THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES THE FARMER'S GUIDE I N HIRING AND STOCKING FARMS. CONTAINING An Examination of many Subjefts of great Importance both to the common Hufb:indman, i;i hiring a Farm ; and to a Gentleman on taking the Whole or Part of hig Eftate into his own Hands. PARTICULARLY, The Signs whereby to judge of Land, The Points to be attended to in hiring a Farm. The Quantity of Land of every Sort proportioned to a given Sum of Money. The moft advantageoHS Method of difpofing of any Sum from 50 /. to aojooo /. in Hufbandry on culti- vated or uncultivated Soils. The Means of rendering Agriculture as profitable to Gentlemen, as to common Farmers ; and as benefit cial a Profeflion as any other. Hints to thofe Gentlemen who fariq for Pleafure alone, ALSO, Plans of Farm-yards, and Sedlions of the neceflary Buildings. By the AUTHOR of The FARMER'S LETTERS. VOL. n. LONDON: Pjrinted for W. Strah n ; W. Kicoll, N° ^i. in St. Paul'* Church-yard; B. Collins, at Salifbury j ajid J. Balfour, at Edinburgh. M,DCC,LXX, 5 CONTENTS O F T H E SECOND VOLUME. CHAP. XXIII. Of the mojl advanta^ gcous method of difpofing of any futnfrom loool. to 1600 1. in farm- ing-, - - Page I CHAP. XIV. Ofihe mojl advantageous method of difpofing of any fiim of money^ from 1500 1. to 3000 1. in farmings - - _ gS CHAP. XXV. Of the mofl advanta- geous method of difpofing of about 5000 1. in farmings - 210 CHAP. XXVI. Of the mofl advanta- geous method of difpofing of 210,000 1. infarmingy - - 268 903786 li CONTENTS. BOOK II. Of hiring and jlocking farms in uncultivated countries^ - 307 CHAP. I. Of the mojl advantageous method of difpofing 0/5000 1, in the cultivation of vuajle lands ^ - 310 CHAP. II. Of the mojl advantageous 77iethod of difpofing of 15,000!. in the cultivation of ivajle lavds, - 370 CHAP. III. Of hiring and fockitjg a farm of nineteen hundred and tiventy acres of the better fort of uncultivated lands y - - - 408 BOOK IIL CHAP I. Of farm-yards, - 442 CHAP. II. Bints to Gentlemen vuho farm for Fkafiire, - • 47^ INTRO INTRODUCTION. IH A VE written this work for the ufe of two fetts of men, gentlemen farmers and common ones. Not many of the latter read books, but fuch of them as do not hold all in contempt, may find in thefe pages fome hints, which if they do not hijlrucl^ may at leaft remind them of points of importance, in the moft critical moments of their lives — when they hire their farms. But with re- gard to gentlemen, I may venture to aflert that fome work of this kind is abfolutely necefTary for their ufe, when they either take a part of their eftates into their own hands, or hire farms of others. Not hav- ing fo clofe and immediate a fpur as dired: neceffity to make them cautious and pene- trating, they are more apt than the com- mon farmer to overlook the want of fome points of confequence, and to be too much ftruck with the appearance of others. Add to this, that many gentlemen who make farming a bufinefs or a pleafure are at firft Vol. I. a totally ii INTRODUCTION. totally ignorant of moil: things concerning it : Hence the neceffity of being guided by their fervants; a fituation which 7nay prove beneficial; but which I would advife none to truft to : Can it be doubted that a work of this fort will to them prove a better guide than a foolifh, prejudiced, or perhaps knavifh affiftants. But previous to further remarks, it is fomewhat requifite that I fhould inform my reader, I do not pretend to inftrud, or even refrefh his memory on points in which I am myfeif devoid of experience. I now live in the third farm that I have hired ; the three almoil as different from each other as poffible, and fituated in different counties : In fearching for the two lafl I viewed ^nd treated for, near 1 believe an hundred. - — Thus I may in fome meafure affert thefe flieets to be the tranfcript of experience. There is no point of a farmer's life oi fo critical importance as that of hiring his farm. Courage and caution are then equally neccffary to him, as to a general at the head of an army; if the firfl predomi,- jijit^s, he is in danger of feeing ipiaginary advantages INTRODUCTION. Hi advantages which do not exifl: in reality; and of overlooking a thoufand fmall objec- tions, feparately of trivial confequence, but united, of material importance. If he is extremely cautious, he will affuredly view and rejedt many farms before he fixes him- felf, and in all probabiHty fome among them that are advantageous, and perhaps more fo than that which he at laft hires ; not be- caufe he approves it, but for want of time to examine more. Farms are fometimes to be had at a fliort warning, when a man is allowed only the time fufficient to view it, with others per- haps at his elbow ready to bid if he rejects; fcarce any confideration allowed: Such farms are frequently the mofl: beneficial of all, as they mufl be let by a certain day, and confequently the hirer, if he has quick- nefs as well as prudence, may have advan- tages unknown in other cafes. But in fuch a fituation how much is re- quifite to make a good judgment fpeedily ! Common farmers almofi: always fail in fuch critical moments. Their caution lofes them many an excellent bargain. a 2 May iv INTRODUCTION. May not fuch a book as this in fuch a cafe be of great ufe ? I have had my eye particularly to the farmers want of time to confider; and thrown out many cautions and hints for their ufe at periods too fhort for their own ideas to come fully into play. To take one walk over a farm, which confequently can be only at one feafon — to difcover at once the nature of the foil — to fee into its evils, as well as advantages, by figns peculiar to every feafon— to guard againft the deceit occafioned by feafon s favourable to particular foils — to compare the covenants expected in the leafe, with the nature of the land — to obferve the ftate of the fences, borders, bogs, barren fpots, &c. &c. that an eftlmate may at once be made of extraordinary Isihour — to minute the fields w^hich mufc be particularly fa- voured to ameliorate them after an ex- haufting tenant — to remark the ftate of the roads — to gain information of tythc> taxes, poor, and a multiplicity of other circumftances, v;hich may be afked as a man walks over the fields, and minuted in his INTRODUCTION. ▼ his pocket-book as he goes — to calculate the repairs (if he is to do them) of the buildings, and to remark all the works the landlord muft linifh previous to figning the leafe — Laftly, to calculate whether the fum of money he is pofTeiTed of is fufEcient for the bufmefs. — Thefe and a vafl number of other points come at once upon him, to be canvaffed by a judgment cool but clear and Ipirited. A gentleman farmer has all thefe points, and many more to confider. He Ihould at once be able to reduce to calculation the difference between himfelf and a common farmer in the fum to be appropriated to flock a given number of acres — He fhould* if abfolutely profit is his view, confider on what foils he had better apply his mo- ney — to thofe already improved or fuch as yet remain uncultivated; in cafe he determines upon the latter, the whole range of bufmefs ought at once to be prefent with him ; that he may proportion the land to his money. — In a word, he v/ill, in any fituation, require an uncommon attention either in himfelf or affiftant. The VI INTRODUCTION. The point of all others, both with the gentleman and common farmer, which I hold to be the moll important, is the pro- perly proportioning the farm to the fum of money to be expended. I have calculated a great number of efti- mates to fliew the moil beneficial manner of difpofmg any fum from 50 /. to 20,000 /. in agriculture ; and this with a view for gentlemen to difcover that farming may be made as profitabie a bufmefs for the em- ploying large fums of money, as maim-' factures or trade. The very ingenious Mr. Wallace here furnifhes me with an idea, which has great merit. " It would be," fays he, *' of great advantage that rich men, in- ilead of breeding all their children to fome of the liberal profefTions, or to the army, or merchandize, or fome of the more gen- teel mechanic employments, would educate fome of them for agriculture. Many things recommend fuch a plan ; could young gentlemen once be brought to a juft tafle of life, and to relifh fo ufeful an em- ployment *." * D'uTertation 071 thclSiumhers of Mankind, p. 152. This INTRODUCTION. vii This excellent condud never being prac- tifed, I attribute to the unfuccefsfulners of fo many (in requeft of profit) gentlemen farmers : Parents are fearful that their chil- drens fortunes fhould be quickly fquan- dered upon a bufinefs in which the metho- dical forms, fo highly advantageous to trade, fuch as a regular apprenticefhip, and accounts, arc totally overlooked. The few that have applied to agriculture for profit, having been quite devoid of all pre- vious knowledge, have moftly failed: -— Had they fo applied to law, phyfic, or trade, would it not have been the fame ? — Why is more to be expeded of agriculture than of any other bufinefs in the known "Vvorld ? 'VIZ, That its profeffors are in- ftantaneoufly and by intuition to acquire a complete knowledge of it. Hence it is that no ridicule (and very juftly) is more frequent in the country, than that upon un- fuccefsful gentlemen farmers. It was the hope of preventing fuch ill fuccefs in future, that partly animated me to the following undertaking ; in which I .flatter myfelf that I have proved hufbandry to be a m,oil profitable employment, and for viii INTRODUCTION. for confiderable fums of money, when exe- cuted with knowledge, fpirit, and pru- dence : — but I know not of any bufinefs v/herein thefe are not requifite. Having thus ventured to premife thefe few circumftances I fhall now lay thefe fheets before the reader, requeuing the fa- vour of him not to condemn too haflily thofe principles which may at firft appear contradi(rtory to feme eftabliftied notions, but which, on a little examination, may be found neither inconfiftent with them- felves, nor incompatible with even com- mon management. If I have proved the points which in my fubjedt are of con- fequence to be clearly known, I flatter myfelf I have employed my time fome- what to the benefit of the community. One thing I mud be allowed to add, which is — that I write merely from my own ideas : — not one book ever yet publifhed has furniflied me with a fmglc page. THE THE FARMER'S GUIDE. CHAP. XXIII. Of the mofi nd'vantageous method of difpo^ ftng of any fum from looo 1. to 1600 1. in farming, THIS chapter requires more variations than the preceding one, for an ob- vious reafon : It embraces a greater variety of foils ; not that the preceding fized farms are not fcattered over as great a variety of land, but the probability of it is not fo great; and it is impoflible that thefe cal- culations fhould contain a iketch of every farm that can be fuppofed to exift : for that purpofe five times as many folios would be neceffary as I v^rite pages; and a farmer would find the fearch for his cafe of dif- ficulty more perplexing than the conquer7 Vol. 11. B ing ( 2 ) ing twenty. For which reafon I attempt to catch only the moft ftriking diftindtionsy by introducing in each chapter fuch calcu- lations only as are probably attended with the moft parallel cafes in real buhnefs. I begin here to introduce farma that re- ceive the expenfive improvement of mar- ling, chalking, claying, &c. &c. &c. not, however, upon fo extenfive a plan as I fliall hereafter. Thefe undertakings re- quire very large turns of money, and arer highly pernicious when undertaken with fmall ones. Tivo kiuulred and tiventy acres arable^ foil clay or loam. This farm, although termed arable, yet is not all fo ; the 20 acres being grafs a- bout the houfc, fgr the conveniency of be- ing near it. Slock. Rejxt^ at 1 7 X. Tythe, at 4 J-. Rates, at4J-. /. s. J.. 187 0 0 44 0 0 44 0 0 ^7S 0 0 Live ( 3 ) LlV£ Stock, /. J. d. tight horfes, _ 120 0 0 25 Cows, - 12S 0 0 4 Sows, x:. 5 0 0 250 0 0 Implements. A broad-wheeled waggon, (^s 0 0 A narrow-wheeled ditto, - 20 0 0 Three carts, - - 30 0 0 Two ploughs, A ■ 6 6 0 Two pair of harrows, - 5 0 0 Two rollers, -* tm 4 0 0 Harnefs for ei ght horfes. - 16 0 0 Sixty facks, - - 9 0 0 Sundry fmall articles. - 20 0 0 Dairy furnitui re, 30 0 0 205 6 0 Seed and Tillage, Four earths on 50 acres of wheat land, - - 40 o o Seed, - - 20 Sowing, - - "• 15 Carry over, £.61 5 o B 2 Water- o o o ( 4 ) Brought over, £. 61 5 ^ Water-furrowing, 0 10 0 Three earths on 50 acres of fpring-corn land, 30 0 0 Seed, 25 0 0 Ditto, clover, 10 0 0 Sowing, I 5 0 Two earths on fifty acres of bean land, 20 0 0 Seed, - - - 25 0 & Sowing, « _ - 0 10 0 Water-furrowing, I 5 0 Harrowing fifty acres, 0 10 0 C 181 5 0 Labour, One earth on fifty acres of /. J. d. wheat land. 2 10 0 Harrowing, 0 12 0 Sowing, 0 12 6 Water-furrow^ing, 2 10 0 Weeding, - - 2 10 0 Reaping, &c. at 6 ^. 15 0 0 Thralhing the crop, 3 qrs. per acre, 150 qrs. at S J. - 15 0 0 Carry over, /J .3« 14 6 Carrying { 3 ) Brought over, ^.38 146 Carrying: out 20 qrs. at a time, <5ne day of two men; fay eight times, - - 0160 Three earths on fifty acres of fpring-corn land, - - 7100 Harrowing, - - - o I2 6 Sowing, - - - o 12 6 Water-furrowing, - - 150 Mowing and har veiling, at 4 ^. 10 00 Thrafhing the crop, 4 qrs. per a-cre, 200 qrs. atiJ. - - 10 00 Carrying out 3^ acres of bar- ley, 144 qrs. 30 qrs. at a time ; two men one day, - -0100 Three earths on fifty acres of bean land, - - - 7100 Sowing, - ^ ^ Q 10 o Water -furrowing, - ^ 150 Hand-hoeing once, at 6 j. - 15 00 Horfe-hoeing three times, at 6 ^. 3150 Reaping and harvcfting, at 7 J. 17 10 O Thrafhing, ^ qrs. per acre, 150 qrs. atiJ-. - - 7100 ^ Carryover, >C* ^-5 ° ^ B 3 Carry- ( 6 ) Brought over, £> 12S o (x Carrying out 20 qrs. at a time, two men one day, - - o 16 o Chopping and raking 50 acres of wheat Hubble, and carting home, proportioned to N^ i. the laft chapter, - - 6 o o Ditching 250 perches, at i x. - iq 100 Carting 750 loads of earth into the farm-yard, 30 loads a day, 3 d. per load, and 2, s. 6 d, driving, 25 days, 10 J". - 12 10 o 33 Head of cattle at 12 loads, 396 loads for mixing thefe with 750 of earth, 1 146 loads ati^/, - r- - 4156 Carting 1 146 loads, ^operd^jy 3 s. per fcore ; filling and fpreading 2 j. C d. driving 7 j. per day, 38 days, -^ - 1360 Mowing, making, carting, and flacking 20 acres of grafs in- to hay, in proportion to the article N*^ i< the lafl chapter, 7160 Cutting chaff, ditto, - - 120 Carting faggots, - - - 076 Carry over, j(^. 1 84 3 6 I ( 7 ) Brought over, £-1^4: 3 ^ I calculate the preceding work to employ the teams 2i8 days, therefore fuppofe 8o days employed in manure from the neareft town, - - § o o Sundry fmall articles, - - 'lo oo /. 203 Simdry articles. /. s. cL Shoeing, _ - - 5 0 0 Wear and tear, - - - 35 0 0 Market expences, 4 0 0 .80 loads of manure of a. broad- wheeled waggoji, - 40 0 0 •Cafh in hand, to anfwer inci- dental expences. 60 0 0 Total of thefe articles, £.1257 14 6 In this aci'ount the introdudlion of a broad-wheeled waggon caufes feveral va- riations in the article of labour. I have alfo funk the farmer's earnings, from the probability of fuch a farmer as this not B 4 working ( 8 ) working at all : Some I know do ; but we muft, in every article, have an eye to re-^ ality. Annual Account. Expences. I. s, d. Rent, &c. - - - 275 o o Seed for 50 acres of wheat, 50 of barley and oats, 50 of clo- ver, and 50 of beans, - - 80 o o Labour, - _ - 002 3 6 Sundry articles, ^ - 84 o o Produce. 50 Acres of wheat, 150 qrs. 36 Acres of barley, 144 qrs. 50 Acres of beans, 150 qrs. 25 Cows, - - - Expences, Interefl: of flock. Profit, This farm yields but 11/. i j-. per cent^ on the capital : It may therefore be deter- mined, £. 641 3 6 300 115 240 ^25 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 780 641 4 0 3 6 139 62 0 6 17 0 iC. 76 3 6 ( 9 ) mined, under the foregoing management, to be by no means advantageous. We muft not, however, compare it too readily vath former eflimates, as the difference of the principles on which the calculations are made, will not admit of it. If this arable flirm is not beneficial to a farmer, it cer- tainly will not be to a gentleman. His account will ftand as follows : Stock. I S. d. Rent, &c. ^ -r - 275 0 0 Live ftock, - - - ^j-o 0 0 Implements, - - 205* 6 0 Seed and tillage, - - 181 S 0 Labour, - - ^.202 36 1'] per cent. - - 54 14 6 256 18 0 Sundry articles, ^ - - 144 0 0 £' 13 '2 7 0 Annual Account. Expences. Rent, &c. ^ - - 275 0 0 Seed, - ^ 80 0 0 Labour, - - - 236 18 0 Sundry articles, - - 84 0 0 £■ (>9S 18 0 Produce, { 10 ) Produce, L s. d. The fame, - - - 780 4 o * Expences, - - 695 18 o £^84 6 o Intereft, - - - 65 la o X". 18 14 o This profit is 6 /. 7 s. per cent, or in o- ther words ruin, and yet the bufinefs is very confiderable, would require much at- tention, and the conllant rifque great in fuch a fituation. Suppofe the gentleman employed a bailey, that expence would leave him but 3 per cent, for his money : Sup- pofe he fold his produce only at 5 per cent, worfe than the farmer, (no improbable fuppofition), that deduction will leave him without a fliilling : the product of one year would foon be infufficient for the expences of another, additions would be requifite to his capital, and, in a word, two or three thoufand pounds diffipated in a very few years, and all on a farm fo fmall as about 2C0 acres of land. The profit of thefe farms is not to be in- creafed by aiTigning them a certain num- 3 ^^i' ( " ) bcr of fheep ; that animal is a great ene- my to a dairy : If the fwine are not taken into the account, the cows muft not be fup- pofed to yield a profit of five pounds a head; and it is requifite that the clover be well flocked with young hogs, bred by the fows, or the produd: by fwine will fall too low. The addition of fheep would be at- tended with lofs. As this is the firft farm in which I have fuppofed a broad-wheeled waggon to be ufed ; as that machine abfolutely requires eight horfes, whether requifite or not to the culture of the land, I ihali next calculate it under the circumftance of being ma- naged with fix horfes, which variation will difcover when we are arrived at that point in which eight are neceliary. Variation thefirjl. ^he fame farm cultivated ivithfix horfes. Stock. I. s. d. Rent, &c. - - - 1']!^ o o Li'uefloch 6 Horfes, - - - 90 o o Carry over, £• 90 00 28 Cows, ( li ) Brought over, ;f . 90 00 28 Cows, - - 140 o o 4 Sows, *• ^ - 500 £• 235 0 0 hnphynents. /. J. d. A waggon. - 25 0 0 Two Carts, -■ 33 0 0 Three ploughs, - - 4 14 6 Harrows and rollers. - - 9 0 0 Harnefs, ^ 10 0 0 Thirty facks, *• 4 10 0 Sundry fmall articles, ^ - 20 0 0 Dairy furniture. L^ 30 0 0 123 46 ^ced and tillage. As before, - - - jC- ^ ^ ^ 5 o Labour, Work on 53 acres of wheat from ploughing to thrafliing, /. s. d, as before, - - - 38 14 6 Carrying out i o qrs. at a time, - i 12 o Carry over, £* 40 6 6 Labour ( 13 ) Brought over, ;f . 40 6 6 Labour on 50 acres of barley, &c. from ploughing to thralh- ing, as before, - - 30 o c Carrying out 40 acres of barley, 4 qrs. per acre, 160 qrs. la at a time; fay 14 times, - - i 8 c Labour, as before, on bean-land, except carriage, - - 55 ^ ^ Carrying out 9 qrs. at a time, 150 qrs. 17 times, - - I 14 c Chopping, raking, and carting ftubble, - - -60 Ditching 250 perches, - - 12 10 o Carting 750 loads, Sundry Ijnall articles of labour, 10 Q Q L' 194 iS JO Sundry o ( H ] Sundry .articles. /. s, d* Shoeing, - - - Z ^^ ^ Wear and tear, - - - 25 o o Market expences, - - 4 o o Calh in hand, to anfwer incidental expences, .-.-*- 5^ ^ ^ /*. 82 I ^ o Total of thefe articles, jT- ^^9- ° 4 It is here necefTary to remark, that I find, on calculation, this farm to be exadly the quantity of land which fix horfes are able to cultivate and manage. This ap- pears from the following table of wotk : . Ploughing 50 acres of land for wheat once, - - - days i'^ Harrowing ditto, - - - 3 Ploughing 100 acres of fpring-corn thrice, - - - - ^°° Harrowing 50, - *• ^ 3 Horfe-hoeing 50 thrice, * - 2B Harvefting 1 50 acres, * - 1 5 Carrying out the corn, - -- 47 Carting 50 acres ftubble, - - 4 Ditto manure, - - - 95 Ditto 20 acres of hay, - - 5 Ditto faggots, • " .^ This ( 15 ) This account, it Is true, overfhoots the year fix days; but then the fix horfes are fuppofed to be employed both in carrying the corn out and in that of the manure ; in all which work it is to be fuppofed four horfes are fufficlent : this makes a differ- ence of 142 days of two horfes, which will be an ample allowance for accidental jobs, and for fuch very bad weather as will ad- mit of no work being done. The conftant employment of thefe horfes, however, pre- cludes all bringing manure from the near- eft town, a bufinefs I have fuppofed al- ways to be done when tillage, and its con- fequences, does not fully employ the team. Now here a difficulty occurs : I fuppofe thefe farms to be the fame in every rcfpcd: but the number of horfes, in the firft, eight and a broad-wheeled v^^aggon manured the farm with 48 /. v>'orth of town-dung, &c. every year. What difference fhould I, in confequence, make in the produce ? In feveral of the preceding farms, this article of manuring has been various ; when very confiderable, I have increafed the produd^ ; but accuracy in a matter im- pofhble to be reduced to exa6tnefs, and when ( i6 ) when no comparifon was making of the fame farm in a different courfe of manage- ment, was not fo eflential. Here it is ne- ceffary to be more attentive : The only me- thod which llrikes me is, to Hate the pro- duce as before, and then dedud: the coft of the former manure, with the profit there ought to be on it. Suppofe ao per cent. for a lefs profit, it would not anfwer to manure. Suppofe we flate tlie account thus : /. s. d. 40 0 0 8 0 0 Price of the manure, Labour, - - - The broad -wheeled waggon and two additional horfes are not, in the former inftance, em- ployed in manuring alone ; we mufh not, therefore, de- dud: the intcreft of the whole fum of their amount. — Part of this article, and part of that of wear and tear, Sec. we fhall call - - -1000 Intercd :ii 20 per cc7it. - ji 12 o £.6g 12 o That ( 17 ) That this will give the truth accurately I do not pretend : it is indeed a difficulty which is not eafily got over ; but the reader will not imagine, that fuch a fyftem of calculations as this can be accurately con- fiftent in matters never yet reduced to ex- periment. If I was to infinuate fuch a thing, the pretenfion ought rather to be treated as a chimera, than depended upon for a probability. Accuracy is not fo much the defign of thefe papers, as the enabling the calculator to form calculations of his own that are exactly adapted to his land. Annual Account. Expences, I. s, d. Rent, ecc. 2/5 o o Seed, - - - 80 o o Labour, 194. 18 10 Sundry articles, 32 12 0 £. 580 10 10 Produce, /. s. d. Wheat, 300 0 0 Forty acres of barley, - 128 0 0 Carryover, X* 4^^ 00 C Beans, ( i8 ) Brought over, £.428 o o Beans, - - - - 240 o o 28 Cows, - - 140 o o Dedud, Expences, £' 808 0 0 69 12 0 73B 8 0 582 10 10 ^55 17 0 54 12 0 £ . lOI 15 2 Intereft, Profit, From hence we find, that this method of managing fiach a farm is fuperior to the other by near 30 /. a year in the produce. The intereft per cent, of the capital is here 14 /. 5 J.; the former gave only 11 /. i j. ; of fo great importance is it to keep no more horfes than requifite. But many farmers are, in this refped, fo much infa- tuated, that they let their horfes run away with all the profit of their farms. The gentleman's account upon this variation will be as follows : Stock. ( 19 ) Stock, I, s. d. Rent, &c. - ' ^75 0 0 Live ftock, - - " ^2>S 0 0 Implements, - - 123 4 6 Seed and tillage, -^ - 185 I 0 Labour, - £. 194 18 5 2y per cent, - ^2 13 0 T T 5 0 Sundry articles, - - 82 1 1 12 /:.ii48 9 4 Annual Account. Expencq, Rent, &c. - - 275 0 0 Seed, * - - - 80 0 0 Labour, * - - 247 1 1 10 Sundries, - - - 32 12 0 £.' 635 3 10 Produce, The fame, - - 738 8 0 Expences, - - 60,5 3 10 Intereft of ftock, - - ^7 8 0 Profit. - - - ^.45 16 2 The capital pays 9 I. per cent. The dif- ferent methods of managing this farm muft C 2 not ( 20 ) not be fuppofed to condemn the ufe of a broad-wheeled waggon, and the propriety of allotting a greater plenty of implements than I had before ftated ; both are evident- ly advantageous ; but in this cafe more than balanced by the two extraordinary horfes. NO 3- Variation thefecond. One hundred and fenjenty acres arable^ the foil light enough for turnips. This farm I fuppofe to contain ten acres of grafs land around the houfe for conve- nience. Stock, Rent, . - 871 176 64 0 0 II 6 8 6 6 0 Profit, £,' 112 2 6 The capital pays 13 /. 13 J". /?^/^ cait. which is not fo much as a farmer ought to receive from fuch a fum of money; whence we may conclude, that we fhall meet with more beneficial farms under this clafs. The proportioning the produd: to the manure is in every inftance difficult. The above accounts may not be far from the truth for the four or five firft years of the leafe; but I am inclined to believe, that after- wards the product, both of corn, turnips, and clover, will, by degrees, become much more confiderable; for the manure an- nually amounts to about 23 loads an acre over 80 acres of land; that is, overall the turnip and clover land, which is fo rich a dreffing, that I fhould think five quarters of wheat, and fix of fpring-corn, the low- eft average produdt; turnips to the value of 5 /. per acre ; and clover to that of 6 /. or 8 /. after a few of the firft years arc over. { 26 ) over. When this improvement was efFedt- ed, the capital would pay between qo and ^o per cent.'y but it would be launching too far to trace fuch a progreffion. The fol- lowing is the ftate of the gentleman's ac- count of this farm : Stock. /. J. d. Rent, &c. - 202 6 0 live (lock, - - 593 10 0 Implements, - - 103 4 6 Seed and tillage. - - 117 10 0 Labour, - £. ^5^ 13 5 ay per cent. 42 18 0 "n T T T 5 0 Sundry articles, ■^ ■ III 1 X 12 jC-1329 13 II Annual Account. Expences. /. s. d. Hent, &c. - - - 202 6 0 80 Heifers, 400 0 0 Seed, - - - « 49 0 0 Labour, - _ - 201 II 5 Sundry articles, 61 12 0 £•914 9 S prodiiC€> ( 27 ) Produce, /. J, d. The fame, - - - 1048 0 0 Expcnces, 914 9 5 133 10 7 Intereft, - _ - . 66 90 Profit, >C. 67 17 This profit is 10 per cent. ; but the bufi- nefs is of fo extended a nature, and the attention requifite for it fo regular, that a gentleman fliould not too quickly ima- gine he is to reap fuch an advantage. I have often remarked the numerous deduc- tions to be made from his profit ; but w^hich are many of them unfufceptible of calcula- tion. Variation the third. Two hundred and ten acres, one third grafs and tivo thirds arable, foil clay and light loam. Stock, Re7it, &c. I. s. d, Jlent of i2io acres, a.z iS s, - i8g o o Carry over, £• iS^ 00 Tythe ( 28 ) Brought over, £. 189 00 Tyihe, at4J. - - - 37 16 o Rates, to. at 4 i. - - 37 16 o Livejiock. Six horfes, - - - 35 Oxen, _ - - 5 Cows, - - - 160 Sheep, _ - - 20 Heifers, I Sow, ^ - - /. s. d. 9<^ 0 0 550 0 0 ^i- 0 0 9^^ 0 0 60 0 0 I 0 0 £. 622 o o mplements. A waggon, - - - 25 0 0 Two carts, - - - 20 0 0 Three ploughs, 4 14 6 Harrows and rollers, - 8 0 0 Harnefs, - - - 10 c 0 Sacks, _ - - - 4 10 0 Sundry fmall articles, 15 0 0 Dairy furniture, n 0 0 0 jC. (JO 46 Sad ( =9 ) Seed and tillage. L s, d. Four earths on 35 acres of wheat land, - - - 28 o o Seed, - - - - 17 10 o Sowhig, - - o 17 6 Water-furrowing, - - o 17 6 Three earths on '^^ acres of fpring-corn land, - - 2100 Seed, - - - 17 10 o Sowing, - - - 089 Water-furrowing, - - 089 Seed clover, n^^ acres, - -700 Sowing, - - - 0^9 Harrowing, - - - i 15 o One earth on 0^^ acres of fallow, 7 00 jC- 102 16 3 Labour. One earth on 35 acres of wheat land, Sowing, Water-furrowing, Harrowing, Weeding, Reaping and harvefting, at G s. Carry over, £. 15 15 o Thrafhing I 15 0 0 8 0 0 17 6 0 8 9 I 15 0 f. 10 10 0 ( 30 ) Brought over, £^15 t^ o Thrafhing the crop, 34 qrs. per acre, 122^ qrs. at 2 j. - - 12 50 Carrying out 10 qrs. at a time 1 2 journies, - - -140 Three earths on 35 acres of fpring-corn land, - - S 5 ^ Sowing, - - - 089 Ditto the clover, - - 089 Harrowing, &c. - - i 15 o Mowing and harvefting, at 4 j. 7 00 Thrafliing the crop, 4I. qrs. per acre, 157^ qrs. a.i 1 s. - - 7176 Carrying out 25 acres of barley, 1 1 24. qrs. 12 qrs. at a time, 9 journies, - - - o 18 o Mowing, making, and flacking 1 1 acres of hay, - - 400 Five earths on 3 5 acres of turnips, 8150 Hand-hocing twice, at 7 j. - 12 50 Drawing and carting home, at ys.Gd. - - - 13 2 ^ Chopping and raking 35 acres of wheat flubble, - - 2 12 6 Carting ditto to farm-yard, - i 15 o Carry over, ^.95 70 Ditching ( 31 ) Brought over, iC- 95 7 ^ Ditching 200 perches, and cart- ing the earth to farm-yard, as before, - - - 1326 6G Head of cattle, 792 loads of dung, and 600 of earth, in all 1392 loads mixing, at i ^. 5 16 o Carting ditto, 20 loads per day, 70 days,* 4^. 3^. - - 14 17 6 Cutting 400 bufhels of chaff, - 0168 , Carting faggots, - - 05^ Sundry fmall articles, - - 9 o ^ C 139 4 S Sundry articles. L s, d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, ► • 23 12 0 Market expences. - 3 0 0 40 Loads of ftraw, - 30 0 0 Cafli in hand, - 50 0 0 £• 106 12 0 Total of thefe articles. 1525 9 5 The reader, doubtlcfs, remarks that I throw the arable of this farm into the an- nual courfe of, one turnips, two barley, three clover, four wheat i the turnips and 4 clover ( 52 ) clover manured every year with 20 loads of farm-yard compoft per acre. The horfes will not have time to bring manure from any town, as the work I have inferted above employs them for 285 days. I fhould re* mark, that the turnips carting, though fet down to the whole team, yet is the work only of two or three horfes, conftantly fup- plying the cattle with food. I ftock the 70 acres of grafs with 35 large oxen, and I calculate the 35 acres of turnips to fup- ply them in winter, with the affiftance of fome ftraw; befides which, they will fat 20 heifers, and winter 160 fheep, to be fum- mer-fcd with the cows and horfes on the clover : but though I affign the ftock, their food, in this manner, yet every farmer muft know, that the cows, horfes, and fheep muft by turns follow the fatting cattle for change. The principal point is, that 70 acres of grafs, 35 of clover, 35 of turnips, 70 of ftraw, and thirty pounds worth bought, will maintain the above cattle; and that no one can doubt. Annual ( 33 ) Annual Account. Expenceu /. s. d. Rent, &c. - -. - 264 12 o 35 Oxen, - -' - 350 o o 160 Sheep, - - - 96 o o 20 Heifers, - - - 60 o o Seed for 35 acres of wheat, 35 of fpring corn, 35 of clover, and 35 of turnips, - - 42 17 G Labour, - - - - 139 4 8 Sundry articles, - - 5^ ^^ O £' 1009 'e' 2 Produce. /. s. d. 35 Fat oxen, at 16 /. 560 0 0 20 Ditto heifers. 100 0 0 160 Ditto fheep. - 192 0 0 5C0W&, ^ 25 0 0 35 acres, of wheat, I22i- qrs. at 40 i. - 245 0 Q 1 1 2v qrs. of barley, at 16 s, - 90 0 0 C I2I2 0 0 Expences, - 1009 6 2 203 13 10 Intereft of ftock. 66 5 0 Profit, - £' ^37 8 IQ Vol. 11. D The ( Si y The capital pays 15 /. 7 r, per cent. With the gentleman the account is as fol- lows : StocL /. s. d. Rent, &G. - - 264 12 0 Live flock, - - 62 a 0 0 Implements, - - - go 4 6 Seed and tillage, - - 102 16 3 Labour, - £, 139 4 8 iy per cent, - 37 10 0 176 14 a Sundry artieles, - - 106 12 0 >C- ^362 19 _5 Annual Account. Expences, /. j. d. Kent, - - - 264 I a 0 350xen, iSofheep, qoheiferS) 506 0 0 Seed, - - - 42 17 6 Labour, - - - 176 14 8 Sundry articles, - - 56 12 0 ^.. 1046 16 2: Produce, /. s. d.. The fame, - - 1 2 1 2 0 0 Expences, - - 1046 16 2 165 3 10 Interefl, | - - 68 2 0 £-97 I 10 12/. { 55 ) 12 L a s.'is the intereft the capital pays,- tvhich is more than in the laft farm by bet- ter than zper cent, which difference is owing to this containing fo much more graf^. Variation the fourth. One hundred and fifty acref^ all grqf. Stock. Renty &c. /. s. d. Rent of 150 acres, at i /. ^ 150 00 Tythe, at 4 J. - - 30 o o Rates, 2cc. at4x. - - 2^0 o o £, 210 o o iT LivefiocL One horfe, - - - 15 o a 150 Steers, at 5 /. - - 75^ Q ^ Itnplements. One three-wheeled cart, - - 700 Sundry fmall articles, including harnefs, -. - 600 Labour. 150 Perch of ditching, and cart- ing the earth into the land, 3 j. 22 10 o Sundry fmall articles, - -500 £. 27 10 o 0 2 Sundry (- S6 ) Sundry articles. I, s, d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, - i lo o Market expences, - - i o o Cafli in hand, - - 30 o o £' 32 10 0 Total of thefc articles, - I' 104^ 0 0 Annual Account. Expences. /. s. d. Rent, &c. 210 0 0 150 Steers, - 750 0 0 Labour, 27 10 0 Sundry articles, _ 0 ID 0 £' 990 0 0 Produce, 150 Fat fleers, at 8 /. - 1200 0 0 Expences, ■ -Mi. 0 0 210 0 0 Intereft, 52 8 0 Profit, £' ^57 12 0 The capital pays 21 I. 4.S. per ceiit.\ but I fhould remark, that the caculation of pro- *duce is very low : The increafe of price fhould have been 3 /. lOC However, I let it pafs, that the fewer objcdions may be made to the eftimate. The gentleman's account will ftand as follows : • Stocks ( 37 ) Stock. I. J-. ^. Rent, iScc. 210 0 0 Live ftock, - - - 7^5 0 0 Implements, . - - 13 0 0 Labour, - ;^. 27 lo o 27 per cent, - - 7 5^ 34 T r n ^3 ^ Sundry articles, 32 10 0 £~ f055 5 0 Annual Account. Expences, /. J. J. Rent, &c. 210 0 0 150 Steers, 750 0 0 Labour, - - - 34 15 0 Sundry articles, 2 10 0 I ■997 5 0 Prochice, The fame, 1200 0 0 Expences, - - - 997 5 0 202 15 0 Intereft, - - - 52 15 0 £ • 150 0 0 The capital pays ig /. ^s. per cent, or within a trifle, as much as the farmer's. Every eftimate I can form will prove the D 3 vaft ( 38 ) vaft fuperiority of grafs land to arable for gentlemen ; and at the fame time prove, that farming grazing farms is a moft pro- fitable bufinefs for them, in which they can make as good intereft of their money, and with fewer chances againfl: them, than in any other trade. N^ 6. Variation the fifth. One hundi'ed and fifty acres ^ the foil clay or loam arabk-i and laid doivn to grafs. I {hall fuppofe this farm unfown with ahy grain by the preceding tenant at the defire of the new one, that he may get the whole laid as foon as poiTible ; ten acres of it I fuppofe old grafs. Stock, &c. Rent, i^c, /. s, d. Rent of 1 50 acres, at 1 7 i, «• 127 10 q Tythe, at 4/. - ^ 25 10 O Rates, Sec. at 4 J". - - 25* 10 o X.178 10 0 LiveflocL Four horfes, ^ -- — ImpUments. ^,6° 0 0 Two carts, ^ ^ , so 0 0 Harnefs, •" »• 6 0 0 Carry over, - ^,26 00 Two ( 39 ) Brought over, £, 26 o o Two ploughs, - - 3 3^ Harrows and rollers, - -400 Sundry fmall articles, - - 5 ^ ^ Seed and Tillage. /. s. d, Four earths on 35 acres, - - 28 00 Seed for 35 acres of fpring-corn, 17 10 o Sowing, - - *" 009 Water-furrowing, - - i 15 o Harrowing, - - - 1^5^ Grafs-feeds, - - 35 ^ ^ Sowing, - - I 15 ^ Rolling, - - Q 4 o £' 86 7 9 Labour, Six'earthson 1 05 acres of fallow, 31 10 o Mowing, making, carting, and flacking 5 a<:re8 of hay, - - 2 00 Mowing and harvefting 35 acres of fpring-corn, at 4 /. - 700 Thralhing, 4 qrs. per acre, 140 qrs^ at I X. - - - 700 Carrying out 27 acres of barley, 1 08 qrs. 12 at a time, 9 jour- neys, - - - o 18 o Sundry fmall articles, - ^00 £-5^ 8 o D 4 Sundry ( 40 ) Sundry articles^ l. s, d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, -400 Firfl year's expence, - - >C- 4^9 ^ 9 Second year. Rent, &c. - - - 178 10 o Seed, fpring- corn for 105 acres, 52 10 o t)itto, grafs-feeds, - - 105 o o 5 Cows, - - 25 o o ^_r36_i__o_o Labour, Mowing, making, and flacking /. s. d. 35 acres of hay, - - 15 o o Ploughing 105 acres thrice, - 15 15 o Sowing, - - 1 ^ 2> Ditto grafs-feeds - - S S '^ Harrowing, - - 163 ■RolUng, - - - 080 Water-furrowing, - - ^ S ^ Mowing and harvefting, at 4 5. 21 00 Thrafhing, 4 qrs./J^r acre, 420 qrs. at I J. - - 21 o o Carrying out 97 acres of bar- ley, 4 qrs. per acre, 388 qrs. 12 qrs. at a time, 33 journies, 360 Sundries, _ _ - ^^5; o o £.' 94 II ^ Sundry articles. Shoeing, and wear and tear, £,*^. 00 Second year's expence, - ;C' 4^3 i ^ <^ Third ( 41 )■ Third year. I. s. d* Hent, Szc. - - 178 lo o 27 Home-bred heifers, - - 108 o o Labour. Mowing, making, and ftacking, &c. 1 05 acres of hay, - 45 o o Sundry fmall articles, - - 500 Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 500 Market expences, - - x io o Third year's expence, - £. 343 o o Fourth year. L s. d. Rent, &c. - - 178 10 o ijo Steers, - - - 750 o o Labour. Mowing, making, and ftacking one acre of hay, - - 070 100 Perches of ditching, and carting the earth, - - 1500 Sundries, - - -300 Sundry articles. A fmali three-wheeled cart, - 700 Shoeing, and wear and tear, - i 10 o Market expences, - - 2, 10 o £' 957 17 Q Produce. Firji year. 108 Qrs. of barley, at i6j-. C-^^ ^ o Second ( 42 ) Second year, /. s. d* 388 Qrs. of barley, at 16 x. - 310 00 35 Tons of hay, at 2 /. - - 70 o o 5 Cows, - - . 25 o o Third year, ay Fat heifers, at 7 /. - - 189 o o 105 Tons of hay, - - 210 00 5 Cows, - - - 25 o o Saleof 3 horfes, 2 carts, and imple- ments of tillage, which coft 80/. 35 0 o £' 459 Q Q General Account. Expence of firft year, - - 419 89 Intereft, - - 20 19 o Expence of fecond year, - 463 1 1 6 Intereft, - - 44 2 o Expence of third year, - 343 ^ ^ Intereft, - - - 61 5 o Expence of fourth year, - 957 ^7 o £• 2310 3 3 Produce of the firft year, - 86 8 o ■ of the fecond, - 405 o 6 of the third, - 459 Q Q £' 95^ B Q Total expence, - -• 2310 3 3 — Produce, - - 950 8 o Total neceflary to ftock this &nn, - - £• 1359 15 3 Annual { 43 ) Annual Account, /. s. d. Expences, Thofe of the fourth year, - 957 ^7 ^ Produce. 150 Steers, - - - 1200 o o Expences, - - 9S7 ^7 Q 242 3 o Intereft, ^ - -. 67 19 o Profit, - • >C' 174 4 o The capital pays 17 /. i6j. />^r cent, which is a good profit ; and although not fo confiderable as the produce of a farm al- ready in grafs, yet it is much greater than that of moft arable ones. The gentleman's yiccount of this farm is as follows : Stocky 6-T. /. Ss d* The firft year's expence, labour excepted, - - 3^7 o 9 Labour, - £-5^ 80 27 per cent, - 1400 66 8 The expence of fecond year, ex- cept the labour, - 369 o 0 Labour, - X- 94 ^ ^ ^ 27 per cent, - 25 7 o ■ • 119 18 6 Carry over, £^^22 73 Expence ( 44 ) Brought over, ^T. 922 7 3 Expence of third year, befides labour, - - 293 o o Labour, - - ^« 50 o o 27 per cent. - 13 10 o 63 10 o Expence of fourth year, befides labour, - - 939 10 o Labour, - £* ^^ 7 ^ 27 per cent, - 4 1^ ^ -340 £. 2241 ii_3^ FIrft year, - - - 433 8 9 Interefl:, - - - 21 13 o Second year, - - 488 18 6 Interefl, - - 46 i o Third year, - - 356 10 o Interefl:, - - - 63 17 o Fourth year, - - 962 14 o £^ 2373 2 3 Produce. Of the firft, fecond, and third year as before, - £. 950 8 o Total expence, - - ^373 - 3 Produce, - - 950 8 o Total ftock,- - - ^. 1422 14 3 Annual laoo 962 0 0 14 0 71 6 0 2 0 r. 166 4 <^ ( 45 ) Annual Account. Expences. L s. d. Thofe of the fourth year, - 962 14 o Produce. The fame, Expences, Intereft, Profit, _ - - The produce is 1 6 /. 13;. per cent, on the capital, which, to a gentleman, is notincon- fiderable, and proves, upon the whole, that, with fuch a fum of money, it is more ad„ vantageous to hire an arable farm and lay it down to grafs, (when a grafs one is not to be had) than to take an arable one for common management. N-^ 7. Variation thefixth. One hundred and fifty acres arable, the foil light enough for turnips, and marled, chalked, or clayed. As much the greateft part, 'viz. 140 acres, is arable, I call it an arable farm ; the ten acres near the houfc are grafs for con- venience. I fuppofe the whole improved the firft year; and confequcntly, that no- thing is fown by the preceding tenant : The marie ( 46 ) fiiarle, chalk, or clay, (for no diftindlon i5^ in common to be made between them iff point of expence) to be dug in pits out of which a cart can drive, and not like the chalk pits inHertfordfhire, wells for draw- ing it up in buckets. The foil of the farm I fhall fuppofe a light dry loam, worth about 7 J-. 6 d. per acre inclofed, without improvement, fuch being as common a5 any that is ever improved in this way. Stock, Rent, Gff. /. s, d, I j*© acres, at 7 j. 6 ^. - 5^ 5 ^ Tythe, at 4 5. - - 1x40 Rates, &c. 2Lt^s, - II 4 o £' 78 13 o Livejiock, 4 Horfes, - - - £-60 o o Impleinents. One waggon, - - 25 o o Two carts, - - 24 o a Harnefs, - • - 600 Two ploughs, - - 3 3^ Harrows, and rollers, - 400 Sacks, - - - 300 Sundry fmall articles, - 5 10 a £' 70 I o Tillage, Three earths on ^s ^^^^^y " C- -^ 00 Labour, ( 47 ) Labotir. i. s. d. Four earths on 140 acres, - 28 o o Mowing and making, &c. five acres of hay, - - -200 Sundry articles of work, - 5 Q ° X- 35 o o Sundry articles. Marling, claying, or chalking 140 acres, at the rate of 100 loads /?^r acre, at ^l.per acre,. including the filling, driving, fpreading, horfes, carts, &c, 560 o o 36 Quarters of oats, - 23 8 o Straw cut into chaff, - f? I o o Shoeing, and wear and tear, 500 Cafhinhand, - - 3Q o o £.620180 Total of thefe articles, £> 886 4 o Second year. Rent, &c. - - jC- 78 13 o 20 Cows, - - ^.100 00 35'Heifersorfteers, at6/. lOJ^. ;^. 127 10 o 3 Sows, - - X- 3 Q Q Se^d for 2,5 acres of wheat, 35 of fpring-corn, ^,5 ^^ clover, and 35 of turnips, - >r. 42 17 6 Labour, ( 48 ) Labour, L s, d, I Earth on 3 5 acres of wheat land, i 15 O Sowing, - ' - o 17 6 Water-furrowing, - - o B 9 Reaping and harvefting, at 6 i. 10 IQ Q Thrafliing the crop, 4I qrs. per acre, (or two years fallow,) 1574- qrs. 2X% s, - - 15 15 o Carrying out 10 qrs. at a time 16 journeys, - - - i 12 o Three earths on 35 acres of fpring-corn land, - " S S ^ Sowing, - -" - 08^ Ditto clover, - - 089 'Vv'ater-furrowing, - - o 5 ^ Mowing and harvefling, at 4 ^. .7 00 Thrafliing the crop, 4 qrs. per acre, 140 qrs. at i .?. - - 700 Carrying out 104 acres of har- ley, 1 2 at a time ; 8 journeys, 0160 Mowing and making, &c. i o . acres grafs, and 10 of clover, into hay, - - - 8 Q o Tour earths on 35 acres of turnips, 7 o c Sowing, - - - o ^ 9 Hand-hoeing twice, at 7 .v. - 1 2 50 Drawing and carting home, at 7 J-. 6 d, - ^ - 13 2 6 Carry over, /J. 92 18 o Chopping ( 49 ) Brought over, ^.92 18 o Chopping, raking, and carting 35* acres of ftubble, - 4 7^ Ditching 150 perches, at 9 ^. - 5 12 6 Carting 500 loads of marie, chalk, or clay, (out of a pit) into farm- yard, 20 loads pe?" day, 2~ ^^ per load filling, and i J". 3 cl. driving, 25 days, at 5 J-. 5 d. 6155 Mixing 500 loads of marie with 1 1 40 of dung, 1 640 in all, at \d. 6168 Carting ditto on to land, 3 s, per fcore, and i i". 3 d. driving, 4 J. 3 d. per day, 8a days, - 1786 Cutting 300 bufhels of chaff, o 12 6 Sundry fmall articles, - - 6 o o Sundry articles. I. s. d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 15 00 Market expences, - - 300 40 loads of ftraw, - .'^o 00 £' 48 O o Total of thefe articles, £. 540 1 1 7 Firft year, - - - 886 4 o Intereft of ditto, - - 44 6 o Total necelTary to flock tliis farm, - - ^ £, 1471 i 7 Vol. II. E Annual ( so ) Annual Account. Expences. /• •^' " Rent, &c. - - ^- 7^ 13 o 35 Heifers, - - ' - 227 10 o Seed, - - 42 17 6 Labour, as before, - - 140 11 i Sundry articles, - - __A?__2._? £-5^1 II 7 35 Acres of wheat, 3-i qrs. />^r acre, 1224 qrs. at 2 /. - 245 o o 26 Acres of barley, 4 qrs. />^r acre, 104 qrs. at 16 ^. - 83 4 o 20 Cows, - - - ICO o o OS Heifers or fleers fat, - SJQ ^ Q X- 77^ 4 o Expences, « - 537 n 7 240 12 5 Intereft, - - " _Z_^_Ll_2 Profit, ^•JL^?__Li The capital pays 15 /. i^-^- per cent, I apprehend the reader will not imagine I have over-rated the prcdudl of this farm, becaufe the rent is fmall : The great ex- pence of the marling fhould be confidercd ; and as that manure agrees prodigioufly with light hazelly loams, I am confident fuch crops as I have fiated are not above the truth. ■( ^51 ) truth. Ifuppofe the turnips to pay 3 /. 10 s. fer acre, which they ought to do ; for the expence on thein is great, in drawing an.d feeding cattle in a yard; The turnip is a vegetable that thrives prodigioully in light loams marled. The gentleman's account of this farm is as follows : ^tock. /, J-. ^. Rent, &c. - - _ - 78 13 0 Live ftock, - - _ 60 0 0 Implements, 70 13 0 Tillage, - - - 21 0 0 Labour, - - /^- 35 0 0 2.^ per cent. - - 9 9 0 44 y ^ Sundry articles, including marl- ing, &c. 560 /, 6:>o 18 0 Suppofe 350/. of it to be labour, 27 per cent, on that will be 94 10 6 VS 8 0 Total, X-" 990 ?> 0 Second year. Rent, &c. - - 78 13 0 20 Cows, 35 heifers, and 3 fows. 330 10 0 Seed, 4- 17 6 Labour, - >C' i4-0 n i ^y per cent. - 37 16 0 T-R 7 I 7 7 Carry over, ^. 1 ^ 0 E 2 £'^ idry ( 52 ) Brought over, £, 630 7 7 Sundry articles, - - - 48 o o £, 678 7 7 Firft year, - - - 99'-^ 3 ^ Intereft on ditto, - - 49 IQ Q Total neceilary to flock this farm, - - - £- 17^8 o 7 Annual Account. Expences. Rent, &c. 35 Heifers, ^ Seed, Labour, - - - Sundries, Produce, The fame, Expences, NT. L s. d. 78 13 0 227 10 0 - 42 17 6 178 7 I 48 0 0 ;C. SIS 7 7 778 4 0 575 7 7 202 16 5 85 18 0 L 116 18 5 Intereft, Profit, - - - The capital pays 11 /. 16 s. per cent. This farm pays the gentleman extremely wel'l ; but I fhould remind him, that all thefe arable farms are, to him, open to numerous objedlions, which cannot be reduced to cal- culation j for which rcafon he is always to ( 53 ) to be very cautious how he engages in an ex^ ^ tenftve arable bufmcfs, before he has gained experience infmall. N^ 8. Variation the feventh. Eighty acres^ all arable^ foil clay or loam, cultivated upon improved principles. Stock. L s. d. Rent, &c. as in N^ i. - ico i6 o Implements, as before, - - 36 i 6 Add a waggon, _ - - Harnefs (cart) for one horf^, -5 ■ 2 0 0 0 0 Live Stock, 16.^ 17 6 Four horfes, 60 0 0 20 Cows, 100 0 0 3 Sows, - - 3 0 0 I; Seed and tillage. 163 0 0 Four earths on 20 acres of wheat land, " " ." ~ 16 0 0 Seed, - - - 12 0 0 Sowing, 0 10 0 Water-furrowing, I 0 0 Two earths on 15 acres of bar- ley land. Seed, - - - 6 7 0 0 10 0 Carry over, /,". 