267
A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.
GOL *6
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‘oun ‘ABI ‘AR ‘idyv
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cepa ‘adoing “§ WoO
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teeeeeseees (Ssorsng Sadi, 908) awwbyna wnyoy
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seen NOS ep OEE OF ‘adi S UBUTYOIN
A sousnapborananc ac SSO at ({ ‘soyoooug s,uvuqoyng seen Mee ee ee es eet Se Pus LAAs GL *(PeABO]
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‘(SSB.LD-MOTIIT AA 89S) VU.19AA NADA » BSc ici Sane a iri *-) “1a1SO0-pay ‘poomSo( x
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968 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,
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269
A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.
€8I ‘06 GB “EB
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Pee ee PC W ‘sdorp-qooog, OS|RA BP NE Bie ([ea ‘Wolepued ees) uoljepuRd [[BA
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271
A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.
6IT “2 61 611 Lb SIT
008 “6IT
OI SIL BEG 6&% 966 8&6
686
9&6 ‘19
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—1dy ago usdQO AON
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972 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
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273
A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX,
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279
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295
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INDEX FOR
Africa, 14.
Alleghany Mountains, 61, 196. Argentine Republic, 131. Arkansas, 201.
Asia, 91.
Asia Minor, 11, 147.
Bergen Park, Col., 130.
Berkshire, 138, 169.
Boston, 3, 6, 29, 108, 138, 157, 195, 240, 242, 246.
Brooklyn, 19, 25, 159.
Buzzard’s Bay, 35.
California, 148, 189, 199.
Campton, N. H., 22, 25, 48, 54, 76, 79 83, 88, 156, 158, 216, 224, 227.
Cape Cod, Mass., 63, 126, 164.
Cape of Good Hope, 116, 197, 199.
Carolinas, 108, 131, 153, 193.
Catskill Mountains, 99, 157, 168.
Central Park, 54.
Chili, 106, 111.
China, 190, 232, 246.
Clarendon Hills. Mass., 242.
Cologne, 216.
Concord. Mass., 133.
Constantinople, 12.
Crawford Notch, White Mountains, 30, 165.
Eastern States, 9, 23, 61, 100. England, 3, 11, 12, 105, 141, 246. Esopus Creek, N. Y., 195.
LOCALITIES.
Europe, 12, 89, 90, 142, 190, 195, 197, 202, 238, 243.
Florida, 100, 194.
France, 74. 106, 107, 152, 197, 246. Franconia Mountains, 12. Franconia Notch, 71.
Germany, 90. Gibraltar, 89, 92. Greenland, 98, 145.
Haarlem, Holland, 11. Hastings-on-the-Hudson, 83. Himalayas, 63.
Hoboken, 195.
Holland, 11, 12.
Hudson, Valley of the, 157, 195.
Tllinois, 131.
India, 116, 121, 147, 149. Indian Territory, 194. Italy, 8, 11, 91, 141.
Japan, 97, 105, 140, 282, 246. Kansas, 104, 242.
Lake George, 169.
| Lakewood, N. J., 108.
Levant, The, 91, 197, 200.
| Long Island, N. Y., 19, 85, 240. | Louisiana, 152.
307
| |
Maine, 63, 221, 223.
Maryland, 104, 242.
Massachusetts, 2, 3, 29, 61, 108.
Mexico, 49, 121, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206, 210, 246.
Missouri, 153.
Montpelier, 210.
Morristown, N. J., 102.
Mount Washington, 10, 97, 131, 165.
Nantucket, Mass., 25, 63, 104.
Neponset River, 195.
New England, 1, 2, 3, 82, 86, 96, 98, 117, 123, 126, 134, 153, 164, 194, 210, 212, 228, 245.
New Hampshire, 19, 26, 61, 70, 83, 84, 88, 102, 131, 138, 160, 195, 208, 230, 245.
New Jersey, 19, 53, 63, 70, 85, 86, 108, 121, 138, 160, 168, 196, 209, 223, 280,
New York, 19, 53, 96, 100, 101, 105, 117, 160, 199, 234, 246.
Ohio, 5.
Palestine, 89.
Pemigewasset River, 40, 136.
Pemigewasset Valley, 12, 31, 53, 85, 211, 240, 242, 243.
Pennsylvania, 86, 132, 141, 191, 195, 238.
Persia, 12, 147.
Peru, 106, 111.
Philadelphia, 53.
THE END.
Public Garden, Boston, 5, 62. Pyrenees Mountains, 238.
Rome, 141. Roxbury, Mass., 4.
Saddle River, N. J., 70. Scotland, 141, 165.
Siberia, 5, 190.
Silver Lake, Staten Island, 45. South America, 111, 120, 131, 135, 20% Spain, 89.
Squam Lake, N. H., 85. | St. Bernard Pass. 108. } Staten Island, 10, 51. Switzerland, 108.
Syria, 192.
Texas, 92, 104, 153, 202, 208, 242, 246. Thibet, 139. oe
United States, 193.
Vermont, 27. Virginia, 195, 196, 221.
Waterville, N. H., 80. Wells River, Vt., 210. A White Hills (the White Mountains), 2, 40, 83, 186, 156, 169, 242. White Mountains, 2, 16, 25, 28, 29, 35, 52, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 80, 156, 221, 238, 245.
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