Se
In the rearing of dung-hill fowls, their yards should be selected
with a reference to giving them asupply of sand and gravel. ‘Their
houses should be kept perfectly clean and constantly supplied with
pure water. Their nests should be so situated as to prevent the
THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 389
hens when setting from seeing each other. Young hens are most
profitable for eggs, old ones for hatching chickens; the former lay a
greater number of eggs, the latter set with more care and assiduity.
One cock is sufficient for six or seven hens. ‘The eggs placed under
a hen when setting should not exceed one dozen in number, and care
‘should be taken to select those which are fresh. Food should be
placed near the nests that the setters may not be compelled to leave
their nests for too long a period. ‘The chickens when first hatched
should be fed on boiled potatoes, and carefully protected from wet
which is extremely prejudicial to them. ‘The disease to which young ~
ehickens are most liable is the gapes, formerly supposed to arise from
a small worm in the throat. The better opinion, however, is that it
proceeds from inflammation, owing to exposure to cold and wet.—
The best mode of curing this disease, is, by protecting the chickens
wholly from the wet, and feeding them on pungent heating food.—
For this purpose, red pepper pods. may be boiled with their food ;
they should also have some pepper grass-mixed with their green food.
To fatten chickens, they should be confined ina well ventilated and
somewhat darkened place. ‘They should be fed four times a day,
with steamed potatoes or buckwheat. ‘They should have plenty of
_pure water, and a supply of sand and gravel. Their coops should
be well aired and kept perfectly clean. Some animal food should
also be occasionally given with the vegetable, experiments having
long since proved that this kind of diet is very necessary to the suc-
cessful rearing of nearly all kinds of poultry.
. Tn. selecting a stock of geese, those of alarge size should be ices,
When they are about to set, their nests should be so arranged as not
to permit the setters to see each other, nor should they be separated
from the ganders of the flock. From ten to twelve eggs should be
placed under each goose. There should be a constant supply of food
kept near their nests, that they may not be driven to leave them for
any length of time. ‘The goslins should be kept in a warm sunny
place, secured from rains and vermin, and fed with crumbs of bread,
wheat, barley or oats. While young, they should not be permitted
to run into water, as it is liable to engender disease. When put up
to fatten, green food should be mixed with their oats. |
Turkeys.—The black breed of turkeys is, on many accounts,
deemed preferable to the brown. Each turkey hen usually lays from
eight to ten eggs. ‘The young brood are extremely tender.- For the
first month or six weeks, they should be placed in a warm airy situa-
tion, free from wet, and carefully fed with bread, steeped in fresh
milk, with which chopped onions may be occasionally mixed with
advantage. After that period their food may be changed to meal;
buckwheat and other kinds of grain may be given. Some writers
upon this subject recommend that young turkeys should be fed upon
the following preparation: ‘Two eggs boiled hard and cut up fine, a
handful of young mustard also cut up fine, and a small quantity of
ground pepper, mixed with scalded Indian meal sufficient for one
390 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.
hundred young turkeys. This preparation is deemed salutary in
preventing those diseases to which they are liable. With due care
one male and eight females are sufficient to rear from fifty to seventy
“= turkeys. :
Ducks.—These animals thrive best with plenty of water, near a
barn yard, and if thus situated they require but little care. Their
food may be much the same as that given to chickens. They require
aconstant supply of water and sand. They also require a supply of
animal food. If suffered to run at large upon a farin they are useful
in destroying worms, slugs and cater pillars. The ducks 3s a ae
many eggs and may be easily fattened. — a cue
Raising Ducks.——Being aquatic in their habits, most persons sup-
pose they ought to give the young ones a great deal of water. "The
consequence is, they soon take colds, become droopy, and die. This
mode should be avoided. Ducks, when first hatched, are always
_inelined to fever, from their pinion-wings coming out so soon. This
acts upon them as teething does on children. The young ‘ducks
should, consequently, be kept from every thing which may have a
tendency to createcoldin them. To prevent this, therefore, I always
allow my young ducks as litile water as possible. In fact, they
should only have enough to allay their thirst, and should on no ac-
count be permitted to play in the water. If the person lives near the
city, liver and lights should be boiled, and chopped up fine, and given
to the young ducks. Or, if fish, erabs, oysters, or clams can be pro-
cured, they should be given. In case none of these can be got, all
the victuals should be boiled before feeding. Boiled potatoes mixed
with hommony, are also excellent. Half of the ducks which are lost,
are because raw food is given them. ‘To sum up all in a word—if
you wish to raise almost every duck that is hatched, give them little
water, and feed them on no food which is not boiled. By observing
this plan, I raise for market, and for my own table, between two and
three hundred ducks every year.— Southern er.
. Raising of poultry.—1. All young chickens, ajay and EE,
should be kept under cover, out of the weather during rainy seasons.
2. ‘Twice or thrice a week, pepper, shallots, shives, or garlic, should
be mixed up with their food.
3. A small lump of asafetida should be placed in the ‘pan in which
_ their water is given them to drink.
4, Whenever they manifest disease, by the dropping of the wings
or any other outward sign of ‘ill-health, a little asafetida, broken into
small lumps, should be mixed with their food.
5. Chickens which are kept from the dung-hill while young, sel-
dom have the gapes; therefore, it should be the object of those who
have the charge of them, so to confine the hens as to preclude their
_young from the range of ‘barn or stable yards.
6, Should any of the chickens have the gapes, mix up small por-
tions of asafetida, rhubarb, and pepper, in fresh butter, and give each
%
THE sFARMER’S, COMPLETE. FARRIER. 391
chicken as much of the mixture as will lie mpon one-half the bowl of
-asmall. teaspoon.
7. For the pip, the following treatment is judicious : ‘take off the
indurated covering on the point of the tongue, and give twice a day,
for two or three days, a piece of garlic the size of a pea. If garlic
_eannot be obtained, onion, shallot or shives will answer; and if nei-
_ther of these be convenient, two grains of black pepper, to be given
an fresh butter, will answer.
8. For the snuffles, the same remedies as the gapes will be found
highly eurative—but in addition to them, it will be necessary to melt
a little -asafetida in fresh butter, and rub the chicken about the nostrils,
taking care to clean them out.
9. Grown up ducks..are sometimes taken off rapidly S caudal
sions. In such cases, four grains of rhubarb and four grains .of
Payennepepper, mixed in fresh butter, should be administered.
Baltimore Farmer and Gardner.
Cure of dropsy in the crops of young turkeys.—This kind of
pst is announced by a dull look, paleness of the head, loss of
3 appetite and aversion to food. They. allow. themselves, to be, taken
with ease, and seem to be without. strength. Very soon a slight
swelling of the crop is added to these symptoms, which, in ten days,
becomes very considerable. I have taken nearly a pint of water
from one. By pressing on the crop of some of them, a certain
quantity of matter is discharged by the bill, but never enough to en-
-tirely ease the crop. All these symptoms increase and the fowl dies
at the end of fifteen or eighteen day’s illness.
I sought after the cause of this disorder, and it was easy to find
that it was occasioned by the stagnant water which these animals
drank; in the course of the year, the heat had been great, and there
was little rain. ‘The heat had hatched a vast swarm of small red
worms, resembling ascarides. It is quite certain that these insects
‘must have been swallowed by the turkeys, and from this cause, and
‘the bad quality of the water which they had drunk, a great degree of
inflammation in the crop would ensue, with a stoppage which con-
ducts to the gizzard. I divided the turkeys into three classes; for
those who were still sound, I ordered grain and good water; with all
that were diseased I practiced the operation of tapping with a lancet,
in the lowest part of the crop. I injected at the opening, by means
of a smail syringe, a slight decoction of Jesuits’ bark, mixed with a
little brandy, which was repeated twice in the course of: the day.—
» Next day the wound was better marked. I made again the same in-
jection, and, two hours after, I forced them to eat a little of the yolk
of an egg, mixed with some crumbs of bread. At the end of three
days, the wound in the crop was closed, which I might have prevented,
but finding a natural opening in the bill, I made them take, during eight
days, in their drink, the same substances which had been injected ;
and they were, by degrees, put upon their usual diet. I need not
add, that clear water was given them instead of that of the standing
pools. ‘Ten of these animals had died before my arrival; two perished
392 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.
during the treatment, and the rest of the flock, which might be about
forty, either escaped the disease or were cured. — Former 8 hast
Book. — ;
[ From the Farmer’s Cabinet.]
Raise more poultry.— * a ce * I was pleased
with the suggestion made by your correspondent Q., in the last
number of the Cabinet, for feeding poultry with boiled potatoes, inas-
much as it is a cheap food, and may be always at hand. A farmer
near Liverpool, England, keeps a large stock of poultry of various
kinds in the same enclosure, with singular success. He has nearly
an acre of land enclosed, with a close fence, about seven feet high.
Within this enclosure are put up sheds for the different kinds of
poultry, to secure them well from the rain, which is of great impor-
tance. ‘There is a small stream of water which passes through the
lot, to which they all have access, and they are regularly fed, three
times a day, with boiled potatoes, which is their only food, excepting
what grass, insects and worms, they pick up in their movements
through the lot.