43 00 E 3 Sowing, ( 54 ) Brought over, £* 43 o o Sowing, - - - 039 Water-furrowing, - - 076 One earth on 5 acres of oat land, I 00 Seed, - - - 2 10 O Sovving, - - 013 V/ater-furrowing, - - 026 Seed for 5 acres of clover, and fowing, - - 113 Seed for y^ acres of cabbages, I lb. to 5 acres, - - 140 £. 49 -Q 3 Labour. Five earths on y-l acres of cab- bage-land, - - I 17 6 Digging the feed-bed, and fowing, 030 Planting, at 5 .c - - i 17 6 Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 ^. - 0150 Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j-. - 3 00 Cutting the cabbage, and carting home, Sit ^ s, - - 1176 Five earths on 2 74- acres of fallow, 6176 Weeding 2o acres of wheat, - 100 Reaping and harvefting, at 6 ^. - 6 00 Thrafhing the crop, 2~qrs.per acre, at 2 j. - - 5^0 Mowing and harvefting 20 acres fpring-corn land, at 4 s. - 4. o o Carryover, £'3^ ^ ° Thrafhing ( S5 ) Brought over, £-3^ Bo Thrafliing the crop, 4 qrs. per acre, at i j. - - 400 Chopping and raking 20 acres of wheat-ftubble, at i j-. 6 ^. i 10 o Carting ditto to the farm-yard, 090 Mowing and making 2 acres of clover-hay twice, - - 0160 Carting ditto home, - o iG o Ditching 130 perches, - - 6100 Carting the earth of ditto, 390 loads, 1 2 loads per day, 33 days, 3 men, - * 4190 Carting dung and earth out of farm- yard, 90 loads, of each 1 80, filling and fpre.ading, 3 s. per fcore, - - - 170 Driving away 15 loads /J^r day, o 12 o Turning over dung in yard with an equal quantity of ditch- earth thrice, - - ^ 5 ^ Carting faggots home, - -020 Kollow-ditching the 20 acres of fallow defigned for lucerne, 32 inches deep, 4 inches wide at bottom, and 18 at top : digging, filling up, materials, Carry over, /.. 54 ^4 ^ E 4, carting, ( 56 ) Brought over, £-54: ^4 ^ carting, &c. &c. 3.t g d. per perch, and i6oo - - 6o o o Sundry articles of work, - 4 o Q ii8' 14 0 2 7 per cent, - *• 3 ^ 10 0 4 0 Shoeing, and wear and tear, £. 7 0 0 Total, - 'I. 650 5 9 The general defign of the firfl: year upon this farm is, to bring it into order for the intended hufbandry : 7^ acres of cab- bages are planted for a winter provifion (with ftraw) for twenty cows; and thofe who are acquainted with the cabbage cul- ture will agree, that this is a very fimple allowance. Having thus pro\'ided for the winter, I fuppofe the twenty cows bought in Odober or November, as then they can be procured to the beft advantage ; in thofe months they are cheaper than in any other, The lucerne being drilled in April follow- ing, will be ready for them (at the rate of one cow per acre for the firft year), by the time the cabbages are done, which will be the end of May. It is the bufmefs of the fccond year to provide for, and complete the whole flock. There are m.any variations in thefc accounts, and too numerous for as ?nany ( 57 ) many explanations. As to the cabbage culture, the prices are charged fuch as I have experienced them, and I am very con- fident not under the truth. The foil of this farm, like the preceding, 1 fuppofc in proportion to the rent, that is, found good clay or loam, naturally fo, or improved by former draining ; but I, not- withftanding, allow a new draining to the 2 0 acres of lucerne, as that vegetable de- lights in clay more than in any other foil, if it is perfectly dry ; for which reafon I increafe the drains if it was done before, or new-drain it if not, that the field may be certain at all events of lying perfectly dry : And I charge it with 80 perches to every acre. I fuppofe alfo five acres of the preceding farmer's clover to ftand an- other year. This firfl: year's flate of the farm is, 2 o Acres of wheat. 20 Ditto of fpring-corn. 5 Ditto of clover. i-i Ditto of cabbages. 27-i Ditto of fallow. Produce of the firjl year, L s. d. 20 Acres of wheat, - -8^00 i^ Ditto of barley, - - 45 Q'Q £' 125 o o Account ( 58 ) Account of the fecond year. Expert ces. Rent, &c. - - £' ^00 i6 o 20 Cows, - - - £ '. 100 0 0 3 Sows, jC.3 0 0 Seed for 1 2I acres of wheat, >C.7 10 0 Ditto for 20 acres of fpring-corn, £.10 0 0 Ditto for 5 acres of clover, >C.i 0 0 Ditto for 15 acres of cabbages, £.^ 8 0 Ditto for 20 acres of lucerne, r.6 0 0 Sundry articles, £.7 0 0 Lahoicr. One earth on 1 2-^ acres of wheat /. s. d. 1. land, 0 12 6 Sowing, 0 ^3 Harrowing 5 acres, 0 I 3 Water-furrowing, 0 12 6 Weeding, 0 12 6 Reaping and harvefting, at 6 /. 3 15 0 Thrafliing, _ - - 3 2 6 Three earths on 20 acres of fpring-corn. 0 0 0 Sowing, 0 5 0 Harrowing, 0 S 0 Water-furrowing, ^ 0 10 0 Mowing and harveiling, at 4 s. 4 0 0 Thraihing, _ _ - 4 0 0 Carry over, £- ^i 26 Sowing, ( 59 ) Brought over, £.21 26 Sowing 5 acres of clover, - 013 Mow^ingand making 2 acres twice, o 16 o Carting, - - - -0160 Chopping and raking 1 2-1 acres of ftubble, - - - 0189 Carting, - , - -060 Ditching and carting, as before, 11 90 Ditto dung out of yard, 150 loads, filling, fpreading, dri- ving, and turning over, - 4127 Carting home faggots, - -020 Sundry fmall articles of work, -400 Two earths on 20 acres lucerne land, - - 200 Three harrowings, ^ - 050 Drilling : This is a difficult point to fettle; to drill 20 acres by hand would coft more than a drill-plough, and that purchafe for one fingle job is going dear- ly to work: I ihall therefore Suppofe one bought for ;C* ^ o ^ And when the lucerne is fown, re-fold for -400 400 Labour-drilling, - o 10 o Carryover, X^. 50 »9 i Hand- ( 6o ) Brought over, ^.50 ip j Hand-hoeing 4 times, at 6 J. 24 o o Cutting 3 times, at I J-. 6d. - 4 10 o Raking together, loading, and carting home, at i s. 6 d. 4 10 o Five earths on 15 acres of cab- bage land, " - 3 15 o Diggingthcfeed-bedjfowing, &c. o 60 Planting, at 5 j. - - 3 15 o Four horfe-hoeings, at 6d, - i 10 o Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j. 600 Cutting and carting, at 5 x, - 3150 203 o~7 2"] per ce}2t. - - 27 5* o Total, £. 367 19 I Produce, I. s. d, 20 Cows, - - - 100 o o 1 2| Acres of wheat, - - 50 o o J 5" Ditto of barley, - - 45 o o Expences, - - - 367 19 i Produce, - - 195 o o T ^7^ ^9 I Intereft of flock, - 44 14 o Lofs, - - _ _^ .,j^~~ Account ( 6i ) Account of the third year, Expences. Rent, &c. - - £. 100 i^ Q Seed for 20 acres of wheat, £, 12 o o Ditto for 2 o acres of fpring-corn, ^. 10 00 Ditto for 5 acres of clover, - £.1 o^ Ditto for 15 acres of cabbages, y. 2 80 Labour. One earth on 5 acres of clover land wheat, Three earths on 15 acres of ftubble land, - - - Sowing, - - - Harrowing, - - _ Water-furrowing, Weeding, Reaping, harvefting, thrafhing,' and carrying out. Three earths for 20 acres of fpring-corn, Sowing, Harrowing, Water-furrowing, Mowing, harvefting, thraftiing, and carrying out the barley, 8 90 Carryover, £- S^ 23 Sowing /. s. d. 0 5 0 2 S 0 0 10 0 0 I 3 I 0 0 I 0 0 12 12 0 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 10 0 ( 63 ) Brought over, £> ZO g 3 Sowing 5 acres of clover, - 013 Labour on 15 acres of cabbages, as before, - - 19 i o Hand-hoeing the lucerne twice, at6i. - - - 1200 Horfe-hoeing it four times, twice equal to ploughing an acre, 2 00 Mowing, raking, loading, and driving away five times, at 3 J-. 15 00 Mowing and making 2 acres of clover, and carting, " - I 12 o Chopping and carting Hubble, 2 00 Ditching 130 perches, - 6100 The quantity of earth outof tlicfe ditches will be 400 leads, to be carted into farm-yard, (I here calculate for4horfes,) 400 at 20 per day are 20 days, at 3 d. per load filling, and i j-. 3 ^. driving, 6 s. o J. per day, - ^50 The 43 head of cattle will, if they have plenty of ftraw, make 1 2 loads of dung per day, which quantity I fhall fuppofe, (as ibme flraw is to be bought to fupply the deficiency of the crops) that Carryover, ^. 9 f 11 6 is, ( 63 ) Brought over, £. 94 11 G is, 516 loads : Thefe are to be mixed up with 400 loads of earth, in all 916 loads, at i <^. - 3 160 Filling and fpreading 916 loads, 3 s. per Icore or day; and I J. 3 d. per day driving, or 4 J-. 3 ^r acr«, 60 qrs. at 2 /. I 20 0 0 Carry over, /". 525 00 15 Acres { 64 ) Brought over, £. 525 0 0 15 Acres of barley, 4t qrs./>^r acre, 674 qrs. at 16 s . - - 54 0 0 I' 519 0 0 Expences, 433 8 0 146 12 0 Intereft, 56 13 0 / ^•89 19 0 There are feveral explanations requifite here. I fuppofe the 20 acres of lucerne to feed two cows per acre, and fat a heifer befides. Ifurther fuppofe the 15 acres of cabbages, with the affiflance of the ftraw, to winter- feed 40 cows, and fat 15 beafts, to the im- provement of 2 /. each. Thefe 35 acres yield therefore a produce (with the affiftance of the ftraw) of 270 /. or near 8 /. per acre. The reader, before he con- demns the calculation as ciitre^ muft reflect. Firft, That the annual cxpence of thefe crops is immenfe. And, Secondly, That the 15 acres of cabbage- land are manured every year with above 60 loads /?n' acre, of compoft, half ditch- earth and half dung. Now, if the produce was Icfs than 8 /. this year, thefe crops would not be worth cultivating. 6 I have ( 6,- ) I have increafed the flock proportionally to the improvement of the lucerne, which is not fo good the firft and fecond year as afterwards. The corn-crops are much greater than upon former farms of this fizc, and I think with very good reafon ; the manuring 15 acres of cabbages, goes over the whole farm in four years. If this is confidered, the crops will appear fmall rather than great: And this, notwithftanding wheat and barley are not feparated, which is not in common good hufbandry ; but (o large a flock of cattle required much flraw, and for that reafon I allowed it. Annual Account. Expejices. /. s. d. As before, - _ _ 433 8 o Add 15 more beafls, - 75 o o Ditto 20 ditto heifers, - 60 o o £■ 568 8 0 Produce. As before, -' 579 0 0 15 Fat beafls, - - 105 0 0 SO Ditto heifers. - ICO 0 0 £. 784 o o Vol. II. F Produce, ( 66 ) Produce, - ' £• 7^4 Expences, - - -] 5^^ 0 8 0 0 i^ per cent, on capital, - 216 Interefl of ftock, - - 56 12 13 0 0 Profit, - - ^. 15^ ^9 0 General Account. /. 5. ~d. FIrftftock, - - - 652 Produd of the firft year below 5 9 the expence of the fecond, 242 PfodQ(!ij: of the fecond year below 19 I the expence of the fucceeding ones, - - - 238 8 0 £' 11.33 12 10 Which fum is rcqiilfite to flock this farm. It appears from this calculation, that gentlemen may farm upon equal terms with farmers, and, under all their difadvantages, make even a larger profit. I fuppofe the cows to yield 5 /. after all expences paid except food. There are great numbers of objedions to gentlemens having large dairies; but it matters little v;h ether the lucerne is applied to feeding cov.'s or fatting heifers, and the cabbages to fatten oxen. Thofc crops may undoubt- edly be made to pay as well or better than I have fiated. I inftanced cows, as I be- lieve { 6; ) lieve the profit of both thofe vegetables to be greater in feeding that animal than any other : And as the profit of the fwine are included in the 5 /. allowances may certain- ly be made for the gentleman's difadvan- tages. The clover will keep the young hogs till they are of a proper fize to drive to market. N" 9. Variation the eight. One hundred and fifty acres arable^ the foil clay or loam^ cultivated on improved principles. Ten acres I fuppofe to be grafs hy rfie houfe, for convenience, the reft arable and cultivated under the following courfe; i. Cabbages; q. Barley; 3. Clover; 4. Wheat; which is, for an improved courfe, I think, as profitable a one as can be pradifed on a clay foil. Stock. Rent, &c. Rent of 150 acres, at 18 s. Tythe, at 4 5. Kates, &c. at 4 i", F 2 Jmplements. L S. d. 0 '' 0 0 27 0 0 2'^ 0 0 ( 68 ) Implements, /. s. d. One waggon, - - 25 o o Two carts, - - 20 o o Harnefs for 6 horfes, - - 10 o o Three ploughs, - - 4 H ^ Harrows and rollers, - 400 Sacks, - - - 4 10 o Sundry fmall articles including dairy-furniture, - 20 o o £.88 46 Stock, Live Stock. I. s. d, 6 Horfes, - - - 90 o o 30 Cows, " - 150 o o 4 Sows, - - - 500 100 Beads, - - B^o o o I' 7A5 Q Q Seed and tillage. I. s. d. Four earths on 35 acres of wheat, 28 00 Seed, - - - - 17100 Sowing, - - - o 17 o Water-furrowing, - - i 15 o Two earths on 35 acres of fpring- corn, - - - - 14 o o Seed, - - - - 17 10 o Carry over, ^.79 12 o Sowing, ( 69 ) Brought over, >C' 79 ^^ o Sowing, - - - 089 Water-furrowing, - - o 17 6 Seed clover, - - - 700 Sowing, - - - 009 Harrowing, - - i 15 ^ One earth on 33 acres fallow, -700 Water-furrowing, - - o ly 6 £' 97 J9 ^ Labour, L s. d. One earth on 35 acres of wheat, i 15 o Sowing, - - - 089 Water-furrowing, - - i 15 o Weeding, - - i 15 o Reaping and harvefting, at 6 j. 10 10 o Thrafliing the crop, 3 qrs. pr acre, 105 qrs. at 2 J. - - 10 10 o Carrying out 10 qrs. at a time, 10 journeys, - - i P o Three earths on 35 acres of fpring- corn, - - - ~ S S ^ Sowing, - - 089 Water-furrowing, - o 17 6 Sowing clover, - - o ^ 9 Harrowing, - - - 089 Mowing and harvefting, at 4 /. 7 o Q Carry over, ^T- 42 26 F 3 Thrafhing o o 14 0 ^7 0 0 6 10 0 8 15 0 3 10 0 H 0 0 8 15 0 ( 70 ) Brought over, jC* 4^ Thrafhing the crop, 4 qrs. per acre, I40qrs. atii. - - 7 Carrying out 22 acres of barley, 88 qrs. 1 2 at a time, 7 journeys. Four earths on 3 5 acres of cabbages, 7 Digging the feed-bed, feed and fowing. Planting, at 5 j. - - Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 (^. Two hand-hoeings, at 8 J. Cutting and carting, at 5 s. Mowing and making, carting and fhicking 10 acres of grafs, and 5 of clover, - ~ S S ^ Chopping and raking and cart- ing 35 acres of wheat ftubble, 410 o Ci;ching 200 perches, - - 10 o o Carting the earth, 600 loads, to farm -yard, 3^. per load filling, and I s, 3 d. per day driving, 30 days, at 6 J. 3^. - 9 7^ 336 Head of cattle, at 12 loads each, and 1630 loads, in all .2230 loads, mixing, at \ d. 9 5 10 Carryover, £.136 14 10 Carting 23 12 o o 5 o 9 o o o i6 8 ( /I ) Brought over, ^. 136 14 10 Carting 2230 loads on to land, and rpreading, 3 s. per fcore or day, and i j. 3 ^. driving 1 1 1 days, 4 J. 3 c/. Carting faggots, Sundry fmall articles of work, to the amount of a boy at 6 d. per day, - - Cutting 400 bufhels of chaff, 170 8 6 ay per cent. - - - 45 i8 o Smidry articles, /. s, cL Shoeing, and wear and tear, 25 o o Market expences, - - 300 50 Loads of ftraw, - - 40 o o Cafh in hand, - - - 50 o o £' 118 o o Total of thefe articles, £-1454 ^o ^ Produce of the firjl year. I. s. d, 35 Acres of wheat, 105 qrs. at 2/. 210 o o 22Dittoofbarley, 88qrs.at 16 j-< 70 8 o 30 Cows, _ _ _ l^Q o o 100 Fat beads, - - 750 o o £. 118^ 8 o F 4 Annual { 72 ) Annual Account. Expellees. I. J", d. Rent, &c. - - - 189 o o 100 Beafls, - ^ - 500 o o ^eed for 35 acres of wheat, 35 of fprlng-corn, 35 of clover, and 3 5 of cabbages, - - 47 ^ 2 o Labour, - - - 216 6 6 Sundry articles, - - 68 o £. 1020 18 6 Produce. /. J". ^. 35 Acres of wheat, 3^- qrs. per acre, I2a-i qrs. at 2 /. - 245 0 0 22 Acres of barley, 4I qrs. /?fr acre, 99 qrs. at 16 j. - 79 4 0 30 Cows, - - 150 0 0 1 00 Fat beafls, - - 77i' 0 0 £' 1249 4 0 ExpenceSj ^ ^ - 1020 18 6 228 5 ^ Intercft, -^ - ^9 0 0 £' 169 j- 6 The capital pays 19 /. 6 >r. /?rr cent, and the farm is, upon the whole, a perfectly confiftent and well-regulated one ; and I think cannot (allowances being made for the gentleman's difadvantages in points not reducible ( 73 ) reducible to eftimate) fail of proving to any one as advantageous as I have ftated it: 19 /. per cent, after a deduction of 27, on all la- bour, is a noble profit, and fuch as a gentle- man can never make, I am very confident, in any arable farm, managed upon common principles. The cabbages and clover together, main- tain upon this farm as large a flock of cattle as are kept on half a fcore fuch by com- mon farmers ; confequently, here is a vafl concentration of manure, which muft, in the round of two or three courfes, fertilize the whole to fuch a degree, that the crops cannot fail of improving greatly, and the profit rifing much higher than I have flated it. After two courfes, I fhould calculate the wheat at 4^- qrs. per 'acre ; the fpring- corn at 54 ; the clover to pay 6 /. per acre ; and the cabbages 10/. 10/. Nor is this an extravagant fuppofition, for the 25330 loads of compoiL, raifed every year, covers the 70 acres of cabbages and clover every year ; which is fo noble a manuring, that immenfe crops cannot well be miffed. And here I fhall add a word or two con- cerning the purchafe of flraw : I have not yet { 74 ) yet had experience of any part of the king- dom in which this commodity is not to be purchafed in large quantities: fome there may be, in which a high price is requifitc to procure it; perhaps a ihiUing or two more than the market-price formed by the old demand ; for this reafon I have, in the above farm, and in all the reft wherein I fuppofe ftraw to be purchafed, charged fo high a price for it, as I apprehend is fuf- ficient to overturn the common pradice. Thus much it is neceffary to add, in anfwer to thofe who may think it difficult to pro- cure ftraw. The point is of very great im- porsance to the improvement of land, and the practice of a fpirited huft^andry ; for I muft be allowed to write to good farmers, under the fuppofition of their having bad ones for their neighbours. This idea is no ftrained one. But in cafe a neighbourhood is to be found inhabited by fuch excellent huft^andmen that not a load is to be bought, my cultivator muft take other means of raifing manure, although they may be more difficult ones; nor. will they, in many in- ftances, occafion any confiderable variation in thefe caiculaticns, as the cafl:i I have ap- propriated ( IS ) propriated for ftraw will, in many inftances, anfwer the fame end in a different manner. The two cafes of buying ftraw or town- manure, however, will include nine-tenths of the kingdom. N^ 10. Variation the ninth. One hundred and fifty acres arable^ the foil light-i and culti'vated upon improved principles. Ten acres, as in the laft farm, I fuppofe grafs near the houfe. The courfe this farm is to be thrown into is, i. Carrots; 2. Bar- ley; 3. Clover; 4. Wheat. No manage- ment can be better, that does not embrace perfection, than this courfe for light foils. When 1 fay lights I do not mean ncccfj'arily fands, nor even fandy foils ; but fuch as are light enough for turnips, and deep enough (without meeting a rock or ftiff clay) to trench plough. It does not preclude an ad- hefive loam. Stock. Rent^ 6'r. Rent of 150 acres, at 18 i, - Tythe, at 4 j-. Rates, &c, at 4^. ;C' 189 o o Implements, /. s. d. 135 0 0 27 0 0 27 0 0 ( 76 ) hnplements. A J. d. The fame as in laft farm, - 8S 4 6 Livejiock. L s. d. Sixhorfes, - - - 90 o o 30 Cows, * - - 150 o o 4 Sows, - - - 500 1 00 Beafts, - - - 500 o o £' 745 Q Q Seed and tillage, L s. d. Four earths on 35 acres of wheat, 28 o o Seed, - - - - 17100 Sowing, - - - -0176 Water-furrowing, - o 17 6 Two earths on 35 acres of fpring-corn land, - - 14 c o Seed, - - - - 17100 Sowing - - - 089 Water-furrowing, - - 089 Seed clover, - - - 700 Sowing, - - - 089 Harrowing, - - - i 15 o Seed for 3 5 acres of carrots, at 6 J. 10 10 o Labour. Labour, as before," on 3 5 acres of /. j, d, wheat, - - - 27 13 9 Ditto on fpring-corn, - 2229 Carry over, i^. 49 16 6 One { 77 ) Brought over, £.49 iG 6 One earth on ^^ acres of carrot land, trench ploughed, with 6 horfes, half an a.cre per day, 4 men, 8 s. per acre, - 1400 Sowing, - - - I 15 o Harrowing, - - - 089 Hand-hoeing, at 3 /. - - 1 05 o o Digging up, - - 35 o o Carting home, at 5 x. - 8150 Mowing, making, carting, and flacking i o acres of grafs, and of clover, - - S S ^ Chopping, &c. &c. 35 acres of ftubble, - - 4 10 o Labour on ditching, mixing, carting, and recarting, as be- fore, - - 52 5 4 Carting faggots, - - 050 Cutting chaff, - - 0168 Sundries, - - 900 286 17 3 ly per cent, - - - 77 15 o £' 3<^4 13 3 Sundry articles. I, s. d. The fame as in the laft farm, >C- ^ ^^ ^ "^ Total, £. 1605 - o ^ Annual ( 78 ) Annual Account. /. s, d. Rent, &c. - - - 189 o o 100 Beafts, _ -. - 500 o o Seed, - -r " 5a 10 o Labour, - - 365 12 3 Sundry articles, - - 68 o o Produce. I. s. d. 35 Acres ofwheat, as in laft farm, 245 o o 22 Acres of barley, 5 qrs. per acre, 120 qrs. at 16/. - g6 o o 30 Cows, - - - -1 50 00 100 Beafts, at 9 /. - - 900 o o Expences, - - - 117 5 23 215 17 9 Intereft, - - - 80 5 o Profit, - - - £77r5~2~9 The capital pays 13 /. g s. per cent, which is a confiderable profit; but would be much greater, were it not for the vaft amount of the labour on the carrots. Recapitulation OF this Chapter. Stocks reqinftte for the preceding farms, N°I. 220 acres; 220 arable and 20grars; the foil clay or /. s. d. loam, cultivated with 8 horfes, 1257 14 6 Ditto a gentleman, - 13 12 90 I N- IL ( 79 ) N° II. The fame cultivated with 6 horfes, - - 1092 o 4 Ditto a gentleman, - 1 148 9 4 N° III. 170 acres ; 160 arable, and 1 o grafs ; the foil light enough for turnips, - 1286 15 11 Ditto a gentleman, 1329 13 H . N° IV. 210 Acres; one third grafs, and two thirds arable; the foil clay and light loam, - - 13-S 9 5 Ditto a gentleman, - 1362 19 5 N°V. ij-Q x'^cres, allgrafs, 1048 o o Ditto a gentleman, - 1055" 5 o N° VI. 150 Acres ; 140 arable and 10 grafs ; the former laid down to grafs, - 1359 ^5 5 Dittoa gentVeman, - 1422 14 3 N°VII. 150 Acres; 140 arable, and 10 grafs ; the foil light enough for turnips, and /. s. d. marled, chalked, or clayed, - 1571 i 7 Ditto a gentleman, - 1718 o 7 N° VIII. 80 Acres arable, upon improved principles, cabbages and lucerne, - 1133 J- ^^ No IX. 150 Acres; I40 arable, and 10 grafs; the foil clay. ( 8o ) clay or loam, and cultivated on improved principles, cab- /. s. d, bages in a courfe, - ^454 lo 6 N° X. 153 Acres; 140 arable, and lografs; the foil light, cultivated on improved principles, carrots in a courfe, 1605 3 o Annual produce of thefefarms^ expences paid, N°I. - - iC-i39 o 6 Ditto the gentleman, - N,II. - - - - Ditto the gentleman, - N°III. - - - Ditto the gentleman, N„IV. - - Ditto the gentleman, N°V. Ditto the gentleman, N° VI. Ditto the gentleman, ISf^VII. - - - Ditto the gentleman, N° VIII. Ditto, N° IX. Ditto, N' X. Ditto, Profit 84 6 0 ^S5 17 2 103 4 2 176 8 6 ^2>^ 10 7 203 13 10 165 3 10 210 0 0 202 '5 0 242 3 0 •^^7 6 0 240 12 5 202 16 5 216 12 0 228 5 6 21s 17 9 ( 8i ) Profit per cent, on thefe farms, KM. - - - £.1110 Ditto the gentleman, 670 N°II. - - - 14 ir o Ditto the gentleman, 900 N°III. - - - ^3 ^o ^ Ditto the gentleman, 100 o No IV. - - - li" 7 o Ditto the gentleman, 12 2 o N°V. - - - - 21 4 o Ditto the gentleman, 19 2 o N°VI. - - - 17 16 o Ditto the gentleman, 16 13 o N°VII. ... -iS ^S 0 Ditto' the gentlemar^j 11 16 o N° VIII. Ditto, - - 19 o o N° IX. Ditto, - - 19 6 o N^X. Ditto, - - - 13 9 O Comparifon between the gentleman and the farmer in their profits per cent, in thefcfarnu, L s. d. N° I. The farmer, - i r i o The gentleman, - - 6 ^ o Superiority of the former, £. ^ 14 Q No XL The farmer, - .1450 The gentleman, - 9 o Q Superiority of the former, £'5A-2. Vol. II. G NMII. ( 82 ) N^ III. The farmer, - - 13 13 o The gentleman, - 10 o o Superiority of the former, N" IV. The farmer, The gentleman, Superiority of the former, N oV. The farmer. The gentleman. Superiority of the former, N° VI. The farmer. The gentleman. Superiority of the former, .N° VII. The farmer. The gentleman. Superiority of the former, The progrejjion of the farmer s far 7m in order of profit per cent. N° 5. - - ^.2140 6. - - 17 16 o 7. - - 15 15 o 4. . - ^5 7^ 2. . - 14 5 o 3- - - 13 13 o I. - • 11 I o The £-3 13 0 15 12 7 0 2 0 £-5 5 0 21 19 4 0 2 0 £'^ 2 0 17 16 16 0 13 0 £'^ 3 0 15 II 15 0 16 0 £-3 19 0 ( 83 ) Thepr ogrejfton of the gentlemaih>, N° 9. - - .c. 19 6 0 5* ^ ^ 19 2 0 a - - 19 0 0 6. - - 16 13 0 10. ^ - 13 9 0 4» - - 12 2 0 7- ^ - II 16 0 3- - - 10 0 0 2* * - 900 I, - - 670 Upon thefe feveral tables I muft make a few obfervations, to elucidate the fubje(5l of them, and draw them into as concife a view as poffible. The moft profi table farm to the com- mon farmer is that which is all grafs : 0,1 I. 4 J-. per cent, is a noble profit on a biifmefs which requires but little, or at leaft but a periodical attention, which is liable to few difafters, dependent but little on the feafons, and conducted with fo much eafe, that the occupier may be faid to grow rich while he fits in his chimne;f-corner* It is, with thefe great advantages, much fu- perior to all the arable farms, notwith- ftanding their being carried on with endlefa G 2 attention, { 84 ) attention, and open to a multiplicity of evils. The next beneficial farm is that laid down to grafs, and which ranking fecond, is a frefh proof of the vaft profit of grafs- farms ; for fijch a one is found fiiperior to all the arable ones, under the expence of being laid at the farmer's coft. His third farm in profit is that improved with marie, chalk, or clay, which pays 15/. 15 J. per cent.'. From whence it is obfervable, that to expend large fums of money upon poor lands, is often more ad- vantageous, than to hire fuch as are im- proved to his hand. The fourth in rank is that confifting of one third grafs and two thirds arable, which is nearly upon a par in profit with the laft. This management is advantage- ous, and much fiaperior to all, or near all, of a farm being arable. The next farm is that v,^hich is all clay arable, except 20 acres, and cultivated with fix horfes : It pays 14 /. 5 ^c per cent, which is but a moderate profit compared with many others. The ( 85 ) The fixth is the arable farm, the foil light enough for turnips : It is nearly on a par with the preceding one. The laft is the clay arable, cultivated with 8 horfes, which pays only 1 1 /. is. per cent. Upon the whole, the fuperiority of grafs is ftriking in each article. Sappofe two men to occupy one, N° 5. and the other N° I. the firft goes into bufmefs with a capital of 1048 /. which yields him an annual produce, all expences but that of intereft paid, of 210/. and makes a pro- fit of above 2 1 per cent. The other begins with a capital of 1257 /. or 200/. more than his brother, from which he annually receives but 139 /. and gains a profit o£ only 1 1 per cent, or very little more than half the other's. So much depends on a man's judgment in fixing hlmfelf in a farm. We here find that it is not fufficlent to get money ; a man mufl nnderftand the principles of his bufinefs to keep itj for, with above 1200 /. In his pocket, another may foon outftrip him, that pofTefles only 1000 /. It is an heavy misfortune for a man to exert his induflry, and beftow his G 3 attention, ( 86 ) attention, upon a bufinefs which cannot make him the returns he ought to receive. With what care and penetration Ihould he view the farm that is offered him ? How clearly fhould he calculate the probable expences, produce, and profit of it, that he may know, before he engages, w^hat he has reafon to expedt. Let him not, on fuch an occafion, forget, that with looo /. he may, in one kind of farm, make double the profit that he can with above 1200/. in another. The table of the progrefTion of the gentleman's profit alfo afTords matter for refledlion, which fliould not be flighted. In all common farms he is inferior to the common farmer ; in the calculation this inferiority is confined to the article of la- bour, which, in many farm.s, particularly arable ones, amounts to a vafl: difference; and as thofc other points of comparative difadvantagc under which gentlemen liei abound mofl in the fame, they render fuch farms very precarious ; the more labour implies the more arable land; and confe~ quently, the more complex bufinefs, to which a gentleman can fcarcely give the farmer's ( 8; ) farmer's attention. If a crop of wheat, for inflancc, be traced its progrefs through a farm, it is curious to obferve how many fituations it will be in, wherein its gentle- man mafler depend^ on the honerty of the hands through which it pafTes. F'lrji^ It is bought at market, at which bargain there is an opening at leaft. Secondly^ It is brought home, and wall, ii;i its journey, fuffer con- fiderable diminution, if the men are ac- cuflomed to flioot it into the heap in the granary without the rndL^cvh feeing it mea- fured. Thirdly, It is put into the hands of the fellows to fait, wafli, or brine; an ex- cellent opportunity of making free with the corn, and fupplylng its place with falt^ allies, lime, &c. If it is only waflied, the practice of fome countries, then the men may fieal half of it in the field; a precious opportunity ! My gentleman will not be the firfl: farmer that has found a fack of wheat in one of his ditches, buried up with twigs and leaves. Fourthly^ It is reaped, and in many counties where gleaning is much in practice, and with that impudence that is in fome, the fheaves of corn will chiefly add to the bundles of the gleaners. G 4 Fifthly { 88 ) Fifthly comes the thrafhing, in which I will venture to pronounce, that a gentle- man, who gives not the moft circumrpect at- tention to the very minutiae of hip. bufinefs, will be cheated to the amount perhaps of 5 or 6j or even To per cent, or h->, whole crop. It is a facS known in many parts of England, that many workmen I'carce ever thrafli in the fame cloaths they do their other bufmefs; they have coats wich pjc- kets, in the lining, that will hold each halfa peck :But befides this piece of knavery, th<.re are likewife the methods of filling bags, and buryimg them in the ftraw, or in any conve- nient place near the barn, and bringing them away in the night or other convenient time. Sixthly, It is meafured; i need but mention this article. Sei>e7ithly, It is carried to the granary, from thence loaded into the wag- gon, and drove to market, or the perion's that has bought it ; and the gentleman may depend on it, that unlefs he fees it mea- fured, facked, and loaded according to his bargain, his heap may fuffer a frefh de- dudion; for it is a very eafy matter to throw up a fack too much, and no difficult one to drop it at a labourer's houfe, or convert it into money. ( 89 ) Let not the reader imagine, that I have ftrained fads or probability, to make room for thefe dedudions ; nor have I wantonly attacked a fet of people with imputations of difhonefty, not to be found amongfl them. The manner in which the poor are brought up, the objeds conftantly before their eyes, the nature of their fituation, in a word, every thing confpires to give them a pilfering turn, which degenerates too often into fuch pradices as I have fketched. In one inftance their difhonefty is notori- ous in every county in England, which is their ftealing wood ; from a long habit of abufe, they are arrived at the pafs of confi- dering this as no theft ; and yet I cannot conceive any mode of reafoning which can throw into different lights the taking a neighbour's wood, or his corn, againft his confent. The one, even in their ideas, muft furely be confidered as his property, as well as the other; but fo ftrong is the juftnefs of this view of the cafe, that it af- fects even the country people ; for they pre- fently come to view corn and wood with the fame eye, and make equally free with both^ I appeal ( 90 ) I appeal to all real praclical hufband- men, whether they are not obliged, from the neceflity of the cafe, to have a moft watchful eye to their wheat, &c. &c. &c. under all the circumftances I ftated above. I have digreffed Into this inftance only as one in many wherein corn-farms are open to peculiar difadvantages to gentle- men : And I may from hence conclude once more, as I have often done before, that we muft confider fuch farms under more dedudions than that of 2 7 per cent, on the labour, although that is the only one we can reduce to calculation. The great point to be deduced from thefe re- marks is, that fuch dedudions, not reducible to eftimate, lie always on the fame farms with that of the 2^ per cent, when higheft; or, in other words, on thofe farms which employ moft labour. I am fpeaking here only of common hufbandry ; confequently, in the compariibn between the farms, the contraft is in reality vaftly ftronger than it there appears, and is a very powerful ar- gument againft common arable farms for gentlemen. They were found much the moft beneficial to common farmers; how much more fo muft they be to gentlemen ? In ( 91 ) In N^ 2. 27 per cent, on labour a»lone, makes a difference of 5 /. 5 j. /j^t r^w/. be- tween the gentleman and farmer In profit • or, in other v^ords, the farmer, on compa- rifon with the gentleman, faves more than the interefl of his capital in one article. But, on the contrary, in the grafs-farm, and that laid down to grafs, the difference between them is only i /. 3 j-. and 2 /. 2 x^ per cent. ; fo that, on the plan of calcula- tion before adhered to, it is in thefe farms alone that the gentleman nearly equals the common farmer; and this appearance of ■ equality is, in reality^ almoft as real as it appears to be ; fuch farms not being open to thofe complicated obje^ftions I have fo often explained, but cannot calculate. If we throw our eye over the progreffive table of the gentleman's "^vohx. per cent, we fee at once the farms which are to him mofl advantageous. The mofl: profitable is that on a clay foil, in which cabbages are intro- -'duced in a common courfe : This farm pays, 9 /. 6 s. per cent, after the dedu£lion oi Q.'j per cent, on all the labour of it. This is a ftriking proof, that gentlemen, if they would make any thing of farming, or near- ( 95 ) ly rival the common farmer, mufl cultivate grafs alone, or purfue a more fpirited and accurate management of arable land than ever performed by common farmers ; as to their creeping on in that vulgar courfe under a million of difadvantages, v^rithout half the advantages naturally annexed to it, the condud: cannot poffibly be attended with any thing but utter lofs, and to fmall for- tunes utter ruin. The culture of cabbages here fketched is peculiarly valuable ; for it enables the clay farmers to keep as great Hocks of cattle as the turnip ones, and even greater, which is a mofl: valuable ac- quifition to hufbandry, perhaps the mofl valuable that has been made in this age : a peculiar benefit refped:ing it in favour of gentlemen, is the fimplifying their bufi- nefs, by reducing their buying and felling to a fmall compafs; for this culture may be (o managed, by keeping covrs, fheep, or young cattle, that all the cabbages, clover, ftraw, and hay of a farm, may be fold in one bargain, which is no trifling point. What a prodigious difference between fuch a condud and that of bad farmers, who jaife their clover for hay to fell, and carry out, ( 93 ) out, and for feed ; who fow peafe, beans, or oats, &c. inftead of cabbages ; and who fell and carry out their ftraw ? What a complex, tedious, expenfive bufmefs is one ? How clear and fimple is the other ? The next farm in point of profit to a gentleman is that which is all grafs. Too much has already been faid upon the ad- vantages of fuch, for the cafe to require expatiating on here. The third in profit is that of cabbages and lucerne, (thefe three nearly upon an equality,) which I think can, with good managementj fcarcely fail of fuccefs, even fuperior to what I have fiappofed. But ■with farms conducted upon fuch fpirited principles as thefe, if a gentleman, with 1 1 GO /. in his pocket, (the fum requifite to ftock this farm) inftead of confining his attention to 80 acres, thinks he has money enough for 2 00 ; and when he has flocked fuch a farm, conceives the idea of culti- vating it upon fuch a plan, he will find himfelf mofl miferably difappointed. That very culture which, with a proper fum in his pocket, would turn out highly advanta- geous, may go near to prove the i-uin of a maa ( 94 ) man of Tmall fortune, from the original want of 2 or 300 /. Vegetables of this nature may indubitably be carried to a yaft profit, but it is impoffible to be done with- out great expence; and any -abatement in that expence muft be attended with vafl dedudions in the profit. Lucerne has been tried in almofl every county in Eng- land, and has failed In more than it has fucceeded : And why ? Not from any fault or want of capability in the plant, but for want of culture. Writers of hufbandry have, in treating of this plant, very juftly expatiated on the neceffity of keeping it entirely free from weeds ; and, for a year or fo, fome gentlemen may have done it, but the novelty of the practice wearing off, their attention has declined, and the culture as furely come to nothing. No fad: is clearer, than that gardeners cultivate onions to a certain fize, and much advantage. Suppofe a perfon, in imitating them, fol- lows them only in the preparation of their ground and the fpreading their feed, but leaves out the hoeing, the confequence cer- tainly will be the total failure of the crop^ whereby all the expence he has allowed, is thrown ( 9S ) thrown away. It is the fame with hiccrne, cabbages, or any of thefe vegetables that re- quire a fpirited and accurate culture ; all the fallowing and manuring in the w^orld will not do, if the fucceeding culture is denied. Thefe vegetables feeding vail ftocks of cattle, they will be cultivated to no profit, if the gentleman has not a fufficient fum of money to purchafe all that is wanted. It is clear from the calculation of the farm, that if, with 1133 /. he attempts this cul- tureupon 100, acres inftead of 80, that he will lofe by it. This might be eafily proved by figures; but it would take up too much room. The fourth farm in the gentleman's lift. Is that laid down to grafs, which, though it does not equal that already laid down in grafs, yet is fo profitable as to yield near ij per cent, and is fuperior to all the reft, infomuch that we may venture to decide, that fuch a farm is greatly fuperior for a gentleman, to any arable one commonly managed. The fifth is that cultivated with carrots in a courfc, which pays 13/. 9 x. per cent. This profit, although confidcrable, is not, I I appre- ( 96 ) I apprehend, fo high as many cIrcumPcances might carry it, and which I expert will hereafter appear in the fame farms on larger fcales. The reafon why the profit per cent, on this farm is fo much lower than that of cabbages in a courfe, is the great expence of the carrot-crop, which is the heavieft of any we have hitherto cal- culated. The reader may eafily vary the account to fuit any particular county, where the hoeing can be performed at a lefs chargeable rate; there are many fuch. About Woodbridge in Suffolk, where they are commonly cultivated, they are hoed thrice for I5r. ; but then the carrot-culture there has been in ufe time out of mind, and the work is done by the great at prices that have long been common and fixed, as hoeing turnips is in many coun« ties. Wherever the culture is not com- mon, no man will be able to get it done for any fuch price. It cofl me in Suf- folk 2 /. I o J. and 3 /. The firfl hoeing ■was \L 10 J. That no gentleman might be deceived in forming too flattering an idea, I have reckoned 3 /. per acre for hoeing: for that fum it may be done in a truly hulband-like aud accurate manner. The ( 97 ) The fixth farm in the lift is that one third of which is grafs, and two thirds arable: it is the proportion of the grafs that renders this more advantageous than others. Next comes the arable farm improved with marie, chalk, or clay : it is not to be wondered at that the preceding ones fhould be more profitable than this, which is im- proved at fo great an expence of labour, on which is a charge to the gentleman of 27 per cent. ; but, improved or not improved, arable farms can, in no common manage- ment, equal grafs ones to a gentleman. The eighth farm is the arable one, the foil light enough for turnips, which pays 10 per cent, ; but this, like others of the fame fort, is by no means to be recom- mended to gentlemen. The ninth and tenth are the clay ::rable under different management ; and the worft of all, the profit fo fmall, that unfpecified dedudions would vaftly more than fwallow it up. Farming, upon the whole of this view, appears, under a proper diredion, to be ex- tremely profitable to gentlemen ; but it like- wife appears, that if the money is expended Vol. II. H without f 98 J Without a previous judgment, inftead of being profitable, it will be attended with ruinous lolTes. CHAP. XXIV. Of the mojl advantageous method of difpofing of any fum of money ^ from 1500 1. to 30CO L in farming. TN proportion as I advance in thefe in- •*- quiries, ii becomes neceflary to embrace a greater fcope for including in each chap- ter a greater variety of farms ; but it i& neceflary to repeat v;hat 1 have elfewhere remarked, that the divifioni make of thefe calculations into chapters, is not for exadt- nefs or accuracy, but that the reader may not be fo generally bewildered as he would be, if the fubftances of thefe volumes w^ere thrown together without any divifion. It is for this reafon a latitude is taken in each ; It would be impofhble to have the flock of each farm in a chapter exactly alike, with- out fo much adding, reducing, and fquar- ing, that the real praclical proportions would be much injured. Suppofe a farmer poflcifed of 1642/. and haying viewed feveral farms, fits down to ( 99 ) to calculate tlie profit he has reafon to expe£l from them : in fiich a cafe, what is the ufc he is to make of thefe papers ? Why, not to throw them afide, becaufe no fuch fum as 1 642 /. is to be found in them ; for how IS it to be expedled, that every fum in the power of figures to form, fhould be pro- portioned here in the flock of every fort of farm ? Inftead of having fuch an idea, I fuppofe him to look over my table of chap- ters, and finding one that treated of fums from 1000 /. to 1600 /. he may eafily ima- gine his cafe to be not far diftant ; and if he then throws an eye over the method I purfue in dating the ftock of a farm which requires 16 or 1700/. he will at once fee the manner in which he fliould arrange his own ideas, and adapt his eftimates to the land in queftion. I offer no ipfi dixits ; calculations cut and fquared like tables of interefl to fuit all poinble cafes ; I pretend to nothing but afnfling the honefl cultiva- tor in his clofet, not by giving him ideas, but by helping him to cultivate his ovvm ; and I flatter myfelf that this is reafon fufficient for the latitude I take in my chapters, H 2: No r. ( 100 } N'^ I. Four hundred and thirty acres of arable land^ the foil clay or loam. This is called an arable farm, but the 30 acres are grafs near the houfe, for conve- nience. Stoch Rent^ <^c, h s, d. Rentof 430 acres, at 15^. - 322 10 o Tythe, at 4/. - - 64 10 o Rates, &c. at 4.% - 64 10 o 4 451 10 0 Livefoch /. /. d. 12 Horfes, - - - 180 0 0 50 Cows, - - - 250 0 0 8 Sows, - - - 10 0 0 ICO Sheep, - - - 60 0 0 L 500 0 0 Implements, /. s,d. A broad-wheeled waggon, 70 0 0 Three narrow-wheeled ditto, - 75 0 0 Four carts, _ - - 40 0 0 Two fmall three-wheeled ditto, 14 0 0 Seven ploughs. II 0 6 Three pair of harrov/s, 7 0 0 Three rollers. 8 0 0 Carry over, - >C* 225 06 Harnefs^ ( 101 ) Brought over, ;t. 225 06 Harnefs, - - - 30 o o 80 Sacks, - - - 12 o o Dairy furniture, - - 30 o o Screens, fieves, ropes, lines, &c. &C.&C. - - 20 o o Seed and Tillage, Four earths on 100 acres of /. s. d, wheat-land, - - 80 o o Seed, - - - 50 o o Sowing, - - - 2 10 o Water-furrowing, - - 500 Three earths on 100 acres of fpring-corn land, - - 60 o o Seed, - - - - 50 ^ ° Sowing, - - 150 Water-furrowing, - 2 10 o Harrowing, - - - 500 Seed clover, - - 20 o o Sowing, - - 150 Rolling, - - o 10 o Two earths on 100 acres of bean-land, - - 40 o o Seed, - - - 40 o o Sowing, - - 5 ^ ^ Water-fur rowing, - - 2 10 o I' ,^65 .0 o H 3 Labour. ( 102 ) Labour, One earth on I oo acres of wheat- /. s. d, land, - - - 500 Sowing, - - 150 Water-furrowing, - - 500 Harrowing, - - 150 Weeding, - - - 500 Reaping and harvefting, at 6 j. 30 o o Thrafhing, 3 qrs. fer acre, 300 qrs. at 2 J. - - - 30 O o Carrying out, 20 qrs. at a time, 1 5 journeys, *- - i 10 o Three earths on 100 acres of barley and oat land, - 15^^ Sowing, - - 15° Ditto clover, - - i 5 ^ Harrowing, - - ' 5 ° Water-furrowing, - 5 ^ ° Rolling, - - - 050 Mowing and harvefting, at 4 j". 20 00 Thrafhing, 4 qrs. -per acre, 400 qrs. at I J-. - - 20 O O Carrying out 80 acres barley, 320 qrs. 30 at a time; 10 journeys o o Three earths on 100 acres of bean-land, - - 15 o ^ Carry over, C* 159 00 1 Sowing, ( 103 ) Brought over, f^. 159 00 Sowing, - - - 500 Water-furrowing, - - 2 10 o Hand-hoeing once, at 6 ^. - 30 o o Horfe-hoeing 3 times, at 6 ^. - 7100 Reaping and harvefting, at 7 j-. 35 00 Thrashing, 3 qrs. per acre, 300 qrs. at I >f« - - - 15 o o Carrying out, 20 qrs. at a time, 15 journeys, - - - i 10 o Chopping and raking loo acres of flubble, at I J-. 6 ^. - 7100 Carting home, three waggons, and 5 men, 6 days, - i 10 o Ditching 400 perches, - 20 o o Carting 1 200 loads of earth, 30 per day, 40 days ; 3 d. per load filling, and 2 s, 6 d» driving, 10 s. per day, 20 00 62 Head of cattle, at 12 loads, 744 loads mixing with 756 of -the above earth, in all 1500 loads, ati^. - - 650 Carting 1500 loads, and fpread- ing, at 3 s. per fcore, and 2 s, 6 d. driving, at 7 s. per day, 50 days, - - i^ 10 o Carry over, jC- 3^^ 5 o H 4 Mowing, ( 104 ) Brought over, >C' S^B 5 o Mowing, making, and cocking 30 acres of grafs once, and 10 of clover twice, - - 1000 Carting ditto, and flacking, 10 days, of 7 men, - - 4 7 6 Thatching, - - o 15 o Cutting chafF, - - - i 13 4 Carting faggots, - -0100 Sundry labour concerning the horfes, the fheep, the fwine, and other articles not fpecified, to the amount of a labourer a year, - - 24 o o Ditto unfpeclfied articles, a boy a year, - - 900 £. 378 TO 10 Sundiy articles, /. j-. d. Shoeing, - - - 740 Wear and tear, - - 50 o o Market expences, - - 500 Cafli in hand, - - 100 o o £■ 162 O Total of thcfe articles, "^ C'^'^75 '^5 4 In this account there are variations from all the preceding, and I think not unnecef- farily ; However, I have already employed fornany pages in explanations, that I fhall It in future the more fparing of them. Annual s. d. lO o o o { 105 ) Annual Account. Expences. /. Rent, &c. - - - 45' 100 Sheep, - - - 60 Seed for ico acres of wheat, 100 of barley and oats, 100 ot clover, and 100 of beans, - 160 o o Labour, - - - - 378 10 lO Sundry articles, - - ^- 4 o >C- 11^^ 4 IQ Produce, 100 Acres of wheat, 300 qrs. /. s, d^ at 2 /. - - ^ 600 o o 80 Of barley, 3 20 qrs. at 16 i-. 256 o o 100 Of beans, 300 qrs. at 32 J. 480 o o 50 Cows, 100 Sheep, Expences, Intereft, Profit, The capital pays 27 /. 6 /. This is very confiderable profit, and yet I do not appre* hend the product charged too high. The addition of 100 fheep is on account of the breadth 250 120 0 0 0 0 >C- '706 I I 12 0 4 0 10 593 108 15 16 2 0 i:.484 19 2 ( io6 ) breadth of land ; it would be contrary to ireafon and fad: to adhere to an exadt pro- greffion under fimilar circumflances ; be- caufe no fheep were formerly thrown in, is not a reafon for not allowing them here. So large a farm as 400 acres may be pro- portionably flocked with great cattle, and yet, from its fize, afford food for a certain number of fheep. The expences are run up as high, I think, in every article, as any one can calculate them. The gentleman's account of this farm is as follows : Stock, /. s. d. Rent, &c. - - 4^*1 10 0 Live flock, - - 500 0 0 Implements, - - - 3^7 0 6 Seed and tillage, - - 365 10 0 Labour, - £. 378 10 10 57 per cent, - 102 i 0 480 II 10 2114 12 4 ^ndry articles, - - i6j? 4 0 £. 2276 16 4 Annual Account. Expences, /. s. d. Rent, &c, - r 451 10 0 Sheep, - - ^0 0 0 Carryover, £' S^^ ^'^ ^ Seed, (' lo; ) Brought over, ^f. 511 lo o Seed, - - - 160 o o Labour, - - - 4^0 11 10 Sundries, - - - 62 4 o ^. 1214 5 10 Produce, /. s, d. ^he fame, - 1706 0 0 Expences, - 1214 5 10 Intereft, - £ 491 H 2 113 17 0 Profit, '• 377 17 2 The capital pays q i /. 1 2 J-. the large- nefs of which profit reminds me of the great number of difadvantages the gentle- 5fnan is fubjedt to in fiich a farm as this : They cannot be calculated, but are un- doubtedly great. The reader certainly carries this circumftance in his mind. N° 2. Variation thejirjl. Five hundred and thirty acres arable^ the foil day or loanu The thirty acres I fuppofe, as in the laft farm, to be grafs, for convenience, near the houfe. Btoch ( io8 ) Stock, L s, d. Rent of 530 acres, at 15 s, - 397 10 o Tythe, at 4 j". - - 79 10 o Rates, &:c. at 4 j. - - _22._1?_? Livejloch I, s. d. 16 Horfes, _ - - 240 o o 6s Cows, - - ^25 o o 9 Sows, - - 1100 150 Sheep, - - - 90 o o jT. 666 o o Implements. L y. d. The fame as before, - 31706 Two more ploughs, - 3 3 o Harnefs for 4 horfes, - 800 Additions to dairy-furniture, -500 £-333 3 ^ Seed and Tillage, I, s. d. In the laiT: farm, - 365 10 o Add a fourth, - 9176 Labour, In laft farm, except the attend- /. s, d, ance on cattle, - 345 10 i^ Add a fourth, - - 86 7 8 A man and boy, as before, - 33 o o ^.J6ri8 6 Sundry ( 109 ) Sundry articles, L ^. d. Shoeing, - - 9 12 o Wear and tear, ^ - 6o o o Market expences, - - 5 ° ^ Cafiiinhand, - - loo Q o _ £■'■ 174 ] [2 0 Total, 2652 I 6 Annual Account, Rent, xpences. /. 10 0 Sheep, Seed, Labour, - 90 200 464 0 0 0 0 18 6 Sundries, Produce, £'. 74 1386 12 0 0 6 125 Acres of w 'heat, 375 qrs. /. s. d. at 2/. 100 Acres of barley, 400 qrs, at i6j-. 75^ 320 0 0 0 0 125 Of beans, 37 65 Cows, 150 Sheep, 5 qrs. at I /. m ■1 12 J. 600 180 0 0 0 0 0 0 Expences, Intereft, 2175 1386 788 132 0 0 0 6 19 6 12 0 Profit, C'656 7 « The ( Jio ) The capital pays 29 /. 14 x. ^er cent. The gentleman's account as follows : Ztovk» /. s. d. Rent, - "^ - 556 10 0 Live flock, - - - 666 0 0 Implements, - 333 3 ^ Seed and tillage, - 456 17 6 Labour, - £,. 464 18 6 ZiT per cent. - 125 11 0 j-go 96 Sundries, €~ 174 12 0 2777 12 6 Annual Account , Expences • /. J. J. Rent, - 556 10 0 Sheep, - * - 90 0 0 Seed, - 200 0 0 Labour, - 590 9 6 Sundries, "Produce, The fame, Expences, Intereft^ Profit, - - - £'5^4: II 6 The r. 1436 74 19 € ii> 0 /:. 1511 II 6 2175 1511 J-, d, 0 0 II 6 663 138 8 6 17 0 ( III ) The capital pays 23 /. 18 /.; but this, like all arable farms to gentlemen, is fub- jedt to numerous inconveniencies and de- dudtions not reducible to calculation. Few gentlemen would chufe to manage fuch a bufinefs as this, without the afliftance of a bailey, whofe board, wafhing, lodging, horfe, &c. cannot be reckoned at lefs than 60 or 70 /. a year^ befides what he may think proper to cheat his mafter of. How- ever, as baileys are mere afliftants to idle- nefs, I fhall never fuppofe them kept : I might, with as much propriety, fuppofe any other matter of eafe or imagined con- venience : all which a gentleman may, it is true, employ; but they never ought to be fet down to the account of neceffaries. I fhall offer, before I conclude this work, fome hints for the ufe of fuch gentlemen as arc defirous of managing without baileys. Variation the fecond. Three hundred and fifty acres arable^ fht foil light enough for turnips. Thirty acres of this farm I fuppofe grafs near the houfe. Stock. ( 112 ) Stock, Rent, &c. i J, d* Rent of 350 acres, at 1 5 x. - 262 10 0 Tythe, and rates, at 8 s. 105 0 0 £l ?D^7 10 0 Livejiock. I s,d. 12 Horfes, - - - 180 0 0 40 Cows, . - - 200 0 0 i6 Sows, 8 0 0 160 Steers or heifers, 800 0 0 80 Sheep, 48 0 0 £■'■ 1256 0 0 Implements, /. J. d. The fame as in N° i . 317 0 6 Seed and tillage. Four earths on 80 acres of wheat- /. s.d. land, - - - 64 0 0 Seed, 4.0 0 0 Sowing, 2 0 0 Water-furrowing, 0 0 a Three earths on 80 acres of fpring-corn, - - - 48 0 0 Seed, - - - 40 0 0 Clover ditto. 16 0 0 Harrowing, 4 0 0 Sowing, - - - 2 0 0 Water-furrowing, -^ 0 0 Ope earth on 80 acres fallow. 16 0 0 L' 236 0 Q Labour* ( "3 ) Labour, One earth on 80 acres of wheat- /. x. d, land, - - 400 Sowing, - - -100 Harrowing, - - i o o Water-furrowingi - - 200 Weeding, - - 400 Reaping and harvefting, at 6 j. 24 00 Thrafhing, 3I qrs./>^r acre, a 80 qrs. at 2 X. - - 28 o o Carrying out, 20 qrs. at a time, 14 journeys, - - 180 Three earths on 80 acres of fprlng-corn land, - 1200 Sowing, - - - loo Harrowing, - - 100 Water-furrowing, - 100 Mowing and harvefting, at 4 J. 16 00 Thrafhing, 4^. qrs. ^^r acre, 360 qrs. at I J. - - 1800 Carrying out 252 qrs. 30 at a time, 8 journeys, - - o 16 o Five earths on 80 acres of turnips, 20 o o Harrowing, - - 10,0 Sowing, - - 100 Hand-hoeing twice, at 7 j. - 28 00 Carryover, jf.T6^ 4~o Vol. II. I Drwin-, ( 114 ) Brought over, £- i6^ 40 Drawing the turnips, and carting them home, at 7 j. 6 ^. - 30 00 Chopping and raking 80 acres of fkibble, _ - . - 600 Carting ditto to farm-yard>.i..,f._..._j^, / 5 men, 5 days, - - ^.,.^;; 5 o Ditching 300 perches, - . - ,i-i^f - o O Carting 900 loads of earth to .,,^: • farm-yard, 30 ^er day, S9 -^-^^ days, at 10 s, - .^ . |'^j.;P,.9 a 12 Head of cattle,_at 12 loads^^^^ • ^. each, 2544 mixing with 90'9.,^^^ a^iH' earth, in all 3444 loads, at i^..^ 5^^. 5[* o Carting 3444 loads, 30 per day, ,: ,. . 1,14 days, at 7^. - - . 3? ^^ ^ Mowing and making 30 acres of grafs. once,, and 7 of clovejr^_ twice, - - - ^ n.. o o Carting> and flacking Q days, 7 men, .- ,^.;' - 3 ^^ 9 Thatching, ■ -'' "-' - ; o 12 o Cutting chaff>^_^._,-^^,.^^- ,. .3„^J, 13 4 Carting faggots,. - - . -O o -O Sundry^ articles of work about cattle, &c. a man a year,, v^4. ^ ^ Ditto- fmall articles unfpeciiied, 9 '^ ^ ... £>'M7_±J, Simdry ( 115 ) Sundry articles, i. h d. Shoeing, - - 740 Wear and tear, - - 50 o o Market expence^j - - 4 10 o Cafli in hand, . - - lOQ . o o „ £, 161 14 o Total, - - .^ X^. 2655 10 7 Annual Account. Expenccs, I. s. d. Rent, - 367 10 o 160 Steers, •- - - 800 o o 80 Sheep* - - 48 o o Seed, * ^ - iq8 o o Labour, - - - 337^1 Sundries, - - - 61 14 o Produce » 80 Acres of wheat, 2^0 qrs.~ /. /. d, at.2 /. ' - '" - 560. o o 252 Qrs. of barley, at 16 j.-- 2or 12 o 40 Cows, - - 200 o o 160 Fat beads, at 7 /. ~ 1120 o o So Sheep, - _ - 96 o_ o ^.2177 12 o Expehces, ** - 1742 10 r ' 435, 1 ^^ Intereft, ^ - - 132 icp Profit, - _ ™ T. '2.02 '6 II I 2 Tiic ( i'6 ) The capital pays 1 6 /. 7 /. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows : StocK h s, J, Rent, - - - 367 10 o Live flock, . - - 1236 o o Implements, - - 31706 Seed and tillage, - - 236 o o Labour, - - jC- 337 ^ i 27 percent, - 90 19 o 428 5 I Sundries, - - - 161 14 o £, 2746 9 7 Annual Account. Expences, I. s. d. Rent, - - - 367 10 o 160 Steers, - - - 800 o o 80 Sheep, - - - 48 o o Seed, - - - 128 6 o Labour, - - 429 5 i Sundries, - - - 61 14 o £, 1834 9 I Produce* /. x. d. The fame, - 2177 12 o Expences, - - 1834 9 i £•343 2 II Intereft, - - £'^?>7 7 2 Profit, - " £' 205 15 IX The ( "7 ) Tlic capital pays 12 /. 9 j. per cent. Variation the thh'd. Three hundred acres y the foil clay or loam ; one third grafsy and tivo thirds arable. The 100 acres of grafs in this farm I fup- pofe to be meadow, or rich upland, worth I /. 5 J-, per acre, and the arable I reckon at about 15/. Stock, Rent, 6'^. i' -f- ^' Rent of 300 acres, at 18 j. 270 o o Tythe and rates, at 8 j. - 108 o o £■ 378 0 0 Livejlock, /. s.d. 10 Horfes, - 150 0 0 50 Cows, - 250 0 0 20 Steers, - 140 0 0 50 Sheep, - - - 3^ 0 0 5 Sows, — *" f< 6 0 0 576 0 0 Lnplcjnents. /. s,d. A broad-wheeled waggon, - 70 0 0 Three narrow-wheeled ditto. 1 ■ 75 0 0 Harnefs, - - « 20 0 0 3 Carts, - 30 0 0 Carry over, f. 195 00 I 3 6 Ploughs, ( ii8 ) Broiight over,- ^.195 60 6 Ploughs, - - 9 9 P 3 Harrows, - - 700 3 .Rollers, one for grafs, - 10 p o 60 Sacks, - - ■'d ':'.© Q Sere,en&j bufhels, fhovels, lines, forks, rakes, whe^L-barrows, {'q-j £\c:' Sec, &c. &c. Sec, : ,.- _ . . j^q, -Q'.Q Dairy furniture, - - 30 o q £■_ 280 9 0 Seed and tillage. Four earths on 50 acres of ^- , s. d. -wheat-knd, "_ - 40 0 0 Se^a,-: 1'-. ^5 0 0 Sowing, - •- '- I 5 0 Water-furrowing, /> 10 0 Three e^irths on 50 acres of - ^ring-corn land. 30 0 0 Seed, 25 0 0 Sowing, - - « 0 12 6 Cloverl^feed, 10 0 0 Sowing', 0 12 6 Harrowing, 0 10 0 Water-furrowing, 2 10 0 Oxk eanli on.jo acres of bean-land, !o 0 0 Labour, -'1' c^'^^"8 12 6. . ,33rrH 2 -nbcg'^^ 6^ d ( '« ); ^T ^5 ."^ ,-: ..'Q :».""- '^o'li '" ^ ■" '■ Labmif. .•:;., One earth on 50 acres of ^vlieat- .,, -:A ^., d- O. TO O land^ , Sowing; _ - Harrowing, Water-furrowitig, ,..,.,.,..^. . Weeding, - . .^^ - 'A- n Reaping and harveftmg, at 6 .. I^^,.0^o Thraihing the crop, 3 ^''' ^%,^^^ ^ acre, 150 qrs. at 2 j. ^ -. /> Carrying out, 20 qrs. at a time, ^ . - _ ' o 10 o 8 journeys, Three earths on 50 acres of barley and oat land, - 7 10 o Sowing, Ditto th Harrow Water-furrowing, Rolhng, - ^ Mowingandharvefting, at4^. 10 o o Thrafhing the crop, 4t ^^s. ;)^r acre, 225 qrs. at i j'. - 11 5 ^ Carrying out 30 acres of barley, i-s,- qrs. 30 ^t ^ ^*'^^^' ^ o journeys, Three earths on 50 acres of bean land, - " - --^ 7-7 Carryover, £.80 16 6 T 4 Sowing, o 12 6 1 - o 12 <^ Ditto the clover, ^ o 12 o Harrowing, 2 10 o ( 120 ) Brought over, ^. 80 i6 6 Sowing, - - 2100 Water-furrowing, - 15° Hand-hoeing, at 6 J. - 15 o ^ Horfe-hoenig 3 times, at 6 ^. - 3 15 O Reaping and harvefting, at 7 J. 17 10 o Thrafliing, 3 qrs. per acre, 150 qrs. at I J. - - 7 10 o Carrying out, 20 qrs at a time, 8 journeys, ,' ^^ 7^ , ,.. ^. 0160 Chopping and raking 50 acres of ftubble, - - 3150 Carting home, 5 men, 4 days, i o o Ditching 300 perches, - 15 ° *^ Carting 900 loads of earth to farm-yard, 30 loads a day, 30 days, at 10 s. - 15 ° ° 60 Head of cattle at 12 loads each, 720 loads mixing with 90c; in all 1620, at I J. 6 15 o Carting 1620 loads, ^^^ per day, 54 days, at j s. - - iS 18 o Mowing, making, and cocking 35 acres of gnifs, - 8 15 O Carting ditto, and Hacking, 7 days, of 7 men, - 2> ^ ^ Thatching, - - o 15 O Catting chaii; - - ^ ^3 4 Carry over, ^. 203 15 i Carting ( 121 ) Brought over, ^.203 15 i Carting faggots, - - 080 Sundry labour concerning the cattle, &c. a man a year, 524 o o Ditto unfpecified articles ; a boy, 900 Sundry articles. /. s. d. Shoeing, - - 7 4 o Wear and tear, - 40 o o Market expences, - - 5* o o 40 Loads of ftraw, - - 30 o o Cafh in hand, - - IQO o o £. 1^2 4 o Total, - /;.i8o3 16 I Annual Account. Expences, /. J". <^ Rent, &c. - - 378 o o 20 Steers, - - 140 o o 50 Sheep, - - 30 o o Seed for 50 acres of wheat, 50 of barley and oats, 50 of beans, and 50 of clover, - 80 o o Labour, - - 237 4 X Sundry articles, - - 82 4 o £■ 947 8 I Produce, 1^0 Qrs. of wheat, - 300 o o 135 Qrs. of barley, at 16 s. 108 o Q Carry over, £. 408 o o * 150 Qrs. ( 122 ) ■ . - I ■ Brought over, ^, 408 150 Qrs. of beaiiSy' at 32 s^ 240 50 Cows, .-. , - 250 50 Sheep, - ic;jb.::^ ^i.-: ^^ 20 Steers, - - 280 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :^'"~ . ;. . X:.i23B 0 0 Expenccs, - - 94Z_ 8 :-TB ( ; " SgfQ n II ImerefVj - - ^7. .. •9o_ 3 a Profit, - - - - . 200 8 1 1 'I'he capital pays 16 T. i s, percent. The gentleman's account is as follows : i„;. Stovk, L s. ^. Rent, &c. - - 578 0 0 Live- Stock, - - 576 0 0 Implertients, -i- - - 280 9 0 Seed and tillage, - ' ^S^ 0 0 Labour, - ^. 237 41 1'] per cent, - G^) ^9 ^ r» T 0^^ 0 X Sundry articles, - - 182 4 0, £■ >»67 16 ■ I Annual Account. Expences. L J-. ^/ Rent, &c. - - 2>7^ 0 0 So 'Steers, - - H° 0 0 5^0 Sheep, - - 3°_ 0 0 Carry over, jC- 54^ ° *^ Seed, ( 123 ) Brought over, ^. i:48. ^o 9. Labour, - .-.^r,^ ' i^^ ' Z ' Sundry'articles, ' - *""..-. 82 4. q V j:: -"-^. ifori' y-^-f 'Product, I. s. d, Thdfanie, - " -"" 1238 "U ' 6 Expcnces; - ■^' loli 7 i Interefl, • - " - " 9J 7. '^ Profit, ' - ■ - ~- X-^3__5_ii The capital pays 1 2 /. 2 j. /?^r c^«/. . but the reader is not to forget the dif- advantages a gentleman labouirs under in fuch a farm, in points not reducible to efti- mate : He hcije appears .greatly inferior to the common farmer. Let us, in the next place, ftate an account • of the flime farm under an improved culture^ to difcover if the gentleman cannot thereby equal or ex- ceed him. Variation the fourth, Three hundred acres ^ the foil clay or loami one third ^rafs, and t%vo thirds arable \ cultivated on improi}ed principles ; cabbages in a courfe. This variation is no more than fubftir tuting ( 124 ) tuting cabbages in the place of the beans ; but in its confequences this will be found confiderable. Stock, L s. d. Rent,- &c. as before, - 378 00 Live Stock. 10 Horfes, « 150 0 0 20 Steers, - 140 0 0 100 Cows, - 500 0 0 80 Steers, - 400 0 0 10 Sows, - ..- 13 0 0 60 Sheep, - 36 0 0 £''. 1239 0 0 Lnplements, The fame as before, - ^, Seed and tillage. ,280 9 0 The fame as before, - £. Labour, 150 0 0 One earth or \ 50 acres of wheat- /. s. d. land, - - - - 2 10 0 Sowing, - 0 )2 6 Harrowing, - 0 12 6 Water-furrowing, 2 10 0 Weeding, - 0 10 0 Reaping, &c. ^5 0 0 Carryover, >C- "3 15 ^ Thrafiiing, ( 1^5 ) Brought over, £- ^Z ^5 ^ Thraftilng, 4 qrs. per acre, 200 qrs. at 2 X. - - SO o o Carrying out, 20 at a time, 10 journeys, - - i o ^ Three earths on 50 acres of bar- ley and oat land, - 7100 Sowing, - - o 12 6 Ditto the clover, - - 0126 Harrowing, - - - o 12 6 Water-furrowing, - - 2 10 o Rolling, - - - 05^ Mowing and harvefting, at 4 J. 10 00 Thraihing, 5 qrs. /'i'r acre, 250 qrs. at I J. - - - 12 10 o Carrying out 3 2 acres of barley, 160 qrs. 30 at a time, 5 journeys, - - o 10 o Five earths on 50 acres of cabbage-land, - 12 10 o Digging the feed-bed, and fowing, o 15 o Planting, at 5 j. - - 12 10 o Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 *:/. - 500 Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j-. 20 o O Cutting and carting, at 5 x. - 12 10 o Chopping, raking, and carting 50 acres of ftubblc, - 4 ^5 Q Carry over, >C- ^47 ^7 ^ Ditching ( l?6 ) Brought over, £". 147 17 6 Ditching 400 perches, - 20 o o Carting 1200 loads of earth to farm-yard, 30 loads /) fci' - 100 0 0 L' 192 4 0 Total, f^. 2G04 6 2 ^fluixiv. Annual ( IZJ ) . , AnNUJ\L AC€QUNT. Expctices, . /. 7. d. Rent, - - - 37B 0 0 80 Steers, - - - 400 0 0 ao Ditto, •■ - " ^4^ 0 0 60 Sheep, - - 3^ 0 0 Seed far 5q acres of wheat, 5 0 of fprlng-corn,- 50 of clover, and 50 of cabbages, - <^8 0 0 Labour, - - - 3^4; f3 ■^ Sundries, - - - 9^ 4 p £. 1478 17 3 Produce, I. s. .. jdfs 200 Qrs. of wheat, - 400 0 0 160 Ditto of barley, - 128 0 0 100 Cows, , . - - 500 0 0 80 Steers, . - - 720 0 0 20 Ditto, - - . 280 0 0 60 Sheep, - - 72 0 0 jT. 2100 o o Expences, - - - 1478 17- 3 621 2 . 19 Intereft, - - 1 3^ 4 o Profit, - - - X^. 490 18 iQ The capital pays 23/. \(\s. per cent. which is very confiderable on a farm that iiS naore advantageous to a gentleman than 2 one { 128 ) one moftly applied to the culture of corn ; only one third of this yields grain in a year. Some may perhaps think I have rated the produce too high ; but if they confider the largenefs of the fum employed in flock- ing it, and the vaft quantity of cattle kept by means of the cabbages, infomuch that 3480 loads of manure are every year raifed, which are fufficient to cover 70 acres of land, at the rate of 50 loads an acre; if this is for a moment refledled upon, I am clear the produ(St will fooner be thought too loiv than too high. This proportioned farm is, of all thofe containing more arable than grafs land, I believe, the moft ad^ vantageous. The general (ketch is, 100 Acres of grafs. 50 Ditto of clover. 50 Ditto of cabbages. 40 /. worth of purchafed ftraw, and that of 100 acres of corn, maintain 100 Cows. 20 Summer-fatted fleers. 80 Winter ditto. And, 60 Sheep. The ( 129 ) The yearly purchufed cattle /. j-. d. fell for - - 1072 o o They coft, - - 57^ o o 496 o o Product of 100 cows, - 500 o o Produd: of the above grafs, clover, cabbages, and ftraw, 996 o o which is within a trifle of 5 /. per acre. Is not this proof fufficient, that the above calculation is 'very low ? For, if 200 acres of land, with the afTiftance of fo much ftraw, under fuch numerous and great ex- pences, flocked at fo large an expence, and manured fo immenfely, will not yield fuch a produce, it certainly will produce nothing. Variations in the manner of flocking, in the method of feeding the cattle, and other particulars, may be made, according to the difpofition of the farmer ; but under any fuch variations, the fum I have ftated for live-flock will be found neceflary j and it matters not, to the ufe of thefe calculations, whether it be expended in the manner I have flietched. I have explained the flocking of this farm, to fliew, that in many of my efli- mates, wherein I may be thought to have VoL.IL K dealt ( 130 ) dealt in very large totals, the funis ana- lized, and compared with the foil and ex- pence, will fliew that nothing is extrava- gantly rated. Many books have been pub- lifhed, that promife immenfe riches from the pradicc of agriculture, not from an even and inceffant induftry, but from the execution of flighty and impradicablc ideas. Many hundreds per cent, profit have been talked of; but I am well convinced, that nature, in this country at leaft, requires nrl, indiijlry-i and unremitted attention in the cultivators of the earth, or fhe will not yield eveny??/^// profits. Virgil was of the fame opinion in the warmer clime of Italy. Pater, ipfe colendi Haud fa'cilem effeviam z-oluit, primufque per art em Movit agros^ curls acuens mart alia corda. I know not any one of thefe cflimates, wherein the profit is greater than is made in fome other branches of bufinefs ; and not more confiderable than it really ought to be, in one that ingrolTes all the time and attention of a man, however fmall hijv capital. ( I3i ) N° 6. Variation the fifth. Four hundred acres'^ all grafs. Stock. Rent, &c, /. s. d. kent of 400 acres, - - 4^^ ^ ^ Tythe, rates, &c. &c. &c. at 8 x. 1 60 00 Livejlock. Two horfes. Four hundred fleers, - Implements. I. s. d. Two fmall three-wheeled carts, 14 00 Harncfs, - - 3^0 Sundry fmall articles, - 509 ^•23 00 Labour. 350 Perches of ditching, and carting, and fpreading the /. s. d. earth, at 3 /. - 52100 Sundry fmall articles, - 7 10 o X-6o 00 K 2 Sundry £.560 0 0 /. s. d. 30 0 0 2000 0 0 >C- 2030 0 0 ( 132 ) Sundry articles. /. s.d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, 3 0 0 Market expences, I 0 0 Cafh in hand, ■" 80 0 0 £'H 0 0 ' Total, £' ^756 0 0 Annual Account. Expences, /. s. d. Rent, - 560 0 0 400 Steers, - 2CCO 0 0 Labour, - 60 0 0 Sundries, — ~ 4 0 0 £' 2624 0 0 Produce, /. s, d. 400 Steers, at 'il. 5^- - 5300 0 0 Expences, - 2624 0 0 676 0 0 Intereft, ^ 137 16 0 C 53B 4 0 The capital pays 24/. 10 s, per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows : Stock, ' I. s. d. Rent, &c. - - - ^60 o o Live flock, _ - - 2030 o o Implements, - - 22 o o Carry over, ^.2612 00 Labour, ( 133 ) Brought over, £.2612 00 Labour, - - ^T. 60 o o 2^ per cent, - 16 4 o 76 4 o Sundry articles, - - 84 o o C' 277^ 4 Q Annual Account. Expenccs, I. s. d. Rent, _ - - 560 o o 400 Steers, - - 2000 o o Labour, - - 76 4 o Sundries, - - 400 £. 2640 4 o Produce. I. s. d. The fame, - - 35'^^ o o Expences, - - 2640 o o 660 o o Intereft, - - 138 iq o Profit, - - 521 8 o The capital pays 23 /. 16 s. per cent, an advantage, where there are fo few de- ductions reducible to calculation, too great to require expatiating upon. N^ 7. Variation thejtxth. Three hundred acres arable^ laid do'wn to grafu This farm I call an arable one, like many K 3 others, ( 134 ) others, becaufe it is chiefly fo; but 20 acres I /uppole to be grafs, near the houfe, for convenience. Stock. Rent^ &c. 1, s. d. 300 Acres, at 1 5 j. - 225 o o Rates, tythe, &:c. &c. &c. 90 o o A? " C ;i.5 0 0 Li'uejlock. /. s. d. Eight hcrfes, - - i :2o 0 0 Implements. /. J", d. One waggon, ^5 0 0 Two carts, 20 0 0 Two fmall three-wheeled ditto, H 0 0 Harnefs, 12 0 0 Four ploughs, 6 6 0 Harrows and rollers, '1 0 0 Sacks, and fundry fmall articles, 10 0 0 f"-. •■ 94 6 0 Seed and Tillage. Four earths on 70 acres of wheat- land, but fovv'n with fpring- /. s. d. corn, - - - 56 0 0 Seed for yoacresof fpring-corn, 2>S 0 0 Sowing, „ - _ 0 17 6 / "VVatcr-furr owing. 3 10 0 Carryover, £.ijs 1 ^ Grafsr ( 135 ) Brought over, ^.95 'j 0 Grafs-feeds for 70 acres, - 70 o o Sowing, - - 3 io o Rolling, - - - 080 Harrowing, - - o 17 6 journeys o Labour. I. s. d. Six earths on 2 10 acres of fallow, 63 00 Mowing, making, carting, and ftacking i o acres of hay, - 400 Mowing and harvefting 70 acres of fpring-corn, at 4>f. - 14 o o Thrafhing, 4 qrs. ^^r acre, 280 qrs. at I J". - - 14 o o Carrying out 54 acres of barley, 216 ars. 12 at a time, 18 I 16 o Sundry fmall articles, - 10 o o £, ic6 16 o Sundry articles. Shoeing, and wear and tear, i^- 10 00 Firfl: year's expence, - ;^. 816 50 Second year. Rent, &c. - - i^'115_ Spring-corn feed for 210 acres, - - >('• 105 o o o o Grafs-feeds for ditto, - /^. 2 1 o 00 10 Cows, - - ;C-5^ O O K 4 Labour. ( '36 ) Labour. Mowing, making, and cocking /. J-. d. 70 acres of grafs, Carting and flacking, Tiiatching, 17 7 I 10 0 10 0 0 0 Cutting chaff, I 5 0 Ploughing 210 acres thrice, 31 10 0 Sowing, Ditto grafs-feeds, 10 12. 10 6 0 Harrowing, - - Rolling, ^ ^ 0 0 12 16 6 0 Water-furrowing, r- Mowing and harvefting, at 4 j. ^ Thra filing, 4 qrs. per acre, 840 10 4^ 10 0 0 0 qrs. at I J". Carrying out 776 qrs. 12 at a time, G^ journeys, Sundry fmall articles, 42 6 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 £': 186 ~6 0 Sundry articles. /. s. d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 10 0 0 Market cxpenccs, rt .1 0 0 /^- 13 00 Second year's expence, - ;^- 879 6 o Third year, Kent, &ic. - - ^. 315 o o 60 Hom(?-bred iKifers, - £. o^o ~o l.'abom\ ( -^3y ) Labour. Mowing, making, and cocking /. s. d, 2IO acres of hay, - 52 lo o Carting and ftacking, - 2100 Thatching, - - 300 Cutting chafF, - - i 5 <^ Sundry articles, - - Boo Sundry articles. I. .r. d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 700 Market expences, - - 200 Third year's expence, ^. 649 15 o Fourth year. Rent, &c. - - ;f. 315 00 300 Heifers or fleers, - ^. 1500 o o Labour. Mowing, making, and (lacking /. j-. d, 5 acres of hay, - - i 15 o 200 Perches of ditching and carting, and fpreading the earth, at 3 J". -^ - 30 o o Sundries, - - 500 L' 36 li o Sundry articles. I. s. d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 200 Market expences, - - 200 Cafh in hand, ■-- ^ ^ 80 o o ^•84" o o Fourth year -s expences, - ^.1935 15 o J^roduce^ { 138 ) Produce. Firji year. I. s. d, 2i6 Qrs. of barley, at i6 j. 172 i6 o Second year. . /. s. d. 776 Qrs. of barley, - 6ao 16 o 70 Tons of hay, - - 140 o o 10 Cows, - - - 50 o o £".010 16 o Third year. I. s. d. 110 Tons of hay, - 420 o o 60 Fat heifers, - - 420 o o 10 Cows, - - 50 o o Sale of implements, and 86 horfes : They cofl 160/. - 80 o o /C-970 o o General Account. /. s. d. Expences of the firft year, - 816 50 Intereft, - - 40 16 o Expences of the fccond year, 879 60 Intereft, - - , 84 15 o Expences of the thh'd year, - 649 15 o Intereft, - - - 1 1 7 4 o Expexices of the fourth year, 1935- ij- o X. 45-3 ^6 o Produce of the firft year, - \qz id o of the fecond, - 810 16 o * — of the third, - 970 o o ^. J 953 I2~ Total ( 139 ) Total expence, - £- AS^2 ^^ o Produce, - 1953 12 o Total requifite to flock this farm, - - ^.2570 4 Q Annual Account. Expences. Thofe of the fourth year, ex- /• s. d, cept cafh in hand. Produce. 300 Steers, 10 Cows, Expences, Intereft, Profit, The capital pays 21 /. 3 j. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows : Firft year's expence, except /. s. d, labour, - - • - 809 9 o Labour, - ^T. 106 16 o 2 7 per cent, - 28170 135 13 o Second year's expence, - 693 o o Labour, - £- i^^ 60 27 per cent. - 50 4 o ' 236 10 o Carry over, ^. 1 874 j 2 o Third IB55 15 0 2350 5^ J-. d. 0 0 0 0 2400 1855 0 0 15 0 544 128 5 0 10 0 415 15 0 ( HO ) Brought over, £. 1874 12 o Third year's expence, - 564 o o Labour, - £' ^5 '^S ^ S 7 pe?' cent, - 22190 108 14 o Expence of fourth year, ,- 1S99 o o Labour, - £* S^ ^S ^ 27 />^r cent, - 919^ — 46 T4 o ^T. 4493 o o Firft year's total, - - 945 2 o Interefl, - - 47 5 o Second year, - - 929 10 o Intereft, - - - 93 14 o Third year, - - 672140 Intereft, - - 127 6 o Fourth year, - - ^945 14 o £• 47^1 5 Q Produce. Of the firft, fecond and third /. j. ^. year, as before, - 1953 I2 o Total expence, - 47^ * 5 o Produce, - ^953 12 o Total ftock, - ^. 2807 13 o Annual Account. Expences, Thofe of the fourth year, except cafh in hand, - £. 1865* 14 o Produce, ( HI ) Produce. I. s. d. The fame as before, - 2400 o o Expences, - - 1865 14 o 534 C ^ Intereft, - • - HQ 7 Q Profit, - - >C-_593_i9_£ The capital pays ig /. per cent. Variation the feventh. Three hundred acres arable^ the foil light enough for turnips, and marled^ chalked, or clayed. I fuppofe 20 acres to be grafs. Stock. Rent, &c, I. s. d, 300 Acres, at 7 j-. - 105 o o Rates, ty the, &c. &c. &c. at 8 s. 4^ o o £' 147 o o Live ftock. Twelve horfes, - ^'. 120 00 Implements. The fame as in N° 4. - >C- -^^ 9 o Tillage. Three earths on 70 acres, - jT. 42 o o Four earths on 210 acres, - 42 o o Mowing and making 8 acres of grafs, - - 2 Q O Carry over, £-44 ^ o Carting ( H2 ) Brought over, j^* 44 ^ ^ Carting and ftacking, q days, of 7 men, - - 0176 Sundry fmall articles, - 1000 £ ^4 17 ^ Su7idry articles. Marling, chalking, or claying 280 acres, at the rate of 100 loads /)^r acre, at 4/. /?^r acre, /. s. d^ including «// expences, - 11 20 00 ic8 Qrs. of oats, at 13 j-. - 70 4 o Straw cut into chaff, - 1000 6 Tons of hay, - 1500 Shoeing, and vv^ear and tear, - 30 00 Calh in hand, - 100 o o Rent, &c. 35 Cows, 4 Sows, :^^ x-> 345 4 0 Total, £-^ 989 10 6 Second year. - £■ 147 0 0 - £■ 175 0 0 - £■ ■ £■ 6 0 0 fleers, 700 0 0 _ £ ".36 0 0 60 fheep, Seed for 70 acres of wheat, yo of fpring-corn, 70 of clover, and 70 of turnips, - ;^« 85 15 o Labour^ ( H3 ) Labour, One earth on 70 acres of wheat- /. s. d, land, - - - o 15 6 Sowing, - - - o 17 6 Water- furrowing, - o 17 6 Harrowing, - - 089 Reaping and harvefting, at 6 J. 21 00 Thrafliing, 5 qrs./^racre (a two years fallow) 350 qrs. at 2 j. 35" 00 Carrying out, 20 at a time, 17 journeys, - - i 14 o Three earths on 70 acres of fpring-corn, - - 1 1 5 o Sowing, - - o 17 6 Ditto clover, - - 0176 Water-furrowing, -^ o 10 o Rolling, - - 050 Mowing and harvefting, at 4^. 14 00 Thrafhing, 4 qrs. per acre, 280 qrs. at I J". - 1400 Carrying out, 172 qrs. of barley, 30 at a time, 6 journeys, - o 12 o Mowing and making 20 acres of grafs and 6 of clover into hay, 6100 Carting and ftacking, 5 days, 7 men, 2 34 Four earths on 70 acres .of turnip- land, - - - 14 o o Carry over, ^. i-^ 13 i Sowing, ( 144 ) Brought over, £. 1 28 13 r Sowing, - - o 17 6 Hand-hoeingtwice, at 7J-. - 24 10 o Drawing and carting home, at 7 J-. 6 d. - - 2650 Chopping and raking 70 acres of ftubble, - - 550 Carting home, - - i 10 6 Ditching 300 perches, at 9 J. 11 50 Carting 800 loads of marie, chalk, or clay, from a pit to the farm-yard, 30 per day, 21 d.per load filUng, and is. 6d. driving, 27 days, at 8 /. 9^/. 11 179 175 Head of cattle, at 12 loads, 2100 mixed with 800 loads of marie, 2900, at i ^. - 12 18 Carting ditto, 30 per day, and fpreading, at 3 s. per fcore, and 2i. 6 d. driving, 97 days, at7x. - - 33196 Cutting chafF,- - - ^ ^3 4 Sundry articles concerning the cattle, to the amount of a man a year - - 24 o o Sundry imall unfpecified articles ; a boy, - - - 900 >C' ^9Q 17 4 Sundry ( 145 ) Sundry articles, /. s, d» Shoeing, and wear and tear, 57 4 o Market expences, - - 400 50 Loadsof ftraw, - - 40 o o £. loi 4 o Total, - - 1541 16 4 Flrfl year, - - 1989 10 6 Intereft, - - 99 19 o Total neceflary to ftock this farm, - - ^'ll^lLAJ^ Annual Account. Expences, I* s, d. Rent, &c. - - - 147 o o 140 Beafts, - - - 700 o o 60 Sheep, - - 36 o o Seed, - - - 85 15 o Labour, - - 290 17 4 Sundry articles, - - loi 4 o £, 1360 16 4 Produce. yoAcresof wheat, 37 />^^^ acre, /. s. d, 245, - - 490 o o 207 Qrs. of barley, 46 qrs. at 16 J. - - 165 12 o 140 Beafts, - - 980 o o Carryover, £.1635 12 o Vol.11, L 60 Sheep, ( 146 ) Brou^ 60 Sheep, ^S Cows, jht over, 1635 ^ 0 72 0 0 175 0 0 1882 12 0 Expences, - - 1360 16 4 Intereft, . _ 521 181 15 8 II 0 Profit, - C 339 4 8 The capital pays 14 /. 7 The gentleman's account is as s. per follows cent, > • ' Stock. /. s. d. Rent, &c. - - 147 0 0 Live ftock, - 120 0 0 Implements^ Tillage, Labour, £.54 17 280 42 6 9 0 0 0 2y per cent. Sundry articles. Including 1 1 20m 14 ;C. 1345 arl- 17 4 0 - 69 0 14 6 ing, fuppofe 500 of it laboured, 27 on • that is, 125 0 0 -1470 /f 0 4 '^ £•2129 7 6 Second ( 147 ) Second year, L s* d. Rent, &c. » - 147 o o Live flock, - - 917 o ° Seed, - - 85 15 o Labour, - ,^' 290 17 4 27 per cent, - 78 1 1 o 369 8 4 Sundry articles, - iQi 4 Q 1620 7 4 Firft year, - - 2129 7 6 Intereft of ditto, =- 106 9 o £' 3856 ,3 10 Annual Account. Expences. 1. s. d. Rent, &c. - - - 147 o o Live ftock, - - n^^G o o Seed, - - - - 85 15* o Labour, - - - 369 8 4 Sundrv articles, Produce ^ The fame as before, Expences, Interefl, Profit, The capital pays i i /. 9 j-. per cent. L 2 N^ g. lOI 4 0 i' J 43 9 7 4 /. J". ^/. i88q I::; 0 H39 7 4 443 4 8 192 16 0 >C- 2.5-0 8 8 ( 148 > Variation the eight. T1V0 hundred and tivcnty acres arable^ thefoi^ clay or loam^ cultivated upon improved principles ; cabbages and lucerne. The twenty acre& I fuppofe to be grafs, the reft arable ; all which I throw into two crops, viz. cabbages and lucerne, fo pro- portioned, that the firft may be about fuf- licient to winter-feed the cattle fed by the other in fummer. Stock. Rent, eijT. /. s. d. Rent of 220 acres, at 17 5. - 187 o o Tythe, rates, &c. &;c. &c. 8-800 £' ^75 o o Live Stock. I. s. d. 6 Horles, - - - 90 o o 50 Cows, - - 2JO o o 5 Sows, - - - 600 ;C'346 o o Implements, /. s. d. Two carts, - - 1^4 o o Tliree ploughs, - - 4 14 6 Harneis, - *- 10 o o Carryover, ^TJS^iT^ 2 Harrows ( H9 ) Brought over, i?* 3S 14 6 Harrows, &c. - - 3 10 o Dairy furniture, - - 70 o o Sundry fmall articles, - 20 o o >C-i3£__4__6 Seed and Tillage. Three earths on 50 acres fallow /. s. d, for wheat, hut not Ibwn, 30 o o Sccdforjoacrcsofluccrne, at 6;. 15 o o Pitto for I o acres of cahhagcs, 112 o £• 46 i^ o Labour, Three earths on 50 acres of /. j-. d. lucerne-land, ■.- - 7 10 o Harrowing, - -- 084 Prilling, at 6d. - - 150 Hand-hoeing, 4 times, at 6 j". 60 o o Cutting 3 times, at i j. 6 ^. 11 5 o Raking together, loading, and carting home, at 11.6^. - ir 5 o Five earths on 10 acres of cahbage land, - - q 10 o Digging the feed-bed, fowing,&c. 026 Planting, at 5/. - - 2100 Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 ^/. - i 00 Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j. - 400 Cutting and carting, at 5 x. - 2100 Carryover, /.'. 104 4 10 L .3 Six ( 150 ) Brought over, £.104. 4 so Six earths on 1 40 acres of fallow, 42 o o Mowing, makhig, and carting 12 acresof grafs, - - 4 14 o Sundry fmall articles, - 900 159 18 10 27 per cent - - 43 4 o Sundry articles. A drili plough, /,. b 00 Refold for, , - 400 /. J-. d. 4 0 0 Straw cut into chaff, 4 0 0 54 Qrs. of oats, at 1 3 ^. 55 2 0 Shoeing, and wear and tear, 20 0 0 Twenty loads of flraw, 15 0 0 £ .78 2 0 Total, - - £'^ 081 2 4 SecoJid year. /. s. d. Rent, &c. - - - 27^ 0 0 100 Cows, *;oo 0 0 10 Sows, - - _ U 0 0 Seed for 75- acres of lucerne. 22 10 c pitto for 30 of cabbages, - 4 16 0 ^.816 6 o Labour. Three earths on y^ acres of lucerne-land, - - 11 5 o Prilling, - - _ ^ ij 6 Carry over, ^.13 2 6 7 Hand- o ( 151 ) Brought over, £.13 2 6 Hand-hoeing 4 times, at 6 j. 90 o o Cutting 3 times, 1 s. 6 d. - 16 17 6 Raking together, loading, and carting home, at i /. 6 ^. 1 6 1 7 6 Three earths on 50 acres of cabbage-land, - 4 10 o Digging the feed-bed, fowing, &c. 060 Planting, at 5/. - - 7 10 Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 ^. - 3 o o Two hand-hoeings at 8 j. - 12 o o Cutting and carting, at 5 J. 7 10 o Two hand-hoeings of the 50 acres of lucerne, - 30 o o Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 x. - 500 Four cuttings, a.t 1 s. 6 d. - 15 o o Raking together, loading, and carting home, at I j-.6<^. 4 times, 15 o o 150 Perches ditching, - 7 10 O Carting 450 loads of earth to farm-yard, 20 per day, 22 days, at 6 J-. 3 ^. - - 617 6 Mixing 450 of earth with 550 of dung, 1000, at id. - 4 3 4 Charting, and fpreading icoo loads, 20 loads per day, 50 days, at 4 s. 2,d. - 10 12^ 6 . i : :,■: ,. Carry over, j^- z(>S i<^ ^^ L A 10 Acres ( '52 ) Brought over, £'^^5 ^^ ^^ 1 0 Acres of hay, - • 400 Sundry fmall articles, - ^ O O 275 16 10 ^j per cent, - - 74 id o ;C-350 10 Sundry articles, I, s, d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, 20 o o Straw cut into chafF, -• 40 o Oats, - - ^ 35 2 o Sixty loads of ftraw, - 4 ^^ O o C 104 Second year, - jC* ^^7° 14 io Third year. I s, d. Rent, &c. " - j^- 275 o o 225 Cows, - - ;f. 1125 o~p 15 Sows, t " £' 20 o o Seed for 75 acres of cabbage?, ^. Tl 5 p Labour,, Two hand-hoeings of 125 acres /. s, d, lucerne, at 6 j. - - 75 o o Four horfe-hoeings, at 6j. 12 10 o Tour cuttings, at i j. 6^. S7 ^^ o Raking, loading, and carting, d^X. I s. G d. - 37 10 o Carry over, Jf^. 162 10 o 4 Earths ( 153 ) Brought over, £* 162 100 4 Earths on 75 acres of cabbages, 15 00 Digging the feed-bed and lowing, i 00 Planting, atj^J-. - - 18150 Four horfe-hoeings, at 6^. 7 10 o Two hand-hoeings, at 8 J. - 30 00 Cutting and carting, at 5 j. - 18 15 o 200 Perches of ditching, - 10 o o Carting 600 loads of earth into farm-yard, 30 days, at 6j-. 3 ^. 9 y 6 Mixing 600 loads of earth, with 2oooofdung, 26ooloads,at I ^. 10 16 8 Carting 2600 loads, 130 days, at 4^. 3 ^. - - - 27 12 6 Cutting chaff, - ^ 0168 Mowing, making, carting, and ftacking 20 acres of hay, 7 00 8undry fmall articles, • 1000 329 3 4 27 percent, * - 88 16 o jC-_4£7_J9_4 Sundry articles, /. j-. d. Shoeing, and weaf ^nd tear, 20 00 Oats, - - - 35 - ^ jBo Loads of ftraw, - - 6q o o pafji in hand, - - 80 o o Total, ^. 2044 6 4 Firft ( 154 ) Firft year's expence, - £. loSi 2 4 Intereft, - - , 54 i o Second year's expence, - 1270 14 10 Intereft, - - uy 11 o Third year's expence, - 2044 6 4 £-45^ 15 6 50 Cows, J 50 Cows, Produce, Firji year, Second year. I 250 1^^ s, d. o o £. 1000 o o _ o Total expence, - 45^7 i c Produce, - 1000 o Total neceflary to ftock this farm, - - ^- 35^7 15 Annual Account. ^xpences. 6 Kent, &c. Seed, Labour, Sundries, 375 Cows, Expcnces, Intereft, Profit, /. o 7 r s. d, o o 5 o 417 19 4 5 i I I ic Produce, £._8i9 /. 1B75 ^^19 1055 13 8 178 7 o ^ The J. d, o o 6 4 ( ^55 ) The capital pays 29 /. 11 s. per cent. This profit is very confiderable ; but it piuft not pafs without a few remarks. I am fenlible that many of my readers will treat this calculation with no fmall con- tempt ; and the fentiment will refult from the too common and vulgar idea, that nothing that has not been can be. No fuch farm as this exifts, fay fome ; but is that any reafon that fuch an one never fhould cxift ? The extent to which this culture is carried in the preceding calculation, is a mere matter of multiplication. The grand point is, the fad of one acre of lucerne, and C7ie acre of cabbages, yielding food fufficient for fuch a number of cattle ; if that fad is once eftablifhed, the proportions of whole farms will follow of courfe. I here fuppofe an acre of cabbages to winter-feed five cows, with the aflifi:ance of ftraw. This fact I know not only from intelligence, but experience. The ftraw, I fhould remark, is not bought in fuch quantities as abfolutely necelTary for the cattle, but principally for littering the cows, and raifing dung: Cows may be wintered on cabbages alone r, but it is more advifeable { 156 ) advifeable to give them a fmall quantity of dry food at the fame time; and the more litter for manure the better : 75 acres of cabbages wintering in this manner 2^7$ cows, the quantity of fummer-food is to be proportioned to it, and that is, 125 acres of lucerne, at the rate of 3 cows per acre ; which I know from repeated experiments, will at any time be done by that grafs, when on a good foil, and kept clean from weeds. Cabbages and lucerne will undoubtedly perform greater things than here fuppofed : for it fhould be remembered, that the manuring and culture are very complete on this farm. The 9.600 loads of compoft annually raifed, are fufficlent to cover the 200 arable acres every year, at the rate of 13 loads per acre, which no one can deny, being a very confiderable and un- common manuring : But what I appre- hend fhould place the matter beyond all doubt, is the rcgifter of feveral experi- ments on both thcfc vegetables, which have lattly appeared, and which carry the profit of both rhucli higher iv it bout thefe advan- tages, than I l|ave ivith them : Nor can I avoid ( 157 ) avoid calling on gentlemen to pradife li hufbandry lb fimple in its general bufinefs, and fo greatly profitable as this. I ,have fuppofed cows to be the flock, as being, I apprehend, the moft beneficial ; but that point may be varied according to the gentleman's inclination. If he would not chufe to have fo vaft a dairy as 375 cows, he may employ them in numerous fitiia- tlons in fuckling, or he may apply his farm to breeding, or to fatting heifers and fmall fteers. The only general rule he has to obferve is, fo to proportion the two crops, that the winter provifion may be jufl fuffi- cient to anfwer the quantity of that of fum- mer. The great advantage of fuch a farm is, the fmiplicity of the bufinefs. There are never but two crops on the ground, and thofe both applied to the fame ufe ; and whether that be dairying, fuckling, breed- ing, or fatting, the whole bufinefs of buy- ing and felling is performed at once or twice ; and confequently, the gentleman's attention not divided, but kept wholly em- ployed in the culture of his two crops. His profit is very great, and undoubtedly renders fuch a farm an object of importance to ( 158 ) to numerous gcntlemeii with 3 or 4000 t in their pockets, with no better way of placing it to intereft than common. A bufmefs fo agreeable as agriculture, and fd much inore fuited "to the relations of country gentlemen, than^thc^'^duntirig-houfes and counters of a fmoak^ 'city,"a%d whkH^^ from a capital of ' 3 560 /. yields " above' 1 00 7. a year, is, I conceive, a mucK- more eligible one to a Gentleman, than any to be found in commerce or manufadurcs. N° ID. . . Variation tjje n'mth»:::i\\-f ^:^^: ::,■ : Tbr^e hundred acres arable, the: foii^ Us(ht enough for turnips, cidti'uated on improved ■ principles ; carrots in a courfc. ' Twenty acres of it grafs-land near the houfe for convenience; the reft, 280 acres.^ are thrown into the following courfe, 70 in each crop; i. Cari-cts; 2. Barley; 3: Clover ; 4. Vv'heat. Stock. Rent, &c^ Of scoacrcn, at 155. Tythes, rates, &c. &c. at < s. Live L J". d. 00 /- 0 0 90 0 0 315 0 0 ( 159 ) LiveJiocL /. s. d, 40 Horfes, - - ^ 150 o o 60 Cows, - - - 300 o o 8 Sows, - - - 10 o o 200 Beafls, - - - 1000 o o ^. 1460 o o Implements, /. s. d. A broad-wheeled waggon, 70 o o Three narrow-wheeled ditto, - ^^ 00 Harnefs, - - - 20 o o Three carts, - - - 30 o o Six ploughs, - - 9 9^ Three harrows, - , - 700 Three rollers, - - 600 ' 60 Sacks, - - - 9 ^ ^ Screens, bufhels, fhovels, &c. &C.&C. - - 20 o o Dairy furniture, - - 3^ Q Q Seed arid Tillage, Four earths on 70 acres of /. s. d, wheat-land, - - 56 o o Seed, - - - 35 o o Sowing, - - - I 15 o Water-furrowing, - - o 17 6 Two earths on 70 acres of "fpring-corn land, - - i^8 o c -^ Carry over, - /^. 1 2 1 12 6 Seed, ( J66 ) Brought ovef, £, 121 12 6 Seed, - - . . 3,5 0 0 Sowing, 0 17 6 Water-furrowing, - 0 89 Seed clover, - U 0 0 Sowing, - - 0 176 Harrowing, - - - 3 10 0 Seed for 70 acres of carrots, at 6 /. 2i 0 0 >c-_ 197" 6 3 Labour, One earth on 76 acres of wheat- /. s. d. land, - - 3 10 0 Sowing, - - 0 176 Water-furrowing, 0 17 6 Harrowing, 0 176 Weeding, - - - S 10 0 Reaping and harvefting, at 6 s. 21 0 0 Thrafliing the crop, 3 qrs. per acre, 210 qrs. at 2 j. 21 0 0 Carrying out, 20 qrs. at a time, 1 1 journeys. I 2 0 Three earths on 70 acres of fpring-corn, _ - - 10 10 0 Sowing, 0 17 6 Water-furrowing, 0 89 Sowing clover, 0 17 6 Carry over, £. 65 83 Harrowing, i8 o { i6i ) Brought over, ;C- ^5 ^3 Harrowing, - * o 17 6 Mowing and harvcfting, at 4 /. 14 00 Thralhing the crop, 5 qrs* fer acre, 350 qrs. at i j. - 17 10 o Carrying out 52 acres of barley, 260 qrs. 30 at a time; 9 journeys, One earth on 70 acres of carrot- land, trench-ploughed w^ith 6 horfes, -^- an acre ptr day, 4 men, 8 s. per acre, Sowing, - - ^ Harrowing, Hand-hoeing, at 3 /. - Digging up, Carting home, at 5 j*. Mowing and making 20 acres of grafs. Carting and flacking, 4 days, of 7 men, - - - Thatching, Chopping and raking 70 acres of flubble, 300 Perches of ditching. Carting 900 loads of earth to farm-yard, 30/;^;' day, at 105. - . Carry over, ;C- 47 ^ ^ 3 Vol. II. M 270 Head 2« 0 0 0 io 0 0 17 6 ijio 0 b 70 0 0 17 10 0 5 0 0 I 15 0 0 10 0 5 0 15 0 0 ■ 15 0 0 ( l62 ) Brought over, jC* 47^ i 3 270 Head of cattle, :?ioo loads of dung, mixing with 900 of earth, at i ^. - - 12 lo o Carting and fpreading 3000 loads, 100 days, at 7 J. - 35 o o Cutting chaff, - - - ^ '3 4 Carting faggots, - « o 8 o Sundry labour concerning cattle, a man a year, - S4 o o Sundry ixnall articles unfpecified j a boy. 553 12 7 27 per cent. 149 6 0 £.702 18 _7 Sujidry articles. /. s. d. Shoeing, 7 4 0 Wear and tear. 40 0 0 Market expences. 5 0 0 80 Loads of ftraw, 60 0 0 Cafh in hand. 100 0 0 £' 212 4 0 Total, jC-3i63 5 17 10 Annual Account* Expences, I. s, d, "Rent, &c. - - - 315 o ex ::oo Beafts, - - 1000 Q Q Carryover, >C' ^3^5 0 o 5 Seecl ( 1^3 ) Brought over, £- 131$ ^ ^ Seed for 70 acres of wheat, 70 of fprlng-corn, 70 of clover, and 70 of carrots, - 105 o O Labour, - - - - Sundry articles, 702 18 7 112 4 0 2035 2 7 L ^6 d. 300 0 0 1800 0 0 49^ 0 0 208 0 0 Produce, 60 Cows, SCO Beafts, at 9 /. 70 Acres of wheat, 3A qrs. per acre, 245 qrs. at 2 /. 52 Acres of barley, 5 qrs. per acre, 260 qrs. at 16 j. 2798 o o Expences, • - 2235 2 7 562 17 5 Intereft, - • 158 4 o Profit, - - £. 404 13 5 The capital pays 17 /. 15 j-. />(fr r^«/. The produce is in no point calculated too high; for the manuring is veryconfiderable, and the culture of the carrots extremely complete in the eradication of weeds. I need not repeat the remark I have often made, that wherever the hoeing, &c. can M 2 be { 1^4 ) be cheaper performed, the flirm will turn out proportionably more beneficial. N^ II. Variation the tenth. Cne hundred and ff teen acres arable ; a poory cold^ fat, zvet, Ioa?ny foiU tried for impro'vement. This being the firft farm which I have come to for improYcment, a few introduc- tory remarks are ncceflary. It is by no means agreed among farmers, which is the mod profitable way of ex- pending their money, in hiring a farm that is already improved, or in good condition, or one that has been much neglected. Opinions on this point are various : It is very difficult, if not impofilble, for one man, from his own experience, to decide in fucli a point ; calculations can alone enable us to form even a diftant idea of the fubjed in any of its numerous varia- tions. It is true, the data on which fuch calculations are founded, may be li- able to errors; but if they are conceived wiih a tolerable general knowledge, they muH: infallibly give birth to conclufions much more uicful, and nearer the truth, than i65 ) than random-guefles. Accuracy cannot be cxpedlecl ; bui the method of forming pre- vious eftimates to the hiring an improveable farm, will receive freih lights from reducing bufinefs into figures, and at leaft give the farmer a better clue to condudt himfelf, than the unconnected ideas of the moft ex- perienced cultivator. Experience itfeif, in thefe matters, is fometimes ufclefs, if fhc does not fubmit to calculation. The farm before me I fuppofe to be in very bad condition ; or, in other words, in fuch a ftate as almoiu eveiy farmer in the three kingdoms knows where to find ^ parallel. The fences in bad condition, the ditches filled up, tlie foil poor and worn out, flat, cold, and wet, but never drained : fuch land as yields but an indifferent crop with a fummer fallow, and wortli .iboi?t lo s. per acre landlord's rent. The fifteen acres old grafs, and (he reft arabie. Stock, Rent^ Ov. /. s, iL Rent of iij* acres, at los, - 57 lo o Tythe, sit 4.S. - - 11 10 o Rates, &c, at 4/. - - 13 jo o M3 8 Horfesi One waggon, Two carts, Harnefs, Four ploughs, Harrows and rollers, 30 Sacks, Sundry fmall articles, { 166 ) Livejlock. Implements, /. I2Q o o 24 6 4 s, d. o o o o o o 6 o o o 4 10 o 12 o o Tillage, Three earths on 25 acres, defigned /. s, d. for wheat, - - 1500 Water-furrowing, - » 150 Labour, /. j. 1/, Five earths on 100 acres of fallow, 25 o o Ditching 100 perches, at 2 j. 6^. 