All young poultry require to be kept dry, and most old ones are the
better for it, and it is said that young turkeys, during their tender age,
are the better for having a small quantity of red pepper occasionally
mixed with their food, to stimulate their digestive organs to sae
activity when they gormandize too much.
The practice of cutting up chives, garlic or onion tops, ae mixing
them occasionally with the food of young poultry, is well known to
most good house-wives, and is though to be very serviceable j in pro-
moting their health. ?
Praura, Lancaster county, June 25th, 1838.
To fatten poultry.—An experiment has lately been tried of feed-
ing geese with turneps cut in small pieces like dice, but less in size,
and put into a trough of water; with this food alone, the effect was
that six geese, each, when lean, weighing only nine pounds, actually
gained twenty pounds each, in about nine week’s fattening.
Me Kenzie.
Don t give your chickens salt.—A careapandedt says In a Jeter
“The fatal effects of mixing salt, in any considerable quantities, with
food intended for chickens, or which they can eat, received a singu-
lar illustration on the farm of a friend a few days since. As an in-
ducement to his horse to eat a handful or two of salt, he mixed it
with a quart or two of meal, and fed it to the animal. The horse
refused the mixture, and it was left where it was soon found by the
chickens, which, to the numberof forty-five or fifty, soon caused its
disappearance. Within twenty-four hours, every one that eat of
the meal died, and the greater part did not live half that time. There
is an old saying among poulterers, that ‘salt is health to a gosling,
but death to a chicken,’ and the foregoing result would seem to prove
that, like other old saws, it contains some truth.’’—Gen, Farmer.
ADDENDA...
List of the principal medicines and drugs used in the treatment of
diseases, with a brief description of the most important ones.
L cntinemmmnemen
Ators— Aloe, Ger.—There are two kinds used in the practice of
farriery; the Hepatic aloes and the Socotorine aloes. Both are the
products of a perennial plant, which grows in the south of Europe,
Asia, Africa and America. ‘The Socotorine is the purest, and is pre-
ferred as human medicine. That obtained from Barbadoes, is pre-
ferred for horses. |
They should be finely powdered. Fifteen ounces, mixed with
one of powdered ginger, and beaten up with eight ounces of palm
oil, and afterwards divided into proper doses, forms a purgative more
effectual, and less liable to gripe than any other preparation of this
drug. It should be given in the shape of a ball.
‘A physic dose should not be kept more than two months; after
that time the purgative qualities will be materially impaired. _
In physicking a horse, whatever is to be done should be done at
once. Whatever quantity is intended to be given, should be given
in one dose. : :
The system of giving small doses of aloes as alteratives is not
good. It is never safe to ride a horse far or fast, with even a small
dose of aloes within him.
Most of all objectionable is the custom of giving small doses of
aloes as a nauseant, in inflammation of the lungs. It is treading on
very dangerous ground, when, with much inflammation of the lungs,
that is given which will stimulate and may inflame the intestines.
Aloes are most commonly, because most easily, administered in the
form of a ball, but in a state of solution their effect is more speedy,
effectual, and safe. T'wo ounces of aloes, and one ounce of gum, (te
suspend the imperfectly dissolved portion of the aloes,) are put into
a pint of boiling water, and the mixture frequently stirred. When it
is cold, two ounces of tincture is added, as an aromatic, to prevent
the griping of the aloes, and also to keep the mixture from ferment-
ing. ‘The aloes must not be boiled in the water. The dose of the
solution should vary from six to eight ounces.
Acretatep Lirnarce.—See Litharge.
Ateppo Scammony — Purgirwinde, Ger.— This is a concrete,
summy, resinous juice, obtained from the roots of the Syrian bind-
26
394 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRTER.
weed, called convolvulus scammonia,.an exotie plant growing in
Asiatic Turkey. The best is from Aleppo, in light spongy, friable
masses, of a shining blackish ash color. It consists of nearly equal
proportions of gum and resin. )
In its medicinal effects, it is a powerful purgative, and chiefly used
in obstinate constipation. In using, follow the formula in which it
is prescribed. ilies
Botanists say that the scammony plant has been found m Sussex
county, New Jersey. a
AppErwort—JVatterwurz, Ger.—Is well known, has but one leaf
which grows with the stalk, a finger’s length above the ground——green
and broad, like water plantain. Fe teal
Atum——Alaun, Ger.—This is a salt composed chiefly of argilla-
ceous earth and sulphuric acid. ‘From its astringent powers, in the
form of alum whey, it has been used internally in cases of super-
purgation. The whey is prepared by adding two drams of powdered
alum to a pint of hot milk. ik
A solution of two drams to a pint of water, forms a useful wash
for cracked heels, &e.
Acaric——Feuerschwamm, Ger.——Is one of the genus of funguses,
and is used in several instances, combined with other drugs: see the
formula in which it is recommended, No. 2, p. 71. be ela
Acacia——Schotendorn, Ger.——Acacia is the bark of the Willdenow,
a tree growing in the sandy deserts of Arabia Petrea and Egypt.
The gum of this tree is called Gum Arabic. The extract of. the
bark is used in connection with aloes, &c., as a liquid purge, p. 71-
Atuspice——Nelkenpfeffer, Ger.—-Is well known; description un-
necessary. ; :
AnisEED——/nissame, Ger.——The anise is an annual umbelliferous
plant, growing naturally in Crete, Syria, and other places of the east.
it possesses carminative properties, and is recommended, in combi-
nation with other ingredients, as a purgative.—See page 71, No."1.
Ammonta——Salmiak, Ger.—This is an alkali; when in a gas, it is
found in a state of nature, and is, to the annoyance of the horse, and
the injury of his eyes and lungs, plentifully emitted by the urine and
putrifying dung of the badly constructed stable.—-See page 48.
In flatulent colic, it has been used with decided benefit, when all
other remedies have failed. It is best administered in the form of
aromatic spirit of ammonia, and in doses of one or two ounces, in
warm waiter. cy ee : sede nag
Antimony —— Spiessglas, Ger.—This metal is found in nature,
most abundantly combined with sulphur. There are several valuable
preparations of this metal. There is a compound of sulphur and
antimony, technically called the black sulphuret of antimony.
Tartar emetic——Brechweinstein, Ger.—This is another prepara-
tion of antimony—it is the tartrate of potash and antimony, or a com+
bination of super-tartrate of potash and oxide of antimony, and is a
very useful nauseant, and has considerable effect on the skin. It is
particularly valuable in inflammation of the lungs, and in every ¢a-
tarrhal affection. Itis given in doses of one dram, or one dram and
WHE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 395
a-half, and combined with nitre and digitalis. It is ‘also beneficial in
the expulsion of worms. Here it must be given in doses of two
drams,/and with some mechanical vermifuge, as tin-filings, or ground
glass, and administered on an empty stomach, and for several succes
sive days. Although it may sometimes fail to expel the worm, it
materially improves the condition of the horse, and produces sleek-
ness of the coat. |
“Arsenic—Bergeift, Giftmehi, Ger.—This is a'sudden and violent
mineral poison, combined in most metallic bodies, and especially
in cobalt. It is sometimes, in doses of from ten to twenty grains,
daily given as a tonic; but its principal use is in curing ulcers, espe-
cially fistulous ulcers—p. 113. As a tonic it should be dispensed
with.——See p. 152. :
Asarapacca —— Hasselwurzel, Ger.--This is a perennial plant,
the product of England, although the dried roots are generally brought
from the Levant. It is a powerful evacuant. |
Acrimony, or Acrippa——Leberkletle, or Odermenniz, Ger.—This
plant is a native of the United States. The number of stamina from
five to twelve. It has long leaves, some greater, and some smaller,
set upon a stalk, all of them dentated about the edges; green above
and greyish underneath, and a little hairy withal——yellow blossoms,
one above another, in long spikes. It grows upon banks and along
fences. It flowers in July and August.
The leaves are aperient, detergent in their properties, and alse
strengthen the tone of. the viscera. ‘They are very serviceable in
laxity of the intestines, scorbutic, and other disorders arising from
debility. a3 ,
Asaretipa— Teufelsdreck, or Slinkender Asand, Ger.-—The plant
which furnishes this drug is a native of Persia. The gum-resin is
procured from the roots of the plants which are at least four years
old.—-See p. 43, where it is fully described. |
Baygerries——Lorbeeren, Ger.—The bayberry grows in every kind
of soil, and varies in size from two to seven feet in height. In autumn
the twigs are surrounded with bunches of small grayish berries, which
are covered with wax, which is obtained by boiling them in water,
until the wax separates and floats upon the surface. The bark, as
well as the berries, possesses medicinal virtues. The juice of the
berries purges the sharp humors of the stomach and bowels; corrects
and strengthens the digestive powers, and improves the appetite.
Betony—Lhrenpreis, Ger.—There are two kinds of betony,
which are not much unlike in their medical properties. ‘The water-
betony, rises up with square, hard, greenish stalks, sometimes brown,
set with broad, dark green leaves, dentated about the edges with
notches, somewhat resembling the leaves of the wood-betony, but
much larger; two are usually set ata joint. It grows by the side of
ditches, and water courses. It flowers in July, and seed is ripe in
August. It is very useful in ulcers and bruises.