12 10 o Ditto 200, at 2 J, - - 20 o o Ditto 200, at I J. 6 ^. - 15 o o Ditto 500, at I J. - 25 o o Hollow-ditching 100 perches, at 6 ^?f.; the digging and filling, 2 10 o Ditto, 7900, at 3^. - 98 15 o Carryover, X. J 98 15 o Bringing { »67 ) Brought over, ;^. 198 15 o Bringing 300 waggon-loads of manure from neareft town, q men per day, 1 00 at 2 x. 100 at 2 J". 6 J. and 100 at 3 X. 37 lO o Mowing, &c. 8 acres of hay, 2 16 o Sundry fmall articles of work, 6 o o Sundry articles. Suppofe thefe hedges are found deficient in bufhes for new- making them ; for this article /. j. d. we may fafely allow, - 30 o o 300 Loads of manure, at 5/. 75 00 Materials for filling up loo perche^ of hollow-drains, at 9 ^. - - 3 15 ^ Ditto for 7900 perches, at6^/. 197 10 o 72 Qrs. of oats, at 13 X. - 46 16 o Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 20 00 Straw cut into chaff, - 500 Paling at the end of gates, and crofs-ditches, fuppofe - 20 o o Cafh in hand, - - 50 o o £, 448 I o Total of firft year, - £. 996 130 Before I proceed to the fecond year's account, I muft explain a few particulars M4 in ( '68 ) in this, which may. not be at once compre- hended. Eight horfes I allow to this farm, upon account of the great quantity of carting to be done on it ; when it is improved two horfes mull: be fold, if the whole is kept in arable, and more, if part of it be laid clown to grafs. The four ploughs are bought, to be in readinefs in cafe all the horfes, at a pinch, fhould be fet to that work. I fuppofe the laft farmer to have given three earths to a portion of the farm for wheat ; but the new one to rejed its being fown, as that would throw him fo much the longer out of his improvements. This is uncommon in practice, but highly prac- ticable and expedient: the reafon why we fee nothing of this fort among farmers is, their grafping at large quantities of land : When they hire to impro'vc, they take fo much, that but little can be done in a year; confequently, the work is a tedious w^hile executing, and the Icafe is three-fourths expired before it is finiflied, and others in a fituation to reap the benefit of his labours. ^ If the improvement of a firm is in ^qucftion, nothing can be clearer than the propriety ( 1^9 ) propriety of going to work with fpirit, and flnifliing the whole at once. Nothing for this is requifitc but money ; and he who begins without the whole amount of this ia his pocket, goes to work without his tools. All depends on the farmer's proportioning his land to his money. Every man would have money enough, if he had ftudicd this proportion when he hired his farm. I fuppofe my cultivator to fiillow the whole farm : This is highly neceffary for many reafons. In \h.&frji place, This land, and fuch farmers as in all probability have occupied it, render a good fummer fallow requifite for cleaning and meliorating the foil. Next, This point is of the utmofl confequence to the hollow-ditching ; the whole year mufi: be taken for that work : If the land is part of it cropped with any thing, this principal work mufi be crowded too much in refpect of time. Thirdly, It is of fome advantage to the farmer, in the midft of thefe undertakings, not to have his attention divided by fowirlg, reapingt &c. which muft employ his horfes fome times, and take off his men when he moft wants them. The ( I70 ) The ditches I have (ketched, I fuppofe to amount to two thirds of all on the farm ; he remaining third 1 leave for the fecond yearns work: 1500 perches I think as much as can be found in a well-difpofed farm of 113* acres; and if the fields are too fmall^ they fhould be reduced in number, as fo perfed a draining as I have {ketched, will not need numerous ditches. The varia- tions I have made in their fize, are fuch as will ever be found neceifary for draining farms in a flat country. The firft bufinefs is to provide a courfe for collected water, which, in a level tradl, cannot be done by ditches of the fame depth. I have experi- enced this in many fields : in proportion to their depth they muft be ivide ; and con- fequently, the whole expence of them in- creafed greatly. This is the reafon of my charging them at different prices. The hollow-ditching I feetch in the proportion of 80 perches to an acre, which will effectually drain the wetted foils. The variation of 100 at 6 d, is an allowance for cutting through headlands, and other fhort rifing grounds, through which the drains are deeper; and the workmen, confequcntly, paid a proportionable price. In ( 171 ) In the article manure, I fuppofe the waggon and four horfes to be employed the year through In bringing it. This manure, confifting of aihes, dung, &c. to be laid upon the ditch-earth in the proportion of one third dung to two thirds earth : this is afterwards to be turned over twice, and then carried on to the land. The allowance of bufhes for the hedges is abfolutely requifite; for, in fo large an extent of ditching, there muft be fome that will not afford buflies enough for their own dead hedge ; and as it is ever advifeable to make the hedge when the ditch is dug, for the fake of repairing or heightening the bank, bufhes mufl be fuppofed wanting : 30 /. is the loweft I could reckon for this article. The materials for filling up the drains, I fuppofe carted by the feller : They are fo various, that I thought to calculate them up fo much a perch, would be the furefl and leafl complex method. Where (tones are extremely plentiful, they v/ill be the cheaper. In other places, wood, bricks, horns, broom, ling, &c. &c. &c. The dimenfions of the drain I fuppofe 32 inches deep, 4 inches wide ( i7i ) wide at bottom, and as wide at top as to admit the man for digging them. I have charged this account with 20 /. for paUng at the end of gates, and acrofs ditches ; not that it is a charge pecuhar to farms of this fort, but when the fences of one are bringing into good repair like thefe before us, fuch works fhould not fail be- ing done ; befides, the neceffity will pro- bably be much greater in fuch an one, which, in general, is in fo bad a conditioni than in others occupied by better tenants. At the ends of gates we generally meet with gaps; for the ditch concluding, and the hedge finifhing with the poft, makes it ever a weak place for cattle to pufh through ; A fhort rail, fixed to the gate-poft at one end, and to a little poll drove into the bank at the other, with pales above two feet long, flrengthcns the whole, and fe- cures the fence: Without this precaution, the beft are ufelcfs, unlefs the farmer is at ' a conftant expence in mending thefe gaps. What I mean by paling acrofs ditches, is at thofe places where tliree meet, or where the ditch changes its courfe, and crofl'es the hedge ; at fuch 2:)laccs we generally fuid gaps, which ( 173 ) ^vhich are either unavoidable, or require great quantities of bufhes to thrufl in and be ftaked down; which is a poor mend- ing, and requires conftant fupplying : In- ftead of it, what I propofe, and have al- ways pradifed is, to drive two fmall polls down in the banks, then to rail it acrofs^ and pale it down to the bottom of the ditch. If this bufmefs is done efFedually^ it may, on an hundred acres, come to about 10 L more or Icfs. No money is better laid out. The fecond year, I, /. d. Rent, &c. - - 79 10 o Seed for 25 acres of wheat, 25 of fpring-corn, 25 of clover, and 25 of beans, - ^. 40 o o Labour; One earth oiT 25 aCtes of wheat- land, Sowing, - - Water-furrowing, Weeding, Reaping, &c. at 6 s. Carryover, ^.11 17 6 Thrafiiing /. s. d. I 5 0 0 12 6 I 5 0 I 5 0 7 10 0 ( 174 ) Brought over, jT. 1 1 ij 6 Thrafhing the crop, 4 qrs. per acre, (a two year's fallow) 1 00 qrs. at 2 J. - - - 10 O O Carrying out 10 qrs. at a time, 20 journeys, 2 men, - 100 One earth on 25 acres of fpring- corn land, - - 150 Sowing, - - 063 Water-furrowing, - - o 12 6 Sowing clover, - - 063 Harrowing, - - .063 Rolling, - - 021 Mowing and thrafhing, at 4 J. 5 00 Thrafhing the crop, 3^ qrs. per acre, at i j. - - 4 7 6 Carrying out 5 acres of barley 020 One earth on 25 acres of bean-land, i 50 Sowing, - - I J" o Water-furrowing, - - o 12 6 Hand-hoeing once, at 6 /. - 7 10 o Horfe-hoeing 3 times, Sit 6 d. - i 17 6 Reaping and harvefling, atyj. 8 15 o Thrafliing the crop, 2 qrs. per acre, at i j-. - - 2100 Carry over, £. S9 ^ 4 Carrying ( ^7S / Brought over, ^.59 o 4 Carrying out, 50 qrs. 9 at a time, fay 6 journeys, - o 12 o 3 Earths on 25 acres of fallow, 3 15 o 300 Waggon-loads of manure were brought the lafl: year, if we calculate each load to be equal to the quantity of 3 of clay, the whole muft be laid to 1800 'of earth; in all 3700 loads, mixing, at i d. - 11 ^ o Ditto a fecond time, - 1 1 5 o Carting on to the land 2700 loads, 30 per diem, 90 days, at 3/. per {coie filling and fpread- ing, and i /. ^ d. driving per day, 5 /, 9 ^. /)^r day, - 25 17 6 Ditching 100 perches, at 2x. 10 o o 100 at I J. 6 ^. - - 7 10 o 300 at I J". - - - 15 o o Mowing, making, &c, 8 acres of hay, - - 2 16 O I have calculated all the pre- ceding work, and find it to employ 8 horfes 1 20 days ; they will have good time therefore, to Carry over, ;^. 147 o 10 bring ( f76 ) Brought over, ;C- ^47 ^ ^^ bring 1 80 loads of town manure, 100 at 2 J. G d. and 80 at 2 j. 20 10 o Sundry articles, - - 6 o o Sundry articles. L s, d» Bufhes, - - - 10 o o 180 Loads manure, - 45 o o Shoeing, and wear anj tear, 25 o o Market expences, - - 3 o o Expence of the fecond year, £. 376 o 10 A fourth of the arable I again fallow two years running ; if I did not, there would be no fields vacant for manuring but at one feafon of the year. The 2700 loads I fuppofe to be fpread on 50 acres of land, which is 54 -^er acre : Half is the fallow for fummer work and fpring-corn land, the other half for winter and fpring work. Account of the third year. L s. d. Rent, &:c. - - 79,1^ ^ Seed for 25 acres of wheat, 25 of barley and oats, 25 of clo- ver, and 25 of beans, - 5^ ^ ^ 15 Cows, ( ^11 ) 15 Cows, - - >C' 75 Q Q q Sows, - - 2 Q o Labour, Ploughing, fowing, &c. reaping, and harvefting 25 acres of /. j. d. wheat, as before, - - 11 17 6 Thralliing, 4^ qrs. per acre, (two whereof fallow), Ii2i qrs. at2J-. - - 1150 Carrying out, 1 0 qrs. at a time, II journeys, - 120 Ploughing, &c. reaping and har- vefting 25 acres barley and oats, 7 18 4 Thrafhing,4i-qrs./>^racre, atiJ. 5 12 G Carrying out 9 acres of barley, 4 journeys, - - 080 Labour on beans as before, to harvefting, - - ai 5 o Thrafliing the crop, 2i qrs. per acre, 62^ at 1 j". - 326 Carrying out, 9 qrs. at a time, 7 journeys, - - o 14 o Mowing and making, &:c. 15 acres of hay, - 600 Carryover, >C' ^9 4 10 Vol. II. N 180 Loads ( 178 ) Brought over, ^.69 4 10 180 Loads of manure brought the laft year, or 540 cart-loads, the proportion of ditch-earth is 1080; in all i6ao, at 2.d, twice mixing, - - 13 10 o Carting ditto on to the land, 30 loads />zrr day, 54 days, as be- fore, at 5 /. 9 ^. - 1 5 I o 6 23 Head of cattle, at la loads each, 276 loads, carting double this quantity of earth, or 3*52 loads into farm-yard, 2^' per dlem^ 22 days, at 3 J. filling, and I J. 3 ^/. driving, "] s. 6 d. 8 5 O Filling, fpreading, and carting 828 loads, ^^per day, 3 3 days, 3 .f. per fcore filling and fpread- ing, and I J-. 3 ^r acre, at i /. 1 2 s. TOO 0 0 Carry over, £-351 ^ ° 15 Cows, ( ^83 ) Brought over, jC-357 ^ o 15 Cows, - - 75 Q Q 432 8 o The fecond, - 294 o o Total expence, - 2447 3 6 Produce, - - 726 8 o Total neceflary to flock this farm, - - £- 1720 15 6 Account of the fourth year, Expences, Total, - ' C' 410 II 4 Produce, I, s, d, 25 Acres of wheat, as before, S25 o o 1 1 Acres of barley, 5" qrs. per acre, 55 qrs. at 1 6 j. - 44 c o 25 Acres of beans, 100 qrs. at i/. 1 2 J". - - 160 o o 20 Cows, - ' - 100 o o Sale of 2 horfes and harnefs, i_^ o o Expences, Intereft, - - - Profit, . - - N 4 Annual 544 410 0 0 II 4 86 8 8 I 0 ;.67 7 8 /. s. d. 79 TO 0 5o 0 0 /. S. d. 24 46 ( 184 ) Annual Account. Expejices. Rent, Sec. Seed, _ - « Labour. On wheat, as before. Ditto on barley and oats, to the thrafhing, - - 14 3 4 Carrying out 1 5 acres of barley, 75'qrs. 12 at a time, 6 journeys, o 12 o Labour on beans, as before, 27 70 Mowing, &c. 15 acres of hay, 600 Carting earth to farm-yard, turning, and recarting, - 2100 Labour on flubblc, - 3100 The preceding will allow the bringing of 130 loads of town manure, - - 13 o o Cutting chaff, - - - 0168 Sundry fmall articles, - 500 Sundry articles, I. s. d. I 3c Loads of manure, - 32 10 o Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 25 00 Market expences, - - 300 20 loads of ftraw, « 15 o o L' 75 JO o Total, - ^. 320 13 6 Produce, /. S.d. 22 q 0 0 60 0 0 160 0 0 100 0 0 ( '85 ) Produce. 25 Acres of wheat, as before, 15 Acres of barley, 5 qrs. j^ct acre, 75 qrs. at 16 j. 25 Acres of beans, as before, 20 Cows, 545 o o Expences, - - - 320 13 6 224 6 6 Intereft, - - 86 i o Profit, - - - £.^8~5~6 The capital pays 13 /. per cent, from which it is obfcrvable, that the products I have fuppofed are below what they ought to be, to repay the farmer 1 3 per cejit. be- ing too low an intereft upon Improvements in hufbandry, when fo rnuch is rifked : But when a farmer views a trad of land with an eye to improve it, he fhould confider this point minutely, whether the land in que- ftion, when improved, will yield a produce fufhcient to pay him good intereft for his money. I do not pronounce 13 per cent, to be bad intereft; but it Is not equal to what ought to arife from improvements. It may be made without an equal rifk by common farming, when a man expends fuch ( I^^s ) fuch large fiims of money upon another's property, which cannot, like flock, be car- ried away at the end of the leafe, he cer- tainly fhould make a greater profit than upon money employed in common me- thods, which is always returning, and can be thrown, at any warning, into frelh en- terprifes. Thus much for the comparifon : but if we view it in refped to itfelf alone, 13 per cent, is no trifle ; a farmer may be able to hire niany fuch farms as this be- fore us, or fimilar ones, that cannot get a profitable one that is already in a Hate of improvement. In fuch a fituation, he fliould not let his time and money be idle, for fear of what is commonly called a had farm, but contrad his attention to a few acres, and improve them to their highefl pitch; fince he may, by fuch a method, make 13 per cent, on a calculation moderate in every " refped ; for the expences are minuted in their full extent: but the pro- dud may probably be higher than I have ftated it. The cleared way of dating the gentle- man's account of this farm will be, to date the former ^totals, labour deduded, and ( i37 ) and then add 27 per cent, on the whole of that. /. s. d. Total of I ft year, 996 13 o Q,'] per cent, on 245 /. labour, 66 3 o I. s. d, — 1062 16 o Intereft, - - 53 2 o Total of qd year, 376 o 10 27 per cent, on 173 /. labour, 46 14 o ■■ 422 14 10 Intereft, - - - 74 4 o Totalof 3dyear, 454 4 4 27 per cent, on 149/. labour, 40 10 o 494 14 4 Intereft, - - 98 18 o Total of 4th year, 410 11 4 27 per cent, on 157 /. labour, 42 7 o 45^ J^ 4 £' 2659 7 6 Total produce, as before, 726 8 o Total neceflary to ftock, £. 1932 19 6 Fourth year, L s. d. Expences, - - 45^ ^^ 4 Produce, ( i88 ) Produce, - - ;C-544 o o Expences, - - 452 18 4 Intcrcft, - - 90 5 o Profit, - - - £. o 16 H Annual Account. Expences, L s. d. Total, - - 520 13 ^ Z'jper cent, on 1 15 /. labour, -51 10 Produce. The fame, Expences, Interefl, Profit, The capital pays g /. 9 j. per cent, no trifle to a gentleman; but it Is here neccf- fliry to take a diff^erent view of the gentle- man's profit on this farm : Suppofe, when he has completed the improvement, he lets it, hov^r will his profit fi:and then ? To anfwer this queflion, we muft draw up our account as follows: Variation ;» 351 14 6 /. s. 545 0 351 14 d. 0 6 193 5 9*5 15 6 0 £-9^ 12 6 ( i89 ) Variation the feventb. At the end of the fourth year, he wiil have expended, with the /. s. d. intereft of the fourth, - 2792 6 6 And received of produce, i ;^ 70 8 o From this we miiH: dedudl the product hy the fale of his ftock in trade. 6 Horfes, 20 cows, and 3 fows: They /. s» d, coft 193 /. - i-o 00 Implements, coft • 87/. 16 J. - 38 00 158 o o The farmwill then owe him, ^. 1363 18 6 In the condition I have defcribed, fo well drained, ditched, paled, hedged, manured with manure unfpread, fufficient to cover 1 00 acres, at 1 4 loads /J^r acre, with 25 acres of clover, and 25 of wheat, befides othei" tillage, ready for the tenant to enter upon, there can be no doubt of the farm bringing a noble rent. Such an one, in many parts of England, with which I am well ac- quainted, would let with the utmoft faci- lity, on a long leafe, at 2 /. an acre : For the ( ^9^ ) the advantages a tenant reaps from enter- ing a farm in fo perfed a ftate, outweighs, and that infinitely, an high rent ; but in- Head of 1363 /. 18 J-. 6d. we call the fum 1500 /. and fuppofe the farm all laid down to grafs (in which cafe that fum wdll be near the truth) there can then be no doubt of 2 /. The account will ftand thus ; 1 15 Acres, at 2 /. - £, 230 o o Old rent, - £. ^j 10 o Intercftof 15^0/. y^ 00 132 10 o Annual profit, - - 97 ^Q.? Rent, at 2/. - - 230 o o Old rent, - - JUl?— Improvement, - 172 10 o Which is 1 1 /. 9 J. per cent, on capital. Without laying dov^n, and let at i /. 15 x. the account will be as follows : 115 Acres, at I /. 15 X. - X^. 20i 5 o Old rent, - £- 57 ^^ ^ Intereft of 1500 /. 75 00 132 10 o Annual profit, - - £-68 15 o Rent, at i /. 15 J. - - 201 5 o Old rent, - - 57 1° Q Improvement, - - £> i43 ^5 ' Which is 9/. 10 J. per cent, on capital. Let ( igi ) Let at I /. 10 s. the account will be as follows : 115 Acres, at i /. 10/. - £. ij^:* 10 o Old rent, - £. 57 10 o Intereft, - 75 o ^ n^ 10 o Annual profit, - - 4Q Q Q Rent, at I /. I o J-. - - 1 7 i i o o Old rent, _ - - ^^y 10 o Improvement, - " £• 1^5 ^ ^ Which is 7 /. 14 J", per cent, on capital. I give this variation for the ufe of dif- ferent countries, but fliall myfclf calculate on 9 /. 10 J-. per cent, being, as I appre- hend, nearer the truth, or 11 /. g s. laid down to grafs. The account merits no tri- vial attention ; for we find, by continuing the tenant he makes but 9 /. g s. per cent, ; whereas, by letting the farm, he acquires 9 /. 9 J-. or 1 1 /. 1 1 J". : the tirft intereft is open to chances, and dependent on con- tingeopies, and to all thofe deductions ari- fing from the inferiority of the gentleman to the farmer, which are unfufceptible of calculation ; whereas the latter is fure, and open to none of thefe deductions. In a word, the difference is exceedingly great, and proves, that gentlemen s moft profit- able hufbandry in the improvement of bad Q lands, ( i!)2 ) I. mils, is \\o[ lor llu'ir own t.irinin!;, l)Ul \o icKt h»olInis. 'I'liis point, however, will lu- till till 1 lllll lliilil. Cr, NKKAL UlC A PI III K \ no N DF lUlS (111 A r I i:u. Sums frt/nififf' to Jluck tl.u- piwcJnt^y /[nnis, N' I. ^\^\^' AvTc-s; .joo arable :u\il ;;o j^rals; the IimI elay or /. .v. d. hum, - - '-'1/5 '> 4 IVitto a !;entlen\.in, - '^27^) 1 () .| N"' II. 530 Acres ; 500 arable mill _;oiM'als; the toil elay or loam, - - - -<'\)^ I ^> Ditto a i;entlein an, - 277; 12 0 N^' 111. ;v'* ''\<"i>-'^ aiahle; the loil li!\ht enoiii;li tor turnips, - - '^^^S> ^"^ 7 nittv> a jventleman, -'yi/ 9 7 N^ IV. 300 Aeres; the loll clay or loam ; imu' thu\li;rais, auvl two ihirils arable, - ^ ^-\> ^7 ^ Pitto a i;cntlcn\an, - i8c>7 lO I N'' V, '^oo Acres; the loll clav i>r loam; im\c thircl L;rars, aiul two thuJs arable; euUi- vateJ ( ^95 ) vated on improved principles; /. .r. d. cabbages in a courfe, - 2604 6 2 N° VI. 400 Acres; all grafs, 2756 o o Ditto a gentleman, - 2772 4 o N° VII. 300 Acres, arable, laid down to grafs - 2570 4 O Ditto a gentleman, - 2807 13 o N° VIII. 300 Acres ; 280 arable, and 29 grafs arable ; the foil light enough for turnips, and marled, chalked, or clayed, - - 3(^31 5 10 Ditto a gentleman, - 3856 3 10 N"* IX. 220 Acres; 200 arable and 20 grafs ; the foil clay or loam ; cultivated upon improved principles ; cabbages and lucerne, - 35^7 ^ 5 ^ N° X. 300 Acres; 280 arable, and 20 grafs ; the foil light enough for turnips ; cultivated on improved prin- ciples ; carrots in a courfe, 31^3 i? ^^ N° XI. 115 Acres; 100 arable, and 15 grafs; the foil a poor, cold, flat loam, improved, - - 1720 15 ^ Vol. II. O Annual ( 194 ) Annual Produce ofthefefanm^ expences paid. N° L £•593 15 2 Ditto the gentleman, - 491 14 2 N^II. - - - - 788 19 6 Ditto the gentleman. - ^h 8 6 N° III. - 435 I II Ditto the gentleman. 343 2 II N°IV. - - - 290 II II Ditto the gentleman^ 226 12 II N° V. Dittb, 6qi 0 10 N'^VI. . - - 6^G 0 0 Ditto the gentleman, 660 0 0 N^VII. 544 5 p Ditto the gentleman. 534 6 0 N°VIII. - - - 5-1 15 8 Ditto the gentleman. 443 4 8 N° IX. Ditto, 1055 13 8 N° X. Ditto,- S6^ 17 5 N'XI. - - - 224 6 6 Ditto the gentleman. - 193 5 (S Proft per cent, on thefe farms '. W\. - - - £' 27 6 0 Ditto the gentleman. 21 12 0 N°II. 29 14 0 Ditto the gentleman, 23 18 0 N°m. 16 7 0 Ditto the gentleman, 12 9 0 N^ IV. ( 195 ) N°IV. - - - 16 1 Q Ditto the gentleman, 12 2 o N^V. Ditto, - - - 23 j6 o N'VI. - - - 24 10 o Ditto the gentleman, 23 16 o N°VIL - - - 21 3 O Ditto the gentleman, 19 00 N^VIIL - - - 14 7 o Ditto the gentleman, 11 90 N° IX. Ditto, - - 29 II o N°X. Ditto, - - - 17 15 o N° XL - - - 13 o o Ditto the gentleman, "99^ Comparifon bet-ween the gentleman and farmer in their profits per cent, on thefe farms. /. s. d. N°I. The farmer, - 27 6 o The gentleman, - 21 12 o Superiority of the former, N'' II. The farmer, The gentleman, Superiority of the former, N^ III. The farmer, - The gentleman. Superiority of the former, N^ IV, The farmer, The gentleman, Firft fuperior by O 2 N- YI. £'S 14 0 29 23 14 0 18 0 £-5 16 0 16 12 ^•3 7 0 9 0 18 0 16 12 1 0 2 0 £•3 1 9 0 14 0 21 19 3 0 0 0 £.2 3 0 14 II 7 0 9 0 £.2 18 0 13 9 0 0 9 0 £-3 II 0 { 196 ) N^VI. Tlie farmer, - 24 10 o The gentleman, - 23 16 o Firft fuperior by N° VII. The farmer. The gentleman, Firft fuperior by N°V1IL The farmer. The gentleman, Firft fuperior by - N° XI. The farmer, The gentleman, Firft fuperior by The progrejfion of the farmer s farms in order of -profit » N° 2. - - £. 29 14 o 1. - - 27 6 o 6. - - 24 10 o 7. •- - 21 3 o 3. - - 16 7 a 4. - - 16 I o 8. - - 14 7 o ri. - - 13 o o The progreffion of the gentleman s farms m order of profit, N° 9. -- - X-29 II o 2. - - 23 18 o 6, - - 23 16 o ( J97 ) No 5. - £■ 23 16 0 I. - - 21 12 0 7. - - 19 0 0 10. - - 17 15 0 3- - - 12 9 0 4- - - 12 20 8. - - II 90 II. - - 990 Of the common farmer's farms, the mofl profitable is the 530 acres on a clay foil, which pays 29/. 14/. per cent, which is certainly very confiderablc. The great advantage of this farm over many of the fame fort, lefs, refults from the feveral parts of it being well proportioned to each other. The fize of it reduces the price of management, and enables the occupier to keep a larger proportionable ftock of cattle; both circumftances of no flight importance. The fecond farm is the 430 acres of the fame foil ; which, being inferior to the other, is a frefh proof of the benefit of a due ar- rangement ; for the foil is the fame in both. Thefe two farms, being fuperior to all the reft, fpeaks much in favour of the rich clay foil, in preference to others ; but the com- mon idea is contrary. It is fuppofed that O 3 • fortunes ( igs ) fortunes are feldom made in rich countries ; which notion fprings, I fuppofe, from the obfervation, that fortunes are made in poor ones ; but this is not caufed by any quality in the land, but from the farmers who occupy poor foils, being richer in general than thofe who cultivate rich ones ; that is, the former are commonly thrown into great farms, and the latter into fmall ones ; confequently, one fet is rich, and the other poor ; but th^fe are ad- ventitious circumflances, and not inherent in the land. The third farm in this lift, is the grafs one. Such will aKvays rank high ; 24 per cent, on a capital, employed in a bufmefs fo eafy and fure as grafuig, is a noble profit, andconfidering all circumftances, equal per- haps to an average of 28 or 30 per cent, on a tillage farm. The fourth, is the farm laid down to grafs ; which is likewife very beneficial. The fifth is the arable farm, light enough for turnips, the profit 16 /. 7 /. which is inferior to the arable clay one, 13 per cent. Many of my readers will think this fome- whatflrange; but that, I apprehend, rcfults fron; ( 1^9 ) from turnip-land being oftener well ma- naged than clay ; for it is but in a few places that the hufbandry of fallowing with beans is pradifed, but that of turnips is, on light land, general : fo that, in the lat- ter, the unprofitable practice of dired fal- lowing is banifhed, but not in the former, which makes a vafl: difference. But I know from my own experience, as well as the Kentifh pradice, that beans in drills are as good a preparation for barley on clay land, as turnips are on light foils ; and the courfe of fowing clover wdth frefh barley, and the wheat upon the clover, I think, is more be- neficial, than fowing wheat upon bean i'tubble, which excludes clover from the courfe. The difference between a mere fallow and an ameliorating fallow crop, is prodigious. Hence the notion in common, that turnip land is more profitable than £lay ; which is a mere vulgar error. I ap- prehend light land no where triumphs more than in the marled parts of Norfolk, where the foil is a fmdy loam, naturally rich, and the marie of a very fine, fat, foapy kind. Barley, it is fuppofcd, de- lights iu fuch foil J but I can name trads O 4 of ( 200 ) of clay country in Eflex, that beat the pro- duce of the befl; marled lands in Norfolk, even in barky hollow. The next profitable farm in this lift, is the clay one, one third grafs and two thirds arable. I fhould have thought, previous to a calculation, that this would, on com- parifon with the reft, have turned out more profitable. It ranks here nearly on a par with the turnip-land farm. The feventh is the light land, marled, chalked, or clayed, which yields a profit of better than i^per cent. : This is no trifle, but it is clear that a man had much better employ his money in land, that is already improved and naturally rich, than on foils that require very large difburfements of this nature. I am fenfible, that I have many local prejudices to combat in the arrange- ment of farms, in refpedt of profit. A Norfolk man, for inftance, may fmile at feeing a light foil marled, ranked fo low in this fcale ; but from whence refults the great fortunes made by farming in Nor- folk ? Not from the liipcrlority of their cul- ture, though idly fuppofed the reafon ; but from two circumftances, the one local, the other ( 201 ) other general : Firjl^ From being peculiarly favoured in rent to fuch a degree, as having land worth 12 J", per acre, for 3 J-. or 3 J-. 6 d. the very amount of Tvhich, without hufbandr}", care, or atten- tion, in a large farm and a long leafe, is a fortune. The other circumftance, is the largenefs of the farms, which rife to above 3000 acres of land : Great ftocks are rc- quifite for the culture of fuch ; and in whatever bufmefs they are employed, the profit ought to be proportioned. Rich clays are commonly in fmall farms, and the farms necelTarily poor; and thefe collateral circumftances are confounded by the vul- gar with the inherent qualities of the foils, than which there cannot be a greater miftake. Accordingly, when exceptions are found, they prove the truth of this re- mark ; for, in the Hundreds of EfTex, where the clay is in lar^ge farms, the farmers are as rich, and richer 'than they are in Nor- folk; and in Norfolk the little farmers are as mere beggars as they are in the ftiffefl clay. The general wealth or poverty of occupiers, in cither cafe, does not therefore arife from the foil, but the fize of the farms; ^ 20a ) farms; confequently, fuch of my readers as think I miftake in thefe fcales, Ihould not found their ideas on any local circum- flances, but confider the general ftate of the cafe. In thefe calculations, the clay foil appears mofi: profitable, and I have no doubt of its really being io^ when managed as well as the light one. The laft farm in profit, is the cold, wet loam improved, which pays 13 per cent. The inferiority of this to the reft, I appre- hend, is owing much more to the fmall- nefs of the tract of land, than to the improvements then pradifed being unpro- fitable. In numerous cafes, particularly when farms are managed in the common way, refpecling crops, fo much money may be expended upon the land, that it cannot poffibly repay. This is not the cafe with the farm in queftion ; for 1 3 per cent. is undoubtedly a large profit in itfelf, and fmall only on comparifon with fome other farms. The excefs of expence can there- fore be thought only to reduce, but not Annihilate the profit ; and the redudion. might have no exiftence, if the proportion of land to money was different ; for we have, ( 203 ) have, in many of thefc farms, feen great vari- ations in thofe of the fame fort, and differing only in fizc. No one can, from this efti- mate, think the improvement of wet, cold, flat loams, an unprofitable bufinefs, as 13 per cent, is laying money out at no trifling interefl:. Indeed, my own experience, as ■well as reafoning on the matter, gave me very great reafon to think the improve- ments peculiarly profitable. Upon the whole it appears, that a man cannot, in hufl^andry, difpofe of from 2 to 3000 /. as in the culture of good found improved clay foils, the profit upon farm- ing them is exceedingly great. In the gentleman's fcale of farms, the firft is the 220 acres of clay, cultivated up- on improved principles, totally in cabbages and lucerne. This farm pays 29 /. 1 1 j. per cent, the flock 3567 /. which yields an annual income of 1055 /. a more advanta- geous method of fuch a fum of money can fcarcely be found. This capital, in trade or manufadures, would make no figure : It would be beat down to almoft common in- terefl, by the weight and power of fuperior ftocks ; but it is not fo In agriculture. Many ( 20^ } Many gentlemen, upon the credit of for- tunes of between 3 and 4000 /. enter into trade, If by themfelves, for a trifling bene- fit, befides hope ; if with others, they are little better than drudges to others, whofe only fuperiority lies in the weight of their purfes ; and, with the utmofl fubmiflion and the greateft induflry, where will they turn for greater profit? Here is above 1000 /. a year from a bufinefs, in extent fo fmall as a couple of hundred acres, I may venture to hy independent of the feafons % all united in one point of attention. No market to attend, no baileys to employ, and in fhort, the whole management to be little more than a country amufement. Is it not aftonifliTng, that a profefTion capable of fuch things, ihouki have been fo long flighted, and left only to the lov^eft of the people ? The great profit of the farm in quef^ion, will be difputed by numbers, who have rieither tried nor been eye-witneffes to the producft of lucerne and cabbages * It is no pnrndo\ to fay, thnt a perfc(5lly good farmer, cultivating the moft profitable vegetables, is abfolutcly in- dependent on the feafons, which in common are nothLng • [h'Ji the bugbtar of floven;. under ( 205 ) under a complete culture, but fuch as have had experience in them will be of a differ^ ent opinion. The fecond farm in profit in the gentle- man's fcale, is the 530 acres of arable clay, which yields 23/. iSs. per ccnt.\ But I muft remind the reader, once more, to re- colled: the numerous circumflances which are unfavourable to a gentleman in arable farms, 'but which are of a nature unre- ducible to eftimate. Thefe would make a formidable appearance in an arable bufmefs of 550 acres, and be a great dedudion from the apparent profit. A gentleman muft undoubtedly give his whole time and attention up to fuch a farm : If ever he is abfent, it muft be for a very little while at once, unlefs he employs a bailey ; he or his fubflitute muft always be at home. Now a moment's confideration will tell us, to what an undifcovered amount a bailey may be a knave, when near 35C0 /, a year goes through his hands in pay- ments and receipts ; and his mafter, from the very circumftancc of employing him, either ignorant, or to feme degree indo- lent, both equally fatal, and laying him open to deceit. I repeat this circumftance, to ( 20(5 ) to remind the reader of the many difad-* vantages a gentleman labours under in arable farms, that he may make, in his own mind, fuch allowances in the profits, as to himfelf feems moft juft. The third rank in the fcale, is poflefled by two farms, 300 acres clay foil, one- third grafs, and two-thirds arable, the arable cultivated with cabbages in a courfe, and the 400 acres all grals. Thefe farms each give a profit of 23/. 16 s. per cent. which is confiderable ; but the grafs one is to be preferred, for the numerous reafons fo often given. It is more fure, fubje6t to very few deductions unreducible to calcu- lation, open to much lefs knavery, and much eafier conducted, than arable farms. The fourth farm, is the arable one, 430 acres on a clay foil : The profit from it is great, but fubjed, like the reft, to uncal- culated objedions. The fifth, is the arable farm laid down to grafs, which yields ig per cent. ; There can be no doubt of the real profit of this farm : Grafs ones, in whatever form they appear, can never be attended with a balance on the wrong fide of the account; r and ( 207 ) and It Is a matter of no flight importance to a gentleman, to find, that when he can- not fix himfelf in a farm already in grafs, that it will anfwer fo well to hire an arable one, and lay it down to grafs. The fixth farm, is the arable one, culti^ vated upon improved principles, with car- rots in a courfe, the profit 17/. i^s.per cent, which, although not equal to the pre- ceding, is a very confiderable profit ; liable, however, to the fame objections as other arable ones. The feventh, Is that of 350 acres, the foil light enough for turnips, yielding 12/. 9/. per cent. This is inferior to the fame fort of farm, carrots fubflituted in the room of turnips, by 5 /. 6 s. per cent. which, upon the whole capital, for the change only of one crop, is very great, an(^ requires no flight confideration In a gentle- man, when he takes a farm before he deter- mines on his management, that he may proportion his farm to his money, in fuch a manner as to be enabled to adopt the carrot, Infl:ead of the turnip culture, as he wdll more than pay the interell: of his .whole capital, by the difference in one- fourth of his arable land. The ( 2o8 ) The eighth farm in this lift, is the 300 acres, one third grafs, and two thirds arable^ the proportion of which is a bviieficial one ; but the 200 acres of arable muft bring it, in a certain degree, within the dif- advantages of arable farms. The ninth, is the farm improved with marie, chalk, or clay ; the amount of labour on which reduces the profit on it greatly. Laftly, comes the wet, cold, poor, loamy foil improved, which yields a profit of no more than g /. g s. per cent. : But it is to be remembered, that if the gentleman, after improving, lets this farm, his profit is then greater. It appears, upon the whole, from the refult of this chapter, that farming is an extremely profitable bufmefs to a gentle- jnan, when he throws his attention to fuch farms as are adapted to his fituation in life. By reviewing the table of comparifon be- tv/een him and the common , farmer, we find that the latter poflelTes, in every farm, a fuperiority. From whence it furely ap- pears, that he fhould attach himfelf to fuch as come neareft the farmer, or to thofe of an improved culture, in which he can equal him. The ( 209 ) The difference /'^r cent, between them ia common farms rilLs from 14 j. to 5 /. 16 ^. The firft is fo fmall a variation, that it may be called almoft an equality; confequently, a moft beneficial farm for a gentleman. This is the grafs one* The next approach made by the gentle- man to the farmer, is in that laid down to grafs, which are flrong proofs of the great advantage of thefe farms to gentlemen. The difference between them and the reft is confiderable; they are chiefly tillage-farms. But in the improved cultm^e, the gentler- man, upon an average, more than equals the farmer, notwithftanding the charge of 27 per cent, upon all his labour : this lliews, therefore, that gentlemen muft either f^u'm upon improved principles, or be content to occupy grafs-land; for although profit re- mains upon the account, and that great too, of feveral arable farms, yet there are fuch numerous dedudions to be made from them, which cannot be reduced to effim.ate, that it is by no means advifeable for him to confider them in the fame light. Vol. II. P CHAP. ( 210 ) CHAP. XXV. Of the moft adnjantageous method of difpofing of about 5000 1. in farming. THIS chapter, like many of the pre- ceding, requires me to take a lati- tude in the fums of flock. It is impoflible, in fmall fums, to make them all fquare alike, much lefs in large ones. N° I. 'Eleven hundred acres arable^ the foil clay or loam. The thoufand acres I fuppofe to be arable, the hundred grafs. ^tock. Rent, Mowing, making, and cocking 100 acres of grafs once, and 30 acres of clover twice, - 40 o o Carting and ftackii;ig 12 days of 20 men, - - 15 o o Thatching, - - 200 Cutting chaff, - - 5 ^ ^ Carting faggots, - - i 10 o Sundry work concerning cattle, &c. a man a year, - - 24 o o Sundry fmall unfpecified articles 9 o Q £' 93^ 5 ^ Sundry articles, /. s, d. Shoeing, - - - 19 4 O Wear and tear, - - 100 o o Market expences, - 10 o o Cafh in hand, ^ r 200 o o £' 3^9 4 o Total, r ., £. 5^97 II 6 Annual ( 215 ) Annual Account. Expences» L s. d. Rent, &c. - - ii5'5 o o 400 Sheep, - - 240 o o Seed for 250 acres of wheat, 250 of barley and oats, 250 of beans, and 250 of clover, - 400 o o Labour, - - 93^ 5 ^ Sundry articles, - - 129 4 o £, 2860 9 G Produce. 250 Acres of wheat, 3 qrs. per /. s. d. acre, 750 qrs. at 2 /. - 1500 o o 1 78 Acres of barley, 4 qrs. per acre, 712 qrs. at 16 j. - ^6<) 12 o 250 Acres of beans, 3 c^vs.per acre, 750 qrs. at i /. 12 /. 1200 o o 1 30 Cows, - - 650 o o 400 Sheep, - - 480 o o 4399 I- o Expences, - - 2860 9 6 1539 2 ^ Intereft, - - o^^ ly q Profit, - - £, 1279 f7, The capital pays 29/. 12 s. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows : P 4 Stock. ( ^I^ ) Stock, /. s.d. Rent, &c. - - 1155 o o Live Stock, - - 1400 o o Implements, - - 463 7 o Seed and tillage, r - QiQ 1;^ o Labour, - /^. 936 5 (S Zj per cent, - 252 14 o —- — iisa 19 6 Sundry articles, - - ^29 4 o Total, - jC-_£4£o__5 ^ Annual Account. Expences. /. s. d. Rent, &c. - - 1 155 o o 400 Sheep, - - 240 o o Seed, - - » ^00 o o Labour, - - 1 1 88 19 6 Sundry articles, - - I2C) 4 o Produce, The fame, Expences, Interef(, Profit, The capital pays 23/. 11 ;. per cent, N° 2. ;C-3ir3 3 6 /. 4399 J. d, 12 0 3 ^ 1286 272 8 6 10 0 ^•io^3 18 6 ( 217 ) N° 2. Variation thefirfi. Six hundred acres, foil clay or loam ; one third grafs and ttvo thirds arable^ cultivated on improved principles ; cabbages in a courfe. In this culture the cabbages fupply the place of the beans ; the reft of the courfe is the fame, viz. i. Cabbages; 2. Barley ; 3. Clover ; 4, Wheat. Stock. Rent, ^c, I, s. d. Rent of 600 acres, at 15 j. - 450 o o Tythe, rates, &c. &c. at 8 s. 180 o o jC-63o o Q Livejloch L s. d. 20 Horfes, - - 300 o o 200 Cows, - - 1000 o o 160 Steers, - - 800 o o 40 Ditto, - - \[i2o o o 20 Sows, - - 26 o o 200 Sheep, • - 120 o o £. 2526 o o Implements, I. s. d. A broad-wheeled waggon, - 70 o o Three narrow-wheeled ditto, 73* o o Carryover, £, 145 00 Harnefs, ( 2l8 ) Brought over, £. 14s ^ ^ Harnefs, - - - 40 o o 6 Carts, - - 60 o o 12 Ploughs, - - 18 18 o 4 Harrows, - - 800 3 Rollers, one for grafs, - 1200 So Sacks, - - - 1200 Screens, bufhels, ropes, lines, forks, rakes, wheel-barrows, ladders, &c. &:c. - 40 o 0 Dairy furniture, - - 50 o o £-_3^5 18 0 sSeed and tillage. Four earths on 100 acres of /. S. d. wheat-land, 80 0 0 Seed, - -. - 50 0 0 Sowing, 2 10 0 Water-furrowing, S 0 0 Three earths on 100 acres of fpring-corn, 60 0 0 Seed, - - - 50 0 0 Sowing, ^ , - I 5 ^ Harrowing, 5 0 0 Water- furrowing, S 0 0 Clover-feed, 20 0 0 Sowing, I 5 0 Seed for ico acres of cabbage 2jr 0 0 305 0 0 Labour, ( 219 ) Labour. One earth on i oo acres of wheat- /. s. d. land, - - - 500 Sowing, - » 150 Harrowing, - - - 150 Water- furrowing, - - 500 Weeding, - - 500 Reaping, - - - 30 o o Thrafliing, 4 qrs. per acre, 400 qrs. at 2 J. - - 40 o q Carrying out, 2 o at a time, 20 journeys, - - 2 o o Three earths on 100 acres of barley and oat land, - 15 o o Sowing, - - 150 Ditto clover, - - - 150 Harrowing, - - 150 Water- furrowing, - «- 500 Rolling, - - o 10 o Mowing and harvefling, at 4/. 20 00 Thrafhing, 5 qrs. per acre, 500 qrs. at I J-. - 25 o o Carrying out 64 acres of barley, 320 qrs. 30 at a time, 10 journeys, - - - 100 five earths on 100 acres of cabbage-land, -r - 2^ o o Cfirry over, ^. 184 i^ o Digging ( :i2o ) Brought over, £. 184 15 o Digging the feed-bed, and lowing, I 10 0 Planting, at 5 j-. 25 0 0 Four horfe-hoeings, at 6<^. 10 0 0 Two hand-hoeings, at 8 s. 40 0 0 Cutting and carting, at 5 j. 25 0 0 Chopping, raking, and carting 100 acres of ilubble, 9 5 0 Ditching 800 perches, 40 0 0 Carting 2400 loads to farm- yard, 6 o/)^r day, 40 days, at i /. 40 0 Q 270 Head of cattle, 3240 loads mixing with 2400 ; in all ^640 loads, at I ^. 23 ID 0 Carting 5640 loads, 60 per day, 94 days, at 14/.' 65 16 0 Mowing, making, and cocking 80 acres of grafs. 50 0 0 Carting ditto, 8 days, of 14 men, 7 0 0 Thatching, I 10 0 Cutting chaff. 3 6 8 Carting faggots, 1 0 0 Sundry labour concerning cattle ; a man. 24 c 0 Sundry fmall unfpecified articles ; a boyj - - - 9 0 0 5^"^ 72~8 27 percent. - - - 143 1 0 £■[ ^^12> 14 8 Sundry ( 221 ) Sundry articles. /. s. J. Shoeing, 100 Loads of ftraw. 12 8o o o o o Wear and tear. 8o o o Market cxpenccs, Cafli in hand, 8 200 o o o o £.380 0 0 Total, - - jT. 4900 12 5 Annual Account. Expences, L s. d. Rent, &c. - - 630 0 0 160 Steers, - - 800 0 0 40 Ditto, - - 280 0 0 2CO Sheep, - - 120 0 0 Seed for 100 acres of wheat, 100 of barley and oats, 100 of clover, and 100 of cabbages, 145 0 0 Labour, - - 673 14 8 Sundries, - - - 180 0 0 £. 2838 14 8 Produce. 100 Acres of wheat, 400 qrs. /. s. d, at q /. - - - 800 o o 64 Acres of barley, 320 qrs. at 16 J-. - - - 256 o o 160 Steers, - - 1440 o o Carry over, £. 2496 o o 40 Steers, ( 2!i2 ) Brought over, £. 2496 0 0 40 Steers, - - 560 0 0 qoo Cows, ~- - 1000 0 0 200 Sheep, •■ "" 240 4296 0 0 0 0 Expences, ^ ' "" 2828 1467 14 8 5 4r Intereft, - - 245 0 0 Profit, - - C I 0 no 5 4 The capital pays ^o L per cent, profit, which is very confiderable, and proves, if any thing can, (the premilTes being allowed) that cabbages introduced in a courfe on clay lands, are a vaft improvement. The foundation of all good huibandry is the keeping great flocks of cattle for manuring of the lands ; the clay farms are, in the common management, vafi:ly deficient in this material point ; but we find the in- trodudiion of cabbages will give them the wall even of their turnip brethren. N«3. Variation the fecond. Seven hundred acres^ all grafs. Stock. Renty (s'c, /. s. d. Of 700 acres, - - 700 o o Tythe, rates, ^c. 6cc. at 8 s. 280 c o Live ( 223 ) Live Jloch L s. d, 2 Horfes, - - ' - 30 o o 700 Steers, - - 35^0 o o 100 Sheep, - - - 60 o o £, 3590 o o Implements. /. s. d. Two fmall three-wheeled carts, 14 00 Harnefs, - - - 300 Sundry fmall articles, - lo o o Labc7ir. 500 Perches of ditching, carting, /. and fpreading, at 3 /. Sundry fmall articles. Sundry articles. Shoeing, and wear and tear, Market expences, Caih in hand, Total, Annual Account. Expences. I. s. d. Rent, - - - cj8o o o 700 Steers, - . - 3500 o o 100 Sheep, - - - 60 o o Carry over, £. 4540 o o Labour, jC-37 0 0 75 ID s. d. 0 0 0 0 r.B^ 0 0 - 4 — 2 100 s. d, 0 0 0 0 0 0 106 0 0 Z- 479« 0 0 ( 2^4 ) Brought over, £. 4540 00 Labour, - - - 85 o o Sundry articles, - - 6 o o Produce, 700 Steers, at8/. j'j. - 100 Sheep, Expences, • * • Intcreft, - ^ Profit, ^.1062 90 The capital pays 27 /. 19 j-. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows : Stock L s. d. Rent, &c. - - - ^80 o o Live flock, - - _ 359^ o o Implements, - - 37 o o Labour, - - J^-^S ^ ^ 2.'] per cent. - 22 19 o c 4631 0 0 /. J-. d. 5775 0 0 150 0 0 S9^S 0 0 4631 0 0 1294 0 0 231 II 0 107 19 o Sundry articles, - - 106 o o Total, - ^T. 4820 19 o Annual Account. Expences. /. s. d. Rent, - - - p8o o o 700 Steers, - - 3500 o o Carry over, - J^. 4480 o o 100 Sheep, ( 225 ) Brought over, jT. 4480 o o 100 Sheep, - - 60 o o Labour, - - - 107 ig o Sundry articles, - - 6 o o C 4653 19 0 Produce. /. s. d. The fame, - 5925 0 0 Expences, - 465.3 19 0 1271 I 0 Intercft, - 241 I 0 Profit, - £. 1030 0 0 The capital pays 26 /. 7 s. per cent. N^4. Variation the third. Five hundred acres arable^ the foil light enough for turnips^ and marled^ chalked^ or clayed. Four hundred and fixty acres I fuppofe to be arable, and forty grafs. I reckon the rent at 5 s, an acre ; that is 2 s. lels than in former farms of the fame fort, which I think is a proper dedudion on account of the quantity. Such foils that require ex- penfive improvements, always let at a lov^'er rate in large than in fmall quantities. Vol. II. Q^ Stock, ( 226 ) Stock. Rent, &c. I s, d. Rent of 500 acres, at 5 5. - 125 00 Tythe, rates, &c. &c. at 8 j. 50 00 Live Stack, I. s, d, J 6 Horfes, -, - - 240 o o Implements, L s. d, A broad-wheeled waggon, 70 o o Three narrow-wheeled ditto, - 75 o o Harnefs, - - 35 ^ o Six carts, - - 60 o o Ten ploughs, - - 15 ^5 ^ Three harrows, - - 700 Three rollers, - - 1000 80 Sacks, - - - 12 o o Screens, bufhels, &c. &c. &c. 30 00 Dairy furniture, - - 20 o o Tillage, I. s. d. Three earths on 115 acres, - 69 o o Labour, I, s. d. Four earths on 345 acres, - 69 o o Mowing and making 20 acres otgrafs, - - - 500 Carry over, £' 74r ^ ^ Carting { 227 ) Brought over, ^.74 00 Carting and ftacking, - a 10 O Sundry fmall articles, - 1000 ^.86 10 o Sundry articles. Marling, chalking, or claying 460 acres, at the rate of 100 loads per acre, at 4 /. per acre, /. 5. d, including all expences, - 1840 o o 144 Qrs. of oats, - - 93 12 o Straw cut into chaff, - 15 o o 12 Tons of hay, - 30 o o Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 60 o o Cafh in hand, - 20^ o o 2238 12 o Total, - - £. 3143 17 o Second year. Rent, &c. - - £• "^75 ^ ^ 60 Cows, - ' jT, 300 o o 8 Sows, - - - iC' 12 o o 230 Heifers or fleers, - ^.1150 00 120 Sheep, * - JT. y2 o o Seed for 115 acres of wheat, 115 of fpring-corn, 115 of clover, and 115 of turnips, 140 17 o 0^2 Labour, { 228 ) Labour, One earth on 1 15 acres of wheat- /. s, a. land, - - S 15 0 Sowing, I 89 Water-furrowing, I 8 9 Harrowing, 0 14 3 Reaping and harvefting, at 4 s. 23 0 0 Thrafliing, 5 qrs./>^racre (a two years fallow) ^"j^ qrs. at 2 s. 51 lo 0 Carrying out, 20 at a time, 28 journeys, 2 16 0 Three earths on 115 acres of fpring-corn land. 17 S 0 Sowing, I 89 Ditto clover, _ - - I 89 Water-furrowing, I 89 Harrowing, 0 14 3 Rolling, 0 7 0 Mowing and harvefling, at 4 s. 23 0 0 Thrafhing, 4 qrs. per acre, 460 qrs. at I J-. 23 0 0 Carrying out 316 qrs. 30 at a time, 1 1 journeys, - 120. Mowing, making, and carting s o acres of grafs - 710-0 Four earths on 115 acres of turnip-liind, - - 03 o o Carryover, f^, 192 17 3 Sowing, I 8 9 40 S 0 43 1 6 8 12 6 2 •5 0 i^ 0 0 ( 229 ) Brought over, /". 192 17 3 Sowing, Hand-hoeing twice, at 7 j. Drawing and carting home, at 7 J. 6 ^/. Chopping and raking 115 acres of ftubble, Carting home, Ditching 400 perches, at 9 d. Carting 1000 loads of marie to farm-yard, 0o per day, 16 days, at 1 7 J-. 6 ^. - 14 o o 300 Head of cattle, at 1 2 loads, 3600 loads mixed with 1000 of marie, 4600, at i J. - 19 ^3 4 Carting 4600 loads, 60 per day, 77 days, at ijj. - .51 ^S ^ Cutting chaff, - - 2 IQ o Sundry articles concerning cattle, to the amount of a man a year, 24 o o Sundry fmallunfpecified articles ; a boy, - - 900 jC:43Q 9 4 Sundry articles. /. s. d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, 60 o o Market expences, - - 400 Straw, - - - 70 o o Total, - ;f.24i4 64 0^3 Firft ( ^^^ ) Brought over. £' 2414 64 Firft year, Intereft, 3143 ■ ^57 [7 0 3 0 Total neceflary to ftock this farm. £•5715 64 Annual Account. Expenc€s» Rent, &c. 0 0 230 Heifers, &c. 1 150 0 0 120 Sheep, 72 0 0 Seed, - - - 140 17 0 Labour, Sundry articles. 430 134 9 4 0 0 £>' 2102 64 Produce. 1 15 Acres of wheat, 37qrs./>^;^ /. s.d. acre, 402-i qrs. at 2/. ■ 3 1 6 Qrs. of barley, at 16 s. 60 Cows, • 805 - 252 300 0 0 16 0 0 0 230 Fat beafts, 1610 0 0 120 Sheep, 144 0 0 3111 16 0 Expences, 2102 64 Intereft, « 1009 285 98 '5 ° Profit, ^•723 14 8 The f 231 ) Tlie capital pays ij L 1 3. j. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows : Stock, . l. s. d. Rent, &c. - - 175 o o Live ftock, - - 240 o o Implements, - 334 ^5 ^ Tillage, - - 69 o o Labour, - £.^6 10 o 2 7 per cent, - 2340 Sundry articles, jT, 2^2,'Q I2 o Of this 1840/. is marling, fuppofe 1000 /. ofthis is la- bour, 2J per cent, is 270 00 109 14 o 25-08 12 o £•3437 ^ Q Second year, /. s. d. Rent, .&c. - - 175 o o 60 Cows, - - 300 o o S Sows, - - - 1200 230 Steers, - - - ii^o o o I20 Sheep, - - 72 o o Seed, - - J 40 17 o Labour, - >C- 43^ 9 4 '2'] per cent, - 116 2 ^ 546 114 Carryover, £. 2396 8 4 0^4 Sundry ( 232 ) Brought over, £. 2396 8 4 Sundry articles, - - 134 Q Q 2530 b 4 Firfl; year, - - 3437 i o Intereft, - - 171 17 o Total neceflary to flock, ^. 6 1 39 64 Annual Account. Expences, I. s. d. Rent, &c. - - - 175 o o Heifers and fheep, - - 1222 00 Seed, - - 140 17 o Labour, - - 546 Ji 4 Sundry articles, - - 134 o o i:. ^2i"8 8 4 Produce, L s. d. The fame, - - 3111160 Expences, - -* 2218 8 4 Intereft, - - 306 19 o Profit, - - ^. J86~~8~8 The capital pays 14 /. loj-. Variation the fourth. Four hundred and forty acres arable^ the foil clay or loam^ cultivated upon improved principles ; cabbages and lucerne. The forty acres I fuppofe to be grafs near the houfe for convenience, the reft is occu- pied { ^33 ) pied by only two crops, cabbages and lu- cerne, proportioned as in the laft chapter. Stock. Rcnty 6'^. /. Of 440 acres, at 15 j-. - 330 Tythe, rates, &:c. &c. &c. - 132 s. d. o o o o ^.462 o o 12 Horfes, 100 Cows, 10 Sows, Livejl-Qck. I. 180 500 12 s. d, o o o o o o X.692 o o /. 24 9 20 ' 7 100 o o' Implements, '\ Two carts, Six ploughs, Harnefs, Harrows, Dairy furniture. Sundry fmall articles, Seed and tillage. Three earths on 100 acres fallow for wheat, but not fown, - Seed for 100 acres of lucerne, at 6 J-. Ditto for 20 acres of cabbages, s. d. o o 9 o o o o a o o o o 9 o 60 >C-93 X. d, o o o o 4 o 4 o Labour* ( 234 ): Labour. Three earths on loo acres of /. s.d^ kicerne-land, - - 15 o o Harrowing, - - - c 16 8 Drilling, at 6^. - 2 10 o Hand-hoeing four times, at 6 J. 120 00 Cutting 3 times, 2iX.is.bd. 22 10 o Raking together, loading, and carting home, 2Xis.6d. - 22 10 o Five earths on 20 acres of cabbage- land, - - 500 Digging the feed-bed, fowing,&c. 050 Planting, at 5 j. - - 500 Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 d. - S 00 Two hand-hoeings, at 8 J. - 800 Cutting and carting, at 5 j. - 5* o o Six earths on 280 acres of fallow, 84 o o Mowing, making, carting, and Hacking 24 acres of grafs, -980 Sundry fmall articles of work, to the amount of a man a year, 2y per cent, , Sundry y 24 0 0 325 88 19 8 0 0 £-4'3 19 8 ( 235 ) Sundry articles. A drill plough, £. S o o Refold for, - 400 I. s. d. 400 Straw cut into chaff, - -800 108 Qrs. of oats, at 1 3 J. - 70 4 o Shoeing, and wear and tear> 40 o o ^orty loads of llraw, - 30 o o £. 152 4~^ Total, - - jC- 2003 '^ ^ Second year. Rent, 8cc. - - ;C«4^2 o o Qoo Cows, - - £, 1000 o o Seed for 150 acres of lucerne, ^f. 45 00 Ditto for 60 acres of cabbages, ;f . 9 12 o Labour. Three earths on 150 acres of /. s. d, lucerne-land, - - 22 10 o DrilHng, - - 3 I5 o Hand-hoeing four times, at 6 j. 1 80 00 Cutting 3 times, at i j". 6 ^. - 33 15 o Raking together, loading, and carting home, - - 00 '^S ^ Three earths on 60 acres of cabbage-land, - 900 Carryover, jC* 282 15 o 4 Digging ( ^2>^ Brought over, £. 28a 15 o Digging the feed-bed, fowing, &c. 0120 Planting, at 5 J. Four horfe-hoelngs, a.t 6 d. - Two hand-hoeings at 8 j. - Cutting and carting, at 5 s. Two hand-hoeings of the 100 acres of lucerne, Four horfe-hoeings, SLt 6 s. Four cuttings, 3.1 i s. 6 d. Raking together, loading, and carting, at i s.Gd. four times, ~ 300 Perches of ditching. Carting 900 loads of earth to farm-yard, 20 per day, 44 days, at Gs. ^ d. Mixing 900 of earth with iioo of dung, 2000 in all, at i d. Carting and fprcading 2000 loads, 20 per day, 1 00 days, at 4 J. 3 i^. 20 Acres of hay, Sundry articles, - 2y percent. - - 147 19 o £■696 13 8 Sundry 15 0 0 6 0 0 84 0 0 15 0 0 60 0 0 10 0 0 SO 0 0 30 0 0 15 0 0 13 15 0 8 6 8 21 5 0 7 0 0 10 0 0 ( 237 ) Sundry articles, I, s, d. Straw cut into chafF, - 800 1 08 Qrs. of oats, - - 70 4 o 80 Loads of ftraw, - - 70 o o Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 40 o o L' 188 4 o Total, - £^. 2401 8 8 Third year, Jlent, &c. - - ;f . 462 o o 450 Cows, ^ " £' 2250 o o 25 Sows, - - jf • 30 o o Seed for, 1 50 acres of cabbages, jC* ^^ '^^ ^ Labour, Two hand-hoeings of 250 acres /. s, d^ of lucerne, at6x. - ij-o o o Four horfe-hoeings, . at 6 x. - 25 00 Four cuttings, at i s. 6d, - 75 00 Raking together and carting, at 1 s: 6 d, - - 75 o o Four earths on 150 acres of cabbages, I^igging the feed-bed and fowing, Planting, at 5 j-. Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 x. Two hand-hoeings, at 8 x. Carry over, £. 469 o o Cutting 30 0 0 I 10 0 37 10 0 15 0 0 60 0 0 ( 338 ) Brought over, £. 469 o o Cutting and carting, at 5 j. - 37 10 o 400 Perches of ditching, - 20 o o Carting 1200 loads of earth to farm-yard, 30 days, at 1 2 J. 6^. 18 15 o Mixing 1200 loads with 4000 of dung, 5200, at I ^. - 21 13 4 Carting 5200 loads, and fpread- ing 130 days, at 8 j. 6 ^. - S5 50 Cutting chaff, - - - i 13 4 Mowing, making, carting, and Hacking 40 acres of hay, - 14 o o Sundry articles relative to cattle, and fmall unfpecified ones ; a man, - ^4 Q Q 661 16 8 2j per cent, - * 178 14 o C 84"o 10 8 Sundry articles. /. s. cL Shoeing, and wear and tear, 40 0 0 Oats, - - - 70 4 0 130 Loads of ftraw, 100 0 0 Gaih in hand, 150 0 0 £>' 3^Q 4 o Total, - >C'39^5 4 8 Firft ( 239 ) Firft year's expence, - j^. 2003 i ^ 8 Intereft, - - 100 3 6 Second year's expence, - 2401 8 8 Intereft, - - - 12010 Third year's expence, - 39^5 4 S £♦8590 14 o Produce, Firjl year, /. s, d, 100 Cows, - - 500 o o Second year, 300 Cows, - - 1500 o o £, 2000 o o Total expence, - £-^590 140 Produce, - 2000 o o Total neceflary to flock this — farm, - - ^T. 65-90 14 o Annual Account. Expences, /. s. d. Rent, &c, - « - 4^2 o o oeed, - • >• . 22100 Labour, . _ - 840 10 8 Sundries, - - 210 4 o £• 1535 4 B Produce. ( 240 ) Produce. /. s. d. 750 Cows, - 3750 0 0 Expcnces, - ^5?>5 4 S 2214 15 4 Intereft, « - - ^og 10 o Profit, . - - ^. 1885 5I: The capital pays 2^0^^ ^2 j. per cent. The reader, before he condemns fuch great profit, fhould confider the vaft ex- pence of the culture, and moft uncom- mon manuring. I fhould remark, (though it may perhaps not be thought to want ex- planation) that the j: /. profit /)^r cow, fup- pofes all expences paid but thofe of food. This farm is a frefli and very ftriking proof of the great profit of farming to gentlemen, when they attend to fuch farms as are proper for them. An income of 2200 /. a year from a capital of 6600 /. is fuch a profit as they will fcarcely meet with in any other profefTion ; and fuch an one as with prudence cannot fail (if the farm is properly fituated for the purpofe) of raifing a very large fortune. Suppofc the occupier lives upon 885 /. a year, and annually throvvs icco/. into bufinefs; this diflribution ( 241 ) diftrlbiuion fuppoles the capital borrowed, and the intereft paid. Were not thefe cal- culations extended to too great a bulk al- ready, I could foon minute the profit of fucli a progrefTion of ftock, which would, in ^ few years, become vaftly confiderable, and yield a profit of many thoufand pounds a year. N^ 6. Variation theffth» Three hundred acres arable^ the foil a poor^ cold^ ivet loajn; improved* Forty acres I fuppofe to be grafs near the houfe for convenience, the 260 acres arable. StOCni, Rent, <&'c. /. s.d. Of 300 acres, at 8 J. - 120 o O Tythe, rates, &c. &c. at 8j. 48 00 £■ 168 0 0 Livejlock. /. J-, d. 18 Horfes, ^ _ - 270 0 0 Implements, /. s. d^ A broad-wheeled waggon. 70 0 0 Three narrow ditto. 7S 0 0 Four carts, - _ _ 40 0 0 Carry over, /". 185 00 Vol.11. R Harnefs, ( ^42 ) Brought over, £^ i^^ o o Harnefs, - - 40 o o Nine ploughs, - - 14 3 6 Three harrows, - - 700 Rollers, - - 3 10 o 60 Sacks, .- 900 Sundry fmall articles, - 20 o o Tillage, Three earths on 6^ acres of /. s, d, fallow, - - 39 o o Water-furrowing, - - 3 5" o iC'42 50 Labour, Five earths on 195 acres of /. .r. d, fallow, - - 48 15 o Ditching 200 perches, at 2 X. 6 <5?. 25* 00 Ditto 400, at 2 J". - 40 o o Ditto 400, at I J. 6^. - 30 o o Ditto 1000, Sit IS, - 50 o o Hollow-ditching 200 perches, at 6^/. - - 500 Ditto 800, at 4 J. - - 13 6 8 Ditto 23,000, at 3 ^. - 287 100 Bringing 300 waggon-loads of manure from neareft town, two Carryover, ^. 499 118 mea ( 243 ) Brought over, jC- 499 11 8 men per da.y, 100, at ss, 100, at s s. 6 d. and 10©, at 3 j. 37 10 o Mowing, making, and ftacking 10 acres of grafs, - - 3 10 o Sundry fmall articles, - 1000 Sundry articles. Suppofe the hedges are found deficient in bufhes for new- making them ; for this article /. s, d. "we may allow, - - 90 o o 300 Loads of manure, (broad- wheeled waggon) at 10 J. ij-Q o o Materials for filling up 200 perches of hollow-drains, at 9 ^. ' - _ 7 lo o Ditto for 800 perches, at 7 <^. 43 6 8 Dittofor 23,000 perches, at 6^. S75 o o i6aQrs. ofoats, ati3j-. - » 105 6 o 30 Tons of hay, - - 75 o o Cutting chaff, - - , - 2 10 o Paling at the end of gates, and acrofs ditches, - - 50 o o Shoeing, &c. - - - 60 o o £, ri78"T7~8 Total of firfl year, - X- 2468 2 10 R 2 I ( 244 ) I fhoiild here explain one or two parti- culars. I allow fo many as eighteen horfes, on account of the annual improvement of the farm by town-manure : ten are fufficient for the common culture of it j and the other eight are for employing a broad- wheeled waggon conftantly in that bufinefs. Cold wet loams, when drained, are ex- tremely profitable to manure well; they will receive (without overdoing) a prodi- gious quantity of manure, and pay for it greatly. The articles of bufhes for the hedges, and the paling at the ends of gates and acrofs ditches, as in the preceding chapter, are highly neceflary in the im- provement of fuch farms, which mull be fuppofed to have been occupied by flovenly tenants, who have let the fences run much to ruin. The fecond year. Rent, &c. - - ;f. i68 o o Seed for 6^ acres of wheat, 65 of barley and oats, Qy^ of clover, and 65 of beans, ^.104 00 Labour, ( 245 ) labour. One earth on 6^ acres of wheat- L 5, d. land, - - 3 5 c> Sowing, - - 1 12 6 Water-furrowing, 3 5 0 Weeding, 3 5 0 Reaping, &c. at 6 r. 19 10 0 Thrafhing, 4 qrs.^fracre, (a two year's fallow) 260 qrs. at 2 s. 26 0 0 Carrying out, 20 at a time. 1 3 journeys. I 6 0 One earth on 6^ acres of ipring- corn, - - - 3 S 0 Sowing, 0 16 3 Ditto clover. 0 16 3 Jiarrowing, ^ 0 16 3 Water-furrowing, 3 5 0 Rolling, - - 0 7 0 Mowing and harvefting, at 4 s. 13 0 0 Thrafhing, 3! qrs. />^ acre, 227^ qrs. at I i-. 11 76 Carrying out 65^ qrs. of barley. 2 journeys, 0 4 0 One earth on 6^ acres ofbean-land, 3 5 0 Sowing, - - 3 B 0 Water-furrowing, I 12 6 Carry over, ^* 100 33 R 3 Hand- { 246 ) Brought over, £''^00 ^ ^ Hand-hoeing, at 6 s. - - 19 10 o Horfe-hoemg 3 times, at 6 J. - 4176 Reaping and harvefting, at 7 j. 22 15 o Thraihing, 2 qrs. per acre, at i s, 130 qrs. - - 6 10 o Carrying out, 20 at a time, 7 journeys, - 0140 Three earths on 65 acres of fallow, 9150 300 Waggon-loads of manure were brought laft year, if we calculate each load to be equal to 6 of clay, the whole muft be laid to 3600 loads of earth ; in all 4500 loads, mix- ing, at I ^r /. J, J. acre, 29 2^- qrs. at 2, L - 5"5 0 0 130 Qrs. of barley, at 16 j. 104 0 0 6^ Acres of beans, 195 qrs. _ at I /. 1 2 J. 312 0 0 35 Cows, ^75 0 0 1176 0 0 The fecond, 782 8 0 £• 1958 8 0 Total expence, 5987 7 0 Produce, 1958 8 0 Total neceflary to flock, - £' 4028 13 7 Annual Account. Expences, Kent, &c. i:.i68 0 0 Seed, - - _ £. 104 0 0 Labour, On 65 acres of wheat, as before, ^. 61 12 6 Ditto on 65 acres of barley and oats, thrafhing included, - 38 10 0 Carrying out ^25 9^^. of barley, 8 journeys, - - o 16 o On beans, as before, - 69 1 1 o Carryover, £. lyo 10 3 Mowing, ( 354 ) Brought over, £,iyo lo 3 Mowing, making, &c. ^^ acres ofgrafs, - - 13 o o Carting earth to farm-yard, mix- ing, and recarting, as before, 46 9 o Labour on 6^ acres of ftubble, 810 o Cutting chaff, - - i 13 8 Sundry fmall articles, - 20 o o £. 260 211 Sundry articles, L s, d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, 45 o o Market expences, - - 400 Straw, - - 4^ o o ^. 89 o o Total, - ;C« 621 2 11 Produce. 65 Acres of wheat, 4.1 qrs. /. s, d„ per acre, 292-i qrs. at 2 /. 585 o o 235 Qrs. of barley, at 16 J-. 188 o o 65 Acres of beans, 3iqrs./)^r acre, 227^ qrs. at I /. I2J". 364 o o 45 Cows, - - 225 o Q 1362 o o Expences, - - 621 2 11 740 17 I Intereft, - - 201 8 o Profit, - - £. 5.39 9 I The ( ^55 ) The capital pays i8 /. 2 s. per cent, which is very confiderablc profit, though not equal to that of fome other farms in this chapter. The gentleman's account is as follows : Stock. L s, d. Total of I ft year, 2468 2 i o ^T per cent, on 550/. \\s, %d. labour, 148 10 o /. s. d, ■ 2616 12 10 Intereft, - - 130 16 o Total of 2d year, 904 7 3 27 fer cent, on 338/. 7 J. 3^. 91 5 o ' 995 12 3 Intereft, - - - 180 no Totalof3dyear, 1140 12 9 27 per cent, on 2i^(:il.\is,^d. 96 2 o 1236 14 9 Intereft, - - 242 7 o Total of 4th year, 956 6 9 27 per cent, on 2>1TL6s,2d, 79 15 o —^ 1036 I 9 1; Total, ( 256 ) Brought over, £. 6438 15 7 Total produce, as before, 1958 8 o Total neceffary to ftock, ^.4480 7 7 Annual Account. Expences, I. s. d. Total, - - 621 2 n ^']per cent, on 260 1, 1 s, 11 d. Produce. The fame, Expences, Intereft, Profit, The capital pays 15 /. per cent. In the next place, I fhall fuppofe the gentleman^ after he has improved this farm, to let it. At the end of the fourth year, he will have expended, with the /. s. d. intereft of the fourth, - 673Q 18 7 And received of produce, to the /. s, d, end of the third, 1958 80 The fourth, 1362 00 ■ i 3320 8 o jC-34I2 10 7 From i, 70 4 0 X.691 6 II /. 1362 691 s. 0 6 d. 0 II 670 224 13 0 I 0 >C-446 13 I ( '^Sl ) Brought over, ;^. 3412 10 7 From this Is to be dedudled the produd by the fale of the ftock : It coft, iSHorfes, - £> ^^o 00 Implements, - 278 13 6 45 Cows, - 225 00 Swine, '- it 00 ^. ^84 13 6 — 500 00 2912 10 7 Alfo, feed and tillage on the farm, 51 14 6 The farm will then owe him, £. 2860 6 i At this time I fuppofe the farm let : It is in excellent order, perfectly hedged, ditch- ed, paled and drained, and very finely ma- nured : the new tenant at once enters upon 6^ acres of clover, which is a very great ad- vantage. - In this fituation I fliall fuppofe the whole farm let at i /. 10 s. an acre. 300 Acres, at I /. 10 J. - >C- 45° ^^ Old rent, - ;^. 120 o o Intereft of 2860 /. 143 00 263 o o Annual profit, - - jC- 187 o o Rent, at I /. 10 J. - - 450 o o Old rent, - - 120 o o Improvement, - £- 330 Q Q Vol. II. S The ( 258 ) The capital pays ii /. lo x. '^er cent. If the farm is laid down, the account will be, not accurately, but nearly as follows : Expended on the farm, - £. 2860 6 I Grafs-feeds for 260 acres, - 260 00 Sowing, &c. &c. &c. - 0,000 300 Acres, at 2 /. - £, 600 o o Old rent, - ^. 120 o o Intereft of 3150 /. 157 00 277 10 o Annual profit, - - ^.322 10 o Rent, at 2 /. - - 600 o o Old rent, - - 120 o o Improvement, - - jT, 480 o o The capital pays 14 /. 2 s. And I fhould remark, that this profit in both accounts is very confiderable ; for it is an abfolute certainty, liable to no dedu(5lions whatever, and open to no chances. It is a branch of the bufinefs in which the gentleman is fully equal to the farmer ; and upon the whole, in eftates of poor, wet, cold loams, is an excellent and profitable method of dlfpofing of large fums of money. General ( 2^9 ) General Recapitulation of this Chapter. Slims requ'ifite to Jiock the preceding farms, N° I. II 00 Acres; the foil clay or loam; I ooo arable, and /. s, d. lOO grafs; - - 5197 ii 6 Ditto a gentleman, - 5450 5 6 N° II. 600 Acres ; the foil clay or loam, one third grafs, and two thirds arable, culti- vated on improved principles; cabbages in a courfe, - 4900 12 8 N°III. 700 Acres; all grafs, 4798 o o Ditto a gentleman, - 4820 19 o N° IV. 500 Acres ; 460 arable, and 40 grafs ; the foil light, and marled, chal- ked, or clayed, - - 5715 ^4 Ditto a gentleman, - 6x39 ^ 4 N° V. 440 Acres ; the foil clay or loam. 400 arable, and 40 grafs, cultivated upon im- proved principles ; cabbages and lucerne, - - <^i'90 14 o N° VI. 300 Acres, the foil a poor, flat, wet loam, impro- ved; 2 60 arable, and 40 grafs, 4028 13 7 Ditto a gentleman, - 4480 7 7 S 2 Annual ( 26o ) Annual Produce ofthefefarms^ expencespaid. N° 1. £• 1539 2 6 Ditto a gentleman. 1286 8 6 N° II. Ditto, 1467 ^ 4 N° III. - - - 1294 0 0 Ditto a gentleman. 1271 I 0 N°IV. - - - 1C09 9 8 Ditto a gentleman, - B93 7 8 N' V. Ditto, 2214 15" 4 N°VI. 740 17 I Ditto a gentleman, - 670 13 I Froft per cent, on thefe farms. N^I. £, 29 12 0 Ditto a gentleman. 23 II 0 N°n. Ditto, 30 0 0 N° III. 27 19 0 Ditto a gentleman, 26 7 0 N° IV. 17 13 0 Ditto a gentleman. 14 10 0 N°V. Ditto, - 2>3 '- 0 N°VL 18 2 0 Ditto a gentleman, 15 00 Comparijhn bctivcen the gentleman and fanner • in their profits per cent, on thefe farms, N° I. The farmer, - 29 12 o Tlie gentleman, - 23 11 o Superiority of the former, f.() 10 nThT. ( 26l ) N" III. The farmer, - - >C-27 19 0 The gentleman. 26 7 0 Former fuperior by - >C- 1 12 0 N' IV. The flirmer, 17 13 0 The gentleman, 14 10 0 Former fuperior by £' 2> 30 N^VI. The farmer, 18 £> 0 The gentleman. 15- 0 0 Former fuperior by ^•3 20 Progrcjfion of the fannei V faiiiu in order of profit. N° I. - X.29 12 0 •^ •• — 27 19 0 6. 18 2 0 4. - - 17 13 0 JProgrefJion of the gentleman^ farms in order of profit, N° 5. - - £^,2>2> 12 o 2. - - 30 o o 3. - - 26 7 o I. - - 23 II o 6. 15 o o 4» - - 14 10 o The moft profitable of the common farm- er's farms is the clay one of 11 00 acres, 1000 arable and 100 grafs, which pays him 83 29 / ( 262 ) 29 ^- 12 J. per cent. That product is very great. Throughout moil of the preceding chapters, the .clay foils, that are rich and well managed, have yielded a vaft profit ; and 1 am well convinced, that no foil exifts (in iar^^e quantities) that can equal it in profit. When a man meets with fuch, he fhould not be frightened at high rents. Rent is a trifle, compared to many other circumftances. The fecond farm in the lift, is the 706 acres all grafs, which ' nearly equals the firft in the reinainder of profit ; but, if the circumftances that cannot be " calculated were taken into the account, thiis would be found the moft profitable of all. It is a circumftance peculiar to thefe farms, th^it a large one is managed with nearly as little trouble as a fmall one. The bufinefs I have fketched is fo fimpTe and uniform, that one day's work may atiiioft be faid to be the whole of the farmer's real employment; he buys his ftock all in one lot at a fiiir, and has little more to do with them ; for the driving them off to Smithfiekl is not his work After a year or two's dealing, fuch a grafier will find his moft advantageous way of pur- chafing ( 263 ) chafing will be, to deal always with one drover; by which means he will buy to better advantage, and, at the fame time, be more fure of his market than oihers who take the chance of it. The third farm in this lift, is the cold, flat loam, improved. Sach are of great confequence to numerous farmers ; for vaft tradts of the kingdom conlift of thefe foils, and good hufbandmen are backward in oc- cupying them, from the notion that their improvement will not pay the charges ; and fo they are left to flovens, that keep them in as bad a ftate as can be conceived. In no other foils are fuch miferable farms to be met with, as in this. The whole ap- pearance of them, the poverty of the crops and the occupiers, and the vifible greatnefs of the expence of improving them, all tend to frighten many fpirited cultivators from having any thing to do with them. It is true, a man had better pay an high rent for a rich improved clay, than a low one for thefe foils ; but rich clays under favourable circumftances are not always to be had ; whereas fuch as are here defcribed may probably be in much greater plenty, and S 4 gained ( 2^4 ) gained under more favourable tenures. It is therefore of great confequence, that farmers know the profit oi:' improving of fuch lands, which, though not equal to fome other foils, is yet confiderable, and may, by certain fa-- vourable circumflances, be pofTibly carried to as high a pitch. The lafl: farm is the light foil, marled, chalked, or clayed, vv'hich pays near i8 per cent. ; a profit that is certainly very con- fiderable ; but I do not apprehend thefe kind of farms will often be found as pro- fitable, as the clay is already improved. The firft farm in the gentleman's lifl:, and which pays fo great an intereil as 33 /. 12 s, per cent, is that cultivated under cabbages and lucerne. It is worthy of re- mark, that fuch noble profit (and which has undergone the dedudion of 27 per cent, on all the labour of it) can be made of a culture perfe^flly well adapted to the fitua- tion of gentlemen, (more fo than any farm can be that has any tillage on it,) and which is fo very fimple in all the management. It is a point of no trivial confequence to this clafs of cultivators, not only to have iheir buying and felling contracted into as fmall ( 265 ) fmall a compafs as poflible, but alfo, that the fum of money they throw into farm- ing be fo employed, that a large extent of ground is not neceiFary to it. Virgil's fen- timent is totally applicable to the farm of a gentleman: Laudato mgent'ia ruray Exi^iinm colito. Small tradts of land are immediately ua- der the eye of the cultivator; whatever men are employed, they are in one fpot, and that very near the refidence of the gentleman, who has only a little walk to the extremity of his farm. Such an one is much eafier managed than larger farms, which require long walks or rides, and efpecially to gentlemen : For thefe reafons, a culture that requires a great deal of mo- ney on a fmall quantity of land, is pecu- liarly fitted for gentlemen ; and this is in none fo ftrongly the cafe, as in that of cabbages and lucerne, fo proportioned that the firft may juft maintain the cattle in winter, as the lucerne will do in fummer ; by which means the whole farm is reduced, as it were, to one point, and the bufinefs rendered as fimple as poffible. Such ( 266 ) Such gentlemen as have the command of a dry, found, improved clay, that is not a perfed flat, but floping fome way, need not fear the making of it, by means of cabbages and lucerne, as great a profit, and in many inftances greater than I have ficetched ; and if they do not poffefs fuch a foil of their own, they need not fear giving a very high rent to others for it: The profit which the account of this farm leaves, is great enough to. pay a higher rent than any -foil in England, of that fort, bears in common : I am confident, that noble fortunes may be made by this manage- ment. The next farm, is the clay one, of 600 acres, one third grafs and two thirds arable> in which cabbages are introduced in a courfe : This pays 0,0 per cent. Through- out all thefe calculations, this hufbandry on rich clay foils has appeared to be ex- tremely profitable ; and for the intro- dudion of only one extra crop in four, I apprehend no better one can be difcovered than cabbages, which much more than throw clay foils upon a par with turnip ones, in the maintainance of great flocks of cattle. ( 3-57 ) cattle. The cabbage culture, I am confi- dent, muft become a common one in the clav countries of this kingdom : Its pro- grels may be flow, as that of turnips was, but it will be no lefs fure. The ncxc profitable farm, is the grafs one : This will ever rank high in the gentleman's account, and be attended with much more comparative profit than appears in thefe accounts; for there are fcarce any deductions to be made but what appears, which is not the cafe with arable farms. The fourth farm in this lift is the iioo acres arable clay, commonly managed; the profit is confiderable; but folarge a bufinefs, of a nature very troublefome and hazard- ous to a gentleman, fhould never be ven- tured upon without much experience, and a determined and minute attention. The fifth is the cold, flat loam, improved : This is alfo a farm of common manage- ment ; and confequently, in a great mea- fure, improper for a gentleman's atten- tion to it : The improvement likewife con- fifts in a vafl amount of labour, in which the gentleman lies under peculiar difad- vantages, t^ftly, ( 268 ) Laftly, comes the farm improved with marie, chalk, or clay : The proiit of this is by no means trifling ; but the nature of the bufmefs lays it open to many objedions ; it is all carried on upon principles that do not coincide with a gentleman's fituation in life. Upon the whole, farming appears, in this chapter, in refped; of profit, with great luftre. I apprehend no one can difpute, who allows but the outlines of my premif- fes, that it is as profitable, if not more fo, than mofl other trades or profeiTions. CHAP. XXVI. Of the mojl advaiitageous method of difpofing of 2 0,000 1. 7/7 fanning. IT is neceflary to extend thefe calculations as high as 20,000 /. for an obvious rea- fon : the preceding fums are common in farming; but there are few flocks fo large as the amount of this fum. One great point I mufl: endeavour to prove, is, that hufbandry is a proper bufmefs and employ- ment ( 269 ) ment for gentlemen, and not In a light only of amufcment, but alfo of profit, and the difpofition of large fums of money. Any bufmefs, that will not admit very large fums in ftock, is, in the refpedts of which I am treating, ufelefs. It has been objeded to agriculture, that its profits are indeed great, but that large fums of money cannot be employed in it ; and confequently the pro- grejfwn of Jlock^ which is the foul of com- merce, cannot take place ; but I exped that the enfuing calculations will difprove fuch an idea. In one branch common fenfe, at one glance, tells us, there is no end of an increafing flock, 'viz. grafing, in which forty thoufand pounds may be as eafily employed as fo many hundreds. N^ I. Three thoufand acres ^ the foil clay or loam\ one third grafs^ and tnvo thirds arable. In farms of this extent, fome variation may be fuppofcd in the rent ; I have there- fore rated it at two valuations. The reader will alfo remark fome other variations from preceding accounts, which arc requifite in fo large a bufinefs. Stock, ( 270 ) Stock. Rent, 6'^. ^- ^' ^' Rentof looo acres ofgrafs, looo o o Dittoof 20ooof arable, at 15 J. 1500 o o Tythe, rates, &:c. &c. at 8 s. iQoo o o ■^.3500 O Q Livejiock. L s, d. looHorfes, - - - 1500 o o 500 Cows, - - 2500 o o 500 Steers or heifers, &c. - 3500 o o 50 Sows, - - 70 o o 500 fheep, - - 3QQ Q ^ £' 7^7Q Q Q Tmpleme7tts. I. s. d. Three broad-wheeled waggons, 210 00 20 Narrow ditto, - - 500 o o 30 Carts, - - 300 o o 5 Small three-wheeled ones, ' 2>S ^ ^ Harnefs, - - 300 o o 60 Ploughs, - - 94 10 o 12 Harrows, - - - 30 o o Rollers, - - 20 o o 300 Sacks, - - - 45 o o Dairy furniture, - - 80 o o Sundry fmall articles, fuch as fcrcens, bufhels, forks, rakes, fhovels, ropes, lines, fieves, . &c. &c. - - 100 o Q £, 1(^)14 10 o Ssed ( 971 ) Seed and tillage. Four earths on 500 acres of I s, d» wheat-land, 400 0 0 Seed, 250 0 0 Sowing, - - - 12 10 0 Water-furrowing, 25 0 0 Three earths on 500 acres of fpring-corn land, 300 0 0 Seed, 250 0 0 Sowing, 6 5 0 Clover feed, 100 0 0 Sowing, 6 5 0 Harrowing, 25 0 0 Water-furrowing, 25 0 0 One earth on 500 acres of bean- land, 100 0 0 Seed, 200 0 0 c- 1700 0 0 Labour. One earth on 500 acres of /. s. d. wheat-land. 25 0 0 Sowing, 6 5 0 Harrowing, 6 5 0 Water-furrowing, 25 0 0 Weeding, 25 0 O; Reaping and harvefting, at 6 s. 150 0 0 Carry over, ^.237 10 o 3 Thrafhing ( ^n ) Brought over, ^. 237 10 o Thrafliing the crop, 3 qrs. per acre, 1500 qrs. at 2 x. - 1^0 00 Carrying out, ao qrs. at a tune . per waggon, 60 in 3 ; 25 journeys, 6 men, - - 7 10 o Three earths on 500 acres of barley and oat land, Sowing, Ditto the clover, Harrowing, Water-furrowing, Rolling, Mowing and harvefting, at 4 J. lOo Thralhing the crop, 4 qrs. per acre, 2000 qrs. at i /. - loo 00 Carrying out 275 acres of barley, 1 1 00 qrs. go at a time, 12 journeys, - - 3 12 o Three earths on 500 acres of bean-land. Sowing, - - Water-furrowing, Hand-hoeing, at 6 i". Horfc-hoeing thrice, at (:>d. Reaping and harvefting, at 7 s. Carryover, ;^. 1194 17 o Thrafhing, n 0 © 6 5 0 6 S 0 6 S 0 2i 0 0 2 10 0 00 0 0 7S 0 6 25 0 0 12 ID 0 150 0 0 37 10 0 i7.> 0 0 ( ^7^ ) Brought over, /. 1194 17 o Thrafhing, 3 qrs. per acre, 1500 qrs. at I J". - - - 75 o o Carrying out, 60 qrs. at a time, 25 journeys, - - 7100 Chopping and raking 500 acres of ftubble, - - 37 10 o Carting home, 40 men and 20 waggons, 5 days, - - 10 o o Ditching 2000 perches, at I J". 6<^. 150 00 Carting 8000 loads of earth to farm-yard, 30 carts, and 20 drivers and unloaders, 300 loads /)fr day, 27 days, at 5/. 135 00 600 Head of cattle, at 12 loads, 7200 mixing with 8000, in all 15,200, at I <^. - 63 6 8 Carting 15,200 loads, and fpread- ing, ^OQper day, 50 days, at 3 /. 1 o J-. - - 17500 Mowing, making, and cocking 300 acres of hay, - - 75 o o Carting ditto, and flacking, 10 days, of 20 waggons and 50 men, - - 37100 Thatching, - - 500 Carryover, f^, iy^5 ^3 ^ Vol. II. T Cutting ( -74 ) Brought over, ^. 1965 138 Cutting chaff, - - 1500 Carting faggots, - - 400 Sundry labour concerning cattle, 5 men a year, - - 120 o o Wages and maintalnance of a bailey *, - - Sundry fmall unfpecified articles. 50 0 0 100 0 0 :254 13 8 /. s. d. 60 0 0 400 0 0 10 0 0 250 0 0 300 0 0 500 0 0 Sundry articles. Shoeing, - _. - Wear and tear, Market expences, 300 Loads of flraw. Sundry unfpecified articles, ■ Cafh in hand, Total, - - I. 18459 3 ^ Annual Account. Expences, I. s. d. Rent, &c. - - 3500 o o 500 Stcqrs, - - 3500 o o Carry over, £. 7000 o o * The reader is not to imagine this is fuch a bailey as I have often hinted fo many circumftances againft. I mesn here fiich an one as rnoit 'uery large farmers keep that have not feveral fons that are men ; a mere overfeer of the work, but trufted •• ith no money further than the la- tourer's pay of a Saturday niglu. 500 Sheep> ( '^15 ) Brought over, J^. 7000 o o _5'oo Sheep, - - 300 o o Seed for 500 acres of wheat, 500 of barley and oats, 500 of beans, and 500 of clover, - 800 o o Labour, Sundry articles. 2254 1 020 13 8 0 0 £■ 11374 13 8 Produce. 500 Acres of wheat, 1750 qrs. /. s. d. at 2 /. 275" Acres of barley, 1 100 qrs. at 16 J. 220 0 0 0 0 500 Acres of beans, 1 750 qrs. at I /. 1 2 J. 2800 0 0 500 Cows, 500 Fat beafts, at 1 2 /. 500 Sheep, 2500 6000 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 15620 o o Expences, - - 1^374 13 8 4245 ^ 4 Intereft, - - 922190 Profit, - - ;C'3322 7 4 The capital pays 23 /. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows : T 2 Stock. ( 276 ) Stock. /. s.d. Rent, &c. - - - 35CO 0 0 Live ftock, _ - - 7870 0 0 Implements, 1614 10 0 Seed and tillage, 1700 0 0 Labour, - X^. 025-4 13 8 1'] per cent, - 608 11 0^ 2863 48 Sundry articles, - - __ 1520 0 0 Total, - g. 19:67 14 8 Annual Account. Expences, /. s,d. Rent, &c. 3500 0 0 500 Steers, 2>5'^'^ 0 0 500 Sheep, - - - 500 0 0 Seed, - - - 800 0 0 Labour, 2863 48 Sundry articles, IC20 0 0 £. I 1983 4- 8 Produce. /. s. d. The lame. 15620 0 0 Expences, 1^983 48 3036 '-5 4 Intercft, 953 7 0 Profit, - - i '. 0^)83 8 4 The capital pays 19 /• i s. per Ciiit m N° 2. ( 277 ) N" 2. Variation thefrji. The fanie farm, but cultivated on improved principles ; cabbages in a courfe. The only difference between this and the laft farm is, the fubftituting cabbages in the courfe of the arable crops, inftead of beans, which is a change that will be attended with very material confequences, being as great an improvement as can be introduced in one courfe. For the fake of variations, I fhall fup- pofe this farm managed upon different principles from fimilar farms in the pre- ceding: calculations. Stock. I. S. d. Rent, &c. _ _ - 3500 0 0 Live fiock. /. s. d. 1.00 Horfcs, - 1500 0 0 goo Oxen, - 6300 0 0 2o Cows, - 100 0 0 2 GOO Sheep, ~ — L 2000 0 0 990^ 0 0 Implements. /. .f. d. N° I. - 16 I z}. 10 0 Dedud of dai iry furniture, ,T3 C 60 0 0 1554 10 0 Seed ( 978 ) Seed aiid Tillage, I. s. d. On wheat, as before, - 687 lo o Ditto barley and oats, - 712 10 o One earth on 500 acres of cabbage-land, - - 100 o o Seed, - - - 75 o o Labour . One earth on 5*00 acres of wheat- /. s. d, land, - - - 25 o o Sowing, - - 650 Harrowing, - - - 650 Water-furrowing, - - 25 o o Weeding, - - 25 o o Reaping and harvefling, at 6 j. 150 o o Thrafhing the crop, 3^ qrs. per acre, 1750 qrs. at 2 j. 175 00 Carrying out, 60 at a time, 29 journeys, 6 men, - 8 14 o Three earths on 500 acres of barley and oat land, - 75 o o Sowing, - - 650 Ditto clover, - - - 650 Harrowing, - - 650 Water-furrowing, - - 25 o o Rolling, - - 2 10 o Carry over, J. 542 9 o Mowing ( -19 ) Brought over, ^. 542 9 o Mowing and harvefting, at 4/. 100 00 Thrafhing the crop, 5 qrs. per acre, 2500 qrs. at i j-. - 125 00 Carrying out 320 acres of bar- ley, 1600 qrs. 90 at a time, 16 journeys, - - - ^ 16 o Five earths on 500 acres of cabbage-land, - - 12^ o o Digging the feed-bed, and fowing, - - Planting, at 5 j*. Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 /. Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j". Cutting and carting, at 5 j. - Chopping and raking 500 acres of ftubblc. Carting, Ditching 3000 perches, at i s. 6d. 225 Carting 1 2,000 loads of earth to farm-yard, 300 loads />£•;' day, 40 days, at 5/. - - 2co o o lOZoHead of cattle, at 12 loads, 12,240 loads mixing with 1 2,000 loads of earth ; in all 24,240 loads, at I ^/. - 10 1 10 o Carryover, - ^T, 1978 \^ o T 4 Caning 7 10 0 123 0 0 50 0 0 200 0 0 125 0 0 37 10 0 10 0 0 22 c 0 0 ( 28o ) Brought over, £. 1978 1 5 G Carting 24,240 loads, ^00 per day, 80 days, at 3 /. 10 J. 280 O O Mowing, making, and cocking of 200 acres, - - 50 o o Carting ditto, and ftacking, 7 days, of 20 waggons and 50 men, - - - 20 2 6 Thatching, - - 400 Cutting chaff, - - 1500 Carting faggots, - -400 Sundry labour concerning cattle ; 5 men a year, - - 12000 Vv^ages and maintainance of a bailey, - - - 50 o o Sundry unfpecified articles, - 100 o o £.1629 17 6 Sundry articles. A s. d. Shoeing, • - 6o o o Wear and tear, - - 400 o o Market expences, - - 800 5oo Loads of ftraw, - 35° o ^ Sundry unfpecified articles, - 300 o o Cafhinhand, - - 5^^ Q Q £. 1618 o o Total, - - £' 20776 17 6 g Annua{v ( 28l ) Annual Account. Expenccs. /. s. d. Rent, &c. 35^0 0 0 900 Oxen, 6300 0 0 2000 Sheep, 2000 0 p Seed for 500 acres of wheat, 500 of barley and oats, 5'oo of clover, and 500 of cabbages, 675- 0 0 Labour, 2629 76 Sundry articles, iit8 0 0 16222 7 6 Produce, 500 Acres of wheat, 1750 /, s.d. qrs. at 2 /. 3500 0 0 320 Acres of barley, 1620 ^qrs. at 16 J- 1296 0 0 900 Oxen fat. 12600 0 0 20 Cows, 100 0 0 2000 Sheep, 4000 0 0 21496 0 0 Expences, - - - 16222 7 (> 5-73 12 6 Intereft, 811 2 0 Profit, ^ £, 4462 10 6 The capital pays 32 /. 9 j-. pn- cent. 'VVhich profit is very confiderable ; and particularly ( 28i> ) particularly as the greatnefs of the bufi- nefs, and the fize of the farm, occafion many extraordhiary expences, which are charged to the account of it. No trade or profeffion can be mpre profitable than this. To enjoy an income of above 5000 /. a year from a capital of 20,000 /. is a mofl noble profit, and highly deferving the attention of every gentleman v/ho places a fon in a way of increafing his fortune. NQ3. Variation the fecond. Three thoiifand acres ^ all grafs. Stock. Rent, &c. /. s. d. 3000 Acres, - - 3000 o o Tythe, rates, &c. &;c. - 12Q0 Q o ^. 420Q Q o Implements. /. s, d. Five fmall three-wheeled carts, 35 00 Harnefs for 3 horfes, - - 600 Sundry fmall articles, - 5^ Q Q Livejlock, I. s. d. 3 Horfes, - - - 45 o o 3000 Steers, - - 15000 o o 500 Sheep, - - S^^ o o £. 15545 Q Q r Ldbour, ( 283 ) Labour, 2 ooo Perches of ditching, cart- /. s.d. ing, and fpreading, at 3 s. 300 0 0 Sundry articles, 50 0 0 £-350 0 0 Sundry articles. /. s. d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 5* 0 0 Market expences. 4 0 0 Cafh in hand, 200 0 0 £' 209 0 0 Total, I' 20395 0 0 Annual Account. Expences. /. s. d. Rent, &c. 4200 0 0 3000 Steers, 15000 0 0 500 Sheep, 500 0 0 Labour, - _ - 350 0 0 Sundry articles. 9 0 0 £' 20059 0 0 Produce. /. s. d. 5000 Steers, at 8 /. 10 s. - 25500 0 0 500 Sheep, - 1000 0 0 26500 0 0 Expences, - - - 20059 0 0 6441 0 0 Interefl, - - - 1002 19 0 Profit, ... >C. 543B I 0 The ( 2S4 ) The capital pays 32 /. as. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows ; Stock. Rent, &c. - - 4200 0 0 Implements, - - gi 0 0 Liveftock, - - 15545- 0 0 Labour, - jC* 35^ 00 ay per cent. - 94 15 0 T ^ r^ 443 15 ^ Sundry articjes, - - 2 eg 0 0 Total, - £. 20490 ^5 0 Annual Account. Expences. L s.d. Rent, &c. - - 4200 0 0 30CO Steers, - - 15000 0 0 500 Sheep, - - - j-oo 0 0 Labour, - - 445 15 0 Sundry articles, - - 209 0 0 £>' 20354 15 0 Produce. I. J", d. The fame, - - 26500 0 0 Expences, ■ - - ^0354 15 0 6145 5 0 Intereft, - - 1024 10 0 Profit, - . - •- >C-5i20 15 0 The capital pays 30 per cent, which, from a farm that is open to fo few deducr tions that cannot be calculated, is very great. ( 285 ) great. Thefe 3000 acres of land are ma- naged with the utmoft fimplicity. The labour is trifling, and the attention of the cultivator fo little divided, that he may almoft be faid to lead a ]^£c of idlenefs, at the fame time that he trades as profitably as the moft affiduous fons of care. If he lives upon a thoufand a year, he may lay up four thoufand ; or, in other v^ords, be worth 100,000 /. In lefs than twenty-five years, and that without reckoning the com- pound interefl, or the placing the favlngs at any but common fecurities. Variation the third, thirteen hundred acres arahlcy the foil clay or loatn^ and ciilti'vated upon improved principles ; cabbages and lucerne. One of the great excellencies of this ac- curate culture is, bringing the employment of a large fum in ilock into the contracted fphere~of a farm comparatively fmall. Thirteen hundred acres cannot be called a very large one, as there are many in almofl every county of England, three, and four times as large ; and yet we Ihall find this tra(5t ( 286 ) tract of land fafficiently extenfive to employ S50,coo /. ill flock. StocL Rent, &c. /. s.d. Rent of 1300 acres, at 15 J. 975 0 0 Tythc, rates, &c. &c. at 8 s. 39^ 0 0 £■'_ K-y^S 0 0 Live Stock, L s. d. 36 Horfes, - - - 540 0 0 300 Cows, 1500 0 0 30 Sows, 36 0 0 £■'. 2076 0 0 Implements, /. J. d. One waggon. ^5 0 0 Eight carts, 80 0 0 Twenty ploughs, 31 10 0 Harnefs, 80 0 0 Three pair of harrows, - 8 0 0 Dairy furniture, - - * 200 0 0 Sundry articles. loe 0 0 c .524 10 0 Seed and tillage. Three earths on 300 acres of fal- /. 5. d. low for wheat, but not fown, 180 0 0 Carry over, ^.180 00 * The reader fhould remark, that]I am fcnfible this fum is toofmalI;but if it was in true proportion, it would increafe the account too much for thofe who Ihould fubftitute other cattle inftead of cow?, or manage them by fuckling. Seed, ( 287 ) Brought over, ;(^. i8o o o Seed for 300 acres of lucerne, at 6j. 90 o o Ditto for 60 acres of cabbages, - 9 12 o X^._279_ia_o Labour, Three earths on 300 acres of lucerne-land, Harrowing, - - - Drilling, at 6 i". Hand-hoeing four times, at 6 s. Cutting 3 times, at i j. 6 d. Raking together, loading, and carting home, atii". 6J. - /. J.^. 45 0 0 0 10 0 7 10 0 60 0 0 67 10 0 67 10 0 15 0 0 0 15 ^ T-S 0 0 6 0 0 24 0 0 li 0 0 :n2 0 0 Five earths on 60 acres of cabbage- land. Digging the feed-bed, fowing, &;c. Planting, at 5 y. Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 J. Two hand-hoeings, at 8 J. - Cutting and carting, at 5 /. Six earths on 840 acres of fallow, 252 Mowing and making 60 acres of hay, - - - 15 o o Carting, (tacking, and thatching, 8 10 o Sundry fmall articles of work, - 30 00 931 5 o 27 per cent, - - 251 7 o £. 1 182 12 o Sundry ( 288 ) Stindry articles, A drill plough, Straw cut into chafF, 324 Qrs. of oats, at 135. Shoeing, and wear and tearj 80 Loads of flraw, Total, - - ^.5830 6 o Second year, Ilent, &c. - - ;/r. 1365 o o 600 Cows, - - ;f.3ooo o o Seed for 450 acres of lucernej ;f. 135 00 Ditto for 1 80 acres of cabbages, yC* -8 16 o Labour. Three earths on 450 acres of /. s. cL lucerne-land, - - 67 10 o Drilling, - - 11 5 o Hand-hoeing four times, at 6 s. 540 o o Cutting 3 times, at i j. 6 r/. loi 50 Raking together, loading, and carting home, - - toi 5 o Three earths on iSo acres of cabbage-land, - q/ o o Digging the feed-bedj fowing, 5cc. 1 16 o Planting, at 5^. - - 45 0 o Four horfe-hoeings, at 6^. - 18 o o Carryover, £-9^3 ^ ^ Twa 9^3 I 0 72 0 0 45 0 0 I So 0 0 30 0 0 90 0 0 9^ 0 0 45 0 0 ( 289 ) Brought over, ;^. 913 Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j-. Cutting and carting, at 5 s. Two hand-hoeings of 300 acres of lucerne. Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 J. Four cuttings, at i j. 6 d. Raking, loading, and carting, 900 Perches of ditching, at i j-. Carting 2700 loads of earth to farm-yard, 80 pe?^ day, ^^ days, at I /. 5 J-. - - 41 j o Mixing 2 700 loads of earth with 3300ofdung,inalI6ooo, at i^. 25 00 Carting and fpreading, 80 loads ^^r day, 75 days, at 17 j. - ^3 15 O Mowing, making, carting, &c. hay, as before, - - 1500 Sundry fmall articles, - 30 o o 27 per cent. Total, Sundry articles. Straw cut into chaff. Shoeing, and wear and tear, Carryover, /^. 124 00 Vol. II. U Oatsj 1640 I 0 442 16 0 - £■ 2082 17 4 /. s. cf. - 24 0 0 ^ar, 100 0 0 ( ^9° ) Brought over, ^.124 00 Oats, as before, - - qio 12 o 150 Loads of draw, - - 100 o o C' 434 i^ o Third year. Rent, &c. - - jf. 1365 o o 1350 Cows, " " £' ^13'^ o o 60 Sows, - - jf . 80 o o ' Seed for 450 acres of cabbages, £. 6y 10 o Labour. Two hand-hoeings of 750 acres /. s. d, of lucerne, at 6 j-. - 450 o o Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 ^. - 75 00 Four cuttings, Sit i s. 6d, - 225 00 Raking together and carting,. at I J-. 6 d. - - 225 o o Four earths on 450 acres of cabbage-land, - 90 o a Digging the feed-bed and fowing, 400 Planting, at 5 j". - - 112 10 o Four horfe-hoeings, at 6 /. - 45 o o Two hand-hoeings, at 8 j. - 1 80 o a Cutting and cariing, at 5 j-. iia 10 o 1 200 Perches of ditching, at I J". 60 00 Carry over, £.. 1579 00 Carting ( 291 ) Brought over, £- IS79 o o Carting 3600 loads of earth to farrh-yard, S^^^rdays, 45 days, at i/. ^ s. - - 56 5 o Mixing 3600 loads with 10,400 of dung, in all 14,000, at i d, 58 6 8 Carting and fpreading 14,000 loads, 80 per day, 1 75 days, at 17 J. - - - 148 15 o Cutting chaff, - - -400 Mowing, making, carting, and ftacking hay, as before, - 15 o o Sundry articles relative to cattle, 3 men, - - 72 o o 1933 6 8 27 per cent. - - 521180 Total, - JT. 245~^ Sundry articles. /. s. d. Shoeing, and wear and tear, 100 00 Oats, - - - 210120 300 Loads of flraw, - - 200 o o GaOi in hand, - - 000 o o £. 