Bennet—Benedickdenkraut, Ger.—Bennet or avens, grows by
fences, and. borders of fields; the blossoms are white or yellowish
in July. The root is an excellent remedy in chronic disorders, as a
396 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER-
general strengthener and astringent, and its antiseptic power is said
to be superior to the best Peruvian bark. y ; ‘
Birtuwort.—Hohlwurz, Ger.—Harly in the spring, this plant
sends up.a stalk eight or ten inches high, with three large smooth
green leaves near the top, and a white flower of three leaves about
an inch above the other leaves. From the centre of the blossoms
there grow white buds, with six sides or ridges containing seed.
The root is soft, and is covered with little knobs and fibres. It com-
monly grows in beech and maple land. ovr
BirrerswEet.—Alpranken or Bitter sues, Ger.—This plant
grows wild in moist hedges; has woody brittle stalks, and elimbs on
trees. But.if there be no bushes near, it creeps along the ground,
and frequently strikes new roots. It flowers in the month of June
and July. Itis said to occasion considerable evacuation by sweat,
urine, and particularly by stool. It acts also as adiscutient and resol-
vent. , Pe Seo Oe
Bitter appLe—Coloquintenapfel, Ger.—This article is the pro-
duce of Syria and the island of Crete. It is a drastic purgative.
Combinations of it with jalap, or aloes, and some other ingredients,
have been given with good effect in obstinate constipation.
BuisTERING.—See p. 214, Sect. 267. su eionge* Are
BoLE AMMONIAC, OF ARMENIAN—Aminischer Bolus, Ger.—This is
an argillaceous earth combined with iron, and is supposed to possess
some astringent property. ; teak Get BF
Bucx’s HORN, or BUCK’s THORN—Areuzdorn, Ger.— There are two
varieties; the high and the low. It puts forth several slender, trail-
ig stalks, from one to three feet in length, from a little turfy protu-
berance.; it has long narrow leaves, deeply indented around the edges.
It usually grows in swamps, and in other wet places. It is service-
able where great debility prevails.» Wt oR
Burpocx—Alette, Ger.—Thisis a very common plant, sufficiently
known from its burs, which adhere to the intruder’s clothes. The
roots are aperient, diuretic and sudorific. eo
Bausam copaiva.—-This balsam is the product of the Spanish
West Indies, and some parts of South America, : »
CALAMINE.—See Zinc.
Catoment,—See Mercury. % enn sili
Campnor—Kampfer, Ger.—The camphor laurel grows in great
abundance, and to a very considerable size, in the forests of Japan.
ft is a stimulant, when applied externally. In the form of cam-
phorated oil, it promotes the absorption of fluids thrown out beneath
the skin, the removal of old callus, and the suppleing of joints stiff
from labor. ie
CanTuaripEs—Spanischen Fliezen, Ger.—These are the basis of
the most approved and useful veterinary blisters. The cantharis is a
fly, the native of Italy and the south of France, destroyed by sulphur,
dried and powdered and mixed with palm oil and resin, in propor-
tions already directed.—See Blistering, p. 214. |
Caraways—Kuemel, Ger.—These and ginger are retained asthe
only cordials requisite: for the horse. :
THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 3997
Castor o1.—Ricinusel, Ger.—If it is a purgative in the horse,
at must be given in the enormous and expensive doses of a pound or
a pound and a-half.—See p. 66.
~“Oatecnu—Schotendornsaft, Ger.—Japan earths yet no earth, but
Stevied from the wood of one of the acacia trees, is a very useful
astringent. It is given in superpurgation, in doses of one or twe
drams, with one or one and a-half dram of opium, as a yet more pow=
erful astringent; four drams of chalk, to neutralize any acid in the
stomach or bowels, and two drams of powdered ¢ eum being also added,
to sheathe the over-irritated mucous coat of the intestines.
Caustics—Zitzmettel, Ger.—These are sometimes necessary te
destroy fungous excrescences, or stimulate indolent ulcers, or remove
portions of cellular substance or muscle infected by any poison.
They are the butyr of antimony, blue vitriol, verdigris, corrosive sub-
limate, lunar caustic, and sulphuric acid.
Cuatx—Areite, Ger.—Is used only in combination with want
for superpureation, and in the proportions directed under the article
eatechu. The prepared or levigated chalk is generally preferred.
Camomitn—Kamille, Ger.—The powder of the flower is a use-
ful vegetable tonic and the mildest m our list. It is given in doses of
one or two drams, and is exhibited in the early stage of convales-
cence to ascertain whether the febrile stage of the disease is passed,
and to prepare the way for a more powerful tonic, the gentian.
~ Cuarcoar——Holizkohle, Ger.—ts a useful antiseptic, and, mixed
with a poultice, readily removes the fetid smell of unhealthy keeway or
eracked heels.
Cascarttta—Cascarilrinde, Ger.—This bark is from the Bahama
Islands, particularly from the one named Elutheria. ‘The virtues of
it are partially extracted by water, and wholly by alcohol, though it
is more efficacious by giving it in powder. It is an admirable sub-
stitute for cinchona. It is often given with desired effectin flatulent
and spasmodie colics and diarrheas.—No. 7. p. 73.
CretAnpine.—Schellkraut, Ger.—This plant is so well known
that no description is necessary.
It is useful in obstructions of the ines and gall; cures the yellows;
the juice dropped into the eyes, clears from films, and cloudiness.
Applied to ulcers, it soon stays all pus, and cleanses them.
~ Casrorrum— Beibergeil, Ger.—This is the name of a substance
eollected in the follicles, near the anus, in the beaver called castor.
It is an excellent anti-spasmodic, and acts particularly on the uterine
system.
Caruine THIstLE—Lberwurz, Ger.—A plant which grows in Eu-
rope and this country. For its medicinal properties, the formula in
which it is given in this work, will explain.
Crenraury—TZ ausendgueldenkraut, Ger.—This plant flourishes
in many sections of the United States, ua affords a pure bitter, with
slight aromatic fiavor. “It is’ usually given in a Strong infusion, of
which copious draughts are to be administered. _ It opens the obstruc-
tion of liver and gall; helps yellows; eases pains.
398 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.
Catamus—Kalmuswurzel, Ger.—The calamus or sweetflag Samah
m marshy places.
its medicinal properties are carminative, and it sig 2 die sto-
machie virtues, and is given in flatulency.
Coit’s roor—Huflattig, Ger.--This grows wild in moist places,
and produces yellow flowers in March and April. In cough an&
tisic, and in disorders of the breast and lungs, #t is given with good
effect.
Cress-sEED——Aressesaamen, Ger.—-The black eress, not muele
unlike wild mustard, has long Jeaves and jagged on both sides. The
stalks are small, limber and tough. It grows usually among stones
and rubbish. Its medical properties nearly the same as mustard seed.
Carpuus Benepicrus—BuEssep THISTLE.—It is so well known,
that a description is not necessary. It grows plentifully in gardens.
It helps the plague, sores, boils, and itch, the bitings of mad dogs and
venomous beasts—provokes urine.
Cinnamon—Zimme or Canehl, Ger.—The bark. is from a tree, a
native of Ceylon, but is now cultivated in Jamaica and other West
India islands.
The oil is a most eet stimulant, and is used in. human prac-
tice as a cordial in stomach cramp. Butit is principally used as an
aromatic..
CLEAVERS, OR GoosEcRAss.—Alebelkraut, Ger.—This plant has
many names. It is called arapine, and gooseshare. 'The common
cleavers have very rough, square stalks, rising up to six or ten feet
high, if it meet with any thing whereon to climb, or else lying on the
sround, full of joints, and at every ene of them shoots forth a branch;
the leaves are usually six, set in a round compass like a star, with
white flowers.
Its juice is very good to close up fresh wounds, and the powder
of the dried herb. It stays scouring in horses and cattle. Boiled in
hog’s lard, it reduces all kinds of hard swellings, or kernels in the
throat. Given internally, it cleanses the blood.
Comrrey.—Waliwurz, Ger.—It is so well ROW D, that a descrip-
tion of it is not necessary.
Croton o1.—Crotonel, Ger.—See Croton Tiglii,
CINNABAR OF ANTIMONY—Zinnober, Ger.—This composition is
a compound of purified quicksilver, five ounces; and sublimated sul-
phur, one ounce. It is used in fumigations, and forms an ingredient
in other medical preparations. |
Corianper—Koriander, Ger.—This plant is well known. Like
caraway, it is used as a carminative. .
Croves—Gewuerznelken, Ger.—-Cloves are the produce of a beau-
tiful tall tree, a native of the Molucca islands. They are among the
most stimulating aromatics. ip) .
CUDWEED. OR LIFF-EVERLASTING.——Rheinblumen, Ger.—This is
readily known by its small white stalk, with small. leaves, and small.
round white flowers, with innumerable little leaves growing in a
whirl. It grows in dry, barren, and sandy places.
THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. | 399
‘It is diuretic and strengthening ; a tea or strong decoction is good —
for strangury, gravel, &c. |
Caress are thick adhesive plasters spread over parts that have
been strained or weakened, and, being applied to the skin warm, ad-
here for a considerable time. The following mixture makes a good
charge: Burgundy or common pitch, five ounces; tar, six ounces;
yellow wax, one ounce, melted together, and when they are becoming
cool, half a dram of powdered cantharides well stirred. ‘This must
be partially melted afresh when applied, and put on the part with a
large spatula, as hot as it can be without giving the animal too much
pain. F locks of tow should be scattered over it while it is warm, and
thus a thick and adhesive covering will be formed, which cannot be
separated from the skin for many months. “This is applied for old
sprains of the loins, and also strains of the back sinews.
~‘Cotomgo roor.—-The root is from Colombo, in the island of Cey-
lon, the bark sides covered with bark, the woody side of a bright
yellow color. .
Crysters—AKlystier, Ger.—These are useful and too often neglect-
ed means of hastening the evacuation of the bowels, when the disease
vequires their speedy action. ‘The ox biadder and wooden pipe may
still be employed. i
_ Two ounces of soft or yellow soap, dissolved in a gallon of warm
water, will form a useful aperient clyster. For a more active aperi-
ent, eight ounces of epsom salts, or even of common salt, may be
dissoived in the sanre quantity of water: a more active injection, but
not to be used if much purgative medicine has been previously given,
may be composed of an ounce of Barbadoes aloes, dissolved in two or
three quarts of warm water. If nothing else can be procured, warm
water may be employed. |
The principal art of administering a clyster consists in not fright-
ening the horse. ‘The pipe, well oiled, should be very gently intro-
duced, and the fluid not too hastily thrown up; and its heat should be
as nearly as possible that of the intestine, or about blood-heat.—See
page 215, Sect. 268.
Coprrrr.—There are two combinations of this metal used in vete-
rinary practice: the verdigris or subacetate, and the blue vitriol or
sulphate.
Verpieris——-Gruenspan, Ger.—-It 1s the common rust of copper,
produced by vinegar, or any thing sour, or even common salt. It is
applied externally as a mild caustic, in the form of fine powder, or
mixed with an equal quantity of the sugar (superacetate) of lead, it
eats down proud flesh, or stimulates old ulcers to healthy action ;
when boiled with honey and vinegar, it constitutes the farriers’
Egyptiacum. ;
Brive Virrior—Biauer Vitriol, Ger.—-It is the union of sulphuric
aeid and copper. It is principally valuable as an external application,
dissolved in water in the proportion of two drams to a pint, and acts
as a gentle stimulant; but when an ounce is dissolved in the same
quantity of water it becomes a mild caustic. In the former propor-
tion, it rouses eld ulcers to healthy action and disposes even recent
400 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER-
wounds to heal more quickly than they otherwise would do; and in
the latter it removes fungous granulations or proud flesh. The blue
vitriol is sometimes reduced to powder and sprinkled upon the wound
for this purpose, and is a good application for canker in the foot.
Corpiats——Hertzsterkende mittel, Ger., are useful or injurious
according to the judgment with which they are given. When a horse
comes home thoroughly exhausted, and refuses his food, a cordial
may rouse the stomach and the system, and may prevent cold and
fever; but it is poison to the animal when administered after the cold is
actually caught and fever begins to appear. More to be reprobated
is the practice of giving frequent cordials.. ‘The artificial exeitement
of the cordial soon becomes as necessary to enable the horse to do
even common work, as is the excitement of the dram to sustain the
animal spirits of the drunkard.
‘To recall the appetite of the horse slowly recovering from illness,
a cordial may sometimes be allowed; or to old horses that have been
worked hard and used to these excitements when young; or to draught
horses, that have exhibited slight symptoms of staggers, when their
labour has been unusually protracted, and their stomachs left too long
empty. The most harmless cordial if abused, and the best if given
with discretion, is composed of four parts each of caraway powder
and bruised raisins, and two each of ginger and palm oil, well beaten
into a mass.
CoRROSIVE SUBLIMATE.—See Mercury.
Cremor TARTAR—- /Veinsteinrahm, Ger.--See Superacetate of
Potash.
Croton rieLit.—The croton nut has not been long introduced into
veterinary practice. An oil has been extracted from it, and used by
the surgeon; the meal is adopted by the veterinarian. Iti is given in
doses from a seruple to a-half a dram, and, from its acrid nature, in
ball with an ounce of linseed meal. ‘When it does operate, the effect
is generally observed in six or eight hours. On account of its quick
operation, it may be given in lockjaw and staggers; and also in dropsy
of the chest or belly, but it is often uncertain in its operation, and its
griping and the debility it occasions are serious objections to it as
common physic. A turpentine tincture of the powdered nut makes
an active blister; but not so effectual or so safe as the eantharides. —
DiapHoretics——Schweistreibend, Ger., are medicines that increase
the sensible and insensible perspiration of the animal, Antimony im
its various forms, and sulphur, have some effect in opening the pores
of the skin, and exciting its vessels to action, and especially when
assisted by warmth of stable or clothing, and therefore useful in those
diseases where it is desirable that some portion of the blood should
be diverted from the overloaded, and inflamed, and vital organs of the
chest, to the skin or the extremities; but the only diaphoreties on
which much confidence can, be placed, and especially to produre con-~
dition, are warm clothing and good grooming.
Dicrstives——Verdanungsmiitel, Ger., are ap plndintes to recent
or old wounds, to cause them more easily to heal. A weak solution
of blue vitriolis an excellent digestive; so is the tincture.of aloes and
THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 401
of myrrh. . The best digestive ointment is one composed of three
parts of the common calamine ointment (Turner’ s cerate) and one of
common turpentine.
DANEWORT, OR DWARF ELDER—Zwergholunder, Ger.— This re-
sembles the elder, both in form and quality, rising up with a four
Square rough hairy stalk, four feet high; the winged leaves are some-
whatnarrower than the elder—flowers are white, with a tint of purple.
ft grows very common in hedges.
-Drerratis—Fingerhutkraut, Ger.—The leaves of the common
fox-glove, gathered about the flowering time, dried carefully in the
dark, powdered, and kept in a close black bottle, form one of the most
valuable medicines in veterinary practice. It is a direct and powerful
sedative, diminishing the frequency of the pulse, and the general
irritability of the system, and acting also as a mild diuretic. It is
usually given in combination with emetic tartar and nitre. ‘The
average dose would be one dram of digitalis, one and a-half of emetic
tartar, and three of nitre, and repeated twice or thrice in the day.
It lessens the pulsations; when at every sixth or seventh beat, the
pulsations are suspended, while two or three could be slowly counted,
this is precisely the effect which is intended to be produced ; and
however ill the horse may appear to be, from that moment the animal
will begin to amend. ‘The dose must then be diminished one-half,
and in a few days it may be omitted altogether; but the tartar and
nitre should be continued. ‘There is no danger in the intermittent
pulse thus produced; but there is much danger when the digitalis
fails to produce any effect on the circulation. ‘The disease is then
too powerful to be arrested by medicine. ,
In the form of infusion or tincture, digitalis is very useful in in-
flammation of the eyes. Itis almost equal in power to opium, and
it may with great advantage be alternated with it, when opium begins
to lose its power. ‘The infusion is made by pouring a quart of boil-
ing water on an ounce of the powder. A portion of the liquid should
be introduced into the eye. Of the tincture one or two drops should
be introduced. ‘To form the tincture, three ounces of the digitalis
should be added to a quart of spirit.
Docwoopo—Kornel-Kirschbaum, Ger.—This grows in almost
every part of the United States, and in some parts is called box-wood.
The flowers generally make their appearance in the middle of May.
The bark both of the stem and root, is astringent, and has been
used as a substitute for the Peruvian bark, possessing similar pro-
perties.
Diut—Dill, Ger.—The dill is an annual umbelliferous plant, cul-
tivated in gardens, as well for culinary as medical use. The seeds
possess carminative properties, hence are recommended in flatulent
colics,
Dirrany—Diptam, Ger.—Is a well known mountain plant. It is
an excellent remedy, if given in strong decoctions, in cases of hoves.
Draconroot, or INDIAN TURNEP—Arumuurzel, Ger.—This isa
native, and hardy perennial plant, growing in shady places, and m
Si
402 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. |
swamps. Early in the spring it pushes up a one leafed, conical
shaped spatha.
The leaves are generally marked with black spots, and sometimes
with white streaks, which have occasioned the vulgar names of lords
and ladies. 'The root is bulbous, resembling in shape a small turnep.
In common practice both the root and leaves have been used with
advantage externally for blistering, and internally in cachexies, rheu-
matisms, and all other complaints of cold phlegmatic habits.
Draconwort—Stfabwurz, or Aberrante, Ger., is a species of
artemesia, that grows upon mountains, and the sides of hills, about
six or seven inches high; the leaves grow in a cluster from the top of
the root, spear-shaped, blossoms yellow; the root black, about the
size of cloves, very tender, resembling the claws of a dragon, hence
sometimes called dragon’s claw. It is esteemed : an excellent medi-
cine in billious fever, pleurisy, colds, &e.