810 12 o Total, - £. 11508 6 8 Firil: year's expence, - 5B30 6 o Intereft, - - 291 10 o Carry over, £. Grzi 16 o U 2 . Seccud ( 292 ) Brought over, ^.6121 160 Second year's expence, - 7046 5 o Intereft, - - - 643 16 o Third year's expence, - 11528 6 8 Total, C' 25340 3 8 Froduce, Firjl year. /. , J. d. 300 Cows, - - 1500 Second year, qoo Cows, - - 45^0 £. 6000 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total expence, ■ Produce, 6000 3 8 0 0 Total neceffary to flock. jC- 19340 3 8 Annual Account. Expences, Rent, &c. /. s,d. 0 0 Seed, - - - - 67 10 0 Labour, - 2455 48 Sundry articles. 510 £' 4398 12 0 6 8 Produce, /. s. d. 2250 Cows, H25G 0 0 Expences, Intereft, 4398 6851 967 6 8 13 4 0 0 Profit, - - - C' 5884 13 4 The ( 293 ) The capital pays ^^ L S s, per cent, which profit being very confidcrable, and arifing from culture not common, requires a few words in explanation. I have ex- plained fimilar matters more than once; but I feel fo many cavilling objections againft fuch calculations, from thofe who 'un/i not read with the fame view that the author wrote, that fome facrifices muft be made to prejudiced and narrow minds. I once more repeat, that the grand point in fuch eftimates is the produd of one acre of a vegetable ; for, if that is upon a medium ftated not beyond the truth, the extenfion of it to 5 or 6000 is little more than a matter of multiplication, fome points of confiftency (not exadly proportioned) excepted. Cabbages and lucerne have been found of incomparable ufe in feeding cows, and more peculiarly adapted to that ufe than moll other vegetables ; but it does not therefore follow, that they will do for no other purpofe ; that they will fat beafts ex- cellently, (particularly cabbages) has been proved by many experiments ; and there can be no doubt of their anfwering incom- parably in rearing young cattle : In a U 3 word. ( 294 ) word, I fuppcfe a given number of acres of thefe crops ; the ufe they are put to is another point, and will be thought judi- cious or abfurd, according to the circum- ftances of the place to which the eftimate is compared. A dairy of above 2000 coivs, cries one, hoiv ahfiird ! Hozv many milkmaids there nuifi he\ and pails ^ and trays ^ and churns I Certainly, all thefe are mere matters of proportion, only tranfadted in large inftead of fmall. A dairy of 200 cows is con- duced in the weft of England with as much eafe and fimplicity, as a paltry one of 5 or 6 in the eaftern parts ; and one dairy-wife is as much taken up with the little concern, as the other with the great one : nor have I any doubt but 2000 cows might be managed w^ith as much eafe as 200. It is true, the expences run propor- tionably ; if they did not, the profit of the great dairies fhould be reckoned much higher than the fmaller ones. But another of my readers, who lives in a country Vv'here milking is particularly be- neficial, had I calculated this farm for fat- ting^ might at once fay, So ! this is a fine ejlimate'^ ( ^95 ) ejl'mate^ truly ! I am to graze 2000 heiftrs in a country ivhere it is not proftable to fat one! And a third, who has pradifed breeding with equal fuccefs, might ridicule the whole for not being founded on his bufinefs. ^ And thus we may go round the circle ; every calculation tolerably drawn up, may be of ufe to fome places ; none can be adapted to all. My bufinefs is, to ftate certain methods of culture : I then (under this fuppofitioa) calculate the fum requifite to flock a farm fo conducted ; but whether it be applied to the culture of corn, grafs, or turnips, whether oxen or cows are fed, or other variations, is not the point ; the only bufmefs is, the fum of money requifite, which will appear from my calculations, though not accurately, yet near the mark. But, in what manner foever they might have been flvetchcd, fomething muft be left to the reader to make the application. Such a feries of calculations as this, un- der fuch a variety of circumllances, and varied fo prodigioully in every point, can- not be thought to be conduded with an eye fo much to accuracy^ as utility^ which U 4 here ( 296 ) here are not (o ftridly united as in many other cafes. In this, a minute attention to trifles would, I am confident, render thefe .eftlmates lefs applicable to real circum- ftances, than a more general method of conducing them. I muft again repeat, that when I calculate fo large a number as 2000 cows, I am only fhewing proportions, A cultivator of fucli a farm may find it more advifeable to ap- ply his crops to feed other fpecies of cattle, as lefs troublefome ; but fl:ill the propor- tionate flock remains the fame. There are ynany who might fay to me. Would you ad~ 'u'lfe 7116 to incumber 7nyfc If iv it h 2000 coivs? To whom I fhould affuredly anfwer, By no means. But fuppofe they vary their que- ftion, and fay, Which is the jjiojl prof table ife to ivhich 13000 acres of cabbages and lucej'ue can be applied? I reply. To the feed- ing of coivs. But does it follow that I am to fmooth the difficulties in fuch a plan, on comparifon with common manage- jncnt ? That would be an abfurd attempt. I fuppofe the cows to pay 5 /. exclufive of expences; the latter may run fo high, in feme places, that this fuppofition will be 2 falfc ; ( 297 ) falfe ; in others, it will alfo be falfe for tlie contrary reafon : So that every one fhould adapt fuch circumftances to his fitua- tion. In the fame manner, the flated pro- fit from fo large a number may be thought too great, on account of the cxpences ; but as expence may rife in fome places with the number, and fall in others, ftill the matter remains as it was. But this is not the material point : I ftate the proportion ; and when I fuppofe no more than ten cows, they may be rejeded for ten oxen, for good reafons, in fome fituations ; and in the fame manner, 2000 cows changed for oxen, young cattle, or fheep, on account of the nwnber. I mull: however add, that we ought ne- ver to think every thing impoffible that is not executed. There are more farmers who think it impoffible that cabbages can be a good food for cows, than gentlemen, who think it impoffible to have a dairy of iiooo ; conveniences might be contrived to render that number as eafy in management as 20. Recapitu- ( igs ) Recapitulation of this Chapter, Sujns reqiii/ite to Jiock thefe farms, N" 1. 3000 Acres; one third grafs, and two thirds arable, /. .. , d. the foil clay or loam, 1S459 3 8 Ditto a gentleman, - 19067 14 8 N° IL The fame ; but cul- tivated upon improved princi- ples; cabbages in a courfe, 20776 17 6 N°III. 3000 Acres, all grafs, 20395 o o Ditto a gentleman, - 20490 15 o N°1V. 1300 Acres; 1200 arable, and 100 grafs ; cultiva- ted upon improved principles ; cabbages and lucerne, - 1934^ 3 ^ Produce oj thefe farms, expences paid. N' I. - - . £. 4245 6 4 Ditto a gentleman, - 3636 15 4 N'' II. Ditto, - 5273 12 6 N'' III. - - _ 6441 o o Ditto a gentleman, 6145 50 NMV. Ditto, - - 6851 13 4 Profit per cent, on thefe farms, N°I. - - - £.23 o o Ditto a gentleman, - 19 i o N^ II. Ditto, - - 32 9 o N° III. ( 299 ) Ditto a gentleman, - 30 o o N° IV. Ditto, - - - 35 8 o Companfon betiveen the gentleman and farmer in thefe farms, N° I. The farmer, - ^. i?3 00 The gentleman, - 19 10 Former fuperior by - - >C. 3 19 o N^ III. The farmer, - 32 2 o The "gentleman, - qo o o Former fuperior by - -^.220 ^rogreffon of the farmer s farms in order of profit, N°3- - - £'3^ 2 o 1. - - 23 o o , ' T>itto of the gentleman s, N°4. - - X-33 B o 2. - - 32 9 o 3. - - 30 o o I. - - 19 I o The moft profitable of the farmer's farms is the grafing one. That kind of hufband- ry has been found in moft chapters at the head of the lift, and very high in all. It is of importance to find grafs is equally bene- ficial in great as well as in fmall farms. The { 300 ) The profit of that, one third grafs and two thirds arable, though not near fo advanta- geous as the grafing one, is yet very bene- ficial. In the gentleman's, that vvhich Is fole- ly occupied with cabbages and lucerne is much the beft, and containing fo much lefs land, at the fame time that it is fo much more profitable, is proof fufficient of the great profitablcncfs of fuch farms : nor ihould we forget, that this profit is a re- mainder after the ufual dedudion of 27 per cent. The next in profit, is the farm one third grafs and two thirds arable, cultivated with cabbages in a courfe; the introduc- tion of which vegetable, infi:ead of beans, is a great point of advantage to the gentle- man, unenjoyed by the farmer, and nobly tending to render farming as profitable to the one as the other. The laft farm is the comm.on one, one third grafs and two thirds arable, which pays 19 per cent. \ but I need not remark, that with all farms containing fo much arable, there are numerous difad- vantages to gentlemen, unfufceptible of cal- culation. Upon ( 301 ) Upon the whole, it appears from this chapter, that very large fums of money are as advantageoufly employed, and even more fo, in farming, than fmall ones, allow- ing for all thofe enlarged expences which arife from the greatnefs of the bufmefs. I cannot here omit remarking, that great numbers of gentlemen, poffeflcd of vari- ous fums of money, from 2 or 3000 /. to 20,000 /. are placed by their parents in trade, as the only road to make a confider- able fortune. Very far am I from infmu- ating any thing againft commerce ; all I would be underftood to mean is, that agri- culture ought to be confidered in the light of a proper bufmefs, as well as a mer- chant's counting-houfe, for young men to apply to who have the making a^ fortune in view. A diftindion is, however, to be made, between fuch as apply to trade with- out any matters of foundation befides their induftry, and others who begin the world with a handfome fum of money. To the firft, hufbandry is totally improper : thofe flow advances that are made from nothing to fojnething, fo common in trade, cannot poifibly be found in it, except in fo low a ftile ( 302 ) ftile as to be excluded from the prefent reafoning: But, on the contrary, others who begin the world with 2 or 3000 /. or more, may undoubtedly find agriculture as fure a means of rlfmg to a large fortune as ever commerce proved. Many gentlemen of family are above that obfcure drudgery requifite for ri- fing in trade; and indeed I cannot con- ceive the propriety of a young fellow of quality (who is bred up from his infancy with a contempt of a counting-houfe) be- ing fixed in the trade of telling that two and two makes four; and we accordingly fee the greateil number of them bred to profefTions which are reckoned honourable and polite ; fuch as arms, the court, and the church : profefFions in which no for- tunes are made, only good incomes gain- ed; and thefe are, in many inflances, had recourfe to for want of a profitable bufi- nefs exifting, that is, at the fame time, per- fectly liberal, polite, and honourable. Agriculture, of all others, is that profef- fion, in the genuine reafon of things, none is more creditable, more ufeful to mankind; in no inftance feeding the luxurious pamper- ed 8 ( 303 ) ed taile of fhe private or the publick ; in no refped tending to enrich Its votaries at the expence of the nation at large. In the ideas of all wiie and polite people, in both antient and modern times, the culture of the earth has been confidered as the moft honourable of all profeiHons. In all thofe nations wherein trade and maniifa£lures are treated with contempt, and reckoned in- confiftent with the fpirit of honour, and derogatory from nobility, agriculture reigns in this refped: in full luftre. In Germany, France, Spain, Italy, &c. &c. &c. trade and family are incompatible. Not fo with agriculture, which is pradifcd by numbers of the firft nobility ; and in Germany, many of the mofc confiderable princes are mere farmers of their domaine^ while their ten thoufandth couiin would be defiled by commerce. Nor are thefe ideas peculiar to foreign countries ; we find them very ftrong in our own ; numbers of our nobility, that would not deign to trade ^ farm to no trifling extent ; and gentlemen who cultivate ever fo much of their own eftates, or thofe of ethers, are not confidered in the light of traders. ( 3^4 ) traders. Every point concerning rank, fituation in life, politenefs, and gentility, remain totally unimpeached by fuch a practice. But agriculture is not only congenial in thefe refpeds with the ideas of the world ; ihe has, in herfelf, charms to difplay, fuf- ficient to captivate any mind not infenfible to the diftindlions of phyfical as well as moral beauty. The employment is rather an amufement than a bufmefs. It is the amufement of men of the firft quality ; and tends nobly to the enlarging and adorning the human mind, at the fame time that it promotes, in an excellent degree, the pub- lick good. A circumftance, which, how- ever it may be laughed at by thofe falfe wits who ridicule the amor patrice^ yet will ever be efteemed in no flight manner by men of found parts. With refpe£l to the coincidence of bufmefs with plealure, what profefTion can be compa- red to that of agriculture, in which a gentle- man is forwarding the oeconomical part of his attention, by walking, riding, fhooting, lilhing, &:c. &c. ? or by any rural diverfion that requires him juft to ftiew himfelf once or ( 30.- ) or twice a day in his fields, that his men may know he is at home, and he know what they arc after. Nothing in his bu- fmefs, either fcdentary or otherwiie, un- heahhy, trifling, mean, or difgulHng. — In a word, the more attention that is given to this new employment for gentlemen, in the better light will it undcubtedly appear^ Vol. II. X THE THE FARMER'S GUIDE. BOOK II. Of the hiring and Jlochng farms In ujicidtl^ 'uated countries, TH E fubjedt of this book Is peculiar- ly important ; for, beyond all doubt, there are many perfons deterred from un- dertaking fuch improvements, from an ig- norance, or at leaft a want of calculating the expences. All I pretend to offer, in this cafe, is a feries of eftimates, fo varied as to come near the truth in moft unculti- vated countries in this king;dom. It is impoffible to be exact to fads. Minute variations in fuch a plan are impoffible to be prevented, and not of bad confequence in many foils. I have already remarked, that calculations, numerous enough to com- prehend all cafes, would require an hun- dred thoufand folios, at leaft, to contain them. X 2 The ( 3o8 ) The plan I (hall purfue in this enquiry will be, to calculate on three kinds of un- cultivated foils. L The downs, heaths, commons, warrens, &c. that require improvement by fencing with hedges and ditches, and manuring with marie, chalk, or clay. II. The muirs, heaths, commons, &c. that require improvement by fencing with walls, and manuring by paring and burning. .i^;.:-:;:! III. The fens, bogs, marfhes, &cc. that re- quire improvement by draining. The reader fhould remember, that I do not mean, in any part of this work, to offer differtations on improvement in general ; on the contrary, I confine myfelf to the fmgle point of hiring and Jlocking. To treat fully of the culture of thefe three kinds of uncultivated foils, would alone, without any mention of cultivated ones, require a much greater compafs than both thefe volumes. As improvements of this fortare relative chielly to common hufbandry, I {hall make no other diRinc):ion between a gentleman ^nd a common farmer, than an addition, as 6 before, ( 309 ) before, of 27 per cent, to the article Labour; and this variation, from my former condud, is occafioned by the paucity of experi- ments on uncuUivated foils. To fupoofe the cultivation of cabbages, carrots, lucerne &c. on foils in which there is no authentic account of their having fucceeded, would be to leave the fure ground of experience and certainty, for the airy regions of fancy and conje6ture. There can be no doubt of carrots fucceeding in a certain degree on the lighted fands, or of cabbages anfwering excellently on drained bogs ; but, except- ing one experiment of the Marquis of Tourbilli in France, there are no fadls to prove either of thefe fuppofitions ; for which reafon I rejed: them from the enfuing caculations; fo that the crops in thefe farms will be the fame both to the gentleman and the farmer. A variation from the former book will, in another point, be found here ; which is the improvement for letting^ as well as fanning. This is not confined to gentlemen ; I fhall, therefore, fuppofe the farmer to havs the advantage (as he certainly may at all times in reality) as well as the gentleman. X3 I ( 31^ ) I fhould likewife remark, that it will be fieedlefs to form any calculations for the dii'pofition of fmall fums of money ; as fuch cannot be employed to the leaft advan- tage upon uncultivated foils ; nor is it neceffary to calculate upon fo many dif- ferent fums as in the preceding book; and this from the nature of the bufmefs. CHAP. I. Cf the mojl ad'vantagcous method of difpofing 0/^5000 1. in the cultiuation ofzvajle lands, THERE may be, and probably are, many landlords, in poflefTion of wafte lands, that would not only let them for a long term of years at a trifling rent, but alfo raife all the neceifary buildings, for an addition to the rent of reafonable Intereft for the fum fo expended, which indeed Is the faireft and moft advifcable method of performing the bufmefs ; but as many gentlemen are to be found (probably a much greater number) who cither cannot, or will not, be at any fuch expence, it wllj be neceffary to fuppofe the occupier to ere£t the ( 311 ) the buildings : and there will be a double ufe in this fuppofition ; for it will fhew not only the real degree to which thefe improvements are beneficial, but at the fame time point out the advantage of land-* lords improving t/oeir oivn eftates, in which employment they neceflarily mufi raife the buildings. N^ I Six hundred and forty acres of light fandy foil-, old turf\ impro'ved by marie-, chalky or clay^ and fenced ivith hedges and ditches. In this, as well as the fucceeding calcu- lations, I fhall fuppofe the grounds to bd quite uncultivated, open, and applied to no ufe, at beft but feeding fheep, or perhaps rabbits. The bufmefs of improvement I fuppofe to be tranfadled the firft year, which may as readily be done as in any fuc- ceeding one, if the money is ready; and throughout all thefe eftimates, that muft ever be fuppofed ; for the man who under- takes improvements in agriculture without his cafh in hand, or depending for any part of it on contingences, had better let himfelf a labourer to other?, than think of being a mafter. . X4 The ( 312 ) The bufinefs of the inclofure of this farm b^ft appears from the following Iketch. Fig. T. A fquare of 640 acres, is juft a mile jTquare ; confequently, all thefe lines are juAa mile long, or fix miles of fencing in .the whole, to divide it into 9 fields, of 71 acres each ; and as there is 320 perches in a. rnile, the whole amount is - ip-p •To this add, for a fmall inclofure or two near the hoi^fc, - - i^o In all, -^ 2iop Improvement, 19 10 0 400 0 0 ISO 0 0 60 0 0 20 0 0 ( 313 ) Improvement. 2 1 00 Perches of fen- cing, /• J* ^•' The ditch, -016 The fets, -006 The dead-hedge, o s o /. s. d. At - - 04 o'^' — 420 o o 13 Gates, with polls, irons, painting, and paling at each end, at I /. 10 /. ' - The farm-houfe complete, - The barns, The ftablc and cow-houfe, The hog-fties, fowl-houfe, &c. Marling, chalking, or claying, 640 acres, at 4 /. - 2560 o o In fuch a foil it may be fup- pofed that water may be Carry over, - ^, 5^29 10 o * It is to be remarked, that I fuppofe in all improve- ments of this nature, much work to be done in a fhort time ; for as to the allotment of a fmall fum annually to fuch works as thefe, it is but trifling. Large under- takings fliould be rcjedled if the undertaker is not convinced of the utility and profit ; and confequently, to begin is imprudent. I therefore fuppofe my culti- .vator, either from particular experiments, or from general knowledge, to be convinced of the propriety of the improvement; and that, o?ue convinced, he is determined. The perpetual rcjeftion of proof, and fear of beginning with fpirit, is the common fault of the njulgar both gnat zxA/malU I do not write to fuch. jnuch ( 314 ) Brought over, £. 3629 10 o much wanting, that is, old ponds; we fhould therefore allow for new ones, fuppofe 100 00 Rent, at is, - £.32 00 Tythe, * rates, r. 270 0 0 1200 Sheep, 720 0 0 %0 Cows, r - 100 00 3 Sows, - 400 Implements. A broad-wheeled waggon, - ;£". 70 o o Three narrow-wheeled ditto, - - 75 o o Eight carts, - 80 o o Harnefs, - 36 o o Ten ploughs, - 15 15 o Harrows and rollers, 7 00 Screens, bufhels, forks, rakes, lines, &c. &c. 40 o o 1094 o o ^eed. Seed for 106 acres of wheat,* - jC- 53 o o 106 Of turnips, - 2 13 1^2,2, 15 o o Carryover, £, S5 ^3 ^ 146a 11 o * I fappofe wheat the winter-crop; and land thoroughly well managed, though very fandy, will produce it to profit ; but if rye is fubftituted, the difference in feed. will be but a trifle, and the produd ;« money probably as great. 318 Of ( 3i6 ) firouglit over, >C« 55 ^3 ^ ^4^- ^^ ^ 3l80f fpring-corn, 159 00 Ditto clover^ rye- grafs, &c. &c. ' y^ 10 o 294 3 0 Labour, '• — One earth on 106 acres of wheat,* £. 5 10 8 Sowing, - I 6 6 Harrowing, - O 13 0 Water-furrowing, 0 0 6 Reaping and har- vefling, at 6 J-. 31 16 0 Thrafliing, ^T.qis. /^racre, 265 qrs. at 2 J-. ^ - ' 26 10 0 Carrying out, 20 ~- -at a time, 13 . journeys, - - i 6 0 Three earths on 3 1 8 acres of fpring- corn, - 3 1 16 0 Sowing, - - 3 19 10 Harrowing, - i 19 II Rolling, - - 0 8 0 Carryover, JT. 103 8 8 1756 14 0 * I fuppofe an acre and a half a day to be ploughed, which is not much in a light foil. Mowing ( 317 ) Brought over, jT. 103 ^ 8 1756 14 q Mowing and har- vefting, at 4J-. 63 13 o Thralhing, 4 qrs. per acre, 127 a qrs. at I J-. - 63 li? o Carrying out 277 acres of barley, iiio'qrs. 30 at a time, 3 7 journeys, 3 14 o Sowing clover, - 3 19 10 Water-furrowing, Q J Qi Four earths on 106 acres of turnip- land, - 14 2 8 Sowing, - 166 Harrowing, - 0133 Water-furrowing, 026 Hand-hoeing twice, at 7/. - 37 3 o Two earths on 106 acres of fallow, 714 Digging and cart- ing 500 loads of marie into farm- yard, 8 carts, 80 Carry over, ^, 2c^ij 2 3 TJl~I^ per ( 3i8 ) Brought over, X- 299 23 1756 H per day, 6 days, at I /. I J-. 8 d, 2J. d. per load filling, and 3 s, driving, - 6 10 o Mixing 500 loads of marie with 456 of dung, 956 in all, at I ^. - 3 19 ^ Carting 956 loads, 80 per day, I2 days, at 17 J-. 10 40 Chopping and ra- king 106 acres offtubble, - 7 19 o Carting home, - 2 10 o Sundry fmall articles, 30 o o Sundry articles. Shoeing, - ^T. 10 16 o Wear and tear, - 70 00 162 Qrs. of oats, 105 6 o Hay, - - 100 o o Market expences, 400 Straw cut into chaff, 15 00 Cafli in hand, - 200 00 o 60 4 II 5^5 Carryover, ^.2622 o 11 Expence ( 3^9 ) Brought over, ^. 2622 on Expcnce of improvement, 3774 6 o Total neceflary to ftock this — ■■ farm, - - £ . 639^__6j_i_ The cattle I fuppofe to be piirchafed towards the end of the year, to be wintered on the ftraw and turnips, as the clover will be ready for them in the enfuing fpring. The farm is thrown into an excellent courfe, viz. i. turnips; 2. barley or oats; 3. clover for three years ; 4. wheat. The clover is left fo long on the ground, that the roots may have matted the foil thoroughly, and given it more adhefion than natural to it, which has been found, from long experience, to be attended with excellent cfFeds in many parts of the Jcingdom. Annual Account. Expences, L s. d. Rent, - - - 44 16 Q Seed for 106 acres of wheat, 106 of fpring-corn, 106 of turnips, and 106 of grafs, 135 2> '^ Carry over, >C' ^ 79 ^9 ^ jLabour* ( 5^0 ) Brought over, ^T. 179 19 o Labour, On 106 acres of wheat, as before, ;(^. 65 4 11 One earth on 106 acres of Ipring-corn, 3 10 8 Sowing, »- - I 6 6 Harrowing, ^ ' ^ ^3 o Rolling, - - Q 2 6 Mowing and harveft- ing, at 4 5. - 21 4 o Thralliing, /\.(\x?>.per acre,424qrs.at IX. 21 4 o Carrying out 6^ acres of barley, 262 qrs. 30 at a time, 8 journeys, - - o 16 o Sowing clover, -166 Water-furrowing, 026 Labour on 106 acres of turnips, as be- fore, - - 53 6 II Digging, and cart- ing, and 'mixing, and rccarting, niarle and dung, as before, - 20 i"; 8 QuTyovcr, i^'- 1B9 11 5 179 19 o Labour ( 321 ) Brought over, £- iSg ii s 1/9 19 O Labour on Hubble, as before, - - 10 90 Mowing, making, and cocking 50 acres of clover, 12 loo Carting, flacking, and thatching, -700 Cutting chaff, - 300 Sundry fmall articles, 30 o o Sundry articles. Shoeing, - ^. 10 i^ o Wear and tear, - 70 00 Market expences, -400 252 10 5 84 16 Produce. 265" Qrs. of wheat, at 2 /. 262 Qrs. of barley, at 16 s, 20 Cows, Profit on iqoo flieep, the re- gular flock at Expences, - - - Interefl, Profit, > . - Vol. 11. y The jC-5I7 5 JT /. s.d. - 53^ 0 0 - 209 12 0 100 0 0 600 0 0 1439 12 0 5^7 5 5 922 6 7 319 16 0 £.602 10 7 ( 333 ) The Capital pars 14 /. 8 j". per cent. which profit is very confiderable upon a farm wherein the tenant is at all the cxpence of inclofmg, building, manuring, &c. &;c. in fhort, of converting a mere wafte into a well-cultivated farm; nor can I omit remarking, that this profit is a very great encouragement to all v/ho have any thouglits of hiring fuch lands; for many circumftances recommend them, in a good itieafure, in preference to thofe that are already cultivated. Thefe lands are, in their nature, perfectly compad: : there are very feldom any roads or paths through them. Tenants, when at fuch expences as Here fuppofed, are tied to the obfervance of no rules or modes of cultivation, which indeed would be highly ridiculous upon fuch foils. And laftly, very long leafes are always granted ; for no man in his fenfes would be at fuch vafl: expences, which con- vert walles and wilds into well-cultivated countries, unleis he was fure of a term long enough to rcimburfe him. No land- lord, I think, could refufe a leafe of 30 or 40 years; 42 is not an uncommon term in fome countries, where impTovements arc X Icfs ( 323 ) iefs expenfive than thofe which I have here ftated. The gentleman's account of this farm is as follows : Improvement. I. s. d. The fencing, - - 420 o o 27 per cent, on 157 /. 10 j. - 42 y o Gates, &c. - _ 19 10 o Buildings, * - _ 6jo o o Ponds, - - - 100 o o ^T per cent, on 50 /. - 13 10 o Rent, - - - . 44 16 o Manuring, - - oj6o o o Suppofe 1000 /. of this fum labour, a/^dTiT^w/. on it is 270 o o £>' 41Q0 3 o Stock, I. s. d. Rent, - - - ^ 44 t6 o Live flock, - - _ 1094 o o Implements, - - Q2^ ic o oced, - - - ^ 0Q4 o o Labour, - £.2,60 4 11 2^ per cent, - 97 4 o i57 8 II Sundry articles, - - cc^ 2 o 2719 4 II o Lnprovement, - * 4100 Total neccflary to flock this farm, * - ■ - ^.6819 7 11 Y 2 Annual ( 324 ) Annual Account. Expences, I, s. d. Rent, - - - 44 16 0 Seed, - - - 135 3 0 Labour, - ^i^^ 10 S 27 per cent, - 68 0 0 10 5 ^ Sundry articles, - - 84 16 0 L- 585 5 5 Produce, L s. d. The fame, - - H39 12 0 Expences, - S^5 5 5 854 6 7 Intercft, - - - 540 190 Profit, - - ^.513 7 7 The capital pays 12/. i o j-. per cent. This calculation fhews flrongly the im- portance of gentlemen's improving wafte lands, not only to the nation, but alfo to themfclves; for 12 per cent, is no trifle, to gain out of land that never paid a fliilling, and a profit fufficient, upon numerous waftes in this kingdom, to raife immenfe fortunes. N^ 2. Variation thefirjl. The fame farm^ under Jainfoine, The improvement the fame as before, - - f,. 3774 6 o Stock, ( 325 ) Stock, 1. s. d. Rent, &c. - - ^.44 i6 o Live Stock. i8 Horfes, - £-^70 00 300 Cows, - 15<50 o o 30 Sows, - 50 o o loao o o Implements. The fame as before, except the broad-wheeled waggon, 253 Seed, For 550 acres of barley and oats, X^. 2 75 o o Ditto fainfoine, o, 75 qrs. at I /. - 275 o o Ditto turnips, 90 acres, - -250 Lahoiir. Five earths on 550 acres of fpring-« corn-land, - ^.91 13 4 Sowing, - - 6 17 6 Ditto the fainfoine, 13 15 o Harrowing, - 6 17 6 Rolling, - o 10 o SS^- S o Carryover, £. 119 13 4 2670 16 o y 3 Mowing ( 3^6 ) Brought over, £.119 ^3 4 2670 16 0 Mowing and har- vefting, at 45. no 00 Thraihing, 4 qrs./^^r acre, 2200 qrs. at IS, - - no o o Carrying out 2038 qrs. 30 at a time, 67 journeys, - 6 14 o Four earths on 90 acres of turnip- land, - - 12 o c Sowing, - - I 2 6 Harrowing, - 076 Hand-hoeing, at 7 J. 31 10 o Drawing the turnips, and carting them home, at 7^. 0 d. ^:^ ij o Digging and carting 1000 loads of marie, &c. into the farm-yard, 20 per day, S° ^^^7^' at5i". 5^. - 13 10 O Mi:ung loco loads of marie with 1 500 of dung, 250c, ^t id. - - ^Q ^ 4 Carryover, C W/ ^ ^ -^7° ^^ ^ ■ Carting ( 5^7 ) Brought over, £-449 o ^ 2G70 16 Carting 2500 loads, 20 /j^r clay, 125 days, at 4 .r. 3 (f/. 2^ 11 3 Sundry fmall articles, 3 o o o Sundry articles. The fame as before, 505 2 o Add, llraw bought, 70 o o 505 II 11 575 ^ Q 3751 9 J I Improvement, - 3774 ^> o ^.7525 15 II Dedud the produd,, by fale of 12 horfes, 3 carts, harnefs, and fix ploughs ; they colt 263 /. - - - 150 o 9 Total neceffary to ftock, Z-IZIS ^5 n Anx\ual Account. Expences. I. s. d. Rent, - - - 44 16 o Seed for 90 acres of turnips, 1^ 5 o Labour On 90 acres of tur- nips, as before, ^.78 i j* o Carting and mixing manure, ditto, 5^ 9 7 Carry over, /^. 129 4 7 47 i o Y 4 Mowing, { 328 ) Brought over, ^. isg 4 7 47 I 0 Mowing, making, carting, flacking, and thatching 300 acres of fainfoine, 100 0 0 Sundry fmall articles, 30 0 0 259 4 *» / Sundry articles. Straw cut into chafF, J^. 4 0 0 Shoeing, - 3 12 0 Wear and tear, - 30 0 0 Market expences, 3 0 0 Straw, - - 70 0 0 T T r» T '^ (-> £■ J. 1 ^ X ^^ Vi/ . 416 17 7 Produce . /. s. d. 300 Cows, - 1500 0 0 Expences, - 416 IL _7 J 083 2, 5 Intercfl, 368 li* 0 Profit, £ .714 7 7 The capital pays 14 /. 13 j-. per cent. It is very remarkable, that thefc different modes of condu7 19 II Annual Account. Rent, Expences. 44 s. 16 d. 0 Seed, - _ 1, 5 0 Labour, £' 259 4 7 1^ per cent. 69 18 0 Sundry articles L 329 I. TO 0 / 0 '.486 15 7 Froduce. ( 530 / Produce. /. J. ^. The fame as before, - 1500 0 0 Expences, 4B6 15 7 1013 4 5 Intereft, - 391 17 0 Profit, £.621 7 5 The capital pays 12 /. 18 j-. ^£'/' f^w^. N° O' Variation the ficond. The fame farm let after improuement. For this piirpofe, the bufinefs of improve- ment, in every article, I fuppoic to be the fame as before, but let to a tenant as foon as completed. , Improucmenf^ L s. d. As before, - - - 3774 6 o In the Rate it is then in, I fappofe it to let very readily for 12 j. per acre; no improbable fuppofition, if we confider the perfect ftate of every thing throughout the farm; the buildings alf new; and confe- quently well contrived and convenient ; the fences in excellent order, the gates, &c. the fame, and the whole farm covered at the rate of 100 loads /<;r acre of marie, .chalk, or clay. Annual /. s. d. { 331 ) Annual Account. Expellees, Pxent, to. - - - 44 16 o Produce, L s, H. Rent of «^40 acres, ntiaj-. - 384 o o Expences, - - - 44 16 o 339 4 o Intereft, - - J08 J4 o Profit, - - - ^. 15Q 10 -Q The capital pays 9 /. /J^r r^;z/, * This calculation proves how greatly advantageous the improvement of wafte lands is to gentlemen : here is a profit of 9 per cent, with an allowance of 44 /. 16 s, for rent ; whereas numbers of landlords have large trads of fuch foils that yield them no rent ; the improvement of which would be confequently the more beneficial. It is to be remembered, that this profit of 9 per cent, is certain, independent of the ehances of bufinefs, fubject to no lofl^es, and,' requiring no time or attention, leaves the improver at leifiu'c to undertake any frefli bufinefs of the fame kind, or any * Jt is fcarcely worth while to give a feparate calcu- lation for a gentleman, becaufe the variation is only 283 /. in the capital ; which, in the annual profit, will piake a difference only of a few /hillings. Other ; ( 332 ) other ; all which are advantages of much ccnfequence, and render 9 per cent, pro- fit equal to a much higher rate, fubjedt to many contingencies. N° 4. Variation the third. Six hundred and forty acres of muir-land^ i/iiprovedivith paring and burning and lune^ and fenced ivith ivalls. This trad of land I fuppofe to be, natu- rally, in the ftate of moft of the muirs in the north of England, and many commons in the fouth : the fpontaneous growth, ling ; and abounding with ftones fufficient for the buildings, and alfo the walling. The wafte lands of this fort are immenfe- ly extenfive in the north of England and in Scotland, infomuch that a man who would undertake the culture of fuch, might pick anl chufe, in almoft every county, out of many thoufands of acres. Some circum- ftances wherein there arc variations muft, however, be noted; for inflance, under many of the muirs, limeftone is found in ftratums even near the furface. In luch the expencc of liming is much lefs than Q where ooo I where carnage Is added to the cofl of burn- ing. In fome muirs alfo, the large grit- ftones are found in greater plenty than requilite for the buildings, &c. confe- quently, the expence of removal is fome- thing. It would be endlefs to form diftin6t calculations for all thefe kinds of varia- tions ; but I apprehend the neareft vv'ay to be tollerably correal, will be to al- low fomething per acre in the eftimate of improvement, for contingencies of this nature ; as it is not to be fuppofed, that every article will turn out juft in proportion to each other, and as convenience requires. Iinpro've?Jiei2t, 2100 Perches of fencing, dry walls, at 4 X. 8 J. 13 Gates, with pofts, irons, and painting, at 1 /. The farm-houfe complete. The bar. The ftable. The cowhoufe, The hogftie, fowlhoufe, &c. Paring and * burning, at i /. Carryover, £. 1463 o o * 1 5 /. to 16 J. 6 d. is, through the north of England, the common price for this work ; but, as I fuppofe it all to be done in the Hrft year, I allow i /. which is ample enough tQ draw any number of men together. Liming, /. x. cL 490 0 0 13 0 0 150 0 0 iJO 0 0 30 0 0 80 0 0 40 0 0 640 0 0 ( 334 ) Brought over, £, 1 463 o o Liming, at i /. 10 j.* - 960 o o Rent, at 6 cL f ^T. 16 o o Tythe and rates, &c. at 8/. - - 680 8 o ^505 8 0 22 s. d. 8 0 Incidents in the improvement ; fuch as bringing ftones, or carrying them away, filling holes,&c. &c. atjx.^^^racre, 160 00 Total, 4/1 IS. per acre. Stock. Kent, - - - Lrjejlock. 18 Horfes, - - - 270 o o Itnplenients. Three narrow-wheeled waggons, - X- 75 o o Three carts, - 30 o o Harnefs, - 36 o o Carry over, ^T. 141 00 292 80 * This pj-ice is far beyond the fail, where limeftone Is under the furface, or even within a mile or two of the farm ; but, to obviate objcvtlons of underrating any articU', I ftate the fums high. t This is reckoned, that the article may not feem abfolutely forgot; but thoufands of thefe acres exill, which landlords (for fuch management) would pay rent nvith. 10 Ploughs, ( 555 ) Brought over, £.1^1 00 292 So 10 Ploughs, - IS 15 ° Harrows and rollers, 700 Screens, bufhels, forks, lines, fhovels, ckc &c. &c. - 40 o o Seed, For 640 acres of turnips, - 16 o O Labour. Three earths on 640 acres, - jT, 64 o o Harrowing, - - 800 Sowing, - 800 Hand-hoeing, at 10 J.* - - 520 o o Sundry fmall articles, 30 o o Sundry articles. Shoeing, - ^. 10 16 o Wear and tear, - 40 o o 16a Qrs. of oats, 105 6 o 430 00 Caray over, ^.156 2 o 942 3 o • This' work is done In moft of the hoeing counties of England at 3 x. or 4 s. the firll hoeing, and 2 s. or IS. t d. the fecond ; but I allow 6 ; and 4 s. on account of hoeing not being common every where in the north ; confcquently, the work would be the dearer. Hav, ( 33^ ) Brought over, £. 156 20 942 3 o Hay, - - 80 o o Market expences, - i 10 o Straw cut into chafF, 15 00 Cafh in hand, - 200 00 ^ 45^ i^ o £' J394 15 Q 640 Acres of turnips, fold to /. s. d. be fed off with flieep, at 2 /. * 1280 o o Second year, I. s. d. Rent, &c. - - 22 8 o Seed. For 640 acres of bar- ley and oats, ^.320 00 Ditto grafs-feeds, 64O o o 960 o o Labour. Three earths on 640 acres, - ^f . 64 o o Sowing, - - 8 00 Carry over, >C- 7- ^ ^ 9^^ ^ ^ * It may, in a few places, be objcftcd, that fuch a quantity of turnips would be of difilcult fale ; but in moft counties there are facep-graziers that buy five jimes the quantity. To obviate fuch objcdlions, I have reckoned thcfc at but half the price of burnt earth tur- nips in the north of England, Harrowing; ( 237 ) brought over, £.72 00 982 8 o Harrowing, - 800 Rolling, - - 10 o o Sowing the grafs- feeds, - 3i o o Mowing and har- vefting, at 4 J. 128 o o Thrafhing, 4,(\is.per acre, 2560 qrs. at I J-. - - 128 00 Carrying out 2398 qrs. of barley, 30 at a time, 3 wag- gons and 6 men, 79 journeys, - 23 14 o Sundry fmall articles, 30 00 431 14 O Sundry articles. Shoeing, and wear and tear, - £'5o 00 Hay, - - 80 o o Market expences, - 3 00 Straw cut into chaff, 15 00 ■ 148 o o Vol. IL 2 Produce ( 338 ) Produce, I, s. d, 2398 Qrs. of barley, ati4J.* 1678 12 o Third year. I. s. d; Kent, - - - 22 8 o 200 Cows and dairy-furniture, 1000 00 Labour, Mowing and making 640 acres of hay, Carting and flacking, at 3 J-. - - 96 o o Thatching, - -500 Carting 1000 loads of black muiry earth, or peat, or pared furface, into farm-yard, 2>0 per day, 33 days, at Carryover, ^. q6i 00 102 28 o * It is here to be remarked, that fome muirs will not yield barley to advantage ; but there are not many fuch ^Mhen luell managed ; nor is the barley of fo good a quality as that from cultivated foils. I therefore, ia compliance with this circumftance, charge the barley at 2 J. per quarter lower than before; but I take it thig notion arifcs either from bad culture, or fome peculiarly cold fpots. Oats would be equally profitable', as the quantity would be much larger. The ftraw of this corn is all flacked for fuccccding ufe. 3 d. jper ( 339 ) Brought over, £,.2.61 o o iOi?2 8 © 3 (^./>fr load filling, and 2,s. 6d. driving, 10 J./J^rday, - 16 10 o Mixing 1000 loads ofdungv^ith 1000 of earth, 2000, at I ^. - - 8 6 5 Carting and fpread- ingsjooo loads, 30 per day, 66 days, at 7 J. - 23 2 o Cutting chafF, - 300 Sundry fmall articles, 30 00 Sundry articles, Liming, at I /. I oj-.;^. 960 o o Oats, - - 105 6 o Shoeing, and wear and tear, - 30 o o Market expences, a 10 o 341 18 8 1697 16 o £. 2462 V^ Produce. I. s. d. 400 Tons of hay, - - 1000 g o Produd by fale of 12 horfes, harncfs, ploughs, &c. they coft 256/. - - 180 o o X"' li^Q o o Z 3 Kficjii*!- ( 34° ) Recapitulation. L 5. d. Improvement, - - 2605 8 o Stock and firft year, - - isg^ 15 o latereft, - - 200 o o Produce of llie firfl: year infe- rior to the expence of the fecond, - - - 282 2 o Intereft, - - - 214SO Produce of the fecond year below the expence of the third, - - 783 10 8 Intereft, - - 253 5 o Total necciTary to ftock, - £, 5734 2 8 I fliould here obferve, that I have laid down this farm to grafs, under the fuppo- fition that fuch management is neceflary. I apprehend, that keeping thefe foils in tillage is a6ling very contrary to their nature ; for all the trials that have hitherto been made of cultivating muirs, have been in laying them down to grafs ; as they have been found to anfwer, in many inftances, but poorly in tillage. This is the experience of common cultivators ; how- far it is owing to an improper manage- ment I ihall not prefume to fay ; but as this method liappcns to be very confunant with an ( 341 ) an almoft univerfally profitable hufbandiy, (that of laying to grafs) I have calculated upon it. In fome muirs that are not fku- ated very high, and of an nncommonty good foil, fome improvements have been made in tillage; but I chufe to form thefe eflimates upon circumftances tending rather to the unfavourable than the favourable fidc^ that no one in real pradlice may find him- felf difappointed from building on founda- tions which, in fome fituations, might prove imaginary. I fuppofe this farm, fb improved, to carry 200 cows. This is a very moil eft fuppo- fition, confidering the greatnefs of the expences in the improvement ; but thofe who are the leaft acquainted with the muiry foils, know that they do excellently well in grafs, and not many improvements are (o well conducted as this fuppofed one. Another circumftance fhould not be forgot, which is, that the fituation and neighbour- hood of muirs give one prodigious advan- tage refpedling manure. The purchafe of ftraw or ftubble is unneceifary ; for any quantity of young ling is to be had for littering the farm-yard, which, laid on a Z 3 thick ( 34^ ) thick bed of the virgin furface mould of the muirs, will be an incomparable foundation to fodder the cattle upon. However, as this advantage may not be enjoyed in all places, I fhall fuppofe fomething annually expended in ftraw, but not fo much as in other fituations. Annual Account. Expences. L s,d^ Rent, &c. - - * S2 8 o Labour, Mowing and making 300 acres of hay, at 5 J. - £-7S 00 Carting and flacking, at 3 J. - - 4^ O ^ Thatching, - 3 ^ ® Carting 2000 loads of virgin-mould into the farm- yard, 30 per day, 66 days, at 10 j-. ^^ o g Mixing 2000 loads of dung with 2000 of earth, 4000, ^t id, - 16 13 4 Carryover, >r. 172 13 4 22 80 Carting { 343 ) Brought over, jC»i72I34 22 80 Carting and fpread- ing 4000 loads, 132 days, at 7 J. - 46 40 Cutting chaff, - O 15 o Carting 50 waggon- loads of ling, or other young Ipon- taneous growth, to the farm-yard ; cutting, loading, anddriving, at 5 J". 12 10 o Sundry fmall articles, 20 00 252 2 4 Sundry articles. Shoeing, - >r. 3 0 0 Wear and tear, - 20 0 0 Market expences, - 3 0 0 Straw, - - 30 0 0 Oats, 45 qrs. - 29 5 0 J5_5 ^ £>'Z59 15 4 Produce, I. s. d, 200 Cows, - - 1000 o o Expences, -. - - 3^g i^ ^ 640 4 8 Intereft, - - 286 14 o Profit, ^.JsTJi^ Z 4 The ( 344 ) The capital pays 1 1 /. 31. per cent. I have made every allowance in this account that the moll backward of my improvers can demand. An account of fuch foils, even w^hen in grafs, requiring more manure than others, I have fketched a great expcnce of horfes, labour, and waggons, carts, &c. kept for the bufniefs of manuring ; and for that purpofe alfo fuppofed the flock to be cows ; whereas the moll profitable ufe of a farm all grafs, is to buy lean cattle in fpring, and fell them out fat in autumn, which precludes all expences of this fort. I have alfo under- reckoned the produce ; I Ihould have allowed a greater number of cows : In a word, the |:eal profit of fuch a farm would, I am confident, be much greater than I have ilated it. But if, under the above circumllances of farming, an abfolute walle, above 1 1 per cent, is to be made, how much greater would the prdfit be, if the land lay fo conti- guous to other farms, as to enable the occu- piers to hire it v/ithout the expence of raifmg buildings, &c. f and yet this is the cafe y/ith alraoll ever mu'irjide farmer in the north^ ( 343 ) north, who might, at any time, add fuch tradts of wafte land to their farms, and take little or much, as fuited them, and without fixpence of rent to pay : but inftead of any thing of this fort, they let their own farms, (which, perhaps, were once in good order) degenerate almoft to as wretched a ftate as the muirs themfelves : and I appre- hend it is the example of fuch vile flovens that afFe£t even landlords themfelves ; for to what other fource can we attribute their negligence ? — The gentleman's account of this farm is as follows : Improvement. I. s. d. As before, - - - 2605 8 o Zj per cent, on 800/. labour, 216 00 StocJz. L s. d. As before, - - 1395 o o 27 -per cent, on 430/. labour, 116 20 £. 1511 2~o Produce. I. s. d. 1640 Acres of turnips, - 1 280 o o Second year. I. s. d. The former total, - - 1562 2, o s 7 per Bent, on 43 1 /. 1 4 j-. - 116 70 £• 1678 9~o F reduce. ( 546 ) Produce. L s. d. As before, - - 1678 12 o Third year, L s, d* The former total, - 2462 28 27 per cent, on 341 /. 18 j. 8 d. 92 i o 2554 3 ^ Produce, L s. d, x\s before, - - 1180 o o Recapitulation, Improvement, ^.2821 80 Stock, - 1511 2 o /. /. d, 4332 10 o Intereft, - - 216 12 o Produce of the firft year fhort of the expences of the fecond, 398 9 o Intereft, - - 236 10 o Produce of the fecond year fhort of the expences of the third, 875 11 8 Intereft, - - - 280 5 o Total neceflary toftock, £'^?,?>9 ^7 ^ Annual Account. Expences, /. s. d. The former total, - - 359 ^5 4 i>y per cent, on 252 /. 2 J. 4^. the labour, - - ^)8 o o £' 4^7 ij" 4 Produce, '( 347 ) Produce. I. s. d • The fame, - - - looo o o Expences, - - 4^7 ^5 4 5-472 4 8 Intereft, - - J!i^_J^_? Profit, - - £■ ^SS 5 B The capital pays 9 /. per cent. Variation the fourth. The fame farm let after improvement. The expence of improving, /. s. d^ the fame as before, - 2605 8 o Stock and firft year ditto, - 1395 15 o Intereft, - ^ - 200 o o Produce of the firft year below the expence of the fecond^ 282 20 Intereft, - - 214 2 o ^.4269 3 o From this we muft deduct the fale of the ftock : it coft, Horfes, - ;^. 270 o o J.mplements, - 203 o o £-473~'o o— 30o_o__o Total neceflary to ftock, - jC-39^9 -S ^ Annual Account. Expences, I. s. d* Rent, &c, * :** 22 8 o § Produce, ( 348 ) Produce* Rent of 640 J^cres of grafs- /. s, i. landj at 15 j. - ~ 489 o o Expences> - - - 22 8 o 457 {%!> Inte^ef^5 - - - 198 o o Profit, - - - iC- i>59 120 The capital pays \\L lot. per cent. The gentleinaa*s account is as follows : Improvement, - <- j^. 2821 8 o Stock, - • - 151 1 2 o Intercft, - - 216120 Produce of the firfl year fhort of theexpencesof the fecond, 398 9 o Interefl, - -r - 256 10 o £. 5184 I o Pedud produd of fale, - 3QQ o o Total neceifary to ftock, - £, 4884 i o Annual Account. Expences. L s. d. Rent, &c. _ - - 22 8 o Produce. /, ^. as the grand heads of improvement for them all is the fame, viz. draining. The great mifchief of thefe foils is the exceflive wetnefs of them, and the palpable remedy for it is nothing but draining. There is no pcflibility, in a moderate compafs, to ftate every part of the im.provement of marflies and bogs ; it will, therefore, be the cleared and moftcomprehenfive method, ia ( ss^ ) in this cflimate, to confine the particulars to fuch as are moft ftriking, and allow for minuter articles. The fences in tliis farm muft be much more numerous than in the preceding ones, becaufe the ditches are the chief improve- ment. I fuppofe the divifion as in Fig. II. In this {ketch there are 12 miles o£ fencing, and ^6 fields, of 18 acres each. In 1 2 miles are 3840 perches. The dotted lines reprefent fmall drains, the extent 36 miles, or 11,520 perches. Improvement. 3840 Perches of ditching, 10 feet wide at top, 6 feet deep, and 4 feet wide at bottom, /. s. di at 3 J.* .- - - 576 o o Sets of willow, fallow, ofier, alder, or any quick growing acquatic, at i s. per perch,t 192 o o Carry over, - £. 768 o o *This price, in firm ground, would be too low ; but it is high for foft marfh or bog land. t Thefe are to be planted on the bank of the earth thrown out of the drains; but I do not mean them for trees, but hedges, to be plafhed when high enough : white thorn on dry foils is preferable, but not on fuch as thefe. 45 Gi, rc-/J7f^.J/./?ajSif. 1 1 1-- - ■ \ . j — -!---■ 1 i-— - i--- — -f-— - --T-- — 1 — .....j.- _...J 1 — L-- — 1 — ( 351 ) Brought over, £. y68 o o 45 Gates, pofts, paling, &c. &c. at I /. 10 J. - - 67 10 o 11,520 Perches of draining, 4 feet deep, 5 feet wide at top, and 2 at bottom, at is. 4^. 768 o 6 45 Gateway-bridges, at i /. * - 45 00 576 Small drains, ditto, at I/. 6^. 43 4 o The farmhoufe complete, - 500 00 The barns, - - loo o o The flablc, - - , - 70 o o Cowhoufe, - - '^ 150 00 The hogfties, fowlhoufe, occ. - 50 o o Paring and burning 640 acres, 640 o o Rent, at 3 J. t - £. o 00 Tythe, rates, Sec, 3 40 — II 40 Incidents, - - 2co o o Total, - ;^. 3212 180 Stock, L s. d. Rent, &c. - - - II 40 Carry over, jf. 1 1 40 • Thefe fhould be made of whatever is cheapeft, either planks to lay over, or large billet and faggot wood to fill them up with : the price is fufficient for any country. t This is added but little more than for form : fuch tra Z^ 00 Sowing, - -800 Harrowing, - 800 Chopping, hacking, and clotting, - 16 o o Sowing the grafs-feeds, 32 o o RolUng, - - 400 Water-furrowing, 80 00 Mowing and harveft- ing, at 45. - 128 00 Thrailiing, 5qrs./>^r acre, 3 200 qrs. at I J. 160 o o Carrying out 3020 qrs. 40 at a time, 75 journeys, - 22 10 o Cutting chaff, - 3 10 o Sundry fmall articles, 30 o o gGo o o 524 o o Carryover, £, 1495 4 o Vol. II. A a Sundry ( 554 ) N Brought over, X. ^^95 4 0 Simdry articles. Shoeing, and wear and tear, - £>'A^ ^ 0 Hay, - - loo o 0 140 /^ #\ £■ 0 0 1635 4 0 Produce, /. s. d. 3020 Qrs. of oats, at 12 s. - 1812 0 0 Third year. Expences, /. s, d. Rent, &c. - - - II 4 0 200 Cows, 1000 0 0 30 Sows, 40 0 0 Dairy furniture. 80 0 0 Labour, Mowing and making 640 acres of hay. ^^S^' - C'^^o 0 0 Carting and flack- ing, at 3 -r. - - 96 0 0 Thatching, - 50 0 Carting, mixing, and fpreading 2000 loads of peat, &c. with 2000 of dung, as in lafl farm, - 95 1 7 J Carryover, ;f . 356 17 4 1131 4 0 5 Cutting, ( 355 ) Brought over, X". 35^ ^7 4 Ho^ 4 o Cutting chaff, - 0150 Sundry fmall articles, 30 00 Sundry articles. 0^/ 1^ ^ Shoeing, and wear and tear, - £. 23 0 0 Market expences, - 3 54 Qrs.ofoats, at 13X. 35 0 0 2 0 At 2 0 "*^ U 1 £' 1579 18 4 Recapitulation. /. s. d. Improvement, Intereft, 3212 160 18 0 12 0 Stock, &c. Intereft, - 1347 227 II 0 19 0 Second year, Intereft, 3C9 4 0 14 0 Total ftock neceflary, /:.6B93 18 0 Annual Account. Expences. Rent, Labou?\ /. 11 s.d. 4 0 Mowing, making, and ftacking 300 acres of hay, £, y^ 0 0 Carry over, ^. 75 A a 2 00 n 40 Carting: ( 35^ ) Brought over, £. ys 0 0 ir 4 0 Carting and (Lacking, 45 0 0 Thatching, - 3 0 0 Carting,'mixing, and Ipreading manure, 95 17 4 Cutting chaff, - 0 15 0 Scouring out 2000 perches of drain- ing, at 6 J. - 50 0 0 Sundry fmall articles, 20 0 0 -— 289 12 4 Sundry articles. Shoeing and wear and tear, - £. 23 0 0 Market expences, - 3 0 0 Oats, - - 35 0 0 Straw, - - 30 0 0 91 391 '^ 0 I. 18 4 Produce. /. s.d. 200 Cows, - 1000 0 0 Expences, - - 591 608 18 4 I 8 In te reft. ~ c 344 13 0 Profit, 263 8 8 The capital pays 8 /. 16 s. percent. The profit of this improvement is not very great ; but I apprehend the produ(^ here. ( 357 ) here, as in the former farm, underrated ; for the richnefs of wet boggy land is gene- rally afTerted and fiippofcd to be great, and I believe with reafon. The feeding it with cows makes it much lefs profitable than if applied to keeping young cattle, &c. upon it, or to fatting little Scotch runts ; but left any Ihould objed: to its being applied to fuch ufes, I have fuppofed cows the ftock. ■ — There are fome bo^s which w^ould not admit the preceding management, but not many ; and, as I remarked before, it is impoflible to vary the calculations to each inftance that can be produced. The gentle- man's account is as follows : Impi'Quejnent. As before, - ^.3212 i8 o 27 per cent, on 1984/. labour, 535 ^3 ^ — 3748 II 0 Intereft, - 187 8 0 Stock, - /:• 1347 II 0 2'] per cent. on 370/. 99 18 0 T ^ J *T /-\ ^447 9 0 Intereft, - ■» - 259 i5_ 0 Carry over, ^. 5643 3 o A a 3 Second ( 35^ ) Brought over, £-5^4:3 3 ^ ■ Second year, ;^. 1635 4 o 2y pe r cent, on 5^ j\.L 141 9 o 1776 13 o Intereft, - - 348 11 Q Total neceflary to flock, £, 7768 7 o Annual Account. Expences, 1. s. d. The former total, - - 391 18 4 zj pel' cent, on 289 /. - 78 Q ^ ^._469__i8_4 Produce. L s. d. The fame, - - - 1000 o o Expences, - - 469 18 4 530 I 8 Intereil, - » 388 o o Profit, - - jC- 142 I 8 The capital pays 7 /. per cent, which I think is much too low a profit for fuch an imdertakihg in the hands of a gentleman. If it is let, the account will (land thus. N*^ 7. Variation the fixth. The fame farm let after improvement. ihe improvement, whether for this purpofe or for farming, is the fame ; and ( 359 ) as the former recapitulations extend no farther than neceflary here, the two accounts will be clear in a very few figures. Tirft, the farmer. Expended as before, to the end /. /. d, of the fecond year, - 6893 18 o Dedud the produce of the fecond,/^. 1 81 2 00 And fale of the flock : it coft, horfes 300 /. and implements, 203/. 350 o o 2162 o o Total neceflliry to ftock, £. 473^ 18 o The whole 6893 /. muft be in hand; but the 2162 comes in fo foon to pay it off, that it would be abfurd to reckon the whole as neceffary. Annual Account. Expences. l- -^. d. Rent, - - - .11 4 o TrodiLce. A s. d. Rent of 640 acres, at 15/. - 4c^o o o Expences, - - - 11 4 Q 468 16 o Interefl, - - 236 10 Profit, - - - £>-z}-l2^— A a 4 The ( 36o ) The capital pays 9 /. 18 /. per cent. The gentleman's account follows : Expended as before, to the end /. s. d, of the fecond year, - 7768 7 o Dedud: as in laft account, - 2162 o o Total neceflary, - >C-56o6 Annual Account, Expences, Rent, Kent, at 15 J. Expences, Produce. C5606 7 0 IT,'" " II s. d. 4 0 /. 480 II s.d. 0 0 4 0 468 2S0 16 0 6 0 ;C. 188 10 0 Intereft, - -, » Profit, The capital pays 8 /, y s. per cent. which profit, as it is liable to no contin- gencies, is worth undertaking the improve- meat for, to any gentleman more conve- niently fituated for thefe kind of foils than others ; but if all ^re equal to him in that refpccTI;, it appears that this is the leaft advantageous. I fhould, however, in jufiicc, remark, that rrjany bogs and marfhcs now in being, \vQuld, if converted (as I have fuppofed) into ( 36i ) intografs-fields, pay more than twice fifteen fhillings rent; but, to prevent objections, I calculate upon moderate data. If one attacks me on the fcore of fuppofnig a higher rent than the truth, let him not forjret that there are others open-mouthed againft me for ftating too low an one : but as it is impoffible, in one ferics of elHmates, to embrace all variations, fo it is equally impoffible to form a calculation for each; confequently, the only method to efcape the difficulty was, to ftate the mediums. Recapitulation of this Chapter. Stock reqtiifite for the preceding farms, N°I. 640 Acres of light fandy foil ; improved by marie, chalk, or clay, and fenced with /. s. d, hedges and ditches, - 6396 6 n Ditto a gentleman, - 6819 711 N° II. The fame farm under fainfoine, - -. y^ycicii Ditto a gentleman, "'-" " 7837 ig u N°III. The fame farm let after improvement, - - 3774 6 o N°IV. 640 Acres of muir- |and, improved with paring, burning, ( 3fter improvement* 3969 3 0 t : Ditto a gentleman, - 4884 I 0 N^ VI. 640 Acres of bog- land improved, 6893 iB 0 Ditto a gentleman, - 7768 7 0 N'^ VII. The fame farm let after improvement, 473 i 18 0 Ditto a gentleman, - 5606 7 0 Annual produce of thefe farms ^ expences paid. N°I. . . . I ^922 6 7 Ditto a gentleman, - 854 6 7 N° II. 1083 0 5 Ditto a gentleman, - loij: 4 5 N°III. . - - 339 4 0 N°IV. - - 640 4 8 Ditto a gentleman, 51^ 4 8 N^'V. - - . 457 la 0 Ditto a gentleman. 457 12 0 N°VI. - - ., 608 I 8 Ditto a gentleman, ■ 5?>o I 8 N°VII. 468 16 0 Ditto a gentleman, - 468 16 0 Proft ( 363 ) Profit per cent, on thefe farms. K\. £. H 8 0 Ditto a gentleman, 12 ID O NMI. - - - - 14 13 0 Ditto a gentleman, 12 18 0 N°III. - - - 900 N°IV. JI 3 0 Ditto a gentleman, -900 N'V. II 10 0 Ditto a gentleman, -980 N°VI. - - - 8 16 0 Ditto a gentleman, 700 N° VII. 9 18 0 Ditto a gentleman, - 8 7 0 Comparifon hetijccen the gentleman and farmer in their profits per cent, on thefefarms. N^ I. The farmer, ;C. 14 80 The gentleman, 12 10 0 Former fuperior by i^ 1 18 0 N°II. The farmer. 14 13 0 The gentleman. 12 18 0 Former fuperior by ;^- I 15 0 N° IV. The farmer, II 3 0 The gentleman. 900 Former fuperior by >f • 2 3 <^ N° V. The farmer. II 10 0 The gentleman, 9 8 0 Former fuperior by £,2 20 N^VI. ( 364 ) N' VI. The farmer, - £.8 16 0 The gentleman, 7 00 Former fuperior by ^. I 16 0 N^ VII. The farmer, 9 18 0 The gentleman, 8 7 0 Former fuperior by ;f. I II 0 Progrejfton of the farmer ■'j fanns in order of profit. \ N° 2. - - £•14 13 0 I. - - 14 8 Q 5- - - II 10 0 4- ,11 30 • 7- - 9 18 0 3- 900 6. - - 8 16 0 Ditto of the gentleman s. No 2. - - ^.12 18 0 I. -r- 12 10 0 5- 9 8 0 3. and 4. 900 7- 870 6. - - 7 00 The moft profitable farm to the common farmer, as well as the gentleman, is the fandy foil laid down to fainfoine, which pays a very confidcrable profit, fufiicient, I fl;ould ( 365 ) fhould apprehend, to engage many to undertake the improvement of this kind of foil. The faperiority of this management to keeping it in tillage contains a leflbn of no flight importance to thofe who are fo infatuated in favour of the plough, as to truft almoft to that alone for the raifing their fortunes. In this farm, the chances, incidents, contingencies of all kinds, are much more favourable than with a tillage farm. Thcfe fandy foils yield fine crops in, wet years ; but two or three dry ones are enough to break their occupiers, if not very rich. Now, with fainfoine, the cafe is very different ; for that rooting remarkably deep, is fcarcely afredted by the weather, but gives as fine crops when common graffes are burnt up, as in the wetteft of years ; nor is there a foil in England fo very fandy as not to be capable of producing this mod: beneficial crop. The third, in the farmer's lift, is the muir-farm, let after improvement. The fuperiority of the fandy commons to the muirs is owing to the expenccs of improve -r ment running higher, and the latter being more profitable to let than to occupy, is occafionsd ( 366 ) occafioned by the fuppofitioii in the eftU mate, of fuch grafs not being proper for fatting beads ; which is a circuinftance more unflivourable to the tenant than the land- lord. However, the improvement of the miiirs is a moft profitable bufinefs, and highly deferves the attention of fuch farmers as have it not in their power to command fuch foils as rank firfl; in this catalogue. The next in order, is the improved bog- farm let, which comes pretty much under the fame predicament, in comparifon v/ith itfelf under diiferent management, as the muir one. It is obfervable, that both the muir and- bog-farms are more profitable to relet than the dry, fandy, marled common ; and this is owing to the former ones being laid to natural grafs, which, though inferior, perhaps, to fainfoine, yet muft be fuppofed to let much worfe, and the fandy foil relet, w^as not in fainfoine, but in tillage ; there w^ould have been an impropriety in fuppo- fmg the fainfoine let to its value ; becaufe, in fome countries, the common farmers would not hire it at all. The ( 367 ) The bog-land farm, improved and occu- pied, is the worfl in the lift, which fliould (in fituations and circumftances as unfa- vourable as thofe which I have fuppofed) prevent any improving farmers from hiring fuch, when they can command other kinds of wafte lands. But I fhould here remark, that the kind of bog I have calculated upon, is far worfe and lefs profitable, than many uncultivated ones in this kingdom. Many marfhes let after draining for i /. los.; f2 /. ; 2 /. 10 ^. and 3/. an acre, and fat the greateft oxen ; and bogs are fometimes compofed of fuch fine rich moulds, as to yield, when cultivated, the fineft crops of cabbages, hops, rape .&c, &c. &c. ; but as thefe inftances are not univerfally known, I for- bear calculating upon them. In the table of the gentleman's profit, the fandy improved common farm, laid to fainfoine, is moft profitable, in which the gentleman nearly equals the farmer ; for in fuch a farm the labour is trifling ; and, confequently, the objections few. Such farms are excellently adapted to gentle- men, being liable to few objedions and dedudions that cannot be reduced to eftimate. ( .■!68 ) eftimate. The next in this lift, as in the; farmer's, is the muir-land relet, which is a point of very great confequence ; for no wafte lands in the kingdom are fo extenfive as thefe : none brings lefs benefit to their owners, nor polTefs, in many inftances, greater advantages in the culture ; but as I remarked in the other cafe, it would be unfair in me 'to calculate lipon any thing beyond the average. If a man had the advantage of chufmg, no uncultivated foil would prove more beneficial, if fo mxuch' fo ; for many trads of the muirs are as fine deep loams as any in England. The fandy heath, let after improvement, and the muir occupied, yield the fame profit; confequently, the former is to be preferred, as it is a certainty, and not dependent on the contingencies of a bufi- nefs. The bog-farm concludes, firft rekt, and, Lift of all, occupied. Upon the whole, the breaking up and improving wafte lands appears, in thefe calculations, to be a bufinefs of very great profit ; and that, under circumftances verf peculiar in themfelves, and much more burthenfome in the expences than va,ft trads ( 3^9 ) tra£ls of land labour under, that might eafily be procured. Firjl^ In thefe farms, the foil is fuppofcd to be perfcdly wild and uncultivated, and in every refpeft in as wafle a condition as can well be thought of. Secondly, They are all fuppofed to he perfedly well inclofed, with the beft fences the fituation is capable of, and executed in as perfc<0: a manner as if the work of the landlord himfelf for perpetuity, and not by a tenant for a term ; the hedges well planted, and the ditches and drains deep, and effedually performed. The gates and irons, and the paling at each end, ftrong and expcnfively done, and painted. Thirdly, The tenant is fuppofed to ered all the buildings at his fole expence, and that alfo in as complete and liable a manner, as if performed by the landlord himfelf. This expence is very vvreighty. Fourthly, The improvement by burning, manuring, &zc. &c. is as perfed as can be fuppofed ; and all at the tenant's expencCj and the prices charged veryhigh. Fifthly, A rent not inconfiderable is allowed for every farmj whereas vaft tra£ts of land of thefe forts are to be had in Vol. II. B b many ( Zl"^ ) many parts of the kingdom (fuch expenfive improvements clefigned) for no rent at all, and probably the landlord at part of the expence of improvement. Notwithftanding all thefe, and other unfa- vourable circumftances ; yet the improve- ment of thefe waftes is an obje£l of "very confiderable profit ; fome of them parti- cularly advantageous, others lefs fo ; but all profitable, more or lefs. And in feveral infiances, the profit running from 9 to ii| fer cent, only from two or three years atten- tion, (the farm being relet) and the under- taker left at total leifure and liberty to extend his attention to frefh attempts of the fame, or any other fort : all which are points of very great confequence, CHAP. II. Of the mojl advantageous method of difpofing ^'i 5,oool. in the cultivation ofivajle lands. TH E farms of this chapter I fuppofe to of be three times the extent of thofe in the laft, viz. to the amount of three fquare miles ; and I fhall comprehend the fame kinds of foil. ( 371 ) No I. Nineteen hundred and ttventy acres, of light fandy foil, old turf improved hy mark y chalky or clay, and fenced ivith hedges and ditches. The following fcheme (fee Fig. III.) of the inclofure of this farm will Ihew the bufinefs of fencing in one view. The fields are not too large for dry foils. F I G. III. ] [ ] [ 1 — 1 [ r—\ 1 — 1 r— 1 The four long lines of this oblong are each two miles long ; and the four ihortcr ones, each one and a half; confcqucntl)', there are 14 miles in all, or 4480 perches Bh 2 of ( 372 ) of fencing ; but I fhall call It 4600, 1 [hat a fmall clofe or two may be allowed for around the houfe. Improvement. 4600 Perches of fencing, as /. X. d. before, at 4 i. 920 0 0 II Gates, with pofts, irons, &c. and paling at each end, at 1 /. lox. 16 10 0 The farmhoufe. 500 0 0 The barns. 200 0 0 The (lablc and cowhoufe, 200 0 0 The hogilies, fowlhoufe, &c. ■ - '80 0 0 Marling, chalking, cr claying 1926 acres, at 4 /. - - 7680 0 0 Ponds, - - _ - 100 0 0 Rent, at I J. - £'9^ 0 ^ Tythe,rates,&c,at8j. 38 80 8 0 ^j^ X- 9^30 18 0 5 /, 2 s. per acre. Stocks /. s.d. llcnt, &c. - - - 134 8 0 ISvcJIock, 50 Horfes, - X- 7iO 0 0 4000 Sheep, - 2400 0 0 Carryover, >C- 3^5^ ^ ^ 134 0 0 60 Cows,. ( 573 ) Brought over, jC- 3 15<=» ^ <^ ^34 8o 6o Cows, - - 300 o o 10 Sows, - - 15 o o Implements^ A broad-wheeled waggon, - £. "JO o o Five narrow-wheeled ditto, - - 125 o o Twenty carts, - 200 o o Hamefs, - 100 o o Thirty ploughs, - 47 50 Harrows and rollers, 12 00 Screens, bufhels, &c, 50 o o Palry furniture, - 50 00 Seed. For 318 acres of wheat, - £• 159 ° ^ Ditto, 3 i8of turnips, 7 19 o Ditto, g5'4of fpring- corn, - - 477 o o Ditto, clover, rye- grafs, &c, - 238 10 o J 465 o <^ 651- 5 o 882 9 o Carry over,- ^'513^ 20 B b 3 Labour, [ 374 ) Brought over, £, s^3^ 2 0 Labour, One earth on 318 acres of wheat, ^.10 jo o Sowing, , 3 j^ ^ Harrowing, - _ j ,^ ^ Water-furrowing, 076 Reaping and har- vefting, at 6 s. 95 8 o Thrafhing, 2^ qrs. per acre, 795 qrs. at 2.. - 79 10 o Carrying out, 20 at a time, 39Journeys, 3 18 o Three earths on 954 acres of fpring- t>owing, - - II 19 6 Harrowing, . ^. ,^ ^ ^^^^^"ff' - I 4 o Mowing and har- vefting, at4i. 190 16 o Thrafhing, 4 qrs./^r acre, 3816 qrs. ^^^^■^' - - 190 j6 o Carryover, f /'mi Tp ' >" " Carrying 4 0 iQ 6 o 6 8 0 19 6 19 9 7 6 ( 375 ) Brought over, jC- 691 18 4 513G 2 o Carrying out 3366 qrs. of barley, 30 at a time, 112 journeys, - -11 Sowing clover, &:c. 1 1 Water-furrowing, i Four earths on 318 acres of turnip- land, - - - 42 Sowing, - 3 Harrowing, - i Water-furrowing, o Hand-hoeing twice, at 7J-. - III 6 o Two earths on 3 18 acres of fallow, 21 40 Digging and cart- ing 1500 loads of • marie, &c. into the farm-yard, 20 carts, 200 loads per day, 7 days, at 2/. 14 J-. 2^. 18 19 2 Mixing 1320 loads ofdungwithi5oo of marie, &c. in all 1820, at I J. 711 8 Carryover, jC- 9^3 ^9 n 5^2>^ 2 o Bb 4 Carting ( 2>1^ ) Brought over, C^^'^Z ^ 9 II 5136 2 % Carting and fpread- ing 1820 loads, t2co loads per day, 9 days, at il. 2 s. 6 d. - 1 9 2 6 Chopping and rak- ing 318 acres of flubble, - 23 12 0 Carting home, - 5 0 0 Sundry fmall articles refpeding cattle; a man a year, - 24 0 0 Sundry fmall un- fpecified articles, 10 0 0 — 'ioos 14 5 Sundry article s. Shoeing, - £. 30 0 0 Wear and tear, - 180 0 0 450 Qrs. of oats. at 13 s. ~ 292 10 0 Hay, - - 300 0 0 Market expences, 4 0 0 Straw cut into chaff, 45 0 0 Straw, - - 30 0 0 Carry over, >r. 88 1 ip O 6141 16 5 Caf}^ ( 377 ) Brought over '. ;C. .881 10 0 6141 16 s Calh in hand, - 300 0 0 ti8t TO 0 Improvement, - 9830 18 o Total flock neceflary, £. 17154 4 5 The cattle, I fuppofe not to be purchafed until towards the end of the year. The farm, like that in the preceding chapter, is thrown into an excellent courfe ; fixths : one in turnips; one in fpring-corn; one wheat ; and three grafs ; confequentlj-, there are only two crops of corn in fix years. Thus the heart of the foil is never exhaufted, nor the fertility of the manure ploughed out almoft as foon as it is laid on the ground, which is the cafe with many marled farms in common hufbandry. Annual Account. Expellees, /. s. d. Rent, &c - - 134 8 0 Seed for 318 acres of wheat. 318 of fprin ig-corn, 318 of jturnips , and 318 of grafs. Carry over, J^, 389 II 0 523 19 0 Lnboi, ire { 378 ) Brought over, jC* 5^3 ^9 O Labour, On 318 acres of wheat, as before, ;C- 195 14 9 One earth on 318 acres of fpring- corn, - 10 12 o Sowing, - - 3 19 ^ Harrowing, - ^ ^9 9 Rolling, - - 076 Mowing and har- vefting, at 4 J. 63 12 o " Thrafhing, 4 qrs./)^r acre, 1272 qrs. at I J. 63 12 o Carrying out 822 qrs. 30 at a time, 27 journeys, - 2 14 o Sowing clover, - 3196 Water-furrowing, 07^ Labour on 318 acres of turnips, as be- fore, - 160 o 9 Digging and carting and mixing ma- nure, as before, 45 13 4 Ditto on ftubble, as before, - 28 12 o Carry over, ^, 581 47 523 19 o M owing ( 379 ) Brought over, £.581 4 7 S^3 ^9 O Mowing, making, and cocking 200 acres of clover, - ^.50 00 Carting, flacking, and thatching, - 28 o o Cutting chafF, -900 Sundry works refpec- ting cattle, a man, 24 00 Sundry fmall unipe- ■ cified articles, - 10 O o 702 4 7 Sundry articles. Shoeing and wear and tear, - £,-210 00 Market expences, -400 214 o o £. 1440 Produce. l. s.d, 795 Qrs. of wheat, at 2 /. - 1590 o o 822 Qrs. of barley, at 16 J. - 657 12 o 60 Cows, - - 300 o o Profit on 4000 Iheep, - - 2000 o o 4547 12 o Expences, - - - 1440 3 7 3107 8 5 Intereft, - - 857 14 o Profit, ^. 2249 14 5 The ( S^o ) The capita! pays i8 L 2 t. per cent. wiikh profit is very great, to fucceed fuch. vail expences at fetting out : r8 per cenL on a capital employed in a farm, "which may almofl be called a man*s own creation ; and, confeqnently, every circixmftance of contiguity, good fences, conYcnient build- mgs, &c, &c. &€. in great pcrfedioos is> beyond all doubt, a noble profit? and an ample encoiiragemeiit to cultivators to pndertake the iBiprovement of fiich vail i/?alles. The gentlemar/& account is as foilows : Impro'^emmh L s. d^ The former total, ■- - 9830 18 o %.-] per cent, 'QVk o^QoLlzhovx^ 1026 00 ^. 10856 18 o ZtQcl^ 17 s, d. The former total, - 73-3 ^ 5 2^7 per cent, on 1005/, labour, 271 7 o 759^ 13 5 ImproYement^ - 10856 18 o Total necefiary to flock, - jT, 18451 11 5 Annual Account. Expences. L s, d. The former total, - - 1440 3 7 Z"] per cent, on 702 /. - 189 10 o X- ^629 13 7 8 Froducc^ Produce. 1 L s. ^. The fame as before, - " 4547 i^ o Expences, Intereft, 1629 13 7 2917 iB 5 922 II 0 Profit, £. 1995 7 5 The capital pays 15 /. 16 j. per cent. The fame farm^ under fainfoine^ The improvement the fame as before, £■ 9^30 To 0 Stock. /. J. ^. Rent, &c. - 134 8 0 Livejlock. 50 Horfes, - X- 750 0 0 900 Cows, - 2 700 0 0 50 Sows, - 70 0 0 1 » '>(-» 0 r\ :>3^0 yJ Implements, The fame as before, - G54 5 0 Seed. For 1650 acres of J barley and oats, /^. 8 2 5 0 0 Ditto fainfoine, 825 qrs. at I /. - 825 0 0 0 0 Carry over, £. 1650 4308 "13" 0 Seed { 38« ) Brought over, £, 1650 o o 4308 13 o Seed for 270 acres of turnips, at6j. 6 15 o Labour. Five earths on 1650 acres fpring-corn- land, - - £.^75 00 Sowing, - 20 12 6 Ditto the fainfoine, 41 50 Harrowing, - 20 12 6 Rolling, - - I 10 o Mowing and har- vefting, at 4 s. 330 o o Thrafliing, 4 qrs. per acre,66ooqrs.at IJ-. 330 o o Carrying out 6150 qrs. of barley, 30 at a time, 205 journeys, - 20 10 o Four earths on 2 70 acres of turnip-land, 36 o o Sowing, - -37^ Harrowing, - 1^6 Hand-hoeing, at 7 J-. 94 10 o 1656 15 o Carryover, £.1174 10 o 5965 8 o 2 Drawing ( 383 ) Brought over, £.ii'j^ lo o j'965 8 0 Drawing the turnips and carting them home, at 7 J. 6 d. loi 5 O Digging and carting 3 000 loads of marie, &c. into the farm- yard, 30 per day, 100 days, at 8 J-. 9^. 43 15 O Mixing 3000 loads of marie, &c. with 4000 of dung, 7000, at i^. 29 34 Carting and fpread- ing 7000 loads, at 30 per day, 233 days, at 7.f.* 81 ii o Sundry articles con- cerning cattle, a man, - 24 o o Sundry fmall articles unfpecified, - 20 o o 1474 4 4 Sundry articles. The fame as before, - 1181 10 o 86qi 2 4 Improvement, - - 9830180 Carryover, £, 18452 o 4 * Thefe are calculated at three carts, but more may be ufcd if time be wanting, as the lloclc will ccnriil of more. Dedua: ( 3^4 ) Brought over, jf . 1 8452 o' 4 Deduct the produdl, by fale of 40 horfes, 1 5 carts, harnefs, 20 ploughs, &c. ; ihcj coft 860 /. 500 o O Total neceflary to flock this — -i farm, - - - £, 18952 o 4 Annual Account. Expences, I. s, d. Rent, - - - 134 8 o Seed for 270 acres of turnips, 6 15 o Labour, On 2 70 acres of tur- nip land, as before, 236 5 G Carting and mixing manure, ditto, 154 94 Mowing, making, carting, and ftack- : ing 700 acres of fainfoine, - 233 00 Sundry articles con- cerning cattle, and fmall unfpecified ones, - - 40 o o Sundry articles. Straw cut into chaff, £.20 o o Shoeing, - 600 663 14 4 Carryover, £.26 00 840 17 4 Wear { 385 ) Brought over, £.26 00 804 174 Wear and tear, - 50 00 Market expences, - 3 00 Straw, - - 200 o o ' 279 o o £. 1083 17 4 Produce. L s. d. 900 Cows, - - 4500 o o Expences, - 1083 17 4 3416 2 8 Intereft, - - - 897 12 o Profit, - - ^.0518 10 8 The capital pays 19 /. per cent. The gentleman*s account is as follows : Improvement, as before, - £^, 10856 i8 o Stock, ditto, - - 7594 13 5 18451 II 5 Produd: by fale, - - 500 o o Total neceflary, - £.17951 n 5 Annual Account. Expences, I. s. d. The former total, - - 1083 17 4 1'] per ^(?«'. on 663 /. labour, 179 o o £♦ 1262 17 4 Vol. II. Cc Produce, ( 386 ) Produce, /. s. d. The fame, - - - 4500 o o Expenccs, - - 1262 17 4 3237 2 8 Intereft, - • - 897 11 o Profit, - - £. 2339 II ^ The capital pays 18/. per cent. N°3. Variation the fecond. The fame farm let after iynprovement. All thefe articles of inclofing, building, manuring, &c. are the fame as in the preceding accounts. Improvement, ~ - ^. 9830 18 o In this method the above fum is all the ftock in trade : I fuppofe the farm then let at I o J-. per acre. Annual Account. Expences, I. s. d. Rent, &c. - - - 134 80 Produce. I. s. d. Rent of 1920 acres, at \os. 960 o o Expences, - - - 134 8 o 825 12 o Intereft, - - - 491130 Profit, - - _ ^. 333 19 Q The capital pays 8 /. 7 j. per cent. The /." s. ./. g6o 0 0 134 8 0 825 12 0 542 16 0 £ .282 16 0 { 387 ) The gentleman's account is as follows : Improvement, - - ;C- 10856 18 o Annual Account. Expd7ices. I. s. d. Rent, &c. _ - - 134 8 o Produce. The fame, - Expences, Intereft, Profit, - - - The capital pays 7 /. 12 s. per cent* Variation the third. Nineteen hundred and tuuenty acres of nmir'- huidf improved ivith paring and burnings and lime J and fenced ivith avails. The ftate of this trad of muir-land I fuppofe to be the fame as that in the pre- ceding chapter. Improi)ement. 4600 Perches of walling, at /. s, d, 4-f- 8^/. - - 1073 6 8 1 1 Gates, with pofls, irons, pales, painting, &c. at 1 /. - 11 00 Carryover, £.1084 6~8 C c 2 The ( 388 ) Brought over, £. 1084 6 8 The farmhoufe complete, - 250 o o The bar, - - 30 o o The ftable, - - 80 o o The cowhoufe, - - 250 o o The hogftie, fowlhoufe, &c. 80 o o Paring and burning 1920 acres, at I /. - - - 1920 o o Liming, at I /. 10 s. - - 2880 o o Rent, at 6^. - iC-4^ ^ o Tythe, rates, &c. 19 40 <^7 4 O Incidents, at 5" j. - - 480 o o 3 /. 14 s.per acre. Stock, I. s. d. Rent, &c. - - 67 4 o Li'uejlock. 50 Horfes, - - - -750 o o hnplements, 5 Narrow-wheeled waggons, - ^.125 00 6 Carts, - - 60 o o Harnefs, - 100 o o 30 Ploughs, - 47 5 o Harrows and rollers, 10 00 Carryover, X'34- 5 ^ ^^7 4 ^ Screens, ( 389 ) Brought over, X^.342 50 817 40 Screens, forks, lines, fhovels, &c. &c. 50 o o Dairy furniture, 100 00 492 5 © Seed, For 1920 acres of turnips, - 48 o o Labour, Three earths on 1920 acres of turnip- land, - - 192 o o Harrowing, - 24 o o Sowing, - 24 o o Hand hoeing, at I Oi'.96o o o Sundry fmall articles, 50 00 Sundry articles. Shoeing, - X- 3° o o Wear and tear, 100 00 450 Qrs. of oats, 292 10 o Hay, - - 300 o o Market expences, i 10 o Straw cut into chaff, 45 o o Cafh in hand, - 300 o o 1250 0 O . io6g o o £, 3676~"9 o C c 3 Produce, ( 390 ) Produce* 1920 Acres of turnips, fold to /. s. d, be fed off with fheep, at 2 /. 3840 o o Second year, Expences» L s. d. Rent, &c. - - - 67 4 o Seed, For 1920 acres of barley and oats, j^. 960 00 Ditto grafs-feeds, 1920 00 •■ • 2880 O 0 Labour. Three earths on 1920 acres, ^T. 192 o o Sowing, - 24 o o Harrowing, - 24 00 Rolling, - 10 o o Sowing grafs-feeds, 96 o o Mowing and har- vefting, at 4 s. 384 o o Thralhing, 4 (\vs.per acre, 7680 qrs. at IS.- - 384 o o Carrying ovit 7230 qrs. 50 at a time, 144 journeys, 10 men, - 72 o 0 Carryover, /. 1186 00 2947 4 o Sundry ( 39^ ) Brought over, ;f. 1 1 86 o o 2947 4 o Sundry fmall articles, 50 o o 12.-^6 00 Sundry articles. Shoeing, and wear and tear, - £. 130 o o Hay, - - 300 o o Market expences, -400 434 o Q >C-46i7 4 o Produce. I. s. d. 7230 Q^s. of barley, at 14/. 5061 o o Third year, Expences. I. s. d. Rent, - - - 67 4 o 600 Cows, - - 3000 o o 50 Sojvs, - - 70 o o Labour. Mowing and making 1 920 acres of hay, Carting and flack- ing, at 3^. - 288 00 Thatching, - 15 o o Carryover, C 1^3 o o 313? 40 C c 4 Carting ( 392 ) Brought over, jT. 783 0 0 3137 4 , Carting 3000 loads of black muiry earth, or peat, or pared furface, into farm -yard, 60 per day, 50 days, at 18 /. 9 J-. 3 d. per load, and 3 dri- - vers^ at I J-. 3 ^. 46 17 6 Mixing 4000 loads of dung with 3 000 of earth; in all 7000, at I d. - og 3 4 Carting and fpread- ing 7000 loads, 60 perdnj, ati^s.^d. 116 days, - y^ 19 0 Cutting chaff, - 9 GO ** Sundry articles con- cerning cattle; a man, - 04 0 0 Small unfpccified ones, " - 20 0 0 ■■ 9^5 19 10 Carry over, Simdry ( 393 ) Brought over, j^. 4123 3 10 Sundry articles. Liming, at I /. loj. 2880 o o Oats, - - 292 10 o Shoeing, and wear 1 and tear, - 100 00 Market expences, 2100 3275 o o >C- 7398 3 10 Produce. I. s. d, 1 200 Tons of hay, - 3000 o o Produd: by fale of 40 horfes, harnefs, ploughs, &c. ; they coft 750 /. - - 550 o o £. 3550 o o Recapitulation. /. s. d. Improvement, - -712110 8 Stock and firft year, - 3676 9 o Intereft, - - 53^ 17 o Produce of the firft year below the expences of the fecond, 777 4 o Intereft, - - 578 14 o Produce of the fecond year be- low the expences of the third, - - » 22,2,7 3 10 Intereft, - - _ 695 11 o Total neceflary to ftock, ^.15726 9 6 Annual ( 394 ) Annual Account. Expences. L s. d. Rent, - - - 67 4 o Labour. Mowing and making 900 acres of hay, at j-x. - £.225 o c Carting and flacking, at 5 X. - 135 o o Thatching, - 900 Carting, mixing, recartlng, and fpreading 6000 loads of virgin- mould, and 6000 of dung, as In N° 4. of the pre- ceding chapter, three times as much, - - 287 12 o Cutting chaff, - 150 Carting 1 50 waggon- loads of ling, or other young fpon- taneous growth, to farm-yard, at 5 j. ^y 10 o Carry over, 695 70 67 4 o Sundry ( 395 ) Brought over, £.(y()5 7 o 67 40 Sundry articles con- cerning cattle; a man, - 24 O o Small unfpecified ones, - 20 o o 739 7 o Sundry articles. Shoeing, - £. & 0 0 Wear and tear, - 50 0 0 Market expences, 3 0 0 Straw, - 80 0 0 Oats, go qrs. - 58 10 0 197 10 o £' 1Q05 I Q Produce. I. s. d^ 600 Cows, - - 3000 o o Expences, - - - 1005 i o 1994 i9~o Intereft, - - - 786 6 o Profit, - - - /^. 1208 130 The capital pays 12/. 13^. per cent. This profit is very conliderable, and yet the produce is fuppofed very low, and the expences of all kinds extremely high. No man that undertakes a fquarc league of this land will find, if he works withjudgment, his 9 profit ( 396 ) profit fo fmall as 12/. 13 J. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows : Improvement. /. s. d» As before, - - 7121 10 8 VL'] per cent, on 3400 /. labour, 918 o o £.8039 10 8 Stock. L s. d. As before, - - 2>^7^ 9 -° 2 -J per cent, on 1 2 50 /. - 337 IQ Q £.4013 19 o Troduce, I. s. d, 1920 Acres of turnips, - 3840 o o Second year. Expences. I. s. d. The former total, - - 4617 4 o 27 per cent, on 1236 /. labour, 343 H Q £.4960 18 o Produce, I. s. d. 7230 Qrs. of barley, - 5061 o o Third year. Expellees, L s. d. The former total, - 739^ 3 10 27/)^rr^«/.on985 /. 19/. lod. 266 4 o ^ 7664 7 10 Produce. I. s. d. As before, - - 5:il^— 5_^ Recapi- ( 397 ) Recapitulation. /. s. d» Improvement, - '- 8039 10 8 Stock, and firft year, - 4013 IQ ^ Intereft, - - - 602 13 o Produce of the firft year below the expences of the fecond, 11 20 18 o Intereft, - - 658 13 o Produce of the fecond year be- low the expences of the third, 2603 7 10 Intereft, - - 788 13 o Total neceffary to ftock, £. 17827 14 6 Annual Account. Expences. L s, d* The former total, - 1005 i o 27 per cent, on 739 /. 7 s. labour, Produce. 600 Cows, Expences, Intereft, - "- Profit, The capital pays 10 /. is. per cent. This is a moft noble encouragement to gentlemen that have formed any ideas of cultivating 199 10 0 yC- 1204 1 1 0 3000 1024 s. 0 II d, 0 0 I79I 891 9 7 0 0 >C-904 0 0 ( 398 ) cultivating fuch foils ; for lo per ce?Jt. profit on a farm, after the expenditure of above 7000 /. in preparing the land for occupation, is very great, and fuch as fliould fatisfy the moft ambitious. All the dedud;ions on account of labour being made, and the farm left in grafs, the gentleman may reafonably be fuppofed to pofTefs an advantage equal to this, as the nature of grafs-farms is fo favourable to him. I need not hint, that the profit w^ould be much larger if the landlord was induced to ere£t the buildings, or the walls, in con- fideration of the greatnefs of the other expences ; and it can fcarcely be thought that any but very poor, or very ignorant ones, would forego the benefits of fuch noble improvements to themfelves and their poftcrity, rather than part with an incon- iiderable fum of money. In a word, there is fcarce a calculation in thefe fheets, but what might be exceeded in reality : which moderation was requifite to prevent the objcdions of backward flothful people who, wanting the fpirit to form improve- ments themfelves, endeavour dreamingly to ( 399 ) to ridicule others whole views are more enlarged. Variation the fourth. The fame farm let after improvement. Tht expence of improving, /. s. d, the fame as before, - 7121 lo o Stock and firft year ditto, - 3676 90 Intereft, - - - 539 17 o Produce of firfl; year below the expence of the fecond, - 777 40 Intereft, - - 578 14 o f. 10693 14 8 From this we muft deduct the fale of the flock : it coft, Horfes, - jT. 750 o o Implements, - 492 . o o ;^. 1242 o Total neceflary to ftock. Annual Account. Expences, Rent, Produce. Rent of 1920 acres of grafs- /. s. d. land, at I5J-. - - 1 440 o o Expences, - - 48 o o 1392 o~o Intereft, - - - ^-89 13 o Profit, - - f. 8q2~~7~ The 0 — 900 0 0 £-1^793 14 8 r. /. 48 s.d. 0 0 ( 400 ) The capital pays 1 1 /. i6 j. per cent. The gentleman's account is as follows : Improvement, - - ;C- ^°39 lo 8 Stock and firll year, - 4013 19 o Intereft, - - 602 13 o Produce of the firft year below the expence of the fecond, i iqo 18 o Intereft, - - 658 13 o I44S5 13 8 Dedu6t by fale, as before, - 900 ^ o o Total neceffary to ftock, ^T. 13535 ^3 ^ Annual Account. Expence s. /. s. d. Rent, _ - - 48 o o Produce* Rent, at 15 J. - - 1440 o o Expcnces, - * 48 o o 3392 o o Intereft, - - 676 15 o Profit, - - - £.715 5 Q The capital pays 10 A 5 J", per cent, which is a profit highly confiderable to reap from foils that abound in fuch vaft plenty in this kingdom, and which may be procured, in almoft any quantities, on much more advantageous terms than I have fuppofed. » I have ( 401 ) t here omit the improvement of the hog land, becaufe the extent of the laft chapter, viz. 640 acres, is as great as to be found in one piece, fome few inflances perhaps excepted; and in cafe of larger under- takings, it will be DD difficult matter in any one to form an eftimate adapted to thd circumftances in queftion. The calcula- tions inferted in the preceding chapter may be of ufe to any one in fuch a cafe. Recapitulation of this Chapter. Su7ns requjfite to Jlock the preceding farms » N°I. 1920 Acres of light fandy foil ; improved by marie, chalk, or clay, and fenced with /. s,d^ hedges and ditches, *- 17154 4 5 Ditto a gentleman, - 18451 n 5 N° IL The fame farm under fainfoine, - - 17952 o 4 Ditto a gentleman, - 17951 n 5 N°III. The fame farm let after improvement, - - 9830 18 o Ditto a gentleman, - 10856 180 N°1V. 1920 Acres of muir- land, improved with paring, burning and lim.e, and fenced with walls, - - 15726 9 6 Ditto a gentleman, - 17827 146 Vol. II. D d N^ V ( 402 ) N° V. The fame farm let after improvement, - ii793 14 S Ditto a gentleman, - 13535 13 8 Annual produce of thefe farms ^ expences paid. N°I. - - - X-3I07 8 5 Ditto a gentleman, - 2917 18 5 N^ II. - - 3416 2 8 Ditto a gentleman, 3237 28 N^III. - - - S05 12 o Ditto a gentleman, 825 12 o N° IV. - - - 1994 19 Qt Ditto a gentleman, - ^l^S 9 ^ N° V. - - - 1392 o o Ditto a gentleman, - 1392 00 Frofit per cent, on thcfe farms, N^I. - - - £. 18 ^ o Ditto a gentleman, - 15 16 o N° II. - - - - - 19 o o Ditto a gentleman, - 18 00 N°1II. - - - -870 Ditto a gentleman, - 7120 N°IV. - - - 12 13 o Ditto a gentleman, - 10 10 N'V. - - - II 16 o Ditto a gentleman, - 10 50 Comparifcn ( 403 ) Comparifon bctiveen the gmtleman and farmer in their profits per cent, on thefe farms, - N° I. The farmer, - X* i^ 2 o The gentleman, - 15 i6 o Former fuperior by N° II. The farmer, The gentleman, Former fuperior by N" III. The farmer, The gentleman. Former fuperior by N" IV. The farmer, The gentleman, Former fuperior by N° V. The farmer, - - The gentleman, Former fuperior by ProgreJJion of the farmer s farms in ord^r of profit. £.2 6 0 19 18 0 0 0 0 X. I 0 0 8 7 0 7 0 12 0 15 0 12 10 13 0 I 0 £-^ 12 0 II 10 16 0 5 0 0 II 0 N*2. - - X. 19 0 0 I. - - 18 2 0 4- - - 12 13 0 5. - - II 16 0 3- - - 870 T) d ^ ProgreJJtoil I 5 ( 404 ) Progrejfion of the gentleman s farms in order of profit. - >C-i^ o o i^ 16 o 10 5 o 10 I a 7 12 o Upon thefe tables it is, in general, to be remarked, that the fandy foil under fain- foine is mofl: profitable both to the gentle- man and farmer ; and not to be wondered at ; for fuch a farm can, in no fituation, fail of being highly advantageous. The gentleman's profit is not very far fliort of the farmer's ; nor has he, in fuch an one, the evils to labour under which he muft ever fuff'cr in a tillage one. It is of very great importance to every one who culti- vates thefe foils, to know, that the fuperior management of them is the hufbandry of fainfoine : indeed, the vifible fuperiority in the calculation is only i /. is. per cent. ; butitwall eafily be believed, that, in a longer courfe of years, the difference will be much greater ; for the certainty of the profit by fainfoine is undoubtedly much greater in thefe foils, than that by corn, which, in dry ( 405 ) t3ry years, is reduced to a trifle. The cxpences are alfo much lower, a circum- ftance of particular confcquence to a gentleman. It is true, the general profit from this culture would he higher, had the whole farm been fuppofed under grafs; a part of it being occupied by turnips for feeding the cows (when dry), renders the bufmcfs fomewhat more complex, and much increafes the expence of labour ; but this fuppofition was neceflary for very material reafons. Sainfoine is not a perpe- tual pafture, but wants renewing, as gene- rally reported, in twenty years, and fome- times in twelve or fifteen. Now, by the culture of one part of the farm in turnips, there is always a moil excellent preparation carrying on for the renewal of the fainfoine. The fucceflion of turnips feveral years on the fame land without any corn, and with a very plentiful annual manuring, muft inevitably render the foil extremely fertile, ^nd in admirable order for the grafs ; and by this means, no part of the farm will ever be under an indifferent or middling crop, as it will regularly be renewed before it declines : and another point of D d 3 importance, ( 406 ) importance, is the difpofition of the manure; iainfoine affeds not dung, but it is applied to excellent ufe in the turnip-crop. Thefe circumftances render this farm much more advantageous than I have fuppofed. The farm on the fame foil, but kept in the arable culture, is the next in profit to both gentleman and farmer; it is upon this to be remarked, that the former muft not expert to find a proportional profit in this to others wherein are lefs tillage ; for fuch farms, I have often remarked, are very- unprofitable to gentlemen in the amount of labour, and the complex nature of the bufinefs. The muir-farm laid to grafs, and occu- pied, is the third in the farmer*s lift ; but relet after improvement, holds the fame rank in the gentleman's, who makes within 2 per cent, as much by letting it, as the other by farming it ; which, to all improvers of wafte land, is a very capital point ; for an improvement that is effeded in two or three years, leaves the under- taker at full liberty for frefh bufinefs, and, at the fame time, yields fo good a profit as lo per cent, is, beyond doubt, an objed of vaa ( 407 ) vafl: importance. Here are no hazards, no chances annexed to bulmefs, no coniine- ment; but, on the contrary, a profit aa fure as the rental of any other landed eftate. In a word, it is a mod beneficial employment of a gentleman's money, and equally advantageous to private and public interefts. The next clafs in this table, is the muir- farm, occupied with gentlemen, and let with the farmers ; and the laft with both, the fandy farm, let after improvement, which yields a profit but inconfiderable compared with the reft. Upon the whole, there appears great reafon, from thefe calculations, to aflert the general profit of improving wafte lands, which, in numbers of thefe inftances, is a bufinefs more advantageous than any man can apply to. There are very few fitua- tions in commerce, manufadtures, the profefilons, or indeed any other path of making a fortune, fo truly advantageous as agriculture, when entered into with judgment, and conducted with fpirit. I forbear the further extenfion of thefe chapters, as the bulk to which thefe fheets P d 4 ^rc ( 4o8 ) are arrived will not allow of more addi- tions, without fwelling the fize too much : and as I h;j.ve carried the amount of flock to near 20,000 /. I fhould remark, that the extending it to a much larger fum, is not a very complex work for any of my readers to perform, according to the particular circumftances of their cafes, which, refpec- ting larger fums, muft be very rare. But I fhould obferve, that the profit will be found to increafe beyond the proportion of the increafe of land ; which effed is caufed by the extent of fencing, the buildings, . and fome other circumftances. CHAP. III. Of hiring and Jlocking a farm of nhieteen hundred and tijuenty acres of the better fort of unculti'uated land. IN the preceding chapters I have confined myfclf, as nearly as I was able, to the average of circumftances, and not fuppofed the foil in queftion, in any of them, better than the medium of the forts. And this I did, that a want of land might not be objeded to me in any cafe ; But, for curio- fity, ( 409 ) fity, I fhall here addrefs myfelf not to the world at large, but to fome man of peculiar fenfe and Tpirit, that has money at com- mand, and is defirous of employing it to the befl: purpofe on a farm in an unculti- vated foil. I fuppofe him to do as every one would in a fmiilar cafe, that is, exa- mine many waftes, and fix where he could procure the bell: foil on the moft reafonable terms. There are many royal forefts and chafes that contain vaft tracts of rich clay foils, alib many commons of the fame ; but none of thefe muft be fuppofed in culture, as none of them can be procured. Heaths, downs, Iheep-walks, warrensj &c. are generally of a fandy nature and poor : there are exceptions, but not nume- rous enough for my purpofe; for although I am ftating but a fingle cafe, yet there muft be obferved a probability, or it will be ufelefs. If I was to fix on any trads of waftc lands to be examined with fuch a view, I Ihould name the muirs in Yorkflilre, Durham, or Northumberland. Great trads of them contain very bad foils ; but many 3 are ( 410 ) are to be met with abounding with mofl excellent land, that is fcarcely to be equalled in any cultivated country. According to common notions, there are few more barren countries than acrofs Staiamore in York- fhire, from Bowas to the Brough : more defolate ones there cannot be ; and yet I have remarked foils (and in great quantities too) in that trad, worth i /. lO s. an acre. Fine rich deep loams, capable of bearing noble crops of any thing ; a thick turf upon it many centuries old, that would fertilize the furface, with good manage- ment, many years, either by ploughing it, or in yielding a vaft quantity of afhes in paring and burning. I Ihall further fup- pofe a gentleman to hire this farm, and to apply it not only to common purpofes, but to fuch improvements as its nature feems moft capable of. The fize of the farm does not require the being confined to one crop out of the common road ; but admits of a variety, without its degenerating into a trifling hufbandry : Nor ihould I omit remarking, that the moft convenient and beneficial contiguity of fijch new farms, inclofed at once, render them, in moft I refpedts IW.