Divretics— Urintreibende mittel, Ger., constitute a meets but
a much abused class of medicines. ‘They stimulate the kidneys to
secrete more than the usual quantity of urine, or to separate a greater
than ordinary proportion of the watery parts of the blood.
Mowburnt hay and foxy oats are the unsuspected causes of many
a disease in the horse, at first obscure, but ultimately referable to
injury or inflammation of the urinary organs.
Ev.ecampane——lantwurzel, Ger.--Grows three or four foe. baat
flowers large and yellow, in July and August. It is highly recom-
mended as an expectorant. The fresh root, in ointment, is servicea-
ble in curing wounds and ulcers.
Eve sricnt—-Augentrost, Ger.—- This is a onal low herb, grow-
ing in meadows. ‘The juice of it, dropped into the eyes for several
days, helps infirmities of the eyes that cause dimness of sight.
ELMTREE-- Ulmbaum, (Rusehebaum,) Ger.--This tree is well
known. ‘The inner bark, boiled in water and taken, is pocnel in diar-
rhea and scouring.—-See page 165, No. 119.
Fennet—Fenchel, Ger.—This is so well known to all that we
deem it superfluous to say much about it.
FRaNKINCENSE—/Veirauch, Ger.--To be had in shops. And is
used as prescribed in the formula.
FrenucreeKk——Fenegreicum, Ger.-—This is a well known medi-
cine, and to be had in every apothecary shop.
Fox-ciove—-Purpurrother furgerhut, Ger.--This is caltinaied ¢ in
some gardens. It rises to the height of two or three feet, and its
leaves are large, egg-shaped, serrated, and covered with hairs. Blos-
soms of a beautiful purple color, hanging downwards in a row along
one side, which are compared to the fingers of a glove. The fox-glove
has been employed with advantage in those disorders where the fre-
quency of the pulse requires to be abated.
Fiuetin—Grundheil, Ger.——-It shoots forth long branches, partly
lying on the ground, and partly standing upright, with red leaves, a
little pointed, somewhat hairy, and of a greenish white color. The —
leaves bruised and applied with barley meal to watering eyes, helps
them ; it heals and closes green wounds; also foul or old ulcers.
'
THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 403 -
GentTian—Znzian, Ger., stands at the head of the vegetable
tonics, and it is a stomachic as well asa tonic. It is equally useful
in chronic debility, and in that which is consequent on severe and
protraeted illness. It is generally united with camomile, ginger, and,
when the patient will bear it, carbonate of iron. Four drams of gen-
tian, two of camomile, one of carbonate of iron, and one of ginger,
will make an excellent tonic ball. An infusion of gentian is one of
the best applications to putrid uleers.
Gincrer—Zngber, Ger., is as valuable for a cordial, as gentian is
fora tonic. Itis the basis of the cordial ball, and it is indispensable
in the tonic ball. ‘The veterinary practitioner should always pur-
chase it in its solid form. Ifthe root be large, heavy, and not worm-
eaten, the black ginger is as good as the white, and considerably
cheaper.
Goat’s rHorn—See Buck’s thorn.—Not the same as goat’s beard,
or goat’s rue, vulgarly called cat-gut, from the resemblance of some
of its roots to that plant. | .
Guatacun—Franzosenholiz, Ger.—Guaiacum or lignum vite, is
a genus of plants producing three species. Itis.anative of the West
Indies. The gum of this tree is of a friable nature, of a deep green-
ish color, and sometimes of a reddish hue. It is a stimulating medi-
cine, both diaphoretic and. purgative.
Grounp Ivyv—Kreuzkraut, or Gundelreben, Ger.—The ground
ivy is called by several names, viz: alehoof, cat’s foot, &c. It isa
well known herb, lies spread and creeping upon the ground, shooting
forth roots, at the corners of the tender jointed stalks, &c. The root
is in small fibres. It flowers early and long; the leaves continue
green towards winter.
Gartic—Knoblauch, Ger—This is well known. It is highly
stimulating. It provokes appetite, assists digestion, removes flatu-
lence, promotes expectoration and urine.
Gum Ammontacum—Ammonischer Gummi, Ger.—This gum is
the inspissated juice of the heracleum gummiferum, an umbelliferous
plant, indigenous to the interior parts of Africa, the desert of Barka,
and the western regions of Egypt. It is highly recommended in
obstructions of the glandular viscera of the abdomen; and in combi-
nation with other medicines; in the cure of gutta serena. It possesses
expectorant powers. It is also used in a variety of plasters, and
forms an excellent application to remove chronic and indolent swell-
ings and glandular indurations.
Gait nuts—Gall-xpfel, Ger.—-The gall nuts are nests of an in-
sect called cynips quercifolii, which deposits its eggs in the leaves and
other tender parts of a species of oak, a native of the Levant, and of
the warm countries of Europe. ‘They are powerful astringents. An
infusion or decoction of galls may be used with advantage as an astrin-
gent gargle; and an ointment of one part of finely powdered galls to
eight of simple ointment, is applied with success in hemorrhoidal
affections.
Grounpset — Grundschwelle, Ger.—Common groundsel has a
round, green and brownish stalk, spread towards the top into branches
404 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.
set with long and green leaves, cut on the edge, resembling oak leaves,
but smaller, and round at the end. It is an universal medicine for all
diseases produced by heat. ‘The herb alone, preserved in ointment,
is efficacious in all hot diseases.. The decoction of the herb will re-
lieve pains in the stomach. _ The juice, taken in pele ayele Enis
cures colic, and acts upon the livers:
GamBoce--Gummigutt, Ger.—This is a conerete vonetbles juice,
of a gummy, resinous nature. It issues from the Cambogia gutta, a
native of Cambia, in the East Indies. ‘The best is of a deep yellow
eolor. It is generally used in combination with jalap, —— xr
Govutarp’s Exrract.—See Lead, also, p. 82.. ;
Hettepore—Mieswurz, Ger. —Isa powerful nauseant, anit Reininis
both the force and the frequency of the pulse, and is’ therefore given
with good effect in inflammations, and particularly that of the lungs;
but it requires watching. If it is pushed a little too far, trembling
and giddiness, and purging follow, and the horse is sometimes lost.
The hanging of the head, frothing of the mouth, and, more particu-
larly, the sinking of the pulse, would give warning of danger. Its
dose varies from a scruple to half a dram. In doses of a dram, it
could not be given with safety.
Hemiock-—-Schierling, Ger.—Is used by some practitioners, in-
stead of digitalis or hellebore, in affections of the chest, whether
acute or chronic; but it is inferior to both. The dose of as payder
of the dried leaves is about a dram.
Hvyoscramus, or HENBANE— Blisenkraut, or Scllgctice Nicteteibail
Ger.--Black henbane grows at the sides of fences, about old ruins,
and on dunghills, and it grows about two feet high. ‘The stalks are
thick, woody, irregularly branched, and covered with a hairy down.
The leaves surrounding the stalk at their base, stand irregularly; are
large, soft and downy, pointed at the ends, and very deeply indented _
at the edges; their color is grayish green, having a disagreeable
smell; the flowers are large and egg-shaped, and ofa dirty ees
eolor, with purple streaks. The root is long and tough.
Hyssop—Jsop, Ger.—This is a well known herb. Its leaves have
an aromatic smell and a warm pungent taste. Itis of great service _
when applied in peuraces to bruises, the pain = which is apes
mitigated.
Horenounp—.indorn, Ger.—This plant, as is well noweny grows
among rubbish, flowering from July to September. The leaves have
a very bitter taste, and possessing highly tonic properties.
Horse Rapvisu—Meerretig, Ger.— Grows on the sides of ditches,
and in gardens, where it is cultivated for culinary and medicinal pur-
_ poses. Itis a powerful anti-scorbutic, and when taken freely, stimu-
lates the nervous system, promotes urine and perspiration.
- Hartsnorn—Hirehorn, Ger.—See Ammonia.
‘HovsereEK—AHauswurzel, Ger.—Grows on the roofs’ of tibison
and old wails, flowering in J iy This, herb bruised and applied to
burns, or fresh wounds, and other external inflammations, will give
relief.
Inrusions-—Auflesungen, Ger.—Dried vegetables yield their pro-
THE FARMER'S COMPLETE TARRIER. 405
perties more readily and perfectly than when in their sreen states
Boiling water is poured on the substance to be infused, and which is
previously grossly. pounded or powdered; the vessel is then covered
and» placed by a fire. In five or six hours the transparent part may
be poured off, and is ready for use.. In a few days, however, all in-
fusions become thiek, and lose their virtue. |
. The infusion of edmionile: is advantageously used instead of waiter;
im compounding a mild tonic drench: the infusion of catechu is use-
ful in astringent mixtures; the infusion of linseed is used instead of
eommon water in catarrh and cold; and the infusion of tobacco in
some injections.
lopinse—Jodin, Ger.—This substance has been given sith effect
in doses of five grains daily, to reduce the enlarged glands which
sometimes remain after catarrh. It has likewise power in reducing
almost every species of tumor, and may be tried where it would be
dangerous to use the knife.
Iprcacuanna—Brechwurz, Ger.—The root is oe from Span-
ish America. It is divided into two sorts, Peruvian and Brazilian.
The Peruvian is preferred for medical use, and is emetic in its pro-
perties.
TIron— Hisen, Ger.—Of this metal there are two preparations
adopted by veterinarians. The rust, or Carbonate, is a mild and
useful tonic in doses from two to four drams. ‘The Sulphate (green
vitriol or copperas) is more powerful, but should never be given in
early stages of recovery, and always with caution. The dose should
be the same as that of the carbonate. ‘The sulphate has lately been
recommended for the cure of that deceitful stage or form of glanders,
in which there is nothing to characterize the disease but a very slight
discharge from the nostrils. It is to be dissolved in the common
drink of the horse. -
Forge-water used to be a favorite tonic with farriers, and also a
lotion for canker and ulcers in the mouth.
Jatar — Jalappenwurzel, Ger.—Is imported from New Spain.
Its medicinal properties are principally purgative. When combined
with a small portion of ipecacuanha, it is an excellent purgative.
Jamesrown weep — Stechapfel, Ger.—This plant is known as
jimson weed, stink weed, thorn apple, &c. Its medicinal properties
are narcotic. Itisa strong narcotic poison, though useful if properly
administered.
Juniwer O1.—Wachholderehl, Ger. — This essential oil is retained
because it has some diuretic property, and is a pleasant aromatic. It
may, therefore, enter into the composition of the diuretic ball.
Larp.—This, or palm oil, is far preferable to honey, or molasses,
or syrups, for making up balls, because the ball more readily dissolves
in the stomach. It likewise renders a purgative less liable to gripe.
It is the principal basis of all ointments.
Lavupanum.—See Opium.
Lrap—Blei, Ger.—Combinations of this metal are admitted into
veterinary practice. ‘The subacetate is common under the name of
Extract of Lead, or Goulard’s Extract. 1t is used in the propor-
406 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.
tion of a dram to a pint of water in the early stages of inflammation
of the eye. In double the proportion itis serviceable in superficial
inflammations of various kinds, or in poultices for the feet where
there is much inflammation or pain; but in cases of sprain, or deep
injury, or inflammations, it is perfectly useless.
The Sugar of Lead is the acetate or superacetate of that metal.
This dissolved in water in the proportion of two drams to a pint,
makes an extemporaneous Goulard’s Lotion, but not more valuable
than the former.
White Lead, (carbonate of lead,) is sometimes eprinidetl; in the
form of fine powder, and with advantage, on swelled legs, where the
skin is very red and irritable, and moisture is exuding through it. It
is used alone or mixed with paste, or a bread-and-water poultice: but
lead, although in the first mentioned form, a great favorite with many
persons, might, without great loss, be expunged from the Veterinary
Pharmacopeia.
Lime—Kalk, Ger.—Is rarely used, but the Chlor ide of Lime is
exceedingly valuable. Diluted with twenty times its quantity of
water, it should help to form the poultice applied to every part from
which there is the slightest offensive discharge.
Liniments—Salben, Ger.—Are applications designed cher: to
soothe an inflamed surface, or, by gently stimulating the skin, to re-
move deeper seated painorinflammation. As an emollient liniment,
ene composed of half an ounce of extract of lead and four ounces
of olive oil will be useful. For sprains, old swellings, or rheuma-
tism, two ounces of hartshorn, the same quantity of camphorated
spirit, an ounce of oil of turpentine, half an ounce of laudanum, and
a dram of oil of origanum, may be mixed’ together: or an ounce of
camphor may be.dissolved in four ounces of sweet oil, to which an
ounce of oil of turpentine, and a-dram of oil of origanum should be
afterwards added. A little powdered cantharides, or tincture of can-
tharides, or mustard powder, will render either of these more power-
ful, or convert it into a liquid blister.
Linseev—Leinsaamen, Ger.—An infusion of neaed 4 is often used
instead of water, for the drink of the horse with sore throat or catarrh.
A pail containing it should be slung in the stable or loose box. Thin
sruel, however, is preferable ; it is as bland and soothing, and more
nutricious. Linseed meal forms the best poultice for almost every
purpose.
The oil of linseed is not a certain, but always a safe purgative.
It must be given, however, in doses of a pint or a pint and a-half
Lunewort—Lungenkraut, Ger.—This is a kind of moss that
grows on trees, especially oak and beech, with broad, grayish, rough
leaves, diversely folded, crumpled and gashed in on the edges, and
sometimes spotted with many small spots on the upper side. It is
of great use in diseases of lungs, and for coughs and sora: of
breath, which it cures in both man and beast.
Licorice —Suessholssaft, Ger.—The plant is perennial, a native of
the south of Europe. It is well known as a pleasant demulcent in
combination with the infusion of linseed.
THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 407
LuNaR CAUSTIC OR NITRATE OF SILVER.—Is an eschoratic.—p. 108.
- Liverwort—Leberkraut, Ger.—This grows in moist and shady
places, with many small green leaves. It is good for liver diseases,
and possesses cooling and cleansing properties.
- Lirnarce— Silberglet, Ger.—To be had in the shops.
Maenes1a.—The sulphate of magnesia, or epsom salts, should
be used only in promoting the purgative effect of clysters.
Moruerwort—WMutterkraut, Ger.—Grows in waste places, and
flowers in July and August. ‘The flowers are thorny whirls, pur-
plish within, and white on the outside; the leaves are opposite, two
to each whirl.
Marsoram—Wurzkraut, Ger.—Sweet marjoram is well known.
The wild or field marjoram, has a root which creeps much under
ground, and continues a long time, sending up many brownish, hard,
square stalks, with small dark leaves, resembling the sweet marjoram.
Bears a small black seed.
Matitows—Libish, Ger.—Grows in wet places. The leaves
haye a soft wooly surface, feeling like velvet. The flowers are white,
palish color, and appear in August.
Masues—Masche, Ger.,—constitute a very important. part of
horse provender, whether insickness or health. A mash given occa-
sionally to a horse that is otherwise fed on dry meat prevents him
from becoming dangerously costive. ‘To the overworked and tired
horse nothing is so refreshing as a warm mash with his usual allow-
ance of corn in it. The art of getting a horse into apparent condi-
tion for sale, or giving him a round and plump appearance, consists
principally in the frequent repetition of mashes, and they form the
principal diet of the sick horse.
Mashes are made by pouring boiling water on bran, and stirring it
well, and then covering it over until itis sufficiently cool for the horse
to eat.
If the horse refuses the mash, a few oats may be sprinkled over it
in order to tempt him to eat it; butif it is previously designed that
corn should be given in the mash, it should be scalded with the bran,
to soften it and render it more digestible. Bran mashes are very
useful preparatives for physic, and they are necessary during the
operation of the physic. ‘They very soon become sour, and the man-
ger of the horse, of whose diet they form a principal part, should be
daily and carefully cleaned out.
When horses are weakly and much reduced, malt mashes will
often be palatable to them and very nutritive; but the water that is
poured on a malt mash should be considerably below the boiling heat
or the malt will be set, or clogged together. If owners were aware
of the value of a malt mash, it would be oftener given when the
horse is rapidly getting weaker from protracted disease, or when he
is beginning to recover from a disease by which he has been much
reduced. The only exception to their use is in cases of chest affec-
tion, in which they must not be given too early. In grease, and in
mange, accompanied with much emaciation, malt mashes will be pecu-
408 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.
liarly useful, and especially if they constitue a — — of
the food.
Mercury.—The mercurial ointment is prepared by rubbing quick-
silver with lard, in the proportion of one part of mercury to three of
grease, until no globules appear; the practitioner should, if possible,
prepare it himself, for he can neither get it pure nor of the proper
strength from the druggist. Itis employed with considerable advan-
tage in preparing splents, spavins, or other bony or callous tumours,
for blistering or firmg. One or two drams, according to the nature
and size of the swelling, may be daily well rubbed in; but it should
be watched, for it sometimes salivates the horse very speedily. ‘The
tumors more readily disperse, at the application of the stronger stimu-
lant, when they have been thus prepared. Mercurial ointment in a
more diluted form is sometimes necessary for the cure of malanders
and salanders; and in very obstinate cases of mange.
Calomel—Kalomel, Ger.,—the submuriate or protochloride of
mercury, may be given, combined with aloes, in mange, surfeit, or
worms. Itis admissible in some cases of chronic cough, in farcy,
and in jaundice, but is not a medicine that seems to agree with the
horse. It is given in doses from a scruple to a dram, but must not
be too often or too long repeated. As soon as the gums become red,
_ or the animal begins to quid or drop his hay, it must be discontinued.
Corrosive Sublimate—Sublimat, Ger.,—the oxymuriate or bi-
chloride of mercury, combined with chlorine in a double proportion,
is a useful tonic in farey, and perhaps the most to be depended
upon. Itshould be given in doses of ten grains daily, and gradually
increased to a scruple, until the horse is purged, or the mouth be-
comes sore, when it may be omitted for a few days, and resumed.