//.F/a/l./ur. I//. ( 411 ) refpe 4/. 15 J. per acre. Stock, Rent, - - - - 1^4 8 o Live/lock. 50 Horfes, - • - 750 o o I??ip/e?nents. A broad-wheeled waggon, ' £' 7^ 00 5 Narrow-wheeled ditto, - - 125 o o Carry over, £. 195 o o 10074 11 o * It would be abfurd to fuppofe fuch an undertaker not to get land at the rate it is already let ; but much it lei for nothing. Twenty ( 414 ) Brought over, £> igs o o 10074 no Twenty carts, - 200 o o Harnefs, - 100 o o Thirty ploughs, - 47, 50 Harrows and rollers, 12 o o Dairy furniture, - 150 o O Screens, rakes, fho- vels, ropes, lines, &c. &c. &c. - 80 00 784 50 Seed, For 1920 acres of turnips, - 48 o o Labour. Three earths on 1920 acres of turnip-land, £'ig^ O O Harrowing, - 24 o o Sowing, - 24 o o Hand-hoeing, at 10 X. - 960 o o Employing' the team at leifure- times, (that they may not be idle) in bringing in ling,whins, draw, Carryover, jC. 1200 o o 10906 16 o or ( 415 ) Brought over, jC' I- <^<^ ^ ^ 10906 16 o or ftubble, bought at a diftance, vir- gin-mould, or peat, dec. &c. in heaps, ready for future ufe, - 100 0 O Sundry fmall un- fpecified articles, 50 o o 1350 o o 2^ per cent, - 364 10 o ■ 1714 10 o StiJidiy articles. Shoeing, - £• 30 00 Wear and tear, - 100 00 Keeping 50 horfes, at 1 2 /. - ^00 o o Market expences, i 10 o Qafli in hand, - 300 o o 1 03 1 10 o £. 13652 16 o Produce, I92oAcresofturnips,foldtobe /. s,d, fedofFwithiheep, at i/. 10^. 3840 00 Second ( 4>6 ' Second year. Expences, Rent, &c. - . /. J. d. 134 80 Seed, 212 Wheat, * £, io6 0 0 636 Spring-corn, 318 212 Clover, - 42 0 8 0 0 2 1 2 Turnips, - 5 106 Carrots, - 31 6 16 0 0 212 Cabbages, - 31 16 0 330 Lucerne, - 99 424 Grafs, - 424 0 0 0 0 1058 6 0 Labour, One earth on 212 acres of wheat,* i^^io 12 0 Harrowing, - 2 I2 o Sowing, - - 2 13 o Water-furrowing, I 80 Reaping and har- vefting, at 6 J. 63 12 o Thrafliing, 5 qrs. per acre, 1 060 qrs. at 2X. - 106 o o Carryover, jT. 186 17 o 1192 14 o • This wheat I fuppofe fown on one earth the preceding autumn, after the /licep had fed off the turnips. Carrying ( 417 ) Brought over, >C- i86 17 o 11 93 14 o Carrying out, 40 at a time, 2 6 journeys, 2120 Three earths on 63 6 acres of fpring- corn, 9S a 0 Sowing, 23 17 0 Harrowing, 23 17 0 Sowing 2 1 2 of clover , 2 13 0 Ditto 42 4of grafs, 21 4 0 Water-furrowing, 4 4 0 Rolling, I 0 0 Mowing and har- vefting, at 4 s. 127 5 0 Thrafhing, 6 qrs. per acre, 3816 qrs. at I J. 190 16 0 Carrying out 3000 qrs.of barley, 30 at a time, 100 journeys, - 10 0 c Five earths on 212 acres of turnips, 53 0 0 Sowing, 0 13 0 Harrowing, 0 13 0 Carryover, £. 747 19 o 1192 14 o Vol. II. Ee Hand- ( 4i8 ) Brought over, X,'. 747 19 o 1192 14 o Hand-hoeing twice, 106 o o One earth on 106 acres of carrots, trench-ploughed with 12 horfes, 7 men, at 7 s. 57 2 0 Sowing, 5 6 0 Harrowing, I 6 6 Hand-hoeing, at 3/. 318 0 0 Digging up, - 106 0 0 Carting home, at 5^. 26 10. 0 Four earths on 21a acres of cabbages, 42 8 0 Digging the feed- bed and fowing. 3 0 0 Planting, at 5 ^. - 53 0 a Four horfe-hoeings. at 6 J. 21 4 0 Twohand-hoeings, at 8 J. 84 16 0 Cutting and carting, at 5 J-. 53 0 0 Three earths on 530 acres of lucerne- land. 49 10 0 Carry over, £. 1635 16 1192 14 o Harrowihg, ( 419 ) iBrought over, £. ] '^^55 I 6 1192 14 0 Harrowing, 4 2 6 Drilling, 8 5 0 Hand-hoeing four times, at 6 s. 39^ 0 0 Cutting three times. at I J-. 6 ^. 74 5 0 Raking together, loading, and cart- ing home, at I J. 6 d. 74 5 0 Carting 5000 loads of virgin-earth. black muiry- earth, or peat. &c. &c. &c. to farm-yard, 200 per day, 3 d. per load digging and filling, and i j. 3 d, driving, 10 men, 25 days, at ^ I. 2S. 6 d. 78 2 B Mixing 5000 loads of earth with 8000 of dung. 290 I ~6 Curry over, £. 2 1192 14 0 E e 2 13000 ( 4^o ) Brought over, j(^. 2290 i 6 1 192 14 o 13000 in all, at I cl. ' 54 3 4 Carting 13000 and fpreading, 2 GO per day, 6^ days, at 2 /. 2 s. 6d. 138 2 6 Sundry articles con- cerning cattle ; two men, - 48 o O Sundry fmall un- specified articles, 50 o o 2580 7 4 ay per cent. - 696 12 o 3^7^ 19 4 Smidry articles. Shoeing and wear and tear, - ;C' ^3^ ^ ^ Horfes, - 600 o o Market expcnces, 5 00 Straw, - - 150 o o Sundry fmall arti- cles, including a d.vill-plough, - 50 o o 935 Q Q' Carry over, £, 5404 13 4 Live ( 4^1 ) Brought over, X^. 5404 13 4 Zjve Stock, 330 Cows, - £. 1650 0 0 212 Oxen, at 7 /. 1484 0 0 198 Steers, at 6/. 1188 0 0 5000 Sheep, at 1 14 ^' - 3500 0 Q JO Sows, - ^ 100 0 0 It is here necefTary to add a few expla- natory remarks upon this year's expence. I fuppofe the farm thrown into the fol- lowing crops : 212 Wheat, 212 Spring-corn, 212 Clover, 212 Turnips, 106 Carrots, 2 1 2 Cabbages, 330 Lucerne, 424 Natural grafs. And great progrefs is this year made In the defign of this arrangement ; for the fpring-corn amounts to the 424 of grafs, and the 212 of clover; fo that the year fqllowing, the whole farm wall be in the E e 3 fituation ( 422 ) fituation in which it is to remain ; and I cannot but think it a moft beneficial one : for here are 848 acres of arable land thrown into the common courfe, of, i. turnips; 2. barley ; 3. clover; 4. wheat ; which, for dry found loams, is the moft advantageous of thofe ufed by any common farmers : befides this trad:, there are 318 acres annually in cabbages and carrots, 330 of lucerne, and 424 of natural grafs ; fo that the flock of cattle is im.menfe ; and, confequently, the whole farm in a perpetual ftate of manur- ing ; the common crops muft therefore be vaftly confiderable. In the management of cattle to food, I fuppofe the 330 acres of lucerne this year to maintain no more than 330 cows, which ■ will be winter-fed (with the affiftance of firaw) by 66 acres of the cabbages ; of the remaining 146 acres, 80 are for fhecp, and 66 vv^llfat three times as many beafts, or 1 98, The 106 acres of carrots fat 212 oxen. Of fheep I have fuppofed fo large a flock as 5000, on account of the great proba-r bility of there being a right of commonage annexed to the tarm. Indeed, if a man chufes, in this cafe, there can be no doubt of ( 4i.1 ) of his gaining this point, and having the command of any fized flock within his power to winter: and this is a point of great importance ; for, keeping a large flock of fheep on the wafte, and folding it the year round on the farm, is a vaft improvement of the latter; 5000 iheep, at two fuperficial yards each, v^^ill manure every night above two acres of land, or above 650 acres in a year, which alone would be fufficient to keep th'e farm in great heart, if well managed. Produce. 1060 Qrs. of wheat, at 2 /. 5000 Qrs. of barley, at 16 s. 330 Cows, 2 1 2 Oxen, at 1 2 /. 198 Steers, at 9 /. Profit on 5000 fheep, - I Third year, Expences. Rent, Live Jlock. 330 Cows, -^-1650 o o 330 Heifers, at 4/. 1320 00 /. s, d. 2120 0 0 2400 0 0 1650 0 0 2544 0 0 1782 0 0 2500 0 0 12996 0 0 /. s.d. 134 8 0 Carry over, ;f. 2970 o o 134 8 o Ee 4 212 Oxen, ( 424 ) Brought over, ;^. 2970 o o 134 8 o 2 1 2 Oxen, at 7 /. 1484 00 Swine, - 100 o o Seed. For 212 acres of wheat, - £''^06 0 0 2 1 2 Spnng-corn, 106 00 212 Clover, - 42 8 o 212 Turnips, - 560 106 Carrots, r 31 16 o 212 Cabbages, - 31160 4554 o o Labour, On 212 acres of wheat, as in laft year, - £.189 10 o Three earths on 2 12 acres of fpring-corn, 31 16 o Sowing, - 2 13 o Harrowing, - 2 13 o Sowing clover, - 2130 AVater-furrowing, i 80 RoUing, - - o 12 o Mowing and har- vefting, at 4 j. 42 8 q 323 6 o Carryover, i^. 273 13 o 3011 14 o Thrafhing ( 425 ) Brought over, £. -^n 13 0 501 1 14 Q Thraihing, 6 qrs. fer acre, 1272 qrs. at I J". 63 12 0 Carrying out 822 qrs. 30 at a time. 4 4 0 Labour on turnips, 212 acres, as before, 164 6 0 Ditto, 106 acres of carrots. 494 4 6 Ditto, on 212 of cabbages. -S7 8 0 pour horfe-hoe- ings of 330 acres of lucerne. at 6 J. 33 0 0 Two hand-hoc- ings, at 8 s. 132 0 0 Four cuttings, at 1 s. 6 d. 99 0 0 Raking together. and loading, - 99 0 0 Labour on manure, as before, 270 8 4 Carryover, jC-iS90 ^5 ^^ 5oii 14 o Cutting ( 426 ) Broughtover, j^. iSqo 15 10 5011 14 o Cutting or grub- bing up of the fpontane- . ous growth of the wafte, 100 waggon-loads. and c^j'ting theiTi to farm- yard, at 5" J-. - 25 0 0 Chopping and raking and carting 212 acres of ftub- ble, at 2 J. 3 d. 23 17 0 Cutting chaff, 10 0 0 Labour concern- ing cattle, 2 men, - 48 0 0 Sundry fmallun- fpecified arti- cles, 50 0 0 Mowing, mak- ing, flacking. &c. 424 acres , of grals, at 8 J". 169 12 0 Carry over, )C- 2217 4 10 50 11 14 o 27 psr { r-7 ) Brought over, >C- 2-1 7 4 lo 501 1 14 o ^■j per cc^nt, - 59^ II o 2815 15 10 Sundry articles. Shoeing, and wear and tear, >C- 1 3° O o Market expences, 310 o Straw, - - 200 o o Sundry articles, 40 o o 373 10 o ' £. 8200 19 IQ Produce. 1060 Qrs, of wheat, 822 Qrs. of barley, at 16^. 660 Cows, 2 1 2 Oxen, 12/. 330 Heifers, at 7- /. Sheep, £' 13431 i^ 0 Recapitulation. Improvement, ftock, and firft /. s. d, year, - - - 13652 7 o Intercft, ^ - 682 12 o Carryover, ^T. 14334 19 a Expences /. J-. d. 2120 0 0 657 12 0 3300 0 0 2544 0 0 2310 0 0 2 coo 0 Q ( 428 ) Brought over, £. 14334 IQ ^ Expences of the fecond year exceed the produce of the firft, - - - 6486 o o Intereft, - - I04J o o Total necefiary to ftock, ^. 21861 19 o 1 1 /. 7 J", per acre. Annual Account. Expences. h s. d< Rent, - - - 134 S Q Li've jlock. 330 Heifers, at 4 /. - £.1320 o o 212 Oxen, at 7 /. 1484 o o 100 Steers, - 500 o o 3304 o o ^eed. The fame, as before, «. 3-3 ^ Q Labour. On wheat, as be- fore, - £. 189 10 o On barley and oats, ditto, - 151 19 q On turnips, ditto, 164 60 On carrots, ditto, 494 4 6 On cabbages, - 257 8 o Carry over, f^. 1257 7 6 3761 14 o Laboyr ( 429 ) Brought over, >C. 1257 7 6 3761 14 o Labour on lu- cerne, - 363 o O On manure, as before, - 2 95* 8 4 Onftubble, - 23 17 o Chaff, - 10 o o Mowing, making, carting, flack- ing, &c. 324 acres of hay, at 8 J. - 129 12 o . Two men, - 48 o o Sundry unfpeci- fied articles, 50 o o S177 4 10 Q'j per cent, "■■ 587 15 o Sundry articles. Shoeing and wear and tear, jT. 130 o o Market expences, 3 10 o Straw, - 200 o o Sundry articles, 40 o o 2764 19 10 - 373 iQ Q £.6900 3 IQ Produce,- ( 430 ) Produce. I. J. d. to6o Qrs. of wheat, 2iao 0 0 822 Qrs. of barleyj - 657 12 0 660 Cows, 33^0 0 0 212 Oxen, at r2/. 2544 0 0 330 Heifers, at 7 /. ' 2310 0 0 100 Steers, at 9 /. 900 0 0 Profit by 5000 fheep, - 2500 0 0 1433 1 i'^ 0 Expences, 6900 _3_ 10 7431 9 10 Intereft, - ^ -. 1093 2 0 Profit, ^.6.^3^ 7 10 The capital pays 34 /. per cent. The reader obferves, that I fuppofe the 330 acres of hicerne to feed two cows and fat an heifer each; the carrots fat, each acre, two oxen. The cabbages, or 2 1 2 acres, are ufeJ, 133 acres for the cows, and 80 for the fheep. The turnips are all iifed for the fheep. 324 Acres of grafs are mowed each year for hay, and 100 fat as many fteers. The flock every year manures 650 acres \ there then remains 1270 unmanured. Now, the farm-yard fpreads over this quantity of land every year at the rate of ten ( 431' ) ten loads per acre. Thus the whole farm, corn, grafs, roots, clover, every thing, is manured every year. Under luch a circum- ftance, it would have been very abfurd not to rate the crops at a. height, which, in compariron with the efFeds of common management, appears extravagant; but the rule of common management has nothing to do with farms conducted in io perfed a manner. The clover, turnips, cabbages, and carrots, are all ameliorating crops, of themfelves beneficial to the land, without confidering the ufe they are applied to. Thefe am.ount to 742 acres ; whereas the wheat and fpring-corn, which arc the only exhaufting ones in the whole farm, amount but to 424. Further, all the turnips, and a part of the cabbages, are fed off with the fheep ; confequently, that part of the farqi is every year doubly manured ; and yet only the turnip-land is fucceedcd by an exhauft- ing crop. Inftead of eftimating the fpring- corn at fix quarters, I am confident I ought to have rated it much higher ; for it is fuppoled every year to grov/ almofl in a dunghill. The ( 432 ) The extreme manuring of this farni, it is to be remarked, fucceeds a paring and burning, and ample liming. Common farmers, upon the credit of thefe alone, reap many fucceffive and great crops of corn ; but, on the contrary, all thefe trea- fures are preferved in the earth, and fuch plentiful manuring is added to them, that the exhaufting crops bear no proportion to the fund of fertility prepared for them. Thus the whole farm is in a continual increafe of fertility, which is a point of infinite importance ; for all the crops muft infallibly increafe In proportion ; confe- quently, there will be an annual increafe « of cattle, and this again increafes dung, and brings round the circle of confequences yet quicker. The profit of a farm once brought into fuch a fituation, and con- dud:ed upon fuch a plan as I have fketched,- with a particular attention to fow no more exhaufting crops than here minuted, would be immenfe, far beyond what I have deduced, great as that may appear. An annual income of above 7400 /. arifmg from a capital of 21,000 /.is a greater degree of fuccefs than which, I I apprehendy ( 453 ) apprehend, the moft zealous will fcarcely" cxpc6l: and a profefTion capable of fuch noble profit, is, I think, an objedt worthy of attention to all thofe who fuppofe trade the only road to a great fortune. I imagine the occupier of fuch a farm ads, as all do who enter into trade, melt down the principal part of their profit in their ftock, and perpetually increafe their bu- fmefs. There are many fuch trads of land as I have defcribed fo fituated, that if many hundred thoufand pounds were employed as a capital, they would not Hand flill for want of land to proceed further. Suppofe my cultivator has fixed himfelf in an extenfive wafte, fo as that he may add at will to his farm on all fides : fuppofe he lives upon an income of 1,338 /. 7 s, 10 d, a year, he will then have 5,000 /. a vear to expend in new improvements. The boundaries of this work w^ill not allov^ me to trace thefe additions minutely ; but v/e may determine, and that clearly, that the profit will be equal to that of the firft capital : the fad throughout all hufbandry is, that fuch profit is Juperlor^ when the Vol. II. F f manage- ( 434 ) management is judicious ; and in this cafe, the point is particularly evident ; for the expence on any addition will not be nearly equal to the proportion of the whole ; the buildings and fencing are two inftances among many. The account of the progref- five increafe will be as follows : Firjiyear. £* Profit by firfl: capital, - - 5000 34 /)^r tv///. on 5000/. - 170Q Second year. £. Capital 27,700 /. 34 /?^r c^?z/. - 941^ Private expences, - - 141 8 "^"oo 34 ^^r f^7z/. on 80GO /. - 2720 £' 127£2 Third year. Capital lafl year, £'^77^^- Add - - 10720 ^4. per cent. - - 16062 Private expences, - - 2062 14000 34 /ifra^;;/. on 14,000 /. - 4760 Fowth ( 435 ) Fourth year. Capital laft year, - £. 3842^ Add - - ' ^760 r. 571^0 C 24. per cent. - - 19441 Private expences, - - ^44^ 170CO 34 per cent, on 1 7,000 /. - - 57^0 ;C._2278o Fifth year. Capital laft year, i^. 57i8o Add - - 22780 £' 799^*^ 34 per cent. - - 27186 Private expences, "* ^' 2186 25000 34 per cent, on 25, 000 /. •Jt 8500 £ '^SS'^^ Sixth year. Capital laft year, £' 199^0 Add 33500 ;C- 1 13460 r. ^4 per cent. - 38576 Private expences, ** * 2576 36000 ^d. per cent. ~ " 12240 48240 Capital, - I 13460 £'■. 161 700 F f 2 Accord- ( 436 ) According to this account, at the end of the fixth year, the amount of the capital is 161,700 /. a prodigious fum of money. It may perhaps be remarked, that this account is too much accelerated, as more time fhould be allowed for the improve- ments : but to this I anfwer, that I am here fl^etching for curiofity what may eafily be done, and what is executed in fmall concerns, viz. inclofe, pare and burn, lime, andf ow turnips all in the firft year. Indeed this is no more than the proper expedition which ought always to be pradifed. And it is a peculiar advantage in the improvement by paring and burning, that it throws you at once into poflefTion of land in order for any thing. If my i^ata are juft, the edifice I eredt upon ihem, I am confident, will fland ; for, if 34 per cent, is acquired by a firft improvement, any one, the leaf! convcrfant in matters of this fort, mull be fenfible, that the profit will increafe beyond the propor- tion of the additions to flock, and that notwithftanding ail thofe expences which are peculiar to large, rallier than fmall (locks. Throughout ( 437 ) Throughout the preceding calculation,, I have deducted the 27 per cent, on labour, although that is fomewhat inconfiftent with the plan ; for it would be idle to fuppofe a man engaged in agriculture to the amount of above 20,000 /. without a better knowledge of the practical parts of it, than thofe gentlemen profefs, who are at prefent generally employed in it. And herein I mean the oeconomical parts of it. If a gentleman undertakes fuch improvements as here fketched, he ought to know fo much of the matter as at leaft to render the 27 per cent, on labour, all the deductions to be made on account of his being a gentleman : nor is this an improbable fuppofition, if it be confidered how fmall a part of this farm is under corn, which is the moft complex part of his bufmefs. There are many wades, wherein five times, and even ten times, as much good land is to be feen as I have fuppofed : a want of that can never be urged. But it matters not a groat to the great point of improvement, whether the rate per cent, be 34 or 17, whether a man makes 160,000 /. in fix or in fixteen years. Ff3 The ( 43^ ) The real and genuine advantage of im- provements, and the capabiUty of making a great fortune, remain the fame : and agri- culture, without fuch immenfe profit, is, beyond all doubt, a proper fphere for the employing the time and money of thofe who want to employ both to advantage. Agriculture, upon the whole, whether in cultivated or in uncultivated countries, appears, from the preceding view, to be a moft profitable bufinefs, and of capital benefit not only to common farmers, but alfo to gentlemen, and a more proper and more eligible em.ployment for them than either trade or manfadures, and in many cafes, than the learned or genteel profeffions. But this profitablenefs, in all cafes, depends much on the entering into the bufinefs with judgment and fpirit. This is the fituation in which a proper knowledge of all the circumftances relative to the hiring and flocking farms, is of great importance. The turning hufbandry to good account, clearly depends on the appropriation of a fum of money proportioned to the bufinefs. Jn this point all common farmers are greatly ( 459 ) gi-eatly deficient; fcarce an iiiftancc but of men whofe land is too extenfivc for their money. The funis which are here fketched are much larger than have ever been fuppofed necelTiiry ; and yet it is clearly to be proved, by figures, that any material dedudion from the fums of flock will inevitably be attended with corref- ponding failure in the profit. To apply money enough to the undertaking, is the grand point in hufbandry ; and it has been the principal aim of thcfe flieets, to difcover what fums are requifite in every cafe. It has alfo appeared, that the different methods of difpofing of any fum in agri- culture, are attended with a great variation in profit, infomuch that a proper choice of a farm, when feveral arc to be had, is a point of material confequcnce. Compa- ritbns between many kinds of farms are here drawn up, rather to affift individuals in forming fimilar calculations for their refpedive circumftances, than as abfolutely accurate eftimates. As to the particular variations, the moil: important are noted and explained in the F f 4 proper ( 440 ) proper places. It is, in general, to be remarked, that a clear idea of variations in condu(fl correfponding with thofe of foil, is a matter of much importance, and fhould be attended to with care. The reader, I hope, will excufe any fmall inaccuracies which may have crept into this long feries of calculations : As a minute certainty in each fum is not of confe- quence to the general aim of the work, fuch accuracy may be the better difpenfed with. The { 441 ) THE FARMER'S GUIDE- BOOK IIL TH E following chapters being equally applicable to both cultivated and uncultivated land, will beft appear in a book by themfelves. They contain fome loofe remarks on two points : L The nature and difpofition of the buildings that compofe what is called in fome countries, a farm-yard'^ in others, 2i fold-yard ; a fold-garth ; a firauu-yard ; and in others, a rack-^ yard, II. Some hints to fuch gentlemen as enter into the lift of farmers for amufement alone» CHAP. ( 442 ) CHAP. I. Of farm-yards, THERE is not, in the whole range of hufbandiy, a point of fuch acknow- ledged importance as that of thorough ma- nuring. As to fuch of the advocates of the new hufbandry as rejeSl the afTiftance of manures, there is too much of the whim- fical hypothefis in them to deferve a ferious attention. Some fituations are fo very fortunate, near great cities, &c. that manures of the bell lort, and in great plenty, are to be procured upon very eafy terms. But I at prefent addrefs myfelf to thofc whofe fitu- ations either will not allow of fiicli manur- ing, or whofe farms are too extenfive to be ferved by fuch means alone. Farm-yard manure is of great confequence to fuch. But with many, the great ufe of the build- ings of a farm are the immediate ufe of them: to fuch it fliould be remarked, that a conve- nient arrangement is of great importance to the welfare of the cattle ; to preventing a wafte of food, and to faving labour. For whatever ufes, and in whatever fitu- ations buildings are raifcd, it certainly imports ( 443 ) imports the condudor of them to render them as convenient as pofTible. Convenient well-defigned offices are always as cheap, and in moft cafes cheaper, than the contrary ones. In moft farms we fee detached ftraggling edifices, which, if united, might have been ereded for two- thirds of the expence, and, at the fame time, be infinitely more convenient. Many gentlemen eredl new farm houfes and yards ; and in the preceding calculations are many fuppofed improvements of wafte lands, in which houfes, offices, and every thing are erected new. In both thefe cafes, it furely is of importance to confider a plan before the works are begun, that all advantages may be taken that are poffible. There cannot be a more pernicious pradice than that of many parts of Eng- land relative to the management of their cattle in vrinter. They keep them in the fields, where they ftack their hay in readi- nefs for them, and never confine even their cows, except for a few days at calving. It is evident from hence, that the quantity of manure muil be very fmall ; for the pply way of raifing large quantities is by means ( 444 ) means of plenty of litter in the yard, and feeding all the hay, &c. at one place. The propcrefl way of confidering the requifites of a farm-yard will be, to ftate the feveral kinds of cattle to be provided for, and the feveral circnmftances that fhould be attended to in each. Firft, HORSES. The team, while in ftable, requires hay, oats, chaff, and ftraw : if they are kept in in fummer, there fhould be a receptacle for fuch green food as they are fed with. There fhould be room for the harnefs ad- joining. A fpacc Ihouid be left before the ilable-door for throwing out the dung, where it fhould remain ; and the urine fhould be direded fo as not to run to mere w^alle. The hay-ftack, or houfe fufHcient for the life of the horfes, fhould be adjoining the liable at the back of it, {o contrived, that the trufTes of hay may be moved from the ftack to the hay-loft over the ftable without trouble. I fay tn.ffes of hay ; for the pradice of truffmg ought to be univerfal ; it has a thoufand conveniencics over the common loofc { 445 ) loofe method. A man knows, without any trouble, the quantity eat by every fort of cattle, and it is moved about without any wafte, in a neat hufbandlike manner. A receptacle of ftraw for litter, fhould likev/ife be near the ftable ; if the horfes are foiled in fummcr in the ftable, the ufe of fuch a receptacle will be very great ; for the dung fo ralfed is immenfe, if the litter is plentiful. It is a great convenience to have an oat- granary near the ftabic ; it favcs much trouble and labour. A large oat-bing opening into the ftable ferves the purpofe very well. The chaft'-bing fliould botli open into the ftable, and alfo be fo contrived as to be fituated near the barn, that none may be loft in carrying ; and alfo, that there may be room to cut ftraw into chaft^, which is abfolutely neceflary. A receptacle for green food Is highly neccifary, if foiling is ever pradlifed ; for the common method in which farmers now and then foil their horfes with clover, is very flovenly ; the grafs is either thrown into an empty ftall, or left to wither In a cart or waggon ; and If that is wanting for any thing, 6 ( 446 ) thing-, the load thrown down on the ground and trampled on hy hogs and poultry. Refpcding the manure, fome accurate cultivators keep all their cattle houfed through the winter ; in which cafe, the general receptacle of dung may be at fome convenient fpot not far from the buildings^ and all the houfes conftantly cleared into a cart kept on purpofe, and carried to the compoft-hill. This is an excellent method, as the manures are well mixed ; but the quantity is not fo great as if fom.e cattle are kept in the yard. In this way, the urine fi-om the ftable fhould be conduded in pipes- or channels to a refervoir, and from tlience pumped into a cart, and let out on' the compoft-hlll as often as full. In a large farm, it is a queftion whether there fliould be only one or more ftables. I am for feveral, and that for more reafons than one. In a very large flable there arc fo many horfekeepers, that it is little more than a gcifiping meeting ; the horfes are not fo much attended to, as the fellows chattering, gaming, and idlenefs. This is more or Icfs the cafe with all offices, but the more men the Vv^crfe. By the ftables being in feparate divifions, they may be 7 diftiibuted ( 447 ) diftributed at different parts of the yards ; confequently, the dung will be the better mixed with that of other cattle. Laftly, feparate ftables may be under feparate men, who, being refponfible for the harnefs and trifling utenfils belonging to the flable, may vie with one another in their regu- larity, and in the order of their horfes. OXEN. There is no difference to be made (or at leaft but flight) between the oxhoufe for draught oxen and thofe for fatting in the flailed way. Oxen, like horfes, are fed with hay and chaff; and alfo with turnips, cabbages, carrots. See. &c. For the hay, ftraw, and chaff, the fame conveniences fhould be obferved as for horfes, but the green winter food requires others. It is a great inconvenience in hard winters, to have the food to procure every day in a froft or fnow, and the trouble and labour very great ; for this reafon, there ought to be receptacles for cabbages, carrots, turnips, &c. of a proper fize for holding a pretty large quantity of them ; and alfo v/ith room for cleaning, flicing, &c. and thefe re- ceptacles fhould be fituated clofe to the oxhoufe. In ( 44B ) In the weft of England they conftruci very complete oxhoufes, in which every ox has a ftall fo large as to admit his turn- ing in it ; and at one end of it is a fmall trough of water; it is an excellent method of lodging them, but takes up much room, and is confequently very expenfive. If there are many oxen kept, the houfes fhould be fcattered for the fame reafons as the llables. COWS. Cows are fed chiefly with hay, and ftrawi This points out that the cowhoufe fhould be properly fituatcd with refped: to the barns for the latter, and the hay-ftacks for the former. There muft alfo be proper bings for all the calves, and ranges of ties, as they are called in fome places, for the cows, one for each. The houfe fhould be properly placed for cleaning into the yard, that the dung may be mixed with, that of the other cattle. HOGS. Nothing contributes more to raifmg large quantities of excellent manure, than a great number of fwine ; but they require proper conveniences more than any other fort of cattle. ( 449 ) cattle. There muft be apartments for fat- ting them ; for fows with pigs ; for wean- ed pigs ; and a general yard for flore hogs. Thjre Ihould be ciflierns for the hog-wafli, from the farm houfe and dairy; and recep- tacles of fatting meat, with a copper and boilinghouf?, and room for flowing pota- toes, carrots, &c. Szc. All thefe conveni- ences fhould be compadt with refped to each other, and well connected ; and, at the fame time, properly fituated in the farm-yard for the general purpofe of mixing dung. Laftly, I fhould remark, that there ought to be proper provifion of conveniences for feeding fuch cattle as are not confined to houfes, but kept at large in the yards; fuch as proper racks for hay and frraw; cover to protedt them from the weather ; and long bings for giving them turnips, &c. &c. in. I have fketched thefe few particulars, to fhew that there are many points of conve- nience to be attended to in the dilpofition of the buildings that furround a farm-yard. I fhall next prefent the reader with a fketch of ^he necefTary buildings united in a complete Vol. If. G g farm-yard ( 450 ) farm-yard for a confiderable farm. See/ plate I. This 5'ard includes the following conve* niences : (i) Strawhoufes, into which the threlhers fork part of their draw that is ufed diredly by the cattle that go loofe in the yard'r Racks in the walls of the barns, porches, and ftrawhoufes, are of a proper height from the crroiind for cattle to cat their flraw cut of ; fo contrived as to form a part of the fide of the barn, &c. hanging towards the yard, that the threfhers may fork the ftraw diredly into them on the infide of the barn, and the cattle feed on the outfide. By means of which racks no ftraw is carried to cribs Or racks in the yard, which is not only very troublefome, but equally wafte- ful ; and it is alfo kept quite dry. The fheds (called in fome countries, lean- tos) around the porches, &c. of the barns, reding on pofts for the cattle to go under at will, and eat their ftraw out of the abovemcntioned racks. The fheds are of excellent ufe in keeping the cattle dry and trarm., and will make them thrive much better SmdtrarJ. SatAYanl/irJTai/ I A 4 SoukYinl/hrlfa-, r,^Aa,is'^_^ /.•rn Slmk!-Sa.*V^/ /i-r J Tm-/,v^,l r„rM A.-/.^( r" L" 1 • • \^tl .l>-,7..- F.ir K *:" tt • • ■ i;„,/ "^r };?«/ i' • • *j • • 9 • j>-,™ ,r»rn content with the common evils of boors and clowns ? — No, furely ; but to endeavour to eradicate falfe ideas, by dilplaying a more perfed practice. He ( 475 ) He is therein a true patriot, and merits the thanks of his country. Every one, I apprehend, will allow, that there is more pleafure in experimental than In common hufbandry. In the latter the fatisfadlion of feeing a pretty good crop, fpeaks, it is true, to a man's avaricg, but not to his imagination ; but in trying various improvements, and in comparing them with the common methods, a new world opens to the view. Every ftep pre- fents new fcenes, and truth is gained by degrees, with as much entertainment in the purfuit, as importance in the pofieflion. To fuch gentlemen as are not folicitous about profit, I w^ould humbly propofe, that they fhould throw their hufbandry into a feries of experiments on points which pecu-. liarly concerned their neighbourhood. And here I fhall offer a few hints upon the con- dud: of experiments, which will not be foreign to my prefent defign. A man of large fortune muft not be fuppofed to give a minute attention to the conducing each trial through every opera- tion from feed-time to harveft. Such accuracy is (with him) no more neceflliry 3 than ( 476 ) than a minifter of ftate writing his own difpatches. All the trouble that he can be expedted to take, is to invent, — to (ketch the grand defign of each operation, and to leave the execution to his deputy ; now and then viewing the field as his walks or rides render it agreeable. For this purpofe he fliould have, I will not fay a baiiey, but fomething fuperior, 7i flip er intend ant of his agriculture^ to receive his orders, and fee them executed pund:iially. This man ihould have a capacity fufficient to comprehend his mailer's defigns, write a fair hand, be very quick at accounts, and not unacquainted with the practice of country buiinefs. I do not require him to be an adept in the laft ; becaufe Xeno- phon's notion is a juft one. That a man lliould be the tutor of his own bailey. And one much ufed to the practice of common hufbandry, would too often take a pleafure in defeating his mailer's deiigns. Furniflied with fuch an inilrument, it ihould be the gentleman's aim to gain a certain knowledge of every point as he proceeded, and not diilra^ his practice by grafping ( 477 ) grafping at too much land, or at numerous inquiries at once. It is a public misfortune, that more of the gentlemen who make farming their amufement, do not form clear ideas of experiments; a fpecies of hufbandry the moft entertaining, and, to the public, the moll: beneficial. In thefe trials many points fl-iould be laid down as rules of condu6t to the diredtor of them, who cannot be fup- pofed to have adequate ideas of the nature of trials founded on the principles of vegetation, and carried on with a philofo- phical precifion. In the culture of wafte lands, the judi- cious management of an experiment con- fifls in opening a clear account of all the difburfements, which fhould be thrown together unmixed w4th other articles of cultivation, and the interefl: of the amount carried to the fucceeding annual expences. The account of which, and the produce, fhould be regularly kept, that the degree of profit may be afcertained : a point of vaft importance to the public good. Perhaps the common farmers in tlie neighbourhood manage their pafture lands in ( 478 ) in a very flovenly manner, fufFering them to be overrun with fpontaneous rul?bifh, and quite wet for want of draining. To convert fuch into fine and profitable mea- dovv's, is not fufficient ; for the farmers who think of nothing but the riches of a gentle- man, will urge the expences being fo great, as more than to balance the advantages of the improvement. For this reafon, an accurate account iliould be entered in a book of all fuch expences, and the returns, thatfadts in every particular may be brought to convince fuch as doubt of the profit. — This remark is equally applicable to all improvements by marling, chalking, and other manures, which common farmers are often afraid to pradife, left the expences fliould exceed the benefit. Suppofe a nobleman or gentleman ob- fcrves his tenants in much diftrefs through the winter for want of green food for their cattle, the foil being a fi:ifF clay ; and confe- quently, no turnips cultivated. He is in- formed that cabbages are, in other places, ufed on fuch foils with great advantage ; to propofe their culture to the farmers would be ab find ; the novelty would be too great { 479 ) great for them to begin. On the contrary, he plants many acres of them himfclf, feeds cows with them, and makes the dairy- wives tafte of the butter; fats oxen with them, and fliews the beads to their huf- bands ; keeps five times the number of ilieep by means of this vegetable, that they can do on the fame extent of land without them. Thefe are all convincing arguments ; but they mufl fee the efFed: for feveral years before they will be induced to copy the practice. The gentleman fliould take the fame meafures in the introdudion of clover, fainfoine, &c. &c. and his fuperintendant fhould keep exad: accounts of every article of culture, expences, and produce. In the trial of fuch pradices as are not of acknowledged utility, and fuch as the new hufbandry in the culture of wheat, barley and oats, &c. &c. he fhould be cautious of advifmg the farmers to follow his example. He may poflibly make fuch practices anfwer without there being any probability of common hufbandmen doing the fame. In fuch, and many other cafes, he fliould tell them, that thcfe experiments are calculated fokly ( 4So ) folely for his own amufement and ciiriofitf , and not with defign of recommending to others, unlefs he finds them more bene-' ficial than he experts. This condud: is^ abiblutely necefiary ; for, in the introduc- tion of feveral excellent and really valuable practices, that of a fmgle bad one in the hands of prejudiced and ignorant men, will fatally affed all the reft. Another point refpeding the condud of experiments, particularly to be attended to by perfons of large fortune, is, the plan of coriiparatii)e ones. I have, more than once, heard no flight ridicule thrown on Jmall trials ; but it is necefiary to limit any general condemna- tion of that fort. They whofe farms are very extenfive, naturally fall into the com- mon boafi, that fijch and fuch trials were over whole fields, and not to fmall confined fpots. — In fome cafes this is reafonable, in others, the very reverfe. If a vegetable not commonly cultivated, or a mode of culture not ufually followed, is to be introduced, it is abfolutely necefiary that the experiments fiiould be in large. Sainfoine is recom- mended to me by a perfon who has tried it; ( 48i ) h; but how has he tried it ? why, on a fmall patch of ground. It immediately occurs to me, that the culture which he gave a httle fpot might make it fucceed, without infuring the fame fuccefs when extended to a large field. — Another recom- mends hoeing of turnips as an excellent cuftom, from the fame experience; but fhould I be fo imprudent as to overlook the difference between the manner in which :i fmall and a large fpace is hoed ? Twenty to one but the degree of culture given to the firfl much exceeds what the latter receives. Befides, what authority has a fmall piece of ground with a common farmer ? None. If a gentleman would introduce hoeing of turnips, the clover culture, that of cabbages or carrpts, &c. &c. &c. it muft not be by I'oods and half acres of land ; but by fields of five, ten, or twenty acres, that it may be feerl, the culture is not fo difficult as not to admit being extended to a large fcale, and even whole farms. But with comparative experiments, all this reafoning would be falfe. Large trails of land are in them as deceitful as iniall ones in the other cafe. Suppofe I want to know the comparative merit of the drill Vol. II. I i and ( 482 ) and broad-caft hufbandry in the culture of wheat : for this purpofe the foil muft be contiguous, and in every refped: of the fame nature as to ftifFnefs, lightnefs, lying dry or wet, barrennefs, or fertility. The expofure muft be the fame ; all parts of the field equally flieltered by hedges, trees, hills, &c. &c. In a word, every circumftance perfed:ly fimilar : the feed muft be of the fame heap ; the times of all the ploughing^, harrowings, fowing, culture, &cc. &c. &c. precifely the fame to an hour. Now, let the reader mark the progrefs of fuch an experiment, when carried on in large, Suppofe a field of ten acres is dedicated to this ufe, ten ploughs are at once neceflary, in every operation, from the beginning to the end ; for if the w^hole be not ploughed always on the fame day, the accuracy is at once broke in a material point. Thus, a man for executing fuch a trial muft, at the very loweft, keep twenty horfes. This is no wanton objedion, but mere fad. In fpring fowings, the import- ance of it is more ftriking. Suppofe the foil a heavy moift loam, (not a mouldering rich clay) and fowing with barley. Juft after fowing one part of tire field, a very heavy ( 483 ) heavy fhower of rain comes. I do not alk what the culture has been, the quantity of feed, nor any other particular; I venture to pronounce that part of the field to yield the worfl: crop ; and herein 1 fpeak from particular experience. Such an accident in a large experiment, would utterly deftroy all that fimilitude upon which its whole authority depends. A fmall piece of half an acre, which is ploughed, fown, and harrowed, in an hour's time, cannot be liable to fuch inequalities. Further ; The variation of foil in the fame field is prodigious. I have had particular expe- rience of above 700 acres ; — of clays good and bad ; loams heavy and light ; gravels dry and wet ; and I declare, I know not, in that extent, one fmgle field of ten acres, which divided, would form a fair compa- rifon between two methods of culture. During feveral years, I tried many thou- fands of experiments, with an eager defire to difcover the truth, and I rejeded, fronj abfolutc conviction, all comparative expe- riments at largCy as leading to nothing but error. An exa(5l fimilitude, fuch as is requifite for the condu(ft of comparative experi- I i 2 ments. ( 484 ) merits, is to be had only in fmall trads of land. An acre, or half an acre, may be commanded perfedly fimilar, when four or five cannot be found. And thefe remarks are applicable to all forts of trials on every kind of vegetable, and culture, if comparative. The condud: of experiments in fmall, is alfo much eafier conduced, and with a greater certainty than thofe in large, for w^hich reafon they muft be more agreeable to a gentleman than the larger, more difficult and complex trials, wdiich are not attended with the fame accurate authority. From all the obfervations I have been able to make in my courfe of experimental agri- culture, I am clear that a comparative experi- ment of a perch or two, is of much better authority than one of twice as many acres*. • Having mentioned my experience in agriculture more than once, it is nccefiary to add, in my own defence, that I kept, during five years, a very exai5t regiiler of all my experiments on every part of huPoandry, and, in many inftanccs, in points totally neglefted or overlooked by all former writers, my trials of the comparifon between the old and new hufbandry, extended to every kind of grain, pulfe, roots, &c. S^c. that could be applied to hufbandry ufes, and, I flatter myfelf, I difcovcred the real merit of each with no flight accuracy, as far as extended to two foils. I have fpent fome time in managing thofe experi- ments, and fliall lay them before the public, humbly hoping that they may be of feme ufc to mankind, 6 But ( 485 ) But after the mafler has fketched the experiments he defigns to make, with whatever penetration, flill much muft re- main on his deputy in attending to the execution. In which province he muft have particular injunctions to be accurately pundlual, both in feeing the operations of every kind, and alfo in regiftering them : nor muft this latter circumftance be omitted, although the gentleman ftiould have no thoughts of publiftiing the refult; for even with refpedt to his own ufe and fatisfadion alone, w^hat a vaft difference between gene- ral, and confequently, confufed ideas of former experiments, and a well-ordered regifter of every circumftance ! If a man forms experiments only for the pleafure of converfing on the fubjed: in company, vanity demands that he ftiould have fome better foundation for his aiTertion than memory alone. It is much to be wiflied, that fuch of the nobility and gentry as make the practice of agriculture a part of their rural amufe- ment, would give fuch orders to their agents in thcfe matters, as would render their pradlice of fuch general utility as 1 liave ventured to hint. I i 3 la { 486 ) In the next place, I mull: take the liberty of addreffing myfelf to thoie gentlemen farmers, that adopt agriculture as an amufement, but cannot afford to make it an expenfive pleafure. It is of much im- portance that fuch gentlemen fhould addi(fx themfelves to the experimental part of agri' culture ; but as fuch pradice is extremely expenfive, when not conduded with great caution; it is highly requifite that they Ihould not be difgufted at the expence, and abandon altogether a plan, which, with better m.anagement, might have been carried on without any fear of fuch diffi- culties. This depends on the manner of their framing and executing trials, and their obferving a due proportion between the extent of their trials and the annual expence they are willing to affign for fuch an ufe. None can enter into a courfe of experi- m.ental agriculture, without being folicitous that all his trials fhould be regularly and exadly carried on ; at leaft, that they fhould never receive any fcops for want of money. But thofe gentlemen who fuppofe that a variety of experiments is to be tried v/ith- out ( 487 ) out a large expence, are much deceived. The common hufbandry, when well-con- du6ted, is much more coftly than generally imagined; how much more lb mufl a fyftem be, that, in many refpe through ( 500 ) through all its progrefs, by fhewlng the truth in a variety of inftances ; but I am fenfible, that the ideas and experience of an individual are too limited for com- pleting fuch an undertaking ; for this reafon, I cannot but be folicitous of infor- mation from every quarter : whoever will point out my omiffions by letter, will lay me under no inconfiderable obligation. I could wifli this {ketch might be rendered truly ufeful to my brother farmers in the moft critical moment of their lives, that of hiring their farms ; but it is requilite that it fhould embrace the great GUtlines of the flock, and annual expence of all kinds of farms; fuch therefore, as I may have omitted, that are of fufficient confequence for public attention, I much with to be informed of, that, with the affiftance of others, I may render my endeavours as ufeful as I always wifh them to prove. FINIS. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stan^ped below. iL'J-40w-7/56(C790s4)444 3 1158 01023 0943 i A 000 007 843 6 j:- ^R|f ./ .....,-.^.-