It is used externally in solution; and in substance in quittor, as a
stimulant to foul ulcers and in the proportion of five grains to an
ounce of rectified spirit in obstinate mange, or to destroy vermin on
the skin. It is, however, too uncertain and too dangerous a medicine
for the horse-proprietor to venture on its use without the sanction of
a veterinary surgeon.
JEthiop’s mineral, the black sulphuret of mercury, is a good alier-
ative for obstinate surfeit or foulness of the skin, in doses of three
drams daily. Four drams of cremor tartar may be advantageously
added to each dose.
Mint—Munze, Ger.—If the use of an infusion or decoction of
this plant, or of the oil that is extracted fromit, isa vehicle in which -
the oil of turpentine and laudanum may be administered in cases of
colic.
Mustarp—Senf, Ger.—There are two kinds of mustard, the black
and the white, both well known. It provokes appetite, assists case
tion, and promotes the fluid secretions.
Masterwort— Meisterwurz, Ger.—Grows in meadows and rich
soils, two feet high; leaves three together, saw-edged, and spear-
shaped; flowers in June. ‘The root is given in — weak-
ness of stomach and dropsical affections.
isa)
THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER. 409
Mucewort—Zeifuss, Ger.—This plant grows two or three feet
high, leaves deeply divided, pointed; on the upper side of a deep
green, and on the under soft or downy ; flowers small. and purplish.
Mouiien—/Voolkraut, Ger.—Is so well known that a description
iS not necessary here.
_Myrru may be used in the form of tincture, or it may be united
to the tincture of aloes as a stimulating and digestive application to
wounds. Diluted with an equal quantity of water, it is a good appli-
cation for canker in the mouth.
Nirre.—See Potash.
Nitrous Eruer, Spirit or.—Is a very useful medicine in the ad-
vaneed stages of fever, and may be denominated a stimulant, although
it never brings back the dangerous febrile action which was subsiding.
It is given in doses of three or four drams.
Oims.—Those that are worth retaining will be found under the
names of the vegetables from which they are extracted.
OintmENTs.— Those have been fully described under the accidents
and diseases in which their use is required.
Otives, Oi or.—This is sometimes given as a purgative when
aloes or other aperienis cannot be obtained. It is useless to give it
in a less quantity than a pint, and then it is uncertain in its operation,
although harmless. In all liniments and ointments, spermaceti, or
even linseed oil, may be substituted without detriment, and the pecu-
liar smell of the latter may be subdued by oil of aniseed or origanum.
Orrum—Mohnsafte, Ger.— However underrated by some, there is
not a more valuable drug on our list. It does not often act as a nar-
- eotic except in enormous doses; but it is a powerful anti-spasmodie,
sedative, and astringent. Asan anti-spasmodic, it enters into the colic
drink, and it is the sheet anchor of the veterinarian in the treatment
of tetanus or locked jaw. As a sedative, it relaxes that universal
spasm of the muscular system, which is the characteristic of tetanus.
In the early and acute stage of fever, it would be bad practice to give
it in the smallest quantity ; but when the fever has passed, or is pass-
ing, there is nothing which so ‘rapidly subdues the irritability that
accompanies extreme weakness; and it becomes an excellent tonic,
because it is a sedative. ui
If the blue or green vitriofor cantharides, have been pushed too
far, opium soonest quiets the disorder they have occasioned. It is
given in doses of one or two drams; either the powdered opium
being made into a ball, or the crude opium dissolved in hot water, and
given with its sediment.
Patm O11—Palm el, Ger.— When genuine, is the very best sub-
stance that can be used for making masses and balls. It has a plea-
sant smell, and it never becomes rancid.
Pircu—Pech, Ger.—Is used to give adhesiveness and firmness
to charges and plasters. ‘The common pitch is quite as good as the
more expensive Burgundy pitch. ‘The best plaster for sand-crack
consists of one pound of pitch, and an ounce of yellow beeswax
melted together. |
Puysic—Abfuehrungsmittel, Ger.—The cases which require
27
410 THE FARMER'S COMPLETE FARRIER.
physic, the composition of the most effectual and safest physic bali,
and the mode of treatment under physic, have been already deseri-
bed.—-See p. 215, Section 268. re ay
Porassa——Pottasche, Ger.--T wo compounds of potassa are used
in veterinary practice. ‘The nitrate of potassa, mztre, is a valuable
cooling medicine, anda mild diuretic, and, therefore, it should enter
into the composition of every fever ball. Its dose is from two to
four drams. Nitre, while dissolving, materially lowers the tempera-
ture of water, and furnishes a very cold and useful lotion for sprain
of the back sinews, and other local inflammations. The lotion, how-
ever, should be used as soon as the salt is dissolved, for it quickly
becomes as warm as the surrounding air. anes |
Pouttices—Umschlege, Ger.—Few horsemen are aware of th
value of these simple applications in abating inflammation, relieving
pain, cleansing wounds, and disposing them to heal. ‘That poultice
is the best for general purposes in which moisture and warmth are
longest retained. Perspiration is most abundantly promoted in the
part, the pores are opened, swellings are relieved, and discharges of
a healty nature procured from wounds. ? i
Linseed meal forms the best general poultice, because it longest
retains the moisture. Bran, although frequently used for poultices,
is objectionable, because it so soon becomes dry. ‘To abate conside-
rable inflammation, and especially in a wounded part, Goulard may
be added, or the linseed may be made into a paste with a decoction
of poppy heads. ‘To promote a healty discharge from an old or foul
ulcer; or separation of the dead from the living parts, in the process
of what is called coring out; or to hasten the ripening of a tumor that
must be opened; or to cleanse it when it is opened, two ounces of
common tttrpentine may be added to a pound of linseed meal; but
nothing can be so absurd, or is so injurious, as the addition of tur-
pentine to a poultice that is designed to be an emollient. |
if the ulcer smells offensively, two ounces of powdered charcoal
may be added to the linseed meal, or the poultice may be made of
water, to which a solution of the chloride of lime has been added in
the proportion of half an ounce to a pound.——See p. 212, Sect. 265.
Powpsrs—Pulver, Ger.--Some horses are very difficult to ball or
drench, and the violent struggle that would accompany the attempt to
conquer them may heighten the fever or inflammation. To such
horses, powders mustbe givenin mashes. Emetic tartar and digitalis
may be generally used in cases of inflammation or fever; or emetic
tartar for worms; or calomel and even the farina of the Croton nut
for physic; but powders are too often an excuse for the laziness or
awkwardness of the carter or groom. The horse frequently refuses
them, especially if his appetite has otherwise begun to fail; the pow-
der and the mash are wasted, and the animal is unnecessarily nauseated.
All medicine should be given in the form.of ball or drink.
Raxinc—Mastdarmleerung, Ger.—This consists in introduging
the hand into the horse’s rectum, and drawing out any hardened dung
that may be there. It may be necessary in costiveness or fever, if a
clyster pipe cannot be obtained; but an injection will better effect the
THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. Ald
purpose, and with less inconvenience to the animal. The introduc-
tion of the hand into the rectum is, however, useful to ascertain the
existence of stone in the bladder, or the degree of distention of the
bladder in.suppression of urine, for the bladder will be easily felt
below the gut; and at the same time by the heat of the intestine, the
degree of inflammation in it or in the bladder may be detected.
Resin—Harz, Ger.~-—The yellow resin is that which remains after
the distillation of oil of turpentine. It is used externally to give con-
Sistence to ointments, and to render them slightly stimulant. Inter-
nally, it is a useful diuretic, and is given in doses of five or six drams
made into a ball with soft soap. ‘The common liquid turpentine, is,
however, preferable.
- Rowexis——-Haarseil, Ger.—As exciting inflammation on the surface,
and so lessening that which had previously existed in a neighboring,
but deeper seated part, they are decidedly inferior to blisters; there-
fore they should not be used in acute inflammation of the lungs or
bowels, or any vital part. When the inflammation, however, although
not intense, has long continued, rowels will be serviceable by produ-
cing an uritation and discharge which can be better kept up than by
a blister. If fluid is thrown out under the skin in any other part,
the rowel acts as a permanent drain. When sprain of the joint or
the muscles of the shoulder is suspected, a rowel in the chest willbe
serviceable. ‘The wound caused by a rowel will readily heal, and
with little blemish, unless the useless leather of the farrier has been
inserted.-~See page 213.
Rue—Raute, Ger.—-This is a well known garden plant; it has an
unpleasant smell, pungent bitter taste; an infusion of the leaves pow-
erfully promotes perspiration, quickens the circulation, and removes
obstructions.
SETONS AND ROWELS.—-See page 213, Sect. 266.
Sat, common.—See Soda.
Savin—Sezbenbaum, Ger.—Grows in gardens, and is well known,
The dry plant powdered is an excellent remedy to cleanse ulcers.
Savin is a warm stimulating medicine.
Separives— Séillende-mittel, Ger., are medicines which subdue
irritation, repress spasmodic action, or deaden pain. Digitalis, helle-
bore, opium and turpentine, are medicines of this kind. Their effects
are considered under their respective titles.
Sirver— Silber, Ger.— One combination only of this metal is used,
viz: the lunar caustic. It is far preferable to the hot iron, or to any
acid, for the destruction of the part, if a horse should have been bitten
by a rabid dog; and it stands next to the butyr of antimony for the re-
moval of fungus generally.
Spicer1a Maryuanpica, or Pinxroor—Wurmkrautwurzel, Ger.
This is a perennial plant, and grows wild in most of the southern
States. The roots are celebrated as an anthelmintic, particularly for
the expulsion of lumbrici from the alimentary canal.
SPEEDWELL.—-See Fluclin.
Sopa—Aschensalz, Ger.—The chloride of soda is exceedingly
useful in changing malignant, corroding and destructive sores into the
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4B THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.
state of simple ulcers, and in ulcers that are not malignant it much
hastens the cure. Poll-evil and fistulous withers are much benefited
by it, and all farcy ulcers. It is used in the proportion o one part
of the solution to twenty-four of water.
Common Salt, (chloride of sodium,) forms an icabions aperient
elyster; a solution of it has even been given as an aperient drink.
Sprinkled over the hay, or m a mash, it is very palatable to sick
horses ; and in that languor and disinelination to food which remain
after severe illness, few things will so soon reeall the appetite as a
drink composed of eight ounces of salt in solution. ‘To horses in
health it is more useful than is generally imagined, as promoting the
digestion of the food, and, consequently, condition. Externally ap-
plied, there are few better lotions for inflamed eyes than a solution of
half a dram of salt in four ounces of water. In the proportion of an
ounce of salt to the same quantity of water, it is a good embrocation
for sore shoulders and backs; and if it does not always disperse war-
bles and tumors, it takes away much of the tenderness of the skin.
Soap—Seife, Ger.—Is supposed to possess a diuretic quality, and
therefore enters ito the composition of some diuretic masses.—See
fiesin.
Srarcu— Sterke, Ger.—May be substituted with advantage for
gruel, in obstinate cases of purging, both as a elyster, and to avEROH
the strength of the animal.
Strorrines — Verstopfungen, Ger.—C onstitute an important, but too
often neglected part of stable management. If a horse is irregularly
or ccijain worked, his feet are deprived of moisture; they become
hard, unyielding, and brittle, disposed to corn, contraction, and foun-
der. ‘Ihe very muck of a neglected and filthy stable would be pre-
ferable to habitual standing on the-cleanest litter without stopping.
In wounds, bruises, and corns, moisture is even more necessary to
supple the horn, and relieve its pressure on the tender parts beneath.
As a common stopping, nothing is better than cow dung with a-fourth
part of clay beaten well into it, and confined with splents from the
binding of the broom, or the larger twigs of the broom. . In cases of
wounds a little tar may be added; but as a common stopping, it is
too stimulating and drymg. Pads made of thick felt have lately been
contrived, which are fitted to the sole, and, swelling on being wetted,
are sufficiently confined by the shoe. Having been well filled with
water, they will continue moist during the night. ‘They are very
useful in gentlemen’s stables; but the cow dung and elay are suffi-
cient for the farmer.
Spurce—Wolfsmilch, Ger.—This is an indigenous, loi ‘shrub,
growing in woody and shady places, and flowering in February or
March. It has spear-shaped leaves, and the flowers grow by threes
from the same joint sitting upon the stem, and are of a beautiful red
or rose color. ‘The whole of this plant is so corrosive, that six of its
berries are said to kill a wolf. The bark of the root of this plant is
used in medicine. When applied in a recent stale, or infused in vine-
gar, it is effectual in raising a blister.
THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER, 413
Surpuur--Schwefel, Ger.--Is the basis of the most effectual ap-
plications for mange. It is an excellent alterative, combined usually
with antimony and nitre, and particularly for mange, surfeit, grease,
hidebound, or want of condition; and it is a useful ingredient i in the
cough and fever ball. ‘The black sulphur consists principally of the
dross after the pure sulphur has been separated.
‘Tansey—Rheinfarn, Ger.—This is a well known on The
seeds of it are an excellent vermifuge.
Totu—Tolubalsam, Ger.—This is the piettaidl of a tree which
grows in Spanish America. It possesses highly expectorant properties.
Tormentit or Serrroin—Zormentil, Ger.—Has reddish weak
branches rising from the root, lying upon the ground, with short
leaves, which compass the branches in several places; but those that
srow on the ground are set upon footstalks, like the leaves of cinque-
foil, but longish and serrated.
‘Turiy—Zink-hallk, Ger.—Impure oxide of zine.
Tar—T heer, Ger.—Melted with an equal quantity of grease, care
the usual stopping of the farrier. It is a warm or slightly stimulant,
and therefore useful, dressing for bruised or wounded feet; but its
principal virtue seems to consist in preventing the penetration of dirt
and water to the wounded part. As a common stopping it has been
stated to be objectionable. From its warm and drying properties, it
is the usual and proper basis for thrush ointments; and from its
adhesiveness, and slightly stimulating power, it often forms an in-
gredient in applications for mange; some practitioners give it, and
advantageously, mixed with the usual cough medicine, and in doses
of two or three drams for chronic cough. ‘The common tar is as effec-
tual as the Barbadoes, for every veterinary purpose. ‘The oil, or spirit ©
(rectified oil) of tar is sometimes used alone for the cure of mange, but
it is not to be depended upon. The spirit of tar, mixed with double
the quantity of fish oil, is, from its peculiar penetrating property, one
of the best applications for hard and brittle feet. It should be well
rubbed with a brush, both on the crust and sole, every night.
Wie Tivlerir ch, Ger.--As applications to wounds or in-
flamed surfaces, the tinctures of aloes, digitalis, myrrh, and opium,
are highly useful.
Tozsacco—Tuaback, Ger.—In the hands of the skilful farrier, may
be advantageously employed in cases of extreme costiveness, or dan-
gerous colic; but should never be permitted to be used as an external
application for the cure of mange, or an internal medicine to promote
a fine coat.
Tonics——Stzerkende-mittel, Ger.-—Are valuable medicines when
judiciously employed; but like cordials, they have been fatally abused.
Many a horse recovering from severe disease has been destroyed by
their too early, or too free use. The veterinary surgeon occasionally
-administers them injuriously, in his anxiety to gratify the impatience
of his employer. ‘The mild vegetable tonics, camomile, gentian,
ginger, and, perhaps, the carbonate of iron, may sometimes be given
with benefit, and may hasten the perfect recovery of the horse.--
Against the more powerful mineral tonics, except for the particular
414 THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER.
purposes that have been pointed out under the proper headlene horse
proprietor and the doctor should be on his guard.
Turpentine— Jerpentin, Ger.—-The common liquid parenting
has been described as one of the best diuretics, in doses of half an
ounce, and made into a ball with linseed meal and half a dram of
ginger. The oil of turpentine is an excellent anti-spasmodic. For
the removal of colic it stands unrivalled. Forming a tincture with —
cantharides, it is the basis of the cee blister,’’ mead iane old
strains and swellings. -
Uva Ursi, or ee ae es is an evergreen, creeping plant,
with small oblong oval leaves, resembling very closely those of the
common garden box. It is indigenous both to Europe and the United
States. In its properties it is diuretic. It acts por analy pantge
urinary organs.
_ Vinecar— Essig, Ger.—This is a very EAA h application for
sprains and bruises, Equal parts of boiling water and cold vinegar
will form a good fomentation. Extract of lead, or bay salt, may be
added with some slight advantage. As an internal eens winepar
is rarely given.
Wax—Wachs, Ger.--The yellow wax is used in “charges and
some plasters to render them less brittle.
~ Wintercreen—Winter gruen, Ger.—This planti is eowes in many
places by the name of calico tree; in others as ivy; it is the broad-
leafed laurel, grows seven or eight feet high, blossoms are white,
tinged with red in June and July; in combination with other articles
forms a good poultice in palsy.—See No. 12, p.77. | !
Watiwort —Jitich, Niederholunder, Ger.—See. Danewort or
dwarf elder. |
Worr’s mitK—IVolfsmilch, Ger-—-See Euphorbia or spurge.
Zinc—Zink, Ger.—The impure carbonate of zine, under the name
of Calamine Powder, i is used in the preparation of a valuable healing
ointment. Five parts of lead and one of resin are melted together,
and when these begin to get cool, two parts of the calamine, reduced
to an impalpable powder, are stirred 4 in. The calamine is sometimes
sprinkled with advantage on cracked heels, and superficial sores. _
The sulphate of zinc, white vitriol, in the proportion of three
grains to an ounce of water, is an excellent application in. opthalmia,
when the inflammatory stage is passing over; and quittor is most
successfully treated by a saturated solution of white vitriol ewes ine
jected into the sinuses.
Zepoary—Zitwer, Ger.—A medicinal root, from a plant growing
in the East Indies. It is a warm stomachic. Nett
THE FARMER’S COMPLETE FARRIER. 415
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